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Hawaiian Forester

Hariculturist

ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry TERRITORY OF HAWAII

VOLUME 8—NUMBERS 1 TO 12 INCLUSIVELY

EDITOR DANIEL LOGAN

1911

HONOLULU, HAWAII THE HAWAIIAN GAZETTE CO., LTD. 1912 s

(2A. Copy vem Fe LI} p4e| or

OFFICERS AND STAFF OF THE BOARD OF COMMIS. SIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

COMMISSIONERS. Charles S. Judd, President and Executive Officer. J. M. Dowsett P. R_ Isenberg H. M. von Holt Albert Waterhouse

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden. David Haughs, Forest Nurserymaz.

Joseph F. Rock, Consulting Botanist.

Bro. Matthias Newell, zz charge of Sub-Nursery at Hilo, Hawazt,. Walter D. McBryde, z2 charge of Sub-Nursery at Homestead, Kauat, David Kapihe, forest Ranger for Tantalus,

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. ’

Edward M, Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology and Chief Inspector. Albert Koebele, Consulting Entomologist.

Ee ee ae se Assistant Entomologist,

D. B. Kuhns, /xzspector.

Miss Louise Gulick, Laboratory Assistant.

Fred Muir, Beneficial-Insect Collector.

Bro. M. Newell, Aruzt and Plant Inspector, Hilo, Hawazit.

Robert R. Elgin, ) ( Mahukona, Hawazit, W. O. Aiken, | Honorary Fruit | Kahulut, Maut, W.D. McBryde, } and Plant Inspector 1 Koloa, Kauaz,

Dr. ‘W. B,Deas, | az | Hana, Maut,

Capt. C. F.Turne J | Kaanapali, Maut.

W. M. Giffard, Director, Fruit Fly Control. DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Territorial Veterinarian.

L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian.

H, B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Hilo, Hawaizt.

]. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Maut.

A. R, Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauat,

CLERICAL STAFF

Miss C. L. Seybold, Secretary and Clerk. Miss Anna K. Harrison, zbrarian. Daniel Logan, Hditor of the ‘‘Forester.”’

PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION. 3

Any one or all of the publications listed below (except those marked *) will be sent to residents of this Territory, free, upon application to Mailing Clerk, P. O. Box 207, Honolulu.

BOARD.

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900; 66 pp.

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902; 88 pp.

* First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, trom July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp.

Second Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905; 240 pp.; 8 plates; 10 text figures. Third Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906; 212 pp.; 3 plates; 4 maps; 7 text figures. Fourth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the calendar year ending December 31, 1907; 202 pp.; 7 plates.

Fifth Report of® the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the calendar year ending December 31, 1908; 218 pp.:; 34 plates.

Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910; 240 pp.; 45 plates.

“Notice to Importers,’’ by H. E. Cooper; 4 pp.; 1903.

“Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Fruits, Vegetablea etc., into the Territory of Hawaii.’’ General Circular No. 1; 6 pp.

CONTENTS

PAGE pe uicuiure and “Porestry, Board of fi 7 Ni2e4Gk LO Pe:

Ae 2 ee eae 30, 43, 99, 114, 161, 178, 295 Pia), Pachistt y; --Mwision (of. 2 io0u0. UO EIR. + THAST9, 360 Peepers Ott Mie AG MONO I). bisii Seen, by . 356 ee ONE o> eee aes ore Pen oo! Sle MR. Poo}. eos 39 banana Miseases-in Ametica-and.Cuba.....sheere cee ee ve Banana Diseases in Cuba (Dr. Edwin F. Serre or sy ob 33 CSE VIONE 1) o tase of Regrets ove oY pe AST. APL 137 otamieal-tepistaut, Report of the: oi). 0). oe. 6. We ASB, 55 Erde rer emeiecn... PUP Fe PO, PITS best Gane: 223 By Authority—Arbor and Conservation Day.............. 338

Peramwer.epn cian 39). Pure. 90 IO I. ORR 104

Prediemancamshruit. Ply sean A CRA. 38

Resta -Vonest eserves) UF. Seo ae... 104

Froclamation of- Forest) Reserve. in Punar'../. 2... 22224

Proclamation of Forest Reserve in South Kona and Kau 190

Canadian-Cooperative: Fruit. Association. ..2. 6... 20578, 20. SES Memcdeh Gone b tee: GNe. ics finde cree es 138 Changes in Boundary in Two Forest Reserves............ 69 eeese ofolawalis: Rhedhe.. Pies ogee Fuss. rr Nates 335 Combustion of Atmospheric Nitrogen (James)............ 333 Concrete Materials for Farm Improvement............... 308 eet gitar) Wieewiigews ioc pec ite nlaeeeowlawia i andl. 1 Conservation of Health, The—What the Individual and Cor- ero eat do. Criohdy). « «. ..iviw, .<3e2 2. 178 18 Gaeecuaion mathe Soro taityp sf). 2 cau dre. fe BFE 328 Conservation of Water Power ( ae By BIRSlG SIGHGY BD rae rely Romer reo leita. eit 2. rae lk. ARG GAAS Cotton: Growing in the: West Indies: 2.7.10)... cs. 8 feu BEN Ct oor as op wo nt hie gi eee he Scag es acne es oie anbeolt, 222, ‘Course of Study for Elementary Schools (Gibson) ........ (339

peeves: aiid. Geestarinet 3.) 2 lion /é.tecor) ot pouelouand4

PAGE Culeire of Goffee, Whe. 2.222. ue. oo 270 Derwe Bananas:in, Germany. sae. «a - S. cee Je 40 ee rine eS, METTLE. Gs Zao Entomological Investigations 5vem.i: .<:h..0 ie ieee ere 123 Entomology, Division of— Bandatia Importation; Special Report--onck js nee eee 30 Report on Inter-Island Inspection of Fruits, Vegetables, - Plants and SOM. ck.. ace cre xp ee 187 ReRer tS 2 :,...,... eee 51, 102, 164, 188, 218, 236, 296, 358 Economy in the Use of Surface and Artesian Supplies (W. Smith)... a. cpedpee 2 cede tes. so wee ee ee ce 23

Fidiorial. i+ :.. 1,39, 73, 109, 185; 169/195, 229257, 2eaod aU fiffect of Fertilizers on the Growth of Pinweapplesy The

(Janies)......s° . cadieesseley & Jenene 142 Extension Work of the College of Hawaii, 1908-1911

(MacCaughey).....%25 3& .. 04 4:52 see ee 197 Farmers wnstitutes for Young People: .). 9/24. se ees 290 Forest Fire’ Wardens‘... vi g2>. «3% Jeena: to eee ae 220 Forest Nurseries fot Scitoels..3+...55 +. cat io pale ee 262 Forést Nursery, The. 704.2... 4. 4a ee iy eae Forestry, Division of—

Reports<.;.9.-5 eke aoe 48, 180, 214, 232, 298, 303, 355 Forestry in Our Country Schools, (Huse) J. ..¢ eee 220 Fowls for Table,.: .sawdhs. se ieghea a eee eet ee oe 270 Geology of Oahu in Its Relation to the Artesian Supply,

The. CHitchcock)... . :csegogitea ates ax sarees eee 27 @6yertiinent Publications @. tgif sae boil. oa £u 90 (overmor -reags Address. -2ey sami ke doh ee 5 GTeat,.Coffee Corner, The (Me@hesney 4 .¢.). aes 206 Hawaiian Science. Valued Abroad: 2:0. 55... 4 eee 39 FlawaitiIrrigation Committee vi s.).¢. 4. 2. + 307 Hawaiian Rubber Growers’ Association, Fourth Annual

ROCCO oi. My. reheat « Ao 10s Oe 75 Filo Animal ‘Quatantiné Statiomsins. s. .).qk. 4h ae. See

Impofttance of the Farm Woodlot, Thei;.«. 7) evdeee Bares 276

PAGE Ilmperation 6: Biteheld Bananas ai 1903 ....00 oe 35 Patmence-or mame im: Milking: :... fees. OS. ole. . fay 2 eens Heme myc Ol ce. a. 254 Lemon Tariff and the San Diego Exposition, The........ ‘> 200 aemeromienis, Gerri ft < Wider... 2. gee we ee 107 BOR PAG Le ae noe no ew do nn ees oe cee ss 229 DN PPO CGC) dg bi eine so «os age dw» ye De oa, 0 8s Zo Moakine- Wiser se of All-Qur Lands ( Wilcox) ).........,. 14 a eter mnite blah So re Sos path hele sie oss 285 Meth MAIC So ore pe 2: omic, a Gino claege neon S 6 esate oS 170 Peat ROSS Me EC UELATE) goog hs o/s cpus’ bile Behe spay de » 9 185 PiemisecalolLower tor the Par... isi. eos eo hes one. FZ ery wr Lomo, Te oie NG eee a ace oo BLENDS 246 pate uctan ce weport .( Main “Morests). Git. n sGilrteate. 170 eet ein ame. (\ Meseiny ie iy) Spa ree. ole. 183 Peapiestocs mynenenoo Principals. 1:24.) 500 PD. ..) 74 iue@tsetyiman s Report. (Forestry) .-....-+-.01. POs: oe 128 Mee stecte epom, tne... 20. Sedo ee aS et ees ak: 255 Peete ee weierekeaners . fl. Sa A aie tl. cen 273 Openime fiddress by Hon. Marston Campbell... ......0.. 1 Part Played by the Forest in Conservation, The (Hosmer)... 10 enters OC Widetazite 6s oe ee phe a Ue ees jo] Plant Materials in Nature Study Teaching, The Use of SO ree oi ae eck atten sl Coe ces 129 Ptpeleimation.(Arber and-Couservation Day)...........- 338 Production of Volatile Oils and Perfumery Plants......... i ae ee 258 ean Weare Si In OeG Vi Nina). 2 aed nk b cs « Slee wns Swe ss 184, 223 Se leh re he es Ue a oes ee eed bane 306 Report of the Committee on the Introduction of Birds into ime Ceavatian Perms Le ee se ete See ee eee es 61 Pam nee ay AA GSN aed 20d tees alia th hae Sctaaa SS ala whet acl be ale woe 126 Mere eewee liens FOV ING ic. oti. Pel ine eee. 222

Geter Gametiro, biel... 6 { jaere ll ke be eee eee ras)

vi PAGE

School Gardening.in Hawaii as Related to Agricultural

education. ( MacCaughey ) = tee.....6 io oe See eee 240 seWeol-Gatdens .......:. Janeen oe eee 254 School Gardens in Jamaica! game :..:. 2... 2 ae 281 SencAxAme}lioration (agers) = seer >. se ee #1 hia 139 Seuth, Kona Forest Reséryemee:. 2: Woe ee 65, 1/0 Syllabus fora Course in General Botany, Aves... 286 Theory Regarding the Manganese Soils and Pineapples, A

(Vamies)o5.... . a Saeko. 2 ee 176 Unrecorded Specimens of Two Rare Hawaiian Birds

(Bangs)... . 0. . SRR see aut Use of Plant Materials in Nature Study Teaching (Mac-

Gatiouey):. i... ¢<29 222 ae ee, 156 Vierretaisles -.. 2... 5s <1 a's 6c miiemcren te ay ete 280 Weed Destruction in the Phiftepimes .¢.30.. 2305.5). Paes 22 Work of the Department of Agriculture on Bee Diseases.... 213 Work of the Territorial Teachers’ Association for 1910-11.. 171 Weorld’s*Cotton, The. ;.... oe)... (eases ae eee 167

INDEX

PAGE

Agriculture and Forestry, Board of Commissioners of, minutes.... eh ee ONE AOE me ee ee 8 Sa ee ee 43, 99, 114, 115, 161, 178, 295 MGwinoly Aommarpee,, WEPOrt Of. 2... 2... oe hi es tk 6 we nt es 295 anna oN MPC LY ee tr Aidit win ois 2 0c + muerein le Siege d ol aia. nie of 6 163 A aT RANA EDS oe ire Rey al ora, Pin Shank Sx 0. 9 a's wT AEN goes 100, 104, 114 Penoreialamitde. Wap OrLabi@l) OL... 2)... . ssi annals 0% 55 dm enejesec® 101 ae PNET BIG Olin 2 dic 5 ns, ao wie lasers 6 oe + od gener Mie dh akan as 45, 161 Birds; Report of Committee on Inrtoductron of............... 61 By Authority—Mediterranean fruit fly rule and regulation...... 38 ea ie es EN es oS ow earns aie x Sin = 6s einen eer e oo vee + 04's we 161 Cape a SHEAINIGE SANOWAVS . 655.5 imo. id < ani old eye Ke = eb, Heed ope he 101 ete ES ace a Fos oily cw >. ~ 10 Rees asset or Msn 4 « 5, cai 116 mR, PERU ie F< ai wid ee obec aue, Soe. Dor.» deeiSiegs a catens , "iy ising Sim ayaa 115 Od Dans os Wanton Zoi ah edd on! oe, sD Rad oto 44, 102, 179 ART Sas, Ros ays PE Ses oan ee hv 0 RE Mahe? Benin Shih 43, 178 NEE Omnia a Wn, ENS «oo We ois ood Pog wr eth HE 28s Sees 161 CR TE ee la Ale oo a, 0 2) Pie va: Bi arn, ¥ said wi P's oP on wher Mts ecole teal oy 0% 47 Oe rn Pe TNR treo aaa oho co oe ke, w:9 Pha bane 5 Ge esB Eyeliner CR «0,90. Olbun ets 178 PemeecOc mma MSPeCEOr 6 TESISUALON . oo. 3 << coerce. 5 6h npe odie ib app els 102 PEAS TIED TUG a, wick pefay on, site ahie oleh YS ny inn nfs), poe gd, a2 afd 38, 44 Ne INPRO es ae Rie iin okt 6 np b iG BM cle! ngsloo 099s = 8 » PEtew Xe3 47 Pima eM TE SUE Cie tb wicks oh em Ws ere otarwha Sorel 6 Fp esp pve .ase!'s ahalaym 95 162 Mansion vine, The... 265 < ese +s DARN TCT, i ee 100, 115 ROReMARRCH A, CEECOUSIGINGED, 50 co alias viv « 5 < oho Sid wainlindegshe ale Rod oo of 6 pia yet 115 SN i 0 Do orc Bis ice Tet salah Si a = «hela epiniies teat aie .0 GP si aie = (5 9 tHE 162 DIS SIGUE ges oe ee ee cee a ty ee ee Sane 100 Pee iee eE ced De URE ATE «Sialic Lo 0: 4 We ola W ak SipPondocanh she & o0ltanths 179 Fea es RI PA TP oa oy on os Wa ai Silael aheiancn aie oo .0uss/ «fin paren ms)» 100; 107,, 116; 127 Special committee to communicate with California........... 296 SEU Tr) 1 ov! 2 ee ge en os ae ae 45, 101 ide br women ai: IOTEGe: TEGCTV ES cia: chee <4 -<\o she aan S nrlsege « “le Fah 179 Anumal Industry, Division of, Reports . «<6. 6.0. .aimen 117, 248, 319, 360 aii) Omaraktine, ovation, ElOnolal. ois. c sem bem oie eae ele gees 363 eer WU NeTeUION a Mille CAMMAION «62.5. 5c «xs Sept ooepF el «ope aiken 325 I A CER Ee RA oo Sic gins Lan ithe Es is ste on « S', 4 tyemele 360 Hide a wimalsOvarantine Station... os. 6% ded + spq are 122, 324, 327 Pamper Gan OL MIN VE BCOCK 505 .<10.5 2 Gye fo o)aao.a Fiala a's ol aan a heft xm @ halt 122 Meeting of American Veterinary Association...............06. 321 Progress of Work in the Division of Animal Industry, The...... 323

Report of committee on report of veterinarian on milk supply Sorted RTI ROMY eal APE an Se ok «os «aw yepe rath aye 2'D)s, aly Shales ha a8 252 eee iS IR GET SE ALPEN io oa Shy on oy 00.6%, + Veg woes Siarahs 1am, xm Sythe 363 cA oC TS SPC reste Mag) See ee a 147 Ve eI ECS ey en ne Pe en 360 oO RS SO a Tae ae ge ee ae ea ee a ee 319 maimesphneric Nitrogen, The combustion Of... 22. .6 02. ee ee nee ee 353 meas aes eek OT UP ENR raha ans onic SES) cies w nen ew ia sepa Ge! diam, os Sia S pst 0,8 'o.259 33 Padma Cineases 10 jAMericCa ANG UDA... .,. 6... cane iene inv ets es cane 31 Dananas, importation ef Bluefields in 1908..............c000c00ees 3D ppecialsceport on banana impertation. .. 2). 20220. SUE ESP, 30 Bee Diseases, Work of the Department of Agriculture on.......... 213 Pee Peta Cire Iieeelk LU Pots ss Soe fk ke ek. eget eee el ee 273 CO OUENOM Ene ae Sie eee st Te es ee eek tra ote ee 279 Pmpecvasn eoyemmen, decision bY. ee SOE EEE ee, 273

See ATE AOC EUGENES 5.) st ae esto ete Dive Wi e's als cle ee ie ok wes 275

PAGE Pima Lin POrLation Ol.j ce. .... 5. ie Seen... ..28 oie s Se eee 2 117 Heport of committee on. imtroduemean of ....... 225... 52:.2%.. 61 Business Concerns— ¢ weeexander 6 Baldwin . :. .: ccs - os. acon cc's we © eres ee 43, 450 Pamela ENG Fic. . «<5 95a 6 a 000% 9s a3 a ee a 208 Atmosphere Products. .Compamiy ae... «>... : oie ewe eee « 393 Brenop FSCate . x... < op Cena etme sn a. ay 5's "a, 2 0 ee 65, 69 Paeweland ta Gydeé. .. 2. <vas see esse ee = Pe ae, Ee 303 Cowirewer “& Co... - io ee eee ss oe os ee 64, 70 idee ta oes” .!.'. |... s/c kpecaeeeeeneneie ae ce eet. ale Se ate ee 365 SurmwellRanch . ...o' syste: Sse ses ne aes § es 304 sopsman (@ ‘Bros. .’. de Agee eee: oon Se os Seen: ee 208 Wrecoman '& Sielcklen yi 2sesqo eo. ous sae 2 3 re 208 ay a: Hobingon . .. i. ae eee alae aan see 2 oS oe een: A 161, 162 Ceres ESTOS... . ado te ne eR Oe = ee rok a CE 5 148, 155 Ceoverrarm” ....... fraeecte sca. oye oct ns |. nn 23 Hackteld ' Fertilizer Worlits i307. c ues: 220 ones > ee 85 Hiawanan: Acricultural” Ggmpany 20; . 005. ck. eae 71, 180 Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company................. 304, 355 Hawarian’ Development-O0 fis fy ee ee a ste ee Se 184, 217, 235 Hawarsa Gazetto Cal Worcs oO tess oe ee ce Se eee 215 Bagel Co. 2... . ociivis!. ne see hs ate ees e 26 Honoteta’ Dairymen’s. ‘Assogiathion. Vo. 2. ae. oe = 248, 323 Honpinli * Plantation Co. Veriy, oi. oe es ee cet 2: ee eee 128 Horeer’s Hanch .... 0... hae os CoN a int Oe eee, 56 Huateliason Sugar PlantatignW@o.-)25: 2.2.27 .0 - <8 ase - gene 69 John’ Bale, Sons & Danielson, Bitd . 2.2) >. Seto... s sae ee 137 KeknhasBugar Co... 2. Ses ecae faa se fo oe ee 26 KilaneafSugar Plantation Gens . oi: .20¢00, ees ee 217 iKulcumisele’ Plantation . icgeee: 22002 Say os pe ee © 2 306 Levi@aea ‘Ranch ... .. Wigs «AoC CSA ats acs 3 233 Maur Agricultural Compamy.>-°.'. .'s<s's'5 ten » = pe 2 Makes Sugar: Co... ete es OSs te le gow le 26 MeéBryd@e Sugar Co: soci ss tsi. 2a Ra a 26 Molotat Ranch ... . -V@oges . f25. cee eee ae See 2 ae 2 55 Nabike Rubber’ Co. 2555260. <'s'. an SS Sh ee Cea spd oe 75, 93 Nelson, Morris @ > OOG53.6 ths thre ge ye 6 eee «oe 320 Gali Sugar’ Co. . . .°. Soi siFawin ao age fee ee = oye op oe Oe 26 Onter Bros.'.\c'. . . . 0.5 eles 2k ee ee eee ay ig ee 69 Paauhan Plantation’ ‘veces eee so ele | ee dee oe 116 Pacific Guano and Fortier (aio n) :: : sere sl a eee 155, 178 Pacific ‘Sugar Mill. ..9'e eh pale ee wp oe 2 evap Oa ae 300 Parker Rane. «.°.°. ss 24s eee te ie aes 2 ee 101, 298, 299 Pioneer’-Mill Co... oo, . 723 Sere eas ode sala a ee oe 26 Puna’ Plantation. ..:. 2.2. Si Pease os bee ke rn 91 Pupukea Water Users’ Asse0emition.\. 22... 2... 2. tee 179 Rothseliids, “The: :.:. .:.'. ches gen alate eels aes ans, <n 208 Schuman ‘Carriave Co: .sfc2 fees ties: 62 ts aa. 324, 265 See dairy licenses in City and County of Honolulu............ 251 Lkpiete Dairy: .. 23: taeeeeeeeee Node i So oee > «Ps oss eee 58 Waialua ‘Apricultural ‘C035. 504 Saks. 6 oe eas 128, 129, 233 Waianae Company-..:.iitaVieee.. sede ser 26, 303 Wailuku Sugar Company........... ens eke sb» yee nn 49, 64, 70 Wainitha’ Power, Plant... 071 osu s.r 116 By Authority— ; Proclamation Arbor and Conservation Day...........+.+ssee.es 338 Proclamation of Forest Reserve in Puna............s.seeeeees 224 Proclamation of Forest Reserve in South Kona and Kau....... 190

Proclamation of Modification of Boundary, Kau Forest Reserve. 106 Proclamation of Modification of Boundary, West Maui Forest BECSETVE 6 cee sede wens ose Ues Scya'b'« npn» oh ene 104

. ix

By Authority— Continued.

PAGE

Rule and regulation, Importation of banana, etc.............. 104 Rule and regulation, Mediterranean fruit fly.................. 38 Canadian CoOperative Fruit Associations................000 eee eeee 313 Pe CHAE a yc, ar SET One ica cde bu wal! 313 Determining the prices to be paid the growers................. 318 MemeeMLOM TOs ITIEIG DESOCISLIONS, |; ., . . .0.G8IFh -aibd ole Safwan d 316 Peeeen EPO SHBURIRCIONS, p55 +... os cic emt pare dee tase i 314 aeertue ate. Peewine tie Trait... .. s+. : see bik oealdesineds 317 Management and expenses of fruit associations............... 315 PURE ATES MICMBERIEG yh you ldcst i hye tic « oot bia SHAG + ip) ve weer’ 315 SatmREM IAM, SE Res hha fe. 2s coded fate weber ass 138 ia Cer I MSOLCRREN TRANG A DOUE otha 25 sin) nA oide OMe gis Ga sib ne one 254 Memeewtower Ui Ty pao, bees ss Fs ood. os cds oad eo cae. ee 8 256 PtOe) BRO MOWING ie. ss fo dk! yi j4nis ns bY esp ER) cease oes, BOO

College of Hawaii, The— Department of Extension Work—Correspondence—Courses—Pur- poses—Subjects in Detail: Soils and crops, plant life, practical horticulture, poultry culture, cooking, zodlogy. .355-337

Sreesmon ‘work of the, 1908-1011. .o2.c.c ci dda sai ce. 197 mereultural, problems of Hawaii... 02.526 i woe dee dde. aes 199 REE Adena a See Dat tase bianca be Fs ee eyed Wp wks ed He 3 198 rene rN mer. hel ly girs Gv beret SPREE ey aCh acorn eens 198 RE NO RD Salter gid a Seeded» Wile Middl PPR» Slelwin Sidhe Bk a) hee 199 rere MRC as Od hs FOUL «pete eh Ae SE gab. ce. 199 SUaUNI Rie. Pas retiy eats i tab dats «ois ely ine Sah s atten. ss 198 en COMING ELL Da Re . LB ih «dace WES « dela ralauls a ispe ees 199 ent eeGreeire ns aie kia. cid. ends <e Be bilbve ebil piam> Lon 198, 199 Maries PCa eek ot eee = TAOS A. . obs RMR ORO TA «olor «Fig xe 199

Sub-topies: Agricultural literature, astronomical demonstra- tions, bacteria in their relation to health and disease, botany of economic plants, bovine tuberculosis in relation to health, correspondence courses, entomological inspection, feeds and feeding, foods and diet, kindergarten teachers, movable schools, our insect friends, our worst insect ene- mies, other special courses, plan and scope, planting the home grounds, poultry and profits, preservation of fruits, preduction and marketing of fruits, purpose, sanitary

BasreIn es, SUNICCCH Mi BEtOL. 5 t25 2s ek eda ele. dee Hes 199-203 Concrete material for farm improvements...................000- 308 IEEE NCEE IMEI DENTS, 6 FFG 5 od deep) bos + vir bie TREE BG IRS ee i

Conservation of Health, The—What the Individual and Cor-

poration Can Do—Address by Dr. W. C. Hobdy........... 18

Conservation of Water Power—Address of Mr. Alonzo Gartley. 25 Economy in the Use of Surface and Artesian Supplies—Address

SO PN eS) en on ee ema 23 Geology of Oahu and Its Relation to the Artesian Supply, The—

Pee Ones gear’ Pelee ly TA RSILCOOCE, oe cieiiee a 5 shinee wa tyres ai 27 Governor Frear’s Address—Conservation a Practical Thing.... 5

Making Wise Use of All Our Lands—Address by Dr. E. V.

0 SS BOBS Pr errr err es a ae eee 14 Opening Address by Hon. Marston Campbell................. 1 Part Played by the Forest in Conservation, The—Address by

Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry.............

PUEDE TRNOINE TONE RRM: OIE 5 oo nse wm i oe Sone 0 inlet ak hs Vom Surin ace 238 Pa ineromine anstne: Weat Indies - 4...) 56 snc. 5 ee ee eee cee eee 268 RMS MMS GSP MEL Soe ih 4 Hea Seth hw fag hm wom ge om Ped n dim iw oye gine Hee wes 167 nS MTN MIT oo drm ea: ww Wh os 0s Wee nina ee oy we 8 ete RD 271 er erat rk oe eh re 32'S TS acai « vteG So ly wk Wlawe''s pie mie ‘ets ew ob 253

PAGE Editorials—

iBauana cloth. S82. . SSS eee. Soe 2 ee me 39 Goenseryation ‘meeting: . . 2). ecemee es «Ok Tok es oe ee 1 Book review (‘‘ Notes on soil and plant sanitation, ete’’)...... 137 Cowpeas and-the farmer.,: off: 4.5... See 74 Dried bananas in Germanyo.-caeees: s 2 050 Se eee ee 40 Hawaiian science valued abroad................ OMe oe eben a eed 39 Looking. to: the futuré. 2. ieee. ae. SL ee ee 229 bianutfactures. in Hawaii. Mies oan seeks “ied aes Skee. Sag eee 283 Marketing. of products: saa 7 ace chs 0, Se ee 170 Mr. Gurran’s. report: 4oae steers «Wi... 5 Sos och eet 170 Notice to: ‘public sehuel -preipals: 2:02... eee 74

Paragraphs—Absence of official reports, 257; agriculture a pro- fession, 257; appointment commissioner and president, 169; article by James, 169; articles reprinted from this maga- zine, 135; avocado pear, 196; Aryshire official records, 283; banana planting, 136; book on cane sugar, 136; Canadian coOperative fruit associations, 311; catalogue of bulletins, 196; correspondence courses in agriculture, 311; dry farmed products exposition, 195; English rural education, 232; farmers’ institutes for young people, 135; fertilizing of pineapples, 136; forest nurseries for schools, 135; Gala- pagos Islands, 110; Hawaii rival of Java, 231; homestead successes, 257; insectivorous birds, 169; international con- vention of veterinarians, 312; international rubber ex- hibition, 135; island butter, 196; L. Lewton-Brain’s posi- tion in Malay States, 232; marketing expert, 195; marketing superintendent, 232, 257, 284; Mediterranean fruit fly, 169, 283; milk ordinance, 231; Mr. Judd’s arrival, 196; palm weevil, 135; peanuts in Hawaii, 231; Philippine publica- tion on Hawaii’s sugar industry, 136; pineapple diseases, 135; pineapple between rubber trees, 136; President Taft’s advice, 311; protection for coffee, 231; small farming in Hawaii, 312; Teachers’ Association, 169; teaching grammar in agricultural schools, 40.

‘Philippine College’ magazine. tateiinner a bse 4. ee

Rubber Convention; "Thee 2079. «Fetes. LS a ee

South Kona Forest Reserve. ti. «4.0 aes 2 Sd

Mlemetitary Schools, Course @f Study: for. <.6t. Ss 2 ee

Cause of retardation im country schools. «22.80.4500 90. -4 +

Country~school coursez.<.’: ee 4. tage 1a. eee eee

Wourse “OF -sbudy.. . 2.60392. so esa aes. ote oe Be ee ee

Criticigms and notes thereom@si..20% J.0.50.05 0... ee

Lntnodietony ss. «2s. oc eee ee wa ew go Se he Ot e

fatoemotosieal Investigations? tees 23. ALES. SRS en

Entomology, Divison of— Banana restlations i: : its sme tron oh he es 1 Benencig| *Iiseeis... .. .. 7 kip to tee oe 125, 165, 189, 219, 237, Bindgeineportwom: . >. . ssi taeewen sp oe oe eee eee ee TORRE DE CEIOUS .”..>,. - tee iaeee ee eee 52, 165, 166, 189, 297, 298, Inspection of shipments. .51, 102, 124, 164, 165, 188, 218, 236, 296, iiierasiand “ms pection:. «ees ais =) "o ee ee ae = Ce 219, 237, inter-island. inspection of iruits, ete:, Report on. . tees Jumainess. beetles, Ste... a ov os os es as Ss 50 2 ees Monshiy reports.......°.°.; 30, 51, 102, 124, 164, 165, 188, 236, 296, Pamasises tor Midwsy:.. §iciegteeca 254s We... <p eer oe Pests intercepted.......52, 108, 125, 164, 165, 189, 219, 237, 297, Rice shipments... .52, 103, 124, 164, 165, 189, 219, 236, 296, 297, Veriats: pests studiedt..... 2.0. Seema ris 26 Se

Errata—Page 2, second line of third new paragraph, read ‘‘not’’

297 126 359 358 359 187 166 358

52 358 358

53

after ‘‘will.’’ Page 195, for ‘‘C. S. Sterrett’’ read ‘‘S. T. Star-

Téth

ei

PAGE Parmer. Ineudute for Young Peoples. .... i... 2 ire. cee cele pee 290 acm Wvecdian, The “ampotianee of the. sc :. 2 ese... 2 « capsfeoie sats 276 SeicmeeceNMESetes, LE PET oo eT 2 ls cqeiw minum © Sonipim ccd nonseip ae. 4 meee ee 262 Cate 6f ue nursery during yacations, "The... 3... 5-2 «m1 §es-0% 264 Cuan reEOnGd FO Elie WWESCRY coi. oii sop dagin os o.oo, cle ee ses 265 ROMA GIA DEE Wel SUUOOIS, 6 oo Ao wieid tien a 6 oo hip bib mbm as bie mee do 264 SI aw ett OF CL MO MUTASE Y CG 2) echo boca wee since agave, 0,4 oye nye es csydt 266 Distribution among pupils for home planting.................. 267 Pu SA GATS cig NCC oe ee a ec ee 264 me PRI eels Wen Si ee oy cag de Sse EOE! tin hes bls Sak oat 262 Making a school woodlot or forest plantation.............- 2... 267 PaIL ie ae BOMOGE, PTOHN IH. oie) 5 eins uw «ayes ee Ht SE RE eR 266 I ee oa ga ee 266 Se I I I in Bia tcl see ped on no vie gh pn al ® RY ose es ws 268 aa DEL Ce eeeNEA NAV MGNOE ge get wha ie adm teint «iFiasayatenapane Ad. = exace atu aa ati 266 Rae rene eta LEN MgB in dc wih wok oon dyno Ew wn oes, ws Rin, a POS 54 Forest Reserves— MME wae ete Wat tte ee, bx ae ek oo eo 09-71, 9951.06, 127; 180 GEE Os ee Se. Fe Me hr tps ee ss EN ee ag OES 44, 180, 295, 298 MIN RIE EE Fre tao, hee NS Sa |o'"s aha sor ene did ato @ Be wee se 116 Re Se oR ee ne ec re ne te 184, 217, 223, 224 Rr, rete FY vials oe Wie de SB eR 2 AS heed ka 44, 180, 181 rl ge Se ee Sage eae ee ee PEE Ho, °67} 69, 995.127, 216 eR ET a eS a Se are 190 SUPE ese Parishes hae eo ahha: 5! a7 g's g' 8 oe eld! a's WEES Sd Stee Serra 99 Nt WI ae nck a GS Wei whe 5 (ie (us Bim ye nw betes Pees 09 > 10; 408, 127 no ee on Pau aa bc FATAL So eget hy scare eg lm «ce eaeypan esol 303 Forestry, Division of— OMINan FOO RLEy fea ee. Fe ee, - OR ih. alg al 127 CRE Mh VIER Ai eig esa ss la dais» oes wb pe here Meek i. ahs: . 48, 55, 350 PRIMES POTEE OE O33 ROS... BRL awa ae 6 ot) 50 NE eee MME WNTEL. 5 eae tats ss Wein Sims» ou Searle oak 0 SMe ot (ote! 396 porgiesnl Assistants; Report of the... .cccaviere As ol. ee 55 Enea RIEUIN Pins 6a c Pt Sl. Oe a eR he ele 304 POcheree! Seeetioalins eh, - 2. ae. eek ted. Jos eel 182 Pee CMR EWEN be oa BR el. ets SER Pa pee in. Volant. WA! 301 Changes of boundary in two forest reserves...............0+0- 69 Pawel Imieeare HRDOOR ol iths MRI ae Se, Se AS 218 Members Vit BOWER 26h 2 TRAM AU esi Le It. land Abed a ee BON 235 Sensory Manion, Arber, Day. leo. sae. oR. ee yw 355 eM GACT? Ta AD. i co eas oa SS eR ieee die La dg ial 64 PMS CL DUSION: Ole PIADIS..<).6 02 6 oe 4 drwene wes 54, 55, 218, 235, 302, 305 Reema Wnts MOTOR UI Ss Rie ori ses. ad AN UO LS os 215, 216, 233 Sie ats INVOBtIAA LION LSS. eA maine LS daa eas 3 60 iret iO soe. WEGIWAL: +).5 So... aoe i tekis hee k.. 300 Kxperiment Garden, Makiki.. 3s.........5% 54, 55, 129, 235, 302, 305 egetalMTee PlentiMey coe ia eo in Rede'nns Dds 215, 233, 302, 306 eee dee eene PODOTER peice ss. ISIS Oe tel eG. 1d 49 Pnyecpiedsionm or Koolau forest... ......270 ank....\rose 5s as ah LO 182 Mokau Uivamen “planing 72205 eel vos. Peete an needs 300 Monthly reports: ..../c.6:.. 48, 126, 180, 214, 216, 232, 298, 3038, 355 ee tT Ae Mera Nia wen, BO eS IAS. oh Sa Sid.) a4 215 PUM NECCO se IGCLON 65. s2is.s e toe... ameds dalsailetas 60 Peeot PAMAT BABE IOEES: 500 oc kk cw spe ee ee ale TURNS las 128, 218, 302 ONCE AMA VR NCAA DOIN gla Was Wa. 'o Wa gress dnd seve sande ngondio Wl MLE ERE. SIGs 54, 55 eee Ont. Ate ters S..t, Seb tee. otters. bx bicisd 59 Pens eeintroanemiuny WOPK sisal. oes lee ealo tel). eds 51 Pageceer Platine ah. fonda. 2. Pes le. cb ke ee ee eee 301 Ptosmectiveuece Plantings agixAl Lek te. Bigul fos. Janl. tc 234 Popukes-Paunialw, Water. Reserves. ...-...502) 300600. os wired 44 306

Par RUINED ACNE eae can OE TR hep rales, clin. > eee, 0:5) 50 4, «Riles Suey acs. deh, 06.4 o agene

xii

Forestry, Division of—Continued.

PAGE eed: dase se... 5 oS Re: ios Cees Re 182 Special conservation: ‘meeting: ace as. osc ol. 2 eee eee 49 feerizorial -forest planting.“ seas... oe ox... eee ce ee 215 ree’ cutting on Tattalus: . gee... ee eee Cee 233 ree distribution «3°: .. »octeeeeee: | Se ee ee 301 Paps: plantimg .. : .i< .2:5 See re nae ee 181 ree planting on Maura “Med see.:..s. 5. cess MRE, cnctte tye re 299 ‘rees. for plantations, -ehes cameos a ae oe oe eee eee 356 Meto..to' Hawaii. : .i 3. 2 eee eae + o.5 5.0.6 oe Se ee 298 rape.to: Lianal .. . .v cog oe ae yes « lars. + 5 cme eee 232 Pripoto Maul... . . . deat ak eros eo eee 49, 303 U. S. experimental planting in Nuuanu Valley..... 215, 233, 302, 306 WAStbsbO- Waianae. . ice eases oe wate we. Sc See eee. eee 303 Weedon “Tantalus. soc: teers otis 2 a cok oe hee «ee 182 Nempbouks ... . . . 2b acee tna tees wene-ca: chs cee eee) 304 Porestry.anm our country. schooglss. -2c «>... .<..-sh2s ae See 220 Wosyls Hore ble. ... =... 1 siceapeemeneeee eeu ee le pat oot nes ocx" eee Se eee 270 Government Bodies— Bioloervcal. Survey, Uj. 8.2 Deget vA a e.7 5 eae Paes) sae 45 Beards ‘of Agricilture ands orestry: 5.4 sass cc oe) oo 2 Regret kt ss eae = a 1, 30, 49, 61, 78, 87, 97, 245, 246, 253 Boatdeet-Health : : 3 2 sce 2 Go sae Ale een 20, 23, 246, 253 Hoardsor Supervisors: 2. ee ees shh. e . a eee 122, 246, 253 Bureau, of Agriculture (Philippines)....32 2: 42¢8: 44 fe «ee Bens 109 Bureau of Animal Industry. ; -*ae es. ae = 1, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323 Buréanvert - Biological: Survey.wue S: Ds ofA... cae, : Pacer 61 Bureqmept: Chemistry i ic. Sa, ss-ant hls 5 ees ss eet 274 Bureagrot. Education, Depot the Jhiterion.. 2fgic.:-.det-sdar ent 344 Burge lof -Fintomology sae... uk. ia 5s se a ee Ee 1 Bureaneot, Forestry . .s.)smane 2 o:n's he 2 Meee See eee 1 Califorma. Commission sof -Apriculture.. .. <<: aa! no9.l deeb eee +4 Department of Agriculture for the West Indies............... 262 Depariment of Agricolture,.of Canada... ..,.... hss 258, 261, 316 Department of Forestrytas\;W ashinvtion «)-2cak <tins. te eee 221 Department of PublieMinstmetion, . wks. :) teen See igfp;. 197 Department of. Public Gands and, Survey <.... «boss 2 seh, goebeol as 1 Department, of, Public. .Werks.-...2 okeii: 18h es aera KS Mederal Reclamation Seryicest gers. ..5554 +5. os eee 6 Morestzy, bureau US'S) ack. Ae i. So Se SS see 1 Geological: Survey, U.S wince eves» eee ee eee Lge Government Printing Office, Washington.................. 351, 352 Heya. lrrigation “Commitiee..... 2... sige: tun geleeeeee 307 HyditestapMme Burvey ... 6. soe. Abe ee ahe nts eee | Tjesasiaperes EM, \,.. 5... «0, Bea npscdaperssie e,5. 15.0.) SR OS > See ee 100, 295 Phibppime.Burean, of Forestry. .s .<...s 22 ea ee ee 116, 182, 185 Pisuppine Forest. Reserve... <2. . aire. sseljat =25 eee eee 179 Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock.............. 142 School itund: Comimission:74..228 cosy. 640,45 «5 ede ee 243 See ‘‘ Bibliography,’’ James on Pineapples, .. 2.4. .<s:4 a5 s+ oss 142 Terruorial Boatd of. Forestry ss... .. 45 faitoel ies ee eee 262 Teererial GOVEPBMENt os. nsuueteen oss iss UR o. eee Lea2. 3 Weeaeary Departinent;.... 2.2 aes. ons whe wey’ ose eee 239 Trimgad Agricultural Departuient. ......,.......<... ssa 137 U.se, Department of: Agrieultare..... . .s2022. 00k ate eek : Ee eee oe 1, 2, 61, 196, 216, 223, 248, 273, 308, 319, 350 U.25. Land and -Irfigation,. Expositiong di ig éix .«) tape aan 308 206

Gea. Comee Corner, Thes...'. ...- 3 ape tik. 08 4A vob > Ve

xili PAGE Hawanan Birds, Unrecorded specimens of two rare.............. 211 Hawaiian Rubber Growers’ Association, Fourth Annual Meeting.... 75 ete ee Aue AON RECURS we is cy wm win ha we Wl mL RAI u Rouen oh LU A 90 Puaaeess ee ty Wa AL, CAMO TSO W. Bis cr aGlele gh os sdiGh ia th wwcie Saale ie 79 Pee Om MCTMMENCMMNEH. '. Sid De rahe (St 519 87s RA no adn > Ba Ld G4. A o Afi 6% 80 PGCE ce Ea PRIMOS 2 tapers Pala og Leia tarceie S tess,» eA RINE lg CS 8 Lal ot 77 AE, PROMLeIIE Scores prises boos <a >< =. MME. ldligae va sa 80 Committee pn Warkets and Marketing. i. .cgutiian ta... wie ag cs 98 Coltivatian. of rubber trees and iis! resulits...i2. cage... Laser) S32 ae at aT RMN ie gee 5c as a sa Bg ws. ss Donde WLS Sein IAMS nic 8] tee OMAR Sian ake. Sie apts a paws eee oe nh I ~ don ed roa ad 76 ULE ATES 2 TEs lee ea a gs Fac Be 7, eae a 80 Se EO OES Rote aaa cist oc chiefs esis» gat 2, 3 MOORE R phages: eval act. 6 esses 88 eee PERU LC PLOO Bint oe is kg oie >t nes oe 3 Sync MER Ot Smpsed w ne Soc a\d 78 URE IOS MME sd AIS GAN) 206 > SEs. « o, canho ec Gur auehe nies so 6 Pe ka ect 86 a eR) eer HN MURELOE sy 1 8. 2 hare nf n ogetwrel ie nsyt ingen ince nn Se angi 82 eee Seer. Sev TMI AT OU At. 0s he nies tae ne tee es de Oe oes tine oe 88 Pests that have been found in rubber trees in Hawaii...,...... 86 Present status of robber growing in Hawaii, The. 2.0.0.2... 4. 88 Pein te ee NMNPMIILUL LO. Pete ee vs tee acns Apdo d ote. e Sm ages o's ty oon age 98 eerie, Weer NE PIMP ROEE . sok ee ee Pewee ns poe Ds ae oF CELE IGT 22 NT O00 al ok Bie hat pa aaa ee (6 Be eR. SA Ge oe: dan. c cede Wivvetes< in Syn t'e nis BOds Henge 8 are e's eR ar Wet RMT OS a eit ies Foie > Goals a o'r MORE RSM ile. Haas Si ekd Ne ciara ene a ee tes ane se Aare 2 pA a4 a or ee 81 imfuence of time in-milking....... Si ke More rks are gd eros 272 Institutions—

Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadélphia............050.004 212 POA ern OR Ma COD = Sige tes May. OSGI i Pe he IS lee BEY 244 Prana) Wemereruy ne. oe Uo: i. SRN SD ore) 211 Pe iner a erate AMsecbanmraelo hare. . id Date hee lk . hod cb. au 166

College of Agriculture {35 Experiment Station, University of ACR Be ease eK Hs Ft RG sw Te as PE 258 College of Agriculture, Tas eM ge dee rset PRED RU S b'd 109 College of Hawaii. .129, 137, 178, 174, 176, 197, 240, 262, 301, 312, 335 Cook County Normal] ST ite VA ee nes Ge ols ee ae 339 Sian Pee edt, pI bAtOM . eS eth Bs die she ee 30 Mayision. of Miducation,. Harvard University. .i ui... e0eeio.d. 342 Experiment Station, Bur. An. Ind., Washington.............:. 322 Miermda. Acricultural Experiment) Station. sie hs2 2.0.0. ween. 142 Diermmen Gr NMISOEY, bas. oo ETRE. ete weed «were 36, 48, 183 Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association Exp. Sta...... 25, 43, 44, 116

Hawaii Experiment Station (also called ‘‘Federal’’ and ‘‘U.S.’’

eae ee heen el tts eta open ts Shinde) ao: Aaa 30, 35, 37, 39, 53, 78, 90, 95, 176, 188, 195, 196, 231, 245, 262 Peeoaiimal Quarantine Station...) ....i cece cw cw eee 324, 327 Peter soardine . Sem). y.)... uaa v se OPER ER. eds oe hes Sa 244 Saba eS ET gS gow he hs) cd asin a SHES dias AME bl aes 137 Pnepedtion Ur N sy. tate Ed. Depbiisre.lavetau ro. odin 341 Poretusionalwiave Stock. Show .).ta.we Aik etibasod spe num’ 308 DP ae On CMe On DLL al... . tes... s SU Ieads bh. Ledeeack ss sak *21 Ree CMI otek ) Selo nr QOIINS ODA. ALR E ol lest eA 173 Peeper a Cigame ROE Oe ok. oes os RN) COA ce 3 bred | 51, 175 metimiey Hyeh, School... 0.2. eo00% pied 2. beep beet &d b sis). 172, 174 Perea Stare L)iversity. -... Ses eeerer. 2. 6oiteehuls lanaies* 74 Muceum ot Comparative Zo0olomytiews, Ja. eeei ed). 2ise se et 211, 212 Museum of Vertebrate Zodlogy, Univ. of Cal................. 64 DIP OONO GI. a tcack , cated. ones Swill. 3403 174, 175, 240 SE Tn oat erg ss ies edo anch dcv¥acn. © RO RRLIG dy shobdaoOd 115 (mere ams ayia. COUere 2.64)... sti Weisivtein-. ate dpatena aie). Ran cE 221

XIV

Institutions— Continued.

PAGE Porto, Rico Experiment Stationceveee.. . 2520) eee 142 frothschild’s. Museump, . ...54... esse ee « <a) oc Lee 212 Royal. Botanic Garden, Berlin. 2fo00%. :<.... =). 2ee - ee 115 School of Agriculture of Pennsylvania State College........... 220 see ‘‘Bibliovraphy,’’.James/on, Pineapples. ... ..- S82. ae 142 mee, Plant-Exchange .. . 2... Scwtagees: <'0 as co us ee er 59 Suriname. dixperiment Stahiomeeres. 2626 .. 2) gee io: J: Se a 33 Teachers’ College, Columbia) University: ...:)25.. 2 gone 340 University .of Nebraskan. lieth i: dele. + <2 ce 340 University of Toronto... .2c. veers vss es +s 5 eo ne 321 U.9S.. National Museum: 272. 42:...-~....,.) Gee ee 212 London rubber exhibition 242.2252 2.242%... . > Die eee 98 Manutacuees 1n Hawalit oo8 sores « cldtgge «0% ‘, os 6860s) 285 Magazine* announcement. \. 22 peas <a. fs oo dee + + aos ee on 29 Maui. Forests, The (Curfah)}ve. i... cs2pade- ss sec > = ee 185 Mechanieal power for the farm. ..:2.%.....:-..ssen > oer 72 Milk Supply of Honolulu, The—Report of the Territorial Veteri- WIQUIAW ee i. ew ws dish By Seige ee © weed 5 cero 1000 oo, ee 246 Notes’ from the Nursery ....... 3 i2seen. Gye ts o) aon + ee 183 Nursery -beport,. The... . . 1. sc ete «ss os ee e's ss wu © eee: ee 235 Organizations— American Veterinary Association............ 258, 319, 321, 325, 326 Ayrshire Breeders’ Assotiatione .. ..0f.. .. 0. | os. ee 283 Biological Society of Washington... .)....:.. 0 se.6) eee eee 211 British Cotton_Growers’ Association... .'..0. 2... eee 222 Burlifigton Fruit Growers’. Associations. . ..:6 2). 314 California Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.... 48 Chamber ‘of Commerce: c5.. 5s. <2. 2). Ws Joe's + din © oy epee ee 73 Chemists’ Association (.23.4'..2 5.255%... 0 . ee OSE elo 0 353 Cotisergation Congress 0%... 225.000.002.126) sae ge 12 CoGperative: fruit. Growers of Ontario...) . 2. 2.202... eee 316 Cotton Growers’ AssoGiation. <.i....0.. 0). ici ee 169 Donnville Fruit Growers? Association. . .<.11...25, 3323 315 Forest Froit Growers’: Assotiation. 2... 3... 2.4.4.4) eee 3138, 314 Grimsby. Codperative Associations >). ..... 2. ....'. nee ee 315 Hawaiian .Entomological, Society x... .. ....:%sc 4.0. oe ee 45 Hawatian- Rubber Growers.’ Associations: ....2 «4c ae ios To Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association........ 1, 25, 49, 187, 172, 355 Home Gardening Association of ‘Cleveland ........../00- eee 159 International Commission ‘on the Control of Bovine Tubercu- DORI Sack) -' 5 a 1 » 0: 3% o RI Cae Ee ees ee 258, 261, 321 International Dry Farming Congress... ...4% 0.2%. .J.teeeee 195 Keaukaha Rod and Gun Clibe2k. ..4,....24,<2.e 5s eee ngs £61 Kohala. Teachers’ Association. )2. ). 245.70. 172 Lahaina (Teachers’) Association... /o020. 0... eee 172 Mia “Teachers’ -Associatim@oa2).e6e <P Ns Ste ke 172 National: Conservation Ass0ciation....... 4.0...) eee 29 National .Conservation Congress........,.-.-):2%.. See 328 National Edueation , Association: .......<\.bae.u.. 2) oh eee 240 National-Irrigation. Congress 4 a... viet. aa). +2 ee 307 Norfolk Fruit Growers’ Ass0¢tation. .... 0 .)....5 2 eee 314 Ontario. Fruit .Growers’ Ass0¢iation i>. ...0..\.. <)>. eee 315 Oshawa Fruit -Growers’ Association. ...... 10+... see eee 313 Promotion -COmMItbee. .../. 00... wixherarcon.s weis =ipie is 0s =n 5. «a 19

XV

Organizations— Continued.

PAGE oi. Catharine ’s Cold Storage Associafion.:... 0.7.08. ie.e ..314, 317 Pcameers aercaarie. Cilmi UG) oss cs Bae 0k oe et Rs os wi e'e ob dle etla sf eCEmcOMile UGacWets< ABSOClALIONs » 20. poles. sincberee~ @ 5 shee we L6G AG. rE WR UM Par is ho ee AG a Sle oS oe eed oop ete apie isle 198 Watuki-Makawao’ (leaehers’) Association . 22.0 23.55 6088 «he si 172 Persons— POO Mia IES Sree slate tone aie ae os ow tel deme lege AS: 360, 362 fe Gg SAN TES eS 5 OS ne ne ae ane Soe ra 170 COUR, pL AOG f= cree tee hf iS Be VS tt AER eet ees ele ene 300 PRICE MGOE A) ah: LtRes est ee hs thie s 54s ehe kasha Layo. 339 Pee Ma MON ACs Pha Fe wee eee 2 RRR Da Veda EEE. (a lemidet «sits vation MEL fo tnt). 35s gale voles ee a othe ee tee 64 eC ess A: ee is earn se eee ee are ce es, Aa 212 POMUGESONP Ws ASS. ha al fee cee eae 195; 86; 91,92, 93,°95, 96, 97,138 SN ORN AOU ARETE Raa 8h cn Bh ARMac sae est ae oo sal Sha ae NP hot hav Oe de PP ae 339 ASmINGOR, ATs: n.c da as Beercosreih tic"? 2s ae a ee er aN 339 Jl, Lee Wo eee ee ere re ee 86, 97,96, 273 emer Nias LO Eas) as Nae te Sass s cess oe rs ORE te. oe. VORP. 339 (Sk 0 20s 47, 60, 118, 319, 320, 321 Re OR ee ten ee ri ghee eles ci GaN Pe OPER © SEP ae we aL. 174 - Re NUUME Bitrate Saris sy yo 0s tare tos vino cos wa QV Tee ets vt 339 J CRS DL: Se ae ee a an eee ara 58 Pee ONAN to cee eed ets se oe ene ee Rt ee ie thts 211 er CL CE Ste Or ea en ae oe ee ae a Lae se 196 Sele, Sa res REE wt teak Ba eh aca EM oe eR 110 eri et wks, 2 Eh SoA ocak Ke th Rada te teat tee TA SN es 365 ee pe Ob ONAG Hanah re oP. Me elec Sea ee oes 340 tee em Oe LS 52 NRW eee hr oe eee ere eee at Tee oe ho 2 eens tenes ey elt k Sect eens Os ss eT YI eS TPS 339 esi et NTE oo ts Ane ete eee ee Seal 136 See OAT SELCRM MES Sty Ad Ady oe wa i eek 135 EE ENN Ne ce Sa a EO oe eae te. TES 57 Me le WR CCN CEP ste N Ah. Ire a ver atelae oh oS Pap a os «ES 175 Om POG Me GES! ao 2 FA cre ect cle PPS Sire bob aa . SM. 254 TaN SMM es 2s. eh Bae se Pos et ale PIRES OR ed 181 PAE OMCs cant tse 5 AERA Set Ot ie LR, Aa RS 344 ene, Mati ONS Eis See wits sa wee ee od RLS Saat ae 353 al ee eee eee eee a ae 339 Pom eteea A Pt. < ol s Peae eee SE oe Ae EY See She 36 omen Tee C Wed. 3502S Sc ny 5 a:b dian tke vcmw dined ced vith «dd dasld 180 ee ee ekg PEST OMY Bese etl fos ern sab acer ess soy oct wore h We s gL a hee ee £5, 29, iy de, 29, 101 102, 14, 416; 161,462, 179 Se anemia, Dr tassime de. ys ol. 2 as kd gees ss ROW AL Shei 60 ee ee el isle as 2 cag sas 'c ane or ast hi otat ses 166 ELE, uli, AS ae Ge a eee Ce a ae a 295, 296l AG aoe gett BREMEN e ct ohh oss. el ao) at toks slots, (Stee Ts ete LOY) AST eee UO ORR ee i) pS eek ss vee os BR ORs e ee 237 eer Gere Siar, Sos ok Gare» os ne eee Le darpios fds aaa vail ig ae ae i ie a hs, gt Seti = SU sakes 2 sign Seles P48 OBYS 36, 37 Dee Se Was kis Bo oink sic es ek ee ene. ¢ Lepage. 122, 324, 363 a ete Ad P,P GH oo vie Se wd Sk es le AORTSY ely ESS a a a een seme. hae ads phat a kts os DOnie- wed Va SeMobh TE De ces 98 UE EN ME? . ea ee en ees sc ferry eae 166 ae ARR a Bs SEDs sie ds Seiad an no oy oR eR ORK 69, 339 oS SUSAR Oe ee a a eran. Ate Pare ae 362 PRA re 2) MMM tats on, AO day ayes Sifu DAs w Sylpas o.oo. oe, 0,5. oatmeal dn» geet 116, 220 OO MMPI oR da ats OES ed ea ie eo 4 Lake's se Me > ahd OS bade 90 eee tenNie aie oo, Ok dee a's ome Sigs © + 2 l5c5 50g aight. 01 geo wes) 53

xv1

Persons— Continued. , PAGE Weawes FR: Aw... Os. see > we 196 MD: Pc ks ae ee « Sc Ses cio we ee 135 @eelho; “Representative. ....-Soeaweas-< -«.. eepaee ey «eens 197 Ceelho, Senator . ..'s'.. ..% <n Wee eeens.. | ape cee een 198 took, Mhorged ..... 2.0...) Sie seit <b o ooeeiy see 339 Semone, George P...:. ... sche <= Se be 5 wear era ore sas 98 Weeme, Joseph P..... 1.4 Seereeene es oe Pee ee 169 Cee, Mr... . . . 5 5 os ce pedis weirs + => 19cm 2 86, 95 GCoanper, Geo. O... . 0. Fs geen eee A os 2 so 178, 220 Cooper, H. E...... 62: suisse <2 see 5s <p oe 198 Cooper, Judge ......3.ae huge his as +s © = 3-05 4) 5g yee ee 339 Seneland, ©. E. .. ..swatieueess 44s arn i ac oe © oe ee fs ae 243 Cousins, Mr... .. . o's sts Finda tns sav < «bills et +yatite eee 281 Crniekshank, George os sgn’s fois wien a als % a0 ge eel 233 Curran, H. 7 a oe SE le 116, 170, 179, 182, 188, 185, 215 Cuzner, | h Se ere eas Se PS 110 Dalton, Captain Frankiaie fas «= sic nd ngs 4s ess 9 ge ele: oe 116 Davy Alan SS... . .. ssid och 4 once 4 9 ees okie ae ee ee 99 0a! Oe ee rer eer rrr 172 Degmeoe! . 2... 6st ceie ene bs ys pes PRS ab ET eee eee 136 Delegate to Congress... fieie ss <vise ney ee > eins ei ee 116, 127 ere cee, Pema wee me 212 Dewey, Prof. John, ....ccgemaes os sc bes: . se alee ee oe 339 Dey6, Miss Josephine, . 2 ¢tieus es ccc ec eh eee pes Sane siete 172 Dilbeeheam, Walter F. ....ccmek «<0 van feed ee een 220, 307 Dole, Geyernor .. .. <<<." +e paaiys « 550% ake 6. gpa eon ant 299 Loy) Ce bt er le 212 CUS | ee i me eri pee 36, 37 Dolitgen, H.C. ... ..:.,.5 5 Simin «.i< <.cmpspe aly aeons 217, 220 Donggmno, Prof.-J. S..s ccipee «sede cas see ee 201 Dowaait, Alex. E.... ...smeye+ es - sue ean ss oes ese Sn 178 Dowéett,. Alika....... siities» > » s+ sepsis seemed one 217, 220 Dowsett, is ML... on 'cywid-e an iw0 -<Miecncn in pn rte ns 295, 296 Drew, BR WATd . .rscencau chk «acess Lick ee 219, 237 Dunstan, Prof. Wyndham... . .. . «0» > 81 a. «i moshe sseer 137 Dorand, Census Dir@etor.:.:<.. 5. «38s ee. s% 04's s sin ad's ae 285 Earle, Mr.. (Jamaica) oisde.s = cass ween eevee sen James eee 33 Ehrhorn, Edw. M., Superintendent of Entomology............ re. | eae 31, 43, 44, 45, 53, 61, 87, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 116, 117, 123, 125, 126, 161, 162, 165, 166, 188, 190, 219. 237, 359 Eltot, Deas: B.... .. . cis iin \ iletecna elie es hon peee ste agen 47, 122 Meson, WE. a c)....... «02.4 sivas “ess-ajute iets om seg og 9 281 Evans, Prank: i... . 0... ibe DR es ily vee. « CRs Sree 137 Evans, Wilson .... . .. 20.0 dacdib’s «, a0 prelk-wol GAS ae Cn 212 wart, Mr si. oe sa ae RO oe bao oa a oo Roel 85 Parrington, Wallace EB. . 0 ictiseveie o: 0 moses 40.0 ne on 173, 197 - Ferguson, Prof, J, A. .... chan sus du 5s ag ns 5 276 Field, William ........ cemmemesos n<»s ocdtawa ae « Jnana 256 | Fitte, Principal OT. . 1-25 Peale eo om © odie 0 5 ee 174 Pitugerald,.. Dr. in... oo oes tge tepe ein ys uctle » 5's 0s: are 363 Mieming), Davids Ts... . . 610th o-winw oi 6 Glee wey wd agen 50 rear, Governor W. F.......... 4, 5, 38, 48, 49, 105, 106, 107, 115, 127, 169, 170, 190, 193, 216, 217, 223, 224, 225, 304, 307, 338, 355 Gekcsey,. Alonz0.:: 25.5. ...08 Ghee nad oh aokn sh ae 6, 25, 49, 307 Poe, ee mer re 57 Gab, Pamies 0 Ss e0 . . Pees © on wn. 5 alee 217, 220 Gibson, as eR iE re 339 Giffard, | Pe er ey ee 36 Giffard, | rere es re eee re ‘ies tuiats 8 283

Gifford, BE, Wes. . cgea.. cn. debe uae ys vaeeen coe 110

XVil

Persons—Continued.

PAGE NB I Gr pe ee ec 6S eo 199, 200 eee ANE SR ee Go nig gs Shy « . Ca eS wel 4 a. ER 173 ee ee ad 2 RS Te te Soe OPE Sh. a ea: PE 12 eM Ree ery GRE hy igs ini xs F's sah + Gee. whe MUP OSS 115 EE se een ke hs hae + so pee aol i RRR Rd 64 maT | SERIA Or rs yy pie vs 5 4 vane 5 4-3 Bos SBR ed bead pe Ss 131 eee Oe Phe) neers cog Pe iieliny oy ad dvs 6 ss gah ads «Tb ing too 60 Oe Bl Gc cg es akan pins ie ss eo nie oe «eS id wi 41, 135, 139 SR Ee en, whee seer. Sis wakes f.. eke Cone 124 PSA MVS Wee on4-5 2 SR cated 25 Ga ee 5 4 Ss A Ts al SRR E. 81 SNINMR NTN ME RQIM o De ia as Giga n & 4 G0 iy aa 4 so AG PRRE. vale cette. 135 ES ESE EE eo ee ne, ee eee 57 eae CCUM re ss dca x nd y'v a4 b> SRR OSE a aks Shea 50 UIE, 2B SO a as GP is, a oss, « w Se LE gt Las 189 IN MIL Tote cated Siw at's « «Wl os 4a Ys os Seg Mia's RO’ eile 58 OMENS SL RMETL eis, nce yhsncuskyh, «2508, a9. 99, 107, 127, 128, 181, 236, 308, 306 ENN RE ict oid Gs @ ee gn hw Mv lnshie do 4 RE A Pe Oe YW Meee 198 ON ORR tS ae Do ee or ee 117%, 126 I WN oct ters 2G was alert mimo 5 nls tee aan be Ly nh ae een GL, G4 IIS EINE, eh TE se a eas sg oy vs fae ces SPOR GED «eid ied 101 Sa EE RRS re OY GL A 47 NN oe Sy gk a ye cttw Sow ian 44 Tatas and erkhh » mb 1d me 198, 200 I ss EM chases kG dese So wine BX wee SRM EGER «1m Sigman 37 IN sc none ily wi a» x SUPE aunt n NG 6 Ske By we Vom RG 59 Pelebrand,. Dr...... Seb aee Ge. oe tiy igkee ote kde cy BE «colina ke 100 NS a cali RN oe airs nc Sina Oe again aww -« Be, EAD os: 2 ap es ats 299 as tng Mist Sook a AE athe ae. ax dad aon #6 aoo-w eed 4b OF bhnn oh 399 ees MME 2% OEE. ios «ecw Caen yak Kyl = SBE o, « pc ad bi 6; S27 ROEM Dorie a x) blu ‘aleee Ey «6 5 5 5 mie k n o:binteiete Meo Ge 0. 06s, phe ARE 260 I I a Seige, ha) du RE, Ace 2s a oo & Sim TAR Ms © 6, 18,20; 49 Re I on Ci ete s,s. s Been WE nol S «nyse + hed 35 NEE SRAM MONE YY 3 5s. Wn ean tx wo Wie Bs Wie Gabel ocx ode nlaighs 342 iS Be a a. ope gx aR a dwn 6 eg mS ng bm ANE Gg oem 1638 I le Faire wove me Bele regn edi 8 0 Ripe ATT kense os Ee « » pgonie 99 ERED, oe Sg ola oy ww Seria asks AS aNuy bos at ge, > oc RRgaie ce 3 te IN cg Ua Bites «ae ites Ae oy y & © © NEw Wey Site xy Cen, « Pah 175 EE Ea a ae en re ee ee 300

EOE 1 Se ere eae 6, 10, 238, 48,

44, 49, 51, 54, 55, 68, 70, 72, 94, 96, 98, 99, 116, 128, 161, 162, 183, 185, 198, 199, 200, 216, 217, 234, 235, 302, 305, 307, 356, 358 ee ee ee See eee ee eee 39 On ee ee eee eae ee ren © 199, 200 OE ee ee ee ee eee eee ee 286 REI RE, RE ae ig wai 5.u ue a A Bo Gowile's, « = BATS aly « shsiher cla 110 (EE ee Disk eons. kate eA ole it de hagh he a GEDA 220

PRN SNRs lan is Gatti ix Onn =, 5. 5b ASS ROMER = ep TLD » = be Gawd ...43, 45, 46, 48, 99, 101, 114, 115, 116, 117, 161, 247, 248, 324, 327 ITN I 5 SG y Ge Sym bo es ok he Ram ATU UOM a: & LEK 135 MI ATI ie oS Kiwi ne ewe te 136, 142, 155, 169, 178, 353 SNe TURMERIC aot CZ PL 6 talk np Sat = 9 Ca beac Seu pl ES vesiuien eeniige veicn ve soe 178, 181 mei. -, OME OUS. Pi. Gas tence + oc cans ls 1s LNGRARA lis 313 Mee OTE Ie oro ame eek A a 0S den a owe ose os oh fee's Bate eT ae 233 RO sD Sk Ae? Woh wy divin w wv oro & we wind awed acdhoer ts 47 SOURR AMA BOM CE oor ff cird awake tases 0 xe nal /Z case -# esse dae oe 169, 257,, 295, 319, 364 Kalanianaole, Hon. J. K. (See also Delegate to Congress)..... 305 NOY SE PM cea Peek nas tsb EN Cas ean y sc eOy Lao, 176, 196 SNE ROD i ot wre d Pin Aas Sig AW Sse wn. WN Svat SALE 136 Ms a Ps kn ocak» cekkheves hide «hha Ure 110 ERI SENSE I Na greg hiclibie in a Rca’ \ghe'g-o +» ios Gkeiaiele on 'etats s 2S 156 SE BERTI SL 1G o's e's Fe Ri tis ce cies ae ae Balla Rl day's 173

XViill

Persons— Continued. ‘

PAGE sSotinsky, Jacob 2x00... -sisedcae same de see ats 199, 200 Pep auss, PO... . . cacedet « « see ees es 40, 60, 135, 155, 199, 200 Kuekenthal, Rev Dri... . 2: sweesasen «+. 2h s Oe eee Oe ee 60 Kohns, D.B...... s+. cen enteral ws 6 se 296 Garsen, i. D..... 2 2. «2eteet eae + «0 sole es 135 Bedyard, “Mr... .. 203. . oweee eae » «v2 vee ee g «Shs aearnioreee 4 110 i: oe: ee er memes 222 Hewten-Brain, L. ...<~»0scumaeey sepe 2 6 v vere Gere ane one 199 Lindsay, Attorney General Alexander. .....s/5 14931-8005 eee 45 Pay, 0... . + «Aang a on tac ers ere 86, 88, 90 Levejyoy,-D. Ross... ..icse dads ey ee ner oe ees oe eee, ee 350 hioW Fben .P........ocetecevs tens indus oon eee ae 50, 217 Loeb, Jr., Collector Wie. acess is cereus. see eee ee eee 239 Buri C.. D...... . . . sgnaateteeas ants tae es ete eee 88, 95, 96, 98 liydgeate, Mr.......<<deeddsdedeorew% oc as undde ae ee 58 i AS Os rs ee em eres 43 Mac@Gaughey, Prof. Vaught... os .iost cod os cee ae ee lite 129, 135, 156, 169, 172, 174, 176, 205,°240, 262, 290, 311, 312 Macomb, Penteri ee eer ere Mere gk 362 Meadeuw Dr. J. Hi. oie geeks... Oe A, ee = = 60 Waker, Captain :....s)SIRoe oi ee es ee Ve Oe 59 Marcallino, Valentine ../@2eh2% -2. 1505-2 en Gees cee os 189 Saree, Louis...’ 253 skew as ce cen <> See 215, 216, 229, 233 Wires, C. Lis oo. 6. 6 ogee © «= ape ee ee ee ee ee 196 Wi atoR MT... Ss. wes ss oe BE se Be ® 5. ia tt ee 2 oa 2 Cg et i rarer. mene! Se Sete 304 Miacen, be O....... oa we a eee - <a re ee ee ee 53, 103, 124 Mebrgge W. OD. 2... DE Roem « «Se orate kore eee 183 MeCmersey, J, M. ....% 2 Gems « . sd panies 9 eee 206, 231 McCreeson, J.T... ae. 2. a ee = See en 57 Merny, Dr. R. E. Boos... . Se ee er dl Meters, Doctor ...'.'. sagt. .’.’.. sa seas ie eae 347 Metyirgor. A. Dos es oo os one ie see es 321 Mendemmall, Dr. W. Oi2vonde. 2. oe eee 2 MPPenetomi10, “A. ... comes + = 6s eeerm oe alae Oe wie 116, 220 Weiler, Prof. “W. I. oooh fa face elles. se oe a ep a 74 Molish, 1: Di mre am aE 176 Mipore, Walter M. . 000 oS es oa ese ois a> are wipe 135 Morgan, hood. i.. . «0d ep eS ahaa sie + 6 do aug ee en 200 Morean, -W A... 00. SP ees. os cies 6 ee te ee 271 Morrison. ics... ....3s503 2 heteeee tones eee oho ee oe 301 Morrison, D2... . sv Perens Meee es eee 2 ORG ee 165 Mott-Smith, HK, A. (Secretary of. the ‘Territory)....c2:g@ee ee 338, 339 Magers: Fs Rvs oc. 3 aw wa carat eine elelete into y «ele Seta" te 217 Nelson, Prederick- T .. «2 ...c.awe Sab lel st ahs "s as a els” 6/ial ste 110 Newell, Brother Matthias «fens. os. .neus. ses + oe ce ee ee 45, 103, 125, 165, 189, 219, 237, 297, 298, 301, 359 Newell, Frederick Hi. ........cjeceiestecsla e005, sera ce ale 4 Nereaard, Dr. “Victor: 8....65,.4.4.4%004. 5.0000 } cer ee Oe ee 46, 47, 48, 99, 123, 161, 163, 252, 312, 324, 327, 365 Norris, Representative ... csi. nc. ase ds os. Peek se ee 211 Ochsner, W. He... 2a... kee weed bo ae ey wn 110 0 eat CA Ce Se SR em ER 355 jos ee Oe a me 339 Parkers did... id. bd one we Tete ee biarert «ic a SDS 0 110 BBE BER as aes 5 aye st on Sa aie ee ww alee 155 Pema low EL Bo. oc cess: 0 ok sensei reste epee 6: ace nbn: tl 49 jigs oh A Se eer Serene Se 36 a ee) Cre rE 247, 248

x1x

Persons—Continued.

: PAGE ele Me eee att Bah Eh Aa nace see wots ww RRaTe ic ast he ks 199, 200 eet: MOUS wane HPP her eat Ss FPS A) hat. s tuticiaiso alk « slate stg gee 5 362 EPL Le Dr yee We Cree a en eae a a a ie Beth Act eer eee 304 UES DUVETAS BOO) 2g SORA oS Cpe ae Pa, oe a er 59 em ine ele sel or Sere: rae ei ae aie “ts eos Boo gees o 258 PES TLS rg 7 ole ig oer RS AS a Ae a 309 TE 2 OS i ate rar ee rR nk eapternes Snares 122 emia wer OHA Blade WY 2 3% soo 2802 2h 2k 5s alee ca Ca tebe eae ova. Oe dae eee AnAms oe hee eek ences cd 22: OE, OO 100; E82): S0r, 304 LUTE Ee a STE) SS a pie ee ee <2 PS Ce 136 OE Ey RR, SRE RIE Ot RPP pre > aR ae Seer 5 ree rae Pamela S oe ce ht he. 5 2 25 26 1 eines ce s cutee vo 8s 33 Reeear CMM VeMCRe G6 i. 2 ts Sc te ixls « sees Coe ee a vom as 178 ee Rt SN PM Te ed ows bie = Se aap oo Ree oe ee aS 200 eee IU leet SPATS Bi hice -c Grats Peyae begs © 0 etal ae de bo en et 340 bam EAE AM hae steko fata hah esta -=* > fa “a7 < “0a 'oZafin ooh teda dels ee Soh 208, 261 Se PRRIMEE Mes FOIE oe eve edt det ain, (AIG haired e's "+a! xa “a'eeage $s a se Swot 365 PE ORME ras hog eh eee cet ok tee oo Set eee ees cee eels Ook 339 eM GOE WEE mi ded irs fsa isc Rev ensstdeees ete eee ss LY 0S eee 175 ca Sed Nah PV PETC UL UE Oi 5, fainge scr te = fo to vain rate fates Ne aa Bs an Bs 114, 332 bee. “-Bibhography,’? James on'’Pineapples..:../...... 2.3. 0..- 142 pee. licenses in, City and County of Honolulw: .:...°:.....2..... 251 Pee Ses DOASIO Wie dew sek bc ke bt ate te vee veoh dees ee NS 174 es OO eM: 5 Arh d hes 2 Hts sealed ad's MRE Pie co PS 174 mo Ore) | ga OOM See eS ne ee Pajetite tate k's. eek es 47 PE A Ae i Ns HE Dad «arb easy Seetlad ee oslo. eee SAN 30 ee Oe ei aun 1 Sond 2 hd ee ce ee ye eed es Reet VSI 110 IRM RIO MNCL SS oat ed gt tee ood -dedahd anaes PEM. FOR Yee: 116, 220 ale fea Be 2 be! Maes veos Aiea a's ows Atte ARS veh see LAA 179 POL Gs SCAR Os ho rp Ae ow Bee ae wale ee ee. lee 114 SOR US ce al ee ee ae oe era. ee ares 31, 33 A PORTE 77 MO 3 1S 71) NR ge ee 137 OE Se Ce ae ee ae re es ee 35, 137, 198, 307 Pe ET AONE ta trys vid dle ake +p i neds were lee vere hee. CAR NOES 39 Sta, Wg Ln 19. hit ne Ain eI SPs, Week ES. Sno RN ad «Ee es oF EN ee a ee 6, 20, 28, 49, 307 Pee OUe a Wee Ae tee a a Ee ee ot Sea MOSES Ys One Vee he 359 UO Sa ee ee ee rr es, 5. ee ae 195, 257, 284 Pee tates cae A ee nn eo aw ce SOUS, 2S SL 135 Petia GUERIN oo tara ep hood sd en Ew le ss ee eee 285 Beem ote pam, Vel 27 eet elt Slt, DOU a, bias So PRAIA 110 Pei ome creer Oller. <p e its edie s 02'S. Bato. See Pl ree et 217, 220 0) Pe PT RES Se Se re a ee re eee ee 212 pemermmendentaon, Public -Works..........a0kce. Cote saulieins ¢ 327 Pte OE CO eee als 4 on iam we dn 8 0 EOE ARE. a laa. 59 ee ee POU ity. eters ea, a Ra sal. ORES $0 sg hd ld wee 328 ST EI Sg ta ale oS ary wd's « « SUMED Sule adele. . tees 176 et eg ie ee es, Cee ees et es ealonoee 2. aides 99, 233 Tinveta W ae arren ti. tater oa. teed. ool. 88, 90, 98 oe erie eth PDE En 555 ete nthe se Sv Cue Baki so oe oS FOG» 39, 135 Ppursvet, Mair. 5. Se ee ae a sj le aes Pa tee ORR ki ae 30, 06 Pee. em ry Sans. daa Ahh. wok ee ile ecrestes 339 eee eeree As Sh ess with... code CBRE. oda alee. 211 RE Ts Perel, «, 45s eesti 05, tes, Ba, vee hs» + tee NReS 85, 86, 95, 96 Pelee, etal CA Coenen eon at. olwaiad.cl.se) 100, 115 erent RM os Peet ic as fotos os epee ds oce,nss BSS 37, 196, 198 ements xi A er Sy tes te RR « vote Sin nkottrwnds 33 ewe eRe ORT 5 hee not > REL @ ole whee aD We kee 47, 102 iT AeP MIE em a lo sais Sa eo cabs 2d eee Nt. A kt 88, 96

ete Pal Tl. Mee. oe ces choc can ed 43, 44, 99, 102, 114, 161, 295

XX

Persons—Continued. PAGE wan Tempsky, L.....2-.. .:2s ee ee ae 2 58 MWeoaldren, WW. .L......2).. 0. eee, . Se ee 75, 98 Waldron, J. W...-s:....-c:.-2ee ee 300 Maldron; Mr .*.. . «26 52:.)..5 cacy. ~ serge eee ee 88 Mard, DOr... ... 2 ies + eee = << ee 118 Waterhouse, Albert...... 43, 46, 47, 48, 98, 99,102, 114, 1s 116, 161 Wreemzheimer, Li... . .. .%<smwe sepeeees Bees o> or~ 2 ene 58 Wenetem, Dr R. v... 3. 2 eee ee ce os ets. ~ eaemeeet eS 60 Wheelock,;.Chas. FP ....:.s nits Bete aecestq. >. - => <2 eee oe 341 Wwe, Jathes W... . ..\s cage ce tec he « «sa « dace eee! 110 Weeltwerley; William .... 27 oeetss3 csc 2. ee: < cece 138 Watecox, Dr. EK. V. .. oSsche reeds ows os ae - See 3 See eee 14, 24, 30, 49, 53, 84, 85, 90, 95, 98, 137, 195, 199, 200 Witleex, .G. N:..... «Tata aweq ees ao 25. 5 3 cone oe 23 Wilder, Gerrit P.....v.ageees s ons es Oly, DORADO SO eee Wiley ODT... . 2... . ap cite obs, Bate petal 4 > ate oe et 274 Walliams, F. xX. . ... .. Sele e pew pe wire sts» = mgm ae ee 110 Wiliamson, William ...03 8 tcc, 5,4, Be - lm, «oe aS 90.) .96;.. 98 Wiisom and Evans... «ncn. 5 esas «oui salen ls + es ae re 212 Walnon, B.N.......::5+natign a+ > aig eo pele et, UT Ge 136 Windsor, H. UH... .. ows dae Rs tiny it gts | ae ei ee coe 72 Wanslow, C.° M...... 43 s¢@keas 44ers - eee Ce wae 283 WEY, GS... -. 2s x44 Same pac ee 117, 126, 161 Wood, Principal Edgars, .capy,:)«,3,s<nmex: <2. eee - ee ee 175 Wright, Geo. I’... :+.++: sppeiier +) eke s re Se eee eee 66 Wenge PP rok... wo ee, ajc, a a RM © 0 0p er oe we So 200 “Anporuckmer, Dr. A... « . « ssvalacetie ~:a.2, or: oleae eee oc, 5 een oor 60 Zaegier,oMiss Ida... . ...-s ciemee - «cis « >) jie eee Gl 172, 174 Pineapples, The effect of fertilizers on the growth of............. 142 Biblageraphy .. .. . s « «+0, 0 2chaPee »<\+ «0 nls mi nee ones ae ee 142 Clemriere conditions... 7 tames: =: «ses ee "+ tb ctehig feo ee 149 Detail plan of experiment..<. . - ...;.:). «<4 0 «swhehe- eee ee 146 WieldemGpes 2... . . - aa ns wm bc 2 + + 02 Hse tee ween aes ey ee 149 Generaleplan of experiment)... ......2.+,+,.0.5,+,+.+)etess, ca eee 143 eestor“) 2... eves bv e ced Ss tree wits oie Sie eee ee ieee 143 geet. 4k: 2. ... bs wk pie SS ew ieceee aie & Bide ve eel ce temas tele n 143 SIGH) AMALYSIS . . «6 oo wn mew afew ete, sja.b open» wre, oo, ee 145 Study “of the Crop. .o.... scm o oie t».en)s 5 wien +» «5 nls ep ere 150 Summary and conclusions’... 0. - +s +s «mje a,< pee eee 155 Tabulated results . 2.0... 45. ««aeepee «.~:5.6 0, 4;00e cae ene 151 Plant materials in nature study teaching, The use of.............. 129 Production of volatile oils and perfumery plants.....-..5.......0 ov Publications— merrieuiiural News. ...-« «0 clas eee Ashe ae Ce 136, 222, 223, 232, 269 American COMSErvation. ...../s:.ccispats: -va:n-oioreravagnrndpaeolns speechana en 29 Assimilation of Nitrogen .by; Bice, , The..............i330086e-geee 196 Beef. Raising in. Canada...ic. she =.-bis annie a Se 261 Balletin- Apricole .,..-. ...wBssktews ied oes « «cen e nroeeeeee 222 Bulletin No. 195 (oil-bearing plants) of Bureau of Plant In- dustry, U. S: D. of Ax@isd ius .).405 vee oa ee 38 California. Cultivator ... 02.620 wees: otis ss te > 180 Cerisus: Bulletin No. 110 (e€ottOm),...:.....:..0s:-.)s:.tctseas on 167 Cireulars and Agricultural Journal of the Royal Botanical Gar- ens: (CCeylow) oo... :ose sce :e sam tte 10 Se ance (pte oo 223 Cruelty to Animals. Act. (California)........0(:0 0 geeeeees 321 Datly Peleg raphe... isis oss :« vue a stirw enon bare “aratete in = aims ee aa 271 Hassentials of=Biology,, . The-\s:sjsvece: sens tae lepy>steoee-~a-0)0 <n 286 Kuealyptus. Culture in, Hawaii... 66.00: sada oe Or 215, 216, 229 Bvening Bulletin. .. 22... 2.» os cine, caialals sd sa Se 157, 243 Farmers’ .Bulletin No, 461. 2.0 cccee ows) ne +» ee 308

Xxi

Publications—Continued.

; PAGE Patmens qmeuvetia 4237 61,,U..5, Do Of Aw ost Toca e's son Sees 262 ae, Wielge and Hireside, 25 2.4 Btw das. sechesss MILINURIAG 273 Gleaumes in Bee Culsure......<>-ebdai .wwileay. etn anaimelis 273 Government. meMcatious, 5-2. 52... i... .c2- 8 oNetaul. akan}. 350 Mawalan Moredier and) Aericulturist,. The. .....0... Hes i. URED,

Me Picts Bane «oo, bRE OT Das 40, 49, 73, 74, 97, 185, 1386, 170, 311, 323 Piaweast 8 OUR. PEOMIE. 0 oo eb sc.m nnn epee v CEOS LORS ME . 245 Poatd S.DairyMan. 2i.dk. CBee LRT. 1, EOOR, D9 Oe ea 260 figree receding and Gearing of Colts. 35... 0050. cess kann swsds 261 Pats Pe TAGS sl OUT Os se anttleni ts ao bh dees UR ene aera 231 Journal of the Jamaica Agricultural Society........... 253, 297, 271 Manurial Experiments with Sugar Cane in the Leeward Islands,

pee ies em ae, le eh «Dec ap: «sco a eo > he Give ome 0% 262 Peary teh i, Spee. (Ole OT aca: sc pias ans oe BOS, 3 oem 350 ie ie seer al rier OUP PLY. x. cs cow's. pelt we sets vise bots wm 229 Notes on Soil and Plant Sanitation on Cacao and Rubber Estates 137 Poteau piice A Omriultutal IOWTOW 2 2. ceo oe cp ee ose ayes ecm 221 Eeuipoie xericnlintiss And Morester. -.... ssc} ees ue eps eo 109, 231 en PIS VY AU gee ornate «aha eR arg, Ya 0 oe od Sam ot vache Tam, + wgias ean 60 RES OG bee © TNC T hs, ee ee ew cas eis okey 0 eed OR Rw aie Wohin ms 220, 276 Ea iite wieenatiicn NUAPAINGs ai. <n. 0% poe wile oo ome fa es sue 72 bo BS err iG bd UR = 9) RM a ean ane PS, 176 emer PRPC TT OEE 65 cee ts) 2 six gina: a.cy>, 5 + cae oot Voge 8, aisles 8's a p-ey otet 321 Proceedings of Agricultural Conference at Allahabad......... 261 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.......... 211 Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences........... 110 Proceedings of the Jamaica Agricultural Society............. 281 haere a). LOWE Wma sc oy Wait ois we dere Pee bk din Hames di 258 Report of National Edueational Association.................. 348 Report of the International Commission of the Control of Bovine

CIOS UE UE 5s TS. ss steer ee a 6 x MS RN PE ges 258 Rice and Cotton Investigations in China and Japan........... 40 PEE MO NV ECD ica co. d'9. a5 15 ae SAE cs Na Bes Re ag ahs iw 5 0 woh ads 138 pe emeeel e Pepe tee ORU 7. a0 sco tee = cee». ois. o Sings de Seow es wo 8 owe we BE 209 pee- Biplsesraphy, ° James on» Pineapples... 2... ..... oi ee ss 142 ere Meee ES NEE ee fen ek a, | ahs yagi. sv. 8s ace 34 ee ote oak. 00's 136 piudy-or tHe Camposition of the Kice Plant, A... 22... 6.6. ce 39 pueat-Camesimnceta f Hawaeil, The.) ...2 2.8. ca see. cba aes 196 wmoOpsis Gr Nature pimidy Work, Htc. .oc.0 Ss cele oe a 245 iirerveoratiear Cla tallebin:. 2. 22. 25 wna + Dee os eee ete 58 irapeeat Neriouiturist, The... 6 6... oe cae anes 39, 135, 136, 231 Mero beaMe, WD ea Aes ie atu yee ae ees, oes sows He ws 39, 136, 1387, 223 Reeon ad Cuatintinee, OCIPCIMAT. . 2.5. c le secs es ke ee ee 35 Ee iC MOORE SUNG AN ooo wie, 0 iain 40s occln w eke 60 SycdaW vw eis Dea es 74 Dette nECOUMROSCT VOCS. 6 cree stil sk po os ea eens Pees we oe Re 223

IER MRE LC CEE ROMER ors id Fie xd Podgld. «sd oss derail a Cee einem so oe os 223

See Hawaiian Rubber Growers’ Association.

