THB

HANDY War Boo

m

A New Book of Important and Authentic Information and Statistics

on the Many Subjects Related to the Present War, Sucb

as Size, Population, Climate, Commerce and Resources

of the Islands Concerned in the Spanish-American

Conflict, with Many Other Facts Which *

Readers of War News Should Havfc

Pictures of U. So War Vessels

And a Classification and Description of the Various Ships in

Navies of Spain and America, with Definitions of

Naval Terms Used in Press Dispatches.

FINE WAR MAPS

Of Cuba, Porto Rico, Philippines, Havana and Harbor, and West India Islands, and a Large Map of the World

By LIEUT. K HANNAFORD

MAST, CROWELL & KIRKPATRICK, Publishers SPRINGFIELD, OHIO

CHICAGO 1643 Moaadoock Block

Farm and Fireside L11irar>'- No- Ifil- -"ulyt 1^93. islied Monthly liy Mast, Crowetl & Kirlqiatrlck, Spriu^'fleUl, Ohio. Subscription Price, #3.00 per year.

CONTENTS.

DESCRIPTIVE. STATISTICAL AND HISTORICAL

PAOB

Ampricaii War Preparations 36

Beginning of the Spanisb-Ainericaii

War 3«

Blanco in Cuba 31

Campaign of 1895 21

Campaign of 1896 > 24

Campaign of 1897 2K

Canary Islands 62

Cape Verde Islands 62

Caroline Islands 02

Cervera's Fatal Cruise -18

Cervera's Fleet, Destruction of 48

ClimatHof Cuba 12

Cuba, General Description of„ 11

Cuban Blockade, the 39

c'ut)an (fipanisli) Debt .• 58

Cuban Discontent, Causes of 18

Cuban People, Capital, etc 15

Cuban Republic, the 33

Cuban Resources and Industries 13

Cuban Revolution Begun 19

Cnk>M Under Hpain Ifi

DeLoine Letter, the 35

Dewey's Great Victory 44

(inns of Modern Warfare, the 54

Havana, City of 15

HhwhH 68

Hawaii, Annexation of 69

H(Hland Diving-boat, the 56

Honolulu. City of fi9

Index to Map of Cuba 70

PAOB

Ladrone Islands (>2

Maceo, Death of 26

Maine, Blowing up of the- 36

Manila, Battle of 46

Manila, City and Bay of » 41

Naval Terms Kxplaiued 57

Vaviesof Leading Nations and Hpaln 61) Navies of United States and Spain

Compared 62

Navy-yards, Location of U. S 58

Philippine Conquest, Organizing the 4(i

Phili{5pine Kxpeditions, tlie 46

Philippine Islands, the 66

Porto Rico ftS

Porto Rico Campaign, the , 49

Rank and Pay in the Army and Navy 61

Reconcentration Horrors 2*

Resolution Adopted by Congress,

War 87

San Juan, City of 64

Santiago Campaign, the 49

Spanish-American War, OpeulDgof- 38

Sugar, Cuban ^ 18

Taxation in Cuba 18

Torpedo-boats and Destroyers 55

TrochHS, the 25

War-ships, Kinds of 69

War-vessels, Spanish 51

War-vessels. United States 50

Weylerin Cuba 2c

Yellow Fever in Havana 1"-'

ILLUSTRATIONS OF WAR-VESSELS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS.

PAOB

Arnphitrite <J

Mlvtnta 73

Bh 1 1 i more 76

Ban.Toft 72

Bennington 7H

Boston 73

Brooklyn 5

Charleston 8

Chicago 8

Cincinnati 77

Columbia 6

(oii'-ord 75

(,'\:- Mll^ 79

PAOB

Detroit 7s

Dolphin 71

Helena 71

Indiana On map sheet

Iowa On map sheet

Katahdin lo

Maine. 6

Marblehead 74

Massachusetts 4

Miantonomoh 10

Minneapolis 77'

Monterey 78

Montgomery 74

Newark "

New York

Olympia -

Oregon On map sheet

Philadelphia "

Puritan C

Raleigh 8(

San Francisco 76

Terror.- 8»

Texas On map sheet

Vesuvius ".;

Vorktowp ~ 71'

MAPS IN BACK OF BOOK.

Cnba

Havana HarlKjr '.

Philippine Islands-

!' .'to Rico

I Indies

A Id. on MercalorV Projection.

Nortli Atlantic OcPMti

Showing CHpe Vente J'-lands, Ca- nary Islands and .Spain; the At- lantic and Gulf Coasts of United Stales, also West Indies, Central America and Northern Coast-line of t^out li America.

THE

HANDY WAR BOOK

Containing' Authentic Information and Statistics on Subjects

Relating" to the War, with Descriptions of the American

and Spanish Navies; also a Brief History of Cuba,

Porto Rico, the Philippines and Other Islands.

WITH ACCURATE WAR MAPS AND

PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES OF

U. S. WAR VESSELS.

BY LIEUT. E. HANNAFORD

Copyright, 1898, by Mast, Crowell & Kirkpairlck

PUBLISHED BY

MAST, CROWELL & KIRKPATRICK New York SPRINGFIELD, OHIO Chjcago

Second-class Battleship. MAINE. Speed, 17J knots..

(liloirn up ill I/avaiKi J/<iiIi<ji; FihriKirij i.5. IS'JS.)

Length, 318 feet; breadth, 57 feet. Displacement, 6,682 tons. Guns, four 10-inch and six 6-inch breech-loading rifles, seven 6-pounder and eight 1-pounder rapid-tire, and four Catlings. Four torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, sides 12, turrets 8, barbettes 12, deck 2. Officers, 34; men, 370. Contract price, $2,500,000.

lajgggtgtSr'

Protected Ste.

COllVWli! A.

Speed, 23 knots.

Length. 412 feet; breadth. 5^i feet. Hisplacement, 7.375 tons. Guns, one 8-inch breech-loading rifle, two 6-inch and eight 4-inch rapid-fire, twelve 6-pounder and four l-pounder rapid-fire, and four Catlings, ^our torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck. 2i, slope 7. Ofiicers, 35; men, 429. Cost. $2,725,000.

— 6 —

*~ «i*r„'..;«4J-

Protected Steel Cruiser. PHILADELPHIA. Speed, 19^ knots.

Length, 327^ feet; breadth, 481 feet. Displacement, 4,324 tons. Guns, twelve 6-inch breech-loading rifles, four 6-pounder, four 3-pounder and two 1-pounder rapid- fire, three 37-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and four Gatlings. Four torpedo- tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 2J, slope 4. Officers, 34; men, 350. Cost, $1,350,000.

Protected Steel Cruiser. NEWARK. Speed, It) knots.

Length, 310 feet; breadth, 49 feet. Displacement, 4,09S tons. Guns, twelve 6-inch breech-loading rifles, four 6-pounder, four 3-pounder and two 1-pounde. rapid- fire, four 37-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and four Gatlings. Six torpedo- tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 2, slope 3. Officers, 34; men, 350. Cost, $1,248,000.

— 7 —

Protected Steel Cruirie. CHARLESTON. Speed, li> knots.

Length, 312^ fee^, breadth, 46 feet. Displacement, 3,730 tons. Guns, two 8-inch and six G-inch breech-loading rifles, four d-pounder, two 3-pounder and two 1-pounder rapid-fire, four 37-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Catlings. Four tor- pedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 2, slope 3. Officers, 20; men. 280. Cost, $1,017,500.

Protecteil .

Cllle.VUO.

.,,,..::, knots.

Length, 325 feet; breadth, 48 feet. Displacement, 4,500 tons. Guns, four 8-inch, eight 6-inch and two 5-inch breech-loading rifles, nine 6-pounder and four 1-pounder rapid-fire, two 37 -millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Catlings. Armoi, in inches, deck and slope li. Officers, 33 : men, 376. Cost. $ss9,000.

— 8 —

Double-turret Monitor.

AMPHITRITE.

Speed, 12 knots.

Length, 259i feet; breadth, 55J feet. Displacement, 3,990 tons. Guns, four 10-inch breech-loading rifles, two 6-pounder and two 3-pounder rapid-fire, two 37-milli- meter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, two 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon. Armor, in inches, sides 9, turrets 7J, barbettes lU,deck If. Officers, 13; men, 136. Cost, $3,178,046.

-<A

Double-turret Monitor. PoRliAiN. opccu, i^2 Knuir,.

Length, 289 J feet; breadth, 60 feet. Displacement, 6,060 tons. Guns, four 10-inch breech-loading rifles, and eight rapid-fire and machine-guns. Armor, in inches, sides 14, turrets 8, barbettes 14, deck 2. Officers, 22; men, 208. Cost, $3,178,046.

— 9 —

Double-turret Monitor. MIANT()NOAU)H. Speed, lOi knots.

Length, 259^ feet; breadth, 55f feet. Displacement, 3,990 tons. Guns, four 10-inch breech-loading rifles, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder and two 1-pounder rapid- fire. Armor, in inches, sides 7, turrets Hi deck If. Officers, 13^ men, 136. Has a double bottom, 28 inches clear space between the two. Cost, $3,178,046.

Armored Ram.

KATAHDIN.

Speed, 17 knots.

Length, 250J feet; breadth, 43^ feet. Displacement, 2,155 tons. 6-p()under rapid-fire. Armor, in inches, sides 6 at top and 3 at bottom, men, 91. Cost, .$930,000. The only war-vessel of its kind in the world.

— 10 —

Guns, four Officers, 7;

Cuba and Spanish=Araerican War.

\i!li.^l — * OLLOwiNG un the discovery which \Yas to immortalize his name, /^"l and the dale October 12, 14'.>2, Columbus cruised AvestAvard ^^1 among the West Indian isles, and on October 28th entered i^^^"^-^^ the mouth of a river in the "great land" of which he had ^^^,ii\ iieard many times before reaching it. This laud, indescrib- \t "^^ ably beautiful and fertile, the natives called Cuba. Mistaken .^^'JV? as the great discoverer was in fondly believing he had here /ry •>aL^ touched the shores of the great gold-bearing continent he was seeliing, the "Gem of the Antilles" is far the most important island of the \\>st Indies— almost incomparably so if Hayti be left out of the account. A climate so delightful as to seem a perpetual summer, a soil inexhaustibly rich, tropical luxuriance of growth in field and forest, varied loveliness of natural scenery, no less than twenty-seven good harbors— these combine to make Cuba one of nature's most favored regions; while its commanding position at the entrance of the Gulf of Alexico might well stimulate the acquisitive ambition of nations. "It is so near to us," said President Cleveland's message of December, 1896. "as to be hardly separated from our OAvn territory." The Strait of Florida can be crossed by steamer in five hours.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CUBA.

Cuba is about TOO miles in length; in width it varies

DIMENSIONS. j-j.^j^ J27 miles on a line passing some fifty miles west of

Santiago, to not exceeding 28 miles from Havana southward. Its area is

about 42,000 square miles, exclusive of the Isle of Pines and other small

islands, the former containing 1,200, the latter aggregating 970 square

miles. Thus, in dimensions, Cuba closely approximates the state of

New York. Compared with Long Island, it is twenty-eight times larger.

Cuba is traversed lengthwise by a mountainous range, MOUNTAINS » ,7 »

muui-^iiAu-Ma. ^x\\c\i is highest in the eastern part, where it is

broken up into spurs, or transverse ridges. The most elevated summit

is 7.GT0 feet above sea-level, but the average height of the mountains

does not exceed 2,200 feet. The rivers are necessarily short, flowing

some north, some south, from the central watershed.

U

12 CUBA AND SPANISH- AMEBIC AN WAR.

Scarcely niorc than ono tliird of the hiud has yet FORESTS bceu l)roui;ht uiuler cultivatiou. Oue half the island

AND SWAMPS, j^ coverctl with primeval forests. The lowlands of the coast are inundated in the wet season, or at least turned into impassable swamps of black and wonderfully tenacious mud. Add to this feature the immense reaches of trackless forest, tilled everywhere with an almost impeuetrable growth of underbrush, not to mention that the dry plains are to a large extent a jungle of very high bushes and thick grasses (manigua), and one may begin to form some idea of the difficulties that are inseparable from a campaign in this land of tropical suns and lurking fevers.

The two conditions above descril)ed large-

STRATEGIC CONDITIONS

ly account for the surprising paucity of

OF THE WAR. rp^^jin^ accomplished for so long a period in the war of 1S'J.J-1S'J8 by the vastly preponderant armies of Spain. The insurgent forces, being so inferior numerically, were obliged to remain annd the favoring shelter of the mountains and other inaccessible timbered regions. The necessity of cutting paths through the dense undergrowth of the forests and among the jungled manigua of the dry plains acccmnts for the omnipresence of the machete in the Cuban's warfare. This famous weapon is primarily not a weai)on at all. but an imi)lement designed for hewing a passage through the limitless Avoody expanses above mentioned. Surprising strengtli and skill are actpiired in Avieldiug this favorite and usually horn-handled blade of from twenty- four to thirty inches in length, perfectly straight, as heavy as a cleaver, Avith an edge alAA'ays kept like a razor. It somewhat resembles an American farmer's corn-scythe, only it is made for heavier Avork, and the cutting is done Avith the outer edge instead of the inner oue.

The climate of the Ioav coast-lands is tropical; that of the

CLIMATE. ,,„„.(> elevated interior resend)les the Avarmer portions of the temperate zone. As regards temperature, it is remarkal)ly equable, making Havana a sanatorium of world- Avide celebrity for sutlerers from bronchial and pulmonary troubles. The mean annual temperature there is 77 to 80 degrees. lOighty-tAA'o degrees is tlu' average for July and August, and 72 for I)ecend)er and .January. tht> total range of the thermometer during the year being only :'.<) degrees, or from HS to 88. The average annual rainfall at Havana is 40..1 inches, of Avhich 27.8 inches is during the wvt season (from the middle of April to the middle of October*. Fireplaces are unknoAvu in Cuba's capital, and almost so are glazed Avindows. Avhich are replactnl l)y double sets of shutters or curtains.

Y<'ll(>w fever seldom becomes epidemic in the

YELLOW FEVER. ,.i,,v..,trd iiilerior. notAvithstanding its prevalence during tiie siuuiuer in Havana and other seaports, Avhose Avretclied san- UiXtUm constantly invites the attacks of this dreaded scourge. Consul-

CUBAN BESOUKCES AND INDUSTBIES. 18

Geuoral (now Major-General) Fitzhugh Lee, when before the Foreign Kelatioiis Committee of the United States Senate, April 12, 1898, gave it as his opinion that no serious danger from yellow fever need be apprehended in conducting a summer campaign in Cuba with troops from tlie United States.

CUBAN RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES.

Cuban sugars and tobaccos are famous the world over. " In this worli separate sections are given them, as also

auotlier one to coffee. Next in export value come oranges and the various native woods, including a superior quality of mahogany. The cigar-boxes so familiarly l^nown throughout the United States and Europe are made from a tree of the same natural order as mahogany, but popularly known as cedar, a wood which is also much used for the inside of drawers, wardrobes, etc. Tlie official value of the total exports for one year shortly before the beginning of the last insurrec- tion was upward of JfS3,0UU,0UU, consisting almost wliolly of agricul- tural products and fruits.

The several different species of palms found in PALMS AND FRUITS, ^^^y^^ ^^.^ luxuriant specimens of tropical trees. The Iwoyal palm, rising to the height of one hundred feet or more, is strilvingly Ix-autiful and majestic. The cocoanut-palm grows wild, a glorious tree, immensely rich in leaves and fruit. In some seasons oranges have been so abundant that on the great estates, as a traveler declares, they "lay all about on the briglit red earth, little naked negroes kicking aside and satiated pigs disdainfully neglecting great luscious fruit which the North would have piled with great pride upon salvers of silver and porcelain." The banana "bunches" are always cut from the parent stem while green.

The ingeuios, or sugar-plantations, with large buildings and K- mills for sugar-refining, have ahvays been tlie most impor- tant industrial establishments of the island. Though his former lordli- ness and feudal niagniticence underwent, of late years, more or less modification, the great sugar-planter was still a prince of agricidture up to 1805. He had an immense advantage over all his foreign competitors in the fertility of his soil, which seemed practically exhaustless. Not all the bounty-stimulated and cheaper production of beet-sugar in Europe has been able to displace Cuban sugars in foreign markets, though competition from this source has largely reduced the profits in raising them. The introduction of modern machin- ery requiring large cajiital has more than counteracted that natural tendency to subdivide great lioldings of land which is usually observed when a system of slave labor gives place to a free one, and has aided iu crowding the smaller planters to the wall.

14 CUBA AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.

In Cuba tho griudiuf? season lasts twice as long as it does in Louisiana. The su^ar was put up in jute l)afis (the government tax on whieli trebled their cost to the planter), avi'raging sonietliing over three hundred pounds eacli, and in this sliape was sent to Havana or oilier port. I'ndtr (oiidilidus of peac(> tlie sugar production apinox- iniates one million tons per annum. Well-informed Americans consider tills only one liftli tlie amount wliicli, willi a good government and liroper enterprise, tlie island is capaljle of yielding. The average value of sugar exportt'd amounts to ,i;.".(t,(»t)(l.(H)(>, and of molasses .f^it.doauuu, of whicli eiglity per cent goes to the United States.

Tol)acco as a source of income ranks next after sugar.

TOBACCO. Y^.j jji^^ tobacco industry under Spanish lulc was always an uncertain one, owing to the restrictions and exactions impo.sed by the government, which controlled it as a monopoly in tiie interests of the crown and the Spanish otHcials. The salaries of the ollicers of the government Factoria dt' Tobacco in Havana were iinoted as high as $541. (MK) for a single year. Cuba's tobacco croi) in IS!).") was estimated at about !)-lO,( )<»(),( )(!().

For tobacco-raising the rich plains in the western province of Cuba, Pinar del Kio, have no rival in the world. This is the region which Maceo, commanding the insurgent '•Army of Invasion." chose as the principal theater of his operations in tlic (anii)aigii of IS'.Mi. and where, in conseiiuence. tlic toliacco crop of that year \v:is nearly all lost. Kiding througli tlie lii-lds just at the critical season for cutting and curing the leaves, his troops enlisted thousands of the laborers and stami)eded the rest. The Spaniards, regarding tlie reliellion and the tobacco interests as largely identical— perliaps not witliout reason, eitlier— retaliated witli I'uiiious effect wiierever tlieir army could reach. This croi) formerly came next to sugar in export value,

COFFEE, .j^ .^jj^^ jy j„.j,flt ^^^ ^i^. planters; and although Brazil long since broke down, without entirely destroying, tlie ("uban colT(>e trade, the cafetals. as tlie colTee estates are called, are still sc.-iltend tlirough- oiif tlie island. esjM'cially as adjuncts to the great ingenios, where their oriiji mental effects are much prized, ('offee culture was introduced fntni llayti in 174S, .and lifty years later received a great iini»»'tus from the sui>erior inetliods introduced by intelligent and wi'allhy French planters esc;iped from tlie now pi-overliial "liorrors of San l>oniingo." Culin's mineral resources remain but sliglitly developed.

MINERALS. -|.,|^. mountains, Avooded to the summit, iu places contain iron and copper, liotli of whicli. as also manganese, are exporti'd. Though silver ore lias liccn found. :ind in some of the rivers alluvial gold deposits. Cuba :is a producer of (he precious metals has always raidced low. r.itun.inous coal deixisits in extensive layers seem to constitute liie most important item of its mineral wealtli. and in a fow years will donlitless be mined in large <iu:intities.

CUBAN PEOPT.E, CAPITAL, ETC.

15

CUBAN PEOPLE, CAPITAL. ETC

POPULATION.

Tlio latest census of Cuba is that whicb was taken in 1SS7, as follows:

PROVliNCE^^

Havana

Pinar del liio. . . .

Matanzas

Santa Clam

Puerto Piinclpe. . Santiago tie Cuba

Total

WHITE.

344.417 ICT.IOO 143,1()9 244,345 54,232 157.980

1,111.303

COLORED.

107.511

.58.731 116,401 109.777

13,5.57 114.339

.520.310

451.928 225.891 259.570 354,122 67.789 272.319

1.631.619

As regards density, this population was distributed very unevenly in the several provinces, being per square kilometer (a kilometer is within a fraction of five eighths of an English mile) as follows: Santiago de Cuba, 7.75; Puerto Principe, 2.10; Santa Clara, 15.34; Matanzas, 30..59; Havana. .52.49; Pinar del Rio. 15.09. The population of the stats of New York, a little larger than Cuba, in 1890 was .5,997.8,53.

The Spanish government recognized but one religion

I^ELIGION AND _^jj^. Komau Catholic. Education has been greatly EDUCATION, uegiected, anything in the nature of public schools for the benefit of the people in general being entirely unknown. One of the grievances of the Cuban patriots for generations lay along this line. The present government has incorporated religious toleration and the diffusion of education in the Constitution as corner-stones of the Republic, thus distinctly patterning after the United States.

The famous capital of Cuba, which is also the

CITY OF HAVANA, (.omniercial center of the West Indies, was founded in 1519. Its harbor is very fine. It is the foremost tobacco and sugar market of the world, and manufactures cigars in immense quantities. The census of 1887 showed a population of 200.448. The city, which is made up of the "old" and "new" towns, the latter outside the old walls, has handsome suburbs, besides many and beautiful public? parks and promenades.

Ila-vana is a metropolis of wealth, good living and general luxury, with an abundance of cafes and restaxu-ants, fairly rivaling those of Paris. It is massively built, mostly of stone, and paved with granite or oth(>r stone equally hard, as being the best material for this land of prodigious rains and flaming suns. Murat Halstead, the veteran American journalist, designates it a city of palaces fronting on alleys, some of the principal thoroughfares, sideAvalks and all, having a width of only twenty-five feet, and none of the streets being kept clean. The

l6 CUfiA AND SPANTSn-AilERTOAN WAlt

(•ntluMlral of !I:iv:iii:i, vciiorabU' and iiiii)()siiij; witlioul. Di'iiatc aud brilliant within, lias iu its keepiuj; (unloss au almost incnMliblc fraiid was perpetrated iu 17'J(!) the priceless treasure of the bones of Coluui- bus, iu a marble urn. Morro f'astle, at the entrance of the harltor, is quite celebrated, lastly as the dreary prison of political offenders, iudud- injj; more than one American. For harbor defense, however, the main reliauce is some newer fortitications ou the neigh Itorinj? hills, a littl" way back from the sea-frout.

Santiaso de Cuba comes next to Havana in population.

OTHER CITIES, j, (.ontjiiQ^.d 71,307 iu 18'J2, while Matauzas had 5G.379, I'uerto Triucipe 40,G41 aud Cleufuegos 40,9(M. (An enumeration was mad«' in the cities iu 1SI)2, but not over the whole island.)

Before the war there were about 1.00(1 miles of

COMMUNICATIONS. i..^iii.o,.^,i jy regular operation throughout the island, besides 200 miles of private lines running to the large sugar- plantations. The telegraph lines aggr<'gated 2.810 miles. The number of vessels that entered the live principal ports— Havana Santiago. Cleufuegos. Trinidad and Nuevitas— iu 1894 was iu round numbers two thousand, with a tonnage of two and one half millions.

CUBA UNDER SPAIN.

Forty years of cruel and rigorous servitude EARLY SPANISH RULE. „j,f|i,.t.,i to blot the three hundred thousand gentle, indolent aborigines of Cuba off the face of the earth. For a long time the island continued sparsely settled, its wondrous agricultural capabilities surprisingly unappreciated. The Spanish V(>ssels passing between the New World and the home ports of C'ldiz and Barcelona invariably ni.ide the harbor of Havana; that city quickly grew into imi)ortance. but the rest of the island lay n«'glected. Meanwhile the West lndi:in waters were churned into bloixly f(«im whenever war arose in Europe. Here would assend)le the French, the English, the Dutch navies, and here they dealt som«> of their most tell- ing blows upon the power of Sjiain at sea. Havana was destroyed by a French privateer in IH^S, ami again in l.">4, and in 1024 the Dutch captured it, but gave it back to Spaiu. During two centuries the rich Spanish galleons (a treasure-ship and merchantman) offered au irresis- tible temptation to hostile seamen aud swarming bucaneers.

