x,^ fiSSi the: - - f)mmm forester AND Jldficulturist ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE Board of Coirnnissioners of Agriculture and Forestry VOLUME 3-NUMBERS I TO 12 INCLUSIVE EDITOR LEOPOLD G. BLACKMAN LIBRARY 190G NEW YORK B01 aNICaL Honolulu : Hawaiian Gazette Co. , Ltd. 1907 OFFICERS AND STAFF OF THE BOARD OF COMMIS- SIONfERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. COMMISSIONERS. L. A. Thurston, President. C. S. Holloway, Secretary and Executive Officer. W. M. Giffard. A. W. Carter. J. F. Brown. G. P. Wilder. DIVISION OF FORESTRY. Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden. David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman. David Kapihe, Forest Ranger for Tantalus. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. Alexander Craw, Superintendent and Inspector. A. Koebele, Consulting Entomologist. Jacob Kotinsky, Assistant Entomologist. G. A. Jordan, Inspector's Assistant. B. M. Newel/, Fruit and Plant Inspector at Hilo. DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent and Territorial Veterinarian. J. Charlton Fitzgerald, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian. DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE. In Cooperation with the Hawaii Experiment Station. Jared G. Smith, Special Agent in Charge. BUSINESS DEPARTMENT. Miss Melika Peterson. Miss Ella K. Dayton. Miss Marie Legros. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page Agricultural Journals 179 Agricultural Possibilities of the Territory of Hawaii 154 Annual Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agricul- ture and Forestry 358 Ants and Fruit Trees 135 Avocado Pear Notes . .' I75 Bananine Flour and Bread 104 Banyan Tree, The 136 Berkshire Pig, The 96 Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Second Annual Report 383. Book Review (Practical Forestry) 265 By Authority Notices iii, 165, 190, 227, 254, 324, 414 Camphor in India and Ceylon 126 Castor Oil 199' Citrus Fruits in Hawaii 99 Correspondence 27 Current Publications 135 Date Cultivation in Southern India .• 130 Distribution of Rubber Seeds 283 Duty, A 225 Enemies of Rice in Japan ^. . 131 Entomological Inspection Report 187 Entomological Notes from the Division of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry 8, 17, 185, 200, 319 Ewa Forest Reserve 68 Farmers' Bulletins 267, 2i77 Farmers' Institute of Hawaii, The ,•32, 57, 138, 276 Farmers' Institute Meeting 164, 171, 286, 289 Food V^alue of Tropical Fruit, The 311 Forestry Reports on the Lands of Makua a Keaau, Oahu. . 4 Forest Service 268 Fruit Culture, an Industry in Hawaii 316 Fruits for the Hawaiian Islands 289 IV Page Garden Vegetables i8i Grapes 1 7^ Guatemalan Coffee 205 Guava Fruit Pulp 1 33 Hana Forest Reserve 351 Hawaiian Entomological Society 93 Hawaiian Stockbreeders' Association 30 Honuaula Forest Reserve 105 Horticultural Insect Enemies 341 Imported Song Birds 31 Insect Pests in Hawaii 164 Kau Forest Reserve 212 Kealia Forest Reserve 61 Ladybird and Woolly Aphis 235 Limu 89 Lizards 190 Mango, The 179 Mastic for Liming Reservoirs 266 Maui Forest Land Surrender 404 Melon Fly 127 Miscellaneous Notes 12, 182, 277 Mosquitoes and Certain Plants 132 Municipal Improvement ^;^ National Association of Audubon Societies 157 Necessity of Growing More Fruits in Hawaii 206 Non-Fruiting of Melon Vines 156 Notes 163 Notes from Southern Florida 194 Notes on the Care of Pigs 180 No'tes on the Pineapple Industry on Maui 193 Offer of Assistance to Tree Planters 83 Orris Root Culture 29 Personalia 178. 240, 421 Peppers 26 Pig Keeping for Bacon 130 Plant Diseases 224 Planting of Coconuts 143 V Page Planting Seed Coconuts 134 Policy of the Board in Regard to Lumbering 368 Poultry and Agricultural exhibition 340 Pr'-jiminary Account of Insects of Economic Importance in the Hawaiian Islands 35 Press Bulletin on Forest Planting 374 Prickly Pear 1 37 Profession of Forestry 3 Protection of Forests from Fire 248 Rabbit Destruction by Disease 103 Rabbit Extermination 286 Rabbits in New South Wales 98 Recent Publications 242, 281 Remarks on the Palta or Avocado Pear 144 Reports of the Superintendent of Entomology 59, lOi Report on Horticultural Quarantine Inspection Work 197. 249, 322, 330 Rice Harvesting Machinery 321, 327 Routine Reports of the Division of Forestry 119, 359 Rubber 258 Rubber Notes 170 Rubber Production 280 Rubber Trees on Kauai 422 Seed for Sale at the Government Nursery 79 Selection of Seed ; Coconuts 211 Shipment of Alligator Pears 147 Silo in Australia, The 176 Silo in Hawaii, The 148 Soy Bean 241 Stack Ensilage 189 Street Improvement 276 Support for Field Tomatoes 95 Tree Planting 132 Value of the Goat, The 103 Vegetable Garden, The 17 W^aianae-kai and Lualualei Forest Reserves 388 AVater Cress 137 What Rubber Trees can be Planted in Hawaii 333 What Science has Done for Agriculture 202 VI ILLUSTRATIONS. Page A December Vegetable Harvest at Kamehameha 19 Avocado Pears Grown by Dr. Brigham I45 Constructing an Ensilage Stack. 176 Fodder Corn for Silage, Kamehameha Farm 151 Kamehameha Schools' Silo 150 Litciji Fruit {Nephelium litchi) Longan Fruit (Nepheliitm longana) Rice Harvester 328, 329 Rice Harvesting by Hand in Hawaii 327 Section of Silo at Kamehameha Schools 149 Silos on Farm in Australia 177 CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME HI. The following have contributed in one form or another to Volume III. For further information consult the general index following : Brigham, Dr. W. T. Krauss, F. G. Craw, Alexander Murdock, D. B. Dutcher, W. Norgaard, V. A. Emmeluth, J. Olsson-Seffer, P. Gifford, J. C. Shorey, Dr. E. C. Haughs, David Smith, Jared G. ' Higgins, J. Weinrich, Wm., Jr. Hosmer, Ralph S. Wilder, Gerrit P. Judd, C. S. Yowell, Ire Kotinsky, Jacob IKIDKX Page. Achras 195, 3U4 Acrista monticola 246 Aegeria exitiosa 101 Aegle marmelos 295 Agricultural Colleges 48 Agricultural Investigaticns ... 281 Akee 295 Akala 300 Algaroba 238 Algaroba borer 102 Aleurites 3u6 Alexander, Wallace 231 Alfalfa 243 Alligator Pear, see Avocado Almond 299 Alphonso Mango 195 Anacardium 296 Anahola reserve 64 Ananas sativa 307 Anemia 13 Annual Report, Board of Agri- culture 358, 383 Anona 291 Page. Ants 100 Ants and fruit trees 135 Aphis 9 Apple 300 Apples, condemned 252 Apple crop, U. S 16 Apple scab fungus 101 Apricot 300 Arachis hypogaea 294 Arbor Day 3:i9 Areca catechu 308 Artocarpus 306 Aspidiotus 187 Assistance to Tree Planters..,, 34 Audubon Societies 157 Audubon Society 226 Austin, Mr 311, 421 Averrhoa 293 Avocado 139, 144, 175, 195, 207, 258, 305 Avocado insect pests 349 Avocado scale 8, 60 B Bacon 130 Bailey, C. H 420 Ballast 251 Banana 207, 307 Banana fibre 12 Banana fodder 244 Banana imports, English 184 Banana imports, U, S 174 Banana insect pests 350 Bananine flour and bread 102 Banyan tree 136 Barbados cherry 301 Barnyard grass 243 Beal or Beal fruit 295 Bees-wax, export 259 Beneficial insects 189, 250 Berkshire pig 96 Bermuda p-rass 243 Bertholletia excelsa 302 Betel palm 308 Birds, Hawaiian 142, 162 Bird protection 160 Black parlatoria 60 Black scale 101 Blackberrv 209 Blimbling" 293 Board of Agriculture, Report'. . . 358 Book pest 117 Borer, Algaroba 102 Bostrichid 102 Bot flies 42-43 Bougainvillea 143 Boyd, A. J 422 Brazil, coffee industry 14 Brazil nut 302 Breadfruit 209, 306 Brigham, Dr. W, T 139, 144, 289 Broadbent, E 420 Bromelia 307 Buffalo 225, 131 Buffalo grass 243 Bulberry 306 Bullock's heart 291 Page. Cabbage 1^ Cactus 244 Cactus cuttings 197 Calandra oryra 198 Campbell, G 230 Cambodian mango 195 Camphor 126 Canavarro, G de 240 Canned fruit export 259 Capriola 243 Carbon-bisulphide 118 Carica papaya 303 Carnations 163 Carrots 17 Cashew Nut 296 Cassava 281 Castilloa 335 Castor oil 132, 199 Catorama mexieana 117, 189 Cattle and rice 131 Cedars, dwarf 188 Ceroplastes floridensis 61 Ceroplastes rubens 252 Chaetogaedia 40 Chalmers, J 190 Charcoal for plants 380 Chelonus blackburni 201 Cherinioya 291 Chicken feather mite 186 Chicken louse 185 Chickens, sorehead 183 Chironomidae 37 Chironomus hawaiiensis 37 Chocolate 12 Chrysobalanus 300 Chrysomphalus 60^ 250 Chrysophyllum 304 Chrysopogon 243 Citron 294 Citrullus curcubita 303 Citrus fruits 99, 293 Citrus imports 311 Page. Citrus insect pests 349 Citrus trees 10 Clark, Byron O 171 Clausena punctata 295 Clover, Spanish 243 Coccus viridis 53 Cocoa 12 Cocoa crop 280 Cocoa, imports 260 Coconut 134, 307 Coconut planting 143 Coconut seed 211 Cocos species 307 Coffee 14, 205, 259, 303 Coffee, imports 260 Coffee, Porto Eico 262 Coffee seed 188 College, Agricultural 91 Commelina 243 Commercial Research 184 Compere, George 60 Composition of fruit 314 Conant, E. E 324 Conradt, C. C 165 Cookia 295 Coolies and Rice 131 Cooperative marketing 171 Copra 211 Corn 18 Cotton-picker 12 Cottony cushion scale 101 Cowpea 243 Crabs and Rice 131 Craw, Alexander 59, 93, 101, 187, 197, 249, 322, 330, 386 Culex f atigans 36 Culicidae 36 Cupania sapida 295 Curcubita moschata 303 Custard apple 210, 291 Cydonia vulgaris 300 Dacus cucurbitae 44, 127 Dairy inspectors 277 Date 308 Date cultivation 130 Deer 131 Dickson, Mr 232, 240 Diospyros 304 Diptera 35 Distributing Co 231 Division of Agriculture 385 Division of Animal Industry. . . . 385 Division of Entomology 385 Division of Forestrv 384 Dole. Judge ^ 310 Dolichopodidae 38 Dragon 's Eye 296 Drepanididae 94 Dung liv parasite 319 Durian ' 233, 292 Durio zibethinus 292 Duteher, W 225 Page. Eckart, C. F 244 Egg plant splitworm 200 Eggs, import 260 Egg laying contest 184 Elephants and rice 131 Eleusine 243 Elgin, E. K 165 Eliot, President 3 Elliot, Dr. H. B 165 Emmeluth, J 140, 172, 309 Ensilage stack 189 Page. Entomological Society 93 Entomological work 115 Eristalis punctulatus 39 Erythroneura vitis 102 Eugenia, species 301 Eucoila impatiens 319 Evans, Dr. Walter H 53 Everglades 196 Ewa Forest Reserve 68, 91, 111 Exports 259 Extermination of birds 226 Failures in agriculture 169 Farmers' Bulletins 377 Farmers' Institute 32, 45, 138, 171, 276, 287 farmers' Institue Correspond- ence 57 Feed Htuffs 243 Fences 215 Ficus benghalensis 136 Ficus indica 306 Figs 191, 208, 306 Fig insect pests 350 Fig pruning 311 Fire beaters 277 Fire Law, Circular letter 125 Fire, protection 248 Fire warning 227 Fires, Forest 120, 123 Fitzgerald, Dr. J. C 228 Flesh-flies 40 Flies (diptera) 35 Florida Agriculture 192, 194 Florida red scale 9, 60, 250 Flowers 141 Flv-trap 42 Fodder 282 Foreign imports 263 Fodder corn 151 Fodder for Silo 152 Food of Hawaiian birds 94 Food value of fruit 311 Forest fires 363, 368 Forest fire notes 120, 123 Forest fire protection 248 Forest planting 362, 374 Forest reserves, Anahola 64 Ewa 68, 91, 111 Hana 351, 418 Honuaula 105 Kamalomaloo 64 Kapaa 64 Kau 212, 234, 254 Keaau 4 Kealia 61, 64, 91 Koolau 71, 404 Kona 229 Lualualei 388, 417 Makua 4 Puna, Kauai 113 Waianae-kai 388, 414 Forest service 268 Forest work 384 Forestry 3, 268 Fragaria 300 Fruit as food 311 Fruit consumption ! . 316 Fruit cultivation 191, 316 Fruit, Hawaiian » . . . . 287 Fruit import 260 Fruit trade 317 Fruit trees 252 Fruit trees and ants 135 Fuel 219 Fumigation 118, 249 Fumigatory 197 Fusicladium dentriticum 101 Garcinia mangostana 292 Garden beets 17 Gastrophilus equi 43 Gay, F 324 Gaylussacia 304 Gilfard, W. M 120, 166 Gifford, J. C 194, 245, 265 Ginger 279, 307 Goat 103 Goniocotes abdominalis 185 Page. Cordon mango 195 Onats 37 Granadilla 210, 302 Grape 178, 208 Orape insect pests 350 Orape vine 102, 295 Grape vine hopper 102 Grapefruit 208, 247, 295 Grasses 243 Page. Grasshoppers 131 Green bug 53 Green scale 27 Guatemala coffee 205 Guava 209, 301 Guava fruit pulp 133 Guava insect pests 350 Guinea grass 243 Gumbo 18 H Haematobia 41 Haiku Fruit & Packing Co 193 Haiku Sugar Co 404 Hall, Mr 308, 311 Hana Keserve 351, 418 Hancornia 335 Haneberg, H 227 Hat industry 381 Haughs, David 87, 120, 227, 228, 374, 386 Hawaii Experiment Station 2 Hawaiian birds 94 Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Co 404 Hawaiian Entomological Society 93 Hawaiian feed stuffs 243 Hay crop U. S 16 Helianthus annus 132 Heredity in stock 277 Heteropogon 243 Hevea brasiliensis 322, 335 Hibiscus esculeutus 18 Hibiscus sabdaritta 26, 292 Hides, export 259 Higgins, Mr 195, 242, 262, 318 Hilo grass 243 Hispa 131 Hog plum 300 Honohono 243 Honolulu Improvement Advisorv Board \ 126 Honolulu squares 239 Honolulu trees 237 Honokua fire 124 Honey, export 259 Honuaula Forest Keserve 105 Hopper, grape vine 102 Horn fly 41 Horticultural insect list 349 Hosmer, Ealph S 4, 63, 79, 83, lOo, 119, 192, 212, 351, 384, 388 House tiy 41 Hover-flies 38-39 Huckleberry 304 Hudson, C. W 420 Hypoderma 43 I Icerya purchasi 101 Imports 260, 263 Improvements of Honolulu 239 Improvement societies 325 Injurious insects, list 349 Insect changes 344 Insect control 344 Insect description 342 Insect enemies 341 Insect pests 115, 164, 330 Insects, beneficial 331 Insects, economic 35 Insecticides 344 Inspection of fruit 59 Insulator pins 386 Ironwood ties 386 Jack fruit 306 Java plum 301 Jefferies, Kev. W. M 241 Judd, C. S 240 Jujube 295 Jute 1&3 K Kahanahaiki Forestry Eeport, . 5 Kailua Plantation Co 406 Kalanianaole, J 48 Kalialinui Plantation Co 406 Page. Kau reserve 212, 234,254 Kay, T. S 166 Keaau Forestry report 4 Kealia forest reserve 61, 64, 91 Ki 243 Kigelia af ricana 196 Kirkaldv, Mr 93 Knndsen, A. F 324 Koa lumbering 371, 386 Koloa rubber grove 422 L Labor in tropics 15 Ladybirds 9, 102, 235 Lantana insects 387 Lantana, weeping 188 Laiihala 308 Leather export 259 Leather pest 117 Lecanium viride 27 Leeythis 302 Leis conf ormis 235 Lemon 208, 294 Lepidosaphes beckii 8, 60, 101 Leptocorisa acuta 131 Lettuce 17 Lespedeza bicolor 187 Library 122, 123, 125, 360 Lighthouse, Makapuu 264 Lihue rubber grove 422 M Maclntyre, Mr 142 Maga 196 Mahogany Co 370 Makawao Plantation Co 406 Makua forestry report 4 Mammea 292 Mammee apple 304 Mangifera Tndica 296 Mango... 179, 194, 207, 232, 242, 296 Mango, dried 316, 379 Mango improvement 142 Mango insect pests 349 Mango seed 198 Mango weevil 198, 283 Mangosteen 232, 292 Manienie 243 Manihot 336 Mastic for liming 266 Maui 264 Maui Agricultural Co 406 Maui forest land 404 McBryde, W. D 324 McCully Improvement Club .... Mealy ougs 9 Melon fly: 44, 127, 183 Page. Koolau forest reserve 71, 404 Kona reserve 229 Kotinsky, Jacob 8, 53 93, 117, 185,. 200, 319, 385, 387 Krau&s, F. G 17, 140, 148, 327 Kukaipua 243 Kukui 306 Kula Plantation Co 406 Kumquat 293 Limes J>^4, 208, 294 Limnerium polymesiale 201 Limnobiidae 38 Limu 92 Lipeurus 186 Lipoa 92 Lisiansky 161 Litchi 296 Lizards 100 Longan 296 Loquat 210, 300 Low, Mr 77 Lualualei reserve 388, 416 Lucuma mammosa 304 Lumbering, koa 371 Lumbering, Porto Rico 246 Luquillo forest reserve 245 Lycopersicum esculentum 305 Melon vines 127, 156 Meyer, Fred 227 Mice and rice 131 Midges 37 Milk record 280 Moir, J. T 324 Monstera deliciosa 308 Moore, G. H 324 Morinda citrif olia 303 Morus 306 Mosquitoes 36, 132 Mountain palm 246 Miilberry 209 Mulgoba mango 195 Municipal improvement 33 Munro, J 420 Murdoch, D. B 193 Musa species 307 Musca domestica 41 Muscidae 41 Musk-melon 209, 303 Mustard 18 Mynah birds 311 Myristica fragraus 305 Myrtle family 301 N Page. Native trees 89 Nephelium 296 New Zealand flax 101 Noni 303 Oestridae 42 Oestrus, ovis 43 Ogg, G. W 229 Ohelo 210, 304 Ohia ai 301 Ohia leliiia 386 Ohikilolo forestry report 5 Okra .' 18 Olea europea 305 Olive 305 Olsson-Seffer, P 333 Onions 17, 21 Pa bipi 303 Pacific Distributing Co 231 Paddy flies 131 Paia Plantation 404 Pakua hill fire 124 Palolo 288 Palolo valley fire 123 Palta, see Avocado. Palm seed 81 Pandanus 308 Panicum 243 Papaya 206, 303 Para grass 243 Parasites, fly 253 Parinarium campestre 300 Parker ranch fire 123 Parlatoria 60 Paspalum 243 Passion fruit 302 Passiflora species 302 Pasture improvement 278 Pawaa Improvement Club 126 Pea 22 Peach 299 Peach root borer 101 Peanuts 382 Peppers (Chile) 23, 27 Persea gratissima, see Avocado. Persimmon 304 Phoenix dactylifera 308 Phormium tenax 101 Photinia japonica 300 Phthorimaea operculella 200 Page. Norgaard, V. A 385, 387 Nurseryman, report 365 Nutmeg 305 Oo 94 Opuntia tuna 303 Orange 207 Oranges, Hawaiian 309 Oranges, infested 252 Orange packing 310 Oranges, varieties 294 Orchard sanitation 347 Oreus Australasiae 235 Ornithologists' Union 157 Orris root 29 Orthezia insignis 61 P Phvllanthus 306 Phvsalis 200, 305 Pig 96, 181 Pigweed 243 Pigs and rice 131 Pigs for bacon 130 Pigeon 225 Pigeon lipeurus 186 Pili grass 243 Pilipiliula 243 Pineapple . .167, 193, 194, 209, 307, 381, 382 Pineapple imports II. S 175 Pineapple insect pests 349 Piper beetle 305 Pipunculidae 40 Pistacia (Pistachio) 296 Plant diseases 224 Plant fumigation 249 Plant lice 9, 10 Plantain 307 Poha 305, 306 Poha splitworm 200 Pomelo 232, 294 Popolo 305 Porto Rico 245. 262 Pot plants 141 Potato manufactures 279 Poultry exhibit 340 Poultry insects 185 Poultry manure 278 Practical forestry 265 Prickly pear . . .' 91, 137 Page. Pruniis 299 Pseudaoniclia paeoniae 187 Pseiidococcus aurilanatus 330 Pseudococcus nipae...8, 60, 185, 251 Psidium 301 Pualele 243 Pulehu Plantation Co 406 Page. Pulping guavas 132 Pumelo, see Pomelo. Pumpkins 24 Puna forest reserve 113 Punica granatum 302 Purple scale 8, 60 Pyrus malus 300 Quarantine work 386 Quince 300 Eadish 17 Eailroad ties 386 Eats and rice 131 Eed spider remedy 183 Eeservoir, lining 266 Ehodes. H. J 227 Ehubarb 23 Eice birds 131 Eice export 259 Eice machinery 321, 327, 379 Eice in Japan 131 Eice imports 261 Eice weevils 198 Eicinus communis 132 Eoad, new 382 Eoberts, Mr 311 Eobinson, CM 236 Eosella 26, 380 Eubber 170, 182, 258, 280, 281 Eubber crops 279 Eubber export 259 Eubber for Hawaii 333 Eubber on Kauai 422 Eubber planting 264 Eubber stumps 322 Eubber seed 384 Eubber seed distribution 283 Eubus hawaiiensis 300 Saissetia oleae 101 Salt imports 261 Sanborn, W. F 420 Sand hills 234 Sapium tolimense 335 Sapodilla 195, 304 Sapote 304 Sarcophagidae 40 Sausage tree 196 Scale insects 8 Science and agriculture 192 Scutellista cvanea 60 Sea birds . .". 225 Sea kale 17 Sedgwick, T. F 178 Seed at Nursery 79 Seed coconuts 134 Seed distribution 384 Setchell, William 92 Seville orange 294 Shaddock 294 Sheep 385 Shorev, Dr. E. C 243, 311 Silk .■ 2, 16 Silk industry 155 Silk worms \ 279 Silo 140, 148, 176 Sinapis 18 Sisal 170, 379, 422 Sisal and its products 51 Sisal export 260 Skimmia japonica 293 Smith, Jared G. .12, 46, 154, 163, 171, 182, 266, 281, 309, 316, 388 Snap beans 17 Soap wash 10 Soil ballast 250 Solanum nodiflorum 305 Soldier-flies 37 Sonchus 243 Song birds, imported 31 Sr .'ehead remedy 183 Sorghum seed 198 Soursop 210, 292 Southern Florida 194 Soy bean 241 Spanish cherry 301 Sulitworm 200 Spodoptera mauritia 131 Spondias 299 Spraying apparatus 11 Squasb 17, 24 Page. Stable fly 41 Stack ensilage 189 Star apple 304 Stegomyia faseiata 37 Stegomyia scutellaris 37 Strawberry 163, 209, 300 Street improvement 276 Stripping cane 244 Sugar 16 Sugar, refined 259 Sunflower 132 Stratiomyidae 37 T Tachinidae 40 Tahiti gooseberry, see Polia. Tallow export 2r;9 Tamarindus indica 299 Tan bark 281, 386 Tantalus fire 120, 165 Tea 183 Terminalia 301 Termites 102 Terry, F. W 35, 93 Thespesia grandiflora 196 Thetis 161 Thompson, U. Prof 48 Tobacco 15, 155, 262 Tobacco expert 57 Umbrella tree 301 Vacant lots 326 Vaccinium 304 Van Dme '. 2, 127, 341 Vanilla 155 Vegetables 181 w Wahiawa 288 Waianae-kai reserve 388, 414 Wampu 295 Warble flies 42 Water supply 217 Watercress 137 Waterlemon 302 Watermelon 209, 303 Watergrass Wattle cultivafon 281 Wattle tan bark 386 X, Y Xanthogranima grandicorne 34 Yard grass 243 Yow^ell, Ire 202 Page. Stenotaphrum 243 Stockbreeders 30 Stomoxj's 41 Stone gathering machine 280 Sweating oranges 310 Sweet calabash 303 Sweet corn 17 Sweet potatoes 17, 26 Swiss chard 17 Synonche 102 Syntherisma 24B Syrphidae 38 Tobacco splitworm Tobacco imports Tomato IT, 24, 95, 281, Tomato splitw^orm Torpedo fly egg Tortoises and rice Trade returns Trapp avocado Trees of Honolulu Trees on small lots Trees, native Tree planting 77, 83, Tree seedlings Trypetidae 44, Tsetse nies 200 261 305 200 253 131 259 195 238 90 90 •132 82 127 35 236 Vegetation in Honolulu Vi, see Wi. Vinegar, imports 261 Vitis sinif era 295 Volucella obesa 39 Weber, F 421 Webster, Mr 310 Weedon, W. C 230 Weevils 198 Wemrich, Wm., Jr 51, 191, 206 Wi 208, 242, 299 Wilson, James 58 Wilder, Gerrit P 142, 165 Wollv aphi!^ 235 Wright, 'Pc.xon 231 Zinziber 307 Zizyphus jujuba 295 Vol. III. JANUARY, 19U6. No. 1. Price, 10c. Per Copy ; Per Annum, $1.00; Foreigrn, $1.25, THE fymwm former AND Jlgriculturist A MONTHLY MAGAZINE OF Forestry, Entomology and Agriculture ISSUED Under the Direction OF THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. ADDRESS ALL. OO M M U N I O AT I O IS! S TO L-EIOPOLD G. BL-.'^OKMAN HONORARV EOirOR P. O. BOX 59 HONOLULU, H. T. For business relating to advertising or subscriptions, addrecf HAWAIIAN Gazette Co., Ltd., Publishers, P. O. Box 208, HONOLULU, HAWAII. •^i^ ^ ^.^^ -_ ^. CONTENTS. PAGE. Editorial i The Profession of Forestry 3 Forestry Reports on the Lands of Makua and Keaau, Oahu. . 4 Entomological Notes from the Division of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry 8 Miscellaneous Notes 12 The Vegetable Garden 17 Peppers 26 Correspondence 27 Orris Root Culture 29 The Flawaiian Stockbreeders' Association 30 Imported Song-Birds 31 The Farmers' Institute of Hawaii 32 OFFICERS AND STAFF OF THE BOARD OF COMMIS- SIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. Commissioners : L. A. Thurston, President. C. S. Holloway, Secretary and Executive Officer. A. W. Carter. Walter M. Giffard. J. F. Brown. Gerrit P. Wilder. Division of Entomology: Alexander Craw, Superintendent and Inspector. A. Koebele, Consulting Entomologist. Jacob Kotinsky, Assistant Entomologist. C. J. Austin, Inspector's Assistant. Division of Forestry: Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman. Division of Animal Industry: Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent and Territorial Veterinarian. NOTICE FROM THE DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. The Entomological Division of this Board wishes to inform readers of this magazine that it is always ready and anxious to receive, study and report upon any insects that they may find and submit. When feasible either colonies of beneficial insects will be sent, or simple, inexpensive remedies will be prescribed. No charge. THE jHAWAMAN rORE8T£R I AGRICULTURI9T Vol IIJ. JANUARY, 1906 No. 1 " I IBR In commencing a new volume, we take pleasure in thanking new our contributors for the generous help which they have so readily 'f^-^ - extended throughout the year. Among so many who have as- sisted to make the Forester the valuable compendium of Ha- waiian Agriculture it has become, we are especially indebted to Mr. Jared Smith, Special Agent in Charge of the Hawaiian Ex- periment Station ; to Mr. Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry for the Territory, whose advice and assistance has con- tributed in one form or another to the production of nearly alt our numbers ; Mr. F. G. Krauss, Agriculturist of tiie Kame- hameha Schools ; Mr. D. L. Van Dine, Entomologist, United States Experiment Station, for a timely series of papers on the insects afifecting the Tobacco Industry, and to Mr. Jacob Kot- insky. Assistant Entomologist of the Division of Entomology of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry. Among those writers who have contributed more than one article of importance, are Judge Weaver, Mr. Gerrit P. Wilder and Mr. Alexander Craw. Single papers have been received from Messrs. R. H. Ander- son, Nahiku Rubber Co. ; Wm. Alanson Bryan, Curator of Ornithology at the Bishop Museum ; Byron O. Clark ; J. T. Craw- ley ; Henry Davis; F. H. Edwards; John Emmeluth ; L. Lewton- Brain, Assistant Director, Division of Pathology, H. S. P. A. Experiment Station ; Donald Maclntyre, of Moanalua ; I?. M.. Pond ; Alvin Scale, U. S. Fish Commission ; J. F. G. Stokes,. Curator of Polynesian Ethnology, Bishop Museum ; and F. W. Terry, Entomologist, H. S. P. A. Experiment Station. Mr. J. E. Higgins, Secretary of the Farmers' Institute of Hav^^aii, al- though not contributing directly, has rendered valuable assistance. To all these gentlemen we extend our hearty thanks and apprecia- tion. In consequence of the inclusion of official matter in the last Forester, and of the desire to complete Volume II within the year which has just closed, the final article by Mr. Krauss was unfortunately omitted and is presented in this number. The series of papers presented by the Agriculturist of Kahehameha Schools comprises, in a concise form, a very valuable and trust- worthy addition to our scanty local literature on the care of the Vegetable Garden. The difficulties which beset the tiller of the soil in these Islands are, in the case of Gardening, seemingly in- tensified. With this Department of Agriculture, as indeed with all others in Hawaii, the amount of success attained, directly de- pends upon the degree of vigilance and labor expended. The idea of ease and freedom from toil, so often associated by the inexperienced with the tropics, is certainly not realized by the agriculturist in this country. No luxuriant growth and generous harvest attends the "careless scratching of the soil," to which ele- mentarv operation the whole system of tropical agriculture has often been reduced in popular literature. The rice fields of Java, the land where nature has been most bountiful in those gifts which would seem to assure a prolific return to agricultural operations, alone bear witness to the tale of bricks which nature exacts from those who would eat of the fruits of the earth. In the Philippine Islands the same constant care is demanded of the hus- bandman. Nor are the ancient irrigation works scattered through- a^tocs — New Stone, Acme, Honor Bright, Spark's Earliana and Red Cherry. 21 room than the other varieties and pods earher. The latter is the variety principally used by soup canners. Considering its prolific and continuous podding under our conditions, this crop might prove profitable for drying, and exporting, considerable quantities being: used in that form. 'fc> ONIONS — Alliuni cepa. F. ognon. G. zwiebel. P. cebola. With dry bulbs at from two to four cents per pound in the Honolulu market, with a large and constant demand, it seems a little strange that no- enterprising truck-gardener should have undertaken the culture of onion bulbs on a sufficiently large scale to supply, at least, island needs. At present large quantities are imported from California and Australia. While the onion crop is most exacting, under skilled manage- ment, a number of varieties do exceedingly well here. Not quite as prolific and large, perhaps, as the California product, yet suf- ficiently so, and of such excellent quality that we can ordinarily compete with the imported article. At Kamehameha Farm, the Australian Brown variety has suc- ceeded best, while not so large as som.e of the standard American sorts, it is unusually firm and a splendid keeper. Prize Taker and Large Red Withersfield, two favorite Califor- nia varieties, have also done fairly well with us, likewise Yellow Danvers. Anyone contemplating onion culture for bulbs, should make an exhaustive veriety test, covering several seasons. Fully twenty standard sorts are listed by seedsmen and it may require several years of careful selection to produce a strain that will best meet local conditions. A reasonable price should be paid for seed and that of best quality only sown. Cheap onion seed is usually worse than use- less, and is dear at any price, as the writer can attest from the handling of miany tons as a seedsman. Prices fluctuate from year to year, single pound lots range from 75 cents to $2.00 per pound, according to variety and season. Sown in drills 12 to 18 inches apart requires from 5 to 8 pounds of seed to the acre. One ounce will sow 100 feet of drill. It will pay to utilize the richest soil available for this crop. Next to fertility, freedom from weed-seeds is of most importance. 22 Do not attempt to sow onion seed in foul ground ; the cost of hand weeding the onion crop has nearly landed some onion- growers in the poor-house. In other words prepare your soil before sowing rather than after planting. Nothing pays better in this crop than good seed and thorough tillage. As "mellow as an ash heap"' is a good condition to have your soil in. Those fortunate enough to have such soils, should take care to i\rm the soil over the seed immediately after sowing. The seed should not be covered over one-half inch in depth. When the plants are three inches high, thin out to three or four inches apart. In growing onions on a moderately large scale, no better hand im- plements can be used than the 'Tlanet Jr." line ; with the various attachments supplied with these machines, drills can be made, fertilizers distributed, seed sown, covered and rolled all at the same operation, necessitating, of course, a perfect condition of the seed bed ; later the wheel hoe, rakes, etc., may be used to cultivate and harvest the crop. When bulbs have attained their full size and maturity as indicated by the dying down of the tops, they are ready for harvest, which should be carefully done to insure good keeping qualities. Two hundred and fifty to i,ooo bushels per acre is the range of yields, though as high as twenty-five tons has been reported from the best favored California regions; such yields, however, mean very low^ prices. To grow "bunch" or green onions from sets, requires very little skill, and no kitchen garden is complete without a family supply of this wholesome vegetable. PEAS (garden varieties) — Pisitiu sativum. F. pois a ecosser. G. schal-erbsen. P. ervilhas do grao. The successful growing of garden-peas must always be lim- ited to the short cool winter-spring season in our low lands ; heat, especially dry heat, is disastrous to this crop. Our best efforts with a large number of varieties have produced indifferent results, though it should be said that at the Kam^hameha Girls' School, the old standard, Yorkshire Hero, also known as the Alameda Sweet Pea in California, has done exceedingly well during some seasons. A light, moderately rich soil is considered best for this crop. The dwarf varieties may be sown in drills two feet apart, medium and tall sorts four to six feet apart. One pound of seed will sow 75 feet of drill. 23 PEPPERS (Chile) — Capsimn anniium. The prevalence of the small cayenne peppers all over the Is- lands speaks well for its adaptability to our conditions. No vege- table seems freer from insect or fungus pests than this plant, and its productiveness is marvelous. Being periennial it does not re- quire re-planting, and when propagation becomes necessary it is readily grown from cuttings. The mild flavored, large fruited sorts also do well with us, and a few plants should find a place in every garden. The fol- lowing are standard sorts that have succeeded well at Kameha- meha : New Chinese Giant, Ruby King, Large Bell or Bull- nose, Red Chili, Black Nubian and Golden Dawn. The former is a beautiful fruit, sometimes attaining a diameter of five or even six inches, and the ''sweetness of an apple." Sow the seeds in a nursery-box, and when sufficiently large for transplanting, set out i8 inches apart in rows two feet apart. RHUBARB — Rheum sp. F. rhubarbe, G. rhabarber. P. ruibarbo. Anyone interested in experimental horticulture, would do well to give rhubarb a trial. It is a delicious vegetable, and the writer sees no reason why it should not thrive in island regions suitable to its fullest development, of which there should be ample for home requirements. In California it thrives on a great variety of soils — from heavy clay to light peat, providing ample moisture is available. A fine lot of some fifty plants, grown from imported root, divi- sions of Luther Burbank's Australian crimson introduction, were planted several years ago and became well established. Two or three cuttings were made, wiien after a protracted wet spell, one after another of the plants died. Doubtless, had the plants been "lifted" and cut back they might have been saved. Stress of other cultures has thus far prevented further trial. Monarch, Victoria and Linnaeus are the varieties grown in California. Bur- bank's Australian crimson is a very promising sort and should be grown in comparison with the old standard varieties. Much time is gained by planting root divisions instead of seeds. They should be set two by four feet apart. 