School Gardening in Hawaii as Related to Agricultural Education. . Og IE aes ie ene ie eee

0 TSS SGT ESS, = Ae oe oe a ne mn 415 1th, eats eMC ae ne sc eee aw Se one Seerbly aoc ere = wo 6 Wamecwua of aridity or alkalinity... 0 loc... .. 5s degeee des ewe aE ME Fo oO ss eae who Rs coals acca gs Kee he 8 eee RD NE Fak) 0 SS ack «ara. oo RE te wise ose ewe a URES SRE SARs, Or nen aes oe ane cr

254 281

XXli

PAGE

Sntroduetory-. .. 2.253 . «ss clsmete ieee > > « ene ee 41 IGAMNID GS. oe ss. se ow ce hs «Tee Whe ene ie) «4100 ee re 140 Mlanuring. 2. . 25... sem... sc nelemete ie A oicns, ene Ce 141 Meadows.and pasture. lands....2....01'? 2.2 aes. See ee 42 Peaty..marshes ....2.- . . - sists atep yc siglo. /ait'2 Claes 1) eee ED 43 Bandy wastes .....c. 01. cee eet eeme. « <)clatene Cae Rs SRR 43 SPSTTACING 5... Ua. parte sis, «2 <5 « Cec AEE eagle 139 WMANAUDTEGAKS «.. .. .... 6.6 iste ueeseepeenee semi ons). 2 eee al, Lees 140 syllabus for a.course in. general. botany, A.........69 95,000. eee. - 286 The-lemon tariff and. the - Sam Drezo-exposition>~ 2-2... oes 238 Theory regarding the manganese svils and pineapples, A.......... 176 Use’ of ‘plant materials in nature study teaching, .\2: .<...ijeame 129, 156 Wallections . .... . bee Sie Sie © stp eh oe ot Seen = 2 ae 156 Niele studies and GX@wRStOmis ss. ca 520. «5s, cee Goes eee ee 156 EMOwer<Deds .. . . 64% mci in tee Gage iy (=) en cae A 2 ne 159 iistoe-trees and. sh¥wiacti 2 ac. 4e->)- 5.40 a en ee ee 158 Nature study as .a part of public education. ...5 Au. .2— eee) 130 Ptr AQUATIA 2... duriggh it kaw. oe oo on 6. eS > ie. ee 160 Feanting in the school gardens..’.. 3.0) .<ece ewe de eee eee. eee 157 Purpose of nature ‘stiidy, “Tie. sc oe : ap coeds teen ate 130 Gages . . 2 5s,. 2 ace tel ee es See Peres, 131 Uishty of plant.;materials Me. coc. .s . cence» ee ~ chee 134 Window DOXES ©. 2. 's « orsg\ ne eemebae oe Sele aos peices sey rec, a - oe 160: Vegetables (their, health value) ie. «die sneha es ee hee «ee 280 Weed destmiction in the: Philippines: os jusc ht Tapieits Cater ee ee - 221 Work of the Territorial Teachers’ Association for 1910-11.......... 71

| Agriculturist

Von: VII. JANUARY, 1911 ING. £ >

cos 10c. Per Copy; Per Annum, $1.00; Foreign, $1.25.

IA i _e THE a.

Hawaiian Forester

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE

OF

Forestry, Entomology and Agriculture

ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION

OF THE

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE | AND FORESTRY.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

Entered as second-class matter at the Post office, at Honolulu, Hawafi.

ADDRESS ALL COMMUNICATIONS TO DANIEL LOGAN, EDITOR “‘THE FORESTER,’’ P. O. BOX 366, HONOLULU, H. T.

For business relating to advertising or subscriptions, address

HAWAIIAN GAZETTE Co., Ltp., Publishers, vVoN Hout Brock, 65 S. KING ST., HonoLuLu, Hawai.

aS

yi “eet "a eZ » |

- Conservation Meeting:

Eniroductron . .... Oi. TR en ae so eRe a Opening Address—Hon. Marston Campbell...........4........ een Governor Frear’s Address—‘‘ Conservation a Practical Thing’’.. 5 ‘*The Part Played by the Forest in Conservation’’—Mr, Ralph 8. Hosmer, Territorial Forester......... | PRON ORS Fai. eae Re 10 ‘¢Making Wise Use of All Our Lands’’—Dr. E. V. Wilcox...... 14 ‘‘The Conservation of Health,’? Ete.—Dr. W. C. Hobdy........ 18s ‘*Economy in the Use of Surface and Artesian Supplies’’-—Hon. Oyo. Smith. . ... sco ke eal has. «cM aaa Sle .. 23 ‘“Conservation of Water Power’’—Mr. Alonzo Gartley.......... 25 ‘““The Geology of Oahu and Its Relation to the Artesian Supply’’— Prof. C. H, Hitehcock.........: See ere 27 esieea te” A nNOUNCeEMeNE ,x sees suas h WAG a fe oy 's babe « Bip ote ager 29

Board of Agriculture and Forestry:

Division of Entomology—Special Report on Banana Importation. 30 Produetion of Volatile Oils and Perfumery Plants................... 37 By Authority—‘‘ Mediterranean Fruit Fly’’...... 2. 0.26...5..200a% 28

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY.

The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern- ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced

trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or.

growing.

The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak, Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of India, Poinciana, Albizzia, ete. The price of the seed varies from 10

-to D0 cents per ounce. ‘The seedlings may be had for 2% cents each,

except a few kincs which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested before being sent out, which insures its being good.

All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawai.

RALPH 8S. HOSMER, Superintendent of Forestry.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

To give information about insects free of charge is one of the dusies

of this Division and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make in- quiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently or send the right kind of useful insects for relief we like and sometimes it is indispensable for us to see the insect suspected or caught in the act,

also specimens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden —

box specimens may be mailed at 3rd class rates. When specimens are

not accompanied by letter always write your name and address in the upper left-hand corner of the package. Address all communications SUPERINTENDENT DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, P. O. 308. seal ‘© ’ ata HAWAII.

: ss EDW. M. EHRHORN,

ela 6 / * Out of Print

THE HAWAIIAN

FORESTER & AGKICULTURIo!

Vor? VIII. PANUARY;: TOL1, No? ft

CONSERVATION MEETING.

The greater part of this issue of the Forester is taken up by the addresses delivered at the Special Conservation meeting held in the Throne Room, at the Capitol Building, Honolulu, on No- vember 16, 1910, under the joint auspices of the Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry and the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association.

The several addresses outline clearly the fundamental prin- ciples of Conservation in their relation to local needs. These speeches deserve the serious consideration of everyone. In Hawaii the right use of the natural resources is indeed the foun- dation of our prosperity.

OPENING ADDRESS BY HON. MARSTON CAMPBELL.

GENTLEMEN :—This meeting is called by the Board of Agri- culture and Forestry in cooperation with the Planters’ Associa- tion for the purpose of bringing the representatives of the agri- cultural, manufacturing and grazing interests in touch with the Territorial Government in matters pertaining to our Natural Re- sources, their protection and extension to a greater and more beneficial use by the present and future generations, and for the further object of formulating some definite scheme of cooperation to that end.

The Territorial Government, especially its Department of Pub- lic Works, in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey, the Department of Public Lands and Survey, and the Board of Agri- culture and Forestry, through its Bureaus of Forestry, Ento- mology and Animal Industry, as well as the U. S. Department of Agriculture, are engaged in extensive scientific investigations which are rapidly growing in scope and value to this community.

Within the last year, coOperative agreements have been made between the Territorial Government, the U. S. Forestry Bureau and the U. S. Geological Survey, the latter in two of its import- ant branches of work, viz:

1. Hydrographic Survey, an investigation of our water re- sources, surface, ground and artesian; the result of such survey will be the information as regards the value of all our water re-

2

sources. For the past year, the Department of Public Works has been securing data on the ground and artesian water sup- ‘plies of the Islands, special attention being given to the artesian supplies of the Island of Oahu. The data so far secured has been forwarded to Dr. W. C. Mendenhall, Geologist in charge of Ground Water Investigations of the:U. S. Geological Sur- vey, and Dr. Mendenhall’s report can be expected in the near future. The surface investigations are in charge of Mr. Mar- tin, District Engineer for the U. S. Geological Survey.

2. Topographic Surveys.

This work is. in chargé of Mr. C: Hogtirdseye, Chicts ie pographer for the Hawaiian Division. At the present time, the field work of the topographic survey of the Island of Kauai has been finished and the maps will be engraved and ready for distribution by February of next year. On the completion of these surveys, we will have the correct information as regards the physical features of the islands, the location of railroads, tun- nels, aqueducts and other culture, and reservoir sites for the future conservation of the ordinary as well as the freshet flows of our mountain streams.

These maps will be of inestimable value to the Territorial Gov- ernment, in the opening and development of its public lands, and to the individual and plantation interests. Large areas of our lands in both public and private ownership are terra incognito. The surveyors, in order to make a perfect map, must cover every square mile of the surface of the Islands, with the result that our unknown, unvalued lands will have been surveyed and plotted. These maps will also show the areas under cultivation and definite information as regards areas susceptible of cultiva- tion.

Following the completion of these maps will be the investiga- tion of soil and its agricultural value for various crops. The local station of the U. S. Department of Agriculture will, through aid derived from the Conservation Fund, establish sub-stations on the various Islands. ;

At present we are without all of the necessary information for the development of a general scheme of conservation for our natural resources, and until such time as we are in possession of this data, each particular unit will have to be considered by itself. However, upon the completion of the surveys now under way, all of the information necessary for a complete scheme of conserva- tion for each island can be formulated.

The question has often been asked: “What have we in this Territory to conserve?’ That question is readily answered. Our waters, the agricultural life of our country; our soils and our forests. In this Territory, advantage has been taken of our soils and favorable climatic conditions and through the develop- ment of our agricultural industries, we are in a position, as re- gards wealth and prosperity equal, if not better, than that of

3

most any other community in this world, but we have in a large measure been living upon our capital and not upon the interest thereof.

The large industries of this country have, and are, recogniz- ing the importance of the preservation of our natural resources, and their extension, and have devoted a great deal of attention to forestry. This work has been individual, however, rather than on a larger or broader scheme of cooperation.

I have made a study of the costs of replanting deforested areas within the present and possible future forest reserves, and am .much perturbed to discover the enormous amount of labor and expense it will require, and the long period of years over which the work will have to extend, if the deforested areas are re- planted. The work would, of necessity, progress so slowly that its protection against land wastes by erosion due to wind and water would be very little.

If we limit our efforts to the commercial side of forestry, we will attain the great end of conserving our several natural re- sources which are dependent upon forest cover. Our great need is in forest cover whether it be forest planted for coni- mercial ends, or cover which will preserve the land against erosion.

I offer the question of forest cover or commercial forest as one for discussion, and call your attention to the algaroba for- ests which cover large areas on our Islands, and which, with- out the aid of man, have extended over thousands of acres of good and waste lands, and made these areas profitable in many ways.

It is possible with slight expense to extend the algaroba for- est cover within a few years, over tremendous areas which are now practically waste lands. At present, we leave it entirely to nature and the cattle to extend it. We are particularly fortu- note in having this tree as it is prolific with seed and sets forth every effort to reproduce.

A few years ago, it was thought that the algaroba would grow only a few feet above sea level. On the Island of Hawaii, in the dry district above Kawaihae, I have found it growing at an elevation of 2,000 feet, and seeding. Why not make a con- certed effort to cover our waste slopes, so far as possible, with this hardy, ready-growing tree, which in itself is an ideal forest, and not depend entirely upon nature and cattle for the distribu- tion of its seed?

To plant an area equal to that of the algaroba forest with trees of commercial value, would be beyond the resources of the Territorial Government or of any corporation. The trees planted in what may be called our commercial forest areas take years before they seed and reproduce, while the algaroba grows with great rapidity and seeds within a short period.

4

I do not belittle commercial tree planting nor the results which would accrue therefrom, but I do believe that our greatest problem, so far as the conservation of the resources of this c>+a- try—water and land, can best be solved, is by the extension of forest cover and that as rapidly as possible.

Forest cover does not necessarily mean the tree. — It may be grasses or shrubs or vegetable growth of any character which will hold the soils against erosion.

There is some place in this world where there can be found a vegetable life of value that will grow with rapidity upon our higher levels, between the algaroba and our native forests, and within a much shorter period of time, than can possibly be ac- complished by commercial tree planting, recover our denuded areas.

The two great natural resources of this country are land and water. To protect one and develop the other, the aid of for- estry must be invoked. In few agricultural countries is the duty of water for irrigation purposes as large per unit area as in this territory, especially in the production of sugar, and every effort should be made by the Government and our agricultural interests to extend our forest cover, preserve our soil and de- velop our water supply to the point of its greatest beneficial «:se.

The Island of Kahoolawe presents one of the best idJustra- tions as regards results from the destruction of forest cover. Sometime since, in company with Governor Frear and Mr. Fred- erick H. Newell, I made investigation of this island. Mr. Newell made the statement that in all his experience in the so- called arid West, he had never seen such desolation as was ap- parent on this island through the destruction of forest cover.

The process of soil production is slow and takes countless ages, and nature to protect and hold the soils supplies a cover. In these islands, through carelessness and preventable causes, we have destroyed the vegetable cover over tremendous areas. These islands, rising as they do, abruptly from the deep sea, the material which is eroded by wind and water is carried to sea and lost forever, there being, as you are aware, no alluvial de- posits of any great extent on the islands.

We have a tremendous responsibility, and there can be no division. The Government cannot bear the entire burden, and each individual and corporation must bear its respective share. Our Territorial Legislature should be extremely liberal in ap- propriations for the purpose of conservation, and I hope to see, within the near future, a most perfect coordination between the Federal and Territorial governments, the planters, the graziers and the individual for the conservation of our natural resources.

5 GCOMERN OR pin An S ADDRESS.

CONSERVATION A PRACTICAL THING.

Peaceful movements may be quite as swift, as sweeping and as revolutionary as ‘those produced by clash of arms. What movement today is more comprehensive, more fundamental, more transforming, more vital to the permanent welfare of a great nation than that which is the subject of this conference?

“Conservation,” in its present sense, although practically un- known only five years ago, has become a household word through- out the world. The progress of the movement is nothing short of phenomenal. It was ushered in by a John the Baptist in the person of Roosevelt and has been spread by countless apostles Mmeaewith ieuzeal Of crusaders. But it 1s no transient “or imaginary thing. There may be some to whom it is only a fad— mere “conversational conservation,” as it has been dubbed; there may be some to whom it seems to be only a fad to others; while there may be yet others who in their enthusiasm would so en- large its scope as to dissipate it into meaninglessness. To the masses, however, as well as to its arch-advocates, it is of the very essence of the concrete and the practical.

It is based upon awful necessity as shown by statisticians, but also upon grand possibilities as shown by scientists; upon a dis- closure of reckless exploitation by special interests, but also upon a sure hope for the nation’s future through appropriate action for the common interests. It is first of all a moral question—a question of duty to the present and to the future, and then, as is apt to be the case with all moral questions, it merges into the practical question of finding the proper remedy and applying it in a businesslike way. In a word, it is the case of a great people’s aroused moral sense guided by its common sense.

Again, “conservation” does not mean the mere husbanding of resources; it does not mean mere prevention of wastefulness ; it is not a damper on enterprise; nor does it look mainly to the future. Its cardinal idea is the fullest development and utiliza- tion of all of our natural resources, but in a wise manner, by the present generation and by each succeeding generation in its turn.

“Conservation,” I grant you, is a word ill-chosen for the pur- pose, but language is a growth, a usage, a convenience, and words do not always retain their etymological meanings. Liter- ally, “conservation” smacks too much of the selfish hoarding of the miser, that he may count his riches from time to time and gloat over them; but, in its acquired sense, it suggests rather the thoughtful saving of the capitalist, that he may invest and re- invest and so multiply his opportunities and powers for enjoy- ment and usefulness. Forestry is the most typical form on the strict conservation side, while reclamation is most typical on the

6

development side. But both sides are intensely practical. Even forests are not created or maintained merely for aesthetic or sentimental reasons. They are maintained to increase and con- serve the rainfall and for commercial purposes.

Natural resources are usually classified into forests, waters, minerals and lands. To these, in this sea-girt Territory, we may add fisheries. Public health also is fast coming by general acquiescence to be included in the list.

I need say little in regard to fisheries, except that it is a ques- tion to be carefully considered, especially in view of the im- portance of fish as an article of diet among certain portions of our population, whether the supply cannot be increased through the establishment of fish hatcheries. Nor need I dwell on the question of minerals, although we produce some lime and build- ing stone and may in a few million years produce iron. Dr. Hobdy, I believe, is scheduled to speak on health. Mr. Hosmer is to speak on forests, which, although highly important, are, after all, mainly incidental to water. Mr. Gartley, Mr. Smith and Dr. Hitchcock are to speak on various phases of water, which, in turn, although more directly important than forests, is after all mainly incidental to land, which, in the last analysis, is Hawaii’s prime natural resource. When we get to the subject of land in this conservation problem, we get down to bedrock or hardpan— of which, I regret to Say, too much of our land is composed.

This land question has many phases, such as those of trans- «portation facilities, methods of cultivation, irrigation, suitability of crops, protection from pests, marketing, finances, etc., but I shall confine myself to one, namely, that of area and with special reference to two present problems.

There are a little more than four million acres of land in this Territory, of which, perhaps, a quarter of a*million or so are under cultivation and perhaps another quarter of a million of public land and a third quarter of a million of private land may be capable of being brought under cultivation, but not all of it under existing conditions. One of the most important questions is how to make as much as possible of this area available for cultivation, that is, how to utilize it to the best advantage. I will suggest only two methods at this time.

There are perhaps a hundred thousand acres that can be re- claimed by irrigation. An equal area, or about one-half of the present sugar lands, has been thus reclaimed through private enterprise, and this produces about two-thirds of the sugar crop. The additional hundred thousand acres probably cannot be re- claimed through an extension of the Federal Reclamation Ser- vice to Hawaii, because there is too much reclamation work to be done on the mainland. This must be done, if at all, by the Territory or by private enterprise and probably through the issu- ance of bonds. It is doubtful whether the Territory should issue bonds in sufficient amount for this purpose, especially in view

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of the numerous other pressing needs which can be met, if at all, only by the issuance of bonds. If the work is done by private enterprise, the bonds must be issued for long terms and there must be sufficient security for the bondholders. In order to af- ford such security, it will probably be necessary to make long leases of arid or semi-arid lands, so that the irrigation companies, and, through them, their bondholders, may be assured that the water will be put to profitable use, either by the irrigation com- panies or by their sublessees for a sufficient length of time to pay the cost. Even if the irrigation works should be constructed by the Territory, it would likewise probably be necessary or wise to make long leases—not indeed for the security of the bondholders but in order to make the investment pay—for otherwise capital would not venture to start new sugar plantations or other large industries and the homesteading of irrigated lands will probably be a slow process for a long time to come. It is upon such se- curity of long leases or fee simple titles that large irrigation or agricultural investments have, as a rule, hitherto been made.

Conditions now, however, have changed, so that it would be out of the question to make long leases without reserving therein the right to withdraw the lands for homestead purposes; and, therefore, in order to safeguard the investor, it must be further provided that when the land is homesteaded the homesteader shall not only be given the right to sufficient water for his home- stead, but also be required to pay for such quantity of water, whether he uses it or not. This is the practice on the mainland, and it is both just and necessary. It is just becattse the home- steader gets the additional value which the water gives to his land and because he has no right to take the land unless he ex- pects to put it to good use, and he cannot do that without water. It is necessary because otherwise the irrigation works would not ~ and should not be constructed, whether by the Territory or private enterprise, and the land would not be conserved and developed to the point of its highest utility. The homestead idea does not require that land should be sold in its natural condition in large tracts for inferior uses when it can through reclamation by irriga- tion be put to superior uses; on. the other hand, the conservation idea requires that, if possible; it should be thus reclaimed and put to superior uses. ‘There can be no reasonable doubt that it is better to divide a tract of land into a large number of small homesteads of high productivity than into a small number of large homesteads of low productivity. But there will probably be some, who, for one reason or another, will contend otherwise and it will be necessary to meet such opposition with firmness in the public interests.

I now pass to the second method, which has to do with con- servation in the homesteading of land already under cultivation. During the fifteen years under the Land Act of 1895 until the recent enactment of amendments by Congress, about ninety

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thousand acres of public lands passed through homestead forms ; but, so far as real homesteading is concerned, a large portion of that might as well have been cast into the ocean. The right of purchase lease under the settlement association plan proved to be the best adapted, and consequently the favorite, method for the exploitation of the public lands for private interests. The situa- tion was a difficult one, but during the last three years it has been met in part by refusing to open up lands under the settle- ment association plan and to some extent even under homestead leases without settlement associations. The recent amendments accomplish in part two objects. They impose certain restric- tions upon the granting of homesteads and their alienation afterwards, as, for instance, by preventing “repeating,” and the conveyance by deed, lease or otherwise of homesteads, whether before or after patent is obtained, to aliens; corporations and large landholders, and thus they remove to a considerable extent the inducements for acquiring lands ostensibly for homesteads but really for ulterior purposes. They also render unnecessary to a considerable extent the exercise of éxecutive discretion by substituting therefor certain statutory provisions, which are de- signed to be self-operative in discriminating between bona fide and fake homesteaders.

There has been and can be very little complaint in regard to lands not already under cultivation or improved, that is, lands which require pioneering work for their reduction to cultiva- tion, and which are the typical homesteading lands, for either people do not desire these or else, if they do desire them, they thereby show that they are bona fide homesteaders.

The difficulty les with the improved lands, because they are the lands which, if the law permits, can be at once exploited to good advantage at little or no cost in money, dime or labor. It may prove to be necessary to restrict the homesteading of cane lands, for instance, to the special homestead agreement method, in order to prevent the waste of such lands and to insure their best utilization... As to price, it is only right totiesemizenscan large, to whom the public lands belong, that any particular indi- vidual who obtains such lands should pay a substantial price, although not the full cash value for which they might be sold if there were no residence and cultivation conditions, but the terms of payment may well be made such as to be burdensome; to give away for a nominal consideration valuable lands, made so by the expenditure of capital by others, would be both unjust and demoralizing. As to residence, this should be required to be of sufficient length and character to insure its genuineness. As to cultivation, this should be required to be begun and kept up on a sufficient percentage of the area to prevent the improved ani valuable land from being allowed to go to waste. As to area, this should be no larger than the homesteader can cultivate and no larger than is sufficient to enable him to support his family

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well. It may prove best to divide the cane lands into lots of, say, ten or fifteen acres each and give the option of taking up one or two lots, thus enabling each person to decide for himself how much he needs and how much he can handle, and act accordingly, but with full knowledge that his success or failure depends upon himself, and that the provisions of the agreement and the law must be complied with. Such provisions will work no hardship to the bona fide homesteader and will be only what he would wish to do in any event, and at the same time they will take away the incentive of the fake homesteader, so that those who complain will by that very act brand themselves as against the bona fide homesteading of the public lands and in favor of a policy which will enable mere speculators and investors to obtain large values at the expense of the public interests.

There are small as well as large special interests, and for many reasons they are far more difficult to deal with; but special in- terests.in all their forms, whether large or small, must: be thwarted whenever they militate against general interests. It is not conservation to give to one man an area of fifty acres on which to pasture a few horses or cattle when it might be divided among five who would maintain it in a high state of cultivation and make their living from it; it is not homesteading to give a piece of public land to a person who proposes merely to obtain a sum of money or an income by selling or leasing it to others; it is not right or just to the public, which owns the land or which is interested in good citizenship and good social conditions, to give land to a person for homestead purposes if it is to be diverted to other purposes. Cane land is commonly worth, say, one hun- dred dollars an acre. If a person takes fifty acres as a home- stead, and, as soon as be obtains his patent if not before, sells or leases it, he makes anywhere up to at least five thousand dollars according to the circumstances, without making the contemplated return of one additional family settled on the land and making its living from it by its own efforts; that amounts to a dona- tion to that extent by the public to the individual. The Terri- tory might as well sell the land outright without homestead con- ditions or lease it and pay the proceeds as a subsidy or pension to the deceptive individual. The fake homesteader is in substance a mere agent of the government for selling or leasing the land and putting the proceeds into his own pocket, which is a profit- able commission business for him, but an expensive method for his principal, the Territory. The case is one, not of the sugar corporation against the homesteader, but of the public and the genuine homesteader against the spurious one.

In this case also, that is, if the public lands are homesteaded in the interests of the people at large and of genuine homesteaders there will probably be an uproar from those who would get some- thing for nothing at the expense of others, and such opposition must be firmly met.

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In my opinion, the electorate can be depended upon to stand by a policy that is thus clearly necessary for the public welfare. However loud may be the clamor and however ingenious the at- tempt to confuse the issue, the special interests, whether large or small, cannot deceive the electorate for any considerable length of time. The fundamental principle of conservation, wher is that of utilizing our lands and all our natural resources in the best possible way and for the common interests, must be main- tained.

THESPART PLAVED BY PAE FORESTAN CONSE THON.

ADDRESS BY RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent of Forestry.

The five cardinal points for which conservation stands are the right use of lands, waters, forests and minerals, and the systematic safeguarding of the public health. Here in Hawaii we are more intimately concerned with conservation than are most communi- ties. With us the very economic life of the islands depends on the wise use of waters, lands and forests. While standing as we do, the western outpost of our nation, this community has placed upon it responsibilities in matters affecting the public health that require a large measure both of zeal and discretion.

My share on this program is to speak of the part that the for- est has to play in Hawaii and to point out certain things that must be done, if our local forests are to be made to render their full service to the people of this Territory.

The forest situation in Hawaii is familiar to most of those in this audience. But let me briefly review the salient points. Ha- wall is essentially an agricultural community, largely dependent upon irrigation. Under our local conditions of sharply diversi- fied climate, of varied topography and of the need—the more pro- nounced because of our limited areas—of putting to its highest use every acre of our arable land, it is essential that provision be made for the wise utilization of every drop of water that can be made to do duty—be it used for irrigation, for domestic supply, for fluming cane or for power development.

This can only be accomplished with the aid of the forest. With our short, steep watersheds, heavy rainfall and lack of adequate storage facilities it is self-evident that the function exercised by the forest on the catchment basins and in general over the water- sheds, is of much more importance here than in most other coun- tries. Far and away the chief value of the Hawaiian forest is as a protective cover for equalizing and making dependable the sources of our water supply. For retarding run-off, protecting the surface against erosion and helping to form a natural reser-

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voir, from which are fed the streams and springs, it is hard to conceive of a better cover than the dense mass of trees, shrubs, ferns and undergrowth that together make up our native forest. Its value is too evident to require argument.

But under present day conditions such a forest can only be - permanently maintained by being cared for. That this may more effectively be done, forest reserves have been created and a gen- eral program drawn up looking to the adequate care of the for- est. But such a plan takes time to carry into effect and the co- operation of all forest owners, be they the general public, inter- ested as joint owners of the public domain, or more directly, be- cause they themselves control land in fee simple.

A good start has been made, but much of what has so far been accomplished is but preliminary to what waits to be done. Be- fore the house can be built the foundations must be laid. So Mati the creation Of.a,torest, teserve system. |The fixing of boundaries, the proclamations, and the coloring in of areas on a map are but steps toward the realization of an ideal. The time has now come in Hawaii when we must go further.

And why is it that .we must do this? Why this constantly recurring talk of forests and forest protection? Why not leave it to the government officials to look after the forests? That is what they are paid for.

The answer to these questions is simply and solely because in Hawaii forestry is a business necessity. Wood and water are the first needs that must be satisfied in any community. Both are products of the forest. Wherever it can be got water is the most valuable product that the native Hawaiian forest can be made to yield. In Hawaii, without the native forest we should be without water. And in our planted forests, we have, too, an asset of constantly increasing value; for the production of wood is one of the pressing needs of local conservation.

The truth of these assertions is self-evident. But notwith- standing, there is much delay in putting into practice things which everybody agrees ought to be done to make our forests render their full quota of service. The object of this meeting is to bring home to those on whom rests the duty of managing the material resources of Hawai, the fact that wise use means not alone the prevention of waste but as well, and even more, the full utilization of all our resources. The prevention of waste does not mean the locking up of our natural resources. That is no part of the conservation program. On the contrary the key- note of conservation is use. But use from the standpoint of con- servation essentially means wise wse—use by which we may enjoy the benefits from a given resource, not only today but also in the years to come. And in Hawaii this cannot be brought about save through the cooperation of all concerned.

Now obviously the first step in wise use is to stop waste. And unfortunately all over the Territory waste is now going on—

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waste of waters, of forests and of lands. This is not good busi- ness. It must be put an end to. When artesian waters are not needed for actual use the wells must be shut off. Where erosion can be checked by altering the method of cultivation, that must be done. And where the forest by being protected can be made the better to do its part, it is but short-sighted economy that refuses to build the necessary fence.

In an address made at the recent Conservation Congress at ot. Paul Henry S. Grayes)*?Chief Forester enthe United States; said: “The practice of forestry by private owners is a public necessity.” This declaration is particularly applicable to Ha- wail. All the more important of our local forest reserves are made up of both government and privately owned lands. To secure the most efficient management of these areas requires that the owners of the lands cooperate with the government more actively than they now do. The most pressing needs in the forest reserves at present are, in most cases, fencing; in some the ex- termination of wild cattle and goats; and in others the replace- ment of the forest on areas where the growing of trees is the best use to which the land can be put. In addition there is always to be considered the planting of waste land with trees of com- mercial value.

It is no part of the plan of the government to abate its ac- tivity in forest work, nor to shirk any responsibilities that rightly belong to its officers. On the contrary it is the desire and in- tention of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry each year to render more and more efficient service through its several divisions. But it is not enough that the forest officials do their work. Seeing to it that the forests of Hawaii get proper care is a matter quite as much to the interest and benefit of individual land owners and corporations as of the government itself. We cannot hope in this Territory to make our forests do their full duty until all who are charged with their management give evi- dence of their faith through tangible works.

I am not making this plea on the grounds of abstract altruism. I.am merely putting up to you as business men, a business proposition. The time has come when to make the most of our Hawaiian forests there is demanded the active cooperation of all forest owners. The place has been reached where the owners of Hawaiian forests cannot afford not to take active and united steps for the better protection of the forest, both by seeing to it that the appropriate branches of the government are given the adequate financial support by which alone can the government lands be properly administered, and also, and fully as important, by themselves undertaking forest work, each on his own land, but all uniting in a general plan.

It is not enough merely to pass resolutions approving and ap- plauding these projects. The time has come to put words into deeds. Let every plantation manager think of the forest above

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his plantation. Let every land owner have in mind the condition of his forest holdings. Are your forests, and through them your streams, receiving the protection that the best interests of the plantation demand to be given them? Is there not some- where a place where a short stretch of fence would shut off and protect'a large area of forest? Are there not areas of waste land that if protected would grow up again with native forest, or that could be planted with useful trees of commercial value? These, gentlemen, are practical questions. I put them to you because I believe they are of real and vital moment. Every one can be translated directly into terms of money and everything done is for your own benefit. Can you afford not to take account _of these realizable assets?

Tt is not within the scope of this talk to go into details of what should be done in this or that place, or to prescribe ways and means. By this time every one now in Hawaii likely to need such service, ought to know that the staff of the Division of Forestry is always ready to advise forest owners how best to care for their forests and where, when and how to plant trees on their areas of waste land to get certain desired results. The object today is not to give such advice. What I have tried to do rather, is to set each man thinking if there is not forest work on his own land that if it were done would increase the value of his property; that if it is not done, will result in its depreciation.

I do not forget that much excellent forest work has been done by private interests in Hawaii and that the last year has been marked by a gratifying increase in forest planting by numerous plantation companies. but it is not enough. Every plantation company that has waste land ought each year to plant up definite areas with forest trees quite as regularly as it harvests its cane. It ought also—and of the two this is the more imperative—to fence off and efficiently protect the areas of native forest from which come its supplies of water. From my knowledge of the Territory I am positive that to incur the expense necessary to get such work started is in every case a good investment. It is for your own interest, gentlemen, that I ask you to give these subjects thought. Forestry in Hawaii is not a matter for any one man or set of men; it is one that in its results affects us all.

The purpose of conservation is so to use the natural resources that first and foremost we ourselves may derive the fullest benefit from them today, but also that we may then pass them on, unim- paired, so that those who come after us may continue to enjoy the same benefits. Let us, here in Hawaii, look to it, each man on his own land, but all working together to a common end, that every one is doing his part to conserve through wise use the most

important of our natural resources, the forests and waters of Hawaii nei.

14 MATING WISH*USEXOF (ALL OUR LANDS.

ADDRESS OF Docror E. V. WILcox.

I think that we have heard so many times that the develop- ment of industry in any country depends upon its agriculture that sometimes we forget how absolutely and eternally true that is. And when it comes to considering the use of land in Hawaii, one of the things that I think would strike the average observer is the enormous quantities of land which are now made little use of.

Naturally the very first question that we ask concerning those lands is, what can be done with them, and how can we get some- thing doing on those lands that will remain in operation and develop an agriculture that will be permanent?

One of the points which lies at the very foundation of estab- lishing an agricultural system in any country is the matter of developing a home, and by a home I mean a home with some Sentiment, attached’ to it." There is no use @t ever imagine that a population of small homesteaders can be established in any country where they cannot develop homes; where the conditions are such that they cannot make homes that are attractive, be- cause a home that simply consists of a few acres of land where some potatoes can be grown and a few other things to eat, and where a house can be put up which will protect them from the rats and other vermin, does not constitute a home.

It is so evident in going about among these tracts of land where homesteads ought to be, and where all the natural condi- tions are favorable for homesteading that this one idea is largely absent. Merely a building and a plot of land are to be seen and you wonder how any one could be prevailed upon to stay upon the land much longer than is absolutely required to make enough money to get away.

Recently I had occasion, in connection with some other gentle- men, to see what was an awful example of the conditions which I have just described. In the course of our stay on Hawaii we came across an old German who was living on a small home- stead, a man who told us his age was sixty years. He had cleared a small space in the midst of a veritable wilderness and put up a little hut where he could crawl in out of the rain, and here he was serving out his time as a convict serves out his sentence until such time as he had fulfilled the requirements of the law bearing upon the residential clause of the Homestead Act, and hoping that sometime he might prove up on this land. He raised enough sweet potatoes to eat; and he informed us that he expects to go away and work where he can earn some money after esas acquired title to this land.

Until we understand how to produce things that can be mar- keted with profit, so that there will be something to hold a man,

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aside from the few potatoes and other things which he is able to raise in order to live, the outlook for homesteaders is dreary.

Agriculture is not only the basis of industry, but it is the hope of the future development of commerce between countries, and it is the hope of the development of all other industries.

Now in Hawaii we have the possibility of growing nearly all kinds of crops; there is hardly anything you can mention that we cannot grow here in certain places.

The main reason which seems to stand in the way of the more rapid development of agriculture is the matter of markets. The question arises, what are we going to do with things after we produce them? There is no use if advising a man to plant things for which there is no market, or at least, no ready market, and irom which no immediate returns can be obtained. This applies particularly to homesteaders who depend absolutely on what they can grow in one or two years and who have no means to wait for a development of a long-time crop. There is no use of advising them to grow things which they cannot sell— for which they cannot obtain ready money. ‘To simply make a meagre living is not farming. A man cannot grow everything that he requires in life. There must be some income from the crop which has a regular standing in the world’s market or in our local market.

It seems to me that we have to reckon almost exclusively on crops which can be sold on the mainland or here in the Islands, and which bring ready money and which will put a man in a position to have a home that may be considered a real home and give him a little extra money so that he can decorate that home. In this way we shall avoid forcing the homesteader into the awful condition in which a man is merely existing.

A number of crops have been studied that will warrant further development and show possibilities for really prosperous home- steads in a good many localities.

One of the crops of which some of us have had great hopes for a good many years is cotton. We can produce a very fine quality of cotton here in localities to which it is best adapted. We do not expect to use up all of the land which is not now used for something else, for this crop, but a good many of the lands which are now being let go to waste could be used ad- vantageously for this crop. Naturally, there are different men who wish to cultivate different things; but this crop is a money crop; there is nothing that is more absolutely a money crop than cotton,—simply so, much cotton so much money. It has a regu- lar market price.

Commercial outfits are now working at the tobacco business, and incidentally, making it possible for small farmers to grow this crop and dispose of it to these commercial concerns, and in that way receive enough money to cure their product, and to en- courage them to go on in the cultivation of tobacco on a small

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scale in localities about the large tobacco plantations. But this main point comes up whenever you mention the production of these crops, and that is, where are we going to market it?

And when you take up the production of cotton or tobacco or of any other crops in which the freight problem is not very great, we still have to consider at once that if you get far away from a large outfit which is growing these things, you immedi- ately meet with difficulties in marketing that crop. A small man does not know how to market the product with the least expense. It costs too much to prepare it for market and trans- port it to the market. The homesteader can not deal alone with long-time crops, but must grow a crop to get returns from it immediately, and he cannot endure a delay. The one way in which these difficulties can be overcome at present is by being located near a large outfit which grows this crop and knows how to handle it. These people take it over from the homesteader at a reasonable price and that gives encouragement to the small man to locate about those centers.

The market conditions here in the Territory at present, as I have already stated, are being studied very actively and as you have all doubtless heard, a proposition is now before us to at- tempt to encourage the production of crops which can be mar- keted in Honolulu by securing better market facilities here in Honolulu, as well as better shipping facilities, so that transporta- tion will not eat up all the profit there is in it.

In addition to cotton and tobacco, which are really among the new possibilities of money crops here, there is an old one which, in one sense, I consider rather more important than either one of the two above mentioned, and that is bananas. It is more im- portant, I should say for the reason of its enormous tonnage, and immediately opens up the necessity of greater shipping facilities, which is what we most need at the present time. Il scarcely need to say, being relatively a newcomer among the most of you, that the possibilities of banana growing have been demonstrated in numerous localities. The capacity of the banana industry is limited only by the shipping facilities now offered. You know, probably, that about 15,000 bunches a month are shipped out of these Islands. You also probably know that the banana industry could be increased rapidly, particularly in Hilo, so rapidly, in fact, that we need have no hesitation except for the outlet. And I believe that it is a dependable and very conserva- tive estimate that inside of two years, if the proper boat facili- ties and marketing arrangements were made in the Territory of Hawaii, we could put out about 250,000 bunches a month. Now there is one very encouraging thing in this banana business; it is an industry that can be developed in a great many locations where there is nothing growing at present. Bananas flourish in a great variety of rainfall and a great variety of soils, and can be grown where it is so rough that horse cultivation is abso-

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lutely impossible. And it is unquestionable that a great area of land could be devoted to bananas which at present bears almost nothing which is worth mentioning from an agricultural stand- point. We have a pretty good supply of Bluefield bananas, which in itself is an encouraging feature of our banana industry, because that is what they want on the mainland. There is al- most nothing that seriously attacks the banana at present. The insect and fungus diseases amount to almost nothing on them; very rarely there is a disease which attacks the top, as a sort of blight, which is serious in some countries but is not serious here, so that it is a crop with a minimum of troubles and disadvantages to the man who comes into the tropics relatively unprepared to cope with the problems of tropical agriculture.

One point more in connection with this banana industry: I think I am now at liberty to say that there is a very active movement now on foot on the part of perhaps the largest banana concern in the world, to get our bananas; and I think it would be simply the making of our banana business if this plan is ever realized; in fact, there can be no question about it if they take up the crop here. They pay right here at the wharf in Hono- lulu and ship entirely at their own risk. The proposition now is to pay fifty cents for a good bunch down to thirty cents for a smaller bunch. Whenever a man shows a receipt that he has delivered so many bunches he can take this certificate to the bank and get his money when the bananas are delivered. And the moment the industry warrants this greater shipping, there will be two or three five-day boats put on here. They have already been designated to take this trade when it is developed, I mean two boats have already been selected to carry bananas where they can be gotten in quantities that will warrant this increase in the present shipping facilities. Now a proposition like that shows that here is an industry that can be developed. I believe that in time instead of the 15,000 bunches of bananas shipped at pres- ent, the amount can be increased to 250,000. It is only neces- sary for one to think of the history of two or three of the Central American localities where the natives used to live in the utmost misery, but where the conditions are now most prosperous as a result of having a regular and dependable outlet for all the bananas which can be produced. It has been largely the mak- ing of such countries.

I do not think I am exaggerating the importance of the banana industry; because it has an important bearing on the shipping and getting transportation from Hawaii, and possibly from Maui, to the mainland and getting a fast service which would certainly be of immense benefit to the Territory.

I think I might be allowed to mention one other point that bears on forestry lines, rather than upon the soil; and yet the title of the little talk I am making is such that I could not be called down for talking on anything under the sun.

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There are certain lands that are now absolutely occupied by the keawe and it is a mighty good thing that they are. A num- ber of gentlemen have recently been trying to estimate the value of the keawe bean in the Territory. I have looked over the figures and they seemed so outrageously large that I simply took a chance in one instance of dividing them by twenty-five, and still they were appalling.

On a recent trip to Maui I had to ride horseback along the road from Kihei down to the Coconut grove, going towards Ulupalakua, a distance of about eight miles altogether. On both sides of the road was a perfect jungle of keawe trees; and the ground was covered with the pods. I should also say that the hogs and cattle were doing all they could to get rid of them, but still there are tons and tons going to waste; and the cattle and hogs realized the fact that there was a luau for them, and only picked out the fattest looking pods, and all the rest were trampled upon and lost. Heretofore there has been little com- mercial interest in our keawe; but there is a movement now on foot with the Japanese government to take large quantities of them, using them for the Japanese cavalry. These pods are un- questionably worth nearly as much as barley. Now if a sugar plantation, or if a ranch, or if any large commercial outfit were to scatter several tons of barley under some shade trees they woulda have essentially the same proposition. But what will you do with them when you get them is the question asked by many. Would they get a market for them immediately? I consider that unquestionably the keawe bean as a forage proposition—as a feed crop—has been greatly underestimated. It has been one of the greatest blessings to Hawaii that she has ever known. We do not realize it exactly, when we allow thesesbeans and pods to go to waste under the-trees.

THE CONSERVATION OF HEALTH: WHAT THE INDI- VIDUAL AND CORPORATION CAN DO.

AppREssS BY Dr. W. C. Hoppy. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen:

The conservation of health, from the individual standpoint, is a feature that I am not going to dwell upon very long this after- noon, for in an audience of this kind, we all know enough to keep clean morally and physically, to eat slowly, to sleep in the open air and:to be sure of the purity of our water supply. Fur- ther than that, we need not go into the conservation of health, so far as the individual is concerned. I am not going to pay any more attention to that at this time. I do not want you to

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consider me an alarmist. I have no desire that you should look upon me as an extremist, but I have not come here this after- noon to talk to you in platitudes or glittering generalities, neither am I going to tell you what is being done on the mainland to take care of the public health. I am going to talk to you about things right at home,—what is and what ought to be done in order to protect our public health, which will be of lasting and untold benefit to Hawaii.

In the brief time that is allotted to me, I can only sketch for you the situation, point out the danger and indicate the remedy.

First, as to the situation: Hawaii has been called the cross roads of the Pacific. She is at once the stepping stone and stop- ping place between all points on the East and the West.

A glance at the Promotion Committee’s map will show her lines of commerce running to all points of the Pacific Ocean. This from a commercial standpoint is of untold advantage to this Territory, but from a sanitary standpoint it is not, because Hono- lulu gets it both coming and going.

Steamship lines are increasing in number. Steamer speeds are increasing annually. They are running to all of these points that concern us and the time between grows year by year a little bit less. Will you bear with me just a moment as I name some of these points on the East and on the West and the diseases they harbor.

from Seattle to Callao, we have, today, plague, smallpox, yellow fever and malaria; to the south and west, we have small- pox and plague; in the Straits Settlements, in the cities of Cal- cutta, Bombay and Singapore, we have smallpox, plague and cholera ; the cities of Hongkong and Shanghai along the coast of China have plague and smallpox, and Amoy, not to be outdone by her sister on the Straits, has all three of the diseases. The same is true of Kobe, Nagasaki and Yokohama. Seattle, San Francisco and Los Angeles have within the year had plague. They have today smallpox, and the country back of San Fran- cisco is infected with plague and will be for years to come. This is partly the situation, what is the danger?

You all know that smallpox, plague, yellow fever and cholera are quarantinable diseases. They are so called because they have shown the power to spread in waves over large portions of the earth, claiming for themselves innumerable victims as they move.

Plague. during the last ten years, has.averaged more than half a million deaths in India. In addition to that, there is one other disease that is not considered a quarantinable disease, and that is malaria. Malaria is more dangerous to this territory than yellow fever. Just a word about how you can get these diseases:

Plague is a disease primarily of the rat which is transmitted to man by means of the flea. Wherever ships go the rat will go. He has the plague in chronic form and where the rat goes, plague will go.

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Malaria is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito. We do not have this mosquito. We have enough without him; but we have all the conditions suitable for his life and for his rapid increase if he ever gets here.

Cholera is a water and food borne disease, but it is so readily controlled and its incubation period is so short that it is not a source of grave danger to this Territory; yet, you had an epi- demic of cholera, I think when Hon. W. O. Smith was President of the Board of Health, which claimed only 63 victims and cost $80,000 ; and this did not include the loss to commerce. I men- tion this simply to cite facts, and show how expensive these dis- eases can be when they once get a start.

In any sane community with a good sane medical fraternity to teach, preach and practice the doctrine, faith and works of vaccination, smallpox can never gain a foothold, yet when it came to this community first, it cost you-an enormous amount to get rid of it, and there is no history of any other epidemic that claimed as many victims. I speak of this simply to urge upon you gentlemen, when the time comes, to submit your children to vaccination, and use your influence in its favor in order that the present high standard of health may be maintained and the spread of smallpox avoided.

Yellow fever is transmitted from man to man by the Stygomia mosquito and only through that agency. During the first three days of your disease with yellow fever, you are infectious. After that, you are not. This little stocking-leg mosquito with a white stripe down his back which is in every office in this Territory is the little instrument that conveys yellow fever from man to man. It is he who takes the poison from the individtal in the early days of yellow fever and spreads it. That mosquito abounds in Hono- lulu. It breeds in the broken bottles and cans in your back yard, in the water cups that keep ants out of your refrigerator, and in the sink where the water drain comes from the gutter. It is always on the job during the day. And when the day shift goes off, another kind of mosquito, the night shift comes on. In order to protect us from these diseases, Uncle Sam has provided for us a most efficient defense,—our Federal Quarantine, but gentlemen, any quarantine that is absolutely effective is proscrip- tive and prohibitive, and besides, just as your health officer can- not isolate and quarantine a case of malaria, so your quarantine officer cannot quarantine and disinfect a ship for malaria or what is worse, a malaria mosquito.

Some day an Anopheles mosquito will enter this city, and he Will then have found indeed a Paradise of the Pacific. All the conditions are here for his rapid reproduction and everything is ready for him to begin an epidemic that will rival in its numbers destroyed, and I speak conservatively, the smallpox epidemic of some 27 years ago.

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We have today, moving around and perfectly well and abso- lutely harmless in this community, individuals with the malarial organism in circulation. In my work here as a quarantine officer, I have discovered three. They are here with us. All that is needed to transmit that disease from one individual to another is that single mosquito. Some day from a vessel at our wharves, that mosquito is coming ashore and when that day comes, gentle- men, our troubles with malaria will begin. Then gentlemen, it will be absolutely necessary for the Board of Health to have more stringent regulations than are in force at the present time. These are the dangers that threaten us from without. There are two others that threaten us from within.

Typhoid fever, we have with us. In the four or five years that I have been away from here, it has increased at a remark- able rate. It is for the most part, a water-borne disease. If you want to prevent typhoid fever, the most important step that you can take is first being assured that your water supply 1s above reproach, and second, that the excrement of your camps is properly disposed of.

The second one, right here, in our midst, is tuberculosis, and if you will take the mortuary reports furnished by the Board of Health from month to month, you will find that tuberculosis to- day causes from four to six times as many deaths in Honolulu as all the other diseases to which the Territory is subjected; about the ratio of 12 to 2 or 14 to 4. These are actual figures taken from the records of my office. There is only one way by which we get this disease and that is by breathing in or swal- lowing the sputum of some individual who has the disease. If every one had the authority to issue and the power to enforce just one single edict, it would be no trouble to stop the increase in tuberculosis. Let this edict go forth, broadcast and effective: “Let there be no more spitting,’ and the occurrence of new cases would stop almost at once, and in three years we would have no more tuberculosis. We would have those cases that are among us, but new cases would stop.

Careful experiments made at the Johns Hopkins Hospital have _ shown that a single individual in the active stages of the disease throws off from his lungs in each 24 hours enough tubercle bacilh to give from 45 to 75 to every man, woman and child in the United States today. The sputum dries, is ground into dust under the feet of passersby, is carried into homes on feet and trailing skirts or wafted away by the passing breeze to be breathed in by your children and mine, even by you and me. Do you know, unless we modify our sanitary laws, that of the present population of the United States, ten millions are going to die of tuberculosis.

There are other means of contracting this disease, but for the most part, this ten millions are going to die from swallowing the sputum of the careless, criminal individual who walks down

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our streets spitting to the right and to the left, just to assert his proud and free and independent spirit. Unless we can create a public sentiment against this custom, and unless an educational campaign is started, that condition of affairs 1s going to continue.

Now as to the remedy: Hawaii is indeed a Paradise of the Pacific, and you gentlemen, here before me, representing the chief industry of this Territory, are the very bone and sinew of our material prosperity. What you want, you get. Your interests and rights are paramount in the affairs of this Territory.

Is there one individual here of you sound, hard-headed busi- ness men, who believes that you can carry on with the greatest success your work as sugar planters, unless our health conditions are maintained? Is there among you anyone who throwing aside the dollars and cents, is willing to sacrifice Hawaii's present reputation—the most beautiful and healthful place in the Pacific Ocean? Gentlemen, I do not believe that there is. You .gentle- men are today straining every nerve to extend your acreage and increase your yield.

I come to plead with you for Hawaii's future, because once yellow fever gains an entrance here it will start an epidemic that will claim hundreds, perhaps thousands, of victims, an epidemic that will blast Hawaii’s reputation abroad, cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to eradicate and no man can estimate the cost to our commerce and your business through the quarantine restrictions that would be imposed against us. It will be equally as disastrous should malaria gain a foothold here.

Mauritius was known as the Paradise of the Indian Ocean. It was a place where England sent her officers and regiments from India to recuperate. Yet from a paradise it became a pest hole. Sometime between ’61 and ’65, malaria was introduced and in the next few years 350,000 people perished from the disease and those islands have never recovered from the blow. That 1s what will happen to Hawaii if we do not take the necessary steps.

I want you to appreciate that you are men who get things, and I want you to act as disciples and go back to your homes and talk about what I have told you until there will be created such a sentiment in favor of this thing that it will have to come, for in no other way can we get it. It is a fact that every great move- ment has to be preceded by a campaign of education.

The Board of Health for three years has been carrying on a campaign against rats in an effort to make this place plague- proof, and i in addition to this campaign against the plague rats, you will use your influence in a campaign against yellow fever and the mosquito which is here, and also against the conditions which make their breeding possible, you will have done for Ha- wali the greatest and most beneficial piece of work you have yet attempted, and you will have safeguarded your own future, for I assure you, most candidly, you cannot carry on your work with the same financial success unless Hawaii’s health conditions are

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maintained and improved. And these conditions can only be maintained,—our future can only be safeguarded,—certain dis- aster can only be prevented by you and the general public awaken- ing to the seriousness of the situation and all hands uniting with the Board of Health to make Honolulu and Hawaii not only pest- free but pest-proof.

ECONOMY IN THE USE OF SURFACE AND ARTESIAN SUPPLIES.

Appress oF Hon. W. O. SMITH. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen:

When Mr. Hosmer invited me to speak this afternoon, he said it would be for a few moments. We have listened to so much that has been instructive and interesting that what I have to say will be in the nature of suggestions.

We all know in a general way—and we have had it impressed upon us this afternoon—of the importance of the water supply, i. €., most particularly the economic use of water.

The islands are essentially an agricultural country. Our manufactures are very limited, and probably will never amount to much, but we depend upon agriculture. There are five prime and essential phases involved in successful agriculture, namely: soil, climate, water, labor and market. Climate we can not regu- late, and market we do not create, but all of these five are es- sential links in the chain of sure prosperity.

We do know today what water and labor can do. It was but a comparatively short time ago that on Kauai we produced but 800 tons of sugar; now we produce about 128,000 tons, On Oahu, about 800 tons, and this year we had 128,000 tons; on Maui, taking Lahaina, Wailuku, Kihei, Grove Ranch, Hana, Paia and Ulupalakua, there were possibly 4,000 tons a year. This year our records show 140,000 tons. I will not speak of Hawaii, because the plantations on that island depend in a large measure upon rainfall and not upon irrigation. Wherever enormous progress and development has been made, it has been due to the application of water. There was rainfall before on Kauai and on this Island and Maui, but it was not until brains, labor and engineering skill were brought into play that these results were attained. The first irrigation works were constructed by Mr. G. N. Wilcox at Grove Farm, Kauai. We now have many on Kauai. a

Yet with all this, as we have heard from the Governor this afternoon, with a little over four million acres of land, there are about 750,000 acres which are considered to be arable and about 250,000 acres are under culture. It is very difficult to tell how much of this land which is now used by ranches may be

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made arable, but the Governor has given attention to that and has estimated that there are 250,000 acres of public and 250,000 acres of private land which could be made arable if they had water. Then we have heard of those products that may be made to grow, which Dr. Wilcox has referred to, so that it is unneces- sary for me to dwell upon that. But I would like to call your attention to what the prosperity of other insular countries some- what similarly situated depend upon.

Java, Sumatra, the Philippines, Porto Rico and Cuba each has a limited local market, notwithstanding the eight and a half mil- lions in population which they have as compared to our little eighty thousand or ninety thousand, so their local market is larger than what we have. Our local consumption is very limited. Now these countries depend almost entirely upon a certain few products which have a world’s market, such as vanilla beans, tobacco, sugar, hemp, etc. Others have sugar, tobacco, coffee and a few such other main articles. Dr. Wilcox has spoken about cotton. Then there is coffee, tobacco and sugar.

Our line of development has been almost entirely along sugar, and for very good and sufficient reasons. When the Treaty of Reciprocity went into effect, only two products went in free, and those were sugar and rice. It was along these lines that the prosperity of the country has been built up, but it is a danger- ous thing to depend entirely upon one source of supply. The sugar plantations on these islands have developed an Experi- ment Station with corps of scientific men in the different branches, such as plant diseases, entomology and agriculture, and other agricultural branches. They have fought against insect pests and have developed the work so that the sugar industry, so far as dangers to the crops are concerned from pests, has very little to fear. The dangers from drought are not very great on ac- count of the water supply and the development of the artesian supply, but we cannot control market.

With the great development of the sugar industry in Europe and the great possibilities of Cuba, there is a constant menace, and in order to develop this remaining half million acres of land, and we may be sure that there will be development—there will no doubt be required a certain proportion of the water not now used. There will be further development and conserving of water and in due time there will be a larger supply than we now have and it is not unreasonable to expect that a certain portion of water now used for sugar will be diverted to other crops.

I do not believe the policy of the Territorial and Federal gov- ernments will ever be unnecessarily to imperil or endanger an established enterprise for the sake of experimenting with an untried one, but for every reason it is incumbent upon us to economize in the use of water, to see in the first place, that it is not wasted. No one artesian well should be allowed to have its water run to waste. Every one should be capped. A great

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advance has been made in the use of surface waters by the stor- age of night water or waste water in reservoirs, so far as it was possible. And more notice is constantly being taken along these lines, as in the researches which are being carried on by the Ex- periment Station. These have been reported upon at this annual session of the Sugar Planters’ Association. The investigations show that certain kinds of cane require less water ‘to produce re- sults, and along these lines investigations are being followed to see whether cane that will produce an equal amount of sugar can be produced with a less amount of labor and water.

Of course it is useless for me to talk to plantation men about economy, but there is one point which has presented itself to me in thinking of this subject, and that is the danger of expanding the work of the plantation beyond the amount of water which is available. In the great struggle to get large crops,—because the profits are small, and the profit consists in having a large out- put—the temptation is to expand to get a larger crop, and there is danger in the same, because of the area being in excess of water supply; in which case there is no economy in the use of water. I shall not attempt to say more in regard to what would be an economic use of water on the plantation. I have thought it more valuable to make suggestions in regard to the value of water and the danger of having to use less in some cases in the future.

I had thought of several other points, but since Doctor Hobdy has told us of all these diseases, | imagine that I am afflicted with all of them.

CONSERVATION OF WATER POWER. ADDRESS OF Mr. ALONZO GARTLEY.

The savage man is very closely bound to nature and his life is circumscribed by the natural resources. This condition he ac- cepts and governs his wants and life accordingly. Evolution from the savage to the civilized man has brought about a very complex condition of life, and with it the necessity of controlling the resources of nature and making them contribute to his ma- terial wants. Discovery, invention and transportation have all been contributory to a higher state of living, and have rendered resources available entirely unknown to the savage. Incident- ally, the wants being more readily and certainly supplied have constantly increased. This mastery and appropriation of the natural resources has made man highly civilized and yet depend- ent. Should these resources fail what would be the result?

It is imperative that the natural resources be not impoverished, for a high civilization can endure no longer than these resources.

Failure of any resource will not come suddenly, but failure is inevitable unless the resources are properly conserved.

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Water is one of our most valuable natural resources, and yet we are apt to consider that the supply is inexhaustible. True, we can exercise but little control over the supply of water in general, but we can exercise control or influence over the manner in which it reaches us.

In the Hawaiian Islands we enjoy the use of water for irrigat- ing and as a.source of power. Our streams are too small and quantities of water insufficient to be available for navigation. The watersheds and capacity for storing water are very limited, and it is necessary therefore that we make of them the best use possible.

It is not necessary to touch upon the value of water for irri- gating, but as a source of power the possibilities of development and utilization should be given serious consideration. The de- velopment of electricity during the last twenty-five years has been very rapid, and today over 30% of all the power used in the United States is utilized electrically, and it is predicted that, within the next ten years, fully half of the power used will be electric power. It is also estimated that the water power in the United States available for the production of electricity is five times the total amount of power now in use. Thus it is self- evident that, if properly conserved, and developed, water power is available for supplying all of the necessary power to be utilized in the United States for many generations to come.

The water power available in our Islands is necessarily very limited, and it is of the utmost importance that it be conserved. At the present time a few developments have been made which are of considerable economic value, nearly all of this power being used to generate electric power for irrigating pumps.

Of the developed powers by far the largest amount has been developed on Kauai. The developments there on the property of the McBryde Sugar Company, Kekaha Sugar Company and Makee Sugar Company aggregate 5,600 H. P., all of which is in constant use twenty-four hours a day, pumping 50,000,000 gallons of water per day, varying in heads of from 175 to 443 feet. There are some smaller developments at the Oahu Sugar Company, Waianae Sugar Company, Pioneer Mill Company and Hawi Mill Company, all used for pumping purposes. The entire electric supply in the city of Hilo, and for the street lighting of Honolulu, is derived from water power. Water is also utilized in many mills, especially on the north coast of Hawaii, to operate machinery and electric generators for use in the mills. The ag- eregate horse power of these developments is approximately 8,000 horse power.

It is impossible to make a close estimate of the prospective power development, and at best an estimate can be made of only such powers as have been rendered available through partial de- velopments made for irrigating purposes, or where the possi- bilities are self-evident. The conservation and development of

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water at high levels for irrigating purposes will render many other plants both possible and expedient. A close approximation of the ultimate developments can only be made when records of the rainfall, cost and economic values of the developments and complete surveys of the watersheds are obtainable.

A rough approximation would indicate that there is still available:

ALE SIAN Gin@it el Gath .s, ou vine vids 3 2 NSD 12,000: By P: i Be ora Shek tos ohn: Bae Cases ZOO: athe, # iit s Sagres eae be cs ok ae AOOO, coe FS BRP iets 9 thek oa 2) «(ghar 8,000" pS 26, 500) ves

It is essential for power purposes that the permanency of the supply be assured. In the majority of cases in the Islands the storage of water is very expensive and difficult, but it should be borne in mind that the development of storage capacity increases the value of the water supply for irrigation purposes and inct- dentally renders security as a power source. The building of high level reservoirs would no doubt increase the estimate of the amount of available power.

It is not always expedient, however, to develop available power, for the broken character of the country and limited amount of arable land at proper elevation makes the economic value of powers questionable. It is extremely important, however, that any owner of a source of power, or any individual or corporate interest, or the Territory, should be sure, when developing water for irrigating or other purposes, that all the power possibilities be fully investigated, and that the water be developed in such a way as to utilize it with the greatest possible economy.

Many new developments will arise in years to come to require the use of electric power in our mills, in the development of new industries, the installation of labor-saving devices of all kinds, and possibly the manufacture of fertilizers for use in the field. These are details, but the main, underlying principle should be kept in view, namely, that the greatest amount of power can be developed with the greatest amount of water at the greatest head, and as all water power will prove of great economic value to the Territory, it should be conserved.

Pee LOUVOm OF OALU IN tT S-RELAFION.TO THE mit hShAaN SUPPLY .

ADDRESS OF ProFEssor C. H. HitcHcock. When it was first suggested that artesian flows might be made

available in Oahu, some called attention to the fact that our rocks were volcanic, of a kind that had not been found productive

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elsewhere. Nevertheless the wells increased in number. To explain this phenomenon it was surmised that the lavas were disposed in layers, partly porous and partly impermeable, thus affording the same alternation which had yielded the favorable results in the stratified rocks. Usually there was a succession of earth, clay, limestone or coral, and the’ water gushed forth when a solid rock floor was reached. Coupled with the discov- ery of Tertiary fossils, it is now possible to propose a new theory of the artesian conditions in agreement with the early demur at the notion of the origin of the streams of water from lavas.

Extinct species of mollusca of the genera Ostrea, Chama, Conus and Purpura demonstrate the Tertiary age of the beds en- closing them. In the railroad cut near Waipio to the west of Pearl City is a solid bed of oyster shells a foot thick, belonging to the extinct species Ostrea retusa, interstratified with sands and clays. The limestones near Diamond Head yield many shells and corals of the same age. The formation indicated is the Pliocene. Until now it has been currently stated that the Ha- waiian Islands were the very latest geological product, entirely post-Tertiary. The picture is drawn of a volcanic vent at the bottom of the sea, discharging lava and gradually building up a basaltic cone upon which corals flourished and made reefs. Thereaisymo reason to change) the nature sand .crdém amir process, except that the beginning of this work is set back some- what earlier in time. That will enable us to add considerable to our geological history, and render possible the discovery of mineral deposits, such as beds of clay and earthy iron ores, which have been already pointed out. .

Summarizing the data, I have indicated the presence of a terrane of Tertiary deposits upon Oahu, between Koko Head and Barber’s Point, underlying several famous sugar plantations, besides the city of Honolulu, and extending more or less entirely around the island, rising as much as 300 feet above the sea level. For the sake of definiteness | have given the local name of Pearl Harbour Series to these deposits, perhaps 1,000 feet thick, consisting of sands, conglomerates, clays, limestones and sundry volcanic products, all resting upon a hard basaltic floor. The elongated dome of Koolau, on the east, may be compared to the roof of a house over which rain flows abundantly upon either side and percolates the porous sediments, yielding artesian flows when pierced by the drill. Owing to the copious rainfall flow- ing wells will be found all over the productive belt next the sea shore. A contour map of this floor based upon the positions of the water-yielding layer will show the presence of channels more or less corresponding with the existing valleys. At the begin- ning of the period of deposition Oahu stood as much higher than now as is indicated by the depths of the wells, and the slow depression predicated corresponds to the growth of the coral

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reefs, alternating with volcanic discharges from the secondary craters.

Some have supposed that the fresh waters were retained in place by dams of coral or sediment near the shore line. It is not necessary that such obstructions shall exist, as the under- ground like the surface streams push against the salt water as if it were a wall. If the pressure of the brine exceeds the downward current of the fresh waters the two will commingle. Occasionally the salt replaces the fresh water so that the well is worthless, and in other instances strenuous pumping will develop more of the salt. In other instances the fresh water escapes in springs near the coast or at some distance out to sea.

The artesian wells of the Atlantic coast come from water- bearing strata in the Tertiary or cretaceous rocks in material analogous to that pierced by the wells in Oahu. Long Island 1s a region where the water supply has been thoroughly investi- gated. The city of Brooklyn is supplied with water furnished by both surface and artesian wells sunk in porous strata. Like 6lis the artesian supply tises to about 30 feet above the sea. The deepest wells are about 700 feet deep and the water is derived entirely from the rainfall. There is an underground current stronger than that near the surface and salt water deteriorates the supply when near the shore line or when the pumps are used excessively. The lowest rock foundation consists of crystalline rock, mud like our basalts, which do not yield water.

Hence by accepting the doctrine of the derivation of our ar- tesian waters from beneath the unconsolidated Tertiary sedi- ments, we can be in accord with the well established belief in the origin of the streams from similar rocks elsewhere, and may perhaps be warned against unnecessary expense in exploiting un- promising territory. The Island of Hawaii seems to be very like the original Oahu in that it is elevated and lacks the coral reefs and that may explain the poor success of borings there for flowing wells.

MAGAZINE ANNOUNCEMENT.

A new departure in the Conservation Field is the decision of the National Conservation Association to publish a monthly illustrated magazine as its official bulletin. The title of the magazine will be “AMERICAN CONSERVATION.’’ It will make its first appearance Mebruary 1, 2O1%.

Since Conservation has become a great National issue, there has been wide demand for a magazine covering the broad range of the Conservation movement and so conducted as to keep the thousands of individuals who are interested in the subject informed, authoritatively, as to our natural resources, what is being done with them and what ought to be done with them, and of Conservation activities in general in America and other parts of the world.

‘“American Conservation’’ is to be devoted to just that purpose. It will ke popular in style and profusely illustrated. It will present

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articles by leaders of national reputation, eminent specialists, and other well-known writers who will tell how specific Conservation problems are being worked out practically, both in our own and other countries. ‘¢American Conservation’’ will be strictly non-partisan and will deal with the subjects within its field without prejudice or political bias. ‘‘American Conservation’’ will present not only articles covering the varied field of natural resources but, with them, it will report systematically the progress of Conservation legislation, both Federal and State, and will present notes of important administrative action affect- ing the natural resources, besides additional information of special value to students, speakers, librarians, members of clubs, and others who are studying any phase of the Conservation question. Under the postal regulations, ‘‘American Conservation’’ can be sent only to actual subscribers. The subscription price is $2.00 a year. If you wish to keep in touch with the progress of the Conservation movement forward currency, check, or postoffice order to the National Conservation Association, Colorado Building, Washington, D. C., and you will be enrolled as a subscriber. Membership in the National Con- servation Association is one dollar a year for ordinary members; three dollars a year for active members. Subscription to the magazine is extra, but friends of the Conservation movement should both join the Association and subscribe to its journal.

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

Division of Entomology.

SPECIAL REPORT ON BANANA IMPORTATION. Honolulu, Dec. 14, 1910.

Honorable Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honoltiay ©. H.

Gentlemen :—There seems to be a desire on the part of Mr. Clark, who represents one of the largest banana shipping con- cerns in America, to import from Central America and other areas about the Gulf of Mexico large quantities of banana sprouts of the Bluefields banana. Dr. E. V. Wilcox of the U. S.. Ex- periment Station consulted me regarding the requirements for such shipments into the Territory.

In 1903 the Board of Agriculture and Forestry allowed some 500 Bluefields banana suckers to land under very careful inspec- tion and I understood that at that time several insect pests, borers, etc., were found. The plants were given to the Experiment Station for distribution under certain agreements.

I have carefuly investigated the reports and bulletins dealing on the banana industry of Central America and the West Indies and beg to submit the attached report and I also submit a copy of extracts from the minutes of the Board of 1903.

Under existing conditions I would advise the Board not to

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allow any banana sprouts to be brought into this Territory, and I would recommend that a regulation be immediately passed pro- hibiting such shipments with a proviso that in case of the desira- bility of importing a new variety of banana, said importation shall be subject to the approval of the Superintendent of Entomology and propagated under his personal supervision for at least six months or a year. This would also apply to other plants and fruit trees.

Our banana industry is practically free from pests and diseases and great care should be taken in preventing any new diseases, which are at times very difficult to detect, from entering the Islands. It seems to me that if we are to extend our banana in- dustry we have ample material of the Bluefields banana to gradu- ally do this and if a shortage now exists the Chinese banana, which has given good satisfaction ,on the coast, could be tem- porarily and later on substituted by the Bluefields.

Awaiting your action in this matter, I beg to remain,

Very truly yours,

Epw. M. ExHRHoRN, Superintendent of Entomology.

BANANA DISEASE IN AMERICA AND CUBA.

We reproduce below the articles on banana diseases by Dr. R. E. B. McKenny and Dr. Edwin F. Smith, of the United States De- partment of Agriculture, which appeared in the well-known American paper Science, and were referred to by a correspond- ent in our issue of June 7.

THE CENTRAL AMERICAN BANANA BLIGHT. By Dr. R. E. B. McKenny.

In 1904 the writer made a trip through a number of farms in Costa Rica and in the Province of Bocas del Toro, Panama, for the purpose of investigating a serious banana disease reported by the planters during the two previous years. Since that time the disease has been more or less continuously studied by him.

“The disease” or “the blight,” as it is commonly called by the planters, spreads rapidly. While in 1904 whole valley districts were free from the disease, there is now scarcely a single farm in the regions above mentioned that is not suffering from its ravages. The blight occurs in the Panama Canal Zone; also, by report, on the Atlantic side of Nicaragua, Honduras and Guate- mala. The disease has been known for many years, but only within the last decade has it alarmed the planters. As early as

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1890 a few isolated spots were known to be affected, and from these the spread of the disease can be traced.

In Panama at least 15,000 to 20,000 acres of banana plantations have been abandoned and many thousands more are seriously af- fected, while in Costa Rica the damage has been even greater, so that it is safe to estimate at least $2,000,000 capital loss in these two regions in the last five years.

Young and old plantations are attacked with equal intensity. Plants are also attacked on various soils—sands, clay, etc. The disease seldom becomes evident until the shoots have reached a height of four to six feet at the collar (point the leaves diverge). Commonly the first external sign is a rapid yellowish and subse- quent browning and wilting of one or more leaves. Sometimes there is a striking curvature and yellowing of the terminal part of the leaf-blade, while the remainder is still green. Eventually all the leaves die and fall back against the trunk, leaving a crop of suckers which in turn are killed and give place to still weaker shoots. The fruit of diseased shoots rarely matures, and even when mature is worthless with blotched, somewhat shrivelled surface and dry, pithy interior. Shoots which develop after one or two suckers have died rarely reach the flowering stage. When they do, however, weak, distorted, worthless bunches are produced.

On cutting the pseudo-stem across and longitudinally many of the bundles are found to be of a yellow, reddish or reddish pur- ple color, the color deepening toward the root-stock. In the last stages the color of the bundles may be almost black. While in recently affected plants, the vessels of the upper part of the stalk and the leaves may be normal, those of the root-stock are always colored. In most cases the thin partitions separating the air chambers are wrinkled and collapsed. The juice of dis- eased plants contains much less tannin than that of normal plants. A nauseating odor is often given off when leaf-stalks which have been diseased for some time are cut open, though there may be no sign of rotting in the trunk.

It has been proved that the disease is not due to local condi- tions such as too wet or too dry soil, etc., yet some of these condi- tions may prejudice the plants to the disease. There is a sea- sonal periodicity in the activity of the blight corresponding to the periodicity of growth in the banana plants. It is during the stage of most rapid growth that the plants most easily succumb, particularly from April to July. In periods of less active growth many plants seem to recover, but only to die during the next season of rapid growth. Neither drainage nor improved methods of cultivation and pruning have checked the disease. Indeed, increased fertilization seems to make it more virulent. There is no evidence that insects are in any way responsible for the trouble.

Microscopic examination of the stained vascular bundles

Bs

above mentioned shows that the coloring is due to a rather in- soluble gummy substance (not a true gum) that more or less completely plugs the vessels and cells of the xylem. In this bacteria and, in some cases, fungus hypae, were found imbedded. Bacteria organisms isolated in Central America from diseased material have been cultivated by the writer and inoculated into healthy plants on the plantations and in greenhouses of the De- partment of Agriculture in Washington. The results of this phase of the investigation will be given later. It may be stated, however, that the blight is in all probability a vegetable parasite which makes its entrance into the plant through the rhizome or roots.

No good method of control of the disease has yet been found. The progress of the disease in its early stages may be delayed by digging out and burning diseased plants, replacing them with healthy suckers.

The hope of continuing the banana industry successfully in the affected districts lies in the substitution of an immune variety. This the writer has found in a Chinese banana now occasionally grown in Central America. This sort is easily grown, yields good fruit, and has been found entirely resistant. The plantain is slightly but not seriously affected by the blight. The red banana is also subject to this blight, but less than the common yellow (Martinique) variety.

BANANA DISEASES IN CUBA. By Dr. Epwin F. Smi1TH.

My attention was first called to this disease in December, 1908, by Mr. Horne, of the Cuban Experiment Station, who requested me to study the cause of the disease. Up to this time I have been unable to visit western Cuba where it prevails, especially in bananas used as shade for tobacco, but I have received several lots of diseased material, and now have affected plants growing in one of the Washington hothouses.

The signs of the disease so far as I have been able to obtain them from Cubans, and as the result of my own examinations, correspond quite closely to those described by Dr. McKenny, and also to the banana disease described by Mr. Earle from jamaica in 1903. A similar, if not identical, disease prevails in Trinidad, according to statements made to me by Mr. James Birch Rorer, from whom I have also received alcoholic material. A similar disease occurs in Dutch Guiana, according to state- ments recently received by me from Dr. van Hall, director of the experiment station in Suriname. I am inclined to think that the Central American disease is also the same as this disease, al-

34

though we are not yet certain, Dr. McKenny and myself having joined forces to settle, if possible, the problems relating to banana diseases in these regions. Possibly there are two banana dis- eases now confused—one due to bacteria, the other to fungi.

A microscopic examination of the Cuban material showed bac- teria to be present in some of the vessels but not in quantity sufficient to lead me to suppose them to be the cause of the dis- ease. In passing, I might say that Earle sent me cultures of the bacteria isolated by him from the diseased Jamaican bananas, and that in the summer of 1904 I inoculated these copiously into the leaf-blades and petioles of bananas in Washington, but with- out production of any disease. In the Cuban plants no fungi were observed at first, but further studies revealed a small amount of mycelium running in the vessel walls or their vicinity, but in no case plugging the lumen of the vessels. No spores were ob- served at first, but after a while I thought I made out, although rather indistinctly, one or two microconidia and jumped to the conclusion that the fungus was a Fusarium. Poured-plates were then made from the interior of affected leaf-stalks which were sound on the surface and a Fusarium was obtained on the plates in practically pure culture, the colonies having evidently been derived from microconidia present in the bundles. Transfers were made from these colonies, and after a half-year or more, rapidly growing large banana trees were inoculated from sub- cultures. The inoculations were madé by means of punctures into the midrib, leaf-stalk and pseudo-trunk. At this time the bananas were about twenty feet high, perfectly healthy and with trunks a foot in diameter. As a result of these inoculations the writer obtained infection of the vascular bundles of the petiole of several leaves to a distance of from five to eight feet and more from the point of inoculation. The bundles became brown- purple in the typical manner, and the Fusarium with micro- conidia was demonstrated in the interior of these bundles by microscopic examination, especially after treatment with 10 per cent. potash, and was also isolated from the same at this distance from the point of inoculation by means of Petri-dish poured- plates, the exterior of these petioles being at the time perfectly sound. It has thus been demonstrated beyond dispute that the affected Cuban plants contain a Fusarium which is able to run long distances inside of the vascular bundles, and cause a purple, purple-brown or blackish stain of the same. What has not been demonstrated is that such inoculations will so disease the root- stock that other uninoculated leaves will subsequently show the typical signs of the disease. I was obliged to break off this ex- periment after about two months, owing to the necessity of mov- ing the hothouse and building another one before experi- ments could be continued. The root-stocks from which the in- oculated infected leaves were cut away have, however, been planted out. in the new house, and additional inoculations have

Ris

been made, the results of which ought to be positive one way or the other in the course of the coming year.

The fungus may be designated for the present as Fusarium Cubense. It produces macroconidia and microconidia of typical forms, reddens and purples various culture media, and has not so far shown any ascospora form. The chief characteristic separating it from other species so far as yet known is its loca- tion in the diseased banana plant and its ability to produce the before-mentioned disorganization phenomena in the vascular bundles, but no doubt other peculiarities will be developed as the study of the organism progresses.

A very considerable part of the banana holdings in tropical America are in the hands of Americans, and as we also consume the greater part of the product, it is highly important to prevent such destruction of the plantation as shall lead to a loss of American capital and an increase in the price of this important food product.

Copied from “The West India Committee Circular,” July 5, POLO.

IMPORTATION OF BLUEFIELDS BANANAS IN 1903.

EXTRACTS FROM THE MINUTES OF THE BOARD FROM NOVEMBER TO DECEMBER 1903, SHOWING WHAT ACTION WAS TAKEN BY THE BOARD.

November 4:

Mr. Thurston reports that Mr. Jared G. Smith prior to his de- parture to Washington stated that about 500 Bluefields banana plants were expected to arrive at Honolulu at any time..

November 25:

Mr. E. C. Shorey, Acting Chief of the Experiment Station in place of Mr. Jared G. Smith, reported receiving a cable stating that a lot of Bluefields banana plants had been shipped from New Orleans on Nov. 21st and should arrive at Honolulu in about two weeks.

December 23:

Mr. Holloway reported having sent a cablegram to the Quarter- master at San Francisco, inquiring as to the whereabouts of the Bluefields banana plants.

December 30:

The President stated that an informal meeting was held, on Monday last, at the time the Bluefields bananas arrived, at which

36

were present Messrs. Thurston, Giffard, Brown, Dole, Perkins and Smith. The cuttings were surrounded with a large amount of soil, some of them in a filthy condition and the question arose as to what should be done with them. At this meeting it was decided that they be taken to the Government Nursery to be in- spected by the entomologists and then removed to the Federal Station, where they could be propagated.

Mr. Perkins, questioned as to whether he had any other report to make upon the condition of the bananas, aside from that made at the informal meeting, replied that he had spent three or four hours at the Nursery, and found a number of living insects and also remains of a new borer, but could not say whether the in- sects were present in a larvae state.

Mr. Perkins, upon being asked as a Government official, whether or not be would allow the admission of these bananas, replied that it was not a question of entomology, but one of judg- ment. Upon being asked by Mr. Smith whether any experiments had been made to kill cane borer, said that he had made some but found it extremely difficult to kill the borer without killing the cane.

Mr. Smith stated that the banana growers of the Islands are very anxious to procure a number of these plants, for it means a good deal of money to them, and remarked that if the Board does not permit the admission of such importations, individual growers will make attempts to get Bluefields at their own risk. He stated that gas treatment would remove every possibility of the introduction of living insects and should hate very much to have this importation destroyed on the mere “fragmentary evi- dence of insects having been discovered in connection with the roots.”

A motion was made by Mr. Giffard, seconded by Mr. Dole, for the purpose of discussion, that the action already taken by the members, at the informal meeting, be confirmed, but said that he would not vote in favor of the admission of this shipment.

Mr. Giffard did not believe it would be right for the Board to act inconsistently with the entomologists whom it should look to for advice on such matters. He hated to see the bananas de- stroyed, but would like to see a few propagated at the Govern- ment Nursery.

Mr. Carter stated that if there was no insect found that was detrimental it would seem unwise to destroy the bananas, for we do not want to do anything that would look as though we were not in sympathy with people who are probably making a living from them.

Messrs. Dole and Brown agreed with Mr. Carter and Mr. Dole believes that the banana industry is capable of becoming a very important one.

A discussion then arose as to the method of treatment of the

37

plants and it was decided that, at the suggestion of Mr. Smith, a mild treatment of carbon bisulphide should be adopted.

A motion was made, seconded by Mr. Dole, that the bananas be removed to the Federal Station to be cared for where they could be watched and be under the direction of the Board and the Board’s entomologists could see them at any time.

Mr. Carter moved an amendment to this motion, stating that the bananas be first disinfected at the Nursery and then turned over to the Director of the Federal Experiment Station for propa- gation and care, it being understood that the suckers be dis- tributed subject to the option of the Board. Motion carried.

Mr. Higgins of the U. S. Experiment Station, stated that he had given considerable time reading up literature pertaining to banana growing, in many countries, as Jamaica, West Indies, Central America, South America, Madagascar, Canary Islands. So far as he has been able to discover he has found no one complaining of the appearance of the borer, and further states that the bananas there are practically free from insect pests. He also stated that no other insect has proved injurious to any extent, except the black Aphid, which is already existing here.

Mr. Van Dine said that there was not a great amount of soil with the plants, and in his opinion they will all germinate.

PRODUCITON OF FPOLATIEL OILS AND PERFUMERY PELADRTES:

Of the countless numbers of plants in the vegetable kingdom, many possess peculiar aromatic odors. Before the art of distilla- tion was known, the ancient peoples used odoriferous plants and spices in their dried forms for their agreeable odors. Gradually, however, the development of special utensils for other domestic purposes may have resulted in the discovery of methods for the separation of odors from plants and plant products. The first mention in ancient Greek writings of the separation of an odor from a crude substance is that of the oil of cedar, which was separated from the oleoresin by means of the crudest form of ap- paratus. With the development of the necessary apparatus, ex- tensive perfumery industries have arisen. In southwestern France a general perfumery industry of great importance, based on the production of lavender, cassie, rose, violet, and other per- fumery plants, has grown up. The attar of roses from Bulgaria and Turkey, the rose-geranium oils from Algeria, Reunion, and other French colonies, the lavender and other essential oils from England, and the citrus oils from Italy, as well as the lemon- grass, citronells, vetiver, and other volatile-oil and perfume-pro- ducing products from India, may be mentioned as important in-

38

dustrial products. In the United States and in Japan the pro- duction of peppermint oil and its products constitutes an import- ant industry.

At the present time the number of plants in the United States yielding oils in a commercial way is very small, but the number capable of yielding oils of probable value is correspondingly great. At present the cultivated plants are principally the mints, pepper- mint and spearmint, together with small quantities of worm- wood, tansy and wormseed. ‘The wild plants include sassafras, wintergreen, sweet birch, Canada fleabane, blue-gum, wild berga- mot, horsemint, and pennyroyal.

Oil of turpentine has been distilled commercially for more than a century and is produced on a very extensive scale. Unlike most volatile oils, the oil of turpentine is not distilled directly from the plant but results as one of the products of the distillation of the oleoresin obtained from several varieties of pine trees.

Information concerning plants yielding materials used in the manufacture of perfumery products, also concerning the pro- cesses and apparatus required to utilize these oil-bearing plants, is given in Bulletin No. 195, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, recently issued.

BY AV,

RULE VE.

RULE AND REGULATION BY THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY CONCERNING THE PRE- VENTION OF DISTRIBUTION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY FROM OAHU TO THE OTHER ISLANDS.

The Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry of the Territory of Hawaii hereby make the followimg rule and regulation:

Section I. For the purpose of preventing the spread of the Medi- terranean Fruit Fly (Ceratatis capitata) from the Island of Oahu, Terri- tory of Hawaii, where the same has established itself, to any other Island in the Territory, all persons and corporations are hereby prohibited from wearrying or shipping oranges, lemons, limes, mangioes, alligator pears, guavas, peaches or other soft meated fruits grown on said Island of Oahu to any other Island in the Territory.

Section II. Any person or corporation violating the above rule shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by a fine not to exceed Five Hundred Dollars, as provided by Section 390 of the Revised Laws of Hawaii as amended by Act 82 of the Session Laws of 1905 and Act 112 of the Session Laws of 1907.

Section III. This regulation shall take effect from and after the approval thereof by the Governor.

Approved:

W. F. FREAR, Governor of Hawaii. Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, November 21, 1910.

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Garden and Farm Tools and implements

To do good farming you must have up to date tools to work with. We carry a most complete line of every- thing needed by the small or large farmer, from the smallest hand trowel to the largest cane plow. We also have a good assortment of Hand, Bucket or Barrel Sprayers. Our assortment of Hoes, Shovels, Spades, Mattocks, Rakes, Garden Shears, Lawn Mowers, Garden Hose, and other things that are needed daily about the

farm or garden, is most complete and our stock large.

EK. O. HALL & SON, LTD.

ears Board bf Be feukure a08 Forestry. a : PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION.

Any one or all of the publications listed below (except those marked *) will be sent to residents of this Territory, free, upon application to Mailing Clerk, P. O. Box 207, Honolulu.

BOARD.

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900; 66 pp. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for,,1902; 88 pp. * First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry; trom July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp. Second Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the eee year ending December 31, 1905; 240 pp.; 8 plates; 10 text figures. . Third Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906; 212 pp.; 3 plates; 4 maps; 7 text figures. Fourth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the calendar year ending December 31, 1907; 202 pp.; 7 plates.