The concpiest of Havana and other important ENGLISH CONQUEST j,,,;,,,^ j,, (,,„,.^ ,,y ^,,^. English in 1702 was a OF 1762. ^ji-ii-iiij, fp,Tt of arms, which, strange as it sounds, owed its success to a tinndy reinforcement of 2..".<M) men. under <;ener;il Lyman and Lieutenant-Colonel Israel Putnam, from the col- onies of Connecticut, New York aud New .T«>rsey. The resistance of the Spaniards cost the victors dearly, most of all iu au appalling death-

CUBA UNDKK Sl'AlN. 17

rate from disease, exposure aud lack of water. The spoil takeu was enormous, that part of it which was divided among the British soldiers aud sailors as prize-money amounting to about $4,000,000. liord Albe- marle and Sir George Pocock each pocketed about $600,000. English statecraft never made a worse bargain than when it gave Cuba back to Spain in 1763, in exchange for a barren title to Florida. Had England held Cuba, French assistance in the American Revolution might have been futile, and possibly George III. would have had his way, instead of Wasliington and Hancock having theirs.

The replacement of the iron and bloody hand of

FROM 1763 TO 1848. gpai^ retarded, but did not check, the develop- ment of Cuba's marvelous resources. When the French deposed the reigning fandly in Spain, in 1808, Cuba declared war against Napoleon. Nor was this sentiment of loyalty subverted by the example of success- ful revolt on all sides. Si)ain lost Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Chili, etc., but Cuba remained her prize, with only one disturbance of note, the Black Eagle Conspiracy of 1821), amid it all. However, because of government (since 1810) by a foreign captain-general, also because of the heavy taxation, a discontent was breeding, which gradually hard- ened into opposition, hatred and defiance after 1836, when Cuba was denied a share in the benefits of the new constitution granted the mother-country. The antagonisms of race likewise came into play, and 1844 brought the short-lived insurrection of the blacks.

In 1848 President Polk offered Spain $1,000,000 for

AMERICAN ^j^^ island, but encountered an indignant refusal. In

OVERTURES. jj,-j^ Narcisso Lopez, a Venezuelan aud a filibuster, led a much-vaunted expedition from one of our southern ports into its death-trap in the western part of Cuba, and was garroted. The famous Osteud Manifesto by the United States ministers to England, France and Spain Avas issued in 18.54, declaring that if Spain would not sell, this country should seize Cuba by force and annex it. The three move- ments last mentioned were conceived in the interest of slavery exten- sion. In 1873 occurred the tragic A'irginius incident, when Captain Fry, of that ill-fated vessel, and fifty-two other American prisoners were sliot at Santiago as "pirates." In 188'.) Sagasta, the Spanish premier, told the United States minister, Thomas W. Palmer, there was not gold enough in tlie world to purchase the island of Cuba.

The year 1868 inaugurated a determined effort

WAR OF 1868-1878. ^-^j. (^„|jau independence, in which the military leadership of Maximo Gomez, a retired officer and native West Indian, was conspicuous. The war dragged its weary length for ten years, its operations being limited to the eastern third of the island. It was finally terminated by the treaty of El Zanjon, between Cespedes, the civil head of the revolutionary movement (Gomez and most of the generals assenting), and Captain-General Martinez Campos. This treaty

18 CUBA ANO Sl-AMSII-AMEIIRAN WAfi.

was liailcd willi dcli.irlit 1).v all; by llif Cubans as also :i fiuarautcc of autuiioiny, aud ol" personal rijxlits and privile.u'i's, aud I'liual in-ott'ctiou under the law. (Joniez then retired to his family and little farm in Santo Domintio. The '"teu years of ruin aud of tears" for <'uba had cost Spain IfCU.CK )(•.()(•(> aud lOO.ooO men, most of them by yellow fever. Of eourse, the expenses of the war wi-re saddled on Cuba.

CAUSES OF CUBAN DISCONTENT.

The Cu1)an patriots always claimed that tho A HOLLOW MOCKERY, treaty of El Zanjon (se<> preceding; paragraph) became a hollow mockery iu the hands of its Si)anish administrators. Names ouly were chau.si«'d. uot methods. The title of captain-jieueral gave place to .trovernor-.ueneral, but it was the san}e ottice. the same arbitrary, irresponsible power, as befori'. The right of banishment was nominally given up, but a "law of vagrancy" was framed, which accomplished precisely the same end. Tlu' brutal atlacks on defenseless citizens were proliibitcd, but under a uew and soft Castilian name they still went on. and remained unpunished. Taxation witlioiu the knowledge or consent of the Cubans themselves was, as ever, the core of the whol«.> liscal system. The groundwork of the admiuistrative policy remained (he same; namely, to exclude every native Cuban from every oflice which cduld in any way give him etfective inllnence in ptd>lic affairs, and to iiial<f the most out of the labor of the colonists for the benelit of tlie mother-couutry.

Tlie Spaniards never conceived any other policy INJUSTICE AND ,j,.,,j ,|,.j{ (i,^. helpless Cubans wi-re iu duty bouud

OPPRESSION, j,^ maintain the manufactures of Spain, aud be doubly tax.'d— once as goods went, and again as goods came— for the pnvilt>ge of the exchange. The government at ^ladrid was always on the alert to issue decrees whose effect would be to cheapen sugar and toba(<o. the two great Cuban products, and at the same time to compel the importation by Cuba of many things which she ought to raise in her own ^iilds or fabricate in her own shops, the oidy consideration liciug Imw to raise the largest revenue possibl(>. by an export duty on the former and a tariff duty ou the latter. The oppres- sion this policy wrought was greatly aggravattMl by the all-pervadiug corruption iu the custom-houses. Spain practically confiscatt>d the prod- uct of the Cubans' labor without giving them in return either safety or prosperity, nor yet education. She systematically impoverished Cuba, aud demoralized its i»copie by condemning them to political inferiority. The Cuban deputies were never able to accoui- TAXATION AND DEBT, j,,,^,, .,„ything in the Cortes at Madrid: iu fact, few of them really attciiiiitcd jinythiug. the majority owing (heir pla<-es to distinctly Spanisii intlnence. The vast sums amassed by taxes niul-

CTJBAN KEVOLtTTION BEGXJN. U)

titudiuoiis, searchiug, graspinji-, were raised and spent, not for roads, not for schools, not for improvements, not for developing internal resources, but for the enrichment and indulgence of a swarm of over- bearing foreigners. Spain had fastened on Cuba a* debt of !f2(Xl,000,000, considerably over .$10(1 per capita, and In addition a system of taxation which wrung if30.(MH»,0U(J annually from the Cubans.

On the other hand, the Spanish officials protested THE SPANISH SIDE, ^j^.^^ ^j^^, political regime had been entirely trans- formed on the lines of the treaty of El Zanjou. The island was immediately divided into its present six provinces. The last vestige of slavery was removed in 188(5, two years before the limit set. (Con- eerulng this, the Cubans insist that the ten years' war had killed slavery an.vhow, and the royal decrees were simply its obituary.) The promised constitutional reforms, according to this view, were carried out in good faith, including, besides Cuban representation in the Cortes, a considerable extension of the suffrage and of the principle of self- government, the promotion of education, the legalizing of civil mai'- riages, etc. Cuba, in short, was a spoiled child. The revolutionary leaders were pestiferous cranks and adventurers, the Maceos — who were mulattoes— being particularly obnoxious, as inciters of revolt among the blacks.

CUBAN REVOLUTION BEGUN.

The Cuban exiles at Key West and other Florida THE CUBAN JUNTA. p^,ijj^g ^^ also New York City, with those in the non-Spanish West Indies, Mexico, Honduras and Venezuela, numbered many thousands, including numerous veterans of the ten years' war; and these lived in perpetual ferment over some project or other for the liberation of Cuba, always keeping in close touch with their com- patriots there. A supreme Revolutionary Junta was formed, with New York City for headquarters, and for its master-spirit that indomitable and tireless organizer, Jose Marti. Before the end of 1894 the Junta had the moral and material support of nearly one hundred and fifty revolutionary clubs, all actively at work in raising a. war fund and purchasing arms and ammunition. The Cuban cigar-makers, etc., in the United States pledged to the cause one tenth of their earnings, or more if needed. Calleja was now governor-general of Cul)a, a liberal- minded man for a Spaniard, but hampered continually from Madrid. Meantime the malcontents at home were steadily RIPENING REVOLT. j,,i,|i„o, ^^^ ^Ijp liuiited supply of arms that had

been secreted there since the war closed in 1878. doing so mostly by smuggling them in, or by purchase from corrupt underlings at the government arsenals. A "filibustering expedition" was broken up by the United States authorities, January 14, 1895, at Feruandina, Florida,

'20 CVWA ANn SPAMSH-AMKRIPAN WAlft.

when on tlic evi' ol' ^ailiiiti'. Oiu" of its leaders was Antonio Maceo. 'lliree others of them. Jose Marti, CoUej^o and Kodrifjiiez. were next heard of iu February, in Santo Domingo, whither they had gone lo coucert further measures with their fellow-partisans living in Cuba. It was at this period that Marti, president of the Revolutionary Junta, made his way to a modest home in the Avestern part of Santo Domingo. and to the same able and wily soldier, veteran of a dozen wars, who had been prominent in the last Cuban army, officially tendered the orgauization and the command of the Cuban army of the future. And Maximo (Jomez accepted.

The program agreed on contemplated a rising in all DESULTORY ^^j^^ provinces on February 24, 1895. This is the

OUTBREAKS, (i^i^.m-;^ Fourth of July, the date of the revolutionists' formal dt'claration of Mar, though, as it turned out. they were then able to raise the flag of the republic in but three provinces, only one of which seemed the theater of events at all threatening; for the disturb- ances reiwrted in Malanzas and Santa Clara Avere soon quelled.

The province of Santiago de Cuba is for the most part thinly settled, which, with its generally mountainous and densely wooded char- aetei", makes it an ideal territory for guerrilla warfare. The uprising there, February 24th, aroused the Spanish anthoriti(>s to a sense of annoyance— scarcely more. But the handful of insurgent guerrillas playing hide-and-seek iu the mountains and the swamps found wel- come, succor, reinforcements. Avherever they appeared. Then came the unearthing of a widespread plot in this same provinc(> that occa- sioned genuine alarm, the conspirators' plans including wholesale con- flagrations, and the extermination of the Spanish otlicials and soMiery. beginning with the resident governor.

Calleja proclaimed martial law in Santiago, also in CALLEJAS Matanzas, and hurried detachments to 1)oth. Out

DIFFICULTIES, ^^j. ,^ ,i„ininal army of 2().0(t0 he could put oidy !t.(Mt(t effectives into the tield. while of thirteen gunboats on patrol duty along the coast no more than sev»>n were fit for service. The couunissary arrangements were so bad as to more than ouce block important move- ments of the troops. The almost daily story of the telegraph would be the appearance iu such or such a district of au insurrectionary Itand. which at the approach of troops vanished into the mountains or the swjimps— where pursuit was impossible— reappearing in a few days as raiders on such and such loyalists' plantations, which they not only plundered, but enticed the laborers away from, thus terrorizing the community and ruining the jtrospects for a crop.

Of the three parties in Cuba— Loyalists. Separatists THREE PARTIES. ^^^^^ Autonomists— the first comprised tliose of Span- ish birtli or Spani.sh patronage— the ofiice-hulding class, and all others whose privileges and ijitei'ests were bound up witli -a ((intinuance of the

CAMPAIGN OF 1895. 21

existincT res'imo. Tho Soparntists were the party of revolution, of Cuba libre, ready to figlit for iu(lei)eudeuce as the only remedy for their country's ills. The Cubans in the United States, as well as the thousands of other exiles in the lands and islands neighboring Cuba, l)elonge(l to this party almost to a man. and so, by racial instinct, did the negro population. The Autonomists occupied middle ground, passion, ately inveighing against the misgovernment, favoritism and central- ization which disgraced the state of things around them, yet limiting their demands to home rule under Spain, such as Canada enjoys under England.

CAMPAIGN OF 1895.

MACEO IN CUBA.

It was the first of April when Antonio Maceo, with twenty-two comrades of the former war, who had sailed from Costa Rica, landed near Baracoa, on almost the eastern tip of Cuba. Intercepted by a mounted Spanish party, they kept up a brave though shifting fight for many hours, and after several of his compan- ions had fallen and his hat been shot through, Maceo managed to elude his pursuers and get away. For ten days he continued his stealthy progress westward through the woods, living on the plantains and other tropical fruits that grow wild in Cuba. At length, in the rough country north of Bahia de Guantanamo, he stumbled upon a body, of rebels, and identifying himself, was welcomed with rapturous enthu- siasm. His was indeed a name to conjure with, because of his famous deeds in the last w^ar and his unquenchable devotion to Cuba libre. At once he took command of the insurgent bands in the vicinity, and began recruiting vigorously. In three sharp brushes that he pi'esently had with small Spanish detachments he more than held his own, the moral effect of which was especially valuable. Since 187S the mulatto chieftain liad become a traveled and for all practical purposes an educated man. The art of war he had made .a. close study, out of books and in every other way he could find. That he served at one time in capacity of hostler at West Point is a myth. His only surviving brother, Jose, who had come over from Costa Rica with him, was also given a generalship, and fell during the war, a number of months before Maceo was so treacherously betrayed and slain.

On the eleventh of April Maximo Gomez and ARRIVAL OF GOMEZ, j^^^ j^j.^^.^. ^Qg^t^jg^. succeeded in crossing over

from Santo Domingo, and landing on the southern coast. The district w-as alive with the enemy's patrols and pickets, so that for two days they were in constant danger: but ere the third evening they were safe within a rebel camp, and Gomez had entered upon his duties as commander-in-chief. Experienc(>d leadership, their great lack at first, the rebels now had. Soon they numbered over six thousand men.

22 CUBA AND SrANISII-AMERICAN WAR.

:M;iili and Gomez, liaviugj marched toward the DEATH OF MARTI, (^.^,,..,l pn)Yiuces, inteut on arraugiug for a Con- st it ueiif Assembly, as well as organizing insurrection, the former, on May IDth, was led into an ambusli by a treacherous guide, and killed. Marti was the father, and thus far liad been the soul, of the revolution, Ilis body, after being embalmed, was borne to the city of Santiago, where it was buried by the Spanish commandant. It is said that he and his associates of the Junta had raised a million dollars for the promotion of the cause of the rtvobitiouists.

The few battalions of I'ecruits who had hur- GOVERNOR.GENERAL ^.j^^j ^j.^^^, ^^fu'^u at the first call of Calleja CAMPOS ^^^,y^^ jjgj likewise got 7,000 troops from the other Spanlsli island of Torto Eico) were followed, in April, by no less than 2."».0()() men. On the sixteenth of that mouth Field-Marshal Campos, to the joy of the Spaniards, reached the port of Santiago de ('uba, on his way to Havana, relieving Calleja as governor-general. lie took hold with energy. But his task grew daily, the contagion of revolt contin- uing to spread westward, and, in spite of very inadequate supplies of arms and ammunition, to gather military strength. Calleja had weeks l)efore proclaimed the whole island under martial law. By May the Havana officials conceded they were coping not Avith mere brigandage, but with revolution. Sharp lighting at outlying points, though never be.Aveen large nund)ers— heavy skirmishing— had now groAvn common. No longer were the Spaniards trying to ferret out a despised enemy in his hiding-places; for the rainy season, with its added discomforts and increased peril to life, was now on. and at best that kind of work was wearing and fruitless. All through the war the insurgents, secure in tlic good-will of the masses, enjoyed the great advantage of being kept fully informed of every move the government troops made; so now tlic rebels always contrived to give the Spaniards the slip, or on occasions to attack their columns from ambush.

The aim of Cajupos was to divide tlie island into TACTICS OF THE zones by a series of strongly guarded military

CAMPAIGN, jjjj^.j^ running north and south, and to move his successively consolidated forces toward the sunrise, and finally crowd the Cubans off the eastern end of the island. As it turned out, how- ever, it was Gomez and Maceo who fiddled and (-ampos who danced. The governor-general had to keep shifting his drooping and water-soaked regiments from point to point, to meet threatened attacks or to protect this district or that from ruinous rebel incursions, and could not solidify even the t\vo trochas he did b»>gin.

Gomez adapted means to ends. Pitched battles and n>gular sieges were, with his limit«'d resources, out of the (iuesti<ui. The armies of oppression could not be crushed, but they might be liarassed and their convovs cut ofT, might be worn out in a life of alarms and hard work,

CAMPAIGN OF 1895, 23

might be picked off in detail— aud yellow fever would do the rest. His hardened uative soldiers, especially the negroes, would thrive and keep iu lightiDg trim under hardships and exposure no European soldier could possibly undergo and live.

By the fourth week of May the rebel armies

CAMPOS OUTMATCHED. numbered over 1U,UU0 men, of whom nearlj three fourths were armed with good rifles. The Spanish war expenses in three months had been ii;iO,000,000, and their death-roll 190 officers and 4,840 men. Early iu June Gomez put his plans iuto execution for the invasion of Puerto Principe, and brushing aside the attenuated opposition in his way, Avas soon in the heart of his old campaiguing- ground in the 70's, with thousands flocking to his standard. Three weeks later Maceo, still in Santiago province, concentrated his forces in the Holguin district, moved southwestward, and demonstrated heavily against Bayamo, capturing train-load after train-load of pro- visions that were started for that place.

Campos put himself at the head of 1,500 men,

BATTLE OF BAYAMO. ^j^j^ General Santocildes next in command, and marched to the relief of the starving garrison. July 13th, several miles before reaching Bayamo, he was attacked by 2,700 rebels led by Maceo, and with his entire staff narrowly escaped capture. Only the heroism of Santocildes averted this catastrophe, at the cost of his own life For hours the Spaniards, with admirable steadiness, fought their assailants on four sides, being surrounded, but finally broke through, and made good their escape to Bayamo, the rear-guard with difficulty covering their retreat. They had been saved by Maceo's lack of artil- lery. The Spanish loss in killed was seven officers and 119 men; that of the Cubans was nearly as great. But Maceo, by a rapid flank movement and a tremendous assault upon the enemy's rear, had cap- tured the ammunition train— a prize indeed. Campos did not dare to stir from Bayamo for several days, or until strong reinforcements had reached him. By this time Maceo had brought about the concentration of 10,000 of the euemy. He then withdrew.

«;PANKH IO<;<;f<; ^'^ '^^^^'^^' '^"S"*^* ^^^^" Spanish losses by death had bFAM:)n LUi>5>tb. i-^.a^.^ipj 20,000 men; by September 1st their expen- ditures to ,1^21,300,000. The Madrid government, after already realizing $48,000,000 from the sale, at 40 per cent, of $120,000,000 worth of Cuban bonds of the series of 1890, in October negotiated a $14,000,000 loan with some Paris and Dutch bankers.

AUTUMN CAMPAIGN. ''''!'T" ''t^ ""''f^*' T 'T'"^ ^' 7"^";^^"^""^ pouits on the railroads and along the trochas,

while the commercial seaports, besides being strongly garrisoned, were under the sheltering guns of the Spanish war-ships. The heavy rein- forcements dispatched from Spain iu August, unlike the earlier ones, were mainly veterans, the flower of the Spanish army.

24 CUBA AND SPANISII-AMEKICxVN WAR.

Soptciiibcr fouud uot ouly a(t,()(K) rebels iu the Held, but their number iucreasinj;- faster tlinu ever. Aud now be!,'au their destruetlve aud dreaded work of dyuauiitiuj; traius, bridj^es, etc., teariuj? up tracks' aud cuUiiij? telef^raph Hues, as also their more systematic levies of "coutri- butions" upou the plauters. aud of taxes upou food suitplies for the cities. More tiyhtiug, too, but always of the partisan kind; for unless two or three times the strouger, uo iusuryeut force would either attack or wait to be attacked. They knew every foot of srouud; all the ueyroes aud three fourths of the whites formed a spy service for them; and when it came to marchinj?, the imported rejiulars were uowhere. They worried aud stuug the Spanish columns and outposts perpetually, always makiug off before au effective blow could be dealt iu returu. When their ammunition ran low, they would swoop down upon some exposed party of the enemy and replenish from the pris- oners' cart ridge-boxes. r.c-r.oc.ic..,-r Octobcr saw 2r).000 government li-oops iu tlie prov-

/^c /~»..,^^t' ^^^'^' ^^ Santa Clara alone. Rut in spite of them OF CAMPOS. ., Ill- , , • w • . c. ,

(joiuez rushed his columns by night over into Santa

Clara. The combat of November IDth and 2()tli. at Taguasco. in tliat province, was the severest encounter of the year, (Jomez gaining a decided advantage over Valdes, one of the Spanisli brigadiers. Before th'.^ eiul of 1895 Campos' campaign was an admitted failure'. Under a heavy tire of criticism from tlie ultra-Spauisli Ilavanese because he would not depart from tlie humane and cousiderati' policy he had all along i»ursued. the once-lauded "I'acilicator of Cuba" at the new year iV'turned to Spain. Both sides now had iu the lielil three limes as many men as iu the ten years' war, tlu' goveniiiieiit altout ^iin.ooo nicii. couiiliiig CO.OOO volunteers— liDiiic guards aiid I lie loosely organ- ized and wonderfully mol)ile insurgent aniiies rui.tJUt) to Go.UUO.

CAMPAIGN OF 1896.

Less l)lood and more fire gives the second vear's caiiipaimi iu an eiiigram. Tlie Cuban ORASS.OROWN FIELDS. ,,,^„i,.,., j„ i„,.eniber. ISi.n. had annoum-ed

that tJirir next move would lie to stuji producli(m and commerce, and llius (Irinive tlie Spanisli i-rowii of war revenues ;ni(I supplies. Thu.s, too. llie situation Avoiild jieroiiie so iiitoleraltle that Loyalist and Autonomist wmild cease opi»osiiig iiMleiieiidenee. fiir they would see it was the only alteriiative to aii.-iicliy and ruin. So Coiuez again took up his line of marcli westward to the conrmes of Santa Clara, and across Matair/.as, and into tlie jiroviiice of tlie capital; wliich. as coiii|iIele(l ]iy .Ma<eo's lodgment ill I'iiiar (h'l IJio, made a march of triuiiipli for the Ciilians of liie wliole length of tlicir country, or ipiite as far as from rittsburg to St. Louis, (Jomez had got hold of a few

THE TORCH AND

CAMPAIGN OF 1896. 25

pieces of artillery, and the thunder of his guns at almost the back door of Havana Avas the greeting he gave the new governor-general, Valeriano Weyler, who arrived early in February. His march had lain through the cultivated, rich sugar districts, and these he left a smoking desolation. Then Maceo, like a thunderbolt, burst into Pinar del Rio, where he did a corresponding work, though not the same one. in the tobacco regions; and in Pinar del Rio he staid, in spite of all efforts to capture him or starve him out.

Troclia simply means a military line of fortified posts,

THE TROCHAS. ^^,^^, together, designed to bar an enemy's passage beyond. The Spaniards always placed great reliance on their trochas as a means of cooping up the enemy, and, as it were, strangling rebellion to death. Yet Gomez in the ten years' war crossed and recrossed them several times, once bringing his wife with him. Those which Campos established in 1895 soon had to be abandoned as useless. His last was along the line of railroad running from Havana to Bat- abano, on the south coast, a distance of twenty-eight miles; and, in addition to the usual forts, hundreds of freight-cars were covered with boiler-iron, their sides perforated with openings for the rifles of his soldiery, and some of these wei'e kept moving up and down the line day and night. On the evening of January 4, 1896, Gomez and Maceo crossed this trocha without firing a shot, but tore up three miles of railroad track, "just to let the Spaniards know we noticed their toy," Gomez remarked.

