Presented to the LIBRARIES of the UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO by Larry Pfaff . i ( « / Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018 with funding from University of Toronto https://archive.org/details/handbooktoorderl05kirb_0 I'O PLATE CXXYII. /. IJabrosyne cLercLScv. ThytiiLr(v halts. Poly tela glories dd. 4 RxtrneuUisco paw. } YrmAnkScns. limited 5. Gorfynw fUtvago 6 Triplutencv frmbruv. 7. Aqrctis spinay. 8, Diphtherco apriUneo. LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY. Edited by R. Bowdler Sharpe, LL.D., F.L.S., &c. A HAND-BOOK TO THE ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. BY W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.Ent.S, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, BRITISH MUSEUM. Author of “ A Synonymic Catalogue of Lepidoftera Heteroceraf “ European Butterflies and Aloths “A Text- Book of Entomology, ” etc. , etc. VOL. V. MOTHS.— PART III. LONDON: EDWARD LLOYD, LIMITED, 12, SALISBURY SQUARE, FLEET STREET. 1897. PRINTED BY WYMAN AND SONS, LIMITED. > EDITOR’S PREFACE. With this volume Mr. Kirby brings to an end his review of the Lepidoptera. In addition to the illustrations of British Butterflies and Moths, which have been made the principal subject of these entomological volumes of the Naturalist’s Library, a large number of exotic species have been figured for the first time, while the author has taken the present opportunity to revise the nomenclature of many genera and species. His great knowledge of the Bibliography of Entomology renders this portion of his studies of especial interest. R. BOWDLER SHARPE. Chiswick, April, 1897. AUTHOR’S PREFACE. The present volume completes the series on the Order Lepidoptera , as sketched out in the Preface to vol. ii. It includes the Noctuce and Geometrce , among the larger Moths, and the Micro-Lepidoptera. The first two sections are treated as fully as the preceding groups, all the more important families being noticed or illustrated ; but in the case of the Micro-Lepidoptera , which, though comparatively little studied, probably far exceed the Macro- Lepidoptera in numbers, it was naturally impossible to do more than describe and figure a selection of species belonging to various families, without extending the work to one or two more volumes. A much larger number of species are described and figured in this volume than in any of the preceding ones, and a con¬ siderable number are here figured for the first time. In these cases I have thought it best, as a rule, to reprint the original description of the author who described the species. As before, Newman’s figures have occasionally been drawn upon, in order to illustrate the subjects more fully than the limited number of plates at our disposal would allow. As regards the coloured plates, most of the figures on pi. clviii., and some of those on pi. clvi., are magnified ; but the real dimensions are given in the text. I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Kappel, F.L.S., the Librarian of the Linnean Society, for kindly looking up the abstracts of a paper by the Rev. Lansdown Guilding, which had been lost sight of by Entomologists, and one of which I have reprinted at pp. 267-269. W. F. KIRBY. Chiswick, April, 1897. SYSTEMATIC INDEX PAGE ORDER LEPIDOPTERA (cont.). i B. LEPIDOPTERA HETERO- CERA (cont.) . i NOCTURE . i FAMILY XL. THYATIRID^E. 2 Genus Thyatira, Ochsenheimer & Treitschke. ... ... 2 T. batis (Linnaeus). ... 3 Genus Habrosyne, Hubner. ... 4 II. derasa (Linnaeus). ... 4 Genus Bombycia, Hubner. ... 6 B. or (Fabricius). ... ... 6 FAMILY XLI. AGROTIDtE. 8 SUB-FAMILY I. BRYOPHI- LINA2 . 9 Genus Bryophila. Treitschke. ... 9 B. muralis (Forster). ... 10 SUB-FAMILY II. ACRONYC- TIN/E . 11 Genus Acronycta, Ochsenhei¬ mer. ... ... ... 11 A. psi (Linnaeus). ... ... 12 SUB-FAMILY III. LEUCA- NIUSEE. ... < ... 13 Genus Leucania, Ochsenheimer. 14 L. impura (Hubner). ... 14 Genus Hyphilara, Hubner. ... 15 H. albipuncta (Denis & Schiffermuller). ... ... 16 Genus Nonagria, Ochsenheimer. 17 N. arundinis (Fabricius). ... 17 SUB-FAMILY IV. GLOTTU- LINYE . 20 Genus Polytela, Guenee. ... 20 P. gloriosae (Fabricius). ... 20 Genus Ramadasa, Moore. ... 21 R. pavo (Walker) ... ... 22 SUB-FAMILY V. APAMEIN2E. 22 Genus Gortyna, Ochsenheimer. 23 G. flavago (Denis & Schif¬ fermuller). ... ... 23 Genus Xylena, Hubner. ... 25 X. lithoxylea (Fabricius). 26 PAGE Genus Neuria, Guenee. ... 2; N. reticulata (De Villers). 28 Genus Mamestra, Ochsenheimer. 30 M, persicariae (Linnaeus) _ 30 Genus Oligia, Hubner. ... ... 32 O. furuncula (Denis & Schiffermuller). ... ... 33 SUB-FAMILY VI. CARADRI- NINA2. ... ... ... 35 Genus Caradrina, Ochsenheimer. 35 C. morpheus (Ilufnagel). ... 36 SUB-FAMILY VII. AGRO- TIN.E . 37 Genus Agrotis, Hubner. ... 38 A. segetum (Denis & Schif¬ fermuller). ... ... 38 A. spina, Guenee. ... ... 41 Genus T'riph^ena, Ochsenheimer. 43 T. pronuba (Linnaeus). ... 43 T. fimbria (Linnaeus). ... 44 Genus Graphiphora, Hubner.... 4^ G. triangulum (Hufna^el) 46 SUB-FAMILY VIII. ORTHO S1IN.E. ... Genus Cuphanoa, Hubner. 48 C. cerasi (Fabricius) ... 49 Genus Orthosia, Ochsenheimer. 51 O. macilenta (Hubner). ... 51 Genus Gl^ea, Hubner. ... ... 52 G. vaccinii (Linnaeus). ... 53 Genus Eupsilia, Hubner. ... 55 E. satellitia (Linnaeus). ... 55 Genus Xanthia, Hubner. ... 57 X. icteritia (Hufnagel). ... 58 SUB-FAMILY IX. COS- MIIIKUE. . 59 Genus Cosmia, Hubner. ... ... 60 C. affinis (Linnaeus). ... 60 SUB-FAMILY X. PIADE- NINvL . 62 Genus Epia, Hubner. ... ... 63 E. irregularis (Hufnagel). 63 Genus Diphthera, Hubner. ... 65 D. aprilina (Linnaeus) ... 65 VI SYSTEMATIC INDEX. PAGB Genus Phlogophora, Treitschke 67 P. meticulosa (Linnaeus). ... 68 FAMILY XXXIX. CUCUL- LIID/E . 69 Genus Calocampa, Stephens. ... 70 C. exoleta (Linnaeus). ... 70 Genus Cucullia, Schrank. ... 73 C. verbasci (Linnaeus). ... 73 Genus Argyritis, Htibner. ... 75 A. argentina (Fabricius). ... 75 FAMILY XL. HELIOTHID/E. 76 Genus Periphanes, Htibner. ... 76 P. delphinii (Linnaeus). ... 77 Genus Rhodophora, Guenee. ... 78 R. gaurse (Abbot & Smith). 78 Genus Chloridea, Westwood.... 79 C. rhexice (Abbot & Smith). So Genus Heliothis, Htibner. ... 81 II. dipsacea (Linnaeus). ... 82 Genus Anarta, Ochsenheimer — 84 A. myrlilli (Linnaeus). ... 84 FAMILY. ACONTIID/E. ... 86 Genus Erotyla, Hubner. ... 86 E. trabealis (Scopoli). ... 87 Genus Tarache, Hubner. ... 90 T. dispar (Walker). ... 91 Genus Canna, Walker . 91 C. malachites (Oberthtir). 91 Genus Bankia, Guenee . 92 B. olivana (Denis & Schif- fermtiller). ... ... 92 Genus Galgula, Guenee. ... 94 G. partita, Guenee. ... 94 Genus PIustrotia, Hubner. ... 95 E. uncula (Clerck). ... 95 Genus Anthophila, Iltibner. ... 97 A. ostrina (Iltibner). ... 9S DIVISION II. NOCTU/E QUADRIFID/E. ... 99 I. NOCTU/E SERICE/E. ... 101 FAMILY PALINDIID/E. ... 101 Genus Eulepidotis, Htibner. ... 101 E. detracta (Walker). ... ior FAMILY DYOPSID/E. ... 102 Genus Litoprosopus, Grote. ... 102 L. hatuey (Poey). ... ... 102 FAGE II. NOCTU/E VARIE- GAT/E . 103 FAMILY ERIOPID/E . 104 Genus Callopistria, Htibner. ... 104 C. argentilinea, Walker. ... 105 FAMILY EURITIPID/E. ... 105 Genus Eutelia, Htibner. ... 105 E. rufatrix (Walker). ... 106 Genus Varnia, Walker. ... ... 106 V. ignita, Walker. ... 107 FAMILY PLUSIID/E . 107 Genus Abrostola, Ochsenheimer. 108 A. triplasia (Linnaeus). ... 108 Genus Plusia, PItibner. ... ... no P. chrysitis (Linnaeus). ... no P. gamma (Linnaeus). ... 112 P. microgamma (Htibner). 114 P. chryson (Esper). ... 1115 FAMILY CALPID/E . 116 Genus Gonodonta, Iltibner. ... 116 G. acmeptera (Sepp.) ... 117 FAMILY IIEMICERID/E. ... 118 Genus IIemiceras, Guenee. ... 118 II. sigula, Guenee. ... 118 FAMILY HYBL.EID.E. ...119 Genus HybL/EA, Fabricius. ... 119 II. puera (Cramer). ... 119 FAMILY GONOPTERID/E. ... 120 Genus Scoliopteryx, Germar. ... 120 S. libatrix (Linnaeus). ... 121 III. NOCTU/E INTRUS/E. 122 FAMILY AMPHIPYRID/E. ... 123 Genus Amphipyra, Ochsenheimer. 123 A. tragopogonis (Clerck) 123 FAMILY TOXOCAMPID/E. ... 125 Genus Oppiiusa, Ochsenheimer. 125 O. craccce (Denis & Schif- fermiiller). ... ... 12 ^ FAMILY STILBIID/E. ... 127 Genus Stilbia, Stephens. ... 127 S. anomala (Haworth). ... 127 IV. NOCTU/E EXTENS/E. 129 FAMILY POLYDESMID/E. ... 129 Genus Pantydia, Guenee. ... 129 P. sparsa, Guenee. ... 130 FAMILY IIOMOPTERID/E. ... 130 Genus Nephelina, Kirby. ... 130 N. edusa (Drury) ... ... 131 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. F AM I LY H Y PO G R A M M I D/E . Genus Anthocitta, Hiibner. ... A. sublucida (Walker). V. NOCTUE LIMBATE. FAMILY CATEPHIIDE. ... Genus Edia, Hiibner. ... E. discistriga (Walker). ... FAMILY BOLINIDE . Genus Syneda, Guenee.... S. socia, Behr. FAMILY IIYPOCALIDE. ... Genus IIypocala, Guenee. H. subsaturata, Guenee. ... FAMILY CATOCALIDE. ... Genus Catocai.a, Schrank. C. fraxini (Linnaeus). C. nupta (Linnaeus). C. pacta (Linnaeus). C.neogama( Abbot & Smith). C. amasia (Abbot & Smith). VI. NOCTUE PATULE.... FAMILY EREBIDE . Genus Peosina, Guenee. P. leontia (Stoll). ... Genus Letis, Hiibner . L. magna (Gmelin). Genus Thysania, Dalman. T. agrippina (Cramer). Genus Erebus, Latreille. E. agarista (Cramer). FAMILY OMMATOPIIO- RID/E . Genus Crishna, Kirby . C. macrops (Linnaeus). C. boopis (Guenee). C. walkeri (Butler). Genus Nyctipao, Hiibner. N. crepuscularis (Linnaeus). Genus Cyligramma, Boisduval. C. gemmans (Guenee). C. disturbans (Walker). ... FAMILY HYPOPYRIDE. ... Genus S Pi rami a, Guenee. S. recessa (Walker). FAMILY BENDIDE . Genus IIulodes, Guenee. II. caranea (Cramer), VI l PAGE VII. NOCTU/E serpen¬ tine: . 162 FAMILY OPPIIDERIDE. ... 163 SUB-FAMILY I. OPPIIDE- RINE . 163 Genus Othreis, Hiibner. ... 164 O. smaragdipicta (Walker). 164 Genus Argadesa, Moore. ... 165 A. materna (Linnaeus). ... 165 Genus Grapiiigona, Walker. ... i65 G. rcgina (Guenee). ... 167 SUB-FAMTlY II. PIIYLLO- DIN.E. ... 167 Genus Miniodes, Guenee. ... 168 M. discolor, Guenee. ... 168 Genus Gi.oriana, Kirby. ... 169 G. ornata (Moore). ... 169 Genus Phyllodes, Boisduval. ... 170 P. maligera, Butler. ... 170 FAMILY LAGOPTERIDE. ... 171 Genus Lagoptera, Guenee. ... 17 1 L. juno (Dalman). ... 172 Genus Nantesia, Kirby. ... 173 N. lunaris (Denis & Schif- ferm tiller). ... ... 173 FAMILY EUCLIDIIDE. ... 175 Genus Euclidia, Hiibner. ... 175 E. mi (Clerck). ... ... 176 FAMILY POAPHILIDE. ... 1 77 Genus Phytometra, Haworth. 178 P. viridaria (Clerck). ... 178 FAMILY REMIGIIDE. ... 1S0 Genus Remigia, Guenee. ... 1S0 R. demonstrans, Walker _ 1S1 viii. noctue pseudo- deltoide . 1S1 FAMILY FOCILLIDE. ... 1S2 Genus Zethes, Rambur. ... 182 Z. insularis, Rambur. ... 182 Genus Focilla, Guenee. ... 1S3 F. plusioides, Walker. ... 1S3 FAMILY THERMESIIDE. ... 184 Genus Capnodes, Guenee. ... 184 C. finipalpis (Walker). ... 184 ix. noctue deltoides. 185 FAMILY PLATYDIDE. ... 1S5 Genus Euclystis, Hiibner. ... 186 E. cynara (Cramer). ... 1 86 PAGE 132 132 132 132 133 134 134 135 135 135 136 136 136 137 L3^ 139 142 144 H5 146 147 14S 149 149 149 1 5° Ho H1 H2 H2 PH H3 H4 LS4 H4 H5 156 H7 157 158 H9 H9 160 160 160 161 Vlll SYSTEMATIC INDEX. PAGE FAMILY HYPENID/E. ... 187 Genus Calymma, Hiibner. ... 187 C. quinqualis (Walker). ... 188 Genus Hypena, Schrank. ... 188 II. bijugalis, Walker. ... ... 189 FAMILY HERMINIIMk ... 189 Genus Mastigopiiorus, Poey. ... 190 M. parra, Poey. ... ... 190 FAMILY AVENTIIDAi. ... 191 Genus Laspeyria, Germar. ... 191 L. flexula (Denis & Schiffer- miiller). ... ... ... 19 1 FAMILY BOLETOBIID/E. ... 193 Genus Parascotia, Hiibner. ... 193 P. fuliginaria (Linnceus) 193 FAMILY BREPHID.E. ... 195 Genus Brephos, Hiibner. ... 195 B. parthenias (Linnaeus). ... 196 GEOMETRY . 199 FAMILY URAPTERYGIDZE. 200 Genus Lars, Hiibner. ... ... 201 L. sambucaria (Linnceus). 201 FAMILY ENNOMID/E. ... 202 Genus Opisthograptis, Hiibner. 203 O. luteolata (Linnceus). ... 203 Genus Angerona, Duponchel. ... 204 A. prunaria (Linnceus). ... 204 A. sospeta (Drury). ... 206 Genus Phal/ena, Linnceus. ... 206 P. syringaria (Linnceus), ... 207 Genus Geometra, Linnceus. ... 208 G. alniaria, Linnceus. ... 209 FAMILY CENOCHROMIID/E. 210 Qenus Monoctenia, Guenee. ... 21 1 M. obtusata, Walker. ... 21 1 FAMILY AMPHIDASIID/E. ... 212 Genus Ithysia, Hiibner. ... 212 I. zonaria (Denis & Schif- fermiiller). ... ... 212 FAMILY BOARMIID/E. ... 213 Genus Pingasa, Moore. ... ... 214 P. occultaria (Donovan). ... 215 Genus Bronchelia, Guenee. ... 215 B. scolopacea (Drury). ... 216 FAMILY BOLETOBIID/E. ... 217 FAMILY CHLOROCIIRO- MIDcE. ... ... 217 PAGE Genus Terpne, Hiibner . 217 T. papilionaria (Linnaeus). 218 FAMILY MECOCERIDZE. ... 219 Genus Macrotes, Westwood. ... 219 M. netrix (Cramer). ... 220 Genus Mecoceras, Guenee. ... 220 M. bitactaria, Walker. ... 221 FAMILY PALY AD/E . 221 Genus Eumelea, Duncan. ... 221 E. rosalia (Cramer). ... 222 FAMILY EPHYRID/E. ... 222 Genus Cyclophora, Hiibner. ... 223 C. orbicularia (Hiibner). ... 223 FAMILY ID,EID,E . 224 Genus Craspedia, Hiibner. ... 225 C. ornata (Scopoli). ... 225 FAMILY MICRONIID/E. ... 226 Genus Acropteris, Hiibner, ... 227 A. striataria (Clerck). ... 227 FAMILY EROSIID.E . 228 FAMILY CABERID/E. ...228 Genus Cabera, Treitschke. ... 229 C. pusaria (Linnaeus). ... 229 FAMILY MACARIID/E. ... 230 Genus Mac aria, Curtis. ... M. liturata (Clerck). FAMILY FI DON 1 1 D/E. ... 232 Genus Epidesmia, Westwood. ... 232 E. tricolor, Westwood. Genus Botys, Latreille. ... B. purpuraria ( Linnceus). ... 234 FAMILY EUSCHEMID/E. ... 235 Genus Euschema, Hiibner. ... 235 E. discalis, Walker. ... 236 Genus Dysphania, Hiibner. ... 236 D. fenestrata (Swainson). 236 Genus Milionia, Walker. ... 237 M. basalis, Walker. ... 237 Genus Sangala, Walker. ... 238 S. gloriosa, Walker. ... 23S FAMILY ZERENID/E. ... 239 Genus Pan/ethia, Guenee. ... 239 P. maculosa (Walker) Kirby. ... ... ... 239 Genus Rhyparia, Hiibner. ... 240 R. melanaria (Linnaeus). ... 240 Genus Spilote, Hiibner. ... 241 S. grossulariata (Linnceus). 241 230 230 200 21 1 JO SYSTEMATIC INDEX. IX PAGE Genus Psilonaxa, Warren. ... 242 P. seriaria (Motschulsky). 242 FAMILY LIGIID^E . 243 Genus Dichroma, Westwood. ... 243 D. equestralis, Westwood. 243 D. histrionalis, Westwood. 244 D. arcualis, Westwood. ... 245 FAMILY IIYBERNIIDAL ... 246 Genus Hybernia, Latreille ... 246 H. defoliaria (Clerck). ... 246 FAMILY LARENTIIDiE. ... 247 Genus Mesoleuca, Hiibner. ... 248 M. albicillata (Linnaeus) — 248 Genus Rhumaptera, Plubner. ... 249 R. hastata (Linnaeus). ... 250 FAMILY EUBOLIIDAL ... 250 Genus Anaitis, Duponchel. ... 251 A. plagiata (Linnaeus). ... 251 FAMILY SIONIDAi . 252 Genus Odezia, Boisduval. ... 253 O. tibiale (Esper). ... 253 FAMILY ITEDYLIDiE. ... 253 Genus IIedyle, Guenee. ... 254 H. lucivittata, Walker. ... 254 FAMILY ERATINID.E. ... 254 Genus Eratina, Doubleday. ... 255 E. leptocircata, Guenee. ... 255 FAMILY MELANCIIRCEIDAL 255 Genus Melanchrcea, Hiibner.... 255 M. aterea (Cramer). ... 256 FAMILY EMPLOCIID^E. ... 256 Genus Emplocia, Plerrich-Schaf- fer. ... ... ... 256 E. hesperidaria, Guenee _ 257 FAMILY HYPOCHROSID/E. 257 Genus Achrosis, Guenee. ... 257 A. pyrrhularia, Guenee. ... 2^8 PYRALES . 258 FAMILY CHRYSAUGID/E . 259 Genus Chrysauge, Hiibner. ... 259 C. catenulata, Warren. ... 260 FAMILY HOMALO- CHROID^E. ... ... 260 Genus Mapeta, Walker. ... 260 M. xanthomelas, Walker. 260 FAMILY SEMNIIDiE. ... 261 Genws Semnia, Hiibner..., ... 261 S. auritalis, Hiibner. ... 261 PAGE FAMILY PYRALID/E. ... 262 Genus ViTESSA, Moore. ... ... 262 V. suradeva, Moore. ... 262 Genus Cardamyla, Walker. ... 263 C. carinentalis, Walker. ... 263 FAMILY HERCYNID/E. ... 263 Genus Metaxmeste, Hiibner. ... 263 M. phrygialis (Hiibner). ... 264 FAMILY STENIID/E . 264 Genus Ercta, Walker . 264 E. tipulalis, Walker. ... 265 FAMILY HYDROCAMPIDAL 265 Genus Nymphula, Schrank. ... 265 N. stagnata (Donovan). ... 266 FAMILY M ARG ARO N 1 1 D/E. 266 Genus Eudioptis, Hiibner. ... 266 E. indica, Saunders. ... 267 FAMILY MARGARONIID/E. 269 Genus Margaronia, Hiibner. ... 269 M. arachnealis, Walker. ... 269 FAMILY GALLERIID/E. ... 270 Genus Galleria, Fabricius. ... 270 G. mellonella (Linnaeus). ... 270 FAMILY PIIYCID/E . 271 Genus IIypochalcia, Hiibner. ... 271 11. ahenella (Denis & Schif- fermiiller). ... ... 272 FAMILY PALPARIID.E. ... 272 Genus Pai.paria, Haworth. ... 272 P. pinella (Linnaeus). ... 273 Genus Ommatopteryx, Kirby ... 274 E. ocellea (Plaworth). ... 274 FAMILY CHILONID/E. ... 275 Genus Donacaula, Meyrick. ... 275 D. mucronella (Denis & Schiffermiiller). ... ... 275 FAMILY PTEROPIIORID/E. 276 Genus AluVhta, Linnaeus. ... 276 A. pentadactyla, Linnaeus. 276 FAMILY ORNEODID/E. ... 277 Genus Orneodes, Latreille. ... 277 O. hexadactyla (Linnaeus). 278 TORTRICES . 278 FAMILY TORTRICIDHL ... 279 Genus Tortrix, Linnaeus. ... 279 T. viridana, Linnaeus. ... 279 Genus Gauris, Hiibner . 280 G. crameriana (Stoll). ... 280 X SYSTEMATIC INDEX, PAGE FAMILY CARPOCAPSID/E. ... 2S0 Genus Ernarmonia, Hiibner. ... 2S0 E. saltitans (Westwood) ... 2S0 FAMILY PERONEID.E. ... 281 Genus Rhacodia, Hiibner ... 28 1 R. caudana (Fabricius). ... 2S1 FAMILY CIIIMATO- PIIILID/E . 282 Genus Chimatophila, Stephens. 282 C. tortricella (Iliibner). ... 282 FAMILY EXAPATILLE. ... 283 Genus Enyphantes, Hiibner ... 283 E. congelatella (Clerck). ... 2S3 FAMILY yEGERIIDyE. ... 284 Genus Algeria, Fabricius. ... 285 Ai. apiformis (Clerck) ... 286 Genus Memythrus, Newman. ... 287 M. vespiformis (Linnaeus). 287 Genus Pyropteron, Newman. ... 2S8 P. chrysidiforme (Esper) _ 2S9 Genus Troch ilium, Scopoli. ... 289 T. spheciformis (Gerning). 290 FAMILY THYRIUID/E. ' ... 291 Genus Tiiyris, Iloffmannsegg ... 291 T. usitata, Butler. ... ... 292 TINE.E . 292 FAMILY CHOREUTID/E. ... 293 Genus Choreutis, Hiibner. ... 293 C. myllerana (Fabricius).... 293 FAMILY ATYCHIID.E. ... 294 Genus Atychia, Latreille. ... 294 A. appendiculata (Esper). 205 FAMILY TINEIDZE . 295 Genus Euplocamus, Latreille. ... 295 E. bienerti, Staudinger. ... 295 Genus Tinea, Linnceus. ... ... 296 T. pellionella, Linnceus. ... 206 FAMILY ADELID.E . 297 Genus Adela, Latreille . 297 A. degeerella (Linnaeus). ... 298 FAMILY HYPONOMEU- TID/E . 299 Genus Hyponomeuta, Latreille. 299 H. padella (Linnceus). ... 299 Genus Crameria, Hiibner. C. nobilitella (Cramer). ... FAMILY CHIMABACCHID/E. Genus Diurnea, Haworth. D. fagella (Denis & Schif- fenniiller). FAMILY CRYPTOPHASID/E. Genus Cryptophasa, Lewin. ... C. irrorata, Lewin. FAMILY GELECIIIIDZE. ... Genus IIarpella, Schrank. II. geoffrella (Linnceus). ... FAMILY CECOPIIORIDZE. ... Genus CEcophora, Latreille. CE. sulphurella (Fabricius). FAMILY TINLEGERIIDZE. ... Genus Eretmocera, Zeller. E. lcetissima, Zeller. FAMILY GRACILLARIID.E. Genus Gracillaria, Haworth. G. syringella (Fabricius).... FAMILY COLF.OPI IORID.E. Genus Coeeophora, Hiibner. ... C. anatipennella (Hiibner). FAMILY LAVERNIDAi. Genus Chry'SOCLISTA, Stainton. C. linneella (Clerck). FAMILY IIELIOZELIDZE. ... Genus Antispila, Hiibner. A. treitschkiella (Dupon- chel). FAMILY LITIIOCOLLE- TIDAi . Genus Lithocolletis, Hiibner. L. spinolella (Duponchel). FAMILY NEPTICULIDAi. ... Genus Microsetia, Stephens. ... M. microtheriella( Stainton). FAMILY MICROPTERY- G\V>M . Genus Mioropteryx, Hiibner. ... M. aureatella (Scopoli). ... PAGE 3°° 300 301 301 301 303 303 303 304 3°4 305 305 305 306 306 306 307 308 308 308 3°9 3°9 309 310 310 310 3i 1 3i 1 311 312 312 313 3i3 313 314 314 3H 315 LIST OF PLATES CXXVII.— Fig. i. Ilabrosyne derasa (p. 4). Fig. 2. Thyatira batis (p. 3). Fig. 3. Polytela glorioste (p. 20). Fig. 4. Ramadasa pavo (p. 22). Fig. 5. Gortyna flavago (p. 23). Fig. 6. Triphsena fimbria (p. 44). Fig. 7. Agrotis spina (p. 41). Fig. 8. Diphthera aprilina (p. 65). CXXVIII. — Fig. I. Tarache dispar (p. 91). Fig. 2. Galgula partita (p. 94). Fig. 3. Canna malachites (p. 91). Fig. 4, 5. Khodophora gaurce (p. 7S). Fig. 6. Calocampa exoleta (p. 70). Fig. 7. Feriphanes delphinii (p. 77). Fig. 8. Argyritis argentina (p. 75). Fig. 9. Chloridea rhexice(p. 80). CXXIX.— Fig. 1. Eulepidotis detracta (p. 101). Fig. 2. Plusia microgamma (p. 114). Fig. 3. Eutelia rufatrix (p. 106). Fig. 4. Plusia gamma (p. 112). Fig. 5. Callopistria argentilinea (p. 105). Fig. 6. Plemiceras sigula (p. 118). Fig. 7. Hyblaea puera (p. 119). Fig. 8. Gonodontaacmeptera(p. 1 1 7). Fig. 9. Litoprosopus hatuey (p. 102). cxxx.— Fig. 1,2. Scoliopteryxlibatrix(p. 121). Fig. 3. Pantydia sparsa (p. 130). Fig. 4. Nephelina edusa (p. 13 1). Fig. 5. Anthocitta sublucida (p. 132). Fig. 6. ZEdia discistriga (p. 134). Fig. 7. Syneda socia (p. 135). Fig. 8. Hypocala subsaturata(p. 136). CXXXE — Fig. 1. Catocala nupta (p. 142). Fig. 2. Catocala fraxini (p. 139). CXXXII — Figs. 1,2. Catocala neogama(p. 145). Fig. 3. Catocala amasia (p. 146). CXXXIII.— Fig. 1. Peosina leontia (p. 149). Fig. 2. Letis magna (p. 150). CXXXIV.— Thysania agrippina (p. 151). CXXXV.— Erebus agarista (p. 152). CXXXVII } Crishna macroPs (p- IS4). cxxxvm.— Nyctipao crepuscularis (p. I56)- CXXXIX.— Fig. 1. Cyligramma gemmans(p.i57). Fig. 2. Cyligramma disturbans (p. 158). CXL. — Fig. 1. Spiramia recessa (p. 160). Fig. 2. Plulodes caranea (p. 16 1). Fig. 3. Remigia demonstrans (p. 181). Fig. 4. Zethes insularis (p. 182). CXLI. — Fig. 1. Argadesa materna (p. 165). Fig. 2. Othreis smaragdipicta (p. i64). P'ig. 3. Graphigona regina (p. 167). CXLII. — Fig. 1. Miniodes discolor (p. 16S). Fig. 2. Lagoptera juno (p. 172). CXLIII. — Gloriana ornata (p. 169). CXLIV. — Phyllodes maligera (p. 170). CXLV. — Fig. I. Focilla plusioides (p. 183). Fig. 2. Capnodes finipalpis (p. 184). Fig. 3. Macrotes netrix (p. 220). Fig. 4. Mecoceras bitactaria (p. 221). Fig. 5. Calymma quinqualis (p. iSS). Fig. 6. Ilypena bijugalis (p. 189). Fig. 7. Mastigophorus parra (p. 190) Fig. 8. Euclystis cynara (p. 186). CXLVI. — Fig. I. Lars sambucaria (p. 201). Fig. 2. Opisthograptis luteolata (p. 203). Fig. 3. Angerona prunaria (p. 204). Fig. 4. Angerona (?) sospeta (p. 206). Fig. 5. Monoctenia obtusata (p. 21 1). Fig. 6. Pingasa(?) occultaria(p. 215). CXLVII. — Fig. I. Farascotia fuliginaria (p. 193). Fig. 2. Bronchelia scolopacea (p. 216). Fig. 3. Terpne papilionaria (p. 218). Fig. 4. Eumelea rusalia (p. 2 22). Xll LIST OF PLATES. CXLVIII. — Fig. I. Acroptcris striataria (p. 227). Fig. 2. Epidesmia tricolor (p. 233). Fig. 3. Rhyparia melanaria (p. 240). Fig. 4. Pannethia maculosa (p. 239). Figs. 5-7. Spilote grossulariata (p. 241). Fig. 8. Psilonaxa seriaria (p. 242). CXLIX. — Fig. 1. Dysphania fenestrata (p.236). Fig. 2. Sangala gloriosa (p. 23S). Fig. 3. Milionia basalis (p. 237). Fig. 4. Euschema discalis (p. 236). CL.— Fig. 1. Dichroma equestralis(p. 243). Fig. 2. Dichroma histrionalis(p. 244). Fig. 3. Dichroma arcualis (p. 245). CEL — Fig. 1. Mesoleuca albicillata (p. 248). Fig. 2. Rhumaptera hastata (p. 250). Fig. 3. Melanchroea aterea (p. 256). Fig. 4. Odezia tibiale (p. 253). Fig. 5. Hedyle lucivittata (p. 254). Fig. 6. Eratina leptocircata (p. 255). Fig. 7. Emplocia hesperidaria (p. 257)* Fig. 8. Achrosis pyrrhularia (p.258). CEIL— Fig. 1. Chrysauge catenulata (p.260). Fig. 2. Mapeta xanthomelas (p.260). Fig. 3. Semnia auritalis (p. 261). Fig. 4. \Titessa suradeva (p. 262). Fig. 5. Cardamyla carinentalis (p. 263) . Fig. 6. Metaxmeste phrygialis (p. 264) . Fig. 7. Ercta tipulalis (p. 265). CLIII. — Fig. 1. Nymphula stagnata (p. 266). Fig. 2. Eudioptis indica (p. 267). Fig. 3. Margaronia arachnealis (p. 269). Fig. 4. Galleria mellonella (p. 270). Fig. 5. Ilypochaleia ahenella (p. 272). Fig. 6. Palparia pinella (p. 273). Fig. 7. Ommatopteryx ocellea (p. 274) . Fig. 8. Donacaula mucronella (p. 275) - CLIV.— Fig. I. Tortrix viridana (p. 279). Fig. 2. Gauris crameriana (p. 280). Fig. 3-5. Ernarmonia saltitans 280). Fig. 6. Rhacodia caudana (p. 281). Fig. 7. Chimatophila tortricella (j 282). Fig. 8, 9. Enyphantes congelatell (p. 283). CLV. — Fig. I. Algeria apiformis (p. 286). Fig. 2. Memythrus vespiformis (p 287). Fig. 3. Pyropteron chrysidiforrm (p. 289). Fig. 4. Trochilium spheciformis (p 290). Fig. 5. Thyris usitata (p. 292). Fig. 6. Varnia ignita (p. 107). CLVL — Fig. 1. Atychia appendiculata(p.295). Fig. 2. Choreutis myllerana (p. 293). Fig. 3, 4- Diurnea fagella (p. 301). Fig. 5. Adela degeerella (p. 298). Fig. 6. Hyponomeuta padella (p 299)- 1 Fig. 7. Chr\ soclista linneellafp. 310). Fig. 8. Gracillaria syringeila(p.3oS). Fig. 9. Crameria nobilitella (p. 300). CLVIL — Cryptophasa irrorata (p. 303). CLVin. — Fig. 1. Eretmocera lmtissima(p.307). Fig. 2. Euplocamus bienerti (p. 295). Fig. 3. Harpella geoffrella (p. 305). Fig. 4. Gicophora sulphurella (p. 306). Fig. 5. Coleophora anatipennella (p. . 309). Fig. 6. Lithocolletis spinolella (p. 3I3)- Fig. 7. Antispila treitschkiella (p. .311)*. Fig. 8. Microsetia microtheriella (p. 3H). Fig. 9. Alucita pentadactyla (p. 276). Fig. 10. Orneodes hexadactyla (p. 278). Fig. II. Micropteryx aureatella (p. 3I5K THE MOTHS— LEPIDOPTERA HETEROCERA. ( Concluded. ) NOCTURE. This name is applied to a very extensive and homogeneous group of the larger Moths. The most comprehensive classifi¬ cation of the Noctuce was proposed by Guenee in 1852, in his “Species Generate des Lepidopteres : Noctuellites”; but in 1857 another system was published by Lederer in his “Noctuinen Europa’s,” in which he arranged the genera almost without troubling himself to sort them into families. Later authors have followed an intermediate course, and instead of dividing the Noctuce. into groups, sub-groups, and a large number of families, have divided them into a limited number of families only. However, many small groups appear to be natural, and these we propose to treat as Sub-families in the present work. The following characters may be taken as of general application. Larva. — Cylindrical, naked or pubescent, rarely tufted or hairy ; with sixteen legs, or with the first and second pairs of pro-legs more or less rudimentary. Pupa. — Subterranean ; or rarely enclosed in a cocoon. imago. — With moderately stout bodies (rarely slender). Antennae filiform, or, rarely, pectinated ; proboscis usually well «-L«/ l6 B 2 Lloyd’s natural history. developed. Fore-wings triangular; hind-wings broader than the fore-wings, more slender, and folded beneath them like a fan when at rest ; nearly always differently, and usually obscurely, coloured ; frenulum present. Flight nocturnal or crepuscular ; in some families diurnal. FAMILY XL. THYATIRID^E. Larva. — With sixteen legs, smooth or slightly humped, feed¬ ing exposed on trees and shrubs, or between leaves slightly connected with silk. Pupa. — Usually enclosed in a slight cocoon among moss or rubbish at the foot of the tree on which the larva has fed ; more rarely in the mass of leaves towards the extremity of a branch frequented by the larva. Imago. — Moderately stout, downy ; antennae simple, slightly thickened in the males; wings moderately long and broad, entire, and with the discoidal nervule rising almost from the middle of the discoidal cell ; or in the hind-wings, sometimes a little lower ; hind-wings, with the costal and sub-costal nervures approximating, and almost or quite united above the end of the cell. This Family is now classed by many authors with the Bombyces. GENUS THYATIRA. Thyatira , Ochsenheimer & Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 77 (1816); vi. (2), p. 161 (1825); Guenee, Spec. Gen. L£pid. Noct. i. p. 10 (1852). Eyes naked ; palpi long, hairy ; last joint naked, very long ; antennae ciliated in the male; thorax with a double crest, approximating in the middle ; abdomen slightly crested at the base; wings rounded, marked with large spots; fore- wings THYATIRA. 3 with two of the sub-costal nervules forking near the tip ; hind- wings with the discoidal neiwule rising near the upper median nervule. Larva with deep incisions, and bifid elevations on the back. The type of this genus is widely distributed in Europe and Northern and Western Asia. Species or varieties differing little from the European form are likewise met with in India, and in North America as far south as Mexico. THE PEACH-BLOSSOM MOTH. THYATIRA BATIS. [Plate CXX VII. , Fig . 2.) Noctua batis , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 509, no. 72 (1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 308 (1761) ; Esper, Schmett. iv. (i) P- 59> Taf- 86> figs- 6"8i iv- (2) 2> P- 54) Taf. 193, figs. 7-9 (1786) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 65 (1799?). Thyatira batis , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 162 (1825) ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. ii. pi. 72 (1825); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 48 (1829) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 144, pi. 32, figs. 1-1 b (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iv. pi. 54, figs. 2-2 b (1891); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 190, pi. 116, figs. 2, 2 a-c (1895). The Peach-blossom Moth, which is named from the colour of the spots on the fore-wings, is one of the prettiest species found in Britain, and is not rare. The fore-wings are olive-brown, with dark waved transverse lines, darkest towards the base, and with five pale rose-coloured spots on each wing. The largest of these is at the base, and is clouded with brown ; two are near the tip, and are sometimes united ; a fourth is situated at the hinder angle, and has a brown spot in the middle, and the smallest is on the inner margin. The hind-wings are ochreous- grey, with a pale waved line near the middle, and are darker in the females than in the males. b 2 4 Lloyd’s natural history. The Moth is fairly common throughout the British Isles. It expands about an inch and a half. r The larva is brown, varied with rusty red, and has an elevation on the third segment, which is bifid at the extremity and directed forwards ; and there are five smaller pointed elevations on the back, com¬ mencing on the sixth segment, in front of the last of which is a dark quadrilateral spot. It feeds on bramble, and clings to the under surface of the leaves. GENUS HABROSYNE. Habrosyne , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 272 (1822?). Gonophora , Bruand, Mem. Soc. d’Emul. Doubs. (2) i. p. 89 (1845); Ann. Soc. Ent. France (2) vii. p. 42 (1849). General characters of Thyatira, but the antennae are scarcely ciliated, the palpi hairy, rather short, the last joint naked, and the fore-wings with pale oblique lines, an accessory cell, and with the sub-costal nervules well separated ; hind-wings with the discoidal nervule and upper median nervule well separated at their origin. The larvae are cylindrical and without elevations. THE BUFF ARCHES. HABROSYNE DERASA. {Plate C XX VI!., Fig. 1.) Noctua derasa , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) i. (2) p. 851, no. 158 (1767) ; Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) 1, p. 449, Taf. 142, fig. 1 (1791?); iv. (2) 2, p. 54, Taf. 193, figs. 4-6 (r799?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 66 (1799?). Thyatira derasa, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2) p. 165 (1825); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 47 (1829); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iv. pi. 54, figs. 1-1 b (1891). HABROSYNE. 5 Gonophora derasa, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 143 (1880); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 186, pi. 116, figs, i— 1 b (1895). The Moth is of about the same size as the preceding, and is common in most parts of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as in Northern and Western Asia. The fore-wings are yellowish-grey at the base, and are crossed by two oblique white bands, one running from the costa to a little beyond the middle of the inner margin, and the other from the apex to the hinder angle. The triangular area bounded by these bands is clouded with brown and white, and there is a transverse series of parallel fine zig-zag brown lines, forming very acute angles on a whitish ground. The hind margins are brown, with two rows of small white arches, surmounted by an ill-defined white line. The fringes are also whitish. The hind-wings are dusky, slightly tinged with ochreous, and have whitish fringes. The larva feeds on bramble, and may be found till the end of September. It is smooth, but has a few fine scattered hairs. The head is large, and deep brownish-yellow like the body. On the back of each segment is a coffee-brown hexagonal spot, with a black line running longitudinally through it. Beneath these is a line composed of blackish-brown dots, and the fifth, sixth, and seventh segments have a pale yellowish spot on the sides, bordered with black, and the third and twelfth segments have an elevation on the back. The body is brownish-grey beneath. The day before their metamorphosis, the larvae become dingy brown. When at rest they often assume a curved position. The pupa is greyish-black, thickened in front, with very deep incisions. The terminal spine is simple. The moth appears at the same time as Thyatira batis , and, like it, is fairly common, without being actually abundant. 6 LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY. GENUS BOMBYCIA. Bombycia, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i (1810?). Tethea , pt. Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 64 (1816). Palimpsestis , pt. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 273 (1822 ?). Cymatophora , pt. Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (1), p. 77 (1825); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. .16 (1852), nom prceocc. Cer&pacha , pt. Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 51 (1829). The remaining European species of the Thyatiridcz differ considerably from each other, but some authors include them in one genus, and others separate them into several. The names quoted above are only a few of those which have been applied to them. The Moths are green, brown, and grey, with transverse lighter or darker, and sometimes slightly zig-zag, lines ; and they differ essentially from the foregoing genera in the abdomen not being crested. The larvae mostly live between leaves, and often rest with their bodies more or less curved. The section to which Bombycia or belongs may be distinguished by the naked eyes, moderately stout body, which is slightly longer than the hind-wings (though more slender than in the hairy-eyed species of the group), by the hairy legs and palpi, and comparatively narrow wings. THE POPLAR LUTE-STRING. BOMBYCIA OR. Noctua or, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 165, no. 202 (1787) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 210 (1799?). Noctua octogena , Esper, Schmett. iv. (2), i. p. 388, Taf. 128, fig- 5 (i79°?); iv- (2) 2? P- 6) Taf. 180, fig. 5 (1794). Cymatophora or, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (1), p. 98 (1825); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 144, pi. 32, figs. BOMBYCIA. 7 2-2 b (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iv. pi. 54, figs. 6, 6 a (1891) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. p. 198, pi. 117, figs. 2-2 c (1896). Ceropacha or , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 53 (1829). The Poplar Lute-string. This species expands about an inch and a half. It is common in most parts of Central and Northern Europe, and in Northern Asia. The fore-wings are ashy-grey, sometimes slightly shot with a peach-blossom tint. The base is very light-coloured, and is bounded by a dark double stripe, beyond which is another double dark zig-zag stripe. Beyond these stripes are two light green spots on a pale ground, the inner of which is sometimes entirely wanting. The outer is elongated, notched above and with a small brown streak beneath. Beyond the central area is another dark double zig-zag line, and then a pinkish gloss, containing a whitish line, which commences at the apex in a curved blackish streak, and is crossed by five blackish nervures. The fringes are brown, streaked with black. The hind-wings are yellowish-grey in both sexes, with darker hind margins, and occasionally a lighter band in the middle. The fringes are greyish-white. The larva feeds on various species of poplar. It Is pale green, or yellowish green, with a rusty-brown head, a dark dorsal line, and a yellowish spiracular line, in which the spiracles stand out white. 8 Lloyd’s natural history. The pupa is found in late autumn and early spring at the foot of the tree on which the larva has fed, between fallen leaves which it has spun together. FAMILY XLI. AGROTID^E. This and the following families of Noctucz differ from the Thyatiridce. essentially by the discoidal nervule rising near to or (rarely in the earlier families) from the same point as the upper median nervule, in which latter case it resembles a fourth median nervule, and the median nervure is then said to be four-branched. Sometimes, however, this nervule rises from the middle of the cell in the hind-wings. There is a peculiar arrangement of markings found in the fore-wings of a great number of Moths, but most often in the Noctuce , which is so well marked that it is called the “ Noctua pattern.” The fore-wing is crossed by four transverse lines. One, towards the base, is generally incomplete below, and is called the half-line ; the next is the first transverse line, and is situated before the middle. There is rather a wide space between this and the second transverse line, or elbowed line, and towards the hind margin is the sub-terminal line, which not infrequently forms a W. These lines may be present or absent, or straight or zig-zag, but some of them are nearly always visible. Between the first and second transverse lines are two markings, one usually placed in the cell and rounded ; the other covering the end of the cell and somewhat kidney¬ shaped. These are called the “orbicular stigma” and the “reniform stigma ” respectively ; and towards the inner margin, below the orbicular stigma, we often find a third mark, forming a long triangle or streak, and called the “ claviform stigma.” Between the orbicular and reniform stigma, we often find BRYOPHILA. 9 a more or less suffused transverse stripe, called the central shade. The Agrotidce, , as the name is here employed, correspond in the main with the Trifidaz ; Bryophilida , Bombycoidce and Genuine of Guenee. In these the median nervure is usually only three-branched, whence the name, Trifidcz. Larva. — Generally naked or downy, feeding on low plants, and sometimes beneath the surface of the ground. Pupa. — Usually subterranean. imago. — Usually rather stout; antennae rarely pectinated ; size moderate, or rather small ; colours generally subdued ; hind- wings generally broader than th-: fore-wings, and of much weaker structure; the discoidal nervure usually separated at its origin from the upper median nervule, and often more or less rudimentary. This is a very extensive family, including a great number of sections, and to it belong by far the larger number of Noctuce, which inhabit temperate climes. SUB -FAMILY I. BRYOPHILIN^. The types of this sub-family are rather small and slender Moths, and their wings are marbled with green, grey, brown, and whitish. Their larvae feed on lichens. GENUS BRYOPHILA. Potcilia , Schrank, Fauna Boica (2) ii. p. 157 (1802), nom . prceocc. Bryophila , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (1), p. 47 (1825); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 22 (1852). This is the typical genus of the sub-family. There are several European species, some of which are British ; and the genus is also fairly well represented in North America. io Lloyd’s natural history. THE MARBLED GREEN. BRYOPHILA MURALIS. Noctua muralis , Forster, Nov. Spec. Ins. p. 74 (1771). Noctua lichenis , Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 614, no. 102 (1775); Esper, Schmett, iv. (1), p. 287, Taf. 118, fig. 8 (1789 ?). Noctua glandif era y Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien, p. 70, no. 2 (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 24 (1799?). Bryophila glandifera , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (1), p. 58 (1825) ; Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 44 (1829); Buckler, Larvae Brit. Lepid. iv. pi. 55, figs. 4-4 c (1891). Bryophila muralis , Kirby, Fur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 152 (1880). The Marbled Green. This Moth expands from an inch to an inch and a quarter. It is found in most parts of Europe and temperate Asia. The fore-wings are pale green, with a transverse row of black streaks, edged on the outer side with white. In the middle of the wing is a second double dark line, filled in with dark brown, and bordered likewise with white. This is connected near the inner margin with the basal row of spots by a sinuated black streak. The stigmata are bordered with black, as is also the third transverse line. The sub-marginal line rises from a black spot on the costa, and has two excavations filled in with black. The fringes are marked triangularly with black and white. The hind-wings are lighter in the male than ACRONYCTA. 1 1 in the female. They are speckled with white and ashy, and are generally marked with a central lunule. Towards the margins the ashy-grey colour becomes darker, and almost constitutes a band between a sharply defined brown line and the uniform white fringes. The larva is found in spring on Jungermannia , especially when growing on oak-trees ; and on lichens growing on walls. It has a brown head, and a pale blue or grey dorsal line, bordered with black. The body is dark yellow, barred with black. It is full grown in July, and assumes the pupa state in a firm cocoon under moss. The Moth appears about a month later. SUB-FAMILY II. ACRONYCTINA2. These are stout-bodied Moths ot moderate size, with the fore-wings varied with grey, black, brown, and sometimes green. The hind-wings are grey, brown, or whitish. The larvae differ much in structure and appearance, but are more or less hairy, or tufted, and feed on trees. Several species are remarkable for having a black dagger-shaped mark towards the hinder angle of the fore-wings. GENUS ACRONYCTA. Acronicia, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 62 (1816). Aero ny eta, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (i), p. 3 (1825) ; Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 41 (1852). There are about a dozen British species usually included in this genus. They differ much in the structure of their larvae, so much so that some authors have referred them to different families of Bo?nbyees and Noctuez. We figure one of the com¬ monest species, A. psi (Linn.), but there are two other Euro¬ pean species, A. tridens (Den. & Schiff) and A. euspis Lloyd’s natural history. i 2 (Hiibner), which resemble it so closely as to be hardly distin¬ guishable in the imago state, though the larvae differ consider¬ ably. A. tridens (the Dark Dagger) is common in England, though less so than A. psi. A. cuspis is not British, though it is not rare in many parts of the Continent. THE COMMON DAGGER. ACRONYCTA PSI. Nodua psi , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 544, no. 96 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 314, no. 1181 (1761); Esper, Schmett. iv. (1), p. 242, Taf. 115, figs. 1, 2 (1789?). Nodua tridens , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 4 (1799 ?). Acronydapsi, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (1), p. 30 (1825); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 39 (1829); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 149, pi. 32, figs. 7-7 a (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iv. pi. 56, figs. 2-2 b (1891); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 250, pi. 122, figs. 2-2 d (1896). The Common Dagger. The Common Dagger Moth expands about an inch and a half. It is found in most parts of Europe, Northern Africa, and Siberia. The head and body are ashy-grey, with a broad black line on the sides of the head and thorax. The fore- LEUCANIINJE. 13 wings vary from whitish grey to brown, without any reddish or yellowish tinge. At the base is a conspicuous black line, and towards the hinder angle a mark shaped like a \p. On the costa are several rather indistinct black streaks, and between the stigmata is an ^-shaped black mark. The orbicular stigma is round, with a black edge, but the reniform stigma is very faint. The fringes are greyish brown at the base, and white at the tips. The hind-wings are more or less brownish, with the nervures at the tip and the hind margin darker. The larva feeds on beech, lime, poplar, alder, &c. It has a black head with two yellow stripes, and the neck is thickly covered with reddish-brown and dark grey hairs. On the fifth segment is a very long, black, erect, conical, fleshy, tubercle. The dorsal line is broadly sulphur-yellow and terminates in a tapering eleva¬ tion, which points backwards, on the twelfth segment. The sides are black, with deep red, slightly curved, vertical streaks, generally two on each segment, approximating above, and there is a small white spot between them on four of the seg¬ ments. The legs are yellowish-brown and above them runs a whitish longitudinal stripe. The pupa is deep reddish-brown, elongated, and obtuse at the extremity. It is enclosed in a firm silky cocoon, in a cavity in rotten wood. SUB-FAMILY III. LEUCANIINYE. This is a well-marked group of moths called “ Wains¬ cots ” by collectors. The body is generally stout, and the fore-wings rather narrow, of an ochreous or reddish colour, longitudinally but rather indistinctly striated, and often with¬ out any markings but a few dots. The hind-wings are white or grey. Most of the species are marsh-frequenting insects, and the larvae feed on grass and reeds, sometimes in the stems. 14 Lloyd’s natural history. GENUS LEUCANIA. Heliophila , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i (1810?), nom. prceocc. Leucania, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 81 (1816); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 289 (1825) ; Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 69 (1852). This genus includes some of the commonest and best-known species of the group. The fore-wings are pale, oblong, and almost without mark¬ ings. The species figured is distinguished from its allies by its darker hind-wings. THE SMOKY WAINSCOT. LEUCANIA IMPURA. Noctua inipura , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 396 (1804?). Leucania impura , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 294 (1825), x. (2), p. 89 (1835); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 75 (1825); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 160 (1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iv. Pi- 59> figs- 5-5 d (1891). Leucania punctina , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 75 (1829). The Smoky Wainscot. The Smoky Wainscot has an expanse of from a little over an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half. It is common in Central Europe and Northern Asia. HYPHILARA. *5 The fore-wings are greyish ochreous or reddish ochreous, with whitish nervures, and three conspicuous black dots, the first near the middle of the wing, and the others nearer the hind margin. On the hind margin is a row of very minute and indistinct black dots. The fringes are white. The hind-wings are greyish-brown, paler towards the base, with a dark central lunule, and white fringes. The larva feeds on the leaves of various species of Carex. It has a light brown head streaked with darker brown, and a brown collar, bordered with white above, and with dusky beneath. From this collar spring several longitudinal lines ; a white dorsal one, then a dull yellow band, and below this a broad pale band, edged with dark brown, and containing two white lines. The spiracles, which are blackish, stand on the lower edge of this band. The ventral surface and the legs are yellowish. It is rather a stout larva, and tapers at the ex¬ tremity. It is still quite small in the autumn, and is full-grown by the middle of May. The pupa is rather elongated, and of a reddish-brown colour. The Moth generally appears about July. GENUS HYPHILARA. Mythimna , pt. Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 78 (1816) ; Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2) p. 177 (1825); Guenee, Spec. G6n. L6pid. Noct. i. p. 68 (1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ix. p. 72 (1856); nec Hiibner ( restr .). Hyphilare , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 239 (1822?). The species of this genus are of a deeper colour than those of Leucania , and the fore-wings are broader ; and marked with a white dot in the centre, and with more or less distinct traces of transverse lines- i6 Lloyd’s natural history. THE WHITE DOT. HYPHILARA ALBIPUNCTA. Noctua albipuncta, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz, Schmett. Wien. p. 84 (1776) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv fig- 233 ( 1 7 99 ?)• Mythimna albipuncta , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2) p. 187 (1825). Leucania albipuncta , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 163 (1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iv. p. 24 (1891). The White Dot. This species measures about an inch and a quarter across the wings. It is a local insect, occurring in many parts of Central and Southern Europe, as well as in Western Asia. In Britain it has only been taken at Folkestone. The fore-wings are brick-red, with two distinct light transverse lines, edged with dusky. The first of these is nearly straight, and indicates the position of the claviform stigma by a small angle. The orbicular and reniform stigmata are also scarcely visible, but the outline of the latter can sometimes be traced in fresh specimens, and at its extremity is a round white dot. The nervures of the narrow, light, shining central area, are very finely dotted with black and white. Beyond this the ground¬ colour is darker, and then follows a yellowish line before the uniform brown fringes. The hind-wings are dusted with yellowish-grey or ashy-grey, with whitish fringes bounded by a yellow line. NONAGRIA. *7 The larva is fusiform, dull grey, sometimes tinged with reddish, with a white dorsal line, edged with blackish, which fades away behind. There is a sub-dorsal blackish stripe, which is interrupted at the incisions, and generally commences on the fifth segment, and below it is a white line. The spiracles are bounded above by a longitudinal stripe, darker than the ground-colour, and beneath by another stripe which is lighter. The cervical plate is light brown, with the three white longitudinal lines distinctly marked upon it. The head is light brown, and marked with two converging brown longi¬ tudinal lines. The body is set with scattered hairs. The larvae hybernate while still small, and may be found under stones in spring. They feed upon grass and low plants. They enter the ground when about an inch and a quarter long, generally at the beginning of May. The pupa is yellowish-brown, and is enclosed in a slight cocoon. The moth usually appears in July, but late speci¬ mens may not appear till August. GENUS NONAGRIA. Nonagria , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 82 (1816); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 309 (1825) ; Guene'e, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 99 (1852). The type of this genus is a brown and very hairy Moth, with a long abdomen, extending considerably beyond the hind- wings. The larva feeds in the stems of reeds. THE REED MOTH. NONAGRIA ARUNDINIS. Noctua arundinis , Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 141, no. 54 0 78 7). 16 c Lloyd’s natural history 18 Noctua typhce , Esper, Schmett. iv. (2), i. p. 442, Taf. 140, figs. 3-5 (1789); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 415 (1804 ?). Nonagria typhce , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 327 (1825), x. (2), p. 99 (1835) ; Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 71 (1829); Buckler, larvae of Brit. Lepid. iv. p. 47, pi. 61, figs. 4-4 b (1891). Nonagria arundinis , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 155, pi. 34, fig. 1 (1880). The Kecd Moth. The Reed Moth is rather a large species, expanding from an inch and a half to two inches. It is common throughout Central Europe. The anennae are yellowish or brownish, NONAGRIA. 19 finely ciliated in the males. The thorax and fore-wings vary from yellowish-brown to greyish-yellow or reddish-brown, with the markings sometimes clearly defined, but not unfre- quently entirely obliterated. The nervures of the fore-wings form white lines, but are dusted with darker in dark reddish-brown specimens. At the point where the median nervure divides is a kind of knot, generally with dark spaces behind it, then a row of small dots, and beyond this a pale band and a row of larger dots or streaks. The situation of the orbicular stigma is marked by a pair of dots, and on the third nervure are two larger dots, in addition to several fine points. The fringes are usually darker, and are bounded by a row of small lunules. The hind-wings are more or less yellowish, with lighter nervures, with a grey or blackish shade between them on the hind margin. The fringes are yellowish, and somewhat dentated. The larva is dull flesh-colour, and elongated, and attains a length of from two to two and a half inches. It has a pale median and two lateral dorsal lines. The head is yellowish-brown, the neck brownish, and the anal plate dark brown. It is shining, and devoid of hairs, and has blackish spiracles. It lives in June on the pith of the reed-mace ( Typha latifolia). When nearly full-grown it excavates a chamber in the stem, in which to pass its metamorphosis, and eats away the centre until only a thin layer of vegetable tissue, no thicker than thin paper, separates it from the exterior. When this is done, it returns along the gallery which it has previously made, until it is ready to change into the cylindrical, elongated, yellowish-brown pupa. This is attached by the anal extremity to the wall of the gallery, and hangs with its head downwards a short distance from the opening. The moth breaks through the membrane about the middle c 2 20 LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY of August, and leaves the empty pupa-case suspended in the gallery in the reed-mace. SUB-FAMILY IV. GLOTTULIN^. This is an exotic group of moderate-sized moths, with the antennae, palpi, proboscis, and legs all rather short, the thorax pubescent, and the abdomen smooth and silky. The fore¬ wings are blackish, or varied with bright spots and lines, and the hind-wings are white or brown. One species, Brithys pancratii , (Cyrilli), which inhabits South Europe, has dark smoky brown fore- wings and white hind-wings. The larva feeds on the leaves, stalks, and bulbs of Pancratium maritimum. I have figured two handsome Indian species. GENUS POLYTELA. Polytela , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 113 (1852). This genus contains some pretty East Indian moths, with short, pilose palpi, setose antennae, and a moderately stout abdomen, obtuse at the extremity, and extending a little beyond the hind-wings. POLYTELA GLORIOSA:. {Plate CXXVIL, Fig. 3.) Bombyx gloriosce , Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 587, no. 107 (1775). Polytela gloriosce , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 113, pi. 4, fig. 2 (1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ix. p. 138, no. 1 (1856); Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 13, pi. 145, figs. 1, ia (1884); Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 168, fig. 108 (1894). RAMADASA. 2 I This conspicuously-coloured Moth is common in many parts of India and Ceylon, and measures about an inch and a quarter across the wings. The fore-wings are blue-black, with a large yellow spot towards the tip, and another towards the hinder angle ; there are several waved yellow transverse lines, bordered with black ; the orbicular stigma is black in the centre, and ringed with yellow, and the reniform stigma is marked with red, and bordered with yellow, except below ; there are some large red spots towards the base, and an irregular row of red spots towards the extremity of the wing, but within the level of the large spots at the tip and hinder angle ; the fringes are spotted with yellow. The hind-wings are blackish, with yellow fringes, and the body is black, with some slight yellow markings. The larva is smooth, and cylindrical, and feeds on the bulbs of Gloriosa and Amaryllis. It is purplish-black, with several longitudinal rows of white spots on the back and sides. The head and legs are red, and there is a red spot on the back of the second segment. There are also purplish blotches on the sides of the three thoracic and the two terminal segments. The pupa is red. GENUS RAMADASA. Ramadasa , Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 603. The type of this genus is a considerably larger Moth than the last, with ascending palpi, and long fore-wings, with the hind margin suddenly oblique below the tip; the hind-wings are longer than broad, and are slightly irregular in outline. The moth was described by Walker as belonging to the Gloltulidce, where we leave it; but the genus has been since referred by Mr. Moore to the Acontiidce , and by Sir George Hampson (more appropriately) to the Palindiidce. 