Fifth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the calendar year ending December 31, 1908; 218 pp.; 34 plates.

“Notice to Importers,” by H. E. Cooper; 4 pp.; 1903.

“Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Fruits, Vegetables,

SEs -etc., into the Territory of Hawaii.”’ General Circular No. ES Gepp.

“Tmportant Notice to Ship Owners, Fruit Importers and Otherrc Rules and Reg: *

tions Prohibiting the Introduction of Certain Pests and Animals into the Terri-

ae tory of Hawaii.’ General Circular No. 2; 3 pp.; 1904.

“Law and Regulations, Importation and Inspection of Honey Bees and Honey.” General Circular No. 3; 7 pp.; 1908.

“The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist,’”’ a monthly magazine. Vols. I to VI; 1904-1909. To be obtained from the Hawaiian Gazette Co., Honolulu. Price $1 a year.

ies Ta DIVISION ON ENTOMOLOGY.

“The Leaf-Hopper of the Sugar Cane,” by R. C. L. Perkins. Bulletin No. 1; —2-3'8-pp:; 1903.

Poets Catalogue of the Hemipterous Family Aleyrodidae,” by G. W. Kirkaldy, ana

7 “Aleyrodidae of Hawaii and Fiji with Descriptions of New Species,’ by Jacob

ee Kotinsky. Bulletin No. 2; 102 pp.; 1 plate; 1907.

*“On Some Diseases of Cane Specially Considered in Relation to the Leaf-Hopper

oid Pest and to the Stripping of Cane,’’ by R. C. L. Perkins. Press Bulletin

ey a oNG. 15 4.pp.; 1904.

“A Circular of Information,’ by Jacob Kotinsky. Circular No. 1; 8 pp.; 1905.

fs “The Japanese Beetle Fungus, ” by Jacob Kotinsky and B., M. Newell. Circular

ean No. 2; 4 pp:, cut; 1905.

‘eee Report of "the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 19035.

og - Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 68 pp.; 3 plates; 10 text figures.

-—s Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1906. € Reprint from Third Report of the bard: 25 pp.; 7 text figures.

a Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1907. m She Reprint from Fourth Report of the Board; 18 pp.; 1 plate. a : Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Re Sham Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board; 26 pp.; 2 plates.

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

* “Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at Government_Nursery.’’. Press -. Bulletin No. 1; 3: pp.; 1905. * “Suggestions in Regard to the Arbor Day Tree Planting Contest.” Press Bulletin aoe” No. 2; 7 pp.;- 1905. “An Offer ‘of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters.”’ Circular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905. _ “Revised List of Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at the Governmert Nursery.’ Press Bulletin No. 3; 4 pp.; 1906.

_* “Instructions for Propagating and. Planting Forest Trees.”’ Press Bulletin No. cee tA Aa pp. 1906; _ “Instructions for Planting Forest, Shade and Ornamental Trees.’”’ Press Bulletin

No. 5;-7 pp.; 1909.

SENG Hoakaka no ke Kanu Ana i na Laau Malumalu ame na Laau Hoohiwahiwa.”

. Press Bulletin No. 6; 8 pp.; 1909.

oy Report of the Division | of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Re. E Lak print from Second Report of the Board; 77 pp.; 5 plates.

-* Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Re print from Third Report of the Board; 3 pp.; 4 maps.

as * * This Bulletin will be sent only to Dersers interested in the subject. Se ae Out of Bank,

RAGS duchaw weve sit st

ea! & aes ao ee Tie ongr et Lae Be) > eS tase = | ae es Fare ok tie 2 Ms K~ ¥ : ; + _- ae te Ss 2 tut eee: 3 3 cs .= y S s * ae ; ee = SAP eee *e ee ese ‘e

PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION—Contin DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Board of Agriculture and F

ued. |

* “Inspection of Imported Live Stock.” Rule 1; 1 p.; 1905.

* “Inspection and Testing of Imported Live Stock for Glanders and Tuberculosis.” -

: Rule 2; 1 p.; 1905. F

“Concerning Glandered Horse Stock in the Territory.” Rule 3; 1 p.; 1905.

* “To Amend Rule 1, Inspection of Imported Live Stock.” Rule 4; 1 p.; 1907.

“Rules and Regulations, Inspection and Testing of Live Stock.’ Rules and Laws; 11 pp.; Revised; 1910.

“Quarantine of Horse Stock from California.” Rule 8; 1 p.; 1908. q

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 62 pp.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 41 pp.; 3 plates.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1907.

Reprint from the Fourth Report of the Board; 104 pp.; 6 plates. Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board; 44 pp.

OFFICERS AND STAFF OF THE BOARD OF COMMIS-- SIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

COMMISSIONERS. Marston Campbell, President and Executive Officer. - - J.M. Dowsett ° P. R Isenberg ' H. M. von Holt Albert Waterhouse :

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

Ralph S. Hosmer. Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden. David Haughs, Forest Nurseryvman. ,

Joseph F. Rec!:, Botanical Assistant. ;

Bro. Matthias Newell, 7 charge of Sub-Nursery at Hilo, Hawazt. Walter D. McBryde, 7 charge of Sub-Nursery at Homestead, Kauat, David Kapihe, Forest Ranger for Tantalus,

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Edward M., Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology and Chief Inspector. Albert Koebele, Consulting Entomologist. .

H. O. Marsh, Assistant Entomologist.

D. B. Kuhns, Zzspector.

Fred Muir, Benefictal-Insect Collector.

Bro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo, Hawatt.

Robert R. Elgin, ) ( Mahukona, Hawaztt. W. O. Aiken,” | Honorary Frutt | Kahulut,Maut, W.D. McBryde, } and Plant. Inspector {4 Koloa, Kauat,

Dr, W. B, Deas, | az | Hana, Maut.

Wm, Robb, J | Lahaina, Maut.

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Territorial |

Veterinarian. L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian. ot Aes Se eae Live Stock Inspector. J. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Maut. H, B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Hawati. — A. R. Glaizyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauat.

SECRETARY TO THE BOARD. : Mrs. C. H. Brown

CLERK AND STENOGRAHEPR. Miss Melika Peterson EDITOR OF THE “FORESTER.” Daniel Logan’

LIBRARIAN. Miss Ella K. Dayton \

restr ye

+ ee

i 2 2 FEBRUARY, 1911

No, 2

|| Price, 10c. Per Copy; Per Annum, $1.00; Foreign, $1.25.

2

THE Hawaiian Forester

| Aagriculturist

~

ae . A MONTHLY MAGAZINE

: - OF

Forestry, Entomology and Agriculture 2 s ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION a eat? a OF THE

~— j, BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE

AND FORESTRY.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

Entered as second-class matter at the Post office, at Honolulu, Hawafi.

ADDRESS ALL COMMUNICATIONS TO

DANIEL LOGAN,

SDiigem. A HE --ORESTER, 2 P. O. BOX 366,

HONOLULU, H. T.

For business relating to advertising or subscriptions, address

HAWAUAN GAZETTE Co., Ltp., Publishers, von Hott BLock, 65 S. Kinc St., HonoLuLu Hawan.

ao

CONTENTS ee putes rs

| Page PidrtOrtal . ow. sees Valet See eee ee we een er ae Sep wan ents reese 39 Soil ‘Amelioration (Hagens)... Sagk0 at ie wee eo «eee 4] Board of Agriculture:and Forestry 2c o:.%. 2eis 3. fs <. -. ;aeeees Pe eaite 6 43 Division of FOREStrY. .s sS.L5 elses eka et eee as. ~ Uc Cee 48 Division of Hmtomology .. 220 rs cigs bas Fees ew - sn | Seen tees 51 TheForest Nursefy... 7.12... Gleneees ne cogs gharee =. . Va ES ga ST 54 Report of the Botanical Assistant... Zc22 25 255-2 5. +. - - | cos 55

Report of the Committee on the Introduction of Birds Into the Hawaiian Islands . ..| Saeoe is OL ele eee es... am |e Pe 61 South Kona Forest Reserve...... Pee ee ae SOEMPES | ee 65 Changes of Boundary in Two Forest Pee ES2 0252... < AYR ee ecmemas 69 Mechanical Power-fer-the Parineca.. se) Lae peek +++ -) jd eee eee ee 72

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

\" FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY.

The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern- ment Nursery, seed and seedlings’ of the important native and introduced trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or growing. ~

The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak, Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of India, Poinciana, Albizzia, ete. The price of the seed varies from 10 to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2% cents each, - except a few kinds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested before being sent out, which insures its being good.

All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii.

RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent of Forestry.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties of this Division and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make in- quiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently or send the right kind of useful insects for relief we like and sometimes it is indispensable for us to see the insect suspected or caught in the act, also specimens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden box specimens may be mailed at 3rd class rates. When specimens are not accompanied by letter always write your name and address in the upper left-hand corner of the package. Address all communications SUPERINTENDENT DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, P. O. BOX 207, HONOLULU, HAWAII.

EDW. M. EHRHORN, Superintendent.

aa

* Out of Print

et ne Ne a “tat t

THE HAWAIIAN

FORESTER & AGKICULTUKIoT

VoL. VIII. FEBRUARY, 1911. No. 2

BANANA CLOT HH.

In view of the anticipated expansion of Hawaii’s banana in- dustry, it will be interesting to know that cloth made from banana fiber is attracting attention abroad. An exhibit of this product made at Chunking Fair was the subject of a report by Mr. J. L. Smith, British consul at that place. The Tropical Agriculturist quotes an Allabahad paper as saying, relative to the same exhibit: “There is not a village in India that has not its clump of banana trees and not a village in which the fruit is not gathered and the fiber in the stock wasted. It has been left to the Chinese to teach us how the tons of banana fiber thrown on the rubbish heap every year can be converted into banana cloth and sold at a most re- munerative price.’ Consul Smith describes the process of banana fiber manufacture, part of which is similar to that of extracting the fiber of ramie. He says that only a few pieces of the cloth have been made experimentally, for which reason the price is high, being about $5.75 the roll of five yards, one yard wide. It is claimed that the cloth is extremely durable. Nowadays the byproducts of many natural growths and manufactures greatly enhance the profits of many primal industries, so that this Chinese invention of banana fabric may add materially to the importance of banana cultivation everywhere.

HAWAIIAN SCIENCE VALUED ABROAD.

Tropical Life (London) for November, 1910, contains a review by A. Gordon Howitt, B.Sc., of “A Study of the Composition of the Rice Plant,’ by W. P. Kelley and Alice R. Thompson, being the twenty-first Bulletin issued by the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. According to the reviewer this treatise on rice “marks a decided step forward in the investigations on the manurial requirements of the rice crop. During the forward march in the study of economic crops,’”’ he continues, “the culti- vation of rice seems to have been neglected; and so these careful results with useful deductions attached are all the more welcome.” Mr. Howitt makes an abstract of a portion of the Bulletin and concludes in these appreciative words: “In a summary at the end

40

of the Bulletin we note that it is the intention of those in charge of this experimental station to issue a more popular publication setting forth the practical bearing of these experiments, and we therefore await this publication with much interest, as it is felt that the distribution of such a Bulletin amongst planters would be creatly to their advantage.” No doubt the exhaustive article on “Rice and Cotton Investigations in China and Japan” by Mr. F. G. Krauss, which was published serially in last volume of The Forester and Agriculturist, will also have attracted great interest far from Hawaii.

DRIED BANANAS IN GERM ANG

Dried bananas and what are known here as dried banana chips have been offered for sale in Germany with increasing commer- cial success for more than two years.

It is impossible to obtain reliable statistics, as the import figures are included with those relating to fresh bananas, both the dried and the fresh fruit being free of duty. Importers consulted state that they have been able to sell without difficulty all the bananas shipped to them, and that the difficulty has been rather to obtain the goods than to find a market.

The consumers of dried bananas and banana chips were origi- nally vegetarians, who discovered attractive ways of serving them, but there is now a considerable demand for the dried fruit in ail classes of society and one susceptible of being extended materially.

Thus far the best dried bananas have been received from Jamaica, which also seems to be the chief country of exportation. The whole fruit is shipped in wooden cases weighing 25 kilos, or 56 English pounds, and chips are received in sacks. Importers are paying 25 marks ($5.95) per 100 English pounds for goods delivered in Hamburg, at which price a fairly remunerative busi- ness can be carried on. Any substantial increase in the wholesale price would react unfavorably upon the consuming market.

Verily, the time may come when it will be a question of teach- ing grammar in agricultural schools instead of that of teaching agriculture in grammar schools as now. ‘There in Lee, in en- lightened Massachusetts, a recent spelling match in the grammar school grades of the public schools yielded 14,000 errors in 83,000 attempts to spell words given out. Spinach was missed eighty-six times and the pupils had an equally hard time with macaroni.

The January Forester was distinguished as the conservation number. Its verbatim reports, nowhere else published, of the addresses at the conservation conference in Honolulu in Novem- ber constitute a valuable symposium upon what is actually being attempted in Hawaii for conserving natural resources and the public health.

4] SOIL AMELIORATION. .

One of the Most Vital Points in Scientihc and Modern Agriculture.

By Ye P.-C. Flagens.

Soils in their natural condition, if their surface is suff- ciently disintegrated and weathered to support plant life, are covered by a vegetation suitable to their,climatic and other conditions, as well as their particular chemical composition. This original natural selection has been somewhat modified and changed by man, who has gradually converted a large part of the earth’s surface into arable land and in many in- stances by extraordinary efforts has reclaimed and converted into extremely fertile and productive soils large tracts of al- most totally unproductive waste lands. On the other hand, erstwhile fertile soils have often been made unproductive or sterile by improper treatment and ignorance. ‘The proper treatment and cultivation of soils is of the highest import- ance, and in most cases far more important than fertilization.

It is imperative that our agriculturists be cognizant of this fact, as it forms the secret of the great success of their Euro- pean brethren. This is the principal reason why soils in Europe, that have been cropped for centuries, are producing better crops today than ever and are, as a rule, in better con- - dition than formerly.

Fertilizing with commercial fertilizers aims principally to

improve the natural fertility of the soil by supplying it with a store of available plant food and correcting deficiencies in one or more of the essential plant food elements. It rarely ever improves the condition of the soils, and often the con- tinued injudicious use of certain commercial fertilizers works harmfully in the latter direction. Constant and proper care directed toward preservation of a favorable condition of the soil and the creation of such conditions where absent is, there- fore, of great importance; for, however fertile a land may be, it will not be truly productive if its mechanical, physical and chemical condition is more or less unfavorable to plant life. _ This preserving and conditioning of soils is called ‘“‘amelio- ration,’ and forms the basis of all successful and scientific husbandry. Many viewpoints have to be observed in order to avoid a one-sided and unrational treatment.

The best results are naturally obtained where the proper attention to amelioration is paid from the beginning, with the first reclamation of the virgin soil, and all essential points should be carefully observed. Still, it is never too late to begin with a soil already under cultivation, and this should not be lost sight of even with the most productive lands, for

42

sudden physical or chemical changes may have serious con- sequences.

The clearing and reclaiming of virgin soils for the purpose of rendering them available for agriculture requires a great deal of knowledge and care lest serious mistakes be made, which can only be remedied later on at great expense.

Forest Land.

In reclaiming forest land the removal of the timber and un- derbrush is the first operation. As a rule the heavy timber is easily disposed of for building or fuel purposes and the cut- ting is of no expense, or tather a source of revenue. ~The re moval of the heavy rock and the cutting of the underbrush is often a serious and expensive problem. Frequently this is disposed of by burning, but such a radical method is often not practicable nor advisable, and in such cases the local con- ditions must be taken into consideration.

As a rule, forest lands are very rich in humus, and burning is therefore advisable; in fact, beneficial, since the ashes will tend to neutralize their more or less pronounced acidity, due to the decay of vegetable matter. If the land is somewhat poor in humus and the surface soil shallow, burning will often be found harmful and the roots and underbrush must be dis- posed of in another way. In most instances the conversion of forest lands into an arable condition will be hastened and as- sisted by an application of lime or marl.

Meadows and Pasture Lands.

Soils that have been used exclusively for pasturing pur- poses are as a rule not immediately fit for the growing of crops, but must receive the proper treatment before they are in proper condition. Thorough cultivation first of all is es- sential, consisting of ploughing, harrowing and rolling. The grass sods must be destroyed by burning or other methods, and if the soil 1s, found ‘to, react. acid, dime m@st- be: applied It is often found very beneficial to leave such lands after the first ploughing in the rough furrow exposed to the air and sunlight for some time. This alone will often sufficiently sweeten and condition the soil.

Heavy Clay Soils.

Clay banks which, owing to their close and impervious tex- ture, are more or less unproductive, can be reclaimed and made to produce good crops if properly treated. Humus in certain forms, lime, and also sand will be found of great ser- vice in changing the physical and mechanical condition of heavy clay soils.

43 Sandy Wastes.

The reclamation of sandy wastes is accomplished by similar means as that of heavy clays, only that instead of sand, clay is used, which will serve to bind the sand grains.

Alkali Deserts.

Alkali lands, so abundant in the continent of the United States, can, as has been frequently shown, be converted into extremely fertile soils. This is accomplished by suitable irri- gation and drainage. This subject will be treated exhaust- ively’ later.

Peaty Marshes. Reclaiming peaty marshes is attained usually by burning

the surface and treatment with sand, clay, lime, etc., there- after. Suitable drainage is usually necessary.

(To be continued.)

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, held in the Throne Room, at the Capitoly“on Monday, November 21, 1910, at 2:00 o clock p. m.

Present: Marston Campbell, President and Executive Officer; Messrs. D. P. R. Isenberg, H. M. von Holt, and Al- bert Waterhouse, members; Edw. M. Ehrhorn, Superintend- ent of Entomology; and Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry. —

The minutes of the meeting of October 26 were read ‘and, with the amendments made, ordered approved.and placed on file.

FORESTRY.

Mr. von Holt said that there was nothing before the Com- mittee on Forestry on which to report.

Mr. Hosmer said that he should like to give notice of a proposed visit to Maui, primarily in connection with forest planting. Some time ago, following Dr. Lyon’s determination of the cause of the death of certain areas of forest in the Koolau district on Maui, the H. S. P. A. Experiment Station, at the request of the Alexander & Baldwin plantation interests,

44

undertook the experimental planting of exotic forest trees in that section. Recently, owing to pressure of other work and the fact that the investigation required the services of a for- ester rather than a botanist, the director of the H. S. P. A. Experiment Station has requested the Division of Forestry to take over the supervision of this investigation, the expenses of which are to be borne by the plantation interests. As this work is indirectly in line with the plant introduction studies now being carried on, the Division of Forestry was glad to accept this proposition. The present trip is to make a careful examination of the area to be planted with the idea of draw- ing up a comprehensive plan. While on Maui, Mr. Hosmer said that he also intended to arrange the details in regard to the planting of government land at Kailili and above Wai- luku, and also to visit and arrange for additional planting in the experimental tree planting plots on the slope of Hale- akala. The duration of this trip will probably be three weeks.

On motion of Mr. von Holt, it was‘ordered that the trip proposed by Mr. Hosmer be approved.

FINANCES.

At a meeting of the Board of Apportionment, held October 24, 1910, for the purpose of determining the expenditure of the one-fourth of the special fund provided for by Act 33 of the laws of 1909, the following sums were set aside for the various purposes:

The sum of $3500 per month beginning July 1, 1910, for the uses and purposes of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry.

The sum of $600 for printing and distributing eucalyptus report, marketing and gardening report and other bulletins.

The sum of $1363.06 for the use of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry in planting and fencing the Pupukea Forest Re- serve and the Pupukea-Paumalu Water Reserves, and pay- ment of outstanding contracts. .

The sum of $20,000 to be available at the rate of not more than $10,000 a year beginning with December 1, 1910, for the use of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry in planting and fencing the Kohala Forest Reserve. °

The Secretary submitted the regular monthly report of the finances of the Board, which was approved.

MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY.

Mr. Ehrhorn stated that there was nothing further to re- port in regard to the Mediterranean fruit fly, but that he is continuing his investigations as to the spread of the pest. He reported that no communication had been received from

the California Commission of Horticulture in response to his of October 6.

45

The chairman reported that Rule VII, concerning the pre- vention of the distribution of the Mediterranean fruit fly from Oahu to the other islands, which had been drawn up by the Entomologist and approved by the members of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry and by Attorney-General Alexan- der Lindsay, had been submitted to Governor Frear and that the Governor saw fit to change the wording somewhat, but the rule would be approved and ready for publication in a day or two.

Mr. Ehrhorn stated Brother Matthias Newell of Hilo had reported that a party near the Volcano House remembered the importation of raspberries from the Coast, which plants died in a similar manner as the thimble berry does in the same locality. From this Mr. Ehrhorn said it is concluded that the disease which is killing off the thimble berry was brought in on these plants from the mainland, where this disease is known to kill off the rubus family; that Brother Matthias had scattered infested tops of the thimble berry along healthy areas near Hilo, in order to ascertain how successfully the disease can be spread, and that an endeavor is also being made to inoculate plants in the laboratory which will be sent out to the infested areas, and in that way it is hoped to spread the disease.

Mr. Ehrhorn said that recently a number of inquiries had been received regarding the importation of birds to the Islands, and that some time ago this question was taken up by the Hawaiian Entomological Society.

Mr. Isenberg remarked that during his visit to Germany he observed, at cattle corrals, some small birds picking flies off animals.

Mr. Ehrhorn said he knew of two species of birds, one in Australia and one in South Africa, that are feeders on cattle flies. If it were possible to bring in such svecies, 1t would mean a great deal to the cattle raisers and the owners of dairy herds.

The Board conceded that because of the chances of their change in habits, it was of the utmost importance that great care be taken in the importation of birds into this Territory. Mr. Ehrhorn thought, in view of this fact, it may be found necessary to erect large cages for purposes of observation be- fore the birds are actually liberated.

After further discussion regarding the presence of birds im- ported a few years ago, also the feasibility of having a large aviary in Kapiolani Park, which would serve as an object les- son to the public, more particularly to the school children, Mr. Ehrhorn suggested that if the Board would officially in- struct him to get into touch with the Chief of the Biological Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture, he

46

could then systematically go about the matter of obtaining definite data.

On motion of Mr. Isenberg, it was voted that Mr. Ehrhorn be instructed to make the necessary investigation with re- gard to the importation of beneficial birds into these Islands.

ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Mr. Waterhouse read from. Dr. Norgaard’s statement of animals examined as follows:

Totalsaumber .testéd—bullee. «cit. 25

COmsi a 5S). 1. Ad 2034 SUS PRBMOWS + <5 2c gees Soe Bie eats a 53 Rea cite@iey «<6. feetettearaiel ae: ake vd 531 Bra ngea i243. sbeb ieals eoes is) . e 426 Ear-tiaeed «+: : teeter Joes ote ovis £257 Killed@aite! . fetes olvees aati el. ne A]

Of all the cattle in the City and County of Honolulu, the total number of reactors of the total number tested is 25.1 per cent. ‘

Mr. Waterhouse stated that Dr. Norgaard had recommend- ed that the new intra-dermal test be perfected as far as pos- sible during the month of December, in order that the Board might be prepared, if such a policy was decided on, to in- augurate a new test of all animals which have already passed the subcutaneous test and consequently have been retained in the various dairies and of all new animals which have been introduced into these dairies since the first test was made.

He further recommended that the Board decide on a defi- nite policy to be carried out in conjunction with the new Board of Supervisors, which takes office on January 1, or with the Territorial Board of Health, or else decide on a complete retest of all dairy cattle of the City and County of Honolulu with the proviso that all reacting animals must be removed from all premises where milk is produced, and either de- stroyed or else segregated until such a time as the next Legis- lature may have decided what disposition to make of them. Tf the new Board of Supervisors should decide to enforce the present milk ordinance and to interpret the section pertain- ing to the tuberculin testing of dairy animals in such a way as to refuse to issue a permit to sell milk, to dairymen who have reacting animals on their premises, then he believes that the Board would be justified in agreeing to test, with the new intra-dermal test, all animals belonging to owners who make application for retest.

47 MILK COMMISSION.

Mr. Waterhouse stated it had been suggested that a sepa- rate division be formed, under the Bureau of Agriculture, which will have the entire control of the milk supply of the city and county, and he advised that the Board take the neces- sary steps to get the next Legislature to pass such a bill— that is, that the recommendation of the Milk Commissioners to place the milk control under the Board of Agriculture and Forestry, be incorporated by law in the statutes of the Ter- ritory.

It was voted to postpone any definite recommendations in regard to milk investigations until a later meeting of the Board.

Mr. Waterhouse further reported that Mr. John Vanhuizen, the livestock inspector for the City of Honolulu, was ill and that his physician had ordered him to take a complete rest for one month. 1

It was moved by Mr. Waterhouse that Mr. Vanhuizen be eranted a sick leave of absence with pay for one month. Mr. Isenberg seconded the motion, which was carried.

Me Campbellerated*that Dr..H. B. Ehot, thejdeputy ‘Ter- ritorial veterinarian for the District of Hilo, Hawaii, had applied to him for a leave of absence for a period of from four to six weeks for a trip to the Coast on the Zealandia, sailing November 8, his mission being to assist in the pur- chase of a large consignment of mules in the States of Wash- ington and Oregon. Mr. Campbell referred the matter to Dr. Norgaard, ‘suggesting that the absence be granted, and inatene sive Dee Eliot letters of introduction to, Dr: Géo!..5; Pakerao: oan Mranciseo,..Dri-Fos@. Joss of Portland, and to Die. Hesseinspector in charge at Seattle:

Mr. Waterhouse moved that the actions of Dr. Norgaard in granting Dr. Eliot this leave of absence and in appointing Dr. O. B. Shipman as temporary veterinary inspector at Hilo, be approved. The motion was seconded by Mr. Isenberg and carried. :

GLANDERS.

Mr. Waterhouse read the report of the Assistant Terri- torial Veterinarian in regard to three cases of glanders which had come under the observation of the Division of Animal Industry and two of which had been destroyed and disposed of in accordance with the rules governing such cases. The third animal was being retained at the quarantine station on the Beach road for further observation.

_ After some discussion in regard to the deplorable condition of shipments of livestock from the Pacific Coast received at

48

this port, it was voted that Dr. Norgaard be instructed to draft a letter to the California Society for the Prevention. of Cruelty to Animals, asking them to carefully watch all ship- ments of animals that leave their ports for these Islands, re- ferring more particularly to the shipment received on the steamship Hilonian on October 16, 1910, and also calling special attention to the necessity of care on their part in the shipments of poultry.

Motion was then made by Mr. Waterhouse that the chair- man request the Governor that in preparing his bills for the Legislature he incorporate in his report a statement whereby the powers of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry may be increased, in the way of giving the Board more authority in the matter of dealing with the question of introduction of animals, and also laws for their protection, from a humane viewpoint. The motion was seconded by Mr. Isenberg.

There being no further business to be brought to the atten- tion of the members of the Board, the meeting adjourned.

DIVISION OF FORESTRY. Honolulu, Hawaii, Dec. 28, 1910.

Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Hono- lulu, Oahu.

Gentlemen :—I have the honor to submit as follows the re- port of the Division of Forestry for the months of November and December, 1910:

ARBOR DAY.

Following the custom established last year, Governor Frear designated Friday. November 11, as “Arbor and Conserva- tion Day,’ and in his proclamation recommended its general ebservance. The part of. the. Division: of Farestry was ao supply, free, a few trees each to as large a number of persons as possible. Tree seedlings for Arbor Day planting were given out from the Government Nursery at Honolulu, from the regular sub-stations at Hilo, Hawaii, and Homestead, Kauai, and also from several temporary nursery stations at other points throughout the Territory. Altogether about 45,000 seedling trees were distributed. This is not quite so large a number as was given out in 1909, but as the result of somewhat stricter conditions governing the distribution it is believed that a larger percentage of the seedlings will erow to be trees.

Very general interest in Arbor Day was manifested in all the Public Schools, the emphasis being placed on the under-

49

lying principles of Conservation. Where it was feasible to do so the local branches of the Women’s National Rivers and Harbors Congress furnished speakers, who addressed the school children on this subject.

SEECIAL GONSERVATION MEETING.

In connection with the annual meeting of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association, there was held in Honolulu, on November 16, a special meeting to consider the underlying principles of Conservation in their applications to local con- ditions. The meeting was under the joint auspices of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry and of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association, and was well attended both by mem- bers of that Association—sugar plantation managers and the leading men of affairs in the Territory—and by the general public. Short addresses were made by Governor Frear, Messrs. Marston Campbell, R. S. Hosmer, Hon. W. O. Smith, Pugmizo se axatteyamein ... V./Wilcox, Dr, W. C. Blobdy, and Pro, ©. Ho. Hitcweock. In that theré was thus brought home to a large body of the most influential men in this Territory the salient points of Conservation in its local application, the meeting may be regarded as a decided success. The addresses are being published, practically in full, in the issue of the Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist for January, 1911.

In this connection I might say that I attended certain of the meetings of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association and took part in the discussion that followed the reading of the report of the Committee on Forestry.

FOREST RESERVE REPORTS.

At the end of November three forest reserve reports were submitted by me to the Board for final action; one recom- mending the creation of a reserve in South Kona, Hawaii; two in connection with the modification and slight enlarge- ment of two existing forest reserves—Kau, Hawaii, and West Maui, Maui.

sERLP..TO. MAUL.

From November 29 to December 17, I was away from Honolulu on an inspection trip to the County of Maui. Going first to Wailuku, I spent two days in company with Mr. H. B. Penhallow, manager of the Wailuku Sugar Company, going carefully with him over the area planted by his company dur- ing the past two years. A most creditable showing has been made on the bare ridges and hills above Wailuku. The Wailuku Plantation is making an investment that cannot fail to yield good returns in years to come.

50

I next visited the Island of Kahoolawe, crossing from Kihei in a gasoline sampan, in company with Mr. Eben P. Low, at present the lessee of the Island. I spent five days on Kahoo- lawe and had an excellent opportunity to get thoroughly in touch with the conditions now obtaining there. As the re- sult of this visit I shall soon submit to the Board recommen- dations as to a plan for starting the reclamation of that island. Thanks to the algaroba, it seems possible to start such work without the outlay of actual money by the govern- ment. ‘

On my return to Maui, I spent a few days at Kailiili, with Mr. Waldemar Hannestad, who is in charge of the forest planting on the mauka lands of the Maui Agricultural Com- pany. Several hundred acres of forest, mainly eucalyptus, have been successfully planted by Mr. Hannestad at Kailuli and Opana during the. dast few years,. The. @mject otaue planting is the production of timber. Such use of land, otherwise only of indifferent value for grazing, is highly to > be commended. It would be well if more sugar plantations would follow the example of the Maui Agricultural Company.

The last week of my time on Maui was spent in a visit to the forest along the ditch trails in the Koolau District on the windward side of Haleakala, with the object of gathering data for the preparation of a comprehensive plan for tree planting on areas where the native forest died off a few years since: This plan is beine drawn up at the te@mest ot the Alexander & Baldwin interests on Maui, under the terms of the cooperative agreement whereby the Division of Forestry offers its advice and assistance to persons and corporations desiring to undertake forest work.

Incidental to the main features of my trip, I was able to make a hurried visit to the new nursery of the Maui Agri- cultural Company at Paia, from which are supplied the trees for planting that company’s lower lands. This nursery is under the direction of Mr. David T. Fleming. It was one of the sub-stations from which free trees were supplied for Arbor Day planting; the cost of raising these particular trees being paid by this Board, under a special agreement with Mr. Fleming. ;

ROUTINE WORK.

Since my return to Honolulu I have been engaged with routine work and with the compilation of data for the annual report of this Division, now in preparation.

REPORTS _OF | ASSISTANTS,

I transmit herewith the report of the Forest Nurseryman for November, and also one from the Botanical Assistant,

ot

Mr. J. F. Rock, covering a number of collecting trips made by him during the summer and autumn.

In this connection it may not be inappropriate to note that two new herbarium cases, built for the Board by the Kame hameha School, have been installed in the Board’s office. These cases have at once been filled with material from Ha- wali and East Maui. Many more specimens remain in pack- ing boxes for lack of shelf space. As soon as money can be made available it is imperative that additional cases be con- structed. Four more are needed.

PLANT INTRODUCTION WORK.

During the past few weeks a number of consignments of exotic seeds, especially from the West Indies, have been re- ceived from Mr. Gerrit P. Wilder. Many of the seeds sent are from plants wholly new to Hawaii, trees and shrubs of economic importance. The ‘board is highly fortunate in having the cooperation of an enthusiast lke Mr. Wilder. The seeds sent are being cared for in our propagating houses and at the Makiki Station.

Very respectfully,

RatpH S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Honolulu, December 1, 1910.

Honorable Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H.

Gentlemen :—I respectfully submit as follows my report of the work of the Division of Entomology for the month of November:

Of thirty vessels boarded, we found fruits, plants and vege- tables on nineteen, and a careful inspection of all articles was made with the following result:

Disposal with principal causes. Lots, Parcels: acccera ir cCymmemiwiestss bh. anticoeivsil. aaltes sx . 1,206 16,416 Pemaicated.. bemme preleasine je iva exch e ss. 11 98 reer ,... WERE ST <a -yemcetcils.,. | Do 23 Bee. 5:2 a Ace ot Aad seth duck « : 2 9

era, 1S. es oe ck 4d ss 1,242 16,546

52

Pests Intercepted.

The usual greenhouse pests on plants by mail and express were found on several shipments, and these were thoroughly fumigated before releasing. 1 have written letters of warn- ing to some of the nurserymen of the Eastern States regarding

these shipments and gave them to understand that if they ‘ persisted in shipping infested plants we shall refuse their entry here.

A layover passenger from Japan brought a few tea plants which were infested with a wax scale, Ceroplastcs rusci, and as a precautionary measure these were thoroughly fumigated be- fore he could take them to his hotel. The plants continued their journey to the coast on the Manchuria on the 27th. Several packages of seeds were found infested with weevils, and before delivery these were subjected for forty-eight hours to the fumes of carbon bisulphide.

The rice shipments from Japan have been quite large, some 15,027 bags during this month. I am pleased to say that all shipments were found free from the rice weevil.

Another shipment of orchids from Manila arrived on the transport Logan, and quite a number of pests were found dead after the fumigation. Two species of caterpillars, two species of spiders, two species of beetles and silverfish. Each plant is carefully examined for borers before delivery.

The inspector at Hilo, Bro. M. Newell, reports the arrival of four steamers and two sailing vessels, of which two brought vegetable matter. One hundred and nine lots and 1688 par- cels were passed free from pests, and thirty bags of potatoes were returned, as these were infested with Nematodes, also thirty-five bags were overhauled for scab and six bags re- jected. Considering that this is the season when potatoes are usually found infected with scab, I am pleased to report that my warning to the shippers regarding the sending of clean potatoes has been observed.

Under my direction, Bro. M. Newell has placed infested thimble berry tops among some healthy plants growing near Hilo for the purpose of ascertaining whether or not the dis- ease can be distributed by this method; meanwhile experi-

ments are being taken up to inoculate healthy plants in the laboratory.

I received a report from Midway stating that the last ship- ment of stable-fly parasites had arrived in good condition. As far as we know, the horn-fly does not exist at Midway; however, the manager has promised to send me further speci- mens of flies and other insects. The parasites sent will re- duce the house-fly and the stable-fly on the island.

Several lots of Japanese beetles fungus have been distributed during the month.

53

Dr. E. V. Wilcox of the U. S. Experiment Station has made inquiry regarding the regulations for the shipment of large quantities of Bluefields banana suckers, some 120,000 plants. These I understand are to come from Central America, and are wanted by Mr. Clark, who represents one of the largest banana shipping firms on the mainland. I have decided to take this matter up with the Entomologist Committee of the Board, as I understand that there was some hitch about the first shipment of Bluefields banana plants into the Territory.

Attached hereto | submit the report of my assistant, Mr. H. O. Marsh.

Very truly yours, E: M. EXRuHoRN, Superintendent of Entomology.

Honolulu, November 30, 1910.

Mr. E. M. Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology, Hono- Taba, TD. ee

Sir:—I wish to report that during November I continued my studies of truck crop insects and have given especial at- tention to the species found infesting cabbage.

I also have under way a careful study of the alligator pear mealy-bug (Pseudococcus nipae) which is such a conspicuous pest on pears, guavas, banyan, figs and various other plants. Fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas seems to be a very effective way of controlling this pest, but as this method is practically beyond the reach of persons owning but a few trees, it 1s necessary to use some other insecticide which can be applied by spraying. I have already experimented with some half dozen solutions, and, although some of the experi- ments have given very promising results, | am not prepared to recommend a remedy until | have given the matter further study.

Owing to the lack of available crops, the field work on the melon fly (Dacus cucurbitae) has been practically at a standstill during the past month or six weeks.

My study of the Japanese beetle (Adoretus tenuimaculatus ) has progressed nicely both in the field and insectary.

In addition to the special lines of work mentioned I have spent considerable time in collecting, breeding and mounting insects and writing notes and letters and doing other routine work about the laboratory.

Respectfully, H. O. Marsa,

Assistant Entomologist.

54 THE FOREST NURSERY. : Honolulu, October 31, 1910. R. S. Hosmer, Esq., Superintendent of Forestry, Honolulu, T. H. Dear Sir:—The following report gives the principal work done during the month of October:

NURSERY.

Plant Distribution.

In seed In boxes Pot

boxes. transplanted. grown. Total. Solas: /ik 10,000 100 10,100 Gi ae 300 700 46 1,046

10,300 700 146 11,146

The sum of $16.70 was collected and the same has been deposited with the Treasurer as a realization.

In addition to packing up and sending out plants, the men have been making boxes, transplanting and otherwise pre- paring for Arbor Day.

EXPERIMENT GARDEN, MAKIKI.

The men have been transplanting trees and making boxes; also doing other work in connection with Arbor Day.

NUUANU STATION:

The men at the Station are kept busy clearing away vines from the trees and looking out for estrays.

Respectfully,

Davip HAuGHS, Forest Nurseryman.

————

Honolulu, November 30, 1910.

R. S. Hosmer, Esq., Superintendent of Forestry, Hono- pins. Fe

Dear Sir:—The report for the month of November is as follows:

Do

NURSERY. Distribution of Plants—Arbor Day.

All of this month was devoted to packing up and sending out trees for Arbor Day. About 400 people made applica- tion for trees, the majority of applications coming from the Island of Oahu and principally the neighborhood of Hono- lulu. The total number of plants distributed for this pur- pose was 8071, all of which were pot-grown.

In addition to the regular Arbor Day distribution, 2000 pot-grown Casuarina quadrivalvis were sent to the Ewa Road Board for use along the roads of that district. Other smaller orders were filled.

The sum of $21.50 was collected, and the same has been de- posited with the Treasurer as a realization. The number of plants sold being 10,000 in seed boxes, 150 in boxes trans- planted, 213 pot-grown; total sold 10,363. The number of plants given gratis, including those distributed for Arbor Day purposes, amounted to 10,071, all of which were pot- grown plants.

EXPERIMENT GARDEN, MAKIKI.

Making boxes, transplanting seedlings, carting and steril- izing soil constituted the principal work.

NUUANU STATION.

The regular routine work was done by the men at the Station.

Respectfully, ‘ fs AvIp HAuGHS, Forest Nurseryman.

REBSELOOF THE iBOTANICAL ASSISTANT.

Honolulu, Dec. 1, 1910.

IM ke -S...Hosmer; Superintendent..of Forestry, Hono- lala. T. Tae

Dear Sir:—I beg to present herewith a report on the work done during a period of ten months beginning February, up to December, 1910.

On February 15, I proceeded, according to instructions, to the Island of Molokai. with the view of collecting botanical material as well as to investigate the forage plants on the Molokai Ranch, especially the stock-poisoning plants. The writer spent ten days at Kamoku Camp, collected along the main ridge, in Kawela swamp, Pelekunu Pali, and along the

56

ridge to Wailau, where extensive collections were made com- prising all species and classes of plants found in that region.

At Kauluwai the writer spent several days searching for obnoxious weeds as well as grasses, and made, so to say, a botanical survey of the pasture lands.” He also proceeded to the Leper Settlement and to Kalawao, where most interest- ing shore-plants were collected. The trip to the Settlement was made mainly to explore the valleys back of the same, as well as Waikolu, which have been explored very little botan- ically. Two new species were found in the latter, which will be described in the near future.

The western end of Molokai, which seemed to offer very little botanically, was rather a surprise, as nearly as much material as at Pelekunu was collected in that locality. After having completed that section of the island he proceeded to Mapulehu. From there all the valleys on the leeward side were explored, as well as another ascent made to Pelekunu from Kamalo. A trip was made across the Mapulehu Pali near Puu Wailau into Wailau Valley proper on the old na- tive trail. Several days were spent in the valley, and an at- tempt was made to clinib Olokui, the highest peak in that section, but on account of the heavy rains, which made the crossing of the stream dangerous, and the unwillingness of natives to accompany him, the trip was given up, and the writer returned to Mapulehu over the Wailau Pali, and from there started for Halawa, where the extensive swamps back of the Twin Falls were explored, as well as the valley itself. The preliminary botanical work for the season having been completed on Molokai, the writer returned to Honolulu on Ppr i Zorn .

The number of specimens collected during the Molokai trip amount to approximately 3000. Besides flowering plants, forage plants and grasses, a great number of lichens, mosses, ferns, etc., were collected, which have been forwarded to various specialists in Europe for identification.

In the month of May I proceeded to Hawaii, landing at Kawaihae, and after arrival went at once to Waiki, where an investigation was made of the different pasture grasses and poisonous plants. Mauna Kea was ascended three times from Waiki and interesting material secured. Waimea plains, re- spectively Makahalau, Nienie, Mana, Haneipoe, Paauhau Nos. 1, 2 and 3, Nohonoohae and other paddocks were searched for stock poisoning plants, as well as other undesirable weeds and grasses, of which a complete set authentically named, with a typewritten history of each plant, will be given to Parker Ranch in the near future.

Mauna Kea was again ascended from Kemole, Kaluama- kani, and Nau, near Horner’s Ranch, as the vegetation at the higher levels varies considerably in the different localities.

54

The woods back of Waimea were explored again, especi- ally Alakahi and Kawainui. The writer then proceeded to Kohala. Mr. P. W. P. Bluett, manager of Kohala Ditch, as- sisted greatly; without his aid it would have been impossible to make such an extensive exploration of the Kohala moun- tains as it was the privilege of the writer. The lower ditch was followed up way into the heart of the mountains back of Honokane-nui, Pololu, etc. Twice the attempt to cross the intervening gulches from Kohala to Awini had to be postponed on account of the swollen streams, which made the passing with pack mules not only dangerous, but 1m- possible. Finally he reached Awini, and from there pro- ceeded afoot to a camp several miles up in the woods, where he camped with five men who had carried the botanical outfit, provisions, etc., for five days. From this point the summit of Kohala was reached after having cut a sort of trail through the swampy jungle. The botanical gain from that locality was immense. A number of new species were discovered, among them a violet which covered the ground thickly and which scented the air with its fragrance. It grew in an open, flat swamp resembling somewhat Lehua makanoe of Kauai, a swamp named thus on account of a stunted ohia which grows in the swamp. Mauna Kea and Kohala Mountain yielded about 3500 specimens, some of which are new, besides a large number of the lower Cryptogams. ‘The writer returned to Honolulu on June 25. From June 26 to July 18 he was oc- cupied in partly arranging the large material collected on the different trips.

On July 19 it was thought advisable to visit the Island of Lanai, arrangements having previously been made with Mr. J. T. Mc- Crosson and Mr. Chas. Gay. Mr. Marston Campbell con- sented to have Mr. J. Hammond, a local teacher, accompany him. Mr. Hammond had experience in collecting plants, etc., and was therefore a great help in the field; his duty being the drying of blotters and labeling, as well as collecting plants.

Lanai was thoroughly explored from the summit, Lanai- hale to Kaa. The valleys Mauna Lei and Nahoku, the two largest ones, were visited, besides Mahana and Kaiholena and the small gulches on the slope of the main ridge.

A new violet was discovered on the main ridge, and seems to be peculiar to Lanai; it is woody, three feet high, with pink flowers and narrow lanceolate leaves. The dry districts were of the greatest interest, especially the valley of Kaiho- lena. Here also several new species were discovered. The material collected on the Island of Lanai comprises about 2500 specimens; the largest amount of species of Lichens were found on that island. After a month’s sojourn on Lanai the writer left the island for Lahaina. on the “Nunulawe-leka,”

58

a whaleboat carrying the U. S. mail between Halepalaua and ahaina, Mage

Through the courtesies of Mr. L. Weinzheimer, manager of the Pioneer plantation, in supplying men and pack mules, the writer was enabled to ascend the highest peak on West Maui, Pou’ Kukui, *5788 :feet ‘elevation.’ “"Camip “was gencied at an elevation of 4200 feet on the edge of Honokawai gulch. From there the summit could be reached in four hours’ walk through the swampy jungle. Puu Kukui is of greatest in- terest, its vegetation being of similar character to Waialeale on Kauai, elevation 5250 feet, which mountain the writer ascended the previous year. With the exception of the in- sect-eating plant Droser longifolia and a new species of Com- posite, since described by the writer in the Torry Botanical Club Bulletin, the flora is practically the same. Though several plants are peculiar to Puu ‘Kukui as a violet, lobelia, and several others, the writer met with a great surprise in finding the Silversword, or Ahinahina of the natives, known from Haleakala and Mauna Kea, at the summit of West Maui, growing in a veritable pool. As the plant was not in flower it was impossible to determine if the same is a new species or not, but it may be stated that the same is an in- termediate form of the green silversword from the western slopes of Haleakala and the well-known silversword from the crater and Mauna Kea. About 1000 specimens were se- cured on that trip. The writer returned to Honolulu the latter part of August.

On September 23 a trip was made to East Maui in com- pliance with instructions received to explore the slopes as well as the crater of Haleakala. The first camp was pitched near Olinda, at Mr. Fred. Harvey’s survey camp. From there the forest of Hamakuapoko was explored as well as condi- tions permitted. The writer made his way from Waikamot! to Puohaokamoa and to the headwaters of Honomanu, where the jungle is dense and the vegetation exceedingly tropical. A large amount of material was secured at that locality.

The camp was then transferred to Ukulele Dairy, 1000 feet higher than Olinda. The upper slopes of Haleakala (whose vegetation consists mainly of shrubby, woody composites and geraniums, besides a large number of plants belonging to other endemic genera) were traversed in all directions.

On October 24, Mr. L. von Tempsky, Mr. Sam Baldwin and the writer descended into the crater and camped in Kaupo Gap for five days. The crater was crossed from Kaupo to Koolau and as much material as the short time permitted was collected. After the return from Koolau gap the flora of the Makawao forest and of Puukakae was investigated, yielding very interesting species, among them a sovecies of Noni previously collected only by Mr. Lydgate fifty years

59

ago. Only one tree was observed. The writer then went on to Ulupalakua, Dr. Raymond’s ranch, where he made a study of the different eucalypts originally planted by Captain Makee. Auahi and Kahikinui, seven miles from Ulupalakua, where the writer stopped for twelve days, was the most inter- esting field ever visited by him on any island with the ex ception of Puuwaawaa, Hawaii. On an area of 350 acres not less than 47 species of trees were observed. Special mention Mids We Made, oiveme tree, declared extinct Since the time of Hillebrand. This tree is allied to the Chinese Litchi, and is a delicious iruit, reaching the size of a large potate, .and is worthy of cultivation. About 40 trees were observed, and imacute.seeds of tae same collected; 1t is called Mahoe by the natives.

Regarding the stock-poisoning plants on Maui, particularly East Maui, the writer would advocate the extermination oi one particular plant called Huamakani by the natives, a Passion vine (Passiflora triloba), which seems to spread rapidly and is also poisonous. The same if eaten by calves produces paralysis of the whole nervous system, brings on convulsions and constipation, high temperature, and finally death. Besides, on Maui, the plant is found plentifully at Kualoa, Oahu, at Mr. Swanzy’s ranch.

PLANT EXCHANGE.

For a year the writer had been in correspondence with the leading erbariagot Europe and “America and the “different botanic institutions in the Orient and Australia. At present the Department has exchanged with the Sydney National Herbarium, New South Wales; Botanic Gardens, Ceylon, Incia;,-Botanic Gardens, Peradenya, Java; Herbarium, Bu- reau of Science, Manila, P. I., and Botanic Station, Mauritius.

The following institutions have consented to exchange:

Paris, Jardine du Plant; Tahitian flora.

Imper. Roy. Nat. Hist. Museum, Vienna; Samoan material. Herbarium British Museum, London; Fiji material. Botanic Station Taihoku, Formosa; Formosan plants. betkeley, Calitornia.. Herbariunr; California plants.

New York Bot. Gardens, Bronx Park; West Indian and Central American material.

Botanic Station, Sipbur near Calcutta; Indian plants.

Botanic Gardens, Singapore; Malayan plants.

The herbarium of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry possesses an almost complete collection of all the Eucalypts known, which is extremely valuable.

Of Hawaiian plant families the following have been sub- mitted to the respective specialists.

OJ

Peperomae to Dr. Casimir de Candolle, Geneva, Switzerland.

Gramineae (grasses): Dr. E. Haeckel, Austria.

Cyperaceae (false grasses): Rev. Dr. Kuekenthal, Attersee, Austria.

Lichenes, mosses, hepathics: Dr. A. Zahbruckner, Imp. Roy. Museum Nat. Hist., Vienna, Austria.

EUCALYPTUS INVESTIGATION.

The writer has made a special effort to straighten out the different species of Eucalypts growing in the Islands. On Tantalus material from 40 species and varieties was collected and forwarded to Dr. J. H. Maiden, Government Botanist, Sydney, Australia, the Eucalyptus expert, who kindly con- sented to identify the same for the Department. The diag- nosis of over 20 species he has sent lately; of the remaining ones Dr. Maiden requested more complete material, which has been forwarded to him, as well as to Dr. Baker, who in- quired if he could obtain specimens of the various species of Eucalypts cultivated in the Islands. The identification of the latter is still pending.

NATIVE SEED COLLECTION.

At Auahi, East Maui, the writer was enabled to collect about 15 pounds of seed of the following species:

Alectryvon macrococcus Radlk. (Mahoe).

Ochrosia sandwicensis Gray (Hole).

Alphitonia ponderosa Hillebr. (Kauila).

Pisonia inermis Forst. (Papala Kepau).

Maba sandwicensis A. DC. (Lama).

Dracaena aurea Mann (Halapepe).

Sideroxylon sp.? (Alaa).

Sample packages of seeds were sent to Dr. R. v. Wettstein, Director Bot. Gardens, Vienna, Austria, who consented to supply the Department with seeds of various Coniferae

(pines) for the tree planting experiments on Mauna Kea and Haleakala.

Very respectfully, JosepH I. Rock, Botanical Assistant.

Homesteaders and persons owning plots of soil on which they would like to grow things ought to obtain a copy of the Bulletin on “Peanuts in Hawaii,” by Mr. F. G. Krauss, agronomist, which is No. 28 of the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station series.

6l

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE INTRODUC- TION OF BIRDS INTO. THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

At a meeting of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry, held on November 21, the matter of the introduction of useful birds into Hawaii was brought up, and after a lengthy dis- cussion the Board appointed Mr. E. M. Ehrhorn, Superin- tendent of Entomology, a committee to investigate and in- quire into the possibilities of bird introduction. At last meet- ing Mr. Ehrhorn submitted the following report from Prof. H. W. Henshaw, who is too well known here to need an in- troduction and who now is the Chief of the Division of the Biological Survey, U. 5. Peer of Agriculture, Wash- ington, ‘DP C.:

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Bureau of Biological Survey. Wasmineton, i417 ., Decs 3,,.b910.

Mr. Edward M. Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology, Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Dear Sir:—Your letter of November 22 requesting informa- tion as to the desirability of importing foreign birds into the Ha- waiian Islands for the purpose of destroying noxious insects 1s received. In reply I have to state that the habits and standing of a bird in its native home never afford absolutely safe criteria from which to judge what it may do in a foreign country where its habits may change considerably; hence, the importation of any species must always be regarded as an experiment to be carefully watched till the bird has become well established in its new home and its habits there thoroughly known.

It may be set down as an axiom that the introduction of birds, in large part seed and fruit eaters, into any agricultural coun- try.is to be avoided, since both birds are almost sure td prove a nuisance by attacking fruit and grain crops. The English Sparrow is a well known instance of the harm that may come from the introduction of a natural seed eater, only to a com- paratively small extent insectivorous, into the United States. Although introduced also into the Islands, this bird has appar- ently not thriven and increased there as it does in a colder climate, and hence so far has done comparatively little harm. Much the same statement applies to the California house finch now domiciled in several of the Islands. It is a serious nuis-

62

ance in parts of California because it destroys large quantities of small fruits, and in time it may become a nuisance in the Islands.

Neither the bobolink nor any species of blackbird should be considered for a moment as a candidate for introduction. The former is a pest to the rice planter. In 1880, when the rice crop of South Carolina was valued at upwards of six millions of dol- lars, this bird it was estimated destroyed at least one-third of the crop, to the value of two million of dollars.

The Brewer’s blackbird might possibly prove an exception to the rule, but it is exceedingly gregarious in fall and winter, and any birds that assemble in large flocks are to be regarded with suspicion as they are capable of inflicting great damage on crops when they turn their attention to them.

I can see no harm likely to result from the introduction into the Islands of any of the small spotted woodpeckers, as for in- stance, Gairdner’s woodpecker (Dryobates pubescens gairdnert), and Nuttall’s woodpecker (Dryobates nuttalli), both of which birds might be obtained in California and both are very useful.

So far as scale insects are concerned, and other small insect pests, I can unreservedly recommend any of the chickadees, as the plain titmouse (Baeolophus inornatus inornatus), mountain chickadee (Penthestes gambelt gambelt), California chickadee (Penthestes rufescens neglectus), the bush-tit (Psaltriparus Minimusminimus), also the wren-tit (Chaemaea fasciata fas- ciata). Both the latter species abound near San Francisco. I should not hesitate to recommend also any of the flycatchers, or phoebes, like Say’s flycatcher (Sayormis sayus), the black fly- catcher (Sayornis nigricans) of California, and the ash-throated flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens). These three species are, it is true, migratory, and it is by no means certain that they would forego the migratory instinct and consent to remain in the Islands. On this account it would be better to select tropical non-migratory flycatchers, as species of the genus Myarchus, Pitanga and Myiozetetes, all of Mexico. The Vermilion fly- catcher of Texas, Arizona and Mexico, besides being very beautiful, is an active flycatcher living much in rather open fields and is non-migratory over much of its range. The little Australian flycatcher you mention might also prove a very de- sirable inhabitant of the Islands, and it is very likely to thrive there, as the little flycatcher, or elepaio, now dispersed over the uplands of several of the Islands was probably derived originally from Australian stock.

Any species of swallow or nighthawk could be introduced with perfect safety and with the certainty of yielding valuable service, since these birds live almost exclusively on insects. Un- fortunately our American species are migratory, but the purple martin of northern Mexico is non-migratory, is a greedy insect eater, and could be rather easily obtained and transported, es-

63

pecially when young. The same statement may be made of a tropical swallow living on the coast of Mexico (Tachycineta albilinea). 1 should personally like to see an attempt made to introduce one or more of the several species of California hum- ming-birds into the Islands, although the desirability of doing this rests more upon aesthetic than economic grounds. They live to a considerable extent upon minute insects which they find within the corollas of flowers, and also upon the nectar of flowers. I do not doubt for a moment that they would thrive wonderfully well in the gardens about Honolulu, and also in the mountain districts where the Ohia abounds, the flowers of which would furnish them an abundance of food. Nor do I see any difficulty in the way of transporting them by steamer to Honolulu, as they could be fed upon water sweetened with sugar during the six days of the voyage.

An attempt to acclimatize the mocking bird in the Islands would be sure to arouse popular interest, would probably be suc- cessful, and would be attended with comparatively little risk. It is almost exclusively insectivorous during the breeding sea- son and largely so the year round. The mocking bird would be a fine addition to the Island avifauna, though it cannot be recommended unreservedly.

There is another bird which I think worthy of trial, about the size of a blue bird and known to dealers as the “Pekin nightin- gale” or “Japanese robin.” Its scientific name is Liothrix lutea and it is somewhat related to the thrushes, but is probably nearer the flycatchers. It lives to some extent on small fruit and in- Secrem Its woulmmabe weasy to--obtain:. this. bird..from. San Francisco bird dealers. There are a good many wild berries in the Islands, including the native blackberry or akala, the intro- duced Jamaica raspberry, the introduced mulberry and the na- tive species, together with a number of berry bearing trees, the names of which I have forgotten. These should furnish abund- ant food for such berry eaters as the ones just mentioned, and would greatly lessen the chance of their attacking cultivated ones.

The game birds, like the turkey, pheasants and quail, so far introduced into the Islands, have suffered from the mongoose, since they nest on the ground, and, together with the native Ha- waiian goose, are likely to ultimately undergo practical exter- mination. Should further introduction of game birds into the Islands be contemplated, I would suggest trial of the following, all inhabitants of Mexico: Chachalaca (Ortalis), guan (Pene- lope), and curassow (Crax). These gallinaceous birds are to a considerable extent forest inhabiters, would furnish excellent sport, and are fine eating. The curassow would probably thrive best in humid regions, the chachalaca in dryer parts. All these are tamed readily, and in Mexico frequently live about the houses of the residents, mingling freely with the domestic fowls. They

64

feed on wild berries and insects, and nest well up in forest trees. This latter fact makes them particularly good subjects for trial in the Islands, as they would be largely exempt from attacks by the mongoose.

It is impossible to predict beforehand the probable results of an attempt to establish the foregoing species in the Islands, though | see no reason why any of them, except the migratory species which are doubtful, may not thrive there. Sometimes, however, two or three attempts to establish a species in a foreign country have to be made before the bird is finally acclimatized. It may be said that the general history of efforts to acclimatize birds in foreign parts shows many more failures than successes. It has always unfortunately proved easier to secure and import the hardy seed eaters, which can be bought in almost any bird store, than the more delicately organized insectivores, which ex- plains largely why so many disastrous importations have been made in different parts of the world. The introduction of really useful species, on the other hand, cannot be attempted without entailing considerable expense and trouble. Hence the rarity of properly conducted experiments.

Should attempts be made to import into the Islands any birds from California, I would suggest that you can probably obtain all necessary information as to where they can best be secured from Mr. Joseph Grinnell, of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley. I have no doubt that Miss Annie M. Alexander, Oakland, California, through whose gener- osity the museum has been established, would take great interest in the matter. I shall be glad to supply any further informa- tion on the subject or to aid in any way within my power.

Very truly yours,

H. W. HENsHAw, Chief, Biological Survey.

CorRECTION: In the reports of the Superintendent of Forestry on following pages in reference to changes of boundary in the Kau, Hawaii, and West Maui Forest Reserves, the table show- ing ownership of lands in the Kau Reserve (p. 71), should read as follows: Kaalaala-Makakupu Tract, Govt. (Lease No. 555), Keaiwa—Hawn. Agricultural Co.

On West Maui the proposed forest planting is to be done by the Wailuku Sugar Co., not by C. Brewer & Co.

65 SOUGe KONA POREST RESERVE.

On December 28, 1910, the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry approved the recommendations of the Superintendent of Forestry that certain forest lands in the District of South Kona, Hawaii, be declared a forest re- serve. There follows the report of the Superintendent of Forestry, setting forth the reasons why this action should be taken. The date of the public hearing in connection there- with is January 28, 1911.

REPORTS OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF FORESTRY.

Honolulu, Hawaii, November 21, 1910. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry.

Gentlemen :—I have to submit a report with recommenda- tions in regard to the creation of a forest reserve in the Dis- trict of South Kona, Island of Hawaii. The aréa proposed to be set apart includes the greater part of the section of forest land from the land of Waiea to and including the land of Manuka, just over the boundary line in the Kau District, lying between the upper limit of the area that has been cleared for agriculture and the boundary of the land of Ka- huku, well up on the slope of Mauna Loa. For convenience in description this proposed reserve has been divided by the surveyor into two sections, Waiea-Kipahoehoe and Kapaa- Manuka. ‘These are separated by a block of privately owned land, in part homesteads, that it is not deemed advisable to include at present in the proposed reserve. For these two areas I propose the name South Kona Forest Reserve.

_ The proposed South Kona Forest Reserve is made up of both government and privately owned land. The total area is 50,612 acres. Of this, 31,730 acres, or 63 per cent., belongs to the Territory. A considerable part of the government land fla, fo acres) is*@or under lease,*so that it can be Set) apart at once unconditionally. The remainder will come into the fully reserved class upon the expiration of the existing leases. So far as it has been possible to ascertain, the owners of pri- vate lands within the proposed reserve are generally in favor of the forest policy of the Government and intend to manage their holdings in general conformity with the plans proposed by the Territorial Government. In particular, the Bishop Estate, owners of the land of Kapua, have already, in a re- cently executed lease, made provision for the reservation of the forest on that land within the boundaries recommended in the present report. As elsewhere in the Territory, the pri-

66

vate owners in South Kona are unwilling to turn the manage- ment of their lands over to the Government until a definite system of administration has been inaugurated.

The accompanying table, compiled along with the technical description by Mr. Geo. F. Wright, when .1n the employ of the Territorial Survey Office, gives the ownership and area of the lands in the proposed reserve.

The boundaries of the South Kona Forest Reserve have been so drawn as to include practically all the valuable forest still belonging to the Government in South Kona, with such private tracts of like character as lie between the strips of Government land. From a glance at the map showing Govern- ment holdings it will be seen that with the exception of one or two small pieces in the center of the district, the Govern- ment lands in Kona are pretty much together at the south end. But they are not in a continuous block, being instead a series of strips, alternating with other lands of varying width in private ownership.

The main Government road in South Kona runs at an ele- vation of from 1200 to 1500 feet, gradually rising toward the south. The lower edge of the woods, which is also the upper line of the land that has been cleared for agriculture, is a little less than 2000 feet in elevation from Waiea to Kipahoehoe. On the latter and also on Kalanamauna and Manuka in Kau, the forest comes farther down. But these three last named lands are covered in large part by old aa flows, so that, ex- cept in kepukas of varying size where the soil is good, there is little agricultural land. The forest, principally of Ohia Lehua, grows on the aa flows. As much of it is of excellent quality, the makai line of the proposed reserve has been brought down below the Government road to include these stands.

The upper boundary of the reserve follows the boundary of the great land of Kahuku, which is in private ownership. The elevation varies from 5000 to 6000 feet. Above the bound- ary on Kahuku are a considerable number of groves of small sized Koa trees, and also an open stand of short and scrubby Ohia, that extends well up onto the slope of Mauna Loa. There is, however, little or no forest of commercial value on this portion of Kahuku, which is to be ranked as indifferent grazing land.

The forest in the proposed South Kona Forest Reserve consist$ of two sharply-defined belts. From the lower bound- ary up to about 4000 feet, Ohia Lehua is the predominant tree, in mixture with others of the less important native species. In spots and strips, especially toward the south end of the district, usualy on old aa flows, are pure stands of Ohia, of good size and height and excellent quality. The trees in these stands are usually from 18 to 24 inches in diameter

67

breast high and from 80 to 100 feet tall. Unfortunately these good stands are all limited in area. No exact survey of them has ever been made nor any careful estimate as to the yield per-acre.

Above the elevation of 4000 feet throughout South Kona— and the line is sharply marked—is a belt of nearly pure Koa. The trees are of good size, from 3 to 5 feet in diameter, and of fair height, 60 to 80 feet. This belt is approximately a mile wide. The large trees do not extend much above 5500 feet in elevation. Above that, on Kahuku, the forest is of the character already described.

At the extreme south end of Kona and on Manuka there is a small section of great botanical interest, in that here are found trees and shrubs that occur only in one or two other places in Hawaii. This area is similar in character but not as large as the section between Puuwaawaa and Huehue at the north end of the Kona District.

It is unfortunate, but true, that throughout the Kona Dis- trict there are no streams and only a few springs that actually deserve the name. In the proposed South Kona Forest Re- serve special attention was paid to locating all the known sources of water, and Mr. Wright’s original map shows the various waterholes. As a whole, this forest is unexplored. For fifteen miles along the coast from Waiea to the Kau line, not more than eight trails go through the forest, and these are of the roughest sort and almost impassable in bad weather. With such inadequate means of access it 1s im- possible to do much more than fix the outside boundaries of the forest. A more intimate knowledge of it must be left till later. Personally, I have seen as much of South Kona as is now feasible without the cutting of special trails. This re- port is based on observations made during several visits at different times, as well as upon additional data secured by Mr. Wright at the time he fixed the forest boundaries.

OBJECT OF THE RESERVE.

The purpose of creating the South Kona Forest Reserve is essentially to bring these government forest lands under the department of the Territorial Government especially charged with caring for the forests, in order that plans for their wise use may the more easily and effectively be put into execution.

It goes almost without saying that the first need in South Kona, as in other Hawaiian forests, is to safeguard in an adequate way all the present known sources of water. and also such localities as give promise of being possible of de- velopment. ‘These areas should be kent permanently under a dense forest cover for their chief value is as producers of water.

68

In South Kona, however, the chief value of the forest rests in wood rather than water. It is one of the few forest areas in the Territory where the Hawaiian trees have commercial value for lumber and where it is advisable that the forest be looked upon as a producer of wood rather than primarily as a protective cover. In earlier reports © have made’ clear ihe distinction between “protection” and “commercial” forests, and have done all I could to establish it as a policy that wherever water was to be got, the right thing to do was to hold’ the area™strictly intact'as’a ~ protective Gorest. —

Now, just as most of our already established forest re- serves, especially on the windward side of the islands, are of the protective class, so the proposed South Kona Reserve stands as a 'type of the commercial class. Judiciously handled I believe that when the right time comes, this forest should be logged, provided, of course, that the work is done under careful restriction and in accordance with forestry methods. This can best be accomplished if the area is set apart now as a forest reserve. :

It is not necessary at this time to go further into the matter of how logging operations should be conducted. If the lands are set apart now, plans for the wise utilization of the timber on them can follow. It need only be said here that in all such work the ultimate object is to put all the land to the best use. If some of the area now under forest proved to be agricultural in character and was so located that it could be opened up to advantage, the policy of wise use would require that it be taken out of the forest reserve and so developed. If it were found to be land that because of its character can produce trees better than other crops, or that for other reasons was more needed in forest, the thing to do is to manage the forest so that one stand of trees may be succeeded by another. This area, set apart as a forest reserve, will be in a position where plans for its wise use—be it by protection or by conservation utilization—can more effectively be put in force. |

Believing, then, that the best interests of the Territory will be served by the setting apart of these lands as a forest re- serve. | do now recommend that the Board of Agriculture and Forestry approve this project and call upon the Governor of the Territory to hold the required hearing and thereafter, by proclamation, to create the South Kona Forest Reserve.

Accompanying this report [but here omitted] is the tech- nical description of boundary, illustrated by blueprint maps prepared by the government Survey Office.

Very respectfully,

Rarpu S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry.

69 LIST OF LANDS INCLUDED IN THE SOUTH KONA FOREST RESERVE.

(Waiea-Kipahoehoe Section)

Lease Name. Owner. Area. . Lessee. Expires. ONE Es eS Oa (Government) 1,260 OMOltdieals. . .. ame << (Hui Land) 7,950 Haukalua-Pahoehoe AAAs 5. - Eas ses (Government) 1,210 Paloechoe,, 2nd . yatta. (Ontai Bros.) 1,485 iaaines Lract... Gartea:)- (Government) 1,555 alae: Abt. . ... teredea: (W.R. Castle) 760 Keokiwiopae, [racte«... (Government) 2,760 Olelomoana .lstieae.,: - CW. R. Castle), 310 Olelomoana-Opihihali he ae (Government) 3,885 572-Gouveia and Ontai, June 9, 1926. Rea «52... 5 seedy « +\- (Ontar Bros.) 15/39 Kipaiochoe.-. s5)faa-.: - (Government) 4,590 28,020 (Kapua-Manuka Section) Lease Name. Owner. Pied, Lessee. Mixpires: POMOUIANITO. 6... he ave.” (Government) 2,540 J SEI 0 Ge Ac (Bishop Est.) 6,122 Kenlanatvaitia ae. :'. . (Government) 2,060 504 - Waiohinu

Ag. & Graz. Co.,

Sept 20s teas.

ibeabitien oe (Government)11,870 534 - Hutchinson 5 Eameo:,;

Sept San tre.

22,592 Total area of the South Kona Forest Reserve: 50,612 acres.

CHANGES GE BOUNDARY IN TWO: FOREST RESERVES:

At the meeting of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry held on December 28, 1910, two reports by the Superintend- ent of Forestry. recommending changes of boundary and the consequent slight enlargement of two established forest re- Serves, were approved. The reserves are the Kau Forest Reserve in. the Kau District, Hawaii, and the West Maui Forest Reserve, in the District of Wailuku, Maui. The re-

ports, which explain themselves, are as follows: a

70 WEST MAUI FOREST RESERVE. Honolulu, Hawaii, November 26, 1910.

Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Hono- lulu, Hawaii.

Gentlemen:—I have to submit as follows a report recom- mending that a small additional area be added to the West Maui Forest Reserve. The land in question is the remnant of. the Government tract known as Polipoli, Waiehu, District of Wailuku, Island of Maut.” Its area is 42 acres; 1t is novat present under lease. The area embraces the bare ridge be- tween the ilis of Ahikuli and Hananui, belonging, respective- ly, to the lands of Waiehu and Waihee, above the Waihee Irrigation Ditch of the Wailuku Sugar Company. The re- mainder of Polipoli, below this ditch, was recently sold (Grant 5279) \te CU. Beewer @ Cayeti:

The land is so situated as not to be available for agricul- ture, and from its character is of little value for any other purpose than growing trees. It is one of the areas of Gov- ernment land that will serve the people of the Territory best by being again brought under forest. The purpose of adding it to the West Maui Forest Reserve is that this may the more readily be accomplished.

With Polipoli a definite proposition exists, as follows: Messrs. C: Brewer & Co., as a part of a general scheme for reforesting the bare slopes above the Wailuku Sugar Co.’s holdings, have offered to plant and care for a forest on this land of Polipoli if the Government will set it apart as a forest reserve. The existing West Maui Forest. Reserve touches this remnant of Polipoli at its mauka end, so that the action now proposed is in effect merely an extension of boundary.

As the land is of more value for forest than for any other use, I believe this offer is one that should be taken up. Ac- cordingly, I recommend that the Board of Agriculture and Forestry approve this project and call upon the Governor to hold the hearing and sign the proclamation necessary offici- ally to set apart the remnant of Polipoli as an addition to the West Maui Forest Reserve.

[The technical description prepared by the Government Survey Office is here omitted. ]

Very respectfully,

Superintendent of Forestry. RALPH S. HosMER,

71 KAU FOREST RESERVE. Honolulu, Hawaii, November 28, 1910.

Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Hono- tal, Oahu.

Gentlemen :—I have to submit as follows a report recom- mending that the boundary line of the Kau Forest Reserve, in the District of Kau, Island of Hawaii, be so modified as to include a small additional area of land that for the best interests of all concerned should be under forest.

When the Kau Forest Reserve was created by proclama- Hon om Governor G. R. Carter, on August 2, 1906, this sec- tion of the boundary was drawn between fixed points, with the understanding that the actual line on the ground should follow a flume that roughly paralleled the line of which at that time it was not possible to obtain a technical descrip- tion. Recently, at the expense of the Hawaiian Agricultural Company, a survey of this flume has been made by Mr. A. ie oeexander, (Gg. 9 Phes present “action is, -thereiore,, m effect, to substitute a detailed technical description of the line for the one or two simple courses between points. As the flume is somewhat makai of the former line, some 216 acres are added to the reserve.

The area proposed to be added to the Kau Forest Reserve consists of four strips, aggregating altogether 216.2 acres, being parts of the following lands:

Kaalaala-Makakupu Tract: Govt. (Lease No. 637) 82 acres

Keaiwa: Bishop Estate Zorr gt Kaauhuhuula Tract: Gevt. (Unleased) 0: rere Palima: (owe diverse No. 591) 5 azar

2k"

The Government lands are in part now under lease to the Hawaiian Agricultural Company, at whose request the pro- posed change of boundary is made. One of the leases expires in 1911, the other in 1918, but both carry the “withdrawal-for- public purposes” clause, so that the reservation can go into full effect at once.

The object of the Kau Forest Reserve is to protect the forest cover on a section from which water is developed for use on the agricultural lands below. The addition of the land now under consideration will enable the objects of the re- serve the better to be accomplished, particularly in making a boundary that can more easily be policed.

72

For these reasons, I do now recommend that the Board of Agriculture and Forestry approve this project and request the Governor, after the required hearing, to set apart as an addt- tion to the Kau: Forest Reserve the area embraced in the ac- companying technical description.

Very respectfully, RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent of Forestry.

MECHANICAL POW ERIFOR, THE teAn VG.

One of the interesting features of the land show in Chi- cago last month was mechanical power for the farm. ‘This took the form not only of the tractors themselves, but was supplemented by a daily illustrated lecture on the economic advantages of plowing and doing other farm work by means of engines instead of horses. The lecture was not a recital of the joy to be derived from a “seeing of the wheels go round,” but a consideration of mechanical power strictly as a business proposition. There was a time when the farmer was not classed as a business man. Today he is not only more a producer than the manufacturer, but his range of products is such that the volume of his sales compares favor- ably with those of many country merchants. In his crop pro- duction and delivery for shipment he has come to the point where he can use power-driven machinery to quite an ex- tent, and we may reasonably anticipate in the next ten years a large demand for traction power by farmers, especially those operating several hundred acres. We will come to this through the use of automobiles, which farmers are now buying by thousands.

Some .of the records cited -are interestinem@y Mor instanges., on the big Dakota farms where the plowing, seeding, harvest- ing, threshing and hauling, all are accomplished with engines, the cost is reduced $2.10 per acre. Plowing which formerly cost $1.35 with horses falls to 76 cents with power; pulveriz- ing, from 63 cents to 17 cents; and hauling, from $1.00 to 26 cents per acre. The final results are stated to amount to @ net saving of 10 cents per bushel, or about 5 per cent. on the cost of a 600-acre farm.—H. H. Windsor in the January Popular Mechanics Magazine.

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Garden and Farm Tools and Implements

To do good farming you must have up to date tools to work with. We carry a most complete line of every- thing needed by the small or large farmer, from the smallest hand trowel to the largest cane plow. We also have a good assortment of Hand, Bucket or Barrel Sprayers. Our assortment of Hoes, Shovels, Spades, Mattocks, Rakes, Garden Shears, Lawn Mowers, Garden Hose, and other things that are needed daily about the

farm or garden, is most complete and our stock large.

BK. O. HALL & SON, LTD.

» eS ia | pee : ‘ | ; ‘ ag s pe

AAS

Board of Agriculture and Forestry. : PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION.

Any one or all of the publications listed below (except those marked *) will be sent to residents of this Territory, free, upon application to Mailing Clerk, P. O. Box 207, Honolulu.

BOARD.

bee Fa) eat ra : ‘ at aes Pom M “we Pa a ers mh 3 bs

< —~ ae “ E ‘4 ,

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900; 66 pp.

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902; 88 pp.

* First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, trom July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp.

Second Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the

' year ending December 31, 1905; 240 pp.; 8 plates; 10 text figures.

Third Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906; 212 pp.; 3 plates; 4 maps; 7 text figures. Fourth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for

the calendar year ending December 31, 1907; 202 pp.; 7 plates.

Fifth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the calendar year ending December 31, 1908; 218 pp.; 34 plates.

“Notice to Importers,’’ by H. E. Cooper; 4 pp.; 19038.

‘Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Fruits, Vegetables, etc., into the Territory of Hawaii.’’ General Circular No. 1; 6 pp.

“Important Notice to Ship Owners, Fruit Importers and Othere Rules and Reg?" tions Prohibiting the Introduction of Certain Pests and Animals into the Terri- tory of Hawaii.’ General Circular No. 2; 3 pp.; 1904.

“Law and Regulations, Importation and Inspection of Honey Bees and Honey.” General Circular No. 3; 7 pp.; 1908.

“The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist,’) a monthly magazine. Vols. I to VI; 1904-1909. To be obtained from the Hawaiian Gazette Co., Honolulu. Price $1 a year.

DIVISION ON ENTOMOLOGY.

“The Leaf-Hopper of the Sugar Cane,” by R. C. L. Perkins. Bulletin No. 1; 38 pp.; 1908.

** “A Catalogue of the Hemipterous Family Aleyrodidae,’’ by G. W. Kirkaldy, and ‘“‘Aleyrodidae of Hawaii and Fiji with Descriptions of New Species,’’ by Jacob Kotinsky. Bulletin No. 2; 102 pp.; 1 plate; 1907.

* “On Some Diseases of Cane Specially Considered in Relation to the Leaf-Hopper Pest and to the Stripping of Cane,’”’ by R. C. L. Perkins. Press Bulletin No. 1; 4 pp.; 1904.

‘*A Circular of Information,” by Jacob Kotinsky. Circular No. 1; 8 pp.; 1905.

- “The Japanese Beetle Fungus,” by Jacob Kotinsky’ and B. M. Newell. Circular

No. 2; 4 pp., cut; 1905.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 19035. Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 68 pp.; 3 plates; 10 text figures. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1906.

Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 25 pp.; 7 text figures.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1907.

Reprint from Fourth Report of the Board; 18 pp.; 1 plate. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board; 26 pp.; 2 plates.

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

* “Forest and Ornamental Tree“Seed for Sale at Government Nursery.” Press Bulletin No. 1; 3 pp.; 1905.

* “Suggestions in Regard to the Arbor Day Tree Planting Contest.’’ Press Bulletin Nomi 1D. 3.1905:

“An Offer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters.”’ Circular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905.

“Revised List of Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at the Government Nursery.’”’ Press Bulletin No. 3; 4 pp.; 1906.

* “Instructions for Propagating and Planting Forest Trees.” Press Bulletin No. 4; 4 pp.; 1906. “Tnstructions for Planting Forest, Shade and Ornamental Trees.’ Press Bulletin

Nos ona topp.;) L909)

“Na Hoakaka no ke Kanu Ana i na Laau Malumalu ame na Laau Hoohiwahiwa.” Press Bulletin No. 6; 8 pp.; 1909.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Re:

_ print from Second Report of the Board; 77 pp.; 5 plates.

* Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Re print from Third Report of the Board; 123 pp.; 4 maps.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Re- print from Fourth Report of the Board; 70 pp.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Re print from Fifth Report of the Board; 85 pp.

** This Bulletin will be sent only to persons interested in the subject. * Out of print.

"Bole a ORS and etry:

~ PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION “Continsed. DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

*“Tnspection of Imported Live Stock.” Rule 1; 1 p.; 1905.

* “Inspection and esting of Imported Live Stock for Glanders and Tuberculosis. Rule 23 L2peeno05

“Concerning Glandered Horse Stock in the Territory.” Rule 3; i p.; 1905.

“ASR Amend Rule 1, Inspection of Imported Live Stock.” Rule 4; 1 p.; 1907.

“Rules and Regulations, Inspection and Testing. of Live Stock.’”’ Rules and Laws; 11 pp.; Revised; 1910.

“Quarantine of Horse Stock from California.” Rule 8; # p.: 1908.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 62 pp.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 41 pp.; 3 plates.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Reprint from the Fourth Report of the Board; 104 pp.; 6 plates.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1908.

Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board; 44 pp.

OFFICERS AND STAFF OF THE BOARD OF COMMIS- SIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

>

: COMMISSIONERS. Marston Campbell, President and Executive Officer. J. M. Dowsett * P.R Isenberg H. M. von Holt Albert Waterhouse

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire 3A arden. David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman.

Joseph F. Rock, Botanical Assistant.

Bro. Matthias New ell, 22 charge of Sub-Nursery at Hilo, Hawait. Walter D. McBryde, 7 charge of Sub-Nursery at Homestead, Kauat, David Kapihe, Forest Ranger for Tantalus,

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Edward M. Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology and Chief Inspector. :

Albert Koebele, Consulting Entomologist.

H. O. Marsh, Assistant Entomologist.

D. B. Kuhns, Zzspector.

Fred Muir, Beneficial-Insect Collector.

Bro. M. Newell, Pruzt and Plant Inspector, Hiio, Hawaiz.

Robert R. Elgin, } { Mahukona, Hawaizt. W. O. Aiken, | Honorary Frutt | Kahulut, Mani, W.D. McBryde, } and Plant Inspector { Koloa, Kauai,

Dr, W. BoBeas,.| at | Hana, Maur,

Wm. Robb, J | Lahaina, Maut.

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Victor A. No6rgaard, Superintendent of A nimal Industry and Territorial ‘2

Veterinarian. L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian. Fae 4 ooo Live Stock Inspector. J. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Maut. nM. B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Hawatt. A. R. Glaizyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauat. SECRETARY TO THE BOARD. Mrs. C. H. Brown

CLERK AND STENOGRAHEP. Miss Melika Peterson — EDITOR OF THE “FORESTER.” Daniel Logan LIBRARIAN. 'Miss Ella K. Dayton

> |: ev’, KA —_ »® “a > be ee : isa a >

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“ag Dae sae as oy eerie 4 ees <3 aes. ae prem “ Ae = —_ F te

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26 RUBBER NUMBER « sang oR =. = _ 7! P| Vor. VILL. MARCH, 1911 No. 3

‘Price, 10c. Per Copy; Per Annum, $1.00; Foreign, $1.25.

__© THEa_.

Rjawaiian Forester

AN

— Algriculturist

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE

OF

Forestry, Entomology and Agriculture

—

ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE ; AND FORESTRY.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

Entered as second-class matter at the Post office, at Honolulu, Hawaii.

ADDRESS ALL COMMUNICATIONS TO ae DANIEL LOGAN, Bs EDITOR “THE FORESTER,’?’ P. O. BOX 366, HONOLULUY HT.

For business relating to. advertising or subscriptions, address

HAWAIIAN GAZETTE Co., Ltp., Publishers, VON HoLtT BLock, 65 S. Kine St,, HoNoLuLu Hawan.

="

: pe eee aes TABLE OF CONTENTS. = Pee # s gd Bis. i = pac ae Editorial Kies a = 73 Fourth Annual Meeting Hawaiian Rubber Crowe ; ce Association : é ‘ ; , 75. 5a Board of Agriculture and Forestry : So eae Division of Entomology : ; : Ree 4 By Authority (bananas, forest reserves) - a ae 104.

- — DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR 2 SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY. ~— >.

8 Y

The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern- ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced — a trees. These are sold at prices “ covering the cost of collection or: <a growing. . ~

The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak, Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of India, Poinciana, Albizzia, ete. The price of the seed varies from 10 to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2% cents each, 5: except a few kinds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also — = for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested _ 7 before bone sent out, which insures its being good. “a

All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii.

RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent of Forestry.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties a of this Division and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make in- Me a quiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently =a or send the right kind of useful insects for relief we like and sometimes — it is indispensable for us to see the insect suspected or caught in the act, Hq also specimens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden : box specimens may be mailed at 3rd class rates. When specimens are 2 not accompanied by letter always write your name and address in the 2 upper left-hand corner of the package. Address all communications “3 SUPERINTENDENT DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, = O. BOX 207, HONOLULU, HAWAII. ;

EDW. M. ‘EHRHORN, | Ba. eaneacaeee

THE HAWAIIAN

FORESTER & AGRICULTURIOI

wou.” VITi, MARCH, 1911. No. 3.

THE RUBBER CONVENTION.

On January 23, 1911, there was held in Honolulu, in the rooms of the Chamber of Commerce, the fourth annual meet- ing of the Hawaiian Rubber Growers’ Association. A num- ber of interesting papers were presented dealing with the progress of rubber production in this Territory, the present status of the industry, and the outlook for the future. Several of the papers were followed by discussion.

On account of the importance of Rubber as an industry in Hawaii, it is only fitting that the Forester should contain a full account of this meeting. In this issue are given, prac- tically in full, the several addresses and much of the incidental discussion. It is therefore not without reason that the cover

of this issue bears the caption “Rubber Number.”

A CORRECTION.

Through a regrettable oversight in proofreading, the word not’’ was omitted in the January Forester from one para- graph of the address of the Hon. Marston Campbell, in such a connection as completely to change the meaning. The error occurs midway on page 3. What Mr. Campbell really said was: “If we limit our efforts to the commercial side of for- estry, we will ‘not’ attain the great end of conserving our several natural resources which are dependent upon forest cover. Our great need is in forest cover whether it be forest planted for commercial ends or cover which will preserve the land against erosion.”

ce

74

NOTICE TO PUBLIC SCHGOEL PRI N@TE 1...

Through an arrangement between this Board and Mr. Willis T. Pope, Superintendent of Public Instruction, the principals of all public schools throughout the Territory have been placed on the mailing list of the Forester, so that during the remainder of this school year they will receive the maga- zine regularly. Almost every issue of the Forester contains articles that should be of value to teachers in some branch of their school work. It is hoped that the teachers will find FESO,

It is the desire of Mr. Pope, in order that the various num- bers may readily be referred to, from time to time, to have the file of the Forester kept in the school library. This no- tice is here inserted at Mr. Pope’s request. Principals will please give the matter,their attention.

COWPEAS AND THE FARMER.

Progressive farmers are just beginning to learn the value of cowpeas. Agricultural experts in the experimental sta- tions and colleges in the United States, after years of study, virtually have decided the humble leguminous plant is one of the best friends of the farmer, rich or poor. The value of the cowpea has been demonstrated recently in agricultural literature.

Perhaps the latest publication on the subject is that of M. F. Miller, professor of agronomy in the College of Agricul- ture at the Missouri State University, who has just issued a bulletin on the seeding of cowpeas. The agriculturist says the great value of cowpeas as feed and a soil-renovating crop, which is now universally known, should give them a more important place in agriculture.

