'(She |)awdijan forester AND JIdriculturist ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry TERRITORY OF HAWAII VOLUME 15-lVlllVIBERS 1 TO 12 II^CLUSIVELY EDITOR DANIEL LOGAN 1918 HONOLULU. HAWAII ADVEFO'ISER PUBLISHING CO.. LTD. 1919 Officers and Staff of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry (1918) COMMISSIONERS. Arthur H. Eice, President. J. M. Dowsett, W. M. Giffard, H. M. von Holt, A. L. C. Atkinson. C. S. Judd, Executive Oficer. DIVISION OF rORESTRY Charles S. Judd, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Wardeix David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman. Joseph F. Rock, Consulting Botanist. Bro. Matthias Newell, in charge of Suh-Nursery at Hilo, Hawaii. Walter D. McBryde, in charge of Sub-Nursery at Homestead, Kauai. David Kapihe, Forest Banger for Tantalus, Oahu. E. H. Hippie, Forest Ranger for Palolo, Manoa, and Nuuanu, Oahu. John Pililaau, Forest Banger for Waianae, Oahu* Hosea K. Lovell, Forest Banger for Kauai. W. V. Hardy, Forest Banger for Kauai. A. J. W. Mackenzie, Forest Banger for Hawaii. James Lindsay, Forest Banger for Maui. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. David T, Fullaway, Entomologist. Quan Chew, Laboratory Assistant. Rcdrigo Villaflor, Insectary Assistant. DIVISION OF PLANT INSPECTION. Edward M. Ehrhorn, Chief Plant Inspector. D. B. Langford', Assistant Plant Inspector. Hro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo, Hawaii. Will J. Cooyter, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Kahului, Maui. E. E. Madden, Honorary Plant Inspector at Mahiikona, Hawaii. Geo. B. Leavitt, Honorary Plant Inspector at Eleele, Kauai. G. C. Munro, Honorary Plant Inspector at Manele, Lanai. DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent and Territorial Veterinarian. Leonard N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian. H. B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian, East Hawaii. A. R. Rowat, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian, West Hawaii. J. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian, Maui. Cyril Golding, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian, Kauai. Joseph Richard, Livestoclc Inspector. CLERICAL STAFF OF BOARD. Miss M. T. Kelly, Clerk and Stenographer. Miss Florence A. White, Librarian and Stenographer Daniel Logan, Editor of the Forester. CONTENTS Page Annual Reports, The 143 Bears Damage Douglas Fir Poles 74 Bovine Tuberculosis Control 15 By Authority — Animal Industry Regulations 178 Appointment of District Foresters 265 Appointment of Fire Wardens 264 Forest Reserve Hearing 175, 496 Hauula Forest Reserve 501 Honolulu Watershed Forest Reserve 219 Kahoolawe Forest Reserve Hearing 75 Kahoolawe Forest Reserve Withdrawal 107 Keauohana Forest Reserve 217 Makawao Forest Reserve 218 Mokuleia Forest Reserve 499 Nonou Forest Reserve 496 Olaa Forest Reserve 505 Olaa Forest Park Reserve 506 Papapaholahola Spring Reserve 213 Plant Inspection Rules 176, 177 Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve 498 Waiahole Forest Reserve 214 Division of Animal Industrv 10, 35/67. 93, 165, 209, 238, 385, 412, 463 Division of Fntomologv .>, 36, 64, 90, 157, 206, 235, 381, 408, 454 Division of Forestry '.4 37. 60, 86, 145, 194, 232, 375, 405, 442 484 Division of Plant Inspection 8, 40, 65, 91, 160, 207, 237, 383, 409, 458 Dressed Carcass Contests Held at the First Territorial Fair and Their Value in the Development of the Live Stock Industry (Case) 251 Editorial 3, 33, 59, 85, 143, 193, 231, 375, 405 439 Exhibit at Fair 174 Forest Service in the War ^3 Forestry as Applied in Hawaii, illustrated (Judd) 117 Hawaiian Kamani, The (MacCaughey) 69 Hawaiian Sumach, The (Judd) 441 IV . Page History of Botanical Exploration in Hawaii (MacCaughey) 388, 417 Illustrations — (See I^idex) Kokee Camps, illustrated 260 Marketing Division 14, 39, 68, 103, 172, 212, 244 New Forest Reserves 193, 483 New Fruit Fly Bulletin, A 74 Paradise Tree, The (MacCaughey) 20 Proclamation 107 Recreation in the National Forests 494 Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1918 245 Sisal in the Hawaiian Islands (MacCaughey) 42 Territorial Fair Exhibit 104 Timber Sales on National Forests Doubled 38 True Mahogany Tree, The, illustrated ( Judd) 105 Withdrawal of Kahoolawe from the Forest Reserve 106 INDEX Acacia Arabiea 149, 154, 156, 228; Acacia deaJbatta 153; Acacia de- currens 153; Acacia catechu 153, 156; Acacia koa 38, 105; Af- zelia bijuga 154. Agriculture and Forestry, report of the Board of Commissioners of, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1918 245 Agriculture, U. S. department of 74; Alirens, A. 265; Albizzia lebbek 153; Albizzia lephantha 153; Albizzia molucanna 63, 87, 126; Aleurites moluccana 1»6; Alexander, Prof. W;. D. 389, 390; alga- roba licenses 203, 377. American missionaries 388, 427; American veterinary association 17; Angumois grain moth 237; animal diseases control 249; animal industry 24^8. .A.nimal Industry, Division of — annual report 165; anthrax 165, 210, 241, 385, 412; blackleg 239; bovine tuberculosis control 12, 15, 35, 99, 101, 167, 171, 211, 241, 243, 387,416,463,467,470,471,473; bovine tuberculosis compensation 464; cerebro spinal meningitis 469; epitheloma 67, 387; epizootic lymphangitis 93; federal bu- reau 100; forage poisoning 469; glanders 10, 93, 239; live stock diseases 168; live stock importations 13, 35, 67, 168, 171, 212, 243, 387, 416, 469, 470, 471, 473; live stock importation rules 169, 209, 241, 415; live stock sanitary laws 472; rabbits 168; septi- cemia hemorrhagica 67; sorehead 67, 243; swine plague 67, 241, 473; territorial fair exhibit 169, 170, 238. Annual Eeporls, The — animal industry, entomology, forestry, mar- keting, plant inspection 143 anomala beetle 411; appointments 264, 265; Argentine ant 163; At- kinson, Capt. A. L. C. 87, 89; Audit Company of Hawaii 39; Australian red cedar 147. Back, E. A. 74; Baldwin, B. D. 264, 265; Baldwin estate 200; bamboo 233; Bank of Hawaii 14, 172. Bellina, C. H. 15, 16, 18, 19, 101, 204; Bellina, W. E. 100, 470; bene- ficial insects 247; Benguet pine 444; Berrya ammonilla 154. Bishop 428; Bishop, Alexander 423; Bishop, Dr. Sereno 130; Bishop estate 489. black locust 451; Bloxam, A. 508; board of health 17, 96; board of supervisors 17-19; board of veterinarian examiners 11. Board's annual report — animal industry 248; bananas in local de- mand 249; beneficial insects 247; domestic meat supply 248; en- tomology 247; forestry 245; government nurseries 246; island produce 249; imports of fruit and vegetables 247; live stock importations 248; marketing 249; marketing demonstrators 250; plant inspection 246; territorial marketing commission 250; veg- etable seed distribution 250. Bovine Tuberculosis Control — compensation act results, mainland experience, ordinance requirements, pasteurization vs. tuberculin testing, statistics of control. Supervisor Bellina 's sentiments... 15 Bov Scouts 443; braconidae 158; Brigham, Mann and 388; Broughton, Capt. Wlilliam Eobert 388, 422; Bryan, W. A. 391; bureau of animal industry 16; Burns, C. E. S. 265. By Authority — ^Appointments: district foresters 265; fire war- dens 264. Forest reserves: Hauula 496, 501; Honolulu Watershed 219; Kahoolawe 75; Keauohana 176; 217; ]Mjebue and 388; Cheatham, E. M, 264; Child, J. F. 14; chronology of botanical exploration 388. Cladosporium citri 163; Cleghorn, W. H. 264; Club stables 376, 378, 379. » foccidae 158; codling moth 410; College of Hawaii 42, 69; CoF.ie, Alexander 509; Collie, Lay and 388; Collins, A. W. 265; com- missioner of lands 192, 202, 376, 378, 380, 406, 443, 444, 447, 489, 491; Conradt, C. C. 103; Cook, Capt. James 388, 390, 392, 394, 395, 422; Cooper, Will, .1. 9, 41, 66, 92, 165, 208, 238, 384, 411, 459, 461, 463; Cortez, Hernando 389; Corynocarpus laevigate 449. Crane, James C. 146; Cryptomeria japonica 152; Cullen, James 197; Cupresses Arizonia 152. Dairy owners — see Animal Industry reports; Dalbergia sessoo 154; Dana, Prof James D. 510. DiLingham. W. F. 265; Dillon, Peter 396; district foresters 265; Dixon, Capt. George 394; Dixon, Portlock and 388. Dodge, F. B. 146; Domcowitz, R. von S. 265; Douglas, David '388, 509; Doyle, A. E. 495. Dressed Carcass Contests Held at' the First Territorial Fair, etc... 251 Drew, Edward 160; D 'Urville, Dumont 396. Editorial: animal industry 3; annual reports 143; anthrax 144, 375, 505. Ibeneficial insects 375, 441; Benguet pine success 440; bovine tuberculosis control 33, 85, 231, 375, 440. camp sites 232; concrete fence posts 440; conviction of tres- passers 221; corn leaf hopper bulletin 439. Federal foresters in war 34; flood damages 60; foodstuffs 3, 34, 85, 439; forage poisoning 440; forest planting 405; forest re- serve acreage 231; forest reserve fencing 375, 440; forest ru'es violation 144; forest service in the war 33; forestry division work 59; French forests 193; fumigation of food- stuffs 405, 439. glanders 86; government nursery 59. Hi'o divisional building sites 440; horse feed 86. Kahoolawe lease 439; Kahoolawe meat supply 86; koa trees 439. live stock importation 144, 193, 231; live stock sanitary laws 439. mahogany seedlings 85; mahogany tree planting 3; marketing division 34, 59, 193; mountain trails 440; Olaa forest re- serve 439. parasites of insect pests 34; plant inspection 3, 34, 144; Prof. MacCaughey's contribution 441; progress in board activities 231. sanitation for animals 86; systematic stock breeding 60. Tantalus road 375; territorial fair 144, 231; tree distribution 439; tree planting 34, 59, 85; Tropical Life's friend 59. Ehrhorn, E. M. 9, 41, 66, 92, 163, 165, 209, 238, 384, 411, 460, 461, 463. Elliot, Dr. 10, 386; Er.is, William 388, 428; Enterolobolium cyclo- carpum 153. Entomology, Division of — breeding and distribution of the following fruit fly parasites: Chalcid, Diachasma fullawayi, Diachasma tryoni, Dirhinus giffardi, Galesus silvestri, Opius fletcheri, Opius humilis, Pachycrepoideus dubius, Paragranus osborni, Spalangia cameroni, Tetrastichus, Tetrastichus giffardianus 7, 36, 64, 90, 157, 158, 206, 235, 381, 408, 454. Vll Page Erythrina monosperma 153; eucalyptus 445; Eucal^'ptus callophylla, Eucalyptus corymbosa 153; Eugenia jambolana 158; E*wa plan tation 411. Exhibit at Fair 174 Farm, Mr. 16; federal food commission 14; federal horticultural board 163, 462. Ficus religiosa 38, 63, 87; Ficus subtriplinervis 63, 87; fire wardens 264; first territorial fair 104, 174, 233; Fitzgerald, Dr. 239, 386. Forest reserves — 'acreage 194, 246, 483. Hauula 147, 150, 376, 443, 449, 451, 483, 488, 496, 501; Honolulu Watershed 4, 6, 61, 87, 145, 150, 155, 194, 199, 219, 232, 246, 447; Hilo 4, 87, 203, 444, 446. Kahoolawe 75, 106; Kau 87, 376, 378; Kealia 4, 87, 148, 449; Keauohana 147, 150, 176, 194, 197, 217, 232, 246; Kuaokala 491, 500; Kula 233; Kuliouou 376, 378. Miakawao 150, 175, 194, 198, 218, 232, 246, 375, 405, 443; Makua- Keaau 147, 156, 202, 203, 377, 406, 483, 489, 496, 504; Mo- kuleia 147, 201, 449, 483, 487, 496, 499; Moloaa 204, 378, 443; Molokai 443. Nanakuli 145, 155, 156, 202; Na Pali-Kona 61, 147, 260, 406, 448, 458, 485, 499; Nonou 449, 483, 484, 496, 497. Olaa 446, 447, 449, 451, 483, 492, 496, 505; Olaa Forest Park 483, 492, 494, 496, 506. Panaewa 146; Papapaliolahola Spring 147, 150, 175, 193, 194, 213, 232, 246; Pupukea 443; Pnu Ka Pele 449, 483, 485, 496, 498. Round Top 377. Upper Olaa 506; Upper Waiakea 492. W(aiahole 150, 175, 193, 195, ;'214, 232, 246, 443, 451; Waiak€«L 505; Wiaianae kai 202, 376; Waihou Spring 452; withdrawals 150. Forest service in the war 33; forests in modern w^arfare 123; forests in war time 41, 124; forests, timber sales on national 38. Forestry as Aj)plied in Hawaii — lalgaroba 126; causes of forest de- terioration 129; chief value of the Haw^aiian forest 127; evolu- tion of forestry 121; extent of the original forests 125. foresightedness of forestry 118; forest protection 127, 130; for- est reserves 132; forestry defined 118; forestry in general 117; forestry in Hawaii 124; forest types in Haw^aii 125; grazing most detrimental 129. Hilo grass pest 131; history of forest destruction 128; history of forestry in the United States 121; influence of forests on climate 120. kukui 126; life and qualifications of a forester 117; manani 127. national forest activities 122; need of forestry 121; ohia lehua 126. present forest area 125; present status 132; prevention of run- off 119; protection forests 119; protection of city water- sheds 129; public sentiment favorable 133; public service the slogan 118. supply forests 118; tree introduction 131; value of forests for recreation 120; value of the forest types 127; various phases of forestry 132; watershed planting 133. Forestry, Division of — administration 145, 151; annual report 145; Arbor Day 147, 449, 452, 454. botanical bulletin 148; camping sites 233, 260, 403, 448. fencing 4, 87, 145, 149, 203, 232, 375, 405, 443, 451, 484; forest ex- tension 147, 245, 406; forest fires 245, 406, 452. Forest nurseryman's reports — advice and assistance, distribu- tion of plants, Honolulu watershed planting, Makiki station, nursery collections, plantation companies and other corpora- tions, tree planting— 5, 37, 62, 88, 151, 205, 234, 380, 407, 445, 450, 452. Vlll Forestry Division — Cojitinued, Page forest protection 61, 145, 151, 245, 484; gum arable tree 149; Kahoolawe 232, 406; Lanai trip 5. protection of bird, animal and vegetable life on small islands 148, 151, 234, 246, 443. tree planting 4, 6, 61, 87, 147, 148, 204, 233, 377, 406, 449, 451; tree distribution 147. Foster, Marv E. 489; Frear, W. F. 200; Freycinet and aaudichaud 388, 426*^7; Freycinet, Louis C. D. de 426-7. Fruit Fly Bulletin, A New 74 Fullaway, David T. 7, 36, 64, 91, 158 9, 207^ 236, 382, 409, 439, 447, 455-6, 458. Gaetano, Juan 388, 390; Garden Island (newspaper) 413; Gaudi- chaud-Beaupre, Charles 427; Gaudichaud, Freycinet and 388; Gav, Francis 264 5; Gilbert 153; Gilbert, St. John 63; Glaisyer, Dr." A. R. 211; Golding, Dr. 11, 211, 242, 385 6, 412; Goodrich 428; government nurseries 376; Graves, Henry S. 34, 124; Gross, Andrew 265; Guazama tomentosa 154; gum arable 149, 45]. Haematoxylum campechianum 451; Haleakala Ranch Co. 451; Haley, F. E. 172. Haughs, David 6, 38, 63, 89, 154, 205, 235, 381, 408, 446, 451, 453. Hawaiian Agricultural Co. 380; Hawaiian Entomo-ogical Society 158; Hawaiian Fibre Co. 45; Hawaiian Forester and Agricultur- ist 59; Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association 4, 499, 452. Hawaiian Sumach, The ; 441 Hawaii experiment station 462; Heller 388; Henry, William 265; Hind, Robert 470; Hippie, E. H. 61; Holt, George 376; Honolulu country club 148; Honolulu Star-Bulletin 15, 59, 89; Hillebrand, William 388. History of Botanical Exploration in Hawaii 388, 417, 508; Hutchin- son Sugar Plantation Co. 376, 378. laukea, Curtis P. 107, 214, 216, 217, 219, 221, 498-9, 501-3-4 6-7. Hlustrations — Algaroba fuel wood cut (opposite) 128 Forest destruction by cattle (opposite) 132 Tree five years old on Kalakaua Avenue (opposite) 105 Mamani tree on Mauna Kea (opposite) 121 Na Pali-Kona forest reserve map > 261 Native forest at Mokuleia (opposite) 125 Inter-Island Steam Navigation Co. 411; Ipll-ipll 131; ironwood 87; •Jeffrey pine 147. Judd, C. S. 5, 62, 88, 105, 117, 148, 151, 156, 175, 195, 197 9, 201, 204, 234, 377, 380, 407, 441, 444, 449, 452, 485, 487. 