24 SQUASHES. MAMMOTH SQUASHES OR PUMPKINS — Ciicurbita niaxiina. F. potirons. G. melonen-kiirbiss. Italian, zucca. Marrows, Scallops, mtc. — Summer varieties, Cucurhita pepo; winter varieties, C. maxima. Squashes are of two distinct types : the early maturing, so-called summer varieties under which may be classed the white and gold- en scalloped bush, the summer marrows and crook-necks, etc. The so-called winter sorts produce large, hard-shelled fruits, suit- able for winter storing; the old standard Hubbard variety being a chracteristic representative, Large Boston ]\Iarrow, Mammoth Chili, etc., are other standard winter varieties. A few plants of the bush and trailing varieties of squash should be in every garden, if room is limited one may confine himself entirely to the bush varieties, thus economizing space. These have the further advantage of early maturity and the readiness with which they may be protected from the disastrous fly. The rarity of choice Hubbard squash in the Honolulu market at this season of the year should be suggestive to the market gardener. During Thanksgiving week in 1903, not a Hubbard squash was obtainable in our local market until the Kamehameha Schools sold 500 pounds, at five cents per pound, to an enterpris- ing green-grocer, who called for more three days later. The cultural directions given for melons apply to the growing of this crop, except that the bush varieties may be planted more closely, two or three feet apart each way. We have obtained best results from early spring and late fall sowings, when the fly pest seems least prevalent. x\Iiddle of August planting will bring Hubbards for the November and December holidays. TOMATOES — Lycopcrsicuin esculcntuiu. F. and Spanish, tomate. G. liebesapfel. With good plants to start with, tomatoes would be an easily grown crop during the entire year, were it not for the fly nuisance. It is almost impossible to guard against this pest, and many otherwise fine fruits are injured by its unceasing attacks, except in a few favored localities. We know of no specific remedy 25 against the fly, if we or any one else did, our melon, squash and tomato trouhles would be at an end. Unless our entomologists find a parasitic insect to prey upon these garden foes, it is up to the horticulturist to produce resistant varieties. All familiar with the small cherry tomato, which has run wild along our road- sides, must have noticed its immunity from attacks of the fly. Mr. Byron O. Clark, of Wahiawa, has grown a plum-shaped tomato of moderate size and excellent quality for several years, which is said to be entirely resistant. Perhaps success is to be looked for along these lines, as in the case of the grape against phylloxera. The following are standard varieties : Acme — Early ripeningr-of medium size. Beauty — Medium, early, large, finely formed. Favorite — One of the largest perfect-shaped, deep red. Honor Bright — Grows in clusters, choice. Paragon — Large, solid and smooth ss an apple. Ponderosa — Largest of the family, but not finely shaped. New Stone — Large, handsome, productive. Trophy — Standard late variety, good canner. Golden Queen — A large, smooth, pure yellow tomato. Of the small fruited, ornamental varieties, the following may be mentioned: Red and Yellow Pear, Red and Yellow Plum, Red and Yellow Cherry, Burbank's Preserving, the latter a most dis- tinct variety, bearing its fruits in clusters like currants. The first aim of the gardener should be to produce good, stocky young plants of his chosen variety, in the meantime adequately preparing a choice well-sheltered piece of ground, to which the plants should be transplanted, preferably on a cool cloudy -day. Water immediately after setting and give clean culture. Cut- ting the plants back makes them more stocky and self-supporting but the rank growling varieties are better trellised. If stable manure is used it should be thoroughly rotted and applied to the field before the plants are set out. x\fter the plants are well established and dry weather approaches, a mulch of straw or grass will be found beneficial in keeping down weeds and retaining moisture. A quick-responding commercial ferti- lizer may be cultivated in during the plant's development; 50 to 100 pounds nitrate of soda as a top dressing around the plants often producing good results. For rot, spray with Bordeaux mixture once weekly, after fruit begins to form. For leaf blight, spray with Ammonical capper 26 carbonate solution soon as there are any indications of the dis- ease. Up-root and burn badly mfested plants. s\vep:t potatoes — CouvoJtuIus Batatas. F. patate donee. G. batata. Spanish, batata. Sweet-potatoes are an important and almost universal crop in the Hawaiian Islands, and their culture is so simple and so well understood that it is not necessary to enter into details here. The tuber seems to thrive every where, on the steep dry slopes of Punchbowl or in the low reclaimed muck of the taro-patches. At Kamehameha the white, yellow and red varieties are regu- larly grown. The white variety is considered decidedly the best, both in quality, productiveness and earliness. MTSCELLANEOUS. ROSELLA — Hibiscus Sobdariffo. This plant has recently come into prominence as a jelly plant, and it certainly is very excellent for that purpose. It is widely cultivated in the tropics and grown on a sniall commercial scale in Southern Florida and Southern California, for its fleshy calyxes, which when cooked make an excellent sauce or jelly with the flavor of cranberry. The juice of the calyxes also makes a fine cooling acidy drink, and might be introduced by some en- terprising druggist at his soda foimtain. Rosella has been grown at Kamehameha for several years, the plant is a strong grovvcr and attains a height of five to eight feet. With us a full year elapsed before the plants come into flower, when 'they blossomed profusely, and continued so for an extended period. The greatest drawback is the amount of work necessary to harvest the sepals. i (Concluded.) PEPPERS. A shipment of peppers from the Nevis Experiment Station, recently forwarded to London by the Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture, has been disposed of at very good prices. The consignment consisted of sixty-four pounds net weight of yellov/ Nepaul peppers and fifty-three pounds of ordinary jed chillis. 27 The former realized the very high price of fifty-one shillings per hnndredweight. This, however, is not, according to the brokers' report, to be attributed to their intrinsic value, but to their being in a very small lot and to competition between two bidders who particularly wanted them. "We should not think it safe to expect more than thirty shillings per hun- dredweight for any quantity." The red chillis realized twenty-six shillings per hundred- weight. These were reported slightly mouldy and would appear not to ha^'e been properly dried before shipment. — Agricultural Neivs, Barhadoes. CORRESPONDENCE. The following communication, written by Dr. Walter H. Evans, Chief of Insular Stations, has been received by The Forester for publication : United States Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations, Insular Experiment Stations, Washington. D. C, December 22, 1905. "In the Commercial Advertiser of December 2, I noticed a re- port by Mr. Kotinsky of the occurrence of the green scale on vanilla plants in Hawaii, and the statement, Tt is the "green bug,'^ a scale pest which, in seventeen years, wiped out the coffee in- dustry of Ceylon.' I presume by green scale is nieant Lecanium viride. as this species is reported on coffee and many other plants. Neitner, in The Coffee Tree and its Enemies, Ceylon, 1880, re- vised and corrected by S. Green, does not mention this species, but it is noted in Insect Life, Vol. i, p. 2Q3, as quite destructive in Ceylon. In Insect Life, \"'ol. 2, p. 17, kerosene emulsion is reported as having been successfully tried against the green coffee scale. In the same volume, p. 265, Cotes reports the suc- cessful use of kerosene emulsion in Ceylon over a sufficiently large area to test its practical applicability. Zimmermann, in Teysmannia, 9 (1898), No. 5, pp. 240-243, reports Lecanium viride in Java as being attacked and destroyed by a fungus. Cephalosporiuni Iccaiiii. 28 'The statement referred to above that the destruction of the coflfee in Ceylon was due to a scale insect was rather startling to me, as I had been taught that the coffee industry was destroyed by the leaf fungus Hcnnlcia z'asfafrix. Some two years ago I had the pleasure of meeting in this city Dr. J. G. Willis, Direc- tor of the Botanical Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon, and as I had just been appointed Chief of the Division of Insular Stations, I was anxious to learn from him all that I could relating to tropical agriculture. Dr. Willis was quite definite in the statement that the destruction of the coft'ee in Ceylon was due to the leaf rust, and urged upon me the necessity of a rigid quarantine in Hawaii and Porto Rico agamst the disease. Similar directions were given me by Sir Daniel JMorris, formerly at Ceylon, and now Commis- sioner of Agriculture for the British West Indies. •'In order to confirm or dispel the idea that I had formed, I have been looking over some of the treatises in the library that relate to tropical ao-riculture, and I find they practically all agree that the destruction of the coft'ee industry in Ceylon was due to the leaf rust, as mentioned above. ''Willis, in Flowering Plants and Ferns, Vol. 2, p. 93, says of coffee: 'The plant is subject to the attack of many insects and fungi, one of the latter (Heinileia vastatrix) was the cause of the ruin of the coffee industry of Ceylon.' "Simonds, in Tropical Agriculture, 1889, mentions various in- sect pests of coffee, but calls particular attention to the destruc- tion caused by Heinileia vastatrix. "Nichols, in Tropical Agriculture, 1892, p. 105, says: Tn Cey- lon the cultivation of coffee was practically ruined some years ago by a fungoid or vegetable blight which was found to be in- curable.' Further he says: Tnsect enemies can be kept in con- trol by cultural methods and the use of insecticides, principally kerosene emulsion.' "Semler, in Die Tropische Agrikultur, 2d ed., 1897, describes at length Hciiulcia vastatrix as the greatest enemy of coffee culture, and calls especial attention to the destruction caused in Ceylon. ■'Robert Wallace, in Indian Agriculture, says: 'The coffee in- dustry in Ceylon was destroyed by the blight H. vastatrix/ "Dybowski, in Traite pratique de cultures tropicales (1902), calls attention to the coffee leaf rust as the most serious enemy of coff'ee. In a similar v/ay a number of others refer to the subject. 20 "The Hawaiian Coffee Planters' Manual, which was printed in 1894, on page 41, qiiotino^ from Ferguson's Directory of Cey- lon, says: Tn the early days, black bug or blight affected the coffee plant very seriously, but who hears of blight now? One hundred thousand acres liave been planted . . . and the area affected by iuig has been most trifling. But the place has been more than filled b\ the most terrible of all diseases, Hemi- Icia rastatrix, or coffee leaf disease.' "In the pamphlet by Nietner, which I have mentioned above, the losses up to 18S0 attributed to scale insects are given as £125,000, while die editor says the Hemileia caused losses of over £ 12,000,000. "From the foregoing statements I think you will get some idea of my opinion relative to the green scale scare. I do not doubt but that, if this insect should become thoroughly established, it would cause great loss, but the rather extravagant statements re- ferred to seem to me unwarranted, and the>^ might result in caus- ing alarm to the coffee growers if allowed to go unchallenged." Yours verv truly, WALTER FF EVANS, Chief of Insular Stations. ORRIS ROOT CULTURE. Referring to the very large number of inquiries received at the U. S. Department of Agriculture in regard to the subject of orris root cultivation in the United States, Prof. Rodney H. True, Physiologist in Charge of Drug Plant Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry, makes the followdng statement : As is well known, the orris root of commerce is grown almost exclusively in Italy, the chief centers of production being at Flor- ence and Verona. The plants yielding this article are the com- mon species of Iris, especially /. florentina, L gcrinanica, and /. pal- lida, cultivated widely as the common fleur-de-lis of many gardens. In many letters, advertisements are cited in which the cultiva- tion of orris root is boomed as a quick road to wealth, and the conditions of the market are described in glowing but entirely 30 misleading terms. One advertisement states that orris root is worth 40 cents per pound, is protected hv a duty of 25 per cent, and meets with an annual demand equaling $2,000,000. On this basis, an offer of roots for cultivation is made at an excessive price. As a matter of fact, the average price of dried orris root of commercial grade varied between 3.8 and 9.6 cents per pound during the period from 1897 to 1904, inclusive. There is no duty on orris root. The total importation averages about $20,000 annually. During the last two years the orris business in Italy has been in a somewhat dubious state, due to the low price realized and the lack of profit to the grower. Owing to such deceiving statements as above cited, there is a great likelihood that many people will be misled to their financial loss. Some advertisers claim to have the indorsement of the Department of Agriculture, whereas the Department has in no way suggested the culture of orris except on a small scale in a purely experi- mental way. It is of the opinion that the outlook for building up the orris industry in the United States is at present not good. Although a limited demand may arise for roots for purposes of cultivation, one should not fail to remember that an orris industry can be built up only on the basis of the utilization of the root in a commercial way. THE HAWAIIAN STOCKBREEDERS' ASSOCIATION. The Hawaiian Stockbreeders' Association held a session on December 18, for the purpose of hearing special reports and electing officers for the ensuing year. A-^ report was read by Dr. Victor Norgard, Territorial Veterinarian, on animal diseases. IVIr. Kotinsky, entomologi- cal division of the Hawaiian Board of Agriculture and For- estry, made an address on horn-fly insects and lantana. Mr. Jared Smith, director of the Federal Experiment Station, read an address on imported grasses. The election of officers resulted as follows : A. F. Judd, president; A. W. Carter, vice-president; A. M. Brown, secre- tary; R. W. Shingle, treasurer; E. P. Low, representative from Hawaii ; L. von Tempsky, from Maui ; J. F. Brown, from Molo- kai ; Eric Knudsen, from Kauai, and H. M. von Holt, from Oahu. 31 IMPORTED SONG-BIRDS. Foreign song-birds are much desired in this country for aesthe- tic reasons, but the Government is not disposed to encourage their importation, fearing lest they prove the reverse of a blessing. The skylark, so generally admired, and which has been made celebrated by poets, is a grain-destroyer in Scandinavia — for which reason the Bureau of Mammals and Birds has recom- mended that no more of this species shall be admitted. Already a colony of imported skylarks has been successfully established near Portland, Oregon, and there is another at Flat- bush, in the outskirts of Brooklyn. People often say: "Listen to the singing of the skylark !" Appreciative of its melody, they are glad that the bird should have been brought to us from foreign parts. As a matter of fact, however, it is the voice of the native thrush that they hear. They heard the same voice long before the skylark arrived on the scene, but did not listen. The starling (a pretty bird that lives in large flocks) has been successfully imported from Europe, and is now quite plentiful along the Hudson River. It has not done any damage yet, so far as known, but in New Zealand, where it has been likewise introduced, it has taken to eating cherries and other fruit, and is regarded as a pest. The trouble is that a bird harmless in its native habitat may adopt new habits when transported to a dif- ferent clime. In such matters it is safest to leave Nature alone. The English sparrow is not a nuisance of much importance in the Old World, but how glad we should be to get rid of it ! There is no hope, however — as may be judged from the experience of Bermuda, where this feathered pest has been domesticated. The total area of Bermuda is only forty-eight square miles, and yet in a war waged between the authorities and the sparrow the latter has come out emphatically a victor. Bounties paid for the destruction of the "rat of the air," as somebody once called it, nearly bankrupted the insular treasury without reducing appre- ciably the numbers of the birds. Where game birds are concerned, our Government has no hesitation about permitting their introduction. They are large enough to be shot, and, if they become too numerous at any time, they can be reduced to the requisite extent by declaring an open season and inviting the sportsmen to tackle them without hindrance. — Saturday Evening Post. 32 THE FARMERS' INSTITUTE OF HAWAII. Honolulu, Hawaii, Jan. 22, 1906. NOTICE. The annual meeting of the Farmers' Institute of Hawaii will be held at Kamehameha Schools on Saturday, February 3, 1906. The programme will be as follows : AFTERNOON SESSION. 2 :30 p. m. — Business Meeting. Report of the Secretary-Treasurer. Election of Officers. Report of Committee on Co-operative Marketing. 3 130 p. m. — Spraying Demonstration — D. L. Van Dine. J. E. Higgins. 4 p. m. — Inspection of the farm and shops of Kamehameha Manual Training School. EVENING SESSION. Music Kamehameha Glee Club Address of Welcome President P. L. Home Response and President's Annual Address yiv. Jared G. Smith Music . Kamehameha Alandolin Club The Use of the Agricultural Colleges Prof. U. Thompson Music Kamehameha Glee Club Sisal and other Commercial Fibres ]\Ir. \\m. \\'einrich, Jr. All those who are interested are cordially invited to be present at both the afternoon and evening sessions. (Signed.) J. E. Higgins, Secretarv-Treasurer. ^oard of Agriculture and Forestry. FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOE SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY. The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern- ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or growing. The list includes hoth forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak, Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Shower, Pride of India, Poinciana, Albizzia, etc. The price of the seed varies from 10 to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 21/2 cents each^ except a few kinds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested before being sent out, which insures its being good. All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to David Haughs, Forest Nurserjnnan, Box 331, Honolulu, Hawaii. RALPH S. HOSMEB, Superintendent of Forestry. PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION. BOARD. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900 ; 66 pp. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902; 88 pp. First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, from July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp. * 'Notice to Importers," by H. E. Cooper; 4 p.; 1903. "Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Fruits, Vegetables etc., into the Territory of Hawaii." General Circular No. 1; 6 pp. "Important Notice to Ship Owners, Fruit Importers and Others. Rules and Regulations Prohibiting the Introduction of Certain Pests and Animals into the Territory of Hav/aii." General Circular No. 2; 3 pt).; 1904. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. "The Leaf -Hopper of the Sugar-Cane," by R. C. L. Perkins. Bulletin No. 1; 38 pp.; 1903. * "On Some Diseases of Cane Specially Considered in Relation to the Leaf -Hopper Pest and to the Stripping of Cane," by R. C. L. Per- kins. Press Bulletin No. 1; 4 pp.; 1904. "A Circular of Information," by Jacob Kotinsky. Circular No. 1; 8 pp.; 1905. "The Japanese Beetle Fungus," by Jacob Kotinsky and B. M. Newell. Circular No. 2; 4 pp., cut; 1905. DIVISION OF FORESTRY. * "Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at Government Nursery." Press Bulletin No. 1; 3 pp.; 1905. "Suggestions in Regard to the Arbor Day Tree Planting Contest." Press Bulletin No. 2; 7 pp.; 1905. "An Offer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters." Circular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905. DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. "Inspection of Imported Live Stock." Rule 1; 1 p.; 1905. "Inspection and Testing of Imported Live Stock for Glanders andi Tuberculosis." Rule 2; 1 p.; 1905. "Concerning Glandered Horse Stock in the Territory." Rule 3; 1 p.; 1905. *Out of Print. Any one or all of the publications listed above rexcept those marked *) will be sent to residents of this Territory, free, upon appljcalion to Mailing Clerk P. O. Box 331. Honolulu. Vol. Ill FEBRUARY, 1906 No. 2 Ppioe, lOe. Pep Copy ; Per Annum, $1.00; Foreig'a, $1.25, THE^ |)dwaiian former AND Jldriculturist A MONTHLY MAGAZINE OF Forestry, Entomology and Agriculture ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. ADDRESS ALL OO M M U N I O AT I O N S XO LEIOPOL-D G. BL.ACKMAN MOMORA.RV EDITOR P. O. BOX 59 HONOLULU, H_ X. For business relating to advertising- or subscriptions, address HAWAIIAN Gazette Co., Ltd., Publishers, P. Q. Box 208, HONOLULU, HAWAII. % K CONTENTS. PAGE Municipal Improvement 33 A Preliminary Accounts of Insects of Economic Impor- tance in the Hawaiian Islands 35 Farmer's Institute Annual IMceting 45 Notes from the Division of Entomology of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry 53 The Farmers' Institute of the Territory of Hawaii 57 Reports of the Superintendent of Entomology 59 Kealia Forest Reserve 61 Ewa Forest Reserve 68 vSeed for Sale at Government Nursery 79 Offer of Assistance to Tree Planters 83 OFFICERS AND STAFF OF THE BOARD OF COMMIS- SIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. ^Commissioners : L. A. Thurston, President. C. S. HoUoway, Secretary and Executive Officer. A. W. Carter. Waiter M. Giffard. J. F. Brown. Gerrit P. Wilder. Division of Entomology; Alexander Craw, Superintendent and Inspector. A. Koebele, Consulting Entomologist. Jacob Kotinsky, Assistant Entomologist. C. J. Austin, Inspector's Assistant. Division of Forestry: Ralph S. Husmer, Superintendent. David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman. Division of Animal Industry: Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent and Territorial Veterinarian. NOTICE FROM THE DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. The Entomological Division of this Board wishes to inform readers of this magazine that it is always ready and anxious to receive, study and report upon any insects that they may find and submit. When feasible either colonies of beneficial insects will be sent, or simple, inexpensive remedies will be prescribed. No charge. THE jHAWAIIAN rORESTER I AGRICULTUR19T Vol III. FEBRUARY, 1906 No. 2 MUNICIPAL IMPROVEMENT. The concerted action of the many local improvement societies which have lately been organized, is already having a beneficial effect upon the appearance of the city, and during the last few months unsightly neighborhoods have taken on an attractiveness and even beauty hitherto unsuspected. In a municipal move- ment of such widespread interest and importance, and into which so many and varied interests have required to be harmonized, it has been gratifying and encouraging to note the degree of unani- mity and good fellowship which has actuated all those who have been associated in it. This has been significant of the general recognition of all parties and organizations of the necessity of stimulating a civic pride which till now has allowed itself to lie dormant, or at the most, to manifest itself only in a few of our more favored suburbs. In a country in which nature has been so lavish in the infinite varietv of her gifts, the tendency in the past has often been to neglect to render her that aid which would have been necessary in a less favored land. It has often been forgotten that the hand of man, whether directed to architecture or agriculture, mars and disfigures rather than embellishes the manifestation of natural beauty. This is the more emphasized in countries abounding in luxuriant and tropical vegetation, among which the efforts of man often stand out in incongruous and un- pleasing contrast. In such countries, it is therefore the more necessary that all buildings and permanent works should, as far as is consistent with utility, be constructed in conformity with their surroundings and in harmony with the natural genius of the place. One universal rule may safely be put in force as the initial step for all improvement clubs. It may be formulated thus : "The first method of beautifying a locality is to put it in order and to cleanse it." In this none can go far wrong. However, 34 it is essential that those to whom authority has been delegated to act in these matters, be vigilant and jealous lest our country's natural beauties be impaired by such fantastic undertakings as have been voiced of late, and which are not only inconsistent and grotesque, but calculated to render the community which tolerates them a laughing-stock to all lovers of good taste. Without doubt two of the very best suggestions which we have heard have been made by the Catholic and Anglican bishops respectively. The former has advocated the drawing of a large map upon which the general scheme of progress and improvement may be marked out and followed over a period of years, and the latter has cau- tioned us lest in improving our own city we be misled into at- tempting to make it resemble any other. These two maxims are worthy of being given full attention. By closely following the former our efforts will not be ephemeral or rendered futile by spasmodic effort, but the line of advance will be steady and harmonious. By observance of the latter we shall take ad- vantage of all the peculiar characteristic natural beauties which surround us, fostering their preservation and development, and vigorously excluding all absurd anachronisms and alien influ- ences, until the name "Hawaii nei" be as a talisman to conjure to all who have visited our fair land a vision of beauty, and simplicity and truth. In this number there is reproduced a circular recently pub- lished by the Division of Forestry, entitled "An Offer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters." Following the lines that have become familiar through similar offers of assistance made by the United States Forest Service and by the Forestry Bureaus in several of the States, this circular sets forth just what the Division of Forestry is prepared to do to assist individuals or corporations desiring to establish forest plantations, windbrakes, or to do other forest work. The present off'er is not a new departure, for during the last two years the Division of Forestry has at all times stood ready, so far as means and time have permitted, to respond to like re- quests. The time has now come when more attention can be paid to this phase of the work, and the circular referred to has accordingly been prepared and widely distributed throughout the Territory. It is hoped that many applications for assistance will result from it. 35 A PRELIMINARY ACCOUNT OF INSECTS OF ECO- NOMIC IMPORTANCE IN THE HA- WAIIAN ISLANDS. By F. W. Terry. Division of Entomology, Haiimian Sugar Planters' Association Experiment Station. (Continued from Vol. II, p. yT^.) GENERAL REMARKS. Dipt era (True Flies). This order of insects is a large and well defined one, and many of its members are extremely important economically, since they are directly injurious to man and domestic animals. Every one is familiar with those persistent atoms of annoyance — "mos- Cjuitoes" — several species of which are the means of conveying disease and death to thousands, in the form of malaria, ele- phantiasis or yellow fever, as the recent mortality at New Or- leans and the neighborhood has demonstrated. Again immense areas of otherwise valuable pasturage and agricultural areas in Southeast, Central and West Africa, are at present practically closed to settlement and development, owing to the presence of the dreaded "tsetse" flies; these acting as the intermediate hosts of the micro-organism Trypanosoma, producing the "nagana" or "sleeping sickness," so fatal to stock and man. Others, too well known, are the Bot-flies, Buffalo-gnats or "Black Fly," Horse- flies, Horn-fly and Screw-worm, all extremely injurious to stock, the larvae of the latter sometimes even causing death in man. The fruit flies are also a great menace to our fruits, as the Melon fly has proved on these Islands. The Gall-gnats, although extremely small and delicate, are also a formidable group ; per- haps the best known of which are the "Hessian fly" and "Wheat midge." Besides this army of markedly injurious flies, there are numbers apparently of little economic importance, although no doubt as our knowledge of these increases, many will be removed from the "unimportant" to the ranks of the "beneficial" or "in- jurious." 36 Opposed to this vast army of markedly "injurious" flies is a perhaps larger one of "heneficial" species. Of primary import- ance are the numerous parasitic flies ; these in conjunction with parasitic hvmenoptera help to control the myriads of injurious plant-feeding insects, which left to themselves, would soon wipe out vegetation and humanity itself. The "flesh" or "blow-flies" are excellent scavengers, and undoubtedly their larvae are especi- ally beneficial in warm climates, by rapidly_ converting putrid and offensive animal matter into a less noxious condition. The larvae of many others are extremely useful owing to their insectivorous habits. Family CuUcidae (Mosquitoes). We are fortunate in possessing but three species of this an- noying family, although in suitable localities their numbers more than compensate for the lack of species. The eggs are deposited either singly or in a batch upon the surface or margin of stand- ing water. The larvae and pupae are both aquatic, the former being familiarly known as "wrigglers." The males do not bite and can be readily distinguished by their plumed or bottle-brush- like antennae. The habits and life history of the mosquitoes of these Islands have been fully discussed by Van Dine^, so the fol- lowing: remarks need to be but brief. C III ex fatigaiis, Wied. This is the common "night" mosquito. It is destitute of any very definite marks and the legs are unhanded. The general coloring of the body and legs is a light golden-brown. The eggs are deposited in a boat-shaped cluster or raft. According to Theobald^ this species has a very wide range, throughout tropical and sub-tropical countries ; and appears to be extremely closely allied to the common European (C. pipiens) and the North American (C. pungens). \'an Dine adopts the former name in his bulletin. A recent comparison of C. pipiens and C. fatigans reveals certain differences which suggest that they are ^ Van Dine (D. L.) "Mosquitoes in Hawaii." Bulletin No. 6. Haw. Agr. Exp. Station. -Theobald (F. V.) "Monog. Culicidae of the World," Vol. II, pp. 154-55- 37 at least distinct races. They are certainly distinct in habit from personal experience, for although C. pipiens is very common in England, it practically never bites in that country. Sfegoniyia fasciata, Fab. This is the common *'day" mosquito here, and the intermediate host of the yellow fever micro-organism is at once distinguished from Culex by the alternately banded dark-brown and white legs. The body is a dark chocolate brown, the thorax bearing a central pair of thin whitish lines and a lateral pair of curved whitish patches. The abdomen also has narrow whitish transverse bands. The eggs are nearly black, and deposited separately, floating horizontally on standing water. Sfegoniyia sciitellaris, Walk. This also is a "day" mosquito and at first sight appears to be very similar to S. fasciata. It is generally somewhat smaller and much darker, the general coloring being blackish, with a w^hite central line on the thorax ; the abdomen is banded with thin white transverse bands. The legs are black with white bands. The eggs closely resemble those of S. fasciata. Family Chironoinidae (Midges). The small delicate flies of this group are commonly known as ''gnats" or ''midges." They are frequently to be observed flying in swarms, over or near water, both in Europe and America. Their larvae are mostly aquatic, many of them being of a brilliant red color, which are known as "blood-worms." One species (Chironoinus hauKiiiensis) is quite common in Honolulu and some of the other Islands. It is a small inconspicuous grey fly, and is often mistaken for a mosquito ; the red larvae are at times very abundant in reservoirs and ponds, where they are undoubted- ly beneficial, feeding upon minute organisms and decayed vege- tation and thus rendering the water purer. Family Stratioinyidac (Soldier-flies). These are sluggish flies, with flattened bodies and large eyes ; one of the commonest species here (Sargits sp.) has a metallic- green thorax, the abdomen in the male being dull bluish-black, in 38 the female bright metallic-blue. The larvae are greyish-buff and flattened with pointed heads, and are frequently found in decay- ing banana stems. Family Dolichopodidae. This family of graceful little flies is represented by numerous species on these islands, many of which are native and restricted to the forest region. They are of small size, (the largest being considerably less than a house-fly) and possess long and delicate legs. One species is particularly common. The eyes are large and prominent. The thorax and abdomen are of a metallic golden-green, the wings also possess a delicate iridescence. These flies may often be seen resting on low-growing plants and may sometimes be observed to suddenly rush upon some minute in- sect, seizing it in their lance-like mouth appendages and sucking the juices. Very little appears to be known about the larvae, they are stated to live in the earth or decomposing vegetation. Family Limnohiidae (lesser crane-flies). This family of flies is readly recognized by their slender bodies and very long and- slender legs, these very readily becoming de- tached when handled. The larvae are mostly elongate and in- conspicuous in coloring and are frequently found in decaying vegetation. The species on these islands are of no economic im- portance, and owing to their delicate form they are often mis- taken for mosquitoes, but upon examination it will be found that they are utterly devoid of any piercing organs and therefore quite harmless, but since they are frequently confounded with mos- quitoes, the above reference has been made to them. Family Syrphidae (hover-flies). This is a large family, and are popularly known as "hover- flies" from the characteristic habit of hovering in mid-air and then rapidly darting away. They vary greatly in size and color- ing, the majority, however, are conspicuously marked with light •or vellow bands. 