The short period of growth of cowpeas makes it possible to use them to great advantage as a catch crop between the regular crops in the rotation, either for hay, for pasture or for turning under, says Prof. Miller. They are, therefore, espe- cially fitted for the man who wishes to build up land rapidly while he is at the same time securing a return from it in feed. The crop is one which will undoubtedly become of much greater importance, as the land is farmed more extensively.

fs

FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING HAWAIIAN RUBBER GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION.

On January 23,1911, in the rooms of the Chamber of Com- merce, in Honolulu, was held the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Hawaiian Rubber Growers’ Association. After opening remarks by the President, Mr. F.. 1%. Waldron, \ Ma WA, Anderson, manager of the Nahiku Rubber Company, was called upon for an address.

ADDRESS OF MR. W. A, ANDERSON.

Mr. Anderson’s subject was the “Results of Tapping.” His address, in part, is as follows:

“We had very little data on the commercial tapping of Ceara trees, because practically no work had been done, and therefore we started more or less independently at the be- ginning. At present, however, there is quite a good deal of tapping of Ceara trees in South America and South Africa, reports of which are available from time to time, and they are of assistance to us.

“We are now tapping Ceara trees by making a vertical channel up to a height of about five or six feet, the spout be- ing inserted at the bottom. Then on one side we make diag- @nal cuts aboutwsix inches apart, beginning at a “point six inches above the spout and leading into the vertical channel. On the other side of the channel similar vertical cuts are made half way between those first made, each cut extending a quarter of the way around the tree. In this manner one- half the circumference of the tree is being tapped. At the next tapping these diagonal cuts, but not the vertical channel, are pared on the lower side, removing a strip of bark about a third of an inch wide. At the third tapping this new cut is pricked along its upper edge, and at the fourth it is pricked along its lower edge; after which it is again pared and pricked in the same manner, so that one paring is followed by two prickings, making one paring in every three tappings.

“This system was evolved after trying paring alone, prick- ing alone and pricking at the same time. Pricking is more rapid than paring and gives larger returns for a given amount of labor. The paring alone gives a profitable yield. The fewer parings, as compared with the number of prickings, the better, and while the paring alone gives a profitable yield, the pricking done as described gives a better yield. After the outer bark has been removed a new and tough bark soon forms, which makes pricking alone unprofitable in a few weeks after the bark is removed.

76 FOR BEST RESULTS.

“For best results, tapping should be done during the first few days after the bark is removed, for the reason that other- wise the latex cells appear to dry up with the action of the air and soon wither. If the trees are not tapped during these first few days, they should not be tapped till after several weeks. Hence, before the tree can be thoroughly tapped, the new bark will have reached the stage where pricking can not well be accomplished. For this reason, removing the bark by paring over a space only wide enough to prick in the next two or three days, proves better than removing all the bark at once and then trying to prick for a long series. Also, by using the paring knife as above described—not going too deep—profitable tapping is made while removing the bark.

“Of course, objections have been made to pricking, but ob- jections have also beén made by good authorities to paring, and would be made to any method of extraction. The only course open to us is to find the method that looks best and, if it has not already been proven objectionable, use it until it is shown to be so. It was thought at one time that pricking was responsible for injury suffered by some of the trees in a series of tappings last year, but later experience has brought the conviction that not the pricking, as pricking, but the removal of bark at that time, was chiefly responsible, aid- ed, no doubt, by the rather severe tapping that closely fol- lowed.

“The system outlined here may be rather severe. In a herringbone with diagonals only six inches apart, the top of one cut extends above the lowest point in the cut above the lowest point in the cut next above it, and for this reason must interfere somewhat with the horizontal movement of materials in the bark. -This objection, however, would. be stronger in the case of the vertical cuts, and as the flow of materials in the bark is chiefly up and down or diagonally across, it is rather difficult to determine what strength this objection would have. Also, since the paring is to be fol- lowed by pricking, the former is not as deep as it otherwise would be, and therefore does not interfere with the circula- tion as seriously as it might otherwise. The paring alone was expected to get all the latex. These close ‘cuts have been made for several months, but not yet long enough to deter- mine whether they might be injurious. Of ciurse, the chance of injury can be lessened by the avoidance of too frequent

tappings.

77 TAPPING INTERVALS.

“The yield from a given tree appears to increase for the first six to twelve tappings, after which it decreases some- what till a point is reached where it remains about constant. The word ‘tapping’ includes the pricking too. Hence, a se- ries of six, nine or twelve tappings may well be followed by a rest) s Por instamee, ifthe yield’ diminishes after) six tap- pings, it might be well to rest it. Probably twelve tappings should be made. We have found that a rest of a week is sufficient at some periods. In this way we remove all the bark we can. If we start from the tree, our next two parings will remove that portion, and then the next time we take off some more bark, when pricking comes immediately after the removal of the bark. This pricking takes place as soon as the bark is removed.

“lf a third of an inch is removed at each paring, then in three parings, or nine tappings, one inch of bark will have been re- moved, and there is plenty of authority for advocating a rest at this stage. -Wevthave found thatea rest of a week-or ten days is sufficient, and then we start again and get about the same result. At this rate, also, fifty-four tappings will take off all the bark between adjacent cuts. Therefore, tapping for one week and resting for three weeks would remove all the bark on one side of the tree in about six months, when it must be rested before beginning on the other side.

“The more rubber we get from each tree at each tapping, the more economical the tapping. After the bark on one side of the tree has been removed for tapping, after six months’ rest we would go around to the other side of the tree. It has been found by the experiment station reports and observations that if the tapping is carefully done and not too deeply, it will renew in less than a year. It is only in certain points and when the pricking is too deep, that swell- ings on the wood are caused. If the pricking is carefully done, it does not swell, but the pricking does go into the most prolific cells, while in order to get in there with the knife we would have to cut deep, because the bark is so thin. Thus far we have not found satisfactory knives.

ALTERNATE TAPPINGS.

“A movement is on foot, and growing, in the Far East, to limit tapping operations in any one year to a quarter or a third of the tree, instead of to a half, as heretofore, thus Siv- ing three years instead of two for the tapping surface to be renewed. This might well be considered by us, in which case, instead of the full herringbone, going half around the tree, the half herringbone going one third around, might

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be used. Of course, this system of tapping is not the last word in the tapping of Ceara -trees, but -in practice it has shown advantages over any of the other methods tried and is the best we have found so far; furthermore, the best re- turns, in the use of this method, were obtained in the series. of experiments carried out by the Board of Agriculture and Forestry and the Experiment Station last year, and these were obtained by making two vertical cuts, two in each place and at each tapping. They were made with knives and a number of ithe cuts: were: “too deep; a mithiber<ot heme trees have been thus injured. The chief objection “toe it in myoimind' is. that “if dees; mot admit joi) ajysnta: cient number of tappings in each year. Ji we can discover some other method of getting at the same result, I think we will find it better, provided we can secure sufficient labor.

“When the vertical cut is made, there is a tendency in the bark to crack open—that is, the wood part of the bark cracks open, and this 1s apt to cause an injury that is difficult to heal, and it makes the bark rust. Aside from that, I have not seen any reason to believe that one will heal before the other. I have not seen any difference in that respect. We did try making vertical cuts on the tree, and found it more difficult to do the tapping in that way without injuring the tree.

OTHER TRIED METHODS.

“Other methods that have been tried with Ceara trees are: vertical cuts—paring, spiral cuts, V’s, pricking and collecting, pricking and acetic acid, paring and pricking simultaneously.

~ Lhe-latex cells lieso near the cambiun in f@irese trees tac it is difficult to cut with a knife deep enough to get all the latex without injuring the cambium. A knife with the right sort of guard will in a measure overcome this difficulty, but no satisfactory knife of this sort has yet been found. The guard should be so constructed as to run in the bottom of the cut and not onthe outside of*the bark, as ithe case yim the only locally made knife of this sort that has been pro- duced. Such a guard would not need to be adjustable, as it would always run in the bottom of the old cut, regulating the new cut to the same depth as the old one, Then, due care having been exercised in making the first cut, the others could be regulated by it. In the use of such a knife, by the time it reaches the bottom of the bark, you get the maximum amount of cut. I think that possibly this knife might be adjusted by altering the guard. The guard itself takes up one-sixteenth or one-twentieth of an inch. The Bawmo Northway paring knife has a guard on this principle, but is made for Hevea trees, where the bark is thicker and the parings thinner thar with us.

79 WANTED—A KNIFE.

“T have no doubt but that a knife suitable to our uses can be produced. I think that perhaps some mechanical inventor here can produce one. .We now have coming from the Far Fast all the knives they have, I mean, one of each of all. the knives they have. They stick to the knife with the gouge. They have a bent-in gouge. They have one or two push-and- pull knives. I brought one with me which makes a new cut and the guard runs on the outside of the bark. In order to make a paring of an ordinary cut, we have to make a “V” cut or else a “U” cut that is very narrow. We are at present using the Yates-Burgus or “Burgus” knife, which, being a push-and-pull knife and making a very clean, sharp cut and both right and left-handed, has shown itself to be a very good all-around knife, after slight alteration to make the cut more nearly “V” shaped in place of the wide “U” cut, which serves on the thicker barked Hevea. This knife has no guard, or gouge, but, since our paring is to be followed by the prickings, we do not try to go very near the cambium, and on trees of proper tapping size, the cut can be rapidly made without in- jury. Of course, we started paring and pricking at the same time, so that a man could do his paring with that knife and then turn around and do his pricking. If you pull, you can gouge the depth to which you go.

“A very good pulling knife for making first or original cuts in the vertical tapping system has been developed locally along the line of the modified farrier’s knife, used in the ex- periments of last year. A few of these have been made by Mr. Sylvester, and should do good work in making this style of cut. As a rule, the Japanese prefer to draw it, while the Portuguese or Hawaiians will push it. I brought this knife back with me at the same time I brought the gouge that they are using, and we observed both. The knife lies about flat on the cut and makes a clean, sharp cut, while the gouge is a bit beveled and is apt to drag.

“We would be glad if some enterprising person Ho ae pro- duce a knife that eid be made to produce a cut from four to six inches apart, that could be fairly well controlled as to the depth of the cut and width of the paring made. Such a knife would reduce the cost of paring considerably. It seems to me that we should find someone that could produce a tool with which we can make more than one cut at the same time. If we could secure such a tool—a knife that one man can handle —it would save us a great deal in the cost of paring.

“A pricker perfectly adapted to all the conditions has not vet been found, but, of course, one will be evolved in time. We are at present using a tool designed for an entirely dif- ferent purpose, but which does very good work, following the paring, in the system now employed.

80 COAGULATION PROBLEMS.

“The most interesting problems to be solved in the future of rubber planting, are those in connection with improved methods of coagulating the latex atid curing the rubber, and those bearing upon the possible relation of fertilizers to the latex, yield:

“Not only have tapping knives been invented and success- fully used, that we have never seen and probably have never heard of, but several machines and processes have been in- vented for smoking either the latex or the rubber. Smoked plantation rubber is quoted at about ten cents per pound higher than the best unsmoked. This additional ten cents per pound may some time mean to us the difference between profits and no profits, and in any case will mean additional income at comparatively little cost. Besides this, the first factory 1s just being planned, and for this alone two machines which are unquestionably essential have been ordered—a washing machine and drying apparatus. To equip this fac- tory to the very best advantage, it will not be sufficient to have observed one or two successful factories in operation; one should know all the improvements that have been made since these successful factories were erected.

ALL EXPERIMENTAL.

“The making of rubber plantation machinery is in its in- fancy, and for that reason every advance its likely to be a big advance. Our factories, when built, should be of the highest possible efficiency, for only by the use of machinery in its highest point of efficiency and economy can we hope to over- come the handicap under which we are placed by local labor conditions. It would be folly to sit at home and hope we may start at the beginning and work out the problems that others have already gone far in solving. We should learn all the others know and then improve on their accomplishments. For this reason I believe this association, if this is the proper me- dium for joint action by all the plantations and planters, should send some one to the London exhibition next summer. Here all the rubber machinery in the world will be repre- sented, and especially the products of English manufacturers who have for several years specialized in plantation machin- ery. These will not only be exhibited, but demonstrated, and no better opportunity could possibly be offered, or more time- ly for us.

“Tt seems to me we should send some one familiar with the mnroblems ‘here, who can adapt to our local conditions what he learns from the discussions and exhibits there. He can there obtain the best the world affords in tools for tapping and

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curing our product. I believe the person should have some authority to purchase, for he might find just the knife we re- quire to overcome our difficulties or he might find just the pricker we need, and if so, should be able to purchase in such quantities as to enable us to use them at once. This would also enable us to get the best possible equipment for our fac- tories. Were he to wait until his return home and make his report for directors to act upon before orders could be given that must be filled in England, delay of months would ensue, while, should he order on the ground, the goods might arrive nearly as soon as he did. Purchases have got to be made any- way, and why not go shopping to the one place where all there is to choose from can be seen at one time. He will be able to compare prices.

“The members of the Association have spent in the neigh- borhood of $300,000 to bring the industry to its present state, where the trees are ready to give their product; $1000 more, or whatever it might cost to insure the making of this product as valuable as possible, would be well spent. ‘The factory now under way, and all that may hereafter be built, should have a suitable apparatus, whatever it may prove to be, or at least the most suitable yet discovered or invented for prop- erly smoking its rubber, if by so doing it can obtain ten cents per pound more for that rubber, or even three cents per pound more.

“Reports are just now coming to hand of the invention of a successful machine for doing chemically what the smoking process used in fine hard Para does. ‘The late Mr. W. W. Hall had this in mind when he suggested to me several years ago the use of proligneous acid for the purpose. If this ma- chine is all that it is hoped it will be, we should have it, if it is adaptable to our product. The only way to learn whether it is, is to see it work.

DRYING APPARATUS.

“We have found that we shall need some sort of artificial drying apparatus. If the rubber is kept for any length of time exposed to the air, a mold forms on it and it takes any- way three or four weeks to dry the rubber out there, and for that reason the rubber company has come to the conclusion that it is wise for us to invest a little money in a vacuum dryer for the reason that we are not ready at this time to spend money on expensive machinery.

YIELD PER TREE.

“Our trees yield about a pound of rubber from one hundred trees at a tapping, or at one hundred tappings from the same

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tree. We find trees that are not more than ten inches in cir- cumference that will give a profitable yield, while some six-- teen-inch trees do not give a profitable yield. We find, too, that removing the bark all at once is apt to injure the tree, but we will probably try to find somé way of removing all of the outside bark at once. This knife does very good work cutting through even the original tough bark as well as the new bark that might form.

“We have over 1200 trees and I think it will work out to tap about nine times and then rest the tree for a week.

“We cannot tap one tree one hundred times in a year unless we make our cuts wider than this. Of course, if we made our tappings twice as far apart, we would get twice as much rub- ber. We may find that it will be wiser in the long run to make our tappings farther apart. I do not think that we shall want to tap all the year around. The trees should be rested from the first of February until the first of May. It will probably be found wiser to tap the tree nine times and then rest 1t for three weeks and then make another tapping, in which case we remove one inch of the bark. By this scheme we make eight or ten cuts each side of the channel, and that makes sixteen or twenty cuts on the tree. Of course, the ex- pert will prick a great many more than he will pare. We select the more skillful ones for the tapping. We are not using any acid. We tried a scheme that I believe is being used in South Africa. We found the same difficulty there that we found in trying to grow without paring. I am firmly convinced that more or less injury is done to the tree every time the bark is taken off. The scheme that we have now adopted avoids that difficulty.” )

PAPER. BY, MRi iL. &, TURNER.

After the conclusion of the discussion following Mr. An- derson’s paper; Mr. Li fF.» Yurner read an address on “Cab tivation of Rubber Trees and Its Results.” It was as follows:

“T have been asked to prepare a paper on Cultivation and Soil Conditions. I presume that the request refers entirely to rubber culture, as it is to be read at a convention of rubber planters.

“Several conditions are necessary for success, with rubber as with all other crops; we must have soil to cultivate, and we must cultivate the soil; to a reasonable extent at least. To this may be added that heat and moisture and proper climatic conditions are also essential. This much will be conceded by all, and then—each man has his own opinion of what culti- vation means.

Different conditions require different methods of treatment; each manager probably recognizes that the stirring of the soil

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is of prime importance; each one knows that the roots of the trees must not be cut; and the benefits of fertilizers have been so thoroughly demonstrated that they need no further argument. How best to accomplish the cultivation with the utmost benefit to the trees, and at the smallest expense, is the problem to be solved, and perhaps the best way to get at it is for each of us to speak of our own conditions, and com- pare results.

“Puna is preéminently a volcanic district; its soils are, with the exception of the organic matter on the surface, entirely of volcanic origin; every process of the change from rock, or sand, to fertile soil, is here laid before us as an open book. The abundance of moisture combined with the warmth of the climate, and its freedom from winds, gives surpassing fer- tility, and the old saying: ‘Everything grows in Puna,’ is more than borne out by the results spread out before us on all but the most barren rocks; and even among those trees and bushes are springing up, and in some parts dense jungles of lauhala are growing almost to the water’s edge.

“The enormous flows of pahoehoe and aa, the outbursts of sand and ashes are everywhere apparent, leaving no doubt whatever as to the agencies that have been at work to pro- duce the present conditions. Layers of pahoehoe over deep soil show that fertile land has been covered, and speak either of the vast time that must have elapsed to produce this soil, or of alternate outbreaks of sand and ashes and of lava. And with the exception of the 1840 flow, which came from Kilauea, and the legend of Pele chasing the chief who had bested her in a game, there is no record, no tradition of activity in any of the numerous craters in this portion of the district.

“The action of rain on the sand and ashes beats down the surface and then, a little lichen or moss, a few ferns or shrubs, and vegetation has commenced, and the decaying vegetation combined with the moisture from the atmosphere, quickly absorbed by the sand and ashes, forms the beginning of a soil which deepens and increases in richness, until in some cases it becomes almost a muck. Such are the soils of our better lands, our arable lands.

“The grinding and wearing of the rocks as they rolled or were pushed along, a filling-in of some of the crevices by weathering; the above processes repeated, followed by the further breaking-down, disintegration, and decomposition of the rocks by the roots of shrubs and young trees, form the beginning of our almost impenetrable forests, and with the abundant rainfall sufficiently account for the richness of our aa lands.

“The change from the absolutely sterile rock, below porous aS a sponge, and with every vestige of life burnt out of it,

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to the fertile soil of the surface, is illustrated in the numerous upheavals; the gradual deepening of color as the rocks slow- ly absorb oxygen from the atmosphere, and humus from the decaying vegetation, is apparent to every observer. Every phase of disintegration is shown, and every class of stone, from the impervious rock, hard as flint and heavy as lead, formed under enormous pressure, to the light and friable scoria which can almost be crushed in our hands, and the transformation from the immense boulder to smaller and smaller rocks until the rock soil—the base of all soils—is formed, takes place almost before our eyes.

“The process of disintegration may be greatly hastened by cultivation. Anything that will stir the rocks and break or chip off small portions from time to time makes it easier for the rootlets to enter the pores, and so hurries along the dis- integration and decomposition.

“On such soils as these ordinary methods of culture have to be abandoned; add to this fallen trees lying all over the fields and culture as generally understood becomes impossible; all that we can do is to keep down the weeds and clean around the trees while they are young; in this we have derived great benefit from a suggestion of Dr. Wilcox—the arsenic spray. This is a solution of arsenic and washing soda dissolved in water by boiling, and applied by force pumps in the form of a fine mist; it will not take the place of cultivation, but is a valuable auxiliary.

“We have found that on our aa lands the best and cheapest method is to leave all the debris on the field to rot back into soil; it keeps down the weeds and adds to the humus; it must, of course, be laid in windrows, and gradually pulled together as portions of it disappear; two or three years tell the tale. If the land is planted as soon as cleared of forest— and no other method should be adopted—there will be nearly a year in which no great expense for weeding will be re- quired; but sooner or later the weeds creep in, and then if the trees have not made a good growth in the meantime, the trouble and expense commences. Intercrops may be called to our assistance for the first two years; after that they will have to be abandoned to a great extent, as the roots of the two crops will have interlaced and both will suffer. Our best soils, our arable land! Sand and volcanic ash saturated with humus and thoroughly pervious to air and moisture re- quire less cultivation than more compact soils; even here, however, a thorough stirring produces new combinations; new supplies of food are presented to the innumerable bac- teria, and they in turn produce large supplies of soluble food material for the trees—which promptly respond to it—and if fertilizer is liberally supplied in addition at this time, two or

85 ® more years’ growth may be condensed into one. This re- quires money, and men!—but it is money well and wisely ex- pended.

“Fertilizing is a necessary part of cultivation; it reduces the expense of weeding, not by eradicating the weeds, but by hastening the growth of the crop; two weedings with ferti- lizer will bring the trees to the same size as three or more without it; it gives them increased vigor, and makes them better fitted to withstand unfavorable conditions later on. We have found that from one-half to one pound, applied around the tree, gives good results, and that two applications are better than one, even if only the same amount of material is used. As to the kind—any good, complete fertilizer will work well, and the higher grades are the cheaper, as the cost of transportation is proportionately less. The best propor- tions of the phosphates, nitrogen and potash, will have to be matters of experiment; analysis of the soil cannot be entire- ly relied on; there is in all probability vastly more of each in the soil than you are likely to apply, and it is safe to say that if leaching or washing out can be avoided none of the material will be wasted.

“We have found that a heavy growth of weeds even in the middle of the lines is better avoided; that by cutting every- thing down there was a great and immediate improvement in the trees. Weeds choke the tiny feeding roots, and by form- ing a sod prevent the air from entering the soil; this is doubly true of Hilo grass; unless this latter is kept under control the inevitable result with the rubber tree, as with most other trees or plants, is loss of vigor, deterioration, and eventually

death.”

DISCUSSION.

May Ewart: .De you Tertilize all the ‘trees?

Mate lurier: No, just the “younger trees, “Theres to question whatever about the value of fertilizing.

Mr. Ewart: What kind of fertilizer do you use?

Mar Rurner: ))est the’ ordinary fertilizer of a high grade. The fertilizer that we use was prepared especially for us by the Hackfeld Fertilizer Works. The formula comes from a California fertilizer man, and was given to me as a matter of good will: 10% ammonia from nitrate, 8% to 9% of phos- phate from steel bean, 5% muriate of potash. I have never used any straight potash. I used it on one tree and killed the tree. It was a small tree, and I put it on around the roots. I may say that that arsenic spray is an exceedingly valuable suggestion of Dr. Wilcox. It takes two or three applications, but after that it does the work.

Mr. Ewart: What is the formula?

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Mr. Turner: One pound arsenic, 4 pounds soda, 1 gallon water. We dilute about 20 times.

Mr. Cooke: What does it cost to spray an acre?

Mr. Turner: The cost of spraying is very little. On ordi- nary land it amounts to a dollar or $1.25 an acre, but on our land it would cost more than that, because our land is very rough. I am figuring more on the labor; the cost of material on the acre would not be over a half a dollar. That is very cheap cleaning. A question I think we should ask the Doctor is how long it can be kept up without injuring the soil. We use two or three pounds of soda ordinarily.

Mr. Cooke: Can a man spray an acre in a day?

Mr. Turner: I think he can go over two acres in a day, on ground of the roughest possible description.

Mr. Anderson: Mr. Turner asks how long the spraying can be done without injuring the trees. We have done it for years. We have used this spray for two years.

Mr. Lindsay: How many applications did you make in that two years?

Mr. Anderson: We had one field that we sprayed about once in every three months. We gave it 8 or 10 sprayings, and the trees looked thoroughly healthy, and there is a mark- ed difference in the appearance of the soil. When the grass erows up on the soil, it improves considerably in appearance.

Mr. Turner: It kills out some and does not kill out others.

Mr. Anderson: It is the same thing; I have tried the iron sulphate, but it is not as effective as the arsenic.

PAPER BY MR. C. J. AUSTIN.

Owing to the absence of Mr. C. J. Austin of Nahiku, his paper on “Pests That Have Been Found in Rubber Trees in Hawaii’ was read by Mr. Lindsay. It was as follows:

“When the rubber industry was started in this Territory, it was stated by many people that the rubber tree had no pests, so that those that were investing their hard-earned capital in the rubber business need have no fear of later disastrous developments along that line. But, unfortunately, those who made such statements had not taken into consideration the great scheme of universal life which is hemmed in on all sides with enemies of one kind or another.

“And when large numbers of individuals are gathered to- gether these enemies also seem to congregate and carry on a war for existence, and we find that the rubber plant is no ex- . ception to the general rule. In the early stages of the rubber planting a small nocturnal marauder, the cut-worm, did con- siderable damage to the young plants as they were set out, but as the plants grow rapidly and those who had the work in charge learned the habits of this nightly visitor it soon be-

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came of little importance, and now it is hardly considered a pest, as it also has a parasite which keeps it in partial check.

“Following the cut-worm, rats commenced their depreda- tions, and with an appetite that one might fear would be dan- gerous to well-equipped digestive organs, they peeled the bark that contains this most valuable gum we call rubber and in some instances have been known to climb trees that were six or eight feet high and destroy the more tender shoots, either killing the tree or materially setting it back. But their depredations were soon stopped when clean cultivation re- moved their hiding places, and with the use of dogs and poison their homes were destroyed, so that injuries caused by this small animal are at present not known, for they are so slight it is hardly noticed.

“At the present time there are one or two small pests that are still with us in the form of sucking insects. One of these is a small brown scale that usually infests the under part of the leaves and congregates along the mid-rib and the soft bark of the young and tender twigs. This insect is generally known here as the brown or sheel scale, and has been deter- mined by Mr. Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry, and others, as being Sais- setia nigra. The injuries that are caused by this do not come so much from what they take out of the tree, as by a black fungus that grows on the honey-dew exuded by this scale. This fungus covers the leaves and branches of the tree and materially checks the respiratory organs, and to a certain ex- tent weakens the tree. The other of these sucking insects is what is generally called the Miali Bug (Dactylopius). This also exudes a honey-dew which supplies the growing fungus with the material and also has a tendency to curl up the leaves, which are all injurious to the tree, to some extent.

“However, through the assistance of the Board of Agricul- ture and Forestry, parasites for these insects have been in- troduced in the Nahiku district, and we trust that these in- sects will soon be a thing of the past, or be under such con- trol that their injurious effects will not be felt, as the scale has already shown signs of diminishing.

“Since tapping has commenced, a few slight injuries by boring beetles have been noticed, but at present we are un- able to give any special information, nor do we know that it can be classed as one of the rubber pests; but will require close observation during the coming year to see that it does not get a start in our fields.

“There is still another pest that may possibly become a menace to our Heveas. This is a fungus disease which is closely allied to what is known as shot-hole fungus (Physlos- ticta prunicola), but no fear need be felt from this fungus, as we know how to deal with it.”

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At the afternoon session of the convention the following officers were elected to serve for the ensuing year:

C. D. Lufkin, President.

William Williamson, Vice-President.

D.C; Lindsay,.. Secretary amd, Preasurer.

Bertram von Damm, Director.

Wade Warren Thayer, Director.

PAPER BY MR. WILLIAMSON,

“The Present Status of Rubber Growing in Hawaii’ was then discussed by Mr. William Williamson as follows:

“Gentlemen of the Convention:—A couple of weeks ago Mr. Waldron came to me and asked me if I would talk, and I told him that | would be very glad to. He wanted me to talk about marketing, or something else. I told him I would talk about marketing, but mostly about something else. All I can say about markéting is that we accumulated about 40 pounds of rubber, of which 18 pounds was scrap. We did not feel like giving this away, so we sent it on through Alex- ander & Baldwin, through their New York agents, as it was sufficient to make up what the companies back there seemed to want—that is, a good working sample. We expect within a week or two to get a’report from that rubber. In order to get something to talk about, and as I had not been in Nahiku for two years, but previous to that had been over there three or four times each year, and had seen the various companies plant their lands, I thought it would be a good idea to go to Nahiku and try to give you here a general idea of the condi- tion of things over there on Maui.

“When the first rubber companies were organized to plant rubber trees at Nahiku, some six years ago, it was thought that all that would be necessary would be to cut down the virgin forest, dig holes 3 or 4 feet in diameter, and plant the seedlings there. During the first year the trees grew remark- ably well, but as the roots struck the edge of the hole, instead of striking through into the virgin sod, in many cases they turned back and formed a tangle within the original hole. The natural result was that during the second and third years they failed to respond to hoeing and became backward in their growth.

“During 1908 a few acres to be planted to Hevea from choice seeds were plowed in preparation and the trees planted in this area showed such thriftiness that at the beginning of the next year three of the companies operating in the district decided to clear the Ceara fields of all stumps and grass and stir the soil of all the space between the trees. Of the 800 acres planted by these three companies, 550 are now clean cultivated, and the balance will be within a few months. The

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trees have responded readily, showing an average growth of 4 inches in circumference per year, from which it is evident that had the first plantings been in plowed ground, the Na- hiku product would have made its appearance in the market last year when rubber reached $3.00 per pound. ‘These lands, once cleaned up, are kept in condition by an occasional spray- ing with arsenite of soda. The writer was doubtful of the wisdom of applying a powerful poison over any considerable area when it was first recommended, but insofar as he can see it kills the grass and weed growth but has had no in- jurious effect whatsoever upon the trees. Some of the lands so treated for about a year where the branches interlace to shade the ground are now so free from grass and\weeds that they will require no more attention. Acreage that has not been cleaned up is backward, and it is evident that the longer the trees are neglected the longer will be the wait for returns, while many thousands of trees will never reach tapable size, while they must share the life-sustaining properties of the soil . with the grasses and weeds that grow between.

“Throughout the fields are a few thousand trees that have attained a circumference of 20 inches, and a few hundred will measure as much as 30 inches. The average run of the 1905- 1906 plantings is 12 to 18 inches.

“Eight men who have become fairly adept at handling the tapping knife are now tapping under the direct supervision of the several managers. These will form the nucleus of a much larger force that will be required next year, when at least 20,000 trees will have attained tapable size.

“From the results obtained by these men, explained in de- tail by another paper to be read, here today, the rubber in- dustry, young as it is, offers great promise of a reasonable re- turn on capital invested, if conducted as it now is by men of intelligence, ingenuity and adaptability.

“As the time for tapping over a large area is at hand, one plantation has already ordered machinery for a factory, which will be running within a few months.

“A movement is now on foot to unite the companies now operating at Nahiku, and if successful this factory will be en- larged'to handle the product of the whole district. Additional advantages to be gained by this move are the establishment of a standard product to be known as Hawaiian Rubber and doing away with competition for labor among the various companies.

“Noticeable in the district is the planting that has been done by homesteaders. With a factory at hand to handle the product as it comes from the trees, the writer sees for the in- dividual planter a profitable use for his land.”

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DISCUSSION.

Just two years ago when I went over there, the Plantation was considering putting the lands under cultivation. About two acres had been cleaned up and some 30 or 40 hevea trees had been planted there. Then there were very few trees that would run 8 inches. Today, under clean cultivation, with many of the smallest trees thinned out, the average size of the trees that I mentioned, is now about 12 to 18 inches, with many 20 inches, and some even as high as thirty. The growth of older trees under clean cultivation is not as rapid as that of the later plantings, and it is evident from this that if you plant a tree in plowed land it will grow faster than a tree that has been growing for several years in unplowed land, and is clean cultivated later on. Trees of later planting, in most cases have caught up with the other trees. You can find there acres and acres of trees that will average twelve to eighteen inches.

Mr. Lindsay: How about the hevea trees?

Mr. Williamson: The hevea in some lots seems to be doing nicely. I think it was in June, 1907, that the first lot was set out up there, and those I have measurements of. They average about 10 inches at the base, and the bark will average a fourth of an inch in thickness 22 inches from the ground. The hevea trees throughout the Plantation seem to be grow- ing very slowly, as compared with the ceara.

Mr. Thayer: Will it be a long time before any of those hevea trees produce?

Mr. Williamson: I am inclined to think it will be a year or two. If you wait until they are 20 inches in circumfer- ence, it will be a couple of years at least.

Dr. Clark: Are they injured by the heavy winds—do the leaves fall off?

Mr. Williamson: The hevea leaves do not stand the wind. The leaves seem to curl up in the wind and get brown on the edges and blow off. The trees in our nursery average about 10 inches. A few ceara trees on our Plantation that were given garden cultivation from the first measure a little over 40 inches, and the average is 30 inches. That is a very good growth. They have grown so fast that the wind has not dam- aged them a particle.

ADDRESS BY DR. E. V. WILCOX,

The chairman then introduced Dr. E. V. Wilcox, director of the United States Agricultural Experiment Station at Ho- nolulu, who spoke as follows:

One of the things that strikes one, in looking into the his- tory of the rubber industry in Hawaii, is the fact that the men

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who have borne the burden of the finances of rubber here have had a very good, steady nerve all the time. When we stop to think that at the start nothing was known as to whether rubber would succeed here or not, that the expense of managing rubber was not understood, that it was not known what the yield would be, and, furthermore, the whole proposition of managing ceara rubber as a plantation business rather than wild trees, was almost entirely new, and we had next to no information on it at all, I say it required good busi- ness enterprise to start in and plant as has been done in Ha- wail and keep the business going.

When we first began work on the rubber here, the first tapping and experiments were carried on by Mr. Smith, and they indicated that satisfactory yields could be obtained, that the trees were actually producing quantities which were prom- ising, and immediately we began on the methods of tapping. I was impressed, while listening to Mr. Anderson’s paper this morning, with the idea of the necessity of varying the tapping methods as the trees became larger, and I have no doubt that other modifications may be found very desirable when the bark becomes a little thicker and the trees become larger. When we started in tapping, the cut was made in only one direction, and it was necessary to use the upright cut in order to get a sufficient area or surface of the bark, but it soon be- came evident that when the rainfall was heavy there was a high pressure and that the trees had actually popped and split open. Under those circumstances, it may relieve the pres- sure so that the flow will not be so extensive.

The manner of cultivation of rubber trees is one of the most important things in the industry. Like Mr. William- son, | went over all the plantings of all the companies last May, and I think it was shortly after that I went over to Puna Plantation, too, and was able to observe very carefully the growth of trees with cultivation and without it. It is a very serious proposition on account of the very rough nature of the land. It simply means promptly getting rid of the weeds and giving the sun a chance to get at the soil. In my opinion, it is not necessary in rubber cultivation to stir the soil very much after the trees have once gotten a start, if you keep the ground clear so that the sun can get at it. Any state- ment that you may make regarding the cultivation of soils in Hawaii will have to be taken with some reservation as this statement will apply only to the particular lands in question. In soils which can be puddled, one of the prime requisites in getting a crop from anything, is to keep off the land-when it is too wet. In some of the districts in Nahiku, it will be seen that the manager wou'd have a very easy job, because it would be raining most of the time, and yet something must

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be done. The weeds could not be annihilated because it 1s so wet that they, after being hoed, would again grow up. No plant can grow without air any more than an animal can, and if you shut out the oxygen it would die in a short time and it will show the effects of the lack of oxygen very quickly.

One of the most striking things to me on looking over all the plantings and comparing them with about a year before, was the great changes that had taken place in the physical appearance of the soil where this weed eradication had been carried on. In some places the soil was mud and the horse went along in the mire. After the weeds were removed, the superficial water ran off and many of those places were actu- ally more or less dry. There was a very noticeable difference and the air was going into the soil and the trees were grow- ing.

Now, from the results that have been had so far in grow- ing rubber in Nahiku, it seems to me that we may be sure that a tree large enough for tapping can be got inside of five years. I do not think that unreasonable. Inside of three years we could get them, with the best cultivation, but five years is plenty of time to allow to get a plantation of good size for convenient tapping. It is not possible by any means to get ceara without cultivation. You can go about the plan- tations and see trees three years old with cultivation that are larger than trees five years old without cultivation, in similar conditions. That saving of two years is, of course, of im- mense advantage. It might make all the difference between succeeding and not succeeding, keeping the stockholders en- couraged and having them discouraged, and having the ques- tion of financial backing trembling in the balance all the time.

Of course, I have heard some expressions of slight disap- pointment from time to time at the results of tapping experi- ments which have been carried on here. I think we have been unduly enthusiastic about the yields which we are going to get, and particularly in Hawaii we are always looking for too large profits. But the results indicate, as Mr. Anderson said this morning, very clearly that a reasonable profit can be ob- tained from the rubber trees as they stand, and this is the time to settle the matter, so far as we can tell now, as to whether the rubber is an industry here or not. If you can take trees that were planted five years ago with no special knowledge as to what ought to be done to rubber here, start- ing in on an industry of which there was absolutely nothing known to us and, after making some mistakes, still get trees which will yield a profit in five years, it seems that would set- tle the point as to whether there is a reasonable profit in caring for rubber trees, for every man who has charge of

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rubber work on every plantation is now armed with a whole arsenal of information.

The yields, as I look at it, are very encouraging. We are dealing with young trees that are more or less lacking in unt- formity because they did not receive the same line of treat- ment. We have had different methods of tapping and while there may be a hesitation on the part of some as to the founda- tion of getting enormous profits, there must be big profit in the business when we can take it out at 50 cents a pound and sell for $1.40, with the unskilled labor here.

One thing that appears interesting to me in the experiments - of the Nahiku Rubber Co. under Mr. Anderson is the fact that boys do the work very well. It is not a heavy class of work; it does not require much brute force. It merely re- quires a little manual skill and dexterity. They aré’ very quick in collecting the rubber. It 1s all light work, and they can easily carry a bucket, perhaps faster than a grown person, and do the work just as well. That indicates that in that cheap labor we can find a solution of the problem of reducing the expense, provided the price of rubber should fall below where the rubber growers might wish it to fall.

In the matter of diseases and the insects and pests of rub- ber, I do not believe they are very serious so far. It may be that some will develop of which we know nothing now and there are but few instances of trees which have been seriously affected by the shot-hole fungus or even with rats, as soon as the ground in between the trees has been cleared up.

Amother point is, the matter of, altitude. I. don’t know whether it would be wise, it never is commercially, to try to find the limit of altitude in which rubber can be grown, but in going over the plantations last May I was enabled to note that the rubber grew as well 1400 feet as it did at some lower ele- vations where it received the attention that it deserved. How- ever, an altitude up to 1300 or 1400 feet does not seem to af- fect the rapidity of the growth.

The question of the kind of rubber to be grown here is somewhat left open yet, but the decidedly more rapid growth of ceara seems to indicate that that is the one upon which we can depend at present. There is also the hevea and the cas- tilloa, which have been discussed. There have been at times a number who have been enthusiastic about the growth of hevea, but it is so slow as compared with ceara and is affect- ed so much more by the winds and altitude, for it seems to dwindle out at 1000 or 1100 feet, that it seems that the ceara tree is the one to grow here. And as to the rapidity of growth, we may say that the ceara does remarkably well here and is perfectly satisfactory as to the rate of growth, and in the most part in the shape of the trees.

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Referring again to the tapping experiments which Mr. An- derson has been carrying on, I would suggest that a device might be gotten up which would hold several knives at the same time. That might be possible if we had several trees the’ same ‘size in’ trunk ; one knife might hotvent as deep as the other knife, and in straight cuts a device something like the instrument that was submitted to Mr. Hosmer from a Mexican rubber expert might be modified, in such a manner as to carry several knives, but the device itself would have to be worked out right on the plantation. As a matter of fact, all of the actual, practical details of how to make rubber eco- nomically have to be worked out by.the man who has charge of the plantation. We cannot depend upon any man who has other things to bother about and is looking at it from a differ- ent standpoint from the man who is interested in it. He can not work at the practical details. I am always glad to do whatever I can do toward the encouragement of any indus- try which really promises to give rewards which warrant one in being encouraged, and I have been impressed with the management of industries which are more or less new and on which we have only limited local experience,

One of the things in gaining success is not to be too en- thusiastic at first, not to expect three or four hundred per cent., not to expect that the crops are going to grow without attention, and not, to,expect.that there 1§ seine to be jue trouble. The plants require attention. It requires not only money, but brains and industry joined together and applied to the business at all times in order to make a success of it, and I honestly believe that the results which we have gotten so far from rubber show that not only have there been men with the courage to put their money into it, but that the work which has been done by the men who have had practically to manage this business, has been conscientious and has brought about results which are all that any reasonable man can ex- pect, and so, gentlemen, it seems fo me that tiese results are very encouraging at the present time. If you gam set proms from the trees you have now I do not see that there should be any worry about the methods. In looking aiter the little details which may improve the business from your stand- point, the proposition to unite the companies together I be- lieve would be a very fine scheme, indeed. It would accom- plish just what Mr. Williamson said it would. It would be more economical. You need to have a large plant in order to manage the thing economically. If you are going to have such a thing on the market as Hawaiian rubber, it should be always of the same quality, so that the market can be kept up, So it seems to me that the rubber situation would be greatly improved if the companies were united on an equit- able basis.

Gentlemen, I thank you for your attention.

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DISCUSSION.

Mr. Anderson: At the last Convention we asked Dr. Wil- cox about the spray. As we have only used this material for about a year, he might be able to tell us what -he thinks about it.

Dr. Wilcox: As I said this morning, I have used several formulas at the Station, I believe you found thai 1 io 20-24 is about right; about a hundred gallons covers an acre. At that rate, only 5 pounds of arsenic were used per acre. It is in a very soluble form. The most of it is held upon the plant and finally falls down when the plant falls down or if you burn it up, it is burned up in that way. Five pounds per acre is actually less than has been applied for 20, 30 and 40 years on the same ground in orchards on the mainland, without causing any injurious effects on the soil. The presence of arsenic, even in a soluble form, would not cause a burning effect on the roots, because they are too thickly covered with bark and the mere presence of it at that rate does not cause any harmful effect on plants. I don’t see any reason why we should worry about that. If it is to be kept up for years and years and years, you might think there might be an accumu- lation. The soluble salts are continually washed out of the soil, and I do not believe it could accumulate beyond a cer- tain limit. I doubt whether it will ever accumulate.

Pic liurner: “laimay say that in Spraying our trees,;.the barrel was placed between two trees and in dipping out from the tin there was a certain amount of dripping and the exact amount that was wasted I do not know, but it was merely dripping. The bark burst open and bled all the way through and the tree was defoliated.

Dr. Wilcox: How much was poured in there? Mr tirner: devas not along with them at the time. ~The feeseare mot dead, put they have not recovered yet.

Mr. Cooke: I would like to offer a suggestion to the Con- vention at this time. It seems to me that we are about get- ting to a position where the rubber will be placed on the mar- ket. It might be a good idea to have a committee look into the marketing conditions and make suggestions at the next Convention. It seems to me that, ii a certain standard of, rub- ber can be produced, possibly a unique form of putting it upon the market might give the Hawaiian planter a certain advantage. I don’t believe there is much call for a report, but just offer this as a suggestion.

Chairman Lufkin: It seems to me eminently in order that such a committee should be appointed.

Mr. Cooke: I make it as a suggestion, and as a motion also. Dr. Wilcox said that in all shipments we should maintain a.

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certain standard, and that in my experience is most essential, and it is very essential that the bulk of the product should come up to the standard.

Chairman Lutkin: Whe motions dwuly-seconded tharea committee of three be appointed to investigate the rubber market, looking forward to future marketing of the rubber crop on the several plantations. Of course, in the present condition of the rubber business, we are all acting for this individually, and it would hardly be practicable, but in view 6t the fact that combinations are likely to*bemmade; 1 tii we are good business men enough to see the advantage of it, where the marketing can be done by one concern or agency.

Mr. Turner: There are no two plantations that bring the same rubber; they do not bring the same price.

Chairman Lufkin: The object is to investigate the market, ascertaining the best form in which to place the rubber on the market, pancakes or whatever it is, and at the next meeting of this Convention to make a report which will put us in the right way of marketing the rubber at that time. I under- stand this committee is to make merely preliminary investi- gations. Motion carried.

Mr. von Damm: I would like to say that sometime ago I got a small sample of Nahiku rubber from Mr. Williamson and sent it to London, where a friend of mine in turn took it to experts, and he wrote me and said that they had not seen fubbér in. thatwshape before,, but that. thesemexpenta pacman analyzing the sample, had said that it would fall not very fat short ifoim the top price of Pata, and tieywete yous anxious to find out whether it came from the hevea or ceara trees. I had written him that we were principally growing ceara on these Islands. The experts had had the impression that it might have come from the hevea tree.

Mr. Anderson: We were fold by manufacturers in New York that most of the ceara rubber they get is not properly washed and dried, that they had imported ceara rubber from abroad and had been unable to use or dispose of it and had sent it back. They said that all they needed was working samples in order to give us a definite price for our rubber.

MR. R. S. HOSMJER’S REMARKS.

Chairman Lufkin: My predecessor has very wisely ob- tained the consent of Mr. Hosmer to address the Association.

Mr. Hosmer: I did not come here to make any speéch; I only came as an individual member to show my interest in this Convention, and indeed I have not anything technically of interest to contribute. Unfortunately, the appropriations of our Board have not been sufficient for us to branch out,

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except for our regular routine work, so I have not gone into this investigation from a technical standpoint.

There are two things I would like to say, however. The Board of Agriculture and Forestry is always willing to do all it can in helping on any of the so-called “allied industries,” and rubber naturally appeals very strongly to us as an in- dustry in which we are especially interested. At this time we can help, possibly, by opening the columns of our month- ly magazine, the Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist, if you peace. to publish the reports of this meeting. Even if you publish them again as a separate, the report could well appear as a special number of the Forester. I think that the papers which have been read here today ought to be made of perma- nent record and given wide distribution. They ought to go on record for future reference.

One other matter, and that is the suggestion made by Mr. Anderson at the end of his talk, that someone from this As- sociation should be present at the Rubber Growers’ Meeting in London, next spring. I don’t know much about that meet- ing, but I do know that there is going to be a big meeting there, and I know from my own personal experience that it is a mighty good thing for the man himself, for anyone oc- casionally to go to such meetings. He gets a great deal out of it, and the information brought back is of value to the in- dustry. I strongly recommend that one of the technical rub- ber men be sent on behalf of the Association, or in some other way, to represent the Association there; to be on hand to bring back as much information as he can.

If at any time or in any way the Board of Agriculture and Forestry can be of assistance to the members of this Asso- ciation, we are there to be called upon.

REMARKS BY MR. E. M. EHRHORN.

Mr. Ehrhorn, Territorial Entomologist: I don’t know that I can tell you very much about the pests that affect the rub- ber. I have just read Mr. Austin’s paper and there is just one thing I can say and that is that the rubber growers can be congratulated because they have very few pests attacking the trees. Since last year I have looked into the matter, and in fact have kept in very close touch with the rubber growers, and I can say that we know of only two scale insects, that those are insects that are found in forests, generally speak- ing, but they are kept in check by the parasites that are al- ready here. I forwarded to Mr. Austin at Nahiku some of these parasites because he was complaining about the black scale pest. The mealy bug, which attacks the rubber tree, is one common kind, but I do not think that you are in danger

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from that pest or that it will injure the rubber tree. The cut worms have, of course, attacked the rubber tree, but that when they were only very small and the trees were protected by the grass. I think that hereafter there will be very little trouble with the cut worm.

There is one thing that we should all be prepared for and that is the importation of any rubber varieties. We have here all the kinds that we want now and the only danger in the importation of more is the bringing in of new pests through importing trees. There is very little danger from the seeds, yet someone might find some new species of pests, and there is where the danger is, because in Ceylon there are several root diseases which are very serious pests. They have also the white ant which attacks the green timber of the rubber tree, and it is knOwn that in Ceylon this species attacks the timber of the rubber tree. In shipments of plants from Ma- nila we find all kinds of pests and of course we are always very careful to see that they are killed before being landed. There is one pest that Mr. Austin speaks of in his letter, and he sent me specimens of it. They are two small beetles which he found in the root of the rubber tree. They are a common native species, and | told him that as far as my conclusions at that time were concerned, the beetles had appeared on ac- count of some sap remaining on the tree after the tree was cut, and that always draws beetles. I do not think that that pest really would be considered as a pest of the rubber tree. Evidently it was not very alarming because I have not heard anything more about it.

The rubber growers are very fortunate in having so few pests, and | think it will be possible to keep out any others.

President Lufkin appointed Messrs. F. L. Waldron and George P. Cooke to take up the! matter of sending a repre= sentative of the Association to attend the London Rubber Exhibition in June.

Messrs. Wade Warren Thayer, Albert Waterhouse, and A. L. Castle were appointed as members of the Publicity Com- mittee.

Messrs. George P. Cooke, F. L. Waldron, and William Wil- liamson were named as the Committee on Markets and Mar- keting.

After tendering votes of thanks to Dr. Wilcox, Mr. Hosmer and Mr. Ehrhorn for their able addresses, the Convention ad- journed.

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

Minutes of the meeting of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, held in the Throne Room, at the ‘Capitol, on Monday, December 28, 1910, at 2 o’clock p. m.

Present: Marston Campbell, President and Executive Officer; Messrs. D. P. R. Isenberg, H. M. von Holt, and Al- bert Waterhouse, members; Edward M. Ehrhorn, Superin- tendent of Entomology; Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry, and Victor A. Norgaard, Territorial Veterinarian.

The minutes of the meeting of November 21, 1910, were read, ordered approved and placed on file.

FORESTRY.

Mr. von Holt stated that the Committee on Forestry en- dorsed the recommendations of the Superintendent of For- estry contained in his report upon the creation of a forest re- serve in the District of South Kona, Island of Hawaii, and modifications of the boundaries, of existing forest reserves in the District of Kau, Hawaii, and Wailuku, Maui.

It was voted that the Superintendent of Forestry proceed along the usual course in the matteryof the above-mentioned reserves.

Mr. Hosmer read a letter from Mr. Alan S. Davis, dated November 28, of Wahiawa, making application for the right to cut dead wood in the forest above Wahiawa. Mr. Hosmer called attention to the fact that this was the same area in re- gard to which the Board some time ago had made arrange- ments, with Mr. Hopper and Mr. Templeton, for the removal of wood, which owing to various reasons had not worked out satisfactorily. The conditions on the ground have in no way changed since the Board had refused further to extend the time of Mr. Hopper’s license.

After some discussion it was voted that the application of Mr. Davis be denied and that the Superintendent of Forestry ‘so inform him.

Mr. Hosmer said that Mr. Haughs had recently received a letter from Mr. Gerrit P. Wilder, giving details in regard to seed which he had collected and forwarded for the use of the Board, from which he quoted extracts. Thereupon it was voted that the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry extend to Mr. Gerrit P. Wilder its thanks and ex- press its appregiation of his services, rendered in sending seeds and plants to Hawaii from the different countries he has visited.

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THE PASSION VINE.

Mr. Hosmer submitted a report from Mr. J. F. Rock, Bo- tanical Assistant, covering the work for the last ten months, and called special attention to certatn paragraphs having to do with the spread of certain pests in some localities, more particularly on East Maui and in lower Manoa Valley, Oahu. As a result of this mention the Superintendent of Forestry was instructed to communicate with the proper authorities at Oahu College, calling their attention to the danger exist- ing from the spread of this plant, and suggesting that they have it removed. It was further voted that a circular letter in regard to this plant be sent out to stock raisers and other land owners in districts where the passion vine is most likely to be introduced.

LETTER TO DR. URBAN,

The Botanical Assistant of the Board asked that Dr. Ignatz Urban be requested to loan certain genera of Hawaiian plants which were once in the possession of .Dr. Hillebrand, for the purpose of comparing his type material with the large collec- tion in the herbarium of the Board of Agriculture and For- estry, whereupon it was voted that the Executive Officer be directed to prepare a letter to Dr. Ignatz Urban requesting such a loan and that the Executive Officer then submit his letter to the Governor for endorsement.

REGULATION OF SEED.

Following the vote of thanks to Mr. Gerrit P. Wilder, the members of the Board entered into some discussion regard- ing the importation and distribution of seeds, especially in relation to the control of weed seed and the seeds of plants likely to become pests, and it was voted that the Superin- tendents of Forestry and Entomology be instructed to act as a Committee to formulate recommendations as to pure seed legislation for Hawaii, either through action by the Legis- lature or through rules and regulations of this Board.

ENTOMOLOGY.

Mr. Ehrhorn submitted a special report on the importation of banana plants from Central America and other areas about the Gulf of Mexico, it having come to his notice that there existed a liability of importing a very large shipment of plants from these sections. .

The report went into the matter very fully, setting forth the danger which existed in Central American areas, and he

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recommended that the Board take action to prevent the im- portation of banana plants of the Bluefield variety.

As we have already this banana here in the Islands, Mr. Ehrhorn showed, by a copy of the minutes of 1903, what ac- tion was taken at that time when some 500 plants had been imported. The Board then instructed Mr. Ehrhorn to draw up the requisite rule and regulation which he deemed neces- sary for the protection of the banana industry and that he submit the same to the Board at its next meeting.

THIMBLE BERRY.

Mr. Ehrhorn reported that since Mr. Alfred Carter’s re- turn he had had an interview with him in regard to the thimble berry, which has cost such a great amount of money in the effort of eradicating on the Parker Ranch, and that Mr. Carter had expressed his gratitude to the Department for its efforts to find some means for the eradication of the pest. Mr. Ehrhorn stated that he was continuing his investigations along the same line as mentioned in a previous report and that he had great hopes soon to be able to introduce the disease into areas that are still in a healthy condition.

IMPORTATION OF BENEFICIAL BIRDS.

The Superintendent of Entomology being a committee ap- pointed at the last meeting to look into the matter of import- ing insectivorous birds, submitted a letter from Prof. Hen- shaw, Chief of the Biological Survey, giving his opinion in regard to the possibility of introducing certain birds into the Hawaiian Islands. This lengthy report created quite an in- terest, and an enthusiastic discussion followed, whereupon Mr. Isenberg personally thanked Mr. Ehrhorn for the able report which he had succeeded in obtaining regarding the im- portation of birds.

CROWDING AT STEAMER GANGWAYS.

The Superintendent of Entomology then drew attention to the overcrowding at the gangways on the arrival of steamers and asked if not some steps could be taken by the Board to prevent this, as it was next to impossible to thoroughly in- spect each passenger’s baggage as he stepped off the gang- way. The members agreed that they had experienced the same inconveniences in trying to get off and on the vessels, .and they heartily endorsed Mr. Ehrhorn’s plea, and agreed that the exclusion idea is a correct one.

Mr. Campbell said he was very glad the matter had been brought up, as he had been placed in rather a peculiar posi-

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tion regarding the keeping out of the public, and that action would be taken to protect the gangways and prevent the crowding by the masses at the arrival of steamers. He fur- ther stated that in all probability gates will be erected which will form corrals with sufficient. space to allow the easy handling of passengers and baggage.

FINANCES,

The Secretary submitted the regular monthly report of the finances of the Board, which was approved.

ANIMAL INDUSTRY. The Committee on Animal Industry had nothing to report. LIVESTOCK INSPECTOR’S RESIGNATION.

Since the sick leave of absence with pay for one month to John Vanhuizen, granted at the meeting of the Board held November 21, he tendered his resignation, which was accept- ed as of November 30, 1910.

There being no further business to be brought to the at- tention of the members of the Board, the meeting adjourned.

Minutes of the meeting of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, held in the Throne Room, at the Capitol, on Tuesday, January 10, 1911, at 2 occlock p. in.

Present: Marston Campbell, President and Executive Officer; Messrs. H. M. von Holt and Albert Waterhouse, members.

This meeting was held for the special purpose of consider- ing the finances of the Board. A detailed statement of all salaries and payrolls was submitted; also an estimate for the expenditure of ‘the ‘allotment ‘from “January io April oo, 1911, and an estimate of the appropriations needed for the extension of service, for the new period, beginning July 1, iat, to Jume.sy, 1915.

All action was deferred until next meeting of the Board.

There being no further business, the meeting adjourned.

DPV ISTONFOE EN EOMOLOGY

Honolulu, December 31, 1910.

Honorable Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu.

Gentlemen :—I respectfully submit as follows my report of the work of the Division of Entomology for the month of De- . cember.

Of 32 vessels boarded we found fruits, plants and vegetables on 19, careful inspection being made on all shipments with the following result :

103

Disposal with principal causes. Lots Parcels Racsedu se tLCeeitGMl PEStS. 2. vied Kage a pete’ 882 20,165 Puaneaved, betoue (ecleasing 2ii0.24 0s. 4. 10 309 JSS g OU ete Mn ee A Se 34 54

TO lS Geel GMa ex wh cenreita(att « A Keio aR | 946 20,528

The Inspector at Hilo reports having boarded six vessels, of which five carried vegetable matter, consisting of 182 lots and 3743 packages, which were passed as free from pests.

The bulk of the shipments during this month consisted of fruits and vegetables intended for the Xmas trade, and here as well as at Hilo it was noticeable that especially choice goods were shipped to the Islands. The fruit was of large size and good quality, and the vegetables clean, well packed and _ selected. Brother Newell records the largest shipment for any month in the history of Hilo, and adds: “Thanks to the good education the shippers are acquiring, only clean goods were forwarded.”

The Japanese rice shipments this month amounted to 18,109 bags and after thorough inspection we failed to find any weevils or pests in these shipments.

On a shipment of plants from Japan we found the White peach scale Aulacaspis pentagona, the Camellia scale Pseuda- onidia duplex, and the Small Wax scale Ceroplastes rusci, and on a few Camellias we found a few Bag Worms Thyriodopteryx sp. After thorough fumigation each plant was gone over and all infested foliage removed and all bag worms, although dead, were picked off. From the Orient we confiscated and burned 54 packages of fruit found in the baggage of the immigrants at the Immigration Station.

During the month your Superintendent made a special report on the proposed shipment of Bluefield banana sprouts from Cen- tral America as mentioned in my last report, and is gratified at the action the Board has taken in not allowing any shipments to enter the “lerritory:

It is with regret that I have to report the illness of my assist- ant, Mr. H. O. Marsh, at this time. Mr. Marsh has continued his field and laboratory work on the same lines as heretofore, and since his illness I have continued his observations and study of the life history of two of the most destructive vegetable pests on the Islands, Himenia fasctalis and Hellula undalis. The im- portance of knowing how many broods these pests produce dur- ing the year, requires the continuation of the work and has added considerable exertion to my duties.

Respectfully submitted,

E. M. EHRHORN, Superintendent of Entomology.

104 BY AUTHORITY.

RUBE VEN,

RULE AND REGULATION BY THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY CONCERNING THE IM- PORTATION OF ALL BANANA FRUIT, BANANA SHOOTS OR PLANTS.

Whereas, This Board has, by notification of the United States De- partment of Agriculture and by its own investigation, been apprised of the existence of a serious and infectious plant disease on banana in many parts of the world, which disease is rapidly spreading throughout the infested localities, necessitating the abandonment of thousands of acres of banana plantations therein, and is extending to other localities, and inasmuch as the existence of this disease in imported plants and fruit can not be ascertained by local inspection nor eradicated by fumi- gation, and no good method of control of the disease has yet been found,

Therefore, The Board of Commissioners of Agriculture'and Forestry of the Territory of Hawaii hereby make the following rule and regu- lation:

Section 1. For the purpose of preventing the introduction into the Territory of Hawaii of a banana disease known also as banana blight, and determined as Fusarium cubense, all persons, companies and corpora- tions are hereby prohibited from introducing or importing into the Terri- tory of Hawaii, or into any of its ports for the purpose of debarkation into said Territory any fresh banana fruit, banana sprouts or plants, from Central America, including the Panama Canal Zone, the West Indies, Dutch Guiana or any other locality where the said disease exists-or may become known to exist.

Section 2. This regulation shall take effect from and after the ap- proval thereof by the Governor.

MARSTON CAMPBELL,

President and Executive Officer Board of Commissioners of eansiy : and Forestry. Approved: W. F. FREAR, Governor of Hawaii.

Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, January 25, 1911.

PROCLAMATION OF MODIFICATION OF BOUNDARY OF THE WEST MAUI FOREST RESERVE, DISTRICT OF WAILUKU, ISLAND AND COUNTY OF MAUI.

Under and by virtue of the authority vested in me by the pro- visions of Chapter 28 of the Revised Laws of Hawaii, as amended by Act 65 of the Session Laws of 1905, and by Act 4 of the Session Laws of 1907, and of every other power me hereunto enabling, I, WALTER F. FREAR, Governor of Hawaii, with the approval of a majority of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, having held the hearing of which notice has been duly given ag in said acts provided, do hereby modify the boundary and increase the area of the West Maui Forest Reserve in the District of Wailuku, Island and County of Maui, created and set apart by proclamation of the Governor of Hawaii, on April 21, 1908, and do now and hereby set apart as an integral part of the West Maui Forest Reserve that certain piece of government

105

land sometimes known as Polipolh, Waiehu Remnant, and containing an

area ot 42 acres, in the District of Wailuku, Island and County of Maui,

Territory of Hawaii, more particularly described by and on a map made

in September, 1910, by the Government Survey Department of the

Territory of Hawaii, which said map is now on file in the said Survey

Department, marked ‘‘Registered Map No. 1436’’ and ‘‘upper portion

of Polipoli,’’ and a description accompanying the same, numbered C. 8. F.

No. 2214, which said deseription, now on file in the said Survey Depart-

ment, is as follows:

Beginning at an iron rail on the boundary of the ili of Ahikuli and on the upper side of Waihee Ditch, the coordinates of which re- ferred to Government Survey Trig. Station ‘‘Waiehu’’ are 2711.3 feet South and 7051.1 feet West, as shown on Government Survey Registered Map No. 1486, and running by true azimuths:

1. 195° 20’ 20.4 feet along the upper side of the Waihee Ditch along Grant, 5279 ta C,:. Brewer \&,.Co.,. Lid.;

2. Thence along same and said grant on a curve to the left having a radius of 250.8 feet, the azimuth and distance of the chord being: 168° 19’ 189.7 feet;

3. 146° 40’ 127.0 feet along same and said grant;

4. Thence along same and said grant on a curve to the left having a radius of 76.9 feet, the azimuth and distance of the chord being: 120° 10’ 68.6 feet;

5. 93° 50’ 303.0 feet along same and said grant;

6. Thence along same and said grant on a curve to the right having a radius of 81.9 feet, the azimuth and distance of the chord being: 115° 50’ 59.0 feet;

7. 38° 35’ 106.0 feet along said grant to the edge of the Waiehu Ditch;

8. 98° 12’ 197.0 feet along the edge of the Waiehu Ditch along said grant;

9. Thence along same and said grant on a curve to the right iaving a radius of 50 feet, the azimuth and distance of the chord being: 169° 48’ 85.0 feet;

10. 241° 06’ 153.8 feet along same and said grant;

11. 248° 33’ 105.0 feet along same and said grant;

12. 166° 28’ 220.0 feet along said grant;

13. 97° 59’ 213.0 feet along the edge of the Waiehu Ditch and said grant;

14. 132° 15’ 56.4 feet along same and said grant;

15. 164° 18’ 40.0 feet along same and said grant;

16. 192° 46’ 61.0 feet along same and said grant;

17. 231° 15’ 29.0 feet along same and said grant;

18. 254° 10’ 210.0 feet along same and said grant to the mauka or upper side of the Waihee Ditch;

19. 206° 10’ 90.4 feet along the upper side of the Waihee Ditch and said grant;

20. Thence along the same and said grant on a curve to the left having a radius of 125.7 feet the azimuth and distance of the chord being: 172° 50’ 140.4 feet;

21. 139° 10’ 30.0 feet along same and said grant;

22. 67° 59’ 2973.2 feet along the ili of Hananui to the end of the land of Polipoli;

23. 272° 08’ 3393.0 feet along the ili of Ahikuli to the point of be- ginning;

Area, 42 acres. In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Great —= Seal of the Territory of Hawaii to be affixed.

Done at The Capitol*in Honolulu, this 4th day of February, A. D. 1911.

W. FEF. FREAR, “ Governor of Hawaii.

106

PROCLAMATION OF MODIFICATION OF BOUNDARY OF THE: KAU FOREST RESERVE, DISTRICT OF: KAU, ISLAND AND COUNTY OF HAWAII.

Under and by virtue of the authority vested in me by the pro- visions of Chapter 28 of the Revised Laws of Hawali, as amended by Act 65 of the Session Laws of 1905, and by Act 4 of the Session Laws of 1907, and of every other power me hereunto enabling, I WALTER F. FREAR, Governor of Hawaii, with the approval of a majority of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, having held the hearing of which notice has been duly given as in said acts provided,. do hereby modify the boundary and area of the Kau Forest Reserve in the District of Kau, Island and County of Hawaii, created and set apart by proclamation of the Governor of Hawaii, on August 2, 1906, by certain changes in the location of the boundary, which changes some- what increase the area of the reserve, and do now and hereby recom- mend and approve as an addition to the Kau Forest Reserve those certain pieces of Government and privately owned land adjoin- ing the said Kau Forest Reserve on its southeastern boundary, and. containing an area of approximately 216 acres, in the District of Kau, Island and County ‘of Hawaii, Territory of Hawaii, more particularly de- scribed by and on a map made September, 1910, by the Government Survey Department of the Territory of Hawaii, which said map is now on file in the said Survey Department, marked ‘‘Registered Map No. 1837’’ and ‘‘Additions to Kau Forest Reserve,’’ and a description ac- companying the same, numbered C. 8S. F. No. 2213, which said descrip- tion, now on file in the said Survey Department is as follows: °

ADDITIONS TO KAU FOREST RESERVE. PART. A,

Including portions of the lands of Kaalaala-Makakupu (Government), Keaiwa (Hawn. Agr, Co.), and Kaauhuhuula (Government).

Beginning at the ‘‘Kakaha’’ Government Survey Trig. Station, as shown on Government Survey Registered Map Nos. 1837 and 2361, and running by true azimuths:

352° 30’ 1400 feet to point 10 feet makai of flume;

12° 15’ 274 feet to point 10 feet makai of flume;

15° 25’ 1600 feet to point 10 feet makai of flume;

341° 25’ 530 feet to point 10 feet makai or flume;

346° 50’ 222. feet to point 10 feet makai of flume;

16° 40’ 1300 feet to point 10 feet makai of flume;

60° 20’ 760 feet to point 10 feet makai of flume;

22° 30’ 1200 feet to point 10 feet makai of flume;

25° 10’ 1700 feet to point 10 feet makai of flume;

53’ 1480 feet to point 10 feet makai of flume;

38° 50’ 1060 feet to point 10 feet makai of flume;

42° 10’ 1258 feet to point on present Forest Reserve line 200° 41”

1432 feet from a Forest Reserve Monument just mauka of flume;

200° 40’ 12,125 feet along course 36 of the Kau Forest Reserve as described and set apart in a proclamation signed Ly George R. Carter, Governor of Hawaii, dated August 2, 1906, to the initial point.

Containing an area of 214 acres, divided as follows:

OCmorItInowr WNwWH

a ay DH oO — oro (2)

par ww

Kaalaala-Makakupu Tract (Government)....... 82 acres. Keatwa (Hawaiian Agricultural Co.)..... co o. 23 acres. Kaauhuhuula Tract (Government).......... e.... 109 acres.

PU OGL. “cheer aie tasenis <sayhys os 0: SME 214 acres.

107,

PART II. Including portion of the Government land of Palima.

Beginning at a point on the present forest line in Paauaua I, by true azimuth 200° 40’ 31 feet, from a forest reserve monument, which in turn is true azimuth 189° 25’ 5027.5 feet from the ‘‘ Alili’’ Govern- ment Survey Trig. Station, as shown on Government Survey Registered Maps Nos, 1837 and 2361, and running by true azimuths::

1. 353° 30’ 60 feet to point 10 feet makai of flume;

2. 49° 45’ 1030 feet to point 10 feet makai of flume;

3. 85° 35’ 240 feet to present forest line;

4, 234° 40’ 1235 feet along course 37 of the Kau Forest Reserve as described and set apart in a proclamation signed by George R. Carter, Governor of Hawaii, dated August 2, 1906, to the aforesaid forest reserve monument;

5. 200° 40’ 31 feet along course 36 of the said Kau Forest Reserve to the initial point.

Containing an area of 2.2 acres.

Altogether an area of 216.2 acres.

And as provided by law, I do hereby Set Apart as integral parts of the Kau Forest Reserve those portions of the Government tracts known as Kaalaala-Makakupu Tract (82 acres), Kaauhuhuula Tract (109 acres) and Palima (2.2 acres), altogether an area of 193 acres, more or less, that lie within the metes and bounds of the above described addi- tion and newly created part of the Kau Forest Reserve.

In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Great Seal of the Territory of Hawaii to be affixed. Done at The Capitol in Honolulu, this 4th day of February, A. D, 1911.

W. F. FREAR, Governor of Hawaii.

ei hie pete MR GERRI? P, WILDER,

During an extended trip that has included many foreign coun- tries, Mr. Wilder has been continually sending back consign- ments of seed of many interesting plants. This letters tell of the results of his visit to the West Indies.

Port of Spain, Island of Trinidad, November 23, 1910.

My Dear Mr. Haughs:—I have been in the Island of Trinidad just two weeks and during that time have visited a coco planta- tion, have been to Cedros Bay where Columbus is said to have anchored and gone ashore for fresh water, by railroad I have visited two fine coconut plantations and during my visits to these several places have had a chance to see and have collected a host of information and of seeds and plants. Many of these are entirely new to our Hawaiian flora.

The palms here are very interesting. Besides these there are new and useful forest trees. Many of the above mentioned are now in fruit and it is a very unfortunate thing for us, for I have wondered how I could get some of these seeds to Honolulu, ,other than by way of New York, where of course the seeds

would lose their germinating properties on account of the in- tense cold.

108

I met a friend who has gone to Panama, and he has carried and undertaken to send to you by parcels post, if possible, some of the heavier packages, so | am hoping that my efforts may reach some degree of success.

I am enclosing a complete list of the palm seeds and the other things. If you find that these packages of seeds are going to occupy too much space at the station, or that there is not room for them at Makiki, you could give them to my: Japanese yard- man. But I would suggest that seed which I send be carefully examined and allowed to germinate under cover, so in case there should, by any chance, be any larvae of beetles, you could detect them.

I have sent many more seeds that I wish to have you try and propagate. Some of the mailing tubes contain some new and rare altogether; plants and cuttings, and I only hope that my method and means of packing will at least carry, and that we may get a fair percentage of these to grow.

I have had to use coconut dust in lieu of spagum moss, as the latter article is not to be had here.

I am sending one seed of the Brazil nut, Bertholletia exelsa, and trust I can find some way to get it on except by way of New York, which I am inclined to think will be too cold for it just now. I will have to leave it to you as to how you are to get the seeds out, (Sent via New Yorks Dec. 21g)

I have made notes in the annexed list of the things I sent to- day, to guide you as to how and where to plant. I am sure we shall have some interesting trees for Arbor Day, 1911.

I wish to get about a pound of Keawe seeds, Prosopis julifora, cleaned from the pod, as well as a few good clean specimens of the bean. I desire to send them to the various islands where I will visit, and where I have made friends. You could put the beans in one of the mailing tubes, if the beans are now in season, and if there are none to have, we can send them after I get home in March.

It has appeared strange to me that the Keawe has never been introduced to the islands of the West Indies, but so far in my travels, I have not seen it, nor can I find any Creole who knows of its useful properties, as fuel or fodder. The island lacks a climate equal to Hawaii’s, and it rains here every day. The heat is somewhat oppressive between the hours of 11 a. m. and 3 p. m., and at this time most of the inhabitants rest and remain in doors. The blacks are lazy and sluggish and the climate accentuates their desire to loaf.and take atedsy:

Trusting that the several packages which should go by way of Panama and San Francisco reach you in good condition, and hoping to hear from you at your early convenience, I am, with Aloha to the staff at the Station and a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year,

Yours truly, GERRIT P. WILDER.

60 YEARS’ g EXPERIENCE

TRADE MARKS DESIGNS

A CopPpyYRIGHTS &c.

Anyone sending a sketch and description may quickly ascertain our opinion free whether an invention is probably patentable. Communica- tions strictly confidential. HANDBOOK on Patents sent free. Oldest azency for securing patents.

Patents taken through Munn & Co. receive special notice, without charge, in the

Scientific American,

A handsomely illustrated weekly. Largest cir- culation of any scientific journal. Terms, $3 a year; four months, $L. Sold byall newsdealers.

MUNN & Co,36tercadway. New York

Branch Office, 625 F 8t.. Washington, D.C. .

Garden and Farm Tools and implements

To do good farming you must have up to date tools to work with. We carry a most complete line of every- thing needed by the small or large farmer, from the smallest hand trowel to the largest cane plow. We also have a good assortment of Hand, Bucket or Barrel Sprayers. Our assortment of Hoes, Shovels, Spades, Mattocks, Rakes, Garden Shears, Lawn Mowers, Garden Hose, and other things that are needed daily about the

farm or garden, is most complete and our stock large.

EK. O. HALL & SON, LTD.

‘FIC ‘AND STAFF OF THE BOARD OF COMMIS- ae SIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

. COMMISSIONERS. aa = ~ Marston Campbell, President and Executive Officer. = pas J. M. Dowsett P, R. Isenberg ri Re H. M. von Holt | Albert Waterhouse

a : DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden. ~~ David Haughs, Forest Nurséryinan.

Joseph F. Rock, Potantcal Assistant.

Bro. Matthias Newell, in charge of Sub-Nursery at Hilo, Hawai.

Walter D. McBryde, zz charge of Sub-Nursery at Homestead, Kauai,

ee Kapihe, Forest Ranger for Tantalus,

wey DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Edward M. Ehbrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology and Chief Inspector. Albert Koebele, Consulting Entomologist.

RIE Aina aa Assistant Entomologist.

D. B. Kuhns, /zspecter.

Fred Muir, Beneficial- Insect Collector.

Bro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo, Hawatt.

\\

«Robert R. Elgin, } ( Mahukona, Hawatt. eee) SW. O- Aiken, | Honorary Fruit | Kahului, Maut, aie W.D. McBryde, | and Plant Inspector 1 Koloa, Kauat,

ae Draw By Deas) ~ az | Hana, Maui, rege Capt. C. F.Turne J | Kaanapali, Maut.

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Terrttoriad Veterinarian. L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian. PERS aval se ss Live Stock Inspector, PAB: Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Hilo, Hawai. "% at ha OF Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Maui. ® AS ARS Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauai. E. L. Glaisyer. Deputy Territorial Veterinary for Kohala and Hamakua, Hawait. CLERICAL STAFF

ae Mrs. EK. K.. Brown, Seveiany to the Board,

os. Miss Melika Peterson, Clerk and Stenograbher.

2. avliss. BHaK.. Dayton, ’ Librarian. ° oS Daniel Logan, Editor of the ‘‘Forester.”’

Se PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION.

ae Any one or all of the publications listed below (except those marked _ ~*~+) will be sent to residents of this Territory, free, upon application to a Mailing vlerk, P. O. Box 207, Honolulu.

eg BOARD.

_--__-— ‘Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900; 66 pp.

~~ Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902; 88 pp. ) _- * First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, trom Z July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp.

Second Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905; 240 pp.; 8 plates; 10 text figures.

Third Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906; 212 pp.; 3 plates; 4 maps; 7 text figures. _Fourth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for

the calendar year ending December 31, 1907; 202 pp.; 7 plates. Fifth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the calendar year ending December 31, 1908; 218 pp.; 34 plates.

g

period ending December 31, 1910; 240 PP. ; 45 plates. oe oo “Notice to Importers,”’ by H. E. Cooper; 4 pp.; 1903. oe “Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Rie Fruits, Vegetables, eet eis into the Territory of Hawaii.” General Circular No. TS 6 pp.

, -

Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the biennial -

=~

PUBLICATIONS F OR DISTRIBUTION—Continued. :

“Important Notice to Ship Owners, Fruit Importers and there 3 Raises ae Reg tions Prohibiting the Introduction of Certain Pests and Animals into the Terri- tory of Hawaii.” General Circular No. 2; 8 pp.; 1904. =

“Law and Regulations, Importation and Inspection of Honey Bees and Honey.” General Circular No. 3; 7 pp.; 1908.

“The Tiawaiian Forester and Agriculturist,’”” a monthly magazine. Vols. I to VII; 1904-1910. To be obtained from the Hawaiian Gazette Co., Honolulu. Price

$1 a year. DIVISION OF FORESTRY. -

* “Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at Government Nursery.” Press

Bulletin No. 1; 3 pp.; 1905.

* “Suggestions in Regard to the Arbor Day Tree Planting Contest.’’ Press Bulletin No. 2; 7 pp.; 1905.

“An Offer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters.’”’ Circular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905.

“Revised List of Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at the Government Nursery.’ Press Bulletin No. 3; 4 pp.; 1906.

* “Tnstructions for Propagating and Planting Forest Trees.’ Press. Bulletin Ne. 4; 4 pp.; 1906.

“Instructions for Planting Forest, Shade and Ornamental Trees.” Press Bulletin No&5'340 ppss- 1909:

“Na Hoakaka no ke Kanu Ana i na Laau Malumalu ame na Laau Hoohiwahiwa.” Press Bulletin No. 6; 8 pp.; 1909.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Re- print from Second Report of the Board; 77 pp.; 5 plates.

* Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Re print from Third Report of the Board; 123 pp.; 4 maps.

Report of the-Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Re print from Fourth Report of the Board; 70 pp.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Re print from Fifth Report of the Board: .85 pp.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 86 pp.; 22 plates.

DIVISION ON ENTOMOLOGY.

“The Leaf-Hopper of the Sugar Cane,’ by R. C. L. Perkins. Bulletin No. 1; 38 pp.; 1908.

** “A Catalogue of the Hemipterous Family Aleyrodidae,”’ by G. W. Kirkaldy, and ‘‘Aleyrodidae of Hawaii and Fiji with Descriptions of New Species,’ by Jacob Kotinsky. Bulletin No. 2; 102 pp.; 1 plate; 1907.

* “On Some Diseases of Cane Specially Considered in Relation to the Leaf-Hopper .

Pest and to the Stripping of Cane,’ by R. C. L. Perkins. Press Bulletin No. 1; 4 pp.; 1904.

“A Circular of Information,” by Tacst Kotinsky. Circular No. 1; 8 pp.; 1905.

“The Japanese Beetle Fungus,” by Jacob Kotinsky and Bro. M. Newell. Circular No. 2; 4 pp., cut; 1905.

Rule VII: “Concerning the Prevention of Distribution of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly’; unnumbered leaflet; 1910.

Rule VIII: ‘‘Concerning the Importation of all Banana Fruit, Banana Shoots or |

Plants’; unnumbered leaflet; 1911. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31,1908: Reprint from Second Report of the Board: 68 pp.; 3 plates: 10 text figures. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 25 pp.; 7 text figures.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Reprint from Fourth Report of the Board: 18 pp.; 1 plate.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 39 be 1908. Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 26 pp.; 2 plates.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the biennial period ending ereuibeat oy 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 70 pp.; 10 plates. :

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

* “Inspection of Imported Live Stock.” Rule 1; 1 p.; 1905.

* “Tnspection and Testing of Imported Live Stock for Glanders and Tuberculosis.” Rule 2;.4 p.; 1905.

ag Concerning Glandered Horse Stock in the Territory.’’ Rule 3; 1 p.; 1905.

* “To Amend Rule 1, Inspection of Imported Live Stock.’ Rule 4; 1 p.; 1907.

* “Quarantine of Horse Stock from California.” Rule 8; 1 p.; 1908.

“Rules and Regulations, Inspection and Testing of Live Stock.’’ Rules and Laws; 11 pp.; unnumbered pamphlet; Revised 1910. /

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 62 pp.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 41 pp.; 3 plates.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Reprint from the Fourth Report of the Board; 104 pp.; 6 plates.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 44 pp.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the biennial period ending December 81, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 59 pp.; 13 plates.

* Out of print.

=

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Ale you Vill. APRIL, 1911 No. 4

| Price, 10c. Per Copy; Per Annum, $1.00; Foreign, $1.25

_© THE

Hawaiian Forester |= Hlgriculturist

OF

Forestry, Entomology and Agriculture

ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION

OF ‘THE ~BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

Entered as second-class matter at the Post office, at Honolulu, Hawaii.

ADDRESS ALL COMMUNICATIONS TO

DANIEL LOGAN,

EDITOR “THE FORESTER,’”’

| P. O. BOX 366, HONOLULU, H.T.

For business relating to advertising or subscriptions, address

HAWAUAN GAZETTE Co., Lrp., Publishers,

VON HoLTt BLock, 65 S. KinG St., HoNoLuLU Hawa.

4: pe ‘

oS RR Re pera ae se “ xe F wy TS ao = — te TABLE OF CONTENTS. i aeaa Ree = PAGE Philippine College Magazine.........-...+. ary hae Se se al bie Gala pagzos: Islands .27. 2 Praia i ose. onan See ee Soil Amelioration (Hagens).......... ok oe AMPA eo 1 ae Board of Agiculturé-and P Orestry.<.. 2. 2." cig). eee eee 114° Division of Animal Industry..... ee eam Ve: Rog ee bo SUS Entomolopiéal Invéstigations* wc. . foid.. 2a: Bee eee 123, Report forébruary < Entomoloesy)- io <i. es eee 124: = Report-OMmiBwds we ono aes Se ee oa sas eaten 126 Division of Forestry ic aye eect SO Pere cen Se Cente 126 Nurserynians Report:..4 se ee ee Sete ene: Gee 128 The Use of Plant Materials in Nature Study Teaching Sie dusk con EES ete: ee Me ele Oe pce 129

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY.

The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern- ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced - trees. These are sold at prices just Poserng the cost of collection or growing. a

The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak, Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of India, Poinciana, Albizzia, ete. The price of the seed varies from 10

to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2% cents each, __ except a few kinds which are 5 cents. ‘Seed of the various palms is also for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested a before being sent out, which insures its being good. Bee

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All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to 3) a - David So ee Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii. Te

RALPH S, HOSMER, a Superintendent of Forestry,

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties ae _ of this Division and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make in- quiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intallibently s or send the right kind of useful insects for relief we like and sometimes - it is indispensable. for us to see the insect suspected or caught in the act, :

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- also specimens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, ora wooden ae

box specimens may be mailed at 3rd class rates. When specimens are not accompanied by letter always write your name and address in the — ‘upper left-hand corner of the package. Address all communications. 34 SUPERINTENDENT DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, P. O. BOX 207, HONOLULU, HAWAII.

EDW. M. EaneeAn: : BE Superintendent.

FR ; - ‘ Heat 2h . — > Se a ie * a “ 7 7 CS Poa = ae

THE HAWAIIAN

FORESTER a AGRICULTURIST

VoL. VIII. APRIL, 1911. No. 4.

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE MAGAZINE.

From the Philippines comes an agreeable piece of printed evi- dence of the promotion of scientific agriculture in that group. This is in the shape of a new magazine called the Philippine Agri- culturist and Forester, the second number of which has been re- ceived, which is published by the Student Body of the College of Agriculture, Los Banos, the first institution of the kind in the

_ Philippines. It is explained in the advertisement of the maga-

zine that the Student Body is “a joint society of the students,” and the motive of the publication is made clear enough as follows: “We believe that the future of the Philippines depends upon its farms, and considering the methods of diffusing a knowledge of agriculture we endeavor to offer a paper which will prove prac- tical to farmers and foresters; we hope it may also be useful to scientists. This, then, is our main aim in bringing forth the Philippine Agriculturist and Forester. We also realize the bene- fits that we can earn in preparing such a paper, not only in the knowledge of literature, but also in stimulation of harder work in the field of scientific investigations. We wish our readers to partake with us of the experience we may acquire.”

_ One of the articles is on root crops, with the yautia the product treated, this being a West India plant scientifically named Xanthosoma sagittifolium, of which stock was imported into the

_ Philippines some years ago by the Bureau of Agriculture. It is

stated that, for local food, the yautia is one of the most important Porto Rican crops. The plant is described as in its habit very like the Philippine gabi, of which this remark is made: “The gabi, Caladium Colocasia, known more widely in English as taro, and in Hawaii as poi, is too familiar in the Philippines to need description.” It will make the student who wrote this laugh him- self when he learns that taro is only the modern Hawaiian spell- ing of the name of the plant, the older form being kalo, and that poi is the name of the chief native food made from taro.

In the destructive eruption of the Taal volcano in January the students had a most sensational as well as a unique opportunity of instruction. So near is the college to the volcano that, accord-

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ing to the magazine’s account, ashes began falling at the college within an hour from the initial explosion. “The entire college was aroused instantly, and Mr. Cuzner prepared at once to take such observations as would make the catastrophe as instructive as possible. #- *, *, .A.chaticéto see and stidysine eects om great volcanic eruption is worth more than a day of class work, even if the students were not too excited to think about their usual studies. Accordingly, the students were dismissed from classes, and some eighty of them, with Mr. Cuzner, Mr. Ledyard and the dean spent the day on a visit to Tanauan and the shore of Taal lake.” Very interesting information is given in the article, which contains several illustrations, with regard to the varied effects of the falling ashes upon different kinds of crops and wild growths. The injury to maize, tobacco and sugar cane was great. “Lettuce, tomatoes, ferns and strawberries were badly damaged even at the college,” the Agriculturist article says.

Other articles in the magazine are well illustrated and a full page frontispiece is a view of part of the exterior of the main hall of the college which indicates a handsome structure. The articles are highly practical and sensible in tone, for example the follow- ing reference to several insect pests reported: “The first step in the eradication of the above is to rid ourselves of the belief of our ancestors, that a failure of crops due to insect pests is brought about by Providence as a punishment for sins; the next is con- stant vigilance, and a third, ceaseless effort guided by correct methods.”