22 Lloyd’s natural history. RAMADASA PAVO. {Plate C XXVI/., Fig . 4.) Chasmina pavo , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ix. p. 147, no. 2 (1856). Ramadasa pavo , Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 603, pi. 59, fig. 8 ; id. Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 44 (1884) ; Hamp- son, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 357, fig. 191 (1894). This Moth is a native of Ceylon, and is also found in the Andaman Islands and Northern India. “Glaucous, very minutely speckled with brown, luteous beneath. Head black above, with a luteous band. Palpi testaceous, striped above with black. Proboscis tawny. Antennae dull tawny. Thorax with a slight testaceous band in front. Abdomen and hind-wings luteous, the former with black spots along each side beneath. Tibiae and tarsi with black spots and bands. Fore-wings luteous and dotted with black along the basal part of the costa ; apical half of the wings pale flesh-colour, divided from the glaucous part by a ferruginous band, which is bordered with black on its inner side ; the apical half contains some black streaks and dots, which are spangled with emerald green or blue and purple. Length of the body eight lines ; of the wings twenty lines.” ( Walker .) SUB-FAMILY V. APAMEINHL The Apameince are small or moderate-sized moths, generally of dull colours, with somewhat short, ascending, pilose palpi, and rather distinctly marked fore-wings, the sub-terminal line often forming a distinct W. The body is stout and pilose, and the thorax is often crested, and the abdomen very long. The larvae are stout, smooth, and cylindrical, hiding themselves at GORTYNA. 23 the roots or in the stalks of plants, or under leaves. The pupae are generally subterranean, and enclosed in a casing of agglutinated earth. The Apameina are well represented in temperate climates, and several of our British species are abundant, and some’ times very destructive. GENUS GORTYNA. Gortyna , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 82 (1816) ; Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2) p. 330 (1825); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 120 (1852). These are stout-bodied moths, with the antennae crenulated in the males, and with short ascending palpi. The thorax is slightly crested, and the abdomen long and broad. The fore¬ wings are varied with yellow or reddish, and the markings are very distinct. The larvae feed, like those of Nonagria , inside the stems of thistles, burdock, and similar plants ; and the pupae are found in the same situation. The moths, of which only one species (common in England) is generally distributed in Europe, may be found in meadows in the daytime. THE FROSTED ORANGE. GORTYNA FLAVAGO. {Plate C XX VII., Fig. 5.) Noctua flavago , Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 86, no. 5 (1776) ; Esper, Schmett. iv. (1), p. 213, Taf. 1 1 2, figs. 2-4 (1788?), iv. (2) i. p. 671, Taf. 176, fig- 1 (I795 ?)i Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. figs. 186, 187 ( 1 7 99 ?) Noctua ochracea , Hiibner, Beitr. Gesch. Schmett. i. (1), p. 19, pi. 2, fig. m (1786), 24 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY. Gortyna flavago, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 335 (1825); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 70 (1829); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 181, pi. 34, figs. 5, 5 a (1880) ; Buckler, Larvje of Brit. Lepid. iv. pi. 62, figs. 1-1 c (1891). The Frosted Orange Moth expands from an inch and a quarter to nearly an inch and a half. The fore-wings are rich yellow as far as the half-line, beyond which is a yellow dot, and the remainder of the ground-colour up to the first transverse line is reddish-brown. The central portion of the wings is more or less yellow, marbled with reddish-brown, and the upper stigmata are distinct and surrounded with brown, and sometimes united on the median nervure ; there is also a claviform stigma. There is a brown band near the hind margin, from which it is separated by a more or less yellow band, undulated on the inner side. The fringes are long, and greyish-brown. The hind-wings are glossy whitish, writh a dusky crescent-shaped mark on the disc, and an indis¬ tinct band posteriorly. The fringes are ashy-brown. The thorax is reddish-brown, tinged here and there with deep ochre-yellow, and with a raised crest. The abdomen is more greyish-yellow, with darker incisions. The larva feeds in the stems of Burdock (. Arctium lappa ) and other thick-stemmed plants, such as Verbascum thapsus , Scrophularia aquatica , Spear Thistle, &c. It feeds on the pith, and there is a hole in the side of the stem through which its excrement is passed, and out of which the moth eventually emerges. It is smooth, dull white, tinged with dark reddish on the back, especially on the fifth, sixth, and seventh segments. The head is yellowish-brown, and there is a dark brown collar and a yellow median line. On the third segment are two large black tubercles, with four smaller ones behind them, and on the fourth segment four black tubercles arranged transversely, XYLENA. 25 but from the fifth to the eleventh segments they are arranged in a trapeziform manner, the two anterior ones being always the largest ; and on the twelfth segment are four larger tubercles arranged in a square. There is a black spot on the last segment, which is lost in the anal fold. The sides are also set with a number of tubercles. The legs are ringed with black, and each of the pro-legs bears a black spot. The trans¬ formations take place in the interior of the stem. The pupa is elongated, and reddish-brown in colour. The moth appears after three or four weeks, in August or September. GENUS XYLENA. Xylena , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i (1810?); Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 85 (1816). Xylina , pt. Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 3 (1826); but not of later authors. Xylophcisia , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 174 (1829); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 135 (1852). This genus includes comparatively large species, with long and rather broad sub-triangular wings, with the hind margins slightly denticulated ; the antennae long, slightly pubescent or ciliated in the male ; the thorax slightly crested in front, and the abdomen long, rather stout, and crested. There is an apical tuft in both sexes, and large lateral tufts before the tip in the male. The light W formed by the sub-terminal line on the fore-wings is well marked in many of the species. The larvae are stout, shining, cylindrical, with small warty elevations ; they are generally found at the roots of plants, or under stones. The pupa is enclosed in a brittle earthy cocoon. I have figured the type of this genus. One of the commonest British and European Noctuce. is the Dark Arches {X. polyodon, 26 Lloyd’s natural history Linn.), a species very like the Light Arches in size and appearance, but with much darker and more sharply defined markings. The moths fly at dusk. THE LIGHT ARCHES. XYLENA LITHOXYLEA. Noctua lithoxylea , Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 182, no. 299 (1787)- Noctua sublustris , pt. Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) i. p. 408, Taf. 133, fig. 1 (nec fig. 2) (1790?). Xylina lithoxylea , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 47 (1825), vi. (1), p. 412 (1827). Xylophasia lithoxylea , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 175 (1829); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 232 (1881); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iv. p. 52, pi. 63, fig. 1 (1891). The Light Arches. This species measures from one inch and three-quarters to two inches across the wings. It is common in Central Europe and Western Asia. The head and neck are yellowish ashy-grey, the former with two grey streaks. The thorax is grey with a slight crest, and a dark longitudinal stripe. The abdomen is yellowish-grey, whitish above, with dark dorsal tufts. There are also reddish- grey lateral and anal tufts. The antennae are long, brown and NEURIA. 27 serrated, and the legs are brown, blackish beneath. The ground-colour of the fore-wings is light grey or yellowish-grey. The costa is streaked with dark brown in several places. All the nervures are dotted or streaked with brown. There is scarcely a trace of transverse striation, and the stigmata are also only slightly indicated, but the central area of the wings shows a dark irregularly-shaped blotch, which terminates in a white spot on the inner side. Next comes a paler space, containing a double row of brown dots. The sub-marginal line forms a distinct W, and beyond it the wings are darkest, being sometimes of a deep rusty brown tint. An indistinct double streak connects the inner margin with the white spot mentioned above. The fringes are dentated, and enclose lighter lines. The hind-wings are yellowish, with brown nervures and a central lunule, and a broad border of the same colour. The fringes are whitish or brownish. The first reliable account of the larva was published by J. E. Robson in the Entomologist' s Weekly Intelligencer for i860. He says : — “The larva of X. lithoxylea being marked ‘ unknown,’ I beg to say I have bred the insect this summer from a larva found at the roots of grass ; it was of large size ; colour dirty white, with a bluish tinge below ; head and tail black, with two rows of black shining spots on each segment, one hair in each spot. I found it on the 8th of May ; it seemed then nearly full fed ; the perfect insect appeared on the 8th of July.” GENUS NEURIA. Nenria , Guenee, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, x. p. 241 (1841) ; id. Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 166 (1852). In this genus the antennas are short, and slightly ciliated, especially in the male ; the palpi are short, slightly longer than the head, and ascending; the last joint is conical. The body 28 Lloyd’s natural history is stout, and the abdomen extends beyond the hind-wings ; the thorax has a bifid crest on each side in front. The wings are rather long and broad, with the hind margins rounded ; but the moths may be most easily recognised by the conspicuously white nervures of the fore-wings. We have one species in England. THE BORDERED GOTHIC. NEURIA RETICULATA. Noctua reticulata, De Villers, Ent. ii. p. 254 (1789). Noctua calcatrippce, Vieweg, Tab. Verz. Churmark Branden¬ burg Schmett. ii. p. 71 (1790). Noctua saponarice , Borkhausen, Eur. Schmett. iv. p. 370 (1792); Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) 2, p. 76, Taf. 198, figs. 3> 4 (i799> Noctua typica, Htibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 58 (1799?). Hadena saponarice , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (1), p. 303 (1825); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 188 (1829). Ma?nestra saponarice , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 223 (1881). Neuria saponarice , Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iv. p. 66, pi. 66, figs. 5. c a (1891). The Bordered Gothic. This Moth is found in most parts of Central and Eastern NEURIA. 29 Europe and in Siberia. It expands from an inch and a half to an inch and three-quarters. The head is brown, with brown antennae suffused with white. The neck is yellowish, streaked with brown ; the thorax is brown, and the tegulae are varied with ochreous. The thorax is crested. The abdomen is pale grey, darker pos¬ teriorly, and terminated by a brown anal tuft in the male. The fore- wings are violet-brown, with conspicuous white nervures. The nervures and transverse lines are white and give a reticulated appearance to the wings. There is a hall line and two transverse lines, bordered on both sides with darker. The orbicular and reniform stigmata have white out¬ lines, and the latter has a white central line. The claviform stigma is large and blackish. The sub-marginal line is yellowish- white ; it rises from an indistinct dark spot near the apex. On the hind margin is a row of seven black lunules, bordered within with whitish. The fringes are light brown internally, and dark brown externally. The hind-wings are whitish- brown, darker towards the hind margins, with yellowish fringes. The female is larger than the male, with a stouter body, and darker colouring, especially on the hind-wings. The larva, which attains its full growth in July and August, feeds on various low plants, especially on the unripe seeds of the catch-fly ( Silene ), and its presence may be detected by the ear-shaped holes which it makes in the pods. The larva is greyish- yellow or reddish, and only green when young. It is conspicuously striped with brown, but the dorsal line is only slightly paler. The spiracular line is light grey, without markings, and so is the belly. The head is rather large, spherical, and of a dull brown, and there is a brown horny plate on the second, and another on the twelfth segment. The pupa, which is shining reddish-brown, is formed in a cocoon in the ground. 3° Lloyd’s natural history. GENUS MAMESTRA. Mamestrci , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 76 (1816); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ii. (2), p. 127 (1825); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 188 (1852). These are comparatively large, dark-coloured Moths, with simple antennae. The fore-wings have the hind margin rounded, hardly oblique, and entire, or slightly dentated ; the abdomen is stout, longer than the hind-wings, crested at least on the first segment, and tufted at the extremity. The larvae feed on low plants, and conceal them¬ selves during the day. The pupa is subterranean, and enclosed in an earthen cocoon, as usual in the Family. The most conspicuous species of the genus is here figured, but the commonest and most destructive is the Cabbage Moth, Mamestrci brassicce (Linn.), (which much resembles M. persicarice , but is brown rather than black, and has the white mark on the fore-wings much less distinctly defined. THE DOT. MAMESTRA PERSICARICE. Noctua persicarice, , Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 319, no. 1208 (1761); Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) i. p. 390, Taf. 129, figs. 1-3 (1790?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. pi. 13, fig. 64 (1799?) Mamestra persicarice , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 156 (1825) ; Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 196 (1829); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 227, pi. 36, figs. 8, a, b (1881) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iv. pi. 66, figs. 4-4 c (1891). The Dot is found throughout the greater part of Europe. It expands from an inch and a half to nearly an inch and three-quarters. MAMESTRA. 3* The head and thorax are deep black, with a few scattered yellowish hairs. The abdomen is ashy-grey with a rust- coloured crest on the first segment, and a blackish-brown one on the following segments. The antennae are also blackish, and finely serrated in the male. The legs are blackish-brown, ringed with w'hite, and tufted above, especially in the male. The Dot. The fore-wings are coloured like the thorax, and are some¬ times deep black, and sometimes with a purplish gloss. The transverse lines are usually distinct, yellowish, bordered with black. There is a half-line near the base, and the first trans¬ verse line forms three curves. This and the second transverse line, which is composed of small lunules filled in with black on the concave side, form the boundaries of the central area. The orbicular stigma is edged with black, and has a black nucleus. The claviform stigma is dark, short, and hollow. The reniform stigma is conspicuously white, and contains a brownish lunule. The sub-marginal line is yellow. The fringes are black, with a border of yellow dots, and are them¬ selves dotted with yellowish, and strongly dentated. The hind-wings are yellowish grey on their basal half, with brown nervures and a central spot. Externally they are dotted with black. The fringes are yellowish white. In some varieties the stigmata are more or less obsolete. 32 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY The larva feeds on hop, and on various species of Polygonum and Sambucus, but will also feed on various other plants and trees. It attains its full growth in Sep¬ tember or the beginning of October. In colour it may be pale or dark green, brownish-green, or quite brown, with a yellowish dorsal line. The head is green or brown, and there is a brownish-green quadrangular spot immediately behind it, edged with yellowish. On the fifth and sixth segments are two dark green triangular spots, one immediately behind the other, and on the twelfth segment is a similar oval spot, suc¬ ceeded by an elevation. Below the dorsal line are two black lines on each side, and on the belly are oblique whitish streaks, shaded with dark green, which extend as far as the lower lateral line, and are directed forwards ; and there are similar oblique lines directed backwards, above the second lateral line. The belly is pale green. The pupa hybernates in the ground. It is shining reddish- brown. The moth appears in June or July of the next year. GENUS OLIGIA. Oligia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 213 (1822?). Miana , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 11 (1829); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 213 (1852). This genus includes the smallest species of the Sub-family, while Xylena includes the largest. The antennae are pubescent, and more than half as long as the fore-wings, which are sub- triangular, and rather broad ; the costa is nearly straight, and the hind margin entire, gradually rounded and scarcely oblique ; the hind-wings are rather broad, rounded, and entire ; the abdomen is rather slender, crested, and longer than the hind wings. OLIGIA. 33 The larvae are short and vermiform, tapering at both ends, and feed in the stalks or among tufts of grass near the roots. The moths of this genus are very variable, and many of them are common ; they fly at dusk. THE CLOAKED MINOR. OLIGIA FURUNCULA. Noctna furuncula, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Yerz. Schmett. Wien. p. 89, no. 3 (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig- 545 (1818?). Noctna bicoloria , De Villers, Linn. Ent. ii. p. 288 (1789). Noctua victuncula , Hiibner, op. cit. fig. 96 (1799 ?). Noctna humeralis , Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 215, no. 149 (1809) Noctna terminalis , Haworth, op. cit. no. 150 (1809). Noctua rufuncula , Haworth, op. cit. p. 216, no. 152 (1809). Apamea furuncula , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 92 (1825). Miana humeralis , M. terminalis et M. rufuncula , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 14 (1829). Hadena furuncula , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 236 (1881). Miana furuncula , Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iv. p. 102, pi. 68, figs. 4, 4 a (1891). The Cloaked Minor is common in Europe and Northern and Western Asia. It expands from about three-quarters of an inch to a little over an inch. It is very variable in colouring. The head and thorax are whitish-grey, with a crest, and a brown-edged collar. The antennae are dark brown and slender, slightly stouter in the male than in the female. The abdomen is ashy-grey, with small blackish tufts of hair on the middle of the back, and a black anal tuft in the male, The legs are reddish or brownish, ringed with white. D 34 Lloyd’s natural history. The fore-wings are divided into two areas across the centre of the wings by a straight white line passing between the orbicular and the reniform stigmata. The inner area is some¬ times brownish and sometimes reddish, but is always darker The Cloaked, Flounced, and Pale Red Minors. than the outer area. In this area are the first transverse line and the orbicular stigma, both of which are, however, obscured by the ground-colour. The reniform stigma is placed in the paler area, which extends as far as the yellowish sub-marginal line, near the fringes. It is reddish or brownish-white and suffused, and the reniform stigma appears more or less white. Beyond the sub-marginal line the ground-colour is blackish- brown. The fringes are streaked alternately with darker and lighter. The hind-wings are ashy-grey, darker towards the hind margins, and sometimes reddish-grey, with rather paler fringes. We have figured the type and the two varieties, O. terminalis (the Flounced Minor) and O. rufuncula (the Plain Red Minor) of Haworth and Stephens, both of which are found in Britain. CARADRINA 35 The variety O. ierminalis has a duller colour, and wants the white line on the fore-wings, which are only slightly clouded, and of a uniform ferruginous brown, with the hind margins slightly clouded with rufous, and marked with a pale waved striga. The hind-wings are deep brown with ashy cilia. The variety O. rufuncula has two straight paler lines in the middle of the ferruginous fore-wings, and another rather obscure waved one near the hind margin. On the hind margin itself is a row of very small triangular black spots. The hind-wings are reddish-brown with rufous cilia. SUB-FAMILY VI. CARADRININ^E. These are small dull-coloured Moths, with a small head, short antennae, palpi, and proboscis, and a smooth abdomen. The fore-wings are oblong and entire, the hind-wings are broad, rounded, and folded, varying from brown to whitish, and without markings above. The larvae are short and thick, with a small bristly head. They feed on low plants, and the moths are easily to be found among herbage in the day¬ time. The pupae are subterranean, and construct earthen cocoons. GENUS CARADRINA. Caradi'ina, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 80 (1816); Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 230 (1822?); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 246 (1825); Guenee, Spec. Gen. L£pid. Noct. i. p. 241 (1852). This genus may be distinguished from the others of the Family by the rather short and broad wings, with the lines and stigmata fairly well marked. There are several closely allied species in Europe. d 2 36 Lloyd’s natural history THE MOTTLED RUSTIC. CARADRINA MORPHEUS. Noctua morpheus , Hufnagel, Berlin. Mag. iii. p. 302, no. 52 (1767). Noctua sepii , Hiibner, Eur. Scbmet. iv. fig. 161 (1799?) Caradrina morpheus , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 249 (1825); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 157 (1829) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 165 (1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iv. p. m. pi. 69, figs. 2-2 b (1891). Caradrbia sepii , Stephens, op. cit. p. 158 (1829). The Mottled Rustic. The Mottled Rustic is common in Northern and Central Europe. It expands about an inch and a quarter. The head and thorax are dull yellowish-brown, the abdomen being slightly paler, and the antennae are ash- coloured. The legs are pale grey. The fore-wings are yellowish brown with a confused pattern, sometimes arranged in dark shades or stripes. Near the base is a pale half-line, or a few dots. A dark shade represents the first transverse line. The stigmata are edged with yellowish, and are dark within, the orbicular stigma being elongated, and the reniform stigma more or less obscured. The second transverse line and the sub-marginal line are AGROTIN^E. 37 faintly yellowish, and the marginal area is usually dark. The fringes are ferruginous. The hind-wings are yellowish- white in the male, with a brownish line in front of the fringes. In the female they are completely covered with grey dusting, The larva feeds of Convolvulus , lettuce, dock, and other low plants. It is reddish-brown, with a whitish dorsal line. There is a fine yellowish sub-dorsal line, bordered with dark brown, and a sagittate spot pointing backwards on each side of segments five to twelve. Over the legs is a dark brown band, in which stand the blackish spiracles. The belly and legs are pale red, and the head is shining brown. The pupa is shining dark reddish-brown, somewhat stout, with two minute bristles at the extremity of the abdomen. The moth is found from June to August. SUB-FAMILY VII. AGROTINAL This Sub-family is one of the most characteristic of this division of the Noctuce. The species are of moderate size, with the antennae sometimes pectinated in the males, but more often simply ciliated, the palpi well developed, with the last joint short but distinct, and short legs, with rather long spurs, and the tibiae, especially the front tibiae, generally set with small spines. The fore-wings are generally brown or reddish, with the “ Noctua ’’-pattern well marked. The hind- wings are brown or grey, and sometimes yellow. The abdomen is stout, and does not usually extend much beyond the hind- wings. The larvae are maggot-like, and feed on low plants, hiding themselves under leaves in the daytime, or else they live under the surface of the ground, and eat through the roots and destroy the plants. Hence they are called “ Cut-worms ” in America. 3» LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. GENUS AGROTIS. Agrotis , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i (1810?); Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 66(1816) ; Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (i), p. 125 (1825) ; Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 257 (1852). This genus includes a great number of species, in which the fore-wings are rather long, with the claviform stigma well marked. The hind-wings are broad, of an iridescent grey or whitish colour, and are folded beneath the fore-wings, which slightly overlap above them. We will notice two species, one of which is the commonest and most destructive species in Europe ; while the other, which is very similar to some of the larger European species, forms an important article of food with some Australian tribes. THE COMMON DART. AGROTIS SEGETUM. Noctua segetum , Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 81, no. 12, and p. 252, no. 3, Taf. ia, fig. 3, Taf. ib, fig. 3 (1776). Noctua fuscosa , Esper, Schmett. iii. (1), p. 324, Taf. 64, fig. 4 (1782 ?) Noctua segetis , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 146 (1799?) Agrotis segetum , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (1), p. 155 (1825) 1 Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 115 (1829); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 204, pi. 36, fig. 7 (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. v. pi. 71, figs. 1-1 b (1893); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 228, pi. 125, figs. 1-1 g (1896). The Common Dart, or Turnip Moth, is common in Europe and Northern Asia. It measures from an inch and a quarter to an inch and three-quarters across the wings. AGROTlS. 39 The fore-wings are very variable in colour and may be greyish mouse-colour, yellowish-brown, or coloured like bark. The surface is covered with black specks, and in well- marked specimens the following zig-zag transverse lines may be distinguished ; the half-line near the base, commencing on the costa, and ending midway between the costa and the The Common Dart. inner margin; an entire first transverse line, which the clavi- form stigma touches ; and the second transverse line, composed of lunules with the concavity on the outer side, and beyond which commences a pale band. In front of the grey fringes is a yellowish line, bounded on the inner side by a row of small triangular black spots. The orbicular and reniform stigmata have blackish centres, and are bordered with brown. 40 Lloyd’s natural history. Larvae of the Common Dart Moth feeding on a turnip, AGROTIS. 41 The hind-wings are snow-white in the male, with a narrow brown border, and white fringes. In the female the hind- wings are more or less dusted with grey. The larva is usually brown and dusky grey, in alternate stripes. There is a pale dorsal line, running from the head to the extremity of the body, and bordered on each side by a dark line. Next to this are four dull black dots on each segment, the two anterior of which are the smallest and are placed closest together. The spiracles are black, and there is a black dot on each side of them. The legs and pro-legs are brownish-grey. The head is convex, light brown, with two stripes composed of dark brown dots. Both the head and body are remarkably shining. It is a very ugly larva. It feeds on the roots of grass, corn, turnips, carrots, cabbage, and many other plants, and is often very destructive. The larva hybernates two or three inches below the sur¬ face of the ground in an oval hollow, and in the spring attacks the roots without coming to the surface. It remains hidden during the day, and is only found on the roots at night. It prefers young roots, and drags down the stem and leaves under the ground. The smooth brown pupa is formed in April, May, or June, and the moth emerges about four weeks later. THE BUGONG MOTH. AGROTIS SPINA. (Plate CXXV1I. , Fig. 7.) Agrotis spina , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 269 (1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. x. p. 348, no. 100 (1856). This Moth, which expands from an inch and a quarter to two inches, abounds in many parts of Australia, Tasmania, and 42 LLOYD S NATURAL HISTORY New Zealand. It is a very variable species, with oblong greyish-brown fore-wings, sometimes unicolorous, sometimes streaked and dotted with black, with the orbicular and reni- form stigmata well marked, greyish, with a long and broad black dash between them, and a black streak beyond. The usual lines are double, and more or less distinctly marked ; there is a pale line at the base of the fringes, preceded by a row of black spots. The hind-wings are slightly transparent, with the nervures and outer part of the wing blackish ; on the under side is a large black spot near the apex. The female is larger and darker, especially on the hind- wings. The following interesting narrative, which we quote from Kirby and Spence (ed. vi. vol. i. p. 259) relates to Agroiis spina and not to the butterfly named below (Cf. antea , vol. i. p. 20) : — “ A species of butterfly also ( Euplcea hamata , MacLeay), as we learn from Mr. Bennett, congregates on the insulated granitic rocks in a particular district, which he visited in the months of November, December, and January, in such count¬ less myriads (with what object is unknown), that the native blacks, who call them Bngong , assemble from far and near to collect them, and, after removing the wings and down by stir¬ ring them on the ground previously heated by a large fire, and winnowing them, eat the bodies, or store them up for use by pounding and smoking them. The bodies of these butterflies abound in an oil with the taste of nuts, and, when first eaten, produce violent vomitings, and other debilitating effects ; but these go off after a few days, and the natives then thrive and fatten exceedingly on this diet, for which they have to contend with a black crow, which is also attracted by the Bugongs in great numbers, and which they despatch with their clubs, and use as food.” TRIPHAiNA. 43 GENUS TRIPILENA. Triphcena , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 69 (1816); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (1), p. 252 (1825); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Tepid. i. p. 315 (1852). In this genus, the palpi are short, and the antennae slightly pubescent in the male. The abdomen is depressed, and tufted at the tip ; it is a little longer than the hind-wings. The fore-wings are rather long, sub-triangular, and brown or reddish- brown ; but the hind-wings are bright yellow, with black borders. The Common Yellow Underwing. The larvae are cylindrical, and like most of those of the sub¬ family, they feed on low plants, and conceal themselves during the day. The moths sit with their wings folded, as described under Agrotis , and like the larvae, hide themselves during the day, in outhouses, among long grass or hay, or among straw¬ berry leaves, and if disturbed, suddenly expand their wings, and fly off with a rapid though somewhat heavy flight, soon, however, descending and disappearing in some situation where the dark colour of the folded wings is likely to conceal them. Several species are abundant in Europe and in England, one of which is the Common Yellow Underwing, Triphama pronuba 44 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. (Linn.). Ouenee appropriately remarks that the species of this genus, which has been accepted by all Entomologists, exhibit a very strong family likeness. Nevertheless, Lederer and those who have followed his arrangement, treat Triphtzna as a mere section of Agrotis. The type of the largest and handsomest of the European species is figured on the accom¬ panying plate. l'HE BROAD-BORDERED YELLOW UNDER WING. TRIPH/ENA FIMBRIA. {Plate C XXVII. , Fig. 6 ) Noctua fimbria, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) i. (2), p. 842, no. 1 13 (1767); Esper, Schmett. iv. (1), p 144, Taf. 103, figs. 1-6 (1789?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 102 (1799?), figs. 551, 552 (1804?). Triplicena fimbria , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (1), p. 266 (1825); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 105 (1829); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 187, pi. 35, figs. 1-1 c (1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. v. pi. 74, figs. 2-2 b (1893); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iv. p. 5, pi. 137, figs. 2, 2 a-d (1896). The Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing is a native of Central and Southern Europe and Asia Minor. It expands from two inches to two inches and a quarter. The fore-wings vary considerably, from the palest greenish clay-colour to the darkest chestnut or reddish-brown, with markings of varying intensity. The female, as is usual with Moths, is much more variable than the male. There is a curved half-line near the base, and the first transverse line is oblique. From the base to this line the colouring is very dark. The orbicular and reniform stigmata are placed on a paler area, and are bordered with whitish ; they are sometimes connected ; the former is very large. Between the orbicular stigma and GRAPHIPHORA. 45 the second transverse line there is a dark band, usually tinged with greenish. Beyond this the wings are lighter as far as the sub-marginal line. Near the apex of the wings is a dark spot, beyond which runs the sub-marginal line. The hind-wings are bright yellow, approaching to orange, with a deep velvety black sub-marginal band bordered with yellow, and yellow fringes. The larva lives through the winter, and attains its full growth in May. It feeds at the roots of primroses, Atriplex , and potato, the tubers of which it bores into, and on various low plants. It is very greedy and will attack and wound other caterpillars, and drive them away. In spite of its short legs and stout body it can move about very quickly. The head is reddish-brown with dark lines, and the body varies from light brown to yellowish grey. On the back is a pale line bordered on each side with darker, and on each seg¬ ment there are two oblique brown lines. The spiracles are black on the middle segments. The anal plate is pale, and so are the belly and legs. The pupa is dark brown, and very convex anteriorly. It is enclosed in a brittle earthen cell. GENUS GRAPHIPHORA. Graphiphora , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i (1816); Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 68 (1816); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 128 (1829). Noctua , pt. Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x) i. p. 508 (1758); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (1), p. 206 (1825) ; Guenee, Spec. G6n. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 321 (1852). In this genus the antennae are most frequently simple, the abdomen rather longer than the hind-wings, somewhat flattened, and slightly tufted. The fore-wings are usually of a light brown or reddish-brown colour, with very distinct 46 LLOYD S NATURAL HISTORY. markings, the clavifornr stigma only being usually indistinct or obsolete. The hind- wings are brown or grey. The larvae, which feed on low plants, and hide themselves under leaves during the daytime, as is the usual habit in this Sub-family, are stout and cylindrical, with a small head, and very distinct lines. The name Noctua has been applied to this genus by many recent authors, but in any case wrongly. It is true that Schrank indicated the Agrotimz as the types of Noctua , but Latreille afterwards indicated T'riphcena fimbria (Linn.) (i antea, p. 43) as the type ; and this would stand as such, but that Poda, Cuvier, and Lamarck had already indicated another species as the type. The type of Graphiphora is G. c. -nigrum (Linn.), wrongly called by Hiibner and others G. gotliica (Linn.), which is a different species. Another of the rather numerous species of the genus is here figured. THE DOUBLE-SPOTTED SQUARE-SPOT. GRAPHIPHORA TRIANGULUM. Noctua triangulum , Hufnagel, Berlin. Mag. iii. p. 306, no. 58 (1766); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (1), p. 240 (1825); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. v. pi. 76, figs. 4-4 c (1893). Noctua sigma, Knoch, Beitr. Ins. iii. p. 94, pi. 4, fig. 7 (1783) ; Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) 2, p. 24, Taf. 186, figs. 1, 3 (1797?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 497 (1804?). G?'aphiphora triangulum , Stephens. Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 133 (1829). Agrotis triangulum , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 19 1 (1880). This Moth is common in most parts of Central and Eastern Europe. It expands from an inch and a half to about an GRAPHIPHORA. 47 inch and three-quarters. The head and collar are light reddish brown, and the thorax is dark brown, varied with ferruginous, and has a double crest. The abdomen is brownish-grey, and reddish at the tip. The antennse are light brown, serrated in the male, and filiform in the female. The fore-wings are light reddish-brown, here and there shaded with darker. Close to the base is a black spot, which is divided from above by the black half-line. The first trans¬ verse line is very distinct, and is pale, bordered with black on both sides. The orbicular and reniform stigmata are both The Double-Spotted Square-Spot. ringed with lighter ; they are pale and merge into a pale spot on the costa. Between the orbicular stigma and the first transverse line there is a dark brown spot, and between the stigmata there is another similar spot. Beyond the reniform stigma follows the pale second transverse line, and beyond this is the sub-marginal line, which rises from a dark brown spot on the costa. The fringes are similar to the ground¬ colour, with a double border. The hind-wings are brownish- grey in both sexes, and are slightly reddish towards the base, with white fringes, bounded by a black and a yellow line. The larva feeds on various low plants in autumn. When disturbed, it rolls itself into a ring. It hybernates, and is full- grown in April. It is narrowed in front and stout behind, and of a reddish ashy-grey colour, marbled with darker along 48 LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY the back. On both sides is a pale reddish stripe, and on the back a pale longitudinal line bordered with black. On the upper part of each segment, from the fourth to the eighth, are two indistinct oblique brown streaks, which approximate somewhat towards the incisions, and are best marked on the eleventh and twelfth segments. When young, the larva is ' green. The pupa is dark brown, and the moth appears in June or July. SUB-FAMILY VIII. ORTHOSIINAE. This group much resembles the last, but the antennae are generally strongly pectinated, dentated, or ciliated, at least in the males. The body is stout and very hairy; and the extremity of the abdomen is often depressed. The transverse lines of the fore-wings, and the orbicular and reniform stigmata, are more or less distinctly marked, and the reniform stigma is nearly always marked with blackish below. In repose the fore-wings cover the hind-wings, and slightly overlap. The larvae are cylindrical, velvety, with a round head, and without tubercles. They feed on trees or low plants, and hide themselves during the day. The moths, which have generally brown, reddish-brown, or yellow fore-wings, and brown or grey hind-wings, mostly appear in spring and autumn, and many of the rarest, as well as the commonest, species are to be found sipping the flowers of sallows and ivy. Many of the species are very variable. GENUS CUTIIANOA. Cvphanoa, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 230 (1822?). Tceniocampa , Guenee, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, viii. p. 477 (1839) ; id. Spec. Gen. Tepid. Noct. i. p. 346 (1852), CUPHANOA. 49 The species of this genus are of dull colour, and frequent blossoming sallows in early spring. The proboscis and palpi are rather short, but the third joint of the latter, though short, is visible. The legs are short and very hairy. These moths are usually called “ Quakers ” by collectors. They have a general resemblance to the Bombyces , and were classed with them by some of the older writers. They are moths with stout hairy bodies ; and the abdomen, which extends a little beyond the hind-wings, is obtuse in the male, and more or less pointed in the female. THE COMMON QUAKER. CUPHANOA CERASI. Noctua cerasi , Fabricius, Spec. Ins. p. 600, no. 42 (1781). Noctua stabi/is, Vieweg, Tab. Verz. Churmark Brandenburg Schmett. ii. p. 14 (1789) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 171 (1799?). Orthosia stabilis , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 233 (1825); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 143 (1829). Tezniocampa stabilis, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 173 (1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. v. pi. 81, figs. 4, 4 a (1890). The Common Quaker. The Common Quaker is an abundant species in Central and Southern Europe. It expands from an inch and a quarter to about an inch and a half. The fore-wings are reddish-ochreous, with dull yellowish 1 6 E 5° Lloyd’s natural history. transverse lines with dark borders. The orbicular stigma extends towards the reniform stigma, and the yellow lines encircling them are sometimes connected, but there is usually a central shade passing between them. The claviform stigma is represented by a yellow dash. The sub-marginal line is thick, yellowish, and bordered with brown ; and there is a yellow line at the base of the unicolorous fringes, and a row of small black dots in front of this line. In the female the fore-wings are broader than in the male. The hind-wings are uniform ashy grey or whitish, with an ashy grey shade against the yellowish-white fringes, and a distinct central lunule. The larva feeds on lime, beech, elm, poplar, oak, and some fruit-trees. It is green, dotted with yellowish, with a yellowish dorsal line extending to the twelfth segment, and a similar line on each side, which is continued as far as the last pair of pro-legs. On careful examination a third narrower line may be detected between the dorsal and lateral lines, which consists of a row of irregular dots. The head is green, and the front of the next segment is yellowish. On the penultimate segment is a short yellow transverse line, pointed at each end, and with somewhat of a lunulated appearance. The back is set with single fine hairs. The yellowish dots already mentioned are slightly raised above the surface. When disturbed the larva drops to the ground and twists itself violently, making its head and tail meet alternately on each side. The pupa is formed in an earthen cell in the ground, vdthout a cocoon. It is shining brown, with two points at the extremity. The moth commences to develop in the pupa before the end of the winter, and a few warm days in spring will cause it to emerge, and the warmth of a room will often bring it out in two or three days. ORTHOSIA. 51 GENUS ORTHOSIA. Orthosia , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 79 (1816); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 201 (1825) ; Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 358 (1852). 07'thosia much resembles Cuphanoa , but the antennae of the males are pubescent, and simple, or occasionally serrated. The third joint of the palpi is invisible, being entirely concealed among the hairs of the second. The legs are longer and less hairy than in the last genus. The lines and stigmata of the fore-wings are well marked, and the wings are much sloped when the moths are at rest. The larvae are stout and cylindrical, velvety, and marbled, with only the stigmatal line distinctly marked. They feed on trees and low plants, and hide themselves during the day under bark, or under bushes. The species of Orthosia are found in summer and autumn, instead of in spring. They are more prettily marked than those of Cuphanoa. THE YELLOW-LINE QUAKER. ORTHOSIA MACILENTA. Noctua macilenta , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 418 (1804?). Noctua flaviluiea , Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 243 (1809). Orthosia flavilinea , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 148, pi. 19, fig. 2 (1829). Orthosia macilenta , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 215 (1825); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 68 (1829); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 176 (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. v. pi. 92, figs. 6, 6 a (1893). This is a common species in Central Europe. It expands nearly an inch and a half. The fore-wings are reddish-yellow or pale fulvous, usually E 2 5 2 Lloyd’s natural history with two black dots near the base in place of a half-line, and a row of dots in the position of the first transverse line. The orbicular stigma is seldom distinct, but it has a slight indication of a dark centre. The reniform stigma is enclosed in a yellow border, and is most distinct on its lower half, which is filled in first with ferruginous, and then with black. The second trans¬ verse line is also composed of dots. The sub-marginal line is the most distinct ; it is hooked above, but runs for the rest a straight course. It is yellow, with a ferruginous border on the inner side. In front of the unicolorous dentated fringes is a row of small triangular dots, with a yellow line separating them from the fringes. The hind-wings are yellowish ashy grey with a slight lunule, and yellow fringes. The Yellow-line Quaker. The head and thorax have the same colour as the fore-wings, and the abdomen is yellowish-grey, with reddish-yellow hair on the sides, and an anal tuft of the same in the male. The antennae are slightly pectinated in the male. The larva feeds on beech, oak, and birch. It is greyish- brown, with numerous minute white dots, and several white lines. The pupa is formed in an excavation in the ground, and the moth emerges in August or September. GENUS GLAiA. Glcee, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i. (1810 ?). Glcza , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 159 (1829). GLAiA. 53 Cerastis , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 84 (1816); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 395 ( 1825); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 377 (1852). The Chestnuts may be known by their obtuse, almost uni¬ formly coloured wings, which are held nearly flat when at rest ; and the broad, depressed, and rather short abdomen. There are three British species, which are very similar, two of which are common, and the third and largest (C. cry thro cephala, Denis & Schiffermiiller) rare. The larvae are smooth, velvety, and cylindrical, and hide by day among the low plants on which they feed. The moths appear in late autumn and early spring. Stephens rightly objects to the name Cerastis , as being too similar to Cerastes to be retained. THE CHESTNUT MOTH. GIUEA VACCINII. Noctua vaccina , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 832, no. 166 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 320, no. 1212 (1761); Esper, Schmett. iv. p. 549, Taf. 161, figs. 1-6 (1791); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 177 (1799?). Cerastis vaccinii, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 401 (1825) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. v. pi. 93, fig. 5-5 c (1893). Glcea vaccinii , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 16 1 (1829). Orrhodia vaccinii , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 184, pi- 34, % 9 (1880). The Chestnut Moth is common in most parts of Northern and Central Europe, to Armenia and Siberia, it expands about an inch and a quarter. The fore-wings are yellowish rusty brown, with pale transverse 54 Lloyd’s natural history. lines. Near the base is a half-line separated by a dark band from the first transverse line. The usual stigmata are sur¬ rounded by a grey or yellow edging. The orbicular stigma is large, oblong and oblique, and the reniform stigma is blackish on its lower part ; there is a dark central shade. Between the second transverse line and the sub-marginal line there is also a dark band. The fringes are yellow, streaked with brown, and there is a silky lustre over the entire surface of the wings. The hind-wings are ashy grey, with a reddish lustre, and coppery fringes. The Chestnut Moth. The thorax is of the same colour as the fore-wings, and is covered with thick smooth hair. The antennae are pale ferru¬ ginous brown, finely dentated in the male, with white or yellowish scales at the base. The abdomen is broad and flat, grey and reddish, with a rusty brown anal tuft, and hair of the same colour on the sides. The larva feeds on the leaves of poplar, oak, elm, raspberry, blackberry, Vaccinium , and various low plants. It is purplish- brown, with indistinct paler dorsal and sub-dorsal lines and light grey spots. There is a greyish ochreous spiracular line, and black spiracles. The belly is paler than the back, and has a greenish tinge. The pupa, which is reddish-brown, is formed in the ground. The moth appears in October and November, and, after hyber¬ nation, in March and April. EUPSILIA. : o GENUS EUPSILIA. Eupsilia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 231 (1S22 ?) Scopelosoma , Curtis, Brit. Ent. xiv. p. 635 (1837); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Xoct. i. p. 385 <1852;. This genus resembles the last, but may easily be distinguished by its larger size and dentated wings, with a conspicuous white spot in the middle of the fore-wings. The larva is notorious for its cannibalistic propensities. THE SATELLITE. EUPSILIA SATELLITES. Noctua satellitia , Linnaeus, Syst. X’at. (ed. xii. ), i. (2), p. 855, no. 176 ( 1767) ; Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) i. p. 618, Taf. 169. figs. 6-10 (1793?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett fig. 182 (1799?) Xoctua transversa, Hufnagel, Berlin. Mag. iv. p. 41 8. no. 102 (1767). Cerastis satellitia. Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 414 (1825). Glcea satellitia , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 163 1829 k Scopelosoma satellitia , Curtis, Brit. Ent. xiv. pi. 635 11837); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 183 ( 1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. v. pi. 84, fig. 1 (1893k The Satellite is common in most parts of Europe and Siberia. It expands from an inch and a half to an inch and three-quarters. It is very variable in colouring, but is most frequently reddish-brown or ferruginous, though occasionally yellowish- brown or greyish-brown specimens are met with. The head and thorax are unicolorous, the latter being crested. The antennae are of the same colour as the thorax, and are dentated in the male, but only notched in the female. The abdomen is 5^ Lloyd’s natural history. reddish or yellowish-grey, broad and flat, with paler hair on the sides, and a pale anal tuft. The legs are grey, suffused with reddish or yellowish. The fore-wings are long and narrow, and are of almost uniform width from the first transverse line. The usual lines are distinct, and darker than the ground-colour. There is a half-line, and the first transverse line is almost straight. The central area is the darkest portion of the wings. The orbicular stigma is hardly visible. Beyond it is a central shade, The Satellite. which forms an angle towards the reniform stigma. The latter is well marked, and is formed of a white or ochre-yellow spot, convex towards the base, but excavated on its outer side. At both ends are two white or yellow dots. Sometimes the spots are yellow, and the dots white, or vice versa . The second transverse line is zig-zag, and the sub-marginal line forms a faint waved line. The outer band beyond it is pale. The fringes are unicolorous, and bordered with a row of small yellowish lunules. The whole surface of the wings is very shining. The XANT1IIA. 57 hind-wings are yellowish-grey, with a slight central spot, and yellowish fringes. The larva feeds on oak, beech, elm, pear, and other trees. It is velvety-black, tending towards brown, with a rusty-brown head. The cervical plate is black, and square, bordered on each side with a fine yellow or white line. The sides and belly are pale clay-colour. On the anal segment are two longitudinal yellow streaks, and on the sides are two slight dark longitudinal lines. On the second, third, fifth, and eleventh segments are white spots above the legs. The legs are shining black, but the pro-legs are of the same colour as the belly, with only a black spot. The whole surface of the body is covered with small scattered hairs. The moth appears in September and October, and again in the spring after hybernation. GENUS XANTHIA. Xanthia , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i (1816); Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 82 (1816) ; Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 341 (1825); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 389 (1852). The type of this genus appears to be X. sulphurago (Den. & Schiff.), an East European species, but I have described one of our British species. The moths of this genus are all much alike, and have yellow or ochreous fore-wings, which are broad, moderately long, and slightly pointed at the tip, the hind-margin waved, and slightly more oblique below the middle than above. The antennae are ciliated. The larvae are velvety, and rather short and thick, with the abdomen not so short as in the preceding genera. When young, they feed on the buds of trees ; but when older, they descend to the ground, and hide themselves among low plants, upon which they then feed. 58 Lloyd’s natural history They are called “ Sallows,” either from their yellow colour, or because some of their larvae feed on sallow catkins. The moths appear in September. THE BARRED SALLOW. XANTHJA ICTERITI A. Noctua fulvago , Linnaeus (nec Clerck), Faun. Suec. p. 312 (1761). Noctua icteritia , blufnagel, Berlin. Mag. iii. p. 296, no. 43 (1767). Noctua cerago, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 86, no. 9 (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. figs. 144, 145, 190 (1804 ?) Xanthia cerago, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2) p. 370 (1825); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 64 (1829) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. v. p. 73, pi. 84, figs. 5-5 c (1S93). Xanthia gilvago, Stephens (nec. Den. & Schiff.), op. cit. iii. p. 65 (1829). Xanthia fulvago, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 182 (1880). This Moth is common in Northern and Central Europe, and in Northern Asia. Jt expands from an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half. The fore-wings are Canary-yellow with several ferruginous spots of different sizes. The transverse lines are broken up into spots and streaks. In front of the position of the first line there are two or three ferruginous spots. The centre of the wing is crossed by a broad band, fading on the inner side, and composed of three rows of reddish and rusty spots. In the largest external spot are three yellow dots near the costa. In the middle of the band, on the sub-costal nervure, is a small dark-brown spot, usually centred with yellowish. This belongs to the reniform stigma, which is generally indistinctly marked. COSMIIN^E. 59 The orbicular stigma is also seldom, visible, and is often only indicated by a fine line and pale patch. In front of the yellowish-brown fringes is a row of dots. The hind-wings are white, with fringes of the same colour. The head and the crested thorax are pale yellow, the abdomen whitish, and the antennae ferruginous. The Barred Sallow. The larva feeds in early spring on the catkins of sallow, but leaves them as it approaches its full growth, and then feeds on plantain and other low plants, though it will also eat the young shoots of the sallow when nothing else is available. It is greyish-brown, with a black horny plate on the second segment marked with three white lines, of which the middle one is indistinct. There is a white dorsal line bordered on both sides by fine pale lines, and a greyish spiracular line. The pupa is enclosed in an earthen cocoon in the ground. The moth appears in August. SUB-FAMILY IX. COSMIINAE. The moths of this Sub-family are usually rather small, with pubescent antennae, ascending and approximating palpi, and 6 o Lloyd’s natural history. with the abdomen rather slender, pointed, and furnished with an ovipositor in the female. The wings are usually orna¬ mented with sharply-defined markings, and are sloped very much when the insect is at rest. The larvae are rather brightly coloured, and roll themselves up in the leaves of trees, like those of Tor trices. Some, like certain of the Orthosiincz , are called “ Cannibals ” by collectors, for they are very fond of attacking and devouring other larvae. The moths, which appear in July and August, fly actively at dusk. GENUS COSMIA. Cosmia, Hubner, Tentamen, p. i (1816); Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 84 (1816); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 379 (1825); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 8 (1852). The species of Cosmia are comparatively small Noctuce , with simple antennae, approximating and slightly ascending palpi, a short proboscis, smooth thorax, and a moderately slender abdomen as long as the hind-wings. The wings are rather long and broad, and the fore-wings are marked with oblique or angulated pale lines, often rising in pale spots on the costa. The larvae are smooth, with well-marked incisions, and live in a bunch of leaves drawn together with silk. The pupa is very tapering at the tip, and is found between leaves, or in a cocoon on the surface of the ground. THE LESSER-SPOTTED PINION. COSMIA AFFINIS. Noctua affinis , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) i. (2), p. 848, no. 144(1767); Esper, Schmett. iv. (1), p. 414, Taf. 134, fig. 1 (1790?