39 VoluccUii obesa, Fab. This fine fly is very common in the gardens around Honolulu and may often be seen poised practically motionless in mid-air, then darting- rapidly out of sight. In size it is about equal to that of a honey-bee and stoutly built ; the upper surface is of a brilliant metallic bluish-green, the ventral surface having a bright purple sheen. I have not bred the larva, but it probably feeds in decaying vegetation. Eristalis piinctulatus, Macq. This common hover-fly somewhat resembles a honey-bee in form and size. The large eyes are of a reddish-brown. The thorax pale buff, with four distinct longitudinal black bands. The abdomen is tawny in the male, with dark transverse bands ; in the female these bands are nearly black, and very distinct. The larvae is aquatic, living in stagnant and foul water, feed- ing upon stable refuse or decaying vegetation, around which the female flies may frequently be observed depositing masses of the white slender eggs. The whitish larva is maggot-like and semi- translucent, the digestive and other organs being easily visible through the tough skin ; it belongs to that type known as "rat- tailed," since it possesses a very long and protusile breathing- tube, which is capable of being extended for nearly tv/o inches; by this means the larva can remain hidden in the submerged mud and continue its respiration unchecked. Xaiithograiiiiiia grandicorne, Macq. This pretty little hover-fly is extremely useful, since its larva is a most voracious devourer of plant lice or aphides. The adult which is about one-half inch in length niay frequently be ob- served hovering over an aphis-infested plant, then with remark- able rapidity she alights on a leaf, deposits a single Qgg, and is gone, to repeat the process in some other suitable location. The eyes are large and reddish brown. The thorax a shining steely-blue. The abdomen is a rich yellow with decided black transverse bands. The eggs are white and the greenish or reddish slug-like larvae are invariably present upon any plant infested with plant 40 lice. They are extremely voracious, thrusting their small pointed heads amongst the crowded aphides, and sucking these un- fortunates dry in an extremely short time. Family Pipiiiiculidae. These little flies are of considerable economic importance, since the majority of those known, are parasitic upon injurious insects, especially the plant-sucking bugs or leaf-hoppers. There are sev- eral species on these islands, some of these are enumerated and descrbed and the habits of the family fully discussed by Perkins.2 They are considerably less than a house fly and black or nearly so, the wings also being dusky, and owing to their very inconspicuous coloration and active flight can be very easily overlooked, as they hover through the low-growing vege- tation hunting for their prey. Generally the fully-fed larvae leave their moribund hosts and pupate in the ground. Family Tachinidae. This family is an extremely important one since .ill its mem- bers are parasites, and destroy an immense number of injurious insects of all orders. Although some are large and consni.'uoas, they are extremely difficult to classify, and very few of those existing on these islands have been identified. One of the largest and most common is a member of the genus Chaetogaedia. This is a large grey fly, with several stiff bristles distributed over its thorax and abdomen. The head is large and wnde. The larva is a whitish maggot which is parasitic on numerous species of cut-worms and other moth larvae, both introduced and native. Family Sarcophagidae (Flesh-flies). This family includes some extremely useful scavengers, rom- monly known as "flesh-flies" ; the larvae feeding upon any de- caying animal matter. The common species of Sarcophaga on these islands are large grey flies, with dark longitudinal stripes on the thorax, an J dark checkered markings on the abdomen. Some species are \ ivi- '^ Perkins (R. C. L.), "Leaf-hoppers and their Enemies," Bull. No. i, pt. IV. (Div. Entom.) Haw. Sugar Planters' Exp. Stat. 41 parous, the females depositing larvae instead of eggs; rliese larvae commence feeding immediately, and rapidly convert the noxious material into a condition rendering it more suitable for })lant assimilation. Family Muscidae. This family includes many scavengers also, and si'ch \/ell- known forms as house-flies and blow-flies. The larvae vary somewhat in habits, but the majority feed in animal and vegetable refuse. Musca doincstica, Linn. (House Fly). The term "house-fly" has become a household word, and so w^ll-known are these insects that even a brief description is super- fluous. Undoubtedly, owing to its promiscuous habits of feed- ing, this fly is a very important medium for the transportation of numerous disease-producing micro-organisms. The larvae are whitish pointed-headed maggots and appear to feed very gener- ally in stable-refuse. StoiiiOA-ys calcitrans, Linn. (Stable Fly). This small brown fly causes considerable annoyance to stock and superficially resembles the house-fly, but upon closer in- spection it will be found to possess a well-developed set of pierc- ing mouth organs dififering very considerably from the harmless retractible sucking tube of the latter insect. The larvae are small yellowish-white maggots and feed in horse ordure. Haematobia scrrata, Rob-Desv. (Horn-fly). This little greyish— brown fly is extremely injurious to cattle, swarming at times upon the unfortunate beasts, which become weakened by loss of blood and the constant annoyance and sores caused by their attacks. Its presence on these islands appears to have been first recorded in 1899.* The larvae are of a bright yellow and about one-third inch in length, very pointed at the head extremity. These together with the reddish hard egg-like pupae may be found in cow ordure, the * Rep. Alinister Interior, Haw., for 1858, p. 80. 42 eggs being deposited there by the female fly soon after it leaves the cow. Two hymenopterous parasites are known to attack it on these islands. \ arious spraying solutions have been tried to render the in- fested cattle immune to attack, but the relief obtained even when an application is possible is of a very temporary nature. Apparently from various reported experiments one of the most effective compositions consists of train-oil with a small percentage of sulphur or carbolic acid added, this rendering an inimunity of five to six days. Fish-oil, coal-tar and kerosene emulsion arc also recommended.^ An ingenious fly-trap has been tried, with apparently satis- factory results. It is described as follows: "The device is de- scribed as a structure 6 feet high and 4 feet wide, fitting closely in a stable door. On the outer side is hung a curtain, while the inner side, next to the door-way, is composed of broom corn ex- tending from the top downward and from each side toward the center, so that the cow in going through is brushed over every part of the body, while the elastic broom corn, springing back into place, prevents the flies from following her into the stable. The roof of the structure is of wire netting, in which is a trap which the flies can enter but cannot leave. In use the cow is driven into the pen, the curtain let down behind her, and as she passes into the stable the broom-corn brush sweeps off the flies, which by a shake of the curtain are sent up into the trap. The editor of the Canadian Live Stock Journal, according to the press account, saw twenty-eight cows put through this contrivance in twenty-eight minutes, including the placing of the device at three barn doors. "*^ The application of this or a similar type of trap seems quite practical, where the stock are housed daily, but I am not aware of the attempt having been made on these islands. Family Ocstridae (Bot and Warble flies). These flies are serious pests to stock. The larvae live within the digestive tract and frontal sinus, or enter beneath the skin causing large sores and often rendering the hides practically valueless. ^Insect Life, Vol. II, pp. 102-103. * Insect Life, Vol. VII, pp. 425-426. 43 Gastrophilus cqiii, Fab. (Common Horse Bot). This fly is common at certain seasons around stables and on horse ranches, where they may be observed darting at the flanks, legs or mane of the animal. Aided by the pointed abdomen they deposit their eggs thereon, each of which are securely attached to a hair. These yellowish-white eggs contain larvae, which are licked up by the unfortunate animal and thus conveyed into the esophageal tract, whence they travel into the stomach, sometimes occurring in such numbers as to cause the death of the host. Upon passing from the horse the fully-fed larvae (which are about three-quarters inch in length) pupate either in the manure or earth. The adult is somewhat bee-like in size and form, of a tawny- brown color with dark patches on the thorax and abdomen, the whole body being densely covered w^ith short fine hair. The wangs are yellowish w^ith darker patches. One practical remedial measure has suggested itself to many, that is, to scrape (or shave) ofif with a shatrp knife the 'eggs; this should be repeated at frequent intervals (three or four days) during the egg-laying period. Oestrus oiis, Linn. (Sheep Bot or Head Maggot). This fly appears to be present on the sheep ranches here, al- though personally the writer has not seen it. The eggs are deposited in the nostrils of the shee'p, the larvae soon hatch, travelling up the nasal passages and entering the frontal sinuses, where they remain until attaining maturity; they then descend via the nasal passages and pupate in the soil. The adult insect is similar in general appearance to that of the horse-bot, but greyer and much smaller. Hypodcnna sp.? (The Ox Bot or Warble). To what extent warbles occur on these islands I do not know, but they are certainly present. The species obtained has not been definitely identified. These flies are bee-like and hairy, bearing a general resemblance to the horse bot ; the coloring of the body, however, differs from the former insect. The head and thorax being covered with rich golden brown hairs, the abdomen 44 is black with grey hairs, except a middle transverse band which is naked. The wings are dull and devoid of any markings. The eggs of this genus appear to be attached to the hair in a similar manner to those of Gastrophiliis, but usually several are placed on a single hair. Some diversity of opinion appears to exist as to how the larvae enter beneath the skin. Dr. Cooper Curtice^ concludes that the young larvae are licked into the oesophageal tract by the host, the walls of which they pierce, travelling along the muscle tissue until they arrive beneath the skin of the back; this they proceed to pierce, producing a cyst or ''warble," and feed upon the purulent matter caused by the in- flammation which is set up ; finally they leave the cyst and enter- ing the soil pupate. Family Trypefidae. This family includes many very beautiful little flies, one very general characteristic being the striking ornamentation of the wings. They are mostly injurious, the larvae feeding in fruits, or forming swellings or "galls" in the flowers or steams of vari- ous plants. .Dacus curcurbitac, Coq. (Melon Fly). This serious pest is as far as at present known the only im- portant member of that dangerous family, the "fruit-flies," which we possess. • Since its arrival it has practically stopped the rais- ing of melons, cucumbers, squashes and tomatoes in many locali- ties, unless these plants are carefully screened from the attacks of the fly. Besides the above-mentioned, various other fruits of curcurbitaceous, solanaceous and also leguminous plants are at- tacked. The female fly deposits her eggs either in the tender shoots or young fruit, these soon hatch and develop rapidly, con- verting the attacked areas into a putrescent condition. This pest was first recorded from these islands in 1901.8 The adult insect is rather larger than a house fly, and very wasp-like in form, possessing a decided waist-like contraction between the abdomen and thorax. The general coloring is a pale brown, w^ith yellow patches and bands on the abdomen and ' Insect Life, Vol. IV, pp. 304-10. " Koebele. Rep. Commsr. Agr. and For., Hawaii, for 1900, p. 39. 45 thorax. The wings are large and glassy with small brown patches near and at the tips; they are usually held at right angles to the body when the fly is at rest (a position character- istic of this group). The larvae are of the typical fly-maggot form, about one-third of an inch long and yellowish ; they leave the plant to pupate in the ground. They are capable of leaping quite a distance, this action being caused by the curvature and then sudden release of the tension of the bodv. FARMERS' INSTITUTE ANNUAL MEETING. At the annual meeting of the Farmers' Institute on February 3rd, the question of the formation of a Produce Exchange to facilitate the marketing of the products of the soil grown in these Islands, and to thus give an impetus of the most practical kind to diversified agriculture, was taken up and received very favorable consideration. The subject wall be considered by the Board of Directors of the Institute, and it is expected that material results will soon come from this consideration. The first session of the annual meeting was held February 2nd, afternoon, at Kamehameha School, and the following officers were elected to serve for the ensuing year: Jared Smith, president; Wm. Weinrich, Jr., vice-president; F. G. Krauss, secretary- treasurer, and W. W. Hall, Alexander Craw and Prof. P. L. Home, directors. Following the election of officers there was a demonstration of manufacture and spraying with koresene emulsion to kill scale and bugs on plants, conducted by D. L. Van Dine, and a like demonstration of the manufacture and use of the Bordeaux Mix- ture for killing fungus growths, conducted by J. E. Higgins. Following this, the members of the Institute inspected the stock farm and dairy and gardens of the Kamehameha Schools, finding much to interest them there. EVENING SESSION. The evening session of the Institute, to which the public were invited, was held in one of the Kamehameha school rooms and was attended by many persons who are interested in agriculture. 46 The meeting opened with some excellent music by the Kame- hameha Boys' Glee and ^Mandolin Clubs, after which Principal Home welcomed the Institute and those present to the schools, speaking of the increased interest that had been shown in scientific farming in the last decade, and of the work that the Farmers' In- stitute had already done for Hawaii. He spoke, also, of the work being done at Kamehameha in the way of farming, spoke of it proudly because from that work substantial results had come. He said that an apiary would be added to the school's possessions this year, that it already possessed a splendidly stocked dairy and the model piggery on the Islands. PRESIDENT smith's RESPONSE. Speaking in response to the address of welcome, and delivering his annual address. President Jared Smith said : The year 1905 has been a very successful one for the Farmers' Institute of Hawaii. I have been pleased to note a constantly in- creasing interest on the side of agriculture for which this organiza- tion stands — diversification as opposed to, or in contrast with, a one-sided industry. There is undoubtedly now greater confidence in the ability of our people to produce from the land a variety of products. We are beginning to see the possibilities of great things coming out of minor industries. In other words, I note on every hand a willingness to help when the question of trying to do impossible things comes to the front. This change in sentiment, a sort of conversion from the position of opposition to one of tolerance, if not of active assistance, is a most striking feature of the year's progress. Four years ago, when the Farmers' Institute made its first beginning, to dub a man a "small farmer'' was no compliment. I note today general sympathy with the movement, and a change of front on the part of many people and interests who, when I came here to establish an experiment station five years ago, were, at least, passively hostile to this innovation. For this change of attitude the Farmres' Institute and other similar organizations, such as the Hilo Agricultural Society, the Live Stock Breeders' Association, the Poultrymen's Association, are largely responsible. Increase in the membership of this Institute and increase in the number of organizations formed along collateral lines, indi- 47 cate a constant widening of the field. Within another five years I hope to see flourishing societies on every island of the group devoted to the interests of bee-keeping, coffee, tobacco, pineapples, bananas, vanilla, sisal, cotton, grapes, as well as marketing asso- ciations to bring more intimately together those whose interests should be in common. It is the aim of the Farmers' Institute to supply a common ground on which both scientist and farmer can stand, each to learn from the other. Most scientific men lack practical experience, and many farm- ers lack scientific knowledge. Each have their theories. Keep the two apart and the theories are liable to run to seed, which when planted produce strange products. I often think that the scientist gets more from the farmer than he ever gives. Most farmers will agree with me on this point. This Institute is in- tended to be a common battleground, where every man can speak his mind. We are all working for the same end — the betterment of the conditions of life, and whatever tends toward increase of the prosperity and general affairs of Hawaii. I sincerely hope that good things accomplished in 1905 will be far overshadowed by the achievements of 1906. Secretary Krauss then read the following letter from the Dele- gate in Congress, which, it was explained, should have come up at the afternoon business session : January 4, 1906. The Farmers' Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii. Dear Sirs : — Desiring to further all proper efforts for the diversification of the industries of our Territory, I have had a consultation with Secretary James Wilson of the Department of Agriculture, in regard to securing soil surveys of at least a part of each island in the group. The Secretary has promised to give favorable consideration to the subject, and added that if he decided that he could extend this work to Hawaii, he would also follow it up by sending a to- bacco expert to assist in establishing that industry. I accordingly have the honor to request that your organization draft and forward to the Secretary of Agriculture a formal re- quest or petition, asking that soil surveys be made in the Terri- tory of Hawaii, and that a tobacco expert be assigned to make a 48 special study of our local conditions and assist in getting the to- bacco industry established on a sound basis. Hoping that you may send such resolutions to Secretary Wilson by an early steamer, I am, very truly yours, J. Kalaxianaole, Delegate to Congress. USE OF AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. Prof. U. Thompson was then introduced, and read the follow- ing paper on "The Use of Agricultural Colleges": The Agricultural Colleges belong to the people, and the people should use them as freely as they use their horses or their farms. If you ask how these colleges can be used, I can at least tell how some people are using them. And no doubt, other ways will be developed, as the people realize their value. The first way is for young men and women to go to these col- leges and take the course in agriculture. Wliile East, I heard of two cases that will serve as illustrations. A farmer in Central New York w^as in debt for his farm. He had toiled long hours each day for years ; but the mortgage was immovable. When the son has grown to young manhood, he decided to take a course in agriculture at Cornell. The father supplied him with money, which increased the mortgage, and the son worked extra time at college for additional funds to pay his expenses. He spent his vacations at home working reforms in the way of fruit growing and better dairy stock and methods. When he had completed his course, he returned to the farm and took the helm. In three years he cleared the farm of the mortgage. The second case was of another farmer who was even more un- fortunate than the farmer already mentioned, for, work as he would, the mortgage grew, year by year. When he died the farm was sold to satisfy the mortgagee. There was a small amount left over. The daughter took this money and went to Cornell. She worked extra time for money to help pay her expenses and finally graduated from the Agricultural Department. Then she rented the farm her father had lost and began fruit growing. To- day she owns the farm. These are only isolated cases. But throughout the country you see results of like training in orchards and stock and pro- duction. You hear much about scientific farming, but can not 49 help realizing that with most of the older farmers, these terms mean very little. You also realize that the younger farmers ap- preciate what is heing done at the Experiment Stations ; and many of the boys will know what the Agricultural Colleges are doing, — wdiat scientific farming really means. Second — Farmers can use the Agricultural Colleges by sending problems directly to the professor interested. The California farmers are using the Agricultural Deportment of their univer- sity, for all it is worth. Hundreds of soil specimens are sent in to be analyzed, — so many specimens that the old methods of analyzing soils had to be abandoned, and a sh.ort method is now in use, by which a chemist can determine from 8 to 12 specimens a day, with sufficient accuracy for all practical purposes. Pests of all kinds swarm about the entomologist ; seeds that won't grow and seeds that are not pure find their way to the seed specialist ; and when crops fail to be produced in sufficient quantities to sat- isfy the farmer, he invites the agriculturist to come and see what the matter is. And the agriculturist goes. Xot simply be- cause he is a servant of the state, but because he is interested in whatever interests the farmer. The experts are kept alive and progressive. Dr. Hilgard says that when he has a problem he can't solve, he goes to the farmer. The farmer has the facts which Dr. Hilgard with his trained mind can put together and make science of. The farmer of today may not get relief in all his problems ; but he gets enough relief to keep hope alive in the children, and 'the grandchildren will reap the benefit from the questions the farmers of today are asking the scientists. Third — The people can use the Agricultural Colleges, through the Experiment Stations, through the new Indusrrial H'gh Schools that are being developed, through the nature study that is grow- ing in importance, and through the model farms that are coming. The Agricultural Colleges will train a vast arm}- of young men and women for work in the Experiment Stations, in the Industrial High Schools, in nature study and for the model fanvis. The work of the Experiment Stations is so well known that I need not say anything about them. The Industrial High Schools are of so recent development that I venture some explanation. These schools are located in the country, and in the villages and country towns. They are in re- sponse to a demand from the farmers. There will be class-room 50 work and laboratory work, shop work and farm work. The courses will lead to the professions, to business, the sciences, the trades and to the farms. In short, these schools are intended to do for each industry what the ^lanual Training High Schools are doing for the trades. There is a growing appreciation of elementary work in the s)eiences, nature study, some call it, and a demand for trained teachers to do this work as it should be done. The Chicago Normal School has just arranged for training teachers for this work, on a new basis which probably puts it in the lead of other institutions. Now comes the question as to wdiether the Agri- cultural Colleges will long permit a normal school graduate to rank higher than the college graduates. I found the United States Agricultural Experiment Station men very sensitive about model farms. But I am wiUing to risk my reputation as a prophet on the statement that the model farm will be the next step in agricultural development. And here are my reasons : A large percentage of farmers can not translate the college bulletins and the experiment station bulletins into farm language and farm practice. This must be done for them. And the place where it is done will be the model farm. And if agri- culture continues to develop as we hope to see it develop, the model farm will continue to be an advantage even to the college- bred men, just as a hospital is an advantage to physicians who wish to keep abreast of their profession. The business of the agricultural college should be to develop the science of agricul"' ture and so it will always be in advance of the agricultural stai^- tions. And the stations will always be in advance of the model' farm. And the model fatm will be in advance of the great ma- jority of the farmers, translating the work of the colleges andj stations into farm practice. : -U The day for individual effort is almost gone. No greater mis-, fortune, not even the misfortunes of war, has come to the human race than that of individual effort, and this is especially true in agriculture. Through the ages each farmer has been obliged to fight his own battles with pests and soil and climate conditions. What waste of wealth this system has wrought. What waste of energy it has caused. What slavery it has entailed on successive generations. Wliat desertions from the land it is responsible for. What congested misery in cities it has produced. No, the day :.;;o!) n c] o^r.■ '■: 51 for individual effort is fast passing away. Collective effort is the new order. In concentration of capital and labor and management, and in commercial botany, entomology, chemistry and cultivation of the soil the planters of these Islands have set an example for the world. What the planters' experiment station is to the indi- vidual planter, the model farm will be to the small farmer. All classes of men are interested, whether they know it or not. Greater production and better products mean as much to the busi- ness man and the professional man as to the farmer. It is simply a matter of all men knowing this on the one hand, and that the agricultural colleges are the source from which must come the science of agriculture on the other hand ; and then all men will demand more agricultural colleges, better equipment for them, and fuller service from them. This all men are learning with an intensity of purpose that no thoughtful man can misunderstand or fail to appreciate. SISAL AND ITS PRODUCTS. Mr. Wm. Weinrich, Jr., then delivered a most interesting lec- ture on sisal and other commercial fibres, showing samples of the products from various parts of the world. Mr. Weinrich began his address with a short sketch of the history of sisal. The plant was introduced from Yucatan, where it first came into use, to Florida in 1836, and from Florida was brought to the Hawaiian Islands in 1893. A peculiar difference, as shown by the speaker's samples of the plant, was that the sisal from Yucatan was spiney along the edges, and of smaller leaf than the Hawaiian. This gave the island product the double advantage that it was easier to handle, so that laborers could W'Ork in it wdth less trouble, and it had also a longer fibre, which increased its commercial value. On the other hand, the life of the Hawaiian plant was only from eight to ten years, while the Yucatan lives from sixteen to twenty. Mr. Weinrich said that he was now engaged, with the great Burbank, in an effort to produce a longer-lived sisal with the advantages of the Hawaiian product as to lack of spines and the longer leaf. He said it was remarkable, in this connection, that all the young plants had the spines on the edges, but that in Ha- waii these disappeared as they grew older. Continuing his address, Mr. Weinrich corrected a popular error 52 by saying that it was not true that stoncy and arid lands were best adapted for the growth of sisal. On the contrary, while sisal would grow and thrive on stoney and arid lands, it grew and thrived better on rich lands that were better watered. The object was to produce a long, clean, white fibre, with some strength. That was what the cordage men wanted. The sisal grown on the richer lands, with more rainfall, gave the longer, cleaner and whiter fibre, fibre. And Mr. Weinrich showed samples to prove what he said. The long leaf varieties were better, because they not only pro- duced a longer fibre, but took no more labor in handling than the short leaf kinds. As to the planting, experiments at the planta- tion at Sisal have convinced him that it was better to set the plants about nine feet apart each way. Mr. Weinrich explained the process of getting the sisal fibre from the leaf by machinery, and showed samples of rope and paper and mattress stuffing made from sisal, the paper and mat- tress stuffing being from the waste that the decorticating machine did not save. He said that the best fibre was made from sisal by hand, and that in Yucatan hammocks made from this class of fibre sold for their weight in silver. The people of Yucatan, how- ever, were very jealous of their industry, and it was almost im- possible to get plants from them. They would scald them before shipment, so that they would not grow. Heat was the greatest enemy the sisal had. Here in Hawaii there were no pests that harmed it, although they had a beetle in Yucatan that killed the plants. The speaker explained the remarkable fecundity of the sisal, one plant producing between 2000 and 3000 young ones from its bloom stock, besides any number of suckers each year. In conclusion, ]\Ir. Weinrich exhibited a number of fibres from the agave americana, and the sansiveria, which latter would pro- duce a fabric as fine as the celebrated pina cloth of ]^Ianila. He showed samples also of Manila hemp fibre, and fibres of divers sorts from all parts of the w^orld, demonstrating that there was room in Hawaii for the development of a most important in- dustry. An interesting general discussion followed his paper, and the Institute then adjourned. 53 NOTES FROM THE DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. By Jacob Kotinsky. I was very much interested in the letter of Dr. Walter H. Evans, in the January (1906) number, relative to the "green- bug" (Coccus z'iridis) on lemon trees in Hawaii. It is inter- esting to note that the learned Doctor bases his criticism upon a newspaper clipping. Through an oversight the newspaper repre- sentative was not supplied with a copy of the report as read be- fore the Board, and as a result there is considerable discrepancy between the newspaper report and that given in the December (1905) "Forester." But Dr. Evans is evidently, not entomologist enough to have realized that the green scale does not attack vanilla ; it is not surprising therefore that he did not realize the other inaccuracies of the newspaper story. The facts of the case are clearly set forth in the report as pub- lished in the December number of the "Forester." That report, however, does not contain specific references to or quotations from Part III of "Coccidae of Ceylon," published by Mr. E. Ernest Green, the Government Entomologist of Ceylon, and au- thor of the species of scale insect in question, upon which the statements concerning the relation of the "green-bug" to coffee in Ceylon were based. These w^ere not deemed necessary to include in the published report. It is surprising though that Dr. Evans, wdio seems to have made an effort to include references to all au- thorities on the subject, should have omitted quoting this emi- nent authority, who is one of the best living authorities on scale insects, and who has made a thorough first hand study of the in- sect in the field. Was the omission due to oversight or con- venience? It is a notable fact that in the work referred to, is- sued in 1904 and written in 1903, Mr. Green devotes four pages to Coccus Z'iridis, nearly three of which consider its economic aspect, while an average of not more than one page is allotted to each of the other species treated, and there are thirty-two of them. This is what the author says of the "green-bug" : ** Coccidae of Ceylon, Pt. Ill, pp. 200-203. 