Of interest to botanists, as well as students of the physical geo- graphy of Pacific islands, will be the “Proceedings of the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences,” fourth series, Vol. I, p. 7-288, dated January 20, 1911, which has just been received. It treats of the expedition of the Academy to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906, the major portion of the volume consisting of a botanical survey of the group by Alban Stewart, botanist of the expedition. “In preparing for this expedition,’ Mr. Stewart says, “the California Academy purchased the U. S. Ship Ernest, a two-masted schooner of eighty-seven tons burden, and after refitting, rechristened her the Academy. Our party consisted of eleven members as fol- lows: R. H. Beck, chief; F. X. Williams, entomologist; W. H. Ochsner, geologist and conchologist; J. R. Slevin, herpetologist ; J. S. Hunter and E. W. Gifford, ornithologists; E. S. King, as- sistant herpetologist; Frederick T. Nelson, mate; J. J. Parker, navigator; James W. White, cook; and myself, botanist. All of the scientific members of the expedition shipped as seamen, so that the expedition was made up mostly of sailor-scientists.”

111 SOIL AMELIORATION.

By). FSC. HAGENS. Bi Correction of unfavorable conditions due to the natural location.

DRAINAGE.

But few cultivated plants will grow in swampy or constantly wet soils, particularly if the water is stagnant. This is not caused by any direct injurious effect of the water upon the plant but by the continued exclusion of the atmosphere. The presence of air in the soil is very essential to most plants. Water is a poor con- ductor of heat and wet soils are therefore usually cold. The wetter the climate and the greater the waterholding power of the soil the more necessary becomes the proper drainage of such soils.

The removal of the excess water promotes proper aeration of the soil, since air will fill the space formerly occupied by the water, and besides favorably affect the temperature of the soil. The chemical and biological processes, so necessary to plant life, take place under more favorable conditions and consequently more thoroughly.

The manner of drainage depends of course on the local condi- tions causing the excess moisture in the soil, which are manifold and require careful study before a definite plan of action is de- cided upon. Frequently we find unfavorable subsoil conditions which prevent the usual downward movement of the soilwater and in such case the removal of the excess water is best accom- plished by a proper system of drain ditches, following the natural slope of the land. Where the land, to be drained, is level with, or below the level, of a nearby river, lake or the ocean the water must often be pumped out of the main ditches to accomplish the desired results. Low lands, situated near the ocean, often become salt wastes after they have been under cultivation for a consider- able period. This is due to change brought about in the condi- tion of the soil through the cultivation. The salty subsoil water, - by capillary attraction, rises to the surface and is there evapor- ated, leaving its solids in the form of a salty crust or shining crystals. Unless occasional heavy rains dissolve them and carry them off such deposits will gradually become heavier and heavier. This surface washing is only possible where the land has a natural slope; on level low lands drain ditches must be built to accom- plish it.

Soils are drained either by under-drains or surface-drains. As a rule drainage by a system of open ditches is the most practicable and economical, particularly where land is comparatively cheap and where large bodies of water must be removed. On the other hand where land is valuable and where only moderate quantities

112

of stagnant under-ground water are to be drained off, under- drains are most efficient and practicable.

The building of a permanent drainage system requires careful study of the local conditions, the lay of the land, amount of water to be removed, nature of the soil, etc. It is perhaps hardly neces- sary to describe the building of the ordinary open drain ditches, as this is too well known to all connected with agriculture. A few words on under-drains might, however, be of interest.

Often a layer of heavy impervious clay or other material will prevent the water in the surface soil from penetrating the sub- soil and by opening this blanket or hard pan at certain intervals communication between the surface soil and the lower strata 1s

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established, allowing the excess water in the surface soil to drain off ; see figures 1 and 2.

Under-drains are built in the same manner as the open drain ditches, the bottom of the ditch is thereupon filled with coarse stones, loosely packed for about 12 to 15 inches over which a layer of small pebbles is placed; the latter is covered with grass- sods, straw or similar material and then the whole ditch is filled with earth again. Care must be taken that the original surface soil is placed on top again.

Excellent results have been obtained in the United States and Europe with drain tiles. Porous tiles of baked clay are used and laid carefuly at a depth to suit conditions and according to the natural lay of the land. These tile drains are laid parallel to each other as much as possible, and in the direction of the

113

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heaviest decline of the field. At convenient places mains are laid which collect the water from the laterals and conduct it to the main outlet.

Change of soil structure due to drainage. (To be continued. )

114 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

Minutes of the meeting of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, held in the Throne Room, at the Capi- tol, on Thursday, January 19, 1911, at 10:00 a. m.

Present: Marston Campbell, President and Executive Officer ; Messrs. D. P. R. Isenberg, H. M. von Holt and Albert Water- house, members.

ENTOMOLOGY.

Importation of the Banana Frut, Banana Shoots or Plants.— President Campbell read the opinion drawn up by the Deputy At- torney General, Arthur G. Smith, in regard to the right of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry to prohibit the importation of banana fruits, shoots or plants from certain localities. He also read Rule VIII pertaining thereto.

Mr. Waterhouse stated that the existing blight makes the im- portation decidedly dangerous. He wants to see a law put into effect which will absolutely prohibit all importation of banana _fruit, shoots or plants from other countries, and if the Board can- not make such a ruling its power is very much hampered. We must frame a rule for the protection of the banana industry here.

After some discussion the President suggested that the Attor- ney General’s opinion be placed on file, that he be thanked for the same, and that the case be turned over to the court for decision.

Mr. Waterhouse stated that he thought federal restrictions would be good.

The Deputy Attorney General was then summoned. Mr. Waterhouse expressed to him his desire to make this law one of absolute prohibition.

After further discussion Mr. Smith stated that the customs be- tween foreign nations are a question for the federal authorities and requested that it be referred back to the Attorney General with instructions that the same be taken up by him, for the Board, with the Secretary of Agriculture. Federal action would then depend upon evidence, after reasonable examination.

Mr. Waterhouse stated that an entomologist must of necessity be a pessimist of the deepest kind, and the rule must go farther than simply to prohibit plants from entering that have been placed in possible contagion. No bananas should be introduced into the Hawaiian Islands from any part of the world.

Mr. Smith stated that it occurred to him the law as drawn up was practically as stringent as the Board would want.

The President then again read Rule VIII as amended by the Attorney General.

It was voted that Rule and Regulation VIII, as prepared by the Attorney General, be adopted. It was also voted that the

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Executive Officer take up the matter of law pertaining to the im- portation of fruits, plants, etc., with the Attorney General with an idea of securing aid from the Secretary of Agriculture, at Wash- ington.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Letter to Prof. Dr. Ignatz Urban.—The chairman read letter

to Prof. Dr. Ignatz Urban, Director of the Royal Botanic Garden, Berlin, Germany, dated January 6, requesting the loan for a short time of herbarium specimens of certain genera of Hawaiian plants, for the purpose of comparing the same with a large col- lection of material of the same genera recently gathered by the Board’s botanical assistant, in order to facilitate correct identifica- tion ; the same to be returned to the Royal Botanic Garden at Ber- lin immediately upon completion of the comparison. _ Passion Vine.—The chairman read letter also to Mr. A. F. Grif- fiths, president of Oahu College, calling attention to the spread of an injurious plant on this Island, a patch of which is near the College grounds, and suggesting that this be dug up and burned. This plant, namely, passion vine ( Passiflora triloba), called also huamakani by the Hawaiians, if eaten by calves, produces paraly- sis of the entire nervous system, brings on convulsions and high temperature and finally causes death. Unfortunately this is some- what widely distributed on the windward side of Oahu.

President's Resignation.—President Campbell read to the mem- bers of the Board letter dated January 19, as follows: |

“Gentlemen :—I beg to inform you that I have this day tendered my resignation to Governor Walter F. Frear as President and Executive Officer of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry, same to take effect upon the appointment of my successor.”

In explanation he stated that he cannot devote the time to the Board that it should have on account of the constantly increasing demands on his time from the Lands, Survey and Public Works Departments, and that he deeply regretted the necessity of such action, as the work had been one of absorbing interest.

Mr. Campbell stated that he will aid all he can in legislative ‘matters and in all matters pertaining to the apportionment of the revenue from the special conservation-immigration income tax. The members expressed their great regret at this action of the President and Executive Officer.

Mr. Campbell then announced as members of the Finance Com- mittee Mr. Albert Waterhouse and Mr. D. P. R. Isenberg, the former as chairman.

Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, held in the Library of the Government Nursery on King street, Friday, February Zee ADIL, at: 2:00 o'clock p. m. =

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Present :—Marston Campbell, President and Executive Officer ; Messrs. D. P. R. Isenberg and Albert Waterhouse, members; E. M. Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology, and Rk. S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry.

FORESTRY.

The Superintendent of Forestry submitted his routine report for the months of January and lebruary, 1911, dated February 24, which was approved.

District Fire Wardens—Mr. Hosmer submitted a letter, ad- dressed to the Board, recommending the appointment of district fire wardens as follows: Mr. Alexander Smith, manager of Paauhaud’ Plantation;aor the Distriet-of Hamakua, Hawa. vir A. Menefoglia, manager of the Wainiha Power Plant, for Wain1- ha, Kauai; Captam rank Dalton, lhoméstéader an vPdiclo, son Palolo Valley; Mr. Byron O. Clark, of Honolulu, for Manoa Val- ° ley.

It was moved and seconded that the gentlemen suggested by che Superintendent of Forestry as district fire wardens be ap- pointed: = atried.

Congressional Seed.—Having received the annual quota of free congressional vegetable seed, sent by the Delegate to Congress, the Secretary was requested to prepare a notice for publication in the columns of the local papers, that seeds will be distributed on application to the Seed Clerk of the Board.

FORESTRY,

Investigation Koolau, Maw, Forest—Mr. Hosmer announced that he expected to make a trip to Maui some time during March to inspect the forest in the Koolau district in company with Mr. H. M. Curran of the Philippine Bureau of Forestry. This visit was to be made as a part of the investigation of the diseased for- est in that district and the area for which the Alexander & Bald- win plantation interests had requested the Division of Forestry to prepare a planting plan. It is proposed to try a considerable ° variety of exotic trees in the area where the native Hawaiian forest was killed off some years ago. Finding that Mr. Curran was to pass through Honolulu, both this Board and the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association Experiment Station, who at that time had charge of the experimental planting, requested Mr. Curran to stop over, visit the district and make suggestions as to what Philippine trees might be used to advantage. Mr. Curran is ex- pected to arrive some time about the middle of March.

ENTOMOLOGY.

The Superintendent of Entomology submitted his routine report

Fi7

for the month of January, and that of his assistant, Mr. H. O. Marsh, for the months of December, 1910, and January, 1911. These were accepted and ordered placed on file.

Importation of Birds—Mr. Ehrhorn read a communication from Mr. W. S. Wise, of Hilo, president of the Keaukaha Rod and Gun Club, addressed to the Board under date of February 6. This club has interested itself in the importation of fish, game birds and oysters, and is desirous to obtain a permit at this time for the purpose of introducing into these Islands some-of Cali- fornia’s red-winged blackbirds. The Entomologist read his reply to the foregoing, in which he enclosed copy of a letter to him from Dr. H. W. Henshaw regarding the Brewer blackbird, and setting forth the risk of importing birds and the great care that should be exercised in order that those brought here will not chang their habits. )

Mr. Ehrhorn then read his report to the Board regarding this matter, embodying the recommendations of Dr. Henshaw, and stated that he would recommend the Board to discourage the im- portation of any bird until we had the facilities for thoroughly testing their habits under close observation, in charge of a well qualified ornithologist. The Board acquiesced in Mr. Ehrhorn’s recommendation, and advised him to so notify Mr. Wise, enclos- ing a copy of his report.

During the discussion which followed Mr. Ehrhorn said that while in Germany he found that a great deal of encouragement was given bird-culture in the various parks by assisting the smaller species from being attacked by other birds, such as the robin and bluejay, which are the destroyers of eggs and nests. He also stated that private individuals would place neat little houses of wood furnished with a small opening just large enough to allow a certain sized bird to enter. These houses were fastened in the trees and were always occupied, and prevented larger birds from disturbing the smaller species during the nesting season.

Mr. Isenberg said he made the same observations during his travels in Europe, and thought that something along this line might be done on these islands.

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Honolulu, March 17, 1911.

Hon. Marston Campbell, President and Executive Officer, Board of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu. Sir :—I beg to submit herewith my report on the work of the Division of Animal Industry since the last meeting of this Board on February 24, 1911.

TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL WORK.

Since the preliminary test of the dairy herds of the City and County of Honolulu was terminated in November of last year

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the principal efforts of the Division have been directed toward the substitution ot the intra-dermal test tor the subcutaneous test and it is exceedingly gratitying to be abie to report that this new method has in no way tailed to accomplish what was expected or hoped for from it. 1t has simply proved itself a blessing, not alone to the inspectors administering it, but also to the others and to the animals, in simplitying the procedure by reducing the re- quired number of visits trom eight to two and in obviating the . necessity of keeping the animals confined at all, the injection, examination and marking being made while the animals are in the stanchions at milking time. The most gratifying feature of the test is, however, that after once explained to the owner he is able to see for himself whether his animals have reacted or not, and the very fact that he may be convinced by his own senses, and without having to take the inspector’s word for it has made the new test, if not popular, at least less objectionable to the ob- structionists than was the old subcutaneous test. This feature has at the same time caused considerable annoyance and dissatis- faction in creating greater confidence in the results obtained by the new test and a consequent desire on the part of some of the owners of animals which had reacted to the old test, to have these animals retested by the intra-dermal method and, in case no reac- tion is obtained, to disregard the previous test entirely and to admit such “past reactors” to the clean herd. When, however, we consider that the old test is accepted by the entire civilized world as practically infallible, (over 98 per cent of more than 100,000 official tests have been proven on post mortem examina- tion to be correct), and when every reacting animal which has been butchered here and on which a careful post-mortem has been made, has been proven to be affected with tuberculosis, then it would be folly to condemn, ignore or discard the results obtained by this test or to allow them to be superseded by the results of a subsequent negation test made by a new and comparatively un- tried method, however promising this method may seem. It must be kept in mind that outside of a few experimental tests made by Drs. Ward and Baker of California, we have absolutely no rec- ords in regard to the reliability of this test in support of the work done and the results obtained by this Division during the past few months, and that very little is known as to the effect a pre- vious subcutaneous test may have upon a subsequent intra-dermal test. We know in regard to the old test that there are great. in- dividual discrepancies in the length of time required for the effect of a previous test to disappear, that is, the length of time before which a tested animal will again react, and it is safe to surmise that similar differences and idiosyncrasies will obtain with the new method. And when we further consider that every authority of note on animal sanitation and especially on tuberculosis con- trol work maintains and advocates that “an animal which has ence, reacted to the tuberculin test should under no circumstances be placed in the sound herd,” and that,—“in whatever way the

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tuberculin test is applied, or for whatever purpose, all positive reactions obtained should be regarded as placing the reacting ani- mal in the category of recognized cases of tuberculosis,” then the discarding of this most important postulate by beginning to retest reactors, to say nothing of officially recognizing retests made by private practitioners, for the sole purpose of gratifying a few mal- contents, would put the stamp of procrastination and dillydally- ing on the work of the Division and would lose for it the merit of official recognition from Washington.

When a few days ago a local practitioner came to the office of the writer and requested that he accompany him to two herds which he (the practitioner) had tested, using the intra-dermal test for the first time in his experience, and asked the writer to place the official ear tag on the animals which had given no reac- tion, the writer refused to do so and immediately placed the ques- tion before two of the members of the Committee on Animal In- dustry, both of which, unequivocally, supported the stand taken by him. It would, however, seem well if the Board by motion would make it clear that no animal or herd will be officially recog- nized as free from tuberculosis unless it has been tested and pro- nounced free from the disease by a veterinarian officially connect- ed with the Board or cooperating with the Board—the actual work of injection in each case being performed by the Territorial Veterinarian, his assistant or deputy. There will of course be no objection to the presence of private practitioners if so desired by the owners.

But the technique of the intra-dermal test is far from being as simple and safe as might at first appear and the slightest mis- take in inserting the needle may vitiate the result, especially in inexperienced hands. While it is not my intention to say any- thing to detract from the merits of the intra-dermal test, the ex- perience of the past few months has demonstrated, that while the method is extremely simple, it nevertheless requires a steady hand and one which through practice has gained the requisite knowl- edge of recognizing when the needle has penetrated sufficiently deep. That the animal, if the least fractious, must be securely restrained goes without saying, as it is absolutely necessary that the operator should be left unhampered and with a feeling of security against injury while inserting the needle.

During the months of November and December of last year the intra-dermal test was applied to a number of herds, prefer- ably such where branded reactors to the subcutaneous test could be obtained as checks. The results obtained can best be illus- trated by describing the work as it was carried out with certain herds. |

1. F.C. On May 25 and 26, 1910, the dairy herd belonging to F. C. and consisting of 22 cows and 1 bull were submitted to the subcutaneous (old) test. Six cows and the bull reacted. These animals were immediately segregated and subsequently four were sent to the slaughter house where the post-mortem

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showed them to be affected with tuberculosis, two to such an ex- tent that the carcasses were condemned. On December 12th the three remaining reactors were submitted to the intra-dermal test, being used as checks on a number of small Japanese herds which were injected at the same time and in the same manner, all re- ceiving intra-dermal tuberculin (O. T. Ser. Dil. No. 5) from the same package. While the Japanese cows, all of which were either fresh or else had passed the subcutaneous test failed to show any reaction, the three previous reactors of F. C.’s all showed large typical swellings indicative of the presence of tuberculosis. F. C.’s remaining herd, which in the meantime had been replenishe4 with ear tagged (healthy) animals to the number of 26, was ‘sub- mitted to the intra-dermal test on February 14th with the result that all the 26 passed, which demonstrated that the segregation and disinfection of the premises had been effective. It may be added that F. C.’s dairy premises rank among the best in the city.

In contrast to this case may be quoted the herd of J. P. M. On July 5 to 6 last year this herd consisting of 14 cows was sub- mitted to the subcutaneous test with the result that 9 passed and 5 reacted. When on March 8 of this year the herd then consist- ing of 12 animals was given the intra-dermal test there still re- mained on the premises 3 of the previous reactors, not segregated. The result was that 3 of the previously passed cows gave typical reaction, leaving 6 reactors and 6 passed as compared to 3 re- actors and 9 passed. This case illustrates the rapid spread of the disease where no effort to segregate the reacting animals is made. A similar case is that of A. P. who on June 29 to 30 had his herd of 12 cows and 1 bull tested subcutaneously, one cow reacting. This cow was allowed to remain on the premises as a result of which the intra-dermal test, when applied to the herd on March 7 of this year, showed that the bull. as well as the same cow, which was injected as a check, gave reaction. This time the owner did not lose any time in disposing of the reactors, and it must be admitted that he was convinced to such an extent as to favorably influence several of his compatriots in the milk busi- ness to go and do likewise. Another herd, consisting of six cows and tested by the old method of July 14-15 last, giving one re- actor, which was allowed to remain with the others, gave, when tested by the new method two reactors, one being the previously condemned one.

~In only two cases where previous reactors were admitted as checks did they fail to respond to the intra-dermal test. One was a very fine fat cow giving 18 to 20 quarts, and being the only reactor in a herd of 13 animals. When retested by the new method on February 13th this year, being admitted to the test as a check,-it gave no reaction. This animal must therefore be con- sidered as a past reactor, which, however, does. not mean, that there are no tuberculous centers or foci in the sygtem. It simply means that there is a temporary. but not likely a permanent cessa- tion of activity on the part of the infection, with possible encap- sulation of the affected area, but the failure to react this time

8 |

does in no way insure against a recrudescence of the disease at any time when the animal’s power of resistance, through disease, advanced age or unfavorable sanitary, climatic or dietetic condi- tions becomes reduced or impaired, and when, without notice or warning, the animal may begin to excrete virulent tubercle bacilli and scatter the infection broadcast. Besides, there remains the possibility of a faulty injection. To allow this animal to remain in close contact with sixteen healthy animals is therefore tak- ing chances which are absolutely unwarranted and which are strictly against the recommendations of the best authorities on the subject.

The actual retest of the Honolulu dairies, by means of the new method began on February 8, since which date more than one thousand head in approximately seventy dairies have been tested. Two of the largest dairies, with an aggregate of 200 head, will be tested during the first part of this week, after which the dairies outside of Honolulu will be tested.

While the first test (subcutaneous) revealed the presence of over 500 head of tuberculous animals in the same herds, the present test has, so far, only added 45 new reactors, with 11 sus- picious and 8 held for retest. Thirty-one of the previously con- demned animals were admitted to the second test as checks and 29 of these reacted to the new method also. Twenty-four ani- mals, which had passed the subcutaneous test, reacted to the intra- dermal, showing that they either had the infection in them at the time of the first test, though not sufficiently developed to cause a reaction, or else that they became infected from reacting ani- mals left on the premises.

How many of the old reactors have already been killed and how many are segregated or kept on the premises cannot be stat- ed with any accuracy at the present time. The appended record shows about fifty reactors retained on various premises, but many of these will be either segregated or butchered as soon as possible.

It is however gratifying to report that the number of clean dairies, that is, dairies producing milk from healthy tuberculin tested and passed cattle only, is steadily increasing, and that it will not be long before the dairies which still retain their reacting animals will see themselves constrained to dispose of them or else lose their customers. There is hardly a day passes when this office does not receive inquiries as to the cows belonging to, or the milk produced by, someone or other dairy man. Before reply- ing to such inquiries the party in question is either interviewed or communicated with over the telephone, unless it is known that his herd is clean. But as in most cases it is only a question of getting rid of one or two cows, the respective owners are given an opportunity to do so before an adverse report is made and a customer is lost for them. For this same reason it is recommend- ed that the appended list of dairies with the respective number of cows tested, passed, reacted and retained or disposed of—be not published at the present time as a number of those which the

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list shows as still having reactors on the premises are willing to dispose of them as soon as it can be done without sacrificing them entirely. The failure to obtain pastures for segregation has com- pelled many dairy owners to retain animals on their premises which otherwise would have been removed long ago. for the same reason it became necessary to abandon the distribution of the circular letter to applicants for milk permits, as it stated that such pastures for segregation would be provided. ‘There are consequently a number of dairy men who are compelled to retain the reactors until it is definitely settled whether the present legis- lature will provide for a partial indemnification of owners of tuberculous animals as outlined in the appended skeleton bill.

All of the four deputy territorial veterinarians report the test- ing of a various number of herds, all of them having either adopted or experimented with the intra-dermal test which has been explained or demonstrated to them by this office. The dep- uty from Maui arrived in Honolulu yesterday for the express purpose of familiarizing himself with the new method and is now receiving instructions in the practical application of the test, the Moanalua herd being injected today. The appended corres- pondence from the various deputies will show the activity in tuberculosis control work which has been created through the efforts of this office. They have all found more or less difficulty in gauging the insertion of the needle, but as this is merely a matter of practice there is little doubt that they will adopt the new method, if not entirely, at least as supplementary to the sub- cutaneous method and when range cattle are to be tested.

The present retest of the local dairies has so far been per- formed entirely by the Assistant Territorial Veterinarian, Dr. L. N. Case, assisted by Mr. Richards, the Milk Inspector of the Board of Supervisors. As already stated the present week will see the work finished in the City proper when the activity will be extended to the country.

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IMPORTATION OF LIVE STOCK.

Since the last report only one consignment of large animals, consisting of 11 head of mules and 2 horses, has arrived here. Every steamer has, however, brought the usual number of crates of poultry and of dogs all of which have been inspected.

HILO QUARANTINE STATION.

The consideration of the Board in regard to an animal quar- antine station for the Port of Hilo is again urgently required, and the appended correspondence from Dr. Elliot is presented in support thereof.

To compel owners to quarantine their horse stock on premises provided by the authorities and to fail to provide the same cannot be continued much longer... The last consignment of 102:mules,

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kept in quarantine at the old race-track in Hilo, cost the import- ers $343, exclusive of feed, simply for use of the premises. This condition must be remedied and Dr. Elliot’s recommendations which are based upon careful inquiry, seem to be the only solu- tion of the question.

A bill for the partial indemnification of owners of tuberculous animals is now under preparation and will be submitted to the Committee on Animal Industry for approval.

Very respectfully, VICTOR A. NORGAARD:

Territorial Veterinarian.

Pret OmrOCOGrCAL INVESTIGATIONS.

Honolulu, January 31, 1911.

Mr. E. M. Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology, Board of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu.

Sir:—I submit the following report concerning my entomolo- gical investigations for the months of December, 1910, and Jan- Deney Ok)

The study of the alligator pear mealy bug, (Pseudococcus ninae, Mask.) was continued during December and a number of additional insecticides were experimented with. The following formula has proven very effective:

“Blacks Lbear40---. 1% ounce. Whale-oil soap ...... 4 ounces. Weber gory Sept tba 4 gallons.

Small, easily reached trees can be entirely freed of mealy-bugs by one very thorough spraying, but with large trees, at least two applications are usually necessary. Unfortunately this solution is rather expensive, but where only a few trees are to be sprayed, it can be highly recommended. |

Two miscible oils, Sealecide and San U Zay scale oil, have also proven very effective in killing the “bugs.” Scalecide was tested at the rate of 1 part of oil in 24 parts of water and San U Zay scale oil at 1 part in 30. When used in these proportions, appar- ently every “bug” which came in contact with the spray was killed.

It is an unfortunate fact that all of the insecticides which have been tested at a sufficient strength to kill the mature mealy-bugs have burned the tender pear foliage to a greater or less extent. Guavas and other plants with tough foliage were not injured.

The study of cabbage pests required considerable time during December and much progress was made in dealing with these insects.

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I am pleased to be able to report that Mr. W. R. Haley, 715 Quarry street, Honolulu, has taken up the business of spraying, for various insect pests, on a commercial basis. It is now pos- sible for persons having insect infested trees or plants to employ Mr. Haley to give them proper treatment. It too frequently hap- pens that when an effort is made to combat insect pests the work is trusted to ignorant and unskilled “yard boys” or other help. Under such circumstances the results are usually failures. Mr. Haley, however, is prepared to do expert work and his services will fill a long felt want in Honolulu. It has been my pleasure to be with Mr. Haley on several occasions and to offer him the benefit of my experience in fitting up spraying apparatus and in preparing and applying insecticides.

During the last few days of December and the first part of January my work was interrupted by illness. Owing to con- tinued ill health I shall be obliged to return to the mainland.

No experimental work has been undertaken during January. My time has been devoted to writing reports and notes and to closing up finished experiments. So far as I have been able, | have endeavored to pick up the “loose ends” of my work, with the intention of getting my affairs in as good condition as possible before my departure in February.

Respectfully,

H-©. RARSE: Assistant Entomologist.

REPORT FOR PEBRUARY: Honolulu, February 28, 1911.

Honorable Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu. Gentlemen :—I respectfully submit as follows my report of the work of the Division of Entomology for the month of February. During this month my assistant and I boarded 24 vessels and we found fruits, vegetables and plants on 14 of them. The usual careful inspection was made of all shipments with the following result:

Disposal with principal causes. Lots: Forces. Passed.as free from pests... ..» <.. EP ee 7572 Ooo Panieateties . . <7 on a eee means! aa 3 haar 13 Bi Bitgned tee: 53) alee gt eee es eee ee ne 29 29 a "Tl okalesiipnnenie orteedieeetcas cs. ky aie see ee

Rice Shipments.—The rice shipments from Japan during the month amounted to nearly three times as much as the shipments of last month, there being 16,560 bags which, after thorough in- spection, were found free from weevils and other pests.

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Pests intercepted—As the planting season is at hand quite a number of plant shipments arrived during the month, in all 156 packages containing 3,431 plants. All shipments took the usual course of inspection and fumigation. The Japanese shipments in particular occupied our special time and the following insect pests were found:

On palms from Florida Aspidiotus cyanophylli, on orange trees from Florida Lepidosaphes becku. Crawling about the cases containing plants from Japan we found larvae of the Gypsy moth and some smaller caterpillars belonging to the leafrollers (Tortrix sp.) Some of the leaves of the citrus plants showed signs of leafminers and all leaves were removed and destroyed. We again found a few Bagworms (Thyriodopteryx sp.) on Camellia and other plants. Several Scarabeid and Stpahylinid beetles and the larvae of Elateridae and other grubs were found in the soils and the refuse of the boxes. We always examine each plant and remove all pupae or cocoons found attached to them.- After fumigation these are dead but for safety it is best to remove them. All soil which is taken off of the plants is treated with Carbon bisulphide for 48 hours, as we often find that ants and other grubs which are hidden too deeply in the soil escape being killed by the Hydrocyanic acid gas and Carbon bisul- phide fumes will penetrate into the soil in our galvanized garbage cans. We found the following scale insects on these shipments: Hemichionaspis aspidistrae and Coccus hesperidum on Rohdea japonica. Lepidosaphes euryae on Camellia, Aspidiotus perni- ciosus on Pear trees, Ceroplastes ceriferus on Camellia and Aula- caspis pentagona on Cherry trees. Whenever plants are found too seriously infested, they are confiscated and destroyed.

Brother M. Newell, Inspector at Hilo, reports the arrival of 9 vessels of which 3 carried vegetable matter consisting of 87 lots and 1,340 parcels. Of these one case of trees was fumigated and 10 sacks of potatoes infested with Eelworms or Nematodes ( Hete- rodera radicicola). ‘This is a new pest attacking potatoes and although we have this pest attacking nearly all of the roots of many fleshy plants, it is well to keep out infested material. Calli- - fornia recently found a lot of potatoes infested with Nematodes shipped into the State from one of the western States and made the consignee return the whole shipment.

Beneficial insects —During the month two colonies of parasites (Pteromalus puparum):of the Cabbage butterfly were liberated and one lot of Japanese fungus distributed. _

r es Very truly yours, | | ~EDW. M. EHRHORN, Superintendent of Entomology.

126 REPORT ON, BIRDS:

Honolulu, February 14, 1911.

Hon. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry. Honolulu.

Gentlemen :—Regarding the importation of the red-winged blackbird, as mentioned in a letter from Mr. W. S. Wise of Hilo, I desire to state that I think it best to abide by the advice given in the report of Dr. H. W. Henshaw in which he quotes the fol- lowing in speaking of the danger of importing seed-eating birds.

“The Brewer’s blackbird might possibly prove an exception to the rule. but it is exceedingly gregarious in fall and winter, and any birds that assemble in large flocks are to be regarded with suspicion as they are capable of inflicting great damage on crops, when they turn their attention to them.”

If the Board should decide to allow the importation of black- birds, I would suggest that some provision be made to have a large observation cage built in which the birds could be closely watched and that a competent person be given full charge of this work.

Since receiving Dr. Henshaw’s report there has been quite a lot of discussion pro and con on bird-introduction and while every one will concede that bird life would add greatly to the charm of the Islands, yet for the sake of our growing agricultural industries, we should use every precaution in the importation and distribution of birds. I believe, that by building proper aviaries, large enough to have ample room for test plots of rice and other seed crops under cultivation and then having the work of obser- vation carried on under direct supervision of a competent orni- thologist, we shall be able to select a few birds, which would be « good acquisition to our fauna. ein! such provisions and funds for maintaining them, the importation of dubious birds should not be sanctioned.

Respectfully yours,

E. M. EHRHORN, Superintendent of Entomology.

DIVISION" OF. FOREHSERY:

Honolulu, February 24, 1911.

Board of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Gentlemen :—I have the honor to submit the routine report of the months of January and February, 1911, as follows:

FOREST RESERVES.

On January 28, 1911, a public hearing was held by the Gover- nor and the Board to consider the creation of a forest reserve in

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South Kona, Hawaii, and setting apart of additional forest areas adjoining the Kau, Hawaii, and the West Maui Forest Reserves. On February 4, Governor Frear signed proclamations making the two additions. The proposed South Kona Forest Reserve is tem- porarily held up, until certain changes can be made in the technical description, whereby there will be eliminated from the area pro- posed to be set apart two tracts for which there are applications for homesteading.

FOREST EXTENSION.

During the past two months additional shipments of seedling trees in seed boxes have been made to several of the large corpora- tions that are actively engaged in tree planting. This method of tree distribution seems to be acceptable to many persons, as it obviates the losses that frequently occur, especially from the damping off fungus. In his report, Mr. Haughs gives the de- tails of this distribution.

CONGRESSIONAL VEGETABLE SEED.

During the past month this office has been distributing the quota of free congressional vegetable seed, sent annually by the Delegate to Congress. As usual, packages of the seed have been sent to the public schools throughout the Territory, for the pupils to use in the school gardens. And a special effort has been made to get seed into the hands of small land holders throughout the Territory, packets having been sent to a care- fully selected list of persons on each island. Some seed still remains available for distribution. Applications for it should be addressed: Seed Clerk, Board of Agriculture and Forestry, ~Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii.

ANNUAL REPORT.

A large share of the time of the various members of the staff, especially of the Superintendent of Forestry, has been taken up during the present two months in the preparation of the report for the past biennial period and in the details of getting it ready for and through the press. It is expected that the report wiil appear very early in March.

MEETINGS.

The Board building continues occasionally to be used for the meetings of the organizations more or less closely affiliated with

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the Board—especially by the Hawaiian Poultry Association. One such meeting was held in February. Very respectfully, RALPH, S40OS MER Superintendent of Forestry.

NURSERYMAN'S REPORT

Abstracts from the reports of Mr. David Haughs, Forest Nur- seryman for December, 1910, and January and February, 1911.

{ DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS.

In seed In boxes Pot boxes. transplanted. grown. Total. December, 1910. Old: 4 sot, ‘4456000 JU) 4 288 63,638 GALS. 2.2025 4,000 400 165 4,565 60,000 357 OU) 4,453 68,203 january, 4911. ote Ts AGEs 47 ,000 7 OOO 236 54,236 Gratis: 4) SUR. J ye 770 2,281 3,051 47 000 7/70 Z5t7 57,287 February, O11. OLS bees kee 67 ,O00 250 800 77,050 MEE ee CA wet oa eile > Cah ge 760 760 67,000 250 1,560 77,810

In December $120.75, in January $38.65, and in February $75.90, was received for seed and plants sold. These sums have been deposited with the Treasurer of the Territory as realiza- tions.

The 56,000 seedlings sold in December consisted of Blue Gum and Ironwood and were parts of the orders received from the Waialua Agricultural Company and the Honolulu Plantation Company.

In February, 67,000 plants in seed boxes were sent to Waialua and Honolulu Plantations, parts of the plants ordered by the two companies during the month of August, 1910. The former com- pany at that time ordered 100,000 Blue Gum and 50,000 Iron- wood and the latter 100,000 Blue Gum and 25,000 Ironwood. To reimburse us for labor and boxes the following agreement has been made with the managers of the two companies concern- ed: Honolulu Plantation Company will pay for three men dur- ing the month of March, two at $33.00 per month and one at $30.00, the balance to be made up by giving us $29.00 worth of

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box shucks. The Waialua Agricultural Company will pay for three men for the month of April, two at $33.00 and one at $30.00, leaving a balance of $22.00 for box shucks, making a total of $118.00 for 118,000 plants delivered to date. The bal- ance of the plants, namely 32,0CO0 Ironwood, will, at the request of Mr. Goodale, be supplied next winter. The order for the Ho- nolulu Plantation is completed, with the exception of a few boxes of Ironwood which will, at the request of the manager, be fur- _mished later.

Since the end of December only one man has been employed in the work of attending to the grounds at the Government Nurs- ery. He, with the help of two prisoners, has to keep the grounds and walks in as good condition as possible. In the Nursery one man ‘is kept making boxes, potting and transplanting. Barbaso, the other man, who spent part of his time assisting in keeping the grounds in condition and also assisting in potting and packing up plants, was discharged at the end of the year, leaving just one man for the plants and one for the grounds.

Experiment Garden, Makikt.—One man was discharged at the end of December, leaving two men to do the work. All the soil used for seed boxes and potting at the garden and also at the Government Nursery is carted from Punchbowl after which it is mixed with sand and manure and then sterilized. This entails a good deal of work, both for the two men and also the wagon driver. The latter spends most of his time carting soil, sand, and firewood, also plants to and from the Nursery as well as plants sent to the other islands.

A large number of species of Eucalyptus, new to the Territory, are being propagated at the garden for the Federal Experimental planting.

THE USE OF PLANT MATERIALS IN NATURE STUDY TEACHING.

By PRroFEssoR VAUGHAN MACCAUGHEY, College of Hawaii.

The teaching of nature-study,—sympathy with the things of the out-of-doors,—has now a recognized position in the curricula of the elementary schools. The general principles of such teaching are well-defined, and its interrelations with other school activities have been elucidated by pedagogs of renown. Questions of special method and special materials, being more localized in their applications, differ widely in various regions. Lessons concerning the autumnal coloration of foliage, the crystalline structure of snow flakes, or the hi- bernating habits of amphibia, would be obviously inappro- priate in the schools of Hawaii.

130

Abundant and varied plant life is a marked characteristic of these verdant mid-Pacific isles. . In the vicinity of every schoolhouse, in country or in city, there is an unlimited sup- ply of plant material. The green hedge, starred with bright hibiscus blossoms, the waving cocoa-palms, leaning seaward, the curious pond weeds in the taro patches and in the rice patches, the taro plants and the rice plants themselves, the rocky hillside, panini covered; the velvet manienie lawn, the flowers about the doorstep—all these, throughout the school year, afford an unusual wealth of plant material for nature- study lessons.

It is the purpose of this series of papers to point out some- what in detail the usefulness of this plant material, and to suggest some methods whereby teachers may profitably em- ploy it in their work.

The Purpose of Nature-Study.—lIt is advisable at this point to consider briefly the fundamental objects of nature-study, in order to properly orient our study therewith. The gist of the matter is well expressed in these two quotations:

“Nature-study is learning those things in nature that are best worth knowing, to the end of doing those things that make life most worth living.’”—Hodge.

“By nature-study a good teacher means such a study of the natural world as leads to sympathy with it.”—MacBride.

The distinctions between nature-study proper and such pseudo- forms as the so-called “elementary science’ and “‘object-lesson” teaching must be clearly understood; failure to do so results in- evitably in serious pedagogic errors. The aims of science teach- ing are not the aims of nature-study; the latter is not belittled science. Science is, in many ways, a drill study, which true na- ture-study is never. The taxonomic phases of all biologic science are irrelevant to nature-study work, which deals not with sys- tems nor codes, but with the simple and child-interesting phases of nature. Science leans heavily upon textbooks, nomenclature, and minute analysis; aature-study sees the world from the fresh and unsophisticated eyes of childhood. Science finishes the sub- ject, nature-study begins it; one has the seal of finality, the other has the outreaching attitude.

The investigative mind, the concrete experience and first-hand problem-solving, the larger and more constant enjoyment of na- ture, the proper understanding of nature as related to man’s own problems—these are the aims of nature-study. (See Nature- Study Methods, Syllabus of Lectures, by Anna Botsford Com- stock, Cornell, 1905.)

Nature-Study as a Part of Public Education.—There have been so many written and spoken discussions of this topic in re- cent years, that little is necessary here. The salient facts of the

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case were well stated by the sagacious William Penn many years ago, as follows:

“We are in pain to make them scholars, and not men; to talk rather than to know, which is true canting. The first thing ob- vious to children is what is sensible, and that we make no part of their rudiments. We press their memory too soon, and puz- zle, strain, and load them with words and rule to know grammar and fhetoric,- anda strange tongue or two, that it is ten to one may never be useful to them; leaving their natural genius to mechanical, physical, or natural knowledge uncultivated and neglected; which would be of exceeding use and pleasure to them through the whole course of their lives.”

Nature-study is officially recognized and provided for in the elementary schools of Hawaii. The topics for each grade are specified. The Territorial Normal and Training School, through its Department of Natural Science, ‘then “in“-eharge’ of Mr. Vaughan MacCaughey and Miss Louise Gulick, has issued a “Preliminary Synopsis of Nature-Study Work for the Elemen- tary Schools of Hawaii.” This contains classified subject-mat- ter, in outline’ form; for the various required subjects. The plant subjects thus outlined are: avocado, banana, cocoanut, coffee, cotton, flax, guava, mango, manila hemp, palms, papaia, rice, sisal, sugar cane, sweet potato, tamarind, taro, watermelon. A. revised outline for the taro is given here in full, to illustrate the general arrangement and content of these subjects.

TARO. field Crop—Food for Man.

Lesson One—Description. General Description of the Plant.— One to five feet in height. Long-stemmed, large, heart-shaped leaves. Infurled leaves growing from summit of corm. Flowers appear only rarely; yellow, and similar to calla blossom. Fertile

seeds rarely developed, and therefore plant is not propagated by seedage.

Description of Part of Economic Importance-——Corm is the starchy portion which has the most value as food. Size of large sweet potato. Blue-gray color, sometimes tinted with pink. Upon it may be seen scars of former leaves. Roots erow from it at axils of former leaves. Buds also present, and may grow into new plants. Growth of corm.

Varieties. Numerous. In ancient times, at least forty-five kinds known in these islands. Still other kinds known in other lands. Differ in size, form, color, quality, flavor, time required for maturity, amount of water needed for growth, etc. Two large divisions—wet-land-taro and dry-land-taro; the former chiefly raised. .

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Lesson Two—Distribution. History and Present Distribu- tion. Taro and related plants have- been under cultivation as long and perhaps longer, than any other crop. Probably a na- tive of India; migrating from there to Ceylon, Sumatra, Malaya, China, Japan, and Egypt. More recently to Fiji and New Zea- land. From New Zealand to Samoa, Tahiti, and Hawaii. Jap- anese taro (sato-imo) entirely different from Hawaiian taro.

Factors Limiting Distribution. Warm climate; heavy, moist, rich soil; good water supply. Usually in valley bottoms.

Lesson Three—Raising the Crop. Preparation of the Land.— Suitable location found; usually valley with stream. Best re- gion is near lower course of stream, because land is low and level, and water has good head. Land cleared. Size of patches determined. Patches arranged in terraces, so that water can flow from one patch to another. May be large or small and shaped according to the contour of the land. Soil broken by pick. Embankments built around patch. Ditches constructed to bring water. Water turned into patch, and is soon soaked up by broken soil. While soil is still wet, is plowed again and again, and harrowed. Sometimes horses or cattle turned in to break lumps and to make soil soft. Lumps of sod and stones picked out and put on embankments. Banks wet with water, and mud trampled upon them to make them solid; smoothed over with shovel. Water turned in and left for few days, so that ground becomes soft and muddy. Water then drained off.

Planting. Huli is planted in soft mud. MHuli is slice taken from the top of a mature corm, together with the leaves cut down to a height of about six inches. If huli is taken from immature taro, it is liable to develop the disease known as “taro rot.” Hulis are piled on embankments and covered with grass to pre- vent drying out, until used. Sometimes hulis are planted in hills — mud brought together with the hands until it stands above the water. Four or five hulis planted in each hill. Usually planted in rows, one to three feet apart, according to variety. Small, temporary ditches are often run between every five or six rows to keep moisture uniform.

Lesson Four—The Growing Plant——Water not allowed to enter patch for several days, so that huli may become fixed in the soil. Then a small amount of water admitted, filling the ditches, but not flooding the taro. If plants are flooded too soon, taro rot may attack the plants. After a period of about thirty days, during which the plants have become rooted and the leaves have developed, the patch is cultivated by hand between the rows and then flooded. Water is left until taro is ripe. Taro grows best 1f water is in continual circulation. During first six months patches are weeded; dead leaves are pulled off and trampled into patch. After six months no weeding done, as taro is too large and would be injured. For eight or ten months the corm

35

remains small and tapering like a carrot; then it swells rapidly and becomes oval or rounded. When leaves begin to turn yel- low, taro is ripe. Taro, from planting to harvesting, requires 12 to 15 months, although the Chinese, to gain time, usually pull it before it is ripe. If plant has been attacked by rot, corm will de- velop rapidly and plant will mature when four or five months old. Diseased plants have short petioles, crinkled leaves, with a sickly, yellowish, spotted appearance.

Lesson Five—Harvesting.—Harvesters trample around roots of the taro to separate it trom the soil. Pulled by hand, and brought to banks. Leaves and corms cut off, leaving huli. Huli left in piles for planting. Corms carried away, and sold or made into poi. If taro is to be marketed as a vegetable, leaves are left uncut. Taro then tied by the tops into bunches.

Poi Manufacture. Imu made by digging large hole in ground; lined with large stones. Large stones placed on bottom, wood placed on them, small stones on top of wood. Wood is burned, heating small stones red-hot. Large stones taken out and small stones fall to bottom. Ti leaves placed on stones, then taro corms are piled on this, and covered with more ti leaves. An upright post or stick put in to preserve hole at center. Top of imu covered with dirt, etc. Post removed and water poured down the central hole, which is then closed. The heated stones turn the water into steam, which cooks the taro. Taro is cooked for seven hours. Instead of cooking in imu, taro is now general- ly boiled in large, rudely constructed metal containers. When cooking is finished, the skins are removed from corms. They are put into long, boat-shaped poi board and beaten with stone poi-pounder. When taro has been pounded until soft like dough, it is called paiai. This is pounded, water being added mean- while, until it becomes smooth and fine. Now called poi. Put into small barrels and stored or sold. Is usually allowed to fer- ment slightly before it is eaten. If it is thin it is called two- finger poi; if thick, one-finger poi. Sometimes poi is made by machinery. Boiled, peeled by hand, put through machine simi- lar to large meat chopper, a small quantity of water being added, as necessary. Some taro goes to the mainland and is made into taroena.

Lesson Six—Economic Value.—A staple food of many primi- tive peoples, because of its easy culture and great food value. Used extensively by the Polynesians, Hindus, and Orientals. All parts of the plant are useful—leaves and flowers cooked and eaten as greens; old leaves used as fertilizer in taro patches or cooked and fed to swine; corm may be cooked and eaten like po- tato. Taro is wholesome, nourishing, and very easy of digestion. Taro cultivation, as practiced by the Chinese, is very profitable.

For further information concerning nature-study in the public schools, see “Agricultural Education, including N&ture-Study

134

and School Gardens,” by James Ralph Jewell, Bulletin 368, Bu- reau of Education, Washington, 1908. Also, “The Place and Practice of Nature-Study in the Elementary School,’ by O. W. Caldwell, Proc. N. E. A., 1909, pp. 471-473.

Before dismissing this cursory statement of nature-study, we may review some of its fundamental axioms. The keynote is sympathy with the world in nature. Keep the child an investi- gator. Stimulate personal investigation. Make the child’s in- terest predominate, it is his world, not the textbook’s. Cultivate the spirit of comradeship, shrink not from saying, “I do not know,” when occasion demands. Make such occasions stimuli for personal observations. Do not attempt to “explain” every- thing—all the wisdom of the ages can not explain a single blade of grass. Cling to simplicity of method, and uniformity of at- mosphere. Nature-study cannot be reduced to formal plans and schedules.

The Utility of Plant Materials—There is such a wealth of plant material in Hawaii, as has already been indicated, that its practical utility in nature-study work is obvious. Not only is a great variety readily secured, but our sub-tropic conditions fa- cilitate the study thereof.

Plants may be studied in three different modes—1l. By going afield and studying them in their natural environments. This involves the planning of trips and excursions. 2. Collecting specimens, and using these in the class-room as illustrative mate- rial. In this manner interesting collections may be accumulated. 3. Planting, in the school grounds, all the plants studied that are adapted to such conditions. The grounds may be beautified thereby, and a living botanic museum is established, which may be drawn upon at any time for requisite material. School gar- dens are useful in this capacity. A skillful teacher will make use of all three of these modes inasmuch as they mutually sup- plement one another.

(Conclusion next number. )

60 YEARS’ EXPERIENCE

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Bidicepg anita 5 A ltl one ty aeste ot Ni i a eR Oy ly he Nath OP 5 - ‘ of od j j~

ER AND STAFF ¢ OF THE BOARD OF -COMMIS-

aN

COMMISSIONERS.

Marston Campbell, President and Executive Officer. J. M. Dowsett P.R Isenberg — : H. M. von Holt : Albert Waterhouse

a DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

iw Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden. _-—~David Haughs, forest Nurseryman.

«Joseph F. Rock, Botanical Assistant.

2°. Bro, Matthias Newell, in charge of Sub-Nursery at Hilo, Hawazit, Walter D. MeBryde, 7% charge of Sub-Nursery at Homestead, Kauat,

- David Kapihe, Forest anger Jor Tantalus,

= aos DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. Edward M, Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology and Chief Hie Ades:

er Albert Koebele, Consulting Entomologist.

RM ee. eee ASSIStanmt Entomologist.

aes Dp. B. Kuhns, Zxspector. ;

--—s* Fred Muir, Beneficial-Insect Collector.

css Bro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo, Hawazt.

oa Robert R. Elgin, ) , Mahukona, Hawaii. SS W. O. Aiken, | Honorary Fruit | Kahulut, Mani,

__ -W.D. McBryde, + and Plant Inspector ) Koloa, Kauai,

WP eee Dr, -W -B.Deas, |:/.a¢ | Hana, Maut.

a eee C. F.Turne | | Kaanapali, Maut. = eae DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. é Br Se Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Territorial 3 — : Veterinarian.

aes rss ae N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian.

Ee Sci a ae ae ee Live Stock Inspector,

aE A: B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Hilo, Hawait.

=o | ee Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Mani.

as A. R, Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauai.

E. L. Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinary for Kohala and - Hamakua, Hawaii.

CLERICAL STAFF

Mrs. E. K. Brown, Secretary to the Board,

Miss Melika Peterson, Clerk and Stenograbher.

Miss Ella K. Dayton, Librarian.

_ Daniel Logan, /dztor of the ‘‘ Forester,” a

~PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION.

Any one or all of the publications listed below (except those marked __ *) will be sent to residents of this Territory, free, upon application to | Mailing ¢ Clerk, P. O. Box 207, Honolulu.

BOARD.

Report of the Outaniissgonee. of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900 ; 66 pp. res of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902; 88 pp.

-* First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture cad Forestry, trom 5 July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp. - Second Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the

_ year ending December 31, 1905; 240 pp.; 8 plates; 10 text figures.

"Third Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the a year ending December 31, 1906; 212 pp.; 3 plates; 4 maps; 7 text figures. Fourth Report of the Board of. Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for

the calendar year ending December 31, 1907; 202 pp.; 7 plates.

5, Le

Fifth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, tap

the calendar year ending December 31, 1908: 218 pp.; 34 plates.

period ending December 31, 1910; 240 pp.; 45 plates. “Notice to Importers,” by H. E. "Cooper; 4 pp.: 1903.

ete, + into the pgtennitory of commen General Circular No. 1; 6 PP.

~~ ~

eae ‘ aie 374 a > ry at

Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the biennial ;

* “Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Fruits, Vegetables, ‘

.

PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION—Continued. ‘:

“Important Notice to Ship Owners, Fruit Faweriers and Ouliew Rules: anid Rees tions Prohibiting the Introduction of Certain Pests and Animals into the Terri: tory of Hawaii.’’ General Circular No. 2; 3 pp.; 1904. |

“Law and Regulations, Importation and Inspection of Honey Bees ‘ae Honey.” General Circular No. 3; 7 pp.; 1908. ‘

“The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist,’’ a monthly magazine. Vols. I to VII; 1904-1910. To be obtained from the Hawaiian Gazette Co., Honolulu. Price

$1 a year. DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

* “Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at Government. Nursery.” Press Bulletin No. 1; 3 pp.; 1905.

* “Suggestions in Regard to the Arbor Day Tree Planting Contest.’”’ Press Bulletin No. 2; 7 pp.; 1905.

‘‘An Offer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters.” Circular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905.

‘Revised List of Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at the Government Nursery.’’ ‘Press Bulletin No. 3; 4 pp.; 1906.

* “Tnstructions for Propagating and. Planting Forest Trees.’”” Press Bulletin Ne. 4; 4 pp.; 1906.

“Instructions for Planting Forest, Shade and Ornamental Trees.” Press Bulletin No: 5; 7 pp.; 1909.

“Na Hoakaka no ke Kanu Ana i na Vase Malumalu ame na Laau Vichiirahiwk. Nt Press Bulletin No. 6; 8 pp.; 1909.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Re- print from Second Report of the Board; 77 pp.; 5 plates. P

* Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Re print from Third Report of the Board; 123 pp.; 4 maps.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Re print from Fourth Report of the Board; 70 pp.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Re print from Fifth Report of the Board: 85 pp.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 86 pp.; 22 plates.

DIVISION ON ENTOMOLOGY.

“The Leaf- “Hopper of the Sugar Cane,”’ _by R. C. L. Perkins. Bulletin No. 1; 38 pp.; 1903.

i gdp’ & Catalogue of the Hemipterous Family Aleyrodidae,” by G. W. Kirkaldy, and ‘‘Aleyrodidae of Hawaii and Fiji with Descriptions of New Species,’ by Jacob Kotinsky. Bulletin No. 2; 102 pp.; 1 plate; 1907.

* “On Some Diseases of Cane Specially Considered in Relation to the Leaf-Hopper Pest and to the Stripping of Cane,’ by R. C. L. Perkins. Press Bulletin No. 1; 4 pp.; 1904.

‘A Circular of Information,’”’ by Jacob Kotinsky. Circular No. 1; 8 pp.: 1905.

“The Japanese Beetle Fungus,’ by Jacob Kotinsky and Bro. M. Newell. Circular No. 2; 4 pp., cut; 1905.

Rule VII: “Concerning the. Prevention of Distribution of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly’; unnumbered leaflet; 1910. Rule VIII: ‘Concerning the Importation of all Banana Fruit, Banana Shoots or

Plants’; unnumbered leaflet; 1911. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 68 pp.; 3 plates; 10 text figures. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 25 pp.; 7 text figures.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Reprint from Fourth Report of the Board; 18 pp.; 1 plate.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 26 pp.: 2 plates.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 70 pp.; 10 plates.

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

* “Inspection of Imported Live Stock.” Rule 1; 1 p.; 1905.

* “Tnspection and Testing of Imported Live Stock for Glanders and Tuberculosis.” Rule 2; 1 p.; 1905. .

ms “Concerning Glandered Horse Stock in the Territory.”’. Rule 3; 1 p.;.1905.

* “To Amend Rule 1, Inspection of Imported Live Stock.” Rule > 1 pigss0Ts

* “Quarantine of Horse Stock from California.” Rule 8; 1 p.; 1908.

“Rules and Regulations, Inspection and Testing of Live Stock.”” Rules and Laws; 11 pp.; unnumbered pamphlet; Revised 1910.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 62 pp.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 41 pp.; 3 plates. ;

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Reprint from the Fourth Report of the Board; 104 pp.; 6 plates.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 44 pp.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910. Reprint from a ere of the Board; 59 pp.; 13 plates.

* Out of print.

Vor. Vill MAY, 1911 No. 5

Price, 10c. Per Copy; Per Annum, $1.00; Foreign, $1.25.

| eo THE «..

| Hawaiian Forester

Alariculturist

~A MONTHLY MAGAZINE

OF

Forestry, Entomology and Agriculture

ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION

3 OF THE

J

_ % *

. _—— * ;

e wie .

an 2a aE ig ADDRESS ALL COMMUNICATIONS TO e- DANIEL LOGAN,

a s | ? —“~ 4 uaa “ a

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE : AND FORESTRY.

Kn

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

ify

Entered as second-class matter at the Post office, at Honolulu, Hawafi.

EDITOR “‘“THE FORESTER,’’ : P. O. BOX 366, PON MUU, AT. =

For business relating to advertising or subscriptions, address

HAWANAN GAzeETTE Co., Ltp., Publishers, von Hout BLock, 65 S. KING St,, HoNoLtuLu Hawaun.

cA

E-ditortal eu teas. SRM Sheet 2 et Book Review.

The Ceara Rubber/}feee CAnderson) .. <2 sce eee | eee 138.9 Soil Ameélioration ‘(Riawens) 5 <<: =: Se | ee 139-34 The Effect of Fertilizers on the Growth— cof Pinéapples - pe (James) Bees oe glia wid hace eee ctu araclele vo Ue enemas. a Oo 142 The Use of Plant Materials in Nature Study Teaching =a (MarGauiohey ) jit ss cere! 20 As vag eee oe, 156 == Board of Agriculture and Forestry ......:..22)...;,-.) 0) 10. Division’ of Extomotety ..62-5 02-552 +40, ee 164

The World's: Cottomee a. ie) ob ona sg Se See oc Cee 167

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR ~ 4

SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY.

4

The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern- ment Nursery, Seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced trees. These are sold at pricés just covering the cost of collection or growing.

The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak, Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of India, Poinciana, Albizzia, ete. The price of the seed varies from 10 to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2% cents each, except a few kinds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested before bese sent out, which insures its being good.

All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to =

David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii.

RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent of Forestry. |

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties

of this Division and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make in- — quiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently

or send the right kind of useful insects for relief we like and sometimes

it is indispensable for us to see the insect suspected or caught in the act, —

also specimens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden — :

box specimens may be mailed at 3rd class rates. When specimens are not accompanied by letter always write your~name and address in the upper left-hand corner of the package. Address all communications — SUPERINTENDENT DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, P. QO. BOX 207,

HONOLULU, HAWAII.

EDW. M. ‘BHRHORN, Superintendent.

i "ae

es

es epee -

THE HAWAIIAN

FORESTER & AGRICULTURIST

VoL. VIII. MAY, 1911. No. 5.

The palm weevil is attacking sugar cane in Trinidad.

An article in the Agricultural News (W. I.) on the fungus causing pineapple disease quotes Cobb and L. D. Larsen, the latter from a bulletin of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Associa- tion, upon the pest as affecting sugar cane and pineapples in these islands.

This number of The Forester contains the conclusion of the valuable series of articles on “Soil Amelioration,” by Mr. Hagens, and that of Professor MacCaughey’s paper on “The Use of Plant Materials in Nature Study Teaching,” which ought to be of great service to school teachers.

The Tropical Agriculturist of Ceylon is reprinting from this magazine the article of Mr. I. G. Krauss on rice and cotton in- vestigations in China and Japan, also the study of the composi- tion of the rice plant by W. P. Kelley and Alice R. Thompson from a bulletin of the Hawaii Experiment Station.

At a meeting of the general purposes committee of the Inter- national Rubber Exhibition, to open in London on June 24 and close on July 14, the president, Sir Henry A. Blake, G.C. M.G.,

gave a statement of countries that he had been informed were _ exhibiting officially, among them being the Hawaiian Islands.

“Forest Nurseries for Schools” is the title of Farmers’ Bulletin

No. 423 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. It is by Walter _ M. Moore, first assistant, and Edwin R. Jackson, expert, of the Forest Service. Circular No. 99, from the office of Experiment

Stations, is entitled ‘“Farmers’ Institutes for Young People,” the

= authors being John Hamilton and J. M. Stedman, specialist and assistant specialist respectively. Both of these treatises would

‘te _ undoubtedly be useful in all schools where agriculture and forestry

sare in anywise taught.

136

In its March number the Philippine Agricultural Review gives, from the census reports, a synopsis of the development of the sugar industry in Hawaii, translating values into Philippine Lehits,

An exchange quotes the Straits Bulletin as containing an article by Dr. Boon Keng recommending pineapples as a good catch-crop between Hevea rubber trees, if widely planted. With the trees set 30 by 15 feet apart, “the pineapples should be planted three feet away from each rubber plant, and the lines should be arranged on hill slopes that they serve as terraces to prevent too much wash from rain water. In this way we can get in, say, about 2000 pineapple plants in an acre.”

In a collection of banana planting news, Tropical Life for April states that, from the results now published regarding the indus- | try in Trinidad, W. L. “it appears probable that a profit of $200 per acre may be expected from the intensive cultivation of ba- nanas under the present conditions and prices if an adequate dressing of pen manure is available at a reasonable cost. The cheapest method of obtaining pen manure is from pens on the cultivation, and with a supply of green fodder within reasonable distances a small profit on the stock might also be expected.”

Noel Deerr is author of a new book entitled Cane Sugar, which a review in the Agricultural News (W. 1.) says “virtually forms , a new and extended edition of the author’s well-known text-book—_ Sugar and the Sugar Cane.” Mentioning various matters treated in one chapter, the review says that irrigation “naturally occu- pies a fairly prominent position in view of the author’s experi- ence in Hawai.” [Fault is found with the handling of rotation, in that “there is very scant reference to its bearing on the control of insect and fungus pests.” Norman Rodger, Altrincham} is the publisher.

Mr. James is welcomed as a contributor to The Forester’s pages of practical information. His article on the effect of fer- tilizers on the growth of pineapples can scarcely fail to prove of highest value to the pineapple industry. It is based upon ex- | periment on a considerably large scale. A series of articles on the same subject, it may be mentioned, is running in the Trop- ical Agriculturist of Ceylon, the leading topic of the portion given in March being “the effect of fertilizers upon the quality of the fruit.” A. W. Blair and R. N. Wilson are the authors, and their plotting of the ground appears to be much like that of Mr. James. Blood, which Mr. James dismisses on account of its heing practically unavailable, enters into nearly all of the fer- tilize-s tested by the Ceylon experimenters.

£37 BOOK REVIEW.

“Notes on Soil and Plant Sanitation on Cacao and Rubber Estates,” is the title of a book lately received from London. Its author is Mr. Harold Hamel Smith, who has written other books and is editor of Tropical Life, one of our most valued ex- changes. There is an introduction by Professor Wyndham - Dunstan, Director of the Imperial Institute, who wisely suggests that, since agriculture is a profession, tropical agriculture must be taught by trained professors at a college situated in the tropics. This suggestion may fairly be treasured by the authorities of: this Territory, as the nucleus of a vision of the College of Hawaii becoming a world university of tropical agriculture. As a mat- ter of fact, methods of doing things in Hawaii are quoted by periodicals devoted to tropical agriculture in every quarter of the globe, and the very book here under brief review contains much of reference to rubber experiments in Hawai.

Including the index the book contains 632 pages, besides fifty- two pages of prefatory matter. The author pleads the necessity of treating plant diseases the same as maladies affecting human beings, with regard both to prevention and eradication. A score or more of authorities are quoted, including our own Messrs. Jared G. Smith and E. V. Wilcox, in confirmation of the views advanced and elucidation of cultural methods presented. Among many illustrations in the book two are from Hawaiian photo- graphs. Horner’s deep tillage implement and Horner’s cultiva- tor, used on Hawaiian sugar plantations, are mentioned as hav- ing been recommended for rubber and cacao plantations by Mr. Frank Evans, attached to the Trinidad agricultural department, but temporarily engaged by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ As- sociation. “Why Hawaii Suits Ceara” is the leading topic of Part V of the book.

There is valuable information in the volume, supported by leading authorities, on the advantages of forest and isolation belts, or of stump pulling, the evils of deforestation, and the se- rious losses occasioned by soil erosion, reduced or uncertain rain- falls, etc., and how they can be avoided or partially remedied. Several emphatic pages are devoted to rat extermination. It is stated that the present epidemic of plague in India, from its ap- pearance in 1896 up to April last year, had caused 5,250,000 deaths. Plague is universally conceded to be disseminated chiefly by rats.

John Bale, Sons & Danielson, Ltd., medical publishers, Oxford House, 83-91 Great Titchfield street, London, W., are publishers of the book, whose price is $2 net.

138

THE GEARA -RUBBERCT REE:

Nahiku, Maui, May 4, 1911.

Editor Forester and Agriculturist:—I beg to enclose herewith an. extract from a very interesting article on the Ceara rubber tree, which has been found to be the tree best suited to our local conditions, for cultivation.

The prejudice against this tree for plantation purposes is being gradually removed, and it occurs to me that this article may prove of interest to your readers, both as indicating the position of a recognized authority, and as tending to show that the Ceara tree appears to have found the Hawaiian climate peculiarly favorable for latex production.

Very truly yours, W. A. ANDERSON.

Extract from Paper by Wiliam Wicherley, F.R.H.S., m the Rubber World for Dec. 29, 1910, on the Ceara Rubber Tree (Manihot Glaziovi.).

“The Manihot Glaziovii, which produces the Ceara rubber of commerce, enjoys a much wider sovereignty as plantation rubber then does the Hevea or Para rubber tree, and it is therefore astonishing to find existing throughout the whole of the Mid-East

a erounded prejudice against this valuable and excee ae profit- able ee,

“After making careful inquiries in other districts, I found that the real cause why these trees had been condemned was that the planter, after having got his tree to maturity, did not know what to do with it; and there appeared to be nobody who could assist him in the matter. The areas of Ceara rubber that would be priceless now as producing lands had been sacrificed to this want of knowledge.

“From my own observation I should say that the tree, which was introduced into Ceylon by the botanist Cross, was from seed obtained in the Rio de Janeiro district, with the result that most of the Ceara in Ceylon is of a hybrid character, and therefore the true Manihot is only met with in a few isolated districts. It is, nevertheless, a very good tree, and, if properly handled, will always be more profitable to the planter than any other kind of rubber he can grow, pr ovided that the district and the rainfall are suitable.”

The paper goes on to describe proper conditions and pethts of cultivation and continues:

“There should not be the slightest difficulty associated with the

139

tapping of this tree; yet throughout both Ceylon and Southern India planters unanimously agree that this difficulty does exist.”

He then describes at length the proper method of tapping, which is now being tried at Nahiku, and concludes:

“In many cases, alienated Manihots assimilate habits of marked eccentricity, due doubtless to local climatic conditions and environ- ment, against which it is powerless to struggle in a proud attempt to assert its own inherited characteristics. This is very marked in regard to the behavior of the latex, which is generally thick and sluggish of movement, and therefore extremely difficult to manipulate except in the form of ‘scrap’ or naturally coagulated ‘ball rubber. In Ceylon, however, and also to a large extent in India, Hawaii and the Philippines, the Ceara tree yields a latex as fluid and as ready as that of Hevea, with the result that a very fine, translucent, elastic, resilient, amber colored ‘biscuit’ is being produced, and is being much sought after by tire manufacturers all over the world.”

SOLL AMELIORATION.

By J. F. C. HAGENS. igi (Concluded. )

Correction of unfavorable conditions due to the natural location.

TERRACING,

In a hilly country it is frequently observed that while the hill- tops and slopes produce but scant crops, the hollows show a very much better growth. This is due not only to displacement of the fertile clay and silt of the surface soil by rain and other natural causes, but also to a certain degree to human influence in the course of cultivation. After a heavy rain storm in these islands, the sea is often colored for a considerable distance beyond the mouths of the mountain streams. This is caused by the fine soil particles, consisting mostly of the valuable clay, carried away by the rain, and always means a heavy loss to the landowner. It is, as a rule, exceedingly difficult to stay this natural denuding of the soils, particularly with steep slopes, yet there are often ways by which much of the valuable soil, so washed away, could be preserved to agriculture. As a matter of fact the greater portion of soil particles, especially the so-called silt, carried away by the water, will precipitate wherever the rapid flow of the water is arrested. The formation of large banks of detritus at the mouth of large rivers on the mainland proves this sufficiently. A great

140

deal of valuable soil, that would otherwise be washed away every year, can be retained by terracing the hillsides and heavy slopes. Were it not for such terracing the grape vine would not grow in many parts of Europe today. It is not always possible to carry out these principles, but where stones and wood are available in sufficient quantities a great deal can be accomplished to save the land from gradual impoverishment. Stone walls or fascines built at certain intervals across the slopes or hollows will tend to arrest the rapid flow of the water during a rain storm and cause the precipitation of much of the soil particles carried along by the water.

WINDBREAKS.

Soils of a sandy or dusty nature are often carried away by strong winds during a dry season. It is extremely difficult to pre- vent this but often the planting of suitable trees in rows at regu- lar intervals has been found very beneficial.

Improving the mechanical and physical condition of soils. LIMING.

Usually all soils contain sufficient lime to serve as plantfood for any number of crops, although the form in which the lime is present may not be suitable for certain plants. Lime is, however, frequently used to correct unfavorable mechanical, physical or chemical condition of soils. The reasons for the use of lime on soils are manifold and consequently it is important to know which form of lime to use in order to produce the best results under the prevailing circumstances. It depends entirely upcn the soil to be treated, and the object of the treatment. It is easy enough for a chemist to say, “Your soil needs lime, you should apply, say, 1000 Ibs. of burnt or slaked lime per acre and you will see a great improvement.” Very often this improvement fails to materialize, and it is not seldom that reverse results are produced or the results will only show after several years. The fact of the matter is it is extremely difficult to determine, from a chemi- cal analysis alone, in what form the lime should be applied to a given soil; many other circumstances have to be taken into con- sideration. There is usually no other course to pursue than a practical experiment in the field.

The forms in which lime is usually applied are as follows: Ouicklime, powdered, slaked or hydrated.

Carbonate of Lime.

Sulphate of Lime (gypsum or land plaster).

Phosphate of Lime (as mono-, di-and-tricalcium phosphate).

141

Each of these has its special advantage and disadvantage, and under certain conditions will do better than any of the others.

MANURING.

The use of stable manure, organic waste products as also con- centrated organic manures is not alone beneficial from a stand- point of increasing the fertility of a soil, but it also improves its mechanical and physical condition, to say nothing of the valu- able services rendered through the presence of favorable bacteria usually found in these products. The waterholding power, the permeability and the temperature of the soil are favorably affected by these organic manures. Soils are often dead or sterile owing to the lack of humus, although a chemical analysis may show the presence of sufficient plant “food for any number of crops. A suitable treatment with organic manure will render these fertile. When mixed with chemical fertilizers organic manures are steril- ized more or less, whereby their favorable bacterial action on the soil is practically destroyed. Wherever possible they should be used alone, therefore.

CORRECTION OF ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY.

Good arable soils should be neutral in their chemical reaction, or nearly so, to be fertile; a more or less pronounced acidity or alkalinity is harmful te plant-life. To correct such unfavorable conditions the underlying causes must first of all be ascertained before deciding on the proper remedy. Most acids, with perhaps the exception a carbonic acid, are injurious to plant- ities 1 ime in one form or other is the usual antidote against soil acidity ; ethers are wood ashes, carbonate of potash, etc. Neutralizing an alkaline soil depends chiefly on the nature of the alkali present. Superphosphate is often a good remedy, but frequently special treatment with acid material is necessary to overcome the causes of sterility.

GENERAL,

The inoculation of soils with nitrifying bacteria is of great value in the improvement of soils, likewise the use of carbon

bisulfide.

142

THE EFFECT OF BERTILIZERS ON. JHE CROWES PINEAPPLES:

By CarLTon C. JAMES. BIBLIOGRAPHY.

In reviewing the literature with a view to finding out what had previously been done along this line, it was noticed that the bibliography of the pineapple plant is short and confined almost entirely to the reports of experimental stations and brief technical articles concerning the analysis of pineapple fruit. These articles are scattered and in some cases difficult to obtain. It will readily be seen that this bibliography is not complete, but represents the articles and publications to which we have had access and which have been consulted. The papers bearing directly upon the effect of manures and fertilizers upon the pineapple number less than ten. Among these should be mentioned the bulletins of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Porto Rico Experiment Stations and the Department of Agriculture and Stock, Queens- land. Little, if any, literature is available from the Philippine Islands and Straits Settlements, although it is well known that

extensive pineapple operations are carried on there.

Curiously enough while dilatory experiments have been made in Hawaii from time to time, results were either not obtained or else were not deemed worthy of publication, for local literature upon the subject is decidedly meagre. It should be mentioned, however, that experiments have been started by the Hawai Agri- cultural Experiment Station, the results of which have not yet been published.

Ananas—Paul Hubert—Paris, 1908.

Annual Report, Department of Public Gardens and Board of Agricul- ture, Jamaica, 1900 and 1903.

Annual Report, Hawaiian Experiment Station, 1904-7-9.

Annual Report of the Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, 1906-7-8.

Bananes et Ananas—Yves Henry—Paris, 1905.

Chemical Composition of Some Tropical Fruits, Bulletin 87, Bureau of Chemistry.

Experiments with Pineapples, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 27, November, 1894.

Fruits of Queensland, A. H. Benson, Brisbane, 1906.

Manganese in some of its relations to the growth of Pineapples, W. P. Kelley—Jour. Ind., and Eng. Chemistry Vol. 1, No. 8, p. 533.

Neuere Untersuchungen uber Ananasfriichte—W. Bonewitz, Chemiker Zeitung No. 15, 1908.

Pineapple Culture—Soils—Florida Agricultural Experiment Sta‘ion, Bulletin 68, 1903.

Pineapple Culture—Varieties, Florida Agricultural Experiment Statioi, Bulletin 70, 1904.

143

Pineapple Culture—Fertilizer Experiments, Florida Agricultural Ex- periment Station, Bulletin 83, 1906.

Pineapple Culture—Handling the Crop, Florida Agricultural Experi- ment Station, Bulletin 84, 1906.

Pineapple Culture—Effect of Fertilizers on Quality of Fruit —Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 101, 1910.

Pineapple Growing—P. H. Rolfs, Farmers’ Bulletin No. 140.

Pineapple Growing in Florida, H. H. Hume, ‘‘ Tropical Life,’’ August, 1908.

Pineapple Growing in Porto Rico, Bulletin 8, Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station.

Report of Board of Agriculture—Jamaica—1902.

Sport of the Department of Agriculture and Stock, Queensland, 1904-5-6.

HISTORICAL.

The pineapple industry is comparatively young in Hawaii, but has grown rapidly and is well established. Naturally the first work was the exploration of the possibilities of the industry, then the exploitation and financing, and finally we find a tendency toward conservation and thrift. Not until about three years ago was a determined and systematic search made for an effective pineapple fertilizer, and the attention of the growers attracted to the fact that such a material was becoming necessary. Previous to this time the pineapple soils had been analyzed by various chemists! and phosphoric acid recommended. This was applied in about all the various forms, mainly as basic slag, with more or less uncertain success. Steamed bonemeal and reverted super- phosphate were said to have given equally good results. A few haphazard tests were initiated by different people but were never carried to completion.

During the year 1907 and spring of 1908 material was gathered, conditions observed, and plans made for the experiments reported in the paper. The piece of land selected was cheerfully placed at the writer’s diposal, by Messrs. Ginaca Bros. It was plowed, harrowed and put into condition to receive the plants which were set June 15, 1908.

OBJECT.

The experiment had for its object the determination of the fer- tilizer best suited to the particular requirements of the pineapple, the effect of phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash in their dif- ferent forms upon the life and growth of the plant, and approxi- mately the quantity necessary for its proper nourishment. We were also desirous of determining if the experinece gained in other

1 Annual Reports, Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta. 1904-1907-1909.

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It wil! be seen by comparison that the soil differs greatly from either that of Florida or Australia. It is a heavy clay, very sticky when wet, and forms in a shotty condition when dry, due probably to the flocculation of the clay. From a chemical standpoint it contains many times more plant food than either of the above mentioned soils. Nevertheless it has been noticed that the pines on these soils respond readily to the action of certain fertilizers, which might indicate that in spite of the quantity of plant food present it 1s not sufficiently available for the needs of the plants.

In order to ascertain in what proportion the mineral con- stituents were removed from the soil, ash analyses were made of the pineapple plant and fruit. Following are the results:

Plants Fruit Phospiorie; acid ae: / Gt 06 Ska es De .0T% .018% Nitrogen oe :., > Reeee ¢ ons et Oe oa se eee 1.380 .073 Potaslng (> -. oe ee 6-555 SS Bis. «so ene . 656 .263 Late: 202! 0. 2. SRR ee sa kes a ee .124 . 034

Other investigators found the following Pa ee of plant nourishment in “the pineapple fruit:

Al B2 Phosphoric actu. i. ase s see ot Re . 0423 . 040 Nitrogen .° , SQReem, 5.2. ab 5m eee. 3 ea ees 0707 .110 Popasiiee<.. So :Ss oo noe Be ee ae tes . 2256 . 342

These results correspond as closely as might be expected and tend to show that the per cent. of phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash removed does not vary considerably. Tolman and Munson® found that the ash of pineapples did not vary ap- preciably, even with different varieties.

While proper conclusions as to fertilizer requirements can not be based upon the proportion of the mineral matter in the fruit with any degree of accuracy, yet a knowledge of their proportion allows an estimate to be made of the amount of plant food removed by the crop. Considering the plant food removed and also the mineral content of the soil, it was de- cided that an application of seventy-five pounds per acre of each of phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash would be amply ~ sufficient for the production of one crop of fruit, and this quantity was therefore arbitrarily taken as the amount to be applied.

DETAIL PLAN OF EXPERIMENT.

The experiment was laid out in twelve plats, each 12x182

—_——$ ______. __.

1 Miller and Blair, Florida Bulletin No. 83. 2 Wilhelm Bonewitz, Chemiker Zeitung, No.’ 15, 1908. 3 U. 8S. Department of Agriculture, Bulletin 87, Bureau of Chemistry.

147

Diagram Showing Kind and Quantity of Materials Used.

K

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hosphate 400 rphosphate uperphosphaie 4 uperphosphate Bren ; Lime : 750 Potassium hloride 127.5 PotossiimChlonide 1275 ; Sodium Nitrate _ A485 ‘| Bone Meal ~ 300 | BoneMeal -300 | Bone Meal 300 | Bone Meal 300 Lime 750 | Potassium Sulphate 150 | Potassium Sulphate 150 Ammonium Sulphate 565

Reverted Superphos. 375 | Reverted Superphos. 375 | Reverted Superphos. 375 | Reverted Superphos. 375 E ae Lime ai 750 Potashllagnesia Sulphate 150 Polash Magnesia Sulphate 290

Organic 555

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Sodium Nitrate 485 | Sodium Nitrate AB5 | SodiumNilrate A85 odium Nitrate A85 Lime 750 | Superphosphate 400 | BoneMeal 300 Potassium Sulphate 150 Ammonium Sulphate 365 | Ammonium Quiphate 365 | Ammonium Sulphate 365 | Ammonium Sulphate 365 - Lime 750 | BoneMeal 500 | Reverted Superphos. 375 Potash Magnesia Sulphate 290 Organic 535 | Organic 535 | Organic * 635 | Organic 5355 Lime 750 | Reverted Superphos. 375 | Superphosphate 400 Potassium Chloride 12.7.5

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Potassium Chloride 1275] Potassium Chloride 127.5 | Potassium Chloride 1275] Potassium Chloride 127.5 Lime . 750 | Sodium Nitrate 485 | Bone Meal 300 Ammonium Sulphate 365 Potassium Sulphate’ = 150 ‘| Potassium Sulphate 150 | Potassium Oulphate 150 | Potassium Sulphate 150 Lime 750 | Ammonium Sulphate 365 | Reverted Superphos. 375 Orga nic 555 Potash Magnesia Sulphate 290 | PotashMagnesia Sulphate290 | PotoshMaynesiadulphote 290 Pofash Magnesia Sulphate 290 * Lime 750 | Organic 535 | Superphosphate 400 Sodivin Nitrate A85

feet, and each plat divided into four equal sections. It will be seen that each plat included one-twentieth of an acre, and each section one-eightieth of an acre in area. The plants were set three rows to the plate, four feet between rows and two feet apart in the row. ‘There are a number of different methods of planting in vogue, but as the writer’s idea was to employ the one most widely in use in Hawaii the above method of planting was decided upon. The plats were set six feet apart so that a space of ten feet intervened between the outer rows of. any two plats. This is not common practice, but was done so that under these conditions there was no danger of the pineapple roots from one plat penetrating to another and obtaining nourishment not intended for them. Plats 1, 5 and 9 were check plats. Numbers 2, 3 and 4 were treated with superphosphate, steamed bonemeal and reverted superphos- phate, respectively. Plats 6, 7 and 8 had applications of ni- trate of soda, sulphate of ammonia and steamed hoofmeal, re- spectively. The potash plats, 10, 11 and 12, were treated with muriate of potash, sulphate of potash and sulphates of potash magnesia, respectively. These ingredients were applied singly

10

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12

148

in section A. Section B is the same as the corresponding plats in A, but with the addition of 750 lbs. of lime per acre. Two ingredients were combined in section C. For instance: the different forms of phosphoric acid were applied together with potash. In section D complete fertilizers were added. It will be seen by referring to the diagram that. the fertilizing ingredients were applied so as to supply the same amount of phosphoric anhydrid, nitrogen and potash, viz.,.75 Ibs. per acre, and that only the forms have been changed. For ex- ample: plat 2, section 1, has been treated with 5 lbs. of super- phosphate, or at the rate of 75 lbs. phosphoric acid per acre, and plat 7, section A, received 6.7 lbs. of hoofmeal, which is also at the rate of 75 Ibs. nitrogen per acre. It will also be noticed that in any plat the sections B, C and D were formed from section A by the addition of one or more fertilizer in- eredients, always at the rate of 75 lbs. per acre, so that sec- tion A has 75 lbs. plant food per acre, section B the same to- gether with lime, section C 150 lbs., and section D 225 Ibs. plant food.

It was the writer’s opinion that by this method of experi- menting very conclusive results could be obtained by a refer- ence to and comparison of the field notes taken during the progress of growth of the plant and the yield as finally weigh- ed. For instance: by referring to the record of plat 7 in toto; plat 3, section ); giat 10, section D; andi plat11, Sseetton pes one may obtain a very definite idea of the effect of sulphate of ammonia upon pineapples when used alone and when in combination with other material.

The fertilizer was applied in the furrow about two days be- fore planting and thoroughly mixed with the soil before the plants, young suckers, were set. While the writer did not be- lieve this to be as desirable a method of application as broad- casting, he accepted it as one very much in use and which under existing circumstances was the more convenient. The suckers were all fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas before planting to kill any scale or mealy bug which might have been present. Only healthy plants were taken and as nearly of a size as it was possible to get them. All the plants in the ex- periment were set on June 15, 1908.

The fertilizers used were carefully analyzed in the labora- tory and the proper amount for each section was weighed into a bag marked and tagged before shipping to the pineapple plantation. It should be mentioned that the reverted phos- phate used in plat 4 is a material containing 22% total phos- phoric acid, about half of which is in the form of di-calcium phosphate, possibly 1% as mono-calcium phosphate, and the balance tri-calcium phosphate. The reason for including this

. “~

149

in the experiment was that it had been used previously as a pineapple fertilizer by a number of growers with moderate success. The bonemeal used was steamed and finely ground. The reasons for considering steamed hoofmeal as a nitrogen carrier were that it is more easily obtainable, blood always being at a premium, and that there has been some prejudice against its use which we hoped to prove unwarranted. The other materials used are from the stock ordinarily carried by fertilizer manufacturers.

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.

During the growth of the pines the rainfall was moderate, but sufficient, and conditions were very favorable for pine- apples. At planting and during the fall of 1908 the precipi- tation was mostly in the form of showers, which allowed the pines sufficient moisture, but which were never heavy enough to give the ground a good wetting. In March and April, 1909, there were heavy rains, thoroughly moistening the ground and making radical differences in the various plats perceptible. The fall of 1909 was rather dry, but in the spring of 1910 suff- cient rain fell to supply a liberal amount of moisture just as the fruit was setting. From forty to fifty inches a year is the average rainfall in this section, as will be seen from the fol- lowing table showing the precipitation during the growth of the pineapple:

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

LIC Ca ES ea eae ee 5 Dory wn ee prem e scene Ub nededias Dae Abeee ROA St 2 CORES EOOS PAIZO Ss. FS646 1909 433250. W228 621 8. scans ee a el, 2G LL Sd 2 35.450 TOO... ..-e20e0s Ae Oe 180) | Dacbh came at ogicae - (eee sees careers Pi Nl ae am rane Fe woes

FIELD NOTES,

During the progress of the experiment field records were kept, indicating the relative conditions of the different plats. These notes in a great many cases were borne out by the re- sults which were later actually found, but in some cases the appearances as recorded were not at all permanent and plats which were termed very good and excellent in appearance did not yield the fruit that might be expected. For example: 3-D and 4-D were considered the best from the first, and from all appearances were destined to give a very heavy yield, but in- stead of giving extra heavy fruit they matured earlier than the balance of the crop; 4-D produced the most fruit at the first picking, and on July 1, 1910, was practically harvested, while the fruit on many of the other plats was just ripe enough for the first picking.

Six-A never did well and was considered poor, fair and in- different from the start. There were only nine plants in the

156

entire field which failed to fruit, and, of these nine, five were in 6-A.

Ten-A was another section in which two plants failed to fruit and which was considered poor. The plants were yel- low, and during the colder weather almost ceased growing. The other sections of plat 10 showed similar symptoms, and were not considered even among the average good until the fall of 1909 and the spring of 1910, yet all these sections gave a yield’ equivalent to over 13 tons per acre. Judging from the field notes, the best plats would be arranged somewhat in this order of superiority: First, 4-D and 3-D, followed by 11-D and 12-D, then 7-C and 8-C, 6-C, 8-A, 12-B, 3-A, and 4A would be considered fair, and the poor plats were 6-A, 7-A, 10-A and 12-B. Many of the plats did not show sufficiently striking results either way to merit particular attention. In general, the field notes have indicated the good and the poor plats, but it will be seen by reference to the tabulated results that the sections as indicated being the best according to field notes did not show the greatest gain per acre or the largest profit. It may be said, therefore, that too much confidence cannot always be placed in the field notes, although in many cases they actually forecast the final results.

An important point brought out by field notes and observa- tion which could not well be tabulated with the other results was that the fertilized plats came to maturity and fruited ap- proximately from two to four weeks before the check plats had ripened sufficiently to be weighed. While this tendency was noticeable more particularly in 3-D and 4-D, it was more or less general throughout the experiment.

SE UDY OW THE OROP:

The pineapples have to be picked as they ripen, and _ this necessitates painstaking and constant work in the field, as only a small number of pines ripen at the same time. There- fore, in order to get the average results the field must be gone through every day or two, the ripe pines picked, weighed, and recorded under the proper plat and section for a period of about seven weeks. The first regular picking was made on June 22, 1910, and the last August 15, 1910. In weighing the pines all the ripe fruit from one section of a plat were placed in a tared box and weighed together, the date, number of pines and combined net weight recorded. Owing to the pre- mature fruit, difficulty in securing sufficient labor and the fact that the experiment ripened during the busy season, it was practically impossible to weigh every fruit. Nevertheless, at least 90 per cent. of the fruit was weighed in almost every section, and in a number of sections every fruit was counted and weighed. The average fruit from each section was cal- culated from the results obtained and the yield per acre then determined.