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 201 (1799?). COSMIA. 6l Cosmia affinis, Treitschke, Schmett. v. (2) p. 389 (1825); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 61 (1829); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 179, pi. 33, fig. 13 (1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. v. p. 86, pi. 86, figs. 5-5 c (1893)- The Lesser-spotted Pinion. This Moth, which is the type of the genus, is common in Central and Southern Europe. It expands a little over an inch. The fore-wings are reddish-brown, varied with ferruginous and blackish, with the lines pale grey and indistinct, whitish towards the costa. The half-line is represented by a scarcely visible dash, the first transverse line is also slender, often as thin as a hair, and both these lines are sometimes entirely wanting. The second transverse line is likewise not very distinct, expanding into a greyish cloud on the costa; it is sharply bent outwards before the middle. The sub-marginal line, which is frequently very indistinct or quite absent, is also merged in a grey cloud on the costa. The central area is trapeziform, bordered with reddish. The orbicular stigma is centred with black, and the reniform stigma is shaped like a figure of 8, each ring of the 8 being centred with black. A dark central shade, which is slightly angulated, passes between the stigmata. There is a row of indistinct blackish dots near the fringes. The fringes are yellowish-brown, and not dentated. The hind-wings are black, but yellowish towards the base, with the fringes deep yellow. 62 Lloyd’s natural history. The larva lives between the leaves of the elm, which it weaves loosely together with a few silken threads, but it is also sometimes met with on low plants. It is pale bluish- green, sometimes slightly yellowish, especially just before its metamorphosis, and the head is of the same colour as the body. It is marked with five longitudinal white lines, three on the back, and one on each side over the spiracles. The three dorsal lines converge at the anal fold, where they become nearly united. The segment behind the head bears a cervical plate, and on the succeeding segments are small black tubercles set with a few dark hairs. The spiracles are black. When young the body is blackish, with a white median dorsal line. After the second moult the five pale lines first appear in the dark ground-colour ; and at the second moult the larva becomes green. The moth appears in July and August. It is closely allied to another species, C. diffinis (Linn.), which is much more distinctly marked with very conspicuous white spots on the costa, from which the lines rise. SUB-FAMILY X. HADENINZS. This is an extensive group which has much resemblance to the Apameince , and, like these, the sub-terminal line of the fore¬ wings generally forms a strongly-marked W. The moths are of moderate size, often with marbled markings on the fore-wings, and are usually grey, brown, or green. They are generally hairy, with short palpi, and naked eyes. The larvae are long and smooth, with no excrescences, except that the penultimate segment is sometimes slightly raised. They feed openly on low plants, and the pupae are formed in earthen cocoons in the ground. EPIA. 63 GENUS EPIA. Epia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 475 (1822 ?). Dianthcecia , Boisduval in Silbermann, Revue Ent. ii. p. 245 (1834) ; id. Gen. Ind. Meth. p. 124 (1840); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. ii. p. 16 (1852). This is a well-marked group of moderate-sized moths, with conspicuous brown-and-white marbled and festooned markings, and the abdomen crested at the base, carinated, conical at the extremity, and provided, in the female, with a prominent ovipositor. The larvae are cylindrical, smooth, and velvety, and live in the pods of different species of Dianthus , Lychnis , Silene , Saponaria , and other Caryophyllaceous plants, feeding on the seeds. The pupae are subterranean. The moths fly actively, at dusk, over the flowers on which their larvae feed. Most of the British species are rather local, and are quite as abundant on the coast as inland, several species being found only on the sea-cliffs of the Isle of Man, and of the Hill of Howth near Dublin, and in similar localities. THE viper’s BUGLOSS MOTH. EPIA IRREGULARIS. Noctua irregularis, Hufnagel, Berlin. Mag. iii. p. 394, no. 65 (1767). Noctua echii , Borkhausen, Eur. Schmett. iv. p. 166 (1792); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 91 (1799 ?). Noctua hrecciceformis , Esper, Schmett. -iv. (2) 2, p. 79, Taf. 198, fig 5 ( 1 7 99 ?)« Miselia echii , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 343 (1825). Diant hoecia irregularis, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 222 (1881). The Viper’s Bugloss Moth is a native of Southern and Central Europe, and South-Eastern Siberia. It is exceedingly 64 Lloyd’s natural history rare in Britain, having only been captured once or twice in the South of England. It expands about an inch and a quarter. The head and thorax are pale yellow, and the collar and tegulae are bordered with yellow. The abdomen is greyish- yellow, whitish on the sides, with a light brown anal tuft. The antennae are light brown, slightly notched in the male, and finer and filiform in the female. The legs are greyish -yellow. The Viper’s Bugloss Moth. The fore-wings, on which all the transverse lines are dis¬ tinctly marked, are pale yellow, extensively marbled with dark brown and white. The half-line ends in a brown or black dot. The first and second transverse lines are formed of brown lunules, with the convexity directed inwards. The orbicular stigma is distinctly yellow, ringed with white. The reniform stigma is ear-shaped, with a dark centre. The claviform stigma is represented by a black streak. The sub-marginal line is white and clearly defined, and the marginal band is fawn- coloured. The fringes are brown and whitish, and are edged with a white line. The hind-wings are greyish-yellow towards the base, with a slight lunule, and a curved line, beyond which there is a brown band, and whitish fringes. The larva feeds on Viper’s Bugloss ( Echium vulgare ), and on Gypsophila paniculala in July. It is yellowish-grey in colour, and is obliquely striped with darker on the back. The moth appears in May and June. DIPHTHERA. 65 GENUS DIPHTHERA. Diphthera , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 1 (1816). Agriopis , Boisduval, Gen. Ind. Meth. p. 123 (1840); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 58 (1852). In this genus the antennae are pubescent and filiform, but slightly denticulated at the base, which is furnished with a strong tuft of hairs. The palpi are straight and rather long. The body is stout and hairy, and the abdomen is slightly crested. The legs are stout, with very thick tibiae in the male, and all the tarsi thickly spined below. The wings are entire, with very distinct markings. The larvae are stout and cylindrical, and hide themselves under the bark of trees during the day. The pupae are deeply buried in the ground, and are enclosed in an earthen cocoon. There is a species belonging to the Acronydince {Mown orion , Esper) which has a very close resemblance to the type of this genus, and to which, by some oversight, Ochsenheimer and his successors have applied the name Diphthera , the original type of which is the following species. THE MARVEIL DU JOUR. DIPHTHERA APRILINA. {Plate C XXVII., Fig. 8.) Nodua aprilina , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 514, no. 99 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 313, no. 1178 (1761); Esper, Schmett. iv. (1), p. 276, Taf. 118, figs. 1-3 (1789?). Nodua runica , Denis & Schififermiiller, Syst. Yerz. Schmett. Wien. p. 70, no. 1 (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 71 (1799?), figs. 721, 722 (1818?). Miselia aprilina, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (1), p. 4ri (1825); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 25 (1829). 16 f 66 LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY. Dichonia aprilina , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 215, pi. 37, figs. 3-3 b (1880). Agriopis aprilina , Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 30, pi. 9 t , figs- 2> 2 a (i895)- The “ Marveil du Jour” is common in Central and in some parts of Southern and Eastern Europe. It expands from an inch and a half to two inches. The fore wings are of a light apple-green or sea-green, which tends towards yellowish or almost white in old and worn speci¬ mens. The costa is spotted with black and white, and from it rise the black transverse lines, which are bordered with white. The half-line is represented by two black spots towards the base, and the first and second transverse lines are formed of a number of lunules just touching at their extremities. Between the indistinct stigmata runs a black central shade. The sub¬ marginal line rises from a black hook near the apex of the wings; it consists of a zig-zag black line, sometimes broken into spots, and bordered with white on each side. The fringes are chequered with black and white, and are bounded by black dots on the inner side. The hind-wings are blackish with a central and a sub-marginal band of lighter, succeeded by a black line at the base of the brownish-white fringes. The head and thorax are mostly green, the latter with a transverse black stripe in front, and the abdomen is brown. The larva feeds on oak at night, remaining hidden in the ~hinks of the bark during the day. It is smooth, greyish-brown, sometimes tinged with red. The head is almost black, with yellowish dots. On the back is an interrupted whitish median dorsal line intersecting the ground¬ colour, which here takes the form of a series of lozenge-shaped spots ; and on the sides is a pale spiracular line, bounded above by a waved darker stripe. PHLOGOPHORA. 67 The pupa is slender, and of a brown colour. The moth appears in September and October. GENUS PHLOGOPHORA. Trigonophora , pt. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 217 (1822 ?). Phlogophora , pt. Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (1), p. 369 (1825); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 83 (1829); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 62 (1852). Solenoptera , Duponchel, Cat. Lepid. d’Europe, p. 134 (1844), nom. prccocc. Brotolomia , Lederer, Noct. Eur. p. 115 (1857). Palpi rather large, ascending, the third joint small, but distinct. Antennae ciliated, and in the male, sub-dentate. Thorax rather stout, with a short, pointed crest in front and a larger one behind, which is bifid at the extremity ; abdomen rather short, much more slender than the thorax, with rows of small tufts on the back and sides, and a larger one at the extremity. Fore-wings rather long, the tip rounded off, and the hind margin oblique and excavated ; hind-wings slightly indented. Wings folded round the body in repose. The naked green larva feeds on a variety of plants, and the pupa is found in the ground. There is curious confusion about the title of this genus, which was originally used in rather an extended sense, the names Trigonophora and Phlogophora being originally synonymous. Stephens selected Noctua meticulosa, Linn., as the type of Phlogophora , and this must stand. Duponchel, however, in 1844, proposed a new and inadmissable name for N meticulosa , and wrongly restricted Phlogophora to Noctua lucipara (Linn.) (already separated under the generic name of Euplexia by Stephens), and N empyrea , Hiibner. Finally 68 Lloyd’s natural history. Lederer, in 1857, restricted the name Trigonophora to Empyrea, and rejecting the name Solenoptera, Dup., pro¬ posed a new genus for Noctua meticulosa , thus losing sight of the name Phlogophora altogether. THE ANGLE-SHADES. PHLOGOPHORA METICULOSA. Noctua meticulosa, Linmeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 513; no-95(I758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 309, no. 1164(1761); Esper, Schmett. iv. (1), p. 220, Taf. 112, figs. 5-7 (1790) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett, iv. fig. 67 (1799?). Phlogophora meticulosa , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (i)p. 373 (1825); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 83 (1829); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 30, pi. 91, figs. 3-3 g (I^95)- Hahryntis meticulosa , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, P- 239, ph 38, % 8 (1881). The Angle-Shades. The Angle-Shades is common in most parts of Central Europe and the Mediterranean region. It expands from an inch and a half to two inches. The fore-wings are pale ochreous, with a slight rosy tinge in front of the basal area, and in the suffused sub-marginal line. The central area is olive-brown, and triangular. It is bordered by the pale transverse lines. The orbicular and reniform stigmata are CtrCULLIIDjfc. 69 oblique, converging at their lower ends. The marginal area is ochreous-grey, tinged with rose-colour towards the hind margin, with two darker parallel transverse bars. The hind-wings are whitish, sometimes with a faint rosy tinge posteriorly, as well as a dusky central crescent and two or three faint dusky waved lines. The larva feeds on nettle, chickweed, hemlock, primrose, mullein, and various other low plants, and if touched or disturbed, at once feigns death, turning its head to one side, and lying quite still. The insect is double-brooded, and the autumnal larvae hybernate after the last moult but one, and pupate in early spring, the moth appearing in May or June ; whilst the second brood, from eggs laid in July, appears about September. The larva is grass-green, occasionally brownish, thickly powdered with obscure whitish dots, with an inter¬ rupted slender white dorsal line, and a pale spiracular line, the spiracles being whitish, finely ringed with black. The pupa, which is shining reddish-brown, with a fine apical point, is enclosed in a slight cocoon in the ground. FAMILY XLI. CUCULLIID.T:. Larva long, naked, cylindrical, brightly coloured, and feeding exposed on the flowers or leaves of herbaceous plants or trees. Pupa varying in habits and structure, generally enclosed in a cocoon, and sometimes, but not always, subterranean ; and often furnished with a prominent ventral appendage. Imago with simple antennae, well-developed palpi, and long proboscis. The thorax is stout, with the collar raised ; the abdomen and wings are often long, pointed, and compara¬ tively narrow. The wings are usually brown or grey, with longitudinal streaks. The usual “ Noctua ’'-pattern is rarely visible. 7c LLOYD S NATURAL HISTORY. These moths come freely to flowers at dusk, flying over them somewhat in the manner of Sphinges, which some of them considerably resemble in shape. They are generally called “ Sharks ” by collectors. At one time Dr. Butler proposed to transfer this family to the Notodontidce , but has now decided to replace them in the Noctiuz. GENUS CALOCAMPA. Cacullia , pt. Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (2), p. 157 (1882). Calocampa, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 172 (1829); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 115 (1852). Antennae long, thickened, ciliated ; palpi short, compressed, very scaly. Thorax square, slightly crested in front ; abdomen depressed, slightly tufted at the extremity in the male. Wings long ; fore-wings dentated ; hind-wings rather broad. Wings folded longitudinally when at rest, like those of a Lithosia. Larva long, smooth, cylindrical, feeding in clusters on the summit of low plants. Pupa with two apical spines. It is deeply buried in the ground, and forms no cocoon, but lines the cavity with silk. THE SWORD-GRASS MOTH. CALOCAMPA EXOLETA. {Plate C XX VII I., Fig. 6, lama.) Noctua exsoleta , Linnceus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 513, no. 104 (1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 315, no. 1085 (1761). Noctua exoleta, Esper, Schmett. iv. (2), i. p. 433, Taf. 138, figs. 1-3 (1790?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 244 (1799?). Xylina exoleta , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 7 (1826). PLATE CXXVII1 /, /\* * 3. 4: To 7 • ache d ispcu \ (kxhfuhx pai'butcc CazuruJL iiudsuhiti's. PhedapI wra, qaurce ' S. (hUnidea 5. HhodopliorcL ganrce, l arm. 6. ('/jloca nqfa eeccleta, bxrva . 7. Praiphan ex delph urn oULrgyntis argerutuia / t7 leeeice , CALOCAMPA. 71 Calocampa exoleta , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 173 (1829) ; Curtis. Brit. Ent. vi. pi. 256 (1829) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 243, pi. 38, figs. 12-12 b (1881) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. pi. 96, figs. 2-2 d (lS95)- The Sword-grass Moth. The Sword-grass Moth is common throughout the greater part of Europe, Northern Africa, and Siberia. It expands about two inches and a quarter. The head is pale grey, and the thorax black, with scattered white hairs. The tegulte are white. The abdomen is covered with long grey hair above, with a black shade in the middle, and yellowish-grey hair on the sides, forming zig-zag tufts. The fore-wings vary from dark brown to grey. O11 the hind margin is a dark line containing four or five white dots near the apex of the wings. From the base to the hind margins, the whole of the wings are covered with numerous fine longitudinal brown streaks on an ashy-grey ground. The outer part of the wings is dark brown, especially in the neighbourhood of the reniform stigma. There are no trans¬ verse lines. The orbicular stigma is elongated, and similar in shape to the reniform, but smaller. Both are surrounded by slender dark fines, and the reniform stigma is shaded externally 72 Lloyd’s natural history. with black. Beyond the stigmata is the lightest part of the wings, with a double row of dots, one or two sagittate marks, and an indistinct zig-zag sub-marginal line. The hind-margins and fringes are dark brown. The hind-wings are dusky grey, with light grey fringes, and the lunule of the under side showing through. The larva is very handsome, and has suggested the name of the genus, Calocampa, which is derived from the Greek K-aXoc, beautiful , and Kctfxnrj, a worm. Stainton’s opinion of the larva is as follows : — “ Any one who has not yet seen the larva of C. exoleta has a treat in store. I have only once seen it, and then I nearly screamed with delight. No figure can give any idea of the beauty of the living larva.” It is bright green, with a pair of white spots on each side of the back, each pair being connected by a black blotch. Below them is a yellow stripe. This is succeeded by a space on which stands a row of three white dots on each segment, ringed with black ; and on most of the segments there is a fourth dot above the middle one. Just over the legs there is a red stripe, bordered with white. It feeds on a variety of plants, but prefers lettuce, spinach, and asparagus. The larvae are very difficult to rear, being liable to the attacks of ichneumons, and if the pupae are not kept at exactly the proper degree of moisture, the specimens are crippled. The larva is slow and sluggish in its movements, and if touched, it contracts itself and emits a green liquid. The pupa is shining reddish brown, and so delicate that the outlines of the moth are visible through it. It remains in this state for about four weeks, the moth appearing on the wing in September and October. CUCULLIA. 73 GENUS CUCULLIA. Cucullia , Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (2), p. 157 (1802); Ochsen- heimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 87 (1816) ; Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 246 (1822 ?) ; Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), P- $5 (1826); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 123 (1852). In this genus, the antennae are simple, the palpi short and ascending, and the proboscis long. The collar is hood-like, and there are large lateral tufts on the thorax. The abdomen is moderately stout, and longer than the hind-wings. The fore¬ wings are long, narrow, and lanceolate, and, in the typical species, the hind margin is rather strongly dentated. The hind-wings are also long and rather pointed, but not much narrower than the fore-wings. The larvae are long and stout, with the incisions well-marked ; the head is somewhat retractile and flattened. They feed on low plants, preferring the flowers. The pupae are soft, with a projection behind, and are enclosed in large solid oval cocoons in the ground. The types of this genus were indicated by Hiibner as C. verbasci (Linn.) and C. sc?-ophularice (Den. & Schiff.). THE MULLEIN MOTH. CUCULLIA VERBASCI. Noctua verbasci , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 515, no. 108 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 315, no. 1186 (1761); Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) 1 i. p. 437, Taf. 139, figs. 1-4 (1790?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 266 (1799?). Noctua scrophularice , Esper (nec Den. & Schiff.), Schmett. iv. (2) 1 p. 516, Taf. 154, fig. 1 (1791 ?). Cucullia verbasci , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 127 (1826); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 85 ( 1829); 74 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 248, pi. 39, figs. 3-3 c (1881); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 67, pi. 97, figs. 1-1 d (1895). The Mullein Moth is common in Central and Southern Europe, and in Western Asia. It expands about an inch and three-quarters. The head is bone-coloured in front, brown above ; the collar is pale grey in front, varied with yellow, with fine brownish transverse lines, and a broad brown band behind. The tegulae are bordered with brown, and are marked with a few black dots. The abdomen is yellowish-grey, with an interrupted black dorsal line, which is continued on the thorax to the collar. There is a reddish-yellow anal tuft. The antennae are yellowish-brown. The fore-wings are marked with a rather broad band of rich brown on the costa and inner margin, the portion of the wings between being dull yellow, like fossil wood. There is a series of black dots running from the base in this area. Towards the middle of the inner margin are two white lunules, one above the other, and before and beyond these are two faint white spots, one in the middle of the wing, and the other near the fringes. The fringes themselves are brown, streaked with white, deeply and acutely dentated, and there is a yellow line on their inner edge. The hind-wings are darkest towards the ARGYRITIS. 75 fringes, usually dark brown, but becoming more yellow towards the base, and sometimes they are entirely pale, especially in some male specimens. The fringes are yellow, bisected by a dark line, and, like the fore-wings, deeply dentated. The larva feeds on the leaves of various species of mullein, fig-wort, and other low plants. It is smooth and pearly white, with a blue, yellow, or green tinge, varying with the food. The head is dotted with yellow and black. On each segment of the body is a somewhat broad bright yellow transverse band, bordered with several larger and smaller black spots. The larvae have a great power of jumping, and are very difficult to hold in the hand. When young they live gre¬ gariously, but afterwards become solitary. Their numbers are kept in check by ichneumon -flies, birds, and numerous other foes. The pupa is yellowish-brown, with the covers of the head and eyes blackish. The moth appears in April and May. GENUS ARGYRITIS. Argyritis , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 247 (1822?); Walker, List Tepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 657 (1857). This genus resembles Cucullia , Schrank, but the species may be distinguished by their generally smaller size, short but pointed wings, and brilliant silvery coloration. The larva is pilose, and the segments are more or less expanded, or warty. The species figured resembles a large Palparia. ARGYRITIS ARGENTINA. {Plate C XX VII /., Fig. 8.) Noctua argentina , Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 162, no. 185 (1787); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 553 (1804?). 7 6 Lloyd’s natural history Cucullia argentina , Treitschke, Eur. Schmett. v. (3), p. 98 (1826); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 254 (1881). This species is a native of Southern Russia and Siberia. It expands an inch and a quarter. The head and thorax are pale grey, and the abdomen is milk-white. The antennae are white at the base, and brownish above, and the legs are pale grey, darker at the joints. The fore-wings are narrow and lanceolate, pale ochre-yellow, with a broad silvery or pearly-white stripe running from the base across two-thirds of the length of the wing ; the marginal por¬ tion of the latter is varied with gilded yellow. Near the end ol the mother-of-pearl stripe, and on the edge of the white fringes, is a row of black dots. The hind-wings are clear shining milky white. The larva feeds on a species of wormwood growing on the steppes. It is sea-green, with seven bluish-white longitudinal lines. It is expanded in the middle of each segment, and is dotted with black in the incisions. The head is bluish-white. FAMILY XLII. HELIOTHIDFE. Larvae cylindrical, with the incisions slightly marked. They feed openly on low plants, often choosing the flowers. Pupae conical at the extremity, and enclosed in cocoons. Imago of small or moderate size, with simple antennae, and stout palpi ; thorax stout, downy ; abdomen smooth, sub- conical ; tibiae generally spined. Flight usually diurnal. GENUS PERIPHANES. Periphanes , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 247 (1822?); Stephens, List Brit. x\nim. Brit. Mus. v. Lepid. p. 127 (1852). PERIPHANES. 77 CJiariclea , Curtis, Brit. Ent. ii. pi. 76(1825); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 92 (1829); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 167 (1852). Antennae simple, the basal joint pilose beneath ; palpi thickly scaled; proboscis well developed; front with a truncated cone-shaped projection. Thorax slightly crested in front ; abdomen crested at the base, and more or less tufted on the sides and at the tip ; fore-wings rather pointed ; legs short and stout, pilose; front tibiae very short, with two shining horny spurs at the extremity, the inner one long and curved. THE PEASE-BLOSSOM MOTH. PERIPHANES DELPHINII. {Plate C XX VIII., Fig. 7.) Noctua delphinii , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 518, no. 124 (1758); Esper, Schmett. iv. (1) p. 664, Taf. 175, figs. 1-4 ( 1 793 ?) J Hubner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 204 (1799?), fig. 622 (1804 ?). Xylina delphinii, \ Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 82 (1826). CJiariclea delphinii , Curtis, Brit. Ent. ii. pi. 76 (1825) ; Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 92 (1829); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 257, pi. 39, fig. 8 (1881). The Pease-blossom Moth is common in many parts of Central and Eastern Europe, but has only been taken once or twice in Britain. It expands about an inch and a quarter. The fore-wings are of a beautiful purplish-red colour, paler in some parts, and darker in others. The basal area is pale rose- colour as far as the first transverse line. The first and second transverse lines are both white, with a purple border on each side. The central area is whitish towards the costa, but becomes darker near the reniform stigma, which exists only as a dark spot, from which a shade extends across the wing. The hind margin is dull yellow, and so are the fringes. The 7S Lloyd’s natural history hind-wings are white at the base, especially in the male, with dark nervures and a central spot, but are darker in the female. In both sexes they are frequently tinged with rose-colour. On the hind margin is a grey band, which becomes lighter towards the white fringes. The larva feeds on larkspur ( Delphinium consolido ), and is often met with in fallow fields on the Continent. When young the larvae live gregariously. They are violet-grey, the head being marked with several black spots. There is a narrow, sulphur-yellow dorsal line, and another on each side. In addition, the surface of the body is covered with small black tubercles, each bearing a fine hair. The pupa is reddish-brown, with greenish wing-cases. It is formed in the ground. The moth is on the wing in May and June. GENUS RHODOPHORA. Alaria , Westwood in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 200 (1841); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 674 (1857), nom. prceocc. Rhodophora , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 170 (i852)- Antennae simple, slightly pubescent in the male. Palpi short, clothed with velvety scales, and indistinctly jointed. Proboscis very slender; front rounded. Thorax partly crested, and not very stout. Abdomen smooth, and conical in the male. Legs short ; front tibiae with at least one long spine. Wings entire ; fore wings rather pointed at the tip. Larva very long and slender, with transverse bands. RHODOPHORA GAUR/E. {Plate CXX VIII. , Figs. 4 {imago), 5 {larva).) Phalcena »aurce} Abbot & Smith, Lepid, Georg, ii. pi. 99 (1797), CHLORIDEA. 79 A I aria gaurce, Westwood in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 200, pi. 24, figs. 4, 5 (1841); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 675, no. 1 (1857). Porphyrinia matutina , Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Sehmett. iii. p. 35, figs- 557, 558 (1825). Rhodophora gaurce, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 170 (i852)- This delicately-tinted Moth is not uncommon in the Southern United States, and measures rather more than an inch in expanse. The fore-wings are of a somewhat yellowish-white, with the basal half, the fringes, the border, and a sub-terminal band, which does not quite extend to the inner margin, pale rose- colour. Hind-wings white, with a suffused pale rose-coloured border. Under side of the fore-wings tinged with the same colour. Head and thorax sulphur-yellow. The larva is yellow, with a black transverse band on each segment. The head is rusty- brown. The belly and legs are white, with a black spot on each of the pro-legs. It feeds on Gaura biennis in August. The colours of the moth so closely resemble those of the flowers of the plant on which it feeds, that when it settles on them, it is scarcely distinguishable from them. GENUS CHLORIDEA. Chloridea , Westwood in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 198 (1841) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 77 (1857). Aspila, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 174 (•,852). The antennae are long, slender, and simple ; the palpi straight, approximating, squamous, and compressed, with the third joint long, slender and beak-shaped ; the proboscis is well-developed. The thorax is crested, and the abdomen is 8o Lloyd’s natural history. short and conical, and pointed in both sexes. The front tibiae are set with short spines beneath, but have no apical spur. The fore-wings are long, pointed and triangular, with the hind margin gradually curved ; and the hind-wings are long, and rounded at the extremity. The larvae are smooth and cylindrical, with the incisions well-marked, and feed exposed on flowers ; and the pupa is subterranean. chloridea rhexice. [Plate C XX VII/., Fig. $.> Phalcena rhexice , Abbot & Smith, Lepid. Georgia, ii. pi. ioo ( 1 797)* Chloridea rhexice , Westwood in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 198, pi. 24, fig. 3 (1841) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 678, no. 1 (1857). Aspila rhexice , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 175 (1852). The fore-wings are green, with three nearly parallel oblique yellowish lines ; the stigmata small, but distinctly marked, the thorax green, and the abdomen white, with transverse dusky bands. The hind-wings are white, tinged with reddish-brown externally, but the fringes are yellowish. The antennae are reddish beneath. The larva is green, with a yellow upper and a white lower lateral line, the last narrow ; between them is a row of small reddish spots. It feeds on the buds and blossoms of Rhexia virginica , and other plants, and also on tobacco, to which it is very destructive by destroying the main shoot. In Abbot’s time, hand-picking and throwing hot sand or wood-ashes upon the plants were resorted to for the destruc¬ tion of the larvae. A specimen, which Abbot reared, spun a HELIOTHIS. 8l slight cocoon in the ground on July 25th, and the moth emerged on August 9th. It is a common species in the Southern United States, and some authors consider it to be identical with the West Indian C. virescens (Fabr.), GENUS HELIOTHIS. Heliothis , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (1810?); Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 91 (1816); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 215 (1826); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 177 (1852). This genus includes species of moderate size, and of rather varied colours, which fly by day. The antennae are simple and pubescent, or ciliated ; the palpi ascending, and approxi¬ mating, with the last joint distinct. The front of the head is convex, and the proboscis is well-developed. The thorax and abdomen are smooth and downy, and the latter is obtuse at the extremity. The legs are long, and the front and hind tibiae are set with small spines. The wings are rather broad, and entire, and there is a conspicuous dark band on the under side of the hind-wings. The larvae, which are long, with a large head, feed openly on low plants, preferring the flowers. Several of them are noted for their cannibalistic propensities. The pupae are conical and subterranean. These moths belong rather to warm climates than to cold, and several species are almost cosmopolitan, and extremely destructive abroad, but very rare in England. Such are H. armiger (Den. & Schiff.) and H. peltiger (Hiibner). The species noticed below, which is the type of the genus, though not very abundant, is less rare with us. It is found flying by day in clover fields. 16 G 82 Lloyd’s natural historV. THE MARBLED CLOVER MOTH. HELIOTHIS DIPSACEA. Noctua dipsacea, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.), i. (2), p. 856* no. 185 (1767) ; Esper, Schmett. iv. (2), pp. 21, 641, Taf. 172, figs. 1-3, Taf. 185, figs. 1-6 (1797?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 311 (1799?). Heliothis dipsacea, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 220 (1826) ; Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 109 (1830); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 255, pi. 39, fig. 7 (1881) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 75, pi. 99, figs. 3-3 e (1895). The Marbled Clover Moth. The Marbled Clover is a common Moth in most parts of Europe and Northern Africa, as well as in Northern and Western Asia. It expands about an inch and a quarter. The ground-colour of the fore-wings is usually pale greenish- yellow, but specimens in which the green predominates, or which are rusty yellow, with the markings suffused, are by no means unfrequently met with. The head and thorax are generally greenish-yellow, the former being a little darker, while the abdomen is greyish-yellow, almost white beneath, with some ferruginous hairs in the anal tuft. The antennae are rusty brown, and the legs white, suffused with brown. In distinctly marked specimens both the half-line and the first transverse line are brown or black. A broad dark central band crosses the wings over the reniform stigma, which is dark HELIOTHIS. 83 grey. Beyond this is the second transverse line, which is indicated by a few dots on a pale ground. The marginal band contains a row of dots on the nervures, and an ill-defined zig-zag line, tending to rusty brown, separates it from the area preceding the fringes. The fringes are ferruginous brown, with a row of black spots at the base. The hind- wings are yellowish-white, with a broad black central lunule, and a broad black marginal band, containing a rather large white spot, divided by a dark nervure. The fringes are bisected by a brown line. Sometimes the markings of the hind-wings run together, leaving the yellowish-white markings clouded or broken up, and more rarely only two yellowish spots remain on the wing. The female is smaller than the male, and is usually duller in colour. The larva feeds on yellow snap-dragon ( Linaria ), chicory, plantain, red campion, and a variety of other low plants. It is elongated, and tapers at both extremities. The larva is straw-coloured, heavily streaked with reddish brown, with a broad continuous violet-brown dorsal line. The sub-dorsal line is straw-coloured, and is bordered below by a broad sinuous violet-brown band. The spiracular line is yellow, also bordered below with brown. On each segment is a reddish transverse band. The head is paler than the body, and is covered with black dots. It is found in July and August. The pupa is dark brown, slightly glossy, dusted with bluish. It is slender, attenuated towards the head, and has a small tubercle on the front, and two stiff points at the extremity. The moth is double-brooded, being found in May and the beginning of June, and again in July and August. It hovers in the sun over flowering thistle-heads, clover, &c. G 2 84 Lloyd’s natural history. GENUS ANARTA. Anar/a, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 30 (1816) ; Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 220 (1822 ?) ; Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 200 (1826) ; Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 189 (1852). Antennae slender, slightly pubescent. Palpi short, straight, pilose. Head small ; front narrow, convex. Thorax and abdomen short and pilose, the latter stout in the female. Legs short ; tibiae pilose, without spines or spurs. Wings thick, densely scaled ; hind-wings usually white or yellow. Larvae short, cylindrical, naked, living exposed upon low shrubs. They form cocoons of silk, mixed with fragments of earth, &c. The moths fly rapidly by day, and many species are Alpine or Arctic in habitat. THE BEAUTIFUL YELLOW UNDERWING. ANARTA MYRTILLI. Noctua myrtilli , Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 31 1, no. 1168 (1761); Esper, Schmett. iv. (2), p. 582, Taf. 165, figs. 1-3 ( 1 793 ?) j Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 98 (1799?). Anarta myrtilli , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 201 (1826); Curtis, Brit. Ent. pi. 145 (1826); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. in (1830); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 258 (1881) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. pi. 100, figs. 3, 3 a (1895). The Beautiful Yellow Underwing is common in most parts of Europe. It measures about an inch across the wings. The head is brown, and the collar reddish-brown, striped with yellowish -white, and so is the crested thorax. The abdomen is black, dusted with yellow, and with yellowish- white incisions. At the sides and extremity it is covered with ANARTA, *5 reddish-brown hair. The antennoe are dark brown ; and the legs are yellow, spotted with black. The fore-wings are straight on the costa, and produced, but hardly pointed at the apex. They are bright reddish-brown, marbled with white. The half¬ line, the two transverse lines, and the sub-marginal line are all distinctly white, and somewhat broad. From the base to the first transverse line are a few whitish patches, suffused with yellow. In the central area is a somewhat triangular white spot. The greater part of the orbicular stigma is contained in this spot, and is ringed with darker, with a dark spot in the The Beautiful Yellow Underwing. centre. The reniform stigma is beyond the white spot, and from it extend several white rays as far as the second trans¬ verse line. The sub-marginal line is very distinct, and beyond it the wings are uniform reddish-brown as far as the fringes, which are dark reddish-brown, and spotted with white. The hind-wings are bright yellow towards the base, with a small black lunule, and a broad velvety-black marginal band. The larva lives on bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus ) and heath ( Calluna vulgaris). It is of a beautiful grass-green, with a bluish head, and numerous whitish markings. The dorcal line is formed of a row of elongated spots, and on each s>de is a 86 Lloyd’s natural history. row of nearly semi-circular spots, whilst a third series of spots forms a zig-zag spiracular line. The spiracles are white, ringed with black. It is found at the end of July, and in August. The pupa is short and dark brown, and lies among fallen portions of the food-plant in its cocoon. The moth is generally developed in the same year, but sometimes passes the winter in the pupa and emerges in April or May of the following year. It flies by day on heaths. FAMILY XLIII. ACONTIIDAE. The “ Minores ” of Guenee include five families, all of which are represented in Britain except the Hcemerosiidce. For the present I am inclined to unite the first four under the name of Acontiidce ; the fifth, the Phalcenoidce or Brephidce ', is very distinct from the others, and will be noticed later on. Larva. — Resembles that of the Geoinetridce or Tor trices. Soli¬ tary, smooth, without protuberances, with from ten to sixteen legs, and feeding on low plants. Pupa. — Contained in a slight cocoon under the surface of the ground. Imago. — Of small size, varied colour, and often flying by day ; the body is slender, and scaly rather than downy; the pro¬ boscis is moderately long. The abdomen is rarely crested, and the legs are long, slender, and unarmed. The fore-wings are broad, and are often provided with an accessory cell; the hind- wings are broad, and frequently coloured more or less like the fore-wings. In repose they are somewhat sloping, and are not entirely covered by the fore-wings. GENUS EROTYLA. Erotyla , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (1810?). EROTYLA. §7 Emmelia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 254 (1822 ?), Agrophila , Boisduval, Gen. Ind. Meth. p. 175 (1840) ; Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 204 (1852), nom. proeacc. Antennae short, slender, setaceous; palpi short, straight ; eyes large. Thorax round, scaly ; collar rather large. Abdomen rather long, slender, sub-conical, and carinated in the male. Legs bare, rather stout. Wings entire, with long fringes ; fore¬ wings oblong, smooth and silky, with the fringes unicolorous ; hind-wings unicolorous above. Larva long, smooth, with only two pairs of pro-legs. It lives on low plants in dry places. The pupae are enclosed in small earthen cocoons. THE SPOTTED SULPHUR MOTH. EROTYLA TRAP.EALIS. Pyralis trabealis , Scopoli, Ent. Carniol. p. 40, no 610 (1763). Noctua sulphur aliS) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.), i. (2), p. 881, no. 333 (17 66). Noctua drained) Hufnagel, Berlin. Mag. iii. p. 142, no. 95 (1767). Noctua sulphur ea , Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 93, no. 6 (1776) ; Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) i. p. 576, Taf. 164, fig. 6 (1793 ?) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 291 (1799?). Erastria sulphurea , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p 251 (1826). Erastria sulphuralis , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 1 1 7 (1830). Emmelia trabealis , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 279 (1881). Agrophila sulphuralis , Hellins, Entom. Monthly Mag. iv. p. 1 15 (1867); Buckler, Lepid. Brit. Isl. vi. p. 89, pi. 100, figs. 5-5 c (1895). 83 Lloyd’s natural history This Moth is common in Central Europe, Asia Minor, and Siberia, but is local and rather scarce in Britain. It expands from three-quarters of an inch to nearly an inch. The pattern consists of a mixture of brownish-black and sulphur-yellow. The head, collar and tegulae are sulphur- yellow, bordered with brownish-black, and the thorax is black, with yellow spots. The antennae are black. The abdomen is brownish-grey with yellowish incisions, and the legs are brown, yellowish beneath. The Spotted Sulphur Moth. The narrow fore-wings are sulphur-yellow, with five black spots along the costa, from the fourth of which runs a narrow blackish band transversely across the wings. This is some¬ times dusted with yellow, and has a slight metallic lustre. From the base to this line run two straight black bars across the wings, one along the inner margin, and the other above and parallel with the first. The stigmatal area is marked with black spots. Beyond the transverse band is an undulating yellow stripe, and in front of the fringes, which are brownish- black varied with yellow, runs a straight yellow line. The hind-wings are unicolorous brownish-black with white fringes. The larva feeds on bind- weed ( Convolvulus arvensis). It is usually grass-green, sometimes brown, with a black dorsal Line, and a double white line above the legs. The incisions are dark green. EROTYLA. 89 The following very interesting description of the brown variety of the larva is given by Mr. J. Hellins in the “ Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine,” and is quoted in Mr. Buckler’s work : — “ Hiibner’s figures of this species leave me little that is new to say about it. Still, I feel much indebted to Mr. Brown for enabling me to rear a larva which Mr. Buckler has figured. “ Unluckily, although the moth had laid several eggs, they all perished in the Post Office save one, and the single larva did not live to become a pupa, having been hatched on June 25th, and dying on August 15th. “I potted for it a small plant of Convolvulus an’ensis , and on two little shoots of this, bearing in all not more than five or six very small leaves, it fed and grew and moulted con¬ tentedly during the first half of its fifty days’ life, its longest journey all that time not exceeding an inch and an half. “ Had the other eggs escaped squashing on their journey, probably I might have had the pleasure of seeing both the varieties which Hiibner figures, but the green one yet remains a desideratum. My single larva was of the brown variety. “ When first hatched, it was a dingy grey little looper, with a black transverse dorsal hump on each of the four middle segments ; but at each moult these humps became less, till at last there remained nothing but the usual dorsal dots, black and distinct, and these too afterwards disappeared. “ When full-grown the larva is about an inch long ; the legs twelve; the body cylindrical, thickest at the fourth segment; the segmental divisions deeply indented. When at rest the middle segments are generally arched, and the head bent down. The colour is rich chocolate-brown ; dorsal line rather darker, and edged with very fine paler lines ; sub-dorsal line also darker, but scarcely visible ; spiracular stripe broad, of a pale yellow, and with a fine brown thread running throughout its length, immediately after the last moult. There were sorpe 9° Lloyd’s natural history. rich yellow and orange spots also in it, but these disappeared in time, and the whole stripe grew paler.” The pupa is reddish brown, and is placed, in its cocoon, between blades of grass. The moth appears in May and June, and again in August. It flies in dry open places in the sunshine. GENUS TARACHE. Tarache , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 261 (1822?). Acontia , pt. Ochsenheimer, Schmett Eur. iv. p. 91 (1816); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3) p. 237 (1826; nec Hiibner); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 214(1852). This genus includes a considerable number of pretty little day-flying species, found in various parts of the world. It is generally called Aco?itia ; but Hiibner restricted that name to A. malvce (Esper), a yellow moth, an inch and a half in expanse, which is found in South Europe. In Tarache the head is small, with the front convex, the antennae short, cylindrical, almost smooth, the palpi short, scaly, raised, and approximating; the third joint distinct. Pro¬ boscis moderately long. Thorax round, smooth, clothed with large smooth scales. Abdomen smooth, rather slender, cylin¬ drical, and carinated. Wings entire, the fringes usually long and bicolorous ; fore-wings thick, squamose, marbled with black and white; hind-wings with the hind margin waved. The larvae, which have only two pairs of pro-legs, are very long and slender, and feed on low plants. The pupae are enclosed in small earthen cocoons. Several exotic species have yellow hind-wings, as is the case with the one we have figured. CANNA. 9* TARACHE DISPAR. ( Plate C XX VII Fig. 1.) Acontia dispar , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 790, no. 21 (1857). This species is a native of South Africa. “ Male.— White. Head brown; palpi obliquely ascending; third joint black, not more than one-fourth of the length of the second. Abdomen luteous. Fore-wings brown, with a glaucous tinge, and varied with dark brown ; some indistinct and in¬ complete whitish undulating bands, and a large white costal patch, which is beyond the middle, and contains a brown costal spot and a black mark, the latter indicating the reniform spot ; marginal lunules black. Hind- wings luteous ; discal spot, discal band, and border brown. Length of the body five lines ; of the wings twelve lines.” ( Walker .) GENUS CANNA. Canna , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxiii. p. 790 (1865). The antennae are simple, and the palpi are stout, pilose, and ascending, with the third joint very short ; the proboscis is well developed. The abdomen is tapering, much more slender than the thorax, and not extending beyond the hind-wings ; it has a small tuft at the extremity. The legs are stout and hairy, with strong spurs, and the tarsi spiny beneath. The wings are broad and entire, and the fore-wings are rectangular at the apex. CANNA MALACHITES. (P/a'e CXXVIIL, Fig. 3.) Telesilla malachites, Obertlnir, Etudes d’Ent. v. p. 80, pi. 3, fig. 9 (1880). Ca?ina splendens, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 412 ; Butler, Ill. Lepid. Heter. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 59, pi. 128, fig. 4 (1889). 92 Lloyd’s natural history. Diphthera malachites, Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 294 (1894). This is a beautiful Moth, which was first brought from the Island of Askold, near the mouth of the Amoor, but it has since been found in Northern India. The head and front of the thorax are green ; the antennae and the hinder part of the thorax are rufous, and the abdomen is white, with a tuft of stiff black hairs on the middle of the back. The fore-wings are green, with the half-line, and the two transverse lines white, more or less bordered with black. The basal and central areas are rufous, the former marked below with a black spot, and the latter containing a green spot on a dusky ring near the costa, and greatly extended in the inner margin. Towards the hind margin are two black spots con¬ taining a white dot, and bordered inside with white, and out¬ side with buff. The hind-wings are brown, more or less clouded towards the hind margin. GENUS BANKIA. Bankia, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Tepid. Noct. ii. p. 231 (1852). Antennae hardly ciliated ; palpi slightly ascending, thickly scaled ; proboscis very slender. Thorax globular, thickly scaled. Abdomen long, and thicker and more obtuse in the female than in the male. Legs slender, almost bare, with rather long scales. Fore-wings oblong ; hind-wings broad, rounded, the lower discoidal nervule as thick as the sub-median nervules, and rising above them from the discoidal, which is equally thick. THE SILVER-BARRED MOTH. BANKIA OLIVANA. Tortrix olivana , Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 126, no. 1 (1776). Pyralis bankiana, Fabricius, Spec. Ins, ii. p. 275, no 1 (1781) BANKIA. 93 Noctua argentula , Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) i, p. 559, Taf. 163, fig- 3 (i792 ?)• Noctua olivea, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 292 (1799?). j Erastria argentula, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 255 (1826) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 278 (1881). Erastria bankiana , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. p. 1 17 (1830). Bankia bankiana , Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 94, pi. 1 o 1 , figs. 4, 4a (1895). The Silver-barred Moth. The Silver-barred Moth is found in Central Europe, and in Asia Minor and Siberia. It expands about an inch. The head and thorax are olive-green varied with white. The collar is golden yellow. The antennae are rusty brown, and the legs and abdomen brownish-grey, the latter with a yellowish anal tuft. The fore-wings are dark olive-green, approaching brown, with two oblique silvery transverse lines, the first of which has a silvery hook representing the orbicular stigma, and the second a slight prominence representing the reniform stigma. In front of the fringes is a straight silvery line, and a small dull comma-like mark may be seen near the apex of the wings. The hind-wings are grey. The larva feeds on various grasses, especially annual 94 Lloyd’s natural history. meadow-grass ( Poa annua). It is yellowish-green, with a light green head. There is a dark green dorsal line, and a yellow sub-dorsal line, whilst the spiracles are flesh-coloured. The pupa is short and stout, with two fine points at the extremity. It is at first shining drab, but by the follow¬ ing spring has become dark brownish-green. It is placed in a cocoon close to the ground. The moth is found from June to August. Pyralis bankiana , described by Fabricus in 1781, is certainly the present species, and is represented by a specimen in the existing Banksian Collection ; but the insect which he origin¬ ally described under the same name in his “ Systema Entomo- logiee” (1775) is something quite different. GENUS GALGULA. Galgula, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 239 (1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 817 (1857). Antennae smooth, but a little thickened in the male. Palpi short, ascending, the last joint distinct and pointed. Thorax and abdomen scaly, the former long, and the latter short, and pointed at the tip in the female. Legs, slender, bare. Wings entire, smooth, silky, with rather short fringes ; the markings rather indistinct. There is no accessory cell, the sub-costal nervure forming two bifurcations opposite each other. This genus belongs to Guenee’s Anthophilidce, which is the fourth family into which he divides his Minores. GALGULA PARTITA. {Plate C XX VI II., Fig. 2.) Galgula partita , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 239 (1854)- This is a little North American Moth, which measures rather less than an inch across the wings. EUSTROTIA. 