9, 492-4. Junlperus Australis, Juniperus Bermudiana 152. Kahele, Isaac 160; Kahoolawe 245, 406, 448; Kalkioewa 390; Kaoao, Ben 489; karaka tree 449; kassod tree 451; Kauai chamber of commerce 448; Kauai planters' association 211; Kelilokaloa 390; Kendrick, Capt. 417; Knudsen Brothers 452; Knudsen estate 486; koa 87, 152, 406, 449. Kokee Camps 260 Kotzebue and Chamisso 388, 424, 426; Kuhns, D. B. 160; Kukaiau ranch 61, 145, 146, 444. Laie Plantation Co. 470, 489; Lane, Hon. Franklin K. 260; Lani, D. H. 197; Lani, Kalanl 197; La Perouse, J. F. de G. 395-6; Larsen, L. D. 264-5; Lay and Collie 388; Lay, George T. 509. Leavitt, George B. 160; Ledyard, John 392; Leucaena glauca 131, 154. Lightfoot, O. B. 15, 39, 68, 103, 173-4, 213, 244, 250; Lincoln, L. P. 265; Lindermann, E. 485; Lindsay, Ranger James 87, 233, 375-6, 443, 449, 452; live stock Importers — see Animal Industry re- ports. IX Page logwood 451; Longley, A. T. 250; Lovell, Ranger Hosea K. 4, 61, 87, 146 8, 203, 406, 449; Low, Eben P. 146; Ludloff, Otto 265; Lyd- gate, John M. 388. MacCaughev, Vaughan 20, 42, 69, 441, 508; Mackenzie, Ranger A. J. W. 87, 146, 376, 446, 449; Mlacrae 388; Macrae, James 508; Mad- den, E. E. 160; mahogany 6, 152, 406. Mahogany Tree, The True 105 Makee Sugar Co. 485; Mann and Brigham 388; Marin, Don F. de P. 417. Marketing Division—reports 14, 39, 68, 103, 172-3, 212, 244. mealy bug 461; Mediterranean fruit fly in Hawaii 74; Melaleuca leucadendron, Melaleuca styphelorides 38; Melia azedarach 153; Menefoglio, Supervisor 413; Menzies, Vancouver and 388, 418, 422;Metrosi(leros colliua polymorpha 126; Meyer, H. 146. McBryde, W. D. 88, 160, 194; ]\^cCarthy, Governor C. J. 260, 376-7, 444, 447, 449, 483, 496, 498-9, 501, 503-4, 506-7; McCandless, L. L. 197, 377, 406, 490, 492; Mc Wayne, R. A. 265. moukeypod 445; Monsarrat, Julian 265; Moody, D. L.60; Mor- rison, Alexander 265; Mount Hermon school 60; Muir, F. 158; Munro, G. C. 160; Mutual Produce Co. 68, 174; Myers. J. R. 264-5. Naquin, W. P. 2(;5; Necker Island 396; Nelson, David 390, 394. Norgaard, Victor A. 12, 19,- 36, 100, 168, 170, 211, 242, 386, 415-16, 467, 470, 472. Xcwell, Brother Matthias 9, 41, m, 92, 165, 208, 238, 384, 410,442, 459, 461. New Forest Reserves 193, 483 New Fruit Fly Bulletin, A 74 Ogg, W. G. 265; ohia lehua trees 148; Olaa sugar plantation 493; O. R. & L. Co. 149, 443; Oregon national forest 495; Ouderkirk, Mr. 68; Outdoor Circle 377. Pacific Commercial Advertiser 15, 490; Pahia, Frank 265; PaHin, Capt. 93; papala kepau tree 61; Paradise of the Pacific 59. Paradise Tree, The 20 Paralipsea modesta 208; Paris J. D. 265; Parker ranch 98, 211, 470. peach moth 384; Peltophorum inerme 204-5, 451; Pemberton, C. E. 74; Perrine, Dr. Henry 42. pineapple mite 410; Pinkham, Governor Lucius E. 75, 107, 176-8, 182, 193, 214, 216-7, 219, 221; Pinus iusularis 444; Pisona inermis 38, 61; Pithecolobium dulce 153. Plant Inspection, Division of — annual report 160; creation of divis- . ion 161; federal inspection 163; fumigation 161; fumigation of cereals 459, 460, 461; imports of beans and rice for year 162; injurious insects and plant diseases intercepted 163; inspection during year 161; last year's work 162; library 161, location of office 161; monthly reports on Hono.ulu, Hilo, inter-island and Kahului inspection, pests intercepted, rice and bean shipments 8, 40, 65, 91, 164, 207, 237, 383, 409, 458; staff 160. Portland's water supply 129; Portlock and Dixon 388, 394, 395; Port- lock, Capt. Nathaniel 394; Potter, A. F. 41; Princeville Planta- tion Co. 11, 210, 385, 413, 470; Prosopis juliflora 126; Pteroptri- cine aphelininae 158. Raymond, Dr. J. H, 233; Raymond ranch 174; Reasoner Bros. 43. Recreation in the National Forests 494 Reforestation project 154; Remy, Jules 388; Rhus semialata, Rhus vernicifera 441; Rice, Charles A. 378; Rice, W. H. 233; Rickard, H. S. 146; Robertson, Mrs. A. G. M. 377; Robinia pseudacacia 451; Rock, J. F. 59, 126, 147, 148, 389; Rowat, Dr. 10. Seeman, Berthold 388; scale insects 410; Schauinsland 38; Schinus molle 154; Scott, John A. 146; Sherrard, T. H. 495; Ship- man, Dr. O. H. 11, 94; Shipman, W. H. 149; silk oak 87. Sisal in the Hawaiian Islands 42 X Page Smith, Harold Hamel 59; Snow, F. G. 494, 507; Social Science Asso- ciation 119, 204; Sophora chrysophylla 127; Sorenson, O. L. 265; Spathodea campanulata 38, 61, 63, S7; Sparks, Jared 392; Ste- venson, William 423; Stigmaea floridanus 410; superintendent of public works 194; Swanzy, Mrs, F. M. 201; Swietenia macho- phyjla 105; Swietenia maliogani 6, 105. Templeton, J. A. 241; termites 383. Territorial Fair Exhibit 104 Thurston 428; Tilden, Miss 388. Timber Sales on National Forests Doubled 38 Troat, C. 241; Tropical Life 59; U. S. military reservation 201, 487, 500. Vancouver and Menzies 388, 418 422; Vancouver, Capt. George 417-422. Waiahole Water Co. 196; Waianae Company 155; Weber, F. 264-5; Weinrich, William 42, 265; Weinzheimer, L. 265; Wlieeler, A. C. 446; Wilcox, C. H. 264-5; Wilcox, G. N. 470; Wilkes, Commo- " dore Charles 509. A\Tithdrawal of Kahoolawe from the Forest Keserve 106 W^odehouse, E. H. 200; yellow poinciana 451. THEHA^AI1AN FORESTER '( AND AGRICULTURIST JANUARY, 1918 CONTENTS PAGE Editorial , 3 Division of Forestry ...t^ 4 Division of Entomology 7 Division of Plant Inspection 8 Division of Animal Industry 10 Marketing Division 14 Bovine Tuberculosis Control 15 The Paradise Tree 20 VOL. XV, PRICE, TEN CENTS NO. 1 AUxanJJfr Sc lalbuitn. mmxtth OPFICES: STANGENWALD BUILDING MEHLHORN BUILDING 82 WALL STREET ALASKA COMMERCIAL BLDG. HONOLULU, T. H. SEATTLE, WASH. NEW YORK, N. Y. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. OPFICEES AND DIREOTOES: J. P. COOKE. . . . .^ President and Director W. M. ALEXANDER. First Vice-President and Director J. B. 6ALT .Second Vice-President and Director W. O. SMITH Third Vice-President and Director J. WATERHOUSE Treasurer JOHN GUILD Secretary H. A. BALDWIN Director A, L. CASTLE Director C. H. ATHERTON .Director C. R. HEMENWAY, Director Mnnmnntt Agents AGENTS FOR Hawftiian Comiriercial and Sugar Company Haiku Sugar Company Paitt Plantation Maxji Agricultural Company Hawaiian Sugar Company McBryde Sugar Company, Ltd. Kahuku Plantation Company Kauai Fruit and Land Company, Ltd. Kabului Railroad Company Kauai Railway Company, Ltd. Hoaolua Ranch Springfield Fire and Marine Insurance Company American Central Insurance Company The Home Insurance Company, New York New Zealand Insurance Company German Alliance Insurance Association Switzerland Marine Insuance Company, Ltd. iiiuiiniiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiisiisiifiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniisiiiii iJIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIMIillllllllllMinililllllllllllligillllllllllllllllllllllllllllillillilllill^: The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist A Monthly Magazine of Forestry, Entomology, Animal Industry and Agriculture. Issued under the direction of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Territory of Hawaii. m ■ffi^ Address all communications to DANIEL LOGAN Editor ''THE FORESTER" P. O. Box 366, Honolulu, T. H. For business relating to subscriptions or advertising, address HAWAIIAN GAZETTE CO., LTD., Publishers, Honolulu, T. H. Price 10c. per copy; $1.00 a year; Foreign, $1.25 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Honolulu. Hawaii. 'Olillllll IIHIIIIililllllllllllliilllllliilllllillllllllllllllillllllllilllllllllllllilliii? Board of Agriculture and Forestry DIVISION OF FORESTRY. FOEEST AND ORNAMENTAL TEEE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY. The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Government Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or growing. The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak, Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of India, Poinciana, Albizzia, etc. The price of the seed varies from 10 to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2^^ cents each, except a few kinds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also for sale, the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested before being sent out, which insures its being good. All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii. C. S. JUDD, Superintendent of Forestry. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties of this Division, and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make inquiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently or send the right kind of useful insects for relief, we like and sometimes it is indis- pensable for us to see the insects suspected or caught in the act, also speci- mens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden box, speci- mens may be mailed by parcels post. When specimens are not accompanied by letter, always write your name and address in the upper left-hand corner of the package. Address all communications. DIVISION OF ENTO- MOLOGY, P. O. BOX 207, HONOLULU, HAWAII. D. T. FULLAWAY, Entomologist. PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION. The Board of Commissioners issues for general distribution to persons in the Territory, annual reports, bulletins, circulars, copies of its rules and regulations, and other occasional papers, which may be had, free, upon application. A complete list of the publications of the Board available for distri- bution (together with the titles of certain issues now out of print) is to be found on the cover of the last biennial report. Applications for publications should be addressed to the Mailing Clerk, P. 0. Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii. THE HAWAIIAN FORESTER AND AGRICULTURIST Vol. XV. Honolulu, January, 1918. No. 1 The Division of Plant Inspection is now located near the waterfront, having moved into the recently completed concrete buildings on Kekuanaoa street at the last of the year. The main building contains offices, laboratory, plant inspection room and quarantine room arranged conveniently for effective work, and an incinerator for disposing of all dangerous insects and refuse detected during inspections. The fumigation building contains two large rooms which can be made airtight and in which large shipments, such as rice and beans, can be fumigated. These new quarters fill a long- felt want and vv^ill facilitate the most important work of inspection to keep injurious insects and new pests out of the Territory. The results of the establishment of the two-acre experimental plantation of the true mahogany tree, set out in Makiki Valley in December of last year, will be viewed with interest in the future. It has already been proved that this tree, which produces timber of high commercial value, v/ill readily grow as an indi- vidual in this climate at the lower elevations. In fact, the seed obtained for present plantings is secured from a tree which has been growing in Honolulu for some years. To ascertain the character and rate of growth of this tree under close planting conditions will be of considerable value. The Division of Animal Industry during December, 1917, tested 450 dairy animals for bovine tuberculosis and of this number all but 53 passed the test. The owners of these con- demned animals have been reimbursed under the compensation act and have thereby been assisted in the purchase of new healthy stock to replace those destroyed. The testing of dairy animals is progressing rapidly and it is hoped that bovine tuberculosis in the Territory will soon be a thing of the past. This is the opportune time for all good citizens to help out in the food situation by an increased consumption of island-pro- duced foodstuffs. By making island beans, sweet potatoes and bananas a larger part of one's daily diet a great deal can be accomplished toward saving on the food which is imported into the Territory. The present campaign for a greater and more extensive use of the local banana should be heartily taken up by everyone, especially in view of the fact that on account of lack of shipping facilities bananas are now so plentiful in the market. Division of Forestry Honolulu, January 11, 1918. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu. • Gentlemen : I respectfully submit the following routine report of the Division of Forestry for the month of December, 1917: TREE PLANTING. The planting and caring for trees on the Honolulu Watershed Reserve was continued during the month and included the setting out on the Makiki slopes of 250 koa trees and in the bottom of the larger Makiki Valley of 1484 mahogany trees, Szvie tenia uiahogani. These latter were planted 8 by 8 feet apart on an area of about 2^ acres and consisted mostly of large trees which had accumulated at the nursery. This experiment was initiated in order to determine the suitability of this tree for general planting in similar situations. The work on government lands in Manoa Valley consisted in cleaning the rank growth of weeds and grass from around the koa and other trees already planted. On the Kealia Reserve, Kauai, Ranger Lovell planted out 900 silk oak trees during the month. On December 3, I attended the annual session of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association at which the subject of the protec- tion and maintenance of watershed forests was discussed. It was brought out that this is a very important work and the association went on record as being strongly in favor of it and willing to assist and cooperate with the government in the protec- tion of such forests. Post card requests have been sent out to all tree planters in the Territory in order to ascertain the number and kinds of trees planted during the year 1917 and the purpose of planting. FENCING. On account of the shortage of labor the completion of the fence between Piha and Maulua, Hilo Forest Reserve, Hawaii, which is being built in cooperation with the Kukaiau Ranch Company, has been somewhat delayed and an extension of two months on the contract, or until February 28, 1918, has been grraited. LANAI TRIP. The last few days of the month were spent on the island of Lanai where, as yet, I had not had a chance to become acquainted with forest conditions. I had the opportunity on this trip of getting pretty well over the island and conferred with the local manager on the forest problems, giving advice on forest protec- tion and reforestation. The preservation of the native forest in the wet region on Lanai, including the riddance of all wild stock, is essential to the scanty water supply on that island and it is necessary that the steps which have already been taken in this direction should be continued. The protection of the dry native forest on the ridge toward the west end of the island is also desirable because of the protection which it afifords against wind erosion. The results of the successful reclamation of bare lands by the planting of manienie grass were also carefully examined with the view of applying this method to similar land on Kahoo- lawe when the proper time comes. Respectfully submitted, C. S. JUDD, Superintendent of Forestry. REPORT OF FOREST NURSERYMAN. Honolulu, January 11, 1918. Superintendent of Forestry, Honolulu. Dear Sir: I herewith submit a report of the work done during the month of December, 1917: NURSERY. Distribution of Plants. Transplant Boxes Sold 175 Gratis 1275 Total 1450 1024 2474 Pot Grown Total 24 199 1000 2275 6 COLLECTIONS. Government Realizations. Collections on account of plants sold $ 2.30 " seed •' 2.00 Rent of office building, Nursery grounds 35.00 Total .' $39.30 Preservation Forest Reserves. (For Quarter Ending December 31, 1917.) Derived from rent of certain parcels of land within the forest reserves $44.00 Sale of 37 loads of black sand from Makiki Valley sand pit at 25c 14.25 Total $58.25 Plantation Companies and Other Corporations. The distribution of plants under this heading amounted to 60,000 in seed boxes and 4700 in transplant boxes, total 64,700. We have still on file orders for 205,000 plants. These we expect to ship about the end of January. Makiki Station. The work at this station has been principally routine consisting of mixing and sterilizing soil, potting and transplanting trees, etc. Honolulu Watershed Planting. The total number of trees planted during the month amounted to 1734, consisting of 1484 mahogany {Szvietenia mahogani) and 250 koa. The mahogany trees were planted the Ewa side of Makiki main valley about a quarter of a mile above the quarters, while the koa trees were planted a little higher on the opposite or south side of the valley. Advice and Assistance. The writer has been asked to make calls and otherwise give advice and assistance as follows : Calls made, 5 ; advice by telephone, 10 ; advice by letter, 4 ; advice given at Nursery, 12. Respectfully submitted, David Haughs, Forest Nurservman. 1 Division of Entomology Honolulu, December 31, 1917. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu. Gentlemen : During the month of December the insectary handled 35,300 pupae of the melon fly, from which there were bred 933 females and 764 males, Optus fletcheri. The distribution of parasites was as follows : Opiiis flctcJicri. Females Males Oahu : Kailua 1237 890 Diachasina trvoiii Oahu : Manoa 300 175 Kalihi 25 10 Nuuanu 100 73 Diachasina fullaivayi. Oahu : Manoa 100 125 Kalihi 20 10 TctrasticJiiis. Oahu: Manoa 200 Nuuanu : 300 Chalcid. Oahu : Nuuanu 200 Paranagrus (Corn Leaf Hopper Parasite) Oahu: Makiki Nursery 500 Kailua 5900 Maui : Haiku 9000 Kauai : Kealia 2000 Lihue 10600 \Vaimea 200 Respectfully submitted, David T. Fullaway, Entomologist. 8 Division of Plant Inspection Honolulu, December 31, 1917. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu. Gentlemen : I respectfully submit my report of the work done by the Division of Plant Inspection for the month of De- cember, 1917, as follows: During the month there arrived at the port of Honolulu 52 vessels of which 19 carried vegetable matter with the following results : Disposal Lots Parcels Passed as free from pests 862 17,295 Fumigated 7 217 Burned 49 49 Returned 6 6 Total Insi^ected 924 17,567 Of these shipments 17,239 packages arrived as freight, 17»S packages as baggage and 153 packages as mail matter. RICE AND BEAN SHIPMENTS. During the month 8055 bags of rice and 1337 bags of beans arrived from Japan and Oriental ports, all of which were free from pests. PESTS INTERCEPTED. Approximately 4371 pieces of foreign baggage belonging to passengers and immigrants from foreign countries were exam- ined and from these were seized and destroyed by burning 37 lots of fruits and 10 lots of vegetables. The following disposal was made of plants and seeds from various sources : On December 5, a package of chestnuts from Japan was returned as unmailable. On December 7, 200 coconuts and six birdnest ferns from Fanning Island were fumigated and packing destroyed on account of indications of a Icpidoptcrous borer and some scale insects. On December 12, a package of tree seeds from Japan in the baggage was burned as the owner did not call for same, and five-needle pine tree was sent back on board the steamer, it being contraband under rulings of the Federal Horticultural Board. One fruit tree and some palm seeds from Japan also in the baggage were fumigated as a precaution. A package of ginseng roots from Korea and a package of chestnuts from 9 Japan were found in the mail and returned by the postmaster as unmailable. On December 13, a small box of oranges came from Japan by parcels post and was seized and destroyed, being prohibited from entry under rules of the Federal Horticultural Board. On December 17, a package of bulbs from Portugal was re- turned as unmailable. On December 25, one package of butternuts from Canada and one package of bulbs from the Azores were returned as unmail- able. A package of tree seeds for the U. S. Experiment Station was fumigated as a precaution. On December 28, seven ornamental plants were found in the baggage from Japan, also one package of bulbs ; these were fumigated and all soil and packing removed and destroyed. HILO INSPECTION. Brother M. Newell reports the arrival of four steamers, three of which carried vegetable matter consisting of 143 lots and 3762 packages of fruits and vegetables. All were passed as free from pests. On December 15, the steamer Seiyo Maru arrived direct from Japan bringing 2800 bags of rice, 259 bags of beans, 10 bags of peas, 12 bags of sesame seed, 4 packages of yams and one pack- age of vegetable seeds, a total of 3086 packages, all of which were found free from pests. KAHULUI INSPECTION. Mr. Will J. Cooper, Plant and Fruit Inspector for Maui, re- ports the arrival of three vessels at the port of Kahului, one of which brought vegetable matter consisting of 11 lots and 771 packages, all of which were passed as free from pests. INTER-ISLAND INSPECTION. Fifty-four steamers plying between Honolulu and other island ports were attended to, and the following shipments were passed as free from pests : Taro 714 bags Vegetables 210 packages Plants 119 Fruit 11 Total inspected 1054 packages Four packages of plants and eight packages of fruit were seized and refused shipment on account of infestation and undesirable soil. Respectfully submitted, E. M. Ehrhorn, Chief Plant Inspector. 10 Division of Animal Industry Honolulu, January 14, 1918. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu. Gentlemen : I regret to report that a disease which may prove to be glanders has made its appearance among the work animals on a plantation in the Hamakua district on Hawaii. The deputy Territorial veterinarian for the Kohala district, Dr. Rowat, visited the place. Dr. Elliot being too sick to attend, diagnosed the disease as glanders and destroyed two afifected animals. Dr. Rowat had previously, during the early part of 1917, reported a few scattered cases of glanders in a pasture on one of the Kohala plantations but with the destruction of these it was hoped that the outbreak had been permanently checked. The Hamakua cases, however, put a more serious aspect on the situation as they would seem to indicate the existence of a center of infection which must be located without delay. Though no information to that effect has reached this office there is a possi- bility that the disease may have recrudesced in Waipio Valley and is now being scattered by pack animals over the neighboring districts. It will be recalled that the last outbreak of glanders in the Territory of any importance occurred in Waipio Valley in 1912 when 34 head of horses were destroyed after many other horses and at least 12 mules had died. Previous to that outbreak a similar epidemic had occurred in the same place in 1907. In both cases it was fully believed that the disease had been stamped out of the valley, as every horse, mule and donkey had been carefully examined or mallein tested and all reactors destroyed. In the 1912 outbreak the infected stables even were totally destroyed, new ones built on virgin soil, and several sub- sequent inspections failed to show any additional cases. At the same time the plantations and ranches bordering upon the roads leading from the mouth of Waipio Valley were warned to keep a sharp lookout for suspicious animals among the pack trains carrying rice and paiai from the valley to the merchants in the neighborhood. It is now five years since the 1912 outbreak, or practically the same period of immunity as followed the 1907 outbreak. The only difference is that the 1912 outbreak remained confined to the Valley and was reported by the manager of the Kukui- haele plantation before it had spread to the neighborhood. On the basis of these facts it is recommended that a thorough investigation be undertaken by this office in order that all centers of infection may be located and eliminated. Glanders is the most destructive disease of horse stock known to agricudture and com- merce as well as to the mounted and artillery service of the 11 Army. For the past five years we have beHeved ourselves free of the infection and it is still hoped that the cases reported may prove to have been epizootic lynipJiangitis or some other disease simulating glanders. But in any case a thorough investigation will require more time than it would seem advisable to have the Hilo deputy (Dr. Shipman) spend away from the district where his services are required daily, as it may necessitate the mallein testing of a great number of animals. One single "carrier" — a horse infected with glanders but showing no physical symptoms of the disease— may prove the cause, and may also prove difficult to locate. At the same time there are a couple of hundred milch cows to be tuberculin tested in the same district which will oft"er an oppor- tunity to demonstrate to both the Hilo and the Kohala deputies the working of the bovine tuberculosis compensation act. If agreeable to the Board it is therefore recommended that I be authorized to leave for Hawaii on the 19th in order to carry out the work herein described. In regard to the Kauai situation and the difficulties which had developed between Dr. Golding and the management of Prince- ville Plantation Company's ranch, the same have now been satis- factorily adjusted. The management has agreed, v/ithout further delay, to build a fence between their property and Mr. Burk- meyer's, to cancel the bill for $500.00 for board and lodging of the veterinarians of this Board who have been stationed on the ranch on account of the anthrax work, as well as a minor bill for the use of two rolls of barbwire. It has further been decided to re-vaccinate all stock on the ranch during the month of Feb- ruary, the Board to supply the vaccine it still has on hand but the Plantation Company to purchase what may be required in excess thereof. Dr. Golding will remain stationed at Hanalei, but will, since his appointment as Deputy Territorial V^eterinarian eft'ective January 1st, 1918, have to assume the tuberculin testing under the compensation act, as well as respond to any call where an infectious disease may be suspected, regardless of locality. Under these conditions he may have to do a considerable amount of traveling which I fear cannot be done economically with the old Ford machine supplied him by this Board. When sent to him in August, 1917, the machine had gone more than 18,000 miles, since which time, for want of saddle horses, he has had to do nearly all his inspections of the infected pastures in the machine. This has not improved it and while the engine is still good it is very doubtful whether it would pay to have it put in serviceable condition. It is therefore recommended that a new Ford machine be supplied for Dr. Golding's use until such time as he may be able through the acquirement of private practise to afford a car of his own. Dr. Golding has now been licensed by the Board of Veterinarian Examiners to practise his profession in the Ter- 12 ritory and will, as he is well thought of, undoubtedly be able thereby to better himself financially before long. It is suggested that the new car might be paid for in part from the tuberculosis compensation fund as it will be used principally in testing the dairy cattle on Kauai. BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION. From the appended report of the Assistant Territorial Veter- inarian it will be seen that the work of testing the dairies and appraising and destroying the reacting animals is progressing fast on this island. With the single exception, dealt with in a special report of even date, there has been general satisfaction with the way in which the compensation act has worked out. The heaviest loser during the month, for instance, with 33 head con- demned out of 67, realized through the compensation act suffi- " cient capital to allow him to purchase an almost equal number of healthy cows wherewith to replace the destroyed ones. Such, however, is not always the case, but nearly all the con- demned animals were but slightly affected and when they were butchered a temporary shortage of beef had driven the meat prices up. But nevertheless this compensation for condemned animals has given new impetus to the tuberculosis eradication and it is hoped will lead to a successful finish before the allotted appropriation has been exhausted. Respectfully submitted, Victor A. Norgaard, Territorial Veterinarian. REPORT OF ASSISTANT VETERINARIAN. Honolulu, December 31, 1917. Dr. Victor A. Norgaard, Chief, Division of Animal Industry. Sir : I have the honor to submit the following report for the month of December, 1917: Tuberculosis Control. The following dairy animals have been tested during the past month : Tested. Passed. Condemned. Fred Tuning 31 25 6 Y. Yamashita 67 '34 33 M. T. Brazon 40 39 1 Y. Tsuda 32 32 0 A Compos 11 11 0 J. Gonzallos 15 15 0 J. Simon 38 36 2 13 Tested. Passed. Co7idem?ied, J. Podrodia 17 17 0 H. Domingo 5 5 0 M. Solado 13 12 1 R. A. Franco 18 18 0 John Alias 22 22 0 S. Hirata 32 31 1 S. Saiki 10 8 2 M. Nishimoto 22 22 0 K. Fugisuya 26 24 2 R. Compos 9 9 0 C. H. Bellina 1 0 1 A. Pacheco 39 35 4 C. H. Cooke 1 1 0 E. H. Brown 1 1 0 The above tabulated list gives a total of 450 animals tested out of which number 397 were passed and tagged and S2> condemned and branded. The condemned animals were appraised and slaughtered in conformance with the provisions of Act 121 of the 1917 Session Laws. With the exception of one entire carcass and two fore-quarters which were condemned as unfit for human consumption, the above animals were passed as beef. Lesions of tuberculosis of varying extent were found in all the condemned animals except one. In this one case no macro- scopic lesions could be demonstrated in any of the organs usually affected. A more exhaustive examination of the carcass would undoubtedly have brought to light some small lesion, but this could only be accomplished by destroying its beef value. What infection was in this animal was of very recent origin. Li this same herd one fore-quarter of one carcass was condemned because of extensive tubercular lesions and in another lesions were found in the supra-mammary glands and upper portion of the udder. Owing to excellent prices obtained for these carcasses a com- paratively small amount was drawn from the compensation fund for the purpose of reimbursement. IMPORTATIONS OF LIVESTOCK. S. S. China, Orient : 2 monkeys, K. A. Regum. S. S. Lurline, San Francicso : 1 Holstein bull, 1 Jersey bull, Waialae Ranch; 1 horse, Major LI. C. Gibner ; 1 dog, C. H. Crank ; 1 ct. turkeys, 29 shorthorn bulls, 4 horses, 1 Berkshire boar, H. M. von Holt; 1 bx. live birds, 1 bx. parrots, 3 cts. chickens, 58 cts. poultry, W. F. X. Company. 