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The check plats gave higher results in the direction from plats 1 to 12, which indicated possible increase of natural fertility in that direction, plat 1 having an average pine of 3.78 lbs. and plat 9 an average pine weighing 4.53 lbs. It would hardly be fair to the first six plats to figure the whole experiment against the average of all the check plats, as they would have an undeserved disadvantage, while the other six plats would be receiving credit they were not entitled to. Also, if the phosphoric acid plats were figured against the first check plat, the nitrogen against the fifth plat, the super- phosphate and nitrate of soda plats would have an advantage not shared by the bonemeal and ammonia sulphate. These in turn would have a certain advantage over the reverted phosphate and organic material.

In the case of the potash plats, it was thought at first that a theoretical check plat 13 could be used, against which part of the potash plats might be figured, but upon more careful deliberation it was decided that the better policy would be to confine all results and conclusions to the actual data in hand rather than indulge in theoretical speculation, however con- servative it might be. Therefore, in the tabulated results, the gain and loss in the potash plats was figured from check plat No. 9. The other plats were figured against the adjacent check plats with the exception of-plats 3 and 7, which have no adjacent check plat. The gain or loss in these two plats was figured against the average of the two nearest check plats.

In computing the commercial value of the fertilizer used, the schedule of trade values issued by the California Agricul- tural Experiment Station! was taken as a basis from which to figure all mixtures. The values given represent in a general way the market in Honolulu, and as all the ingredients used were figured from the same base the results are therefore comparable. The value of agricultural lime was taken as

$10.00 a ton.

The canneries accept pineapples weighing more than three pounds at a general rate of $20.00 per ton. The pines which do not reach this minimum are either left on the field or dis- posed of for juice at half price. As all the sections averaged over three pounds, $20.00 a ton was taken as a value of the pines. The fact that the pineapples averaged three pounds does not necessarily mean that they were all over the three- pound limit, although in the fertilized plats they invariably were. Nevertheless, in the first check plat 11.25 per cent. of the pines gathered weighed less than three pounds. Here is a point which should be considered as a potential advantage of the

1 Bulletin 207, College of Agriculture, Berkeley, California.

154

fertilized plats over the unfertilized. There were a large number of pines which were brought over the minimum weight by the application of fertilizer, and their value was therefore actually doubled, besides receiving the regular rate of one cent a pound for all weight over three pounds.

A glance at the tabulated results will show that the greatest yield per acre was 15.35 tons made by 12-A, while the lowest was 10.29 tons from plat 1. The greatest gain over check was 8049 pounds, obtained from 2-B, and the greatest loss recorded was 1634 pounds from 7-A. From a commercial standpoint the greatest profit from a fertilized plat was $72.24 per acre from 2-B, and the greatest financial loss was $29.84 per acre from 7-A, which was also the section showing the greatest agricultural loss. With the exception of plats 10 and 11, the greatest gain per acre and the greatest profit happened to be derived from the same section. Although this need not neces- sarily be true, it appears from the results to be so in a general way, with the present prices of pineapples and fertilizer material.

It has been demonstrated that superphosphate gave poor results when applied alone at the rate of eighty pounds of phosphoric pentoxide per acre, but that much better results were obtained with the same material and the addition of 750 pounds of lime per acre. While our results with super- phosphate alone do not show poor results, such as were ob- tained in Florida, the results obtained at the Florida Station with regard to superphosphate and lime are certainly cor- roborated. Where the lime and superphosphate are applied together, the water soluble phosphoric acid is changed to citrate soluble and water insoluble calcium salts, which prob- ably accounts for the better results obtained from the limed plats.

It has also been shown? that nitrate of soda has given poor results when applied to pines. Our results corroborate this fact, and it might be mentioned again that of the nine plants which failed to fruit, six were in plat 6 and five of the six were in section A, which would seem to indicate that nitrate of soda not only affects the growth of the plant unfavorably but also exerts an inhibiting influence upon the productions of fruit.

If we take the actual average of the seven different sections containing a common fertilizing element, we get a figure rep- resenting the average pineapple of all the sections containing the common element. By repeating this process with all the different ingredients used, we get a series of interesting fig-

2 Florida Bulletin No. 73.

155 ures, which might indicate the relative agricultural value of each fertilizing ingredient, as follows:

Average of all plats containing

PREP UORDUATCR ES atin te datas tits ee eee ee 4.88 Seated WOWCMeRE oa cake eee Se cee eee 4.88 Maverued -superpmusphate i7,).7/o2lektie ie sy Ste... 4.81 eM Ot SOMME earl, cea dda lana i ME EA aye Mantas» © 4.60 Se Dace. OL YAO). Te ult ce 5 ois ie <ta doece ge ole 4° 4.75 ODES LORRI ~ - PR A oe ea ee eran 4.92 ener OL 2 TES eke oe ete Ts ht ae eile oe 4.94 mmncabe_ Of: Gets... sdk oe. DUR AER ER Bhie 2s ea). 5.10 Bulpliate of, potash ;magMesiais ly. os5. stecerespaure dene ce e's» 5.27 0 OL UI Te ara a Pane nee 4.19

It would seem from this that the phosphoric acid had about the same effect in all three forms; that organic matter gave the best and nitrate of soda the poorest results of the nitrogen carriers; and that the sulphate of potash was a better form to apply than the chloride.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.

Superphosphate, reverted phosphate and steamed bonemeal showed good results when applied to pineapple plants. Super- phosphate gave better results when applied together with lime.

Nitrogen is not the dominant element in pineapple fertiliz- ing. Of the three forms studied, nitrate of soda was the least productive of good results. There was not much choice be- tween sulphate of ammonia and steamed hoofmeal as nitrogen carriers.

Of the potash salts, the sulphates of potash magnesia gave the best results, followed by sulphate of potash and chloride of potash, respectively.

Fertilized soil tends to bring the fruit to maturity from two to four weeks earlier than the unfertilized.

In interpreting the results, too much confidence should not be placed in the field notes alone.

The results corroborate those obtained by the Florida Ex- periment Station in practically every instance.

In conclusion, the writer wishes to give Messrs. Ginaca Bros. proper credit for their faithful and enthusiastic cooper- ation in this work. Acknowledgment is also due Mr. F. G. Krauss and Mr. S. S. Peck for helpful suggestions and advice.

CARLTON C. JAMES.

Chemical Laboratory, The Pacific Guano & Fertilizer Co., Honolulu, Hawaii.

156

THE USE OF PLANT MATERIALS IN NATURE- STUDY TEACHING.

By Proressor VAUGHAN MAcCauGuHeEy, College of Hawaii.

(Concluded. )

Field Studies and Excursions.—Properly planned and con- ducted, these are of great importance in plant study. Much of their failure in the past has been due to lack of organization, and of keeping the center of interest in the subject in hand. Field trips easily degenerate into purposeless picnics, very amusing to the children, no doubt, but yielding no permanent fruits.

In planning an excursion, the teacher should always make a thorough preliminary reconnaisance and carefully outline the trip step by step. The following plan, which will serve as an example of this, was prepared by Miss May Kluegel, of the Ter- ritorial Normal School, for use in Grade II.

EXCURSION—TARO.

Observe things of interest on streets through which we pass.

Name streets.

General observation of a valley typical for taro raising (Pauoa Valley )—shape, narrow at head, wide near mouth; slope of sides, abrupt near head, sloping gradually near mouth; stream, wind- ing from side to side of valley; location of taro patches, near lower course of stream at mouth of valley; character of land used for taro, low and level.

Observation of taro patches near at hand—banks, how built, gates; shape of patches; taro plants, conditions under which they grow, distance apart.

Note——This excursion may also include observations upon frogs, preparatory to taking up the frog lessons in the class- room, as frogs are abundant in taro patches.

Excursions should be seasonable, coinciding, for example, with the flowering or fruiting period of the plant to be studied. This gives an additional incentive and purposefulness to the trip.

Children should be encouraged at all times to bring to school any interesting plants that they may find. In this manner very valuable local collections can be built up.

Collections.—Small plants, portions of large plants, showing leaves, flowers, etc., and leaves of trees, can be easily pressed be- tween dry newspapers. Cut newspapers into pieces, so that when folded once, a folder is formed which is about fifteen inches long and eleven wide. In these folders the fresh specimens, showing leaves, flowers, etc., are spread, arranging them as neat- ly as possible. The folders are then piled one on top of another,

V5

with a newspaper between every two folders. A board slightly larger than the folders, for example, 12x16, is placed on top of the pile and weighted by means of heavy pieces of rock. As the plants dry, the pile decreases in height, and the plants are pressed perfectly flat. The newspapers between the folders should be changed every day, for they absorb the moisture from the plants, and if not replaced daily by dry ones they cause the specimens to mold. When the plants are perfectly dry they may be glued to sheets of stiff white paper, using ordinary carpenter’s or Le Page’s glue. A convenient size of mounting paper is 11x16. Each sheet should contain, in the lower right-hand corner, a label giving the name of the plant, the locality in which it was found, the date of collecting, and the name of the collector. In this manner may be preserved interesting and valuable collec- tions of flowering plants, roadside weeds, garden flowers, and other forms of vegetable life.

Seeds, nuts, fibers, bark, wood specimens, and other dry plant materials may be kept in small bottles, cardboard boxes, or ma- nila envelopes.

Planting in the School Gardens. In Hawaii the schools are, in general, fairly well provided with land space, and there is room for setting out various plants suitable for nature-study work. This planting may be in the school garden, or may be for the additional purpose of enhancing the general beauty of the yard,

School gardens in Hawaii are discussed in another bulletin of the Department of Botany and Horticulture, and that matter needs no repetition here. That such gardens can be successfully conducted by the schools of Hawaii was amply shown by the 1907 contest. In 1907 the Evening Bulletin offered five prizes of twenty-five dollars each as a stimulus to agricultural work in the public schools. Some _ twenty-five schools, representing pretty fairly the various conditions of soil and climate found in the Territory, entered the contest for these prizes, doing the work and making the necessary reports in the required form. The re- ports were under the following heads: condition of ground; name of crop grown; methods of cultivation; watering, weeding, etc.; amount of growth made; weather conditions ; extermination of pests; and general remarks. The pupils of each competing school reported progress weekly, and at the close of the season a tabulated report of work done and results obtained was ren- dered. The vegetables grown were selected from the following list: lettuce, onions, cabbage, beets, tomatoes, beans, egg-plants, carrots, cucumbers, turnips, melons, sweet potatoes, parsley, Japanese cabbage, and peppers. The competition was very satis- factory to all concerned. There are now in the Territory very few schools in which no serious attempt is being made to im- prove and beautify the grounds,

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Trees and Shrubs.—These serve not only as material for study but also are of prime importance in the aesthetic development of the school yard. “The primary object of the school is instruc- tion. The work of beautifying the school grounds should also carry with it an element of instruction. The grounds should serve as an object lesson for the residents of the community in which the school is located. They should be laid out on sound principles of landscape gardening, and be so well executed as to induce residents of the vicinity.to copy the general idea of the plan, and possibly the detail of the shrubbery groups. The idea of beauty can be emphasized in the proper grouping of trees and shrubs in relation to walks, drives, and vistas, and utility can be subserved by placing the heavy plantings so as to serve as a shield from the wind or sun. Shrubbery groups can be arranged so as to separate one portion of the grounds from another and yet not interfere with large open spaces which can be used as playgrounds, etc.”

A LIST OF TREES AND SHRUBS SUITABLE FOR HAWAITAN SCHOOL GROUNDS.

Golden shower Pink-and-white shower Pink Shower Royal Poinciana Yellow poinciana Pride of India Jacaranda Plumieria Monkey-pod Foliage LO.) Eau Trees. 11. Algaroba

12. Mexican almond

13. Monterey cypress

Flowering Trees.

Se BONS aS le

14. Kukui

16:40 Koen

L6nntiala

17. Banyan

18. California pepper tree 19. Kou

20. Milo

21. Araucaria

22. Lei-seed tree

23. Traveler’s tree Palms. 24. Cocoanut

25. Hawaiian palm

26. Royal palm

27. Wine palm

ESY

28. Attalea palm 29. Bottle palm 30. Sago “palm”

Fruit 31. Avocado Trees. oz... ied 33. Rose apple 34. Wil

35. Mammee apple 36. Tamarind

3/5 Papaia

38. Mango

39. Breadfruit

40. Sour-sop

41. Orange

42. Lemon >

43. Lime

44, Loquat Shrubs. 45. Hibiscus

46. -Croton

47. Pomegranate

435 (ii

49. Coffee

50. Phyllanthus

51. Rose

52. Oleander

53. Cotton

Flower Beds.—‘The love of a flower in the heart of a child 1s the highest thing that nature-study can hope to develop.”— Hodge.

Well-kept flower-beds should be a part of the nature-study equipment of every school in Hawaii. The care of the flowers should devolve upon the children, but this demands genuine enthusiasm and constant oversight on the part of the teacher. The congested condition of the schools, and the numerous de- mands upon the time and energy of the teacher usually re- sult in neglected flower gardens.

The following suggestions, excerpted from the directions issued by the Home Gardening Association of Cleveland, Ohio, 1904, are pertinent to Hawaiian conditions:

“Avoid a place where the drippings of the roof will fall on the bed. The best effects are produced by planting all of one variety in one place. Dig the bed at least one foot deep. Mix with the soil some rich earth, well-rotted manure, or leaf-mold. Rake the beds well until the soil is fine and free from lumps. Do not plant seeds too deeply. This is a com- mon error. Sprinkle the beds as often as is necessary to pre- vent the soil from becoming dry. It is best to water beds in

160

the morning and evening. Avoid having plants too crowded. Thin the plants when they are two or three inches high, dur- ing the cooler portion of the day. Transplant seedlings pulled up to another bed, taking up a little soil with each plant. Pick flowers every day, and more will bloom. Allow a few of the best flowers to go to seed for next season's garden. Keep beautiful, fresh flowers in the school-rooms.’

Window Boxes.—‘Because of the conditions which prevail in a school-room, window boxes must be comparatively deep and must contain a larger quantity of soil than is commonly necessary for the growth of plants in greenhouses in order that the adverse conditions may in part be counteracted. Boxes intended for window gardens should therefore be made at least six to eight inches in depth, should be rather broad, and of a length to conform to the window opening. The soil should be rich garden loam or a compost consisting of rotted sods and stable manure thoroughly mixed together and screened through a screen with at least a half-inch mesh. 3efore filling the box a layer of coarse gravel should be placed over the bottom to the depth of one inch. Holes should be provided in the bottom of the box, in order that any excess of moisture which comes from watering the plants may es- cape from the bottom. After placing this drainage material in the bottom of the box. fill it to within one inch of the top with the soil above described. In general, the plants grown in a window box should be small and compact in habit of growth, or those which can be readily trained on strings.

Outdoor Aquaria.—These are very useful in nature-study work, for both the study of aquatic plants and animals. When once established, but little attention is necessary. A stone tank lined with cement is the most durable, but an old wash- tub, sake-tub, or a barrel sawn in half, is quite satisfactory. Sink the vessel in the ground in some unused portion of the school-yard, with the rim projecting out an inch or two above the surface. Cover the bottom with two inches of clean coral or fresh-water sand that has been washed until free from dirt. Stock the aquarium with pond weed, duck- weed, water hyacinth, etc. Be sure to put in a number of top-minnows or small gold-fish, to devour the mosquito larvae. Keep the water at a constant level by adding enough to counterbalance evaporation.

“There certainly will come a day,

As man becomes simple and wise,

When schools will put their books away, Till they train the hands and the eyes; Then the school from its heart will say In love of the winds and the skies:

161

I teach The earth and soil, To them that toil, The hill and fen To common men That live just here;

The plants that grow, The winds that blow, The streams that run In rain and sun Throughout the year.” —Bailey.

BOAR WEOR AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY:

Minutes of the meeting of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, held in the library of Govern- ment Nursery on King street, Monday, March 20, 1911, at Zuo clock. p.. nk

Present: Marston Campbell, President and .Executive Orncer; M.essrs.P.)R. Isenberg, H:..M: von Holt,andAlbert Waterhouse, members; E. M. Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology; R. S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry, and Dr. V. A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry.

The Forest Nurseryman submitted routine reports for the months of December, 1910, and January and February, 1911. These were ordered approved and placed on file.

ENTOMOLOGY.

The Superintendent of Entomology submitted his routine report for the month of February, which was ordered approv- ed and placed on file.

Importation of Birds—The President read a letter of the Superintendent of Entomology to Mr. W. S. Wise of Hilo, President of the Keaukaha Rod and Gun Club, in reply to his of February 6, in regard to the advisability of the importation of fish, oysters and birds.

Cotton Boll Worm.—A communication was read from Messrs. Gay & Robinson in regard to the profitable industry of cotton growing in the Hawaiian Islands if some effective parasite can be introduced eliminating the great damage done to the crop by the boll worm.

In compliance with a previous request from President Campbell, the Entomologist had prepared a revort regarding the cotton boll worm (Gelechia gossyfiella, Saund.), dated March 13, 1911, for consideration at this meeting, which was

162

read and approved, and Mr. Ehrhorn was requested to pre- pare a letter to Messrs. Gay & Robinson, for the President’s signature, in reply to theirs of February 27, transmitting copy of this report in answer to their inquiry.

Mr. Ehrhorn stated that the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives had taken a great interest in the matter of an appropriation to be used for the procuring of parasites not only of the cotton boll worm but other pests which are doing damage-to various crops, and that he has pre- pared an outline of what we need here for the legislative com- mittee.

Fumigatory.—Mr. Ehrhorn stated that he was badly in need of a room on the Hackfeld dock in conjunction with the fumi- gatory thereon. He suggested partitioning off one corner of the dock for that purpose, and asked if he might go ahead with such preparations. Mr. Campbell said lumber was exceed- ingly high at present, but to go ahead and obtain figures and the matter would receive further consideration.

AGRICULTURE.

Pure Seed—rThe President read a joint report, dated March 10, 1911, by E. M. Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology, and Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry, they hav- ing been instructed at a previous meeting to act as a commit- tee to formulate recommendations as to pure seed legislation for Hawaii. These recommendations were ordered approved and placed on file.

New Building Site—With regard to the Cleghorn Park being taken over for agricultural purposes, Mr. Campbell stated that this was a matter which ought not to be lost sight of. The Board has both plenty of labor and money with which to care for the park.

Mr. Ehrhorn stated that as these old buildings are badly in need of repairs, the Board ought to have the place, “for it is often impossible to do any scientific work in the present laboratory on account of the constant pouring in of dust when making microscopic examinations, and again it is im- possible to collect one’s thoughts owing to continuous singing and playing at the school next door.

“Tf we should be able to obtain the Ainahau place, we would have the grandest opportunities for carrying on interesting experiments, not only on injurious pests, but we shall also have the finest facilities for propagating beneficial insects and parasites, and if we are to proceed in doing such work with the appronriations asked for we shall surely have to have better facilities than we have at present for carrying on the work, and in my opinion Ainahau offers just such opportun- ities.”

alee |) a

163

Mr. Campbell said that he had been called before the Public Lands and Improvement Committee on this proposition and the question of accepting the gift was talked over at some length. If this is taken over by the Territory, the department without doubt will be worked up so that anybody in the

islands may well be proud of the place.

ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

A report of the work accomplished to date by the Terri- torial Veterinarian, dated March 17, was read by title, and ordered approved and placed on file.

Dr. Norgaard said that beef must be imported either from the States or from the Colonies in order to provide for the many soldiers that are being stationed here. C. Q. Yee Hop wants to make one trial importation of beef on the hoof.

Dr. Norgaard further stated that it has become more and more evident that this Territory will not be able to supply its own beef, and that sooner or later the resolution he submitted must be made a standing rule, as all of the States which have regulations requiring the tuberculin test of milking and breed- ing stock have a clause providing for the admission of cattle for immediate slaughter without the tuberculin test. He read the following resolution in regard to the importation of beef cattle without the tuberculin test, which is to have the same eirect as°a rule:

“Resolved, That cattle intended for immediate slaughter Sia be adimitted to the Territory when accompanied by a certificate of inspection, showing that they have been subject- ed to a careful physical examination and found to be appar- ently free from disease, or disease-producing parasites (Texas fever ticks). And the said examination must be made, and certificate issued by the same authorities as required by Rule III of the Rules and Regulations pertaining to the importation of live stock to the Territory of Hawaii, except that no cer- tificate of tuberculin test will be required, but that the in- specting officer be requested to provide each animal with an ear-tag for identification.

“Such animals upon arrival shall be placed in quarantine on premises approved of by the Territorial Veterinarian and in the immediate vicinity of the slaughterhouse, and kept there until slaughtered. The owner or consignee shall notify the Territorial Veterinarian when he intends to butcher such im- ported cattle and shall keep a careful record of the number of the ear-tags, which, after slaughter, shall be removed together with and attached to one-half of the ear, and turned over to the local meat inspector or to the Territorial Veterinarian,

who in turn will issue a receipt and certificate of slaughter.” Carried.

164 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Honolulu, March 31, 1911.

Honorable Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Gentlemen :—I respectfully submit, as follows, my report of the work of the Division of Entomology for the month of March.

During this month we boarded 34 vessels and we found fruits, vegetables and plants on 22 of them.

The usual careful inspection was made of all shipments with the following result:

Disposal with principal causes. Lots Parcels Passed. astiree digome pests scant ued: eh Les 1281 21;032> Kagmignted ‘=... de och a ult lott cee Wy 46 PUI Nedis6 Ge, Meet tehin Monee iat ee 49 5h

‘otal inspeered ;.3.>5 Hs «cere. eee 1347 21,134

Rice Shipments—The rice shipments during the month ex- ceeded those of the previous month, 20,745 bags having arrived. These shipments were carefully inspected and found free from weevils and other pests.

Pests Intercepted—As in the previous month plant shipments continued to arrive and about 4165 plants, trees and shrubs were examined. Having found previous shipments infested with scale insects and other pests I deemed it advisable, on account of the methods used in packing and the packing materials, to subject these shipments to longer fumigation. The results have been very satisfactory and no injury to the shipments has resulted. We are very careful about fumigating plants and never attempt to do it if plants are at all moist from sweating en route, as in such condition fumigation will invariably injure the foliage.

On some oranges in the baggage of a passenger from Fiji we found a new scale insect (Pinnaspis sp.). The white peach scale (Aulacaspis pentagona) is frequently found on plants from the Orient, and although we have the pest here we always destroy badly infested plants.

Some orange trees from Japan infested with the white fly (Alevrodes citri) were thoroughly fumigated first, then each tree was defoliated and cut back to stumps. This pest only infests the foliage, so that after our vigorous treatment no danger of the pest remained.

All foliage and twigs were burned. We discouraged the fur- ther shipments of such plants.

Two species of ants (Strumigenys lewist) and (Pheidole sp.) were found on Japanese plants, the first in stems of a tea plant, the latter in soil around bamboo,

165

Some cocoanuts from Central America were found infested with scale (Aspidiotus cydoniae ).

Seven lots of sweet potatoes and yams found in the immigra- tion baggage were destroyed on account of showing infected spots, which might prove a disease, although no germs have been found. The risk of bringing in a disease which would attack the sweet potato and the taro is too great and in the future all such shipments will be refused entry.

The first two lots of banana plants consisting of four sprouts from Central America and Mexico were received this month and under Rule VIII were promptly destroyed.

Brother M. Newell, inspector at Hilo, reports the arrival of six vessels, three of which carried vegetable matter consisting of 108 lots and 1778 parcels.. One lot of infested cauliflower was burned.

Beneficial Insects—At the request of Mr. D. Morrison, super- intendent at Midway, we sent a good strong colony of vedalia cardinalis for the cottony cushion scale, which attacks their iron- woods. Much complaint of damage by the Japanese beetle is coming to the office and we are prepared to furnish fungus inocu- lated beetles, but request that parties furnish us quantities of beetles, as we are short handed and cannot get beetles.

Respectfully submitted,

Epw. M. EnRuorN, Superintendent of Entomology.

Honolulu, April 30, 1911.

Honorable Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, Hawaii. .

Gentlemen :—I respectfully submit, as follows, my report of the work of the Division of Entomology for the month of April.

During this month we boarded 36 vessels and we found fruit, vegetables and plants on 19 of them.

The usual careful inspection was made of all shipments with the following result:

Disposal with principal causes. Lots Parcels femora itce mmint pests...) Le 597 7 284 Deere Sh mee ee SU 2 LY a9 128 eee ene Et TO Pe. 12 Pi,

Met thiswemved se Pree hee ee... 638 7,435

Rice Shipments——The rice shipments during the month were about equal of last month, making a total of 20,371 bags, which, after a careful inspection, were found free from weevils or other pests.

Pests Intercepted——One hundred bags of scabby potatoes were

166

ordered returned to the Coast. This is the first large infested shipment which has arrived here for a long time, and it was so badly infested that sorting over was out of the question.

Several lots of sweet potatoes were again found in the Oriental baggage, some infested with the potato weevil and some showing disease spots as in previous shipments, and all were promptly destroyed.

In corn seed from the United States we found the grain weevil Calandria granaria.

Ornamental! plants from Japan infested with scale insects Pseudaonidia duplex and Autacaspis pentagona, also plant lice on pine trees, Lachnus sp.

In the mail from Florida, palms infested with scale insects and mealy bugs.

Brother M. Newell, inspector at Hilo, reports the arrival of nine vessels, four of which carried vegetable matter consisting of 92 lots and 1117 parcels. The outer leaves of a shipment of cab- bage were removed on account of cabbage-leaf fungus.

During the month much complaint continued to come to the office regarding the Japanese beetles and we were able to send out 54 lots of beetle fungus in large quantities. Parties furnish- ing the beetles were promptly supplied. We are inoculating beetles as fast as we get them.

I also received two large boxes, estimated to contain 50,000 ladybirds (Hippodamia convergens) from Mr. FE. K. Carnes, superintendent of the State Insectary of the California State Com- mission of Horticulture. Half of these were liberated in the upper valleys and half in the taro lands, where plant lice were abundant.

Very often the question has been asked “How do all the pests get into the country?” In answer to the same I will state that during this month a package of sweet potato seed arrived by mail, marked ‘“‘merchandise,’ and passed the postal authorities as well as the Division of Entomology. It was only through the great interest for the welfare of the island shown by Mr. J. B. Castle that we were able to examine this lot of potatoes and subject them to a dip in formaldehyde. He happened to get in touch with the party who received them and before planting them thought that ! had better pass upon them. How many such packages go through the mail nobody knows, but it surely goes to show that the chances for introducing pests are not all abandoned as yet. The party, of course, did not send these potatoes as merchandise to get them through without inspection, but probably thought that they would eo cheaper through the mail by marking them

“merchandise.” | only hope that we shall have more citizens come forward like Mr. Castle and notify us if packages containing seeds and plants should happen to pass in under similar con- ditions. Respectfully submitted,

Epw. M. Enrnorn, Superintendent of Entomology.

167 THE WORLD’S COTTON.

According to Census Bulletin No. 110, giving cotton sta- tistics for the year ending August 31, 1910, the number of ac- tive cotton spindles in the world has increased from 105,- 681,000 in 1900 to 134,526,000 in 1910, or 27.3 per cent. The consumption of cotton per spindle was 70.9 pounds in 1900, compared with 67.2 pounds in 1910. While this decrease has been due in part to the fact that the spindles were operated to a greater percentage of their capacity in 1900 than during the past year, it is probably due more largely to the increasing manufacture of finer goods.

The fluctuations in the world’s commercial supply of cotton are measured practically by the variation of the annual pro- duction of cotton in the United States, as this country fur- nishes about two-thirds of the total commercial supply. The consumption of cotton during the year ending August 31, 1910, was 18,321,000 bales of 500 pounds gross weight.

Assuming that the consumption statistics for foreign coun- tries have been returned in net-weight bales, and reducing the American consumption figures to net-weight bales, the world’s consumption is estimated at 18,079,000 bales of 500 pounds net.

EXTENT OF COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF COTTON.

The world’s commercial production of cotton in 1909 amounted to 16,558,000 bales, or 1,521,000 bales less than the consumption for the year ending August 31, 1910. The world’s consumption of cotton during the year ending August 31, 1909, amounted to 19,397,000 bales, the capacity of the mills has been increased by about 1,250,000 spindles during 1910. For this reason the potential consumption of the mills of the world at the present time is estimated to be not less than 20,000,000 bales. Furthermore, the stocks of manufactured goods have materially decreased, so that, in 1910, a world crop equal to this consumption requirement of 20,000,000 bales is needed. Of this the United States would be expected to contribute at least 13,500,000 bales in order to keep the mills operating dur- ing the year and to prevent further reduction in the already low supply of raw cotton.

In respect to cotton,manufactures, the United Kingdom ranks first aS an exporting country, and British India as an importing country. Germany ranks second in exports, and is followed by France, Belgium, Switzerland, and British India, in the order named. In respect to the value of cotton goods imported, China ranks next to British India and is followed by Germany and the United States.

168

In view of the recent development of trade relations be- tween the United States and Central American countries, it may be interesting to note that a report compiled by the Government of Honduras gives the total value of cotton manufactures imported into that country during the year 1907 as about $700,000, more than one-half of which repre- sents imports from the United States. Out of the twenty American Republics lying south of the United States, there are only three—Honduras, Haiti, and the Dominican Re- public—in which the United States leads in the trade in cot- ton manufactures. Germany controls the trade in these goods with Bolivia, and the United Kingdom that with the remain- ing sixteen Republics.

STATISTICS FOR LEADING TEXTILE FIBERS.

The relative importance of the leading textile fibers has undergone considerable change during the past century. Flax fiber, which was used to a larger extent in 1800, now ranks fourth, and the quantity of flax produced is only about three times what it was at that time. In the same period the pro- duction of wool has increased from about 500,000,000 pounds to nearly 2,700,000,000 pounds, or more than fivefold, and that of cotton from about 300,000,000 pounds to 8,505,000,000 pounds, or more than twenty-eight fold. The increase in the production of jute is the most remarkable of all. The quan- tity in 1850 was 60,000,000 pounds as compared with 2,918,- 000,000 pounds in 1909. The increases since 1889 are as fol- lows: Cotton, 44.8 per cent.; wool, 11.4 per cent.; silk, 112.3 per cent: ;' flax, 85.9 per ‘cent.; and jute) 56.9 per cent. iee hemp shows a decrease. If the figures for 1908 were taken as the basis of comparison the increase for cotton would be SlSiper cent.

The total production for 1909 of the leading textile fibers was 17,529,174,000 pounds, of which cotton constituted 48.5 per cent.; wool, 15.3 per cent.; silk, less than one-half of 1 per. cent.;. flax, 10.6 per cent.; hemp, 82 per cent.; and jute; 16.6 per cent. The total supply of these textile fibers in com- mercial channels at the beginning of the. nineteenth century amounted approximately to 1,400,000,000 pounds, of which cotton formed about 22 per cent.; wool, 33 per cent.; silk, 2 per cent.; and flax, 43 per cent.

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eos 1 SS es aa ies [acer COMMISSIONERS. ‘ Marston Campbell, President and Executive Officer. J. M. Dowsett P. R Isenberg H. M. von Holt Albert Waterhouse

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry and ris Fire Warden. David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman.

Joseph F. Reck, Botanical Assistant.

Bro. Matthias Newell, in charge of Sub-Nursery at Hilo, Hawait, Walter D. McBryde, 72” charge of Sub-Nursery at Homestead, Kauat, David Kapihe, Forest Ranger for Tantalus,

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

award 2 M, Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology and Chief Inspector. Albert Koebele, Consulting Entomologist. lye See ae.” aa Assistant Entomologist, D. B. Kuhns, Zuzspector. Fred Muir, Beneficial-Insect Collector. Bro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo, Hawatt.

Robert R. Elgin, ) ( Mahukona, Hawati. W. O. Aiken, | Honorary Fruit | Kahulut, Mani,

W. D. McBryde, + and Plant Inspector 1 Koloa, Kauai, Dr/W » B,.Deas, | “at | Hana, Maut. Capic. F.Turne J | Kaanapali, Maur.

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Territorial Veterinarian.

L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian. ARES eee ee Live Stock Inspector, H. B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for H1lo, Ane Pe oe Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Maui. A. R, Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauat.

; E. L. Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinary for Kohala and

: . Hamakua, Hawait.

CLERICAL STAFF

Riis E. K. Brown, Secretary to the Board, Miss Melika Peterson, Clerk and Stenograbher. Miss Ella K. Dayton, Librarian.

Daniel Logan, Editor of the ‘‘Forester.”’

PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION.

Any one or all of the publications listed below (except those marked *) will be sent to residents of this Territory, free, upon application to Mailing Clerk, P. O. Box 207, Honolulu.

oa- BOARD.

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900; 66 pp. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902; 88 pp. * First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, trom July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp Second Report of the Board of Commissioners of ’ Agriculture and Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905; 240 pp.; 8 plates; 10 text figures. Third Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the . year ending December 31, 1906; 212 pp.; 3 plates; 4 maps; 7 text figures. Fourth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the calendar year ending December 31, 1907; 202 pp.; 7 plates. S Fifth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for ¥ the calendar year ending December 31, 1908; 218 pp.; 34 plates. 3 : Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the biennial - period ending December 31, 1910; 240 pp.; 45 plates. “Notice to Importers,” by H. E. Cooper; 4 pp.; 1903. . “Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Fruits, Vegetables, . epee etc., into the Territory of Hawaii.’ General Circular No. 1; 6 pp. $

“Important Notice to ‘Ship A. Fruit Tmportem and Othden “Rules oe Reg? 4A tions Prohibiting the Introduction of Certain Pests and Animals into the Terri- e tory of Hawaii.’ General Circular No. 2; 3 pp.; 1904.

“Law and Regulations, Importation and Inspection of Honey Bees and sia 2h General Circuiar No. 3; 7 pp.; 1908.

“The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist,” a monthly magazine. Vols. I to VII; 1904-1910. To be obtained from the Hawaiian Gazette Co., Honolulu. Price

$1 a year. é DIVISION: OF FORESTRY.

* “Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at Government Nursery.” Press Bulletin No. 1; 3 pp.; 1905.

* “Suggestions in Regard to the Arbor Day Tree Planting Contest. * Press Bulletin No: 26-7 pp:; LSS

“An Offer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters.’”’ Circular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905.

“Revised List of Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at the Government Nursery.”’ Press Bulletin No. 3; 4 pp.; 1906.

* “Tnstructions for Propagating and Planting Forest Trees.” Press. Bulletin Ne. 4: 4 pp.; 1906.

“Instructions for Planting Forest, Shade and Ornaitental Trees.” Press Bulletin No. 5; 7 pp.; 1909.

“Na Hoakaka no ke Kanu Ana i na Laau Malumalu ame na Laau Hoohiwahiwa.” Press Bulletin No-6; 8 pp.; 1909.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending Deceniber 31, 1905. Re- print from Second Report of-.the Board; 77 pp.; 5 plates.

* Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Re - print from Third Report of the Board; 123 pp.; 4 maps. ;

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Re print from Fourth Report of the Board; 70 pp. “

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Re print from Fifth Report of the Board: 85 pp.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 86 pp.; 22 plates.

DIVISION ON ENTOMOLOGY.

“The Leaf-Hopper of the Sugar Cane,” by R. Cc. L. Perkins. SBulletin No. 1; 38 pp.; 1903. =

Cai Catalogue of the Hemipterous Family Aleyrodidae,”’ by G. W. Kirkaldy, and “‘Aleyrodidae of Hawaii and Fiji with Descriptions of New Species,’ by Jacob Kotinsky. Bulletin No. 2; 102 pp.; 1 plate; 1907.

* “On Some Diseases of Cane Specially Considered in Relation to the Leaf-Hopper Pest and to the Stripping of Cane,’’ by R. C. L. Perkins. Press Bulletin No. 1; 4 pp.; 1904.

“A Circular of Information,’’ by Jacob Kotinsky.. Circular No. eS ppsegoy:

“The Japanese Beetle Fungus,’’ by Jacob Kotinsky and Bro. M. Newell. Circular No. 2; 4 pp., cut; 1905. 3

Rule VII: “Concerning the Prevention of Distribution of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly’’; unnumbered leaflet; 1910.

Rule VIII: ‘‘Concerning the Importation of all Banana Fruit, Banana Shoots or Plants’; unnumbered leaflet; 1911.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 68 pp.; 3 plates; 10 text figures. %eport of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1906.

Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 25 pp.; 7 text figures.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Reprint from Fourth Report of the Board; 18 pp.; 1 plate.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 26 pp.; 2 plates.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 70 pp.; 10 plates.

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

* “Inspection of Imported Live Stock.” — Rule 1; 1/p.; 1905.

* “Tnspection and Testing of Imported Live Stock ‘for Glanders and Tuberculosis.” ule. 2 +1 p.> 1905s ;

* “Concerning Glandered Horse Stock in the Territory.” Rule 3; 1 p.; 1905. -——=

* “To Amend Rule 1, Inspection of Imported Live Stock.’”’ Rule 4; 1 p.; 1907.

* “Quarantine of Horse Stock from California.” Rule 8; 1'p.; 1908.

“Rules and Regulations, Inspection and Testing of Live Stock,” Rules and Laws; 11 pp.; unnumbered pamphlet; Revised 1910.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 62 pp.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 41 pp.; 3 plates.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31,” 1907. | Reprint from the Fourth Report of the Board; 104 pp.; 6 plates.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, non. Reprint from Fifth Report of the Beard; 44 pp.

Report of the Divisio: of Animal Indu: — the biennial period ending December

° 31, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 59 pp.; 13 plates.

* Out of print.

se THE ew

-| Bawaian Forester

Alariculturist

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE

OF

yf vou. Vit. = JUNE, 1911 No. 6 Price, 10c. Per Copy; Per Annum, $1.00; Foreign, $1.25. Forestry, Entomology and Agriculture

ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION | etiaial OF THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

= PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

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ADDRESS ALL COMMUNICATIONS TO DANIEL LOGAN, EDITOR “‘THE FORESTER,’’

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: . PAGE

Editorial..... «Pe oS ee aeeeaeeine . Wane 169 Work of Ter itone Teachers’ Repocapon (MacCaughey gee A Theory Regarding the Manganese Soils and Pineapples

(James) . : WB e swe stes . Cchepiag oa > ae 176 Board of Agriculture and Forestry......... Sgiaha a Rediatomate de aaa Division of Forestignve +2 3 #413365. . eis bi sek ees ee 180 Notes -from. the Nien. <2. eee |e 183 Puna Forest Resémve aie: oo. . cnn ses ‘an oe 2 Aetna The Maui Forests (gmarat) sss Pee ee ee 185% Division of Entomology: 2

—Report on Inter-Island Inspection.............. s 2143S

——Report:fargiay. ii a. oe oS eee: se) ee 188 By .Authority—Peaelamations: «5-7, i 2:9 bees pe bo ee 190

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY.

The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern- ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or growing.

The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak, Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of India, Poinciana, Albizzia, etc. The price of the seed varies from 10 to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 214 cents each, except a few kizds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested before being sent out, which insures its being good. ;

_ All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii.

RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent of Forestry.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties of this Division and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make in- quiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently or send the right kind of useful insects for relief we like and sometimes it is indispensable for us to see the insect suspected or caught in the act,

also specimens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden

box specimens may be mailed at 3rd class rates. When specimens are not accompanied by letter always write your name and address in the upper left-hand corner of the package. Address all communications SUPERINTENDENT DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, P. 0. BOX 207, HONOLULU, HAWAII. | EDW. M. EHRHORN, \ Superintendent.

a THE HAWAIIAN

FORESTER 2 AGRICULTURIST

f VoL. VIII. JUNE, 1911. No. 6.

___ Another practical article by Mr. C. C. James relative to soil _ doctoring is printed in this number. ae

Boo Mr. McCaughey’s sketch of the history, purpose and work of _ the Territorial Teachers’ Association will add to the value for __-preservation of this number of the Forester. ;

_ Governor Frear has appointed Mr. Charles S. Judd, trained _ in the service of the Federal bureau of forestry, as Commissioner _ of Public Lands, with which new legislation combines the presi- _ dency of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry. Mr. Judd be-

longs to Honolulu. .

Investigation of the question of introducing insectivorous birds to these islands, which readers of this magazine know was in- stituted some months ago, should by all means be prosecuted

without delay to the stage of decision relative to what species of -

such much needed creatures shall be introduced. The risk of ‘injurious mistakes in the selection can hardly be greater than that of destruction of valuable crops by insects that are fattening for _ hirds upon the vital tissues of our garden and field growths. ~

Since last issue of the Forester the public has been apprised that the Mediterranean fruit fly has gained a shockingly long march upon the susceptible fruits of the island of Oahu. Unfor-

tunately, there is doubt unremoved at this writing of whether

_ the government has a fund available for fighting the pest in the most efficacious way believed—namely, by means of some parasite that will destroy it but which must be sought in other lands. -_ _ However, the Cottori Growers’ Association is likely to step into the breach by raising $1500 for adding to a like amount offered by Mr. Joseph P. Cooke for the purpose of paying the expenses of, an entomologist to go upon such a quest. In the meantime

__- precautions are being taken to prevent the transit of the fly to-

any of the other islands, as well as means of combating the pest th pruning knife and fire. | ore | | ies Fa + Bs £ Sas

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, 7 : CP es Na » ~ hoe Te rig rs

170 MR. CURRAN’S REPORT.

Attention is called to the short report on the Maui forests by Mr. H. M. Curran, that appears in this issue of the Forester. Mr. Curran is one of the senior forest officers in the Philippine Bureau of Forestry. Through the courtesy of the Director of that Bureau, Major George P. Ahern, it was arranged for Mr. Curran to stop over in Hawaii for a month on his return to Manila from a trip around the world, to consult with the staff of the Division of Forestry in regard to certain intricate forest problems on Maui. Mr. Curran’s findings and recommendations are given in the report printed elsewhere.

SOUTH KONA -FOREST RESERVE.

On another page of this issue of the Forester appears Governor Frear’s proclamation creating the South Kona Forest Reserve, in the districts of South Kona and Kau, Island of Hawaii. The total area of this reserve is 36,952 acres, of which 29,260 acres belongs to the Territorial Government.

When the South Kona Reserve was first reported on by the Superintendent of Forestry it was recommended that the area to be included within the boundaries be 50,612 acres. At the public hearing, held on January 28, 1911, some opposition developed to the setting apart of a portion of this land, in that it was claimed to be adapted for homesteading. Believing these objections to be well founded Governor Frear directed that a new description be prepared eliminating the lands in question. This having been done, he signed the proclamation on May 17, 1911. The report of the Superintendent of Forestry giving the reasons for the creation of the South Kona Forest Reserve may be found in the Forester and Agriculturist for February, 1911, Vol. VIII, No. 2, pp. 65-69.

MARKETING OF PRODUCTS.

One of several acts of the last Legislature for the promotion of diversified agriculture from which much benefit is justly expected provides for a market superintendent, who shall arrange for the disposal of Hawaiian products in the mainland markets, as well as in those supplying home demand besides advising and directing producers with regard to the ripening, packing and shipping of the commodities. This is the very service which the Forester and Agriculturist advocated having attended to, in several articles published six or seven years ago.. The only difference was that this magazine then recommended the growers of marketable staples to accomplish the object on their own behalf by codpera- tion. No doubt self help to this end would in time have been in- yoked and with success, but it would appear that circumstances

171

are unfavorable for accomplishment upon the initiative of pro- ducers without such delay as would break the spirit of the small farmer of average enterprise. Both by individuals and communi- ties, this class is very much scattered throughout the islands and consequently those having a common shipping route either to any of the local markets or to the ports of exportation are in few cases strong enough in numbers to command things generally for their own advantage.

Almost if not quite from its institution, civilized government in Hawaii has lent its power and prestige to the promotion and development of agriculture, and now under the grand condition of an absolutely free market for all products in the United States, of which this group is an integral part, there should be no excep- tion made with regard to the diversified crops for which there is constant demand at good prices not only on the mainland but in foreign countries, yet which available acreage and congenial soil and climate are only scantily and fitfully yielding because of various obstacles that are well within the power of the little com- monwealth to overcome or remove. Chief among the drawbacks to be conquered are the lack of colonization or homestead roads, adequate and efficient water transportation at fair rates and a proper system of marketing of which the promise has instigated these remarks.

Sundry new industries, it is true, have distanced paternalism in the race toward the goal, but these are in the category of produc- tion of world market commodities, which, te be profitable, calls for output on a comparatively large scale—such as cotton, rubber, coffee, preserved fruits, etc. Yet even in the case of these, there is large scope for improvement in the matter of: facilities for transportation available to some existing plantations, while all three great requisites above mentioned are wanting throughout the islands in such degree as undoubtedly keeps untold expanses of suitable land from immediate tillage. Other legislation of last session bears more or less practically upon the great needs of diversified agriculture besides marketing Bemis! Let us hope that there will be no avoidable delay in bringing any of these development measures into complete fruitage.

WORK OF THE Hemi PORIAL TREACHERS ASSOCIA ml ON FOR 1910-11.

_ Lhe Territorial Teachers’ Association of Hawaii has a long and creditable record of endeavor. During the many years of its activity it has interested itself in all matters pertaining to the upbuilding of an efficient school system. It has been a potent factor in constantly raising the ideals of service of the teaching profession of Hawaii.

The long continued existence of the body is “a strong indica- tion of the right professional spirit among the teachers,” and this

ce

172

spirit has been especially manifest during the meetings of the past year. °

The Association consists of a central organization in Hono- lulu, with branch organizations upon each of the other islands. Any teacher of the public or private schools is eligible to mem- _ bership. There are no dues nor fees. The officers consist of a president, vice-president and secretary, elected annually. The officers for 1910-11 were Mr. J. C. Davis, Miss Ida Ziegler, Mr. Vaughan MacCaughey. An advisory council, consisting of the principals of the larger schools, assists in the planning of pro- grams and other executive work of the association. Meetings are held monthly, usually in the auditorium of the McKinley High School.

With regard to the work on the other islands, Miss Josephine Deyo reported, (1909): “On Hawaii, the Hilo Teachers’ Union, organized in 1893 and composed of about seventy-five Hilo and Puna teachers, convenes four times a year. The leading features of its meetings are classroom work, general papers, discussions, addresses and exhibitions of pupils’ handiwork.

“A second Hilo society, known as the Teachers’ Reading Club, has met for eleven years on two evenings of each school month to pursue such lines of work as make for culture and broader scholarship. The present work is on the art, literature and history of Spain.

“The Kohala Teachers’ Association, now about seventeen years old, meets quarterly and is a helpful factor in the Kohala educa- tional field. Practical schoolroom work and the presentation of successful methods and devices by capable teachers characterize its meetings.”

Once a year all the Maui teachers meet at Wailuku as the ‘Maui Teachers’ Association.” The Wailuku-Makawao Associa- tion of about fifty members meets oncé in two months, emphasizes the work of primary grades and pays some attention to the sub- ject of school agriculture.

The Lahaina Association, which meets monthly, was organized September, 1908, with thirty members including teachers from Molokai, who attend the meetings once in three months. Dis- cussions and exchange of views on topics of vital interest to teachers, rather than the reading of formal papers, is favored by this body.

Distance and the difficulties of island travel make it impossible for all the teachers of the Territory to avail themselves of the advantages of association work, but the organizations mentioned above include a large percentage of our teaching force.

Educational matters have had a prominent place in the legis- latures of both the nation and the Territory during the past year. Concomitantly, the association has taken a particular interest in legislation affecting education.

The Dolliver-Davis bill, pending the action of Congress, re-

173

ceived careful consideration at the first two meetings of the year. This well-known bill is in the interests of vocational training, with special reference to agriculture. It augments the extension work now so largely carried on by the agricultural colleges, and provides for the training of teachers to teach vocational subjects. On the whole, the bill is very broad in its provisions and, if it were to become law, it would act as a forceful and widespread stimulus to the teaching of agriculture and related subjects. President Gilmore, of the College of Hawaii, presented this mat- ter at the first meeting of the year, and enlarged upon its benefits to Hawaii before the principals’ section of the second meeting. Formal action favoring the measure was taken by the association, the branches upon the other islands were notified, and recom- mendations were sent to the Territory’s representative at Wash- ington.

The work of the School Fund Commission was most heartily commended by the association, and the recommendations of that commission to the Legisiature were formally seconded. Mr. Wallace R. Farrington, chairman of the commission, presented a succinct statement of its conclusions with regard to the best edu- cational policy for Hawaii. A brief digest is as follows:

“First, that throughout the American mainland the public school has a recognized prior claim upon the revenues of the country. Second, that the demands of public education are principally met by a specific tax on real property and personal property levied in sufficient amount to meet the requirements of the public schools. Third, the income from the public lands is almost invariably turned over, in a large measure, to the cause of education.”

The ability to speak. read and write the English language is of paramount importance, educationally and politically in a land of such cosmopolitan population as is Hawaii. Emphasis is placed upon “establishing the relationship between the thought and the spoken, written or printed symbol for the thought. This relation- ship is the basis for all of the child’s future work.

“Tn schools where the mother tongue is the tongue of the school- room, this relationship is established by the home, and the teacher gives attention principaliy to drilling the child on the recognition of the written or printed symbols, but where the tongue of the schoolroom is not the language of the home, as in Hawaii, it is necessary to first establish this relationship before giving the needed drill on the symbol. Only in this way can the teacher be sure that the child is learning to talk, write and read the English language.”

This work naturally receives special attention in the primary grades. Mrs. Knight, of Kaiulani school, conducted a round table on “Methods of Teaching Primary Reading,’ which was well attended, and where marked interest was shown.

Of great usefulness as an aid in teaching English, and of high educative value in itself, is the arts and crafts work in the primary

174

grades—expression through the thing, as well as through the lan- guage—symbol. “Art Expression in the Primary. Grades,” formed the central theme of a presentation by Miss Jessie Shaw. To quote Kirby: “Our public school art education has a peculiar significance as a medium for a liberal education, since it has for its prime aim the training of the senses and the co-ordination of the potential but very discordant faculties of the child * * * efficiency and fitness for life’s work are primarily dependent upon the harmonious working of the motor and sensory centers of the human machine.”

Athletic sports and pastimes form an important factor in the development of the boy and girl in the upper grades. This state- ment was fully elucidated by Principal C. T. Fitts, of Punahou Preparatory School, who made a strong plea for the recognition of athletics in the grammar grades, for the codperation of teachers and principals, and for a thorough systematization of effort. The good work of the Grammar School League of Honolulu is well known. Those who are interested in this subject will find a very helpful article in the Proceedings of the N. E. A. for 1909, by Chadsey, entitled “The Proper Relation of Organized Sports on Public Playgrounds and in Public Schools.”

At a sectional meeting Miss Ida Ziegler, of the Normal School, had charge of a section on “Teaching of Arithmetic in Grammar Grades.” She dealt with the most effective methods of outlining work, presenting problems, and for developing mathematical in- dependence on the part of the pupil.

Several noteworthy papers dealing with natural science sub- jects were presented at various meetings. Mr. Bairos, of the Department of Natural Science of the McKinley High School, addressed the association on “The School as Related to Civic Health Problems.” He elucidated the numerous relationships be- tween natural science teaching in the public schools and the problems of community health that continually force themselves upon the city. The mosquito campaign and the various prevaient bacterial diseases afforded him timely and graphic illustrations for the main points of his argument.

“Methods of Teaching Geography,” were given detailed atten- tion by Miss Ruth Shaw, in charge of that work at the Normal School. She gave special attention to the use of types, that is, the detailed study of typical regions, political divisions, industries, etc., and the use of these in illustrating other similar groups.

An address upon “Natural Science Teaching in the Public Schools” was given by Mr. Vaughan MacCaughey, of the Col- lege of Hawaii. He dwelt especially upon the child’s right to a knowledge of the common things of his environment. Natural science teaching no longer neéds to excuse itself, it has a legiti- mate place in the curriculum. The importance of first hand con- tact with the subject matter, through OR ERE OEY exercises and field excursions, was discussed.

175

Principal Edgar Wood, of the Normal School, urged at several meetings the consideration of industrial education, and the asso- ciation expressed its approval of the following plan for this Ter- ritory :

On each of the four islands, Kauai, Oahu, Maui and Hawaii, schools shall be established contiguous to important centers of industry. These schools to give training in agriculture, home economics, trades and industries. This instruction to be given in field, garden, kitchen and shops, and to be of such practical nature as to enable the pupils at the end of the course to take up work in connection with the respective industries at remunerative wages.

The type school for such a system is as follows: A school shall be established in a given locality when twenty-five students can be assured. The attendance of all boys and girls between the ages of 14 and 18, both inclusive, who are not otherwise wisely and profitably employed, shall be required. The equipment of the -school shall consist of a farm of not less than 25 acres, to be in- creased in proportion to the number of boys attending by 2% acres per boy, and to be equipped with essential hand tools. A shop equipped to meet the needs of the industries of the neighbor- hood. Residence buildings provided with sanitary and culinary equipment for properly housing and feeding the pupils. Students shall be remunerated for their work in accordance with current value, or profit-sharing. Students shall work the first two years on the farm or in the shops of the school, and the last two years one-half of each day in the fields or shops of the industry of the locality. The rest of each day will be devoted to the study of related academic subjects—mathematics, geography, reading and writing, etc. The Department of Public Instruction will engage and pay all instructors. The industry will supply lands, buildings and equipments, and pay the students working for them in fields, shops, etc. The school shall cultivate the land set apart by the industry, and pay the pupils part of the proceeds of the crop.

Among the very important papers of the year were those relat- ing to the general welfare of the schools. President Horne, of the Kamehameha Schools, delivered a most helpful address on “Increasing the Efficiency of Hawaii's Schools,” a lucid exposi- tion of practical attainment of greater powers for service. “Ha- waiian Schools and Citizenship,’ by Dr. Scudder, of Central Union Church, laid fitting emphasis upon the necessity for train- ing our young people toward moral and civic responsibility. Mr. W. A. Bowen, at a special meeting for the consideration of the needs of our schools as related to possible legislative action, spoke forcefully upon “Public Interest and the Schools.”

Many other features of the year’s work might be dwelt upon, but the above synopsis at least indicates the forward spirit that has ever characterized the actions of the association. There are many defects that will gradually right themselves—greater soli-

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darity of organization, more interest in the out-of-town teachers, systematic publication of addresses and papers—but these are minor flaws in an institution that represents the best interests of our public school system, the crowning glory of the American commonwealth, VAUGHAN MACCAUGHEY, Secretary. The College of Hawaii.

A THEORY REGARDING THE MANGANESE SOILS AND PINEAPPLES.

The manganese soil of Wahiawa presents a peculiar if not unique problem when studied with relation to its effect upon the pineapple. In many cases the pineapple plants upon this soil are stunted in growth, are more susceptible to infection, are sickly in appearance and lack the healthy green color imparted by a nor- inal supply of chlorophyl. While it is admitted that these condi- tions may be brought about by agents other than manganese such as lack of drainage, root-rot, uric acid and its salts in liquid manures, still it is conceded that in this particular case the man- ganese is responsible for these unhealthy manifestations. Prac- tically every one who has made an investigation of this problem has drawn some conclusion correlating the unhealthy appearance of the pineapples with the manganese in the soil.

Manganese is found widely distributed in nature, but never in the free state. It is found mostly in combination with oxygen as manganese dioxide (pyrolusite), manganic oxide (braunite), and red manganese oxide (hausmanite). There is also a man- ganous oxide which with the manganic oxide shows basic charac- teristics. This fact may account for the results obtained by W. P. Kelley in Press Bulletin 23, Hawaii Experiment Station, showing that the acidity of the manganese soils was less than adjacent fields containing only moderate amounts of manganese. Man- ganese dioxide is able to give manganous salts with the elimina- tion of available oxygen and it is also capable of combining with more basic oxides such as lime to form unstable compounds known as manganites.

Keliey has found manganese in these soils equivalent to 9.74% inangano-manganic oxide. Analyses made in this laboratory as early as February, 1906, showed the manganese soils to contain manganese equivalent to 7.8% mangano-manganic oxide, 2.1% of which was combined in silicate form and the balance as higher oxides.

Mr. O. Tamm, investigating complex manganese compounds of the hydroxy acids found that citric acid dissolved considerable amounts of manganous hydroxide. The oxides of manganese have also been shown to be soluble in acids. H. Molish has shown that various water plants when placed in solutions of different

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organic and inorganic compounds of manganese deposited man- ganese dioxide in the epidermis of the leaves. Other investigators, particularly in Japan, have shown that manganese salts have a toxic effect upon plants other than pineapples when used in large amounts. It can be said briefly that the manganese oxides and hydroxides which exist in the Wahiawa soils are soluble in hydroxy acids including citric acid which is responsible for the greater part of the acidity of the pineapple; that it is possible for manganese salts to be taken up and deposited in the plant, and that these salts in large amounts would no doubt be toxic to the plant. It is doubtful, however, if manganese dioxide would be deposited in the pineapple as Molish found to be the case with water plants for the reason that the citric acid would immediately act upon it liberating carbon dioxide.

Wherever sugar cane has been planted upon these soils it has given much better results than pineapples. There must be some- thing essentially different in the nature of the two crops with relation to manganese that one should be so markedly affected and the other practically unharmed. Since the mineral matter of the plant is contained in the ash we may expect to find these differ- ences made apparent in the ash. The writer has tabulated below some of the mineral matter taken up by the sugar cane and by the pineapple:

Pineapple Sugar Cane Pemanese Mrigte, 22200. oe. | Li52 .05 eae! Seemed), sia atlule 8.25 6.07 Paper ere fT Seater Waitiocjina. aac 7.61 4G RE, UM i oy nh Ge cha x ase os 40.00 SROs) Preemorte. acide) Gh phos be. vn... - 4.5 8.05

As the ash of the pineapple is at least 1.5% of the plant and the ash of cane is not over .8% it will be seen that the pineapple plant takes up more of these ingredients pound for pound than does the cane. This is true particularly of the manganese, chlorine and lime. The greater solubility of the salts in the pineapple may be due to greater acidity or some other cause, but we have evi- dence from the ash analysis that more of these elements are taken up by the plant than by the sugar cane. There is considerable manganese present in some soluble form possibly complex and organic, there is considerable chlorine present indicating chlorides of the alkalis and alkaline earths, and there is an abundance of lime. In fact we have in the plant all the necessary elements for the decomposition of hydrochloric acid and the formation of cal- sium manganites.

Manganese dioxide with lime forms several manganites, CaO MnO, CaO 2 MnO, and CaO 5 MnO,. These compounds are very toxic and we may suppose that they could be formed in the plant or in the soil around the roots from manganese chloride,

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calcium chloride and manganese dioxide. As an example a case at Wahiawa may be cited when a heavy dose of burnt lime was applied to the field. After the application of lime the plants practically ceased to grow, turned nearly white in color and had to be taken up.

Ordinarily an application of lime would be considered beneficial but in the case of the manganese soil we find it highly injurious. This action would seem to point to some combination between the lime and manganese with the production of a toxic compound.

We know that manganese oxides are soluble in dilute acid solu- tions, that manganese is taken up by the plant in comparatively large quantity along with lime and chlorine, that calcium man- ganite is poisonous to the plant and that we have the necessary materials at hand in or around the plant for its formation. Why then may we not assume, until more data is at hand or ae explanation is forthcoming, that the toxic effects observed upon the pineapples on the manganese soil at Wahiawa is due to the action of calcium manganite primarily, and to the secondary action of other salts and acids upon the calcium manganite?

CARLTON C. JAMES. Chemical Laboratory, The Pacific Guano & Fertilizer Co.

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

Meetings of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry were held in Honolulu on April 5 and 27; May 10, 20, 22 and 23, 1911. The more important business taken up at these meetings was as follows:

MEETING OF APRIL 5, 1911.

Forestry.—The following appointments were made: Mr. George O. Cooper, District Forester for Hana, Maui, to succeed Mr. C. J. Austin, resigned. Mr. Alex. C. Dowsett, District Fire Warden in and for the District of Honuaula and Kahikinui, Maui.

Letter of Thanks.—Voted that an official letter of thanks be sent to Sheriff Jarrett and Deputy Sheriff Rose for their assist- ance at the Manoa Valley forest fire on the night of April 1, 1911.

MEETING OF APRIL 2/7, 1911.

Routine Reports——The routine reports of the Forest Nursery- man were submitted, approved and ordered placed on file, as was also the report of the Superintendent of Entomology for the month of March.

MEETING OF MAy 10, 1911.

Forestry.—The routine reports of the Superintendent of For- estry for March and April were submitted. Action on them was deferred until the next meeting.

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_The question of granting permits to gather awa in the Ter- ritorial forest reserves was referred to the Superintendent of Forestry to be reported upon with recommendations.

Use of Water in Forest Reserves—Mr. Campbell notified the Board that the Attorney General had rendered an opinion, No. 203, dated May 5, 1911, by Mr. A. G. Smith, which ruled that a water license recently issued to the Pupukea Water Users’ Asso- ciation to develop water on and pipe the same from the Pupukea Forest Reserve should have been issued by the Board of Agri- culture and Forestry rather than the Superintendent of Public Works and Commissioner of Public Lands. The Board there- upon formally approved the action taken by Mr. Campbell in granting this license.

Remarks by H. M. Curran.—At the invitation of the President, Mr. H. M. Curran, of the Philippine Forest Reserve, temporarily a Special Agent in the Division of Forestry, addressed the Board. Mr. Curran referred briefly to his findings in regard to the forest in the Koolau District, Maui, as set forth more at length in his report to the Board dated May 12, 1911, and then went on to point out certain things which in his judgment the Territory should do to get the most good out of its forest properties.

In substance his recommendations were that all available waste land controlled by the government, especially tracts near markets, should be got under forest, so that in due course wood could be cut and sold and a revenue derived for the use of the Board. He favored the extension of the algaroba forest on the dry hills back of Honolulu and in other like situations, as well as on the areas on the plantations not suitable for more intensive forms of agri- culture.

Further, Mr. Curran thought that some arrangements ought to be made whereby at least a part of the revenues derived from the use of water from the forest reserves should be made available for the use of the Board in conducting and especially in extending its forest work. He said that in his judgment it ought to be pos- sible to make the Hawaiian forests yield in wood and water hand- some returns each year. The European forests yield from $2.00 to $5.00 per acre per annum. With water playing the large role that it does in Hawaii it should be possible to get somewhat simi- lar returns here.

Finances.—After some discussion of the financial situation of the Board it was voted that the chairmen of the three principal committees look thoroughly into the matter, particularly with re- gard to the allotment of special work, and report to the Board at a subsequent meeting.

MEETINGS TO CONSIDER FINANCES.

On May 20, 22 and 23 the Board held special meetings er aeats sider the financial situation of the Board, especially with reference

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to the allotment for the coming fiscal period. On May 12, 1911, the Conservation Fund Apportionment Board rescinded the sched- ule of allotments under which the Board was working and reap- propriated, for the period of 15 months from April 1, 1911, the following amounts:

For the general use of the Board, $52,500. (This is $3,300 per month, a continuance of the existing arrangement.) For completing the forest planting in the Pupukea Forest Reserve, now in progress, $815. For planting and fencing the Kohala Mt. Forest Reserve, $65,000. For inspection of fruits, plants, etc., for transportation between the islands, $6,000.

The several chiefs of Division having been directed to submit reports, filed statements showing that to carry on the work of the board as it is at present organized, would require $60,949, as against the allotment by the Apportionment Board of $52,500. Voted that the members of the Board take up the matter with the Governor and Board of Apportionment to see if it 1s not possible in some way to increase the Board’s allotment.

The Acting President announced that Mrs. C. 1. Brown had tendered her resignation as secretary of the Board. Voted that this resignation be accepted as of May 31. An application from the Hawaiian Agricultural Co. for a license to maintain flume lines in the Kau Forest Reserve was referred to the Superin- tendent of Forestry for recommendations.

An application from the California Cultivator for the use of the plates appearing in the last report of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry was refused, it being the sense of the Board that it was inadvisable to permit such use of the Board’s plates unless the article to accompany them could be prepared under the super- vision of the Board.

DIVISION OF FORESTRY. ROUTINE REPORT.

Honolulu, May 10, 1911. The Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H.

Gentlemen :—I have the honor to submit the routine report of the Division of Forestry for the months of March and April, 1911.

BIENNIAL REPORT.

The report of the Board for the Biennial period ending De- cember 31, 1910, was issued on March 11. Copies were dis- tributed to a large list of persons in the Territory and sent to libraries and individuals on our mailing list, outside the islands. An edition of 3000 copies was printed, of which 500 were bound as Division separates. | |

181 TREE PLANTING.

Following an official call for tenders for planting an area of government land on the Kohala Mountain, above Waimea Vil- lage, Kohala, Hawaii, a contract has been entered into with Mr. A. W. Carter. The planting is to be carried out in accordance with a planting plan drawn up by this Division last year. The object is to replace a stand of forest on a section of the Kohala Mountain from which water is obtained for use on the plains below. To attend to the details of this matter and get the work actually started, Mr. Haughs went over to Hawaii and was at Waimea during the first ten days of April. The money for this planting comes from a special allotment made from the Con- servation Fund in 1910.

The other government forest planting project authorized out of this special allotment, the planting of the portion of the Pu- pukea Forest Reserve, Oahu, formerly known as “Water Re- serve C,” is also progressing favorably. An examination re- cently made of the trees planted last year showed that approxi- mately 85% of those set out have now reached the height of three feet—the height required before the second installment of the contract price could be paid the contractor. This young forest will in a short time now make a marked difference in the appearance of the upper lands at Pupukea. It cannot fail to be of benefit to that section of the island in a number of ways.

FOREST... FIRES.

On April 1, a forest fire at the head of Manoa Valley gave the staff of the Division of Forestry a brisk fight for a few hours, until it was got under control. The fire escaped from Chinese laborers who were burning brush above Mr. James Boyd’s place, and ran up the steep ridge into a mass of Staghorn fern under an open stand of Koa trees. Fortunately, members of the staff, with the President of the Board, happened to be in Manoa Val- ley when the fire was discovered, so that no time was lost. Sev- eral laborers were secured locally, who got the fire under control. Later in the evening, thanks to the courtesy of Sheriff Jarrett, a gang of prisoners was sent up the valley. These men con- tinued to patrol the burned area during the night. It is esti- mated that the area burned over was between 20 and 25 acres.

On April 28, Mr. Haughs responded to a call that there was a forest fire in the mountains in the Ewa District. This fortu- nately proved to be a mistake, the reflected light from cane trash fires in a new locality being responsible. But had there really been a fire, the presence on the ground of a member of this staff would have led to prompt action in combating it.

182 WOOD ON TANTALUS.

During April arrangements were made for the utilization of certain Eucalyptus trees blown down in the Tantalus forest dur- ing a Kona storm in February. Some of the trees were cut up into posts which will be used in durability tests on the grounds of the College of Hawaii in Manoa Valley. From others timbers were cut out that will be tested in the harbor as to their value for piling. Some of the wood will be cut into blocks for trial as wood paving. The rest will be sold as firewood. The money from this sale goes into the Treasury as a general realization.

SEED LAW.

In accordance with the direction of the Board, the Superin- tendent of Entomology and Forestry spent some time during April in the preparation of a Pure Seed Law, which was passed by the Legislature as Act 107. Copies of this law have been reprinted for distribution, here and abroad. It is suggested that it would help in its enforcement and tend to prevent the intro- duction of weeds into Hawaii if persons ordering seed in quan- tity were to send copies of this Act with their order. The Board will be glad to supply copies of the law on request.

INVESTIGATION OF KOOLAU, MAUI, FOREST.

For some time arrangements have been under way whereby one of the Foresters of the Philippine Bureau of Forestry should visit Hawaii for the purpose of consultation over certain forest problems presented by the death of a portion of the native forest in the District of Koolau, Maui. During April this project has been carried out by the visit of Mr. H. M. Curran of the Philip- pine staff, who has stopped over between transports on his way back to Manila from the mainland. Temporarily Mr. Curran has been appointed Special Forest Inspector in the Division of Forestry.

The object of Mr. Curran’s visit to Hawaii is to assist in work- ing out plans for the replacement of forest on the areas where the old growth has been killed. To this end, he, with the Super- intendent of Forestry, spent the fortnight from April 18 to the end of the month on Maui. A detailed report of recommenda- tions as to how best to treat this forest will be submitted to the Board in the near future, prior to Mr. Curran’s departure for Manila on the May transport.

BOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

Early in April, Mr. J. F. Rock, the Botanical Assistant of the Division of Forestry, visited Hawaii to collect plant material in

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the Districts of Puna and Kau, in the vicinity of the Volcano House, more especially on the section that it is proposed be set apart as a National Park. He found a number of interesting plants, some new to science, of which further mention will be made hereafter.

Later in April, Mr. Rock accompanied Mr. Hosmer and Mr. Curran on their trip to Maui, remaining after their return to collect additional material in the Koolau and Hana _ Districts. From these several expeditions the Herbarium is decidedly the gainer. A later report will give a summary of the results ob- tained.

Very respectfully,

RALPH S/OSMER Superintendent of Forestry.

NORES TROM THE NURSERY.

For the months of March and April, 1911, there were dis- tributed from the Government Nursery the following plants:

In seed In boxes Pot boxes transplanted grown Total DtaGel SON oc. . meet ss « 58,000 450 Bae, = Ol a0r Cis . ee e. . 2,900 660 aot 6 neg Al 60,500 1,110 3,208 64,818 POET SOU a. ona os oa 3,000 550 644 4,194 OMeHTS. . Meta cy 3,000 hry | el OT 51 6,000 550 SO) 7,345

The collections for these months were: March, $167.55; April, $30.00. Of the March amount, $100 was received for plants grown at the sub-nursery at Homestead, Kauai, conducted under the supervision of Mr. W. D. McBryde.

From April 4 to 11, the Forest Nurseryman was at Waimea, Hawaii, arranging details in connection with the forest planting on the Kohala mountain, now being carried on for the Board, un- der contract, by the Parker Ranch.

There are now at the Makiki Garden a large number of plants new to the Territory resulting from the seed sent» back from various foreign countries by Mr. Gerrit P. Wilder. Some of these are sure to prove useful introductions to Hawaii.

184 PUNA FOREST RESERVE.

Honolulu, June 8, 1911.

The Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H.

Gentlemen :—I have the honor to recommend the creation of a forest reserve in the District of Puna, Island and County of Ha- wali, to be known as the Puna Forest Reserve, covering a tract of 19,850 acres of government land.

The area in question is the tract of government land known generally as Kaohe, lying mauka of the homesteads near Pahoa, on a portion of which the Hawaiian Development Company is now conducting logging operations under a license from the Ter- ritorial Government, granted in January, 1910.

It will be recalled that in the autumn of 1909 the question was before the Board of setting apart this area as a forest reserve. But because certain of the area proposed to be set apart was re- garded as potentially agricultural land, which, after it had been cut over was to be subject to homesteading, the Governor thought it inadvisable to set the land apart as a forest reserve at that time.

During the past year the area supposed to be most fit for agri- culture, that is, the section nearest the existing Kaohe Home- steads above Pahoa, has been logged. As the land further mauka is not deemed as suitable for agricultural use, the Governor is now willing to waive his objections and to set apart the portion of the tract that still remains uncut, as a forest reserve.

To this end a new description has been prepared by the Survey Office, eliminating the area of prospective agricultural land. The area originally proposed to be reserved was 23,850 acres; the area now recommended is 19,850 acres.

The proposed Puna Forest consists of a but little explored tract covered by a more or less heavy stand of Ohia Lehua forest, in- terspersed with open lava fields, and areas of scrub growth. The logging operations of the Hawaiian Development Company are eradually opening up the section, but as yet much of. it remains inaccessible. The value of this forest is primarily because the wood and timber from it is of commercial importance and can be sold. As pointed out by me in earlier reports, especially in a report dated June 1, 1910, that was published in the Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist for January, 1910, Vol. VII, No. 1, pp. 29-35, the Puna forest is now at a point of growth where it is ready to be cut. All things considered I believe it was good policy to grant the logging license now in force.

If this land is now set apart as a forest reserve it will bring the supervision of the logging under the Board of Agriculture and Forestry, and further, will make it possible for the Board to receive the money paid for the timber cut, for as soon as the land is set apart as a forest reserve, all revenues from forest products

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sold therefrom come to the Board, under the law, as a special fund to be used for forest work.

Believing that the forest lands of the Territory should be handled by the Board of Agriculture and Forestry and for the special reason outlined above, | recommend that the Board ap- prove the setting apart of this area as a forest reserve, and that a formal request be made to the Governor that he proceed with the necessary steps so to set it apart.

Very respectfully, RALPH S. HosMER, Superintendent of Forestry.

Pie. MAU PORES TS.

By H. M. Curran, Philippine Bureau of Forestry. Honolulu, T. H., May 12, 1911.

To the Board of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H.

Gentlemen :—I have the honor of submitting the following re- port on the condition of the forests on the windward slopes of Mt. Haleakala, Maui, and to recommend certain measures for the protection and improvement of this valuable property.

GENERAL STATEMENT.

From the forests of Mt. Haleakala the greater part of the agri- cultural water, used on the island of Maui, is derived. These forests yield a revenue of over $50,000 a year in water rights alone. The present forest area is much less than formerly due to unrestricted grazing and timber cutting on leased and private lands. The principal areas of water bearing forest are now fenced and protected from grazing and cutting.

DEAD TIMBER.

Extending along the line of the main ditch for 10 miles and with an average width of less than a mile is an area of forest in which irregular patches of dead and defective timber occur covering perhaps one-fifth of its total area, or approximately two square miles. The death of this timber is reported to have occurred during the past five years.

Wind storms of exceptional violence occurred about 5 years ago. Very soon after these storms it was noticed that the trees were rapidly dying. The areas which suffered most were ex-

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posed flats where adverse soil conditions,* excessive moisture, and the opening of the forest by grazing and ditch construction had reduced the normal vigor of the forest cover to a point where it was unable to withstand any further increase of unfavorable conditions. It is therefore probable that heavy winds may be regarded as the immediate cause of the death of the forest.

A close examination of the effected areas shows a return of all elements of the original cover. Herbaceous and shrubby plants are coming in rapidly and the trees very slowly. In the virgin forest beyond the principal tract of dead timber are older areas where the trees have been killed, probably by a similar com- bination of adverse conditions. These older areas are in various stages of return to normal forest cover.

It is believed that the dying of the forest in this region is not a new and dangerous condition liable to spread rapidly, and cause a complete destruction of the water bearing forest, but that since the first establishment of forests on the bare volcanic slopes they have been subject to injury by wind and that certain areas where conditions were least favorable to tree growth have been periodi- cally denuded.

Abnormal conditions, due to the interference by men and graz- ing animals with the normal forest cover, have accentuated the already extremely unfavorable conditions and made it possible for the winds to devastate larger areas than formerly.

It is believed that if in the future proper precautions are taken to prevent the opening of the forest, and especially if a certain amount of planting for windbreak purposes be undertaken, the damage from winds may be reduced to a comparatively small area and the forest cover extended and improved very materially. The object of windbreaks is not so much to prevent the throwing of the trees as to make possible better leaf development. With this protection the forest, even if shallow rooted, may reasonably be expected to re-establish itself.

RECOM MENDATIONS.

It is further recommended that the entire windward forest area on Mt. Haleakala be organized into a single property under a technically trained forester and his necessary assistants, and that 20% of the gross revenues derived from the property for water and other rights be expended annually for its protection and im- provement.

* Dr, H. L. Lyon (see The Hawaiian Planters’ Record, Vol. I, Nos. 3 and 4, 1909) places the adverse soil condition as the principal cause of the trouble. In my opinion the condition of the soil should occupy a secondary place. The extended investigation of the different members of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station force entitle their opinion to greater weight than my own investigation made 1 ina few days and long after the dying of the forests. > — -

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In case it is impossible at once to perfect this organization it is suggested that the interests with water rights in the forest be induced to spend not less than $5,000 a year in planting and pro- tection work under the direction of the Superintendent of Forestry.

And it is further suggested that for money so expended on government lands the individuals and corporations who bear the expense of this planting shall be allowed to remove from public forests timber and firewood whose value shall not exceed the amount of money expended by them in such planting. Timber and firewood to be removed only at such times and in such a way as the Superintendent of Forestry shall direct.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Ren 1ON INTER-ISLAND INSPECTION OE4¥RUITS, Swipe, PUNN TS AND SOIR:

Honolulu, June 8, 1911.

Honorable Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H.

Gentlemen :—I have looked into the various phases which will present themselves when inter-island inspection of fruits, vege- tables, plants and soil is taken up and the following suggestions may be useful in the getting up of rules and regulations per- taining to the inspection.

I believe that it is not necessary to have trained scientists as inspectors in inter-island inspection, but to have good reliable men fit for police duty on the same line as are used by the health board. The main object in this inspection work is to see that no fruits or plants or soils are shipped out of or into the other islands, and this does not require inspection for infestations generally speaking. Men for this work. I believe, can be obtained here.

I believe that in conjunction with inter-island inspection there should be established a local inspection which for a beginning could be started with two good men and their main duty would be to visit the various fields and gardens, especially about Hono- lulu and force the growers to practice clean culture, by which is meant the destruction of all fruits and vegetables which are found infested with the melon fly and fruit fly and other injurious in- sects whose spread is becoming a menace to the smaller industries. I believe that this will tend to greatly reduce existing pests, as it will prevent in a great measure the enormous increase which such fruits and vegetables, now allowed to remain undestroyed in the fields, are causing. The money used would be of untold value to the Territory and would do much to prevent the spread of pests to the other islands. If any pest is reduced by clean culture there is less chance for marketable fruit being infested, but on the other

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hand when pests are permitted to increase at will ( threugh the careless neglect to gather up and burn all infested produce in the field) we shall have not only double work to perform, but all this will tend to discourage the small farmer and other branches advocated by the Governor, such as field demonstrations for the homesteader and the opening of markets, which are to be taken up by the Federal Experiment Station.

If the funds set aside for inter-island inspection can be used for this work, I believe that the Board of Agriculture has the power, with the consent of the Governor, to pass the necessary regulations to cause the destruction of infested and worthless produce in the fields and gardens and markets.

The Mediterranean fruit fly is proving a great pest. We even found it attacking green peppers and when island fruits are out of season the insect might take to other fruits and vegetables in its struggle to survive. The melon fly has been a great menace for many years and has been reared from oranges. All this goes to show that unless we can begin to cope with these two pests in some way, pending the finding of their natural enemies, cultural matters will become worse as time goes on. Individuals are will- ing to destroy all infested produce, but the constant complaint 1s that the neighbor won’t do anything. In California the man who neglects clean culture and wilfully breeds pests is prevented from doing so by certain laws which are enforced by field inspectors. Why cannot this be done here in Hawaii?

Why should the melon grower be allowed to leave infested melons lying about his field or why should the pineapple grower be permitted to allow old discarded plants, badly infested with mealy bugs, to remain stacked up along the roadside?

Respectfully submitted, Epw. M. ExRuorN, Superintendent of Entomology.

REPORT FOR MAY.

Honolulu, May 31, 1911.

Honorable Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Gentlemen :—I herewith respectfully submit my report of the work of the Division of Entomology for the month of May.

During this month we boarded 31 vessels and we found fruit, vegetables and plants on 20 of them.

The usual careful inspection was made of all the shipments with the following result: -

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Disposal with principal causes. Lots: Parcels. Eassediashinee ‘Thamrpests iti hea) a. oie. 1123 12,194 ee eee caer vee ree ee LA 17 CMMCRE COME > OO co iat yaa es es 4 10 a0

RAT rene \. | rere hia aeys fara woul. 1150 12,264

RICE SHIPMENTS.

The rice shipments exceeded 30,000 bags this month amount- ing to a total of 30,218 bags. We examined each consignment carefully and found these free from weevils and other pests.

PESTS aLINTERCEPTED,

On a shipment of Orchids and Birdnest ferns from Manila we found quite a number of insect pests and most of the sending was destroyed. Several Maple trees and pine trees from Japan being infested with scale insects were destroyed. One lot of Chrysanthemums from Ohio arrived by mail and was very badly infested with the black Chrysanthemum aphis. We returned this to the Ohio shipper and notified him of our laws and regulations. We don’t expect any further trouble from that section.

There was quite a stir the other day in town on account of the discovery of a small snake found in the sand at the new building on Fort street. The sand came by the vessel W. P. Frye and the snake was a very small watersnake, ten inches long, which had evidently been scooped into the vessel from barges which bring the sand from the creeks. Snakes are sometimes reported by stable men as being found in bales of hay. Whenever we hear of such introductions we generally find out where the snakes are and see to it thapthey ace killed. The W.P. Frye snake 1s in alcohol at the laboratory.

During the month there arrived two Queenbees by mail for W. L. Hardy, Hana. Mr. Hardy notified us of this shipment long before it arrived and we found all according to regulations.

BENEFICIAL INSECTS.

Three colonies of Vedalia cardinalis were sent out on request, one to Molokai and two to Kahuku plantation, where the Iron- woods were badly infested with Cottony Cushion Scale.

Starting June Ist I have engaged Mr. Valentine Marcallino to act as Wharf Assistant for this Division, it being of the greatest necessity for efficient work in the inspection line.

JIILO INSPECTION.

My inspector at Hilo, Brother Newell, reports the arrival of six steamers and one sailing vessel. Five steamers brought vege-

190

table matter consisting of 132 lots and 1313 parcels of which 3 parcels had to be treated to fumigation on account of aphis.

Respectfully submitted,

Epw. M. Euruorn, Superintendent of Entomology.

BY AUTHORITY.

PROCLAMATION OF FOREST RESERVE IN THE DISTRICTS OF SOUTH KONA AND KAU, ISLAND AND COUNTY OF HAWAII.

Under and by virtue of the authority vested in me by the provisions of Chapter 28 of the Revised Laws of Hawaii, as amended by Act 65 of the Session Laws of 1905, and by Act 4 of the Session Laws of 1907, and of every other power me hereunto enabling, I, Walter F. Frear, Governor of Hawaii, with the approval of a majority of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, having held the hearing of which notice has been duly given as in said acts provided, do hereby recommend and approve as a Forest Reserve to be called the ‘‘South Kona Forest Reserve,’’ those certain pieces of government and privately owned land in the Districts of South Kona and Kau, Island of Hawaii, which may be described roughly as being the area of forest lying between the upper edge of the section of cleared land along the Government Road and the western boundary of the land of Kahuku, extending from the land of Kaohe to the land of Manuka, inclusive, and containing an area of 36,952 acres, more or less, in the Districts of South Kona and Kau, Island and County of Hawaii, Territory of Hawaii, more particularly described by and on maps made in August, 1910, by the Government Sur- vey Department of the Territory of Hawaii, which said maps are now on file in the said Survey Department marked Government Survey Registered Maps Nos, 2468 and 2469 and ‘‘Waiea-Kipahoehoe Forest Reserve’’ and ‘¢Kapua-Manuka Forest. Reserve’’ respectively, and a description accom- panying the same in three parts numbered C. 8. F. 2211, 2245 and 2246, which said description now on file in the said Survey Department, is as follows:

SOUTH KONA FOREST RESERVE. KAOHE-OPIHIHALI SECTION.

Including the lands of Kaohe 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, Waikakuu, Kukuiopae, Kolo, Olelomoana 1 and 2, and Opihihali 1 and 2. C.S..F. 2246.

( Beginning at a + on set stone and ahu at the southeast corner of Lot 12, Olelomoana Homesteads, and on the Opihihali 2nd and Kaapuna boun- dary, the co-ordinate referred, to Government Survey Trig. Station ‘‘ Kipa- hoehoe’’ being: 4713.6 feet North and 4982.0 feet East, as shown on Government Survey Registered Map No. 2468, and running by true azimuths: 1. 194° 30’ 1300.0 feet along Olelomoana Homestead Lot 12 to a + on set stone and ahu; 2. 207° 57’ 1325.0 feet along Olelomoana Homestead Lot 11 to spike in pahoehoe and ahu; 3. 224° 20’ 2290.0 feet along Olelomoana Homestead Lot 10 to ahu; 4, 219° 23’ 1641.0 feet along Olelomoana Homestead Lot 9 to a + on set stone and ahu; 5. 182° 10’ 972.0 feet along Olelomoana Homestead Lot 8 to a + on set stone and ahu;

30,

dl.