95 The fore-wings are pale grey, with the margins marked with reddish, and the two central lines slightly visible, curved, and brownish on the inner side. Before the first line, and after the second, run rows of small black dots. The two upper stigmata are faintly visible ; they are slightly darker than the ground¬ colour, and surrounded with paler, and they are separated by a large square mark which extends to the costa. The hind- wings are pale grey, with the borders and nervures indistinctly blackish, and the fringes paler. The under side is tinged with pale brick-red. GENUS EUSTROTIA. Eustrotia , Hfibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 253 (1822?). Hydrelia, Guenee, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, v. p. 227 (1841); id. Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 234 (1882). Antennae short, hardly pubescent ; palpi short, arched, scaly, and divergent ; proboscis short. Thorax short, rounded, and thickly scaled. Abdomen obtuse and carinated in the males, thicker and rounded in the females. Legs stout with long spurs. Wing entire, rounded, with long close fringes ; fore-wings distinctly marked, with no accessory cell ; hind-wings broad, unicolorous, with the hind margin slightly waved. Larva slender, feeding on plants growing in swampy places. Pupa contained in a slight web among grass and moss. THE SILVER HOOK MOTH. EUSTROTIA UNCULA. Phalcena uncula , Clerck, leones, pi. 3, fig. 7 (1759). Tortrix uncana , Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 342, no. 1305 (1761). Noctua unca , Denis & Schiffermiiiler, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 91, no. 4 (1776); Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) i. p. 580, Taf. 164, fig. 7 (1793?); Hfibner, Fur. Schmitt iv. fig. 293 (1799?;- 96 Lloyd’s natural history. Erastria utica , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 253 (1826) ; Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 117 (1830). Erastria uncula, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 278 (1881). Hydrelia uncana , Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 96, pi. 1 o 1 , fig. 5 (1895). The Silver Hook Moth. The Silver Hook Moth is common in Central and Northern Europe, Asia Minor, and Siberia. It expands about an inch. The head and collar are reddish-grey, and the rest of the body is uniform ashy-grey. The antennae are dark brown and filiform, and the legs are grey. The thorax is not crested. The fore-wings are nearly triangular, with the hind margin somewhat curved outwards, and the apex rather acute. The costa is narrowly ashy-grey, below which is a broad, yellowish, almost flesh-coloured, band, which runs to the apex, where it terminates in a dark spot. The inner margin also is narrowly bordered with grey, to which succeeds a flesh-coloured band. The central area is shining brown. At the base of the wings is a white nervure, usually filled up with silvery, which touches a large silvery spot with a dark nucleus in the middle of the wings. A broad transverse line, shaded with brown and silver, stretches in front of the brownish fringes, up to which the surface is uniform brown, but separated from them, first by a dark line, and then by a white one. The hind-wings are reddish ashy-grey with whitish fringes, enclosed by a double ashy-grey line. ANTHOPHILA. 97 The moth flies in damp meadows in June and July, and is very plentiful at Killarney, and is also found in some localities in Devonshire and Cornwall. The larva lives on grass, and especially on sedge ( Carex ). It rests, stretched out at full length, upon the blades of grass, and loops in walking. When young, it is a tiny greenish creature, with brown dots, each bearing a small fine hair. After each moult the green colour becomes more intense, and when full-grown it is slender, cylindrical, and about an inch in length. It is then velvety-green, with a yellowish-green head. There is a dark dorsal line, and a fine pale green sub-dorsal line. The spiracular line is light yellow, and broad, and on it the spiracles show brownish. The last segments are the palest, and the ventral surface is also paler. GENUS ANTHOPHILA. Antophila , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (1810?) Anthophila , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 93 (1816); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 273 (1826); nec Haworth ; nec Guenee , restr. Eromene , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 256 (1822?). Micra , Guenee, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, x. p. 224 (1841) ; id. Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 241 (1852), nom prceocc. Thalpochares , Lederer, Noct. Eur. p. 43 (1857). These are small day-flying Noctuce , which are usually scarce in collections, rather because they are likely to be over¬ looked than from their actual rarity. They are found flying in weedy places. The type of the genus is A. purpurina (Den. & Schiff.), a South European Moth ; an allied species is noticed below. The antennae are short, and finely ciliated in the male. Palpi rather short, ascending, scaly, with the last joint distinct 16 H 9S LLOYD S NATURAL HISTORY. The proboscis is long, and the eyes large and prominent. Thorax globular, scaly ; abdomen nearly smooth. Fore-wings rather pointed at the tips, with distinct lines ; stigmata not conspicuous ; no accessory cell. Hind-wings rather small, and uniformly coloured. Larva stout, tapering at the ends ; head small. Feeding on low plants, at the extremity of the stalks. THE PURPLE MARBLED MOTH. ANTHOPHILA OSTRINA. Noctna ostrina , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. figs. 399, 648 (1804?). Anthophila ostrina , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 270 (1826); Curtis, Brit. Ent. iii. pi. 140 (1826); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 119 (1830). Trothisa ostrina , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 282 (1881). The Purple Marbled Moth. This Moth is found in Southern Europe and in some parts of Central Europe, but is very scarce in England. It is also found in Asia Minor, Northern Africa, and Siberia. It expands about three-quarters of an inch. The head and thorax are either white, varied with sulphur- yellow, or dusted with brownish or reddish. The abdomen is yellowish, pale brown, or ashy-grey, with white incisions. The antennse are pale ferruginous, and the legs are whitish. The fore-wings are pale yellow or sulphur-yellow, with a darker yellow transverse line across the middle of the wings. There is always a black dot representing the reniform stigma, NOCTURE QUADRIFID^E. 99 and generally another near the base. On the costa is a pale area, succeeded by another transverse line rising from a dark spot at the apex of the wings, and beyond this is a distinct white zig-zag line. The fringes are white, intersected by two fine yellow lines. The outer half of the wings is either striated with red, or with red and grey, or is simply yellowish-white. The hind-wings are yellowish-white, with white fringes, and are sometimes dusted with ashy-grey. The larva is said to feed on the shoots of thistles. The moth appears in June. DIVISION II._NOCTU^E QUADRIFID^E. Larvae with the front pairs of pro-legs generally more or less imperfectly developed, and looping in gait. They feed on low plants or trees, but never beneath the ground, or in the stems of plants. Pupa usually enclosed in a silken cocoon ; rarely subter¬ ranean ; frequently covered with a bluish effloresence. Imago with long ascending palpi, with the last joint long, and sometimes spatulate. Wings generally very large in pro¬ portion to the size of the body, with the median nervure generally four-branched. The hind-wings frequently participate in the markings of the fore-wings. Wings more or less expanded in repose. This is a very large group of Noctuce , and includes the bulk of the exotic species. For this Division, I propose to follow Guenee’s arrangement almost in its entirety, for any modifica¬ tions which have been proposed have been suggested only in works dealing with local faunae. Guenee divides the Quadrifidcz into eight tribes, of which he gives the outline sketch • — H 2 IOO Lloyd’s natural history. § Discoidal nervule variable ; wings sloping. Moths with silky wings, concolorous, or with ocellated markings. Dis¬ coidal nervule as well developed as the others ... Sericees. Moths of small size, with angulated or dentated wings, or with metallic markings ; hind-wings differently coloured to the fore- wings, with the discoidal nervule generally less developed than the median nervules . Variegates. Abdomen depressed ; wings clouded ; hind- wings differently coloured from the fore-wings ; discoidal nervule always less developed than the median nervules, and separated from them at its origin . Intruses. § § Discoidal nervule as strongly developed as the median nervules, and rising near them ; wings more or less expanded when at rest. Moths of moderate size; the fore- and hind-wings with similar colours and markings, or with considerable markings on the under side . Extenses. Large or moderate-sized moths, the hind-wings differently coloured to the fore-wings, and most frequently of two colours. Li mb at ce. Moths of large size, with the last joint of the palpi long and linear ; wings broad, having similar colours and markings. Patnlce. Moths with the last joint of the palpi moderately long, and not spatulate ; abdomen smooth . Serpentines. Moths resembling Pyralides , with very long palpi and long legs. Wings slender, the fore- and hind-wings with similar markings, and with distinct markings on the under surface. Pseudo- Del to ides . Of these eight divisions, four only are represented in Europe by a few genera and species. EULEPIDOTIS. IOI I.— NOCTILE SERICE.dE. These are pretty little moths, almost confined to tropical America. They are divided into two families, the Palindiidce , slender-bodied moths, with short and broad wings, with trans¬ verse lines or metallic markings, and angulated or sub-caudate hind-wings, with a black spot near the middle of the hind margin ; and the Dyopsidce , which have stouter bodies, and darker coloured and longer wings, with an ocellated spot near the anal angle of the hind-wings. I have figured a represen¬ tative of each of these families. FAMILY PALINDIIDiE. GENUS EULEPIDOTIS. Eulepidotis , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 291 (1822 ?). Palindia , pt. Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 274 (1852). The head is small, and the antennae and ascending palpi are long and slender ; proboscis slender and rather short. The abdomen is smooth, slender, and rather pointed. The legs are long, with the hind tibiae somewhat thickened. The wings are broad, entire, with the hind margin of the fore-wings nearly straight, and the hind-wings broad, and more or less angulated. EULEPIDOTIS DETRACTA. {Plate CXXIX., Fig. 1.) Palindia detracta , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 847, no. 7 (1857). The following is Walker’s description of this Brazilian species : — “Female. — White. Head and pro-thorax pale brown. Abdo¬ men slightly luteous towards the tip. Wings with a glaucous tinge along the exterior border ; cilia pale brown. Fore-wings 102 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. with black dots along the costa, and with two slender, testaceous, brown-bordered, bands, which are approximate hindward, and are dilated on the costa; an indistinct undulating grey line between the second band and the border. Hind-wings slightly luteous, with a black marginal line, a black posterior marginal dot, and a white stripe, which includes, near the margin, an assemblage of black points ; the latter are bounded in front and behind by some little brown lines. Length of the body, 5-6 lines ; of the wings, 12-14 lines.” FAMILY DYOPSID.E. GENUS LITOPROSOPUS. Litoprosopus , Grote, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. ii. p. 309 (1870). The antennae are rather short, thick, and filiform ; the palpi short, ascending, with the third joint long, smoothly scaled, and sub-spatulate ; the proboscis is unusually stout and well developed ; the abdomen is rather longer than the hind wings, and tufted at the tip. The wings are entire ; the fore-wings are long, and the hind-wings are marked with a large ocellated spot. LITOPROSOPUS HATUEY. {Plate CXXIX., Fig. 9.) Noctua hatuey , Poey, Cent. Lepid. Cuba, pi. 6 (1833). Dyops hatuey , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 284 (1852) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 855, no. 3 (1857) ; Gundlach, Entom. Cubana, p. 347 (1881). The fore-wings are reddish-brown, with rather indistinct black transverse lines, and sometimes a yellow spot at the hinder angle, marked with shining blue specks. The hind- wings are brown, yellowish at the base, and with a transverse yellowish stripe. Towards the anal angle is a sub-ocellated spot, with two shining blue spots in the centre, surmounted N0CTU7E VARIEGATE. 103 by a red or buff crescent. The moth differs considerably in the length and breadth of the wings. This Moth, which is a native of North and Central America and the West Indies, was first described from Cuba ; it expands from two to three inches. II— NOCTURE VARIEGATE. This Division, which is fairly well represented in Europe, is divided by Guenee into eight families, as follows : — A. — Abdomen crested, or terminating in diverging pencils of hair. Wings more or less angulated, with distinct lines and spots. a. Abdomen crested. Hind-wings without markings, and concave, dentated, or polygonal. Antennae simple. Eriopidce. b. Abdomen with two diverging pencils of hair at the tip. Hind-wings with the discoidal nervure well marked. Antennae of the male ciliated for half their length . Eurhipidce. c. Abdomen slightly crested. Wings scarcely angulated, shining; hind-wings with the median nervure three- branched. PlacodidcE. B. — Abdomen inflated. Wings conical, usually furnished with one or more velvety prominences on the inner margin. a. Larvae with the first pairs of pro-legs short or wanting. Palpi curved, but slender. Wings often marked with metallic spots . Plusiidoz. b. Larvae with sixteen legs. Wings with no metallic spots. Palpi very thick . Calpidce. c. Larvae resembling those of Noiodontidce. Wings silky, not metallic. Antennae long, pectinated to half their length in the male . Hcmiceridcz. C. — Wings entire, thick. Abdomen stout, conical. Palpi straight, beak-like . Hyblccidce. 104 LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY. Larvae with from twelve to sixteen legs. Abdomen depressed in the male. Wings angulated, with the orbicular stigma punctiform . Gonopteridce. As before, we will proceed to notice some representative genera and species of these eight families. The families Calpidce , Hemiceridce , and Gonopteridce. have considerable resemblance to the Notodontidce , and have been referred to that family by some authors. FAMILY ERIOPIDAL GENUS CALLOPISTRIA. Callopistria , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 216 (1822?); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 861 (1857). Eriopus, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (1), p. 365 (1825); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 291 (1852). Antennae slender, pubescent in the male, frequently nodose at one third of their length. Palpi straight ; second joint broad, very hairy, third small. Proboscis short and slender ; front of the head tufted. Body rather slender ; thorax with a bifid crest ; abdomen conical, crested at the base, and pointed at the extremity in the male. Legs clothed with woolly hair. Fore-wings dentated, with a small tuft of projecting scales on the inner margin ; hind-wings broad, with a more or less distinct concavity opposite the cell. Discoidal nervule rising from the discocellular nervule close to the cellular fold. Larva smooth, cylindrical, with sixteen legs, feeding on low plants. Pupa smooth, shining, subterranean. Two species are found in Europe, though not in Britain An allied North American species is here figured. PLATE C XXIX. 1. Eulepulo ti'S del? -arUi . 2. Phxsia micro qctrrinui 3. EuteLut ridatnoc. A Plus if a gornrnci7 larva. 5. (a U op is tn a a rgon tiluveay 6. Herrcicercts siguJUv. 7 HybUua pttercv. 8. Gorui do ntcu cucnteptercu. .9 Litoprosopus haiuoy. EUTELIA. 105 CALLOPISTRIA ARGENTILINEA. {Plate CX XIX. , Fig. 5.) Callopistria cirgentilinea , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 863, no. 6 (1857). “Male. — Ferruginous. Abdomen cinereous. Fore-wings with several undulating pale red bands ; sub-marginal line pale red, very zig-zag ; orbicular and reniform stigmata also pale red ; three undulating, transverse silvery lines ; reniform stigma in part with a silvery border ; a row of marginal black dots, with silvery lunules ; cilia with pale dots. Flind-wings cinereous red ; cilia with whitish streaks. Length of the body, 5 lines ; of the wings, 12 lines” (Walker). FAMILY EURHIPIDFF. GENUS EUTELIA, Eutelia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 259 (1822?); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 872 (1857). Eurhipia , Boisduval, Ind. Meth. p. 70 (1829) ; id. Gen. Ind. Meth. p. 122 (1840); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 305 (1852). Antennae dentated in the male, and strongly pubescent to the middle, and then simple to the tip ; a large tuft of hair at the base. Palpi ascending, the second joint hairy, the third long, naked, sub-spatulate. Proboscis short. Thorax crested, and with a large raised collar. Abdomen stout, conical, much longer than the hind-wings, with the terminal segments crested, and a large cottony tuft on the third segment. Tip of the abdo¬ men with six pencils of hairs, the lateral ones long and diverging. Wings slightly angulated and dentated, with very distinct markings. In repose the wings are folded and the abdomen raised. io6 Lloyd’s natural history. The larva is short, smooth, cylindrical, with a large head. It feeds on trees. Pupa short, obtuse, subterranean. The Eurhipidce are a small family, though widely dis¬ tributed. The only European species does not extend to England. EUTELIA (?) RUFATRIX. {Plate CXXIX., Fig. 3.) Penicillaria (?) rufatrix , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 1775 (1858). This species inhabits Jamaica. “ Red, mostly white beneath. Antennae stout, simple. Tarsi with white bands. Fore -wings with a few curved white lines, with an oblique white band, which is widened towards the interior border, with a sub-costal black streak, and a black spot on the exterior border near the tip, which is occupied by a testaceous white-bordered spot, and with a black dot near the base of the interior border ; hind part of the exterior border very oblique. Hind-wings white, with broad red borders, which contain a short white line near the interior angle ; interior border marked with black towards its tip. Length of the body, 5 lines ; of the wings, 1 2 lines ” ( Walker). This Moth stands in the British Museum under Eutelia , but differs from the type of that genus in its much more angu- lated fore-wings. A new genus should probably be formed for its reception. GENUS VARNIA. Varnia, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. vii. p. 69 (1863); Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 66 (1884). Dysodia , Hampson (nec Clemens), Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, i. p. 368 (1892). RLUSIID^E. 107 Antennae simple ; palpi ascending, scaly, rather long, and pointed at the tip. Body very stout and hairy. Abdomen conical, extending beyond the hind-wings. Wings small in comparison with the size of the body, with small transparent spots ; fore¬ wings oblong, hind-wings oval. An East Indian genus, referred by some authors to the Thyrididce. VARNIA IGNITA. {Plate CL V., Fig. 6.) Varnia ignita , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxiii. p. 825 (1865). Dysodia ignita , Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, i. p. 368, fig. 249 (1892). “ Deep red, very stout, brown beneath. Head and fore part of the thorax reddish-brown. Palpi smooth, stout, obliquely ascending, larger than the breadth of the head ; third joint lanceolate, about one fourth of the length of the second. Abdomen extending rather beyond the hind-wings. Wings minutely reticulated with black ; a dark reddish oblique irregular band ; fringe with a few whitish streaks ; exterior border slightly and irregularly dentate. Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings 16 lines. Ilab. Silhet ” (Walker). FAMILY PLUSIIDH1. Passing over the family Placodidce , which includes a few pretty Palaearctic and American species, most of which are tinged with purple or rosy, we arrive at the Plusiidce , one of the most extensive and best-known families of the Qnadrifidce. Several species are here described and figured. ioS Lloyd’s natural history. GENUS ABROSTOLA. Abrostola , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 88 (1816); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 96 (1829); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 320 (1852). The species of this genus are of moderate size, with the thorax tufted and the abdomen crested. The fore-wings have no metallic spots or pale lines, and no tooth on the inner margin ; but the stigmata are well-marked, and are bordered with raised scales. The larvae feed on nettles, &c., and are provided with sixteen legs, but the first pair is imperfectly developed, and they loop in walking. There is a hump on the penultimate segment. The pupae are enclosed in cocoons made of silk mixed with moss and earth. THE LIGHT SPECTACLE MOTH. ABROSTOLA TRIPLASIA. Noctua triplasia, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 507, no. 118 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 318 (1761). Noctua tripartita, Hufnagel, Berlin. Mag. iii. p. 419 (1767). Noctua triplasia, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 269 (1799?). Noctua asclepiadis, Esper (nec Den. & Schiff.), Schmett. iv. (2) i. p. 616, Taf. 169, figs. 4, 5 (1793 ?). Noctua urticce, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 625 (1804?). Plusia urticce, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 145 (1826). Abrostola urticce, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 97 (1829); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. pi. 102, fig. 1 (1895). Abrostola tripartita, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 261 (1881). The Light Spectacle Moth is found throughout the greater part of Europe and Northern Asia, and is not uncommon in England. It expands from an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half. ABROSTOLA. IO9 The head and thorax are brown, and the latter is crested. The abdomen is yellowish, with paler incisions, with brown tufts in the middle, and a brown anal tuft. The antennae are brown, and the legs are also brown with lighter rings. The fore-wings are dark grey, suffused with greenish-white in the basal area, and on the tegulae. All three stigmata are present, and are connected by black spaces around the orbicular and claviform stigmata, whilst between the orbicular and reniform stigmata is a blackish space. There are two trans¬ verse lines, beyond which is a greenish-white band with a slight reddish lustre, whilst at the apex is a black spot bisected The Light Spectacle Moth. by a pale line. The fringes are bordered with dark brown, slightly dusted with white, and dentated. The hind-wings are brown, rather lighter towards the base, with a slight lunule. The fringes are grey, intersected by two brown lines, and tipped with white. The larva feeds on nettles. It is grass-green, and the head is heart-shaped. The three thoracic segments have double white longitudinal streaks on the back and sides, and the succeeding segments have each a dark green mark, pointed behind, and surrounded with white, and similar oblique mark¬ ings on the sides, the intervening spaces being dotted with white. The legs are green, and above them are green and white longitudinal lines, interrupted in the incisions. Some¬ times the larva is brown instead of green. I IO Lloyd’s natural history. GENUS PLUSIA. Plusia, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (1810) ; Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 89 (1816); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3) p. 134 (1826); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 324 (1852). The genus Plusia , the type of which is the Burnished Brass Moth, P. chrysitis (Linn.), is represented by numerous species in all parts of the world. They are moderately sized moths, with the thorax and abdomen crested, and rather pointed fore¬ wings, with metallic spots, often resembing letters ; or metallic lines or blotches. There is no tooth on the inner margin, and the stigmata are not bordered with raised scales. The hind- wings are usually light brown, and rounded. The larvae, which feed on low plants, are much attenuated in front, and the first two pairs of pro-legs are absent. The pupae are soft, and are enclosed in loose silken cocoons. Many of the moths fly by day, and often at dusk. They hover over flowers, and their flight is rapid when disturbed ; but much less so than that of the Humming-bird Hawk Moth Macroglossa stellatarum). (Cf. antea, vol. iv. p. 8.) THE BURNISHED BRASS MOTH. PLUSIA CHRYSITIS. Noctua chrysitis , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 513, no. 90 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 311, no. 169 (1761); Esper, Schmett. iv. (1), p. 186, Taf. 109, figs. 1-5 (1789?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 272 (1799?), figs. 662, 663 (1804?). Plusia chrysitis , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 169 (1826); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 105 (1830); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 263 (1881) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. pi. 102, fig. 3 (1895). PLUSIA. Ill The Burnished Brass Moth is common throughout the greater part of Europe as well as in Northern and Western Asia. It expands from an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half. The Burnished Brass Moth. The head is orange-yellow, and so is the collar, which is bordered with grey, whilst the tegulte are varied with grey and brownish. The thorax is grey, with a well-marked orange- coloured crest. The abdomen is yellowish-brown, with three tufts, the first of which is dark rusty brown, and the two others yellowish-brown. The antennae are yellowish-brown and the legs whitish-grey. The fore-wings are short and broad, and strongly emarginate, with pointed tips. They are greyish-brown or reddish-brown, with a broad band near the base, usually of a golden-green colour, but somewhat variable in tint, the green predominating in some specimens, and the yellow in others. There is a second band of the same colour beyond the middle, which is placed obliquely, and is not uncommonly united to the first by an oblong patch near the inner margin. Near the apex is a deep brown transverse line, and the nervures are also of this colour. The fringes are greyish-brown or reddish-brown. The hind-wings are greyish-brown, with a metallic gloss, and rather darker on the hind margin. The fringes are yellowish-grey. The moth is double-brooded, and the larva is found in May and June, and again in August and September. It feeds on a I 12 Lloyd’s natural history. variety of plants, including nettles, thistles, wild mint, &c. It is green, with a number of fine white lines on the back. On the thoracic segments is a white dorsal line, and on the sides a broad white stripe. The whole of the body is set with fine white hairs, and the incisions are yellowish. Sometimes there is a green dorsal line, and green streaks on the sides. It weaves a slight cocoon, and the pupa varies from dark reddish- brown to blackish-brown. THE GAMMA OR SILVER Y MOTH. PLUSIA GAMMA. ( Plate CXXIX.y Fig. 4, larva. ) Nortua gamma , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 513, no. 91 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 312 (1761); Esper, Schmett. iv. (1), p. 204, Taf. m, figs. 1-4 (1789?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 283 (1799?). Plusia gamma, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 185 (1826); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 103 (1830); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 265, pi. 40, figs. 3-3 b (1881) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 1 12, pi. 102, figs. 8-8 b (1895). The Gamma Moth. This common and well-known species has a wide range, extend¬ ing throughout the Palaearctic Region from Greenland to Abys¬ sinia and occurring also in North America. It has even been seen fluttering in the sun at the top of Mont Blanc, no doubt PLUSIA. U3 carried up by a current of air. It measures from an inch and a third to upwards of an inch and a half in expanse. It is variable in colouring, but is most frequently light or dark grey varied with ferruginous, but may be bluish ashy- grey, almost devoid of any rusty tint, or entirely rusty brown approaching to black. The head and collar are brownish- grey, and are bordered, like the tegulas and the crested thorax, with light grey. The abdomen is light yellowish-grey, with raised brown tufts. The antennae are light brown, and the legs grey. The fore-wings have a metallic gloss. There is a half-line near the base, and then two zig-zag transverse lines, which look like silvery threads. The basal area is the palest. From the base to the second transverse line runs a white median nervure, on which are seen, in the central area, traces of the two stigmata, bordered with silver. Near the inner margin is a shining silver or golden mark, resembling the letter Y, or rather the Greek y. Below this mark the ferruginous tint is darkest, merging into dull golden. The marginal area com¬ mences beyond a pale transverse line. It is brownish, shaded with golden. The fringes are somewhat dentated, greyish, spotted with dusky brown. The hind-wings are yellowish- brown at the base, with darker nervures, and a broad blackish border. The fringes are white, dotted with brown.. The larva is found from spring to autumn. There are sometimes three broods in one year, and the last may pass the winter in any stage. The larva feeds on various low plants, sometimes including grass. It is green, with fine scattered hairs. The head is brownish-green. On the back are fine whitish or yellowish lines, and above the legs is a yellow stripe. The spiracles are dark green. Some speci¬ mens are brownish-green, with indistinct lines. The pupa is dark brown, and is enclosed in a white cocoon. Except in the 16 I Lloyd’s natural history. 114 case of hibernated specimens, the moth appears in a fortnight or three weeks. The larva has not proved injurious in Britain, but has been so at times on the Continent, when it has appeared in large numbers. PLUSIA MICROGAMMA. {Plate CXXIX., Fig. 2.) Nociua microgamma , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 698 (1818?) Plusia microgamma , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 198 (1826) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 266 (1882). This species is a native of Eastern Europe, and is also found in some parts of Germany. It expands about an inch and a quarter. It is pale ashy-grey. The fore-wings are divided into three areas by two silver transverse lines bordered with blackish. The basal area, the costa, and the upper part of the marginal band are very pale. The first transverse line first becomes distinct below a whitish nervure, after which the central area is darker. On this part stands a silver mark like a comma, one of the arms of the usual y mark being wanting. There are two stigmata towards the pale costa, of which the orbicular is oval and indistinct, and the reniform is bordered with black, with a silver centre. The marginal area is broad, with a metallic lustre, and is darkest towards the sub¬ marginal line. This is dull white, moderately curved, with two obtuse teeth in the middle. Beyond this there are no markings as far as the fringes, which are striped with dark and light grey, and bordered with two white lines. The hind- wings are pale yellow with a broad black marginal band, and yellow and black fringes. PLUSIA. 1 XS THE SCARCE BURNISHED BRASS MOTH. PLUSIA CHRYSON. Noctua chryson , Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) 1, p. 446, Taf. 141, fig. 2 (1789). Noctua orichalcea , Hiibner (nec Fabricius), Beitr. Schmett. ii. p. 28, pi. 4, fig. W (1790). Plusia orichalcea , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 173 (1826); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 105 (1830); Warren, in Buckler’s Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 100 (1895). Plusia chryson , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 263 (1882). The Scarce Burnished -Brass Moth. The Scarce Burnished Brass Moth has a wide range throughout Central and Southern Europe, Asia Minor, and Siberia, but is local and rare in Britain. It expands about an inch and three-quarters. The head, collar, and thoracic crest are pale ferruginous, and the thorax itself and the tegulae are violet-brown. The abdomen is yellowish-grey, with a black line along the middle, on which stand dark brown raised tufts of hair, the first and third of which are the largest. The antennae are long, and pale ferruginous, with white scales. The front legs are densely hairy above, whitish beneath, and the hind-legs are yellowish- white. The fore-wings are of a delicate violet-brown, the costa and LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY. 1 16 apex being the palest, with two transverse lines enclosing the dark central area. The first of these consists of deep brown curves, and the second passes through a large trapeziform golden patch near the innermargin, and terminates in a small white, C-shaped hook. The patch is shining greenish-golden, and is bordered on the inner side by a dark shade, and on the outer by a pale reddish, almost peach-blossom, marginal band. The fringes are reddish-grey, and dentated. The hind-wings have a metallic shine, and are pale yellowish-brown at the base, and darker on the nervures and hind margins, with the fringes striped with lighter and darker. The larva feeds on hemp agrimony (. Eupatonu?n cctnnabinum ) and Salbia glutinosa. When full-grown, it is green with a dark green dorsal line, and fine white sub-dorsal lines from the third to the twelfth segment. On the sides are oblique white lines. The spiracles are small and white, the last being the largest. The anterior segments are very extensile. It hides under the leaves of its food-plant during the day. The pupa is brownish-black, with the under part of the wing-sheaths pale green, but this colour changes to dull pink before the moth appears. The perfect insect flies in July and August. FAMILY CALPID.E. The moths of this family are easily recognised by their pointed and often pectinated antennae, large hairy beak-like palpi, and the waved or strongly toothed inner margin of the fore-wings. The family is represented in South Europe by one species, Calpe capucina (Esper) ; but the majority of the species are American. GENUS GONODONTA. Gonodonta , Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 163 (1822 ?) ; Guen£e, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 364 (1852)* GONODONTA. 117 In this genus the fore-wings are rather pointed, with two teeth on the inner margin, and the hind-wings are rounded, and most frequently black and yellow. The antennae are rather long and thick, and very slightly ciliated. The larvae are rather short, with a large head, and sixteen very long legs, especially the claspers. The pupa is obtuse, and is enclosed in a cocoon among leaves or moss. GONODONTA ACMEPTERA. {Plate CXXIX., Fig . 8.) Phalczna actneptera , Sepp, Surin. Vlind. i. pi. 49 (1848). This species is found in Surinam. It expands an inch and a half. Fore-wings rich brown, purplish on the marginal area, which is bounded within by some indistinct zig-zag light and dark lines; there is a broad yellowish-white costal band, ceasing before the tip; towards the base it tapers below, the space between it and the costa being ferruginous. Hind-wings orange, with a broad black border, and yellowish-white fringes. The head and the long, broad, compressed palpi are snow- white, and the thorax is purplish-grey, with the abdomen yellow, and spotted with black on the back. The larva has fourteen legs, and is black, with numerous transverse lines and small spots, which are white in the young larva, and yellow in the full-grown larva. On the abdominal segments are two lateral rows of large spots, which are yellow in the young larva, and deep orange-red in the full-grown larva, in which those of the lower row are very large and irregular in shape. The larva forms a cocoon of leaves lined with silk. It feeds on the lower shoots of Bnmsfelsia undulata , hiding itself under the leaves, and dropping down at the least touch. 1 1 8 Lloyd’s natural history. FAMILY HEMICERID^E. GENUS HEMICERAS. Hemiceras , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 379 (1S52). The antennae are long, pectinated for half of their length in the male, and shortly verticillate in the female ; between them is a diverging tuft of hair. The palpi are rather short, and the abdomen is obtuse, and tufted at the tip. The wings are entire, and the fore- wings are provided with one or two teeth on the inner margin, and are marked with oblique transverse lines. The larva is thick, with a large head and sixteen legs. It has bifid tubercles on the fifth and eleventh segments, and the sub-dorsal lines are much waved ; the pupa is sub¬ terranean. HEMICERAS SIGULA. {Plate CXXIX., Fig. 6.) He?nice?'as sig?t/a, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 3S4 (1S52); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 973 (1857). This Moth is a native of Brazil. It expands about an inch and a third. The fore-wings are brown and rather pointed, with the hind margin convex and obliquely curved, with a strong tooth at the hinder angle, and a deep concavity between this and a large rounded projection on the middle of the inner margin. Only the first line is distinct ; it runs very obliquely outwards from the costa to the tooth on the inner margin. The reniform stigma is indistinctly visible, and a zig-zag line runs obliquely from the costa near the tip, approximating to the first line on the inner margin. The hind-wings are grey, darker towards the margins, with a black line on the base of the fringes, and a very distinct long patch of black scales before the extremity of HYBL.EA. XI9 the lowest median nervule. The cell of the hind-wings is open. The head and thorax are purplish-grey, the abdomen duller. There is a white transverse streak between the antennae, which are strongly pectinated nearly to the tip. FAMILY HYBL^EID^E. GENUS HYBL/EA. Hyblcza , Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (2), p. 127 (1794); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 390 (1S52). This genus includes a few widely distributed tropical species, with short, thick, simple antennae; palpi long, pointed, beak-like ; thorax rounded ; rather short, stout, tufted legs, and broad, oblong, brown fore-wings, and rounded hind- wings, with fulvous markings. HYBLiEA PUERA. {Plate CXXIX., Fig. 7.) Noctua puera , Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 103, figs. D, E (1777). Noctua saga , Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 137, no. 29 (1787). Hyblcza saga, Esper, Naturf. xxix. p. 204, Taf. 4, figs. 10, 11 (1802). Noctua unxia , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 513 ^1804 ?). Hdiothis apricans, Boisduval, Faun. Madag. p. 9S, pi. 15, fig. 7 (1833). Hyblcea puera, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Xoct. ii. p. 390 (1852); Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. Si, pi. 154, figs. 2, 2 a (1SS4); Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 371, fig. 204 (1S94). This is a pretty Moth, measuring about an inch and a half across the fore-wings, which are greyish-brown or reddish-brown, with or without two triangular marks on the costa, and an oblong blackish spot in the position of the claviform stigma. 120 Lloyd’s natural history. When the costal spots are present, they form the commence¬ ment of two slightly marked transverse bands. The hind-win£S are black, with a curved orange band, more or less divided into three, and bordered with red, and another orange spot on the hind margin towards the anal angle. On the under side the fore-wings are largely orange, and the hind-wings have two black spots towards the anal angle. The abdomen is black, with the segments narrowly bordered with fulvous. “ Larva with a few short silky hairs, dark purplish-grey above, olive-green below ; with dorsal and lateral white lines ; a sub dorsal row of minute white dots and rings; a row of black dots on lateral line ; head, and second segment, and front legs, black. Feeds on Bignoniacece (Th waites). Pupa dark reddish- brown ” [Moore). This is one of the most widely-ranging of all the tropical Noctuce , being found in India, Burma, China, Ceylon, Java, to North Australia, South Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, South and Central America, and the West Indies; Hiibner has even figured it as European, but probably in error. FAMILY GONOPTERIDzE. GENUS SCOLIOPTERYX. Scoliopteryx, Germar, Prodr. Ent. p. 14 (1810); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1009 (1857). Gonoptera , Latreille, Fam. Nat. p. 476 (1825); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 405 (1852). The Gonopteridoe are a small family remarkable for the irregular outline of the fore-wings. Scoliopteryx , which includes the only European representative, has short antennae, ciliated in the male ; straight, woolly, thick palpi ; a prominent frontal tuft ; short, strong, legs ; and broad, angulated, and strongly dentated and excavated fore-wings. The larvae are long and I. 2. Scclcopteryoc Ubcrtruc. 3. PcudycLecv sparse u 4. Nepivebnxje edusa . 5. AnthrcMa/ sublunday. 6. JEcLuje dls ns trig cu Z Syne dev soda. 8. Hypo calve subscdUirato SCOLIOPTERYX. I 2 I slender, with sixteen legs, and feed on trees ; and the pupae are enclosed in oblong silken cocoons, between leaves at the ends of the branches. THE HERALD MOTH. SCOLIOPTERYX LIBATRIX. [Plate CXXX., Figs I, 2.) Bombyx libatrix , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 507, no. 54 (1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. i. p. 304 (1761) ; Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 357, Taf. 69, fig. 4 (1782 ?). Phalcena Geometra Salictaria , Poda, Ins. Mus. Graec. p. 92, no. 29. pi. ii. fig. 8 (1761). Noctua libatrix , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 436 (1804?). Calpe libatrix^ Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 172 (1825). Calyplra libatrix , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 50 (1829). Scoliopteryx libatrix , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 185, pi. 39, fig- 1 (1880). Gonoptera libatrix , Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. pi. 103, fig- 1 (1895). The Herald Moth is common throughout Europe, Northern and Western Asia, and North America. It expands from an inch and a half to an inch and three-quarters. The head and thorax are reddish, with a ferruginous crest. The antennae are yellowish-brown. The abdomen is grey, varied with reddish, and the legs are brown, spotted with white, with the last joint of the tarsi white, except for a few brown spots above. The fore-wings are reddish-brown, marbled with red. There is an irregular red patch at the base, a round white spot on the disc, and two oblique transverse white bands, one a little before the middle, and the other a little beyond it. From the outer band to the apex the colour is grey speckled with dusky, and traversed by a very faint waved whitish streak. The reddish 122 LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY. patch is sprinkled with yellow, and there is a distinct row of small white marks along the median nervure. The hind-wings are ashy-grey, becoming darker towards the hind margin. The fringes of the fore-wings are ferruginous, and those of the hind-wings ashy-grey. The larva feeds upon willows and poplars, about which the moth may frequently be seen flying. The former is slender, grass-green, with scattered minute hairs. The incisions are yellow, and there is a white or yellowish lateral line and red stigmata. The pupa is black and very tapering, and is attached to the cocoon by its terminal bristle. The cocoon is usually inter¬ woven with leaves. The moth appears in June or July from hybernated imagos or pupae, and again plentifully in October. It is common from autumn to spring, concealed in weedy banks, under bridges, between the chinks of palings or thatch, and in out-houses. III.— NOCTURE INTRUST. The Intrusce are a small group, including three families, all represented in Britain. They are thus defined by Guenee : — A. — Larvae with the penultimate segment more or less promi¬ nent, green, with distinct lines, or else with dull uniform colours, and not looping when they walk. In the moth the abdomen is flattened above in both sexes, and the wings are thick and lustrous ... A m ph ipyridce, . B. — Larvae fusiform, of varied colours, and somewhat looping. Moths with the abdomen often inflated in the females, and with the hind-wingswell developed, but never brightly coloured, or coloured like the fore-wings. Toxocatnpidce. C. — Larvae stout, cylindrical, resembling those of Orthosiidce in AMPHIPYRA. 123 shape, and with sixteen legs. Moths resembling Geo- metridce , with slender bodies, short palpi, and slender, silky wings ; the hind-wings are large, folded in repose, and similarly coloured to the fore-wings. Stilbiidce. FAMILY AMPHIPYRIDAE. GENUS AMPHIPYRA. Ampliipyra , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 70 (1816); Treitschke, Schmett, Eur. v. (2), p. 276 (1825); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 41 1 (1852). In this genus the antennae are simple ; the palpi long, ascending, recurved, and approximating; the abdomen flattened, with the extremity pointed ; the legs thick, with strong spurs. The wings are rather broad, indented, or slightly denticulated ; the fore-wings are obiong, with the hind margin only slightly curved. The larvae are green, with distinct lines, and the penultimate segment often humped ; they live exposed on trees and low plants. The pupae are enclosed in cocoons of silk or rubbish on the surface of the ground. THE MOUSE MOTH. AMPHIPYRA TRAGOPOGONIS. Noctua tragopogonis , Clerck, leones, pi. i, fig. 5 (1759); Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 316 (1761); Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) 1, p. 622, Taf. 170, figs. 1, 2 (1794?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 40 (1799?). Noctua tetra (nec Fabr.), Haworth, Lepid. Brit. ii. p. 164, no. 12 (1809). Ainphipyra tragopogonis , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (1) p. 277 (1825) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 186 (1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. pi. 103, fig. 3-3 b (1895). Pyrophila tragopogonis , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 165 (1829). Pyrophila tetra , Stephens, Ill, Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 165 (1829). 124 Lloyd’s natural history. This Moth is common throughout the greater part of Europe, and Northern and Western Asia. It expands from an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half. The head, thorax, and fore-wings are dark brown, dusted with numerous fine grey atoms, which give the whole insect a bronzy gloss. The antennae are long and of a brown colour. The abdomen is paler, and the legs are dark brown, tinged with white. The Mouse Moth. The fore-wings are nearly devoid of markings, with only a few slight indications of the usual transverse lines. There is a black dot in the position of the orbicular stigma, and two black dots in the place of the reniform stigma. These serve readily to distinguish the insect. Towards the uniform dark fringes the colour becomes paler. The hind-wings are brown¬ ish-yellow, with the base whitish or reddish, and a faint lunule. The fringes are bordered with a fine dark double line filled in with lighter. The larva, which is full grown in May or June, lives on Trctgopogoji pratense , Serratula , spinach, dock, larkspur, and other low plants. It is smooth and green, with five longitu¬ dinal white lines of about equal breadth, which converge at the anal extremity. Below the lowest lateral line are two obliquely placed white dots, and there are also some minute white points on each segment between the lines, each bearing a fine hair. The pupa is dark brown, and the cocoon is rather dense. The moth appears in May and June. OPHIUSA. * 25 FAMILY TOXOCAMPID^E. GENUS OPHIUSA. Ophiusa , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 93 (1816) ; Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 288 (1826 ; nec Guenee). Ophiussa , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 266 (1822 ?). Toxoca?npa, Guenee, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, x. p. 75 (1841) ; id. Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 423 (1852). The species of this genus are easily recognized by the comparatively long and slender body, the conspicuous black or brown collar, and the rather broad, brown, obtuse wings, with the reniform stigma distinctly marked on the fore-wings, and the hind-wings without markings. The legs are rather long, with strong spurs. The larvae are long, smooth, and velvety, tapering at the ends, and with sixteen legs, but the first two pairs of pro-legs are rather shorter than the others. They feed on low-growing leguminous plants. The pupae are conical, and are enclosed in cocoons among the bushes on which the larvae feed. THE SCARCE BLACK-NECK MOTH. OPHIUSA CRACCA;. Noctua craccce, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 94, no. 3 (1776) ; Hiibner, Beitr. Gesch. Schmett. i. (3), p. 30, Taf. 4, fig. W (1788); id. Eur. Schmett. iv. figs. 320, 669, 670 (1804?). Ophiusa craccce , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 295 (1826). Toxocampa craccce , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 277, pi. 40, fig. 10 (1881); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 1 17, pi. 104, figs. 2, 2 a (1895). This moth has a wide range, extending through Central and Southern Europe and Northern and Western Asia, but is 126 Lloyd’s natural history. everywhere local, and is very rare in Britain. It expands from an inch and a half to an inch and three-quarters. The head is grey with a black collar, and the thorax grey, passing into brownish, with scattered black dots. The legs and abdomen are yellowish-grey, the latter with a rather long anal tuft. The antennae are brown, with white scales. The Scarce Black-necked Moth. The fore-wings are of a delicate bluish-grey colour, with a reddish shine. The first transverse line consists of black zig-zags, generally interrupted. There are slight traces of a half-line and of a central shade, rising from dark marks on the costa. The reniform stigma consists of several black spots arranged in a crescent, the interspaces being filled in with brown. The second transverse line is whitish, and the marginal area is first light and then dark brown, beyond which is a whitish sub-marginal line. The fringes are unicolorous, bordered with a whitish line, in front of which are small black dots, and minute lunules. The nervures are pale yellowish, and the whole of the surface of the wings is dusted with black atoms. The hind-wings are yellowish-grey, with paler nervures and yellow-bordered fringes. The larva lives on the tufted vetch ( Vicia cracca ) and the wood vetch ( V. sylvatica), in June and July. When seen from the side it appears of uniform width, but, when looked at from above, it appears to taper to both extremities. It is light brown with a dark brown dorsal stripe, widest on the STILB1A. 127 middle segments, and on the eleventh. There are also several dark brown sinuous lines on the sides. The anal extremity is bifid. It loops in walking. The moth appears in July or August. FAMILY STILBIIDHL GENUS STILBIA. Stilbia, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 124 (1830); Guen£e, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 433 (1852). The few species of this genus are plainly coloured, with long antennae, and short palpi, proboscis and thorax, and a rather slender abdomen, about as long as the hind-wings. The fore-wings are long and narrow, and the hind-wings are broad, and folded closely to the body beneath the fore-wings. The larvae are stout and cylindrical, feeding on grass in open places in woods, and dropping down at the least alarm. THE ANOMALOUS MOTH. STILBIA ANOMALA. Phyto?net7'ci anomala , Haworth, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. i. p. 336 (1812). Geometra hybridata , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. v. figs. 497, 498 (1814?). Caradrina stagnicola , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 258 (1825). Stilbia anomalata, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 125 (1830); Curtis, Brit. Ent. xiv. pi. 631 (1837). Stilbia anomala , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 164 (1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 118, pi. 104, figs- 3-3 e (1895). The Anomalous Moth is a native of England, France, and Western Germany. It expands from an inch to an inch and a half. The head and collar are dark grey, the thorax black and the 128 LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY. antennas grey. The abdomen is entirely white, and the legs greyish-white, ringed with blackish beneath. The fore-wings are lead-coloured, with a tinge of brownish, and a few black spaces. The two transverse lines are darker than the ground¬ colour ; the first is dentated, and the second consists partly of indistinct lunules. Along the hind margin the surface is almost black to below the stigmata. Both the orbicular and reniform stigmata are indistinct, bordered with black and white, and streaked with brown within. The former is oblique and very long. The space between the stigmata is the blackest part of the wing, and that below them the lightest. The Anomalous Moth. The claviform stigma is represented by a light streak. The marginal area has a light brown shade, and two fine sagittate spots near the apex. The fringes are unicolorous, long, and somewhat dentated. The wings have a strong metallic gloss. The hind-wings are white, suffused with brownish, with the fringes of the same colour, long, and bordered by a brown line. The larva feeds on grass. It is either greenish-yellow, with white dorsal and sub-dorsal lines edged with darker green, and a white spiracular line edged above with smoky or light brown, or with two purplish-brown lines enclosing a yellow dorsal line, a yellow sub-dorsal line, finely bordered with darker brown, and a greyish-white spiracular stripe, edged above with smoky. In both varieties the spiracles are black, those on the second and twelfth segments being the largest. The pupa is short, ochre- PANTYDIA. I 29 yeliuw, with a darker stripe on the dorsal surface. The moth appears in August and September. IV. NOCTLLE EXTENSA. This Division, like the last, is separated by Guenee into three families of moderate extent ; but they are all unrepre¬ sented in England. They are briefly tabulated as follows : — A. — Abdomen of the male conical, smooth, or very finely crested. Legs long and thick . Poly desmi dee. B. — Abdomen broad, flattened, and strongly crested in both sexes. All the wings with similar markings. Homopteridcc. C. — Abdomen neither flattened, downy, nor crested. Hind- wings always more or less differently coloured to the fore-wings, and often marked with very distinct lines beneath . Hypogrammidce. A representative species of each of these families has been figured. FAMILY POLYDESMIDAE. GENUS PANTYDIA. Pantydia , Gue'nce, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 436 (1852). The antennae are pubescent and crenulated in the male, and simple in the female. The palpi are raised, the second joint scaly, and the third shorter, slender, and filiform. The proboscis is short and slender, and the abdomen is smooth, with parallel sides, and is truncated at the tip in the male, and suddenly pointed in the female. The front legs are very woolly, and the middle tibiae are set with thick tufts of woolly hair. The wings are dull-coloured, the fore-wings with the sub-marginal line well-marked, the hind- wings set with hairs on the disc above, and all the wings bordered with brown below. The three first sub-median nervules rise from the same point. 