In 1S96 Weyler threw two trochas across the

WEYLER'S TROCHAS. i^^.^^,^^ o^p ]„ t^p western part of the province of

Puerto Principe (see map), from Jucaro to Moron. The western one was shorter and stronger than any before it, and at first much the most talked of. It extended twenty-three miles from Pto. de Mariel on the north to B. Majana on the south, just within the eastern boun- dary of Pinar del Rio (see map). Its object was to shut Maceo up in the province just named, and make the assurance doubly sure of cutting the revolutionary army in two. This trocha consisted princi- pally of a barbed-wire fence nearly four feet high; the sentinels being posted immediately behind it. Forty yards back of it was a trench three feet wide and four feet deep, with a breastwork of palmetto logs. Fifty yards still further back were the log houses in which the troops were quartered. The number of soldiers required to guard the whole line was about 15,000.

After passing the trocha with a small detachment DEATH OF MACEO. ^^ ^j^^ ^j^j^^ ^^ December 4, 1896, Maceo (on his

way to consult with Gomez) was killed on the seventh; assassinated, the Cubans claimed, through the purchased treachery of Dr. Zertucha, of his personal staff. His eight brothers had all perished before him In the cause of Cuban liberty. General Rius Rivera succeeded him.

26 CTTBA AXn RPANISn-AMERICAN WAR.

CAMPAIGN OF 1897-

The next year, 1897, dawned upon a situation SITUATION IN JANUARY. ^^.,^5^.,^ fjj. ^^.^5^ ^.j^„ intensely strained.

financially, and scarcely less so from the military and diplomatic stand- points, with sloom and mourning througliout the patriot ranlcs for the death of Maceo, thoufih the Cuban Junta asserted, a few weeks later, it had received a quarter of a million dollars in the way of increased contributions because of it. "Meanwhile," says a trust- worthy account of that period, "in one of the fairest lands on earth the misery, the suffering, goes on without mitigation. Thousands are in sudden extreme penury, many on the verge of starvation, and from one end of the island to the other there is a complete unsettling of everything. Weyler, though he has not proved himself the butcher he was dubbed beforehand, is harsh and relentless, and some of his orders. have worked indescribable hardship and privation to multitudes of country people. His forces continue to garrison the seaports, and hold certain interior lines along the railroads, including the western and- eastern trochas. but the insurgents have their own way in nearly all of the eastern two thirds of the island, and are able to raid at will over much of the rest"

The numerical strength of the opposing armies

THE CUBAN ARMIES. j^j. ^j^jg ^j,,,,. ^y^^^ m,^ greatly changed since the close of ISt)."). (See page 24.) Additional reinforcements from Si)ain. though reaching Havana frequently, did not much more than replace the heavy Spanish losses resulting from exposure and disease. The Cuban armies, according to a speech in the United States Congress, in 18!M;. aggregated 00.022 men, and of the twenty-four generals in the Cuban armies nineteen were whites, three blacks, one a mulatto and one an Indian.

The Senator's figures doubtless exaggerated tlie insiu-gent strength. Comparatively few of the fighters on that side could keep in active service the year round. Gomez practically had no commissary depart- ment. His men came and went, and scattered about to plant and gather their rapidly grown crops, much as they pleased; it being sufficient, most of the time, that they should keep within call and rally to the main camps whenever notified that any considerable movement was on foot. iMirmg th(> few long marches which the Cuban armies made they had to live, of course, off the country.

T'l)on Maceo's death Weyler put forth in-

PAPER PACIFICATIONS. ,.,.,..,^,.,1 efforts to crush out rebellion in rinar del Kio. liy means of the western trocha he succeeded in con- fining Rivera's scattered bands to that province, and in a series of small engagements lu- gained some advantages; but there was a contin- uous streau) of wounded and sick soldiers back to Havana. In the

CAMPAIGN OF 1897. 27

spring of 1897 Rivera, wounded, was made a prisoner, after which event military operations in Pinar del Rio became absolutely unimpor- tant. Rivera was released a few months later, and already is well-nij^h forgotten. On January 11, 1897, Weyler proclaimed the pacification of the three western provinces, those of Havana, Matanzas and Tinar del Rio; then made haste to show the hollowness of it all, not only by uurelaxed activity in Pinar del Rio, but by a campaign of ruthless devastation throughout Matanzas. His further "pacitications." at inter- vals during the summer, deceived nobody. As autumn approached, the fruitlessuess of his harsh policy aroused strong criticism even in Madrid, from the Liberal Party.

The two eastern provinces, Santiago and Puerto

AUTUMN CAMPAIGN, prjucipe, were dominated by the insurgents from the very first. It cost the Spaniards continued severe effort and many lives to retain their hold on the Bayamo district, before giving it up, under the exigencies of the war with the United States, April 25, 1898. More than once the garrison of that place was reduced to almost starvation allowances, by the operations of insurgents to the north, thus making them dependent on such supplies as could be brought up the Rio Canto (see map) by boat. In January, 1897, a Spanish gunboat patrolling that river was blown up by a torpedo operated electrically from the woods along the shore. During the greater part of that year the more important demonstrations of the insurgents were those made by various detachments of the army of General Calixto Garcia, now the next in rank to Gomez, and, like him, a veteran of the ten years* war; though the heavily guarded and formidably strengthened Jucaro- Moron trocha long prevented any junction with the commander-in-chief, who was having a watchful, but by no means sanguinary, time in Santa Clara province; or, as the Cubans call that region. El Camaguey. Strangely confused and meager were the accounts

CAPTURE OF ^^j military operations in Cuba throughout 1897. The LAS TUNAS, insurgents were playing a waiting game. Their most striking success was Garcia's capture of the important fortified post of Victoria de las Tunas, northwest of Bayamo (see map), on the thirtieth of September, after three days' fighting, in which the Spanish commander was killed, and the beleaguered garrison had a casualty list of forty per cent, the rest surrendering. The Cubans, who also lost heavily, owed their victory to Garcia's recent artillery reinforcements- two heavy and six rapid-fire guns worked by a little baud of Amer- icans. A young Missourian, writing home, declared they captured "twenty-one forts, over a thousand rifles, a million rounds of ammuni- tion and two Krupp cannon." As Weyler had cabled that Tunas was "impregnable," its fall occasioned deep chagrin and severe criticism in Madrid; nor did these abate, notwithstanding his early reoccupation of the place, tlie rebels having left.

28 CUBA AND SPANISH- AM ERIC AN WAB.

RECONCENTRATION HORRORS.

Not on the prowess of her armies, however, DESCRIPTION.

PRESIDENT McKINLEY'S ^^^^^ ^^ j^^.^. eold-blooded policy of "reeonceu-

tration," Spain had long since come to place her main reliance for subduing the rebellion. The Cuban laboring classes, the common country people, all sympathized with the cause of Cuba libre; they must be taken in hand, and put where neither they nor the food they were accustomed to raise could aid the insurgent ))auds. In his message to Congress April 11, 1898, President McKiulcy said: "The efforts of Spain added to the horrors of the strife a new and inhuman phase happily unprecedented in the modern history of civilized Christian people. The policy of devastation and concentration, inaugurated by Captain-General Pando on October 21, ISlKi, in the province of Pinar del Rio, was thence extended to embrace all of the island to which the power of the Spanish arms was able to reach by military occupation or by military operations. The peasantry, including all dwellers in the open agricultural interior, were driven into the garrisoned towns or isolated places held by the troops. The raising and movement of provisions of all Isinds were interdicted. The fields were laid waste, dwellings unroofed or fired, mills destroyed, and, in sliort, everything that could desolate the laud and render it unfit for human habitation or support was commanded by one or the other of the contending parties, and executed by all the powers at their dispo.sal." "By the time the present administration took STARVATION office, a year ago," continues the President,

AND SUrrEKlNG. "reconcentratiou, so called, had been made effec- tive over the better part of the four central and western provinces, Siuita Clara, Matanzas, Havana and Pinar del Rio. The agri<'ultural population, to the estimated number of 30().(K)0 or more, was herded within the towns and their immediate vicinage, deprived of the means of support, rendered destitute of shelter, left poorly clad, and exposed to the most unsanitary conditions.

"As the scarcity of food increased with the devastation of the depopulated areas of production, destitution and want became misery and starvation. Month by month the (Jeath-rate increased in alarming ratio. By March, 1897, according to conservative estimates from ofiicial Spanisli sources, the mortality among the reconceutrados from starva- tion and tlie diseases thereto incident exceeded fifty per cent of their total number. No practical relief was .-iccorded to the destitute. The overburdened towns, already suff«'ring from the general (h'arth, could give no aid. So-called zones of cultivation that were established within the immediate area of effective military control about the cities and fortified cami)s proved illusory as a remedy for the suffering. The unfortunates, being for the most part women and children, or aged and

RECONCENTRATION HORRORS 29

helpless men enfeebled by disease and hunger, could not have tilled the soil without tools, seed or shelter, to provide for their own support or for the supply of the cities. Reconceutration worked its predestined result. As I said in my message of last December, it was not a civ- ilized warfare; it was extermination. The only peace it could beget was that of the wilderness and the grave."

Exactly that which had been predicted by the

CONGRESSIONAL Cuban Junta and the better-informed portion

VISITING PARTIES. ^^ ^^le American press thus came to pass, only in form more horrid still. "But some doubted," and among them were United States Senators and Congressmen. A party of these, including Senators Proctor of Vermont, Gallinger of New Hampshire, and Thurston of Nebraska, experienced a harroAving awakening when they visited Cuba early in March, 1898, and with their own eyes beheld the hopeless, unspeakable misery of the famishing "reconcentrados;" and the subsequent speeches of these three Senators produced a powerful effect. The wife of Senator Thurston, who accompanied the Con- gressional party, was in delicate health; her sympathetic nature received so great a shock from the dreadful scenes the party every- where encountered that she died on the trip.

Under the law^ of nations, had the helpless

AMERICAN PROTESTS, reconcentrados been fortunate enough to be her prisoners of war, Spain must have provided for them; but as they were only simple peasantry, and mostly women, chil- dren and broken-down old men at that, she could and did take steps to starve upward of half a million of them into the grave; and it was no person's business in particular to demand the reason why, till a few wide-awake AmedcaB newspapers exposed, and kept on exposing, the enormities that we^ going on. By May, 1898. not less than a quarter of a millio# r^^ncentrados had died of slow starvation and disease. Against 4h^s abuse of the rights of war the American government repeatedl:^find earnestly .protested. Finally, in October, 1897, the Spanish jj^evument conceded certain relief measures (see foot of page 30), and snlisequently made a great display of others, but they were miserafijy inadequate, and did not meet the real situation.

s^ Hundreds of Americans came within the scope of

RELIEF MEASUREST reeoncemration. Largely upon the representation? of General Fitzhugh Lee, the lion-hearted United States Consul- General at Havana, President McKinley. very early in his administra tion, requested, and Congress granted, .$.50,000 for their relief, including the return to the United States of such of them as desired it. During the autumn of 1897 the conviction grew strong that the Red Cross Association ought to undertake the mitigation of the terrible suffering in Cuba. Clara Barton, president of the American section of that noble organization, was still in Armenia, on relief work there. Return-

30 CUBA AND SPANISn-AMERICAN WAR.

iug in the winter, she took up the suggested Cuban work simultaneously witij indei)endent movements of similar character. The Government lent its iutluenoe to the cause. Several scores of tons of food supplies were donated by private and public benevolence, chiefly in the West, and considerable money was obtained in the East and elsewhere. THF PPF«;mFiMT'<; ^ '^^^ exceptional pleasure President McKinley mt PKtNUtiNl b doubtless penned the following paragraphs of his special message of April 11, 1898: "The success which had attended the limited measure of relief extending to the suffering American citizens in Cuba, by the judicious exi)euditure, through consular agencies, of money appropriated expressly for their succor by the joint resolution approved May 24, 1897. prompted the humane extension of a similar scheme of aid to the great body of sufferers. A suggestion to this end was acquiesced in by the Spanish authorities. On the twenty-fourth of December last I caused to be issued an appeal to the American people, inviting contributions, in money or in kind, for the succor of the starving sufferers in Cuba, following this on the eighth of January by a similar public annouuce- meut of the formation of a Central Cuban Relief Committee, with headquarters in New York City, composed of three members representing the American National Red Cross and the religious and business elements of the community."

The message continues: "The efforts of that GOOD WORK IN CUBA, .^^^jt^ee have been untiring, and have accomplished much. Arrangements for free transportation to- Cuba have greatly aided the charitable work. The president of the American IJed Cross and representatives of other contributory organizations havi' geni'rously visited Cuba, and co-operated with the Consul-Ueneral and the local authorities to make effective disposition of the relief collected through the efforts of the central committee. Nearly !ji20().(HK) in money and su[iplies has already reached the sufferers, and more is forth- coming. The supplies are admitted duty free, and transportation to the interior has been arranged, so that the relief, at first necessarily con- fined to Havana and the larger cities, is now exfeuding through most, if not all, of the towns where suffering exists. Thousands of lives have already been saved."

cnAMicM nc. .cir -^'' =' i''>"ut*'i" to the American government's SPANISH RELIEF ,,. « .i i- r . .•

rcvulling expose of the policy of recoucentration.

ILLUSORY. j,|^, Spanish cabinet, early in April. 1898. voted

three million i>es»<tas— upward of ."fitJttO.tHK)— for tiie starving reconcen-

trados. Consul-tJeneral Lee, when (luestioncd by ilic I'orcigii Kelations

Committee of the Huited Slates ScM.Mte on April IL'. 1N!»S, had this to

say: "I do not believe JjKiOO.ddd. in sopplifs. will be given to those

people, and the soldiers left to starve. Tlicy will divide it up here

iim} there— !i piece taken oil' here, uuU u piece tukeu off tUeie. 1

ULANOO IN CUBA. 'dl

do uot belii'vo they have appropriated auythiiii; of the kind. The coudltiou of the reconceutrados out in the country is just as bad as in General Weyler's day, except as it has been relieved by supplies from the United States.

"General Blanco published a proclamation rescinding General Wey- ler's baudo, as they call it there, but it has had no practical effect. In the first place, these people have no place to go; the houses have been burned doAvn; there is nothing but the bare land there, and it would take them two months before they could raise the first crop. In the next place, they are afraid to go out from the lines of the towns, because tlie roving bands of Spanish guerrillas, as they are called, would kill them. So they stick right in the edges of the town, just like they did, with nothing to eat except what they can get from charity."

BLANCO IN CUBA.

The so-called Liberal Party of Spain, under the SPANISH POLITICS, leadership of Sagasta (the same who, as prime minister, once sent word to President Harrison there was not gold enough in the world to buy Cuba) was, to all appearances, gradually undermining the Conservative ministry of Canovas, and had become outspoken in its condemnation of General Weyler's severe and futile measures, when, on August 6, 1897, Canovas was assassinated by an obscure anarchistic crank. A few weeks later came the expected "ministerial crisis," the outcome of Avhich was a new cabinet, under Sagasta, pledged to afford Cuba autonomy— home rule— and at the same time to prosecute the war there with increased vigor.

Early in October Weyler, a Conservative, placed RECALL OF WEYLER. ^^jg resignation in the hands of the new min- istry, and a few days later was recalled; one reason for this step, according to a semi-official account, being "the deplorable condition of the sick and wounded soldiers arriving from Cuba." Before sailing for Spain Weyler accepted an almost riotous ovation from the volun- teers of Havana, the ultra-Spanish element of the city, and responded in a speech full of absurd self-glorification. To what extent his twenty montlis in Cuba had swelled his private fortune cannot be stated, but it is known to have been quite considerable.

Sagasta was a man of less commanding intellect bAOASTA S PLAY. ^^^^^ Canovas, but an adroit politician, and a master- hand at the worn-out Spanish game of make-believe and delay. He promised the Washington government many nice things, and really did try to get the Cubans to accept his scheme of autonomy. But the Cuban patriots would have none of it, and, what was no less fatal to it, neither would the Spanish out-and-outers, the Weylerites. How- ever, some twoscore of American prisoners in Cuba were released.

32 CUBA AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.

Sonio of tli(HU had beou in prison seventeen mouths, and never brought to trial, but the Queen Regent graciously forgave their crimes any- how, at President McKinley's request.

Weyler's successor was not Marslial Campos, as BLANCO'S niany had predicted it would be, but General

ADMINISTRATION. i..i,„„ii Blanco, late governor-general of the Philippine Islands, where he had been forced to cope with a determined rebellion In politics he was a Liberal, and in traits of personal character very different from his predecessor. He reached Havana October 31, 1897. He seems to have made an honest effort to carry out the milder policy which, under the pressure of American opinion, had been decided on at Madrid. Before reaching Cuba he had stated, in an interview: "My policy will never include concentration. I fight the enemy, not women and children. One of the first things I shall do will be to greatly extend the zones of cultivation, and to allow the reconcentrados to go out of the towns and till the soil." For the difference at this point between promise and fulfillment General Blanco must not be held alone to blame. The situation has largely over- mastered him throughout.

The amnesty proclamation which the governor- A HOPELESS general issued on the eighth of November fell flat; SITUATION, ^jj^ insurgents paid no attention to it. Few were the estates, either, on which he was able to start the mills to grinding sugar-cane once more. Equally inconclusive were his efforts in the field. In its military aspect the war had relapsed into a dogged struggle amid the central provinces, and around the garrisoned points in the two eastern ones. General Pando. in the east, organized the principal expeditions of the winter, and exhausted his ill-rationed col- umns in gaining petty victories of no lasting value. One cannot help admiring the constancy of the suffering and neglected Spanish soldiery, whose pay in April. 18;»8. was nine months in arrears for the men and four months for the officers.

It Avas not without dilficulty that Blanco manned FAILURE OF ^j^^,, several posts of government when, in November. AUTONOMY, -^gi)-;^ i,e took the first steps toward launching the new autonomous administration, on which Sagasta had built such hopes. The real leaders of public opinion held aloof. Many of them denounced autonomy as a weak concession that endangered the whole fabric of Si)anish supremacy. The autonomous oHice-holders— the Colonial gov- ernment, as high-sounding cablegrams phrase it— are mere puppets, with no influence except as upheld by Spanish b.-iyonets.

As to tlie Cuban leaders, nothing could be

CUBAN DETERMINATION. „„,,.^. (.,^.a,..,.nt than their stern avowal, a

liuiidred times repealed, to consider no proposal along the lines of home

ruh' under Spanish domination. "Independence or death!" has been

THE CUBAN REPUBLIC. 33

their impassioned cry at every step. That it must be Independence or nothing, should they have a voice in the settlement, presented diplo- macy with a knotty and singularly unwelcome problem. And yet whose right to a voice in the settlement had been better earned? With a terrible emphasis Gomez issued his warning, even before Blanco had ensconced himself in the palace at Havana, that any person attempting to bring offers of autonomy to his camps would be seized as a spy and shot; and in one case at least the summary order was carried out.

THE CUBAN REPUBLIC.

Marti's death (see page 22) delayed the civil CIVIL GOVERNMENT organization of the revolutionists, but on Sep- ORGANIZED. (^jyi^gj. 13^ 1395^ their first Constituent Assem- bly met at Uamaguey, with twenty members representing all six provinces. It declared Cuba independent, and adopted a constitution for the new government, whose supreme power was vested in a Gov- ernment Council, to be composed of the president of the Republic, the vice-president and four secretaries— war, interior, foreign affairs and agriculture— with a sub-treasui-y for each of these four departments.

It next elected and installed the officers of government. Salvador Gisneros Betancourt, chosen president, was the ex-Marquis of Santa Lucia, who formally renounced his title of nobility when he joined the revolution in 1868, and lost his estates by confiscation. Bartolome Masso, of Manzanillo, was elected vice-president, and Dr. Thomas Estrada Palma, minister plenipotentiary an.d diplomatic agent abroad, with headquarters in the United States. Gomez was confirmed as general-in-chief of the army, and Maceo as second in, command.

Senor Gonzales de Quesada, charge d'affaires of the QUESADA'S Cuban Republic at Washington, is a graduate of the

STATEMENTS. University of New Yorls, and in training thoroughly American. In a recent statement he said: "The civil authorities of the Republic have continued to exercise their functions throughout the territory controlled by the Republic of Cuba, which is about three fourths of the island. There is a civil governor in every province, who has his subordinates and employees. The provinces are divided into prefectures, under the supervision of the secretary of the interior. The duties of the prefects are various and are subject to special laws. That these prefectures are in working operation the official telegrams of the Spanish press afford innumerable proof. Documents on file before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations prove that the civil government legislated as to commerce, government workshops, man- ufactories, coast inspectors, post-offices; that stamps have been issued, public schools established, civil marriages provided for; that the public treasury is well organized, taxes being ooUected, and amounting to

84 CUBA AND SPANISH- AMERICAN WAR,

huudrods of thousands of dollars; aud that President Cisneros and, afterward. President Masso have issued state papers."

The second Constituent Assembly, which met at MASSO S ^jjg gjjjj Qf ^jjg constitutional two years, num-

ADMINIST^ATION. ^jered twenty-four members, elected by ballot on the basis of universal suffrage. It sat during October aud November, 181)7, Dr. Domingo Meudez Capote, ex-professor of law in Havana University, presiding. Says Quesada: "The outgoing secretaries of slate submitted tlieir reports, wliich were examined and passed upon by committees appointed for the purpose. A new constitution was adopted on October 29, 1897, Avhich will be in force two years, unless independence is obtained before, when an Assembly is to be called to provide temporarily for the government and administration of the Republic until a definite Constituent Assembly shall meet. The con- stitution determines what is called the Kopublie, who are citizens, their individual and political rights, the officers of the government, their power, and provides for the assembling of the representatives." For the new term of two years the Assembly chose former Vice- president Bartolome Masso to be president; Dr. Capote, mentioned above, vice-president, aud Jose B. Alemen, secretary of war. By the constitution the latter otticial is "the superior chief in rank of the Army of Liberty."

Early In tlie revolution tlie ('ubaii capital was set A PORTABLE jjjj .^ cubitas, whlcli is among the "mountains" of CAPITAL, ^jj.^ f,.j,ii(j north of the city of Puerto I'rincipe (see map). It has been quite itinerant. In .January. 1898.. wlieu it liap- pi'ued to be at the village of Espanza, in tlie Cubitas region, it was raidi'd liy a heavy Spanish column and captured, "after a stubboru resistance, which gave the rebel otficials time to escape.".

Cousul-deiieral Lee told the Foreign Relations Committee of the IMiited States Senate: "I have never thought that the insurgents had anytliing except the skeleton form of a government— a movable capital, 1 asked one day why they did not have some permanent capital, aud 1 Ihiuk tliey gave a very gtK)d reason. It would retjuire a large force to i»rotect it and defend it. and they could not afford to mass up their men there; so tlie capital and the government otiices liad to move where Un'y would bi' the safest.

"Whatever may be said about old (Jeueral HOW THE CUBAN (jomez." continued (General Lee, "he is. in my

ARMIES SUBSISTED, i,,,,,,,,^. „pi„i,„i. .fighting the war in the only way it can be fought scattering his troops out: because to concentrate would be to starve, having no coiiunissary train and no way to get supi)lit's. They come in sometimes for the purpo.se of making some little raid, wlu-re he thinks it will do something: but he has given orders, so I have always ln-en informed, not to light iu masses, not to lose

STRAlNEt) biPLuMACY. 35

their eartrltlges; and sometimes when he gets into a fight each man is ordered to fire not more than two cartridges. The way the iflsiirgents do is this: They have little patches of sweet potatoes— everything grows there very abundantly in- a short time— and Irish potatoes and fruits. They drive their pigs and cattle into the valleys and hillsides, and they use those and scatter out. The insurgents plant crops in many parts of the island."