14 S. S. Makura, Sydney: 1 dog, Mr. Gill. S. S. President, San Francisco : 1 ct. chickens, \\'. F. X. Company. Respectfully submitted, Leonard N. Case. Assistant Territorial Veterinarian. Marketing Division Honolulu, January 15, 1918. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H. Gentlemen : I have the honor to submit below the report of the superintendent of the Marketing Division for the month end- ing December 31, 1917. More consignments were received during the month of De- cember than during the previous month, but due to the scarcity of beef anjji the closing of the retail departments, the total sales were less. Large shipments of Maui beans were received during the month but only a few sacks have been sold in Honolulu, as the dealers claim that they have no call for them. Shipments to the Coast were delayed at the request of Mr. J. F. Child, who assured us that the local dealers could handle the whole crop. A fair offer has been made by a representative of a California canning company, for from two to four thousand sacks and, unless as good an ofifer is received from local dealers, the beans will be shipped as soon as they can be gotten together and steamer space can be secured. The condition of the beef market has been bad during the month. Shipments of cattle and island dressed beef have been small and uncertain. Dressed beef from California can not al- ways be gotten on account of the limited cold storage space. Bananas and sweet potatoes are very plentiful now and the growers of these products are losing large sums of money through not being able to sell their crop. A regulation by the Federal Food Commission requiring dealers to sell as many sweet potatoes as Irish potatoes until the crop is disposed of would put an end to the trouble. I would request that, if the Board is of the same opinion, they so inform the Federal Food Commission. The $500 balance due on the $3000 note to the Bank of Hawaii was paid December 31. From now on the Division should have about $500 to place to the credit of surplus. Part of the surplus could be used to replace the two trucks now in use at the Division. 15 These trucks are not worth the cost of having them overhauled and I would recommend that tliey both Ije turned in on new ones. Due to the fact tliat we are breaking in a new bookkeeper, our monthly statement is not ready, but it will be submitted as soon as possible. Respectfully submitted, O. B. LiGIITFOOT, Acting Superintendent. Bovine Tuberculosis Control Honolulu, January 14, 191S. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu. Gentle:\ien : — At a meeting of the Board of Supervisors of the City and County of Honolulu held on December 28, Supervisor Bellina, if quoted correctly by the daily papers, voiced some strong sentiments against the continuation of our efforts to erad- icate bovine tuberculosis. Among the assertions attributed to Supervisor Bellina the following would seem to call for a reply even though no official communication substantiating these very serious charges has been received : "Every herd on the island is suft'ering from tuberculosis and it cannot be eradicated." {Advertiser, Dec. 29, '17.) -t * * every drop of milk consumed by the people of Hono- lulu at the present time, with the exception of that which is pas- teurized, contains tuberculosis." (Ibid.) * * Hi ^i^e ^est carried out by Dr. Norgaard and the Board of Agriculture and Forestry is a farce and a scandal and is forc- ing the poorer dairies out of business." (Ibid.) * * * the Board of Agriculture and Forestry has not re- duced bovine tuberculo?tis in milch cows in tha Territory." (Bulletin, Dec. 29, '17.) "\\'e have had eleven years of this tuberculin testing and now they tell us they will put us out of business if we butt in. This compensation act is a robbery of the community. The board has not reduced bovine tuberculosis in any reasonable percentage. And we were bluffed into testing our cattle." (Ibid.) The simplest way in which to refute most of these charges is by quoting a few figures from the official reports of this Division and from the records on file in this office. Percentage of tuberculosis in the dairy herds of the City and County of Honolulu since beginning of the test : 16 1910 22.:^ % 1911 5.27% 1912 ' 3.81% 1913 3.89% 1914 2.08% 1915 3.087c 1916 2.08% 1917 Incomplete 23 dairies have never had a reacter. 20 '' have had but one reacter. 20 '' have had from 2 to 5 reacters. 68 '■ (as compared to 23 in 1911) may i.ow be considered clean. 9 ** are still considered infected. Of these nine, eight dispose of their milk through the Honolulu Dairymen's Association where presumably it is pasteurized, while the ninth has been recently tested and all reacters disposed of. In regard to the Bovine Tuberculosis Compensation Act (Act 121, 1917) to which supervisor Bellina refers in such flc.ttering terms, it was introduced before the last legislature by the local milk producers. It leaves the Board of Agriculture and For- estry no discretion as to whether dairy cattle shall be tested or not. but decrees that the Board shall test all dairy cattle, etc. Such cattle shall first be appraised, and the appraised value shall be satisfactory to the owner. Supervisor Bellina, though he, for reasons of his own, opposed the passage of the bill which carries an appropriation of $20,000, was the first to avail himself of its benefits, or, to use the words ascribed to him, having been bluffed into testing his herd, he drew $2801.48 compensation for his condemned cattle, or 14% of the total appropriated for the entire Territory. In regard to the war-time conservation ''of the beef which is now beins: slaughtered as the result of tuberculin testing," Super- visor Bellina seems to overlook the fact that only three of his tuberculous cattle were so badly diseased that their carcasses had to be condemned entirely. From the rest of the carcasses the Supervisor salved beef to the value of $2359.52. Tlie threats imputed to me in regard to '''putting any dairyman out of business" are hardly worth replying to. The only dairy- man I have heard of being put out of business of recent years was Mr. Farm, but possibly Mr. Bellina does not refer to' him. At any rate this Board expended more than $6,000 trying to keep him in the business, though without avail. He was driven out! In conclusion: Is the policy of eradication of bovine tubercu- losis as adopted by this Board on my recommendation sound ? On May 1, the federal Bureau of Animal Industrv created the 17 Tuberculosi. Eradication Division. At the annual meeting of the American ' Veterinary Medical Association in Kansas City in August, the chief of this new division spoke as follows : "The Bureau believes that tuberculosis may be eradicated from all the cattle and all the swine in this nati mi ; otherwise, it would not have attempted such an arduous task. • *'To support such a broad assertion there is an abundance of evidence obtained through the school of experience covering a period of several years. ^'Tuberculosis has been eradicated from hundreds of herds in the District of Columbia, \arginia, Maryland, and other states. It has been practically exterminated from comparatively large circumscribed areas. "Furthermore, wherever and whenever an effort was made to eradicate the disease and the earnest cooperation of the live stock owners and officials has been obtained, success has never failed to crown the enterprise. "Herds of cattle which have, at the inception of the campaign, contained 75% of diseased animals, have been freed of tlie mal- ady ; and have remained as free herds. "Herds which, on the first test, were found free of disease, have, by the prudent care of their owners, been kept free of tuberculosis. "The experience the Bureau has had, as outlined here, has been enjoyed by veterinary officials of some of the states. "The preponderance of successful experiments, if we call them such, is convincing proof that when conditions are favorable tuberculosis may be eradicated. "What constitutes favorable conditions? The same state of mind of the people that obtained in the early nineties when pleuro-pneumonia was eradicated; in 1902, 1908, 1914 and 1915, when foot-and-mouth disease was eradicated ; the spirit that per- vaded the western states during the cattle and sheep scabies eradication campaign ; the spirit that is aiding in the eradication of hog cholera ; the same state of mind, the same earnest, hearty, wholesome and substantial cooperation that has made texas fever eradication such a success. "The American people can eradicate tuberculosis or pre\'ent its eradication, or increase its presence." This uneciuivocal declaration of policy by the highest authority in the United States would appear in every respect to support the policy adopted by and adhered to by the Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry, the Territorial Board of Health and, up to the present time, the Board of Supervisors of the City and County of Honolulu. The endorsement of the people of the Territory was definitely voiced by the last legislature. And last but not least it has the unanimous support and approval of the local medical association. As one of "the American people" wiio "can eradicate tubercu- 18 losis or prevent its eradication, or increase its presence" let us see what Supervisor, milk producer and director in the Dairy- men's Association Bellina has accomplished, irias he eradicated tuberculosis or helped to eradicate it, even from his own herd? Decidedly no. He has obstructed our efforts at eradication in every possible way, retaining his diseased cows on his dairy premises until forced to dispose of them, and he now retains a nest egg of some seventy head of untested cattle and con- demned reacters, which he does not find it convenient to round up. Has Mr. Bellina prevented the eradication or increased the presence of tuberculosis ? Decidedly yes ! The infected herd just referred to has already caused a decided increase of tuber- culosis in a neighboring dairy herd where the malady has been steadily decreasing until Mr. Bellina's diseased animals were placed alongside, with only a wire fence between the two herds, and that defective. As far as Mr. Bellina's own dairy herd is concerned he had this year (1917) more than five times as many tuberculous cattle as he had in 1916. In another herd, one of the largest in the Territory and originally one of the most infected, we had succeeded, by testing every three months, in reducing the number of tuberculosis animals from 34% in 1911 to 3% in 1915. When testing this herd for the third time in 1916 the manager informed me that Mr. Bellina liad convinced him that the losses would be much smaller if he tested but once a year ; and that was all the law required, anyhow ! The herd was not tested again until 13 months later. The percentage had increased to 22.34%. To further prove the fallacy of Mr. Bellina's advice the annual percentages of tuberculoiis animals, from 1910 to 1917 inclusive, in the said herd are appended : 1910—1 test — 41.5 % tuberculous cattle 1911—1 " —34. % 1912—3 tests— 9.01% 1913_^ " _ 7.4 ^„ 1914—4 " — 4.37% 1915_4 - _ 3. % " - . 1916—3 " — 4.07% 1917—1 test —22.54% These figures should prove conclusively that to leave tubercu- lous animals in the herd for one year instead of weeding them out every 3 months does not pay, especially when the question is the eradication of the disease at the least cost to the Territory. In conclusion. Supervisor Bellina's attention is called to Ordi- nance No. 17 of the City and County of Honolulu, approved March 21, 1910, and still effective. This ordinance requires the tuberculin testing of all dairy cows in the City and County of Honolulu and adds that the Board of Supervisors shall pro- vide for the testing of the cows without charge. All tuberculin 19 testing in the City and County of Honolulu from March 21, 1910, until the approval of the territorial bovine tuberculosis compensation act on April 23, 1917, has therefore been carried out under authority of and in cooperation with the local Board of Supervisors of which Mr. Bellina is now a member. Beyond the fact that the supervisorial ordinance is a City and County measure and the compensation act a Territorial one, there is little difference in the scope of the tw^o, unless it be that the latter compensates the owner of the tuberculous animals, while the former does not. This, however, can hardly have been the cause of the Supervisor's displeasure when he snapped at the bill that was compensating him. So perhaps he was only preparing the Board of Supervisors for action on a new milk ordinance, substituting pasteurization for tuberculin testing! Again quoting the Bulletin of December 29, we learn: "Supervisor Bellina said that pasteurization of milk is the only w^ay in which the disease may be eliminated." This Mr. Bellina can hardly have meant, as he must be aware that tuberculosis during 1917 increased to an alarming extent in a number of herds from which the milk was being pasteurized, or in spite of it. Pasteurization under competent official control may possibly be relied on to kill tubercle bacilli in the milk, but it most assuredly will not help controlling or even pre- venting the further spread of tuberculosis in infected herds. And Mr. Bellina may rest assured that should his attempt at preventing our further efforts at controlling and eradicating the disease prove successful, the time will not be distant when there will be no herd free of tuberculosis, and when scrofulosis and intestinal tuberculosis will increase amon.g the children of the Territory. Respectfully submitted, Victor A. Norgaard, Territorial Veterinarian. 