54 ''Habitat. — Originally noticed on coffee (both Libernian and Arabian), but now almost omnivorous. Some of the better known plants upon which it occurs are : Cinchona succiruhra and officinalis, Citrus (various species), Tea (occasionally), Psidium guyava, ('guava'), Manihot scara, M. Para, ('para rubber'), M. utilissima, ('tapioca'). Gardenia, Ixora, Pluniiera, and numerous garden shrubs. Amongst indigenous plants, Antidesma hunius, Hiptage madahlota, Callicarpa lanata, Mocsa indica, and several species of Loranthus, may be mentioned. The insects, in all stages, are crowded on — usually the under surface of — the leaves and on the young shoots of the plants, more frequently along the mid-rib and veins. " 'Green-bug' has proved such a scourge in Ceylon, being practically responsible for the filial abandonment of coffee culti- vation over the greater 'part of the planting districts,'^ that a short account of its origin and ravages must be added to the bare de- scription given above. '' Lecaniiim viride, popularly termed "Green-bug," first attracted attention in Ceylon in the year 1882, when it was already doing considerable damage to coffee in the Matale district. The pest rapidly extended its area, and spread through all the districts of the Central Province within three years. In 1886 it completed its conquest by appearing in the BaduUa district of the Province of Uva. "The bug attacks with indifference both vigorous and weakly trees, but its effect is markedly different in the two cases ; for, though leaves of robust trees become thickly infested by the in- sects, and blackened by the consequent fungus, they do not fall off, but the plant continues to make fresh growth and retains a fairly healthy appearance. Weakly trees, on the contrary, are almost completely denuded, none but the two or three terminal leaves on each twig remaining. The shoots become dry and hide- bound, and no fresh wood is formed. Naturally such a condi- tion results in a total loss of crop. "Unfortunately, at the time of the invasion, our coffee had been weakened by long-continued attacks of 'leaf disease' (Heniileia vastatrix), Moreover, the prevailing system of cultivation re- sulted in the loss of the surface soil, so essential to the health of the coffee plant, in all but the most favored situations. The * The italics are mine. 55 further tax upon its strength induced by these myriads of sap- imbibing insects proved too great for the plant, with the result that thousands of acres of cofifee land were abandoned or replaced by tea. Some idea of the collapse of the coffee industry may be obtained by comparing the annual export of coffee during the period of attack. In 1881, 452,000 cwts. were shipped from Cey- lon. In 1 89 1 this figure had fallen to 88,780 cwts. While, dur- ing the past year (1902), the total scarcely exceeded 10,000 cwts. "It must not be supposed that no efforts were made to check the invasion. When the pest first appeared on any estate, indi- vidual plants and small patches of affected trees were frequently cut out and burned. But nothing stayed the progress of the in- vader. The fact is, the insect being an inconspicuous one, by reason of its color and small size, it was not noticed until it had established itself in sufficient force to defy all efforts at extermina- tion. All the old remedies that had obtained a (usually spuri- ous) reputation as effective against the old brown bug were tried without success. Affected trees were swathed in freshly cut 'Mana grass' (Andropogon nardus) . They were dusted with dry lime and wood ashes. But all to no effect. Following out some previous experiments with coal-tar applied to the roots, the writer applied dilute phenol and carbolic powder to the soil below the trees. The former application was at first thought to have proved successful (see Report on Green Scale Bug, 1886, foot- note to page 3). But subsequent and more extensive experi- ments, carried out in the same way, negatived the earlier result. The original experiment was on too small a scale to provide a proper test. Lime and water, applied as a thin whitewash, by hand, killed every bug with which it came in contact ; but it was found impossible to apply it in a sufficiently thorough manner, and the process was too costly in labor, when large acreages were to be treated. The same remark applies to all other liquid ap- plications. They were both costly and inefficient. Many fancied cures owed their reputation to the death of insects from natural causes. For, quite from the commencement, the pest had its periods of increase and decrease. These periods vary in differ- ent parts of the island according to the prevailing weather. The bug flourishes best during the time of fine weather interspersed with light showers. It objects to extremes, and usually decreases both in the very wet weather and during times of excessive 56 drought. In districts subject to a heavy southwest monsoon, the pest is at its height from the middle of March to the middle of June, when it is checked by the continuous rains. There is a recrudescence from September to January, when it again de- creases during the dryest months. On the other side of New^ara Ehya, I am informed that the bug usually appears towards the end of April, and reaches a climax in October or November. If there is any very wet weather in the mean time, it temporarily de- clines, but flourishes in times of light rain wath intermediate sun- shine, and disappears almost completely from December to April. "The periods of decrease are marked by the death of fully 90 per cent, of the insects from an epidemic fungal disease. The scales shrivel and become covered with a greyish-white fungus, which extends as a delicate fringe all round them. Dr. A. Zim- mermann, then of the Botanic Gardens, Buitenzorg, Java, de- scribed this fungus under the provisional name of Cephalosporiiim lecanii in one of the circulars of his department. Dr. Zimmer- mann informs me that he has been experimenting with this fungus with a view to obtaining a culture that can be applied as a spray, but I have not yet heard whether success has attended his at- tempts. In Ceylon the fungus seems to be widely distributed, but depends upon climatic conditions for its proper development. It appears to be readily communicable by direct contagion in Cey- lon. But material sent to Mr. Newport, in Southern India, failed to induce the disease in 'Green-bug' there. The weather in India at the time was not favorable for the experiment. I am inclined to think that this grey fungus has been gradually in- creasing and that its effect in reducing the numbers of the bug !s more marked year by year, * * =1: >k * "From the sudden appearance of the pest and its rapid ex- tension, it is almost certain that the insect is an introduced species, and it seems probable that the Libernian coffee plant may have been the vehicle of introduction. Lccanium viride has recently been recorded from Africa by Mr. R. Newstead from Lagos, West Africa. It is true that Mr. Newstead considers that the African insect is a distinct variety, but scarcely sufficient ma- terial was examined to establish that fact." Granting that Hcinileia vastatvix w^as principally responsible for the devastation of coft'ee in Ceylon, it does not follow that Coccus z'iridis could not have accomplished the task unaided. In 57 view of the facts given by Mr. Green there is every reason to be- lieve that such would have been the case. There seems also some basis to believe that the bug was responsible for the dis- semination of the fungus. The two coffee enemies probably aided each other materially. While our Cercospora coffeicola does not seem to be as injurious as was H. vastatrix, who can tell what its effects would have been when assisted by the "green-bug?" Nor, as stated in my report, is the fungus disease of the bug, referred to by Mr. Green and Dr. Evans, known to exist in Hawaii. And finally, as to the practicability of kerosene emulsion or any other spray against an enemy of coffee in Hawaii : Had Dr. Evans seen the conditions under which coffee grows in Kona, for example, he would have not ventured to offer the kerosene emulsion remedy. As much coffee grows (wild, uncultivated, I mean) in Kona, as is under rational cultivation. Should the "Green-bug" have gained a foothold in Kona, the most effective wash would have been no more practicable there than in the sugar cane fields against the leaf hopper. Dr. Evans would have profited either by reading the December (1905) Forester or by consulting an entomologist before writing his opinion. THE FARMERS' RESTITUTE OF THE TERRITORY OF HAW AH. Honolulu, February 17, 1906. Editor, The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist, Honolulu. , Dear Sir : — At a special meeting of the Executive Committee of the Farmers' Institute of Hawaii, on the 13th inst., held to con- sider our Delegate's suggestions in regard to securing soil sur- veys of the Hawaiian Islands, and also the services of a tobacco expert to assist in establishing that industry in Hawaii, it was voted that a petition be forwarded to the Hon. Secretary of Agriculture at Washington, requesting that he use his efforts to secure for our Territory, the desired assistance. Herewith inclosed, please find copy of letter forwarded to Secretary Wilson, by Manchuria as mail, Feb. 14, 1906. Respectfully, F. G. Krauss, Secretary Farmers' Institute. February 15th, 1906. Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Dear Sir: — Our Delegate to Congress, the Hon. J. K. Ka- lanianaole, desiring to further all proper efforts for the improve- ment and diversification of the industries of our Territory, ad- vises us, under date of January 4th, 1906, of his consultation with you in regard to securing soil surveys of at least a part of each Island in the group. We are informed that you have promised favorable considera- tion to the matter, and further, should you decide that this work can be extended to Hawaii, you will follow it up by sending a tobacco expert to establish that industry on a firm basis. Appreciating the great benefits that would result to Hawaii by such aid from the United States Department of Agriculture, the Farmers' Institute of the Territory of Hawaii respectfully and earnestly petition the Hon. Secretary of Agriculture to use his best efforts to secure for our Territory as complete a soil survey as possible for each of the several Islands forming the Territory of Hawaii, and also to assign a tobacco expert to these Islands to assist in establishing the tobacco industry, in which the Hawaii Experiment Station, with Territorial aid, has already made so favorable a beginning. Trusting that this petition for the extension of Hawaii's agri- cultural resources will meet with your favorable consideration, we are, Respectfully yours, Jared G. Smith, President. Pearley L. Horxe, Alexander Craw, F. G. Krauss, Executive Committee. 59 REPORTS OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF ENTOMO- EOGY. Honolulu, T. H., January 17, 1906. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H. -'-Gentlemen: — Since my last report to you on the 4th inst., sixteen steamships and sailing vessels arrived in port from outside the Territory, having on board 2,709 packages of fruits and vegetables and five cases of plants. Twelve packages of mail material were exarfiined. One hundred and forty (140) boxes of apples infested with scale insects were returned to California and six crates of celery was burned as it was attacked by ''cut worms." • -" Ten shipments of oranges (50 cases) from China were de- stroyed by fire as they were found infested with scale insects and several of the lots with a new species of fungus disease, a sample of which I submitted to Dr. N. A. Cobb, the pathologist of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, who stated that it was new to him and was a good thing to keep out. He will make a thorough examination when he has an opportunity and report later. Respectfully submitted, Alexander Craw, Supt. of Entomology and Inspector. v^ Honolulu, February 7, 1906. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H. Gentlemen : — Since my report of the first two v/eeks of Janu- 6o ary I have to report the arrival of fourteen steamships and sail- ing vessels from outside the Territory. We found thereon five thousand four hundred and three (5,403) packages of fruits and vegetables, twelve (12) cases, boxes and bales of trees and plants and seven (7) packages by mail. In my last report to you I should have stated that on January 9th, Mr. George Compere, beneficial insect collector for the State of California, passed through Honolulu on the S. S. "Sierra" from Australia on his way to San Francisco, after having visited the Orient. He was rushed for time, but I made it m.y duty to drive him through Honolulu and its suburbs, calling his attention to our most serious introduced insect pests, so that should he find either in his future travels he can make a search for their natural checks. In correspondence with Mr. Ellwood Cooper, the Chief of the California Horticultural Commission, he promised to fur- nish this Board with colonies of parasites of the "purple scale." Mr. Compere requested me to prepare a few orange trees by establishing them in boxes or tubs and thoroughly infesting them with the follovv'ing scale insects — one species to each tree — "Pur- ple scale" (Lepidosaphes bcckii), the "Florida red scale" (Chry- soinplialus Hens) and the "black parlatoria" (Parlatoria zizyphtis) are all very troublesome upon citrus and various other trees on these Islands and are comparatively harmless to such trees in China. Mr. Compere is now on his way to Southern Europe in quest of beneficial insects for California and afterwards will visit China, when we can forward the infested trees. In this way we will be more successful in introducing the parasites, rather than undertaking their importation on detached branches in cold storage. The growing tree system I successfully used a few years ago in sending internal parasites (Scutellista cyanea) from California to Western Australia, after several attempts had been made in the old way by sendings from California and Cape Colony. I specially called his attention to that serious pest, the "Avocado pear scale" (Pseudococciis nipae) and hope he may succeed in finding its enemy in his travels. On January i8th a wardian case of economic plants arrived ex S. S. "Mongolia" from India via Hong Kong, but they were all dead, probably from cold weather encountered on the voyage near Japan. On the same steamer there arrived forty-four (44) 6i cases of oranges from China and'as they are from a district sub- ject to "fruit flies" and exchided from the Territory of Hawaii by your Rules and Regulations, of October 25, 1904, we destroyed them, also the cases by burning. In my report to you of January 17th I referred to the destruc- tion by fire of fifty (50) cases of oranges from China ex S. S. '^Siberia," January 5th, infested with a new fungus, a sample of v/hich I submitted to Dr. N. A. Cobb, Pathologist of the Ha- waiian Sugar Planters' Association. He stated "that it was new to him" and "a good thing to keep out." Dr. Cobb wa^', called to the Island of Hawaii to investigate some matters there, so has not yet had an opportunity to report upon the Chinese orange fungus. On January 27th ex S. S. "Nebraskan" a package arrived per mail containing two lemon trees from Florida infested with "white wax scale" (Ceroplastes iiorideiisis). The owner was called to see their condition, after which the trees were burned. Another package by same mail contained a plant of a new salvia upon which I found the scale Orthczia insigiiis. This is the same insect that made its appearance on the lantana on the Island of Maui and afterwards distributed over that and other Islands by the stock men to destroy that plant. The salvia was burned and an official notice sent to the owner. Respectfully submitted, Alexander Craw, Supt. of Entomology and Inspector. KEALIA FOREST RESERVE. In accordance with the established usage of the Board of Agri- culture and Forestry, the following resolution and reports in re- gard to the proposed Kealia Forest Reserve, in the District of Puna, Island of Kauai, are here published. The reports were approved and the resolution adopted at the meeting of the Board held on January 17th, 1906. The matter has now been referred to the Governor with the request that after the public hearing re- quired by law, he issue a proclamation creating the reserve and 62 setting apart the government lands within the boundary as com- partments of the reserve. RESOLUTION. IN REGARD TO THE PROPOSED FOREST RESERVE IN THE DISTRICT OF PUNA, ISLAND OF KAUAI. Adopted by the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry at the meeting held on January 17, 1906. Resolved, That the Forest Reserve on the east side of Kauai, em- bracing the mauka part of the District of Puna, above a line drav^^n at approximately the lower edge of the existing forest across the lands of Anahola, Kamalomaloo, Kealia and Kapaa, District of Puna, Island of Kauai, as recommended by the Committee on Forestry, on January 17th, 1906, based upon the report of the Superintendent of Forestry, dated December 30th. 1905, and on a map and description prepared by, and now on file in, the Government Survey Office, be approved. Resolved, That the Board recommends to the Governor that the Government lands within the boundaries of the proposed Kealia Forest Reserve be set apart by him, after the hearing required by law, as com- partments of the Reserve. Resolved further, That the Board recommends to the Governor that all the land within the said described boundaries be approved by him to be set apart as a Forest Reserve, subject to all private rights and titles, and that all owners of private lands lying wathin said boundaries be re- quested to co-operate with the Board of Agriculture and Forestry in re- serving all of said lands for forestry purposes, in accordance with the terms of Chapter 28 of the Revised Laws of Hawaii. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FORESTRY. Honolulu, Jan. 17th, 1906. To the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H. Gentlemen : — Your Committee on Forestry has had under ad- visement, the question of the forest reservation on the Govern- ment lands of Anahola, Kamalomaloo and Kapaa and the land of Kealia, owned by the Makee Sugar Company. The Forester has submitted an exhaustive report with his recommendations, including also the description of the proposed reservation. Your Committee have no personal knowledge of the territory proposed to be incorporated in this reservation, but have carefully considered the report above mentioned and do approve the recommendation of the Superintendent of Forestry that this 63 reserve be made and the Governor be requested, in compliance with the law, to declare the same a forest reserve and set apart the portions thereof owned by the Government for such pur- pose, and do further approve the recommendations that the Com- missioner of Public Lands be requested to make provision for the forest fence where necessary along the lower or makai bound- ary of the same. Respectfully submitted, W. M. GiFFARD, ' ' ' pi Alfred W. Carter, *'""' Committee on Forestry.. Mr. L. A. Thurston, the third member of the Committee, ab- sent, in California. REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF FORESTRY December 30, 1905. Committee on Forestry, Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, Oahu. Gentlemen : — I beg to submit herewith a report with recom- mendations, upon the proposed Kealia Forest Reserve on Kauai. In July, 1904, I prepared a preliminary report upon the ques- tion of creating a forest reserve in the north end of the Puna and east end of the Koolau Districts, on the Island of Kauai, bet- ter described perhaps as embracing the forest lands lying back of the Kealia Plantation. Owing to the fact that certain de- scriptions were not available no action was then taken on the re- port, nor has there been since. I am now prepared to submit this as a final report upon the Kealia Forest Reserve. It is based in part upon the information contained in my preliminary report and also upon other data obtained since that time; the whole "being largely the outcome of personal examinations made on the ground by me in May and June, 1904, and in June, 1905. LANDS INCLUDED. The proposed Kealia Forest Reserve includes portions of the lands of Anahola, Kamalomaloo, Kealia and Kapaa. Of these Kealia belongs in fee simple to the Alakee Sugar Company, the 64 owner of the Kealia Plantation. The others are government lands now under lease to the Makee Sugar Company. On all three of the lands the present leases are within two years of ex- piration, the dates on which they run out being as follows : Kamalomaloo, March 29, 1907; Anahola and Kapaa, ]\[ay i, 1907. Anahola and Kamalomaloo adjoin one another and lie to the north of Kealia, which separates them from Kapaa. Under the former land classification Anahola and Kapaa were "crown" lands, Kamalomaloo a "government" land. The area within the forest reserve boundary described below is for the several lands, as follows : ^"^'"'^"'^ , ] 505r acres. Kamalomaloo 3 Kealia 2550 Kapaa 2334 " Total 9935 acres. I PURPOSE OF THE RESERVE. The forest problem in the north end of the Puna District on Kauai is to so protect the natural forest covering the watershed that the \vater in the streams draining the area may be made to do its full duty through irrigation, in the development of the fertile agricultural land below. At present use is made of the greater part of the w^ater that can be got out of the streams at an elevation sufficient to permit the irrigation of the cane fields. The water that develops below the water heads, from springs or seepage, with that in the streams, is used on the rice fields and taro lands at the lower levels.- Owing to the fact that the several lands mentioned above vary in elevation, it often happens that the water from a given stream can be used to better advantage on other lands than on those naturally tributary to that stream. For example, under the present arrangement the Anahola water is in part used for irri- gating Kealia fields, which part of the Kealia water goes to Anahola. Experience has shown the best paying crops that can be got from the lower lands on the east side of Kauai, to be sugar cane and rice. Up to now the sugar lands have been handled by a single corporation. In future their disposition may be dift'erent, but whatever may be the outcome of the present plans for settle- 65 ment, there will remain the need for an adequate and assured supply of water for irrigation. The object of the proposed Kealia Forest Reserve is by pro- tecting the forest on the mountain slopes and in the upper valleys of the watershed, to assist in maintaining the present desirable con- ditions of regular flow in the streams and the retention of at least a part of the storm water. TOPOGRAPHY. For the most part the area within the boundary of the reserve is of such rugged and broken topography that its use for any- thing but forest is out of the question. And the few places within the boundary where there are flats, as for example the area just within the forest line on the land of Kamalomaloo, are not suited for agriculture. On this particular plot the soil is cold and sour, making it unfit even for grazing land. This area is chiefly of value as containing several reservoir sites, one of which has been purchased by the plantation and developed by the erection of a substantial dam. On this and the few other similar areas and on the bare ridges on the land of Kealia, certain kinds of trees might however be grown, from which, it is believed, better returns could be got than from any other use to which these areas could be put. The afforestation of such places would in time provide a source of wood for various purposes, including fuel, a need that will be strongly felt with a growing population on the lands below. The exclusion from the reserve of all land rightly to be classed as agricultural has been kept constantly in mind in drawing the boundary, consequently the reserve includes only forest land. THE FOREST. The forest in the Kealia Reserve is of the type common on the lower mountains of the Territory — a dense stand in which Koa (Acacia Koa) and Ohia Lehua (Metrosidcros polyniorpha) predominate, in mixture with a considerable number of other species. Under the canopy of the trees are various vines, creep- ers and other undergrowth, while the forest floor itself is covered with a dense mat of brakes, ferns and mosses, the whole so inter- woven as to be almost impenetrable, except as one cuts his way 66 through with a cane knife. It would be hard to imagine a cover of vegetation better adapted for the conservation of water than this. It is indeed, for this chmate, the ideal protection forest. BOUNDARY RECOMMENDED. Following and as a part of the examination made by me to determine the location of the forest line and to study the local conditions on the ground, I have discussed the matter with Mr. J. W. Pratt, Commissioner of Public Lands ; with representatives of the Kealia Plantation, including Col. Z. S. Spaulding and Mr. G. H. Fairchild. the latter being also the local district forester, and with Mr. F. E. Harvey, of the Survey Office, who from investi- gations incident to comprehensive surveys of the government lands in northeastern Kauai, has become very familiar with the lands and general conditions obtaining in this section. As a re- sult of this study the lower boundary of the Kealia Reserve was laid out on the ground by Mr. Harvey, under my direction, the important points along its course being marked by him. As stated above, this line was run with the idea of excluding all land suited for agricultural use. Its location has been approved by the Land Commissioner. Briefly, the lower boundary of the Kealia Forest Reserve may 1)6 described as follows : Beginning at a point on the Aliomanu- Anahola boundary at the end of the Kolau Ridge, the line skirts the foot of the bluff, follows up the Anahola River to a point near the concrete dam and waterhead, thence up the bank and across the lands of Anahola and Kamalomaloo a little below the edge of the existing forest to the hill in Kealia called Puu Kinui, thence to Puu Lawaii, crossing the Mimino Gulch near the new (1905) dam and reservoir, thence following the foot of the steep slope on the north side of the Kapahi stream to the Moalepe gulch to a point near a place called Pohakuiki, thence to and fol- lowing the ridge forming the Kapaa-\A'aipouli boundary into the mountains. The upper line of the reserve follows the ridges which make the main divides between the watersheds on the north and east sides of the island, it being part of the way identical with the mauka boundary of the Halelea Forest Reserve, proclaimed in August, 1904. The location of the proposed boundary of the Kealia Forest Re- 67 serve is shown on the accompanying sketch map, but the official maps of this reserve boundary are the large maps of Kapaa and Anahola and Kamalomaloo prepared by Mr. F. E. Harvey, on file in the office of the Territorial Surveyor, respectively Regis- tered Maps Nos. 2324 and 2282. The detailed description of the line prepared by Mr. Harvey is attached hereto and forms a part of this report. Especial at- tention is called to the elevations which are given for all the: principal points along the line. ADDITIONS TO THE RESERVE. It may perhaps be noted here that it is my intention later to recommend the extension of the Kealia Reserve to join and in- clude the area of forest which has for some years been maintained under fence as a private forest reserve by the Lihue Plantation Company. The fence of the Lihue Reserve now extends from a point near Kilohana crater on the land of Hanamaulu, to Hana- hanapuni hill on Wailua. This forest line should be continued across the lands of Wailua (government) and Olohena and Wai- pouli (fee simple) to the point called Kainamanu on the boundary of the Kealia Reserve, described by Mr. Harvey. Before the ex- act location of this line can be recommended further study on the ground will be necessary and a more accurate description of the line than is now^ at hand. RECOMMENDATIONS. For the reasons above set forth, I recommend that the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry approve the Kealia Forest Reserve as described in this report and request the Gover- nor, after the required hearing, to declare and recommend by proclamation, in accordance with law, the area herein described as a forest reserve, and to set apart as portions thereof the govern- ment lands embraced within the reserve boundary, to-wit: Ana- hola and Kamalomaloo, 5051 acres, and Kapaa, 2334 acres. I recommend that the Commissioner of Public Lands be re- quested to make provision for the building and maintenance of a forest fence, where necessary, along the lower reserve boundary, by the insertion of fencing clauses when the lower portions of the above named lands are again leased. I further recommend that steps be taken to secure the co- 68 operation of the Alakee Sugar Company, that the portion of Kea- lia lying within the reserve may be administered with the other lands to the best interests of the reserve as a whole. OFFICIAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BOUNDARY. Following is the technical description of the boundary of the Kealia Forest Reserve, prepared by Mr. F. E. Harvey of the Government Survey : [The technical description of the boundary is here omitted, as it is somewhat lengthy and will be published later in this maga- zine as a part of the proclamation creating the reserve.] Very respectfully, Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry. ElVA FOREST RESERVE. At the meeting of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, held on February 7, 1906, the reports of the Com- mittee on Forestry and of the Superintendent of Forestry on the proposed Ewa Forest Reserve on Oahu, were approved, and a resolution in regard thereto adopted. Following the usage of the Board the resolution and reports are published here- with : RESOLUTION. •IN REGARD TO THE PROPOSED EWA FOREST RESERVE. Adopted by the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry on February y, igo6. Resolved, That all of those certain lands in the Ewa Basin, on the Island of Oahu, bounded on the southwest by approximately the lower edge of the existing forest, on the northeast by the crest of the Koolau Mountains, on the east by and including the land of Halawa, District of Ewa, and on the west by and including the land of Wahiawa, in the Dis- trict of Waialua, as recommended by the Committee on Forestry, on February 5th, 1906, based upon the report of the Superintendent of For- estry, dated January i6th, as more particularly appears by and on a map and description now on file in the office of this Board, and made a part 69 hereof, be approved as a forest reserve, to be called the "Ewa Forest Re- serve." Resolved, That the Board recommends to the Governor that the Gov- ernment lands within the boundaries of the said proposed Ewa Forest Re- serve be set apart by him, after the hearing required by law, as compart- ments of the said Reserve. Resolved further, That the Board recommends to the Governor that all the lands within the said described boundaries be approved by him to be set apart as a Forest Reserve, subject to all private rights and titles, and that all owners of private lands lying within said boundaries be re- quested to co-operate with the Board of Agriculture and Forestry in re- serving all of said lands for forestry purposes, in accordance with the terms of Chapter 28 of the Revised Laws of Hawaii. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FORESTRY. Honolulu, T. H., Feb. 5, 1906. Board of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu T. H. Gentlemen : — Your Committee on Forestry have received from Mr. R. S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry, a report upon a proposed forest reserve along the west slope of the Koolau Range, extending from the boundary of the Honolulu District to and including the land of Wahiawa, on the Island of Oahu. The proposed reserve lies entirely within the Ewa District ex- cept two lands, Waianae-uka, which is in the District of Waianae, and Wahiawa, which is in the District of Waialua. The mauka boundary is the crest of the Koolau Range of moun- tains and the makai boundary is a line drawn along approxi- mately the present lower edge of the forest and ranging from an approximate elevation above sea level of from 800 to 1000 feet. The total area of the proposed reserve is approximately 28,550 acres, of which approximately 4,759 acres is government land not now under lease and available for immediate segregation as a forest reserve. With very limited exceptions the land lying above the forest line is so broken with deep gulches with almost precipitous sides, that the land is unavailable for agricultural purposes and of but little value for pasturage purposes. Even if the land proposed to be reserved were much better suited for cultivation and pastur- age that it is, your Committee are of the opinion that it would be wise economy to reserve it for forest purposes, as the lands lying in the Ewa Basin are of value almost solely by reason of the water which originates in the area proposed to be reserved. The present annual output of sugar from the district, which depends upon this water shed for almost its entire water supply, is approximately $6,000,000. The sugar cane is raised in the district referred to only up to an elevation of 600 feet above sea level. The area between this level and the proposed forest re- serve is pineapple land of the highest quality. There is now un- der cultivation in pineapples upwards of 1000 acres, with every indication that that area will be very rapidly increased. A very large proportion of the bananas and rice produced in the Territory also comes from the same district. Your Committee consider the proposed reserve to be the most important water shed of its size in the Territory. They are fur- ther of opinion that not only should the reserve be made, but that an earnest attempt should be made, at as early a date as practicable, to reforest the slopes below the present forest line in order to, as far as possible, conserve the rainfall and prevent the rapid flow to the sea of the storm w^ater so as to make the same available for longer periods between rains. It is the belief of the Committee that the heartiest co-operation may be expected from the owners and lessees of private lands' lying within the proposed reserve, not only in connection with establishing the reserve, but in connection with the proposed re- foresting. Mr. Low, manager of the Honolulu Plantation, has already volunteered to carry out a tree-planting program on the lands back of his plantation, not only within but below the pro- posed forest lines. Such tree-planting program should receive every possible assistance from this Board. Your Committee are of opinion that the reserve recommended by Forester Hosmer should be recommended by the Board to the Governor for formal reservation as a forest reserve, and recommend to the Board the adoption of a resolution to that effect. Yours respectfully, L. A. Thurston, Alfred W. Carter, W. M. GiFFARD, Committee on Forestry. 