STRAINED DIPLOMACY.

AMERICAN PRESSURE. ""T'''^' T"T"^/7T^ ^'''" '''.^"'f "^ offices m April. 1896, but they were refused.

President McKinley's offers were met less bluntly, but Sagasta was most carefiri to avoid even a tacit consent to mediation. While he sought to quiet the Washington government with promises and partial reforms in Cuba, the Spanish war office continued putting forth efforts such as for a nation literally bankrupt were surprising, to create a navy overmatching the United States upon the ocean. The growing strength of public opinion in this country was irresistibly impelling the Washington government to a policy of moral coercion, notwithstanding the gratifying release of American prisoners, the supersedure of Weyler, and the unfailing suavity of General Stewart L. Woodford, the Amer- ican minister at Madrid since July, 1897. The American people had virtually lost faith in Spain, and, because of her incapacity and cruelty in Cuba, were fast losing all patience. Official circles, too, showed unmistakable irritation over Spain's pretense that the Cuban war had been so prolonged mainly on account of American failure to enforce neutrality, the facts being this country had already expended $2,000,000 in Spain's interest in doing just that thing, and had stopped vastly more Cuban expeditions than Spanish gunboats had intercepted.

THE n ir»un icT-rcr. Spain's accomplished representative at Wash- TUt DcLOME LETTER. . , „ ^ ^, . ^

mgton was Senor Don Enrique DeLome, who

had been there for years. A confidential letter that he had written to Senor Canalejas, whom Sagasta had sent over early in the winter to quietly investigate the Washington situation, was stolen from the mail by a Cuban sympathizer in Havana post-office, and sent to the Cuban Junta at New York, by whom carefully photographed copies were made public early in February, 1898. In this letter the Spanish minister abused President McKinley as a "low politician," fatally uncovered the duplicity of his own part in pending negotiations, and distinctly admitted the precariousness of Spain's hold on Cuba. It was impossible, of course, for him to remain at Washington. He cabled his resignation, and it had already been accepted before Minister Woodford went to Sagasta with a "representation." His successor, in March, was Senor Polo, whose father had held the same post many years before.

36 CUBA AND SPANIBII-AMERTCAN WAR.

At forty minutes past nine on Tuesday night, THE MAINE HORROR, j.^^.j^.i^.^i-y 15, is'JS, tht' United States battleship Maine, Captain Cliarles I). Sigsbee conuuaudiug, wliich had been lying quietly at anchor in Havana harbor since the evening of January twenty -fifth, was destroyed by an explosion. Two officers and not less than two hundred and sixty of her crew perished, most of them ground to pieces amid the steel partitions and decks, the others penned by the tangle of wreckage and drowned by the immediate sinking of the wreck. The news caused intense excitement throughout the United States, more especially because treachery was suspected. The Maine was one of the finest (though not largest) ships in the uavy, representing, together with her armament and stores, an expenditure approximating five millions of dollars. Seldom, if ever, was there a finer example of self-control on the part of a great people, as for several weeks the United States stood awaiting the official determination of the cause of this appalling calamity.

The government at once organized a naval court OFFICIAL FINDINGS. ^^ inquiry, composed of experienced officers of high rank, who, in their continuous labor of twenty-three days, were aided by a strong force of wreckers and divers, besides experts. They made a thorough investigation on the spot, sifting and weighing every item of evidence that could be adduced. The type-written testimony made a bundle of twelve thousand pages, weighing about thirty iwunds. The unanimous finding of the court, dated March 21, 1898 (as sum- marized in President McKinley's message of the twenty-eighth of March), was: "That the loss of the Maine was not in any respect due to fault or negligence on the jiart of any of the officers or members of her crew; that the ship was destroyed by the explosion of a submarine mine, which caused the partial explosion of two or more of her forward magazines; and that no evidence has been obtainable fixing the respon- sibility for the destruction of the Maine upon any person or pi'rsons."

"The crime or the criminal negligence of the Spanish otticials." were essentially the terms in which Congress put the ease two weeks later, and in this Congress voiced the conviction of the American people.

AMERICAN WAR PREPARATIONS.

Preparations comporting with possible hostilities PRECAUTIONARY ]n-,^-Mx to be made in both the army and navy

ACTIVITIES. di>partnients in .Tanuary. 1898. and from the dale of the Maine horror were pushed with great energy. The strengthening of coast fortifications and the accumulation and distribution of war material, with recruiting for all branches of service, and arrangements for mobilizing not only the regular army, but the National <}uard of the several states, went on apace. There was especial urgency in

AMEBICAN WAR PREPARATIONS. 37

Strengthening the navy. At government and at contractors' shipyards work was pushed day and night. A naval officer was hurried to Europe to buy up every suitable warship on the market, and other ships were bought in our own ports. In Europe were also purchased hundreds of the smaller cannon and perhaps a thousand tons of ammunition. Old monitors and other discarded craft were overhauled and put in con- dition for coast defense. A fleet of auxiliary cruisers, and another of patrol-ships, began to be organized. The purchase and conversion of merchant vessels soon counted up into the millions.

On the ninth of March Congress, at the President's request, unan- imously voted $50,000,000 as an emergency fund for the national defense. A few days later it passed a bill adding two regiments of artillery to the regular army; these were sorely needed to man the heavy defensive guns along the Atlantic and Gulf seaboards.

Hid of DeLome's presence, the President magnan- CONGRESS AND jmouslv ignored the DeLome letter. His whole

THF DFODI F * "^

. nature shrinking from the responsibility of a blootly war, he even forebore making the Maine tragedy the occasion for more than a "pepresentation" to the court of Madrid. But Congress, reflect- ing the overwhelming sentiment of the nation, was by this time ablaze with indignation and warlike enthusiasm. Herculean were the efforts of the President to control the storm in the interests of peace, through delay. Public opinion grew imperative. It insisted on definite action. The President's message transmitting the Maine findings was sent to Congress on the twenty-eighth of March. His yet more memorable message of the eleventh of April had been withheld nearly or quite a week, to give time for American residents in Cuba to leave there, and with a lingering hope the situation might yet. in some way, take a pacific turn. In that message the President handed the whole matter over to Congress, and asked for its decision.

iniiMT RF<;oiiiTlON ^^^^^' ^*^^^'^'^^ *^^>'^ ^^ impassioned debate, and

KbSULUllUlN ^ prolonged disagreement between the Senate

and House of Representatives over the side

question of recognizing the existing Republic in Cuba, the action of

Congress was given to the world, April 19, 1898, in the following joint

resolution, which was approved by the President the following day:

Joint l^csolution— For the recognition of the independence of the people of Cuba, demanding that the government of Spain relinquish its authority and government in the island of Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters, and directing the President of the United States to use the land and naval forces of the United States to carry these resolutions into effect.

Whereas, the abhorrent conditions which have existed for more than three years in the island of Cuba, so near our own borders, have shocked the moral sense of the people of the United States, have been

,'58 CUUA AM) Sl'ANlslt-AMKI'.U AN WAli.

ii (lisjrnicc to t'liHstinn civiliz.-itidii. ciiliiiiiiMtiii;:-, :is llicy liavc, in the (Icsrrilclioii of (1 liiilcd Sliitcs l);it I Icsliip. with two luiiidrcd :iinl sixty- six (if its otHct'i-s and ci-cw. w liilc on a friendly visit in tlio iiarbor of Havana, and cannot lon.mT lie cndnrcd, as has been scl forili l»y the rrt'sidi'Ut of the United Slates in liis niessajie to Congress of Ainii 11, ISDS. upon whieh th;' action of ("oiiurcss was invited: therefore.

Jiesolved^liy tlie Senate and Ilonse of Uepresent.-it ives of tlie Tnited Stales of America in Con.uress assembled.

1. That the people of the island of ('iib;i are. an<l of a riiilil on.nlit to be. free and independent.

'2. That it is the dnty of the 1 iiited States to demand, and the (Jovernment of the I'nited Statis does hereby demand, that the (Jovern- ment of Spain at once relin<iuisli its authority and j;(>vernment in the island of Cuba and witlidr.iw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters.

:;. Tiiat the I'resident of the I'lnted States be, and lie hereby is. direcled and empowered to use the entire land and naval foi-ces of the Cniled St.-itcs. and to call into the actual service of the Cniled States the militia of the sevei'al states to such an extent as may be necessary to carry these resolutions into effect.

4. That the I'nited States hereby disclaims any disposition or inten- tion to exercise sovereijiiity. jurisdiction or control over said island except for the pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when thai is .iccomplished, to leave the liovc'rument and eoidrol of the island to its ])eople.

OPENING OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.

Consid-Ceneral Lee. almost the last of the Cniled INITIAL STEPS, v^,.,,,.^ oflicials in Cuba, left Havana on .\pril Itlh. Senor I'olo. the Spanish ministei-. re(inested passixirts. and left Wash- in.i,Mon on the libth.and thirly-two hours later .Minister Woodfoi-d retired from .M.-idrid. The concentration of the Cnited Slates re.uular army ;il dilTei'cnt ixiiiils on or ne;ir i he (iiilf of Mexico was by this time in ;:cnerai pro-ress. On Ainil I'.ltli Conufess i)asse(l a bill declarin;r the existence of war with Sp;iin. d;ilim; from the "Jlst.

On April L':'.d I'resideid McKinley issued a call for RAISING TROOPS. ^._,-,„,,, ,^vo-ye:ir volunteers, under .-nithority of an net of Coiiiiress i»assed the day pi-evious. The second call lioi-e dale May '-'."illi. and was for T.").(tit(i men. .\ddiiiL: to these calls leu re;:imenls of "inunnues." with certain oilier vidnnteers specially ;uitiiorized by Conjrress. also ihe (il.dOd reirulars .icinally in service or in process of recruit in.u'. the milii:iry forces of the country shortly .-m.-iined a nom- inal strenirlh of 1277.ri(i(l. Consider.ible additions were also made to the uaviil slren;:tli, ('sjiecially for iialml service ;ilon,i: the .\llantic seiiboard.

WAR FINANCIEKING. 39

Tilt' llousi- of l{('i)re!>t"Utativos hurriedly pnssed WAR FINANCIERING. ^ ^ .,j ^,^^. ^^.^.^^^ ^^,^„. ,,,.,^,,,,,, ,,, early as April

2'.»tli, but the 8euate was so deliberate aud the disagreenieuts so marked that a law for that purpose was uot euaeted uutil June 10th. It authorized the ^eeretary of the Treasury to issue oertilicates of indebtedut'ss, to au amount uot exceeding $10U,0O0.UUU outstanding at any one time, aud $40(),00(l.tK)() in bonds, the former as well as the latter to draw three per cent interest; directed the coinage of silver from the bullion stored in thegovernment vaults at the rate of .Hil,500.(X>0 a month, and imposed direct taxes, including stamp duties, estimated to produce a revenue of from $150,000,000 to upward of $200,000,000 per annum. The government immediately placed $200,000,000 of bonds on the market in the form of a "popular loan" at par. with the result that by .July loth the amount had been subscribed more than four times over. Ninety millions were allotted to bidders for ."foOO or less.

On May 11th four boats' crews of Americans CUTTING CABLES. ^.,j„,.^„.^>j{ .^^ the entrance of Cienfuegos harbor, Cuba, in cutting the submarine telegraph between Havana and San- tiago, were tired up(»n from the shore and one man killed and six wounded. The tire was vigorously returned by the lilockadiug vessels Marblehead and Nashville, and converted revenue tutter Wiudom, and the cable-cutting completed. It was not until the si-cond week of .Tuly. however, that the utmost efforts of the Americans succeeded in cutting the last remaining cable between Cuba aud the Old World, thus isolating General Blanco at Havana. The cable from Ilavami to Key ^^'est and New York has uot been interfered with by either side. In four weeks, ending .June 12th. the Subsistence ■ Department loaded twelve solid miles of freight-cars with provisions for the United States armies, being a total of .'32.180 tons— in all 10,123,(54.5 rations (the ration representing a soldier's food allowance for one day). Results equally striking were secured in the Ordnance and Quart ermastor's Departments.

THE CUBAN BLOCKADE.

The tirst aggressive step of the war was the

INSTITUTING l)locka<l(' proclaimed by President McKinley on

I nt dHJI^IxAUi:. . , , ,

April 22(1, coveruig tlic nortli cojist ot Cuba west- ward from Cardenas to Kahia Honda, a distancf of alxiut one hundred and twenty miles, witli Havana a little west of tlie central point aud also including the ]ioi-t of Cienfuegos, on the south cojist. To enforce it the North .Vtlantic siiuadroii, Caiit:iin (now rear ;idniii';il) W. T. Samp- son commanding. sailtMl for Key A\'csi llie same (hiy, capturing the tirst prize within two hours, the Spanish mei'chantnian Huena Ventura,

40 CUBA AND SPANISU-AMERICAN AVAR,

l;i(l('ii Willi Tcx.'is luinhcr. Kigbt additioual prizes were taken witliiii the next two (lays: at tlic end of one week this nninber had more than doubled, to the a.L;,i;re.natf value of upward of ,$3,0(M ),(»<)( ).

Ai)out .May 1st Commodore .John C A\'atsou was EXTENDING , • , i ., ... e t ■ ., ,, , , ,

THE BLOCKADE ''"^^'.-'"''l •'"" duty of entoremj; the Havana block- ade. JH'avy work havini;- l)een cut out for Acting Admiral Sampson in other wjilers, but in the course of a month he was in turn i-elieved by Commodore John A. Flowell, in preparation for his assijiiiment to the p]astern squadron, which was about to be or.uani7.ed for a descent on the Spanish coast. Despite a few lapses, the blockade of Havana and the other north coast iwrts was well maintained. lint on the southern coast were many ports, mostly small ones, still open to receive whatever supplies from ^Mexico, .Tamaica and Yucatan could be slipix'd in. To cut olT this supply source. President McKinley. on .June I'Sth, proclaimed an extension of the blockade to ;ill the ports on the south coast of Cul>a from Cape Frances e;istw;ird to C.-ipe Cruz inclusive (see inaj)!. an<l also of San .Iu:in In Porto Kico.

_ On the nliiiit of April l'.")lh two small Spanish steamers.

creei)ln,i;' alon.y the coast. sli]iped into Havana, and on the I'fiili the L-ir.ue Spanish mall sicnniei- Montsei-ral. lirinsin.^- .$800.00(1 in sllvci- :iiid elfihteen larjLje .sjuns. ;iiid which h;id doiililcd b.-ok from near Havana, safely landed 1.000 Spanish troops and her valuable car^o at SantiaiLro. May 0th the French steamer Lafayette was captured as a blockade runner, but was immediately released by the .government.

'I'he tirst bombardment of shore batteri(>s. Avhich soon becanu' so coiiinion ;in event, was made Ai>rll L'Ttli otf Matan/.as. Iiy the cruisers New York iS;inips(ui's ll;i,i;-shlpi and Cincinnati, .and the monitor I'nril;in. May lltli a nnniatnre cu-aucniciit In C;ii-denas harbor i-esulted in t he disablement of the Cnlted Sl.-itcs Inrpcdo-boat AVInslow. the death of Fuslixn l^audey .-iiid four men and the woiindluL: of others.

ORGANIZING THE PHILIPPINE CONQUEST.

'111.- Philippines lie southeast of the continent PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. ^,,. ^^. , .,, ., ,,j^.,.,.^ ,„„. ,„,,^.,.,.„ „„,,„„ ,„„

the Island of I'ornio^a. on the Clilncse coast, some l.'Joo miles from the former, but c((niln,i; witliln •Joo miles of the latter. Their nearest n«'i.i.'h-

l)or Is the isl.-nid of P.ori on the southwest: the island of .New CJuinea

li-s further off to the southeast. Stret.'hlni: almost :i thousand miles from north to south, the Philippines re.'ich lo within :i.".0 miles of the eipialor. .-nid are thus in the s.ime latitude as Central .\meric.i. More inii;ortant than all ilie resi juit lo-clher. the isl.-md of I.u/.on. In the north, is believed to be l;iru:er tlian the st.-ite of Ohio, and to ciuitain at least foiu- unllion bdiabilants. The next in size is Mind.inao. in the south, with ;i few Sp.misli villai:es on the coast, but otherwise little

ORGANIZING THE PHILIPPINE CONQUEST. 41

known. While the Philippines number altogether some 1,200 islands, less than half are said to admit of permanent habitation, and only a dozen are of any considerable size. Their land area more than equals that •€ Ohio, Indiana and Illinois combined, and the larger islands, especially Luzon, though for the most part hilly or even mountainous, are very fertile. The archipelago was named after Philip II., the oppressor of Holland and the husband of England's bloody Queen Mary, and for three and one third centuries it remained almost uninterruptedly under the rule of Spain, in spite of whose bad govern- ment it latterly became a valuable source of revenue to the crown, and of enrichment to the haughty and grasping Spanish officials.

Estimates of the population vary from 7,000,000 to

POPULATION. 15 000,000, composed principally of various Malay tribes, with very few of the aboriginal negritos (Oriental dwarfish negroes) still remaining. There is a considerable infusion of mixed blood, and of late years the Chinese, in spite of all restrictions, have become quite numerous in Luzon and neighboring islands. Outside of the army the pure Spaniards in the Philippines number less than 10,000.

The native-born of Spanish descent are much more ' numerous than the peninsulars, and, as in Cuba, this is the class which has repeatedly flamed into in.surrection. Their leader in 1897-98 was the well-educated Aguinaldo, and they have the general support of the native tribes, who, notwithstanding a thin veneering of Koman Catholicism, are only half tamed and deeply resentful of Spanish abuses. They are practically unarmed except for the long, heavy knife carried by the Malays everywhere. Reinforced by many thousands direct from Cadiz and Barcelona, the Spanish troops were nevertheless in hot work still, when, iu November, 1897, the insurgent chiefs were bought off with $-100,000, cash iu hand, and the promise of certain administrative reforms. These promises, they now declare, like all reform promises from Spain, have not been kept.

On the beautiful land-locked sea which indents the

CITY AND BAY ^.^^^ coast of the island of Luzon, and is largeenough OF MANILA. ^^ Q^^^ ^j^g navies of the world, the Spaniards for centuries have had their capital. Manila has grown to a population (with its suburbs) of 2-50,000, and attained vast commercial importance. For Spain, the Philippines have not only been the seat of empire, but the center of trade for the whole Pacific ocean; and whether from the commercial, political or military standpoint, Manila is the Phil- ippines. From this emporium are shipped great quantities of cigars (whose manufacture was, till 1882. a government monopoly), sugar, tobacco, coffee, hemp, cocoa, rice, mats and cordage, and cotton or mixed fabrics. Here is a university conducted liy the Domijican order of monks, an imposing cathedral, and the governor-general's palace, whence issued orders to the lieutenant-governor of each of the nine

42 CUBA AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.

or ten larger islands, and to the alcaldes of the forty-three provinces comprised in Spain's island empire in the Far East, A submarine cable connects Manila with the rest of the world by way of Hong Kong, Cliina, thence to Singapore, capital of the British colony known as the "Straits Settlement," at the tip of the Malay peninsula, then to and eight hunderd miles across India, and on to the Ited sea and Europe.

The bay of Manila, dotted continually with tlie sliipping of many nations, narrows at its entrance to a width of twelve miles. Several islands, of which Corregidor and Caballo are the two largest, stand right in the entrance. Ships practically use only the two channels known as Bocha (irande, five miles wide, and Bocha Chico, two miles wide. Manila is situated twenty-six miles northeast of the entrance, or by the concave eastern shore-line of the bay perhaps forty miles.

The south third of the city is tlie older and oHicial

FORTIFICATIONS. ^^^^.^_ rpj,;^ portion is fortilied. but no fortilications protect tlie rest of the city (that part north of the Pasig rivi'r). which is tlie Manila of modern commerce.. On the antiquated fortilications of the otlicial city the Spaniards mounted some heavy guns during the winter of 18!)7-',>8. They also strengthened the shore batteries, espec- ially those at Cavite, an outlying suburb at the tip of a promontory, seven miles below Manila, and toward the entrance of the bay. The forts on Corregidor island were showily elaborated, and some large guns put in i)lace. In April. 180S, the Spaniards sunk mines in the harbor, and gave out that they were stringing torpedoes across l)oth the main clianncl, Boclia (Jrande. and tlie narrower one of Bocha Chico.

In December, 1SU7, the navy department

COMMODORE DEWEY. ,.,.ii,.v,.d Conimodvjre (ieorge Dewey, president of tlie Board of Inspection and Survey, from duty at Washington, and assigned liini tlie command of tlie Asiatic squadron, comprising the greater part of the American fleet in the Pacilic ocean. Known to his friends in civil life as a quiet, unassuming gentleman of sixty-one, tlie new commander, in forty-tlir(>e years of ctlicient and more tlian usually varied service, beginning with a cadet- ship from Vermont, and including thrilling exiuniences under Admiral Farragnt in the Civil War. had Avon the higlu-st coiirKlfiici' of tlie naval authorities. Tlie Asiatic squadron assembled at Hong Kong. Cliina. a port belonging to (Jreat Britain. It w:is well suiipli.'d willi ammunition and stores, and early in April reci-ived <iuite an accession in the cruiser Baltimore, which also brought a ship-load of ammunition that the g(»veniiiient had dispatched from San Fraiicisi-o on the gunboat Ben- nington, wliicli vessel transferred it at Ilonolulu to the Baltimore.

\\:nned to le:iv«« lloiig Kong by the Britisli oHicials.

IN MIRS BAY.

from iieutralitv c(Uisideratioiis. the American fleet, on

tlie twenty-seventh of .\pril. moved thirty odd miles northward to Mirs bay. in Chinese jurisdiction, ami th»>re completed its preparations, jilso

OBGANlZrNG THE PHILIPPINE CONQUEST.

43

awaiting, meauwhile, the arrival of Mr. O. F. Williams, the American consul at Manila, whence he was known to have already sailed. Its commander had been cabled from Washington that war was actually on, and been given instructions, foreshadowed previously, to crush the Spanish tleet in the Pacific and take the Philippines. The details of this momentous undertaking were left to his own judgment.

Dewey had six fighting vessels and three tenders, as follows, the first-named being the flag-ship:

AMERICAN FLEET.

	DISPLACK-	SPEED,	GUNS,
	MENT, TONS.	KNOTS.	TOTAL.
OLYMPIA, first-class protected cruis- er, Capt. Chas. V Gridley	5,870	211/2	38
BALTIMORE, protected cruiser, Capt. N. M. Dyer.	4,413	20	24
RALEIGH, protected cruiser, Capt. J. B. Coghlan	3,213	19	25
BOSTON, protected cruiser, Capt. F Wildes	3,000 1,710	15Mi 17	20
CONCORD, gunboat, Commander A. S. Walker	15
PETREL, gunboat. Commander E. P Wood	892	llVo	11

TOUPEDO TUBES.

The converted revenue cutter McCulloch accompanied the fleet as dispatch-boat, as did also the transport Nanshan, laden with coal for it, and the supply-boat Zafiro. The combined fleet carried ten 8-inch guns, twenty-tliree 6-inch, twenty 5-iuch and fifty-six guns of smaller caliber, besides twenty-four gatlings or machine-guns— 133 in all.

The Spanish squadron at Manila had been rein- SPANISH BOMBAST, f^^f.^^ about the twentieth of April by the cruiser Castilla. whose officers lent enthusiastic assistance to the work of harbor defense, by means of the torpedoes and other war supplies which she had brought from Spain. Thus encouraged. General Augusti, the governor-general, fulminated an absurdly bombastic proclamation, declaring:

"The North American people, constituted of all social excres- cences, have exhausted our patience and provoked war by their perfidious machinations, their acts of treachery, their outrages against the law of nations and international conventions. The struggle will be short and decisive. Spain will emerge triumphant from the new test, humiliating and blasting the hopes of the adventurers from those United States, that, without cohesion, without history, offer only infa- mous traditions and ungrateful spectacles in her chambers, in which appear insolence, defamation, cowardice and cynicism. Iler squadron, manned by foreigners, possesses neither instruction nor discipline."