89°

ii

§59.0 feet along Olelomoana Homestead Lot 7 to a + on set stone and ahu;

30.0 feet across road to a + on set stone and ahu;

1105.0 feet along Olelomoana Homestead Lot 6 to an un- marked point on, the boundary between Olelomoana Ist and 2nd;

1520.0 feet across the land of Olelomoana Ist to an un- marked point on the boundary between Olelomoana Ist and Kolo;

2855.0 feet along Grant 3607 to J. M. Monsarrat to a + on set stone and ahu;

2188.0 feet along Grant 3607 to J. M. Monsarrat to a A on set stone and ahu;

254.0 feet along Grant 1975 to Maele to a + on set stone and ahu;

204.0 feet along. Grant 1975 to Maele to a + on set stone

=~, \ and ;ahu:

230.0 feet along Grant 1975 to Maele to a + on set stone and ahu;

1930.0 feet along Kukuiopae Homestead Lot 7 to a + on set stone and ahu;

2577.0 feet along Kukuiopae Homestead Lots 7-6-5-4-road-

way and Lot 3 to a + on set stone and ahu;

62.4 feet along Government land to an unmarked point; 1.0 feet along Grant 2368 to Ohua to a + on set stone and ahu; ‘ 1065.6 feet across the land of Kaohe 4 to a + on set stone and ahu at the Southeast corner of Grant 1973 to Pahua, the true azimuth and distance to ‘‘ Eleele’’

Trig. Station being; 115° 0593.0 feet;

1345.0 feet along Grant 1973 to Pahua to a + on set stone and ahu by large ohia tree;

145.2 feet along Grant 1973 to Pahua to a + on set stone and ahu;

564.3 feet along Grant 2024 to Kuaimoku;

143.9 feet along Grant 2024 to Kuaimoku;

309.0 feet along Grant 2024 to Kuaimoku;

85.8 feet along Grant 2024 to Kuaimoku to a point on Pahoehoe 2nd and Kaohe Ist boundary, the coordi- nates of said point referred to ‘‘Pahoehoe’’ Trig. Station being; 6075.4 feet South and 6818.8 feet Kast;

45” 23857.0 feet along the land of Pahoehoe 2nd;

3965.5 feet along Kahuku boundary to an unmarked point on the North side of a small gulch, the true azimuth and distance to ‘‘Kamakaili’’ Trig. Station being: 275° 45’ 3760.0 feet;

30” 11753.0 feet along Kahuku boundary to a W marked on stone set in Hitchcock’s old ahu on the old Ku- kuiopae trail through Kipuka;

2720.0 feet along Kahuku boundary to Hitchecock’s old ahu on aa flow in a small kipuka;

5280.0 feet along Kahuku boundary to the Northeast. corner of the land of Kaapuna, the coordinates of said point referred to ‘‘Pahoehoe’’ Trig. Station being: 26670.8 feet South and 23401.4 feet East;

2345.0 feet along the land of Kaapuna to the point of beginning.

Area 9770 Acres.

192

KIPAHOEHOE SECTION.

Including the greater portion of the Government land of Kipahoehoe. C.S. F. 2245,

Beginning at the Government Survey Trig. Station ‘‘Kipahoehoe’’ (marked by an iron bolt) the true azimuth and distance to ‘‘Lae o Heku’’ Trig. Station being: 117° 15’ 04” 5188.1 feet and to ‘‘Waha Pele’’? Trig. Station being 6° 12’ 53” 8280.7 feet, as shown on Govern- ment Survey Registered Map No. 2468, and running by true azimuths:

J. 208° 11’ 2412.0 feet along Kipahoehoe remainder to an orange tree marked K at Pohakaka on the Kipahoehoe-Kaapuna boundary;

2, 272° 22’ 2007.0 feet along the land of Kaapuna to a small iron pin and large ahu on the mauka side of Government belt road and on the South side of a small gulch;

3. 272° 50’ 45” 26130.0 feet along the land of Kaapuna to a buried bottle in the center of Hitcheock’s old ahu on the aa in a kipuka near the edge of the forest;

4. 317° 02’ 3244.0 feet along the Kahuku boundary;

5. 76° 47’ 24624.0 feet along Alika Homesteads, Lot 1, Grant 5045 to J. Deniz to fence corner on site of old corner ahu;

6. 99° 03’ 1570.5 feet along Grant 3153 to Makia & Keaweokaliko to a + on set stone and ahu on edge of aa;

7. 83° 23’ 2190.0 feet along Grant 3153 to Makia & Keaweokaliko to old K marked on solid pahoehoe rock at old Govern-

| ment road;

8.° 100° 59’ 1638.0 feet along Grant 3153 to Makia & Keaweokaliko to a + on solid pahoehoe;

9, 93° 32’ 2182.0 feet along Grant 3153 to Makia & Keaweokaliko to a + on solid pahoehoe near edge of pali;

10. 180° 15’ 6816.0 feet across the land of Kipahoehoe to the point of beginning. Area 4590 Acres.

KAPUA-MANUKA SECTION.

Including portions of the lands of Honomalino, Kapua, and Kaulana- mauna, in South Kona, and portion of the land of Manuka, in Kau, Island of Hawaii. C.. sw B, .NG, 2211.

Beginning at Government Survey Trig. Station ‘‘Puu o Ahohia’’ (marked b ya large ahu) at the East corner of this reserve and at the common corners of the lands of Kaulanamauna and Manuka on the Kz- huku boundary, from which station the true azimuth and distance to Government Survey Trig. Station ‘‘Puu o Keokeo’’ is 211° 52’ 08 13078.1 feet, as shown on Government Survey Registered Map No. 2469, and running by true azimuths:

1. 28° 55’ 30” 6621.6 feet along the land of Kahuku to a + on set stone and ahu at Pohakuloa, a small rocky hill in large sand flat;

2. 16° 41’ 16705.0 feet along the land of Kahuku to Honopu, a small black rocky hil] on aa flow;

3. 40° 33’ 11883.0 feet along the land of Kahuku to on, pahoe- hoe and ahu at Kahiawai on the lower side of the Government Road and on the South side of a gulch;

4, 345° 02’ 1528.0 feet along the land of Kahuku to a bottle placed in the center of Hitcheock’s old ahu at Puu Ainako, on the lower side of a gulch and just North of the

old Government Road;

5. 34° 30’ 5280.0 feet along the land of Kahuku to an unmarked point;

193

6. 17° 52’ 7000.0 feet along the land of Kahuku to an unmarked point; :

7. 134° 29’ 24460.0 feet across the Government lands of Manuka and Kaulanamauna to an unmarked point on the Kapua boundary;

8. 233° 20’ 20” 13000.0 feet along the land of Kapua to a + on set stone and ahu on the lower side of the Government Road at place called Uwo;

9. Thence along the upper side of the Government Road across the

- Jands of Kapua and Honomalino to an unmarked point, the direct azimuth and distance being: 158° 00’ 18000.0 feet; 10. 277° 20’ 5000.0 feet along Grant 4659 to W. C. Achi; 11. 221° 56’ 3104.0 feet along Grant 4659 to W. C. Achi; 12. 170° 05’ 8550.0 feet along Grant 4659 to W. C. Achi; 13. 260° 15’ 6375.0 feet along the land of Papa 2nd to ahu; 14, 350° 15’ 11750.0 feet along Grant 4731 to W. C. Achi to ahu; 15. 250° 53’ 17165.0 feet along the land of Kapua to ahu on the Ka- huku boundary; 16. 345° 39’ 2244.0 feet along the land of Kahuku to Hitcheock’s old ahu; £7 1° 04’ 1711.0 feet along the land of Kahuku to ahu on the North edge of aa flow; 3676.0 feet along the land of Kahuku to the point of be- ginning. Area 22,592 Acres.

~

18. 263° 44

And as provided by law, subject to the existing leases, I do hereby set apart as parts of the South Kona Forest Reserve those portions of the government lands known as Kaohe Tract (1555 acres), Kukuiopae Tract (2760 acres), Olelomoana-Opihihali Tract (3885 acres), Kipahoehoe (4590 acres), Honomalino (2540 acres), and Kaulanamauna (2060 acres) in the District of South Kona and Manuka (11,870 acres) in the District of Kau, altogether an area of 29,260 acres, more or less, that lie within the metes and bounds of the above described South Kona Forest Reserve.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused

the Great Seal of the Territory of Hawaii to be affixed. Done at the Capitol in Honolulu, this 17th day of May, met). ADL

W. F. FREAR, Governor of Hawaii.

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To do good farming you must have up to date tools to work with. We carry a most complete line of every- thing needed by the small or large farmer, from the smallest hand trowel to the largest cane plow. We also have a good assortment of Hand, Bucket or Barrel Sprayers. Our assortment of Hoes, Shovels, Spades, Mattocks, Rakes, Garden Shears, Lawn Mowers, Garden Hose, and other things that are needed daily about the

farm or garden, is most complete and our stock large.

E. O. HALL & SON, LTD.

COMMISSIONERS.

Marston Campbell, President and Executive Officer. J. M. Dowsett P.R Isenberg H. M. von Holt Albert Waterhouse

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden.

David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman.

Joseph F. Rock, Botanical Assistant.

Bro. Matthias Newell, in charge of Sub-Nursery at Hilo, Hawait.

Walter D. McBryde, 2 charge of Sub-Nursery at Homestead, Kauai, _ David Kapihe, Forest Ranger for Tantalus,

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

_ Edward M. Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology and Chief Inspector. _ Albert Koebele, Consulting Entomologist.

Brew eA ikki: tS 5s Assistant Entomologist.

D. B. Kuhns, Z/uspector.

Fred Muir, Beneficial-Insect Collector.

Bro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo, Hawai.

Robert R. Elgin, ) if Mahukona, Hawait, W. O. Aiken, | Honorary Fruit | Kahulut, Mani, W.D. McBryde, +} and Plant Inspector { Koloa, Kauai,

Dr, W., B, Deas, |. at | Hana, Maut.

Capt Crk. Turne J | Kaanapali, Maur,

_ DIVISION OF ANIMAL.INDUSTRY.

Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Territoriad Veterinarian.

L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian.

Prete aye ee * Live Stock Inspector,

H, B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Hilo, Hawait.

]. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy 7erritorial Veterinarian for Maut.

A. R, Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauat,

E. L, Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinary for Kohala and

Hamakua, Hawait.

CLERICAL STAFF

Mrs. E. K. Brown, Secretary to the Board,

~ Miss Melika Peterson, Clerk and Stenograbher. Miss Ella K. Dayton, Librarian. Daniel Logan, Editor of the ‘‘Forester.’’

PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION.

Any one or all of the publications listed below (except those marked *) will be sent to residents of this Territory, free, upon application to Mailing Clerk, P. O. Box 207, Honolulu.

BOARD.

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900; 66 pp.

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902; 88 pp.

* First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, trom July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp.

Second Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905; 240 pp.; 8 plates; 10 text figures. Third Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906; 212 pp.; 3 plates; 4 maps; 7 text figures. Fourth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the calendar year ending December 31, 1907; 202 pp.; 7 plates.

Fifth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the calendar year ending December 31, 1908; 218 pp.; 34 plates.

Report of the Board of Commissioners of ‘Agriculture and Forestry, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910; 240 pp.; 45 plates. ‘

“‘Notice to Importers,’’ by H. E. Cooper; 4 pp.; 1903.

“Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Fruits, Vegetables, etc., into the Territory of Hawaii.’’ General Circular No. 1; 6 pp.

xs ~ ete i UDIN F ; =. — ze Nel cbt

“Important Notice to Ship Onn Fruit Tinporteay and Dihbre= Rules: ae 5 Reg- tions Prohibiting the Introduction of Certain Pests and Animals into the Te tory of Hawaii.” General Circular No. 2; 3 pp.; 1904, et

“Law and Regulations, Importation and Inspection of Foner Bees and Honey.” ae * General Circular No. 3; 7 pp.; 1908. ~

“The Hawaiian Forester and Aeviselvnret? a monthly magazine. Vols. I to VII; — - 1904-1910. To be obtained from the Hawaiian Gazette Co., Honolulu. Price ~

$1 a year. ; a DIVISION OF FORESTRY. 9 ==

* “Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at Government Nursery.” Press Bulletin No. 1; 3 pp.; 1905. — * “Suggestions in Regard to the Arbor. -Day Tree Planting Contest.” Press Bulletin — No. 2; 7 pp.; 1905. nee “An Offer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters.’’ Circular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905. “Revised List of Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at ‘the Government “a Nursery.”’ Press Bulletin No. 3; 4 pp.; 1906. vy * “Tnstructions po Propagating and. Planting Forest Trees.”” Press Bulletin No. 4; 4 pp.; 1 - “Instructions for Planting Forest, Shade and Ornamental Meck: =~ Press: Bulletin 2 No. 5; 7 pp.; 1909. ; “Na Hoakaka no ke Kanu Ana i na Laau Malumalu ame na Laau Hoohiwahiwa.” Press Bulletin No. 6; 8 pp.; 1909. : Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. print from Second Report of the Board; 77 pp.; 5 plates. * Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. print from Third Report of the Board; 123 pp.; 4 maps. Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. print from Fourth Report of the Board; 70 pp. —— Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1908. ia print from Fifth Report of the Board; 85 pp Report of the Division of Forestry, for the biennial period ending December ote 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 86 pp.; 22 plates.

DIVISION ON ENTOMOLOGY. tS

“The Leaf- er of the Sugar Cane,” by R. C. L. Perkins. Bulletin No. 1; 88 pp.; 1903 . BEA Catalogue of the Hemipterous Family Aleyrodidae,” by G. W. Kirkaldy, and a “‘Aleyrodidae of Hawaii and Fiji he Descriptions of New Species,’’ by Jaca Kotinsky. Bulletin No. 2; 102 pp.; 1 plate; 1907. - * “On Some Diseases of Cane Specially Considered in Relation to the Leaf-Hopper Pest and to the Stripping of Cane,’ by R. C. L. Perkins. Press Bulletin —

No. 1; 4 pp.; 1904. a “A Circular of Information,’’ by Jacob Kotinsky. Circular No. 1; 8 pp.; 1905. B. “The Japanese Beetle Fungus,’’ by Jacob Kotinsky and Bro. M. Newell. Circulartes

No. 2; 4 pp., cut; 1905. a ~

Rule VII: “Ooncerning the Prevention of Distribution of the Mediterranean Pras Fly’’; unnumbered leaflet; 1910. I Rule VIII: ‘Concerning the “Importation of all Banana Fruit, Banana Shoots or 3 Plants’’; unnumbered leaflet; 1911. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 68 pp.; 3 plates; 10 text figures. report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 25 pp.; 7 text figures. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the’ year ending December 31, 1907. Reprint from Fourth Report of the Board; 18 pp.; 1 plate. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 26 pp.; 2 plates. . Report of the Division of Entomology, for the biennial period ending December si 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 70 pp.; 10 plates. — > a

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. ee

* “Inspection of Imported Live Stock.” Rule 1; 1 p.; 1905. ae

* “Inspection and Testing of Imported Live Stock for Glanders and Tuberculosis.” ae Rule 2; 1 p.; 1905. oe :

. “Concerning Glandered Horse Stock in the Territory.’ Rule 3; 1 p.; 1905.

* “To Amend Rule 1, Inspection of Imported Live Stock.” Rule 4; 1 p.; 1907.

* “Quarantine of Horse Stock from California.” Rule 8; 1 p.; 1908. ——

“Rules and Regulations, Inspection and Testing of Live Stock.” Rules and Lawes 11 pp.; unnumbered pamphlet; Revised 1910. -

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1905 os Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 62 pp. xs

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1906 Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 41 pp.; 3 plates.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Reprint from the Fourth Report of the Board; 104 pp.; 6 plates.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1908, Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board; 44 pp.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910. Reprint om pathy of the Board; 59 pp.; 13 plates. 2

* Out of print.

Vou. VIII. JULY, 1914 No. 7 Price, 10c. Per Copy; Per Annum, $1.00; Foreign, $1.25.

4 SaTHE =| | Rawaiian Forester |

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE oe OF __|Forestry, Entomology and Agriculture : ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION © ees | OF THE

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

Entered as second-class matter at the Post office, at Honolulu, Hawafi.

ADDRESS ALL COMMUNICATIONS TO DANIEL LOGAN, Vi or te FORESTER,’

P. O. BOX 366, HONOLULU, H. T.

~~

For business relating to advertising or subscriptions, address

HAWAUAN GAZETTE Co., Ltp., Publishers, VON Hott BLock, 65 S. Kinc St., HoNoLuLU Hawaun.

eh se ‘ Editorial nia) ie |. ae i The Extension Work io the Pollere = Feioai (MacCaughes), (. i. 319 The Great Coffee Corner (McChesney ) : , 206 Unrecorded Specimens of Two Rare Hawaiian fade : : j (211 2 Work of the Department of Agriculture on Bee Diseases . 213 5 Division of Forestry ; f 214 Division of Entomology ; ‘ : , : 4 218) Forest Fire Wardens ; ; ‘ : : .. 220 . Forestry in Our Country sdaaene ; ; ; : ; 220 sre Weed Destruction in the Philippines : ‘ , . «ae Resistance of Plants to Wind—A Cotton Pest Behn : j 2220 Bracer for Rubber : : : ; : ; ts 223 . 2a Puna Forest Reserve : ; : é v 223. am Proclamation (Puna Forest Receive). , ; ; . , 224

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR — SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY.

The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern- ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or growing.

The list includes both forest and ornamental ee such: as Silk Oak, Koa, various species of Hucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of India, Poinciana, Albizzia, ete. The price of the seed varies from 10

to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 24% cents each, — oe

except a few kinds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested before being sent out, which insures its being good. All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii.

,

RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent of Forestry.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties

of this Division and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make in- é 3 quiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently

or send the right kind of useful insects for relief we like and sometimes

it is indispensable for us to see the insect suspected or caught in the act, — ae also specimens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden _

box specimens may be mailed at 3rd class rates. When specimens are not accompanied by letter always write your name and address in the upper left-hand corner of the package. Address all communications

SUPERINTENDENT DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, P. O. BOX 207, a

HONOLULU, HAWAII. EDW. M. EHRHORN,

Superintendent.

THE HAWAIIAN

FORESTER & AGRICULTURIST

VoL. VIII. TOL YS bow |: N@i7s

A broadside has been received by the Forester, containing the advance premium list of the annual exposition of Dry Farmed Products, to be held under the auspices of the International Dry Farming Congress, at Colorado Springs, October 16-21, 1911. Premiums and trophies amounting in value to $5000 will be paid out for prize awards. The grand sweepstake prize will be a trophy in the form of a cup worth $250. There is considerable dry farming in Hawaii, and probably scope for more than exists. but in most cases those engaged in it could hardly afford to show anything at any exposition outside of the islands. Yet it might be of great advantage to agriculture in this Territory if it were represented at such a fair as this one by someone competent to make observations and acquire and collate data on the subject of dry farming. In the same connection, the idea occurs that, among the various objects of public aid to agriculture here which the legislature appropriates, a moderate fund might be provided for sending exhibits, or at least sample lots, of raw and preserved agricultural products to such important exhibitions or great fairs as may be held from year to year at central points on the main- land. There should be no trouble about enlisting the good offices of some responsible person of the place where the show was to be held to handle the exhibit or distribute the samples and at- tractive literature pertaining both to the products and the islands. Such a campaign would fit in well with the movement to market Hawaiian products.

Mr. C. S. Sterrett, of Los Angeles, the marketing expert brought here under legislation of last session, but only accepting a temporary engagement instead of the permanent one intended for such an official, is now making a tour of the group in com- pany with Dr. E. V. Wilcox, director of the Hawaii Experiment Station. Some of his findings at different places already pub- lished in the newspapers indicate that his employment will yield a valuable body of information and advice, which it will then re- main for our agricultural authorities and producers to turn to practical account. It will not do to allow his report to be use- lessly buried in the archives, like the productions of many gov- ernment commissions on various subjects for which the taxpayers of Hawaii have paid more or less liberally in years past.

196

Mr. C. S. Judd, the newly appointed head of both the agricul- tural and the public lands departments, has arrived and will énter upon the duties of his offices the first of next month. Both as a Hawaiian-born citizen and a trained expert in the Federal bureau of forestry, Mr. Judd is generally welcomed to the management of these supremely important subdivisions of the Territorial Government.

Mr. F. A. Clowes, of the Hawaii Experiment Station, is quoted from Hilo as stating that about 3000 pounds of islan1 butter is being consumed monthly in that town and neighbor- hood, for which the makers average about forty-five cents a pound. This means that $1350 a month, or $16,200 a year, is received by the less than twenty small farmers that are said to be engaged in the business. With some of these dairying is the exclusive occupation. Further, the encouraging feature of the industry 1s mentioned that consumers ask for island butter and are willing to pay more for the first quality article of such than for the best imported.

In the catalogue of new bulletins in the Monthly List of Pub- lications of the United States Department of Agriculture are the following: “The Sugar-cane Insects of Hawaii, by D. L. Van Dine, special field agent, pp. 54, pls, 4, figs. 5 (Bulletin 93, Bureau of Entomology) ;’ “The Assimilation of: Nitrogen by kice, by W. P. Kelley, chemist, under the supervision of Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. Department of Agricul- ture, pp. 20 (Bulletin 24, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion).” There are two circulars mentioned which might be of value to agriculturists in these islands—one treating of the dam- age to sugar cane in Louisiana by the sugar-cane borer, by T. C. Barber, agent and expert; and one dealing with the mango weevil, by C. L. Marlott, entomologist.

An article in the Pomona Journal of Economic Botany, on the Avocado in ‘Southern California, is reviewed in the Agri- cultural News (West Indies). The review says: “Information is given to show that seedlings of West Indian and Hawaiian varieties have been grown in California, but the plants are not sufficiently old to afford definite indications as to their value.”

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THESE xX TENSION WORK OF TRE COLLEGE OF HAWAII, 1908-1911.

The College of Hawaii, established in 1908, is youngest of all the “Land Grant” Colleges of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. It is a unique institution in many respects. Its insular position at the “Crossroads of the Pacific” gives it an unusually broad outlook toward the deeds and the needs of all countries and all peoples. Its student-body is drawn from an island popu- lation composed of a remarkable variety of ethnic elements— Polynesian, Oriental, Latin, and Teuton. The climatic condi- tions of its vicinity make possible peculiarly felicitious oppor- tunities for the study of sub-tropical life, industries, and con- ditions.

Not least in the role of its unique features is its history, es- pecially as regards extension teaching. There is perhaps no other institution of collegiate rank in existence that at so early a stage in its history took an active interest in the dissemination of collegiate advantages through the various channels of ex- tension work. The College of Hawaii has made rapid use of the experiences of her sister institutions on the mainland. The privilege of carrying the “Gospel of Education” directly to all the people has been considered, from the very incipiency of the institution, as one of its fundamental duties.

The College of Hawaii owes its origin to an act of Congress entitled “An Act donating public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agri- culture and the mechanic arts,” approved July 2, 1862. The amount set aside was 30,000 acres for each senator and repre- sentative in Congress. This land was to be sold, and the in- come devoted to “the endowment, support, and maintenance of at least one college’ (in each State and Territory), “where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the me- chanic arts (in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe), in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pur- suits and professions of life.”

A resolution was framed by Mr. Wallace R. Farrington, and introduced by Representative Coelho, of Maui, in 1905, by which the Commissioners of Public Instruction were authorized to thoroughly investigate the requirements under the Federal law and other matters regarding the establishment and maintenance of a college of agriculture and mechanic arts. After consider- able investigation by a committee of the Department of Public Instruction, a report was presented to the 1907 legislature, which resulted in the appointment of a special committee from the

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University Club, consisting of Hon. H. E. Cooper, Mr. C. R. Hemenway, and Mr. R. S. Hosmer. Two acts were framed, introduced by Senator Coelho, and passed by the legislature, regular session 1907, without opposition: Act 24 provided for the establishment of the college; Act 94 made special appropria- tion for the biennial period ending June, 1909.

Short Courses.

The first funds of the College became available in July, 1907; the first prospectus of courses was issued January 1, 1908, and the first regular classes were held in February, 1908. This month, February, 1908, in which the first regular instruction of the College began, witnessed also the inauguration of the first short courses. These began February 18th and closed March 31st. They consisted of twenty-six evening sessions, from 7 :30 to 9:30 o'clock, on Tuesdays and Thursdays. A printed an- nouncement of these courses was issued, stating that “the Col- lege of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts has arranged a course of evening lessons for which there are no requirements other than interest and good attention.”

The following synopsis will give a general idea of these courses :—

BotAny—Jared G. Smith, Director, Federal Experiment Station.

Lesson 1. Vegetable cell—structure, growth, contents, etc. 2. a Organs of vegetation—root, stem, and leaf. b Process of assimilation and growth. 3. The flower—plan, organs, etc. 4. a Fertilization in flowers. b Fruits—nature, kinds, etc.

Economic EntomoLtocy—D. L. Van Dine, Entomologist, Iederal Experiment Station.

Lesson 1. Place of insects in animal kingdom; characteristics, etc.

Life-history ; development, metamorphosis.

Injurious insects and their control.

Hawaiian entomology.

Scale insects—distribution ; introduction.

Beneficial insects—direct; indirect.

NBSP ORNS

HorTICULTURE—W. T. Pope, Dean, College of Hawaii; J. E. Higgins, Hort., Federal Expt. Station.

Lesson 1. General survev of Hawaiian fruits.

Germination of tree seeds; growth of seedlings.

Care and cultivation of fruits in general.

a Propagation of plants.

b Budding; grafting; pruning.

mAh

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Culture of citrus fruits in Hawaii. Ornamental shrubbery of Hawaii. Banana; avocado, mango; papaia; culture of each. Marketing of Hawai fruits; picking; packing; shipping. Soit-—W. T. Pope.

Lesson 1. Origin, properties, plant-food, etc. 2. Classification; tillage, drainage, etc. COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS—F. G. Krauss, Agronomist, Federal Experiment Station. Lesson 1. Chemical constituents, values, etc.

oe ree

PLANT BreEDING=:6) G. Krauss: Lesson 1. Production of new varieties, etc.

Farm Crops—F. G. Krauss. Lesson 1. Farm crops for Hawaii.

ForRESTRY—R. S. Hosmer, Territorial Forester.

Lesson 1. Forestry in general. 2. Hawaiian forestry.

At the last session of the series Mr. J. G. Smith gave a sum- mary on agricultural literature, where information may be found, and how to make use of it.

Much interest was manifested by the people of Honolulu in this first extension work, the sessions were well attended and regularly attended. The courses did much to give Hawaii a favorable impression of the ideals and methods of the new in- stitution.

Short Courses, 1900.

These short courses were indeed so much appreciated that they were continued on a similar plan in 1909. They comprised a series of twenty-six, on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday evenings of each week, March 3rd to April 2nd. The schedule was as follows :—

March 3. Agricultural problems of Hawaii., Dr. E. V. Wilcox, Director, Federal Expt. Station. Economics of agricultural education. J. W. Gilmore, President, College of Hawaii. March 5. Entomological inspection—objects, methods, results. Jacob Kotinsky, Territorial Entomologist. Types of plant diseases. [. Lewton-Brain, Pathologist, S..P. Expt. Sta. March 8. Preservation of fruits. Miss Agnes Hunt, Dept. D. Sc. Col. of Hawaii. Poultry and profits. be Potter, epi. An ®aus., Col; of Hawai.

2CO

March 10. Botany of economic plants. W.. T. Pope, Dept., Hort., College of , Hawaii. Plant improvement. J... W. “Gilnote.

March 12. Sanitary dairying. By i: Porter Chemistry in its relations to agriculture. © J. J. Morgan, Dept. Chemistry, Col. of Hawaii.

March 15. Bacteria in their relations to health and diseases. Miss Agnes Hunt.

Remedies for plant diseases. L. Lewton-Brain. March 17. Our worst insect enemies. Jacob Kotinsky. Soil management. Prof. J. W. Gilmore. March 19. Feeds and feeding. B. E; Pere Meat production. E; V. Wilcox. March 22. Production and marketing of fruits. J. E. Higgins. Planting the home grounds. WL) Pete March 24. Soil management. Prof. J.. W.cGilmore. Economics of forestry. R. S:. Hosniex. March 26. Our insect friends. Jacob Kotinsky. Production and marketing of fruits. J. E. Higgins. March 29. Planting the home grounds. Ww. Te Pope Rice. E.G. “Rasa: March 31. Foods and diet. Miss Agnes Hunt. Forestry in Hawaii. R. S. Hosmer.

April 2. Bovine tuberculosis in relation to health. J. W. Gilmore. Agricultural literature. W. G. Ross, Dept. Agronomy, Col. of Hawaii.

It will be seen from the above list of topics that the instruc- tion given related directly to the affairs of Hawaii; those matters received foremost consideration that were of largest importance to the people of this community.

Movable Schools, 19009.

In the summer of 1909 movable schools were conducted in Hilo, Hawaii, and Wailuku, Maui. President Gilmore and Pro- fessor Young had charge of this work. Several sessions were held in each place, consisting of lectures, demonstrations and conferences. Some of the topics were: Plant Improvement; Recent Investigations in Soil Fertility; The X-Ray; Sanitation and Typhoid. These lectures on the other islands created much interest, and the subsequent request for their continuance showed the real appreciation of the people for efforts of this nature.

201 Astronomical Demonstrations.

The evening courses were not continued as much in 1910. Popular interest being centered on the approach of Halley’s comet, the College conducted demonstrations and lectures at the Observatory at Kaimuki. Prof. J. S. Donaghho had charge of much of this work. The President’s report for 1910 states that “during the period of the approach and recession of the comet about two thousand people visited the observatory, and to a large number of these the equipment and process of astronom- ical observations were explained.”

Kindergarten Teachers.

At the request of the Director of the Free Kindergarten Nor- mal Class instruction in elementary botany, zoology, and nature- study was given to this class. The class, of eight young women, met weekly for a period of about fourteen weeks. The work consisted chiefly of laboratory and field exercises, with partic- ular reference to material suitable for use in kindergarten work.

Other Special Courses.

Other special instruction, to meet certain specific needs, has been organized from time to time, in response to special re- quests. Work of this kind has been done by the Departments of Domestic Science, Botany and Horticulture, Zoology and Entomology, and Art.

Correspondence Courses.

The Correspondence Courses were established in September, 1910. A printed folder, reading as follows, was sent out to public school teachers, plantation employees, and others sup- posedly interested in such courses.

Purpose.

The College of Hawaii, an institution supported by taxation, should extend its services to the people by all possible ways com- patible with the best methods of college administration. While adequate provision should be made and fostered for collegiate work in residence, yet there exists in the community a large class of persons who for one cause or another are unable to ad- just themselves to our formal system of education. Such per- sons manifestly have some claim upon the Territory for assist- ance in education outside the formal system. By correspond- ence study such persons may acquire knowledge in accordance with their requirements and capacities. While there are very

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good reasons for students coming to the College for their in- struction, there are also good reasons for the College going to the people; and more especially when the College offers instruc- tion in subjects pertaining to the vocations of life.

That people may be taught in many of the subjects of the school and college curriculum through correspondence study 1s a demonstrated fact, and while the method lacks some of the advantages of resident study, it has certain advantages of its own. Among other things, it has a tendency to encourage self- reliance and self-determination. It affords earnest persons the opportunity of working and studying at the same time, and each student gets individual instruction. On the other hand, ad- vanced subjects requiring extensive laboratory equipment are at a disadvantge as the manipulation of laboratory apparatus may not be taught by correspondence.

The specific classes of persons that correspondence study is designed to benefit may be enumerated as follows:

1. Those who want to learn but who are prevented from attending the College by exigencies of employment or place of living.

2. Those who find new demands made upon them by the progress of the industry in which they are engaged.

3. Those who are engaged in manual employments and who wish some mental activity to occupy their leisure hours.

Plan and Scope.

It is proposed that the College offer through correspondence study the following subjects: Soils and Crops, Plant Life, Poultry Husbandry, Domestic Science, Zoology.

The grade of instruction m these subjects will be in accord- ance with the ability and attainments of the students. Students taking any subject by correspondence shall be not less than fifteen years of age and shall not at the time of taking the course be in attendance at school.

Instruction in the subjects mentioned will be given by written lessons or assignments, the student returning a written report on each lesson or assignment according to the direction of the professor in charge. These reports will be carefully examined and returned to the student with such corrections, explanations, or suggestions as may be in the interests of the student. If each report meets the required standard, a new lesson or assignment will be sent.

A subject consists of weekly assignments and each assign- ment may contain one or more lessons. The course of instruc- tion will terminate with the close of schools in June. No pre- liminary examination will be required, but students must satisfy those in charge of the course that they can read and write Eng-

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lish fluently. Application blanks may be had on request, and the College will offer assistance and suggestion in the choice of sub- jects. Students will be expected to complete at least one course in the time specified for the course.

A fee of $5 will be charged for each full course of eighteen assignments. For additional courses a reduction of one-half for each course will be made. The fee is intended to pay the cost of the lessons and postage one way. If a student takes less than half of the assignments, one-half the fee remaining above the cost of material used will be refunded.

Subjects in Detail.

Course I—Soils and Crops: Readings and reports on the origin and formation of soils, their physical, chemical and bio- logical properties, relation of soil properties to soil manage- ments, the adaptation of crops to soil types, and the essentials of crop-producing power. The studies on crops will consist of readings and reports on the leading crops of the United States and Hawaii, their geography, economics of production, com- mercial importance, products, uses and culture methods.

Course I]—Plant Life: This course covers the fundamentals of plant life, both as regards plants in their various relations to man and as independent forms of life. Emphasis will be laid on the practical phases of plant life, especially such aspects as are exemplified in Hawaii, and in tropical regions generally. Refer- ences are given to available literature, and from time to time in- dividual observations, records and experiments will be required. The faithful performance of the work outlined in this course should give the student a comprehensive knowledge of the basic principles of plant structure and growth and of the application of these in horticultural practice.

Course [[I—The course in poultry culture treats on the un- derlying principles of the profitable production of poultry prod- ucts. The essential business elements which lie not only in the qualification of the poultry man but also in the quality of the stock investment will receive special consideration from the time the egg or the chick is produced until it reaches the consumer. Each student is urged to be actively engaged in some part of the business while taking the course, for observation, study and work go hand in hand in any successful undertaking.

Course 1V—Course in Cooking: This course is intended to give some methods for the simpler dishes used in the diet. It includes text assignments giving soinething of the needs of the human system as regards the elemental food stuffs, the preser- vation of food, with a few special diets for children and the sick. 31 a} ot

CoursE V—Course in Zoology: The course is intended to

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give a grounding in the subject of general zoology with special reference to its economic aspects. It includes text assignments, written lectures and simple dissections of a number of common animals with a view of gaining an understanding of the salient points in their comparative anatomy. Note of the life histories, forms and habits of animals are included in order to show the adaptation of animals to various circumstances and conditions of environment. The course is intended for teachers and others with a taste for or a knowledge of the facts and material of zoology.

This circular was accompanied by an application form with spaces for date; name; residence ; occupation ; age; previous edu- cation ; name of steamer carrying mail; period of arrival and de- parture of steamer ; course desired ; purpose in taking the course ; and other courses desired than those listed.

Numerous inquiries were received regarding the course, and students on the various islands registered in the course on soils and crops, plant life, and poultry raising.

President Gilmore, in an article upon correspondence study in the Hawaiian Collegian, June, 1910, writes as follows :—

One characteristic that distinguishes our system of education in America from that of other nations is its democracy. We _look upon our system of common schools as fundamental to the welfare of the nation and upon the colleges that have been es- tablished under the direction of national law as institutions that render large returns to the nation in the form of increased effi- ciency for its citizens. However, up to the present time our sys- tem of education has one element lacking in rendering its demo- cratic application complete, and that is, it does not reach all the people all the time. Every one now recognizes that the acquire- ment of, an education does not consist of a certain number of years spent in school or college or of absorbing facts during a stated period of time that relate to certain specified subjects. The acquirement of an education is closely correlated with the life activities of the individual and of the activities of his en- vironment and is independent of age, sex or the period of ac- quirement.

Correspondence study is the agency by which this gap in the scheme may be filled. There always exists in every community persons who through conditions affecting their living or their environment are unable to avail themselves of the privileges of the public school system as it is at present organized. They may have had limited opportunity to acquire that standard of learn- ing that would do them the greatest good. Such persons may have both capacity and ambition, but not opportunity. It is such persons as these that the branch of correspondence study in the schools and colleges that are able to present it should most bene- fit. If everyone who has not had the opportunity of attending

205 school could receive the benefits through this means, no doubt the efficiency of every community would be largely increased.

That instruction may be imparted through correspondence is a fact that has been demonstrated by experience, and while such instruction may lack some of the advantages of attendance within the walls of the schools or colleges, yet it has advantages of its own. The correspondence student comes in contact in a more personal way with the instructor than is often the case with the student attending large classes. Moreover, the instruc- tion may be taken by those who are engaged in manual and mental employment and can thus be given a more practical ap- plication, especially in the matter of time. Then, too, corre- spondence study enables a student to employ leisure hours in a way that is at once profitable and restful. In addition to this it may be taken in the home, which in our day of outside at- _ tractions and street activities may be a great blessing.

The College of Hawaii will, during the coming year, inaugu- rate a system of correspondence study as a branch of its va- rious activities. Both on account of its somewhat limited facili- ties at the present time and also because of its not knowing what subject prospective students in the Islands may be interested in, the number of subjects offered in the beginning will be few.

As time goes on and new demands or points of view arise on the part of students, both old and young, additional sub- jects may be added. The grade of instruction in these subjects will be in accordance with the ability and attainments of the students.

It is believed that by this means the College may be instru- mental in not only furthering the interests of education, but also in enabling people who may not have had opportunities of at- tending school to receive some instruction that may be suitable to their needs.

The correspondence work has amply justified its existence, and bids fair to increase markedly from year to year.

The President’s Report for 1910 contains a section reviewing the work of the Extension Department, emphasizing its im- portance, and looking forward to its speedy development. The College of Hawaii has as its basic principle the ideal of service and training for service. The Extension Department is one of the large avenues through which it realizes this ideal.

VAUGHAN MACCAUGHEY, In Charge of Extension Work.

206 THE GREAT COFFEE CORNER.

By J. M. McCueEsney.

Coffee reached its lowest price on November 13, 1902—No. 7 Rio selling at 5 1-16 cents per pound on that day in New York.

The crop of 1906-7 was the largest ever produced—reaching the enormous amount of nearly 24,000,000 bags.

These were the two factors which brought about the great coffee “corner,” and raised the price to consumers of the break- fast cup two and a half times in six years.

In 1895 this grade (No. 7 Rio) was selling at 17 cents in New York. This high price stimulated planting in Brazil to such an extent that in seven years (by 1902) prices reached their lowest level, and bankruptcy threatened coffee growers throughout the world. The price again rose gradually till it reached 7% cents in 1906-7, when the bumper crop of that season (nearly 24,000,000 bags of 130 pounds each) turned the scale again, and prices dropped to.57% at New York in December, 1907. Since when the combine between Brazil and European capitalists, commonly called the “Valorization Scheme,’ has caused a slow but steady advance in prices, till in December last No. 7 Rio sold at 13% cents in New York.

Brazil is the great coffee growing country of the world, pro- ducing on an average more than 65 per cent. of the world’s con- sumption. Sao Paulo, a State of Brazil, produces about 60 per cent. of the Brazilian crop. One plantation in Brazil produces 250,000 bags of 130 pounds each, by actual figuring enough to furnish a cup to every man, woman and child in the United States and Canada every day for a week. Eight thousand persons live on this estate and make their living cultivating coffee. The fol- lowing table will be of interest as showing the world’s produc- tion, the consumption yearly, the visible supply, and the price, on July 1, annually, for twenty years past :—

Price No. 7 Ric, Year. World’s Visible Supply. New York.

1891 1,909,120 1734 1892 2,955,023 127% 1893 3,100,618 1654 1804 2,146,423 1614 1895 | 3,115,680 1534 1896 2,588,193 13

1897 3,975,880 73 1898 5,435,974 6Y, 1899 6,200,013 6% 1900 5.840.561 8 15-16

1901 6,867 ,327 6

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1902 11,261,331 5% 1903 11,900,173 5 3-16 1904 12,361,454 7% 1905 11,265,510 734 1906 9,636,563 8 1907 16,399,954 63% 1908 14,126,227 614 1909 12,841,057 734 1910 £3;719;530 84 January 1, 1911 13,015,214 13%

Production Consumption

*Reports differ—not reliable.

Crop ‘Production Consumption over over eer. bags. bags. Consumption. Production.

1890-1 9,323,000 8,718,661 604,339

1892 11,979,000 10,804,551 1,174,449

1893 11,284,000 10,946,228 357;,/72

1894 9,401,000 £0.97 D533 1470;533

1895 11,764,000 i ical Ware 551,149

1896 10,377,000 11,142,813 765,813

1897 13,918,000 12,244,204 1,673,796

1898 16,058,000 14,571,902 1,486,098

1899 13,756,000 13,480,904 275,096

1900 13,801,000 14,972,699 1,171,699

1901 15,100,000 14,329,925 770,075

1902 19,735,000 15,516,663 4,218,337

1903 16,664,000 15,966,498 697,502

1904 15,983,000 16,135,707 150,707

1905 14,448,000 16,163,353 PA es,

1906 14,792,000 16,741,215 1,949,215

1907 23,786,000 17,544,750 6,241,250

1908 14,834,000 17,525,418 2,691,418

1909 16,918,000 18,649,602 1,731,602

1910* 18,100,000 18,500,000 400,000

While Brazil has steadily increased her output from 5,358,000

bags in 1890 to over 11,000,000 in 1910, that of every other coffee-growing country has decreased. It will be noted that con- sumption has increased close to 500,000 bags annually, while production varies much from year to year. As for instance, Brazil's crop of 1901-2 was 50 per cent. larger than the year be- fore; and her crop of 1906-7 was nearly twice as large as that of 1905-6. In 1901-2 the world’s crop was 19,735,000 bags, by far the largest up to that date. This brought the selling price down to 5 1-16. The production over consumption that year

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was 4,218,000 bags. In 1906-7 the buinper crop was produced, the enormous amount of 23,786,000 bags. Production over con- sumption this year was 6,241,000 bags, and prices sagged to 57. And all that kept the prices from going down to a figure that would have ruined the coffee growers even in Brazil was the so-called “Valorization Scheme” just put into effect. If these low prices continued, it meant ruin to coffee growers throughout the world. As a prominent Brazilian put it at that time, “The increase of the world’s crop of 1902 was so violent it could not be accompanied by consumption, and so prices fell disastrously, and planting interests, once so prosperous, went from bad to worse, until the gigantic crop of 1906-7 threatened to swamp them altogether, and black ruin stared them in the face.’ Such were conditions when the government of Sao Paulo came to the rescue of the growers, and the ‘“Valorization Scheme” was hatched, the most gigantic, far-reaching trust ever formed.

The three principal States of Brazil (the government of Brazil was not yet in the deal) now entered into an agreement whereby they assumed a pro rata responsibility for the purchase of such surplus coffee, to borrow money to carry that surplus, the same to be held until it could be marketed without crowding the price below the approved minimum. Eight million bags were pur- chased, and a loan of $80,000,000 made, to be paid in stated installments. The Arbuckles, and Crossman & Sielcklen, of New York, together with some French bankers, made the advances. The Rothschilds and other leading bankers of Europe refused, considering the whole valorization program economically un- sound. In December, 1906, in an interview by a reporter of the Wall Street Journal, Hermann Sielcklen, of Crossman & Bro. of New York City, the American representative of the syndicate who supplied a portion of the gold necessary to carry the load, said: “It is no scheme at all. It is simply a plain business proposition which houses representing $250,000,000 capital can without any doubt carry through to the measure of success which is necessary to accomplish the object for which the plan was undertaken.”’

To those who financed the scheme it was only a “plain busi- ness proposition.”” It was only a matter of money and time to make it a success. In a leading coffee journal another writer at that time said: “Did you ever hear of such a crazy scheme? What would you say if Uncle Sam were to buy up the surplus wheat of the United States in order to boost the price? Well, the scheme will never work, because the stuff will always be hanging over the market and depress it, and everybody will know it is there.”

After the large crop of 1902, and for a few years following, the consumption exceeded the production, and prices advanced

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a little; the world’s visible supply on July 1, 1904, was 12,361,000 bags, almost. a year’s requirements; and another crop ready to pick. Then came the record-breaking crop of 1906-7, and pro- duction was increased to 6,241,000 bags over consumption in one year. When they were expecting a 15,000,000 bag crop, they found they had 24,000,000 bags to market—Brazil’s crop alone this year being 19,500,000 bags. In December, 1907, prices being still low, the American Consul-General at Rio de Janeiro wrote home: “Perhaps even now it would be an actual saving of money to the backers of the coffee syndicate, certainly to the planters, and to every one but the consumers, if this im- mense store of coffee were burned or thrown into the sea.” (There were then some 8,000,000 bags in the hands of the syn- dicate, and another bumper crop in Brazil threatened.) ‘“‘Al- though the Sao Paulo government had placed very heavy taxes on the extension of coffee plantations, and it is frequently said this will curtail the size of future crops, the effect is almost certain to prove otherwise,’ he said. A little later, the govern- ment of Brazil seriously proposed that the law then pending for a surtax on coffee shipped out of the country should be changed, and instead of taking a tax payable in money, the government should take one-tenth of the coffee, load it on barges, take it out to sea and sink it. Only the fear of criticism throughout the world prevented this wanton destruction of coffee. This was actually agreed to at a meeting of the committee representing the holders of the coffee in London April 26, 1909.

But many factors conspired to interfere with the success of the scheme. A new government was coming into office in Brazil. What would its attitude be? Continued overproduction was threatened. Prices were still low. It seemed that those who had predicted failure were to have their predictions realized. Some- thing had to be done to interest further loans. At this date the Saturday Evening Post published the following: ‘Dispatches announce the utter collapse of the coffee ‘corner,’ at a loss to the Brazilian government of $15,000,000.”

But it was not to be. When the scheme had been in operation two years, it did not look promising, and Sao Paulo discovered she had-more than she could carry. Brazil now came to the rescue of the four States which had originally undertaken to corner the crop alone, and in December, 1908, a new agreement was entered into. A new loan of 15,000,000 pounds sterling was made, the government of Brazil now guaranteeing principal and interest, and the bonds were issued for the amount. One-third of the bonds were taken in London, one-third in Paris, $10,- 000,000 in New York, and the balance went to the money cen- ters of Europe. A committee of seven was named to handle the coffee, six by the firms that furnished the money, and one by the Brazilian government. The coffee was to be shipped to the

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representatives of the several firms as collateral, and the agree- ment provided that 500,000 bags only should be disposed of in the crop year 1909-10, 600,000 during 1910-11, 700,000 during 1911-12, 800,000 during 1912-13, and thereafter 700,000 yearly. To further help out the scheme, Brazil was to levy a surtax on all coffee shipped out of the country over 10,000,000 bags an- nually, of about a half cent per pound, and remit the proceeds of this tax weekly to the bondholders. It was also agreed that the government should enact a law that would prohibit the planting of additional coffee trees, and prevent as far as possible. an increase in the supply. The success of the whole scheme de- pended on such a law, and it was done, with the result that the surplus is steadily declining, prices advancing, and consump- tion rapidly overtaking production. We have thus here pre- sented the unique spectacle of a powerful government, for the first time in history, engaged in restricting by statute the pro- duction of a necessary commodity for the purpose of enhancing the price. Attempted “corners” in cotton, wheat and corn have failed in the past, but here we have a “corner” that has been a complete success. Every person who drinks a cup of coffee is contributing his mite toward the millions of profits now being reaped by the scheme.

In justification of the scheme a writer in the Brazilian Re- view, in speaking of the conditions existing in 1906-7, said: “Little by little, resources, accumulated in a decade of prosperity, were exhausted, and planters went down one by one into ob- scurity. Laborers were left unpaid, and emigrated in swarms. Banks broke, and even the great Bank of the Republic was forced for a while to suspend payments. So when the bumper crop of 1906-7 came, the cup of the planters’ bitterness was full to overflowing.”

On January 1 last the syndicate had on hand 6,310,323 bags coffee, of which 1,461,890 were stored in New York, the bal- ance in European warehouses. This coffee is a much higher grade than No. 7 Rio. This coffee represents at present prices a value of 20,000,000 pounds sterling, while the obligation of Brazil to the syndicate, according to official figures, is but 13,- 000,000 pounds at the same time. While this difference does not represent the entire advanced cost to the consumers, it prob- ably does represent the net profits to Brazil on the amount pur- chased for account of the syndicate.

Thus Hawaii gains by the “corner’’ what she failed to get by the tariff.

The price of coffee in the markets of the world has advanced about two and a half times since the scheme was inaugurated. Where will it stop? If coffee can be controlled now by capital (and it certainly is and pretty effectually), will this control be voluntarily surrendered later on when all the coffee is sold? It will be noted that restriction on new planting is being effectually

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carried out by the Brazilian government, so it is improbable that the production will soon again overtake consumption to such an extent as to force down prices very materially. Will the United States, the great coffee drinking nation of the world, remain inactive while this is going on? The matter has already been brought to the attention of Congress by the introduction of a resolution of inquiry by Representative Norris of Nebraska. The department having charge of the resolution will probably report in December when Congress convenes. The United States is in a position to force Brazil by placing a heavy duty on Brazilian products in retaliation.

Of course, in Brazil, they do not call it a “trust” or “combine.” There it is “a company organized to sell state-owned coffee.” The State is merely a dealer. The total advances made to the government for the purpose of buying coffee were $111,470,530 reduced to U. S. dollars. The State Secretary of Sao Paulo, referring to the conditions in December last, said: “The coffee situation is now solid and not easily upset, and will so continue indefinitely, provided the public authority is vigilant to see that the conditions leading up to the crisis, which we have left be- hind, are not repeated.” (Meaning probably over-production. ) “As to the liquidation of the compromises assumed by the State, it may be affirmed that within two or three years they will all be paid off, leaving a considerable balance.”

In the meantime, it will be a good move on the part of Hawait to plant coffee. A period of high prices is sure to prevail. Like the sugar trust, it looks like this great international coffee trust is to remain with us.

UNRECORDED (SPECIMENS. "OF TWO:RARE Pea WATTAN BIRDS:

By Outram. BANGS.

From the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, BD. GEV ol 2eXkl pp. 67-70. May, 4, 1910.

Lately while arranging the skins of Acrulocercus nobilis in the Museum of Comparative Zoology I discovered among them a fine example of the long ago extinct Acrulocercus apicalis (Gould) of Oahu Island.

This specimen came to the museum in exchange from Brown University, and had formerly belonged to John Cassin. It bears a label in Cassin’s hand with the inscription, “Sandwich isld. J. K. Townsend male,” and was without doubt collected by Townsend during his visit to Oahu in 1835. The skin, No. 17,598, Museum of Comparative Zoology, is that of a fine adult

212

male, and, although made seventy-five years ago, is in perfect preservation, except that its feet and legs have, at some time, been somewhat eaten by insects.

Wilson and Evans in their Aves Hawaiiensis, 1890-1899 (p. “103”,—the work is not paged) mention five specimens, all that were known to them, of A. apicalis—three in the British Mu- seum, one of which went by exchange to Rothschild’s Tring Museum, and a pair collected by Deppe which are in Vienna.

Rothschild’s Extinct Birds, 1907, p. 27, enumerates the same five specimens, but says that Deppe’s skins are in Berlin.

Ours makes the sixth known example of A. apicalis, which is believed to have been confined to Oahu, and which has not been seen alive by a naturalist sigce 1837.

It is the only one in America, Dr. Chas. W. Richmond in- forming me that the United States National Museum does not possess any, and Mr. Witmer Stone says that there is none in the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, although that institution had most of Cassin’s Collection of birds.

In the Museum of Comparative Zoology there is also a fine pair of Ciridops anna (Dole), one of the very rarest of Ha- waliian birds and certainly one of the most beautiful.

The exact origin of these skins, of excellent make and in per- fect preservation, I have been unable to learn. They came to the museum with a few other Hawaiian birds—six skins of Acrulocercus nobilis and several petrels and terns—and were catalogued by Dr. J. A. Allen in 1870; names for none but the Moheo being written on the labels or in the register by that naturalist.

Ciridops anna was described by Judge Dole in 1879, and is supposed to be, or perhaps better to have been, confined to the Island of Hawaii. It was, until I unearthed our two skins, known by three male specimens only, one now in the Bishop Museum and two in Rothschild’s Museum at Tring. The fe- male and young male were unknown.

Our male, No. 10,995, is in full plumage, and very closely matches the exquisite plate in Wilson and Evans, Aves Ha- waiiensis.

Our other specimen, No. 10,987, I take to be an adult female. Though a little smaller, it is exactly similar in proportions to the male, but is wholly different in color. It may be described as follows :—

Forehead clothed in stiffened, pointed, semi-erect feathers as in the adult male. Top of head, nape, and sides of head cinna- mon washed with dull olive-yellow on forehead and with the lores and a narrow frontal band more dusky; cheeks with paler shaft-stripes to the feathers; lower back grayish cinnamon, gradually passing into the purer color of the head; rump and upper tail coverts olive-yellow; tail dusky, fringed with olive- yellow; primaries blackish, narrowly edged with dark olive-

aw

yellow ; secondaries more broadly edged with the same, the in- nermost nearly wholly dark olive-yellow; throat dull cinnamon, the feathers with paler shaft stripes, slightly washed with yel- low-olive in lower middle; chest and breast dingy-smoke-gray, somewhat washed with olive, gradually passing into dark olive- yellow on belly; under wing coverts, axillars, under tail coverts and a small patch in lower middle belly dilute rufous-cinnamon. The general pattern thus resembles that of the adult male, though the colors themselves are very different. Our two skins afford the following measurements (in mm.) :—

No. Sex. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Culmen. 7\

10995 (0) iad./:) 80 44 22 11

10987 ( 2 ad. ) LID 41 21 10

WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF. AGRICULTURE ON BEE DISEASES:

Washington, D. C., December 6, 1910.

The honey bee annually produces a crop of honey valued at at least $20,000,000, and there are vast opportunities for increasing this output. The most serious handicap to bee- keeping in the United States is the fact that there are con- tagious diseases which attack the brood of the honey bee. There are now recognized two such diseases, known as Amer- ican foul brood and European foul brood. From data recently obtained by the United States Department of Agriculture, it is known that American foul brood exists in 282 counties in thirty-seven States, and European foul brood in 160 counties in twenty-four States, and it is estimated conservatively that these diseases are causing a loss to the beekeepers of the United States of at least $1,000,000 annually. This estimate is based on the probable value of the colonies which die, and the approximate loss of crop due to the weakened condition of disease colonies. The State in which the diseases are most prevalent are California, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kan- sas, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Wisconsin, and it is unfor- tunate that these are the States in which honey production is most profitable, making the future outlook of the bee- keeping industry so much the worse unless active measures are taken to control the diseases. Furthermore, the distri- bution of these diseases is by no means fully known, and they are constantly spreading.

The cause of American foul: brood has been found by the Department to be a specific bacterium, and enough is known of the cause and nature of European foul brood, which is also

214

a bacterial disease, to make it possible to issue reliable recom- mendations concerning treatment for both diseases. Both attack the developing brood, and as the adult bees die from old age or other causes, the colony becomes depleted since there are not enough young bees emerging to keep up the numbers. When the colony becomes weak, bees from other colonies enter to rob the honey, and the infection is spread.

Both of these diseases can be controlled with comparative ease by the progressive beekeeper, but the chief difficulty encountered in combating these diseases is the fact that the majority of the beekeepers are unaware that any such dis- eases exist; they therefore often attribute their losses’ to other sources, and nothing is done to prevent the spread of the infection. It is therefore necessary in most cases to point out the existence and nature of the diseases, as well as to spread information concerning the best methods of treat- ment. Several States have passed laws providing for the in- spection of apiaries for disease, and the beekeepers in other States are asking for the same protection, so that careless or ignorant beekeepers can be prevented from endangering their neighbor’s bees. This inspection is a benefit in so far as the inspectors can cover the territory. The Department of Ag- riculture is helping in this work by sending out publications to the beekeepers in infected regions, by examining samples of brood suspected of disease, and by sending out informa- tion concerning the presence of disease, so that beekeepers will be informed that their apiaries are in danger. The co- operation of agricultural colleges, State Beekeepers’ Asso- ciations, and other similar agencies is being urged.

In view of the fact that these diseases are so widespread, every person interested in beekeeping should find out as soon as possible how to recognize and treat these maladies, and be on the lookout for them. A publication containing a discus- sion of the nature of these diseases and their treatment will be sent on request to the Department of Agriculture.

_— EE

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

Division of Forestry.

ROUTINE REPORT.

Honolulu, June 8, 1911.

The Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, Oahu. Gentlemen :—I have the honor to submit as follows the regular

report of the work of the Division of Forestry for the month of May, 1911. |

215

My own time during this month has largely been occupied with routine duties in connection with preparing plans for pro- posed forest planting in the Koolau District, Maui, and with arranging details regarding the experimental tree planting now in progress in this Territory under Iederal funds; in attending to matters of detail in the office, and in preparing and revising, for the use of the Board, statements in regard to the reallotment of the Board’s appropriation for the coming fiscal period.

Mr. Curraws Visit.

Pir. ie M...Curran, of the Philippine Borest Service, who stopped over for a month as a temporary member of the staff of the Division of Forestry, left Honolulu on May 14 en route to Manila. Under the date of May 12, Mr. Curran submitted to the Board a report outlining his opinion on the problem of re- placing the forest in the portions of the Koolau Forest Reserve, Maui, where the original forest was killed some years ago.

Federal Tree Planting.

In the Federal tree planting work several thousand seedling trees, both of Conifers and of several species of Eucalypts, were planted out in the experimental plots on the slopes of Haleakala, Maui, during the months of April and May.

During May, also, several acres of ground in Nuuanu Valley above Luakaha, were put in shape for the planting of experi- mental plots of some twenty odd species of Eucalypts. The idea is to establish a half acre each of all the more important species, so that data can be got as to the stability of the several kinds for local use, more particularly those new to the Territory. The seedlings for this planting are now ready at the Makiki Station. The little trees will be set out during June.

Other Forest Planting.

The forest planting on the Kohala mountain, begun in April, is reported to be getting on satisfactorily. Provision for con- tinuing this project was made in its reallotment of the conserva- tion tax fund by the Apportionment Board.

Other work in connection with tree growing and distribution is described in the report of the Forest Nurseryman, submitted herewith.

Eucalyptus Bulletin.

Following a call for tenders, a contract has been awarded the Hawaiian Gazette Company for printing Mr. Louis Margolin’s bulletin entitled “Eucalyptus Culture in Hawaii.” The manu- script of this report, approved by the Forest Service, was re-

216

ceived after much delay late in April. The bulletin should be out about July 1. It should prove of more than usual interest to tree planters in Hawaii.

South Kona Forest Reserve.

On May 17, Governor Frear signed the proclamation creating the South Kona Forest Reserve, which project had been tem- porarily held up until a change could be made in the technical description of the boundary. The total area of this reserve is 36,952 acres, of which 29,260 acres is government land.

Very respectfully, RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent of Forestry.

ROUTINE REPORT.

‘Honolulu, July 1, 1911.

The Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Hono, 0,01.

Gentlemen :—I have the honor to submit as follows the rou- tine report of the Division of Forestry for June, 1911.

Eucalyptus Bulletin.

Owing to the readjustment of the Board’s financial matters, the manuscript of Mr. Louis Margolin’s bulletin, ‘Eucalyptus Culture in Hawaii,’ had temporarily to be withheld from the printer early in the month; otherwise the bulletin would have been out by this time. The report is now in press and will ap- pear early in July.

Federal Tree-Planting m Niuuanu Valley.

During the month there have been planted out in Nuuanu Valley above Luakaha, experimental lots of a number of species of Eucalypts, mostly new to the Territory. Plots, some of one- half, some of one-third acre each, have been laid out for some twenty odd species. About half of the seedlings have been planted; the remainder will be set out in July. The cost of this work was borne by the Forest Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture out of its allotment for Experimental Planting in Hawaii. The object of the experiment is to help to determine which species of Eucalypts are best adapted for use in these islands.

217 Forest Fire Service.

On June 12, and again on June 18, forest fires were reported from the Koolau District, Kauai, on lands mauka of the Kilauea Sugar Plantation Company. These fires were both put out by plantation laborers acting under the direction of Mr. J. R. Myers, manager of the plantation and district fire warden. Something over one hundred acres were burned over. Efforts are being made to apprehend the persons supposed to have started, the fires.

In order more efficiently to cover the Ewa District, Oahu, ad- ditional district fire wardens have been appointed, as follows: Mr. H. C. Dolliver, for the section between the land of Manana and the Kaukonahua Gulch; Mr. James Gibb, for the lands from Moanalua to Waiawa. For. Palolo Valley, Oahu, Mr. Samuel RK. Stone, and for the Districts of Honuaula and Kahikinui, Maui, Mr. Alika Dowsett.

Forest Reserves.

Following a public hearing held on June 28, Governor Frear,° on June 29, signed a proclamation setting apart 19,850 acres of government land in the District of Puna, Island of Hawai, as the Puna Forest Reserve. This reserve includes the section of ohia forest now being logged under a timber license held by the Hawaiian Development Company. The land having been set apart as a forest reserve, a payment of $2,955.00, due from that company for timber already cut, will be paid over to this Board to form a special fund expendable for forest purposes. This is the first instance where the section of the forest reserve law re- lating to revenue from forest reserves has become operative.

During June an arrangement was consummated between the government and Mr. Eben P. Low, lessee of the Island of Kahoolawe, whereby in consideration of the remission of unpaid rents, Mr. Low agrees to kill off all the goats on the island and remove all of his remaining sheep during this calendar year. Kahoolawe has been set apart as a forest reserve in order that this Board may undertake systematic steps towards its reclama- tion. The present action permits this work to be begun a year sooner than would otherwise be possible.

Very respectfully,

RALPH S. HosMER, Superintendent of Forestry.

218 REPORT OF THE FOREST NURSERYMAN. Honolulu, July 1, 1911.

Distribution of Plants for Jiine.

In seed In boxes Pots.1; boxes. transplanted. grown. Total. Giatis) che. ovate. 7000 1300 750 9050 SOU: yok sans. teense 400 89 489 7000 1700 ) 839 ere S,

Collections for June amounted to $33.30 on account of plants

and seed sold. Collecting of Seed.

The Grevillea robusta and also most of the Eucalypts are now in season, and the two men are kept busy collecting and sorting. Some of the seed is quite difficult to collect and requires to be watched carefully. The Grevillea robusta, for instance, must be collected just before the seed pods begin to open; if left too long the pods will crack open and the seed get lost. Then again, should the pods be picked too soon, the seed will not be good. The same rule applies to a number of different species, and great care is required so that the best seed may be procured.

DIVISION -OF -ENTOMOLOG Y=, Honolulu, June 30, 1911.

Honorable Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Gentlemen :—I herewith respectfully submit my report of the work of the Division of Entomology for the month of June.

During this month we boarded 26 vessels and we found fruit, vegetables and plants on 16 of them.

The usual careful inspection was made of all the shipments with the following result:

Disposal with principal causes: Lots Parcels. Passed..as thee, fromemeste ne 2°)... )..2 tk wee 676 9416 Returned J) aay... a. . rs, oe Be + 25 PAUL. -:55. Sarees... «2k Lame ee ay i 8 ee 34 64 Fumucated, yc 5 Pee. 8) oe 14 LZ

—E od

Tétale inspect meh err. sin & ven 728 9522

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Rice Shipments.

‘Thirty-four thousand four hundred and ninety-five bags of rice arrived during the month, a large increase over last month’s shipments, and each consignment was carefully inspected and found free from weevils and other pests.

Pests Intercepted.

Quite a number of small plant shipments were received dur- ing the month and a number of Australian lemons and apples, as well as a piece of sugar cane from Suva, Fiji, were taken from passengers. On orchids from England we found scale insects (Diaspis boisduvali). On Camellias from Sydney we found Thrips species. On Fine tree from Japan we found some plant bugs, a Capsus species, and on the lemons from Sydney we found two scale insects, Chrysomphalus biformuis and Chionaspis per- mutans. Twenty-five boxes of lemons infested with several scale insects coming from California were returned to the shipper.

Brother M. Newell, Inspector at Hilo, reports the arrival of five steamers and two sailing vessels, of which three steamers brought vegetable matter consisting of 72 lots and 658 parcels, all of which was found free from pests.

Beneficial Insects.

During the month one colony of Vedalia was sent to Molokai and a large colony in all stages in a breeding cage to Midway Island, as the last shipment, owing to delay, arrived in bad con- dition. Four lots of Japanese beetle fungus was distributed.

I received a lot of pupae of the California Oak Moth (Phry- gamdia californica), which contained parasites of caterpillars. Unfortunately the lot did not yield many parasites, but those which issued were liberated. Last season this same parasite, Pimpla behrensui, was liberated in large quantities among the cocoanut groves for the purposes of attacking the cocoanut leaf roller.

Interisland Inspection.

Everything is in readiness now to start a thorough inspection between Oahu and the other islands. Since the Governor signed Rule IX, I have selected my inspectors, Messrs. Arthur E. Car- ter and Edward Drew, who will begin their duties on July Ist. Printed notices to passengers will be handed them when pur- chasing their tickets, and tags for shipment of plants are in readiness. Large notices in English, Portuguese, Hawaiian, and Japanese have been printed and will be placed in conspic- uous places on the dock.

Respectfully yours, Epw. M. Exruorn, Superintendent of Deh ae gy.

220 FOREST FIRE WARDENS.

The following appointments have recently been made by the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry:

District Forester. G. O. Cooper, in and for the District of Hana, Island of Maui. District Fire Wardens.

Alexander Smith, in and for that portion of the District of Hamakua, Island of Hawaii, extending from the western boundary of the land of Paauhau to the land of Kukaiau.

Alika Dowsett, in and for the District of Honuaula and Kahi- kinui, Island of Maui.

A. Menefoglio, in and for Wainiha Valley, District of Hale- lea, Island of Kauai.

Byron O. Clark, in and for Manoa Valley, District of Kona, Island of Oahu.

H. C. Dolliver, in and for that portion of the Ewa District, Island of Oahu, lying to the east of the main government road between the northern boundary of the land of Manana and the Kaukonahua Gulch.

James Gibb, in and for that portion of the Ewa District, Island of Oahu, lying between the lands of Moanalua and Waiawa.

Sam R. Stone, in and for Palolo Valley, Island of Oahu.

Walter F. Dillingham, in and for that portion of the Ewa District, Island of Oahu, lying to the west of the main govern- ment road.

FORESTRY ‘TN OURM COUNT Tey nae

(By O. E. Huss, 712, School of Agriculture of the Pennsylvania State College, in Penn State Farmer for May, 1911.)

Educators, at the present time, are beginning to make a more practical application of the subjects taught in our schools and colleges. So in considering the question of, how much forestry is it practical to teach in our country schools, we must first answer the question of, how much use do the pupils in our country schools make of trees? The extent to which trees are used varies of course with local conditions, but we can find a number of general uses quite common to our country com- munities.

The boy does not have to be very old before he wants a bow and arrow, and right then we may begin to teach him the best kind of wood for bows and arrows, how to cut the limbs from

Zen

the trees with the least amount of damage, and some of the most prominent characteristics of trees. His acquaintance with the bircn may begin still younger, mine did, and I can tell that tree anywhere today, because of the close acquaintance | had with it in my youth. Nut and acorn trees, the boy knows in a general way because of the fruit which they bear, but by building upon his knowledge of and interest in the trees because of their fruits he may be taught their other characteristics, their commercial value and habits of growth. The sugar maple is distinguished because of the quality of its sap, and here again is a basis upon which I built a knowledge of all the maples.

Much of the damage done to nut and other trees by the boy is done through ignorance and carelessness. If he were taught more about trees, their seeding and growing habits, the injury caused by making wounds in the bark; if he could set out and raise some trees that he would feel were his own, the trees would become such close friends of his that he would come to be their natural protector.

Again, a few visits with proper instruction to where a house is being built, a fence being put up, a wagon in the course of construction, also a trip to the neighboring sawmill would give him very valuable lessons in the uses of wood.

The problem at once arises as to who will teach the boys these various things since the average country school teacher is not prepared for this work. There are several ways out the difficulty. The teacher may become informed by study with the aid of the State and National Forestry Bureau. Excellent bulletins, deal- ing with the teaching of forestry in country schools may be ob- tained from the Department of Forestry at Washington, D. C. The teacher may receive some practical help from carpenters, carriage manufacturers and mill foremen. Undoubtedly the de- mand for such subjects will force the normal school to offer in- struction along this line in the near future. The normal school is the place where teachers should be prepared for this work. Meanwhile, we have our summer schools, such as the one at The Pennsylvania State College, where teachers may receive ex- cellent training in the teaching of forestry.

This article is not intended as a finished discussion of the teach- ing of forestry in our country schools, but only as suggestive of a way in which the country boy may get a little more out of his school experience by becoming better acquainted with his sur- roundings. Thus will be found life in the country more valuable and more attractive.

MD. DES ROGlION, BN THE PHIEIPPINES.,

From an article in the Philippine Agricultural Review, for February, 1911, it appears that the Plant Lantana Camara, which is one of those known as “wild sage” in the West Indies, has

a es

been introduced, together with other tropical American weeds and ornamental plants, into the island of Negros, in the Philip- pines. This plant, by its rapid spread and luxuriant growth, has already caused trouble to agriculturists in Hawaii, where insect pests have been introduced for the purpose of diminishing its spread.

The measures that are proposed for the eradication of the weed before it becomes disseminated beyond control consists in the process of loosening the root system, which is very weak, by means of a pick or a strong wooden stake, and then cutting through the roots, just below the collar; the plants treated in this way are allowed to become dry in the sun, and are then burned as soon as they are fit for this to be done.

The article draws attention to the characteristic inflorescence of the plant, which consists of a small bunch of reddish or yel- lowish flowers, borne near the tips of the branches; the flowers in the center of the bunch open first, when their color is pinkish or yellowish, but reddish or purplish after a few days. The most potent circumstance in the spread of the plant is the fact that the fruits are eagerly eaten by birds, which do not, however, di- gest the seeds.

As is well known, the plant is a perennial, and attains in the West Indies a height of 5 to 7 feet. In Hawaii, it has been known to grow as tall as 15 feet, but the specimens in Negros were only 6 to 9 feet high, at the time of publication.—Agricul- tural News.

RESISTANCE OF PLANTS TO WIND—A COTTON Ee,

The Bulletin Agricole, of Mauritius, for February, 1911, has an interesting note on the effects, on various plants, of the hur- ricane that visited the island at the beginning of that month. It states that cocoanut palms showed a useful power of resist- ance to the wind, while the tamarind trees, although they had attained their full leafage, merely suffered a scorching of the leaves and soon sprouted again. In an area where much harm was done to plants of every kind, several acres of cotton were completely destroved, though generally this plant exhibited rea- sonable behavior under the trying conditions: the wind scorched the leaves, but new buds quickly opened; the position in regard to cotton is summarized by saying that this plant has proved its possession of a power of resistance to high winds.

The note, it may be stated also, has reference to a large snail which is a pest of cotton in Mauritius. This, according to in- formation contained in a letter from Mr. J. H.,Lee, who is in Mauritius on behalf of the British Cotton Growing Association, is Achatina fulica. In regard to this animal, it is of interest that

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an outbreak of the pest took place in Ceylon, in 1910; this is described in Circulars and Agricultural Journal of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon, Vol. V, No. 7, where, however, it has shown itself a scavenger rather than an enemy of plant life— Agricultural News.

BRACER’ FOR’ RUBBER.

Tropical Life (London) for May, in its review of the rubber shares market, discusses a conflict between bulls and bears with regard to the price of Para, and then goes on to brace up the spirits of rubber investors in the following words:

“The outlook, then, is one of uncertainty; but this consumers’ hand-to-mouth policy of buying only for immediate needs. is becoming dangerous, and must be very hampering and nerve- racking, as in previous years it was the unquestioned policy to hold a fair margin of stock for future demands. These demands are going to be big. The motor industry is swallowing rubber with enormous rapidity, and its appetite grows with eating.

“The holidays at the beginning of May, in conjunction with a large measure of uncertainty as to the course of the material market, has brought business in rubber shares to a compara- tively low ebb. Meanwhile, the tide of prosperity in the rubber industry flows steadily on; proof of this being clearly shown by the large number of excellent reports now coming to hand. It is the nature of these reports—demonstrating as they do the big dividend-earning capacity of well-placed, well-managed estates— that makes one feel that the rubber industry is not a ‘fairy’s whim,’ but a sensible, solid, business-like «undertaking of lasting merit. Reading the annual reports now appearing day by day, it is very noticeable how many of the comparatively young com- panies are entering the ranks of the dividend payers for the first time, with the prospect of largely increased distributions at this time next year.”

PUNA. FOREST RESERVE.

Following a public hearing held on June 28, 1911, by the Governor of the Territory and the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Governor I'rear, on June 29, signed a proclamation setting apart 19,850 acres of government forest land in the District of Puna, Island of Hawaii, as a forest re- serve. This proclamation is given on another page of this-issue of the Forester. The report of the Superintendent of Forestry on this subject, approved by the Board of Agriculture and For- estry at a meeting held on June 9, 1911, was printed in the June number of the Forester.

224

PROCLAMATION OF THE FOREST RESERVE IN THE DISTRICT OF PUNA, ISLAND AND COUNTY OF HAWAII.

Under and by virtue of the authority vested in me by the provisions of Chapter 28 of the Revised Laws of Hawaii, as amended by Act 65 of the Session Laws of 1905, and by Act 4 of the Session Laws of 1907, and of every other power me hereunto enabling, I, WALTER F. FREAR, Governor of Hawaii, with the approval of a majority of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, having held the hearing of which notice has been duly given as in said acts provided, do hereby SET APART as a Forest Reserve to be called the ‘‘PUNA FOREST RE- SERVE,’’ those certain pieces of government land in the District of Puna, Island of Hawaii, which may be described roughly as being the section of forest lying mauka of the Kaohe Homesteads above Pahoa, and con- taining an area of 19,850 acres, more or less, in the District of Puna, Island and County of Hawaii, Territory of Hawaii, more particularly described by and on a map made in June, 1911. by the Government Survey Department of the Territory of Hawaii, which said map is now on file in the said Survey Department marked Government Survey Registered Map No. 2060 and Puna Forest Reserve, and a description accompany- ing the same numbered C. 8. F. 2248, which said description now on file in the said Survey Department, is as follows:

PUNA FOREST RESERVE.

Including portions of the Government lands of Makuu-Kaohe, Kaimu- Kehena and Kapaahu-Kamaili, Puna District, Island of Hawaii.

Beginning at a + marked ‘on the lava under a mound of stones at North edge of thé ancient cultivated grounds of Oliolimanienie, this point being the extreme West or mauka angle of Waikahekahenui as also of Waikahekaheiki, the common boundary point of these two lands with Makuu, the coordinates of said + referred to Government Survey Trig. Station ‘‘Olaa’’ being 37,071.0 feet South and 9,831.0 feet East, as shown on Government Survey Registered Map No. 2060, and running by true azimuths:

1. 382° 36’ 30770.0 feet across the Makuu-Kaohe Government Tract to the West corner of Lot 1 of the Kaimu Homesteads (Thrum’s Subdivision), from which point Government Sur- vey Trig. Station ‘‘Heiheiahulu’’ (old) is by true azimuths 138° 02’ 30”;

2. 81° 00’ 5710.0 feet along Kaimu Government remainder to the North corner of Lot 4 of the Kapaka-Kauka Homesteads;

3. 47° 35’ 1177.0 feet along said lot to the West corner of said lot;

4. 47° 10’ 3830.0 feet along Kaimu Government remainder to the North corner of Lot 1 of the Kapaka-Kauka Homesteads;

5. 23° 22’ 950.0 feet along Lots 1 and 2 of the Kapaka-Kauka Home- steads to the West corner of said Lot 2;

6. 44° 30’ 9440.0 feet along Kalapana-Kapaahu Government remainder to a point on the boundary of the land of Kahaualea;

7. 148° 00’ 4100.0 feet along land of Kahaualea to a place called

Kalaeolomea and Oahia marked ‘‘Z’’;

8150.0 feet along land of Kahaualea to an ohia tree on top

of a sharp hill about 50 feet high the North side of which

is perpendicular; marked ‘‘K’’ which bears 216° 00’ about

1300.0 feet from Kalalua Hill;

24200.0 feet along land of Kahaualea to the boundary of

the land of Keaau; J

~

8. 116° 00

>

9. 125° 00

225

10. Thence along the land of Keaau to the point of beginning, the ap- proximate azimuth and distance being 289° 50’ 36400.0 feet;

Area 19,850 Acres. In Witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and

caused the Great Seal of the Territory of Hawaii to be (Seal) affixed.

Done at the Capitol in Honolulu this 29th day of June, A: D,-19T1.

W. F. FREAR, Governor of Hawaii.

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OFFICERS AND STAFF OF THE BOARD OF COMMIS-

SIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. ee 7

COMMISSIONERS. _ Marston Campbell, President and Executive Officer. J. M. Dowsett P. R Isenberg H. M. von Holt Albert Waterhouse

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden. David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman.

Joseph F. Reck, Botanical Assistant. i Bro. Matthias Newell, iz charge of Sub-Nursery at Hilo, Hawai. | Walter D. McBryde, zz charge of Sub-Nursery at Homestead, Kauat, David Kapihe, Forest Ranger for Tantalus,

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Edward M, Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology and Chief Inspector. Albert Koebele, Consulting Entomologist. ee: eee Assistant Entomologist. D. B. Kuhns, Zzsfector. - Fred Muir, Beneficial-Insect Collector. Bro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo, Hawazt.

Robert R. Elgin, ) ( Mahukona, Hawatit. W. O. Aiken, | Honorary Frutt | Kahului, Maut, W.D. McBryde, } and Plant Inspector 1 Koloa, Kauat,

Dr, “W, B.2Deas,: | 2 | Hana, Maui, Capt. C. Fturne | | Kaanapali, Maut,

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Terrttoriad Veterinarian.

L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian.

=e ee erat Live Stock Inspector,

H. B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Filo, Hawatt.

J. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Maut.

A. R. Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauai.

E. L, Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinary for Kohala and

Hamakua, Hawait.

CLERICAL STAFF

Miss Melika Peterson, Clerk and Stenograbher. Miss Ella K. Dayton, Lzdrarian. Daniel Logan, Editor of the ‘‘Forester.”’

PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION.

Any one or all of the publications listed below (except those marked *) will be sent to residents of this Territory, free, upon application to Mailing Clerk, P. O. Box 207, Honolulu.

BOARD.

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900; 66 pp.

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902; 88 pp.

* First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, trom July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp.

- Second Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the

_ year ending December 31, 1905; 240 pp.; 8 plates; 10 text figures. Third Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906; 212 pp.; 3 plates; 4 maps; 7 text figures.

Fourth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for

the calendar year ending December 31, 1907; 202 pp.; 7 plates.

Fifth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the calendar year ending December 31, 1908; 218 pp.; 34 plates.

Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910; 240 pp.; 45 plates. :

“Notice to Importers,’’ by H. E. Cooper; 4 pp.; 1903.

“Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Fruits, Vegetables, etc., into the Territory of Hawaii.’’ General Circular No. 1; 6 pp.

PUBLICATIONS $ FORDISTRIBUTION - Contin s

“Important Notice to Ship Owners, Fruit Paritiors cea Othere. Rules ent Re oi tions Prohibiting the Introduction of Certain Pests and Animals into the Terri- ey tory of Hawaii.’’ General Circular No. 2; 3 pp.; 1904. ee

“Law and Regulations, Importation and Inspection of Honey Bees and Honey.’ rhe General Circular No. 3; 7 pp.; 1908. “ae ‘ene

“The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist,” a monthly magazine. Vols. I to VII; 1904-1910. To be obtained from the Hawaiian Gazette Co., Honolulu. Price

$1 a year. DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

* “Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at Government Nursery.’ Press Bulletin No. 1; 3 pp.; 1905. ‘

* “Suggestions in Regard to the Arbor Day Tree Planting Contest.’ Press Bulletin No: 23-7 pp.4-2905. -

“An Offer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters.’ Circular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905. |

‘Revised List of Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at ‘the Government _ Nursery’ Press Bulletin No. 3; 4 pp.; 1906.

* “Instructions for Propagating and. Planting Forest Trees.” Press Bulletin Ne. 4; 4 pp.; 1906. : =

“Instructions for Planting Forest, Shade and Ornamental Trees.” Press Bulletin No. 5; 7 pp.; 1909. :

“Na Hoakaka no ke Kanu Ana i na Laau Malumalu ame na Laau Hoohiwahiwa.” Press Bulletin No. 6; 8 pp.; 1909.

“Kucalyptus Culture in Hawaii,” by Louis Margolin. Bulletin No. 1; 88 pp.; 12 plates; 1911. -

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Re- print from Second Report of the Board; 77 pp.; 5 plates.

* Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Re print from Third Report of the Board; 123 pp.; 4 maps.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Re- print from Fourth Report of the Board; 70 pp. 7

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Re print from Fifth Report of the Board; 85 pp.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 86 pp.; 22 plates.

DIVISION ON ENTOMOLOG

“The Leaf-Hopper of the Sugar Cane,” by R. C. L. Perkins. Bulletin No. 1; 38 pp.; 1903.

BISA Catalogue of the Hemipterous Family Aleyrodidae,” by G. W. Kirkaldy, and “‘Aleyrodidae of Hawaii and Fiji with Descriptions of New Species,’’ by Jacob Kotinsky. Bulletin No. 2; 102 pp.; 1 plate; 1907.

* "On Some Diseases of Cane Specially Considered in Relation to the Lieat-Hopper Pest and to the Stripping of Cane,’”’ by R. C. L. Perkins. Press Bulletin No. 1; 4 pp.; 1904.

“A Circular of Information,’ by Jacob Kotinsky. Circular No. 1; 8 pp.; 1905. ‘

“The Japanese Beetle Fungus,’ by Jacob Kotinsky and Bro. M. Newell. Circular ey No. 2; 4 pp., cut; 1905. 3

Rule VII: “Concerning the Prevention of Distribution of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly’’; unnumbered leafiet; 1910.

Rule VIII: ‘Concerning the Importation of all Banana Fruit, Banana Shoots or Plants’; unnumbered leaflet; 1911.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 34; 19052 Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 68 pp.; 3 plates; 10 text figures. report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1906.

Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 25 pp.; 7 text figures.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Reprint from Fourth Report of the Board; 18 pp.; 1 plate.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 26 pp.; 2 plates. a

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the biennial period ending December 31, S 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 70 pp.; 10 plates. oe

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

* “Inspection of Imported Live Stock.” Rule 1; 1 p.; 1905.

* “Inspection and Testing of Imported Live Stock for Glanders and Tuberculosis.” Rule 22), pes 1 905;

- “Concerning Glandered Horse Stock in the Territory.” Rule 3; 1 p.; 1905.

* “To Amend Rule 1, Inspection of Imported Live Stock.” Rule 4; 1 p.; 1907.

* “Quarantine of Horse Stock from California.” Rule 8:1 pss alees. :

“Rules and Regulations, Inspection and Testing of Live Stock.” Rules and Laws; 11 pp.; unnumbered pamphlet; Revised 1910. .

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1905 Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 62 pp.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 41 pp.; 3 plates. ‘

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1907 Reprint from the Fourth Report of the Board; 104 pp.; 6 plates. -

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1908.., Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board; 44 pp. a

Report of the Divisioh of Animal Industry, for the biennial period ending December ‘ts 31, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 59 pp.; 13 plates, j a

$

=a

* Out of print.

|| Price, 10c. Per Copy; Per Annum, $1.00; Foreign, $1.25.

"a

AND

Ariculturist —

OF

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PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

/ Entered as second-class matter at the Post office, at Honolulu, Hawaii.

74

ADDRESS ALL COMMUNICATIONS TO DANIEL LOGAN, | -EDITOR “THE FORESTER,”’

P. O. BOX 366, HONOLULU, H.T.

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HawalaNn Gazette Co., Lrp., Publishers, von Hout Brock, 65 S. Kinc St,, HonoLtuLu Hawai.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Bditorial , <<; 6 eames ee Sipaig at ealy fae s cp hy cc Division’ of ‘Forestry... 22) =e ee. a eee 23258 The Nursery Report< Cesc hae eee He 235 ae Division of Entomology.... -...- tay ow be cae aa 236. he Lemon -Taril, etess Meee. ert ie.) ae eee 238 School Gardening in Hawaii (MacCaughey)............-: =. 2A

The Milk Supply of Honolulu (Norgaard). . DCB Sen ea 246 4 Baeks oe eons od eee School Gardens-«i eee ee = oe 254:

Interesting Things About Coffees s.0> 0... . 4 Ae, ee one . 254 o

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY.

The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern-. ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or

The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak, Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of India, Poinciana, Albizzia, ete. The price of the seed varies from 10 to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2% cents each, except a few kinds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested before being sent out, which insures its being good.

All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii.

RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent. of Forestry. -

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties of this Division and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make in- quiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently or send the right kind of useful insects for relief we like and sometimes it is indispensable for us to see the insect suspected or caught in the act, also specimens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden. box specimens may be mailed at 3rd class rates. When specimens are not accompanied by letter always write your name and address in the. upper left-hand corner of the package.~ Address all communications SUPERINTENDENT DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, P. O. Ox. 207,

HONOLULU, HAWAII: EDW. M. EHRHORN,

Superintendent, —

Z = 4 the

THE HAWAIIAN

FORESTER & AGKICULTUKIo!

VoL. VIII. AUGUST, 1911. No. 8.

LOOKING TO THE FUTURE,

In the July number an advance notice was given to the bulletin of the Division of Forestry on ‘Eucalyptus Culture in Hawaii,” by Louis Margolin, forest examiner of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. While public opinion may not be prepared to sup- port a proposition of making eucalypts a leading choice for exten- sive tree planting, either by private or government enterprise, there must be unanimous assent to the general remarks of Mr. Margolin, at the beginning of his treatise, on the “Need of Local Timber Supply.” They should be turned to practical account by every landowner in the islands. Every tree of commercial value for which space can be spared will enhance the value of the land upon which it stands long before the time when it shall become mature for market purposes or for utilizing its material upon the farm or ranch where grown. It will increase in intrinsic worth until ready for the axe like a bond on which the coupons are left intact until the day of redemption. As the bulletin will necessarily have a somewhat selected circulation, the remarks to which refer- ence is made are here reproduced:

“The Territory of Hawaii, with its extensive sugar plantations, camps, flumes, tunnels, and irrigation ditches, uses large quan- tities of timber and lumber. No complete statistics on this sub- ject are available, but the following figures may be considered as quite conservative. There were during the last three or four years used annually in Hawaii over forty million board feet of sawed lumber and timber, 75,000 cords of firewood, 20,000 to 25,000 railroad ties, 25,000,000 shingles and 40,000 to 50,000 fence posts. This annual consumption of wood represents a value to the consumer of at least one and one-half million dol- lars, With the more intensive development of the plantations, the increase in population, the development of irrigation systems, homesteads, and small farming, and the further extension of roads and power lines, the consumption of lumber will constantly increase. The problem of finding an adequate source of supply of wood becomes, therefore, of paramount importance to the future growth of the country.