71 REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF FORESTRY. January i6, 1906. Committee on Forestry, Board of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, Oahu. Gentlemen : — I have the honor to submit herewith a report, with recommendations, upon the proposed forest reserve on the western slope of the Koolau Mountains in the Ewa Basin, on Oahu. The report is the outcome of a series of personal ex- aminations made at different times during 1904 and 1905, when portions of the reserve were visited and the location of the pro- posed boundary considered on the ground. The first active steps toward the creation of a forest reserve in the Ewa Basin were taken some three years ago when Mr. W. F. Dillingham, the District Forester for Ewa, submitted to Governor Dole a report, accompanied by an outline map, suggesting a for- est reserve, the boundaries of which closely correspond with those recommended below. The report and map are novv- on file in my office. AREA INCLUDED. The area included in the Ewa Forest Reserve embraces the mauka portions of the lands lying between the w^estern boun- daries of Moanalua and Wahiawa. The lower boundary follows approximately the lower edge of the existing forest for a good share of the way, save that back of the Honolulu Plantation the reserve line is somewhat lower down the slope than it is further to the north. The upper boundary of the reserve is the main divide along the crest of the Koolau Mountains. The lands in- cluded lie for the most part in the Ewa District but two, Waianae- uka and Wahiawa, are, respectively, in the Districts of Waianae and Waialua. The waters from the last named lands flow toward Waialua, not toward Ewa. The reservation of the remainder of the Koolau forest tribu- tary to the Waialua Basin only waits the completion of a de- scription of the forest line. This in hand, the reserve will be extended to cover the area from Wahiawa to Waimea, all pri- vatelv owned land. 72 OBJECT. The purpose of the Ewa Forest Reserve is to insure the con- tinuance of the forest on the Koolau Mountains and to increase its efficiency as a protection forest by bringing the area under a system of forest administration. GENERAL COXSIDERATIOXS. The Ewa Basin contains some of the most productive land in the Territory. The cane fields of the three large sugar planta- tions of Ewa, Oahu and Honolulu, together cover an area of a little over 20,500 acres. In 1905 70 per cent, of the sugar pro- duced on Oahu, or 20 per cent, of the entire output of the Terri- tory, came from these three plantations. The figures for the two preceding years are only slightly different; the yield in 1904 being 66 per cent., in 1903 69 per cent, of the Oahu output — and of the total Hawaiian crop, 18 per cent, for 1904 and 19 per cent, for 1903. All of this great and productive area of sugar land in the Ewa Basin is dependent on irrigation, for sugar cane cannot be profit- ably grown on this part of Oahu without an abundant supply of water. The water for irrigation comes in part from streams rising in the Koolau Mountains and the Waianae Hills, through the di • version of the natural flow and the impounding of storm water, and in part from artesian wells. The greater part of the surface water is developed on the Koolau, rather than the Waianae side of the Basin, and although the geology of Oahu has not yet been fully worked out, it appears that the water-bearing strata tapped by the artesian wells also depend largely for their supply on the precipitation on the Koolau Mountains. It is therefore important that as much as possible be done to preserve and protect the forest on this important watershed. If the steep slopes of the Koolau Mountains are covered w^th vege- tation much of the water falling as rain can be retained for pos- sible use, whereas were the slopes bare, a large share of the pre- cipitation would escape as flood water, not only evading its duty and being lost to use, but doing damage along its course as well. 73 On reaching the edge of the forest many of the smaller streams now dwindle away until only the dry beds are left. If the forest came further down the slope the water in the streams would also be found lower down. This is not because the rainfall would be increased, but because forest is a better cover for a watershed than is open grazing land, because it helps to keep the flow in the streams regular and to prevent loss through rapid run ofif and, to some extent, evaporation. There is some evidence tending to show that formerly the area of light showers reached further down the mountain than it does now. Whether or not a heavy forest coming as far down as the present forest fence would as- sist in drawing the rain-bearing clouds further down the slope cannot be said, but the influence which the forest does exert on the water that actually reaches the ground is direct and tangible. OWNERSHIP. • By far the greater part of the area making up the Ewa Forest Reserve is in private ownership. The three government lands within the boundary are Aiea, Waimano and Wahiawa. Aiea is under a lease which runs until January 14, 19 12. The area within the forest reserve is 383 acres. The lower portion of Waimano is also under lease, but the area above the existing forest fence was reserved, to be held as forest, when the present lease was made in 1898. One of the provisions of this lease is that the forest fence be built and maintained. The area above the fence is given in the Land Office List as 781 acres. On Wahiawa the leasehold covers the water rights only, so that the land itself may, under the law, be set apart as a compartment of the reserve. Such action would interfere in no way with the water lease. Indeed, the essential reason for the creation of the Ewa, like most of the Hawaiian forest reserves, is that the water from the watersheds they cover, may be conserved for proper utilization. The area of Wahiawa is 3978 acres. Below is given a table showing the names, owners, and lessees of the lands of which portions are included in the Ewa Forest Reserve, with the dates on which the existing leases expire. It should be noted that the Honolulu Plantation Company holds 74 sub-leases of the area suitable for sugar cane on the lower por- tions of the following lands : Halawa B, Halawa A, Aiea, Ka- lauao, Kaonohi, Waieli and Waimalu. Similar sub-leases are held by the Oahu Sugar Company for the cane area on the lands of Waiau, Waimano, Manana, Waiawa and Waipio. In most cases the leases of cane land cover only the area below the 650 foot level, the section between that elevation and the forest re- serve boundary remaining in the control of the owner or original lessee. It should be further noted that upon the expiration of the ex- isting leases on Halawa A, Kalauao, and Kaonohi, a new lease to the Honolulu Plantation Company, running till September ist, 1940, goes into effect, by which the area above the forest line proposed in this report, is reserved. On ^^^aieli a new lease to run for eleven years begins on January i, 1907, by which the forest land is reserved. New leases for long terms containing similar provisions will go into effect on Waimalu, and probably on Halawa B as well, when the existing leases run out. The lower part of Halawa B, up to the 650 foot level, is now under a long lease to the Honolulu Plantation Company, which company also holds the other leases just mentioned. From this statement it will be seen that after iQoS the only im- portant lands above the forest line remaining unreserved are Aiea (government), Pohakapu (Catholic ^Mission) and Waianae- uka (U. S. War Department), and it is possible that some ar- rangement in regard to them may be reached with the present lessees. There are said to be a number of kuleanas of varying size with- in the reserve boundary, especially on the land of Waimalu, but apparently few of these lots have as yet been definitely located. They need not be considered further here. In the preparation of the following table, I have received much assistance from representatives of the various companies and estates mentioned, especially from Mr. F. S. Dodge, Superintend- ent of the Bishop Estate. I desire here to make grateful ac- knowledgement for these favors. Following is a 1^ ^k list o ON 01 00 ^ 1 o ON On Eh ZZ^Z Vh . ^S"' 3; ^ tif i-; (It <\J -' M >-> w -^-p b-s ^ >^ - >> ' rt c 5 P £ l- r: ty; w- h- i5 CJ 53 q3 2 a3 o rt pa! rl ir. b/) £ >^^ ^. . -J OJ OJ f- <^Afc t— > ^ o w >> >. >. .ti > w 1 C C c 0^ d M-i S £ P o m bx) a, O, o o o U c W o E o UU U rt rt Cii 'o -c-^ 'O -g^ rt rt rt := 0^ o "-5" o .2 JJ ^ < G ^. ^. rt rt ca no;: 's ) O < .2 o Ph Compa Compa Compa u Plant rt E IcCandl. IcCandl. aihvay .ail way leased.) t Comp; a Agri liian Fr ^ CO CJ %X>Xi ^ '5 ,< <-.<-.«« ^ "S-S ^ § in Q < w > Dows Dows Dows Hono o o J J L. L. L. L. Oahu Oahu ^5 O 53 u Pi c ^ 'Ti OJ o X C Qh o tn ^ p C/2 (U C ? >■ o 1 ^ w ^ 'C xj t; CU (U (U o hJ W .2 oJ 'O > -o > (V) i_ (U U- iIilo ( Thcspcsia populnca) 100 25 8i IMPORTED SEED. FROM AUSTRALIA. ♦Australian Ironwood (Casuarina sfricla) 20,000 40 ♦Turpentine Tree (Syncarpia laurifolia) 90,000 40 ♦Apple Tree of New South Wales {Angoplwra sub- velutina) 1,000 50 ♦Black Box {Eucalyptus bicolor) 90,000 45 ♦Karri (Eucalyptus divcrsicolor) 20,000 60 ♦White Gum (Eucalyptus hacmastoma) 80,000 45 ♦Gray Box (Eucalyptus Jicmiphloia) 90,000 45 ♦Ironbark (Eucalyptus Icucoxylon) 90,000 50 ♦Woolly-Butt (Eucalyptus longifolia) 90,000 40 ♦Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) 6.600 50 ♦Messmate (Eucalyptus obliqiua) 30,000 40 ♦Yellow Blackbutt {E.ucalyptus obtusifolia) 30,000 40 ♦Giant Gum (Eucalyptus rcgiiajis) 40,000 50 ♦Weeping Gum (Eucalyptus saligiia) 90,000 40 ♦Forest Red Gum (Eucalyptus tcrcticoniis) 80,000 40 FROM CALIFORNIA. ♦Blue Gum (Eucalyptus globulus) 7,800 30 Black Wattle (Acacia dccurrcus) 2,200 25 Australian Blackwood (Acacia mclanoxylon) 2,000 25 Cootamundra Wattle (Acjcia bailcyana) 1,000 30 Leather-leaf Ash (Fraxiuus velutina) 1,400 40 Monterey Cypress (Cupressus tnacrocarpa) 3.700 10 Redwood (Sequoia scnipervirens) 5,000 25 Bigtree (Sequoia, ivashingto.niana) 4,000 40 Canary Island Pine (Pinus camairicnsis) 225 25 Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris) 4,800 15 , Seaside Pin (Pinus niaritinia) 550 15 White Pine (Pinus strobus) 2,000 20 FROM GERMANY. Ceara Rubber (ManiJiot glaziovii) 50 20 PALM SEED. Price per 100 Red Palm (Areca rubra) 30 $1.50 Wine Palm (Caryota urens) 10 1.50 Oil Palm (Elaeis guinccnsis) 5 2.00 Fan Palm (Eatania borhonica) 12 i.oo Royal Palm (Oreodoxa regia) 60 i.oo Loulu Lelo (Pritchardia gaudichaudii) 8 2.50 House Palm (Thrinax argcntca) 120 1.00 82 TREE SEEDLINGS. Beside seed there is also kept on hand a limited number of tree seed- lings. The following kinds may be bought for 5 cents each : Monterey Cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa). Brazilian Rosewood (Jacaranda mimosac folia). Longan (Nephelium longana). The trees listed below are sold at 2^/^ cents each : Ironwood (Casuarina equisctifolia). Blue Ironwood (Casuarina glaiica). Lemon-scented Gum (Eucalyptus citriodoj-a). Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta). Silk Oak (Grevillea robust\a>). Siris Tree (Albizsia lebbek). Golden Shower (Cassia fistula). Pink Shower (Cassia grandis). Royal Poinciana (Poinciana regia). Pride of India (Melia azedarach). Pepper Tree (Schinus molle). Packets containing seed will be sent postpaid upon receipt of price. Remittances must be made in coin or by U. S. Money Order, payable to the order of David Haughs. Persons desiring tree-seed in large quantities are requested to place their orders well in advance. All communications in regard to seed should be addressed to David Haughs, Box 331, Honolulu, T. H. To stimulate interest in tree planting and to encourage the introduction and wider application of improved ways of planting, caring for and finally of cutting the trees in forest plantations, the Division of Forestry stands ready to render assistance to individuals or corporations desiring to un- dertake such work. Full particulars of the plan of co-operation may be found in Circular No. i of the Division of Forestry, entitled "An Ofifer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters.'* Feb. 14, 1906. RALPH S. HOSAIER, Superintendent of Forestry. 83 AN OFFER OF PRACTICAL ASSISTANCE TO TREE PLANTERS. [ Issued as Circular No. 1, of tlie Division of Forestry, in Jamiary. 1906.] IXrKODUCTIOX. Among the imports into Hawaii for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1905, wood products ranked seventh in value, the total for timber, lumber, door and window fittings, etc., and for furniture, being $528,110. In a price list recently issued by one of the leading lumber dealers in Honolulu ordinary rough lumber, Northwest (Red or Douglas Fir) and Redwood, is quoted at from $30 to $35 per M., while Redivood fence posts are listed at 24 cents each. No stronger commentary is needed on the desirability of a local supply. THE OFFER. To assist in meeting the demand, the Division of Forestry stands ready, so far as its limited appropriation will permit, to render practical and personal assistance to individuals or corporations desiring to establish forest plantations, wood lots or windbreaks, or to do other forest work. This assistance is given in two ways : First, by keeping constantly on hand fresh seed of the more important native and introduced trees and also a limited num- ber of nursery grown seedlings of the kinds most in demand; the seed and plants being sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or growing. Second, by advice and suggestion as to the kinds of trees best adapted for the purpose, locality and situation of the person desiring to plant, and the methods to be pursued to secure the best results in the planting. On each of the larger islands of the HaAvaiian group there are considerable areas of forest, which play an important part in protecting the water sheds of the streams needed for fluming or irrigation, but unfortunately the native Hawaiian trees are for the most part not of economic importance. Where they are of value it is because of their worth as cabinet and other high class woods, rather than because they furnish construction material. To meet the ever growing demand for wood suitable 84 for the various purposes of domestic sui)ply, fence posts, rail- road ties, bridge timbers and general construction, not to men- tion fuel, which in certain districts is an important considera- tion, the Territory stands in great need of forest plantations of timber producing trees. Tree planting on a large scale in this country is necessarily a somewhat expensive operation and when undertaken should be done advisedly and in accordance with a systematic plan. The purpose of the Division of Forestry in offering to co- operate with the individual planter is to stimulate interest in tree planting, and bv tlie introduction of good methods to secure the best results in the work done. To explain the offer of co-operation is the object of this circular. THE WORK OF THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY. Forest work in Hawaii falls naturally under two general heads: (1) the creation of forest reserves and the establish- ment of a system of forest administration, and (2) the intro- duction and propagation of exotic trees of value to the Ter- ritory. The forest reserve work has received first attention since the organization of the Division of Forestry and will continue to do so until the system is established and well under way. The reserves are for the most part '^protection forests" on the important water-sheds and are made by setting apart areas of existing forest. While their essential object is to protect the slopes they cover, it is hoped that eventually, under forest management, the reserves may also be made to yield forest products on an economic basis. The other main line, plant introduction, is of no less impor- tance, but owing to the limited appropriation now available, it has for the present to take second place. There are many areas of waste land in the Territory where forest trees could, Avith advantage, be planted. On almost every sugar plantation are unproductive corners and strips of land, where it is not advisable to plant cane, which could well be devoted to trees. The proper kinds being set out would in time yield good returns for bridge timbers, fence posts, railroad ties or fuel, besides in the meantime improv- ing the appearance of the country-side. But tree planting is not restricted to the corporation or to the larger owner alone. 85 To tlic lioiiR'steadcr it is eqiuilly, perhaps even more impor- tant, to have a v.'ood lot from which he can obtain supplies of wood or fuel. And further, it should not be forgotten that the sale value of a place is increased by the presence of trees about the house, the whole protected if need be by a wind- break on the exposed side. TREE PLANTING IN THE PAST. The recommendations of the Division of Forestry are based on what has been actually accomplished in the Territory and on technical information brought together by the members of the staff. During the past thirty years much tree planting has been done in Hawaii — many species of trees having been tried under a variety of conditions and in many localities. Some have succeeded well. Others through their failure have proved equally instructive. The planting has included road-side and ornamental planting as well as windbreaks and forest planta- tions made primarily for commercial returns. As a result of all this work much valuable information has been accumulated, some of which the Division of Forestry expects later to publish in the form of bulletins. At nresent it has not been fully com- piled. THE PLAN OF CO-OPERATION. The Division of Forestry stands ready to give advice as to the kinds of trees best adapted for particular needs and as to the methods w^hich should be followed to insure success, in all classes of forest-tree planting. It will also undertake fx)r a time to give advice on road-side and street tree planting, although this is not strictly within the province of forest work. The Division of Forestry has already in hand sufficient in- fomation so that in many instances, advice can at once be given to fully cover the needs of the applicant, particularly where only a limited area is to be planted. In other cases, and especially where planting is to be done on a large scale, an agent of the Division will visit the locality and inspect the conditions on the ground. Having become familiar through a personal examination with the situation, soil,' exposure and other factors, he is prepared to make definite and comprehen- sive recommendations. These may sometimes be given ver- bally, but will usually be embodied in a planting plan. The 86 planting plan inelndes a statement of the species best adapted for the desired purpose in the given localit}^, directions in re- gard to the starting and care of the seedling trees in the nur- sery, the preparation of the soil, transplanting and setting out, the proper spacing of the trees and the subsequent care neces- sary to be given them. When advisable a diagram or sketch plan illustrative of the arrangement or spacing of the trees accompanies the report. The services of the agent of the Division of Forestry are without cost to the applicant, but his expenses for traveling from Honolulu to the locality visited and return, and his sub- sistence must be borne by the applicant. When several per- sons on a single isjand are visited on one trip, the cost of the trip will be divided among them. As one of the objects of the Division of Forestry in co-operat- ing with the individual planter is to secure the general intro- duction of better methods, the Division reserves the right to publish and distribute the plan and its results for the informa- tion of the public. Applications will so far as possible be considered in the order in which they are received, but precedence may be given to those likely to furnish the most useful examples. The form of co-operative agreement to be entered into by the individual plantei' and the Division of Forestry is given below. The agreement is not a formidable legal instrument; it is merely a statement of the conditions upon which the planting plan is prepared, and is only drawn up to prevent misunderstandings. It may be cancelled by either party upon ten days' notice: TREE TLANTING AGREEMENT. Honolulu, Hawaii, , 190.. The Division of Forestry of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry of the Territory of Hawaii and of , Island of , Territory of Hawaii, mutually agree as fol- lows: 1. The Division of Forestry, in order to spread a knowledge of prac- tical forestry in the Territory and to encourage tree planting therein, through the introduction and wider application of improved ways of planting and caring for forest plantations, wood lots and wind-breaks, 87 agrees to prepare a planting plan for aeres of the land of the said situated and described as follows: 2. The owner agrees to pay tiie traveling and subsistence expenses of the agent of the Division of Forestry, while engaged in the field work incident to the preparation and carrying out of the said planting plan, 3. The owTier does not agree to put the said plan into operation until it has been accepted by him. 4. The owner agrees to keep such records of the work done under the said plan as may be recommended therein, and he further agrees that the Division of Forestry may publish, for the objects named in the first paragraph of this agreement, the information gained while preparing the plan or taken from the record made by the owner. 5. After the completion of the said planting plan and its acceptance by the owner, the Division of Forestry will, upon a written request, undertake to supervise the execution thereof, so far as may be neces- sary, at a cost to the said owner to be definitely agreed upon before such supervision is undertaken. 6. This agreement may be dissolved by either party upon ten daj's' notice given to the other in writing. (Signed) Owner, (Signed) Superintendent of Forestry. now TO MAKE AITIJCATION, Applications for the assistance offered in this circular must be made in writing to the Superintendent of Forestry, P. O. Box 331, Honolulu, They should specify the exact location, the acreage to be planted, the object for which the planting is done, and the time when it is desired to begin planting. Correspondence in regard to the purchase of seed and plants should be addressed to Mr. David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, P. 0. Box 331, Honolulu. Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry. Approved : Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry. L. A. Thurston, President. Honolulu, Hawaii, December 28, 1905, Office Brewer Building, Queen St. Office Tel. Main 272 Works, Blue 291 A [RliR . Ill HONOLULU, H. I. BOARD OF DIRECTORS : Chas. M. Cooke, President, E. F, Bishop, Treasuier, E. D. Tenney, Vice-President, J. Waterhouse, Secretary, Geo. H. Robertson, Auditor, W. M. Alexander [ J.. , C. H. Athertou, \ -L'lrectors. E. F. Bishop, Managing Director. J. T. Crawley, ( hemist and Su|it. Works DEAL IN ALL KINDS OF Feriilizeis and Fertilizer Ingredients INCLUDING: Bone Meal Sulfate Ammonia, Nitrate Soda, Sulfate Potash, Double-Superphosphate Dissolved Guano, Ground Limestone, etc., etc. We are preparea to manufacture and furnif!;h all standard brands of high grade fertilizers which will compare favorably in their cheniical composition and mechanical condition with a~iy found upon the market. In addition, we make a specialty of furnishing suitable or special fertilizers for sugar cane • -varying the composition to suit the various localities and wpither conditions. Our prices and terms for *.ll of these fe.r'tilizers and ingre- "dientfi are favorable. ^Board of Agriculture and Forestry. FOREST AND ORNAIVISNTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR SA3LB AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY. The Division of Porescry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern- ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or growing. The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak, Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Shower, Pride of India, Poinciana, Albizzia, etc. The price of the seed varies from 10 to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may he had for 21/2 cents each^ except a few kinds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested before being sent out, which insures its being good. All coiiimuiiicatious in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to David Haughs, rcrcot Nurseryman, Box 331, Honolulu, Hawaii. RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent of Forestry. PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION. BOARD. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1800; 66 pp. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902; 88 pp. First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, from July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp. "Notice to Importers," by H. E. Cooper; 4 p.; 1903. "Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Fruits, Vegetables etc., into the Territory of Hawaii." General Circular No. 1; 6 pp. "Important Notice to Ship Owners, Fruit Importers and Others. Rules and Regulations Prohibiting the Introduction of Certain Pests and Animals into the Territory of Hawaii." General Circular No. 2; 3 pT).; 1904. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. "The Leaf -Hopper of the Sugar-Cane," by R. C. L. Perkins. Bulletin No. 1; 38 pp.; 1903. * "On Some Diseases of Cane Specially Considered in Relation to the Leaf -Hopper Pest and to the Stripping of Cane," by R. C. L. Per- kins. Press Bulletin No. 1; 4 pp.; 1904. "A Circular of Information," by Jacob Kotinsky. Circular No. 1;.8 pp.; 1905. "The Japanese Beetle Fungus," by Jacob Kotinskjr and B. M. Newell. Circular No. 2; 4 pp., cut; 1905. DIVISION OF FORESTRY. * "Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at Government Nursery." Press Bulletin No. 1; 3 pp.; 1905. "Suggestions in Regard to the Arbor Day Tree Planting Contest." Press Bulletin No. 2; 7 pp.; 1905. "An Offer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters." Circular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905. "Revised List of Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at the Gov- ernment Nursery." Press Bulletin No. 3: 4 pp.; 1906. DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. "Inspection of Imported Live Stock." Rule 1; 1 p.; 1905. "Inspection and Testing of Imported Live Stock for Glanders an made in sys- tematic attention to agriculture, the cukure of tropical products, and the development of new ones ; and that this advance is due largely to the initiative and splendid work done by the Imperial Department of Agriculture in those islands, ar.d Ijy the \\^est India Committee in England. The writer of the article goes on to mention one important industry which is entirely of today — "Bananine" — a product of Jamaica. "Bananine" is a flour product derived from the banana. The natives of Central Africa manufacture a crude flour from this fruit; and speaking of this, the late Sir H. AI. Stanley said, that if only its virtues were publicly known, it would be largely con- sumed, especially by infants, persons of delicate digestion, dyspep- tics, and those sufl:"ering from temporary derangement of tlie stomach. The flour now placed upon the market under the name "Bana- nine" is far superior in quality to the native-made product, and possesses a higher value as food than even beef, containing, as it does, as high a percentage of proteids, whilst its caloric or energy value is almost four times as great. *Tt is from this product," says tlie Colonizer, "that is derived the now well-known 'Bananine' bread — the result of practical and scientific experiments carried over a considerable period — possess- ing all the qualities of a perfect food, combined with pleasant appearance and flavour. The nutritive properties of 'Bananine' bread are present in the most easily available form of assimila- tion, and are certainly appreciated by those suffering from dys- pepsia and other forms of digestive disorders. It appears as palatable and digestible when freshly baked as when several days old, nor does it become dry even after keeping. It is certainly not a luxury, but an everyday article of food, at a price within the reach of all, and has a pleasant flavour similar to that of the best wholemeal bread.'' I05 HONUAULA FOREST RESERVE. Following the usual custom of the Board, there are given be- low the rcsolntinn adopted l)y the Board of Agriculture and For- estry rcgavdirq- tlic proposed h^orest Reserve on a part of the government land of llonuaula, North Kona, Hawaii, with the reports of the Superintendent of Forestry and of the Committee on Forestry upon the project. Acting Governor A. L. C. Atkinson has called a public hearing on April 4th, 1906, to consider the setting apart of this area, and it is expected that soon after that date he will issue a proclama- tion creating it a forest reserve. RESOLUTION IN REGARD TO THE PROPOSED HONUAULA FOREST RESERVE. Adopted by the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry on March 7, 1906. Resolved, That all that certain piece of Government land on the Western slope of INIount Hualalai, on the Island of Hawaii, bounded on the south by the land of Puaa t, on the east and north by the portion of Honuaula now covered by Lease No. 570 of the Territorial Land Office, and on the v^-est by a line drawn from Puu Lae Koa to a point on the Puaa boundary a little below Puu Laalaau, in the District of Kona, Island of Hawaii, as recommended by the Committee on Forestry, on January 9, 1906, based on a report of the Superintendent of Forestry, dated January 8, igo6. as more particularly appears by and on a map and description now on file in the ofiice of this Board, and made a part hereof, be approved as a forest reserve, to be called the Honuaula Forest Re- serve. Resoli'ed. Ihat the Board recommends to the Governor that the said described Government land, within the boundaries of the said proposet? Honuaula Forest Reserve be set apart by him, after the hearing required by law, as the Honuaula Forest Reserve. • REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FORESTRY UPON THE PROPOSED HONUAULA FOREST RE- SERVE, NORTH KONA, HAWAII. Honolulu, T. H., Jan. 9, 1906. -. Board of Commissioners of .