16 K 130 Lloyd’s natural history PANTYDIA SPARSA. {Plate CXXX., Fig . 3.) Parity dia sparsa, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 437 (1852) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1038, no. 1 (1857). This is an Australian Moth, which measures rather less than an inch and a half in expanse. The fore-wings are light grey, slightly tinted with greenish, and marked with short black striae. The sub-terminal line is slender, and nearly straight ; it is yellow, slightly bordered with reddish, preceded by small cuneiform black marks on each nervure, and followed by larger ones, marked with reddish at the base, and interrupted in the middle of the wing. The reniform stigma is indicated by a few black atoms. There is a row of small terminal dots between each two nervures. The hind- wings are grey, paler towards the hind margin. The under side is grey, with terminal dots, and a well-marked black sub-terminal line. The second joint of the palpi is brown, with the extremity white. FAMILY HOMOPTERIDAE. GENUS NEPHELINA. Erebus ( Omopterus ), Guerin, Icon. R. Anim. ii. pi. 89, fig. 3 (larva), (1829); iii. p. 522 (1844). Homoptera, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. iii. p. 8 (1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1052 (1857), nom. prceocc. The antennae are rather long, ciliated, and verticillate in the male, but short and simple in the female. The palpi are ascending, and the proboscis is of moderate length. The body is stout, and, as well as the legs, is very hairy ; there NEPHELINA. *3T is a large crest on the first segment of the abdomen, and small ones on those following. The fore- and hind-wings are similarly marked, and the hind margins are slightly denticulated. The larvae are long and smooth, with a bifid hump on the penultimate segment, and with sixteen legs, but the first pair of pro-legs is rudimentary. The pupae are obtuse in front, and conical and pointed behind, with a bluish-white or violet efflorescence. This genus includes a considerable number of brown or fawn- coloured species, with darker lines and markings. Most of the species are American ; but one or two East Indian species are referred to the genus. NEPHELINA EDUSA. ( Plate CXXX., Fig. 4.) Noctua edusa , Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. ii. pi. 24, fig 4 (1773). Erebus ( Omoptereus ) putrescens , Guerin-Meneville, Icon. Regne Anin. ii. pi. 89, fig. 3, larva (1829), iii. p. 522 (1844). Homoptera edusa , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 14 (1852). This Moth, which is not uncommon in the United States, expands rather more than two inches. It is of a light chestnut brown, irrorated with darker ; and with some whitish markings towards the base of the fore-wings. There is a large white or bluish-white blotch towards the hind margin near the tip, and another near the hinder angle of the fore-wings, and another occupying the greater part of the hind margin of the hind-wings. At the base of the abdomen is an ash-coloured spot. The larva is flesh-coloured, with interrupted festooned blackish lines, with two orange spots on the back. It lives on “ Golden Rod,” and probably on oak. The pupa is entirely covered with a bluish efflorescence. k 2 132 Lloyd’s natural history. FAMILY HYPOGRAMMIDHL GENUS ANTHOCITTA. Anthocitta , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 259 (1822 ?). Hypogramma , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 34 (1S52): Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1095 (1857). The antennae are simple, very slightly ciliated in the male. The palpi are long, slender, bare, and up-curved, with the third joint pointed, and nearly as long as the second. The proboscis is short, and the abdomen smooth and conical. The legs are rather long, nearly smooth, with a pencil of hairs at the base of the intermediate tibiae in the male. The wings are entire, marbled with black and white, and with a white patch towards the tip of the hind-wings. Median nervure four-branched, all the branches rising close together at some distance from the base. ANTHOCITTA SUBLUCIDA. ( Plate CXXX., Fig. 5.) Hypogramma sullucida, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1097, no. 5 (1857). This Moth is a native of Brazil. “ Brown. Body cinereous beneath. Abdomen cinereous brown. Fore-wings with irregu¬ lar transverse black undulating lines, and with a few black patches ; a whitish band beyond the middle, white beneath, and corresponding to the tips of the hind-wings. Hind-wings with snow-white tips ; under side cinereous from the base to the middle, where there are two slight brown bands. Length of the body, nine lines ; of the wings, twenty-two lines ” ( Walker). v. noctile limba're. To this Division belong the largest of the European Noctnce. Although the larvae are provided with sixteen legs, they loop Catephid^. 1 33 somewhat in walking. Of the five families into which this section is divided, two are represented in Europe. They are tabulated as follows : — A. — Size small or moderate. Antennae generally short, or of moderate length. a . Joints of the palpi distinct. Hind-wings with the disc or the base white and diaphanous, or less thickly scaled than the rest. § Thorax or abdomen crested . Catephida. §§ Thorax and abdomen smooth . Bolinidce. b. Palpi stout, prominent, with indistinct joints. Hind- wings yellow, with a black border . Hypocalida. B. — Size generally large. Antennae long. Abdomen smooth, tufted at the base. a. Palpi rather slender, the third joint moderately long, not spatulate. Hind-wings large, and generally brightly coloured. All the wings distinctly banded beneath . Catocalidce. b. Palpi thick, the third joint long and spatulate. Fore¬ wings pointed. Proboscis very strong. Legs spiny. Ophideridce. The last family will be noticed later, under the Division Serpentina. FAMILY CATEPHIDzE. With the exception of the species of the genus Cocytodes , Guenee, which are Indian Moths with brown and pointed fore¬ wings, three inches or more in expanse, and dark hind-wings with blue markings, the Moths of this family are compara¬ tively small, with black and white hind-wings. Most of the species are natives of the Old World, and one or two species are found in Europe, but very rarely indeed in England. r34 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY. GENUS vEDIA. Catephia , pt. Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 94 (1816) ; Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 320 (1826); nec Hitbner , restr. AEdia, pt. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 260 (1822?). Avophia , Guenee, Ann. Soc. Ent. France x. p. 81 (1841); id. Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 45 (1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1126 (1857). The antennae, palpi, and proboscis are all short, the antennae filiform, the palpi ascending, and the proboscis stout. The thorax is convex and woolly, with the collar raised. The ab¬ domen is crested and tufted, and the legs are rather short. The fore-wings are oblong, and the hind-wings rounded, with spotted fringes, and a large white spot in the middle. The larvae are long and cylindrical, with the penultimate segment swollen. They live exposed on Convolvulacece. The pupae are enclosed in cocoons, on the surface of the ground. This is a small genus found in Europe, and in other parts of the Old World. An African species is here figured. y*EDIA DISCISTRIGA. {Plate CXXX. , Fig. 6.) Anophia discistriga, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p 1128, no. 3 (1857). This species is a native of Natal. “Brown, cinereous beneath Second joint of the palpi whitish at the tip ; third joint full half the length of the second. Thorax with whitish bands Abdomen cinereous. Fore- wings partly whitish, with black transverse irregular lines, and with the borders of the orbiculai and reniform spots also black ; a white streak in the disc behind the reniform spot ; under side whitish for more than SYNEDA. 135 half the length from the base, with two brown spots. Hind- wings white towards the base, and with the cilia partly white. Length of the body, six lines and a half ; of the wings, fifteen lines ” {Walker). FAMILY BOLINIDHL These are moderate-sized Moths, with oblong fore-wings generally marked with pale transverse or oblique lines, and rounded hind-wings more or less marked with white or yellow. The markings are usually sharply defined. One or two species are South European, but the greater number are exotic, and chiefly North American. GENUS SYNEDA. Syneda , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 71 (1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1167 (1857). The antennae are short and filiform, but slightly thickened in the male. The palpi are short, thick, and ascending, with the last joint expanded. The thorax is densely scaled, and the abdomen rather slender. The wings are entire and rounded, with long fringes, and sharply-defined markings, the fore- and hind-wings being differently coloured. The larvae are stout, smooth, and cylindrical, with sixteen legs, and feed on low plants. The pupae are pointed at the extremity. SYNEDA SOCIA. {Plate CXXX., Fig. 7.) Syneda socia, Behr, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. vi. p. 27 (1870). This is a pretty Californian species, which expands from an inch and a quarter to nearly an inch and three-quarters. The fore-wings are brown, with the lines black ; the half-line is curved, and sometimes preceded by a grey spot at the base ; the first line is twice strongly angulated inwards, and the central 1 36 Lloyd’s natural history. area is yellowish-grey ; there is a pale streak at the end of the cell, bordered on both sides with brown ; and beyond this the second line makes a very acute V, and then a W, turning in¬ wards and then downwards at a right angle below the streak to the inner margin. The marginal area is grey, darker towards the fringes, which are preceded by a festooned black sub-ter¬ minal line. The hind-wings are orange, crossed by an irregular Y-shaped mark, curving round by the anal angle to the inner margin. The fringes are grey, and are preceded by a festooned black line, on which stand two large black blotches. FAMILY HYPOCALIELE. This is a small family of exotic Moths, with oblong fore¬ wings, and black and yellow hind-wings. They have much re¬ semblance to some of our smaller European species of Triphama. The palpi are large, contiguous, compressed and scaly, and the abdomen is black, with yellow markings, and slightly crested at the base. The wings are subdentate. The larva has sixteen legs, and is thick and cylindrical. GENUS IIYPOCALA. Parthenos , pt. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 278 (1822?) no in. prcoocc. HypocaJa , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Tepid. Noct. iii. p. 73 (1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Frit. Mus. xiii. p. 1173 (1857). It is unnecessary to say more of this genus in addition t the particulars given above. HYPOCALA SUBSATURATA. {Plate CXXX. , Fig. 8.) Ilypocalci subsaturata , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. P- 75 (1852). This species, which is one of the larger members of the CATOCALID.fi. 13? genus, inhabits Northern India, and measures an inch and three-quarters across the wings. Fore-wings purplish-grey, with more or less distinct brown or reddish transverse lines and stigmata, the sub-terminal line slightly marked with buff on the lower half. Hind-wings brown towards the base, and blackish towards the hind margin; the hind and inner margins mostly grey or yellow, and two diverging orange stripes running from the base near the inner margin, and merging at two-thirds of the length of the wing into a transverse orange band, connected with or disconnected from a large oval spot in the middle of the wing ; between this and the inner half of the hind margin are two more yellow spots, one large, detached from the border, and one small, resting on the border near the anal angle. The head and thorax are grey, and the abdomen yellow, with black transverse bands, the last segment being wholly black above, except at the base, and followed by a whitish apical tuft tipped with black. FAMILY CATOCALIDHL This family includes a considerable number of large and handsome species, which are most numerous in Europe and North America, though they have many representatives in other parts of the world. The antenna; are long and simple, the thorax and abdomen are crested, and the wings are broad and sub-dentate, the fore-wings being brown or grey, with darker lines and markings, and the hind-wings are black, generally more or less banded with red, yellow, or blue. The under surface of all the wings is banded with black and white, even in those species (chiefly American) in which the hind-wings are wholly black above, except the white fringes. The larvae live on trees, and loop their bodies in walking, though they have sixteen legs. They are long, tapering at the LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY. 138 ends, and are rather flattened, and spotted with black below. The pupae are covered with a greyish bloom, and are enclosed in hard cocoons, generally in the chinks of the bark of trees. GENUS CATOCALA. Noctua , pt. Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 508 (1758); Cuvier, Tabl. Elem. d’Hist. Nat. p. 597 (1799); Lamarck, Syst. Anim. sans Vertebres, p. 286 (1801). Catocala , Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (2), p. 158 (1802); Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 94 (1816); Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 276 (1822?) ; Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 328 (1S26); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 80 (1852). Hemigeometra , Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 267 (1809). The Red Underwings and the Clifden Nonpareil are among the largest and handsomest of our British Moths. When at rest, they sit on walls or tree-trunks, with the fore-wings extended in a triangular form over the hind-wings, in which position they are not easily distinguishable from their sur¬ roundings. Some of the species fly by day as well as in the evening. The types of Noctua , as given by Cuvier, belong to the third section of the Noctuce of Linnaeus, and are his Noctua pacta , chrysitis , gamma , and vcrbasci. The type of Lamarck is N sponsa (Linn.), a species not distantly related to N pacta, and, as already pointed out (anted, p. 46), Latreille’s type of Noctua was Triphcena fi?nbria (Linn.). Yet none of the above-mentioned species can be taken as the type of Noctua, which was fixed by Poda in 1761 as N. quadra, Linn, (our CEo?iistis quadtrn, cf. vol. iii. p. 162). CATOCALA. J39 THE CLIFDEN NONPAREIL. CATOCALA FRAXINI. [Plate CXXXI. , Fig. 2.) Noctua fraxini, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), p. 512, no. 89 (1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 310 (1761) ; id. Mus. Ludov. Ulr. p. 387 (1764); Esper, Schmett. iv. (1), pp. 132, 363, Taf. 101, figs. 1-4 (1788?); Taf. 125 c, fig. 1 (1790?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 327 (1804?). Hemigeometra fraxini , Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 267, no. 1 (1809). Catocala fraxini , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3) p. 329 (1826); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 131 (1*830); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 269, pi. 41, figs. 3~3 t> (jSSi) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 1 19, pi. 104, figs. 4-4 a (1895). The Clifden Nonpareil, or Blue Underwing, is one of the largest Moths found in this country, the expansion of the wings sometimes reaching four inches. Its range extends through Central and Eastern Europe and Siberia. The head and thorax are light grey varied with darker grey and yellowish. The abdomen is dark ashy-grey, ringed with white, with raised tufts on the anterior segments. The body and legs are white beneath. The antennae are brownish-grey. The fore-wings are light grey, more or less dusted with brownish and yellow. There are several whitish transverse lines, bordered with brown. There is a half-line near the base, and then comes the first transverse line, which consists of curves and crescents. In the central area only the reniform stigma can be distinguished as a faint dark mark. Below this is a whitish or pale yellow diamond-shaped spot, and the inner side of it is also edged with paler. The second transverse line is whitish, bordered with brown and yellowish, and is very zig-zag ; and beyond it is a brownish-grey sub-marginal line, 140 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. outside which the wings have a somewhat bluish tint. The fringes are dentated, spotted with grey and white, and fre¬ quently varied with yellow ; and are bordered by a row of small crescent-shaped spots, having the concavity directed outwards. The hind-wings are black, with a broad greyish- blue central band, and narrow white hind margins. The fringes are white, bordered by a fine waved black line. The larva most commonly lives on poplars, but will also live on ash ( Fraxinus ), beech, birch, elm, oak, and other trees. The transformations of all the Underwings are very similar, so we will give those of the present species in full, as typical of the others as well. The eggs are laid in the autumn, and remain undeveloped until the following May. It is likely that some larvae hatch before the winter, and hibernate, as they are sometimes met with rather advanced in development at the end of May. The egg is black, with white reticulated markings, and with a very broad, somewhat interrupted, band round the middle. A few hours before the larva emerges, a slight movement may be detected, and several small air-bubbles appear, probably caused by a minute puncture made by the enclosed larva in com¬ mencing to break its way out. On first emerging, the young larva is yellowish, and blackish spots and short setiform hairs can be detected by a lens. It is able to move about quickly, and rests on the hinder legs with the body held erect. The egg changes colour after the emergence of the larva, and becomes uniform white and translucent. It is not eaten by the larva. After the first moult the larva becomes greener, and twelve black dots appear on the back. After the second moult, the black dots become scattered over the whole surface, but are only distinctly visible under a lens. These spots become more distinct, and the colour greener, upon the third moult. After the fourth moult, which takes place five days after the third, CATOCALA I4T the spots increase, and the colour approaches a light grey. Up to this time it consumes the cast-off skin, with the exception of the horny covering of the head. After the fifth moult the larva becomes darker, and it grows rapidly. This time it does not generally eat the cast skin, and looks for other food at once, though some specimens will consume the slough. The sixth moult is the last, when the full-grown larva is about three inches in length, and rather slender in proportion. It varies considerably in colour, and is sometimes uniform ashy-grey, and sometimes nearly white, or varied with darker. Some specimens are light flesh colour, and others are pale brown. The whole of the surface is covered with distinct black atoms, but there are no other markings. On the back of the ninth segment is a small hump, which is black in dark specimens, and generally dark blue in the paler ones, this colour disappearing on the sides. Near this spot the colour is paler, and is sometimes suffused with bluish. The sides have white fleshy fringes. The head is large in proportion to the slender anterior segments ; it is flat in front, yellowish, with a dark brown border, and a slight notch above. The belly is either white or bluish, with dark blue or brown spots. The front pair of pro-legs is much shorter than the others, which gives the larva a somewhat looping gait. Like other larvae of the genus, the larva of this species is very active, and if touched will lash about like a stranded fish. It rests by day, in chinks of bark, or on a stout branch, and feeds at night. Between the end of July and the middle of August it prepares a large loose cocoon of strong threads between leaves or in a wide chink of the bark, and, after a week, it changes to a large, slender, plum-coloured pupa, with a blue bloom like a plum. The moth appears after three weeks, usually at night. By day it rests on trees and fences, but is very shy and difficult to catch. 142 Lloyd’s natural history. It is a rare insect in this country, and indigenous specimens in good condition are always regarded as a valuable addition to the cabinet. It was first figured by Wilkes as a British insect, and was said by him to have been found at Clifden, in Buckinghamshire; whence the English name which he assigned to it, and by which it is generally known by British collectors. Though so rare, it has been taken almost anywhere in England ; and a year or two ago, a specimen was found in Hyde Park. THE RED UNDERWING. CATOCALA NUPTA. {Plate C XX XI. , Fig. i.) Noctua nupta , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.), i. (2), p. 841, no. 1 19 (1767); Esper, Schmett. iv. (1), pp. 119, 364, Taf. 97, figs. A, B, 1-5 (1788?); Taf. 125 c, fig. 4 (1790?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. figs. 329, 330 (1804 ?). Hemigeometra nupta , Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 268, no. 2 (1809). Catocala nupta , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 337 (1826); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 132 (1830); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 269, pi. 41, fig. 4 (1881); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 121, pi. 104, figs- 5-5 c (i895)- The Red Underwing expands about three inches across the wings. It is found throughout Central and Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, and Siberia. The head and the slightly crested thorax are light grey, dusted with yellowish and brown. The collar is striped with darker. The abdomen is ashy-grey, with an anal tuft of the same colour in the male, and with white hair on the sides and tip. The antennae are grey, and the legs white. The body is white beneath. Xjzrtxxjr /. (itl fig- A ( 1 7 7 7)- Erebus crepuscularis , Duncan in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 196, pi. 25, fig. 1 (1841). Nyctipao crepuscularis , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 182 (1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1304, no. 3 (1858); Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 148, pi. 165, figs. 1, 1 a (1885); Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 461 (1894). This richly marked Moth is found throughout India and Ceylon, Burma, China and Japan, the Indo-Malayan Islands, and the Philippines. It expands from four inches to four inches and a half. The wings are broad and much dentated, dark brown with the abdomen paler. An ochre-yellow band crosses the wings obliquely, and is intersected on the hind-wings by a brown line, running on the fore-wings on the outer side of the ocellus, where it becomes attenuated and finally lost in a white band, which commences at the costa, and meets it at an angle. Another ochreous line, but narrower, commences at the junc¬ tion of the middle and outer thirds of the costa, and takes a straighter course across the wings, ending on the inner margin of the hind-wings. Opposite the ocellus it meets the first line at an acute angle, but soon leaves it, and is continued nearly PLATE O Nyctipao crep usccCLcuris . CYLIGRAMMA. 1 57 parallel with it. There is a very irregular, much dentated and frequently interrupted, black-bordered, sub-marginal line, com¬ mencing close to the apex of the fore-wings, and traversing both fore- and hind-wings. Just within the commencement of this line, on the costa of the fore-wings, is a triangular white spot. The fore-wings have a large ocellus. The inner portion of this consists of a deep ochreous mark, shaped like an inverted comma, but bifid below and externally, and separated from the rusty-brown main portion of the ocellus by a black border. The whole of the ocellus is ringed with black, with a paler line within the black. On it are a few bluish scales. The female is brown, less varied with yellow, and the ochreous band is less distinct. The fine transverse line is white, and is bordered, especially on the hind-wings, with purplish-white scales. GENUS CYLIGRAMMA. Cyligramma , Boisduval, Faune Madag. p. 109 (1833) ; Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 185 (1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1308 (1858). This genus replaces Nyctipao in Africa and Madagascar, and considerably resembles it, but the species are generally smaller, the body is much more slender, and the fore-wings are scarcely dentated. The abdomen is pointed, and rather short and slender, and the eyes are very large and nearly contiguous in the male. CYLIGRAMMA GEMMANS. {Plate C XXX IX., Fig. 1.) Nyctipao gemmans, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 182 (1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1304, no. 1 (1858); Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 461 (1S94). Lloyd s natural History. This is a North Indian species, but it forms a transition to the African genus Cyligramma , to which I refer it. The common African C. latona (Cramer), which most resembles it, has narrower and more pointed wings ; the pale band is narrow, straight, oblique, and surmounted on the fore-wings by a detached cross-bar ; and the dark transverse lines are zig-zag. C. gemmans is blackish brown, with two darker transverse > lines ; the first is distinct on the hind wings, and the second curves outward on the fore-wings to form the outer border of the large ocellus. The inner part of the ocellus consists of a black outline, rounded towards the base, and marked with an upper buff and a lower blue line ; while outwardly it is triden- tate, the upper indentation zig-zag, and the lower one broad, shallow, and filled up with black, slightly dusted with blue. Beneath the ocellus is a pale brown stripe, followed by a darker one, and then by a broad yellowish-white band, curving regularly round all the wings, and followed by some more or less distinct pale speckles. The ground-colour of the marginal area is paler than that of the centre of the wings. CYLIGRAMMA DISTURBANS. {P/ate CXXXIX ., Fig. 2.) Nyctipao disturbans , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1307, no. 9 (1858). Walker gives no locality for this species ; but it has since been received from Madagascar. The following is his original description “Female. — Ferruginous, somewhat paler beneath. Wings hardly denticulated, with a straight, oblique, exterior, yellow band, which is for the most part speckled with ferruginous, and is mostly wholly ferruginous along the exterior border, which PLATE CXXXtX 1. Cyhg voirunn genu turns. 2. (yUgramma di&Uirhans SPiRAMiA. 159 is dilated into two large angles in each wing, and along which the surface is blackish ; marginal lunules black; under side with the yellow band more regular, and accompanied by yellow cuneate spots along its exterior border. Fore-wings with an interior broad blackish band, which is dilated into a great angle on the exterior side, and whose disc is partly ferruginous ; it is contiguous to the ocellus, which is black, slightly lined with yellow, is somewhat oblique and narrow, and has on the hind-side its pupil truncated, and its border open. “ Length of the body, twelve lines ; of the wings, thirty-six lines. ” FAMILY HYPOPYRIDaE. The species of this Family have rather short and broad, entire wings, with the fore- and hind-wings nearly similarly coloured, brown, grey, or blackish, with distinct lines, and a more or less spiral ocellus on the fore-wings. Most of the species are East Indian, but one or two are African or Australian. GENUS SPIRAMIA. Spirama , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 194 (1852); Llampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 552 (1894). Spiramia , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1318 (1858). This genus is represented in India, China, Java, &c., by numerous closely allied forms, many of which are regarded by some authors as referable to one or two variable species, a question which cannot be decided with certainty until their metamorphoses have been studied. They vary in colour from pale ochreous to nearly black ; but are easily recognisable by the peculiar spiral form of the ocellus on the fore-wings. i6o Lloyd’s natural history. S PI RAM I A RECESSA. {Plate CXL., Fig. i.) Spiramia recessa , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1322, no. 7 (1858). This species is a native of Australia. “ Male. — Brown ; more fawn-colour beneath. Palpi at the base, and femora, with red hairs. Head and fore-part of the thorax blackish-brown. Abdomen bright red, with black con¬ nected abbreviated sub-triangular bands. Wings slightly paler on the exterior part, where the transverse lines are more dis¬ tinct, and especially so in the hind-wings, whose sub-marginal lines are denticulated. Fore-wings with the ocellus rather nar rower than that of S. retorta (Linn.), with a black border, which is mostly enclosed in two testaceous lines, its excavated part with a white marginal line ; the exterior lines nearly con¬ tiguous to the ocellus, and, as usual, retracted in front ; an irregular diffuse discal dark brown band, interrupted by the ocellus. Length of the body, ten lines ; of the wings, twenty- six lines ” {Walker). FAMILY BENDID/E. The Betididce are East Indian or South American species of moderate size, with the fore- and hind-wings nearly similarly coloured. The wings are generally more or less angulated, and the fore-wings pointed. The eye-spot, which is so con¬ spicuous in the preceding families, is small or obsolete. GENUS IIULODES. Hulodes , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 207 (1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1334 (1858). PLATE CXL /. Spircurua > recess a. 2. Ilulodcs CAirancoy 3. lienugirv i lem/ nslrajis 4 'YelKes msulans. 4 WynuuvbcSens LumUd HULODES. 161 Hylodes , Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 462 (1894), nom. prceocc. This genus includes the largest species of the family. They are dull-coloured moths, with shaggy hair, the costa of the fore-wings arched before the tip, and the hind margins more or less denticulated or excavated. The larva has sixteen legs, with the first pair of pro-legs rudimentary. HULODES CARANEA. {Plate CXL ., Fig. 2.) Noctua caranea , Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pi. 269, figs. E, F (178°)- Hulodes caratiea , Guenee, Spec. Gen. I.dpid. Noct. iii. p. 208 (1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1335, no 1 (1858); Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 155, pi. 166, figs. 3, 3 a ; pi. 167, fig. 6 (1885). Hylodes caranea , Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 462, fig. 260 (1894). This species is found throughout India, Ceylon, and the Indo-Malayan Islands generally. It expands from two inches and three-quarters to three inches and a quarter. It is light umber-brown, with sparsely scattered dark brown scales. The wings have a pale grey marginal border, in the male extending from the apex of the fore-wings to the anal angle of the hind-wings, with a straight, well-defined edge, and bordered by a slender brownish line. The female has two dark brown sub-marginal lines, the inner one being very broad, According to Thwaites and Moore the larva feeds on Acanthads. It is olive-green above, paler beneath, with greyish- white blotches, and a band of confluent blackish speckles on the back and sides. 16 M 162 Lloyd’s natural history. VII. NOCTUE SERPENTINE. This Division includes moths of moderate or comparatively large size, with ascending palpi, rarely spatulate, the abdomen conical in the male, and not crested. The wings are thick and broad, with well-defined markings, but not exhibiting the “ Noctua ’’-pattern very distinctly. The hind-wings are generally differently coloured to the fore-wings, and are quadrifid, the four median nervules rising almost together. The larvae have from twelve to sixteen legs, and are naked, and feed openly on trees and plants. The pupae are enclosed in cocoons, and are generally not subterranean. The Family Ophideridce , placed by Guenee in the Lhnbatce (cf. anted , p. 133), is regarded by Mr. Moore as allied to the Lagopteridce , and will consequently precede them in our arrange¬ ment. The following somewhat discordant families are included by Guenee in the Serpentince. A. — Larvae with long pro-legs, the first pairs shorter or wanting. Moths of large or moderate size, marked with simple lines, the fore-wings velvety, and pointed at the tip. Ophiusidce (= Lagopteridce , Kirby). B. — Larvae slender, with twelve legs. Moths with slender legs, short palpi, and generally with ciliated antennae. Euclididce. C. — Larvae with from twelve to fourteen legs, and marked with distinct lines. The moths are slender, with simple antennae, and the wings pulverulent below. Poaphilidce. D. — Larvae with sixteen legs of equal length. The moths have long antennae, the last joint being distinct and slender ; compressed and very pilose legs ; and broad wings, the hind-wings often more or less hairy beneath . - . . . ... Remigiidce . OPHIDERIN/E. 163 Of these Families that of the Lagopteridce is the largest and most important, including more species than all the rest together. Families A., B. and C. are represented in Europe by a very few species. FAMILY OPHIDERID^E. The OphideridcE are large and usually brightly-coloured moths, with stout antennae, and long, obliquely-ascending, palpi, with the third joint often spatulate. The proboscis is short, but very strong, and the thorax and the base of the abdomen are pilose, but not crested. The wings are long and thick, with pointed fore-wings tufted with hair at the base, and dentated hind-wings. They may be divided into two well- marked Sub-families. SUB-FAMILY I. 0PHIDERIN7E. These are moths with brown or green fore-wings, marked with distinct lines, and with the inner margin projecting near the base and at the hinder angle, and deeply concave between. The hind-wings are yellow or orange, with black marginal and central markings. The larvae are stout and naked, with the first pair of pro-legs rudimentary. They are frequently humped, and are not unlike those of Notodo?itidce , a family to which the shape of the fore¬ wings gives the moths some resemblance. The pupa is formed between leaves. This Sub-family is not very numerous in species, but is fairly well represented in the tropics of both hemispheres. They are very destructive to oranges in Australia, by sucking the juice with their proboscis, though it is perhaps not quite positively ascertained whether they actually puncture the fruit, as has been asserted, or whether they only avail themselves of 164 LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY. some accidental abrasion. The Indian species and their transformations have been well described and figured by Mr. F. Moore in the “ Transactions ” of the Zoological Society for 1881. GENUS OTHREIS. Othreis , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 264 (1822 ?) ; Moore, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. xi. p. 264 (1881). Corycia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 265 (1822?) This genus includes several species with brown fore-wings, lined or mottled with darker, and orange-yellow hind-wings, bordered with black on the hind margin, but not to the anal angle. The incisions on the black border are spotted with yellow, and there is a thick black curved mark towards the anal angle. OTHREIS SMARAGDIPICTA. ( Plate CXLI. , Fig. 2.) Ophideres smaragdipicta , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1229, no. 24 (1857). Othreis smaragdipicta , Moore, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. xi. p. 68 (1881). This insect is a native of Borneo and the Malay Peninsula. “ Ferruginous, varied with black. Abdomen luteous. Fore- wings with a purplish tinge, with emerald -green marks along the costa, with an interrupted emerald-green sub-marginal band, and with a brighter green, irregular, angular, whitish- bordered, discal stripe ; reniform spot elongated, narrow in the middle, bordered with black. Hind-wings bright luteous, with a short, broad, curved, black, discal band, and with a broad black border, which is abbreviated and slightly interrupted towards the interior angle. Length of the body, thirteen lines ; of the wings, thirty lines ” (Walker). PLATECXO 3. 1. Ary axles a m citernxi^ 2. Othreis siruu xuydipiel a,. 3. G raplayortxi reguixi;. ARGADESA. 165 GENUS ARGADESA. Argadesa , Moore, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. xi. p. 74 (1881). “ Fore-wing in male and female with the exterior margin oblique, and scalloped throughout its length ; palpi shorter, and the third joint slender ” (. Moore ). The typical species is, however, more easily recognised by the hind-wings, which are bordered with black to the anal angle (the incisions being yellow), and marked with an oval black spot. ARGADESA MATERNA. ( Plate CXL1 ., Fig. 1.) Noctua materna , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i (2), p 840, no. 117 (1767); Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. ii. pi. 13, fig. 4 (1773) ; Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 174, fig. B (1777); iii. pi. 267, fig. E (1780). Noctua hybrida , Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 593, no. 11 (1775). Ophideres materna, Boisduval, Faune Madag. p. 100 (1833); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 113 (1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1221, no. 9 (1857); Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 561 (1894). Triphcena materna , Westwood in Jardine’s Nat. Lib. Exot. Moths, p. 201, pi. 25, fig. 2 (1841). Argadesa materna , Moore, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. xi. p. 74, pi. 12, figs 4, 4 a-d (transf.), pi. xiv. figs. 3, 3 a (1881) ; id. Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p 133, pi. 161, fig. 2 (1885). This Moth has a range extending through India and Ceylon as far as Burma, and including Java and the Andaman Islands. It expands from two inches and a half to three inches and three-quarters. i66 Lloyd’s natural history. The antennae are setiform, and the palpi yellow, tipped with blue ; the head is also tinged with blue. The fore-wings are light brown, mottled with grey and green, glossy, and changing colour in different lights. The hind-wings are orange- yellow, each with a round, black central spot, and a rather narrow black marginal band, dentated on the inner side, and marked with about eight white spots on the fringes. The thorax is olive-green, and the abdomen orange-yellow. The larva, which is about two inches and a half long, lives on the leaves of the Amoordah Beeloo, and a number of other trees. It is reddish-brown, darker at the extremities, and tending to olive-brown on the middle segments. There are brownish dorsal and sub-dorsal lines, the latter interrupted on the fifth and on the sixth segments by an eye-spot, which is yellow in its upper, and purplish in its lower half, and centred with pale violet. The back and sides are irregularly mottled with pale violet and yellow, and on the twelfth segment is a vermillion-coloured projection spotted with pale violet, and with a broad yellow stripe on each side. The stigmata are violet, and the legs are reddish-brown tipped with black. The head is vermillion red. The pupa is formed between the leaves, which are woven together with coarse yellow silk. GENUS GRAPHIGONA. Grciphigona , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p 1230 (1858). This is a small South American genus, sufficiently distin¬ guished by the broad margin of the fore-wings being straight and oblique, and the inner margin slightly angulated near the base, and then running to the hinder angle in a very long and shallow curve. PHYLLODIN7E, i67 GRAPHIGONA REGINA. ( Plate CXL/., Fig-. 3.) Ophideres regina, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 118 (i852)* Graphigona regina , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1230, no. 1 (1858). This is a South American species. It expands about three inches and a half. The fore-wings are rich dark brown with fine purplish striae, and a central lunule of the same colour, marked outside by a large indistinct red spot. The hind-wings are bright orange, with a few black hairs at the base, and a black marginal band suffused with purple, decreasing towards the anal angle. The fringes are black. The abdomen is orange-coloured, with blackish hairs at the base, and the ex¬ tremity grey. The head and collar are ferruginous. SUB-FAMILY II. PHYLLODINaE. The species of this Sub-family are confined to the Tropics of the Old World, and though less numerous than the Ophiderince , are divided into better marked genera. The hind margins are not dentated, and, as well as the inner margin of the fore-wings, are straight, or rounded, though the tip of the fore-wings is often more or less pointed. The two principal genera, not here figured, are East Indian, and the wings are shorter and broader than in Miniodes , or Phyllodes. They are dark brown insects, but Ischyja , Hiibner (Pota/nophora, Guenee), has a short blue band on the upper side of the hind- wings ; and Lygniodes , Guenee, is glossed with blue above, and is whitish beneath. i68 Lloyd’s natural history. GENUS MINIODES. Miniodes , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 119 (1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1231 (1852) ; Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 556 (1894). The antennae are thick, and strongly ciliated in the male ; and the palpi are ascending, thick, and obtuse, but not spatu- late. The abdomen is tufted in the male, but not crested ; and the wings are moderately long and broad, but hardly pointed at the tips of the fore-wings. The legs are strongly spined. MINIODES DISCOLOR. {Plate C X LI I. , Fig 1.) Miniodes discolor , Guenee, Spec. Gen. L£pid. Noct. iii. p. 119, pi. 16, fig. 4 (1852) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1232, no. 1 (1857). This species is a native of West Africa. It expands from three inches to three inches and a half. The fore-wings are reddish-orange streaked with orange, and more or less clouded with brown, so heavily in the male as to cover much of the ground-colour. The most conspicuous pale portions are the nervures, the costa, the inner margin, and a patch near the hinder angle. Three pure white spots finely ringed with black stand out prominently ; the two smaller ones, which are round, being placed obliquely near the costa, and the third, which is larger and of an oval form, stands below them and nearly touches the inner small spot. The hind-wings are dark rich rosy red, with the fringes tinged with blackish, nearly to the anal angle, as well as the hind margin in the male. The last joint of the palpi is much longer in the male than in the female. GENUS GLORIANA. Miniodes, Sect. ii. Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. ii. p. 556 (1894). PLATE CXLII Wy mast, .Limited /. MvruvdfS discolor 2. L as) op torch jiuoo. PLATE CXLHL. orruttcv. GLORIANA. 169 The type of this genus is a much stouter and more robust insect than Miniodes , with the palpi stouter, and the abdomen, which extends considerably beyond the hind-wings, and the base of the hind-wings, densely clothed with hair. The fore¬ wings are very broad, and rather pointed ; they have some¬ what of a leaf-like pattern, and the inner margin is strongly convex. The antennas are simple, and the legs without spines. I have been obliged to form a new genus for the beautiful species described below, which has heretofore been referred to two others, from both of which its structural characters entirely separate it. GLORIANA ORNATA. {Plate CXL//I.) Phyllodes ornala , Moore, Descr. Ind. Lepid. Atkinson, ii. p, 166 (1882). Miniodes ornata , Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. ii.p. 556, fig. 315 (1894). This Moth is a native of India. It expands from four inches to five inches and a half. The head and thorax are reddish- brown, and the abdomen blue-black. The fore-wings are chestnut-brown, thickly striated with dark brown, with about five dusky transverse lines, and a blackish longitudinal streak extending from the end of the cell to a little below the apex. At the point where the transverse lines cross the streak they also change their direction at an angle, and run nearly parallel to the hind margin for the remainder of their course. Two pure white spots are conspicuous at the end of the cell; these are bor¬ dered with black, and the lower and larger one is somewhat triangular in shape. The hind-wings are blue-black, with a broad ochre-yellow marginal band, which narrows and ceases at some distance from the anal angle. The cilia are dark brown. 170 LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY. GENUS PHYLLODES. Ischyja , pt. Hiibner, Yerz. bek. Schmett. p. 205 (1822?). Phyllodes , Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lepid. p. 246 (1832); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 120 (1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1232 (1857); Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 557 (1894). This genus has simple antennae, short palpi, with the second joint compressed, and the third joint small, and a long smooth rather tapering abdomen. The legs are long, slender, and naked, with the tibiae strongly spined. The fore-wings are long, moderately broad, and pointed at the tips, before which the costa is strongly arched ; they are brown, with leaf-like markings. The hind-wings are oval, and strongly rounded, and are black, or blue-black, with a large round white or rose- coloured spot towards the anal angle, or else are bordered or banded with yellow. The species are not numerous, but are met with in India, Burma, Ceylon, Java, Amboina, New Guinea, &c. The larva has sixteen legs, but is a half-looper ; it has no protuberances, and the pupa is beautifully marked with bronze. PHYLLODES MALIGERA. {Plate CXL1V.) Phyllodes maligera , Butler, Ent. Monthly Mag. xx. p. 138 (1883); Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 137, pi. 163, figs, 2, 2 a (1885). This fine Moth is a native of Ceylon, and expands upwards of five inches. The fore-wings, which have the costa much arched, and the tip strongly falcate, are of a purplish-grey, as is also the head and thorax. The orbicular stigma is very small, AITXO tfJLVTd PhylLecLet LAGOPTERA. 171 orange, with a black centre, and the reniform stigma is very large, constricted in the middle, and broader below than above. A white black-bordered line runs obliquely from the tip to the middle of the wing; and below it, the marginal area is broadly yellowish -grey. The hind- wings and abdomen are blue-black, the tip of the former with a whitish mark; and near the anal angle is a very large rose-coloured spot, contain¬ ing a double, and rather irregular, white spot. FAMILY LAGOPTERID^E. This Family, which corresponds to the Ophiusidce. of Guende, originally included some genera with long wings and abdomen, which have some resemblance to the Sphingidce or Notodontidce , to which last family some of them (such as Crinodes , Herrich- Schaffer) probably belong. Otherwise, the family is very compact, and includes a large number of species with rather short and broad wings, the fore-wings having the costa arched, and the tip rather pointed, and the four sub-median nervules of the hind- wings of equal thickness, and rising almost at the same point. The fore-wings are generally brown, grey, reddish, or yellowish, and the hind-wings are often marked with white or bluish-white, but are sometimes yellow. The larvae are smooth and slender, with the first pairs of pro-legs more or less imperfectly developed. They feed openly on plants, and the pupae are enclosed in cocoons, and are not subterranean. GENUS LAGOPTERA. Lagoptera , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Tepid. Noct. iii. p. 223 (1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1350 (1858); Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 505 ^895). Lagoptera was employed by Guenee to include several Indian species, but has now been restricted by Sir George 172 Lloyd’s natural history. Hampson to the beautiful Moth described below, which has a very stout body, clothed, as is also the inner margin in the male, with long hair; and the abdomen is also heavily tufted at the extremity. The markings of the moth are so conspicuous that it cannot be mistaken for any other species. lagoptera JUNO. (Plate CXLII. , Fig. 2.) Noctua juno , Dalman, Anal. Ent. p. 52 (1823). Ophideres elegans , Van der Hoeven, Nat. Tijdschr. vii. p. 280, pi. 5, figs. 6 a, b (1840). Lagoptera multicolor, , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 226 (1852). Lagoptera elegans , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1352, no. 4 (1858). Lagoptera juno, Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 508, fig. 281 (1894). This Moth is a native of China and Japan, Java and Northern India. It expands from about three inches to three inches and a quarter. The fore-wings are reddish-brown, with four fine transverse lines ; the three inner lines are brown, and the fourth, which is submarginal, curving from the apex to the inner margin near the hinder angle, is pale yellow. The reniform stigma is black, bordered with yellowish, and is incomplete. There are some black dots marked with white on the hind margin. The hind-wings are pale red on the marginal area and grey at the base, with two broad black median bands, separated from one another by a much narrower pale bluish band. The abdomen is red, and the thorax is of the same colour as the fore-wings. NANTESTa. 173 GENUS NANTESIA. Ascalapha , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (1822?), nom. prceocc. Ophiodes , Guenee, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, x. p. 77 (1841) ; id. Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 227 (1852), nom. prceocc. The antennae are ciliated in the male, and simple in the female, and the palpi are ascending and approximating, with the second joint clothed with scales. The body is stout, the collar is raised, and the abdomen is not longer than the hind- wings. The wings are moderately long and broad, with the “ Noctua ’’-pattern distinctly indicated; the tipis but slightly pointed. The hind-wings are brown or yellow, sometimes with a black mark. The larvae have the first two pairs of pro-legs shorter than the others, and a bifid tubercle on the back of the penultimate segment. The only species which extends as far north as Temperate Europe is the following. THE LUNAR DOUBLE STRIPE. NANTESIA LUNARIS. Noctua lunaris , Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Yerz. Schmett. Wien. p. 94, no. 1 (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 322 (1804 ?). Noctua augur, Esper, Schmett. iv. (1), p. 67, Taf. 87, figs. 4-6, Taf. 88, fig. 1 (1787 ?). AToctua meretrix , Fabricius, Spec. Ins. App. p. 507 (1781 ?). Ophiusa lunaris , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 302 (1826). Pseudophia lunaris , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 275, pi. 40, figs. 8-8 c (1881). This Moth is found throughout Central and Southern Europe and Northern Africa, but is a great rarity in the 174 Lloyd’s natural history British Isles. It expands from two inches to two inches and a quarter. Ihe head, thorax, and fore-wings vary from greenish-grey to deep reddish-brown or dark brown, and the abdomen is paler, with a dark anal tuft. The antennae are yellowish, with darker tips in the male, and whitish-grey or brownish-grey in the female. The Lunar Double Stripe. The basal area of the fore-wings is the lightest, with a brown dot at the base. The two transverse lines are yellowish, bordered with brown, and are curved, and nearer together at the inner margin than on the costa. In the place of the orbicular stigma is a dark brown dot, and the reniform stigma is small and lunular. The sub-marginal line is yellowish and much dentated. In front of the dentated unicolorous fringes is a row of blackish dots. The hind-wings are yellowish- EUCLIDIA. *75 brown towards the base, with a broad dark brown marginal band, and light brown fringes, bounded by a dark sinuated line. The larva feeds on oak and aspen. The pro-legs increase gradually in length from the first to the last pair. The head is flat and rather large, orange-coloured, with yellow lines. Before the last moult, the larva is dark green with white dots, and a red line just above the legs. On the fifth segment are two raised red dots, and on the penultimate segment are two raised red points. The anal plate is rather long. After the last moult, the body is reddish-brown, with a very pale lateral line, and the red spots become orange-coloured. Varieties are also met with in which the colour is greyer, or blackish. It undergoes its metamorphosis in the ground, in a slight cocoon partly composed of dry leaves and moss. The moths do not generally appear until the following May, but some appear the same autumn from the earliest larvae. The moths fly by day. FAMILY EUCLIDIID^E. This is a small Family of moths, remarkable for their clear and sharply-defined markings, which sometimes resemble geome¬ trical figures. The European species are of small size, and fly in meadows during the day-time, like the Skippers. GENUS EUCLIDIA. Euclidia , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (1810?); Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 96 (1816) ; Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 388 (1826); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 290(1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1457 (1858). These are small brown moths, with the abdomen as long as the hind-wings, moderately stout, and slightly crested at the 176 Lloyd’s natural history. base. The wings are oblong and entire, and the insects are not very unlike Hcsperiidcz in appearance and habits, the resemblance, however, being more pronounced in the species figured than in E. glyphica , (Linn.), a lighter-coloured moth, which is the type of the genus. The larvae are long and slender, and are provided with twelve legs. THE MOTHER SHIPTON MOTH. EUCLIDIA MI. Noctua mi , Clerck, leones, pi. 9, fig. 5 (1759); Linnteus, Faun. Suec. p. 309 (1761) ; Esper, Schmett. iv. (1) p. 76, Taf. 89, figs. 3,4(1787?); Hiibner, Beitr. Schmett. i. (3) p. 19, Taf. 2, fig. N (1788); id. Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 346 (1804?). Phytometra mi, Haworth, Tepid. Brit. p. 265, no. 32 (1809). Euclidia mi, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 395 (1826) ; Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 139 (1831); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 272, pi. 40, fig. 6 (1881) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 130, pi. 105, figs. 3-3 b (1895). The Mother Shipton Moth. This Moth is common throughout the greater part of Europe as well as Northern and Western Asia. It expands about an inch and a quarter. The head and thorax are brownish-grey, varied with white hairs, and with white tegulae. The antennae are ringed with black and grey. The abdomen is grey, with a few yellowish hairs and white incisions. POAPHILID^E. 177 The fore-wings are brownish-grey, with the central area almost completely filled by a peculiar dark brown spot, bordered with white. These borders are formed by the two transverse lines, the first of which is oblique, whilst the second has two large projections, and runs very irregularly. In the basal area a large black dot, bordered with white, stands near the inner margin, and in the central area are placed the orbicular and reniform stigmata, the latter as a white dash, often with a white longitudinal streak on its outer side. The sub-marginal line is white, and curved inwards near the middle, and the fringes are grey and white. The hind-wings are pale yellow in the male, and bright yellow in the female, with a black central band, which is connected with the base by black streaks ; and there is a broad black marginal band spotted with yellow. The fringes are grey and white externally, but entirely white on the inner part. The larva feeds on Medicago falcata , and various species of clover. It is slender, pink or lemon-yellow, with a fine chocolate -brown double dorsal line, followed by several other longitudinal stripes of the same colour. The spiracles stand out blackish on the pale ground. The larvae feed at night, remaining flat upon the stalks of the food plant during the day. The pupa is purplish-brown, with darker incisions and spiracles, with a violet bloom. It is enclosed in a cocoon, in which portions of the food plant are woven. The moth is double-brooded. FAMILY POAPHILID^E. This Family is of limited extent, and is chiefly American. One genus only is European, and with one exception these species are confined to the extreme south of Europe. They fly in dry meadows in the daytime, like the Euclidiida:. 