44

CUBA AM) SPANISII-AMMKKAX WAU.

THE SPANISH FLEET.

Admiral .Moiitijo liad in his Hrct the foUowiii.i vessels, the first-uauied Iteiu^ liis lla.i;-sliii):

KEINA -MAIME CIIUISTINA. steel cruiser

('A8'i"lLL.\. steel eiuiser

N'KLASCO. small cruiser

I>().\ AXTOMO DE I'LLOA. small cruiser

DON JUAN DE AT STRIA, small cruiser

ISLA DE CT'BA. small i-ruiser

ISLA DE EEZOX. small cruiser

(JE.NEUAL LEZO. -iuuvessel

EL CA.NO. -iuuvessel

MARQUES Df^L DUERO. dispatch- boat

OlSl'L MENT,

ACK-	SPKED,
TOiNS.	KNOT.S.
.".20	171.'.
•M2	H
1 .".2	14',
mo	14
l.-'.o	14
i:!o	1(5
Olio	Ki
.-)24	ID.--
r.24	IDo
.-)00	10

<nji\.s,

iO lA I.

21

la i:5

12 12

t;

roui'Euo

TUBES.

In number thp guns of the Spanish tieet were inferior, and still more so in c;iliber; bur this disparity in Dewey's favor was counter- balanced. .MS tlie Sjianiards believed, by their shore batteries.

COMMODORE DEWEY'S GREAT VICTORY.

THE VOYAGE TO

MANILA BAY.

Tlie Americ:m llect left Mirs liay Wednesday alteriiooii. April 27th. At dayli.uht of Saturday, April riotli, it \v;is siuhted off Cape Boliuao. .sonie- Ihin.L' <tver 10(i miles from Manila. It h.ad already sailed over r>()0 miles. It i)rocee(led steadily southward, and early in the afternoon reached Hubic bay. thirty miles above the entrance to Maiula harbor. This was where Admiral Montijo had taken position, in bravado, a few days earlier; but he was not here now. havin.u' i)rudently retired on Eriday til Manila bay. within the encirclin.ir protection of the forts on shore. Leavinji Snbic bay Itefwcen four and live o'clock in the afternoon, the American vessels stood out to sea. and in due time were lost to view.

The niiiht was caltn. witli a youm: mooii half w:iy to

FORCING THE ENTRANCE.

Ilie full. P.etween one .•md two o'clock in the morn- ing'—Sunday mor.iinjr. May 1st— the bo<tmin,i: of truns Wiis hc.ird in .Manila from the direction of Correuichtr island, at the eiitr.ance to the bay. Hut it was <lawn before it be<aine ;:«'nerally known that the Americans, with inconceivable dariufr. had entered the bay by the m:iin channel (Hocha Crandct. and had come fairly up to the city. In spite of forts, mines and torpedoes, the .\nu>ricau fleet, unharm.d. w.-is safely within the harlx.r a fc.it almost unparalleled in naval warf.-ire. Tlie ll;ii,'-shii) leading', and .all liL'lits darkened, .almost the entire licet p.assed in before the (■oi're;j:id<ir forts discovered it.

COMMODORE DKWEY'S GREAT VICTORY. 45

As in ;ill t roiiicnl coiiiurii s. dnyli.nlit caiiu' ou BATTLE OF MANILA. ^^..^^^ .^ ^.^^^^^^ Chaii.uiu^- position, the Aiuericau

y^ij^sels were soon faciii.u- the fortitied pronioutof.v of Cavite aud the Spauish tleet. whose line rested on that point at the left, and thence stretched northward, under the shore batteries, toward the city. Before six o'cloclv tlie battle l)ejiau. The actual tig-hting was compressed into four hours. A lull occurred in the middle of it, while the Americans steamed acro.ss toward the west side of the bay—to estjiblish (luarters for their wounded on land, as the watchers, with their spy-jilasses. iu Manila thought— and from their supply-ships, anchored in the center of the bay. replenished their coal and ammunition. Not withstanding the disasters which had befallen their side, the Spaniards f()ndly hoped the enemy had been beaten off, and joyful telegrams were hurried to Madrid. But the dreaded Americans soon returned, when the carnage for one side became terrific.

Before one o'clock the fire from Cavite point had been silenced, its seaward fortifications knocked into shapeless heaps. The Spanish tleet iu the rhilippines was a tale of the past. Its flag-ship, the lieina Marie Christina, fired by American shells, was completely burned. The next largest vessel, the Castilla, met the same fate. Other shells crashed through the side of the Don .Tnan de Austria and exploded, and she, too, went up iu flames. A number of other vessels were sunk, among them the armed transport Mindanao. Montijo. when the flag-ship took fire, had been obliged to shift his flag to the Utile gunboat Isla de Cuba, aud that also was destroyed a little later. He was wounded, though not seriously. The loss of life iu his command was frightful. The captain of the Reina Marie Christina was killed, and over one hundred of his crew, besides some officers. The captain of the Don ,Juau de Austria was also killed, with ninety of his men.

Not one American ship was seriously injured, thanks to the wretched gunnery of the forts on shore, though the Spanish seamen made a brave effort to avert their doom. The skilful maneuvering of the American vessels (in an ellipse) not only mystified the enemy, but much increased his difiiculty in getting range. Their fire was delivered with wonderful precision, and such rapidity as fairly overwhelmed the Spaniards, while it amazed the onlookers from shore.

The immunitv of the Americans was marve- DETAILS AND RESULTS. io„g_„o„e killed and but eight wounded, though the lamented death of Captain Gridley, of the Olympia, ou June 4th, was at least hastened by some obscure accident or strain during the battle. Two powerful submarine mines were harmlessly exploded in front of the Olympia just before the fight began. The Baltimore was set on fire by the explosion of a Spanish shell among some ammunition, but the flames were quickly put out. As for the lull in the battle, that

4(i CiltA ANI) SI'AMSll-AMi:i:l('AN \VAl!.

iiiiw r.MiiKHis ii)ci(lci)t \v;is by (inlfi's. lo .-illnw llir Ainci-ii:iii sc;iiiicii to licr ln-cnkr.-isl. I lie iiH'ii li;iviii.LL li;ul only a clip (if cuirci' licrurc tioiiiji iiiti) .•K-lidii. AlliT lliis lull ihry (•.■line l(i closci- qiiarlfrs willi llic cmMiiy. Mild w lien tlic liir.m'r of llir SpMiiish vcss.ls had hccii drsl royrd liic miiihdMt rclrcl liiiislicd llic work iiinou.n- liic siii.-illcr (Uics iusliorc Mild ,11 ilic UKiutli (if r.al^di' hay. hidiind the proiuoiitory at Cavitc. Tlic Spanish hisses were variously cstiiiiaU'd at !M)(l to 1.2(KI men. In iiKincy value they readied .•v(;.ii(Hi.(Hi(). wilhdiil iiichidiii.i; the Siianish vessel Ar.iios or the revenue Liiinlioal Callan. Ilie (Uie destroyed and the (ilher caiiturcd a few days lalei-. Addii i(iiiai captures of small Spanish vi ssels were made diiriii.u llie foll(i\\iii.a weeks.

Ill the afternoon the IJritish consul went to meet AFTER THE VICTORY. ^^^ victorious commander, lie.iriii.i;- an earnest plea, on liehalf of his consular collca.iiues. to spare .Manilii from i»om- lijirdnient. Commodore Dewi'y coiidilioiied the desired promis(> upon the siii-i-endcr of the torpedoes, uuiis and military stores in the hands of the Siiaiiiards. the suinily of coal lor his ships ;iiid ('(pial privile.ires in liie us(> of the cable. Ceiiei'.al .\ii,misti. .after commuiiica t in.;:- with Madrid, deli.antly refused. This w:is on Monday moriiim:. Before ni.iihtfall the Americans h:id sei/.cd Corre.uidor island, thus securinu: their rear, and had received the formal surrender of ("avile. with its milil.iiy and naval stores, dry-docks, etc.. and hundreds of the Sp.-mish wounded. That afternoon the c.-ilile was cut by Hewey's orders, in retaliation for the beaten eiicmx's refus.il to .illow iiini its use. The lii-<t imp.atiently awaited disp;!tches from the victorious .\meric;in were not received till Saturday. .M:iy Tlh: they came by w;iy of Ilonu Konjr. :iiid their publication la-iated lioiiiidless eiithtisi.asm. The one beariiiLr the date .May Itli conlaiiied the wei.^lity s(>iitence. "I control the bay completely, .and can t.ake the city :it .any lime."

THE PHILIPPINE EXPEDITIONS.

rnrsn.aiit to the president's recommendation. HONORS AND AID^^^ < •(muress on May :.th passed a resolution of

th.anks to ComiiKidore 1 lewey and to Ids otJlcers and men. It .also .appropri.atcd .'«■• 1 (i.i i( ii t to iireseiii him a sword, and

I l.als to :ill under his conim.and. Two d.ays later he w;is nominated

•and contirmed re.ar .admiral. Meanwhile iire|);irat ions were beiuir pushed for dispalchint,' 2it.<H«t .\meric:iii troops from San I'lancisco. under Major-Ceiier.al Wesley Merrilt. of the reuular aiaiiy. whose selec- tion as niilit.ary ;iovernor of the IMiilipiiines was made public May VJlh. tliMUirh he di<l not re.acli San Frain-isco until llie 'JTth. The cruiser ('h.ailestoii. the earnest of coiuIiijj: reinforcemenls. sailed from Marc island n.avv-v.ard. S.in I'r.ancisco. for .M.inil.i b.iy May LMst.

THE I'llILU'PIAE EXPEDITIONS. 4|

SUCCESSIVE ^" May 25111 liie trausport stoaiiiers City of

EXPEDITIONS. Peking, City of Sydney and Au.stialia l(>ft Sau Franei.sco with the lirst rhilipi)ine expedition, under the command of Hrigadier-lJeneral Thomas M. Anderson. They carried 115 officers and •J.vI.SG enlisted men, with a year's supplies, besides more ammunition and stores for Dewey's fleet. This expedition reached its destination June 30th, and went into comfortable quarters at Cavite.

The second expedition, which sailed .June 15th, was composed of 15S officers and o,428 enlisted men, under Brigadier-General F. Y. (ireene, the trans[)orts being the China. Colon, Zealandia and Senator. It reached Manila bay .July 2()th. Some detachments were taken ashore near Cavite and Malate. south of Manila, wliile Die rest landed at Malabon, just north of the city.

^leauwhile, on .June Uth, the powerful nuniitor Monterey, accom- panied by the collier steamer. Brutus, with a strong towing "bridle." had started for Manila, and on the 23(1 it was followed by the monitor Monaduock and collier Xero.

The third Thilippiue expedition, Brigadier-C.eneral Arthur Mc.\rthur in command, left San Francisco .June 27th, consisting of 1*J7 officers, 4.<m(J enlisted men and 35 civilians. The steamers were the In.diana, City of I'ara, Ohio. Morgan City and Valencia.

Of the fourth t'Xpedition the first detachment, nunil)ering l,7ti3 officers and men. left .Inly 1-lth on the City of I'uebla and I'<'ru, on the former being Major-Ceneral Ehvell S. Otis and staff. Brigadier II. (J. Otis, with the rest of the expedition, on tlie Pennsylvania. St. Paul and City of Bio .Janeiro, sailed several days later.

The fifth land, for the present, last) c'xpedition was billed for depar- ture early in August.

(Jeneral Mei-ritt sailed from San l'"riUicisco .Tune 2!tth. on the stt'amer Newport, expecting after the capture of Manila to devolve the command of I lie troops ui)on Ma.ior-(Jenei'al (^tis, in (M'dtn' to devote himself wholly to the duties of military governor.

r>urinii- the three months following his great victory

SITUATION

Commodore Dewev won new laurels by his ability as

AT MANILA. , , . , . ■

dipldinat and administr.atoi'. Ills position was a very

delicate one. net (Uily as regarded the repri seiitatives of European ]Miwers with wiidin lie Inid to di'al. but also tlie insurgents, who. under Aguinaldo. iiiadi wonderful i)rogress. taking outpost after outpost from the Spaniards, and at length obliging them to wilhdr:iw at almost every point within the fort iticat ions of Old Manila. AVhile Aguinaldo's alti- tude after procliiiming himself dictator, in .July, occasioned them some solicitude, .•uid yet more the airs put on by the officers of the formidable Oernian siinadroii in Manila liay. all Americans reposed unbounded contidence in both the shrewdness and the pluck of Admiral Dewey.

48 CUBA AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WAU.

CERVERA'S FATAL CRUISE.

I On April 2'.Mli the Cape Verdo Spanish Hcot, under

AND COMING Atlin'i'^l Cervera, steamed westward under warning to leave from the Portuguese government. It con- sisted (if tour tirst-elass armored cruisers and three torpedo-boat destroyers (as starred in the list of Spanish war-vessels given else- where), (ireat secrecy shrouded its movements. May 10th Madrid tclegrai)hed that it had returned to Cadiz. Meanwhile, liowever. Sampson, with his heavier-armored vessels, had sailed for I'orto Kico, wher(>, on May 12th, he bombarded the seaward forts guarding San Juan; then drew off, awaiting orders or— Cervera. Cervera actually turned up in the West Indies that same day. On the 13th he coaled off the French island of ^lartinique, four hunderd miles southeast of Porto Rico, and on tlic l.">ih off Curacoa. a Dutch West Indian island near tlic Veni'zui'lan coast. On the IKtli. to the boundless joy of Havana and Madrid, he gained tlie port of Santiago de Cuba.

M.iv 12th Commodore W. S. Schley, coinmanding BOTTLED UP

AT c*».iTiA/-i-w the Flving squadron, at Hampton Roads. Virginia, AT SANTIAGO.

saili'd southward, and within twelve days had

Cervera bottled up at Santiago. Admiral Sampson joined him there on June 1st. and took command of the combined fleet of sixteen vessels, and continued the work of |)eriodical bombarding that Schley had betrun. The l)lockade of the haibor entrance by day and by night was unceasingly vigilant— weary work, but amply rewarded at last. June 'M witnessed the immortal feat of .\ssistant Naval Constructor Richmond Pciirson Ilobson and his crew of seven heroes, in sinking the collier Merrimac to block Ceivera's egress. They were exchanged July iJth. To escape tlie impending fate of Santiago, Cervera was FINAL DOOM. ^^,.,1, ,,.,,,, ,,, ,^.,^i, „„f ,^f jjn. harbor. Tlu" attenipt was

made on Sunday rorrnoon. .luly .".d. Ids t1ag-shiii. ilie lnf:uita Maria Teresa, leading. The Vizcaya. Cristobal Colon and .Mmirante Oquendo followed, in the order named, and then the torpedo-boat (h'stroyi-rs Plu- ton ;ind I'uror. In the shortest time possible tlie American vessels closed in and beg:in the ch.-ise. firing i)rodigionsly. ^^■ithin twenty nnnutes the Fttror was beached, and lioth it ami tlie Pinion sunk. Tiie Infanta Mari.a Teresa, on tire. \v;is run ashore six and one liall' miles west of S.-intiago h.arbor entrance: the Alminmte Oquendo. on tire, seven ndles west, .-iiid the \'i/c:iya. on tire, tifteen miles wesi. The Cristob.-il C'olon. liii.-iUy overhauled. w;is bc-olied and snrreiideicd I'orty-eiglit miles west of the same jtort. Tlie destruction w;is conqilele. Not less tli.in ."no Spajii.ards were killed and drowned, including many officers, and nearly 1..")(tii taken pi-isoners. among lliei^i the brokeii-liearled admiral, whose kindness to Hobsou now stood him lu good stead.

THE SANTIAGO CAMPAIGN. 49>

THE SANTIAGO CAMPAIGN.

The primary object of the hiud oauipaigu aj^aiust GUANTANAMO BAY. y^^„^i^,„.„ ,,.3, ^^^ ^..,^,t^j,^ o, fi^.^truotioii of

Cervera's tleet. To secure a harbor for the coming transports that shoukl be safe against -possible cyclones, Sampson determined to seize the bay of (Juantanamo, thirty-six miles east. Here, on Fisherman's Point, six hundred United States marines landed on June 10th under Lieutenant-Colonel Huntington, and had four days' fighting.

On Monday, June 20th, the Fifth United

SHAFTER'S 't'j^'Jj'^JJJ^^^j^pg States Army Corps, Major-General William R. Shafter commanding, arrived off Santi- ago on thirty transi)orts sent from Tampa, Florida, under a strong- convoy. Its official strength of 773 officers and 14,.")04 enlisted men was before the surrender increased to about 22,500. With the navy's assis- tance, first Baiquirl, the principal landing-place, and then Siboney, were seized. On the 24th occurred the desperate fight in the pathless chaparral surrounding La Quasima, in which the First United States Volunteer Cavalry (the famous Rough Riders) and the First and Tenth regular cavalry, all fighting dismounted, sustained a loss of 16 killed and 52 wounded. The American advance was pushed steadily. The Spaniards, withdrawing to their fortified lines near Santiagoj made a determined stand at El Ganey and the heights of San Juan, the former northeast and the latter southeast of the city. To capture these apparently impregnable positions cost the severest struggle of the campaign, one continued from dawu till nearly dark of July 1st, with further fighting on the 2d to hold them. General Shafter officially reported 1,508 killed, wounded and missing in the two-days' battle.

THF (iiDDPNinFD Ccucral Linares having been wounded and the next ranking officer killed, the command of the Spanish forces devolved on General Jose Toral. who, after repeated refusals, finally yielded to the inevitable, and on July 15th agreed to surrender. General Shafter occupied Santiago on the 17th— not a day too soon, for yellow fever had begun its work among his men. Toral gave up the eastern end of Cuba and a total force of about 24,0(H), all of whom the American government agreed to return to Spain at once.

THE PORTO RICO CAMPAIGN.

An expedition of 30,000 troops to Porto Rico, under

^c rvVi^i*.!/- the rersonal direction of Major-General Nelson A. Or LANDING.

Miles, commanding the United States army, came

next in order. Its advance, brought over by General Miles from San- tiago (troops who had not been landed*, seized Gnanica, on the south coast, fifteen miles west of Ponce, on the 25th of July.

50

CUBA ANP SrANIHH-AMKRICAN Wa6.

UNITED STATES WAR-VESSELS.

(See " Kinds of War-sliips," page 5!". Also " Naval Terms Explained," page 57.)

First-class Battleships.

Displace't, Specii, Guns, Torpedo Tons. KnoU. Total. Tubes.

Iowa ll.-lHI 1<> -ItJ "J

Indiana 10,2S8 15'<^ 46 6

Massiicliusetts....lo,'JSS l.l 4b ()

Oregon Ul,'J»« l'"") -KJ «

Second-class Battleship.

Texas (i,81.') 17 20 4

Armored Cruisers

Brooklyn !),271 20 40 .5

New York 8,200 21 34 3

Armored Ram.

KatalKliii '.i.lw 17 4

Protected Steel Cruisers.

Albany (Detained in Knj-'land.)

Atlanta 3,00(1 1.^34 22

Baltimore 4,413 20 24 4

Boston 3,000 lb% 20

Charleston 3,7;% 18 22 4

Cliieasio 4,.'J00 15 31

Cincinnati 3,213 19 23 4

Colnml)ia 7,375 23 31 5

Minneapolis 7.375 2A]4 31 5

Newark 4,098 19 30 6

New Orleans 3,600 20 28 3

Olvmpia 5.870 2n/^ 38 6

Philadelphia 4,324 19^^ 29 4

KaleiKh 3,213 19 25 4

San Franoisco.... 4,098 KV, 29 6

Topeka (Purchased in England.)

Unprotected Steel Cruisers.

Detroit 2.(iS!) is'., 18 3

Marhleliciid 2.(»s0 IS'.. 19 3

M-.nt'ioiriciy 2,0s9 1!»'J 19 3

Principal Steamers now Auxiliary Cruisers.

St. Louis 11,629 (Anieriean Line)

St. Pan 1 ll.aSO (AnuM-iean Line)

Harvard ll.t)74 (Atneriean Line)

(Fonnerly New York.)

Ynle 11 6i;k (American Line)

(Koniierly City of Taiia.)

Prairie 4..">2.i ( Morgan Line)

(Formerly K' Sol.)

Yosemite 4.ti.')!t (Mors;aii Line)

(Formerly Kl Slid.)

Yankee 4.<i.')9 (Morfian Line)

(Formerly F,l Nolle.) Dixie 4.66.S (Morgan Line)

(K.iiiiH'rly Kl Hio.)

Double-turret Monitors.

Amphltrite 3.!»!Mi 12 14

Miantonoinoh.... 3.9!)(1 10'/. 10

Mnnadnock 3.9<)0 ]V!'. M

Monterey 4.084 WZ Hi

I'nrilan 6.060 12'^ IS

Terror 3.990 12 12

Gunboats.

Bennington 1,710 17'.'. It li

Castlne 1.177 10 II I

Coneon! 1.710 17 l."> 6

Helena 1.392 13 18 1

Ounboats^Continued.

Displace'l, Speed, Guns, Torped*

Toas. KnoUs. Total. Tubes.

Machias 1,177 W/^ 16 1

Nashville 1,371 14 16 1

Petrel 892 11'^ U

Wilmington 1,392 13 IS

Yorktown 1,710 16 14 <i

Composite Gunboats.

Annapolis l.ooo 12 12

Marietta 1,000 12 12

Newport I.OU) 12 12

Princeton 1.000 12 12

Vicksbnrg 1,000 12 12

Wheeling 1,000 12 12

Dynamite Cruisers.

Vesuvins 929 213-.^ 6

Buffalo (Bonght from Brazil), (Fornierly the Nictlieroy.)

Special Class.

Bancroft s:i9 14'.^ 11 2

(Trainint-'-sliii).) Dolphin 1.4S(> I5J4 8

(Dispateh-lioat.) Torpedo Cruisei'

Torpedo-boats.

Bailey 2.!.^) .'50 4 2

T. A. M. Craven .. 146 ;W^ 4 3

Cashing lt« 22'/^ 3 3

Dahlgren 146 3H% 4 3

Davies 128 22'4 2 2

Dupont 180 27>i 4 3

Ericsson 120 24 3 3

Farragut 273 30 « 3

Footer. 142 24'^ 3 3

Fox 128 2231 2 4

Goldsborough.... 2473^ .^l 4 2

Gwin 463.^ 20 1 2

Mackenzie t>5 20 1 2

McKee t>5 20 1 2

Morris 103 22>..^ 3 4

Porter 180 27'; 4 3

Rodgers 142 24';; 3 3

Rowan 182 26 4 3

Somers (Detained in England.)

Stiletto 31 18 3

Stringham 340 31) 7 2

Tall.ot 46'.;; 20 J 3

Winslow 11- -'I' J 3 3

Submarine Torpedo-boats.

Plnnger 1<>8 S .. 2

Holland Diver

Old Monitors (Coast Defense).

I'nd.T thi-. head arc t liirt.-cn single- turret veterans <.f the Civil War. as follow^: Ajax, Caniinicus, Catskill, CiimiiiichP. .Jason, Lehigh, Mahopric, Manhattiin, M.MitauU, Nalinnt, ,Nan- tiicket, Passaic and Wyandotte. Iheir speed Is tive to six knots. :iiiii each has :iii armament of two heavy smooth- Lores, except the Canonicud, which UaH four.

WAU-VESSEI.S.