20 The Paradise Tree A BEAUTIFUL TREE OF TROPICAL AMERICA VERY SUITABLE FOR HAWAII. By Vaughan MacCaughey, College of Hazvaii. The Paradise Tree is one of the most beautiful trees of trop- ical Florida, the West Indies, and tropical America. Many travel- lers and tree lovers have awarded it the highest praise for love- liness of form, foliage, flower, and fruit. It grows easily and rapidly, reproduces freely, and has very few insect or fungous- enemies. Its name is euphonious. The Paradise Tree should be- come a member of that large and growing family of Hawaiian trees that are native to other lands, but that have become so thor- oughly established in their mid-Pacific island home that they are now recognized as kauia-ainas. The mango, the banyan, the monkey-pod, the kiawe — how empty the Honolulu lowlands would become if these trees were to vanish ! The beautiful Para- dise Tree should be introduced into the Paradise of the Pacific, and add its charm and tropic color to the exotic vegetation ot Hawaii. The tree {Simaruha glauca DC.) is a member of the Quassi'i family (Simarubacese or Simaroubacese), which comprises abour 145 species in 28 genera. These are trees and shrubs — a fe\v herbs — mostly tropical and generally with bitter latex. Many are of medicinal value. The name Simaruba is the Guiana na- tives' name for a certain species of that country. At present this important family is wholly unrepresented in the Hawaiian flora. There are no indigenous forms, and none of the foreign species have been introduced- In the continental United States the Ai lanthus or Tree of Heaven, native to northern China, is widely planted and naturalized. The Paradise Tree would be a worthy representative of the family in Hawaii. Inasmuch as the trees are dioecious, and the fruit-clusters are very handsome, the female trees are much more valuable, from the ornamental standpoint, than are the male trees. The genus Siiuaniba Aublet comprises seven species, all native of tropical America, and all characterized by bitter, resinous juice and tonic properties. The Paradise Tree ranges from southern Florida and the keys through the Bahama Islands, Cuba, Jamai- ca, Central America, Guiana, and Brazil. It is called Bitter-wood because of its taste. The Cuban name Palo bianco refers to the silvery undersurfaces of the leaves. It is often confused with 6'. amara Aublet, which is the official source of Simaruba bark. The Paradise Tree has a beautiful form, and rises to heights of 35-50 feet. Under favorable conditions the latter stature is not uncommon. The crown is round-topped and symmetrical, with a dense canopy of very dark green glossy leaves, the under 21 surfaces of which, as has been mentioned, are silvery. The trunk is straight, smooth, and 18-20 inches in diameter. The bark is very smooth, .50-. 75 inches thick, picturesquely patterned and mottled with light brown and brownish-gray, and finally exfoliat- ing in broad, thick, appressed scales. In Costa Rica an infusion of the bark is used in the treatment of fever. The branches are slender and spreading. The branchlets are stout. They are pale green and glabrous when they first appear, but gradually change to light brown. In their second season they are rugose and conspicuously marked by the large, oval leaf-scars. The wood is light, soft, not strong, and coarse-grained. It has scattered, open ducts, indistinguishable annual rings, and very fine pith rays. Its color is uniform pale yellow or light brown, with thick sapwood and intensely bitter flavor. The wood is lit- tle used, although it possesses to a marked degree tonic properties resembling those of the Quassia tree. In Florida it is popularly believed that to drink water from a cup made of Simaruba wood is a cure for chills and fever. The physical properties of the wood are as follows : Specific gravity 0.4136 Percentage of ash 0.93 Relative approximate fuel value 0.4098 Coefficient of elasticity 93217. Modulus of rupture 564. Resistance to longitudinal pressure. ...... 426. Resistance to indentation • 86. Weight per cubic foot 25.78 lbs. The bark of the root is employed medicinally, often as a sub- stitute for S. amara. It comes to the druggist in the form of long pieces, one or more inches broad, folded lengthwise, light, flexible, tenacious, very plain, light brownish yellow externally, pale yellow on the inside, rough, warty, and marked with trans- verse ridges ; without odor. The chief constituent is quassin, QoH,,03. The leaves are alternate, abruptly odd-pinnately compound, and 6-10 inches long. The petioles are 2-3 inches long. The leaflets are conduplicate in the bud. When they first unfold they are thin, membranaceous, and dark-red. They are petiolulate ; the petiolules are stout, about .25 inch long. The leaflets are alter- nately arranged, 11-13, mostly obovate, 2-3 inches long, margin entire and revolute, venation pinnate, texture coriaceous. The base is cuneate and more or less oblique. The apex is rounded or slightly pointed. The blade is very lustrous dark green above ; below it is silvery glaucous, with a prominent mid rid. The two surfaces contrast very strongly in color and luster. In the springtime for many weeks the dark crowns of the Para- dise Trees are covered with a delicate yellow veil. This diaphan- ous drapery which appears on both staminate and pistillate trees, is composed of the immense loose clusters of tiny yellow flow- ers. The individual flow^ers are very small {.33 inch in diameter, 22 .16-25 inch long), and numerous, massed in large axillary and terminal panicles. The panicles are 12-18 inches long, 18-24 inches broad, and wide-spreading; the flowers are arranged in groups of 2-6 along the glaucous branches of the panicle. The panicle stem is pale and glaucous. As a whole the flower clusters are showy and attractive and constitute one of the important ornamental features of the tree. The pericels are very short, stout, club-shaped and glaucous. The bracts are small, scarious, and deciduous. The flowers are dioecious. The calyx is glaucous, with 5 short lobes. The corolla has 5 petals which are pale yellow, fleshy, oblong, oval-acute, 4-5 times longer than the calyx. The corolla surrounds a hemispheric villous disk. The stamens are 10, as long as the petals, in the staminate flowers. They are free, filiform, each attached to a ciliate scale at its base and bearing an oblong introrse 2-celled longitudinally dehiscent anther attached on the back below the middle. The pistil has a deeply 5-lobed ovary, with 5 recurved styles and 5 solitary ovules. The fruit is a sessile drupe, one inch or less in length. It is ovoid or oblong, somewhat oblique and slightly ribbed on one side. The fruits are arranged in groups of 1-5 together ; when partially ripe they are bright scarlet, when fully mature they be- come rich glossy dark purple- The name Paradise Tree refers to these brightly colored fruit clusters, as well as to other orna- mental features. The flesh is thin, bitter, and not edible. The seed is about .75 inch long, crustaceous, papillose, and orange brown. In Jamaica the fruits are called Mountain or Bitter Dam- sons. The cultural requirements of the Paradise Tree are simple. A humid atmosphere ; porous, thoroughly watered soil ; and an abundance of well-rotted vegetable manure around the roots of the young plant — these are the main requirements. After the tree has been successfully introduced the seeds will be scattered by the birds, and undoubtedly the species will become naturalized. The Paradise Tree should belong to Hawaii. lllillllllllilllllllllllililllllilini!lllSlllilillilillllil!llllllllll!lllllillllllllllBlllll^: I When planning to take your vacation or | I a trip to San Francisco, make your reserva- | I tions on a Matson Line steamer — finest ac- | I commodations and cuisine. | = FOE FULL PAETICULARS APPLY TO = I Castled Cooke, CtdJ = HONOLULU AGENTS = FOR FIRE, LIFEJARINE, AUIOMOBILE AND TOURISTS' BAGGAGE NSURANCE |0a$fle$€ooke, Ctd.l I HONOLXJT^XJ, HA^WAII | ifniiiiiiiitiiiBiiniiiiiiiiiiiigiiigiiiiiniiniiiiiinBiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiT niiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiniiininiiiiiMiiiisiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniit I F. A. SWER & CO., LID. | I IMPORTERS I I COMMISSION AND INSURANCE AGENTS AND | I SUGAR FACTORS | = AGENTS FOR = = Honokaa Sugar Company Pacific Sugar Mill E E Hawaiian Irrigation Company, Limited E, E German Lloyd Insurance Co. (Marine) E E Magdeburg Fire Insurance Co. (of Magdeburg, Germany) = ^ Hamburg-Bremen Fire Insurance Co. (Hamburg, Germany) = E Bremen Board of Underwriters E E Hartford Fire Insurance Co. (of Hartford, Connecticut) E E Concordia Fire Insurance Co. of Milwaukee, Wisconsin E ^ Marine and Transportation Department ^ = Delaware Underwriters of the Westchester Fire Insurance Company E E (of New York) E E 55 Merchant Street, corner Kaahumanu E E Post Office Box 187 - - Cable Address: ''Schaeferco" = riii!iiMii!3iiiiii!iinin!isiii!iiiii]!ii!iiii!iiiini9nsMniiini!9Miiiinniiiiiiiiiiiii^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiinEiiiiisBiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii: ; ON FEED CO., LID.I = Dealers in E I HAY AND GRAIN | E and Manufacturers of E I ALGAROBA FEED I E (A substitute for Oats and Rolled Barley) E = PARTICULAR ATTENTION PAID TO = E SHIPPING ORDERS E E ISLAND ORDERS SOLICITED = = Sole Agents for the Territory for E E Pratt's Celebrated Horse, Cattle and Poultry E = Remedies E E Warehouse and Office: KAKAAKO E E P. O. Box 247 HONOLULU, T. H. Phone 3468 | TfBMiniiiiiiiiiiniiisniiiiiiiiiiiiiiBiii.iiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin ^iiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiii iMiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiu = OFFICERS E 5 E. Faxon Bishop, President Richard Ivers, Secretary = E Geo. H. Robertson, Vice-Pres., E. A. R. Ross, Treasurer = E and Manager D. G. May, Auditor E = DIRECTORS: = E J- R. Gait, Director R. A. Cooke, Director E E Geo. R. Carter, Director A. Gartley, Director E E C. H. Cooke, Director E C. BREWER & GO. Ltd. ESTABLISHED 1826 SUGAR FACTORS SHIPPING AND COMMISSION MERCHANTS REPRESENTING OCEANIC STEAMSHIP COMPANY SUGAR PLANTATIONS Olowalu Company Hilo Sugar Company Onomea Sugar Company Honomu Sugar Company Wailuku Sugar Company Pepeekeo Sugar Company Waimanalo Sugar Company Hakalau Plantation Company Honolulu Plantation Company Hawaiian Agricultural Co. Kvlauea Sugar Plantation Co Paauhau Sugar Plantation Co. INSURANCE London Assurance Corporation Royal Insurance Co., of Liverpool Caledonian Ins. Co., of Edinburgh Scottish Union & Nat. Ins. Co. American & Foreign Marine Insurance Company Commercial Union Assurance Co., of London GENERAL AGENTS Kapapala Ranch Nippon Yusen Kaisha S. S. Co. Baldwin Locomotive Works Thomas Pineapple Company E Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Co. Pacific Coast Steamship Co. ?illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllill!lllll!lllliSgilllll{|||||||||lilli9illllillilllllll|||||^ ijiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniianiiiiiinssiiiniiisiMBBiBiiiiisiiiEiiiiiiiiininniiiiiiiiiiiiif^ I J. M. DO^WSETT I = AGENT i [lilFOiiD FIRE INSURANCE CO, OF HARTFORD, CONN. I ISICKESe Fi INSURANCE CO. | I OF NEW YORK | I Merchant Street HONOLULU, T. H. | fniEii!ii3iiBniBi!iiiiiiiiiEiiiiinBn!BMniiiisiiiii!iii33iMiii!iniiieiiiiiiieisiiiiiisir^ ^UBBBBBSIB!l!IBBBBBB!IBBnBBflBIB!BBBBIBflBBBBEBBBBB!5B!IIIEESi'JBBSiBBBiBBBBBBB!BBBBBSBBBBBBBti: I GARDEN AND FARM TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS I To do good farming you must have up-to-date tools to work with. We carry a most complete line of every- thing needed by the small or large farmer, from the smallest hand trowel to the largest cane plow. We also have a good assortment of Fland, Bucket or Bar- rel Sprayers. Our assortment of Hoes, Shovels, Spades, Mattocks, Rakes, Garden Shears, Lawn Mow- ers, Garden Hose, and other tilings that are needed daily about the farm or garden, is most complete and our stock large. I E. 0. HALL S SON, LTD. | E King and Port Streets, Honolulu : riEBIBBBEEEBIBSIEEBEBBSSBEEEBBEEEIBIEIBEEBBBEiBEBSEEflEIEBSBEEBEEBBBBBEBBEEBBBBBBBESBEBBBEEBSBr =i||lillllilllllllll3lllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllillilllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllV = Cable Address: "GUANO" = E Codes Used: ABC 5th Edition, Lieber's, Western Union, Excelsior E I M PACIFIC GUANO & FERTILIZER CO. I :: Honolulu, T. H. Los Angeles San Francisco, Cal. = i BIANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN = Commercial Fertilizers Sulphuric Acid^ Phosphoric Acid Superphosphates Neats Foot Oil Tallow Nitrate Soda Sulphate Ammonia Sulphate Potash Honolulu Address: 2365 N. KING STREET Muriate Potash Bone Ash Bone Meal Animal and Willow Charcoal Fish and Bat Guano POULTRY FOODS San Francisco Address: 343 SANSOME STREET riiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii? :iiiiiiiiinii!iiisiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiinMiEn!iiiEiiiiieiit!iiiiiiniiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiij: IH. HACKFELD & CO., LID.I E HONOLULU, HAWAII = E San Francisco Office 310 Sansome Street E E New York Office 82 Wall Street = = IMPORTERS AND GENERAL E E COMMISSION AGENTS S E AGENTS FOR E = China Mail Steamship Company E E American-Hawaiian Steamship Company = INSURANCE COMPANIES Fire Association of Philadelphia Globe & Rutgers Fire Insurance Co. Phoenix Insurance Co., Colonial Fire Underwriters, Lihue Plantation Co., Ltd. The Koloa Sugar Company Kipahulu Sugar Company Kekaha Sugar Company, Ltd. Grove Farm Plantation Guardian Assurance Co., Ltd. Allianz Insurance Co., Ltd., of Berlin Tokio Marine Insurance Co., Ltd. Hibernia Underwriters Agency AGENTS FOR Waiahole "Water Co., Ltd. The Waimea Mill Co., Ltd. Pioneer Mill Co.. Ltd. Oahu Sugar Company, Ltd. The Pacific Guano & Fertilizer Co. '4inillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllMlllllllllillliiililllllllllllllllillilllillllllllillllllllliT |iiiiiriiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I Kamehameha Schools Farm Loan Bulls i E A chance for the progressive dairyman of Hawaii E = to secure a Registered Holstein-Friesian Bull = I FREE I = We will loan you a superior bred bull for three ^ E years, absolutely free, if you will agree to certain E E conditions of dairy management E E WRITE US. FOR OUR ATTRACTIVE PROPOSITION = I Agricultural Dept. KAMEHAMEHA SCHOOLS HONOLULU I E HEADQUARTERS FOR E E HOLSTEIN BULLS BERKSHIRE HOGS E ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin Officers and Staff of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry (1918) OOMMISSIONEEa Arthur H. Bice, President Walter M. Giffard J. M. Dowsett A. L. C. Atkinson H. M. von Holt DIVISION OP FOiiESTEY. Charles S. Judd, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden; ob* Executive Officer of Board. David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman. Joseph F. Rock, Consulting Botanist, Bro. Matthias Newell, in charge of Sub-Nursery at Hilo, Hawaii, Walter D. McBryde, in charge of Sub -Nursery at Homestead, KauaL David Kapihe, Forest Banger for Tantalus, Oahu. E. H. Hippie, Forest Banger for Palolo, Manoa, and Nuuanu, Oahit, John Pililaau, Forest Banger for Waianae, Oahum Hosea K. Lovell, Forest Banger for Kauai. ' A. J. W. Mackenzie, Forest Banger for Hawaii. James Lindsaj, Forest Banger for Maui. DIVISION OP ENTOMOLOGY. David T. FuUaway, Entomologist. Miss Agnes Buchanan, Laboratory Assistant. DIVISION OF PLANT INSPECTION. Edward M. Ehrhorn, Chief Plant Inspector. D. B. Kuhns, Assistant Plant Inspector. Bro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo, Hawaii. Will J. Cooper, Fruit and Plant Inspector, KaJmlui, Maui. E. E. Madden, Honorary Plant Inspector at MahuTcona, Hawaii. Geo. B. Leavitt, Honorary Plant Inspector at Eleele, Kauai. ,G. C. Munro, Honorary Plant Inspector at Manele, Lanai. DIVISION OP ANIMAL INDUSTEY. Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Territorial Veterinarian. L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian, Joseph Richard, LivestocJc Inspector. H. B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for East Hawaii (on leave). O. B. Shipman, Acting Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for East Hawaii. A. R. Rowat, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for West Hawaii, J. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Maui, Cyril Golding, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian, Kauai. MARKETING DIVISION. O. B. Lightfoot, Acting Superintendent. J. M. Watt, Marlceting Demonstrator, Maui. W. W. G. Moir, Marketing Demonstrator, E. Hawaii. John MidkifP, Marlceting Demonstrator, TV. Hawaii. A. H. Case, Marlceting Demonstrator, Kauai. CLERICAL STAFF OF BOARD. Miss M. T. Kellj, ClerJc and Stenographer. Miss Florence A. White, Librarian and Stenographer. Daniel Logan, Editor of the Forester, /f* The HAWAIIAN FORESTEK AND ^VGRICULTURISH FEBRUARY, 1918 ^ CONTENTS PAGE Forest Service in the War 33 Editorial Notes 33 Division of Animal Industry 35 Division of Entomology 36 Division of Forestry 37 Timber Sales on National Forests Doubled 38 Marketing Division 39 Division of Plant Inspection 40 Sisal in the Hawaiian Islands 42 VOL XV. PRICE. Ten cents NO. 2 ^ /S 411 Illllllllllllllllllllillilllllllllllllllillllilliilllilllllilllllllilinilllllllllllilllilillllillliilliiilllilllliil lltmit]e& omcEs STANGENWALD BUILDING MEHLHORN BUILDING 82 WALL STREET - - - - ALASKA COMMERCIAL BLDG. HONOLULU, T. H. SEATTLE, WASH. NEW YORK, N. Y. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. OFFICEBS AND DIBECTOKS: J. P. COOKE President and Director W. M. ALEXANDEB First Vice-President and Director J. B. GALT Second Vice-President and Director W. O. SMITH Third Vice-President and Director J. WATEBHOUSE Treasurer JOHN GUILD Secretary H. A. BALDWIN Director A. L. CASTLE Director C. H. ATHEETON Director C. B. HEMENWAY Director Sugar J^artorjs, OInmmtfiatiin il^rrlyanta anb AGENTS FOB Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company Haiku Sugar Company Paia Plantation Maui Agricultural Compaay Hawaiian Sugar Company McBryde Sugar Company, Ltd. Kahuku Plantation Company Kauai Fruit and Land Company, Ltd. Elahului Railroad Company Kauai Railway Company, Ltd. Honolua Ranch Springfield Fire and Marine Insuranca Company American Central Insurance Company The Home Insurance Company, New York New Zealand Insuxance Company German Alliance Insurance Association Switzerland Marine Insuanee Company, Ltd. LiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiniiiEiniiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMii;^ The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist A Monthly Magazine of Forestry, Entomology, Animal Industry and Agriculture. Issued under the direction of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Territory of Hawaii. w I Address all communications to DANIEL LOGAN Editor "THE FORESTER" P. O. Box 366, Honolulu, T. H. For business relating to subscriptions or advertising, address HAWAIIAN GAZETTE CO., LTD., Publishers, Honolulu, T. H. Price 10c. per copy; $1.00 a year; Foreign, $1.25 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Honolulu, Hawaii. ' bution (together with the titles of certain issues now out of print) is to be found on the cover of the last biennial report. Applications for publications should be addressed to the Mailing Clerk, P. O. Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii. THE HAWAIIAN FORESTER AND AGRICULTURIST Vol. XV. Honolulu, February. 1918. No. 2 FOREST SERVICE IN THE WAR. "Upon the rupture of diplomatic relations with Germany," says the report of the federal department, "the forest service began to plan for meeting the responsibilities which, if war fol- lowed, it should assume." Among these were emergency assist- ance in the protection of public works and transportation lines and the gathering of military reconnaissance information valu- able to the war department. Wood and other forest products have almost innumerable uses in modern warfare, it is pointed out. Never before has the demand for exact knowledge been so urgent. "In the work relating to forest utilization and forest products, the resources of the service have been employed to the limit of their capacity since the war began in rendering assistance to the war and navy departments, the emergency fleet corporation, various commit- tees of the council of national defense, and manufacturers of war orders. The peace-time program has been largely discon- tinued. The force and the work have been centered in Wash- ington and Madison. Every effort has been made to bring available knowledge to the attention of the organizations which have need for it and to assist in anticipating their problems." Much of the work has concerned aircraft material. It has included also problems connected with the construction of wooden ships and of vehicles. Assistance has been given to hardwood distillation plants in order to increase the production of acetone and other products needed for munition making. A commercial demonstration has shown that costs of producing ethyl alcohol from wood waste can be materially reduced. Methods have been developed by which walnut and birch can be kiln-dried in a much reduced time with comparatively little loss. In general, the report says, "much assistance has been given on a great variety of war problems relating to forest re- sources and the manufacture, purchase, and most efficient use of wood and other forest products." Tuberculosis control among dairy cattle for January, accord- ing to the report of the Assistant Veterinarian, shows 31 animals condemned out of 870 tested, or 3.56 per cent. It will be 34 noticed, however, that two or three dairies account for the com- paratively high showing of infection and that, taken by dairies, there are ten absolutely clean out of eighteen inspected, or SSy^ per cent clean. Since Dr. Norgaard's exposure of the true character of Supervisor Bellina's assault upon the bovine tuber- culosis control" policy of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry nothing has been heard of that gentleman's proposed ordinance to destroy the effectiveness of the campaign. There has not appeared a scintilla of popular backing for his retrograde scheme. Distribution of nearly 36,000 parasites of the fruit fly and of the corn leaf hopper in January, a large proportion of which v/ere bred in the same month, indicates continued efficiency of the Division of Entomology. Reports of several of the sugar plantations telling of the ravages of the leaf hopper strongly emphasize the value of this service. Tree planting proceeds with satisfactory progress, as may be seen in the January report of the Forest Nurseryman. The work that the plantation companies are doing in this line is immense, and it is gratifying to note that the nursery is equal to the huge demands from this quarter. According to the January report of the Marketing Division, business in beans, cabbage and sweet potatoes was brisk. Ex- portation of beans to the Pacific Coast, providing it be limited to what amount may be spared without causing domestic scarcity and high prices for the commodity, distinctly adds to the pres- tige of Hawaiian horticulture. Effective protection from pests is again manifested in detail by the report of the Division of Plant Inspection for last month. Our ports are well guarded against the greatest menace to Ha- waiian aericulture. •■fe' Daily accounts in the press regarding the war conservation of certain foodstuff's in the territory gives promise that the cam- paign will permanenlly revolutionize the effort to make Hawaii self-sustaining in the matter of sustenance for man and beast both in normal times and periods of emergency. Henry S. Graves, the federal forester, is now serving with the American expeditionary forces in France, with a commission as lieutenant colonel, in connection with the forest work for the supply of the needs of our overseas troops and those of the Allies. A number of other members of the forest service re- ceived commissions in the Tenth Engineers (Forest) while manv more entered the ranks. 35 Division of Animal Industry REPORT OF ASSISTANT VETERINARIAN. Honolulu, February 21, 1918. Dr. V. A. Norgaard, Chief, Division of Animal Industry, Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H. Sir : I have the honor to submit the following report for the month of January, 1918: Tuberculosis Control. The following cattle were tested during the month : Tested. Passed. Condeuuied. Moanalua Ranch 150 148 2 W. Miner 10 10 0 E. Hoh 1 0 1 Kalihi Farm 42 42 0 Geo. H. Hoh 16 13 3 V. Vasconcellas 20 20 0 x\ntone Pires 7 4 3 John Fernandez 10 10 0 Kamehameha Schools 2>7 C)?> 4 F. Correia 12 12 0 Joe Caspina 13 13 0 C. J. Dav 5 3 0 K. Sato/. 14 14 . 0 D. Telles 2 0 2 J. P. Mendonca 22 22 0 Moanalua Ranch 142 140 2 Kualoa Ranch 356 342 14 Antone Marks 11 11 0 The above list shows a total of 870 head tested, out of which number 839 were passed and tagged, and 31 condemned and branded. Of these 31 condemned cattle, 30 have been slaught- ered at the local abattoirs, 28 being passed and 2 condemned as unfit for human consumption. On 10 of these cattle no ccun- pensation was paid, as their beef value exceeded 80% of the appraised value. Very good prices were obtained for all. IMPORTATIONS OF LIVESTOCK. S. S. Manoa, San Francisco : 2 dogs, 1 cat, \\\ F. X. Company. S. S. Sierra, San Francisco: 1 cat. 36 S. S. Governor, San Francisco : 2 Airedale Pups, F. L. W'aldron. S. S. Hyades, San Francisco : 1 dog, Mrs. J. P. Wisser. S. S. Lurline, San Francisco : 17 mules. Haw. Preserving Co. ; 1 dog, Mrs. E. M. Magoon ; 1 Berkshire boar, E. O. Hall & Son. S. S. Manoa, San Francisco : 1 dog, \\'. R. Norris ; 4 cts. chickens, J. C. Reed. Respectfully submitted, Leonard N. Case, Assistant Territorial \"eterinarian. Division of Entomology Honolulu, February 15, 1918. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu^ Gentlemen : During the month of January the insectary handled 33,100 pupae of the melon fly, from which there were bred 900 females and 709 males, Opius flctcher'u The distribution of parasites was as follows : Opius flctc fieri. Females Males Oahu : Schofield Barracks 160 123 Kaimuki 135 110 Kauai : Kealia 482 381 DiacJiasjua tryoni. Oahu: Kalihi 40 18 Diachasuia fullawayi. Oahu : Kalihi 35 10 Paranagnis (Corn Leaf Hopper Parasite). Oahu : Manoa Valley 4000 Makiki Nursery 14200 Maui : Haiku \ 16300 Respectfully submitted, D. T. FULLAWAY, Entomologist. Z7 Division of Forestry REPORT OF FOREST NURSERYMAN. Honolulu, January 31, 1918. Superintendent of Forestry, Honolulu. Dear Sir : I herewith submit a report of the work done dur- ing the month of January, 1918: Sold Gratis . . Distr NURSERY. ib lit ion of Plants. Transplant Boxes 500 850 Pot Grown 94 1500 1594 Total 594 2350 Total 1350 2944 COLLECTIONS. Governnicni Realizations. Collections on account plants sold $ 7.30 Rent of Office Building, Nursery grounds 35.00 Total $42.30 Plantation Companies and Other Corporations. The distribution of plants under this heading amounted to 152,000 in seed boxes and 300 in transplant boxes. We still have on file orders for 50,000 seedlings and 6000 transplants ready to set out. These orders will be completed in a few weeks. Makiki Station. The work at this station has been principally routine. We have a large quantity of koa and other species ready to be planted out on the Honolulu Watershed in Makiki and Manoa \'alley sections. Honolulu Watershed Planting. During the month 406 koa trees were planted on land near the top of Makiki Valley. Other work done consisted in making holes and hoeing trees. 38 In Manoa Valley section of water reserve trees planted dui the month consisted of the following species : 44 Melaleuca stypheloides 137 Spathodea campanulata 31 Pisonia inennis 20 Melaleuca leucadeudron Z67 Acacia koa 6 Ficits religiosa 605 Advice and Assistance. The writer has been called upon to make visits and otherwise give advice as follows : Calls made, 8; telephone advice, 10; advice by letter, 6; advice to people calling, 8. Respectfully submitted, David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman. TIMBER SALES ON NATIONAL FORESTS DOUBLED. Sales of national forest timber in the fiscal year 1917 were more than double those of 1916, according to the annual report of the forester. The total amount sold exceeded two billion feet and is valued at more than $3,715,000. During the same period about 727 million feet were cut and removed, for which the pur- chasers paid $1,507,303 into the federal treasury. The largest sales were made in Oregon, where about 688 million board feet were disposed of. In addition to the timber sold, approximately 113 million board feet valued at almost $150,000 was cut under free use permit by more than 41,000 settlers living near the national for- ests and depending on the forests for firewood and building ma- terial to improve their homesteads. The timber business on the eastern purchase areas, while still small as compared with the western forests, showed a decided increase. More than three times as much timber was sold and more than twice as much cut as in 1916. The material disposed of, it is pointed out, is largely of poor quality and its removal w411 improve the forest growth. 