16 N ij8 LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY. GENUS PHYTOMETRA. Phylometra , Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 254 (1809); Stephens Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 121 (1830); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 297 (1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1466 (1858). Prothymia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 282 (1822?). In its larval characters this genus comes nearer to the last family than to the American genera with which Guenee associates it. The types of Haworth’s genus Phytometra were probably intended to be species of Plusia , but Plusia may have the priority ; and as Phytometra viridaria does not con¬ tradict the characters which Haworth assigned to his genus (as is the case with many of the species which he included in it), it seems better to retain Haworth’s name as restricted by Stephens, though Hiibner’s later name, Prothymia , was uni¬ typical, which Phytometra certainly was not. THE SMALL PURPLE-BARRED. PHYTOMETRA VIRIDARIA. Geometra viridaria , Clerck, leones, pi. 9, fig. 12 (1759). Phalce?ia laccata , Scopoli, Ent. Carn. p. 363, no. 503 (1763). Noctua spadiceata , Hufnagel, Berk Mag. iii. no. 87 (1767). Phalcena purpurata , Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 637, no. 91 (1775)- Noctua cenea, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 85, no. 6 (1776) ; Hiibner, Beitr. Schmett. i. (3), p. 10, Taf. 1, fig. D (1788); id. Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 350 (1804 ?). Noctua latruncula , Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) 1, p. 557, Taf. 163, fig. 2 (1792 ?). Phytometra cenea , Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 2 66, no. 34 (1809); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 121 (1S30); PHYTOMETRA. 179 Buckler, Larvse of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 134, pi. 105, figs- 5-5 c (i895)- Anthophila anea, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 274 (1826). Prothymia viridaria , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 280 (1881). The Small Purple-Barred Moth. This little Moth is common throughout the greater part of Europe, as well as Northern and Western Asia. It expands about three-quarters of an inch. The body is shining bronzy-green or brownish-grey, with rusty-brown filiform antennae, and grey legs dotted with black. The fore-wings are shining bronzy-green or greyish-brown, with a purplish-red line along the costa. In the centre of the wings is a pale spot, beyond which is a purplish-red transverse band, which gradually fades into the ground-colour externally. There is a light green sub-marginal line, and beyond it, in front of the fringes, is a second red band broader than the first, and marked with seven rather indistinct small grey dots. In many specimens the outer half of the fore-wings is entirely red, only two fine green transverse lines remaining visible, whilst the inner half is green dusted with red. Sometimes the first red band is intersected by a fine green line. In the grey variety either all the markings are faint, or the bands are darker, with pale borders. The hind-wings are usually bronzy-green, with a dull red band in the centre, and a second red band in front of the fringes, and the tips white. In some varieties the markings are suffused, or the hind-wings may be entirely brownish-grey. N 2 ISO LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY. The larva feeds on Polygala vulgaris. It is velvety-green, with a fine darker green dorsal line, and three lateral lines of the same colour. The spiracles are yellowish, with a pale line below them, which becomes whitish on the last four segments. It is covered with fine bristles. The pupa is cylindrical, slender, bright reddish-brown, with olive-brown head and wing-cases. It is enclosed in a cocoon composed of tough pale-grey silk interwoven with portions of the food plant. The moth is found from May to August and the larva in August and September. FAMILY REMIGIIDiE. This Family is entirely exotic, and includes moths of moderate size, generally with simple antennae and ascending palpi. They are remarkable for their very hairy legs, besides which the hind-legs, especially in the males, are usually furnished with compressed oar-like tufts of hair on each side, extending even to the tarsi. The hind-wings are also frequently hairy beneath. They are moths with comparatively stout bodies, and ample, but not very long, wings, and are usually marked with distinct lines. GENUS REMIGIA. Remigia , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 313 (1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1493 (1858); Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 525 (1894). This genus, as used by Guenee and Walker, includes a number of species found in both hemispheres, and some have a wide range throughout the Indo-Malayan and Ethiopian regions. The following species differs from the types of Remigia in having the hind tarsi much less hairy. PSEUDO-DELTOIDS. 181 REMIGIA DEMONSTRANS. ( Plate C XL. , Fig. 3.) Remigia demonstratis , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1512, no. 26 (1858). This species is found in the Navigators’ Islands. “ Cinereous- testaceous. Head and fore part of the thorax somewhat fawn-coloured. Hind tarsi not pilose. Fore-wings speckled with brown, with two diffuse slightly-oblique dark brown bands, the first bounded on the inner side by a straight whitish line, and on the outer side by an undulating black line, the second containing an undulating black line ; a row of exterior black dots ; exterior border brown. Hind-wings with three brown bands, the second and third connected in front ; exterior border and cilia partly brown. Length of the body, eight to nine lines ; of the wings, eighteen to twenty lines ” ( Walker). VIII. NOCTURE PSEUDO-DELTOIDS. This Family forms the transition from the preceding families to the Deltoidce. The moths have rather slender bodies, the antennae are often ciliated, and the palpi are long, ascending and recurved, with the third joint long and linear. The wings are broad, and often more or less angulated ; and the fore- and hind-wings are generally similarly marked above, and are also ornamented with distinct markings on the under surface. They are very numerous in the Tropics, and especially in South America, but there is only one European species, Zethes insularis , Rambur, which was first discovered in Corsica. Guenee defines three families, as follows : — A. — Wings more or less angulated. a. Last joint of the palpi long, filiform, and upcurved. Abdomen above hairy . Focillidce. 182 Lloyd’s natural history. b. Palpi securiform, or recurved above the front. Abdomen nearly smooth . Amphigoni\_i\dcB. B. — Wings entire, or simply dentated, or pointed at the tip. Thermesi\f\dce. FAMILY FOCILLID.E. GENUS ZETHES. Zcthes , Rambur, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ii. p. 29 (1833) ; Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 329 (1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 1522 (1858). This genus is widely distributed, though not numerous in species. The wings are rather short and broad. ZETHES INSULARIS. {Platt CXL., Fig. 4.) Zethes insularis , Rambur, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ii. p. 29, pi. 2, fig. 1 (1833); Duponchel, Lepid. France, Suppl. iii. p. 553, pi. 47 (1836); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 330 (1852); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, P- 273> pl- 57, % 1 (1881). Noctua tiattyi , Freyer, Neuere Beitr. Schmett. iii. p. 43, Taf. 222, fig. 2 (1837). This Moth is a native of Corsica, Greece, Dalmatia, and Asia Minor. It expands about an inch and a quarter. The fore-wings are brown, dusted with grey, as far as the second line. The half-line is brown, bordered outside with whitish, but is short, and sometimes obsolete. The first trans¬ verse line is brown and broad, especially on the costa, and bordered with white on both sides; it runs irregularly to the costa. The second line is white, forming two curves outwards, but converges obliquely towards the first line on the inner margin ; the marginal area and a long patch running outwards 1 FocULcl phustcides. Z. Capnodes ftraptalpas. J. Majcrotes n drier . 1 Merc errors hdxicUu'ia 5. Ca lyinmoy quirhq uahs. G Hyp encis bijag alis. 7. MctsUgopiujrus parr a;. 8. Early, sixs cyrurrcv. FOCILLA. 183 from the costa to the upper part of the second line are bluish- grey. The sub-terminal line is yellowish, edged within by a black line, and a row of black dots. The hind-wings are lighter brown, with two slightly curved brown lines in the centre, the pale marginal area being bounded by a zig-zag yellowish line. There is an angular tooth on the hind margin of all the wings, and the sub-terminal line is similarly angulated outwards ; on the hind-wings this angle contains a brown spot. GENUS FOCILLA. Focilla, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 333 (1852) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 1528 (1858). This American genus has longer and more pointed fore¬ wings than Zethes (and thus approaches the Amphigoniidce, which have long and rather pointed fore-wings, with a strong projection on the hind margin below the tip), and a strong angular tooth or short tail in the middle of the hind margin on the hind-wings. FOCILLA PLUSIOIDES. {Plate CXL V., Fig. 1.) Focilla plusioides , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 1532, no. 7 (1858). This species was taken at Santarem, on the Amazons, by the late H. W. Bates. “Male. — Ferruginous, cinereous beneath. Frontal tuft bordered with white on each side. Pectus whitish. Abdomen cinereous-brown. Wings with a glaucous bloom ; transverse lines black and ferruginous, zig-zag, irregular, partly interrupted; sub-marginal points black. Fore-wings with the basal and interior lines broader than the others, and partly with whitish borders, a whitish costal sub-apical patch accompanied by 184 Lloyd’s natural history. white costal marks, and having behind it a broad black oblique streak, which extehds to the cilia of the angle of the exterior border; reniform mark mostly ferruginous, variable as to shape, bordered hindward with silvery white. Length of the body, seven lines ; of the wings, eighteen lines ” ( Walker .) FAMILY THERMESIID^E. GENUS CAPNODES. Capnodes , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 374 (1852) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 1600 (1858). The two most important genera of the Thermesiidce are Thermesia, Hiibner, and Capnodes , Guenee, both widely- distributed genera ; and several of the species of Thermesia, are extremely variable, rendering their separation a matter of considerable difficulty. CAPNODES FINIPALPIS. {Plate CXLV, Fig. 2.) Thermesia finipalpis , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 1574, no. 23 (1858). Capnodes mactilicosta , Walker, id. xv. p. 1608 (1858); Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 211 (1885). Capnodes finipalpis , Hampson, Ill. Lepid. Het. Brit. Mus. ix. p. 116, pi. 1 66, figs, i, 8 (1893); id. Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, iii. p. 20, fig. 8 (1895). This Moth is a native of Ceylon. The following is Walker’s description of his Capnodes maculicosta : — “ Male. Orange fawn colour, cinereous beneath. Palpi cinereous, hoary on the inner side ; third joint linear, whitish at the tip, somewhat shorter than the second. Abdomen PLATYDIDAS. 185 cinereous. Tarsi with white bands. Wings with the lines diffuse, undulating, blackish, very indistinct ; exterior line with elongated white points ; marginal points black. Fore-wings with a white costal point near the base, with three white costal sub-apical points, and with two intermediate large white costal spots. Length of the body, eight lines; of the wings, seven¬ teen lines.” The female ( T \ finipalpis , Walk.) is red-lead colour with purplish fringes, and brown spots on the costa. IX. NOCTUcE DELTOIDES. This Division was formerly regarded by many authors (in¬ cluding Guenee) as closely allied to the Pyrales , but is now usually included in the Noctuce. The moths are slender¬ bodied, resembling Pyrales or Tortrices in form, and have very long palpi, clothed with smooth hair, and extending consider¬ ably beyond the head ; or securiform and upcurved. The legs are long and slender, and the tibiae are without spurs, though some of the species are furnished with large expansile tufts of hair on the legs. The wings are broad, and not dentated ; the fore-wings are generally more or less triangular. The antennae of the males are pectinated, dentated, and ciliated, or are simple, with a knot-like expansion in the middle. The larvae have from twelve to sixteen legs, and the moths fly by night, though many of them are easily disturbed during the daytime. Guenee divides the Deltoides into three families, the Platydidce Hypenidce , and Herminiidce . To these we have added the Aventiidce , which Guenee regarded as a separate division of the Lepidoptera. FAMILY PLATYDIDCE. This is a family including a small number of American and East Indian species of comparatively large size, with ciliated or i86 LLOYD S NATURAL HISTORY. pubescent, but not naked, antennae ; long, ascending, and recurved palpi ; well-marked ocelli ; and long, slender legs, with the front tibiae more or less thickened. The wings are broad, and more or less angulated ; the fore- and hind-wings are similarly marked, and the patterns are reproduced on the under surface. GENUS EUCLYSTIS. Euclystis, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett ii. Taf. 223 (1818 ?) ; id. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 341 (1822?). Macrodes , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Delt. et Pyr. p. 12 (1854); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 4 (1858). This genus is remarkable for its slender body, not longer than the wings, and its large size and broad wings, which give it a somewhat geometriform appearance. The antennae are long, approximating at the base, and shortly pectinated in the male, each pectination bearing a long recurved cilium ; in the female the antennae are moniliform, sub-quadrate, and furnished with two short cilia. EUCLYSTIS CYNARA. (. Plate CXL V., Fig. 8.) Geometra cynara, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 15, figs. C, D (i775)* Euclystis cynaralis , Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. Taf. 223 (1818 ?). Macrodes cynaralis, Guen£e, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Delt. et Pyr. p. 13 (1854); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 5 no. 1 (1858). This Moth is recorded from Surinam, Cayenne, and Para. It expands about two inches and a quarter. The wings are slightly dentated, with an angular projection CALYMMA. 187 near the middle of the hind-margin. They are blackish, varied with reddish-brown and pale bluish-white, and with double black and white sub-marginal lines. The fore-wings are marked with fine waved zig-zag white lines, and the whole of the central area is white tinged with grey, and contains two unequal and remote white cellular spots, surrounded with grey. The marginal area is spotted with red. The hind-wings are broad, and nearly square ; blackish, with the middle of the marginal area bluish-white. There is a central lunule circled with white, and a fine waved line, angulated opposite the cell. FAMILY HYPENID^E. The antennae are straight, and pectinated or ciliated, but not nodose or tufted ; the palpi are long, pilose, and straight ; the front of the head is furnished with a pointed pro¬ jection ; and the legs are long, but without tufts of hair or scales, though the fore-wings are often ornamented with clusters of raised scales. The larvae are long and slender, with the first pair of pro-legs rudimentary or absent. The pupa is en¬ closed in a slight cocoon. GENUS CALYMMA. Calymma , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 281 (1822 ?). Dichromia , Guen£e, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Delt. et Pyr. p. 18 (1854); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. xvi. p. 13 (1858); Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, iii. p. 72 (1895), nec Dichroma, Westwood. The long, slender palpi, oblong fore-wings, and rounded yellow hind-wings bordered with black, are sufficient characters to distinguish this small East Indian genus, the type of which is Noctua orosia, Cramer. 1 88 Lloyd’s natural history. CALYMMA QUINQUALIS. (Plate CXLV, Fig. 5.) Dichromia quinqualis , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 15, no 4 (1858). This Moth is found in Java. “Male. — Dark brown. Abdomen luteous. Fore-wings with the exterior line fawn-colour, double, undulating, connected with a pale fawn-coloured patch by the interior angle, and with a broad curved, irregular streak of the same hue by the tip ; marginal lunules black. Hind-wings luteous, with a broad blackish border, the latter attenuated towards the interior angle, which it does not reach. Length of the body, five lines ; of the wings, twelve lines ” ( Walker). GENUS HYPENA. Hypena, Schrank, Fauna Boica(2) ii. p. 163 (1802); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vii. p. 21 (1829); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Delt. et Pyr. p. 21 (1858); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 21 (1858). This is a very extensive genus, well represented in many parts of the world. The antennae are long and slender, fasciculated in the male, and slightly ciliated in the female. The palpi are long, thick, and scaly. The wings are generally of dull colours, broad, and more or less pointed at the tips ; and are furnished with small tufts of raised scales. The larvae, which feed on low plants, are long, cylindri al. and multiform, and the first pair of pro-legs is wanting. The pupae are enclosed in silken cocoons among leaves or moss. We have three species of this genus in Britain, which are called “ Snouts,” in allusion to their long beak-like palpi. There HERMINIID^E. 189 are a considerable number of species in North America, one of which is here described and figured. HYPENA BIJUGALIS. {Plate CXLV, Fig. 6.) Hypena bijugalis , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 32, no. 17 (1858). This species is found in Nova Scotia. “Female. — Pale cinereous. Palpi shorter than the thorax ; their plumes not extending to the tip of the third joint. Fore¬ wings blackish-brown for full half the length from the base, except along the interior border ; the outline of this dark part is slightly excavated, and bordered with white towards the base on its hind side, and is slightly oblique on its exterior side, where it has an obtuse indented tooth ; sub¬ marginal line composed of diffuse blackish spots ; space between it and the exterior border brownish ; marginal points black, orbicular mark forming a black dot. Length of the body, five lines ; of the wings, twelve lines ” ( Walker). FAMILY FlERMINIIDvE. In this Family the antennae are pubescent, with two longer cilia rising from each joint, and are often curved, or furnished with tufts of hairs or scales. The palpi are generally arched, but their structure differs in the sexes. The front legs are often thickened, and provided with pencils of silky hair, or tufts of woolly or scaly hairs. There is no frontal prominence, and the wings are not furnished with tufts of raised scales. The larvae are short and thick, with sixteen legs, and live more or less concealed ; and the pupae likewise vary in habit. This is a larger family than the last, and contains a much greater variety of well-marked genera. A Cuban species is here figured. LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. I90 GENUS MASTIGOPHORUS. Mastigophorus , Poey, Cent. Lepid. pi. 8 (1832). Mastygophora, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Delt. et Pyr. p. 93 (1854) ;* Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 149 (i858). This genus is remarkable for the enormous length of the palpi in the male, which are composed of three joints, each as long as the abdomen. The first joint is straight, the second and third recurved over the back, and the last joint is fringed with long hair beneath ; there is a conspicuous tuft at the end of the front tibiae. The median nervure is four-branched on both the fore- and hind- wings, and there is one sub- median nervure on the fore-wings, and two on the hind-wings. In the female, the palpi are much shorter, and resemble those of the genus Herminia , Latreille ; the second joint is the longest, and the third is slightly recurved. The tuft at the end of the tibiae is wanting. MASTIGOPHORUS PARRA {Plate CXLV., Fig. 7.) Mastigophorus parra , Poey, Cent. Lepid. Cuba, pi. 8 (1832). Mastygophora parralis , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Delt. et Pyr. p. 94 (1854) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 149, no. 1 (1858). This species is a native of Cuba. It expands about an inch. It is dark brown, with four yellowish lines ; the first short, the second curved, bordered with black outside, and followed by a yellowish dash at the end of the cell ; beyond this are two more much angulated lines, which, unlike the others, are continued across the hind-wings, where, however, they are nearly straight, the sub-terminal line only being angulated at the anal angle. The under surface of the wings is dusted LASPEYRIA. 191 with grey, and the tuft of hair at the end of the front tibite is black above, and whitish beneath. The moth is attracted by lights at Havannah, and rests on the walls of the rooms with its wings flat, the hind-wings being half covered by the fore-wings. FAMILY AVENTIIDAi. The single species included in this family is referred by some authors to the Geometrce , and by others to the Deltoides ; but it does not quite agree with either in its characters. The eyes are naked, and ocelli are present. The antennae are simple, and the palpi are ascending, with the second joint broad and triangular, and the terminal joint very short. The abdomen is rather slender, as long as the hind-wings, and the femora are sparsely hairy. The fore-wings are rather short and broad, with the tip hooked, and a deep concavity below; the hind-wings are rounded. The larva has twelve legs, and is furnished with hairy filaments on the sides ; it is rather short and thick, and feeds on lichens. The pupa is enclosed in a slight cocoon. GENUS LASPEYRIA. Laspeyria , Germar, Syst. Gloss. Prodr. i. p. 13 (1811). Aventia , Duponchel, Lepid. France, vii. (2), p. 190(1829); Lederer, Noct. Eur. p. 208 (1857). This genus need not be further characterised. THE BEAUTIFUL HOOK-TIP. LASPEYRIA FLEXULA. Boinbyx flexula , Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 64, no. 3 (1776); Hiibner, Beitr. Schmett. i. (1), p. 32, Taf. 4, fig. Z (1786); Esper, Schmett. iii. (2), p. 31, Taf. 84, fig. 4 (1789?). Geometra sinuata , Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 287 (1777). LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY. 192 Geometra fiexularia , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. v. fig. 19 (1797). Ennomos fiexularia , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (1), p. 4 (1827); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 323 (1831). Aventia fiexularia , Duponchel, Lepid. France, vii. (2), p. 192, pi. 149, fig. 1 (1829). Aventia flexula , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 28^, pi. 58, fig. 3 (1881). The head and antennas are reddish-grey, the latter pectinated in the male, and simple in the female. The thorax and abdomen are pale grey, dusted with black, and the tegulae are bordered with reddish. The fore-wings have hooked tips, and are grey, dusted with ferruginous, and crossed by two yellowish-white transverse lines, bordered with brown, and angulated on the costa. In the central area are two distinct black dots placed obliquely. Sometimes there are also several smaller dots. Then comes a row of indistinct small whitish lunules, concave on the inner side. There is a sharply-defined yellowish line on the hind margin before the fringes. The extreme hind margins are rusty-brown, and so are the fringes, which are dotted with black. All the nervures are whitish. The hind-wings are yellowish-grey, and lighter than the fore-wings, with a straight yellow transverse central line, shaded on both sides with brown. Close to the reddish-brown hind-margin is a yellow line preceded by a row of dots, and between these and the trans¬ verse line is a fine white curved line. The fringes are brown, with whitish tips. The larva feeds on Lichen stellaris and L. parietinus. It grows slowly, and requires six weeks to attain its full growth. It is slender and grey, varied with green and black. The pupa is ringed with brown and yellow, with brown wing-cases. The moth is found in Britain and other parts of Europe in July and August. PARASC0T1A. I93 FAMILY BOLETOBIID^E. This is a small Family which is placed by some authors in the Geometrce , and by others in the Noctuce , near the Aventiidez. The antennae of the male are pectinated and ciliated, with the tip bare, the palpi large and hairy, and the wings festooned, all marked alike. The legs are long, and the hind tibiae have two pairs of long spurs. The larvae are cylindrical, with small bristle-bearing warts, and feed on lichens and fungi, and the pupae are subterranean. They have twelve legs. GENUS PARASCOTIA. Parascotia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 314 (1822?); Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. i. p. 699 (1859). Boletobia, Boisduval, Gen. Ind. Meth. p. 201 (1840); Guen6e, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 330 (1857); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 497 (i860). The only European species is the following : THE WAVED BLACK MOTH. PARASCOTIA FULIGINARIA. {Plate C XL VII., Fig. 1.) - , Clerck, leones, pi. 8, fig. 7 (1759). Geometra fuliginaria , Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 327, no. 1247 (1761). Geometra carbonaria , Denis & Schifferm filler, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 108, no. 5 (1776); Esper, Schmett. v. p. 182, Taf. 32, figs. 3-6 (1794?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. v. fig. 151 (1803?). Phalcena lunulata , Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 290 (1777). Phalcena lignaria , Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (2), p. 160, no. 111 (i794)- 1 6 o Lloyd’s natural history. T94 Gnophos carbonaria , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (i), p. 184 (1827). Fidonia carbonari a , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent.Haust.iii. p. 149 (1831). Boletobia fuliginaria , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 330 (1857) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 285, pi. 58, fig. 4 (1881); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vii. p. 47 (1897). The Black Heath Moth is found throughout the greater part of Europe and Siberia, but is rare in Britain. It expands about an inch. The ground-colour of the whole of the upper side is smoky black. The antennae are yellow, ringed with black, with black pectinations in the male ; but filiform in the female. The abdomen is slender in the male, with yellowish tufts on the sides ; and cylindrical in the female. Three zig-zag yellowish transverse lines cross the fore-wings ; the first consists of small curves, the second forms a strong angle on the costa, and then approaches the first. The twro lines are shaded with black on the sides next to one another, and bound the central area. In this there is a black lunule. A third line runs not far from the hind-margin, and between it and the second line, near the inner margin, is a large indistinct yellowish spot. The fringes are bordered with small black lunules, and are yellowish, streaked with black. The two outer lines are continued on the hind-wings, and the second is sometimes broken up into dots. There is a black central lunule, and an indistinct yellowish patch at the anal angle. The larva lives on Lichen parietinus , Bryum murale , &c. It is full-grown about the middle of June or the beginning of July, and is then blue-black with several rows of orange- coloured tubercles, each bearing long black curved hairs, tipped with whitish. It undergoes its transformations in the ground, or on the ground under the food plant BREPHOS. 195 The pupa is shining greyish-green. London coal-cellars are perhaps the most likely localities to search for this rarity. FAMILY BREPHIDHL Larva. — Long, slender, with sixteen legs, but the first two pairs short and unfit for use ; feeding on trees. Pupa. — Enclosed in a slight cocoon, among moss or bark, imago. — Without ocelli ; antennae dentated and pubescent, or ciliated ; palpi replaced by a tuft of hairs ; proboscis short. Body moderately stout, downy, with the thorax short, and the abdomen linear in the male, and thick and obtuse in the female. Legs slender, tufted, with rudimentary spurs. Fore-wings broad, triangular, thickly and coarsely scaled, with an appendiculate cell, and the sub-marginal nervure forked at the base ; hind- wings brightly coloured, provided with a frenulum, and the costal nervure inflated, throwing off, and running parallel with the sub-costal for some distance, the latter only bifurcating near the outer angle ; cell closed ; lower discoidal nervule running half-way between the upper median nervule, and the upper discoidal nervule ; two sub-marginal nervures present. Guenee makes this family, under the name of Phalcenoidce , the fifth sub¬ family of his Alinores , but many later writers have regarded it as an independent family, which should be separated both from the Noctuce , and from the Geometry. GENUS BREPHOS. Hemigeojfietra, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 267 (1809). Nec. sect., typ. Brephos , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (1810); Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 96 (1816); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 378 (1826); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 264 (1852). Archiearis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 280 (1822 ?). o 2 196 Lloyd’s natural history. As this is the only genus of the family, it is unnecessary to characterise it. There are only three species known, all European. Two of them are British ; the third, B. puella (Esper), is common in South-central Europe, and feeds on aspen. Concerning the commonest species, B. parthenias (Linn.) described below, Guenee writes : “ The larvae live in large trees, and drop themselves down suspended by a thread, like many Geometrce. They are found in autumn, chiefly in rather large woods, and the moths fly in the earliest days of spring, or rather at the end of winter, among the still leafless birch trees. Their flight is active and sustained, but the sun is indispen¬ sable to rouse them from their torpor, for his rays are scarcely hidden, even for a moment, when the moths at once suspend their flight, to resume it immediately upon his re-appearance. It will be seen that these habits most resemble those of the Phaloenidce which fly in company with it in early spring, which is in accordance with the shape and habits of the larvae.” THE ORANGE UNDERWING. BREPHOS PARTHENIAS. Noctua parthenias, Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 308, no 1160 (1761); Esper, Schmett. iv. (1), p. 53, Taf. 85, figs. 5-8 (1786?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. pi. 74, figs. 341, 342 (1804?); Ivnoch, Beitr. Ins. ii. p. 71, pi. 3, fig. 8 (1782). Phalcena fulvata , Pallas, Reise. iii. p. 732, no. 95 (1775). Brephos parthenias , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 379 (1826); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 296, pi. 41, fig. 8 (1881); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. pi. 101, figs. 6-6 b (1895). Brephos notha, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 137 (1831), nec Hiibner. The Orange Underwing is common in Central and Northern Europe, and in Siberia. It expands from an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half BREPHOS. I97 The head, thorax, and upper surface of the abdomen are black, with brownish, and occasional white hairs. The body is long and slender, especially in the male, much like that of a Geometra. The antennae of the female are setiform, black ringed with white ; in the male they are fusiform, and pectinated. The pectinations are black, like the dorsal surface of the shaft, but appear lighter, as they are sur¬ rounded by short brown hairs. The eyes are large and oval. The pectus is clothed with long shaggy grey hair, and so is The Orange Underwingo the under surface of the abdomen in the male, but in the female the grey hair is limited to the first segments, the hair on the hinder segments being pale yellow, long and fine. The fore-wings are marbled with grey and reddish-brown, one colour sometimes predominating, and sometimes the other, and the surface is powdered with black atoms. The first transverse line is black and zig-zag, with an indistinct whitish border towards the base. The central area is at first of the ground-colour, and contains the annular orbicular stigma. Then comes a more or less distinct narrow or broad transverse 198 Lloyd’s natural history. band, on which, near the base, stands the black reniform stigma on a bluish patch. The second transverse line and the sub¬ marginal line enclose a band which is varied with ferruginous, and usually with white on the costa and inner margin. Beyond the sub-marginal line the wings are greyish-brown as far as the striped brown and white fringes. Occasionally the whole of the wings are dusted with brown, and the markings and paler areas are thus rendered indistinct. The hind-wings are orange, or deep pomegranate-yellow. From the base a large, nearly triangular black spot extends more than half across the wings towards the inner margin, and to the outer angle of this spot is attached a smaller one. In front of the hind margin is a narrow dentated black band, whilst in the orange area there is often a round whitish spot. The fringes are chequered with grey and white. The above description applies to the male. In the female the fore-wings are usually more varied with white, and have lighter markings, and the yellow or orange of the hind-wings is less intense. The black marginal band of the latter is often broken up into lines and spots, and there is a second costal spot at the apex of the black triangle. Finally the shorter and more cylindrical abdomen, and the difference in the antennae, will serve at once to distinguish the sexes. The larva feeds on birch, oak, and beech. It is smooth, and pale green, with yellow longitudinal lines on the back, and a broader yellow stripe on the sides. The head is rather large, and dark green. The first pair of pro-legs are small, and consequently the larva loops a little in walking. Before its metamorphosis the larva changes its colour, the green becomes paler, and' the yellow lines turn to white. It then bores its way into the bark, and covers the opening with a web, or forms a very firm cocoon with leaves, moss, or splinters of wood. The pupa is reddish-brown, and GEOMETRY. 199 elongated, with a slight elevation on each segment of the abdomen. The moth appears in February or March, and flies in the day-time. GEOMETRY. This is an extremely natural group of Moths, and most of the species belonging to it are easily distinguishable from those of any other group. As a rule they are of moderate size, rarely exceeding two or three inches in expanse, and have slender bodies, and broad, brightly-coloured wings, the hind-wings being nearly as large as the fore-wings, and more or less similarly coloured. In the males the antennae are often strongly pectinated ; but the bodies of the insects are seldom clothed with rough hair, except in certain genera with stout instead of slender bodies. The females of some species, especially those which appear in winter or in early spring, are apterous. But the most characteristic feature of the Geometrce is the structure of the larvae, which have only ten legs, the first three pairs of pro-legs being absent, or at least imperfectly developed. These larvae fix themselves by their claspers and pro-legs to a leaf or branch, and then stretch their bodies stiffly out, in which position they often remain for a long time, when they look deceptively like bits of dry stick. When walking, they extend their bodies as far as they can reach, take hold with their front legs, then draw up the hind ones, arching the back as they do so, and then extend their bodies again, thus proceeding by a succession of loops, whence they are called Geometrce. , or “Land Measurers’’; or, in English, “ Loopers.” Guenee, in his “ Uranides et Phalenites,” published in 1857 (vide vol. iv. pp. xxx. 166), divided the Geometrse into twenty- six families, of which seventeen are represented in Britain. Dr. Packard, in his “ Monograph of the Geometrid Moths or 200 LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY. Phalaenidae of the United States ” (1876 ; vide vol. iv. p. 205), treats these as sub-families, and reduces the number to eight, one, however, the GoniacidaHna, being new, i.e., founded on American species unknown to Guenee. Mr. Meyrick, in his “ Handbook of British Lepidoptera ” (vide vol. iv. pp. xxxix 184), and Sir George Hampson, in his “Fauna of British India: Moths,” vol. iii. (cf. vol. iv. pp. xxxvi. 198), both published in 1895, further reduce the families or sub-families to five and six respectively ; one of the latter, however, the O rthostixiincB , being unrepresented in Britain. On the other hand, most of the German writers recognise only two families, the Dendro?netridce and Phytometridcz , which Von Heinemann characterises as follows : — DENDROMETRID^E. Sub-costal nervure of the hind-wings rising from the base, not touching the median, or only for a short distance, and diverging from it long before the end of the discoidal cell. PHYTOMETRID^E. Sub-costal nervure of the hind-wings rising from the median nervure at, or just before, the end of the discoidal cell. The Phytometridce include the Sionidce , Eiibolidcz and Larentidce. of Guenee, the remaining families being included under the Dendrometridcz. I regard Guenee’s arrangement as the most suitable for the purposes of the present work, and propose to follow it, with some slight modifications. FAMILY URAPTERYDyE. This family includes a number of species, with triangular and rather pointed fqre-wings, and angulated or sub-caudate hind-wings. They are generally uniform in colour, and marked with transverse or oblique lines. The body is rather woolly, and the abdomen is tufted in the male. The only European PLATE CXLVI. 5. 1. Lars sa/nbucx/ruv. 2. OpLsthjograpiis hiteolatay. 3. Arigerona ' prirnctr'icL . 4. A Tigeronri (? ) sospetcv. 5. Morvocleriicv obtusaJxv. LARS. 201 species is the largest and most conspicuous of our Geometrce , but the foreign genera shade off into the Ennomidcc. A synop¬ sis of the Urapterydce, was published by Dr. A. G. Butler in vol. 17 of the “Journal of the Linnean Society of London.”' GENUS LARS. Lars , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (1822 ?). Urapteryx , Leach, Zool. Misc. i. p. 80 (1814); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et. Phal. i. p. 27 (1852). Ourapteryx , Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 134 (1815). The antennae are not pectinated, but are sometimes pubescent in the males. The wings are white or yellow, with transverse lines, and one or two sub-ocellated spots at the base of the tail in the hind-wings. Several species are found in the East Indies and in South America ; but they have all a strong general resemblance to the European moth. THE SWALLOW-TAILED MOTH. LARS SAMBUCARIA. [Plate CXL VI. , Fig. 1.) Geometra sambucaria , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x), i. p. 519, no. 129 (1858); id. Faun. Suec. p. 322, no. 1222 (1761) ; id. Mus. Ludov. Ulr. p. 391 (1764); Esper, Schmett. v. p. 51, Taf. 8, figs. 1-8 (1794?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. v. fig. 28 (1797?). Urapteryx sambucaria , Leach, Zool. Misc. i. p. 80, pi. 35, fig. 2 (1814); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 175 (1831) ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. xi. pi. 508 (1834); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 305, pi. 43, fig. 6 (1881). Accena sambucaria , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (1), p. 85 (1827). Ourapteryx sambucaria , Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. pi. 106, figs. 1, ia (1897). The Swallow-tailed Moth is common throughout the greater part of Europe and Northern and Western Asia. It is one of 202 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY the largest of the British Geometrcz , the expanded wings often measuring two inches and a half across. The fore-wings are pointed at the tip, and somewhat falcate, the hind-margin being entire, while the hind-wings are prolonged into a rather acute tail. The colour is delicate sulphur-yellow, shaded at the base of the wings into satiny-white, and deepening towards the hind- margin. The surface is marked with numerous dark evanescent transverse streaks. The fore-wings are crossed by two yellow transverse lines, and the hind-wings by one, which corresponds to the first line of the fore-wings. At the base of the tail are two small blackish spots, the larger of which is centred with reddish. The fringes are ochre-yellow, inclining to reddish- brown. The larva feeds on the leaves of willow, lime, elder, pear, and various other trees and shrubs. It is dark-brown, dark- grey, or reddish or yellowish-brown, with waved longitudinal darker lines. The head is flat and oval. The pupa is whitish, yellowish-brown, or reddish-brown, with dark brown and grey spots, and is enclosed in a web between leaves. The moth appears in June and July. It flies at dusk, and is not uncommon in suburban gardens and elsewhere. FAMILY ENNOMID^E. This is an extensive family of moderate-sized Moths, with the antennas generally pectinated, at least in the male, and the wings frequently angulated or dentated. The colour is generally of some shade of yellow, more or less varied with darker lines and spots. The larvae have only ten perfect legs, the three first pairs of pro-legs being usually absent, or imperfectly developed, and not used for walking. The larvae are often furnished with lateral appendages, or humps on the back. They feed exposed on trees or shrubs, and the pupae, which are very lively, are formed between leaves OPISTHOGRAPTIS 203 or in the ground. One or two of these larvae are “ cannibals,” feeding on other larvae when they have an opportunity. GENUS OPISTHOGRAPTIS. Opisthograptis , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 292 (1822?). Rumia , Duponchel, Lepid. France, vii. (2), p. 1 1 7 (1829); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 108 (1857). The antennae are simple, the palpi short and hairy, and the hind tibiae are not swollen, but armed with short spurs. The wings are entire, and the fore- and hind-wings are nearly uniformly coloured. The larvae are remarkable for possessing fourteen legs, having two rudimentary pairs in front of the usual pair of pro-legs ; and dorsal and lateral appendages on some of the hinder segments. They feed on trees, and the pupae are enclosed in strong cocoons attached to the branches. \ BRIMSTONE MOTH. OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA. {Plate CXL VI. , Fig 2.) Geometra luteolata , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 525, no. 168 (1758). Geometra cratcegata , Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 336 (1761); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. v. fig. 32 (1797). Ennomos cratcegata , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (1), p. 41 (1827). Ru?nia cratcegata , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 174 (1831); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vii. pi. 106, fig-5-5 c (1897). Rumia luteolata , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 305. pi. 44, figs. 2-2 b (1881). The Brimstone Moth is common throughout Europe, Asia Minor, and Siberia. The wings expand from an inch to an inch and two-thirds. 204 LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY. It is deep sulphur-yellow, with two reddish-brown spots on the costa of the fore-wings towards the base ; a third near the middle, produced internally, and having a white mark in the centre ; and a rather large one at the apex. Beyond the middle of the wings is a transverse row of faint dusky marks, and two or three others near the base. The hind-wings have a reddish-brown central spot, generally with a white dot in the middle, and several dusky marks. The fringes are spotted with reddish-brown. The larva feeds on hawthorn, sloe, apple, bramble, &c. It is long and cylindrical, pale brown, with a bluish spot on each side of the neck, and the spiracles on the sixth segment tinged with red. On the back of the sixth segment is a bifid pro¬ tuberance. The pupa is dark brown. The Moth is found from April to October or November, there being a succession of broods throughout the fine season of the year. GENUS ANGERONA. Anger on ci) Duponchel, Lepid. France, vii. (2), p. 1S0 (1829); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 114 (1852). The antennae are pectinated and ciliated in the male, the head small, the palpi short and pointed, and the legs short, the hind tibiae fusiform, with short spurs, the fore-wings entire, and the hind-wings slightly scolloped. The larva is very long, and the pupa is enclosed in a slight cocoon between leaves. THE ORANGE MOTH. ANGERONA PRUNARIA. ( Plate CXL VI. , Fig. 3.) Geometra prunaria , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) p. 520, no. 133 (1758); Esper, Schmett. v. p. 91, Taf. 17, figs. 1-7 (1794?); Knoch, Beitr. Ins. ii. pp. 7, 133, Taf. 1, fig. 3, Taf. 7 (1782); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. figs. 122, 123 (1800). ANGERONA. 205 Phalana sordiata , Fuessly, Schweiz. Ins. p. 41, no. 791 (1775); Capieux, Naturforscher, xv. p. 65, Taf. 3, fig. 15 (1781). Geometra corylaria , Thunberg, Diss. Ins. Suec. i. p. 4 (1784); Esper, Schmett. v. p. 95, Taf. 18, figs. 1-3 (1794?). Ennomos prunaria , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (1) p. 45 (1827). Angerona prunaria , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 172 (1831); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 305, pi. 44, 3-3 d (1881); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vii. pi. 106, figs. 7-7 b (1897). The Orange Moth is common throughout the greater part of Europe, as well as Northern and Western Asia. It expands from an inch and three-quarters to two inches. The male is orange, and the female pale yellow. The wings of both sexes are covered with numerous blackish-brown trans¬ verse streaks and dots, and there are similar markings also on the legs and under side. In the middle of all the wings is a long brown streak, which is sometimes lost in the surrounding dark markings, but is seldom entirely wanting. The fringes are spotted with brown. The larva lives on plum, sloe, elm, hazel, plantain, honey¬ suckle, lilac, &c. When full-grown it is pale brown, shaded with dusky, or ashy- grey, shaded with brown, with pale tubercles tipped with dark brown, the largest of which, on the ninth segment, are whitish on the sides. It undergoes its metamorphosis in a slight cocoon between leaves, bound together with threads. The pupa is reddish- brown, with black, or dark brown wing-cases. The moth appears in June and July. The specimen figured illustrates the curious phenomenon called gynandromorphism, sometimes met with in insects The right side of this insect 206 Lloyd’s naturat. history. is coloured like the ordinary male of the species, and the left side like the ordinary female. ANGERONA (?) SOSPETA. [Plate CXL VI. , Fig. 4.) Noctua sospeta , Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. ii. pi. 22, fig. 3 (1773). Venilia (?) sospeta , Westwood in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 214, pi. 29, fig. 3 (1841). Angerona sospetaria , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 1 t 5 (1S57). This Moth is a native of Jamaica. It expands about two inches and a half. The wings are pale yellow, the fore-wings with several brown spots, which tend to form two very irregular macular bands ; on the hind-wings there is also a large transverse brown spot running outwards from the inner margin. The head is pale yellow, and the thorax and abdomen yellow, the former shad¬ ing into brown posteriorly. GENUS PHAL/ENA. Phalcena , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 495 (1758); Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 619 (1775); Cuvier, Tabl. Elem. d’Hist. Nat. p. 598 (1798) ; Lamarck, Syst. Anim. sans Vertebres, p. 286 (1801). Hygrochroa , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 293 (1822 ?) ; Meyrick, Handbook Brit. Lepid. p. 283 (1895). Pericallia, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 171 (1831); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 146(1857), nom. prceocc. The antennae are rather short, but pectinated to the tips, most strongly in the male. The palpi are short, broad, and obtuse. The hind tibiae are enlarged at the extremity, and the spurs are of equal length. The wings are broad and PHAL^ENA. 207 brightly coloured, but with no spot or streak in the cells. The larva is short, broad, and pubescent, with long filaments curv¬ ing backwards on the eighth segment ; it feeds on shrubs. The pupa is short, much thickened in the middle, and enclosed in a very loose cocoon. THE LILAC BEAUTY. PHALA5NA SYRINGARIA. Geometra syringaria, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 520, no. 132 (1758); Esper, Schmett. v. p. 62, Taf. 11, figs. 3-7 (T 795 ?) ) Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. v. fig. 29 (1797 ?). Ennomos syringaria, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (1), p. 52 (1827). Pericallia syringaria , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 171 (1831); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 301, pi. 49, figs. 2-2 b (1881); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vii. pi. 107, figs. 3-3 b (1897). The Lilac Beauty. This species inhabits most parts of Northern and Central Europe and Northern Asia. It expands from an inch and a half to an inch and three-quarters. The fore-wings have a pale violet triangular spot on the costa close to the base, from which a transverse line of the same colour runs towards the inner margin. On this line are two more or less distinct black points on the costa. Towards the apex of the wings is an olive-green spot bordered with white 208 Lloyd’s natural history. On the inner side of the triangle is a black dot, from which runs a ferruginous line, which is continued on the hind-wings, and is bordered by a fine pale violet line. Beyond this is a large yellow spot in the centre of the wings, which extends as far as the hind margin. The fringes are ferruginous. The hind- wings have similar markings, but the violet line has several black dots on the lower half. The margins of all the wings are irregularly dentated. The larva feeds on jasmine, willow, privet, lilac, &c. It is somewhat stout, with a small head, and is buff or reddish- brown, shaded with grey. There are two smooth, reddish- yellow, fleshy tubercles on the sixth segment, and two smaller black ones on the seventh, besides the horns on the eighth segment. The pupa is shining dark brown, shaded with darker, and with yellowish spots on the head and thorax. It is generally suspended. The moth is found in May, and again in July and August. GENUS GEOMETRA. Geometra , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 519 (1758); Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 271 (1809); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 163 (1831); nec Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 134 (1815). Eugonia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 291 (1822 ?) nom. proto cc. Ennomos , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (1), p. 3 (1825) ; Guen£e, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 173 (1857). The antennae are strongly pectinated in the male, and dentated in the female ; the body is stout and woolly, and the abdomen tufted ; and the wings are dentated, with a strong tooth in the middle of the hind margin. The larvae are long and tuberculate, and feed on trees ; the pupae are enclosed by a few threads between leaves. GEOMETRA. 209 This genus, with its stout body and dentated wings, repre¬ sents a somewhat different group of the family to which it belongs than the other species which are here noticed. It is curious that neither of the types assigned to Geometra by Leach are admissible ; for Plagodis dolabraria was not described by Linnaeus till 1767; and Eutrapela lunaria , Denis & Schiffermiiller, was not a Linnean species ; but Stephens, while excluding P. dolabraria, employed Geometra to include E. lunaria , and various allied species, including G. alniaria , a Linnean species of 1758, which therefore becomes the type. The French Entomologists selected the green Geometra papilionaria , Linn., as the type of Geometra ; but three generic names had already been assigned to this species : Terpne and Holothalassis of Hiibner, and Hipparchus of Leach, the first of which will stand. THE CANARY-SHOULDERED THORN. GEOMETRA ALNIARIA. Geometra alniaria, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 519, no. 131 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 32, no. 1230 (1761); nec Den. 6° Schiff. Geometra catiaria, Hiibner, Beitr. Schmett. ii. (4), p.99, pi. 4, fig. Y (1. 2) (1790); Esper, Schmett. v. p. 100, Taf. 19, figs. 2, 3 ( 1 7 95 ?)j Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 165 (1831). Geometra tiliaria, Borkhausen, Eur. Schmett. v. p. 87 (1794); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. v. fig. 23 (1797?); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 164 (1831). Ennojnos tiliaria , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (2), p. 295 (1827); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vii. p. 4, pi. 108, figs. 4, 4 a (1897). Eugonia ahiiaria, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 299 (1881). This species is found throughout Temperate Europe. 16 P 210 LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY. It expands from an inch and a half to an inch and three- quarters. The head and thorax are clothed with bright canary-yellow hair, and the wings are yellow, speckled with rusty brown, with two nearly parallel, slightly curved, brown transverse lines. Between these, near the costa, is a rusty-coloured comma-shaped mark. The fringes are dark rust-colour, varied with yellowish. The hind-wings have a brown lunule, and the second line is sometimes continued on them. The Canary-Shouldered Thorn. The larva feeds on birch, lime, elder, oak, and fruit trees. It is slender, dark brown, shaded alternately with lighter and darker, and moderately marbled with whitish. On the seventh segment are four transverse tubercles, and the sixth and ninth have transverse dorsal ridges. The last segment ends in three points directed backwards, the middle one being the smallest. The pupa is light brown, with whitish incisions. FAMILY CENOCHROMIID^E. This Family was established by Guende to include a few genera of Exotic Moths, chiefly Australian, of rather large size. The antennae are thick, and the flagellum pectinated in the males, except at the tip. The palpi and proboscis are thick, the body is stout, the thorax is woolly, and the abdomen smooth. The legs are short and thick, with very short spurs MONOCTENIA. 2 1 1 on the hind tibiae. The wings are rather long, and marked with oblique lines ; the fore-wings are rather pointed at the base. To the seven genera which Guenee placed in this Family. Walker added eight, some of which, however, are now referred to the Bombyces. Later authors have added other genera, some of which hardly appear to belong here. A species belonging to one of Guenee’s genera is here figured. GENUS MONOCTENIA. Monoctenia , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lcpid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 1S3 (1857). Antennae long, pectinated in the male and dentated in the female on one side only ; the abdomen depressed in the male, and pointed in the female. The hind margins of the wings are rather convex above the middle. MONOCTENIA OBTUSATA. {Plate CXLVI. , Fig. 5.) Monoctenia obtusata , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 279, no. 2 (i860). This Moth is a native of Australia. “ Pale cinereous. Head and legs reddish, varied with testaceous. Abdomen minutely black-speckled ; anterior seg¬ ments with a blackish point on each side. Wings irregularly brown-speckled, the speckles here and there confluent ; under side with an exterior broad, irregular, interrupted, pale ferruginous band. Fore-wings acute, with a few black points ; costa very slightly concave exteriorly ; exterior border trun¬ cated along one-third of the length, very oblique from thence to the interior angle ; under side with a large blackish discal patch. Length of the body nine lines ; of the wings twenty- four lines ” ( Walker ). 