■•.:■ Agriculture and Forestrv, ^., Flonolulu, Oahu. Gentlemen : — Your .Committee on Forestry has had under con- sideration the question of the Territory regaining possession of io6 the Koa forest on the land of Honiiaula, North Kona, Hawaii, and the setting apart of this area as a forest reserve. On general principles your Committee does not approve of the construction of forest reserve fences out of the funds of the Board, but as this case is one out of the regular order and as the necessity for fencing comes about because of action taken by a former administration, before the organization of the Division of Forestry, a matter over which the Board had no control, we recommend that the action of the Superintendent of Forestry be approved ; it being, however, understood that this recommenda- tion is not to be considered as a precedent for future action. Your Committee approves the recommendation of the Superin- tendent of Forestry that the forest area on Honuaula be made a forest reserve as soon as the necessary description shall be ob- tained. L. A. Thurston. Chairman. W. yi. GlFFARD^ Alfred W. Carter. REPORTS OF THE SUPERIXTEXDEXT OF FORESTRY UPON THE PROPOSED HONUAULA FOREST RESERVE, NORTH KONA, HAWAH. Honolulu, Oahu, January 8th, 1906. Committee on Forestry, Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, Oahu. \ Gentlemen : — I beg to submit herej^vith a report upon the pro- posed Honuaula Forest Reserve in North Kona, Hawaii, and to recommend that the Board approve the suggestion made herein. As the problem of creating this reserve has been a somewhat complicated one, a brief review of the matter may not be out of order. The land of Honuaula lies on the western slope of ^It. Hualalai, in the District of North Kona, Island of Hawaii. It extends from the West Peak of Hualalai to a line approximately parallel to the Government road, about 1V2 miles mauka of it. The lower portion of Honuaula was laid out some years ago in homestead lots which have never been opened up. This part of I07 the land was formerly covered with forest, made up of Ohia Lehua and the various small trees characteristic of the low'er elevations. In spots were dense masses of le-ie vine. With the running of the homestead lot lines cattle had access to the forest and have since worked hack and forth until the forest is now open. Above the homestead tract is a strip of open grazing land, while again above this is a belt of Koa timber of large size and excellent quality. This is the area which it is desired to make a forest reserve. Next to the Bishop Estate land of Keauhou it contains the best stand of large-sized Koa that I have seen anywhere in the Territory ; certainly the best on government land. As such it has been my constant endeavor since first seeing it to have it set apart as a forest reserve. Above the belt of Koa, Honuaula runs up in a point to Hualalai, this portion being open grazing land, with a scattering of Mamani trees just above the Koas. The portion of Honuaula above the homestead lots was former- ly under lease to Mr. John A. Maguire. This lease ran till July 10, 1904, but at Mr. Magtiire's request it was put up at auction under the two year clause on July 29, 1903, at which time he was out-bid by Messrs. J. G. Henriques and Frank Gomes. Mr. Maguire obtained a six months' extension so that the lease to Messrs. Henriques and Gomes took efifect from Jan. 10, 1905. The lease calls for 3044 acres — the annual rental $610.00. This action took place during Governor Dole's administration. In February, 1904, Mr. J. W. Pratt, Commissioner of Public Lands, referred the matter to the Board with a request for recom- mendations. I had visited the land in February, 1904, and after another visit, made in June, 1904, I recommended to the Board that if possible an arrangement should be made through the Commissioner of Public Lands, to cancel the lease, that the land be retained as a forest reserve. The Board approved my report on June 29th, 1904, and so notified Mr. Pratt, who then referred the matter to the Attorney General. But it was ruled by him that the lease could not be cancelled. Accordingly the lease was signed and delivered to Messrs. Henriques and Gomes on Jan. 10, 1905. At the same time, as I w^as still anxious to secure the belt of Koa forest as a reserve, Mr. Pratt agreed to make a pro rata re- duction in the rental if Messrs. Henriques and Gomes w^ould sur- render a portion of Honuaula. To this they assented and accord- io8 ingly in June, 1905, with Air. S. AI. Kanakanui, of the Survey Office, I visited North Kona to fix on the ground the boundaries of the area to be given up. As a condition of this surrender it was agreed that the Board build and maintain a fence around the area to be given up. This amounted, all told, to about ten miles. Although no formal action was taken by the Board, I discussed the matter with various members and was authorized to go ahead with the arrangement, which I did ; contracts being let for the purchase of wire and for building the fence. The wire w^as de- livered and is now stored at the Government Nursery. The area of Koa forest cut out by Mr. Kanakanui, after consultation on the ground with Messrs. Henriques and Gomes, was 1,090 acres. After the lines had been run Messrs. Henriques and Gomes refused to agree to the terms of reduction offered by Air. Pratt, standing out for certain propositions which could not be con- sidered. The fencing contract was accordingly cancelled, a pro- vision for doing so, in case of need, having been included therein. In the meantime Mr. Pratt had announced his intention of leasing the lower part of Honuaula, including the old homestead tract. This opened a chance for further negotiations on which I have been working at intervals during the last six months. In December, 1905, Messrs. Henriques and Gomes came forward with a modification of the original proposition of a pro rata reduction, whereby some 1,300 acres, containing the best part of the Koa forest and also the triangular area of open land running up to the peak of Hualalai were to be surrendered by them, pro- vided the Board agreed to fence the line separating the reserve from the part of Honuaula retained by them, a matter of about two miles. Mr. Pratt agreed to this proposition so far as the reduction of rental was concerned, and as the cost of fencing the two miles was so very much less than I had been authorized to incur in the summer, especially as the wire was already in hand, I agreed for the Board. Messrs. Henriques and Gomes had an alternative proposition that the Board buy out their lease-hold, but this proposition was not one which could be considered. It need not be discussed here. Of the 1,300 acres surrendered by Messrs. Henriques and Gomes a portion, the exact area of which I do not now know — perhaps a third of the whole — is the open land above the Koa belt before referred to. I have arranged with Air. Pratt to lease 109 this upper section with the provision that a fence be built along the top of the Koa forest. This area separates two lands con- trolled by Mr. Maguire, and is of value to him as a connecting link. Mr. Maguire has expressed his willingness to be a bidder for the land on the terms named. This takes care of fencing three sides of the reserve. On the fourth, the south side, it ad- joins Puaa I, a narrow strip now belonging to the Bishop Estate. I am in communication with Mr. Dodge and Mr. Maguire, who owns the land beyond, in regard to the matter and think that it can be arranged by utilizing existing fences, to enclose this side at a very small cost. While I do not approve of the policy of this Board agreeing to build and maintain the fences around the forest reserves, I do believe that this case is a justifiable exception. As has been pointed out Honuaula is a legacy from a former administration, which came to the Board outside of the regular channels. After several attempts and much labor a workable solution has been arrived at. By the construction of about two miles of fence — the wire for which is already in hand — there can be secured as a reserve an area of valuable forest containing what is, so far as I know, the best stand of large sized Koa on any government land in the Territory ; almost as large an area, in fact, as was to have been secured by the ten miles of fencing authorized last summer. Therefore in view of the benefit to the district from the con- tinuance of a forest belt on the mountain, of the danger which results when a forest like that on Honuaula is subjected to graz- ing, and especially because of the increasing market value of Koa and the development of Koa lumbering on Hawaii, — which will, I trust, in time lead to the proper utilization of this forest, — I recommend that the Board approve the action taken by me and further that it recommend to the Governor the reservation of the area as a forest reserve. The technical description of the area will be submitted in a supplementary report, one or two points in the new boundary having yet to be fixed. This will be done within a short time by Mr. F. E. Harvey of the Survey Office, who expects to visit Kona for this and other work on January 19, 1906. Very respectfully, Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry. no Honolulu, Oahu, March 7, 1906. To the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and F'orestry, Honolulu. Gentlemen : — On January 9th, 1906, the Committee on For- estry, reported favorably upon a report of mine, dated January 8th, 1906, having to do with the reservation of a portion of the land of Honuaula, North Kona, Hawaii, as the Honuaula Forest Reserve. Action by the Board on this proposed reserve was, however, postponed until a description of the area to be reserved should be prepared. I have the honor to submit herewith a technical description prepared by Mr. F. E. Harvey of the Survey OfBce, and to recommend that the Board adopt a resolution favoring the re- serve, when the matter can be brought to the attention of the Acting Governor to take the regular course. A form of resolu- tion accompanies this letter. The description is as follows : Honuaula Forest Reserve, North Kona, Haiimii. Beginning at the Southeast corner of this reserve, marked by a 3" pipe with a target on Top, marked F. R. T. H., and large ahu, on the boundary of Puaa i and Honuaula, true azimuth and distance from Government Trig. Station, Puu Laalaau, being 61° 32' 17" distance 960. 3feet as shown on Government Sur- vey Registered Map No. 1972, and running by true azimuths: 1. 61° 32' 17'' 4319.7 feet along land Puaa i, to a 3" pipe and target marked F. R. T. H. : 2. 137° 22' 15'' 6871.9 feet along makai portion of Honuaula to a 3" pipe and target marked F. R. T. H. ; 3. 223° 00' 00" 3549.0 feet along remainder of Honuaula to + on stone, pipe with target marked F. R. T. H. and large ahu ; 4. 312° 50' 30'' 8225.4 feet across mauka portion of Honuaula to the initial point. Area 665.0 Acres. Fred E. Harvey, Assistant Government Surveyor. Very respectfully, Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry. Ill BY AUTHORITY. PROCLAMATION OF FOREST RESERVE IN THE EWA, WAIA- NAE AND WAIALUA DISTRICTS, ISLAND OF OAHU. UNDER and by virtue of the authority vested in me by the provisions of Chapter 28 of the Revised Laws of the Territory of Hawaii, enacted April 25, 1903, and amended by Act 65 of the Session Laws of the Legis- lature of 1905, and of every other power me hereunto enabling, I, A. L. C. ATKINSON, Acting Governor of the Territory of Hawaii, having duly given the notice and held the hearing as in said Acts provided, do hereby approve as a Forest Reserve the lands in the Ewa Basin, on the Island of Oahu, bounded on the Southwest by approximately the lower edge of the existing forest, on the Northeast by the crest of the Koolau ^loun- tains, on the East by and including the land of Halawa, District of Ewa, and on the West by and including the land of Wahiawa, in the District of Waialua, in the Districts of Ewa, Waianae and Waialua. Island of Oahu, Territory of Hawaii, more particularly described as follows, viz: Beginning at a point on the present boundary fence between the Ahu- puaas of Halawa and Aloanalua, which point is distant 10,425 ft. N. 61° 15' E. from the Government Survey Trig. Station "Salt Lake" and from which the Honolulu Plantation Company's ]Mill Stack bears N. 86° 12' W. Said point is on a rocky peak overlooking the South branch of Halawa Valley and is marked by a "Forest Reserve Monument," Approximate elevation 800 ft.; Thence N. 50° 02' W. 4754 ft. across South branch of PTalawa Stream to flat top knoll between the North and South branches of Halawa Stream which point is marked by a "Forest Reserve Monument" and from which "Salt Lake" a bears S. 34° 15' 30" W. and the Honolulu Plantation Company's Mill Stack bears S. 80° 20' 30" W.. Approximate elevation 925 ft.; Thence N. 59° 58' 30" W. 4177 ft. across the North branch of Halawa Stream to a point on saddle in ridge overlooking Aiea Stream, which point is approximately on the boundary between the Ahupuaas of Aiea and Halawa and is marked by a "Forest Reserve ]^Ionument +" and from which "Salt Lake" ^ bears S. 10° 28' W. and the station of the Aiea- Halawa boundary known as "Pooholua" bears N. 55° 01' E. 660 ft.. Approximate elevation 900 ft.; Thence N. 28° 15' W. 241 1 ft. across Aiea Stream to a point on knoll 480 ft. from the present Aiea-Kalauao boundary fence, which point is marked by a "Forest Reserve Monument" and from which "Salt Lake" ^ bears S. 3° 26' W. and the Honolulu Plantation Company's Mill Stack bears S. 48° 50' 30" W., Approximate elevation 930 ft.; Thence N. 41° 14' 30" W. 2075 ft. across Kalauao Stream to a point on knoll on South side of Waimalu Stream, which point is marked by a "Forest Reserve Monument" and from which '"Salt Lake" ^ bears S. 2' 112 y?' E. and the Honolulu Plantation Company's Mill Stack bears S. 36° 29' W., Approximate elevation 960 ft.; Thence N. 50° 48' 30" W. Z7Z7 ft. across Waimalu Stream to a point on ridge on N. side of Waimalu Stream, which point is marked by a "Forest Reserve Monument" and from which "Salt Lake" ^ bears S. 12° 17' E. and from which the Honolulu Plantation Company's Mill Stack bears S. 15° 47' W., Approximate elevation 970 ft.; Thence N. 41° 14' W. 3651 ft. across Punanani Stream to point on present boundary fence between Ahupuaas of Waiau and Waimalu and which point is marked by a "Forest Reserve Monument" and from which "Salt Lake" a bears S. 17° 25' 30" E. and "Diamond Head" Gov- ernment Trig. Station bears S. 34° 25' E., Approximate elevation 985 ft.; Thence in a Northeasterly direction, along the Waiau-Waimalu boundary 6195 ft. to the present forest reserve fence; Thence Northwesterly in an irregular line along the present forest fence across the lands of Waiau, Waimano, Manana, and Waiawa. to the top of hill called Puu Kamanu, which is a boundary point between the lands of Waiawa and Waipio, and is marked bv two triangular pits a; A Thence Westerly and Northwesterly along the present forest fence across the land of Waipio to the boundary between Waipio and Waianae Uka at a point from which "Ahunui" boundary mark on Eastern side of Grant 6, is distant 10.380 ft. in a Southwesterly direction along said boundary; Thence in a Northwesterly direction across Waianae Uka to the con- -crete post at the East end of the Wahiawa homestead tract as shown on Government Survey Registered Map No. 1941 ; Thence crossing the land of Wahiawa by the following bearings and distances as shown on Government Survey Registered Map No. 1942, N. 24° 25' E. 3753 ft. to R. W. Post, N. 22° 26' E. 600 ft. to R. W. Post, N. 69° 44' W. 4860 ft. to R. W. Post. N. 59° 50' W. 1760 ft. to R. W. Post on the South side of Poamoho Gulch; Thence running along the Ahupuaa of Paalaa. as shown on Govern- ment Survey Registered Map No. 1942, N. 82° 20' E. 1603 ft. to rock marked +, N. 81° 5' E. 25,130 ft. to the top of the Koolau Range of Mountains; Thence Southeasterly along the top of the Koolau Range, being the upper boundary of all the Ahupuaas included with this "Forest Reserve," to the boundary between Halawa and Moanalua; Thence Southwesterly along the boundary of Halawa and Moanalua to the point of beginning; excepting therefrom such portions of the lands in the valleys as may be below the 650 foot contour lines. Area 28,550 acres, more or less. AND I do hereby set apart as a Forest Reserve those portions of the Government lands known as the mauka portion and unleased remainder of the land of Waimano, (above the area described more particularly in Public Lands Office Lease No. 510), and the land of Wahiawa (govern- ment), (more particularly described in Public Lands Office Lease No. 530, granting the water rights thereon), within said metes and bounds. 113 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the Territory of Hawaii to be affixed. (Seal) Done at the Executive Building, in Honolulu, this 9th day of March, A. D. 1906. A. L. C. ATKINSON, Acting Governor of Hawaii. BY AUTHORITY. PROCLAiMATION OF FOREST RESERVE IN THE PUNA DIS- TRICT. ISLAND OF KAUAI. UNDER and by virtue of the authority vested in me by the provisions of Chapter 28 of the Revised Laws of the Territory of Hawaii, enacted April 25, 1903, and amended by Act 65 of the Session Laws of the Legisla- ture of 1905, and of every other power me hereunto enabling, I, A. L. C. ATKINSON, Acting Governor of the Territory of Hawaii, having duly given the notice and held the hearing as in said Acts provided, do hereby approve as a Forest Reserve the lands comprising the mauka part of the North end of the District of Puna, above a line drawn at approximately the lower edge of the existing forest across the lands of Anahola, Kamalo- maloo. Kealia and Kapaa, in the District of Puna, Island of Kauai, Terri- tory of Hawaii, more particularly described as follows, viz : Beginning in the land of Anahola at a + on a stone at a place called Paepae. elevation of 281.0 feet; azimuth and distance to N. B. being 239° 50' 5415.5 ft. and running by true azimuths: 1. 3° 14' 3631.0 feet to place called Panikioi; elevation 348.0 feet; 2. Thence to the North bank of the Anahola river and following the North bank, and up bluff to a place called Kiokala marked by + on a stone, the direct azimuth and distance being 99° 55' 30" 9625.8 feet; 3. 38° 51' 30" 2987.8 feet to a pipe set at the boundary of Anahola and Kamalomaloo at a place called Kamana, elevation 643 feet; 4. 21° 24' 30" 4697.9 feet across land of Kamalomaloo to an iron pipe on boundary of Kealia and Kamalomaloo, elevation 664.0 feet; 5. 25° 41' 3192.6 feet to pipe in summit of Puu Kinui in land of Kealia, elevation 980.0 feet; 6- 350° 34' 2821.7 feet across Mimino Gulch to pipe in Puu Lawii in boundary of Kealia and Kapaa, elevation 852.0 feet; 7. Thence down the slope to foot of ridge and running in a Wester- ly direction skirting the base of the mountains, crossing Kapahi Stream and up to Moalepe Gulch in vicinity of a place called Pohakiikii, thence up bluff to an iron pipe in the boundary of Kapaa and Waipouli, direct azimuth and distance is 58° 56' 14,487.9 feet; thence following the water- shed of the ridge being the boundary of Kapaa and Waipouli, the direct azimuth and distance being : 8. 100° 21' 30" 4031.0 feet to an iron pipe at Kainamanu, elevation 1 143.6 feet; 114 9- 124° 12' I724-I feet to an iron pipe at Kahilimalani, the head of the land of Waipouli and the boundary of Olohena; 10. Thence up watershed of ridge along land of Olohena to pipe at head of land of Olohena at place called Pehuaola, direct azimuth and distance being i8o° 59' 5544.9 feet and elevation 321 i.o feet; 11. Thence following the watershed of the ridge and along the lands of Wailua and Kalihiwai to Makaleha the Northwest corner of Kapaa and Southwest corner of Kealia direct azimuth and distance being 183° 48' 44277 feet; 12. 223° 57' 1969.0 feet along Kealia and Kalihiwai following the ridge to Tiptop, elevation 2710.0 feet; 13. 177° 21' 1419.0 feet along Kealia and Kalihiwai following the ridge to Pueo marked by an iron pipe, the Northwest corner of Kapaa and the Southwest corner of Anahola, elevation 2410.0 feet; 14. 141° 20' 1537.0 feet along Anahola and Kalihiwai following the ridge to Last Peak at an elevation of 2410.0 feet; 15. 146° 42' 6526.1 feet along Anahola and Kalihiwai following ridge to Kokoiki marked by a pipe at the Northwest corner of Anahola, eleva- tion 2500.0 feet; thence by survey of Jas. W. Gay of Anahola, 16. 267° 20' 4092.0 feet to Peak; 17. 249° 00' 726.0 feet to top of Peak; 18. 273° 00' 5214.0 feet to top of Malamalamaiki Peak; 19. 245° 15' (yjZ^.Q feet along ridge; 20. 256° 00' 1254.0 feet to Keeaoopuu where old road crosses range; 21. 236° 15' 4356.0 feet along ridge to bend in ridge; 22. 351° 00' 1386.0 feet along ridge; 23- 332° 30' 891.0 feet along ridge to Puukeakea; 24. 280° 20' 2442.0 feet along ridge; 25. 281° 00' 1452.0 feet along ridge to Puu Eu, the highest Peak, elevation 1932 feet; 26. 290° 00' 4158.0 feet along ridge to Keaweaumakua; 27. 292° 00' 2772.0 feet to a pipe and large ahu on summit of Kikoo, elevation 1477.0 feet; 28. 253° 18' 3368.0 feet down -face of ridge; 29. 351° 30' 862.0 feet to initial point. Area 9935.0 Acres. AND I do hereby set apart as a Forest Reserve those portions of the Government lands known as Anahola, Kamalomaloo and Kapaa, within said metes and bounds. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the Territory of Hawaii to be affixed. (Seal) Done at the Executive Building, in Honolulu, this 9th day of March, A. D. 1906. A. L. C. ATKINSON, Acting Governor of Hawaii. ^oard of Agriculture and Forestry. FOEEST AND ORNAMENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY. The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern- ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or growing. The list includes hoth forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak, Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Shower, Pride of India, Poinciana, Albizzia, etc. The price of the seed varies from 10 to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2V2 cents each^ except a few kinds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested before being sent out, which insures its being good. All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 331, Honolulu, Hawaii. RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent of Forestry. PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION. BOARD. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900; 66 pp. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902; 88 pp. First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, from July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp. "Notice to Importers," by H. E. Cooper; 4 p.; 1903. "Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Fruits, Vegetables etc., into the Territory of Hawaii." General Circular No. 1; 6 pp. "Important Notice to Ship Owners, Fruit Importers and Others. Rules and Regulations Prohibiting the Introduction of Certain Pests and Animals into the Territory of Hawaii." General Circular No. 2; 3 pp.; 1904. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. "The Leaf -Hopper of the Sugar-Cane," by R. C. L. Perkins. Bulletin No. 1; 38 pp.; 1903. * "On Some Diseases of Cane Specially Considered in Relation to the Leaf -Hopper Pest and to the Stripping of Cane," by R. 0. L. Per- kins. Press Bulletin No. 1; 4 pp.; 1904. "A Circular of Information," by Jacob Kotinsky. Circular No. 1; 8 pp.; 1905. "The Japanese Beetle Fungus," by Jacob Kotinsky and B. M. Newe^. Circular No. 2; 4 pp., cut; 1905. DIVISION OF FORESTRY. * "Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at Government Nursery." Press Bulletin No. 1; 3 pp.; 1905. "Suggestions in Regard to the Arbor Day Tree Planting Contest." Press Bulletin No. 2; 7 pp.; 1905. "An Offer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters." Circular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905. "Revised List of Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at the Gov- ernment Nursery." Press Bulletin No. 3; 4 pn.; 1906. DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. "Inspection of Imported Live Stock." Rule 1; 1 p.; 1905. "Inspection and Testing of Imported Live Stock for Glanders an* Tuberculosis." Rule 2; 1 p.; 1905. "Concerning Glandered Horse Stock in the Territory." Rule 3; 1 p.; 1905. *Out of Print. Any one or all of the publications listed above (except those markerl *) will b© sent to residents of this Territory, free, upon application to Mailing Clerk P. O. Box 381. Honolulu. ^ri!4ftf.^w ». . .-^,«-- v.y«««»e^'»-*' '■♦'--"•'''^Jg^ ^P*"^* NeatReasoDaMe and Durable MEMORIALS in any material known to the trade. SAFES the best made. 1048.50 ALAKEA ST., HONOLULU, Phone, Blue 1801 - - - - P. O. Box 642 Life Income THE Best Legacy Marshall Brothers, Manufacturers of Manila and Wrapping Paper, YoRKLYN, Del., November 17. Manager The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York. Dear Sir— I have received policy for i$20,000, issued to me in favor of my daughter, on the continuous installment plan. My daughter is but eighteen years of age, and this contract guarantees to her ll,000 at my death, and $1,000 per annum as long a? she hves, and to pay not less than twenty installments even it she should not live twenty years after my death. The reason I am so much pleased with this policy is based upon the fact that I fully realize, that no matter how much money I might leave my daughter at my death I would have no guarantee that it would last her through her entire lifetime. The Company's liability under this form of contract might be $50,000 or possibly 170,000. if my daughter should live to be as old as some of her ancestors. Yours very truly, Israel W. Marshall. WRITE TO-DAY FOR RATES The Mntoal Life InsDrance Company of New York Oldest in America Largest in the World W. A. WANN, District Suiierintendeut, HONOLUI.U, T. H. OFFICE 933-938 FOKT STREET. TELEPHONE MAIN 201 Vol. III. APRIL, 1906. No. 4. Price, 10c. Per Copy ; Per Annum, $1.00; Foreigrn, $1.26. THE f^mmm forester AND Jlgriculturist A MONTHLY MAGAZINE OF Forestry, Entomology and Agriculture ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. ADDRESS Al_l_ CO M M U N I C AXIO N S XO L-EIOPOLD O. BL.ACKMAN MONORARV EDITOR P. O. BOX 59 HONOLULU, H. X. For business relating to advertising or subscriptions, address HAWAIIAN Gazette Co., Ltd., Publishers, P. O. Box 208, HONOLULU, HAWAII. CONTENTS. PAGE Editorials 115 Entomological Notes 117 Routine Reports of the Division of Forestry 119 Camphor in India and Ceylon .126 The Melon-Fly ]2J Pig Keeping for Bacon 130 Date Cultivation in Southern India 130 Enemies of Rice in Japan 131 Ants and Fruit Trees 135 Tree Planting i 132 Mosquitoes and Certain Plants 132 Guava Fruit Pulp 133 Planting Seed Cocoanuts 134 Ants and Fruit Trees 135 Current Publications 135 The Banyan Tree 136 Prickly Pear 137 Water-Cress 137 Non-Fruiting of Melon Vines . 138 The Farmers' Institute 138 OFFICERS AND STAFF OF THE BOARD OF COMMIS- SIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. COMMISSIONERS. L. A, Thurston, President. C. S. Helloway, Secretary and Executive Officer. W. M. Giffard. A. W. Carter J. F. Brown. G. P. Wilder. DIVISION OF FORESTRY. Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden. David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman. David Kapihi, Forest Ranger for Tantalus. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. Alexander Craw, Superintendent and Inspector. A. Koebele, Consulting Entomologist. Jacob Kotinsky, Assistant Entomologist. C. J. Austin, Inspector's Assistant. DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent and Territorial Veterinarian. J. Charlton Fitzgerald, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian. DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE. In Cooperation with the Hawaii Experiment Station. Jared G. Smith, Special Agent in Charge. CLERKS AND STENOGRAPHERS. Miss Melika Peterson. Miss Ella K. Dayton. NOTICE FROM THE DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. The Entomological Division of this Board wishes to inform readers of this magazine that it is always ready and anxious to receive, study and report upon any insects that they may find and ,1 ti iiri J- ri- 1 - 'ji -*_ • r < /• • < • , 'ii THE jHAWAIIAN mtSm I AGRICULTURIST Vol III. APRIL, 1906 No.4^''-^' ====^^==1===========^=================^================== '~^'''" ' Few countries are so well provided with the means to investi- gate and combat the difficulties arising from insect depreda- tions, as Hawaii. No less than three excellent institutions, repre- senting the Federal and Territorial governments and the Sugar Planters respectively, possess laboratories equipped with mod- ern facilities for entomological work, and presided over by properly trained entomological experts. By means of these a vigi- lant warfare, which is gradually and encouragingly reducing the dangers which threaten the agricultural prosperity of the Islands, is carried on. The chief work of these laboratories and stations has centered around the solution of problems connected with insect ravages of sugar cane and other plantation crops, and has been chiefly observable in field work. Investi- gations of such practical utility as those to determine the possibilities of establishing the production of silk in Ha- waii, have also been undertaken and have been rewarded with success. Of the more tedious laboratory work, entailing much original research and long series of systematic experiment, the general public has known little, but it has contributed generously to the welfare of our Islands by helping to render our plantation crops more immune from destructive insect and other agencies. Well as this country is provided in this respect, there is still an opportunity for entomological utility in a direction at pres- ent not attended to. However adequately the enormous inter- ests involved in the safeguarding of our plantation crops are de- fended, our gardens are beset by such insect enemies as have not been overcome by efforts mainly directed to larger issues. There is no doubt that without the excellent work of our ento- mologists in the past, few citrus or other fruit trees in the Islands would be free from insect pest or fungoid blight of some kind. ^Yet in many cases after the destructive agencies have been in -' general overcome, colonies of the pest have remained in out of the way situations, from which they have spread as opportunity presented itself. The necessity now arises of eradicating from LIBRARY ii6 small lots these isolated breeding places, which are often re- sponsible for the loss of the entire fruit crop. It is safe to say that there is hardly a house lot of any size in Honolulu which possesses a few fruit trees, some of which have not been ren- dered useless and unsightly from insect or fungoid pest. Often these colonies are in a more or less dormant condition, or at most, in such a balance that they remain comparatively quiescent during part of the year, to awake to full activity whenever the infested tree attempts to put forth new leaf or blossoms. At these seasons their depredations are sufficient to destroy all de- velopment. Many valuable trees are thus rendered unproduc- tive and many unsightly blots are left to mar the appearance of those plants which are sturdy enough to resist attack. In few cases do the colonies appear sufficiently vigorous to spread their destruction to other localities, their development beyond narrow limits being probably due to the success of the methods of check already alluded to. To a householder possessing infested trees, two alternatives offer. Either he must allow the undesirable condition of af- fairs to continue indefinitely, thus losing a great portion of his crop and tolerating an unsightly appearance during most of the year, or he must himself actively combat the pest with such means and knovvdedge as are at his disposal. The local etno- mologists have done much good and efficient work by dissemin- ating in a readily obtained and untechnical form the knowledge of the most approved methods of dealing with insect pests, but however efficient these may be in the hands of an expert, the average business man has often little opportunity to use, or inclination to invest in apparatus, the working of which he does not understand and which would be so sel- dom used. To meet this condition of affairs and to place a ready means to destroy these pests at the disposal of all who care to avail themselves of it, it would seem an excellent opportunity for some business house dealing in garden supplies to employ a practical man and to teach him, under the direction of one of the local entomologists, the necessary proficiency in the use of insect sprays and washes. In this way, by payment of a reasonable fee, the operation could be held at the disposal of such lot owners as desired infested areas to be treated, and many valuable trees could be cleaned and rendered productive, and many spots, now unpleasing to the eye, could be rendered beautiful. 