39 Marketing Division Honolulu, February 26, 1918. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu. T. H. Gentlemen : I respectfully submit the following report of the Acting Superintendent of the Marketing Division for the month of January, 1918: During the month, the Division received large shipments of beans, cabbages and sweet potatoes. Very few beans had been sold as the local market was flooded with Island beans. The Maui red bean is an excellent bean and can be readily sold on the Coast. We received an order from the Hawaii Preserving Company for all the Maui red beans we can get to be shipped before February 28. They are going to ship these beans to the Coast and, if they prove satisfactory, they will buy all the red beans we can furnish next season. Many large shipments of bananas have been received by the Division, a good part of which were sold by the Banana Con- suming Propaganda Committee and delivered by us. We are also handling large quantities of loose bananas each day, which are being used by the local bakeries, as well as by the army posts for making banana bread. Our large truck was out of commission during the time we had to make the deliveries of bananas, and it cost the Division $185 for outside trucks. Large shipments of very good cabbage were received from Wahiawa which we had no trouble in disposing of. Cabbage was scarce this year and large quantities had to be imported. We expect several tons more in from Maui in the near future. Sweet potatoes were very plentiful during the month of Janu- ary, but most of the consignment were received in poor condi- tion. These potatoes had to be regraded and the worst of the lot sold as pig feed. We induced some of the local bakeries to experiment with sweet potatoes as a substitute in making bread, and this helped our sales considerably. Good bread can be made by using about 30 per cent sweet potatoes. The Audit Company of Hawaii have a man working on o ir books, and as soon as they are in balance we vv^ll submit our monthly statement. Respectfully, O. B. LiGIITFOOT, Acting Superintendent. 40 Division of Plant Inspection Honolulu, January 31, 1918. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu. Gentlemen : I respectfully submit my report of the work done by the Division of Plant Inspection for the month of Jan- uary, 1918, as follows: During the month there arrived at the port of Honolulu 62 vessels, of which 18 carried vegetable matter with the following results : Disposal Lots Parcels Passed as free from pests 631 16,811 Fumigated 7 17 Burned 41 42 Returned 2 2 Total Inspected 681 16,872 Of these shipments 16,623 packages arrived as freight, 127 packages as mail matter, and 122 packages as baggage. RICE AND BEAN SHIPMENTS. During the month 26,152 bags of rice and 1,214 bags of beans arrived from Japan and Oriental ports, all of which were free from pests. PESTS INTERCEPTED. Approximately 2710 pieces of baggage belonging to passen- gers and immigrants from foreign countries were examined, and from these were seized and destroyed by burning 28 lots of fruit and 14 lots of vegetables. The following disposal was made of plants and seeds from various sources; On January 7, a case of plants from California was fumi- gated for aphis, and the soil removed before delivery. On January 10, five orchids and a package of hibiscus cuttings belonging to passengers from Manila were fumigated as a pre- caution. On January 7, a package of pomegranate seeds and a package of tree seeds in the mail from Japan were returned as unmailable. On the same date a bag of kukui nuts in the mail from Manila was fumigated as a precautionary measure and passed. 41 On January 31, two bags of tree seed in the mail from Egypt were fumigated as a precaution and passed. IIILO INSPECTION. Brother M. Newell reports the arrival of two steamers, each carrying vegetable matter consisting of 116 lot> and 2,554 pack- ages of fruit, plants and vegetables ; all of which were passed. KAIIULUI INSrECTION. Mr. Will J. Cooper, Plant and Fruit Inspector for Maui, re- ports the arrival of seven steamers at the port of Kahului, three of which brought vegetable matter consisting of 15 lots and 1007 parcels. No injurious pests were found, and all were passed. INTER-ISLAND INSPECTION. Fifty-eight steamers plying between Honolulu and other island ports were attended to, and the following shipments were passed as free from pests : Taro 4Sv3 bags Vegetables 269 packages Plants 164 Fruit 14 Total passed 930 packages Two lots of fruit were rejected on account of infestation. Respectfully submitted, Edward M. Ehrhorn, Chief Plant Inspector. How the work of the federal forest service was realigned to meet war conditions is described in the annual report of the Forester, which in the absence of the head of the service is made by x\cting Forester A. F. Potter. The report also states that practically every form of use of the forests was greater than ever before, that the receipts again touched a new high level with a total of $3,457,028.41, and that the increase in receipts over the previous year was $633,487.70. 42 Sisal in the Hawaiian Islands By Vaughan MacCaughey, Professor of Botany, ColUge of Haivaii, and William W'einkich. Fibre Expert. Sisal is second only to cotton in being the most extensively used fibre in the United States. Its importance as the basis of binder-twine is steadily increasing. It is a tropical crop, how- ever, and is practically unknown to the average American farmer. The peninsula of Yucatan is the greatest sisal-producing region in the world, and supplies 90 per cent of the world's sisal. The only important sisal-growing portion of the United States is the Territory of Hawaii. Sisal has been raised successfully in the Hawaiian Islands for over two decades, and is now firmly established as an important agricultural industry. There has been no recent or comprehensive account of the sisal industry in Hawaii, and the present paper undertakes to give an up-to- date statement concerning this valuable crop plant. Sisal fibre owes its name to the fact that it was first exported through the port of Sisal, Yucatan, just as Manila hemp received its name from its chief shipping point. Sisal is derived from the leaves of two closely related plants, — Agave rigida var. elongata Baker, the henequen, and var. Sisalaua Engelman, the true sisal. Both are native to Yucatan. They belong to the Amaryllis fam- ily and are similar in appearance to the ornamental agaves. The two common names for this plant are maguey and century plant. All species of this group are natives of Mexico. They furnish a variety of economic products, among which fibre, cloth, a food, soap, pulque, and mescal are prominent. The Agaves flower so infrequently in the temperate zone that they have long been known under the misleading name of ''century plants". The sisal industry was probably started in Yucatan by the Tol- tecs, who emigrated to Campeachy from Central America about A. D. 1060. The economic value of the fibre was quickly per- ceived by the early Spanish explorers, whose navy was in need of cordage to replace the depleted stores of Manila hemp (abaca). In 1783 a Spanish commission made investigations in Yucatan, reported favorably, and industrial development began. The plantations rapidly became so lucrative that the Spanish owners made every effort to maintain a close nionopoly. No plants suitable for propagation were permitted to leave the country. When international courtesy demanded a few plants for research, they were treated, before shipment, so as not to grow. However, in 1836, before the value of the sisal monopoly had been fully realized by the Spaniards themselves, Dr. Henry Per- rine, United States Consul at Campeachy, introduced into Florida 43 a few plants from the vicinity of Merida, Yucatan. In later years stock from the Florida plants was carried to the Bahamas, Trinidad, and many other parts of the world. In 1893 the Hawaiian Commissioner of Agriculture and For- estry imported about 20,000 sisal plants from Reasoner Bros., Oneca, Florida. The favorable results of the experimental work in Hawaii led to the organization, in 1898, of the Hawaiian Fibre Company. This corporation secured about 300 acres on the coral limestone coastal plain which skirts leeward Oahu, and began planting on a commercial basis. The original investment represented about $37,000. The land controlled by this com- pany now (1918) comprises about 3000 acres, with a capitaliza- tion of $150,000, and an annual yield of about 500 tons. The company employs about 60 laborers, men and women ; at present all are Japanese. The minimum wage is $1.25 per day (U. S. gold) ; in addition to this, living quarters, land for gardens, water, insurance, fuel, and medical attendance are furnished by the company. This gratuity represents an expenditure of over $ .25 per day per laborer. These wages correspond with those of the sugar and pineapple plantations for the same classes of labor, and strikingly indicate that Flawaii, contrary to popular opinion upon the mainland, does not possess "cheap labor". Both varieties of sisal, clongata and Sisalana, are perennial, with rosettes of 50-75 leaves. These are nearly straight, erect or spreading, Z-6 ft. long, ^-SYz ins. wide, and about 34 i"- thick above the base. The apex terminates in a sharp spine about 1 in. long. The henequen (elongafa) develops a distinct trunk 3-6 ft. high. Its leaves are 2-2^2 ins. thick at the base, and are always armed with conspicuous marginal spines or hooks. It has a life period of 15-25 years. Sisal (Sisalana) has a very short trunk; the leaves are rarely more than 1 in. thick at the base ; are pale green but not glaucous and are 4-6 ft. long by 4-5j/^ ins. wide. They are usually smooth-margined but sometimes bear here and there a few unequal spines. The young Hawaiian sisal plants have foliage wdth marginal spines, but these spines disappear as the plants grow older. This fact corroborates the theory that Sisalana is derived from elongata or an equivalent form; the latter prob- ably represents a more primitive condition. The terminal spine of sisal is stout, and purplish-black in color. Sisal produces a stronger, softer, whiter fiber than henequen. Its life period is from 8-10 years, as contrasted with the 15-25 year life of hene- quen, and this shortness of life constitutes one of the physiological problems of sisal culture. Sisalana is raised in the Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands, Santo Domingo, Central America. East Africa, Java, India, and the Hawaiian Islands. However, the production of henequen in Yucatan greatly exceeds the com- bined production of all other localities. Upon maturity the sisal plant sends up a flowering pole or 44 - scape 20-30 ft. high. The pole is 3-6 ins. in diameter at the base ; the outer layer or rind becomes hard and dry ; whereas the interior is soft and pithy. Economically the poles consti- tute a waste product ; they have a low^ fuel value and but few- practical uses. The panicle is about 8 ft. long and 4 ft. wide. There are 30-40 horizontal candelabrum-like branches in the panicle ; the largest, near the middle, are 2 or more feet long, the upper and lower ones are shorter. At the ends of the branches are borne dense clusters of erect flowers. These are almost invariably sterile ; seed capsules are very rare, except when produced artificially by means of careful hand pollination. Normally, in the course of a few^ days the flowers wither and drop, functionless, and are quickly succeeded by the vegetable bulbils, which will be described later. In its flowering habit the sisal may be compared with the Hawaiian bananas, w^hich pro- duce huge quantities of flowers that never seed ; reproduction has become wholly vegetative and asexual. The root system of the sisal plant is relatively simple. The roots extend outer near the surface, rarely descending below 12-8 ins. When given sufficient room the roots will generally spread out over an area equal to that covered by the mature leaves. The botanical name of the so-called "malina" is Fnicraea gi- gantea, allied to the agaves. It is common in old gardens and along roadsides and waste places. It is now thoroughly natur- alized, and is known to the Hawaiians as "Malina" (their render- ing of Manila, in reference to its hemp-like qualities). The plant is a gigantic rosette, resembling sisal in aspect, except that the leaves of Frucraea are larger, broader, thinner, and much darker green. The fibre, known commercially as pita, is long and fine, but inferior to sisal in strength. It is extensively cultivated in Mauritius, and is commercially known as "Mauritius hemp". Sisal fibre is hard or harsh, Z-S ft. long, and tending to be somewdiat coarse and stiff. It is light yellow or nearly white in color, lighter in shade than henequen, and much paler than Manila. It is heavier than Manila but its working strength is about one-tenth less than that of Manila of the same size and type. Sisal fibre is used most extensively for binder twine. It is also used for lariats and general small cordage of one inch diameter and under sisal is not as well adapted for marine work as the true Manila. Hawaiian sisal for many years has demonstrated in the open market its superiority over that produced elsewhere. This has been corroborated repeatedly by fibre experts. It has uniformly commanded better prices than the best grades of henequen grown in Yucatan. The yield of fibre is 3-4% of the weight of the green leaves. The average yield of clean, dry fibre is 500-1,200 lbs. per acre. 45 One thousand leaves produce about 50 Ihs. of clean fibre. Oi the 4% available fibre in the sisal leaves, a certain percentage is wasted in the machine-milling. This waste can be dried, carded, and worked into a material for stuffing mattresses. This sisal mattress-fibre is excellent for the tropics, being light and cool and distinctly sanitary. The short waste fibres also can be used for making a paper much like Manila, and used for wrapping, etc. The water leaf -pulp, which is very acid, is returned to fields as a fertilizer. This material possesses possibilities as a by- product that have not yet been developed. Sisal fibre has a world market and shipments go from Hawaii to many ports. San Francisco, New York, and Japan are the chief markets. Practically the only competition is that of Yuca- tan, which raises 90% of the world crop. Havv^aii contributes about one-tenth of one per cent, and does not begin to supply the demands for her sisal. The United States imports annually from 15 to 18 million dollars worth of sisal and henequen fibre, most of which goes into binder twine. The steadily increasing demand for sisal fibre is concomitant with the rapidly extending utilization of mechanical grain binders, using twine, throughout the world. The shipments of sisal from Hawaii to the United States mainland for the past six years, have been as follows : Year Ending June 30 Tons. V^alue 1916 445 $68,764 1915 474 52,608 1914 457 59,915 1913 325 44,221 1912 334 34,499 1911.. 