212 Lloyd’s natural history. FAMILY AMPHIDASYDHL Antennae pectinated or plumose in the male, and simple in the female ; proboscis and palpi very short, or wanting ; body very stout and woolly; female frequently apterous, or with rudimentary wings. Larva long and smooth, with ten legs, living openly on trees. Pupa subterranean. These moths much resemble Bombyces in appearance. They are single brooded, and appear in early Spring, and fly at night. GENUS ITHYSIA. I thy si a, Hiibner, Verz. bek Schmett. p. 319 (1822?). Nyssia , Duponchel, Lepid. France, vii (2), p. 283 (1829) ; Guen£e, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 198 (1857). The male has strongly plumose antennae, and a stout body, while the wings are oblong, entire, and semi-transparent ; those of the female are rudimentary. The larva is long and cylindrical, and the pupa subterranean. THE BELTED EEAUTY. ITHYSIA ZONARIA. Geometrci zonaria , Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 100, no. 5 (1776); Esper, Schmett. v. p. 190, Taf. 34, figs. 1-5 (1795?) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. v. fig. 179 (1800?), fig. 511 (1818). Aniphidasis zonaria , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (1), p. 251 (1827). Nyssia zonaria, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 391 (1S35); Curtis, Brit. Ent. xiii. pi. 615 (1S36); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vii. pi. no, figs. 1-1 b (1897). Biston zonaria, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 222, pi. 46, fig. 11 (1882). BOARMIID^E. 213 The Belted Beauty is found in Western Europe and the Southern portions of Central Europe, and in Asia Minor. It expands from an inch to an inch and a quarter. The Belted Beauty, Male and Female. The male is dark brown or blackish, with broad white- bordered tegulae, and red incisions on the abdomen. The fore-wings have white streaks running from the base, and a dark brown spot between them. Before the hind-margin are two slightly curved white transverse lines. The fringes are light brown, bordered by a narrow white line. The hind-wings are white, with dark brown nervures, and two dark brown transverse bands, the second being bordered with white on the outer side. The fringes are brown, dusted with white. The female has the abdomen covered with black and white hair, except on the sides, where it is red, and the incisions are also red. The wings are reduced to short stumps. The larva is full-grown in June. It feeds on Achillea mille¬ folium, Salvia pratensis , Lonicera caprifolium , &c. It is light green* sprinkled with numerous fine yellow dots, and has yellow incisions* On each side is a yellow spiracular line, bordered below with black, and somewhat sinuated. The pupa is dark brown, with a forked terminal point. FAMILY BOARMIIDyE. Antennae pectinated, at least in the male; palpi short; abdo¬ men slender ; legs long, especially the hind tibiae, which are 214 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. often swollen. Wings broad, generally of dull colours, and with similar markings, the hind margins dentated or sinuated. The moths fly at early dusk. Larvae with ten legs, and with few prominences ; pupae sub¬ terranean, or enclosed in a leaf. This is a very extensive family, both at home and abroad. Some are common garden insects, like Cymatophora rhomboidaria (Den. & Schiff.), and C. repandata (Linn.), while other species frequent woods. We have figured two interesting foreign species in preference to British ones. GENUS PINGASA. Pingasa , Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 419 (1887). Hypo chroma, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 472 (1857); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 427 (i860), nom. prceocc. Psendoterpna , pt. Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, iii. p. 472 (1895), nec Hiibner. The antennae are pectinated in the male, but simple at the extremity. The palpi are rather long, broad, and hairy, with the third joint long and filiform ; the body is compara¬ tively stout, as long as the hind-wings, and crested. The wings are short, but very broad, more or less denticulated, and with distinct markings beneath, especially towards the hind margin. The larvae of P. crenaria , Guenee, a Ceylonese species, is described by Mr. Moore as “ with ten legs, looped, thickish, olive-green, with purple-brown oblique lateral lines, and a longitudinal sub-lateral line. Pupa pale purplish-brown, with blackish speckles and segmental marks.” Hypochroma of Guenee is a genus largely represented in the Tropics of the Old World, but the name cannot be retained, BRONCHELIA. 2I5 having been previously used by Herrich-Schaffer for another genus of Geometrcz. Several sections are comprised under this genus, which are separated by some authors. I have ngured the underside of one of the commonest and most beautiful of the Australian species, which considerably re¬ sembles Mr. Moore’s genus Pingasa , under which I place it provisionally. PINGASA OCCULT ARIA. {Plate CXL VI. , Fig. 6.) Phaicena occultaria , Donovan, Ins. New Holland, pi. 36, fig. 4 (1805). Boarmia occultaria , Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lepid. p. 257, no. 1 (1832). Hypochroma occultaria , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 281 (1857). This Moth is a native of Australia and Tasmania. It expands about an inch and three-quarters. The wings are dentated, ashy- grey, finely dusted with black, with the usual lines well marked, slender, black, and strongly dentated, the sub-marginal line forming a large tooth. There is a black dash at the end of the cell on all the wings. The under side is pure white, with a blood-red line before the hind- margin, which is entire and angulated on the hind-wings, but, on the fore-wings, is reduced to two spots bordered with white behind, with the marginal area blackish. GENUS BRONCHELIA. Bronchelia , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 286 (1857); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 460 (i860). The species included in this genus are all Tropical American, and are among the largest of the family, though not unlike our 2l6 Lloyd’s natural history. European Boarmiidce, in colour and markings. The antennae are strongly pectinated for two-thirds of their length in the male, and ciliated in the female. The palpi are thick and ascending, with the third joint expanded. The abdomen of the male is long and slightly conical, and in the female depressed and obtuse. The hind tibiae are more or less swollen, with the last pair of spurs very short. The wings are broad and strongly dentated. The larvae are short and thick, with the fourth segment swollen, and the abdomen terminating in two small points ; the head is small and round. They feed on trees. bronchelia scolopacea. {Plate CXLVIL, Fig. 2.) Noctua scolopacea , Drury, Ill, Exot. Ent. ii. pi. 22, fig. 1 (1773); Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 174, fig. D (1777). Aids scolopacea , Duncan, Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 218, pi. 27, fig. 2 (1841). Bronchelia scolopacea , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 453, no. 7 (i860). This species is a native of Jamaica. It expands about three inches and a half. The ground colour is brownish-grey. The wings are crossed by a number of waved blackish transverse lines, partly bordered with light brown and ash-colour. Between the lines the ground-colour is thickly speckled with dark brown. On the under side, the colour inclines to light greyish-yellow, and the greater part of the outer half of the fore-wings is marked with faint dark brown lines and streaks ; and the hind-wings are slightly clouded with dark brown towards the tips. All the wings are deeply dentated. PLATE CXOT /. ParasootwL // rh qumJi a 2. Brorzchelzay scoLopctcea. 3. Tej'jnie pccpih otuti'm - 4: Eumdeay rosalza ■ WyrnartkSc** . U/**t*d' TERPNE. 2 I 7 FAMILY BOLETOBIIDHL This family has already been noticed under Deltoides (anted, p. 193), to which Guenee himself suggested that it might not inappropriately be referred. FAMILY CHLOROCHROMIDHL Guenee called this family Geo metr idee, but this name cannot be retained, because the true types of Geometra , Linnaeus, belong to Guenee’s family Ennomidce. I have therefore chosen Duponchel’s very appropriate name of Chlorochromidce. The antennae are generally more or less pectinated in the male ; the palpi and proboscis are slender ; the abdomen some¬ times crested ; and the hind tibiae sometimes provided with a single pair of spurs. The wings are generally rounded and entire (rarely dentated or angulated), smoothly scaled, and of a green colour, with transverse lines. The larvae are more or less rugose, with two small points on the head, neck, and at the extremity of the abdomen. The pupae are spun between leaves with threads. GENUS TERPNE. Geometra , pt. Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 519 (1758); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (i), p. 100 (1827); Boisduval, Gen. Ind. Meth. p. 179 (1840); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 343 (1857); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxii. p. 506 (1861), nec Leach Stephens, restr. Terpne, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (1810?). Holothalassis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 285 (1822). Hipparchus , Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 134 (1815); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 177 (1831). 2l8 Lloyd’s natural history. The antennae are pectinated in the male, and ciliated in the female ; the palpi are approximating, the abdomen long and smooth, and the legs scaly, the hind tibiae being furnished with two pairs of spurs. The wings are broad, and the hind-wings slightly dentated. The larvae are pubescent, rugose, and granulose, with a small head, and live on trees. The pupae are rugose, and enclosed in transparent cocoons among moss. THE LARGE EMERALD. TERPNE PAPI LION ARIA. {Plate C XL VII. , Fig. 3.) Geometra papilionaria , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 522, no. 151 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 326 (1761) ; Esper, Schmett. v. p. 40. Taf. 6, figs 1-4 (1795?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. v. fig. 6 (1797) ; Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (1), p. 103 (1827); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 335, pi. 47, fig. 3 (1882); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vii. pi. 1 1 4, figs. 4-4^/(1897). Hipparchus papiliona7'ius , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 178 (1831). The Large Emerald Moth is found throughout Europe and Northern Asia. It expands from two inches to two inches and a half. It is bright green, with a white band on the fore-wings, com¬ posed of lunules bordered with deeper green. A second band more distinct than the first, and also composed of lunules, runs beyond the central area. In the central area, not far from the costa, is a dark green lunule. The second transverse line is continued on the hind-wings, and there is also a slight central lunule. The larva feeds on birch, beech, elm, &c. It is green, with a yellow lateral line, and a brownish-yellow head. On the MACROTES. 219 third, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth and thirteenth segments, there are pairs of conical elevations of a reddish-brown or rose- colour. The pupa is pale brownish or reddish above, and greenish- yellow beneath, and is enclosed in a translucent white cocoon. The moth appears from May to August. FAMILY MECOCERIDAE. Antennae very long, with long, fine, close pectinations in the male ; palpi scaly, longer than the head ; proboscis long and spiral. Eody rather slender ; abdomen laterally carinated in the male, and fusiform in the female. Legs slender, long and bare ; tarsi long ; hind tibiae with two pairs of rather distant spurs. Wings ample ; rather delicate. Larva with ten legs, very long and slender ; pupa placed on the surface of the ground. This is a small, but very curious, American family, including only a few species. GENUS MACROTES. Ametris , pt. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 303 (1822?); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 387 (1857); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 6 (1858). Macrotes , Westwood, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 212 (1841). The antennae are very long, and bipectinated and strongly ciliated to the tips in the male ; the palpi are very long, com¬ pressed, and scaly, and the legs are very long and slender. The abdomen is very long and slender, and the wings are oblong, dentated, and angulated, with a large transparent spot in the middle of the fore*wings. 220 LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY. MACROTES NETRIX. {Plate CXL V. , Fig . 3.) Geometra netrix, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 15 1, Fig. E (1777). Phalcena netrix , Sepp, Surin. Vlind. i. p. 69, pi. 31 (1848). Macrotes netrix , Westwood in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 212, pi. 29, fig. 2 (1841). Ametris netricaria , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. p. 388, pi. 15, fig. 1 (1857). This curious Moth, which expands two and a quarter inches in expanse, is bright green when alive, but soon fades to dull green or olive. The costa and hind margin are narrowly reddish, and there is a sub-marginal row of reddish dots. In the middle of the hind-wings is a large transparent spot, bordered with black and red. The larva is very long and slender ; the head and legs are black, and there are two white dots at the back of the head, which is edged behind with orange ; the pro-legs are orange ; the back is dotted with white, and there is a slender inter¬ rupted stigmatic line. It feeds on a species of Ficus (.?). The larva rests in the usual position assumed by the larvae of Geomeirce , and drops down by a silken thread, when touched. The pupa is green, very long and slender, and is said to rest on the surface of the ground without a cocoon. This insect is found in a great part of South America, and in the West Indies. GENUS MECOCERAS. Mecocercis , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 388 (1857); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxii.p. 606 (1861). This genus differs from the last in the wings being rounded, and the hind-wings dentated, and in the antennae of the male being less broadly pectinated, and simple at the extremity. EUMELEA. 22 1 MECOCERAS BITACTARIA. ( Plate CXLV, Fig. 2.) Mecocercis bitactaria, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mils. xxii. p. 607, no. 2 (1861). This species is a native of Jamaica. “ Dull pale cinereous yellow, with a greenish tinge. Head and palpi ferruginous red ; vertex white ; front with two yellow points ; second and third joints with yellow tips. Abdomen with a row of black points. Wings minutely black-speckled, with a middle nebulous incomplete brown band, and with an exterior line of black points ; marginal points ferruginous red, much more attenuated in the fore¬ wings than in the hind-wings. Fore-wings subfalcate, with a line of black points near the base, and with a black discal dot. Hind-wings dentate, with two white connected red-bordered discal spots; a red apical spot, towards which the points are larger, and more distinctly white-bordered. Length of the body, from eight to ten lines ; of the wings, from twenty to twenty-four lines.” — Walker. FAMILY PALYADH1. Antennae long and slender, rarely pectinated or ciliated. Palpi and proboscis well-developed, the former broad, scaly, and ascending, Abdomen and legs long and slender ; hind tibiae not swollen, and furnished with two pairs of spurs. Wings ample, smooth, entire. This is another small Tropical family, represented in both hemispheres. GENUS EUMELEA. Eumelea , Duncan, Hat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 215 ([841); Quenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 391 (1837); 222 Lloyd’s natural history. Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxii, p. 609 (:86i) Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, iii, p. 320 (1895). This genus is easily recognised by its very long simple antennae, very long and slender legs, with the hind femora and tibiae of the male set with bristles, and its very long tarsi. The wings are rounded, and red or yellow ; and most of the described forms are probably only colour-varieties of one species. EUMELEA ROSALIA. {Plate C XL VIP, Fig. 4.) Geometra rosalia , Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 368, fig. F (1781). Ametris puniceciria , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 303, no. 2924 (1822 ?). Eumelea rosalia , Duncan, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 215, pi. 29, fig. 4 (1841); Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, iii. p. 320, fig. 155 (1895). Eumelea rosaliata , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. P* 392 (i857)- This moth, and its numerous varieties or sub-species, is found throughout the Indo-Malayan region. They expand from two inches to two inches and a quarter ; and the wings are rose-coloured, more or less blotched and mottled with yellow, sometimes one colour predominating, and sometimes the other. FAMILY EPHYRID^E. These are rather small Moths, with the antennae of the male pectinated for three-fourths of their length ; and with long legs, the hind tibiae being armed with one pair of spurs. The wings, which are extended in repose, are generally greenish, white, or pale reddish, with an ocellated spot in the centre of each, CYCLOPHORA. 223 The larvae are long and cylindrical, with a large head, and feed on trees. The pupae are green or testaceous, and are suspended from a leaf by the tail, or attached by a thread round the middle, like those of Butterflies, which they also resemble in shape ; the front of the body being almost square, and the extremity conical. GENUS CYCLOPHORA. Cyclophora , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (1810?); Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 441 (1887). Leucophthalmia , Hiibner, Yerz. bek. Schmett. p. 302 (1822?); Meyrick, Handb. Brit. Lepid. p. 244 (1895). Ephyra , Duponchel, Lepid. France, viii. (1), p. 20 (1830) ; Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 405 (1852) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxii. p. 624 (1861), nom. prcEOCc. Zonosoma , Lederer, Verhandl. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. iii. p. 174 (1853). This is the principal genus of the family. It is well repre¬ sented in most parts of the world, and there are several British species. THE DINGY MOCHA. CYCLOPHORA ORBICULARIA. Geometra orbicularia , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. v. fig. 60 (1798 ?). Cabera orbicularia , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (1), p. 364 (1827). Ephyra orbicularia , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 199 (1831); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vii. p. 65, pi. 115, figs. 9-9 £ (1897). Zonosoma orbicularia, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, P- 355 (1882). 224 Lloyd’s natural history. This species is found in most parts of Central Europe. It expands about an inch. The ground colour is pale grey, thickly sprinkled with yellowish-brown and reddish-brown atoms. The usual trans¬ verse lines are replaced by rows of brown dots. In the centre of both fore- and hind-wings is a small reddish ring, filled in with white. The hind-wings are nearly square. The Dingy Mocha. The larva feeds on sallow. It is bright apple-green, with a light brown head. There is a light greyish dorsal line, finely edged with dark green, as well as two waved greyish sub-dorsal lines, and a white spiracular area sometimes blotched with pink or pale violet, and black spiracles. On each segment from the fifth to the ninth is an oblique smoky spot extending into the spiracular area. The pupa is greyish-white, with smoky streaks on the wing- cases, and a light grey longitudinal line over the middle of the back, with black dots on each side. The Moth appears from May to August. It is the rarest species of the genus found in England. FAMILY IDJEIDJE. This is a very extensive family, including Moths of small or moderate size, with the antennae simple, or finely pectinated in the male ; palpi short ; proboscis prominent ; abdomen smooth ; and hind-tibiae often swollen in the male; often with only one pair of spurs. The wings are generally rather short and CRASPEDIA. 225 broad, white or yellow, with two transverse lines, and a central spot. The hind-wings are rounded or angulated. The moths are generally called “ Waves ” by collectors. The larvae are slender and cylindrical, feeding concealed on low plants, and the pupae are brown, and enclosed in fine cocoons. As the generic name Acidalia (Treitschke) is preoccupied, I adopt the name used by Mr. Moore for this family. GENUS CRASPEDIA. Craspedia :, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 312 (1822?). Id Hiibner, Samml.Exot. Schmett. ii. pi. 156 (1824?) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 367 (1854); Lederer, Wien. Ent. Mon. vii. p. 331 (1863). These are comparatively large and stout South American moths, with short up-curved palpi, and rather broad black and yellow wings. On the costa of the fore -wings of the male is a rounded prominence, filled with hair beneath. Walker extended this genus to include the family which we have already discussed under the name of Cyllopodidce ( antea , vol. iii. p. 186) s 2 2 6o LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY. CHRYSAUGE CATENULATA. ( Plate CL I T. , Fig. I . ) Chrysauge catenulata , Warren, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vii. p. 423 (1891). This Moth expands upwards of an inch and a half, and has been received from San Paulo, in Brazil, and from British Guiana. It is bright canary-yellow, with two slender black lines on the fore-wings, the inner one oblique, and the outer one waved, converging on the inner margin ; the fore-wings are also bordered by a black line all round, except on the costa, from the base to the second transverse line. Close to the base is another black line. The hind-wings are yellow, with a broad black border, broadest at the tip ; and within the border is a black line, more or less detached from it. The body is yellow, but the antennas and legs are black, and the abdomen is clothed with long grey hair above. In the male, the outer transverse line of the fore-wings rises from a black glandular patch on the costa. GENUS MAPETA. (. Homalochroidce, :) Mapeta , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. xxvii. p. 17 (April, 1863). Homalochroa , Lederer, Wien. Ent. Mon. vii. p. 332 (Oct. 1863). This is another South American genus, with longer and narrower wings than the last, and remarkable for its very long and slender palpi. MAPETA XANTHOMELAS. Plate CLII. , Fig. 2.) Mapeta xanthomelas , Walker, op. tit. (April, 1863). Homalochroa cestivalis , Lederer, op. tit. p. 333, Taf. 6, fig. 3 (Oct. 1863), SEMNIA. 261 This Moth is found in many parts of South America and the West Indies. “ Bright orange. Head whitish, black about the eyes. Antennae, palpi, and legs black ; palpi, femora, and tibiae whitish beneath. Apical part of the wings beneath and of the fore-wings above whitish, with black-bordered veins, and with a black fringe ; hind-wings deep black towards the tips. Length of the body, from six to eight lines ; of the wings, from sixteen to twenty lines ” ( Walker). GENUS SEMNIA. ( Semniidce. ) Semnia , Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 28 (1823) ; id. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 353 (1824?); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xix. p. 833 (1859); Lederer, Wien. Ent. Mon. vii. P- 333 (i863)- Another South American genus, resembling the Deltoidce in general appearance, with moderately long palpi, and a plumose tuft in the middle of the antennae of the male. SEMNIA AURITALIS. {Plate CLII. , Fig. 3.) Semnia auritalis , Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 28, figs 361, 362 (1823); Lederer, Wien. Ent. Mon. vii. p. 334, Taf. 6, fig. 4 (1863). Seomnia auritalis , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xix. p. 834, no. 1 (1859). This is a Brazilian species. It expands about an inch. The fore-wings are brown, with a dull leaden lustre, with a large pale yellow spot on the inner margin at the base, which extends more than half way to the costa. The hind-wings are golden-yellow with a black marginal line, broad at the costa, and attenuated towards the hinder angle. 262 Lloyd’s natural history. genus VITESSA. {Pyralidce T) Vitessa , Moore, Cat. Lepid. Ins. E. Ind. Co. ii. p. 299 (185S) ; id. Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 255 (1885); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxi. p. 219 (1864); Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, iv. p. 145 (1896). A genus of large and handsome East Indian species, with moderately long palpi, and broad wings. The abdomen is expanded toward the tip, and strongly tufted. The genus is of doubtful position, and should probably be placed in a separate family. It was originally referred to the Liihosiidce , or to the Hypsidce. VITESSA SURADEVA. {Plate CLII., Fig. 4.) Vitessa sura dev a, Moore, Cat. Lepid. Ins. E. Ind. Co. ii. p. 299, no. 687, pi. vii. A, fig. 7 (1858) ; Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, iv. p. 146, fig. 83 (1896). This Moth is a native of Northern India. It expands from about two inches and a half to two inches and three- quarters. Mr. Moore’s description runs as follows: — “White. Fore¬ wings yellow at the base, with four basal spots disposed in two transverse rows, a patch across the middle of the wing, which encloses a white spot, and broadly along the veins to the exterior margin glossy black ; hind-wings with anterior margin narrowly, and outer margin broadly, black. Antennae, third joint of palpi, and spots on the thorax, black ; head, thorax, a large abdominal tuft, first and second joints of the palpi, and femur of anterior legs beneath yellow ; abdomen white, with black bands, that at the extremity being broad. Legs black, spotted with white ; cilia glaucous.” METAXMESTE. 263 GENUS CARDAMYLA. (PyralidcB P) Cardamyla , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xvii. p. 282 (1859); Lederer, Wien. Ent. Mon. vii. p. 335 (1863). A large and handsome Australian genus, somewhat re¬ sembling Vitessa, but with broader wings, short upcurved palpi, and the abdomen tufted at the tip, but not expanded. CARDAMYLA CARINENTALIS. {Plate CLII. , Fig. 5.) Cardamyla carinentalis , Walker, op. cit. p. 282, no. 1 (1859) ; Lederer, op. cit. p. 335, Taf. 6, fig. 9 (1863). This is an Australian Moth. “ Black. Head and thorax luteous, partly black. Abdomen with luteous and white bands, the latter colour predominating beneath ; apical tuft pale testaceous, with black plumes towards the base. Legs with white bands ; femora with luteous stripes ; fore coxae with white lines. Fore-wings with whitish veins, and with three undulating whitish lines ; first line basal ; second and third widely separated ; a pale green intermediate band, abbreviated by the costa, including a nearly round black spot ; under side orange, with one discal and two costal black spots ; exterior part black, including a curved orange line. Hind- wings bright orange, with a black hindward spot and a black marginal band, which.is widened in front. Length of the body, from six lines and a half to seven lines ; of the wings, from sixteen to seventeen lines ” ( Walker). GENUS METAXMESTE. (. Hcrcynidce .) Metaxmeste , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 352 (1822?). Hercyna , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vii. p. 179 (1829); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Delt. et Pyr. p. 153 (1854) ; Walker, 264 LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY. List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xvii. p. 299 (1859); Lederer, Wien. Ent. Mon. vii. p. 354 (1863). This genus includes dark-coloured Alpine species, with short broad wings, and thickly-scaled bodies. The wings frequently have a silky lustre, and the moths swarm about among the snow in the daytime, looking more like large black flies than moths. METAXMESTE PHRYGIALIS. {Plate CL //., Fig. 6.) Pyralis phrygialis , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. vi. fig. 42 (1796?). Pyralis sericealis , Hiibner, op. cit. vi. fig. 43 (1796?). Pyralis rupicolalis , Hiibner, op. cit. vi. figs. 198, 200 (1803?). Hercytia rupicolalis , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vii. p. 18 1 (1829). This species is a native of the Alps, Pyrenees, and Ural Mountains, &c. It expands about half an inch. The fore-wings are olive-brown, with two broad, suffused, bluish-grey transverse bands, and two dark stigmata ; the marginal line is spotted with dusky, and the fringes are grey, and narrowly white at the tips. The hind- wings are greyish- brown, with a light suffused curved band just beyond the middle, and dark grey fringes. GENUS ERCTA. ( Steniidcu ?) Ercta , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xvii. p. 425 (1859); Lederer, Wien. Ent. Mon. vii.' p. 423 (1863). A West Indian genus, with very long and slender body and legs, short palpi, rather stout antennae, and long narrow wings. PLATE CPU . 6. 1. Chrysauge cateruAlu la . 2. Map day ■ rurdha nvelaj; 3. Semnisi aiiriUhlis 4-. Vitessa siu'axievcu. Wy/ru*-n &c$'qk3 limilML 5. Cardcunyla carui^niabs. 6. MetcajcrricsLe phrygicJjLs. 7. Erdxv tip ul alts. NYMPHULA. 265 ERCTA TIPULALIS. [Plate CLIP., Fig. 7.) Ercta tipulalis , Walker, op. cit. p. 426, no. 1 (1859); Lederer, op. cit. p. 424, Taf. 15, fig. 15 (1S63). This species is found in Haiti. “ Brownish cinereous, whitish beneath. Wings with black marginal points ; fore-wings fawn-colour along the costa and along the exterior border ; an irregular blackish stripe extending from the base to the tips at a little in front of the middle ; orbicular mark forming a blackish dot ; reniform indicated by a curved whitish black-bordered streak ; a broad whitish nearly hyaline stripe along the interior border. Hind-wings whitish, nearly hyaline, with a slight testaceous tinge along the exterior border, and with a black marginal point. Length of the body, five lines ; of the wings, nine lines ” ( Walker). GENUS NYMPHULA. ( Hydrocampidcz ). Nympliula , Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (2), p. 162 (1802); Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 362 (1826?) ; Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vii. p. 127 (1829). Nausinoe , Hiibner, op. cit. p. 363 (1826 ?). Hydrocampa , Latreille, Fam. Nat. p. 478 (1825); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Delt. et Pyr. p. 273 (1854) ; Lederer,' Wien. Ent. Mon. vii. p. 451 (1863). The moths belonging to this genus and its allies are rather small, with long slender bodies, oblong fore-wings, and rounded hind-wings, with sharply-defined white, brown, and yellowish markings. They are called “ China Marks ” by collectors. The larvae, which are rather stout, with a small retractile head, feed on water-lilies, and live under the leaves in a case composed of two pieces of leaf. 266 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. THE BEAUTIFUL CHINA MARK. NYMPHULA STAGNATA. {Plate C LI IP , Fig. i.) Pyralis potamogalis , Hiibner, Vogel u. Schmett. Taf. 2 3 (1792) ; id. Eur. Schmett. vi. fig. 82 (1794). Phalama potomogalis, Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (2), p. 62 (1802). Geomeira stagnate, Donovan, Nat. Hist. Brit. Ins. ix. p. 9, pi. 363, fig. 3 (1800). Nymphula nymphcealis, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vii. p. 141 (1829). Hydrocatnpa nymphceata , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 39 (1834). This pretty Moth is a native of Northern Temperate Europe, and Northern Asia, and is common in Britain. It expands from three-quarters of an inch to an inch. The wings are white and shining, the fore-wings with two brown stripes extending from the base to beyond the middle, the rest of the surface being reticulated with bands formed by two brown approximating lines. There is a brown marginal line, and the fringes are white. The hind-wings have two brown transverse bands. The moth varies in the arrangement of the bands, which are sometimes almost completely obliterated. The larva is said to feed on duckweed. GENUS EUDIOPTIS. ( Margaroniidce ). Eudioptis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 359 (1826?); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 43 (1834); Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 323 (1886). Phakellura , Guilding, Phil. Mag. vii. p. 206 (March, 1830) ; id. Zool. Journ. v. p. 263 (June, 1830); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Delt. et Phal. p. 294 (1854). Phacdlura , Lederer, Wien. Ent. Mon. vii. p. 400 (1863); Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1884, p. 297. EUDIOPTIS. 267 This genus includes moderate-sized Moths, with compara¬ tively stout bodies, tufted at the tip, and white, transparent, or yellowish wings, the pale colour being more or less restricted by brown costal and apical borders. They are all tropical or sub-tropical, but inhabit both hemispheres. EUDIOPTIS INDICA. {Plate CL/I/., Fig. 2.) Eudioptis indica , Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2), i. p. 163, pi. 12, figs. 5-7 (1851) ; Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 324 (1886). Phakellura gazorialis , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Belt, et Pyr. p. 297 (1854). Phakellura indica , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xviii. p. 514, no. 11 (1859). Glyphodes indica , Hampson, Laun. Brit. Ind. Moths, iv. p. 360 (1896). This Moth is widely distributed in the tropical regions of the Old World. It expands about an inch. The wings are semi-transparent pearly-white and opalescent, with a broad dark brown band along the costa of the fore-wings, and along the hind-margins of all the wings, gradually attenuated on the hind-wings, and ending at the anal angle. The larva lives on cotton and other plants. It is pale grass- green, with a yellow head. The pupa is dull chestnut-brown, and is enclosed in a portion of leaf which has been drawn together with silk threads. The paper in which the name Phakellura originally occurs, “ The Natural History of Petrophila , a Lepidopterous genus, in its larva state inhabitating rivers, and furnished with branchiae” ; by the Rev. Lansdown Guilding, B.A., L.L.S.,&c. — was read before the Linnean Society of London, on Lebruary 2, 1830; but for some reason was never published, except in the 263 Lloyd’s natural history. two abstracts quoted above, which, though incidentally referred to by Poey and Westwood, escaped notice in Hagen’s “ Bib¬ liotheca Entomological I therefore quote the abstract from the “ Philosophical Magazine.” “ Mr. Guilding relates that the very singular little moth upon which he establishes this genus ( Petrophila ) occurs in myriads, in its larval state, on the blocks of basaltic trap that occupy the bed of the river of St. Vincent. Much as it differs in its habits from the majority of Lepidoptera , one European species he considers to agree with it in its oeconomy, and to be perhaps referable to the sub-genus which he would separate from Botysy which, from the variety of forms in which it abounds, appears to him to call for division. The types in Mr. Guilding’s cabinet which are most remarkable, and which he incidentally enumerates and describes, are Gen. i. Chloephila , Spec, lineolcita , found in St. Vincent’s; Gen. 2. Kamptoptera , Spec, fuscescens, rare in St. Vincent’s; Gen. 3. Phakellura , Spec, hyalinata (Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. (2), 213?) abundant in the Antilles. “ It is the Bo/ys stratiotalis (Kirby & Spence, iv. 56, 74) in which Mr. Guilding finds so close a resemblance to his Petrophila in many respects, that he is persuaded of their near affinity, although there is a trifling difference in the pupal spiracula and in the shape of the branchiae. “ The larva obtaining its food on the rocks in the stream, forms silken tunnels, under which it moves in safety, without danger of being carried off by the current. When at maturity the larva builds a more compact habitation, which, together with the metamorphosis of the insect, the author minutely describes ; as well as a small Trichopterous insect found in great abundance in its society, and resembling it in oeconomy. “ Mr. Guilding thinks it probable that many of the European Botydce found in fenny places, as B. lemnata, sambucata , &c., approach to the Petrophila , while those in hedges and gardens PLATE CLEL 7. s. Wyrruin be Sons Lintibd' 1. NymphuJa sULgruxteu. 5. HyprcbxrLcuj^ (iherirlla 2. EuHioptis iruU/xi/. 6. PaJtparixv pistella 3 Murcja I'onjui aranh/tjeaUs 1. 1 ret nene oceELecv. 1 Ct alienee melJr? rveUci ft. Dotui (xtulcv lruxcrcrieUxv. MARGARONIA. 26 9 should remain in a separate genus. His arrangement is as follows : — Insecta Lepidoptera ; Sect. Nocturna ; Fam. Botydce ; Gen. Petrophila ; Spec, fiuviatilis. “P. argenteo-nivea, fuscescente adumbrata, alarum superiorum strigis apicalibus angulatis, punctulis duabus intermediis, lineisque baseos tribus subcommunibus fuscescentibus ; alarum inferiorum plaga postica argenteo-iridescente, atro-maculata ; abdomine fusco fasciato.” The report in the “Zoological Journal ” is almost the same as the above ; but the Editor objects to the name Petrophila , as preoccupied in Botany. GENUS MARGARONIA. (Margaroniidce.) Margaronia , Hiibner, Yerz. bek. Schmett. p. 35S (1826?); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xviii. p. 518 (1859); Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 324 (1886). Margarodes , Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Delt. et Pyr. p. 324 (1854); Lederer, Wien. Ent. Mon. vii. p. 398 (1863); Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1854, p. 296, no?n. prceocc. This is a widely distributed genus, chiefly tropical or sub¬ tropical, including rather long-winged species, of a pearly-white or grass-green colour, with hardly any markings. MARGARONIA ARACHNEALIS. [Plate CLIII. , Fig. 3.) Margaronia arachnea/is, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xviii. p. 527, no. 21 (1859). This Moth is found at Sierra Leone. “Very vivid green. Body beneath, and legs white or glau¬ cous. Head white about the eyes. Palpi blackish toward the tips, white beneath. Antennse pubescent. Abdomen with a 270 Lloyd’s natural history. blackish apical tuft. Fore femora ochraceous towards the tips ; fore tibiae cupreous-brown, with a broad white band. Wings with a dark cinereous fringe. Fore-wings with a slender cinereous costal line, with black marginal points, and with a blackish discal dot. Hind-wings with the fringe greenish- white towards the interior angle. Length of the body, six lines ; of the wings, sixteen lines ” ( Walker). GENUS GALLERIA. ( Galleriidce .) Galleria, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. pp. 419, 462 (1798); Hiibner, Yerz. bek. Schmett. p. 369 (1826?); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (1) p. 42 (1832); Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) i. (2) p. 208 (1865). The antennae of the male are furnished with a tuft of hair beneath at the base ; the palpi are longer in the female than in the male, and the wings are long and entire ; the fore-wings with twelve nervures. The genus is typical of a small family having sixteen-legged larvae, which are parasitic in bee-hives and bees’ nests. GALLERIA MELLONELLA. {Plate CLIII. , Fig. 4.) Tinea mellonella , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed x.) i. p. 537, no. 257 (l 7 58) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 358, no. 1383 (1761). Tinea cereana , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) i. (2), p. 874, no. 282 (1767). Galleria cerella , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (1), p. 51 (1832). Galleria cereana , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 295 (1834). Galleria mellonella , Curtis, Brit. Ent. xiii. pi. 587 (1836); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 412, pi. 61, fig. 13, (1883). This Moth is a native of Europe and Western Asia. It expands from an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half. HYPOCHALCI A. 271 The fore-wings are ashy-grey, varied with lighter and darker. From the base to the middle the wings are tinged with whitish, containing dark brown atoms. On the costa and along the margins of the fringes are dark brown streaks. The inner margin is pale yellowish, with a number of purplish-brown, short, raised, felt-like streaks. The hind-wings are pale ashy- grey, sometimes brownish-grey, with paler fringes edged outside with white, and bordered on the inner side by a yellow line. The female is larger than the male, and has a stout brownish- grey abdomen, with an ovipositor. The fore-wings are darker, shorter and straighter, and the hind-wings are much paler, almost white, with only the marginal area shaded with grey, and dark nervures. The larva is stout, and dingy white, with very small brown tubercles, each with a fine hair. The head is chestnut-brown, the cervical plate is darker, and a whitish line is sometimes indistinctly continued on the back. It lives in bee-hives, where it feeds on the wax, and does much mischief. The pupa is reddish brown. GENUS HYPOCHALCIA. ( Phycidcz .) Hypochalcia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 368 (1826?); Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) i. (2) p. 165 (1865). This genus belongs to an extensive family of small moths, with long slender bodies, long narrow fore-wings, and broad rounded hind-wings. They are allied to the Grass Moths, and much resemble them in shape, though not in colour. They are often called a Knot-horns ” by collectors, because some genera (including Phycis , Fabricius, the type of which is P. roborella , Denis & Schiffermiiller) have a tuft of scales on the antennse of the male, near the base. In other genera, as 272 Lloyd’s natural history. in Hypochalcia , which we are now considering, the antennae are not tufted. The Phycidce. were a favourite group of the late M. Ragonot ; and his monograph of the family is now being published in vols. vii. and viii. of Romanoff’s “Memoires ” (vide antea, vol. iv. pp. 190, 192). In Hypochalcia , the labial palpi are long, and horizontally produced, with a long filiform upturned terminal joint. The maxillary palpi are filiform, parallel, and appressed to the face. The female is much smaller than the male. THE DINGY VENEER. HYPOCHALCIA AHENELLA. {Plate CL 111. , Fig. 5 ) Tinea ahenella , Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 135, no. 32 (1776) ; Zincken in Germar, Mag. Ent. iii. p. 120 (1818). Tinea aeneella , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. viii. figs. 41, 58 (1796?). Phycis ahenella , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (1) p. 144 (1832). Araxes ahenella , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 316 (1S34). The Dingy Veneer is found in Central and South Eastern Europe. It expands from three-quarters of an inch to more than an inch. The fore-wings are greyish-brown, more or less dusted with ochre-yellow, and crossed transversely by two broad, ill-defined, dark cherry-red bands, which coalesce at the inner margin ; the first of these is straight before the middle, and the second is waved behind the middle. These bands are sometimes very indistinct, and the whole of the surface of the wings is then almost uniform. The hind-wings are yellowish-grey, with whitish fringes. GENUS PALP ARIA. ( Palpariidce .) Cra minis , Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. pp. 420, 464 (1793); Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 135 (1815); Zeller, Chilon, et PALP ARIA. 273 Cramb. p, 14 (1863); Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) i. (2) p. 1 17 (1865); nec Latreille ; nec Haworth. Palparia , Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 481 (1812), nec Wing. This genus is generally called Crambus ; but in 1810 Latreille fixed C. semi-rubellus of Scopoli (one of the Phycidce ) as the type of that genus. I therefore adopt for it the very expressive name applied by Haworth to Crain bus, auct., and its allies. These are rather small moths, with very long, straight palpi, narrow fore-wings, and broad hind-wings. The fore-wings are streaked in various proportions with brown, ochreous, and white ; and the hind-wings are uniform brown, or white. They are called “Grass Moths” by collectors, and are readily disturbed by anyone walking through a meadow, when their light wings make them look very conspicuous ; but presently they vanish, settling head downwards on a grass-stem, and folding their wings so closely round the body that they may easily escape observation. Some of them, belonging to a group to which Hiibner gave the generic name of Catoptria , are remarkable for the broad silvery stripes on the wings. One of these we have figured. THE PEARL VENEER. PALPARIA PINELLA. {Plate CLIIL , Fig. 6.) Tinea pinella, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 539, no. 272 (1758); Clerck, leones, pi. 4, fig. 15 (1759). Tinea pinetella, Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 355 (1761). Tinea conchella , Hiibner, Vog. und Schmett. Taf. 44 (1792); id. Eur. Schmett. viii. fig. 38 (1800). Chilo pinetellus , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (1), p. 94(1832). Crambus pinetellus , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 323 (1834); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 41 1, pi. 61, fig. 10 (1883). l6 T 274 Lloyd’s natural history. The Pearl Veneer is a native of Central and Northern Europe, and the Eastern Mediterranean Region. It measures about an inch in expanse. The fore- wings are yellowish-brown, with the inner margin paler. From the base extends a long, silvery-white triangle, to beyond the middle of the wings, and between this and the hind-margin is a large oval silvery-white spot. The hind-margin is dotted with black, and the fringes are leaden grey. The hind-wings are white, with a slight bluish lustre. The moth is found in pine woods in July and August. GENUS OMMATOPTERYX. (. Palpariidce .) Eromene , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 366 (1826?); Zeller, Chilon. et Cramb. p. 52 (1863), nom. prceocc. Euchromius , Guenee, Europ. Micro-Lepid. Ind. Meth. p. 86 (1845); Meyrick, Handb. Brit. Lepid. p. 396 (1895), nom. prceocc. This is one of the prettiest genera of the Family to which it belongs ; and the only British species can easily be recog¬ nised by the row of sub-marginal ocellated spots on the fore¬ wings. THE NECKLACE VENEER. EROMENE OCELLEA. {Plate CLI1I, Fig. 7.) Palparia ocellea , Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 486 (1812). Phycis funiculella , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (1), p. 200 (1832). Araxes ocellea , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 316 (1834)- The Necklace Veneer is found in Temperate Europe, west to Madeira, and eastwards to Asia Minor. It expands about three-quarters of an inch. The fore-wings are dull golden, dusted with black. There is no first transverse line, but across the middle of the wings runs a pale broad golden band, bordered on both sides with dull DONACAULA. 275 brownish. In the middle of this band is a silvery transverse streak. On the hind margin appears a similar golden and silvery band, which cuts off a triangle at the apex. Below this, along the fringes, are four velvety-black marks, each ornamented with a golden spot, and fine golden streaks. The fringes are yellowish-grey, and are separated from the apical triangle by a silver line. The hind-wings are white. It is not a common species in England. GENUS DONACAULA. ( CJlilonidcE .) Chilo , Zincken in Germar, Mag. Ent. ii. p. 33 (1817); Treitschke, Schmett, Eur. viii. p. 293 (1830) ; ix. (1), p. 60 (1832) nec Guen'ee , ?'estr. Topeutis, pt. Hfibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 366 (1826?). Schcenobius , pt. Duponchel, Cat. Meth. Lepid. d’Eur. p. 312 (1864) ; Zeller, Chilon. et Cramb. p. 3 (1863). Donacaula , Meyrick, Handb. Brit. Lepid. p. 401 (1895). This genus and its allies resemble Palp aria , but are larger moths, with narrower wings in proportion, and are found among reeds, and other water-plants, in the stems of which the larvae feed. THE DARK HOOK-TIP VENEER. DONACAULA MUCRONELLA. {Plate CLIII. , Fig. 8.) Tinea mucronella, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 136 (1776). Tinea straminella , Hfibner, Eur. Schmett. viii. fig. 284 (1802?). Chilo mucronellus , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (1), p. 67 (1832). The Dark Hook-tip Veneer is a native of Central and South- Eastern Europe. It expands about an inch. The fore-wings are pale straw-colour, dusted with brownish, with a dark shade from the base to the apex, and the costa in t 2 276 Lloyd’s natural history. front of this rather broadly paler. The hind-wings are yellowish- white. There is a white anal tuft. The female is usually smaller and paler yellow than the male, with snow-white hind-wings. The moth appears at the end of May, and in June. The larva lives in reeds. FAMILY PTEROPHORIM:. This Family was formerly placed at the end of the Lepidoptera , between the Tinea and the Orneodidce ; but the moths are now considered to be nearly allied to the Pyralidce , on account of their long, slender, body, antennae, and legs, with strong spurs, and the long and rather narrow wings, which are held extended like those of a Crane-Fly, or Daddy Long- legs, which the moths greatly resemble when at rest. But the chief character which distinguishes these moths from nearly all other insects, is that, in most of the species, the fore-wings are more or less deeply cleft in two, and the hind-wings are divided, almost to the base, into three distinct feathers. The larvae have sixteen legs, and are hairy, as are also some of their pupae. GENUS ALUCITA. Alucita, Linnaeus, Syst.Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 542 (1758) ; Poda, Mus Graec. p. 94 (1761); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (2), p. 225 (1833), nee Fabricius) nee Stephens. Pterophorus , pt. Geoffroy, Ins. Paris, ii. p. 90, (1762). The type of this genus is the following : — THE WHITE-PLUME MOTH. ALUCITA PENTADACTYLA. {Plate CL VI II., Fig. 9.) Alucita pentadactyla , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 542, no. 304 (1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 371, no. 1457 (1761) , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. ix. fig. 1 (1800); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (2), p. 249 ( 1833). ORNEODES. 277 Pterophorus pentadactylus , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 371 (1835) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 415, pi. 62, fig. 19 (1883). The White-Plume Moth is found throughout the greater part of Europe and Northern and Western Asia. It expands about an inch. It is white with a silky gloss, only the eyes being black. The wings are ample, and deeply cleft. The larva feeds on sloe, and on various fruit trees. It is pale green, with a white line on the back, and an ochre-yellow line on the sides. On all the segments there are small raised dusky dots, set with brown hairs. The pupa is coloured like the larva, and is spotted with black, the spots on the belly being smaller and reddish. On the back there is a whitish grey pubescence. FAMILY ORNEODIDHL The moths belonging to this Family differ from the Ptero- phoridce, by their much shorter and broader wings, each being cleft almost to the base into six separate feathers. The moths rest with their wings expanded, and in this position resemble small Geometrce, . The larva of the only British species is naked, and lives in the buds of honeysuckle. GENUS ORNEODES. Orneodes, Latreille, Precis, p. 148 (1796) ; id. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. iii. p. 418 (1802); xiv. p. 258 (1805); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (2) p. 254 (1833). Alucita, pt. Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 542 (1758); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 378 (1835), Poda. nec 2jS Lloyd’s natural history. THE TWENTY-PLUME MOTH. ORNEODES HEXADACTYLA. {Plate CL VIII. , Fig. 10. ) Alucita hexadactyla, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 542, no. 305 (1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 37 1, no. 1458 (1761) ; Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 378 (1835); Curtis, Brit. Ent. xv. pi. 695 (1838) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 415 (1883). Alucita polydadyla , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. ix. fig. 28 (1803 ?) ; Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 379 (1835). Orneodes polydactylus, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (2), p. 257 (1833). The Twenty-Plume Moth is found in Temperate and Southern Europe and Asia Minor. It expands from half an inch to two- thirds of an inch across the wings. Each of the wings is divided into six plumes. When arranged together, the fore-wings show a rusty-yellow ground, with two violet transverse bands, bordered with white. On the costal area are five violet spots, two in front of the first band, one at the commencement of the first band, a crescent-shaped spot between the first and second bands, and lastly one which forms the commencement of the second band. At the tips are small dark dots on a light ground. The hind-wings are paler rusty- yellow, with each of the six areas dotted with dark brown. TORTRICES. The Tortrices, or Bell Moths, are an extensive group of small moths, with the fore-wings usually broad and truncated at the end, and rounded hind-wings. The antennae are simple, the palpi and fringes usually short, and the wings almost always entire. The fore-wings are of bright or variegated colours, and the hind-wings are almost always unicolorous white or brown. TORTRIX. 279 When at rest the moths extend the fore-wings flat over the hind-wings, which gives the insect somewhat of the shape of a bell ; hence the name. The larvae have sixteen legs, and many of them inhabit rolled-up leaves (hence the name Tortrix ), while others feed on the seeds or roots of plants, and several infest fruit. The Tortrices are often treated as forming one large compact family ( Tortricidce ), but some authors have tried to divide them into several. The few species which we have room to notice are therefore noted under their genera, and the families to which they have been referred are merely indicated. GENUS TORTRIX. ( Tortricidce .) Tortrix , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 530 (1758); Poda, Mus. Graec. p. 93 (1761); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. viii. P- 45 (JS3o)- The type of this genus is a very common and unmistakeablc British insect. THE GREEN OAK-TORTRIX. TORTRIX VIRIDANA. ( Plate CL IV., Fig. 1.) Tortrix viridana , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 530, no. 203, ( 1 758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 342, no. 1307 (1761); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. viii. p. 96 (1830) ; Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 68 (1834); Kirby, Eur. Butter¬ flies and Moths, p. 412, pi. 61, figs. 18-18 b (1883). The Green Oak Tortrix is found in Temperate and Southern Europe. It expands three-quarters of an inch. The fore-wings are bright light green, with the costa narrowly yellowish, and the fringes of the same colour. The hind-wings and abdomen are grey. The head and palpi are yellowish. The larva lives on oak and sallow. It is light green, orna- 2So Lloyd’s natural history. mented with several black dots. The head is shining black, and the neck light brown. On the ninth segment is a brown spot. The pupa is shining dark brown, almost black, with a divided terminal point. GENUS GAURIS. ( Tortricidce .) Gauris , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 374(1826?). A pretty South American genus of Tortrices. GAURIS CRAMERI ANA. {Plate CL IV, Fig. 2.) Tortrix crameriana , Stoll in Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 348, figs. I, K (1781); Duncan, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 229, pi. 28, fig. 3. (1841). This Moth is a native of Surinam, and measures about three- quarters of an inch in expanse. The wings are brown, with two oblique pale lines, the second broadly bordered on both sides with black; the marginal area is reddish. The hind- wings are lighter brown, and without markings. GENUS ERNARMONIA. ( Carpocapsidce .) Ernarmonia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 375 (1826?). Carpocapsa , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vii. p. 231 (1829) ; viii. p. 160 (1830). The species belonging to this group were named Carpocapsa by Treitschke, because their larvae feed in acorns, apples, plums, &c. THE JUMPING-BEAN TORTRIX. ERNARMONIA SALTITANS. (Plate CL/V., Fig. 3; pupa , Fig. 4; infested bean , Fig, 5.) Carpocapsa saltitans , Westwood, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) v. p. 27 (1S5S). PLATE CL IV. 7- 9. ] Tortriaz v/ridatto WymaJtifSotts U»*U*d, 2. G auns cj ujl rn eruxt i c i 3. Errwurrno nuv s a llitci ns 4. „ „ , pupa, 3. Infested Becuv. G. Rhaco diets ccillcLcukx . 