51

x\DlJlTI()NAL VESSELS.— We also have tlie old iron vessels (available for coa-<t-tlefyi]se) Alert. l,02(i tons ; Mouocacy, l,37Utoiis; Hauler, 1,021) tons; Micliijian, 08o Ions; Pinta, ooU tons. Incomparably more important is the large number of recently acquired au.xiliary cruisers of small or moderate size, steam yachts (valuable for their speed, and armored), patrol-boats of various liiuds for coast service, tugs, etc. The Treasury Department also ha.s in commission thirty-nine revenue cutters, a number of which (as the McC'ulloch, under Admiral Dewey) have been transferred to the naval service. For war-ships now building see page 52.

SPANISH WAR-VESSELS.

First-class Battleship.

Displace'!, Speed, Guns, Torpedo Tons. Knots. Total. Tubes. Pclayo 'J,'J(io lU ;>5 7

Second-class Battleships.

Vitoria l/Sti) II iCiiiite old.)

Numancia T.UlliJ S (Coast def.)

Armored Cruisers. Emperador Car- los V <),2:5.5

Cardinal Cisne-

20

ros	7.000	20	24	,s
Cataluna	7,000	20	24
Pi-incess de As-
turias	7,000	20	24	s
.\lmirante
(Jquendo-	7,000	20	;Jo	,s
Infanta Maria
Teresa-	7,000	20'-.;	30	8
Vizi-aya-'	7,1100	20	30	K
Cristobal Colon-'	6,S10	20	40	4

14	14
11	hi
171.,	2.'{
	21
14	13
14	13
14	13

Protected Cruisers.

Alfonso XIII 5,(1011 20

Lepanlo 4,S2(J 20

Unprotected Cruisers.

Aragon 3.342

Navarrju 3 312

Alfonso XII 3.091)

ReinaMercpdest 3,090 Conde de Ven-

adlto 1,130

Infant 1 Isabel.... 1,130

rsal)el II 1,130

Maniues de Eii-

senada 1,0.30

Qniras 31.5 In tlie Pa

■Villabolos 315 " "

Gunboats for Cuban Waters.

Hernan Cortes..

Pizarro

Vasco Nunez de

Balbo-i

Diego Velns(juez Ponce de Leon...

Alvarado

.Sandoval

Thei-e were eighteen otlv^r smal gunboats, each carrying two guns

15

13

3i)0	12	1
.300	12	2
,300	121-..	1
200	12	3
200	12	3
100	12	2
100	12	2

7oO 371

830

571

I

Gunvesscls.

Displace't, Speed, Guns, Torpedo Tons. Knots. Total. Tubes.

M a ge 1 1 a 11 es 524 1 1 '-.;

Creneial Com-lia 520 ((Junbi

Torpedo-gunboats.

Don Alvaro tie

Bezan S30

Dona iMaria de

Molina 8;i0

Destructor 458

7 ■at.)

Fill pi lias

Galicia

Marques de la Vitoria

Marques de Mo- lina

Martin Alonzo

Pinzon 571

Nueva Espana... G30

Rapido ,570

'J'emerario 590

Vincente Yanez

Pinzon .571

Torpedo-boat Destroyers.

Audaz ^011 :;o

Furor- ,s,so 28

Terrorft 380 2S

Osada ,380 l'8

Pluton- 3S0 L's

Proserpina .380 28

Torpedo-boats.

Ariete ~i r 2H

Hayo E 25V<;

.\zor "b 24"

Halcon i^ 24

Habaiia a 22

Barcelo •- 19V,

Orion I "^ 21'.^ ... '..

Retamosa ( '~ •>()'{,

.Iiilia Ordonez c i'(( " ".

K.iercito *: 25

Rj-el 5 II)

Pollux " 19'.'.

Castor ■" 19 "

Aire J ;^ s

There are also ff)ur small vidotte-

boats, with speed of .-iliout 18'., knots,

each carrying two liirlit guns and two or three torpedo-tubes.

-D-stroyed .July 3, 1898, while attempting to escape from Santiago hari>or tl>'«mantled liy Spaniards, and sunk by .\merican fleet olTSantlago .In Iv'fi, 1898 vIDisabled June 22, 1898, ofrSun Juan, Porto liico, by Aniericaij crm.sef "Ht, Paul."

52 CUBA AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.

AMERICAN AND SPANISH NAVIES COMPARED

\\'t' have tivf iiiuuster batth'ships in course of AMERICAN WARSHIPS c-oustnu-tiou. The K-entucUy aud Kearsarjit', BUILDING, ijnineliea at Newport News, March 24th. will be ready by November. IS'.tS. They will be equally powerful witli the Indiana. 'J he Alal)aiiia was huiuehed at Philadelphia. May IS, bSVKS. and the Illinois and Wisconsin (the latter building at Sau Francisco) will bi' launched early in IS'.tlt. These three are designed to surpass in size and p(>\v(>r the Iowa, which is believed to be the equal of any European battleship afloat. Immediately after the breakinj; out of the Spanish- American war Congress authorized the construction of three additional battleships (makiug eight now luidi'r way), twelve tori)edo-boats. six- teen torpedo-boat destroyers, four com st-defen.se monitors, and one guu- lioni t(ir service on the Lakes. These, of cour.se, will be in additiou to the vessels that were in course of construction prior to Ai)ril. ISitS.

Spain is now buil<ling one i>attleship of about SPANISH WAR-SHIPS lo.ooo tons; two armored cruisers, one of lo.r)(MJ BUILDING. ^,^yj^ .jjni ,,jj, „ther. Pedro d"Aragon,of ().,S4b tons; two i)rnrected cruisers, the Keina Kegente and IJicj de la Plata, of r».:{TL' and 1.775 tons respectively; one torpedo gunboat of 7r»0 tons, and lour large-size torpedo-boats. She can also command for arming as criiisers a dozen vi'ssels of the Compania Transatlantica of Cadiz, varying in size from ^.OM to ti.t)32 tous, and in speed from ISVa to 17 knots. ^The transport Mindanao, destroyed at Manila, belonged to this line. So did the Alplionso XII. (the steamer, not tlie war-ship of that name), which, early in .Inly. is;>8. was beached near Mariel. twenty miles west of Havana, to escape capture, and was lost, cargo and all.

Defeuse has been the controlling idea on the NAVIES OF SPAIN AND j,.,,.^ „f Congress iu making naval approi»ri-

THE UNITED STATES. .,,j,,„^ hitherto. Hence our thirteen great floating forlri'sses. or battleships (including the eight now building or autliori/.ed). immensely powerful, but of only moderate speed, as also our monitors, avowedly coast-defense vessels, and the best of thein sc.ircely seaworthy. Of cruisers with large coaling capacity, adapted for long voyages and aggressive action in distant waters, we have regrelt:il)ly few, though this deficiency is measurably supplied by the large .'ind swift auxiliary crui^^ers into which tin- gov.'rnmeut has transformed ilie American t ra iis.it lantic steamers and other rnn-rs.

Si.aiii iias but one really elT.'ctive battleship in commission, the Pelayo. with another of the tlrst <lass and one of the second class in an advanced stage of construction. We outclass her greatly in battle- ships. Spain's superiority in armored cruisers, as shown by the pre- ceding list, was practically wiped out by the destruction of Cervera'g

NAVAL CONTRASTS AND COMPARISONS. 53

fleet, July 3, 1898. And her torpedo craft are uo longer dreaded, beiui? little better than mere shells, helpless lu rough weather, or even dan- gerous for their crews, while their coaling capacity is very limited.

PAiiRPD AwnniwvFDv ^" ^^^'^ ealil)er of guns our ships surpass CALIBEK AND GUNNERY. . p c. • m , ^^, , ■ , i-

tliose of Spain. ihe battleships Indiana,

Massachusetts and Oregon carry four 13-inch guns each (besides other

heavy guns), aud the battleships Kearsarge. Kentucky. Alabama. Illinois

and Wisronsiu, now building, will each have the same. There is not

a 13-inch gun in the Spanish navy, and only two 12%-iuch ones (on the

I'elayoi yet mounted, no 12-in(h, and no more tliau eighteen 11-inch.

The superior marksmanship of Amerifau gunners gives us auolher

and tremendous advantage. Not only are our gunners thoroughly drilled

in target-practice, but a prize of four dollars is offered for extra good

hits, and to have this entered on the next monthly pay-roll is a coveted

honor, aside from its money aspect.

^^..^^ 'J'lit^ maximum thickness of the steel armor carried on the ARMOR. . , , TT -^ , r.. , . . , . ,

side by tnited States war-vessels is eighteen inches, on the

Indiana, Massachusetts and Oregon. The Iowa has fourteen and the Ti>xas twehe inches. Tlie Kearsarge aud Kentucky, now completing, will carry hfteen inches, and the Alabama, Illinois and Wisconsin, sixteen and one half inches. The- thickness of metal on the armored cruiser Brooklyn (Commodore Schley's flag-ship) is, in inches, as fol- lows: Side, three; deck, three to six; turrets, five and one half; barbette (over which the great eight-inch guns are fired), eight. For the armored cruiser New York (Admiral Sampson's flag-ship), the figures are: Side, four inches; deck, three to six; turrets, five aud one half; barbette, ten. The maximum thickness of armor for the Spanish navy is represented b.v the Pelayo's. as follows: Armor belt, seventeen and three fourths inches; deck, four; barbette, nineteen and one fourth.

The '"armor belt" of the Pelayo and the Spanish armored cruisers extends for several feet above the water-line, but between the armor belt aud the barbette is an unprotected strip eight or ten feet wide running the length of the ship. On the other hand, the side armor of the United States vessels is continuous from water-line to battle-deck.

Of Spain's oight large armored cruisers, six have an armor belt twelve inches thick, which is reduced to ten and one half inches around the gun position, with a 2-inch or .3-inch protective steel deck. The Emperador Carlos V. (see list) has ten inches on her two gun-turrets, but her armor licit consists of only two inches of Harveyized steel. The Cristobal Colon lind six inches of armor-plate and one and one half inches on hor deck. Not much Harveyized steel lias yet found place on Si)anisli war-shi))s. wliereas its use Ity the United States has become extensive. Three inches of Harv(\viz;ed steel has a resisting power equal to more than four inches of the best steel not thus treated,

54 CUI5A AND SPAMSII-AMERICAN WAR.

THE GREAT GUNS OF MODERN WARFARE.

TIh' iri-incli siiKxitli bores used uii the inuii- NAVAL GUNNERY ITEMS. .,,,,.^ ,,,p,,senle.l the .naxinnu., etticieuey of jiuiis .-I ueiieiatioii a.uo. They would peuetrate six inches of iron at the niuz/Je, and aliout three and one lialf inches at tlfteen Imndred yards. (Jreat ari' llie advances since tlie Civil War. The i:!-inch rilled ,i;nns now in use on ,\nierican hatlli'shi]is will penetrate twenty-seven inches of steel at the muzzle, or twenty-three inches at hfteeu hundred yards. No ai'Hior placed on vessels can withstand the penetration of these yiins at close ran.^e. The (iT-ton .^nns of the I'.iitish navy are no better.

To lire one of the KJ-inch .unns on the Indiana, which is the most formidable war-shii) of the United t^tatl>s navy, costs, incrndin,::,- the .i;rcal tooled steel i)ro.iectile of l.loti jtonnds' wei.uiit. .S700 each time i^^'>o for the powder charge and .f.l.-iO Utv \\\r project ih'). and it uives a pressiu'e of two and one (|uai'ter tons to the sipiare inch on tlie protected deck at each dischar.uc It is said the l:j and K! inch uuns can be tired only about one hundred times with eitlier safety or aceuracy: after that they must be discai-ded cutii-ely. or used only with a low service of iiowder at closer ranui', or soiuctimes they may be ritied anew.

A rj-iiich uMiii.willi a ran.uc of over lennules. RANGE RAPIDITY AND ^..,,, ,^,,,1,.,,, ,,ne shot in three minutes, but a VvEIOnT Or rlKt ... n i . .1

lew shots in ipiick sucerssion will heat the

iriui s(t that it must be ijiven time to cool off. .\ .".-inch ^un. with a raii.i;e of over foui- miles, can deliver live shots .-i minute, and a l-inch nun, with a raiiue of three and one half miles, eiuht shots a nnnute. Such rapidity, however, is pi'actically impossible in actu.al (>n.ua.-emcnts. ••The battleshij) Texas." said the Secretary of the Navy, "'is able to deliver a bow or stern lire of two 12-inch ,i;uns, and four S-inch .i,'uus Ihn.winu: ?,:2i)() pf)unds of steel at every v<)llc:\-. In a sin.de broadside volley there will be thrown over two anil one h;ilf tons (d" metal." Vet the Ti'xas li-ures in the Tnited States n:iv;il list ;is .-i ser.md-dass b.ittlesliip. and is quite surpassed, in respect to armament, by our tirsl- dass battleships. The slndl carried Ity the IC-inch brcech-loadin- rilled •runs emplaced for the defen.><e of New York w.'iuhs 'J.I'.To pounds.

The use of modern rilled jriins of lariu'c caliber, thirty to POWDER. ^,„.,.^. f,,,., i„ i,,„irtli. LTivintr hii-h veh.cily and lonj: rani:c. was ri'udereil i.essible by certain iui])roveinents in the manufacture of explosives for tiriuiT them. .\ .irreat stride was made when lar-e -rains of llie so-ea'led prismatic po\Mler be^an to be made. It is n iw usually in hexa.-onal f<.rm. the -r.-iiiis of su.h si/e that they will lii each other clos.'ly. and paek in the eh:indier of tin- -un wiih .-i minimum loss of sitaee. The iiroibicfion <.f smokeless powder for lar.ire irnns. tlioutrh not vet eutirelv successful, will doubtless become so at no distant da,v.

TORPEPO-KOATS AND nKSTROVEiSS. 55

TORPEDO-BOATS AND DESTROYERS.

The ri.iilil which the ITuitetl States recently piir-

^T^n^cn^^xMQcc chased to use the Whitehead torpedo places our lOKPtUU- 1 Uotb. „ . ... .,.,,,

navy on a footing, m this regai'd. with the best

Of other nations. This weapon consists of a cylindrical steel vessel, with the forward end pointed and the rear end rigged up with fin-like rudders. It is eighteen inches in diameter, several feet long and weighs 835 pounds; and its forward conipartuuMit is loaded with 250 poiuuls of guncotton, one of the most tremendously powerful of all explosives. The torpedo-tube is practically a light sort of gun, of which the torpedo is the projectile. The latter is discharged from the tube either by compressed air or by a small powder charge. It is driven through the water l)y a propeller whose engines are set going in the act of dis- charge and are worked by compressed air. It may be impelled in any desired direction to a distance of not exceeding 800 yards, the ordinary range being about one third of a mile. The depth at which it runs is regulated by the horizontal rudders. Torpedoes are usually fired from above the water-level, but in some cases below it. When the torpedo strikes a solid sulistance, such as the hull of a ship, its charge of gun- cotton is immediately fired, with an effect inconceivably destructive. Four officers and sixteen' men make up the regular crew of a torpedo- boat in the .American navy, though the larger ones require rather more.

^^^„^..^ . .r~., I'reciselv what amount of service torpedo-

TORPEDOBOAT ATTACK. , ^ ' , , „ i • • .„ : ,

boats are capable of rendermg is still to be

determined, as their use in actual warfare is as yet almost untried. The- oretically the torpedo-boat's method of attack is to charge upon a ship at its full speed of twenty-five to thirty-eight miles an hour, and when within torpedo range to swing quickly around and let fly from the tubes nmidshi]). or the stern, or from these in succession. If discovered, she will have been under fire of the enemy's rapid-fire gnns since coming within a distance of three or four miles, and latterly under a hailstorm of missiles rroiii his machine-gun or even of bullets from the ritles of his nnirines. It is hard to see how a torpedo-boat could accomplish its purpose wlien attackiug in bi'oad daylight. The deadly work of these little craft must be done on dark nights or in foggy weather, or else under cover of a smoke-cloud in heavy engagements.

Xotwitlistailding the torpedo-boat service is fraught with unusual danger, it has l)eeu eagerly sought by many of the younger officers of our navy. At any moment of iin action the frail craft is li;i])le to be destroyed by shot from thi' enemy's larger vessels, or perchance to he run down by one of his destroyers iset> lielowl. On the wnr-ships search-lights sweep the sea at night in every direction to guard against the approach of these dreaded intrmlers, the incessant watch for whom is weary, wearing work, all the more so because of its monotony. In

56 CfnA AND SrANiSli-AMERTrAN WAR.

the darkness llic innvin.n- torpedo is indic-ited lo Ilios*- liuiiiebing it by lanterns, whidi .-ire so sliai»ed as to lie visible oidy from the rear, and iu the dayiinie by siii;ill llaus.

'I'o tliis siiiule and vividly imitresslve name the enni-

DESTROYEkS. )),.,mf^ term tori)edo-boat (U>stroyers will doidilless soou be i-educed in current literatui'e. The destroyer is simply an enlartred torpedo-boat, provided with extra motive power for swiftness and extra lu'avy unns. It is thns (Miuipiied to c.-itch the stealthy little assassin of the seas and send him to the bottom. In torpedo-boats and destroyers the United States navy has bei-n very weak, jndged by the standard of naval strategists abroad. The Porter and Dupont (.see list on page ">0). while carried on tlie naval list as torpedo-lioats. conld do fair service also as destroyers; bnt the Hailey. Strin.uhani and (ioldsborough. all now approaching comi)letion. are onr first ves.sels distinctively of this type. A large additional number of destroyers, besides many torpedo-boats, are n(-\v luider way. ;ind liappily we liave the facilities for turning them out rapidly. Our new desiioyers will have a spet>d of from thirty to tliiiiy-tliree knots an liour, and eiicli will c.-irry several six-pounders and two or more torpedo-tnltcs.

These c<uistilnte an entirely new essay in naval

SUBMARINE -warfare, one which, if successful, will revolution-

TORPEDOBOATS. j^^. ,, .,^ completely as did Ericsson's nmnitor that superseded wooden ships with armored ones, and ushered in a new era in the use of war projectiles. The rinnger. now nearly completed at I'liltiinore. w;is liuili I'l'om designs by liei' inventor. Mr. .John P. Hol- land. Il has ;i length of eighty-live feet and :\ breadth of eleven and one hair feet, with a displacement of one hundi'ed and sixty-eight tons. Its speed of sixt<'en knots on tlie-surfiice is reduced to ten when sub- merged. Tlie little conning lower rising scarcely three feet above its lo]) affords the ordinary opportunity for steering l»y observation. A small tube tit ted at its top with an inclined nurror or prism can be raised .aliove the cynning tower, and when the boat is entirely sub- merged the navigator steers by the piclure thrown down before hiin by the mirror. Of course, he h:is a compass, and the boat is also pro- vided witli .MU automatic gage \n register the depth at which it is moving bene.-ilii the surface.

In tlie winter of b«!!lT-!»S Mr. Holland finished a

THE HOLLAND sm.iller bo.it of similar type, which was tested DIVING-BOAT. ,,^. ,,|^. ^^.,^.^. j ),,,,., ,ti,ient in April. 18'.)S. bnt not then purchased. This boat, commonly spoken of as the "Holland." is fifty-five feet long, ten and om- fourth feet wide, and its displacement is fifty-five tons. It is built of steel, with the hull shaped like a cigar. Its motive power is of iwn kinds gas-*'ngines and storage batteries of great power. Tlie latU'i- lelectric) motor is for use when the boat is under waler. ( "ompressed-air tanks supply the crew with fresh air. so that,

COMMON NAVAL TERMS EXPLAINED. 57

if need be, complete submersion could be protracted, according to its inventor's ideas, for several hours at a stretch. The so-called diving is effected by altering the pitch of the horizontal rudders as the vessel moves tlirough the water, a"lid in this the water-ballast tanks also assist. Iteverse operations bring about the rising. For maintaining the little craft at her proper depth a delicate mechanism is employed similar to that used on the Whitehead torpedo. She has an under-water discharge tube at her bow for launching the deadly torpedo, also two other tubes. These latter two are inclined upward. The forward one, known as an aerial tori>edo-gun, is capable of throwing a shell contain- ing one hundred pounds of guncotton three fourths of a mile. Mr. Holland declared that with this gun he could destroy Morro Castle at Havana. From the third tube an under-water torpedo-gun, located astern, can throw a shell accurately two hundred yards under water.

COMMON NAVAL TERMS EXPLAINED.

Armament.— A collective term for all the guns (cannon) of a ship, their lumber and weight determining the strength of the armament. Guns o" six-inch caliber or over are styled great guns, and for these the projectile and the ex])losives are made up separately. (See Ilapld- tire guns, and Machine-guns.)

Armor.— The iron or steel sheathing given the sides and exposed deck of a war-vessel, for its protection.

Barbette.— Any good dictionary will give the meaning of this word as used in the science of military fortification. In sea warfare it means the steel wall, often from fifteen to nineteen Inches thick, built up from below and inclosing the lower half or more of the revolving turret where the heaviest guns of a fighting ship are placed. Its main purpose is to protect the turning-gear of the turret, and, of course, it also furnishes a strong additional protection to the turret itself.

Battery.— A number of guns situated near, or at no great distance from, one another considered collectively. Also, the place where they are mounted.

Conning-tower. —The armored tower forward at the base of the steel military mast. Directly above it is the pilot-house, which, however, is deserted in an engagement for the safer steerage-room aft and far below. The conning-tower is then the commander's post, whence he directs everything. Telephones and speaking-tubes put him in direct communication with the gun-stations, engine-rooms, steering-room, etc.

Displacement.— The hull of a vessel riding the water displaces, of course, a certain quantity of it, Avhich, estimated by tons' weight, is called the vessel's displacement.

Catling Gun. —The successful pioneer among machine-guns, so called 'from its inventor, Dr. R. J. Gatling, of Indianapolis,

58 ( ri!A ANM SI'AMSII-AMKKICAN WAK.

Knot. A i::iiit ic:il mile w liicli. liy I lie I'liilcd Stiitcs (illici:il rcck- (iiiiij.i;-. consists of ('..(•Sd.liT feet, and It.v tin- Eiiiilish llic saiiu-. luiims llic Irnctioii. A staititc mile is r),2S0 tVct; lionco. a knot is nearly one sixlh more, so that a vessel niakin.u' twelve Icnots' speed, for e.\ain])le. is coverinii- a distance eiiual on land \o nearly ft)urteeu miles.

Larboard. -Tlie left-hand side as one stands looking toward the Itow of I lie ship. Starl)oar(l is the rijj;ht-hand side.

Machine-gun. On war-ve?isels a j;:un llriui;' shot and shell (not sniall- arnis anmmnilioni. and eoustruetod to maintain a continuous fire by automatic nicchauism.

Marines. Troops enlisted for military service on shipboard, or at dockyards, instead of in the army. The Marine ('orps of the United States had a strength of 2,000 men before its recent increase.

Privateer. —In time of war a vessel armed and otHcered by private [H'rsons. but actini;- luuh'r a commission (lotters of marquel fnjm some established government. I'rivateering was once a favorite war meas- uic. bin. being so iiuich like piracy, has now Iieen renounced iiy almost every civilized n.itioii. except Spain.

Kapid-fire Guns.- Ordnance, of less than six-inch caliber, for whii h the iirojeci ilc and the explosive are put up as one whole.

Squadron. A division of a lleet. or a (h'taclnnent of sliips eniploynl on a particular service or station. In common language, a sijuadron is fri'qtieutly sp(»ken of as a lleet.

LOCATION OF UNITED STATES NAVY-YARDS.

Tiie r.idnUyn. ^^^•lsllington ("ily and I'ciisacola navy yjirds ;ire located as indicated by their names. The League Island navy-yard is at riii!a<lelphia: Charleston, at Itoston; (iosport. near Norfolk. \a.' Killery, opI""^ib' rorlsmouth. .\. II.: Mare Island, near S;in I'rancisco. The uiivc!i;ment dry-dvtcks are at Brooklyn. N. Y., Tort Koyal, S. C, and S.m I'rancisco, ('a!.