151 15,096 Sisal is characteristic of regions possessing a continuous warm and somewhat dry climate. Contrary to popular opinion, it is not highly xerophytic, but is sensitive to light frosts. The lowest recorded temperature in the sisal-growing districts of Yucatan is 48° ; the annual precipitation is 29-39 inches. The altitudinal range is relatively narrow. Most sisal land lies at elevations of not more than 100 ft. above sea level. It is successfully grown, however, up to altitudes of 2500 ft. The main plantings of the Hawaiian Fibre Company lie at about 700 ft. Sisal is exacting in its requirements with reference to shade and soil water. It will not grow in swampy soil where its roots are immersed in stagnant water; it is intolerant of shade. The best sisal lands are brilliantly illuminated, thoroughly drained plains, with rich soil and fairly abundant rainfall. Although sisal can and does grow successfully on thin, dry, rocky soil, the quality and yield of fiber is markedly improved when the plant 46 is raised under optimum conditions of rainfall, soil fertility, and cultivation. The rainfall on the Oahu sisal lands is about 30 inches per annum. No artificial irrigation is undertaken as there is no available water. Despite the popular impression that sisal has very low water requirements, it is unquestionably true that this crop will respond generously to increased water supply. If water could be obtained at low cost the increased yield of fibre would probably more than pay for the expense of irrigation, and the life of the plant lengthened. There seems to be prac- tically no data concerning the response of sisal to irrigation. Hawaiian sisal is notably free from insect pests and fungus diseases. The plants are uniformly clean and sound, and their life is terminated only by their own physiological boundaries. Occasionally, through carelessness or misfortune, a fire gets started in the dry weeds and brush between the rows. This ruins all of the sisal plants with which it comes in contact. Fires of this kind are counted among the most serious enemies of sisal. Sisal leaves do not drop ofif or separate themselves from the parent plant. Normally, upon maturity, they droop groundward and become dry, leathery, and shrivelled. When the whole plant finally dies it remains in situ for. a number of years, a mass of debris, surrounded by offshoots in various stages of development. Two wholly distinct sets of structures for vegetative reproduc- tion are produced by the sisal plant, — ofifshoots and bulbils. The ofifshoots or suckers (rhizomes) are formed after the first or second year in the field and their production continues until the death of the plant. Bulbils ("pole" or "mast" plants) are formed only upon the pole or scape, and thus come only once in the fife-history of the plant, just prior to its death. The ofi:'- shoots develop from the roots and come up through the soil in the immediate vicinity of the parent plants, although sometimes at a distance of 6-12 feet. There are usually 6-18 offshoots around a mature sisal plant. The aerial portion is 8-24 inches high, and is a miniature rosette, resembling the parent plant. It obtains food not only from its own roots, but also from the runner from the parent plant. These suckers correspond in structure and function to the suckers that occur on such other tropical plants as the taro, date palm, pineapple plant, banana, etc. The bulbils are formed on the branches of the pole, after the flowers have fallen. One to four thousand bulbils are borne upon a single pole. The bulbils are 1-6 inches long, and com- prise several fleshy leaves upon a short stem. They fall to the ground and root and may be gathered for propagation. Bulbils are not as good as offshoots, however, as they require 1-2 years in a nursery before they are suitable for planting out in the fields. When about 1 ft. high the nursery plants are dug, all the roots and about half of the leaves are cut off, and the plants 47 are allowed to dry for 1-3 month.^. Plants thus treated arc better for transplanting and respond more quickly in the field. After a year's growth the offshoots are suitable for propaga- tion. It is customary to dry them for several months before planting, just as in the case of the bulbils ; this drying appears to aid the plant in making a good start after being set out. In general, offshoots are universally used for propagation, except for starting plantations at long distances, where Ijulbils are some- times used, as they are smaller and more easily transported. The young plants are usually set out at the beginning of the rainy season, in order that they may receive its full benefits. In the Hawaiian Islands the rains begin in November "and continue until March or April. The difference between summer and winter is slight, however, both as to rainfall and as to tempera- ture. From 500 to 1000 plants are set to the acre, the number varying with topography and soil conditions. The planting dis- tances are 6x6, 9x10, 9x12 feet, etc. The Hawaiian Fibre Com- pany uses 9x6 feet as its standard for planting. The land is kept free from weeds and brush by occasional cultivations, aver- aging once every 3-6 months. The Hawaiian sisal leaves are not cut until the plants are four years old. After the first cutting the plants live about five years ; then the flowering poles are thrown up and the life of the plant soon terminates. 10-20 leaves are taken off each plant at each harvesting. The leaves are cut when 4-5 ft. long and when the lower ones are nearly horizontal. Only the lower leaves are taken. In the Bahamas the first crop is cut the third or fourth year after the plants are set and annual crops are secured there- after for 6-12 years. In Yucatan the first crop is not cut until the sixth or seventh year, and after that a crop is gathered every eight months for 15-25 years. The leaves are tied into bundles of 50 each, for transporting to the mill. At the time of poling the average sisal plant has produced about 135 leaves, of which 100 are mature or nearly so, and 35 leaves which will mature within one year, providing the pole is cut off just at the base of the uppermost leaves. Sisal fibre is removed from the leaf in two ways, by hand and by machinery. As is true of other fibers, however, the hand- cleaned sisal fibre is distinctly superior for certain purposes to the machine-cleaned product. In certain sections of Yucatan and Mexico the natives clean the fibre by hand ; one man can clean 6-9 lbs. per day. This fibre is used exclusively for the manufacture of fine hammocks, v/hich sell for their weight in silver. The various types of scutching or decorticating machines close- ly resemble one another in principle. The fresh green leaves are fed sidewise into the machine at the rate of 30,000-40.000 leaves per day. About 20 seconds are required in which to clean a single leaf. The green juicy pulp or parenchymous tissue, which com- 48 prises the bulk of the interior of the leaf, is crushed, beaten, and scraped away by blunt knives fastened to 2 rapidly revolving drums. The sisal juice contains very strong acids that are destructive to all sorts of common materials, — iron, cement, leather, wood, etc., — with the exception of bronze. All working parts of the Ensiniins!siii!9ii)!^ I F. nWER HO., LIO. I I IMPORTERS I I COMMISSION AND INSURANCE AGENTS AND | I SUGAR FACTORS | I AGENTS rOR | ^ Honokaa Sugar Company Pacific Sugar Mill =- = Hawaiian Irrigation Company, Limited E E German Lloyd Insurance Co. (Marine) E E Magdeburg Fire Insurance Co. (of Magdeburg, Germany) E E Hamburg-Bremen Tire Insurance Co. (Hamburg, Germany) = = Bremen Board of Underwriters E ^ Hartford Fire Insurance Co. (of Hartford, Connecticut) E E Concordia Fire Insurance Co. of Milwaukee, Wisconsin E E Marine and Transportation Department ^ ^ Delaware Underwi'iters of the Westchester Fire Insurance Company = E (of New York) E E 55 Merchant Street, corner Kaahumanu E E Post Office Box 187 - - Cable Address: ' ' Scliaef erco " = riiiie!!;!sii!!isii!f{iinEiginn!i!si!!irsnE{;nisinnninniinniEiiiin;ini!iiiiiiiii^ iJlMIEI{ni:ii!iilMlil!lil!ni!nS!liillllill!!SnSlliliSli!inMlllllllllMi!il(ligi!ll!lllli: lUf^lON FEED CO., LTD.| E Dealers in E I HAY AND GRAIN | E and Manufacturers of = j ALGAROBA FEED | E (A substitute for Oats and Rolled Barley) E E PARTICULAR ATTENTION PAID TO = E SHIPPING ORDERS E I ISLAND ORDERS SOLICITED = E Sole Agents for the Territory for E E Pratt's Celebrated Horse, Cattle and Poultry = E Remedies E E Warehouse and Office: KAKAAKO E E P. O. Box 247 HONOLULU, T. H. Phone 3468 = ^<§iniiiiiii!ni!nii!iniiiiiiie!iiii:!!sii!!ii5!iinaE!i!sn>!!Hn8ii!iii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin iiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiinii!iii;ni!in[i!n!!nniiniiiiiii!isiniiiiiiiiiiiiiB!iiiiiiiiniiiiiiii'i S OFFICERS = 5 E. Faxon Bishop, President Pdchard Ivors, Secretary i = Geo. H. Robertson, Vice-Pres., E. A. R. Ross, Treasurer E S and Manager D. G. May, Auditor = = DIRECTORS: E 5 J. R. Gait, Director R. A. Cooke, Director E = Geo. R. Carter, Director A. Gartley, Director E E G. H. Cooke, Director E O. BREWER & GO. Ltd. ESTABLISHED 1826 SUGAR FACTORS SHIPPING m COMMISSION MERCHANTS REPRESENTING OCEANIC STEAMSHIP COMPANY SUGAR PLANTATIONS INSURANCE Olowalu Company London Assurance Corporation Royal Insurance Co., of Liverpool Hilo Sugar Company Ononiea Sugar Company Caledonian Ins. Co., of Edinburgh Scottish Union & Nat. Ins. Co. z Honomu Sugar Company American & Foreign Marine = = Wailuku Sugar Company Insurance Company : = Pepeekeo Sugar Company Commercial Union Assurance Co., = E Waimanalo Sugar Company °^ London : = Hakalau Plantation Company GENERAL AGENTS : E Honolulu Plantation Company Kapapala Ranch = = Hawaiian Agricultural Co. Nippon Yusen Kaisha S. S. Co. : E Kilauea Sugar Plantation Co Baldwin Locomotive Works ; E Paauhau Sugar Plantation Co. Thomas Pineapple Company : E Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Co. Pacific Coast Steamship Co. = rjiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiniiinnisisiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiitniiiiiiiiiniiiiiin iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiii^iiiiiiniiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiEiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiEiii^ I J. M. ]l>0 WSETT I i AGENT = HilFORD FIRE INSURANCE CO. OF HARTFORD, CONN. I ISICHESe EIRE INSURANCE CO. | I OF NEW YORK = I Merchant Street HONOLULU, T. H. | ?ilBllllilll!llllliniiniESIMH9Stl!nilillfIllllll9illllElilllllilllElllillllllEllllllllliif? ^MBEEEESEEillEEEiEEEEEEEIEEEEEEEEEiSBEEEESBEIEEEEEESBSEESEnEEEEEEiEMEEEEEEEEEESEEEEEEEEEEEEL: I GARDEN AND FARM TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS I E To do good farming 3^ou must have up-to-date tools E = to work with. We carry a most complete line of every- E E thing needed by the small or large farmer, from the = E smallest hand trowel to the largest cane plow. We E E also have a good assortment of Hand, Bucket or Bar- = E rel Sprayers. Our assortment of Hoes, Shovels, = E Spades, Mattocks, Rakes, Garden Shears, Lawn Mow- E E ers. Garden Hose, and other things that are needed E E daily about the farm or garden, is most complete and E E our stock large. E i E. 0. HALL S SON, LTD. j E King and Fort Streets, Honolulu E FilEBEEBEEBEBBBEEBBEESEBEBEBEEEEBSBEEBBBlBBBEBBESBEEEBBBBEEBESBEBIEEEEEEBEEBEEBBBBEEEBBBBBIBIBrr ;^ Fresident Walter M. Giffard J. M. Dovrsett A. L. C. Atkinson H. M. von Holt DIVISION OF FObSSTST. Charles S. Judd, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden; aUt Executive Officer of Board. David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Joseph F. Roek, Consulting Botanist. Bro. Matthias Newell, in charge of Sub-Nunery at JETtlo, Hawaii. Walter D. MeBryde, in charge of Sub-Nursery at Homestead, Kauai. David Kapihe, Forest Banger for Tantalus, Oahu, E. H. Hippie, Forest Banger for Palolo, Manoa, and Nuuanu, Oahu, John Pililaau, Forest Banger for Waianae, Oahu* Hosea K. Lovell, Forest Banger for Kauai. A. J. W. Mackenzie, Forest Banger for Hawaii. James Lindsay, Forest Banger for Maui. DIVISION OF BNTOMOLOaT. David T. Fullaway, Fntomologist. Miss Agnes Buchanan, Laboratory Assistant. DIVISION OF PLANT INSPECTION. Edward M. Ehrhorn, Chief Plant Inspector. D. B. Kuhns, Assistant Plant Inspector. Bro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo, Hawaii. Will J. Cooper, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Kahului, Maui. E. E. Madden, Honorary Plant Inspector at Mahukona, Hawaii. Geo. B. Leavitt, Honorary Plant Inspector at Eleele, Kauai. G. C. Munro, Honorary Plant Inspector at Manele, Lanai. DIVISION OF ANTMATi INDUSTEY. Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animai Industry and Tarritoriai •Veterinarian. L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian. Joseph Richard, Livestock Inspector. H. B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for East Hawaii (on leave). O. B. Shipraan, Acting Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for East Hawaii. A. R. Rowat, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for West Hawaii. J. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Mam. Cyril Golding, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian, Kauai. AfAEKETING DIVISION. O. B. Lightfoot, Acting Superintendent. J. M. Watt, Marketing Demonstrator, Maui. W. W. G. Moir, Marketing Demonstrator, E. Hawaii. John Midkiff, Marketing Demonstrator, W. Hawaii. A. H. Case, Marketing Demonstrator, Kauai. CLERICAL STAFF OF BOABD. Miss M. T. Kelly, Clerk and Stenographer. Miss Florence A. White, Librarian and Stenographs, Daniel Logan, Editor of the Forester. TheHAvAIIAN F0RES7FR AND AGRICULTURIST MARCH, 1918 CONTENTS PAGE Editorial 59 Division of Forestry 60 Division of Entomology 64 Division of Plant Inspection 65 Division of Animal Industry 67 Marketing Division 68 The Hawaiian Kamani 69 A New Fruit Fly Bulletin 74 Bears Damage Douglas Fir Poles 74 By Authority 75 VOL. XV, Price, Ten cents No. 3