117 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES Eroiii the Diz'ision of Eufoniology, Board of .Igricitlfiirc and Eorcstry. By Jacob Kotinsky. A New Book and Leather Pest, iCatoraina Mexicana Cher.) This is a dark brown, chunky httle beetle measuring about one- tenth of an inch in length and is covered with very fine silky hair. The grub or larva of this beetle is of about the same length, cream colored, with shiny head and dark mouth parts, quite fussy looking and is usually curled up in its hiding place. From literature at hand it seems that little was known of the destructive habits of this insect. In 1885 Blackburn reports it as ''common on Alaui, in houses and in decaying trees near sea level." Its very name implies that it comes to us from Mexico ' The identity of the species in both the cases cited below has been positively determined by Mr. Perkins. In this Territory the writer has bred it from grubs dug out of books in a glass door case in Kona, Hawaii, which they had invaded. More recently the attention of this office was called to serious damage in expensive leather goods in a store house on Kauai. During a recent visit to this Island the w^riter had the privilege of ripping open one of the invaded horse collars in this store and found the beetle in various stages feeding upon the straw stuffing. The outward indications of an attack by this beetle are small, perfectly round perforations, some of which are filled with the fine yellowish dust produced by them or are empty and the dust heaps may be found im- mediately below^ the object. This dust serves as a guide to detect its presence in books, showing no outward signs of damage. It is safe to conclude from its habits thus far ob- served that it is a general pest in store houses and book cases and as soon as its presence is detected the measures indicated below should be taken to exterminate it. The habits of the insect will also indicate how it was imported into this country. remedies. "An ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure." The most effective preventives of depredations by this insect is cleanli- ii8 ness. Any portion of the store-house left unswept for a length of time forms a breeding place for pests of this nature. It is good practice to periodically transfer piled stocks of wares from one place to another that has been thoroughly swept and white- washed with a mixture of lime and kerosene. Frequent dusting of books and book cases will disturb these insects and prevent their activity among them. One of the sources for infestation of household or store-house with any pest is the source of supply like grocery stores, drug stores, and other warehouses from which goods are bought. It should, therefore, be the care of the store and housekeeper to examine materials with an eye to detect the presence of injurious pests. Once a covered book case or store house has been invaded and if repeated cleaning fails to produce the desired result of checking injury by this and smaller pests, we are obliged to resort to drastic measures. One of the most effective checks is fumiga- tion by means of carbon-bisulphide. This substance is an ill smelling liquid, procurable in drug stores, which evaporates in ordinary temperature and, therefore, feels cold to the touch, and the vapors are heavier than air. It should also be borne in mind that the substance is extremely inflaniinahle and must, therefore, be kept azi^ay from fire of any kind. While it is not instantly fatal to man, it is advisable to inhale as little of it as possible. The vessel which may be either the present container of the ob- jects to be fumigated or specially constructed boxes or chambers in which the fumigation is to be done, should be made as nearly air-tight as possible, particularly so at the bottom. The liquid, which is to be used at the rate of i pound to about one thousand cubic feet, is best poured out into shallow vessels which are placed as near the top of the fumigation chamber as possible. The objects to be fumigated being placed below, packed loosely. The chamber should be closed immediately after the liquid is poured out and left closed for at least twenty- four hours. It is then opened and by means of a natural or artificial drafts thoroughly ventilated and invariably the pests are found dead. In case of bad infestation a repetition of this operation may be necessary at the end of a couple of weeks, as the eggs may not be killed by the fumes, and we must de- pend upon killing the larvae that hatch from them sub- sequently. IIQ ROUTINE REPORTS OF THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY. The following three reports were read by the Superintendent of Forestry at the meetings of the Board of Agriculture and For- estry, held on March 7 and 22 and on April 4, 1906: REPORT OF MARCH /, Ipo6. To the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu. Gentlemen : — I have the honor to submit herewith the re- port of the Division of Forestry for the period from February 7th to date, the last meeting of the Board having been held on February 7th. FOREST RESERVE. Owing to the illness of Governor Carter the public hearings in regard to the Kealia and Ew^a Forest Reserves were not called until March 7th. The description of the boundaries of the pro- posed Hanuaula Forest Reserve, North Kona. Hawaii, w-as re- ceived from the Surveyor on Feb. 21st and forms the subject of another letter to the Board, under the date of today. On Feb. 23 I w^ent over to the District of Hana, Island of Maui, to look into the forest situation there and tO' fix a forest line across the district ; the latter work in response to a request from the Commissioner of Public Lands, made some time ago. I have submitted to the Committee on Forestry a preliminary report upon a proposed forest reserve in Hana, which will later be followed by another report containing a technical description of the boundaries recommended. I returned to Honolulu on March ist. ANNUAL REPORT. The annual report of the Division of Forestry for the year ending Dec. 31, 1905, was submitted to the Chairman of the Com- mittee on Forestry on March 6th. The supplementary reports of the District Foresters are now^ being copied and w'ithin a few days will be ready to go to the printer. I20 LIST OF SEEDS. A revised list of the Forest and Ornamental Tree seed for sale at the Government Nursery has been issued as Press Bulle- tin No. 3, of the Division of Forestry, under the date of Feb. 14th, 1906. This list is now being distributed throughout the Territory. ADVICE AND ASSISTANCE. Special attention is called to the report of Air. Haughs, dated Feb. 27th, 1906, which describes his recent trip to Hawaii, in re- sponse to request for advice from persons desiring to establish forest plantations. Planting plans are now being prepared by him to be sent to those who are to do the work. Air. Haug^hs returned to Honolulu on Feb. loth. Several applications have been received under the terms of Circular No. i, of the Division of Forestry, and I have been given to understand that others will soon be submitted. FOREST FIRE NOTES. In consequence of the forest fire on Tantalus on Feb. 5th, a special fire warning notice was issued by me, as Chief Fire War- den, on Feb. 8th, forbidding the burning of brush, grass, etc., unless the permission of the District Fire Warden has been first obtained, for the period of twelve months from that date. Mr. W. M. Giffard was appointed Fire Warden on February 7th, and shortly afterward cloth notices giving the special warn- ing were printed and posted on Tantalus. A circular letter has been sent out to each property owner on Tantalus and at the head of Manoa and Pauoa Valleys, calling attention to the special notices and requesting compliance therewith. On February 13th another fire was reported on Tantalus which called to the scene Mr. Haughs and three laborers, Captain John- son and some fifteen men, and the Superintendent of Forestry and two of the Commissioners of the Board. The fire proved to be brush, which the Japanese man on Mr. T. Clive Davies' place was burning contrary to Mr. Davies' orders. The fire did not get away and no damage was done, but at noon it looked from town as if a big fire was under way. This led to the despatch of such a large gang of men. " ' •• 121 A Forest Ranger (Mr. David Kapihi) has just been appointed for this section of Oahu, whose chief duty will be to look out for and suppress forest fires. A form of permit for use by the District Fire Wardens during seasons covered by a special warning, has been drawn up and printed. Books containing fifty forms each will be furnished to each Fire Warden for whose District a special notice is issued. A circular letter has been sent out to each Fire Warden, re- questing him to call upon the Chief Fire Warden to issue a special warning at any time when in his judgment the local con- ditions are such as to require such measures. On March 4th, Mr. A. M. Nowell, District Forester and Fire Warden for Waialua, notified me that a fire about twenty-five acres in extent had occurred in the section just north of Wahiawa. Fortunately, a plantation luna happened to be at hand with some laborers, and put it out. Otherwise, says Mr. Nowell, it might have spread and become as disastrous as the fire which occurred back of Wahiawa just a year ago. In accordance with a recommendation from Mr. Nowell, I have issued a special warning notice for a period of six months for the upper part of the District of Waialua. This is published today in the Bulletin. While on this subject I have the honor to recommend that Mr. John Chalmers of Hana, be appointed District Fire Warden, in and for the District of Hana, Island of Maui, a section that is not now covered, ROUTINE WORK. The routine work of the Division has gone on as usual during the past month, as is shown in the reports of the Forest Nursery- man. The new book cases in the library room have been com- pleted, adding much needed shelf room, while a map case in my own office will now permit the proper housing of that collection. The carpenters have also made certain changes and improve- ments in the Entomological rooms and completed the addition to the stable. A new style postal collection box has just been installed out- side our gate, which will be a convenience. 122 LIBRARY. Among the new books recently received may be mentioned the 1905 Yearbook of the Carnegie Institute of Washington, D. C. ; pubHcations from the Field Columbian Museum and the U. S. Geological Survey ; Vol. IX of the Tenth Census of the United States, containing Sargeant's authoritative "Forest Trees of North America" ; publications completing a full set of the techni- cal and other Bulletins of the Bureau of Entomology of the U. S. Department of Agriculture; Kellogg's "American Insects," and the Zoological Record for 1904. Some additional volumes from the old Government Librarv- have recently been turned over to the Board, among which are several valuable publications. The Library room was used on February 23rd and March 2nd for meetings of the Honolulu Improvement Committee, and on February 8th and March ist by the Hawaiian Entomological So- ciety. A'ery respectfully, Ralph S. Hosmer> Superintendent of Forestry. REPORT OF MARCH 22, Ipo6. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, Oahu. Gentlemen : — I have the honor to submit herewith the regular report of the Division of Forestry for the period from March 8th to date. During this time, the staff of this Division has been busy in connection with revising for publication the Annual Report for 1905, with the preparation of the proclamations declaring the Ewa and Kealia Forest Reserves and other matters in regard to the proposed Honuaula, Kau and Hana reserves. On March 20th, I personally examined the upper portion of the land of Waianae-kai, with reference to a proposed forest re- serve in that section. This valley, with the adjoining land of Lualualei, will form the subject of a report to be submitted in the near future. In accordance with the suggestion of the District Fire Warden •for Ewa, I issued on March 19th, a special warning notice for- 123 bidding the burning of brush, etc., in the Ewa Basin, for a period of six months, unless the written permission of the District Fire Warden has been first obtained. LIBRARY. Among the accessions to the Library during the last fortnight I would call attention to the first number of two important Journals which we shall now receive regularly, the "Philippine Journal of Science," published by the Bureau of Science of the Government of the Philippine Islands, and the "Quarterly Journal of the In- stitute of Commercial Research in the Tropics," published by the Liverpool University, Liverpool, England. The Library room of the Board was used for meetings of the Honolulu Improvement Committee on Friday evening, March i6th, and by the Pawaa Improvement Club on March 15th. FOREST FIRES. During the last fortnight forest fires have been reported, as follows : On Sunday, March nth, a grass fire of about five acres in extent in the upper Palolo Valley, on this Island, was extinguish- ed by Mr. Haughs and a gang of 17 laborers, before it had a chance to get far enough mauka to do any damage. One of the laborers was taken from the Nursery, five more were picked up locally, and the others were Road Board men sent by iMr. Hollo- way. The fire was started by children playing with matches in the dry grass back of one of the homesteads. For further de- tails regarding it Mr. Haughs' report should be consulted. On March 7th, a forest fire was reported by Mr. James Gibb, to be burning on the portion of the land of Paauhau controlled by the Parker Ranch. This fire started from a locality where employees of the Parker Ranch were burning ivy. Brush fires for this purpose had been going on for some time and the work was being done under the supervision of Mr. E. E. Conant. This particular fire resulted through the wind which came up sud- denly at the time of the recent Kona and carried sparks into the forest. Large gangs of men from both the ranch and the plantation turned out to fight it and by the next day had the fire under control. During the second night a heavy rain came which extinguished the fire. Mr. Conant in his report estimates 124 the area burned over at looo acres. He states that the damage is nominal as the trees burned were mostly dead timber. Mr. John A. Scott, District Fire Warden for Hilo, reports brush fires on one of the Ponohawaii homestead lots and also on one of the homestead lots on the land of Kukuau Second, back of Hilo Town both of which were got under control before any damage was done to the forest. These fires occurred on March 7th. Mr. Scott also reports a grass fire that started on the Waiakea beach lands on March 12th. This fire died out when the wind which was spreading it went down. If the wind had not abated, it is quite likely that it would have run in the same direction as did a fire two years ago, which burned over a section of the lower Waiakea forest. Two other fires on Hawaii have also been reported, both of which started on the 7th of ]\Iarch. One of these was in the vicinity of Puu Oo, at the upper edge of the Hilo Forest Re- serve, back of Hilo Town. Of this fire I have not yet learned the details. The other fire started on Pakua Hill near Hilea, Kau, back of the Naalehu plantation. This fire was reported to" me by Messrs, W. G. Irwin & Company, who had received word from Mr. C. Wolters, the manager and District Fire Warden. I have since received a report directly from ]\Ir. \A'olters. The plantation turned out a large gang of men which, after a hard fight, extinguished the fire on the afternoon of March 8th. Mr. Wolters says that "it was only by great and repeated efforts that the flames were prevented from escaping into the Ninole and Kaalaiki Hills, from whence they would have spread over the whole mountain side." I have also been informed by Messrs. W. G. Irwin & Company that a fire had been started by some natives who had been burn- ing brush on one of the Kamae homesteads, back of Hakalau plantation, and was only stopped from getting into the forest by the efforts of a gang of 300 men. On Alarch 20th, a fire was reported by Mr. G. W. McDougall on the land of Honokua, District of Kona. The Board, being unable to order out men to fight this fire, instructed Mr. Mc- Dougall to warn the persons on whose land the fire had been started, that they would be held responsible if the fire escaped and did injury to other lands. I expect to hear further from Mr. McDougall in regard to this fire. I do not need to call the attention of the Board to the very unsatisfactory condition in which we arc placed. With no appro- priation to fight forest fires our hands are practically tied, for as conditions now stand there is little which this Board can do to assist in the work. I would suggest, however, that if it is pos- sible to reach, through the Police Department, any of the persons whose carelessness or negligence is responsible for these recent fires, that such a request be made to the Sheriff of Hawaii by the Board. Very respectfully, Ralph S. Hosmer^ Superintendent of Forestry. REPORT OF APRIL J, IpO(5. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu. Gentlemen : — I have the honor to submit herewith the regular report of the Division of Forestry for the period from March 23rd to date. During this time I personally have been principally occupied in completing for publication the Annual Report of the Division of Forestry for 1905, and in reading proof for the same, with the preparation of reports dealing with the proposed forest re- serves in the Districts of Kau, Hawaii, Hana, Maui, and Waia- nae, Oahu, together with other matters in connection with forest reserve work. In accordance with the instructions of the Board given me at the last meeting, I have prepared and sent out to each of the District Fire Wardens a circular letter calling their attention to the enforcement of the forest fire law, and to the fact that owing to the lack of a specific appropriation the Board could not be re- sponsible for the payment of any bills incurred in fighting forest fires. The routine work at the Nursery and in Xuuanu Valley- has gone on as usual. This being the seed season for a good many trees a considerable quantity of seed is now being collected. Important accessions to the Board Library received during this period by the Library are: Bulletin No. 3 of the Massachusetts State Forester's Ofiice, on "Laws Relative to the Taxation of 126 Forest Lands"; Bulletin No. 36 of the United States Weather Bureau entitled, ''First Report on the Relations between Climate and Crop," by Prof. Cleveland Abbe, and Mrs. Sinclair's Illus- trated Plants of the Hawaiian Islands. The Library room of the Board was used on ]\Iarch 22nd for the meeting of the Pawaa Improvement Club ; on ^larch 30th by the Honolulu Improvement Committee, or as it is now called, the Honolulu Improvement Advisory Board ; and on ^larch 29th and April 2nd by the McCully Improvement Club. During the period a number of persons have visited the Board building to inspect the woods and fruits and to consult the Library. I beg to inform you that I propose to leave Honolulu for a trip to the mainland, by the "^Mongolia" on the 6th or 7th, and expect to return to Honolulu early in July. Very respectfully, Ralph S. Hosmer. Superintendent of Forestry. CAMPHOR IX IXDIA AND CEYLON. "Steps should be taken by the Forest Department to encourage the cultivation of the camphor tree. Since the Japanese have had Formosa the price has gone up at least 50 per cent. There is some attempt at cultivating it in Ceylon, and there must be many places in India and Burma wdiere this valuable tree would thrive." This is a cultivation which will no doubt receive the early and serious consideration of the Ceylon Agricultural Board. There are many reasons why the cultivation of camphor should prove attractive to planters. Camphor at present has to be brought a great distance to Western markets, and the supply is very uncertain. Unscientific treatment of the trees has caused a gradual reduction of their numbers, and a deterioration in quality of the produce. It is at present a monopoly of Japan. The uses for camphor are increasing and as the demand increases, the price will rise. A fair start has already been made in Ceylon with the product. — Indian Engineering. 127 THE MELON -FLY (Ducks cuciirbitac C>)(|uillctl.) By D. L. Van Dine, Entomologist, Ignited States Agricultural Experiment Station, Honolulu. Last season's crop of melons probably exceeded any previous crop since the advent of the pest of cucurbits known common- ly as the "melon-fly." The reason for this is undoubtedly the persistance of the Japanese growers in protecting their melons from the flies at, or immediately after, the setting of the fruit. The low consideration at which these people place their time and effort (when working for themselves), enabled them to take the preventive measures and still receive, what is to them, a satisfying remuneration. In so far as a garden crop of melons, cucumbers, or related products are concerned, the writer be- lieves that a householder can by the necessary precautions pro- duce without prohibitive difficulty, sufficient for his own table. As an agricultural venture on a field basis, it is a question only to be answered by the attempt, taking into consideration the competition of the oriental growers. This dipterous enemy of cucurbits belongs to the family Trypetidae and was described as new to science by Mr. D. W. Coquillett, of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, in the spring of 1899, from specimens bred in Honolulu by Mr. Geo. Compere, from larvae living in green cucumbers. The food-plants are, locally, all the members of the plant family Cucurbitacae (melons, cucumbers, squashes, pumpkins, etc., including a wild cucurbit. Sycos sp.) ; pods of string beans; tomatoes ; and the fly has been reported as infesting ripe fallen mangoes and the fruit of the papaya. The life-history, covering, a period of about three weeks, is as follows : The female by means of her strong ovipositor, pierces the epidermis of the melon, or other fruit, and prepares just beneath in the tissue, an egg-chamber into which through the one incision are deposited from fifteen to twenty eggs. One fly is probably responsible for at least several such clusters. 128 Observations on the attack of this pest on watermelons indicate that the very young melons are chosen for oviposition since the rind or skin is tender and capable of penetration. Newly laid eg-gs have been found in melons varying in size from the time of setting of the fruit to three inches in length. The writer has visited infested fields where it has been practically impossible to find a melon within that size, not egg-infested, unless protected in such a manner that the fly could not reach the surface. Larger melons are found newly infested, but the point of incision is, in this case, near the more tender stem end. This is speaking only of watermelons, and undoubtedly mushmelons and cucumbers are capable of becoming infested much later in their growth. In a field where an epidemic of the fly exists the large melons contain the larvae in all stages of development, the melons like- wise showing all stages of decay. Since the enemy is an internal ■ feeder, a correct estimate of the damage cannot be gained by a passing observation. Many melons, perfect in shape, are found^ completely rotted upon being opened, with the exception of the rind. Even in cases where the attack is resisted, the result is a deformed product unfit for the market. The vines, as well as the fruit, are infested. This is especially true if the growth is succulent. The vines are usually infested in the larger portions near the crown. During wet weather the decay of the fruit and vines progresses more rapidly. In dry weather, the vines, as a rule, survive the attack and the wounded portion heals over. After hatching from the egg, the larvae burrow on into the tissue of the melon, feeding entirely on the interior. When removed from the melon, the larvae have a peculiar mode of locomotion, or possibly protection, — they double themselves together and then, suddenly straightening them- selves out, are thrown quite a distance into the air and a distance of several feet from the place they occupied. When fully de- veloped the larvae leave the infested fruit or vines and enter the soil directly beneath where, at a distance of an inch or so from the surface, they pupate. The remedies have thus far been preventive. The time of planting has no special significance since the fly is in evidence throughout the year and the varied list of food-plants insures a continuous chance for breeding, even though one or more of the crops it infests is discontinued for a season. The short life- cycle provides for several generations during the growth of one 129 crop. No parasitic enemy or other natural check has been observed. The common preventive measure among the Japanese growers is to cover the young melons as soon as they set with a piece of gunny-sack, paper or some straw. When the melons have out- grown the protection of this covering they are usually beyond the danger of an attack by the fly. It requires constant attention to cover the newly set melons before they are visited by the over- industrious fly. Protection could be secured by hand-pollinating the flowers and covering them before the fruit is formed. There is a difference in the resistance of the different varieties of melons. The harder skinned varieties are less subject to an attack and it is well to select a hard skinned melon for planting in this coun- try, even at a sacrifice of quality. Frecjuent cultivation around the plants close up to and among the vines will destroy many of the flies by covering the pupae in the soil to a depth which will not permit them to gain the surface on reaching the adult stage. All infested melons and vines should be collected regularly throughout the growth of the crop and either burned or buried. Burning is the most effective, but if the acreage is large, holes can be dug at convenient distances throughout the field and a man be directed to go through the field at intervals of not less than five or six days, collect all infested melons and vines, throw them into the nearest hole and cover to a depth of several inches. Alnmdant irrigation should not be practiced since a succulent growth favors infection, especially to the vines. After harvesting a crop the partly decayed melons and vines should not be left in the field to act as a breeding place for countless numbers of this pest, as is the custom. The writer has observed abandoned fields swarming with the melon-fly which, deprived of their food in these places, seek the products they infest in the surrounding district. I30 PIG KEEPING FOR BACON. Why any occupier of the land should neglect to keep pigs is hard to understand. Food is usually cheap. The pig is also capable of getting its own living for comparatively nothing, and the remainder is reasonably found in potatoes, roots and damaged corn. I think generally too much atten- tion is given to the sow when farrowing, as she is much better left alone. Attention then onh^ excites the mother, causing her to lie on and smother her young. They should have a clean sty, with a moderate supply of short straw or cavins, and be kept with a limited quantity of food and plenty of water before and after for a few days. The losses will then be much smaller than if too much and frequent attention is given. It is surprising how soon the little ones, if given the opportunity, look after themeselves in picking a few dry peas and drinking milk or milk and water. This mode of feeding should be adopted, and the owner will then find them make regular improvement, which does not slacken when the weaning season comes on, and a pig regularly and gradually fed commends itself to the feeder and consumer. When the pigs are w^eaned the mother can be kept sufficiently well for a few pence a day. When bacon is dear is a favorable time to prove the financial result between having a breeding sow and the feeding of several cattle. 1 am inclined to believe in the pig winning the race. A good and suitable mixture of bar- ley, oats, and peas, ground and used with boiled potatoes or swedes, is much better and cheaper than feeding all meal. If a little milk is at hand, so much the better. Pigs change so often in value that I incline to the regular keeping of a few. They are the best scavengers, and great loss must accrue where there is damaged corn if the pig is absent. Of course, a man with cash in his pocket should generally purchase what he wants, but bought pigs seldom do like those bred on the place, and that have been reared and fed Avith judgment. — Journal Agriculture W. A. DATE CULTIVATION IN SOUTHERN INDIA. The Madras Government has discontinued the experiments it .has lately conducted in the cultivation of the date. It is reported that the climate of Southern India is too tropical for the growth 131 ENEMIES OF RICE IN JAPAN. Ill an excellent article l)y P. Chumaturi Nicholas, which ap- peared in the Tropical Agriculturist last year, on "Rice Culture," the following brief excerpts are taken from the portion relating to the enemies of the industry : Rice Birds. The first invaders are the rice birds (paddy finches and swallows) which husk and devour the seeds sown under "dry-sowing" in expectation of rain, before they spring up. The loss from the above attacks is made good by trans- planting. The expedients tried to drive away the birds are primitive, viz., making a noise with dried olas, tins, etc., or shout- ing. Carrying a gun in one's hand is "considered in Jaffna as almost immoral." Tortoises and Crabs cause damage by cutting and nipping the young plants. Crabs also may cause great damage by boring holes in the ridges if the cultivator is not vigilant. Deer and Sanibiir browse upon the young plants, but are easily frightened away. Grasshoppers cause much damage. Caterpillars and Worms are very destructive at times. Of them Spodoptera maiiritia is the worst pest. Worms and in- sects in some places are collected daily and burnt. Paddy Flies (Leptocorisa acuta- and Hispa oencscens) attack the fields by myriads and sap the juice at flowering time. A strong wind is the surest extricator of this pest. Rats and Mice cut and steal the ears. Numbers are killed in their holes during harvesting. Pigs evade the most careful watch and eat and trample the ricr ruthlessly, causing more damage by the latter than the former. The wild pig is daring and wily and dangerous to the watcher. Elephants are occasional visitors. Stray Cattle and Buffaloes also occasionally break through fences even when constructed with barbed wire. Cooly cultivators steal the seed paddy and by other nefarious practices cause loss. On the other hand miserly land owners inflict great hardship on their coolies by withdrawing food and exacting heavy interest. 132 The process of harvesting is also said to be very wasteful. The corn is stacked for months before being threshed and thus giving an opportunity for attack by insects and animals. From the above enumerated list of devastators it would seem that rice growing in Hawaii is entirely immune from many of the attacks which threaten the industry in Ceylon. TREE PLANTING. In planting trees, too great stress cannot be lain upon seeing that the holes in which they are to be set are thoroughly pre pared and fertilized. The plant should be set so that when the soil has settled, its surface will be three or four inches below that of the surrounding ground. If this is done the amount of water and attention required will not be nearly so much as if set in any other position. Xot only is careless planting re- sponsible for slow^ and stunted growth, but the general low vitality of the plant wdiich results, is a direct invitation to in- sect attack, which will not long go unheeded. Trees and shrubs of vigorous growth are generally able to resist blight and other pests, and the best way to insure this is to exercise care at the time of planting. MOSQUITOES AND CERTAIN PLANTS. The recent investigations undertaken to establish the relation- ship of certain diseases to mosquitoes is rendered more interest- ing from the fact that to certain plants are attributed the quality of being inimical to the presence of these obnoxious insects. Among the plants attributed with this desirable quality are to be noticed Riciuis conununis, the ''castor oil" plant, and Helianthus annus, the familiar "sunflower." Both of these plants are, apart from this reputed virtue, of such economic importance that they should be planted extensively in all low-lying and marshy neigh- borhoods, or upon those in which mosquitoes are common. The origin of the belief in the efficiency of the presence of sunflower to prevent malaria and fevers, if its unfavorable influence upon mos- quitoes be true, is thus readilv understood. 133 GUAVA FRUIT PULP. Although the remarkal)le fecundity and capacity for reproduc- tion of the Guava has earned for this plant an unenviable reputation almost equal to that bestowed upon the less useful Lantana, for 'taking possession of pasture land, yet there is very little doubt that if properly attended to, a very profitable return might be derived from the fruit. Tn many of the outlying dis- tricts of the islands, upon land which has either been abandoned to this plant and those of similar capacity for encroachment, or upon tracts which have heretofore been uncultivated on account of their stirility, enormous quantities of wholesome fruits are al- lowed to go to waste. This might all be used to profitable ad- vantage if a system of fruit-pulping were introduced similar to that which is employed in many of the agricultural districts of France. The general scope of the method suggested is for the local growers or pickers to preserve the guava pulp in large containers, by an inexpensive and simple plan, and in this form to send it to a central jelly factory for future use. The pulping is in France usually conducted on a large scale, but it should also be as easily and advantageously carried on with smaller quantities of fruit. The apparatus used consists merely of a copper pan and a metal tank. The fruit to be pulped should, after removal of the rind, be placed in the copper pan and heated to boiling, during which process it should be con-' tinually stirred with a w^ooden spoon. After boiling for a sufft- cient time it should then be emptied into tin containers which are soldered up. The tins are then removed to the metal tank in which they are immersed in boiling water for about twenty minutes. During this process, if any of the tins are not sufifi- ciently soldered it wall be detected, and in this case they must be removed. The quality of the product depends on the degree of cleanliness observed, in the care which is exercised to pre- vent burning during the process of boiling, in the kind of tins employed and in the manner of soldering. If thoroughly cleansed kerosene tins could be employed, the cost of producing the fruit, to wdiich must be added the freight to a central factory, should not be more than from $1.75 to $2.15 per hundred pounds. The best quality of pulp is obtained in France by steam heating 134 instead of fire directly applied to the pans. This method is de- sirable in the more delicate kinds of fruit, such as the apricot and peach, but it should not be necessary in the guava if sufficient care is taken. As a rule a small quantity of water, varying with the kind of fruit used and which may be easily determined, is added to the pulp to assist in preventing burning. There seems in this proposed industry to be a splendid field for a man of small capital to establish a central jelly factory in Honolulu and to supply it with fruit pulp from a few pulping plants situated in favorable districts. PLANTING SEED COCOANUTS. The following notes on the preparation of seed cocoanuts for planting from the Report of the Philippine Bureau of x\gricul- ture, are w^orth noting: "In preparing nuts for planting the best results have been ob- tained in the following manner The nuts are selected from trees known to be good bearers, bearing not less than 150 nuts per year, these uniform in size, brown in husk, rich in copra, and fully ripe. Fully 98 per cent, thus selected will germinate suc- cessfully. After cutting they should be placed immdiately in the nursery provided (of course, in the shade) on the ground — not hung on poles as the native is said to do. Prior to placing in seed beds, a bit of the husk should be chipped off on one side ; it should then be laid, cut side up, and left to germinate. Xine months usually elapses before they are ready for planting. The nut when placed on end, as is sometimes done, sends out a spind- ling plumule easily broken at the point of protuberance and, at best, never gains the vigor of those germinated according to the method given. Two thousand nine hundred and thirty-one trees have been planted this year, most of them on ground that has been plowed and pulverized and put in the same condition as for a corn crop. The result has been a marvellous growth, the trees being more than twice as large as those left to themselves." 135 ANTS AND FRUIT TREES. The failure of fruit upon fig, orange and other trees Is often ap7 parentlv due to the presence of ants, which introduce and propa- gate various pests to the destruction of all new growth. In cases of this kind after thoroughly cleansing the tree either by means of spraying or, if the tree permit it and the attack is not too far advanced, by judicious removal of the affected branches, the pest may be controlled if the ants can be prevented from further invasion. Constant experiment has been made during the past two or three years to exclude ants from certain affected fig trees, but until recently little success was attained in conse- quence of the untiring persistence of these persevering insects. Many methods were employed, some of which were found de- structive to the trees, and others were rendered more or less use- less on account of the time and constant attention required. The most satisfactory and probably the simplest device has been found to be a strip of fur or goat skin tied closely around the trunk in such a way that the hair points towards the ground. Various viscid and corrosive preparations have been tried, but these for various reasons have not been satisfactory. Very good results were also obtained by rubbing a band of chalk (which needs con- stant application), eight or ten inches wide around the tree, across which the ants have difficulty in passing. By the use of either of the methods suggested, there is no reason why even growers of large numbers of fruit trees should not be able to protect them from the pests which are introduced and spread by ants. CURRENT PUBLICATIONS. The Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, January, ipo6. The Application of Science and Scientific Method to Agricul- ture, by F. B. Guthrie. February — Fencing by G. L. Sutton: The Cultivation of the Castor Oil Plant by Q. Ercole. March — Tomatoes and their Diseases by Walter L. Froggatt. The Journal of the Department of Agriculture of Victoria, Fehru- ary, ipo6. Surveying on the Farm ; Levelling by A. S. Ken- 136 yon. March, ipo6 — Surveying on the Farm ; Mensuration by A. S. Kenyon; Strawberry Culture by James Lang. The Queensland Agricultural Journal, March, i()o6. Silage and Silos. Poultry : Feeding and Fattening Chickens. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture, Jamaica, February, ipo6. Grape Fruit and Shaddocks by Sir Daniel Morris. The Florida Agriculturist, March 28, ipo6. Making the Most of the Vegetable Garden. April 4. Citrus Fruit Pointers. Queensland Agricultural Journal, April, ipo6. Chemistry Les- sons on the Chemistry of the Farm, Dairy and Household, by J. C. Briinnich. The Black Wattle in Hawaii and Natal. The Tropical Agriculturist, Ceylon, February^ ipo6. The Avo- cado : A Salad Fruit from the Tropics. THF BANYAN TREE. The Banyan tree (Ficus Betighalcnsis) is an East Indian tree of the order of Urticace?e, and while extensively planted, occurs in a wild state only in the lower Himalayas and the Deccan Hills. It has been raised in other lands, fine specimens being reported in Honolulu and elsewhere. It is noted for its roots, which descend from the branches and become accessory trunks, permiting the tree to extend over a wide area. As the tree ages the original trunk dies and decays,j leaving the younger trunk to support the life of the tree. A banyan tree on the Xerbudda River is reported to have had more than 3000 small trunks. Among these trunks and leafy aisles it is said 7000 people could stand. This tree is now much reduced in size by floods. The tree is not high, the maximum being usually about 70 feet. The leaves are heart shaped, 5 to 6 inches long ; the inconspicu- ous axillary flowers are succeeded by cherry-like scarlet fruits growing in pairs from the axils of the leaves, which are eaten by the monkeys. The seeds seldom germinate on the ground, but usually among the leaf bases of palms, being deposited by birds] the roots descending the palm trunks, embrace and finally kill them. Its light porous wood, its juice and its fruit have no economic 137 uses. The bark is regarded by Hindu physicians as a powerful tonic. The white gelatinous juice is used to relieve toothache and reduce inflammation of the soles of the feet, also to make bird lime. Gum lac is obtained from the tree. The Hindus regard the tree as sacred, and it is described by Southey in his poem, "The Curse of Kehama." Its close relative, the Ficus Indica, is sometimes erroneously called the banyan tree. — Forest Leaves. PRICKLY PEAR. Experiments have been conducted by the Queensland Govern- ment to investigate the most satisfactory method of eradicating the prickly pear upon land which had bfen invaded by the per- sistent growth of this plant. The ground selected w^as very steep and covered with an almost impenetrable mass of the cactus. The men employed were protected against the sharp needles of the plant with leather leggins, and were armed with specially constructed mattocks with which they chopped the plant to the ground. The leaves and stem were cut into small pieces and sprayed with a solution of sodium arsenic. Under this treatment three or four days after the application of the spray the plants became brown, in which withered condition they soon rotted and disintegrated. The spray appears to have had no deleteri- ous effect on other vegetation, although the roots of the cactus were so thoroughly destroyed that some months after the experi- ment no new growth of the plant was observed. The spray used was composed of four pounds of ^vhite arsenic and three pounds of w^ashing soda, boiled for half an hour in one gallon] of water. Of this concentrated solution about six ounces wery used to a gallon of water for spraying. WATER-CRESS. Water-cress may be successfully grown on ordinary garden soil without the aid of running water. When water is laid on from pipes, water-cress will thrive as well as in a running stream. To cultivate on ordinary soil, prepare a bed of good mould about 6 inches deep. Smooth and w^ater it in the even- ing, and next day reduce the soil to a fine tilth. Mix the 138 seed with fine sand, and sow as evenly as possible, and cover very lightly with a thin layer of mould. Press the seed down, water, and cover with matting. When the seed has sprouted, replace the matting with a shade of branches, and keep the soil quite moist. The plants soon grow; by and by they flower, when a new covering of mould is given them, leaving the plants about i inch above ground. Then water freely. Ten days later shoots will appear springing from the roots, which, when 2 or 3 inches high, are removed, and pricked out 3 or 4 inches apart in a new bed. A fortnight later the cress will be 6 inches high, when cropping may begin and continue right up to the first frosts, cutting every fortnight. Care must be taken to give copious waterings every evening. The seed should be sown in spring. — Queensland Agricultural Journal. THE FARMERS' INSTITUTE. Notice of Meeting. Honolulu, Hawaii, May i, 1906. The next regular meeting of the Farmers' Institute of Ha- waii will be held at the Library of the Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry, on King street, Saturday, May 12, at 7 130 p. m. The important subject of co-operative marketing of Ha- waiian agricultural products is to be thoroughly discussed at this meeting, and a good attendance is hoped for. The following program has been arranged : Report of the Committee on Co-operative Marketing. "The Necessity of Growing More Fruits in Hawaii," Mr. William Weinrich, Jr. "Some Advantages of Co-operative Marketing," ]\Ir. John Emmeluth. Discussion. All persons interested in the furtherance of Hawaii's agri- cultural interests are cordially invited. (Signed) F. G. KRAUSS, Secretary. ^oard of Agriculture and Forestry* FOEEST AND ORNAIVTENTAL TREE SEED AlTD SEEDLINGS FOR SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY. The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern- ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or growing. The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak, Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Shower, Pride of India, Poinciana, Alhizzia, etc. The price of the seed varies from 10 to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2V2 cents each^ except a few kinds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested before being sent out, which insures its being good. All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 331, Honolulu, Hawaii. RALPH S. HOSMEB, Superintendent of Forestry. PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION. BOARD. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900; 66 pp. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1S02; 88 pp. First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, from July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp. "Notice to Importers," by H. E. Cooper; 4 p.; 1903. "Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Fruits, Vegetables etc., into the Territory of Hawaii." General Circular No. 1; 6 pp. "Important Notice to Ship Owners, Fruit Importers and Others. Rules and Regulations Prohibiting the Introduction of Certain Pests and Animals into the Territory of Hawaii." General Circular No. 2; 3 pp.; 1904. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. "The Leaf -Hopper of the Sugar-Cane," by R. C. L. Perkins. Bulletin No. 1; 38 pp.; 1903. * "On Some Diseases of Cane Specially Considered in Relation to the Leaf -Hopper Pest and to the Stripping of Cane," by B. C. L. Per- kins. Press Bulletin No. 1; 4 pp.; 1904. "A Circular of Information," by Jacob Kotinsky. Circular No. 1;, 8 pp.; 1905. "The Japanese Beetle Fungus," by Jacob Kotinsky and B. M. Newell. Circular No. 2; 4 pp., cut; 1905. DIVISION OF FORESTRY. * "Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sals at Government Nursery." Press Bulletin No. 1; 3 pp.; 1905. "Suggestions in Regard to the Arbor Day Tree Planting Contest." Press Bulletin No. 2; 7 pp.; 1905. "An Offer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters." Circular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905. "Revised List of Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at the Gov- ernment Nursery." Press Bulletin No. 3; 4 pt).; 1906. DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. "Inspection of Imported Live Stock." Rule 1; 1 p.; 1905. "Inspection and Testing of Imported Live Stock for Glanders an* Tuberculosis." Rule 2; 1 p.; 1905. "Concerning Glandered Horse Stock in the Territory." Rule 3; 1 p.; 1905. *Out of Print. Any one or all of tlio publications listed above (except those mjrkpd *) will be sent to residents of thisTerritorv, free, upon application to Mailing Clerk P. O." Box 331. Honolulu. SS^i«>^"/»>«. I .— v%x-«»,^»^^*«s*«w»-»^« 13 NeatReasoDaMeaodDiiraMe MEMORIALS in any material known to the trade. SAFES the best made. 1048-50 ALAKEA ST., HONOLULU, Phone, Blue 1801 - - - - P. O. Box 642 Life Income THE Best Legacy Marshall Brothers, Manufacturers of Manila and Wrapping Paper, YoRKLYN, Del., November 17. Manager The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York. Dear Sir— I have received policy for !$20.000, ; issued to me in favor of my daughter, on the continuous installment plan. My daughter is but eighteen years of age, and this contract guarantees to her $1,000 at my death, and $1,000 per annum as long as she lives, and to pay not less than twenty installments even if she should not live twenty years after my death. The reason I am so much pleased with this policy is based upon the fact that I fully realize, that no matter how much money I might leave my daughter at my death I would have no guarantee that it would last her through her entire lifetime. The Company's liability under this form of contract might be $50,000 or possibly $70,000, if my daughter should live to be as old as some of her ancestors. Yours very truly, Israel W. M.a,rshall. WRITE TO-DAY FOR RATES The MotDal Life Insnrance Compaoy of New York Oldest in America Largest in the World W. A. WANN, District SiiperintendeDt, HONOI.ULU, T. H. OFFICE 9SS-938 FORT STREET. TELEPHONE MAIN 201 ! % Vol. III. MAY, 1906. No. 5 Price, 10c. Per Copy ; Per Annum, $1.00; Fopeign, $1.25, THE fymWm forester AND JldHculturisI A MONTHLY MAGAZINE OF Forestry, Entomology and Agriculture ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. AODREISS AL.L. COM M U N IC AXIOMS "TO LEOPOLD <3. BLAOKMAN MONORARV EDITOR P. O. BOX 69 HONOL.UL-U, H. X- For business relating to advertising or subscriptions, address Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd., Publishers, P. O. Box 208, HONOLULU, HAWAII. tk CONTENTS. PAGE Editorials 139 Planting of Coco-nuts 143 Remarks on the Palta or Avocado Pear 144 Shipment of Alligator Pears 147 The Silo in Hawaii 148 Agricultural Possibilities of the Territoty of Hawaii 154 Non-Fruiting of Melon Vines 156 National Association of Audubon Societies 157 Notes 163 Insect Pests in Hawaii 164 Farmers* Institute Meeting 164 By Authority — Notices 165 OFFICERS AND STAFF OF THE BOARD OF COMMIS- SIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. COMMISSIONERS. L. A. Thurston, President C S. Helloway, Secretary and Executive OMcer. W. M. Giffard. A. W. Carter J. F. Brown. G. P. Wilder. DIVISION OF FORESTRY. Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden. David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman. David Kapihi, Forest Ranger for Tantalus. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. Alexander Craw, Superintendent mid Inspector. A. Koebele, Consulting Entomologist. Jacob Kotinsky, Assistant Entomologist. C. J. Austin, Inspector's Assistant. DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent and Territorial Veterinarian. J. Charlton Fitzgerald, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian. DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE. In Cooperation with the Hawaii Experiment Station. Jared G. Smith, Special Agent in Charge. CLERKS AND STENOGRAPHERS. Miss Melika Peterson. Miss Ella K. Dayton. NOTICE FROM THE DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. The Entomological Division of this Board wishes to inform readers of this magazine that it is always ready and anxious to receive, study and report upon any insects that they may find and submit. When feasible either colonies of beneficial insects will be sent, or simple, inexpensive remedies will be prescribed. No clKirge. THE JHAWAIIAN rORESTER I AGRICULTURIST NEW V Vol. Hi. MAY, 1906 No. 5«^'rAN The excellent paper contained in this number by Dr. Wil- liam T. Brigham, on the culture of the "alligator" pear, will be read with great interest. It embodies the substance of an address delivered by Dr. Brigham at the meeting of the Farm- ers' Institute at Kamehameha Schools last year, and completes the knowledge at present available to us on the culture of this esteemed fruit. We hope that the suggestion of the writer that the native name "palta" be substituted for the absurd "alligator pear" will be adopted. It is said that the tree was introduced by the Incas to the valley of Cuzco from the province of Paita, but wiiether the tree or the province has the priority of name is uncertain. At all events the Inca word should be given precedence to any of the extraordinary appella- tions by which this excellent fruit is designated. The Aztec name, as given by Hernandez, is "ahuacaquahuitl," wdiich it is said means "resembling the oak." The Andulasian "aguacate" and the Castilian form "avocado" are without doubt Spanish attempts to pronounce the more unwieldly Aztec name, and the inap^:)ropriate and grotesque term "alligator" is said to be a corruption of one or other of these. The French name of the fruit, "avocat,"' is a modification of the Spanish "avocado" or ''abogado," from which association the occasionally heard "Lawyer pear," has been evolved. The term "pear" is readily accounted for, as is also such names as "midshipman's butter," which formerly were more frequently applied. The botanical name "Persea gratissima" is more happily given, but for ordi- nary usage none is :-o appropriate or of such historic associa- tion as the original word "Palta." Much valuable information relating to the cultivation of the Palta will be found in our March number of last year. 140 We are glad to present to our readers in this number an account by Mr. F. G. Krauss, with illustrations, of the first Silo erected in these Islands. The interest in this method of conserving fodder is rapidly gaining in favor in progressive countries, and it is a matter of surprise that it has been of so tardy introduction here. In order to produce milk to the best profitable advantage the silo is an indispensable adjunct to the modern dairyman. Its adaptability to so many different fod- der crops renders it an easy matter to preserve the surplus amount for periods of shortage. The most important problem facing the growers of fruit in Hawaii is that brought before the meeting of the Farmers' Institute on May I2th last by Mr. John Ebimeluth. The neces- sity of concerted action by the pineapple and banana growers in order to market their products to the best advantage is unques- tioned. Without some such equitable agreement the coast mar- ket is at any time liable to be glutted with Hawaiian fruit shipped from our various plantations, which are thereby brought into direct competition, one with another, to the general disadvantage of all. By means of a properly organized association controlling the Haw^aiian output, and distributing it equally among the coast cities, our whole island production of fruit could be sold to satis- factory advantage. Such an organization is by no means a com- bination of growers working for their own benefit solely, but has its direct utility to the public at large by keeping it regularly supplied throughout the year with sound fruit, instead of leav- ing it to the irregular and precarious provision of chance. It is of the utmost importance that before the present season's output of pineapples is ready for shipment that the projected organiza- tion will have the subject well in hand, as the success of many small growers is dependent upon the efficient action of such a scheme as that advocated in Mr. Emmeluths' paper. The Forester was fortunate enough to be able to obtain last year a series of monthly articles by Air. F. G. Krauss, upon the vegetable garden. The practical experience contained in these has been of invaluable assistance to small growers, and we are continually being reminded of their appreciation. It is hoped that before long the Forester will be able to secure the interest and cooperation of an agriculturist sufficiently versed in our 141 local conditions, to write a series of papers upon the laying out and maintenance of ornamental flower gardens. In spite of our splendid climate, flowers which succeed admirably in the country of tlieir production as a rule require especial care and treatment in Hawaii. Such knowledge can only be acquired by long observation and practical experience. There are, however, a number of hardy plants which readily adapt themselves to our conditions and flower profusely here with a minimum of cultivation. The love of flowers is too often confined to the placid content of admiring them in another's garden, but we would see Hono- lulu a veritable city of flowers, and one in which every house lot has its properly cared-for flowering plants. Foliage plants are a valuable ornament to any garden, but one should not be content to abandon one's whole yard solely to these. A prop- erly directed taste for flowers should be an essential feature in the education of the young, and is one of the best means to beautify the home and render it bright and attractive. However small a house lot may be, it should be arranged in some systematic plan in conformity with its general shape and contour and in harmony with the house which it is to ornament. Probably nothing adds so much to the attrac- tiveness of a small home as a well kept lawn surrounded with neatly trimmed borders. Beyond these, as space permits, there should be first placed flower beds and then clumps of attrac- tive crotons, dracsenas and other foliage plants, set out in such a way that the larger are in the background. Care should be taken not to cumber valuable space with unsightly or unseen plants, but to have the fev/ so arranged that all are ornamental and displayed to advantage. Shrubs should be pruned within bounds, but this should be judicially done in such a way as not to appear mutilated or dwarfed. Foliage pot plants are easily grown and should be made ex- tensive use of. Of these begonias, caladiums, ferns, small palms and orchids are among the most useful. It must be re- membered that with these, as with every other gardening operation, the degree of success attained will be commensurate with the care and attention bestowed. In preparing soil for potted plants, leaf mold, well rotted manure, road scrapings, decayed or chopped cocoanut fibre, fine sand, broken charcoal 142 and pot sherds, each have their proper use. After planting, a layer of moss, leaves or fibre placed upon the surface of the pot will serve to keep the drainage from becoming clogged and will prevent too rapid evaporation. The approach of the fruit season calls attention to the mango, which is probably the most extensively grown fruit tree in Hawaii. It is extremely easy to propagate, grows quickly and fully repays with an abundant crop the space which is given up to it. It is unfortunate, however, that in spite of the fact that it responds readily to cultivation, its care is so neglected and that so many inferior kinds are toler- ated. There is little excuse for this, as a choice tree takes up no more ground and produces a fruit of delicious flavor and creamy consistency, instead of the fibrous and turpentiny vari- eties so prevalent in Honolulu. Many fine varieties of mango are to be found in and around the city, those cultivated at Mr. Damon's Moanalua estate being probably best known. Much successful work has been done by Messrs. Gerrit P. Wilder and Donald Maclntyre in budding and grafting mangoes, and wx would advise all those who have trees with which they are not satisfied to consult one or other of these gentlemen as to how they may be improved by these means. The May number of the Forester for 1905 contains a full description by ]\Ir. Maclntyre of the various processes of grafting, which could be successfully accomplished by anyone familiar with garden operations. We are in receipt of a communication from Mr. William Dutcher, President of the National Association of Audubon Societies, in which he desires us to bring the attention of read- ers of the Forester to tne work the association is engaged in. He also sends a number of interesting pamphlets written with the view of disseminating a proper knowledge of the utility of bird life. The association was founded in order to protect wild birds and animals from useless destruction, and from the information at our disposal we are able to give in this number an account of the inception of the movement which finally culminated in the organization referred to. The disappearance of our beautiful Hawaiian birds is a matter of great regret, and the absence of indigenous birds in many districts cannot but e'xercise a detrimental effect upon agriculture by allowing 143 many entomological pests to go immune from bird attack. A proper and enlightened knowledge of the economic importance to Agriculture of different species of birds is very desirable, and much u'^eful and instructive information on this subject is contained in the Audubon Societies' publications, which we shall be glad to place at the disposal of any of our readers who mav be interested in this matter. THE BRICK-RED BOUGAINVIEEEA. The ordinary varieties of bougainvilleas may readily l)e propagated from cuttings. The handsome brick-red one un- fortunately presents more difficulties, and cuttings from it rarely succeed. It is said to be capable of propagation by circumposition, a somewdiat tedious operation. PLANTING OF COCO-NUTS. Although the cocc-palm is very productive when favorably planted, there are two kinds of soil on which it will not grow profitablv. Upon thin soil overlying rocky foundations and upon compact clayey soil which retains water, no gen- erous growth will be maintained. The best sites are to be found upon level lands exposed to the sea breeze wdier'e the soil is good, as in valleys which have been filled up with rich humus from the hills, and along river banks. Where the soil is rich the crops will be enormous. A loamy sand is also very favorable to good development. In preparing the holes for planting coco-nuts they should be made about three feet deep, and filled in to half their depth with soil from the surrounding surface. A plant so started will gain perceptibly upon one set in too small a hole. 144 REMARKS ON THE PALTA OR AVOCADO PEAR. By William T. Brigham. Forty-one years ago the best palta tree in Honolulu was in Judge Montgomery's garden, the place now occupied by the St. Louis College. It was of the purple variety and the judge kindly sent one of these rare fruits to Horace Mann and my- self, who had recently come to these islands. We neither of us liked this fruit, at which the giver expressed his satis- faction, "as there were not enough to go around." Near ihe head of Pauoa valley was a very neglected tree, which, in my botanizing rambles, I at first took for a part of the forest, but on examining the fruit found it a small green pear. It was the first tree of the kind I had seen, and I after- wards learned that it had been planted by the Spaniard Manini or Marini, who introduced so many good fruits. On Kauai at the Princeville estate belonging to R. C. Wyllie. Hawaii's greatest Minister of Foreign Afifairs, T found a tree bearing a rough-skinned green fruit, which I learned to like although it was far inferior to those now cultivated in Honolulu. On Hawaii were the largest and oldest palta trees. Mr. Wyllie was consul for Peru or Chili, or perhaps both, and may have imported the fruit, but he was not the first one, for the paltas were here in 1825. The wood of the Persca gratissinia is of fine grain and rich color, and at one time was in great demand in England for fur- niture under the name of Barbados mahogany. Specimens in the Bishop Aluseum from one of the large trees of Hilo cer- tainly show a pleasing cabinet wood. My object this evening, however, is not to describe all the history and good qualities of this favorite fruit, which I wish we could call by its original Spanish-American name of Palta in place of the absurd avocado or lawyer pear, or the stupid corruption alligator pear. I intend only to give you briefly some of my experience in cultivating this fruit. We here are all too ready to merely plant the seed and do nothing more ; we "push the button" and leave the rest to Providence. This institute is established, I believe, to help us to make some exertion ourselves, and by so doing better our products. In 1888 I was supplied with very good- paltas of the pur- 145 146 pie variety grown by a friend in Pauoa valley. As these were of one variety I selected the best fruits, — that is those that tasted best and had the best form without consideration of the bearing qualities of the parent tree. In 1890 I took six of the most vigorous plants resulting from these selected seeds to my present residence on Judd street and planted all but one in the ground on the Ice side of the house, as this tree needs shelter from the winds, which are often strong in that part of Nuuanu valley. The soil was not originally good, and the place was rocky, but by blasting out the most objectionable ledges and replac- ing them with earth removed from the site of the house, wdiich was then enriched with both natural and chemical manures, a fair chance was given the young trees, which grew well. The fruiting- results were curious. One on a more rocky bed produced a small green fruit much inferior to the parent, and as the tree was in the way T cut it down. Another tree in perhaps the richest part of the yard grew well, l)ut the fruit of the first bearing was green, rough-skinned and watery; it is shown in the first two specimens on the left of the lower line in tlie illustration. It w^as disappointing, but careful cul- tivation wrought a great change the next year, the product being shown in the two middle specimens of the lower line, and the change was nor merely one of size but the quality of the fruit was entirely changed from a watery, tasteless fruit CO a pale yellow, rich, custard-like fruit not so oily as the aver- age pear of the market. It is a good bearer, yearly, and the fruit sets well, but does not keep as well as the purple vari- eties, although the skin is thick and tough. My best tree so far as growth and size and quality of fruit go, is one for which I had no very good place and so left it in the box in which it was transported from the nursery. In time the bottom of the box rotted, the roots penetrated deep into a rich bed around a fountain basin, and as the tree grew very luxuriantly, I 'eft it to fruit and show its quality. The result was a long smooth, green fruit with a rich, dark orange, nutty-flavored meat and very small seed. The two fruits shown on the right of the lower line were from this tree and weighed 2)^ and 33 ounces. So far as the quality of the fruit is concerned, I could ask for nothing better, but while the tree blossoms early with the greatest profusion, very few fruits 147 cOme to maturity, and these are apt to decay at the stem end if not picked promptly. Another tree much resembled the parent, and the fruit is shown in the left hand figure, upper line ; it was purple. The best all-round tree of the lot bears annually a good crop of well-sized (i6 to i8 oz.) purple fruit shown in the remaining specimens on the upper line of the figure. These, as will be seen from the sectional specimen, have sufficient meat and medium sized seed. Keeping qualities are good and they have been sent to Sydney, N. S. W., in good condition, and on the tree a succession of fruits has extended the season to six months (April to October). Here then are marked variations from a single tree that would have given Mr. Luther Burbank great pleasure and a fine chance to develop better points. But Mr. Burbank's process is no secret, and the way is open to you gentlemen of this institute to modify the Palta to such forms and qualities as may better serve the needs of transportation and the palates of those to whom this delicious fruit is strange. I know of no fruit where the prmcii)le of variation is more marked, or which yields more readily to treatment. If it be thought worth the while, we have a good stock to experiment upon, for I have tasted the West Indian varieties and those of Guatemala, and to my taste the fruit grown on these islands is superior to these competitors. I have not eaten the fruit from the west coast of South America, probably its native soil, but I know fairly well the little cultivation it gets there, and I am convinced that without cultivation, the finest qualities of the Palta never appear. SHIPMENT OF ALLIGATOR PEARS. The alligator pear can be shipped in cold storage. Success- ful shipments have been made by the Hawaii Experiment Sta- tion, as far East as New York City. This salad or breakfast fruit is one commanding special prices for fruits of good size and quality. Selected shipments sell for from $4 to $6 per dozen, in San Francisco. The local demand is also large and local prices are quite satisfactory. The alligator pear is a tree susceptible of orchard cultivation, requiring less water than citrus fruits. It grows better at the lov/er than at the higher elevations, seldom producing a crop of fruit when grown above 2000 feet. It likes protection from winds. — Jarcd Smith. 148 THE SILO IN HAWAII. The recently constructed silo at the Kamehameha Schools' farm and its storage with silage for the first time on the i6th inst., has occasioned much interest among the several agri- culturists who are watching the experiment and recognize its value to Hawaiian agriculture if successful. While the practical preservation of green fodder in silos^ dates back to a hundred or more years ago, European husband- men being the first to make this application of the ancient's practice of storing grains in pits, the ensiling system was not introduced into America until 1879 upon the appearance of a translation of A. Gaffart's noted French work on "ensilage." Since then the silo has made wonderful progress in the United States — numbering 91 in 1882, it is estimated that half a million are now in operation throughout the Union — where ensilage is almost universally recognized as one of the most economical and satisfactory food stuffs obtainable for dairy cattle. The se\'eral recent successive dry years in Hawaii and the consequent shortage of green, succulent pasture and fodder for dairy cattle for the greater part of the year, led the writer to investigate the adaptability of the silo to Hawaiian condi- tions. While in California in the fall of 1904, a number of lead- ing dairies where the modern silo formed an important feature were visited, five silos, varying from 100 to 250 tons capacity, in operation from one to four years, were carefully studied. Reports and observations were so favorable in this investigation, wdiere climatic and other conditions were so nearly like our own, that the experiment of introducing the silo into Hawaii seemed well worth while. A 65-ton silo was planned for use on the schools' farm last fall ; the staves of a 20,000-gallon water tank being available, these were utilized for the body of our silo. By inverting each alternating stave, the tapering form of the tank was converted into a perfect cylinder 16 feet in diameter and 18 feet in height. This was set upon a concrete foundation which also formed ^Silo — an air-tight structure used for the preservation of green fodder in a succulent condition. Silage — the feed stored in a silo (formerly called ensilage). 149 the walls of a thirty-inch pit, giving the silo a total depth of about 20 feet. The top of the silo is capped with a shingled conical-shaped roof; immediately under the roof, an open space, a foot in width, is provided for ventilation. Three doors, one above the other, and facing the barn, provide an easy means for removal of the silage, but the filling is done through a dormer window in the roof. The plan and pictures herewith will give a good idea of the construction and general appearance of the Kame- hameha silo. The more important requisites of a silo are that its walls should be as nearly air-tight as possible, else the loss from ex- 150 cessive decay of the silage will be very great. The structure must be rigid, and the inner surface smooth and uniform, so as to facilitate the rapid and complete settling of the silage, and it should be budt of durable material. Then the fodder should be of suitable kind and at the proper stage of maturity. KAMEHAMEHA SCHOOLS' SILO Hawaii's First Silo; Completed March 15, 1906. Filled April 15, 1906. Indian corn, all things considered, has thus far proven the most satisfactory silage crop. It should be harvested w^hea the seed begins to glaze, and the whole plant utilized. In practice it is difficult to make the silo absolutely air-tight, so that even in the best budt structures there is some unavoid- able loss; this is variously estimated at from 5 to 12 per cent. 151 The surface layer, which rots to a depth of from 3 to 6 inches, seals the mass below, no further covering- being necessary. After feeding- begins, which may be at any time after active fermentation has ceased, a sufficient quantity, say from four to six inches, must be fed off daily to keep ahead of mould and decay which results from each fresh exposure to the atmos- phere. The number of cattle fed should govern the diameter of the silo — if 20 hea