THE CUBAN (SPANISH) DEBT.

The so-called Cuban debt iiractically represents the amounts which Spain lu.n-owed on the pledge of her ('id»an reveniu's ;is security, r.esidcs a lloaling <lebl tchietly arrears du«' the army, navy contractors, etc.. in Cuba), it consists of three series of bonds, issued in lS.S(i. 1S!Ml ;ind ISIIC. respectively. These issues of stock aggreg:it(> .^I.Ti.^Oit.L'IM. while ilie ilo.iiing di>bl at tlic outbreak of the Spanish-. \nierican war amounted to .-ilioul .>^7i>.(I(»(1.(»(M). Tlie enormous total is more than .^•"••Ht )ter caiiiia for <'id>a's entire popnl.-itioii.

CTJlBA AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 5!:)

KINDS OF WAR-SHIPS.

Id the clays of sailing vessels a "ship of the line" was a man-of-war sufficiently powerful to talce its place in the line of battle. Its successor in our times is the battleship, heavily armored, and carrying the largest guns. The battleships of the United States Navy cost on an average $3,000,000, exclusive of armament. Each is named after some one of the states of the Union. The Kearsarge is the only exception to this rule.

The cruiser comes next in fighting value, more especially because of its speed, which quite surpasses that of the battleship. Cruisers built for the navy are always named after American cities, instead of states.

An armored cruiser has both side and decli armor, which, however, is not nearly so thiclc as a battleship's.

A protected cruiser has deck armor only. An unprotected cruiser, tliough perhaps carrying powerful guns, is without armor, either on deck or side. Such are the great transatlantic or the Gulf "liners," lately chartered by the United States government for naval service.

Agunboat is a small, light-draft vessel of SOO to 2,000 tons, designed for gun-power rather than speed or coal-carrying capacity. In a loose way any small boat fitted up with one or more guns is often called a gunboat. A special class of rather small gunboats recently added to the United States navy are called composite gunboats,

A monitor is a light-draft, very low, heavily armored vessel of the peculiar type invented by Ericsson (who gave the name Monitor to the first specimen of it), and carrying on deck one or two revolving turrets that contain one or more great guns. Monitors combine, in remarkable degree, high gun-power and limited exposure, but at sea they are slow, clumsy and uncomfortable.

A ram is- built, not for gun-power, but for strength combined with speed, its purpose being to crush in the side of an enemy's vessel. The United States ram Katahdiu is the only vessel of its type in the world.

A converted vessel is one that has been altered from a revenue cutter, merchantman, tug, or the like, and armed.

First-class Vessels, Second-class, etc.— The rating of a ship must not be confounded with its class. In the United States Navy the rating is determined, not as formerly, by the number of guns carried, but wholly by size. A vessel of the first rate is one Avith a displacement of .5.000 tons or over; second rate is below 5,000 down to 3,000 tons; third rate, below 3,000 down to 1,000 tons; fourth rate, below 1,000 tons. In Euro- pean official and American popular usage tlie terms first-class, second- class, etc., do not express fighting value absolutely, but merely the relative importance of different vessels of the same type— battleships compared with other battleships, cruisers with other cruisers, and so on. In close action a cruiser of the first class might be no match for a battleship of the second class.

m

CtrilA AND SVANIRlI-AMEmrAN WAU.

NAVIES OF LEADING NATIONS AND SPAIN.

At the lic.niniiin.L;' of IS'.tS tlic navies of tlic Icadiii.i;- nations and Spain (serviceable vessels) were constitnled as below. Of "obsolete vessels" Spain had 5",), nearly all wooden craft, and tlie I'nited States 11. The fightins' strength of the American navy was largely augmented during the lirst live months of IS'JS, while that of Spain was stationary, her additions no more than offsetting her losses in Manila bay, on May 1st, in the engagement with the American lleet under Com- modore Dewey

Class of Vessels.	X	2 i	5	6			"C Si.	(f. D
Battlesliip.s, 1st class	!) 2 45 6 84 14 30 2 74 16 401 5 34 18 230	1 2 51	29 1,371 24 829 (i ](l(i 11 129 JS 863 123 2,897 3 72 42 117 20 103 51 32 107 219	].■) 672 9 292 12 224 12 104 13 337 47 1,131 14 349 16 67 33 17 46 149 54 • 105	(> 200 10 2.5.5 8 140 11 33 7 270 13 285 6 93 2	n a5:{ 2 i;59 9''		14
Guns of Same	ii) 2W lb 4 16 2 110 8 52 2 23	45t)
Battlesliips, 2d and 3d classes	4
Guns of Same Sea-goinsi Const Defense	120 7
		104
	2 9 8 208 12 259 4 45 11 17 13 17 11 28 9 _25	21
Guns of Same		2;«J
Armored Cruisers	8 343 23 547	14
	424
Protected and Partially Protected Cruisers	3
Guns of Same	79
Unprotected Cruisers	20
Guns of Same		283
Gunboats, 1st class		12
Guns of Same			68
Gunt)oats, 2d aiid .fd class	1 18 104 54 16 47	2 18 117 4 70 55	8 11 36 5 .^5 21	2
Torpedo-lioat l)i'strovers	3 18 1 2	39
Torpe(lo-l)oats, 1st class 2d "	88 6
" .'id "	97
Dispatch, Train! hr. Transport, Ko- pair. Tugs and Miscellaneous Vessels	98
Total Vessels	164 i,;«i ■:■ 982 ■:- 12,000	143 624 1,009 16,300 400 6,920	78,S 6,3S) 2.243 .58,916 746 17,842	452 3.176 2.220 49.3110 1.04(1 27,800	.30.3 l,27(i 967 17,820 226 2,.500	314 1,472 795 20,4(Mi 83 440	Hi 617 11,9<I0 76 720	425
Total (iuns	1,773
OfllccrR	1.2riO
Seamen	:«>,(K)0 ;tS2
" — Soldiers		2,890
Total Active List	13.582 2.800	24,629 2,5,000	79,947 8.3,000	80.920 84,350	21,513 37,000	21,724 19.600	1.3,.313 2,060	40,.5.32
Naval Reserves	45,000

'■' Includes marine corps.

.Japan at the end of 1897 had in her navy 5 first-class and 2 smaller battleships, carrj'iiig in all 2.33 guns; 6 coast-defense vessels, with 34 guns; 4 armored and 22 unarmored cruisers; 9 gunboats; 147 torpedo-boats, nearly all second aud third class; other vessels, 9.

KANK AND I'AY IN TlIK ARMY AND NAVY.

61

RANK AND PAY IN THE ARMY AND NAVY.

FoUowiun' is tlic iHiiiivaleiit rank of eoiuuiissioued EQUIVALENT RANK. ^^^^^^ ,^ ^^^^ ^,^^,^ ]yrauches of service:

Army. Navy.

Second Lieutenant Ensign

First Lieutenant.. ..Lieutenant (Junior)

Captain Lieutenant

Major Lieutenant-Commander

Lieutenant-Colonel Commander

Army. Navy.

Colonel Captain

Brigadier-General Commodore

Major-General Rear-Admiral

Lieu tenant-General Viee- Admiral

General Admiral

The grades of General and Lieutenaut-General in the army, and Admiral and Vice-Admiral in the navy, have been abolished, but are subject to revival at the pleasure of Congress. Cadets, whether military or naval, are not com- missioned officers, though drawing pay as named below.

PAY OF ARMY OFFICERS.

Army officers, in active service, receive yearly pay as follows:

Grade.

Major-General

Brigadier-General

Colonel

Lieutenant-Colonel

Major

Captain, mounted

Captain, not mounted

First Lieutenant, mounted

First Lieutenant, not mounted

Second Lieutenant, mounted

Second Lieutenant, not mounted....

Firsts Years' Service.

87,500 5,5(10 3,500 3,000 2.500 2,000 1,800 1,600 1,500 1,500 1,400

After 5

Years'

Service.

8^,850 3,300 2,7.50 2,200 1,980 1,760 1,650 1,6.50 1,540

After 10 Years' Service.

«4,200 3,600 3,000 2,400 2,160 1,920 1,800 1,800 1,680

After 15

Years'

Service.

-«4,.500 3,900 3,2.50 2,600 2,340 2,080 1,9.50 1,9.50 1,820

After 20 Years' Service.

-$4,500 -4,000 3,500 2,800 2,520 2,240 2,100 2,100 1,960

'■'The maximum pay of Colonels is limited to J4,.500, and of Lieutenant- Colonels to $4,000.

Besides free instruction, cadets at the West Point Military Academy receive $•540 yearly pay. A Chaplain's pay is the same (including successive increases of 10, 20, 30 and 40 per cent for continued service) as given in the table for First Lieutenant, not mounted.

PAY OF NAVAL OFFICERS.

Naval officers on the active list receive yearly pay as follows:

Rank.

At Sea.

On Shore Duty.

On Leave

orWaiting

Orders,

Rear- Admirals

Commodores

Captains

Commanders

Lieutenant-Commanders* ...

Lieutenants'-'

Lieutenants (.Junior Grade)

Ensigns'^'

Chaplains t

$6,000 5,000 4,.500 3,500 2,800 2,400 1,800 1,200 2.500

S5,000 4,000 3,.500 3,000 2,400 2,000 1,.500 1,000 2,000

84,000 3,000 2,800 2,300 2,000 1,600 1,200 800 1,600

*Pay increases S200 per annum four years from date of commission. tPay increases $300 per annum five years from date of commission. Besides free instruction, cadets at the Annapolis Naval Academy receive 8500 yearly p^y.

Q2 CrBA AND SPAMSll-AMKRICAN WAtt.

CAPE VERDE AND CANARY ISLANDS.

A m-Hiii of islands bclou.uinfi- lo Portujxal, in CAPE VERDE ISLANDS, ^j^^' ^,, .,,„•„. ,,,.,..111. off llic wcstcruiiiost point of Afr'H'a. 'I'lH-y lie in the siinic latitndc as the C.-ntral Anua-ican state of Honduras. 'I'olal area, about I.CSO sqn.aro miles, with a poinilation of ll.->.(Mii). nine tenths Itcin,;:- nc.urocs and uiulaltoos. Porto Trayo is the capilal. ri-oni St. Vincent, the piiiK-ipal harbor of the Caite Verde islands, to Porto Piieo is 2.(i<»0 niiU's.

("Do'u: islands." front llio Latin word Canis. a dog.) CANARY ISLANDS. ^ ^.^^^^jj^ ^^^. i^i,,„,|„ ,,,•,• ,i„. ,vost coast of Africa, in

Mboul tlic saiur lalittide as 'lainpa. I'Morida. In round nunil)ers tliey are srvru hundred miles from Cadiz. S|>ain. and nine hundred miles from llii" Cipe \erde isl.ands. ToLal area. 2.Si).s s<iuare mih's. Population iiicaiiy all of Spanish or mixed oriiiini. about :!l(t.(MM». The capital is Sant.a Cm/, de San1ia.i;o ("Holy Cross of St. .I;i.Li-o"». but is often spoken of as 'I'eiierilfe. beinji' near the famous pc^ak of that name. The former cai»ital was Las Pabnas. The Canaries are a valued possession of Spain.

LADRONE AND CAROLINE ISLANDS.

The Ladrone and Caroline .uroups. with the Marshall THELADRONES. j^,.,,,,,^ (C.-rmant .and (iilbert islands (British), hun- dreds of miles eastward, constitute Micronesia, a name well and once hapiiily known in missiomiry circles the world over. They are all coral islets, a thousand of them, risinj; only a few feet out of the sea anil steepeil in jierpetual summer. The Ladrones r(>ach u]) to the direct paihw.iy of liie ste.amer and at about live sevenths of the distance from Ijoncdulu to M.anila. The princi])al island. (Juam. which lies a few hundred nnies south of the direct route, was taken possession of .Tune •Jlsl by the lirst Pliilippine exix'ditioii. one comiiai'.y of the L'ourteenth Lnited Slates regulars reiil.-ieinL;- Hie Siianish u.aia'ison of lifty-folir men. who, with the .uovernor and other otHcers. were carried ])risoners to Civile. The score or two of Ladrone islands have a total area not mueii exceediiii,' KMt square miles, with a population .if about Id.tMKI.

These lie south of Hie Ladrones. and exli'iid further THE CAROLINES. .^^^ jj^,|,^_ ^..iiii^, Aineri<an missionaries in lS.-)2. in

the barU.-iniiiie .Mornin.n- Star. paid for with moneyraised by th(> children in Christian homes ihrouirhout the Tniled States. Their work prospered -really till, in an evil hotn-.iu 1SNT. the Spaniards ai)peared with a claim of sovereii:nty. and be-^an harryiiiL' the n.alives (who later turned upon and massaia-ed their opi)ressorsi. and in violalicui of repeated pledges comiiclled tin- missionaries, by successive encro.-icliments. to abandon liieir work. They eventually coHeclcil .<17..".<»> for the mission property destroveil. but were never able to return.

PORTO RICO. 63

PORTO RICO.

Porto (or Puerto) Rico is tbe fourth in size of tlie LOCATION AND West Indiau Islands, Hayti being the second and

DIMENSIONS. Jamaica the third. It was discovered by Colum- bus iu 141)3, on his second voyage, and in the early years of the foUow- iug century was governed by Ponce de Leon, famous in American history froin his fruitless search for the fountain of youth among the wilds of Florida. Spain held the island for upward of four centuries, though she had to fight for it more than once with the Dutch and the English. It is about 450 miles east of Cuba (in latitude a trifle further soutli), and is separated from it by Hayti and the adjoining straits. From Havana to San Juan, Porto Eico, the voyage is at least one thousand miles. The island's length is variously given by different authorities as from ninety to one hundred and eight miles. Its greatest breadth is thirty-seven miles, and its total area about 3,550 square miles. Between Porto Rico and Hayti flow the waters of the Mona Passage. From east tO' west Porto Rico is traversed by SURFACE, STREAMS ^ range of hills so situated that the streams AND FORESTS, flowing northward are much longer than those flowing south. The highest district is situated near the southeast corner where the peak of El Yunque attains an altitude of 3,G00 feet. As the hills interc'^-ijt the northwest trade-winds, with their rain-clouds, there is sometimes a superabundance of moisture in the northern low- lauds, yet severe droughts in the south. The island is, upon the whole, exceptionally well watered, 1,300 streams being enumerated, of Avhich forty-seven are large enough, from the European standard, to pass for rivers. Its general appearance is very beautiful. Forests in tlieir tropical depth of green still cover all tlie higher portions of tlie hills. Roads and bridges, though somewliat improved of late years, are still the great want of the island.

The two great staples of this fertile island are sugar and coffee, besides which tobacco, cotton, rice and Indian corn are extensively raised. Yams and plantains are also cultivated. Oranges, cocoanuts and other tropical fruits likewise receive attention and thrive luxuriantly. The principal food of the agricultural laboring clasis is a variety of mountain rice, grown without flooding. On the loAvland pastures large herds of excellent cattle are reared to supply butcher-meat for St. Thomas (Danish) and the French islands of the Lesser Antilles. Porto Rico's exports ($18,000,000 annually) exceed Jamaica's more than two to one, consisting mainly of sugar and molaKses, coffee, honey, tobacco, beef and hides. A large part of the tobacco has always been sent to Havana, there to be manufactured, under the government monopoly, into cigars. Gold, iron, copper, coal and salt ai"e all found in Porto Rico, but only the last is worked.

PRODUCTS.

t>4 CUBA AND SI'ANISH-AMEUICAN WAR.

Tlic population of sonu' SOO.OOO is about three tiftlis

POPULATION. ^yi,i,^. .,i„i t^y^^ lifths i)lack. Ainon.i,' the people of Europeau origlu are Si)auiartls, (iermaus, fSwedes, Daues, liussiaiis aud Fri'neluuen, besides the deseeudauts of Moorish Jews aud natives of the Canary Islands. There are also a uumber of Chinese.

San Juan de Puerto Rico (commonly abbreviated to

bAN JUAN, gg^jj Juan), on the north coast, is the principal town,

Tnt CAPITAL ^^ ^,^^1 as the capital. It was founded, by Ponce de Leon, in l")!!, and is built on an island named Morro, connected with the mainland by bridges. The harbor is one of the best in the West Indies, having a comparatively unobstructed entrance, and even at the wharves a depth of ten to fifteen feet. The toA\ n of San Juan, with its district, has a population of about oO.OOO. It figures in history as a place of some military strength, and contains the palace of the governor- general in the old fort of Santa Catalina, bishop's palace, cathedral, government arsenal, town-house, theater, etc. It is regularly laid out, well drained, and one of the nicxst healthful towns in the West Indies. Tho fortifications of San Juan Avere materially strengthened during the early mouths of IS'.KS, and the harbor is said to have been mined.

Ponce, three miles inland from the south coa.st, is

OTHEK TOWNS, ^j^^ ^^^^^ most important town, and in general appear- ance rather more modern, containing among other public buildings a towu hall, hospital and Episcopal church, and it is lighted with ga.s by an English company. Mayaguez, on the west coast, is also situated several miles inland, and is separated from its port by a river, of late years liridgtMl. The only other towns of any importance are (Juayama on, aud Coama near, the south coast, Aguadilla in the north- west corner of the island, and Ar(>cibo on the north coast.

I'esides San Juan there are only two or three

HARBORS, ROADS s.>(ure harbors in the whole island. The others AND RAILROADS. .,,.,. „.,..,,i„.,iiy tilling up. and can be utilized by light-draft vessels only. This and the greatly iufericn' size of Porto Uico would make its blockade much easier of accomplishment tli.iu Cub.a's. Since 1S,S."» several miniature railroads have been built along (he easier grades near the coast. The latest and best mai>s still show hoiise-trails to be .almost (he only means of communication (hroughou( (he greater part of (he interior. Koads are still the great want.

The aboriginal inhabitants were soon swept away

SPANISH RULE. ^^^. ,j|^.j|. s^,,;,„jj.i, conipierors. and aluuKst no vestiges of llieni niiiMiii. In isi'o ,1 mov*'ment looking toward independence was set on Inoi in Porto Itico. but by ISi.':! Sjuiin had completely re-estab- lished her sui)reniacy. Porto Kico h.is its own governor-general aud a measure of autonomy, having been decreed in 1870 a province of Spain. I'or administrative purposes it is divided into seven depart- ments. The l:ist traces of slavery were abolished in 1ST3.

The PHiLiPrixNE islands. B5

THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

[Other important in formation is given on page 4ii.]

The Pliilippiue Islands were discovered by GENEKAL DESCRIPTION. jjjjio-,.iiau iu ir,21. Spanish conquest besan in incf), and in 1571 the capital was established at Manila. The Phil- ippines constitute an important archipelago southeast of the continent of Asia, extending from 4° 40' to 20° north latitude, and from 116° 40' to 126° 80' east longitude from Greenwich. The principal ones, from north to south, are Luzon, Camarines, Mindoro, Samar, Leyte, Penay, NegTos, Cebu, Bohol, Mindanao. Palawan and the Sulu group of islands. The most northerly groups are the Batanes and Babuyanes, between Luzon and Formosa. They are quite unimportant. All the islands may be characterized as mountainous and hilly, and much of the archipelago has imdoubtedly been heaved from below the sea-level within compar- atively recent times. It is believed to contain a considerable amount of undeveloped mineral wealth.

The working volcanoes are now comparatively VOirANOF^ AND

VULV.Al'MWCi AINU ^^^^ ^^^ g^j^jg ^^ ^j^gj^ ^^^^ jjggjj ^^j.y yiolj^ut

EARTHQUAKES, ^j^jji^ q„j|g i-^eent times. In 1814 a terrible eruption of the Albay, or Mayon, volcano, in the southeastern part of Luzon, partially destroyed seA^eral large villages, and proved fatal to 12,000 persons, the matter thrown out forming vast deposits deep enough in some places near the mountain to bury the loftiest trees. A similar fate befell the same district during the eruption of 1867. On the thirty-lirst of October, 1876, one of the terrible storms for which the Philippines are notorious burst on this same mountain, pouring down whose sides and sweeping along the loose volcanic debris, the floods brought destruction on many settlements below, tilling up the roads, breaiving doAvn the bridges and completely mining upward of 6,000 houses. In the great wild island of Mindanao three volcanoes have been destructively active, at intervals, up to a late date. Earth- quakes are so frequent and violent as to determine the styles adopted in the erection of the buildings. In 1874 they were felt daily for several weeks. But the most violent on record occurred in July, 1880, when the destruction of property was immense.

The climate is genuinelv tropical, with three seasons — the cold, hot and wet. The cold extends from November to February or March. The winds are then northerly, and, though there is no need for fire, woolen garments can be worn with comfort in the mornings; the sky is usually clear and the atmosphere bracing; and for- eigners look forward to this period as the most enjoyable of the year. During the hot season, from March to .Tune, the heat becomes very oppressive before the beginning of the southerly monsoon. Thunder- storms, often of terrific violence, are liable to occur in May and June.

66 CUBA AND SPAXTSII-AMERTCAN WAR.

Tlio wi't st'jisOu covers .Inly, Auiiust, Si'itlciiiluT .iiiil OcIoIxt. avIicii the fain comes down in torrents, and lari[j;e ti'Mcts of the h)wer country are tlooth'd. The northern islands lie in the re.uion of the typhoons. At Manila tlie mean temperature for the cold season is about 72; hot season. S7, and wet season. S4i/1> degrees.

KicG is the staple food of the natives, wlio cultivate it

^ extensively. But the plants of prime importance are

Manila hemp, sugar-cane, tobacco, cotfee and cocoa. Abaca, or Manila hemp, is grown in the southeast of Luzon and in Samar. Leyte and ISohol. Its cultivation requires little trouble, and the plantations, usually small, are each the property of a native family. Hand labor and u few simple machines of native construction are all that is required in tlie I)reparation of the fiber, from which are made ropes and cables of great durability, while its finer grades are Avoveu into fabrics suitable for wearing-ajiparel. which is often beautiful and of high cost. Other qualities fnniisli tli>' material for maidng the mMiula-i)ap('r so famil- iar to all.

The exports of sugar, as of other products, are mostly sliipped from Manila, thougli nearly 2.0()(),0(M> pounds are exported from lloilo (on the island of I'anay). which is tlie port next in inq)ortance. Most of the larger plantations, some of them exceeding one tlKuisand acres, are monastic property, and are leased out to Chinese half-breeds, who are said to succeed mucii Ix'tter than Euroi)eans. Colfee was introduced, probably from Brazil, in the latter i)art of the eighteeutli century, but it was 182(i befor(> the first plaulatioii on a larg(> scale was formed. Tobacco was m.ade a government monopoly in 17S1. and remained such till 1SS2. Thougli any one might grow tlic i)iaiit to any extent he pleased, the governiiUMit was the only luirchaser. fixed its own price, and. ])aying its debts according to its own convenience, was sometimes thr(>e or four years in arrears. Besides, certain districts were bound to furnisli a certain (piality of the leaf, and thus the peasant was forc«'d. under severe penalties, to devote himself to the tobacco crop, when ofttMitimes he would have obtaini'd better results from something els<>. Nearly ;'()().(MM >.()()() cigars have been manufactured annually, in .six factories, ('mploying twenty thousand hands, about oii(> third for for- eign ex|(ort and liie rest fur lioiiic consumption.

TiKlrr il;ite of I'cltniarv 2S, 1S!>S. the T'nil»Ml

IMPORTANCE OF ^,.„„^ ,.„„^„, .„ ,,,„n,;Mr. Oscar F. Williams.