7. Ch unujjbophiLcL' LorLrLcedcu O. hrLyfdtxuites concj eU/ilel Leu, ynxx te . 9. , thrval&.. RHACODIA. 28l This curious insect is a native of Mexico. It expands three- quarters of an inch. The fore-wings are greyish-white, varied with ashy, with numerous short oblique dashes on the costa. The apex is black, with a small oval white mark. On the inner margin near the base is a small, square, blackish mark, and a large, conical ashy spot beyond it, striated and margined with black. The hind-margin is variegated with leaden-grey and white, with a row of small, double, black dots. The hind-wings are brown. The head and collar are brownish ; the palpi dusky outside, and whitish inside. The larva lives in the seeds of a plant called “ Calliguaja ,” and is very lively, the infested seeds appearing to jump about of their own accord. GENUS RHACODIA. ( PeroneidcE .) Rhacodia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 384 (1826?). Teras, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vii. p. 239 (1829) ; viii. p. 247 (1830). A curious genus, remarkable for the irregular outline of the costa of the fore-wings. The palpi are also rather longer than usual in the Tortrices. THE NOTCH-WING. RHACODIA CAUDANA. {Plate CL IV, Fig. 6.) Pyralis caudana , Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 651, no. 38 (1775). Tortrix ejfractana , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. vii. fig. 175 (1801). Teras caudana , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. viii. p. 248 (1830), x. (3), p. 128 (1835); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 412, pi. 61, fig. 16 (1883). This Moth is a native of England, France, Germany and Russia. It expands about three-quarters of an inch. The fore-wings are pale purplish-grey, varied with light brick- 282 Lloyd’s natural history red. The costa has, as it were, a piece taken out of the middle, and the tips are hooked. There are small brown and white spots distinctly defined, and these give the wings a mottled appearance, and sometimes the dark spots run into faint bands. The borders of the wings are pale brick-red. The hind-wings are uniform white, slightly dusted with reddish in parts. This insect is very variable, but may always be recognised by its peculiar shape. The green larva feeds on different kinds of willow. GENUS CHIMATOPHILA. ( Chiniatophilidce .) Oporinia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 387 (1826 ?) ; Stephens, Ill Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 234(1834), nom . prceocc. Cheimatophila , Stephens, op. cit. p. 172 (1834), Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) i. (1), p. 64 (1863). Tortricodes , Guenee, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (2) iii. p. 305 (1845). A rather aberrant genus, with long and rather narrow wings, and short palpi. The type is almost a cosmopolitan species. THE CLOUDED WINTER TORTRIX. CHIMATOPHILA TORTRICELLA. ( Plate CLIV., Fig 7.) Tinea tortricella , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. viii. fig. 11 (1796 ?). Diurnea nubilea , Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 503 (1812). Tortrix hyemana, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. vii. fig. 267 (1814?). Lemmatopliila alternella, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (1), P- 39 (i832) i id- x- (3)> P- 154 (1835). Oporinia nubilea , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 234 (1834). Oporinia tortricella , id .‘t.c. p. 234 (1834). Lemmatopliila hyemella , Treitschke, Schmett Eur. x. (3), p. 154 (1835). ENYPH ANTES. 283 This species is a native of Central and Southern Europe. It expands rather less than an inch. The fore-wings are brownish-grey, varied with dark brown and pale grey, with a dark central band, and another narrower band nearer the base, which does not extend to the inner margin. On the costa and at the apex are dark spots. Some¬ times all the markings are indistinct. The hind -wings are light brownish-grey. It is found from October to April in woods. GENUS ENYPH ANTES. (. Exapatidcs .) Enyphantes , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (1810?). Exapate , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 387 (1826 ?) ; Stain- ton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 12 (1854); Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) i. (1), p. 65 (1863). This genus, like the last, belongs to a Family of somewhat doubtful position, but they are included by most recent authors in the Tortrices , and not in the Tinea. The tongue is absent, the antennae are ciliated in the male, the spurs of the four hind tibiae are very short, and the fore¬ wings of the female are very short and narrow, while the hind- wings are absent. THE AUTUMNAL DAGGER. ENYPHANTES CONGELATELLA. ( Plate CLIV. Fig. 8, male ; Fig. 9, female .) Tinea congelatella , Clerck, leones, pi. 8, fig. 5 (1759). Tinea gelatella, Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 370, no. 1450 (1761); id. Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.), i. (2), p. 883, no. 344 (1767). Tortrix gelatana , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. viii. fig. 266 (1810 ?). Lemmatophila gelatella, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (r), p. 34 (1832) ; x. (3), p. 153 (1835). 284 LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY. Cheimatophila gelatella, Curtis, Ent. Mag. i. p. 191 (1833). Oxypate gelatella , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 235 (1834). Exapate gelatella, Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 12 (1852). Exapate congelatella, Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) i. (1), p. 66 (1863). This Moth is widely distributed in Europe. The male expands nine lines and a half, but the female only expands four lines. The fore-wings are reddish ashy-grey, with a broad whitish streak on the disc, in which are two dark brown spots, one before, and the other beyond the middle. The apex is whitish, and on the costa, near the apex, is a dark brown spot. The hind-wings are greyish-brown. The fore-wings of the female are very short and narrow, ot a whitish -grey, with brownish margins. The larva feeds on privet, whitethorn, &c. FAMILY ^EGERIID^E. Antennae often pectinated, more or less thickened before the tip, which tapers to a point ; proboscis generally long ; palpi long, pointed, ascending ; abdomen long, and most fre¬ quently slender, often with coloured belts, and tufted at the tip. Legs slender, often thickly tufted, with long spurs on the tibiae, one pair on the middle, and two pairs on the hind tibiae. Frenulum present. Wings long and narrow, the hind-wings nearly always, and the fore-wings often, transparent, except at the edges. Hind-wings with two or three sub-median nervures. Flight diurnal (rarely nocturnal). The smaller species fly very rapidly, and settle on leaves; the stout-bodied species are sluggish, and rest on the trunks of the trees on which the larvae have fed. .ALGERIA. 285 Larva vermiform, with sixteen legs, feeding in the stems and roots of trees or low plants. This is a Family of somewhat doubtful position. It was originally included among the Sphinges , on account of the shape of the antennae ; but recent authors have been more inclined to refer it to the neighbourhood of the Pyrales and Tinece. Thus Dr. Butler has placed it in some of his works between the Pyrales and the Crambi. Sir George Hampson places it after the Cymatophoridce (our Thyatiridce), and before the Tincegeriidce and Syntomiidce (our Zygce?iince ), while Mr. Meyrick places it at the beginning of the Tineina. Mr. Tutt divides the Tineites into three families : Tineidce, Psychidce , and Sesiidce ; which are succeeded by the Co- chliopodidce. These insects are most easily obtained by rearing, for on the wing they are readily mistaken for Hymenoptera or Diptera. Many species are now much less scarce in collections than formerly, though some are still extremely rare. The commonest is the Currant Clear-wing ( Trochilium salmachus, Linn.), which is often very destructive in gardens, and has now become naturalised in most parts of the world. GENUS ^EGERIA. Trochilium , pt. Scopoli, Intr. Hist. Nat. p. 414(1776); Oken, Naturg. Schul. p. 786 (1821); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 137 (1828). ALgeria , Fabricius in Illiger. Mag. Insekt. vi. p. 288 (1807) ; Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 13 1 (1815). Sphecia , Hiibner, Yerz. bek. Schmett. p. 127 (1818?). These are stout-bodied moths, with thick yellow black- belted bodies, and transparent wings, resembling wasps. They are sluggish in their habits, and the abdomen is not tufted at the extremity. 286 Lloyd’s natural history. THE HORNET CLEAR-WING. ALGERIA APIFORMIS. [Plate CLV. Fig. i.) Sphinx apiformis , Clerck, leones, i. pi. 9, fig. 2 (1859); Linmeus, Faun. Suec. p. 289, no. 1093 (1761); Esper, Schmett. ii. (1), p. 122, Taf. 14, fig. 2 (1780) ; (2) p. 207, Taf. 29, figs. 2, 3 (1781 ?); p. 234, Taf. 36, figs. 2, 3, 4, 11 (1783). Sphinx vespiformis , Hufnagel, Berlin. Mag. i. (2), p. 182, no. 14 (1766); Capieux, Naturf. xviii. p. 222, pi. 5, figs. 7, 8 (1782). Sphinx crabroniformis, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 305, no. 2, note (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. ii. fig. 51 (1800?). Sesia apiformis , Laspeyres, Ses. Eur. p. 7 (1801) ; Ochsen- heimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 121 (1808). Trochilium apiformis , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 137 (1828); Curtis, Brit. Ent. viii. pi. 372, fig.** (1831); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 77, pi. 20, fig. 6 (1879). Sphecia apiformis, Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 123, pi. 27, fig. 1, 1 a (1887). Sphoecia apiformis , Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 106, pi. 57, figs. 6, 6 a, b (1893). The Hornet Clear-wing is common in most parts of Europe and Northern and Western Asia. It expands about an inch and a half. The head is yellow ; the thorax brown, with four yellow spots, and the abdomen yellow, with the first and fourth segments black, and clothed with brown pubescence. The other seg¬ ments are bordered with black, and the last three are brown on the back, with a line of the same colour on the sides. All the wings are transparent, with the borders, the nervures, and PLATE CL 7: WyntAJvySgtts . limited- l ALgervcu apiforniis. 2. Memythrus vespiforrrus 3. Pyropierony chrysvclribrme. 4. Tro chihurny spheriform^. 5. Thy r is izsitatct. G. Varru/t ignitcv MEMYTHRUS. 287 a transverse stripe on the fore-wings rusty-brown. The fringes are tawny. The larva lives in the trunk and roots of willows and poplars. It is whitish and pubescent, with a dusky dorsal line, and a dark brown head. The moth is found from May to July, sitting on the trunks of poplars, &c., near the root, when it looks exactly like a large wasp. GENUS MEMYTHRUS. Paranthrene , pt. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 128 (1818?); Newman, Ent. Mag. i. p. 83 (Sept. 1832); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 13 (1856). Memythrus, Newman, Sphinx Vespiformis, p. 53 (Jan. 1832). Sciapteron , Staudinger, Ses. Berol.p. 43 (1854). The antennae are pectinated and ciliated in the male ; the body is moderately slender and tufted at the tip, and the fore¬ wings are almost entirely opaque, except for a slight indication of transparency at the base ; the hind-wings are transparent, except the borders. THE DUSKY CLEAR-WING. MEMYTHRUS VESPIFORMIS. {Plate CL V, Fig. 2.) Sphinx vespiformis , Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 289 (1761). Sphinx tabciniformis, Von Rottenburg, Naturf. vii, p. no, no. 4 (i775)* Sphinx asiliformis , Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien, p. 305, no. 9 (1776); Esper, Schmett. ii. (2), p. 205, Taf. 29, fig. 1 (1782 ?). Sesia asiliformis, Laspeyres, Ses. Eur. p. 10 (1801); Ochsen- heimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 128 (1808); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 78, pi. 55, figs. 1, 1 a (1893). 288 Lloyd’s natural history. PEgeria asiliformis , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 139 (1828). Sciapteron tabaniformis , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 77 (1879). The Dusky Clear-wing is found throughout Europe and Western Asia. It expands from an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half. The body is blue-black ; the head with two white spots in front of the eyes, and a yellow ring behind. The thorax has a yellow mark on each side, and a spot of the same colour at the base of the fore-wings. The abdomen has four yellow rings in the male, and three in the female. The anal tuft is deep black, with two yellow longitudinal lines. The fore¬ wings are brown and opaque, being almost entirely covered with scales ; the hind-wings are transparent, with brown borders. The larva lives in sallow, ash, and aspen. At the beginning of the century this Moth used to be taken occasionally in the neighbourhood of London ; but for some unexplained reason, it appears to have entirely disappeared from this country, almost the last specimens seen at large in England having been taken by Mr. Doubleday in his garden at Epping in 1858. GENUS PYROPTERON. Pyropteron , Newman, Ent. Mag. i. p. 75 (1832); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 17 (1856). Antennae rather slender, finely setose beneath, in the male; and more slender, but slightly sub-clavate, in the female. The body is rather slender, and the abdomen is tufted at the extremity. The fore-wings have a short hyaline streak in the cell, and a large hyaline spot beyond ; the hind-wings are transparent, except at the edges. TROCHILIUM. 289 THE FIERY CLEAR-WING. PYROPTERON CHRYSIDIFORME. ( Plate CL V , fig. 3.) Sphinx chrysidiformis , Esper, Schmett. ii. (1), p. 210, Taf. 30, fig. 2 (1782). Sphitix hcemorrhoidalis, Cyrillo, Ent. Neap. i. pi. 4, fig. 3(1787), Sesia chrysidifor?nis , Laspeyres, Ses. Eur. p. 15 (1801); Och- senheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 143 (1808); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 83 (1879) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 101, pi. 57, figs. 4, 4a, b (1893). AEgeria chrysidiformis^ Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 141 (1828). T?'ochilium chrysidiformis , Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 45, pi. 27, fig. 3, 3 a, b (1887). The Fiery Clear-wing is found in Western and Southern Europe. It is rare and local in England, but is met with occasionally near Folkestone. It expands three-quarters of an inch, or a little more. The body is blue-black, with a yellowish-white front and collar ; the thorax has a white spot on each side at the base of the wings, and the abdomen has two white belts, one on the fifth, and the other on the terminal segment. The anal tuft is black. The borders, the nervures, and a cross mark in the middle of the fore-wings are black. A triangular area between the base and the central mark, and a rounded space beyond it, are clear and transparent, the rest of the surface being bright orange-red. The hind-wings are transparent, with a minute black spot bordered with red in the middle of the costa. The larva is said to live in the roots of Rumex crispus , Artemisia campestris ,, and Elychrysum. GENUS TROCHILIUM. Trochilium , Scopoli, Intr. Hist. Nat. p. 414 (1 776); Newman, Ent. Mag. i. p. 78 (1832). 16 u 2Q0 Lloyd’s natural history. Synanthedon , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 129(1818?); Newman, op. cit. p. 77 (1832); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. viii, p. 19 (1856). Antennae rather stout, serrated and pubescent beneath, in the male, but not pectinated ; body rather slender ; abdomen tufted at the tip. Fore-wings with three transparent areas, the longitudinal area extending at least as far as the transverse band ; the hind-wings transparent, except at the edges. THE WHITE-BARRED CLEAR-WING. TROCHILIUM SPHECIFORMIS. {Plate CL V. , Fig. 4.) Sphinx spheciformis , Gerning, Frankf. Beytr. ii, p. 33, pi. 1, fig. 2 (1780); Esper, Schmett. ii (2) 1, p. 212, Taf. 30, fig. 4 (1782); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. ii, figs. 77, 78 (1802?). Sphinx sphegiformis , Vieweg, Verz. Schmett. i. p. 15 (1789). Sesia spheciformis, Laspeyres, Ses. Eur. p. 12 (1801); Och- senheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii, p. 134 (1808); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 78 (1879); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii, p. 82, pi. 55, figs. 3, 3a-c(i893). Trochilium sphegiformis , Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. pp. 49, 127, pi. 28, figs. 1, ia (1887). The White-barred Clear-wing is found throughout the greater part of Europe and Northern Asia, but, like so many of this Family, it is rare and local as a British species. It expands about an inch. The body is shining black, with a yellow longitudinal line on each side of the thorax. The abdomen has a yellow belt on the third segment above, and another on the fifth below ; there is also a yellow spot on the surface of the basal segment. The wings are transparent ; the fore-wings, with the nervures, the hind margin, apex, and a broad transverse stripe in the THYRIS. 291 outer third of the wing, blue-black. The hind-wings have the hind margins, nervures, and a cross mark near the middle of the costa also blue-black. The fringes are brownish ash- colour. The larva lives in the stems of the alder. FAMILY THYRIDID2E. The antennae are thickened in the middle, and the basal joint is also thickened. The proboscis is well developed, and the ocelli are absent. The legs are stout and hairy, and the hind tibiae are armed with two pairs of very long spurs. The body is stout, and extends much beyond the hind-wings. The wings are more or less dentated, and are adorned with vitreous spots. The moths fly over flowers by day. The larva feeds on pith in the stems of shrubs. This Family has usually been included in the Sphinges , near the TEgeriidce, to which the typical genus is certainly allied. Most of the forms included in this Family by recent authors appear to have no connection with it. Among these is Varnia (cf. antea, p. 106, pi. 155, fig. 6), a genus more appro¬ priately placed by its describer in the Noduce , than in juxta¬ position with Thyris , as other Lepidopterists have proposed. GENUS THYRIS. Thyris , Hoffmannsegg, in Uliger, Mag. Insect, ii, p. 39, note (1803) ; Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Fur. ii, p. 114(1808); Boisduval, Mon. Zyg. p. 16(1829). The antennae are thicker in the male than in the female ; and the abdomen is long and conical. The wings are dark, with large transparent spots. The moths are small, and are chiefly found in Europe, Asia, and North America. They fly over flowers in the daytime. u 2 292 Lloyd’s natural history. The larva is naked, with the head small, and the body tapering in front. It lives in the stems of elder, &c., feeding on the pith. The pupa is scabrous. THYRIS USITATA. [Plate CL V, Fig. 5.) Thyris usitata , Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) v. p. 367 (1879). “ Dark purplish brown, with cupreous reflections ; wings spotted with golden yellow, most of the spots forming a sub¬ marginal series; primaries with two unequal and nearly central hyaline white spots, the larger one in front of the smaller ; secondaries with a broad, irregular hyaline white belt upon the basal half, but not reaching the costal margin ; head, collar, and palpi golden yellow at the sides ; tegulae edged internally with yellow ; a snow-white spot on the shoulder ; abdomen crossed by two slender white bands. Wings below nearly as above ; the yellow spots larger and more numerous ; venter crossed by two broad white belts ” {Butler). This species is closely allied to the well-known European Thyris fenestrella (Scopoli). It is a native of Japan. TINEyE. This is by far the most extensive group of the Lepidopiera , at least in temperate climates, and includes a third of our British species. The Tinece are moths of small size, usually with simple antennae, rounded, or long and narrow, wings, generally with long, or very long fringes, and sometimes with very simple neuration. The structure of the head and palpi, and the form of the hind-wings varies considerably. The larvae, too, vary much in structure and habits ; they may be wholly footless, or may have from ten to eighteen legs ; but sixteen is the normal number, as with most Lepidopiera , PLATE Cm. }. Atydu/t cqjpaidirnlata . 5. Adda deaeet'pl leu, 2. Chxjreabs nixiJwa n/v. ft. JHyporwin euta jxidello . o.Duzrrims (ayeJla ^ male., 7. Quysoclisixt huneeUa. 4 „ r female, ft. Ci'anlUnia •xwingelbx 9. Cvamma ncbihtellih . CHOREUTlS. 293 except the Geometra. They differ much in habits. The true “ Clothes-Moths ” feed on woollen fabrics, and form cases for themselves ; but others form cases of the vegetable substances on which they feed, and a great number of Tinea mine in leaves. They are divided into a considerable number of well-marked Families, representatives of several of which are described or figured in the present work. GENUS CHOREUTlS. ( Choreutidcs. ) Anthophila , Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 471 (1812), nec Hiibner. Choreutis , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 373 (1826?); Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2), ii. (1), p. 2 (1870). The Family to which this genus belongs is of somewhat doubtful position, being classed by some authors with the Py rales, and by others with the Tinea. It includes small, dull-coloured moths, with rather stout bodies and broad wings, with short fringes. The palpi are ascending. The larvae have sixteen legs, and feed among leaves spun together by a web ; the pupae are enclosed in cocoons. The moths fly by day, and when at rest hold their wings partly open. The genus Choreutis has long bristles on the under-surface of the two first joints of the palpi, the last joint being slender and pointed. THE SILVER- DOTTED NETTLE-TAP. CHOREUTIS MYLLERANA. ( Plate CL VI. , Fig. 2.) Pyralis myllerana , Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (2), p. 277, no. 147 (I794)- Tortrix angustana , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. vii. fig. 204 (1803 ?). Anthophila mylleri, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 472, no. 5 (1812); Curtis, Brit. Ent. vii. pi. 320 (1830). Anthophila punctosa , Haworth, op. cit. p. 472, no. 6 (1812). Choreutes scintilulalis , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. x. (3), p. 33 (i835)- Lloyd’s natural history. 294 Simaethis my Her ana , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 30 (1834). Simaethis punctosa , id. op. cit. This Moth is a native of Temperate and Northern Europe, including Britain. It expands about half an inch. The fore-wings and body are black ; the former with three clear white spots on the costa, and others towards the inner margin. Between these are a few silvery or steel-blue dots. In front of the fringes is a dull white or steel-blue line. The hind-wings are dark brown, with whitish -grey fringes, and occasionally traces of a white transverse line near the middle of the inner margin. GENUS ATYCIilA. (Atyc/liidcui) Chimasra , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 2 (1S08), nom. prceocc. Aty chia , Latreille Gen. Crust. Ins. iv. p. 214 (1809); Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (1), p. 7 (1870). Small stout-bodied moths, with a long abdomen. Ocelli present. Palpi short and thick ; upeurved, with a short terminal joint. Fore-wings short, parallel, rounded behind, with short fringes, and twelve nervures, the sub-median nervure forming a long fork at the base. Hind-wings with eight nervures, and three sub-median nervures. In the male the antennae are pectinated. The larvae resemble those of the AEgeriidce, and live in a tube¬ like web at the roots of grass. These Moths are chiefly South European, and we have no representative of the Family in England. They were formerly included in the Sphinges, but are now referred to the Tinece , or regarded as a separate group preceding the latter. EUPLOCAMUS. 295 ATYCHIA APPENDICULATA. {Plate CL VI., Fig I.) Sphinx appendiculata , Esper, Schmett. ii. (2), p. 227, Taf. 35, figs. 5> 6 (1788 ?). Sphinx chi mar a , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. ii. fig. 1 (1797). Noctua chimara , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. figs. 3 r 4, 315 (1804?). This Moth is found in South-eastern Europe and Western Asia. It expands three-quarters of an inch. The fore-wings are dark brown, dusted with ochre-yellow in the male, with an ochre-yellow longitudinal stripe from the base, extending two-thirds across the wings, and expanded in its outer part. The hind-wings are dark brown, with a white band near the base, which does not reach either the costa or inner margin. The female has darker fore-wings, with a coppery lustre, and a narrow whitish costa and faintly indi¬ cated longitudinal stripe ; but no light spot on the hind-wings. GENUS EUPLOCAMUS. (Tineidce.) Euplocamns , Latreille, Gen. Crust. Ins. iv. p. 223 (1809); Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2), ii. (1), p. 35 (1870). The species included in this genus are among the largest of the European Tinea. They are conspicuously coloured, with large white or coloured spots and markings on a black ground ; and the antennae of the males are furnished with very long diverging cilia. The larvae live in rotten trees and tree-fungi in spring, and the moths appear in summer. EUPLOCAMUS BIENERTI. {Plate CLVIII., Fig. 2.) Eupiocamus bienerti, Staudinger, Berk Ent. Zeitschr. xiv. p. 207 (1870); Lederer, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. viii. p. 24, pi. 2, figs. 11, 12 (1872). 296 Lloyd’s natural history. This species expands about an inch. It is found in Asia Minor and Northern Persia. The fore¬ wings are black, with yellow nervures, and the fringes are broadly spotted with orange-yellow, as are also the costa and hind margin, but less broadly, the rest of the wing being thickly mottled with the same colour. The hind-wings are light orange, with a broad black border ; the fringes are yellowish. The body is black ; the long palpi, a spot towards the back of the thorax, the transverse bands on the abdomen, and the anal tuft are yellow ; the legs are also yellow, more or less banded with black ; the hind-legs especially are very long, and the hind tibiae are compressed, yellow, and very strongly spurred. The antenna; are set with very long diverging hairs. Except in colour, this species is closely allied to E. antiwacinalis (Scopoli), a black South European species, with yellow marks on the head and thorax, and large white spots on the fore-wings. GENUS TINEA. ( Tineidce .) Tinea , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 534 (1758) ; Poda, Mus. Graec. p. 94 (1761); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (1), p. 12 (1832); Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 24 (1854); Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (1), p. 40 (1870). The head is clothed with woolly hair, and the antennae are shorter than the wings. The wings are long, more or less oval, and the hind-wings especially are often rather narrow and pointed, with long fringes. This genus includes the true “ Clothes Moths ” ; but there are only a few species which are destructive to clothes. Other species feed on grain, rotten wood, fungi, &c. THE CLOTHES MOTH. TINEA PELLION ELLA. Tinea pellionella , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 536, no. 254 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p, 364, no. 1415 (1761); ADELA. 297 Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (1), p. 15 (1832); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 345 (1834); Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 33 (1854); Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2), ii. (2), p. 54 (1870); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 413 (1883). Tinea sarcitella , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.)i. p. 536, no. 255 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 364, no. 1416 (1761). The Clothes Moth is widely distributed, and probably almost cosmopolitan. It expands about half an inch. The fore-wings are light metallic golden brown, with one or two fine dark dots in front of, and a larger one beyond, the middle. The cilia are whitish. The hind-wings are pale grey, with a yellowish shine, and yellowish-white fringes. The larva feeds on wool, hair, fur, feathers, &c. It attains a length of about a third of an inch and is yellowish- white, rather shining and wrinkled. The head and cervical plate are brown, the latter divided longitudinally by a white line. There is a dark brownish-red dorsal line, which ends in a red spot, and the ventral surface and legs are white. The larva forms a port able case of the material upon which it is feeding, and the yellowish-brown pupa is either formed in this, or in a slight cocoon. GENUS ADELA. ( AdelideZ .) Adela , Latreille, Precis, p. 147 (1796) ; id. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. iii. p. 417 (1802), xiv. p. 255 (1805) ; Treitschke, Schmett. Err. ix. (2), p. 112 (1833); Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 48 (1854) ; Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2), ii. (1) p. 73 (1870). This is a genus belonging to a family allied to the Tineidee , but distinguished by the very long and slender antennae of the 298 Lloyd’s natural history. males, and the beautiful golden-green or coppery colour of most of the species. The moths fly by day in woods in spring. DE GEER’S LONG-HORNED MOTH. ADELA DEGEERELLA. {Plate CL VI., Fig. 5.) Tinea degeerella , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 540, no. 2 86 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 360. no. 1393 (1761); Clerck, leones, pi. 12, fig. 3 (1759). (?) Tinea sulizella , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.), i. (2) p. 896, no. 427 (1767). Tinea geerella, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. viii. fig. 130 (1801), fig. 446 (1822). Adela degeerella, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (2), p. 131 (1833), x. (3) p. 207 (1835); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 230 (1834) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 413, pi. 62, fig. 10 (1883); Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 50 (1854); Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2), ii. (1) p. 77 (1870). This species is found throughout Europe and Asia Minor. It expands about three-quarters of an inch. The fore- wings are dull golden yellow with dark longitudinal lines in the basal half and in front of the tips. Between these is a golden yellow transverse band, bordered on each side with dark violet, and slightly expanded on the inner margin. The hind-wings are greyish-brown, suffused with violet. The long antennae are, in the male, brownish-violet towards the base and then white; in the female the basal half is dark violet and much thickened, the rest of the antennae being white. The larva feeds in a flat case on Wood Anemone and other lew plants. It is yellowish-white, with a black head and a HYPONOMEUTA. 299 blackish cervical plate. The third and fourth segments are spotted with grey above. GENUS HYPONOMEUTA. ( Hyponomeutidce .) Yponomeuta , Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. iii. p. 417 (1802), xiv. p. 417 (1805); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (1), p. 208 (1832). Hyponomeuta , Zeller, Isis, 1844, p. 199; Stainton, Jns. Brit. Tineina, p. 58 (1854); Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (1), p. 107 (1870). These are rather large moths for Tinea , and are easily recognisable by their long white or grey wings, with rows of conspicuous black dots. The larvae spin webs over their food plant, and are often very destructive, the various species feeding on apple, hawthorn, sloe, box, spindle-tree, &c. THE SMALL ERMINE MOTH. HYPONOMEUTA PADELLA. {Plate CL VI., Fig. 6.) Tinea padella, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 535, no. 240 (1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 354, no. 1364 (1761); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. viii. fig. 87 (1801), figs. 393-395 (1816). (?) Ypono?neuta eognatella , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (1), p. 220 (1832). Yponomeuta padella , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 243 (1834). Hyponomeuta padella , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 413 (1883). Hyponomeuta padellus , Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 60 (1854). Hyponomeuta variabilis, Zeller, Isis, 1844, p. 214; Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2), ii. (1), p. 109(1870). The Small Ermine Moth is found throughout the greater part of Europe and Asia Minor. It expands from half to three quarters of an inch. Lloyd’s natural history. 3°° The fore-wings are white with a greyish tinge, with three rows of black dots. The fringes are pale grey or white, with pale grey tips. The hind-wings are brownish grey with lighter fringes. The larva feeds on hawthorn and apple, and is grey, spotted with black. It feeds gregariously, under a web. GENUS CRAMERIA. (. Hyponomeutidce .) Crameria , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schiuett. p. 168 (1822?). Cydosia, Westwood, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 193 (1841); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 523 (1854) ; Guenee, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5), ix. p. 283 (1879). Antennae simple ; palpi small ; proboscis long ; wings rather long, entire, fore-wings rather narrow, hind -wings broad, but considerably longer than broad ; discoidal cells open. A small genus of handsome moths, formerly included with the Lithosiidce. CRAMERIA NOBILITELLA. {Plate CL VI. , Fig. 9.) Tinea nobilitella , Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pi. 264, fig. G (1779). Cydosia nobilitella , Westwood, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 193, pi. 24, fig. 2 (1841); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 524, no. 1 (1854); Guenee, op. cit. p. 286 (1879). Cydosia cyanella, Guenee, l.c. p. 283 (1870). This Moth is a native of the West Indies and South America. It expands about an inch and a quarter. The fore-wings are shining steel-blue, each with about fourteen white spots, arranged for the most part in transverse rows of threes ; in addition to these there are also several minute white dots near the tips of the wings. Between the DIURNEA. 3OT white spots run three shining orange transverse bars, and there is a spot of the same colour on the costa near the base. The hind-wings are white, with a broad blackish marginal band. The body is steel-blue, with six white spots on the thorax, and the legs are black, with white marks. There are several closely allied forms, which may or may not be distinct species. GENUS DIURNEA. ( Chimcibacchidce .) Diurnea , Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 501 (1812); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 237 (1834) ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. xvi. Pi- 743 (1839). Chimabache , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 402 (1826?). Chimabacche , Zeller, Isis, p. 181 (1839); Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 14 (1854) ; Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (1) p. 131 (1870). This is a genus which is included in the Exapatida by some authors, while others place it in the Tinea , or treat it as belonging to a distinct Family. The head is hairy above ; the palpi are small, and the proboscis is almost obsolete. Ocelli present. The female has rudimentary wings. In Diurnea , the ocelli are small, the face and palpi are clothed with smooth hair, and the fore-wings of the female are oval, and as long as the body, the hind-wings being shorter and narrower. THE MARSH DAGGER. DIURNEA FAGELLA. {Plate CL VI, Fig. 3, male ; Fig. 4, female.) Tinea fagella, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 135, no. 34 (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. viii fig. 12 (1793?). Lemmatophila fagella , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (1), p. 26 (1832). 3°2 Lloyd’s natural history. Diurnea fagella , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 237 (i834)- Chimabacche fagella , Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 15 (1854); Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2), ii. p. 132 (1870). The Marsh Dagger is a native of Temperate and many parts Southern Europe. The male expands upwards of an inch, and the female two-thirds of an inch. The fore-wings are whitish-grey or pale ashy-grey, with two dark brown transverse stripes, commencing at the costa, but not reaching the hind- margin. The first of these, which is near the base, is dentated, and bordered on the inner side with white. The second is in the middle of the wing, and on it are several dots. Behind it is a faint light brownish spot. In front of the fringes, which are streaked with brownish and whitish-grey, is another zig-zag line of coarse scales, and from the first to the second transverse line runs a waved longitudinal line, sometimes wanting. The entire surface of the wings is, moreover, coarsely dusted with brown, with here and there scattered blackish dots. The hind- wings are uniform ashy-grey or whitish-grey, with grey and white fringes. The female, which usually sits on the stems of trees, and is unable to fly, but which can run very fast if disturbed, has very long pointed palpi which, like the head and thorax, are ashy-grey. The abdomen is brownish-grey, with whitish rings. The fore-wings are lanceolate and raised. They resemble the abdomen in colour, and are crossed by two black transverse lines, the area between forming a dark band, which contains three raised black dots forming a triangle. There are also raised yellowish-brown atoms on the surface which make the wings appear uneven. The hind-wings consist of pointed stumps, and are pale ashy-grey. The larva lives on oak, beech, birch, poplar, &c. The head / CryptophcLscL uroralcv, male. Vjr**n kSt»* 2. 3 . 4. 5. rr n it it tt )t it tt \ , female, j larva/. } excrescence formed by larvcc f pupct CRYPTOPHASA, 3°3 is flat, light brown, with dark spots and streaks. The body is flat, and white with a pale green or grey dorsal line, and two rows of hardly visible white warts, set with white hair. The cervical plate is whitish, with a brownish lustre. The transformation takes place between leaves, in a delicate cocoon, and the pupa is slender, light brown, with dark wing- cases. GENUS CRYPTOPHASA. ( Cryptophasidce .) Cryptophasa , Lewin, Lepid. Ins. N. S. Wales, p. n (1805); Duncan, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 117 (1841). The antennae are pectinated nearly to the tips in the male, but are simple in the female. The proboscis is obsolete, and the palpi are cylindrical, curved upwards, and pointed. The wings are glossy, with short fringes. The larva has sixteen legs, and is long and cylindrical. It bores into the trunks of trees, and emerges at night to provision its burrow with leaves, on which it feeds. These Moths, though now referred to the Tinea , more resemble Bombyces or Noctua in size and appearance ; and they are among the largest Tinea known. CRYPTOPHASA IRRORATA. {Plate CL VII.) Cryptophasa irrorata , Lewin, Lepid. Ins. N. S. Wales, p. 11, pi. 10 (1805); Duncan, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 1 1 7, pi. 10 (1841). This remarkable species is a native of Australia. It expands from an inch and three-quarters to two inches and a quarter. The fore-wings are dusky grey, thickly speckled with brown and white atoms, with a conspicuous ear-shaped spot beyond the middle of the wings and an angular patch of dark dots 304 Lloyd’s natural history. near the shoulders. The hind-wings are blackish with silvery margins. The eggs of this moth are laid on the bark of Casaurina , where a branch is given off, and the white red-spotted larva, as soon as it emerges, bores its way into the bark, and makes a cylindrical passage to the centre of the stem, where it lives, weaving over the entrance a convex cover formed of ends of leaves, and its own excrement. This cover is securely attached at its upper part, the lower end remaining movable, so that the larva can pass in and out. After sunset it goes in search of food, which it conveys, a leaf at a time, to its dwelling, and drags down into the cylindrical passage. In this manner the larva spends the whole of the night, and towards daybreak retires quickly to its retreat, where it lies hidden with its head towards the entrance, feeding on the stored leaves. In this passage the pupa is formed in January without a cocoon, and the moth appears in about a fortnight, in February. GENUS HARPELLA. ( Gelechiidce .) Harpella , Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (2), p. 168 (1802); Zeller, Isis, 1839, p. 19 1; Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 151 (1854); Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2), ii. p. 371 (1870). Alabonia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 418 (1826?); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 226 (1834). The largest family of the Micro-Lepidoptera is that of the Gelechiidce, to which the present genus belongs. Harpella includes one or two conspicuous species of bright colours, and of large size for Ti?iece. In Harpella, the palpi are very long, compressed, the second joint scaly, and the terminal joint slender, pointed, and obliquely raised. The wings are oval, rather broad, and rounded at the tips, with moderately long ELATE CLEffi . 3 7 9 U Wy man S Sons Limiltd 10 1 . Erebmocera laehssbna, 2. Eixplocoumxs burn er lx 2) . HarpeUxv yeofh 'ell a . 4. (Eixjf)hora sulphureUa 6. Ixtiwevlleiis spuioleRcu. 1 . Antes pilot treitschldELice. 8 . Mi 4 7 'oseti ex rnicrother 'lellix V . Mncvbciu pen toulxictylxr , 5. Col cap her a aiiappainella. K). QnwocLes h cxaidaetylxx. . //. Miavptei'ycc aiu nrtcUxx CECOPHORA. 305 fringes. The larvae have sixteen legs, and feed on rotten wood under bark, The moths fly in woods in spring. HARPELLA GEOFFRELLA. {Plate CL VIII. , Fig. 3.) Tinea geojfrella , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.), i. (2), p. 896, no. 430 (1767). Alabonia geoffroyella, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 227 (i834)- Harpella geojfrella, Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 152 (1854); Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (1), p. 372 (1870). This beautiful Moth is found in most parts of Central and Southern Europe. It expands about three-quarters of an inch. The fore-wings are yellow, clouded with brown in the marginal third, and with two leaden-blue streaks rising from the base. Beyond the middle are two conspicuous triangular pale yellow spots, one on the costa, and the other on the inner margin. The hind-wings are brown. It frequents hedges and woods, where it flies about on sunny mornings. GENUS CECOPHORA. ( CEcophoridce. ) CEcophora , Latreille, Precis, p. 146 (1796) ; id. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. iii. p. 417 (1802); xiv. p. 251 (1805); Curtis, Brit. Ent. ix. pi. 408 (1832); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 227 (1834) ; Zeller, Isis, 1839, P- I9I> ncc Siamion , restr. Dasycerus , Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 524 (1829). Tasycera, Stephens, Cat. Brit. Ins. ii. p. 199 (1829); Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 155 (1854) ; Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (1), p. 373 (1870). These are pretty little black and yellow moths, with long and moderately broad wings, and the hind-wings with long 16 x 3°6 LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY. fringes. The antennae are thickened towards the base, and hairy on the back ; the palpi are up-curved, and the tips of the wings are rounded. The larvae have sixteen legs, and feed on rotten wood under bark. THE LEAST YELLOW UNDER-WING. CECOPHORA SULPHURELLA. {Plate CL VIII., Fig. 4.) Alucita sulphurella, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 670, no. 19 (1775). Tinea comutella , id. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 492, no. 63 (1798). Tinea orbonella , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. viii. fig. 313 (1816?). (Ecophora sulphurella , Curtis, Brit. Ent. ix. pi. 408 (1832) ; Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 228 (1834). Dasycera sulphurella , Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 154 (1854) ; Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (1), p. 373 (1870). The Least Yellow Under-wing is found throughout the greater part of Europe. It expands seven lines and a half. The fore-wings are olive-brown, dusted with yellow, especially towards the hind margin. From the base run two short yellow longitudinal streaks, and there is a small pale yellow spot on the costa, and a larger triangular spot of the same colour beyond the middle of the inner margin. The hind- wings are pale ochre-yellow, with dark brown tips. The larva lives in decayed wood. It is greyish-white, spotted with blackish, with a reddish-brown head and second segment. GENUS ERETMOCERA. ( Tina>geriid(Z. ) Eretmocera, Zeller, Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. 1852, p. 96 (1854) ; Walsingham, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 271 ; 1889, p. 19. Exodomorpha , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxix: p. 833 (1864). ERETMOCERA. 3°7 The Ti?icEgeriid(z are a Family of small tropical moths, regarded as intermediate between the /Egeriidce and Gelechiidce. The moths are brilliantly coloured, with long narrow wings, and long fringes, a strong proboscis, and antennae long and heavily fringed for the greater part of their length. The legs are long, with two pairs of strong spurs on the hind tibiae ; and in several species the legs and abdomen are more or less tufted. There is a monograph of this group by Lord Walsingham in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London for 1889. Eretmocera has the antennae a little thickened in the middle, and fringed on one side for two-thirds of its length; and a large tuft at the tip of the abdomen. ERETMOCERA UETISSIMA. {Plate CL VIII. , Fig. 1.) Eretmocera Icetissima , Zeller, Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockin' 1852, p. 100 (1854) ; Walsingham, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 33, pi. 6, fig. 17. Exodomorpha divisella , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxix. p. 833 (1864) ; Walsingham, tom. cit. p. 34 (1889). This Moth inhabits tropical and sub-tropical Africa. Walker’s description of his E. divisella is as follows : — “ Dark purplish cupreous. Head beneath, and pectus on each side, pale gilded yellow. Abdomen scarlet, with a purplish cupreous spot near the base, which is gilded yellow ; a purplish cupreous spot on each side at the tip ; under side gilded yellow, with two purplish bands ; first band near the base widely interrupted ; second sub-apical, entire. Fore-wings with three pale yellow dots ; first dot discal, near the base ; second costal, opposite the third, which is near the end of the interior border. FI ind- wings gilded; costa and fringe red, the latter blackish cupreous x 2 3°S Lloyd’s natural history. towards the tip of the wing. Length of the body, two lines and three-quarters ; of the wings, five lines and a half.” GENUS GRACILLARIA. ( Gracillariidce .) Gracillarici , Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 527 (1829); Curtis, Brit. Ent. x. pi. 479 (1833); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 363 (1835). Gracilaria , Zeller, Isis, 1839, p. 208 ; id. Linn. Ent. H. p. 312 (1847); Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 194 (1854); Von Heinemann & Wocke, Schmett. Ueutschl. (2) ii (2), p. 616 (1817). The Family to which this genus belongs has long antennae and palpi, and long slender wings with very long fringes. The larvae have only fourteen legs. The smooth head, and the absence of a tuft of hair on the second joint of the palpi, dis¬ tinguish Gracillaria from the allied genera. THE SMALL LILAC MOTH. GRACILLARIA SYRINGELLA. {Plats CL VI., Fig. S.) Tinea syringella , Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (2), p. 328, no. 177 (1794) ; id. op. cit. Suppl. p. 496, no. 84 (1798). Gracillaria anastomosis , Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 530 (1S29) ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. x. pi. 479 (1833). Ornix ardecepennella , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (2), p. 205 (1833). Gracilaria syringella , Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tin. p. 198 (1854); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 414 (1883); Von Heinemann & Wocke, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (2), p. 624 (1877). The Small Lilac Moth has a wide range in Europe. It expands half an inch. The fore- wings are yellowish- white, with the base brown, COLEOPHORA. 3°9 marbled with white. There is a brown blotch on the inner margin near the base, and there are three oblique brown bands. The tips of the wings are brownish, with two whitish spots on the costa. The hind-wings are grey, with paler cilia. The larva mines the leaves of privet, ash and lilac, and is whitish with a light-brown head. GENUS COLEOPHORA. ( Coleophoridce .) Coleophora , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (1810?); Zeller, Isis, 1839, p. 191 (1839); id. Linn. Ent. iv. p. 191 (1849); Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 208 (1854); Von Heinemann & Wocke, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (2), p. 530 (1877). Porrectaria , Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 533 (1829) ; Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 284 (1835). This is a large genus of small moths, with long and narrow pointed wings, and very long fringes. The antennae are ex¬ tended forward in repose, and have frequently a tuft of hair at the base beneath. The hind tibiae are hairy, with two pairs of spurs beyond the middle. The Larvae have sixteen legs, and live in small cases on their food-plants ; they feed on leaves or seeds. The following species is the type of the genus. THE GOOSE-FEATHER MOTH. COLEOPHORA ANATIPENNELLA. ( Plate CL VII I., Fig. 5.) Tinea anatipennella , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. viii.fig. 186 (1801). Ornix anatipcnnella , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix (2), p. 211 (1833); x. (3), p. 217 (1835). Porrectaria anatipennella , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 285 (1834). Coleophora anatipennella , Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina p. 215 (1854); Von Heinemann & Wocke, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (2), p. 583 (1877) 3IQ Lloyd’s natural history. The Goose-Feather Moth is a native of Northern and Central Europe. It expands seven lines and a half. The fore-wings are pale ashy-grey, with numerous light brown atoms towards the apex, and a few near the base. These do not run into lines or spots, but remain distinct. The fringes are ashy. The hind-wings are brownish. The antennae are ringed with grey and white. The larva lives on lime, hazel, sloe, oak, and other trees, and has a dark brown case, shaped somewhat like a pistol, which stands upright on the leaf. GENUS CHRYSOCLISTA. (. Lavernidce .) Chrysoc/isfa , Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 240 (1854); Von Heinemann & Wocke, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (2), p. 432 (1877). This is a beautiful genus, with tufts of metallic raised scales on the wings. The wings are long and narrow, and the hind- wings, which are nearly as long as the fore-wings, have long fringes. The larvae have sixteen legs. CHRYSOCLISTA LINNEELLA. ( Plate CL VI., Fig. 7.) Tinea linneella , Clerck, leones, pi. 12, fig. 8 (1759); Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 362, no. 1408 (1761). Glyphipteryx linneella , Curtis, Brit. Ent. iv.pl. 152 (1827); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 271 (1834). Chrysoclista linneella, Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 241 (1854); Von Heinemann & Wocke, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (2), P- 433 (I^7 7). This species inhabits Central and Southern Europe. It expands half an inch. The fore-wings are deep orange, narrowly bordered with ANTISPILA. 3 1 1 dark brown, except at the tips, which are broadly dark brown. From the base passes a silvery streak, and there is a silvery mark below the costa, and two on the inner margin. The hind-wings are dark purple. The fringes of all the wings are blackish. The larva lives under the bark of lime trees, and is yellowish- white, with a light brown head. GENUS ANTISPILA. (. Heliozelida .) Antispila, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 419 (1826) ; Stainton, Man. Brit. Butt. & Moths, ii. p. 366 (1859); id. Nat. Hist. Tineina, xi. p. 298 (1870) ; Von Heinemann & Wocke, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (2), p. 515 (1877). This genus includes a few species with rather stout bodies, short antennae, broad fore-wings, and lanceolate hind-wings, with long fringes. The footless larvae mine in leaves, and pupate in flat cases on the surface of the ground, or hang suspended by a thread to a leaf. ANTISPILA TREITSCHKIELLA. ( Plate CL VIII. , Fig. 7.) (Ecophora ireitschkiella , Duponchel, Lepid. France, Suppl. iv. P- 3!9> P1- 77, fig- 1 (1842). Elachista ireitschkiella, Fischer von Roslerstamm, Abbild. Schmett. p. 297, pi. 100, fig. 4 (1843); Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 250 (1854). Antispila ireitschkiella , Stainton, Nat. Hist. Tineina, xi. p. 318, pi. 8, fig. 3 (1870) ; Von Heinemann & Wocke, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (2), p. 515 (1877). This is a small bronzy-brown moth, not more than a quarter of an inch in expanse, with a silvery band towards the base of the fore-wings, and two silvery spots beyond, that 312 Lloyd’s natural history. towards the costa round, and that towards the inner margin triangular. The larva mines in the leaves of the dogwood in autumn, and the moth appears in the following June. A similar, but much smaller, species, with no transverse band, but with two triangular spots on the costa of the fore-wings, and two others on the inner margin, mines in vine-leaves in Southern Europe. A long and interesting account of its habits, by Godeheu de Riville, the then governor of Malta, was published as long ago as 1750 ; but though the original French paper was afterwards printed in German in 1774, it was not till 1871 that the insect was re-discovered at Carrara by the Hon. Beatrice de Grey ; and the moth was reared and described by Stainton, who had provisionally named it Elachisia (?) rivillei in 1854, and reprinted Riville’s observations in his “ Tineina of Southern Europe,” chap, xi., calling the insect “ The Lost Pleiad.” This is only another instance of the importance of studying old records, from which much useful but forgotten information can often be gathered by the present generation of naturalists. GENUS LITHOCOLLETIS. (. Lithocolletidce .) Lithocolletis , Hiibner, Verz. .bek. Schmett. p. 423 (1826); Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 264 (1854); id. Nat. Hist. Tineina, ii. p. 2 (1857); Von Heinemann & Wocke, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (2), p. 662 (1877). This is an extensive genus of small species with oval fore¬ wings, and narrow lanceolate hind-wings. There is a tuft ot hair on the head, and the palpi are short, slender, and decumbent. The larvae have fourteen legs, and mine in the leaves of trees. MICROSETIA. 3 r3 LITHOCOLLETIS SPINOLELLA. ( Plate CL VIII, , Fig. 6.) Phal