AMERICAN TRADE. ,||.|^,^, .,,| ,.].,i„„.;ite olticial report resp.'cting the riiilip|)ines. in wliicli lie said: "Local authorities estimate the area of tlu' l'iiiliiii)incs :il 1.".ii.(mmi v;i|u;ire miles, aiid Ilie population at l.".(MMt.()00. Twenty-two consulates are (>stablislicd .'it Manila. The volume of tlie export trade coming under my official siqiervision equals that of my twenty-one consular colleagues coml)iiied. The trade of the Philiiipines with tlie T'nit«'d States is growing at a remarkable rate. To-day I

THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

67

have authenticated invoices for export amountius to $13S.0(;6. During the last three uiontlis 210,000 bales of hemp were exported; of these 13(3,7!>2 went to the United States, and 7'J,20S to Great Britain and other countries. Last year the increase of hemp shipments to the United Slates was 137.000 bales. Of tlie total increased shipments from the I'hilippiues, those to the United States Avere fifty-four per cent .urealer than to all other countries together. In the item of sugar, which is the second in importance among the exports, the shipment to the United States was lifty-tive per cent of the total to all points."

This is one of the great emporiums of the East.

CITY OF MANILA, rj^j^^, principal street of New Manila (that part north of Pasig river), is the Escolta, lined with innumerable shops and stalls, and crowded with a strange and motley population of various races. The Rosario is given over to the Chinese shops. In New Manila the streets are straight, but most of them unpaved, and during the rains almost impassable. The outlying districts of New Manila consti- tute the Binondo suburb, where many of the residences are airy cot- tages, reared amid groves of tropical trees, raised on posts to permit the free passage of the waters in the rainy season, and so constructed as-, by their elasticity, to withstand earthquake shoclvS. Manila is a city of suburbs. Cavite, seven miles to the south, is very important as the location of the naval arsenal, etc. The northern suburbs are mostly given over to different lines of textile and other manufactures. Bulacan, five miles above Binondo, is a hive of fabricating industries. On the Avest shore of the bay, twenty-five miles across from ^Manila, is the fashionable resort of Balauga.

Manila has six daily newspapers, three banks, a mint, a chamber of commerce and complete electric-light and telegraph plants. The Mexican silver dollar is in general use. There are four regular steam- ship lines to Hong Kong and a monthly line to Uiverpool. The leading railroad into the interior is first-class, having steel rails, stone culverts, and English engines capable of drawing trains forty-five miles an hour. Under Spain the Philippines have been subject

SPANISH ^^^ j^ governor-general with supreme powers, assist-

ADMINISTRATION. ^^^ ^^ ^ "junta of authorities," consisting of the archbishop, tlie commander of the forces, the admiral, the president of the supreme court, etc.; also by a central junta of agriculture, industry and commerce, and by a council of administration. In the provinces and districts the chief power was in the hands of alcades, and of governors combining both civil and military power. The Spanish method of raising revenues was simple enough. It consisted of naming some prominent and wealthy native the "cabeca de baraugay" of a certain village or group of fnmilies, and making him responsible, some- times to his complete beggary, for the collection of the tribute that had been assessed on his district. Chinese were subject to special taxes.

68 CUBA AND SPANISU-AMERICAN WAU.

POPULATION.

The great bulk of the population is made up of different tribes of Malays, some of them semi-civilized and uoiniiially Christian (Roman Catholics), some pagan savages; while others, a little higher in civilization than the latter, arc Molianunedans. The strougliokl of these last is the island of Miudauau, though there are iudcpcudent native tribes in the interior of nearly all the other larger islands as well. Of Europeans other than Spaniards, tlie number in the Philippines is few, divided between many nation- alities. Many half-breeds, especially Chinese mestizos, are seen in Manila and elsewhere in Luzon, Chinese immigrants, in spite of mas- sacres and administrative restrictions, form a powerful element in the riiilippiues. There is hardly a town or large village in which they are not found, petty trade and banlcing being nearly all in their hands.

HAWAII (OR SANDWICH) ISLANDS.

The Sandwich Islands were discovered in 1778 by Captain James Cook, who was afterward killed there by the cannibal natives. They were civilized and Christianized chiefly through the efforts of American missionaries, who began their work in 1820. The group comprises tifteen islands, the eight inhabited ones having a total area of G.740 s(piare miles (one sixth that of Ohio), as follows: Hawaii. 4.121(J; Maui, 7()(); Oahu, 000; Kauai, 590; Molokai, 270; Lauai. 1.10; Niliau, 1)7; Kahoolawe, (53. They are 2,100 miles from San Francisco, in a south- west direction, being about one third the total sailing distance from San Francisco to Manila. They owe their importance chiefly to their position, far out in the broad Pacific, in the line of commerce between the Pacific states and British Columbia on the one side, and Japan, (Miina and Australasia on the other. The climate is healthful, with sca-brei'zes and moderate rains; mean temperature about seventy-five degrees, the tliermonieter having a range of only tliirty degrees. The Hawaii Islands and Cul)a are in precisely the same latitude.

The most striking feature under this head is the

POPULATION. Qt.^.,.j.ase of the natives from about 200,000 in 1878 to less tliMii sixteen per cent of that number. A census taken early lu 1S07 gave a total population of 100.020. as follows: Ilawaiians, 31.019; part Ilawaiians, 8,18."); .lapauese, 2-i.l(»7: Cliiuese. 21.(il(;; Portuguese, l."».l(Hi; Americans, 3.080: Uritisli. 2.2.">(t; otlier nationalities. 3.0."^7. The ,\mericans tlius number not (piite three per cent of the wliole. while the natives are (luite exceeded by the combined count of the .lapauese and Clnnese, nearly all imported l.-iborers on the sugar plantations.

Sugar Is the gre:it slajile. Kice. coffee, liides. bananas

PRODUCTS, .jiii^ ^^.^,|,j .ij.^. .jj^^^ exported. Fine crops of wheat are raised in the upl:uiils, .iiid live stock of all the ordinary varieties thrive well. Among the minor crops in the valleys are cotton, tobacco, yams.

HAWAII (OK SAXDWICH) ISI.ANDS. 69

iUTowfoot and cacao. Ninety per cent of the conmierco is with the United States. The hitest anuiial report gives the value of .sugar exports at Jf'T.OTG.OOO: rice, .');1C)2.0(I0: bananas, ^103,000.

i.rx».^. .,. ., '^'li'=^ '*^ ^lif l»i'iiit-ipal port, as well as the capital. It is HONOLULU. ■. . 1 v^i • 1 1 4-- /> , 1 , , , .

situated on the island ot Oahu, and had a population in

1S07 of 2S.0(il. Nearly all its trade is in the hands of Americans and

Europeans. Honolulu has most of the local features of an enterprising

American city, ami is lighted by electricity. There are seventy-one

miles of railroad iu the islands, and two hundred aud tifty miles of

telegraph. A submarine telegraph between Honolulu and San Frau-

ci.sco is likely to l)e laid at lio distant date.

HAWAIIAN Each of the islands originally had its own chief, but

nci/r>i iiTirkM «liortly before the American missionaries went there REVOLUTION. ^, ^ ,. , , .

the government was consolidated into one kingdom

by Kamehameha I. Constitutions, increasingly liberal, were granted in 1.S40, is:y2 and 1.SS7. Queen Liliuokalani, who succeeded to the throne in 1891, desired more power for herself aud the native population, and in January, 1SU3, attempted to force her cabinet to approve a new constitution drafted on those lines. In consequence she Avas deposed January 17th, bj' a Committee of Public Safety, aud a provisional gov- ernment was formed under the presidency of Sauford W. Dole (sou of an American missionary), to continue until a treaty of annexation with the United States should l)e concluded. The treaty to this end which President Harrison sent to the United States Senate was with- drawn iu ;March, 1803, by Pre.sident Cleveland.

On the fourth of Juiy. 18!t4, a republic was pro- ANNEXATION claimed, with Mr. Dole as president for a six-yi«ars'

ACCOMPLISHED. ^^^.^^^^ ^^^^^ world soon grew accustomed to the idea of the absorption of HaAvaii by the Uuited States, aud at length the advantages of utilizing the island as a naval base for our operations iu the Philippines broke down the opposition of Cougress. The fate of the annexation treaty in the Senate being still in doubt, Ivepreseutative F. (4. Newlauds, of Nevada, proposed a joint resolution designed to accomplish the same end. It passed the Hou.se June 15, 1898, by a vote of 209 to 01; the Senate July 0th, by 42 to 21, and the next day was signed by the president. The resolution provided for a commission of five, tAvo of them resident HaAvaiians (the Americans appointed by the president being Senators Morgan aud Culloiu and Congressman Hitt), to recommend to Congress such legislation as they might deem advisable; assumed the public debt of HaAvaii, not to exceed $■4,000,000; prohibited Chinese immigration; .abrogated Hawaiian treaties Avith for- eign powers; and, pending p<'rma!ieiit l(\gislation by Congress, placed the island under control of the president, who was lik(«wise empowered to appoint persons to put into effect a pnnisional government.

7(t

CtTBA AND SI'AMSU-AMERICAN WAK.

INDEX

AcciTiKli'i'iis Y ;{(!

Amiihli.ns Y::8

Al.|iii/.:ir N 11

Arimuiii.ih M 11

Aiii..vri liliiuco T •_•!•

Arlriiiis;! M in

It.'ililii (!<■ (iiianlaii-

Jiiiiii Y :{!l

r.:ilii.ili(.li(l:i M !)

Itillics L 11

I'.ar.-icoa \\' 4:i

I'larraiicMS W :!4

I'.a. SaiiiM Maria. . . .S 2<i

l!a. SI a. Clara I. IS

I'.alabario S V2

I'.a.vaiiii. W :»

W. lie Malaiizas L IT.

r..'.|u«a.l M I'J

r.'Tiiif.ja M 1")

r.(ii-a tif <'aral)i'las. J} :\\

I'.nia i1.' .rarnct, L 1."?

I'.iK-a (Ic la Yaua u*

(Ic Mnmii () 1.'7

r.'y Alliiil'cra ilrCiia-

• liaiia I' 4

Calianas M 10

Caliip ill' Ciir/. Y :10

«'al.n ill' S. Alllollin. .(} 1 ( aiharicii N L':!

< 'aiiiiaiirra Y XO

Ca.iio \11

Caliiiii'li' \ IS

• 'alvaiio L 12

( 'aiiia^'iu'.v (iiorlhcrii

piiiiit of Eastern

TriHlia P27

Caniariix-a L Ifi

t'aiias L ir>

< 'a nasi I> IT.

Caiii'V X :!S

<'aii(. M l-J

Caiil.'l L If!

Carahalli- I. 14

Caiilciias I, 17

('artam'na <M!)

<'asimia M l.-,

Caiili. Alia.i.0 W :\7

• 'aiitii del Kiiihai'ca-

(l.ri. V.l:!

Cayamas V :!.'{

Cirin (Jiiayaliii X 40

cii'iia^a (If /aiiala .N lo

< 'li'iifMCK<i« ( I'lip- -Jf'.-

!m;|i PI!)

Cirili'lllrs M -Jl

Tniii'lia M 21

Ci.iral Nn.'vi. M i:!

• 'iirral Nih-vd L ir«

<'i.nl.'iilis liay K :'.

Cuirli'iili'S (CaiiiM. . . .K 4 <'s. lie Maiizanilli). .\V :!2

Ciilillas U .'10

Kl C.l.n. X .•?7

Kni-ariiaila X .'!"

?:iis. .1.' Mariaiiau. ..1,11

Katii ••nmlia X 14

Kan. I!i>ii<all (/ 2

l'"ar>i Vai}:as Y :!0

Cranial. 's O .".

(;ni|)i) (itiaiiiKiiaiilfo.o 4

OF THE MAP OF

< iiiailaliipi' r 2r(

< iiiaiinaii) T .■'.2

<;iiala.i M 11

(Jiiaiialiaciia L 12

< ; nana liana >I l.".

Cuanahai. M 11

(Jnaiialid L i:!

(inaiialiacabibi's d'e-

iiinsula nf) Q :'>

(Jtiana.jay M 11

(iiiaiiajayaliii M 17

(•iiantaiiaiiK) Bay . . . .Y •'!)!

(Jiiaslnias L Id

Cnhics M K!

(iiiinia di' Solo (j 22

<;uira(l.' .M.'l.na M 11

Halo Nucv.i .\I is

Havana I I'op.200.40Si I, 12

lloiiruin r :!(i

Iloyo Coloiado L 11

.larnco I, l:{

.lihacoa 1,14

.1 i^cnani \V ."!.'

.li(|iiial)o I, 1:'.

.hnaro I{ 2.'.

I. a i;nci-nci jada \ 22

I, a .Tajrini. .'. M 14

I, a I'lava do I'.ala-

bano N 12

I,a Saind M 12

Las Arenas V Xi

I, as CriKfs (» 20

La Si'il.a M 11

Las .Tnnia;;iias .M 2ii

La T.'ia LIS

.Madnifra M 14

.Mafsa i('api'> X 44

Maiaua I'.av (a t

sontli end of Wi'st-

ci'n 'Profliai X lo

ALma^rna M 12

Man/.anllli. \V .••.2

.Mariana L 12

Ma rid (northern

point of \Yestern

Troeliat L 10

Malanzas(I'op..".(i.:!T!iiL 1.".

Melena .M l:{

Mi'iinns L 15

Minas S :!0

Mojan^a (sonlhern

point of \YeslerM

Troeha N 10

Moron X :!s

Moron P2(;

Xavajas X Ki

Xenva I'az X 14

Xnevllas U .-{2

X\a. C.'n.na Usla

de IMnos oil

I', de Herraen Y .IS

I', d.' Salin.'s X 10

I'en. de Latorre o"

del Uann.n T .'{S

I'.-pe Aiilonl.. I, 12

rinar del Kio O 7

I'lava M 1!>

IM.iv.i .l<l CaliniK.. . .X 14

P. Mava L IT,

P. Xnevd M 10

CUBA.

pi. xipc V :',s

I'to. de P.ahialK.nda. .M S

Plo. de P.anes r :w

Plo. de Caliainis L !1

Plo. de Casilda It 22

Plo. di' C. hollas V 40

Plo. de (JIbara T ::c.

Pto. de .laicua P I'.l

Plo. de la Ciiira M 10

Plo. de la IIabana...L 12

I'lo. del Padre S 35

Pto. de .Mariel lat north end of West- ern 'rro.h.i L lo

Plo. de .X.-iianjo. . . .T .•;7

Plo. de xipe. .; T' :;o

Plo. de Xne\ iias U :?2

Plo. de 'r.inanio V 40

Plo. .Maiiali S .S4

Piierlo de Cnba Y ;i7

Pinrlo Prin<-ipeiPop.

4(;.(!41) S2<.»

Ha 1 Y X^

Ui'tiUi L 12

Kosario S V.i

Sa. del Cobre X :'.6

Sa. de Xipo Y :!S

Sairna la (Jrande M 21

S. Afrnsiin V 2S

Sandam. M 12

S. Andres <) 2a

S. Andres V .".fi

SMni.'na ile Tananio. . V 41

Santa ("lara O 21

Sanlia;;o di- Cuba

(Pop. 71.:!n7l Y X8

Santo Ksplriln (} 24

S. Anionio L K!

S. Anion!,, M n

S. Cristobal X !>

S. Felipe M 12

S. Franeo de Fanla.M 14

S. <;eroninio S 2S

Sib.-iriinar LI.".

S. .lose de las Laias.M 13 S. Jose de los KainosM IS S. .Tnaii de los Ueni-

edios X 23

S. Malias L 14

S. Miu'nel de Xnevi-

las S 32

S. M. Kosario L 12

S. Xi<-olas M 14

Sta. Ana M ir.

Sta. Catalina X 40

Sta. Crnz Y 2!l

Sta. Itosa X 40

Tapasli- L 13

Torri.nle X Ifi

Triniilad <^ 22

Troeha, Eastern. . . .

!•<} l: S2<i

Trofdnt, AYestern..M X lo

Tnnas U 23

A'leioria de las Tn- nas r 33

VIdna X 31

AYesiern Troeha. .M N lo

Yark'iia T .a

Yulleriiii X 7

:J

Gunboat. Length,

HELENA. Speed, 13 knots.

250f feet; breadth, 40 feet. Displacement, 1,392 tons. Guns, eight

4-inch rapid-fire, four 6-pounder and four 1-pounder rapid-fire, and two Gatlings. One torpedo-tube. Armor, in inches, deck 5-16, slope |. Officers, 10; men, 160. Cost, $280,000.

Dispatch-boat. DOLPHIN. Speed, 15^ knots.

Length, 240 feet; breadth, 32 feet. Displacement, 1,486 tons. Guns, two 4-inch rapid-fire, two 6-pounder rapid-fire, two 47-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Gatlings, Officers, 7; men, 108. Cost, $315,000.

— 71 —

Training-ship. BANCROFT. Speed, 14J knots.

Length, 187^ feet; breadth, 32 feet. Displacement, 839 tons. Guns, four 4-inch rapid-fire, two 6-pounder and two 3-pounder rapid-fire, one 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, one 37-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and one Catling. Two torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck |, slope 5-16. Officers, 10; men, 113. Cost, $250,000.

Gunboat. 'i URKTOWN. Speed, IG knots.

Length, 230 feet; breadth, 36 feet. Displacement, 1,710 tons. Gun.s, six 6-inch breech-loading rifles, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder and one 1-pounder rapid-fire, two 37-millimet('r Hotchkis.>< revolving cannon, and two Catlings. Six torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck and slope §. Officers, 14; men. 181. r^)st, $455,000,

— 72 —

Protected Steel Cruiser.

BOSTON. Speed, 15J knots.

Length, 271i feet, breadth, 42 feet. Displacement, 3,000 tons. Guns, six 6-inch and two 8-inch breech-loading rifles, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder and two 1-pounder rapid-fire, two 37 and two 47 millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Catlings. Armor, in inches, deck and slope IJ. Officers, 19; men, 265. Contract price, $619,000.

Proii. I, I ,-' -el Cruiber. ATLANTA.

Length, 271i feet; breadth, 42 feet. Displacement, 3,000 tons. Guns, six G-inch and two 8-inch breach-loading rirtes, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder and four 1-pounder lapid-fire, two 47-millimet9r Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Gatlings. Armor, in inches, deck and slope IJ. Officers, 19; men, 265. Contract price, $617,000.

Unprotected Steel Cruiser. MARBLEHEAD. Speed, 18^ knots..

Length, 257 feet; breadth, 37 feet. Displacement, 2,089 tons. Guns, nine 5-inclt rapid-fire, six 6-pounder and two 1-pounder rapid-fire, and two Gatlings. Three torpedo- tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 5-16, slope 7-16. Officers, 20; men, 254. Cost, $674,000.

Unprotected Steel Cruiser. MONTGOMERY. Speed, 19J knots.

Length, 257 feet; breadth, 37 feet. Displacement, 2,089 tons. Guns, two 6-inch and eight 5-inch rapid-fire, si.x 6-pounder and two l-pounder rapid-fire, and eleven Gatlings. Three tor])edo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 5-16, .slope 7-16. OHicers, 13; men, 228. Cost, .$612,500.

— 74-

Gunboat. CONCORD. Speed, 17 knots.

Length, 230 feet ; breadth, 36 feet. Displacement, 1,710 tons. Guns, six 6-inch breech-loading rifles, two 6-pounder and two 3-pounder rajiid-fire, two 37-milIi- meter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Gatiings. Six tdrpeilo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck and slope §. Officers, 13; men, 180. Cost. $490,000

Dynamite Cruiser. VESUVIUS. Speed, 21J knots.

Length, 252 J feet; breadth, 26 J feet. Displacement, 929 tons. Guns, three 15-inch dynamite, and three 3-pounder rapid-fire. Armor, in inches, deck and slope 3-16. Officers, 6; men, 64. Cost, $350,000.

Protected steel Cruiser. SAN FRANCISCO. -; i.',Kn..ts.

Length, 310 feet; bread tii, 48 feet. Displacement, 4,098 tons. Guns, twelve 6-inch breech-loading rifles, four 6-pounder, four 3-pounder and two 1-pounder rapid- fire, three 37-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and four Catlings. Four torpedo- tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 2, slope 3. Officers, 33; men, 350. Cost, $1,428,000.

BALTIMORE.

Displacement, 4,413 tons.

Protected Steel Cruiser.

Speed, 20 knots. Length, 327i feet; breailth, 48i feet. Guns, four 8-ineh and six 6-inch breech-loading rifles, four tl-pounder, two 3-pounder and two 1-pounder rapid-fire, four 37-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Catlings. Four torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 2J, slope 4. Oflicers, 36; men, 350. Contract price, $1,325,000.

— 76 —

Protert.MJ Sn.,.1 (Yii; . CINCINNATI. Speed, 19 knots.

Length, 300 feet; breadth, 42 feet. Displacement, 3,213 tons. Guns, ten 5-inch and one 6-inch rapid-fire, eight 6-pounder and two 1-pounder rapid-fire, and twO' Gatlings. Two torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 1, slope 2^. Officers, 20; men,. 293. Cost, $1,100,000.

Protected Steel Cruiser. MINNEAPOLIS. Speed, 23i knots.

Length, 412 feet; breadth, .58i feet. Displacement, 7,375 tons. Guns, one 8-inch breech-loading rifle, two 6-inch and eight 4-inch rapid-fire, twelve 6-pounder and four 1-pounder rapid-fire, and four Gatlings. Five torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 2i slope 4. Officers, 38; men, 456. Cost, $2,690,000.

— 77 -

y

« I • ■ ■ ■

Unprotected Steel Cruiser. Ul£ I'ROIT. Speed, isj knots.

Length, 257 feet; breadth, 37 feet. Displacement, 2,089 tons. Guns, nine 5-inch

rapid-fire, six 6-pounder and two l-pounder rapid-fire, and one Catling. Three torpedo-

iubes. Armor, in inches, deck 5-16, slope 7-lC. Officers, 20; men 23fi. Cost, $612,500.

.MONTEREY. Sj m

59 feet. Displacement, 4,084 tons.

i. l:

DouliK-iuii.-i Monitor.

Length, 256 feet; breadth, 59 feet. Displacement, 4,084 tons. Guns two 12-inch and two 10-inch breech-loading rifles, six 6-pounder rapid-fire, two Catlings, -and four l-pounder rapid-fire cannon. Armor, in inches, sides 13, turrets 8, bar- bettes 14, deck 3. Oflicers. 19; men, 1V2. Cost, $1,628,950.

— 78 —

::^S^i^Sm^

:all^^^*^5f^

Steel Torpedo-boat.

Length, 138f feet; breadth, 1-pounder rapid-tire. Torpedo-tubes, three 18-inch Whitehead. Cost, $82,750.

CUSHINQ. Speed, 22^ knots.

14J feet. Displacement, 105 tons. Guns, three

Officers, 3; men, 20.

<junboat.

BENNINGTON

knots.

Speed, l".

Length, 230 feet; breadth, 36 feet. Displacement, 1,710 tons. Guns, six 6-inch breech-loading rifles, two 6-pounder and two 3-pounder rapid-fire, two 37-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Gatlings. 8ix torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck and slope |. Officers, 16; men, 179. Cost, $490,000.

— 79 —

Protected Steel Cruiser. RALEIGH. Speed, 19 knots.

Length, 300 feet; breadth, 42 feet. Dii^placement, 3,213 tons. Guns, one 6-inch and ten 5-inch rapid-fire, eight 6-pounder and four 1-pounder rapid-fire, and eleven Gatlings. Four torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 1, slope 2^. Officers, 20; men, 293. Cost, $1,100,000.

Double-turret Monitor.

TERROR

Speed, 12 knots.

Length. 259J feet; breadth, ooj feet. Displacement, 3,990 tons. Guns, four 10-inch breech-loading rifies, and eight rapid-fire and machine-guns. Armor, in inches, sides 7, turrets llj, deck li Officers. 26; men. IHl. Cost, $3,178,046.

WEST INDIES.

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