“The native Hawalian forest is entirely inadequate to meet the demand for lumber consumed in the Territory. Although the

230

Islands have an extremely rich and varied flora, there are few native trees of commercial value. Few native trees average more than 10 to 12 inches in diameter or more than 50 feet in height, and the clear merchantable length of such trees is too small to be of any practical use for lumber. A dozen or more different species of native trees are used locally for various purposes, but the ohia lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) and the koa (Acacia koa) are the only two timber trees in the Territory which, because of their size and abundance, have any commercial importance. Of these two species, koa is primarily a cabinet wood, leaving chia lehua as the only all-around native timber tree; and there is not enough of this tree to affect the situation materially. With few exceptions the chief use of the native forests is to conserve the water supply and regulate the stream flow, and their impor- tance as a source of timber supply, except in a few restricted dis- tricts, is entirely negligible.

“The timber supply of the continental United States at the pres- ent rate of consumption can not last for a long time. As the supply of timber diminishes, export lumber from the United States may be expected to reach practically prohibitive prices for many uses. The trees native to the continental United States are all of comparatively slow growth. The more valuable pines and hardwoods require not less than 75 to 100 years to form trees big enough for lumber. It takes at least 30 to 35 years to grow tie timber, and even this rate of growth is restricted to only a few species. The rapid-growing Eucalyptus can be grown in the continental United States on only comparatively small areas in central and southern California, Arizona, southern’ Texas, and southern Florida.

“The Territory of Hawaii can not, therefore, depend indefinitely on the rest of the United States for its supply of lumber. Neither can it depend to any large extent on foreign countries. On the contrary, located as the islands are, and with a climate favorable to rapid growth, Hawaii, in course of time, should be able to ex- port to the United States an ever-increasing supply of hardwood.

‘Fuel wood of a low grade can be grown in Hawaii in five or six years, but trees of this age have very little value. Trees suit- able for fence posts, railroad ties, and lumber, as well as for the better grades of firewood, require a much longer period to mature. Even the more rapid-growing species of eucalyptus and iron- woods, although growing faster than most hardwoods, require a number of years to reach a size which renders them fit for use as timber trees. The mistake in the past has been that trees were cut which were too young. Systematic tree planting in Hawaii can not, therefore, begin too soon, for the earlier the forests are established the less hardship will be experienced when the supply of timber becomes less abundant.

“Tn short, an increasing supply of inexpensive lumber is essen- tial to the proper growth and development of the Hawaiian

or

Islands. The native forests are entirely inadequate both in ex-. tent and character to furnish this supply. The continental United States is approaching a time when it will be no longer in a posi- tion to export cheap lumber to Hawaii. The Islands can grow their own lumber supply before the timber scarcity comes, pro- vided immediate planting is done on a commercial scale.”

What our Washington correspondent says about the lemon tariff ought to furnish an argument in favor of an equitable degree cf protection for American coffee. Free coffee is little different from the actual subsidizing of the coffee industry of Brazil, and anyone familiar with the practice of the grocery trade knows that coffee is used like trading stamps to fertilize general business, so that no one probably thinks seriously that a small duty on coffee would materially, if at all, make the breakfast table dearer. Mr. McChesney’s article in the July number gave a good insight into the advantage Brazil takes of the defenseless condition of the American coffee producer. Properly encouraged, Hawaii and Porto Rico could supply the country with at least a very large proportion of the best qualities of ccffee which the home con- sumption demands.

That it was really a great work that a majority of the former Board of Supervisors accomplished when they passed the milk ordinance now in force, after having had a previous draft bill suc- cessfully vetoed with the aid of legal talent hired by a group of dairymen, following up this victory over ignorance, prejudice and ured forensics by gaining the willing codperation of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry and voting all the funds requested for the Territorial veterinary services required, is amply demon- strated by the comprehensive report of results made by Dr. Nor- gaard which is printed in this number. It is gratifying to know that the three public boards mentioned in the report are still coGperating in the cause of pure and wholesome milk as well as the welfare of the dairy industry itself.

In its June number the Tropical Agriculturist quotes from the Indian Trade Journal a portion of the bulletin on “Peanuts in Hawaii’ of the Hawaii Experiment Station.

An article from the Philippine Agriculturist and Forester for January on “Activities of the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station” is being serially reprinted by the Tropical Agriculturist (Ceylon). It says in opening that the government of the Dutch East Indies must be given the honor of having maintained the most advanced activity in tropical agriculture, but a little farther on asserts, “But the most foremost rival of Java today is Hawaii.”

22

An editorial abstract is given by the Agricultural News (West Indies) of a Memorandum on the Principles and Methods of Rural Education, issued by the Board of Education of Englana. It is interesting to note, apropos of Professor MacCaughey’s paper in this number, that the publication mentioned lays much importance on the school garden, also on secondary schools such as legislation of this year contemplates establishing in this Terrt- tory, where agricultural training will be combined with other education.

' As this number goes to press, no appointment of a marketing superintendent has been made. According to the daily press, there is political opposition to Mr. Starrett, the California expert who has gone over the ground and made an illuminating report cn the market possibilities, upon the ground that he is not a citizen of Hawaii. If such a principle had obtained here in the past, either with public or private interests, where would the present boasted development of these islands, which is famed the world around, be?

L. Lewton-Brain, formerly micrologist at the experiment station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association, is now director of agriculture in the Federated Malay States. With his assump- tion of the office the department has been extended, he having seven assistants where his predecessor had practically the whole work on his shoulders. Mr. Lewton-Brain took the position about the time that F. T. P. Waterhouse visited the Malay States a few months ago to look over the rubber plantations in which the Waterhouse Company, Ltd., is heavily interested.

DIVISION .OF FORESTRY.

Honolulu, August 4, 1911.

Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Hono- linha, I.

Gentlemen :—I have the honor to submit the report of the Divi- sion of Forestry for the month of July, 1911.

During the first ten days of the month my own time was given to the preparation of reports to the Board on the sale of awa from forest reserves and an application for a water license in Kau, to correcting the final proofs of the Eucalyptus bulletin, and to other routine work.

TRIP TO LANAI, 4 From July 11 to 15 I visited the island of Lanai to inspect, at the request of the Lanai Company, a forest fence now being built

233

on that island and to confer with the manager of the Lanai Ranch in regard to other forest matters.

EBUGALY PTUs BULLETIN.

On July 24 there was issued as Bulletin No. 1 of the Division of Forestry, Mr. Louis Margolin’s “Eucalyptus Culture in Ha- wail,’ an illustrated report of 80 pages, the result of the study of the planted groves of eucalyptus in Hawaii, carried on jointly by this Board and the Forest Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture during the winter and spring months of 1910. An edition of 3000 copies was printed. The bulletin is being generally distributed to persons throughout the Territory and on our foreign mailing list. This bulletin should prove of no small value to forest planters in Hawaii, as it brings together all the data now available in regard to growing eucalyptus in this Territory.

FEDERAL EXPERIMENTAL PLANTING.

In this connection it is appropriate to note that the Forest Ser- vice has continued its allotments of former years for experimental forest planting in Hawaii, by granting the sum of $700 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1912. The greater part of this money will be expended in continuing the experimental planting of cucalypts new to Hawaii, started last spring in Nuuanu Valley.

TREE CUTTING ON TANTALUS.

In response to a petition signed by a number of property own- ers on Tantalus Heights, arrangements were made about the mid- dle of the month with the county road authorities to fell the trees overhanging the road through the eucalyptus forest. I personally marked the trees to be cut. They are now being taken out. As with the trees blown down by the heavy winds of last February, these trees will be cut up into cordwood-and sold, the money so received going into the treasury as a government realization. Earlier in the month a few large eucalypts were felled to provide long timbers for the use of the Hawaiian Dredging Company,

FOREST FIRES.

On July 24 a forest fire was reported by Mr. Arthur K. Jones, manager of the Leilehua Ranch, as burning on the land of Hele- manu in the Waialua district, Oahu. The local authorities were at once notified and in the evening I went out to Wahiawa, going up early the next morning to the scene of the fire, in company with Mr. W. M. Templeton, the district fire warden, and Mr. George Cruickshank, head luna of the Waialua plantation. The fire had burned over between 125 and 150 acres of grass and

234

forest land, starting on a flat topped ridge between the Helemanu and Opaeula gulches and burning down a little way into the forested gulches on either side. From the evidence obtainable the fire had apparently been started from a lighted match or cigarette stub thrown thoughtlessly into the dry grass by one of a squad of cavalrymen, who were making a reconnoissance survey. The fire started near a camp of a detachment of the Engineer Corps. These men turned out and fought the fire, checking its spread on the ridge. A heavy dew at night fortunately prevented its further advance, the fire stopping just at the edge of the heavy woods in the gulch. A good many young trees on the fiat were killed by the fire in the grass. A number of logs were finally extinguished on the 25th by laborers sent up from the Waialua plantation.

Since the 25th three more grass fires have been reported from Wahiawa, all apparently caused by the carelessness of smokers in dropping fire into a bed of dry grass. It is the opinion of the men on the ground that soldiers are to blame for most of these recent fires.

On July 26, smoke from a fire for burning brush at the moun- tain house of Mrs. Edward Damon caused an alarm to be given that a forest fire had started on the ridge above Moanalua. After considerable telephoning and a trip to Moanalua it was found out that no danger was to be apprehended.

PROSPECTIVE TREE PLANTING.

From a number of sources come reports that arrangements are being made on the part of plantation and ranch interests to do extensive tree planting during the winter months of 1911-12. At the government nursery considerable lots of ironwoods have been started to supply the probable demand later in the year. A little later a good supply of eucalyptus seedlings will also be got ready. But persons or corporations desiring to obtain trees from the government nursery in large numbers would do well to file their applications at once.

Very truly yours,

RacpH S. HosMer, Superintendent of Forestry.

235

THE NURSERY REPORT.

Honolulu, July 31, 1911. R. S. Hosmer, Esq., Superintendent of Forestry, Honolulu, T. H.

Dear Sir:—The principal work done during the month of July is as follows: NURSERY.

Distribution of Plants.

In seed In boxes Pot boxes transplanted grown Total ities Lb arta] call. Jey: 10,000 1,200 288 11,488 2G) CRY 0 a eae 130 130 10,000 1,200 418 11,618

Collections for July amounted to $3010.15, $55.15 of which was on account of plants and seed sold and $2955 on account of “Preservation, Extension, etc., Forestry and Forest Reserves (see sec. 385, R. L.),” payment for timber cut in Puna, Hawaii, by the Hawaiian Development Company, under logging license Janu- ary 10, 1910.

COLLECTION OF SEED.

The collecting of Grevillea robusta, also species of the Eucalyp- tus and Casuarina, has constituted the principal work during the month.

EXPERIMENT GARDEN, MAKIKI.

The two men were employed in the following work: Trans- planting seedlings, mixing and sterilizing soil, etc.

U. S. EXPERIMENTAL PLANTING IN NUUANU VALLEY.

Since the beginning of the month one man has been employed, his work being planting and hoeing. A portable tool shed and shelter hut was built in sections at the nursery and it has been placed near the middle of the tract to be planted. This hut will serve for a tool shed and also a shelter for the men during heavy rains.

Seven half-acre and two third-acre plots have been planted with the following trees, each plot containing one species:

Half-acre plots—Eucalyptus corynacalyx planted, Eucalyptus microtheca planted, Eucalyptus gonicalyx planted, Eucalyptus ~ melanophloia planted, Eucalyptus Smithii planted, Eucalyptus leucoxylon planted, Eucalyptus tereticornis planted; also one plot partly planted with Eucalyptus pilularis.

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Third-acre piots—Eucalyptus crebra planted, Eucalyptus loxo- phelba planted. :

The assistance of the men from the nursery and Makiki station was given for six days. This was done for the purpose of paying back labor which the Federal men did in assisting us during the early part of the year.

Very respectfully,

Davin Haucus, Forest Nurseryman.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Honolulu, July 31, 1911.

Honorable Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Gentlemen :—I herewith respectfully submit my report of the work of the Division of Entomology for the month of July.

During this month we boarded 34 vessels and we found fruit, vegetables and plants on 15 of them.

The usual careful inspection was made of all the shipments with the following results:

Disposal with principal causes. Lots Parcels Passed as freeitemr peste... 22 i: Ce 864 14,727 POWITOM: 2 gn ag eae ae cee ee ee eee: Sern = 21 Fopmrtoabedd (1730 1c An hace el een. Sem 5 9 Returned ih" ys eT ere Se eee (0 Ch 1 1

Botah inspected fa saree soe» Lares 879 14,758

RICE SHIPMENTS.

During the month there arrived 29,638 bags of rice, of which 6227 bags arriving on the China on July 7 were found to be in- fested with the larvae of a moth, probably Pyralis farinalis, a very common cosmopolitan pest. On July 15 another shipment of rice arrived on the Manchuria and although the shipment was much cleaner than that on the China we found 2367 bags infested with the same pest. We notified the consignees of the condition of the rice and as we could not return the rice we ordered it all fumigated. It was placed in the tight rooms on the channel dock and subjected to the fumes of carbon-bisulphide for five days and when we examined it we found all the larvae black and ’ partly dried. All the consignees cabled to Japan immediately to prevent further shipments from being made unless they were first fumigated there, and I am pleased to say that the last shipment of rice arrived in clean condition.

ate 207 PESTS INTERCEPTED.

During this month rice shipments were found infested with several pests, which at this season of the year is to be expected, but as stated elsewhere all infested rice was not passed until thoroughly fumigated, the consignees bearing all expenses.

In a shipment of plants from Japan we found a large nest of ants in all stages which were thoroughly subjected to fumigation.

BENEFICIAL INSECTS.

Eight lots of Japanese beetle fungus were distributed during the month.

I received a cable from Midway Island advising me of the arrival in good condition of the colony of vedalia which was sent last month.

Brother M. Newell, Inspector at Hilo, reports the arrival of six steamers and two sailing vessels of which four steamers brought vegetable matter consisting of 125 lots and 1631 parcels. Seven crates of plums were destroyed on account of a fungus.

INTER-ISLAND INSPECTION.

On July 1 we started two inspectors on inter-isiand inspection, Mr. A. E. Carter as inspector and Mr. Ed. Drew as assistant. It is very gratifying to be able to report that we have found the people very much interested in our work and most of them avoid taking any fruit along and only occasionally do we find someone who did not know about the new regulation. We have had notices printed in English, Portuguese, Hawalian and Japanese, and all passengers when purchasing a ticket receive a notice printed in English and Japanese, stating that no fruits, melons, vegetables or roots grown on Oahu can be taken to any of the other islands. Also that no soil or plants with soil can be taken and all such must first be submitted to the Superintendent of Entomology who will attach a tag if they are found free from pests.

Five thousand copies of Rule IX, regarding the inter-island inspection, have been printed and quantities distributed.

The advisory committee appointed by the Board to take up the fight of the Mediterranean fruit fly, of which I am chairman, have been able to codperate with the existing machinery of the Board of Health and of the garbage department of the city gov- ernment and everything is now being done to reduce the pest hy clean culture methods, and some very encouraging reports have already been received, showing a marked reduction of the pests in certain localities.

Respectfully submitted,

Epw. M. Exruorn, Superintendent of Entomology.

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THE LEMON TARIFF OAND DPAHEVS AN DTEGO EXPOSE EON

(The Forester Correspondence. )

Washington, Aug. 12—The farmer and fruitgrower is likely to feel that he is too often discriminated against by the railroads, by the tariff, by the commission men, by almost everyone with whom he comes into contact. Ele has so long been pictured as a “rube” who readily buys green goods and gold bricks that he is tempted to think, at times, that even Uncle Sam looks on him in that light. For years the farmers have been asking for the same measure of protection in the tariff that has been accorded freely to the laboring man and the manufacturer. Has he got it? Not always. Occasionally the man who tills the soil has got some- thing but it has been hard won, and no sooner did he get it than powerful forces were arrayed to snatch it away from him.

Take a concrete case. In Florida and California the climate was found to be suitable for growing oranges and lemons. Enterprising pioneers in both states took up the new lines with enthusiasm. They met with many discouragements and setbacks. There were insect pests, frosts, droughts, scarcity and high cost of labor, unknown problems to solve, years to wait for returns, and competition from foreign lands when other problems had all been reduced and success achieved. Orange growing reached a stage where the home growers controlled the market and com- petition was little feared. Lemon growing continued to be a hard fight although the problem of producing a better lemon than the imported had been solved and 50 per cent. of the home market was supplied by home-grown lemons. The extension of the mar- ket was checked because the importers, with cheap home labor and cheap ocean freights, could, and did, keep the American fruit from reaching the seaboard whenever they wished to do so.

Congress wanted to give the American growers an even break, and added one-half cent per pound to the tariff on lemons, cr about one and one-half cents a dozen, one-eighth of a cent on each lemon. During the hottest portion of the summer lemons sold in Washington at 10 and 20 cents a dozen. No one found any complaint with this except the Italian importers in New York City. They started in at once to raise a slush fund to fight the tariff. The growers in Sicily and Italy agreed to pay from 5 to 10 cents on each box of lemons imported into the United States to help fight the tariff. They began a campaign to arouse the American public to a belief that it was being wronged, and to in- fluence Congress to remove the tariff on lemons. Congressmen were appealed to by the agents of the importers, the pushcart men and the retail fruit dealers.’ Untruthful petitions were cir- culated, so untruthful that their mendacity was evident at a glance. One form of petition refers to the “burdensome duty on lemons,”

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alleged to be “for the purpose of doubling the wealth of ten or a dozen millionaires of California, and also for the purpose of pay- ing the wages of tens of thousands of Japanese soldiers who ex- clusively monopolize the labor of the California lemon orchards, thus depriving American laborers of opportunity of labor and wages.”

This.is very absurd, as well as false. To patronize the foreign iemon growers and steamship companies would be better, the importers think, than to patronize American railroads, American orchardists and American labor. Japanese are employed to a very small extent in the region where lemons grow. If there were enough white labor they would not be employed at all. Moreover, oranges and lemons are now grown in Arizona, Texas, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi and Georgia.

Such petitions as those just referred to have been circulated at Atlantic coast summer resorts by “barkers,”’ such as those who attract attention to the shows at seaside amusement parks, and many small boys signed them. Posters have also been displayed by these Sicilian agents charging the “high cost of living” on the lemon tariff, which would not cost the average person one cent in a year, if anything at all, for lemons have actually been cheaper this year than they were before the duty was increased, so that the dealers (who are really at the mercy of the importers), are promising a great deal if they promise to reduce the cost of lemons in case the present tariff is repealed.

The fact is that the duty was not a serious burden to the im- porters until very recently because the execution of the customs regulations permitted them to claim, and to obtain, a rebate for alleged rotten fruit, amounting sometimes to fifty per cent. of the cargo, which they were clever enough to sell afterward as first-class, sound fruit. This has been stopped. A close observer in Washington said recently:

“What the government has lost in customs frauds will never be known, but as Collector Wm. Loeb, Jr., has shown at New York alone, the sum must reach many millions of dollars. Im- porters have shown the greatest cunning as well as unscrupulous- ness. They have had to refund millions of dollars to the Treasury Department. Scme of the Italian importers were sent to jail. The Italian lemon importers are the latest to have been circum- vented, but the government had to revise the regulations for the importation of lemons in order to head them off, and it took eight months to find out how to meet the case. Aided by an almost unlimited ‘slush fund’ put up by the Sicilian lemon grow- ers, and by very shrewd and resourceful lawyers who are spend- ing money lavishly to buy magazine and newspaper space, the Italian importers are now seeking to have the tariff revised in their-interest. This is not the first time foreign interests have tried to shape legislation in Congress, but it is one of the boldest.”

The way the Treasury Department stopped the importers from

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obtaining too big an allowance for decayed fruit was to make the estimates for rot on the samples displayed for sale. Almost eny disinterested person would say that this was fair, but the importers protested wildly and vehemently. The Treasury De- partment, however, thought mere noise no argument, and the amount of money collected has increased.

The fact is, the tiller of the soil will have to be considered when it comes to fixing up a list of producers who must have a fair share of protection. Legislation by Congress should be for the benefit of the people Congress represents, and not for the benefit of Sicily, Japan, Mexico, Spain, or any other country.

One reason why many men, after retiring from business under- take orange and lemon culture is the romantic interest attaching to it in a land where winter is unknown. But they need some profit to keep them interested in their work. Unless the efforts of the importers to cripple the industry in California shall suc- ceed, the orange and lemon groves of that State will prove to be among the most interesting things the visitors to the 1915 Pan- ama Exposition in San Diego and San Francisco will see.

SCHOOL? GARDENING IN“RAW AIT ASO RELATED oO AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

VAUGHAN MAcCaucHEY, the College of Hawaii.

(Read at the Convention of the National Education Association, San, Francisco, 1914. )

The general nature of school-garden work in Hawati has been stated in a paper published in the Southern Workman, July, 1910, and later reprinted as a bulletin of the College of Hawaii. The present discussion will be confined to the particular relation- ships, in Hawaii, between school-gardening and agricultural edu- cation in general.

In. order to understand the educational situation in Hawaii, with reference to school-gardens, cne must know the general con- ditions of life. The population of Hawaii consists, approximate- ly, of 35,000 Hawaiians and part-Hawaiians; 27,000 Latins, chiefly Portuguese; 95,000 Orientals, chiefly Japanese; and 12,000 Teutons, chiefly Americans and English. The natives have been farmers and fisher-folk since the dawn of their history. Indeed, the nature of their island world was such that there were no other means of livelihood. Their food supply came almost wholly from the fertile lowlands that engirdle the islands, and from the bounteous ocean. ‘The limited area of the islands restricted nomadism; the entire lack of large game cut off hunt- ing; and the absence of grazing domestic animals prevented pas- toral life.’ The Hawaiian was compelled, perforce, to accept a staple, agricultural existence.

The Americans and English have been the exploiters, devel-

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opers, promoters, of the agricultural resources of the islands. To their ability is due the phenomenal erowth of the sugar in- dustry, which has systematically fostered “the importation of large masses of cheap labor, mainly the Orientals and Latins above mentioned. The sugar industry was also the main factor in the annexation of Hawaii by the United States. The immigrants brought in to supply the plantations were naturally drawn from agricultural classes, accustomed to country life and to farm labor. They live very simply, receive small wages and raise large fami- lies, as do similar classes the world over.

The indigenous and immigrant population of Hawaii is there- fore, by both heredity and necessity, almost entirely agricultural. Living on a relatively low plane of life, they have desired but scant education for their children. With the exception of those in Honolulu and Hilo (the only cities in the Territory), the schools are country schools, usually near sugar plantations. With the exception of a few large ones in the above-named cities, the schools are almost entirely primary schools, covering only the work of the first four grades. Of the 20,245 pupils in the public schools in 1910, 17,369 were in grades one to four, inclusive; 2,486 in grades five to eight, inclusive : and but 254 in high schools. bere is, but one first-grade public high school in the Territory.

In 1910 the nationalities of the children in the public schools was as follows: Hawatian and part-Hawaiian, 30% ; Orientals, 40% ; Latins, 20% ; Teutons and others, 10%. Hawaii’s ereat school problem is therefore to furnish primary education to non- English-speaking peoples of the lower classes. It is in the solu- tion of this problem that the schoolgarden, as a part of agricul- tural education, can play so important a role.

Agricultural education, in the strict sense of the word, has never received adequate attention in Hawaii’s schools, no more than it has in other school systems. The reasons are the same here as elsewhere—inappreciation of manual activities, lack of trained teachers, etc. In addition, the necessity for teaching English to non-English-speaking peoples has tended to make the curriculum lean toward drill work in language.

The majority of the white men who first came to the islands were unfamiliar with agricultural processes, especially those con- nected with tropical agriculture, and for a long time had little in- terest in it. The sugar industry, and other farming enterprises, are managed by large corporations on the plantation system, em- ploying principally alien labor. In Hawati there has never devel- oped a permanent community of white farmers working their own land; indeed, social and industrial conditions have been pro- hibitive to such development. There are no “farmers’ children” in the sense in which that phrase is used on the mainland; there ig no. country lite equivalent to that of “‘the states.”

The white people have, in general, favored the education of the lower classes along industrial lines, for several reasons: to fur-

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yish indigenous skilled labor for the various trades, thus making them independent of the more expenive coast supply; and be- cause of a prevalent attitude that the American public school edu- cation was not suited for, in fact might be considered “too good” for, the children of the lower classes.

Principal Edgar Wood, of the Territorial Normal and Train- ing School, is strongly urging the adoption of the following sys- tem of industrial education, with which school-garden enterprises will be closely articulated:

“There is at the present time considerable agitation throughout the United States, in fact in most countries where the develop- ment depends upon the agricultural resources and the belated industries, toward the establishment of continuation schools of the industrial type. This agitation seems to be in a general way taking hold of Hawai. Many of our leading citizens have ex- pressed their belief that such schools would be applicable to our conditions, and would prove of great benefit in training boys and girls, who have passed the compulsory school age, into productive workers of the community. It is believed that these schools would tend to greatly reduce the number of boys and girls now in our feformatory schoolsfa> iat, 9%

“A plan is proposed which in brief asks for the establishment, on each of the four islands, Kauai, Oahu, Maui and Hawaii, of schools contiguous to important centers of industry. These schools to give instruction in agriculture, home economics, trade and industries. This instruction to be given in field, garden, kitchen and shops, and to be of such a practical nature as to enable the pupils at the end of the course to take up work in connection with the respective industries at remunérative wages.

“The type school fer such a system is as follows: A school shall be established in a given locality when twenty-five students can be assured. The attendance of all boys and girls between the ages of 14 and 18, both inclusive, who are not otherwise wisely and profitably employed, shall be required. It shall be incumbent upon all parents, guardians and others having the responsibility and care of children of all ages, to send them to the school established in the locality if they are within four miles, or farther if suitable transportation is provided. Others may attend at the discretion of the Department of Public Instruc- tion, e. g., men who may wish to improve as workers.

“The equipment of the school shall consist of: A farm of not less than 25 acres, to be increased in proportion to the number of boys attending by two and one-half acres per boy, and to be equipped with essential hand-tools. Shops equipped to meet the needs of the industries of the environment. Residence buildings provided with sanitary and culinary equipment for properly hous- ing and feeding the pupils.

“Students shall be remunerated for their work in accordance with current value, to be determined by some schedule such as

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time, profit-sharing, or piecework. Students shall work the first two years on the farm or in the shops of the school, and the last two years one-half of each day in the fields or shops of the in- custry of the locality. The rest of the day will be devoted to the study of related academic subjects—mathematics, geography or industry, reading and writing.

“The Department of Public Instruction will engage and pay all instructors. The industry will supply lands, buildings and equipment, and pay the students working for them in fields, shops, etc. The school shall cultivate the land set apart by the industry and pay the pupils out of the proceeds of the crop.” (From Report of Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1910.)

The majority of the country schools are on areas of land suf- ficiently large to permit the development of school-gardens. Such gardens are encouraged by the Department of Public Instruction, and in many cases the teachers themselves are, by training, pro- ficient gardeners. It is noteworthy that of the total 501 public school teachers, 225 are Hawatians or part-Hawaiians ; 41 Portu- euese, and 18 Orientals.

In general the school gardens of Hawaii differ markedly from those of the mainland, in that they are not divided into individual plots, but are common property, the individual pupils not having specific areas. This is doubtless due to several factors—the over- crowded condition of many rural schools, making individual as- signments impracticable, and to the fact that many of our most important and interesting crops are long-season plants. Indeed many of the mainland annuals are perennial, or nearly so, here, for example, cabbage. parsley, eggplant, peppers, tomatoes, etc. Moreover, the school-gardens of Hawaii are rural rather than urban, and there is lacking that brisk demand for garden plots that characterizes our city populace.

The School Fund Commission, in its recent report, makes the following statement regarding agricultural work in the public schools: “Nine thousand three hundred and nine pupils engaged in gardening. Practically all children doing some yard work. More than 125 schools actively engaged in. agricultural work, two schools planting sugar-cane on commercial basis. Work consists of clearing and preparing land, keeping grounds in order, vegetable-gardening, flower-gardening, tree planting. The plants most commonly raised are taro, potatoes, tomatoes, pineapple, cabbage, carrots, parsley, egg-plant, lettuce, corn, onions, string heans, beets, cucumbers. melons, turnips, sisal, various flowers. The trees and ornamentals most commonly planted are silver oak, monkey-pod, bougainvillea, algaroba, pride of India, pepper-tree, orange, avocado, banana, poinciana, palms of various species, ironwood, eucalyptus, camphor, lemon, lime, mango, papata.”

Prizes have been effectively used as a stimulus to agricultural work in the public schools... Mr. C. E. Copeland, of Wailuku, Maui, says “that in 1907 the Evening Bulletin offered five prizes

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of twenty-five dollars each. Some twenty-five schools entered the contest, the pupils reporting weekly, under the following heads: the work done, condition of soil, name of crop grown, methods of cultivation, watering, weeding, etc.; amount of growth made, extermination of pests, and general remarks. At the close of the season a tabulated statement of work done and results obtained was rendered. The vegetables grown were selected from the fol- lowing list: lettuce, onions, cabbage, beets, tomatoes, beans, egg- plant, carrots, cucumbers, turnips, melons, sweet potatoes, pars- ley, Japanese cabbage and peppers. Official committees awarded the prizes at the various exhibits. The competition was very satis- factory to all concerned, and demonstrated that in many, 1f not all, of our schools, vegetable gardening can be successfully done.

“All of our pupils have abundant opportunity for outdoor work and play all the year round. Practically all have space and means at home to grow flowers and plants. Practically all take advan- tage of these opportunities. The fondness of the Hawatians for trees and flowers is well known; the Portuguese are mostly agri- culturalists and gardeners, and many of the Japanese are expert horticulturalists. Thus it happens that the most of our pupils are already familiar with the growth of vegetables, flowers and trees. The teacher’s chief work in agriculture is to guide the pupil in the application of knowledge already possessed; to encourage their natural fondness for plant life; to develop in them a desire to own and cultivate the land; to form habits of thrift and industry, and to make the school premises models of neatness, order and sympathy upon which they may pattern their own dooryards.”

In addition to this gardening work of the elementary grades, agricultural work of a more advanced nature is carried on regu- larly in the industrial schools. The Lahainaluna School reports systematic classroom studies of soils and fertilizers; the various economic plants, their culture and uses: care of farm animals, and studies it economic entomology. The students supplv the ccommissariat with a variety of vegetables and fruits. In addition to the smaller gardens there are large plantings of sorghum, sisal, pineapples and upland taro.

The Boys’ Reform School reports the following plantings since May, 1910: Taro, 13 acres: bananas, 2; sweet potatoes, 8; squash, 3.5: other vegetables, 2; alfalfa, 2; other grasses, 3; sorghum and corn, 1: cotton, 1; sugar cane, 30. The methods employed are those of a modern diversified farm, the boys doing the work under competent instruction.

The farm department of the Hilo Boarding School is well organized, with an agricultural-college graduate at its head. Thirty acres of land are under cultivation. The farm contributes nearly half of the unkeep of the dining hall. The main crops are taro, bananas, pineapples, broom corn, cowpeas, vegetables, fruits and fodder. The Federal Experiment Station has just established a sub-station on land adjoining the school farm, and the work on this station is to be done by the school,

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The Territorial Normal and Training School, at Honolulu, gives a large place to nature-study, elementary agriculture and school gardening. A portion of the school’s land is laid off into gardens, and here the cadets are given practical instruction in the raising of crops. They are also instructed in the supervision of garden-work, pupils from the grades carrying on work under their direction. The crops are used by the domestic science de- partment in the preparation of the noon lunches, which are sold at cost price to the pupils and teachers. In the kitchen the cadet is thoroughly trained in the best methods of cooking and serving the products of her labor in the garden. The kitchen is on a seif- supporting basis. Some typical lunches, illustrating the use of garden-products, are as follows: 1, tomato soup, mince pie; 2, meat stew, papaia sherbet, buttercup cake; 3, vegetable salad, creamy rice pudding ; 4, corn chowder, strawberry ice cream, cake.

In the classroom, the cadets are given subject-matter and methods of teaching the important economic plants and animals, -and similar subjects comprising elementary agriculture. The plants include such types as banana, cotton, coffee, guava, papaia, rice, sugar-cane, sisal, taro. The industrial phases of crop-pro- duction are emphasized, the studies including all of the stages trom the selection and preparation of the land to the final trans- portation and marketing of the crop.

Teachers who are interested in school-garden work can avail themselves of assistance from a number of sources. The Col- lege of Hawaii offers two correspondence courses in this field, one in plant life, another in practical horticulture. The Normal School in 1910 issued a “Synopsis of Nature-study Work for the Elementary Schoo!s of Hawaii,” of 150 pages. The publications of the Federal Experiment Station contain much practical infor- mation. The Department of Public Instruction issues a monthly, “Hawaii's Young People,” a portion of which covers nature-study subjects. The Territorial Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry furnishes seedling trees, vegetable seeds and similar material eratis to teachers.

The school-gardens of Hawaii are a part of the forward move- ment in education. They are supplanting the medieval bookish- ness of former days. They stand for the beauty and dignity of real things. They are simple. They are within the child’s realm. Their pleasant influences reach into his heart through the happy labor of his hands. They typify fundamental institutions.

The school garden has a broad outlook toward life. It is optimistic. It is bound to survive.

IAG

THE MILK, SUPPEV OF 0 NOLL EL.

Report by the Territorial Veterinarian on the Milk Supply of the City and County of Honolulu with Special Reference to Bovine Tuberculosis among the Dairy Herds of the Terri- tory, addressed to the Territorial Board of Health and the Board of Supervisors of the City and County of Honolulu, by direction of the Territorial Board of Agriculture and For- estry.

Honolulu, July 17, 1911.

Gentlemen :—By direction of the president of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry and especially by the Committee on Animal Industry of this Board, I have the honor to submit here- with a report on the present state of health of the dairy animals of the City and County of Honolulu as bearing upon the local milk supply.

This report is based upon the work carried on by the Division of Animal Industry for the past year or more in an attempt to regulate the local milk supply in accordance with an ordinance passed by the Board of Supervisors of the City and County of Honolulu, under date of March 21, 1910, which ordinance, among other specifications, requires that all dairy animals from which milk is obtained for human consumption must have passed the tuberculin tesi.

When this ordinance was under consideration it was a well known fact that tuberculosis was prevalent among the cattle in a number of local dairies, for which reason a public meeting was called in order to allow the dairymen to express their opinions as to the advisability of including the tuberculin test among the re- quirements for a wholesome milk supply, as enumerated in the | various, more or less stringent, specifications of the ordinance. The measure was favored by a majority of the dairymen present, and especially by those who had already inaugurated a system of eradication, that is by the up-to-date and progressive milk producers, who realized that, sooner or later, the disease would have to be dealt with as a prohibitive factor, the presence of which was incompatible with a wholesome milk supply.

In order, however, not to make the ordinance oppressive or difficult to comply with for financial reasons, it was decided that the cost of the tuberculin test shouid be borne by the public, and an understanding was reached whereby the Board of Agriculture and Forestry assumed the actual work of testing the dairy ani- mals belonging to applicants for permits to sell milk.

The first official tuberculin test was begun during the spring of 1910, and the conditions which were immediately disclosed were of such a nature as to cause, to say the least, consternation. The prevalence of the disease among the dairy herds of the Islands had been fully demonstrated when, about a decade ago,

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an official test was made, as a result of which a large majority (it was then believed) of the affected animals were destroyed; but that the disease should have spread, either from the surviving affected animals or from imported stock, to the extent which was disclosed by the present test seemed unbelievable, and it was not until a number of owners of reacting animals had been satisfied by post-mortem demonstrations, that the reactors were actually affected with the disease, that it dawned upon the community that it was face to face with at least one of the sources of the great mortality from consumption among the population of the Territory. However, it is unnecessary here to recall the appalling percentages of affected animals which confronted a number of dairy owners, and which made it practically impossible to enforce the municipa! milk ordinance, without causing a milk famine, while, at the same time, misguided sentiment in regard to the disposal of the carcasses of reacting animais made it next to impossible for the owners of infected herds to rid them of the disease, except at a complete, and often ruinous, sacrifice. Under these circumstances there seemed for a time little prospect of a speedy solution of the milk problem, and the fact that we are now, less than eighteen months from the beginning of this campaign, entering upon an era of clean milk for the City and County of Honolulu is due, principally, to two men, to whom I consider it a _privilege here to give the credit which so fully belongs to them.

Mr. Isenberg and Mr. Pond, or Mr. Pond and Mr. Isenberg, while employing diametrically opposite methods, have both ac- complished what might have seemed the unattainable. Both cap- tains in the dairy industry, each counting his milk producers by the hundred, have cleaned their heavily infected herds from tuber- culosis, voluntarily. unsubsidized and at great financial sacrifice, blazing the way for others to follow—a way which no ordinance, statute, rule or regulation could have enforced, and obviating in- demnification and litigation ad infinitum.

While Mr. Pond has worked for years, keeping at it steadily, familiarizing himself with the various diagnostic agents and methods, eliminating the diseased animals whenever physical symptoms made their appearance, replenishing his herd only with ‘tested animals, and drawing freely on the time and advice of the local officials, he was able when the crucial test came to present for examination a herd which to all intents and purposes was clean, literally as well as technically.

Mr. Isenberg, on the other hand, had always been a breeder, raising his own cows, using imported tuberculin tested sires and, from the appearance of his herd, had no reason to suspect any extensive infection among them. This surmise was also borne out by the tuberculin test. It was, therefore, a great surprise when the official test disclosed the presence of a large number of infected animals. Mr. Isenberg, however, decided at once that no milk from affected animals should be allowed to reach the human consumer and began immediately to destroy all reactors.

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Not satisfied with this, and realizing the necessity for some means whereby the milk consumers of Honolulu might be protected from infection, at least during the period which necessarily must elapse before all tuberculous cows could be done away with, he, as president of the Honolulu Dairymen’s Association, began at once to make inquiries for the most effective and reliable milk purifying machinery, for which purpose he visited the Depart- ment of Agriculture in Washington, D. C. He finally decided on the installation of one of the Goucher Electric Milk Purifying Plants, which may now be seen at work in the assoctation’s estab- lishment on Sheridan street. What I most want to emphasize, however, is the fact, that even though this purifying plant, which has been placed under the immediate supervision of the Division of Animal Industry, is known to destroy all disease germs which might be present in the milk, Mr. Isenberg has not alone per- sisted in disposing of all of his reacting animals, so that he now has an absolutely clean herd, but has, in conjunction with Mr. Pond and the other officers of the Dairymen’s Association, issued orders that, from and after July 15th, the Association will re- ceive no milk from dairies having reacting cows on the premises.

This step on the part of the Dairymen’s Association, which was only taken after due deliberation, and when it was seen that some dairymen would never get rid of their affected animals so long as they could send their milk through the purifier, prac-: tically makes it obligatory for the owners of reacting cattle to either dispcse of these animals or else violate the laws of the Ter- ritory. /

As already stated, however, the examples set by Mr. Isenberg and Mr. Pond have had a salutary effect upon a number of smaller dairies, but it is, nevertheless, a pleasure to state that a large number of independent dairies have disposed of their react- ing animals, improved their premises and their methods to con- form with the city milk ordinance, and that practically every one of the dairies which was found to be free from the infection when the campaign was first inaugurated have made similar efforts ; and that, taken altogether, the milk supply of Honolulu is so vastly improved over what it was 14-16 months ago that it ex-— ceeds by far what could reasonably have been expected. As all of this has been accomplished without any harsh methods or onerous regulations it is suggested that the few dairies which still remain delinquent, but which show a disposition to come into line, be granted until the end of the present month to do so, with the understanding, however, that a failure to comply with the very reasonable demands of the municipal as well as the Territorial requirements will be followed by a peremptory revocation of their permit to sell milk.

The appended list of 78 dairies. comprises the milk producing establishments, on the premises of which no tuberculous, or react- ing, cattle are found, and where only officially tested and tagged

249

cattle are being milked. A number of these do not sell milk, and as many, both producers and consumers, are under the im- pression that, so long as no milk is sold, it is not necessary to have a permit or to conform with the requirements of the munici- pal milk ordinance, it may be well here to emphasize that section 1 of the said ordinance makes it obligatory for the milk producer to obtain a milk permit, whether his product is: for sale, use or consumption. As nobody keeps a cow except for the purpose of either selling, using or consuming, or delivering for sale, use or consumption the milk from such cow I cannot see how even the keeper or owner of a single private or “family” cow can avoid taking out a milk permit. When this fact is fully known the num- ber of applicants will undoubtedly be somewhat increased, even though, as stated, a number of the applicants on the appended list do not sell milk.

The requirements of section 2, to the effect that all applicants must furnish a certificate from a veterinary surgeon showing that all cows in his or her possession are free from tuberculosis would seem to be met by the transmission of the appended list in so far as those applicants are concerned whose names appear on the list. All other milk producers, or cattle owners, have either not complied with the requirements or else have had the test per- formed by véterinarians not connected with this office, and it must be left to the respective officials, whose ordinances or regu- lations require such certificates of health, to decide whether the same are acceptable or not. It is, however, suggested that such certificates specify whether the animals referred to have ever been tested before, and that, in case they have reacted to such previous test, the question of the health of such animals be referred to the Territorial Veterinarian for decision. The policy of this office is, however, the same as that adopted wherever official tuberculosis control work is undertaken and may be expressed in the one sentence “once a reactor, always a reactor.”

As already stated there still remain a few dairies to be brought into line, and the somewhat optimistic view in regard to the present status of the milk supply of Honolulu, as conveyed by this report, is not to be construed into a belief that ideal condi- tions have been reached or even are near at hand. Far from it. While hygienic and sanitary conditions of dairy premises in gen- eral have improved immensely, there is still plenty of room for further improvement, especially in the substituting of old stables and milk rooms with new and more modern ones. The immediate cooling of the milk, to a degree far below that required by the present ordinance, is another very important step toward which we must constantly strive, and which must be everlastingly kept before the producer who delivers his milk direct to the consumer. If another milk depot similar to the one on Sheridan street, and located in Palama or Kalihi, could be established, the regulations might be altered to compel the purifying, cooling and aeration of all the milk consumed in the city proper, but until such a time

250

the educational work must be continued and the many smaller producers must be kept up to the mark through frequent visits and constant urging with regard to improvements of methods, premises and utensils. That the health and condition of the dairy animals must be kept under continued observation goes without saying, as otherwise it would be but a very short time before many of the now clean herds would have the infection back and further losses impending.

The buying, selling, exchanging, leasing and transferring from one dairy to another of tested or untested, fresh or dry, old or new milch cows, heifers or bulls, must be kept under surveillance. A card index is now kept in this office, by means of which each tested and ear-tagged animal can be located at a moment’s notice, and the transfer of tested animals from stable to stable is recorded as soon as known. Another index shows the serial number and the date of testing of each animal in the possession of each owner. It is further intended to have this index embrace sanitary and hygienic conditions of premises and in fact everything pertaining to each individual dairy, not for the purpose of usurping the work or the duties of the milk inspector, but 1n order to facilitate and systematize the same and avoid unnecessary repetition of work, which the codperation of the three boards makes it desirable to have collected and recorded in one place.

In this connection I wish to state that the present method of having the milk inspector accompany the inspecting and testing cficer of the Division of Animal Industry has proven of un- looked-for value and has greatly facilitated the work of both, not alone so far as transportation is concerned, but principally in com- bining the authority of the two officers, thereby avoiding repeti- tion of instructions, which if delivered at different times by officers working independently of each other might easily lead to misun- derstanding or confusion especially when dealing with Oriental and other owners or laborers of foreign birth. If therefore the present arrangement does not interfere with any other instruc- tions or duties of the milk inspector and if the work as here re- ported on meets with the approval of the respective boards I am authorized to state that the tuberculosis control work will be con- tinued along the same lines as hitherto. If any further difficulty should be met with in having the remaining tuberculous cattle (reactors) removed from premises where milk is produced or where the infection may be transmitted to other animals, it might be well to publish a “by authority” notice in the daily papers giving a concise definition of what constitutes impure, adulterated, unhealthful or unwholesome milk, with special reference to milk from diseased animals, as defined in the statutes of the Territory and in the municipal milk ordinance now in effect. It is, how- ever, believed that this step will not be necessary and that conse- quently it would be better not to again alarm the public on this subject.

List of dairies in the City and County of Honolulu entitled to

Zo ( permits to sell milk, in so far as they have complied with Section Z of Ordinance No. 17, requiring that all cows in the possession of the applicants are free from tuberculosis:

No. Per-

Name. Address. of Cows. mit No. P. M. Pond, The Pond Dairy, Monsarrat Rd.,

Meee ste i. Mire cous S rus a ae ats ahaa) ire bh 107 1 Pan Pande Wokuleta: Oahu... . ox. $s) aes 268 2 C. J. Day, 1044 Kalihi Road, Honolulu...... + 5) Kakuky Plamtation Co, Kahuku... 0.6. . 4); . 25 = iPeacalsoamanoa Valley... 2. -~ any) cnet - 10 5 Mrs. Mary Riedell, 1156 Gulick Avenue..... 10 6 ities es iors ITIEE, Yaa «Sit eum saretg hi tac 11 i amen Ue mtet: IMA Wal oi. sari bis eee aii) 5 9 Ree OUZ Aas eM Jagd canes qe:e ms oa tidnecers’d wast 34 22 iam Cems IT Seis genial. sia o's a veto Hse 13 13 Wm. P. Alexander, Jones Street, Manoa.;;;'. 4 5 Geo, Wondsholt Lane, Honolulit.;..,.% ssc 12 16 Dairymen’s Association, Sheridan. Street. .)..5/ x 17 lek. Isenmero,, Watalac. >... Sec 0st «ays atsys 150 18 ee atnae A NOANAIA. hc. ja cee sk ids hp 314 19 Resgic Atatade... Matias: , 2. core eie- hy hliayore oimys 86 20 ies ne Wagan (AIA TIO dtece-n bod bind Sieh wone nivel 56 22 ea Re temed ee) bah ae ee oe eee ae ao icduslani Daven, ialilar Valley...) gehen >! a 24 SOO eT a oe eae Serta ys + 27 ioe 4G OOnCeerMANOdie 4 ¢ occ sri< ths Hees, }2 15 28 Kaien tienen sChOOlS Gh... fan. Strid Gam dootey 40 29 Sylvano de Nobriga, .Nuuant. 2. . sf dsdeigs + 11 30 Semeito piste, Palit i. js acd cx = npraayel 10 32 ire Blatt aie «ode. oot cds os apn Z 33 eetpkiatin WV AIL AMeCINEG. 6 isis: sox ore's os. <tehen a'§ 36 Pamijuro Miyakawa, Ocean View.......... 12 Ry Misi, Pred Whitney, 1366 King Street: 2. -.,. 2 38 ak. Weadertes.) Metall i...-s:sercee ito t]asieees | i 39 dee ea imetinee NAINA bay asa tesa sy. a e's vate nl 3 40 Die sawamimrs School, Street: ick es eos 10 42 at ernamee;s, Kah oy. tMerticnessing mers 6 43 eet umemaos, Colleas, Street usi-. ilar a 5 +4 ee Tal ue etre HA Tbe. tras) oe e's it 45 J-ME Whitney, Punaboa ‘Street. ....-....... 10 46 ame mea sccomrta eran acid 1 Wasi crconaetosgncs vies # aca w! #36. 34 49 Kapahulu Dairy, Kapahulu (Marshall & Aze-

WEG Meera Ay. MENTS). 1400 BATT he's 19 51 edi eattitteae P anlOdey os Ges bt ee. oe rs 53 Mrs. C. M. White, 1417 Makiki Street...... 8 54 S. Tado, Waikele..... aby aed -dakedewwsl: ye 10 56

Richard, Kapena, Putt. eslislerab. ster oxterer Z 58

Manuel August; Puignuinest srocidcam gab aie. oot 1 59 BK. Ellsworth, ,Pupukea, sed suis pbs. ick 10 60 ». Buyama,, Kalauao. .sjnd gage k votes + 61 wz. Ogawa, Waialtia 22s «sree se eee: «25 me 62 2. Jtuginaka allalawa see vee - cede eh oe 4 63 Waianae Ranch Ge. Waranae. ;-..52 eels ahd 64 kk. W,. Andrews, Wyllie Sitect 2 oaeeae. .. aoe 1 05 Mrs. S.J. Grace, Jaaamaiet (Boe ee OTR + 66 Kutchitaro: Inetiyi,. Morliilr.ssn:3-. tee oe 10 69 M- L., Hartotas, Kaimuela.cs G23 eo 2 70 Dc]. Coonradt. Pupukeat ye? st ae Le 3 71 £7C. omith,“Rearl City. gece tree tees. es 12 72 Miss Zana. J¢hnson; Peard ity. on6 4.74734 8 iS john. Schwanek,. Pearl Cry Us. 220 Yeo D 74 shotero..Hirata,. Motliili.-..d.s..5 555/38 5 75 G.: Takinturd, Moiltilt, -< ces. BP. io 3 76 Wall E. Miles; Kalihi-Road-..+ 42.’ 2847.48 17 78 Mc ‘Gomes, feahi Ranchegss+init-k the. tt 42 80 K ¢ Yamashita, .Morili S268, 222 Reel 5 82 Francisco: Valpo, ama Lane HME OUOS tee - 83 Manuel Abreu, Nuvanid? 2 see oS 3 84 Frank Gouveia) Kaiulani -Road-~ <2.) 0 0..% aS 85 FV. de Mello! Ewa: Mallee. 2+ vanccute et OY Ss 86 Walter E. Wall, Keeaumoku Street......... 9 87 J. icimote, EWa Millen seen the AS ts 88 Chiozo, Okamoto,» Hwa «Mille: s42927-4e8y- 028 2 89 Odhw R.-& Ts. Co:; Kawarloas ty. 250 Ce L9 IS 90 Oahu Ri & Te :Co; Molculeias< veteerter -. 28 470 91 Oahu R.& [64+Co.,. Honouliuli:..2262924 22 739 92 Oahu Ru & IV Go., Kahulka: Ranches 238 ~ .A% 198 93 jJokn A. Tenrpleton,: Wahiawa: 142-708! 25 94 Lekawakami;* Pearhdsty<os xc uit eee ee 3 95 A.PW. Bames;;Wahiawarnes: ot .20ee seek Se fs 96 i Pankdatz, ‘Kapahiilt yor toe: ates agate \ 4 5 97 Chaisy Ri Brazier, 122 ndaag (Ss treces ae: .:. 8b 3 98 Stephen: J... Alencastre} sMormite. 2024) eee + 99 Rafael: Compes,. Campbell sAventies .< + <'22. 27. 10 100 3414

Very respectfully,

Victor A. NORGAARD, Territorial Veterinarian.

ee oe

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

The Committee on Animal Industry begs to report that having read the report of the Territorial. Veterinarian on the milk supply of the City and County of Honolulu with special reference to

255

bovine tuberculosis, it is recommended that the same be accepted and that the Territorial Veterinarian be instructed to transmit the same to the Territorial Board of Health and the Board of Supervisors of the City and County of Honolulu for such action as these boards may see fit to take, especially in regard to the con- tinued cooperation with the Board of Agriculture and Forestry for the purpose of eradicating bovine tuberculosis as an essential factor in a wholesome milk supply.

DUCKS.

Very little appears in this journal about turkeys and duekiat a correspondent writes, and we find on referring to back numbers over a period, that this is so. Nevertheless there are a hundred people interested in fowls for one who keeps turkeys and ducks, and for every ten turieys and ducks one hundred fowls are kept.

What we notice about Muscovy ducks is that their looks belie them—they look big but their weight is small; they are largely feathers, and we think this is greatly due to the bad start they usually get when young owing to the way they are fed. Mostly, ducks take pot luck, share the same food as the fowls, and are obliged to pick up grain like corn, which is an entirely unsuitable food for ducks. The natural diet of ducks, which are aquatic birds frequenting streams, lakes and marshes, finding the bulk of their food in the water, is of a soft nature, and unlike the fowl they have no capacious crop to store food and no large strong gizzard to grind hard food, together with the sharp grit that fowls pick up. Fowls should not we fed sloppy food, but this is exactly how ducks should be fed. You can feed soft food in the morning to fowls but they would not thrive on sloppy food. The distinc- tion between the terms soft and sloppy is as follows—soft food for fowls, is meal mixed with scraps into a thin crumbly paste, but if more water is added until it gets a thin paste it becomes sloppy and suitable for ducks. But ducks can take soft food made for liens, as they will after a few mouthfuls go and drink enough water to clear their bills and wash the stuff down. But hard corn or oats is not a good food for ducks, for them such food is slow and hard to digest. Ducks too, need more animal food than iowls to get quick and good growth. When we see our ducks do not get enough insect food we feed blood meal in their food and a little of that—a tablespoonful to a brood of young ducks—has good effect. Table scraps are excellent—Journal of the Jamaica Agricultural Society.

254 SCHOOL. GARDENS.

The Director of Agriculture of Madras (India) in addressing the students of the Teachers’ College at Madras said, in connec- tion with agriculture and education: “In no other profession is the error of confounding the passing of examinations with the acquisition of real knowledge more likely to lead to disappoint- ment. * * * ‘There are two main defects in the mental equip- ment of the educated classes of this country—the habit of identi- fying book-learnine with knowledge, and the want of observation of, and the general indifference to external nature. ~

“The real value of school gardens to agriculture will be the in- fluence which they should have on the minds of both teachers and pupils. We all know that education is not the pouring of informa- tion into a receptive vessel, but the process of turning the mind to the light. The great obstacle to agricultural progress lies in the light esteem in which the farmers’ profession is held.

“Tf children see that the teacher himself is keenly interested in eardening and is not above working in the garden himself, it will tend to raise their respect for manual labor and for the profession of agriculture usually thought unworthy of the serious attention of an educated man. It will also help them to see that the work of the school has a direct bearing on their after life. The school- master himself will find that the garden brings him into closer touch with his pupils, and it will help him to understand the problems which his pupils will have to face when they leave his school.”

INTERES LING SHIN GS ABOU © Uri.

From an exceedingly interesting lecture on “The Cultivation of Coffee,” delivered in Glasgow by John H. Bowron, member of a coffee company, the following passages are taken:

Now the State of San Paulo, the source of the world’s chief coffee supply, is located in the middle of South America, its entire eastern coast is washed by the waters of the South Atlantic Ocean. It is distant about 15 days’ journey from this country, and is one of the wealthiest, fairest, most picturesque, and most delightful sections of the Globe. Contrary to impressions current in Great Britain, San Paulo is a land of culture and civilization, of pro- eressiveness and promise inestimable. San Paulo is a country covering about 112,000 square miles, or a trifle under double the size of England and Wales, and it has a population of about 4,000,000 people.

Well, the Government of this State decided to try and popu- larize their coffee generally in this country. It was felt that the first thing to do was to guarantee the general public being sup- plied with the good article in as fresh a state as possible. ” After mature consideration it was therefore decided, both in the interests

aa

of the coffee drinking public and also that of the State of San Paulo, that some trade mark should be adopted, and in this way the public would be sure to get something reliable. The word “Fazenda’’—meaning a plantation—was thought to be the most suitable, and was finally settled on. The coffee was, and is packed in hermetically sealed tins, which, by the bye, is quite a new de- parture in the coffee trade. The company soon found, however, that there was another enormous difficulty to contend with, name- ly, the making, and they have during the last few months made a special point in their advertisements of simple methods for making coffee. They have also distributed something like two million cards to hang in the kitchen, giving these simple methods. This form of educational advertisement has proved most effective, and there are daily applications for hundreds of these cards.

ADVICE AS TO MAKING COFFEE.

There is no doubt that care and absolute cleanliness are essential in the making of coffee to get the right result, or the brew is gen- erally most indifferent. First and foremost, the utensil must be clean, and it is not sufficient to simply rinse it out with warm water. It should be scalded as there is a fatty substance in coffee which settles on the inside of the jug and soon becomes rancid. Unless this is thoroughly washed away it is quite sufficient to make the next brew taste stale and unpleasant. Then the pot should be warmed, and the water must be boiling, and if the in- fusion method is being used the brew must be well stirred or poured to-and-fro from the jug to a cup or another jug before it is allowed to settle.

With tea it is different—all one has to do is to pour the hot water on to the tea, and let it stand a few minutes, when it is ready for use. It is not necessary to take any particular care with the tea pot. All one has to do is to see that no stale tea leaves are left in before making fresh tea: In China the leaves’ are shaken out of the tea-pot, as it would be considered wrong to even rinse it out, for they say in time (how long I am not quite pre- pared to say), in this way it becomes unnecessary to put any tea in at all, but just simply to put hot water in the pot. This much 1 do know from my own personal experience out there—that the family tea-pot forms one of the most cherished heirlooms, and is handed down from generation to generation—unless, of course, it happens to get smashed, in which case they have to start again.

I have no hesitation in saying, however, that, provided one will take this little trouble with coffee, and when you come to think of it, it is so slight that one is not justified in calling it trouble, but rather ordinary care, the result cannot be equalled by any other beverage, either as regards fragrance, delicacy of flavor, or the exhilarating effect it has on the consumer.

Coffee has been used medicinally as a cure or preventive for all manner of diseases. It has been found to be the best stimulant

256

for administration to persons rescued from starvation, or perish- ing from intense cold, when spirits given under these conditions often prove fatal. It dispels languor, stupor and lethargy, and, given sufficiently strong, is the finest specific antidote in cases ot poisoning,

Fresh roasted coffee has proved to be an effective dispeller of foul gases, as well as a valuable disinfectant, in the sick room, especially when the room or place to be disinfected is near where the coffee is being roasted.

A DESTROYER OF TYPHOID BACILLI.

Some years ago, when Mr. William Field, the largest coffee ioaster in Great Britain, whose name I am sure is familiar to most of you in the trade, had a factory down in the East End of London, there was a virulent outbreak of smallpox in the dis- trict, but there was not a single case in any of the houses imme- ciately surrounding the factory, although there were numerous cases at each end of the same street, and in all the other streets in the neighborhood. Some six or seven years ago a cargo boat went down in the mouth of the Thames, just by the sewage beds. The cargo consisted of 100,000 bags of San Paulo coffee. After very considerable difficulty the greater bulk of this cargo was salved and kiln dried. The Port of London Authorities hearing that it was to be put up for public sale in Mincing Lane applied to a magistrate to stop delivery, as they were of opinion that the coffee must be full of typhoid bacilli, and therefore quite unfit for human consumption. After an enquiry lasting two or three days, the authorities lost the day, as it was conclusively proved that even had the coffee become permeated with typhoid bacilli, the process of roasting would totally destroy the germs; a heat of over 200 centigrade being necessary to roast coffee, and no typhoid germs being able to exist in a temperature of over 150 degrees centi- grade.

Further than this, the analyst employed in the case, who, by the bye, had only been consulted on the Saturday, the hearing commencing on Monday, had taken two test tubes of semi-digested food, and to one he added just the same proportion of coffee as would be in the stomach, if one took a cup of coffee after a meal. He then proceeded to fertilize typhoid bacilli with very marked success in the one tube without the coffee, but he was quite unable to do so in the tube with the coffee in it.

T know that during the time that I lived out in Singapore, which as you know is practically on the Equator, it was a very common saying that if one took a cup of coffee immediately on rising it would act as a preventive for malaria or dengue fever, and there were a number of men of my acquaintance, who, during a long period of years spent out in the Tropics, attributed their excellent health to the fact that they had always been temperate and had a cup of coffee every morning on rising.

60 YEARS’

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Scientific American.

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Garden and Farm Tools and Implements

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farm or garden, is most complete and our stock large.

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OFFICERS A

“Notice to Importers,” by H. E. Cooper; 4 pp.; 1903. Re are “Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Fruits, Vegetables,

ND STAFF OF THE BOARD OF COMMIS- SIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

COMMISSIONERS. |

| Marston Campbell, President and Executive Officer. J. M. Dowsett - P,R- Isenberg H. M. von Holt Albert Waterhouse

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden. David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman,

Joseph F. Reck, Botanical Assistant. .

Bro. Matthias Newell, ia charge of Sub-Nursery at Filo, await.

Walter D. McBryde, 7” charge of Sub-Nursery at Homestead, Kauat, David Kapihe, forest Ranger for Tantalus,

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Edward M, Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology and Chief Inspector. Albert Koebele, Consulting Entomologist.

<A Bia he Assistant Entomologist,

D. B. Kuhns, Zzspector.

Fred Muir, Bexeficial-Insect Collector.

Bro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo, Hawait.

Robert R. Elgin, } ( Mahukona, Hawatit. W. O. Aiken, | Honorary Fruit | Kahulut,Maut, W.D. McBryde, | and Plant Inspector 4 Koloa, Kauat,

Dr, W, B. Deas, |. az | Hana, Maut.

Capt. C. F.Turne J | Kaanapali, Maur.

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Terrutoriad Veterinarian.

L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian,

eee So eee Live Stock Inspector,

H. B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Hilo, Hawatt.

J. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy Zerritorial Veterinarian for Maut,

A. R. Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauat.

E. L, Glaisyer. Deputy Territorial Veterinary for Kohala and

Hamakua, Hawait. CLERICAL STAFF

Miss Melika Peterson, Clerk and Stenograbher. Miss Ella K. Dayton, Librarian. Daniel Logan, Editor of the ‘‘Forester.”’

PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION.

Any one or all of the publications listed below (except those marked

_*) will be sent to residents of this’ Territory, free, upon application to

Mailing Clerk, P. O. Box 207, Honolulu.

BOARD.

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900; 66 pp.

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902; 88 pp.

* First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, trom July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp.

- Second Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the

—year ending December 31, 1905; 240 pp.; 8 plates; 10 text figures.

Third Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the

year ending December 31, 1906; 212 pp.; 3 plates; 4 maps; 7 text figures.

a Fourth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for

the calendar year ending December 31, 1907; 202 pp.; 7 plates.

Fifth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for

the calendar year ending December 31, 1908: 218 pp.; 34 plates. .

Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the biennial

™ period ending December 31, 1910; 240 pp.; 45 plates.

: etc., into the Territory of Hawaii.” General Circular No. 1; 6 pp.

7c .*~ 4 . , x 2 - )

“Important Notice to Ship Gsicrs Fruit ine ys and Othere Biles aan Reg” a tions Prohibiting the Introduction of Certain Pests and Animals into the Terri- 2 tory of Hawaii.”’ General Circular No. 2; 3 pp.; 1904. “ig

“Law and Regulations, Importation and Inspection of Honey Bees and Honey.” General Circular No. 3; 7 pp.; 1908. \

“The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist,’ a monthly magazine. Vols. E to ‘Yias 1904-1910. To be obtained from the Hawaiian Gazette Co., Honolulu. Price

$1 a year. DIVISION OF FORESTRY. |

* “Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at Government Nursery.”’ Press > Bulletin No. 1; 3 pp.; 1905. ;

* “Suggestions in Regard to the Arbor Day Tree Planting Contest.” Press Bulletin Not 2- 7 -pp.;- 1905.

“An Offer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters.’ Circular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905.

“Revised List. ‘of Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at ‘the Government Nursery.’’ Press Bulletin No. 3; 4 pp.; 1906.

* “Tnstructions for Propagating and. Planting Forest Trees.’’ Press Bulletin Ne. 4; 4 pp.; 1906.

“Tnstructions for Planting Forest, Shade and Ornamental Trees.’ Press Bulletin NO:65 247-DD: tL 909: :

“Na Hoakaka no ke Kanu Ana i na Laau Malumalu ame na Laau Hoohiwahiwa.” Press Bulletin No. 6; 8 pp.; 1909.

“Eucalyptus Culture in Hawaii,’’ by Louis Margolin. Bulletin No. 1; 88 pp.; 12 plates; 1911.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905.. Re- print from Second Report of the Board; 77 pp.; 5 plates.

* Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Re print from Third Report of the Board; 123 pp.; 4 maps.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Re print from Fourth Report of the Board; 70 pp. iy

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Re print from Fifth Report of the Board; 85 pp.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the: biennial period ending December 31, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 86 pp.; 22 plates. :

DIVISION ON ENTOMOLOGY. a

“The Leaf-Hopper of the Sugar Cane,” by R. C. L. Perkins. Bulletin No. 1; 38 pp.; 1903.

cca: Catalogue of the Hemipterous Family Aleyrodidae,” by G. W. Kirkaldy, and a ‘““Aleyrodidae of Hawaii and Fiji with Descriptions of New Species,’ by Jacob ~ Kotinsky. Bulletin No. 2; 102 pp.; 1 plate; 1907.

*“On Some Diseases of Cane Specially, Considered in Relation to the Leaf-Hopper Pest and to the Stripping of Cane,’”’ by R. C. L. Perkins. Press Bulletin No. 1; 4 pp.; 1904. ’ ;

“A Circular of Information, ” by JacoL Xotinsky. Circular No. 1; 8 pp.; 1905.

“The Japanese Beetle Fungus,” by Jacob Kotinsky and Bro. M. Newell. Circular No. 2; 4 pp., cut; 1905.

Rule VII: “Concerning the Prevention of Distribution of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly’’; unnumbered leaflet; 1910. Paes Rule VIII: ‘Concerning the Importation of all Banana Fruit, Banana Shoots or

Plants’; unnumbered leaflet; 1911.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 68 pp.; 3 plates; 10 text figures. -

%eport of the Division. of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 25 pp.; 7 text figures.

Zeport of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1907.

| Reprint from Fourth Report of the Board; 18 pp.; 1 plate.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 26 pp.; 2 plates.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the biennial period ending December Sie 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 70 pp.; 10 plates.

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. — coe

* “Inspection of Imported Live Stock. ” Rule 1; 1 p.; 1905.

* “Tnspection and Testing of Imported Live Stock for Glanders and Tuberculosis." Rule. 2; ‘1/p.; 1905,

s “Concerning Glandered Horse Stock in the Territory.” Rule 3; 1 p.; 1905.

* “To Amend Rule 1, Inspection of Imported Live Stock.” Rule 4; 1 p.; 1907. |

* “Quarantine of Horse Stock from California.’”’ Rule 8; 1 p.; 1908. ‘

“Rules and Regulations, Inspection and Testing of Live Stock. ” Rules and Laws: 11 pp.; unnumbered pamphlet; Revised 1910.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1905 Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 62 pp

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 41 pp.; 3 plates. —

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Reprint from the Fourth Report of the Board; 104 pp.; 6 plates.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 81, 1908. Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 44 pp.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the biennial period ending December } 31, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 59 pp.; 12 »lates. ©

* Out of print.

ll Vou. VT. ‘SEPTEMBER, 1911 No. 9

Price, 10c. Per Copy; Per Annum, $1.00: Foreign, $1.25.

_e THE | Hawaiian Forester | Agriculturist

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE

OF

Forestry, Entomology and Agriculture

ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE Es AND FORESTRY.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

Entered as second-class matter at the Post office, at Honolulu, Hawaii.

ADDRESS ALL COMMUNICATIONS TO

DANIEL LOGAN, EDITOR “THE FORESTER, ’’ P. O. BOX 366, HONOLUEWS He T.

For business relating to advertising or subscriptions, address

-

HAWAIIAN GAZETTE Co., Ltp., Publishers, VON HoT BLock, 65 S. KInG St,, HONOLULU’ Hawau.

cK

RR ees oe ae RE ek SHG ae ee

Biditorialy S52 ses ildgan cos tp bee Pha ee SRR eee eee Publications...) fake eee ete > 6 eae © | Meg oe Forest Nurseries: for} Sehools: Gee%os ste dec ose a BE ae 1) See oaks eames ae Cottof “Growing in dhe “West> Tudies.- ¢. 0.5 ns <n. os seen ge + 4268 ee Fowls for Table ..... KER SA yen paar ao TE Breit pe 270 The-Culture of Coffee v.02. . 64 << 9 sant Serene Be. Wl che oe 270: aa Tnfivente “of “Time “ijy) Malicime® 9 y onnt oy 2 50s iSere a el, of eee 272: ae Of Interest :to Beek@epersah i; sates « sak sae epee gies aa oP a eee 273 The Importance of the Farm Woodlot..... oc cee Sah S's | eee 276 Viigetables: 2°): .. @leonaacts Mane sais s 2 eee: 280 22am School Gatdens in. Jamaiégal.. vcr. Vs <5 ¢ 0 ¥en noe tk es 5 | Oe ee 281 o

India, Poinciana, Albizzia, etc. The price of the seed varies from 10

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR - SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY.

The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govenee F. ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced - trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or growing. . :

The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak, a Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of — a

to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2% cents each, except a few kizas which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also 4 for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested = : before being sent out, which insures its being good. 3 All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii.

RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent of Forestry.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties of this Division and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make in- quiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently or send the right kind of useful insects for relief we like and sometimes — it is indispensable for us to see the insect suspected or caught in the act, — q also specimens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden box specimens may be mailed at 3rd class rates. When specimens are a not accompanied by letter always write your name and address in the upper left-hand corner of the package. Address all communications P SUPERINTENDENT DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, P. 0. BOX 207, —

KONOLULU, HAWAII. EDW. M. EHRHORN,

Superintendent.

THE HAWAIIAN

FORESTER & AGRICULTURIST

VoL. VIII. SEPTEMBER, 1911. Noin9;

There is an unprecedented absence of official reports in this number owing to the absence of executive officers from both the city and the Territory, preventing the holding of meetings of the board and the rendering of reports. The omission is made up for by the printing of valuable summaries and selections from the Forester’s mail.

Before the August number of this magazine had gone through the press, the appointment of Mr. S. T. Starrett of California to fill the new office of marketing superintendent for the Territory had been announced in the newspapers. The event is one of great satisfaction. Mr. Starrett made a report of a preliminary trip over a considerable portion of the Territory, which the editor hopes to obtain for publication in full in the October number.

Part of the title page of the Journal of the Jamaica Agricul- tural Society is this elevated sentiment: ‘Agriculture is a pro- fession and occupation in which a man may spend a lifetime, and at the end of it be able to say, in all sincerity, that he has still got far more to learn than he knows. It is only the ignorant who have nothing more to learn.”

Commissioner Judd saw fourteen hundred acres in beautiful corn at Waimea. At Kapoho he found a homesteader who had made $2000 the past year in raising sugar cane for a plantation mill. Surely here are luminous proofs that sugar is not the whole thing in Hawaiian agriculture, and that the homesteader properly situated can live handsomely off sugar. Put the two things to- gether and several problems of Hawaii are solved.

258 PUBLICATIONS.

Report of the International Commission on the Control of Bovine Tuberculosis, 1910. A copy of this has been received from the Department of Agriculture of Canada among other publications from the same source. It is the first report of the commission named, which was appointed by the American Vet- erinary Medical Association at its annual meeting in Chicago in 1909, and was presented to that body at its annual meeting in San Francisco last September. The commission was a highly representative body, including university specialists, packing in- dustry experts, livestock association men, and board of health and experiment station professionals, nine members being from the United States and five from Canada. The president was J. G. Rutherford, C.MiG., V-S.,.H.A.R:C.V.S..Veterinary Direetas General and Live Stock Commissioner of the Dominion of Canada; and the secretary, M. H. Reynolds, D.V.M., Professor of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Experiment Station, University of Minnesota. There is some food for local pride in the discovery from the report that some of the findings and recommendations of the commission have been anticipated by the action of the Territorial authorities of Hawau, following the initiative of the municipal government of Honolulu in legis- lation for pure milk. Some disconnected extracts from the re- port follow:

“ There should be no sale or exchange of animals affected with tuberculosis except for immediate slaughter or for breeding pur- poses under official supervision.”

It is held (1) “ That tuberculin, properly used, is an accurate and reliable diagnostic agent for the detection of active tubercu- losis.

“(2) That tuberculin may not produce a reaction under the following conditions: (a) When the disease is in a period of in- cubation. (b) When the progress of the disease is arrested. (c) When the disease is extensively generalized. The last condition is relatively rare and may usually be detected by physical exami- nation.

“(3) On account of the period of incubation and the fact that arrested cases may sooner or later become active, all exposed animals should be retested at intervals of six months to one year.

“(4) That the tuberculin test should not be applied to any animal having a temperature higher than normal.

“(5) That any animal having given one distinct reaction to tuberculin should thereafter be regarded as tuberculous.

“(6) That the subcutaneous injection of tuberculin is the only method of using tuberculin for the detection of tuberculosis in cattle which can be recommended at the present time.

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“(7) That tuberculin has no injurious effect on healthy cattle.”

“This commission recognizes that the discovery of tubercu- losis in animals slaughtered for food purposes furnishes one of the best possible means of locating the disease on the farm, and therefore recommends the adoption of some system of marking, for purposes of identification, all cattle three years and over, shipped for slaughter. As tuberculosis of hogs is almost invari- ably due to bovine infection, this recommendation should also be made to apply to hogs of any age shipped for slaughter.”

Among other recommendations are the following: “If the herd is found to be extensively infected, as shown by the tuber- culin test or clinical examination, even the apparently healthy animals in it should be regarded with suspicion, until they have been separated from the reacting animals for at least three months. If, after the expiration of this time, they do not react to the tuberculin test, they may be considered healthy and dealt with accordingly. It is recommended that a herd extensively in- fected should not be treated by the method of general separation, but that the construction of a new herd from the offspring only is desirable.

“Tf the herd is found to contain a relatively small proportion of diseased animals, separation of the diseased animals from the healthy animals, and the construction of a sound herd from the healthy animals and the offspring of both is advocated.” (As a working basis it is advised that herds containing fifty per cent or more of diseased animals be treated under the first plan, under fifteen per cent according to the second plan, and herds falling between these figures graded at the option of the owner.) “ That it shall be the prerogative of the owner to reject either plan and have his herd dealt with by removal and slaughter of diseased animals, with or without compensation according to the public policy in operation. * * * In the event of any owner ‘re- fusing or neglecting to adopt either of the above methods, his entire herd to be closely quarantined, and sales therefrom to be entirely prohibited.

“ That a policy of compensation be recommended as useful and usually necessary as a temporary measure.

“ That,.when slaughter is necessary, in order to avoid economic loss, every effort should be made to utilize as far as possible the meat of such animals as may be found fit for food on being slaughtered under competent inspection.”

“That, with the object of preventing the spread of infection, persons buying cattle for breeding purposes or milk production should, except when such purchases are made from disease free herds, which have been tested by a properly qualified person, pur- chase only subject to the tuberculin test. In order to assist in the proper carrying out of this suggestion, the commission recom- mends that official authorities should adopt such regulations as

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will prevent the entry to their respective territories of cattle for breeding purposes or milk production unless accompanied by sat- isfactory tuberculin test charts. .

“That all milk and milk by-products used as food should be properly pasteurized unless derived from cows known to be free from tuberculosis.

‘That the commission recommends the passage of legislation which will prevent the sale, distribution or use of tuberculin by any persons other than those acting with the full knowledge, or under the direction, of official authorities.”

“In concluding its work the commission desires to especially appeal to the press, metropolitan, agricultural and local, to join in the work of extending as much as possible among the people the conclusions here arrived at. The vital importance of the life of farm animals to the welfare of all classes of society needs no argument in its support. The aim and sole purpose which has actuated this commission has been to arrive at the soundest con- clusions possible in the light of the best knowledge obtainable.”

“While the members recognize that the subject with which this commission is primarily intended to deal is the control and eradication of tuberculosis among animals as an economic prob- lem, they cannot feel satisfied without declaring their recognition of the fact that tuberculosis is also an important public health problem. Considered as such, the eradication of tuberculosis among animals should have the approval and support of all those persons who are interested in curtailing human suffering and prolonging human life.”

“The control, to say nothing of the eradication, of bovine tuberculosis, 1s impossible of achievement without the hearty co- operation of the men who are actually engaged in the cattle in- dustry. In order to secure this cooperation, it will doubtless be necessary, in most communities, to carry on an active and pro- longed educational campaign.”

“The best law ever framed can be made an utter failure by stupid or injudicious administration, while, on the other hand, the most drastic legislation can be rendered acceptable if en- forced with reasonable tact and diplomacy. Provided, therefore, that these qualities, combined with integrity, thoroughness and determination, are available for administrative purposes, the members of the commission are convinced that the enforcement of a law based on their recommendations will prove to be far the most powerful and effective educational agency which could pos- sibly be employed.”’

Reports of committees are appended to the main report, upon which the conclusions of the latter are to a considerable extent based. One is from Hon. W. D. Hoard, ex-Governor of Wis- consin and editor of Hoard’s Dairyman, and it urges the value of demonstration work. Mr. Hoard says that the great progress they had made in legislation in Wisconsin, and in securing a wide-

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spread acquiescence in the use of the tuberculin test, would never have come had it not been for a large number of public demon- strations held in various parts of the State... He proceeds to say:

“We have gone as far as this in legislation: that after Decem- ber 1, 1910, all animals sold for breeding or milking purposes must first be tuberculin tested. This, I believe, is a step farther in advance than has been taken by any other State. It shows well the tone and temper of our farmers and the work which has been done to acquaint them with a true understanding of the situation. It is needless for me to say that if they are for the law, or any law, it goes; if they are against it, it is at best a dead letter. It is worth a great deal in the promotion of such objects to have a livestock sanitary board in a State, that will take hold and lead in this work. In too many instances these organizations are purely negative in their influence, and so nothing is done. There is a notable lack of funds to bear the expense of demon- stration work. The farmers everywhere would willingly be taxed for its support. Municipalities could well afford to have such expense for the sake of the education it would afford to consumers of meat and dairy products.”

Beef Raising in Canada. This is bulletin No. 13 of the live- stock branch of the Canadian Department of Agriculture, and a big one, too, for it contains 112 pages and is handsomely illus- trated. |. While much of its technical information and advice will not be applicable to cattle raising in these islands with their mild climate, there is a great deal that will prove both interesting and valuable to Hawaiian ranchers, dairymen and farmers. The pamphlet will be placed in the library at the government nursery.

Horse Breeding and Rearing of Colts is bulletin No. 14 from the same scource as the last mentioned. It contains but 13 pages of letterpress, yet appears to be as full of practical information as an egg is full of meat. In the introductory remarks, Dr. Ruth- erford (the author and the man named above as chairman of the International Commission on Bovine Tuberculosis) says “the scrub horse is always a drug in the market, and is sure to be less and less in demand as time passes and public taste in this respect becomes. more fastidious. On the other hand, the good horse was never in greater request than he is today. All over the civilized world the prices paid for the good horse of any distinct class are on the rise, and the man who has him or can breed him is sure of his market and his money. This being the case—and that it is so is capable of easy demonstration—it behooves us to do our best to find out how to obtain him.”

Proceedings of the Agricultural Conference Held in Connec- tion with the United Provinces Exhibition at Allahabad in Jan- uary, 1911. This is a pamphlet of 134 pages. Its contents give

/

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a rare insight into the strivings after the attainment of modern agriculture among one of the most conservative peoples of the world. The discussions of the conference treated of the staples of wheat, sugar, cotton, etc., also dairy farming and rural and urban cooperative credit societies, of these last mentioned insti- tutions remarkably good results in the promotion of agricultural and mechanical industries being reported. Enclosed with the pamphlet were bulletins respectively on the cultivation of lucerne and on the foot and mouth disease. The former of these may be worth the while of our stock raisers to peruse, in connection with the long quest for the best fodder plants for Hawaii.

Manurial Experiments with Sugar Cane in the Leeward Is- lands, 1909-10. This is a brochure of fifty-six pages of the pam- phlet series of the Department of Agriculture for the West In- dies. Probably its findings will be of interest and usefulness to any of our sugar cane planters who may care to look it up in the bureau library.

FORESTA NURSERIES FOR SCHOOLS.

(In connection with the school gardens movement promoted in Hawaii by Professor MacCaughey and others, the following ex- tracts from Farmers’ Bulletin 423 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, under the above title, ought to prove of great inter- est in this Territory. The technical parts of the bulletin only are omitted, as the treatise deals mostly with trees that are not suit- able for the Hawaiian soil and climate. If, however, the matter of forest nurseries for schools be taken up here, the Territorial Bureau of Forestry, together with the College of Hawaii and the Hawaii Experiment Station, may be relied on to furnish the technical directions to teachers and pupils which may be re- quired. )

INTRODUCTION.

In recent years there has been evident a decided movement to- ward the introduction of nature study and elementary agriculture into the regular work of the public schools. One of the most popular and interesting features of this movement has been the school garden. The large number of schools, both rural and city, which have established gardens, and the volume of literature which has been contributed on this subject, attest the importance and success which the school garden has achieved in the educa- tional world.

Hitherto most school gardens have been devoted exclusively to the growing of common garden vegetable and flowering plants, with here and there the introduction of new species as an addi- tional incentive to interest. One of the chief difficulties encoun- tered has been that most of the plants and vegetables suitable

263

for cultivation and demonstration purposes required by the school work mature or reach their most interesting stages at a season when the school is ordinarily closed for vacation. Another thing which has tended to make much school-garden work somewhat unsatisfactory is that after the work is once done no visible, tan- gible results are evident, and apparently no lasting good is ac- complished other than the instruction given and the knowledge of plant life which may have been acquired. \

A school nursery for the propagation of forest trees offers an interesting variation from the usual type of gardening and at the same time overcomes the difficulties just mentioned. The crop of the forest nursery is one which does not disappear with the close of the season, but instead the young trees need only to be transferred from the nursery bed to some new location on lawns or school grounds to become permanent evidence of the work done and a lasting tribute to the school. Furthermore, this work of transplanting the trees is best done early in the spring when the school is in session and at its best so far as the interest of the pupils is concerned. In this way the forest nursery is even more adaptable to school use than is the ordinary garden.

A nursery on the lines laid down in this circular will not re- quire any more labor and attention than a garden, if as much, with the possible exception that there is the added necessity of collecting and storing the tree seeds through the winter. How- ever, if this is found impracticable, tree seeds may be purchased, just as vegetable seeds are, from dealers. The actual work of caring for the nursery is practically the same as that required for the care of the garden. The ground for the seed beds is pre- pared in the same manner, and the seedlings require about the same amount of attention that the vegetables do. On the other hand, the results will be much more enduring and valuable. Be- sides the opportunities afforded by the nursery for study and in- struction, the trees which are successfully grown will, if wisely utilized, be a source of comfort, beauty, and even profit to the school or community for years.

The plan outlined in this bulletin is intended to furnish sug- gestions and directions by which a school may establish and care for a small nursery. It is realized that schools will seldom have the best kind of soil available, or be supplied with all the tools desirable to do this work with the best results. Consequently, the attempt is here made to give directions which will be appli- cable to schools with very limited resources.

It is intended, further, to make these plans usable over as wide a range of territory as possible. Certain localities, with unusual conditions of temperature or humidity, will undoubtedly face local problems which are not touched upon in this bulletin. In all such cases the Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture invites correspondence with regard to the difficulties

264

encountered, and will gladly furnish advice and suggestions free of charge.

Extent of the Undertaking.

Work of this nature should never be undertaken on too large a scale. If too many seedlings are planted, the care of the nur- sery may prove so much of a burden that the students will find no pleasure in it, and when the trees are grown it will be hard to dispose of them without loss. Should the trees die, the natural inference on the part of the pupils would be that the work done by them in caring for the young trees was useless. It should therefore be the endeavor of each school to raise but a few trees per pupil, but to grow these successfully and to transplant all of them with the smallest possible loss to permanent sites on the school grounds or about the homes in the community for shelter, timber, or ornamental purposes. This aim must be impressed upon the pupils if the lesson of the value of forest trees is to be taught. If only one tree per pupil is grown, but every one safely transplanted to a permanent site where it may grow into useful- ness and beauty, the work of the nursery will be infinitely more satisfactory than if hundreds of seedlings are produced and many of them allowed to perish.

Cooperation Between Schools.

It will add greatly to the pupils’ interest in the tree nurseries if schools located in different parts of the country exchange sup- plies of tree seeds. It is suggested, therefore, that each school endeavor to communicate with some other school situated in an- other locality, and by exchange secure some new varieties of tree seeds and introduce these new and unfamiliar trees into the com- munity. It will be much more interesting for the pupils to watch the growth of a strange type of tree than merely to produce those with which every one is already familiar, and, should the experi- ment be successful, these new trees may be made to serve a useful purpose if they are awarded as prizes for faithful work done by individual pupils. Care must always be taken, however, not to experiment too much with trees which are not likely to thrive be- cause of the climate or other local conditions.

The Care of the Nursery During Vacations.

One of the most difficult problems which the school will have to solve will be how to care for the nursery during the summer vacation. It will not do to leave the young trees which were planted during the spring term to take care of themselves through the hot months of July and August until school opens again in September. Some means must be devised to protect and care for them during this time. Just how this will be accomplished de- pends largely upon the ingenuity of the teacher and upon local conditions.

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It is evident that some sort of an organization on the part of the pupils whereby they shall voluntarily assume the duties of caring for the nursery is infinitely more desirable than any other plan, because it will insure the continued interest and attention of the school to its project. No definite outline of the exact form which this organization shall assume is possible in this bulletin, because of the varying conditions surrounding different schools ; but there are certain things which it must accomplish in order to serve its purpose successfully. Provision must be made for the regular cultivation of the seedlings by hoeing and weeding once or twice each month, or oftener, during the summer. They must, as a rule, be watered with more or less frequency, depend- ing upon the season. If the site of the seed bed is exposed to trespassers or to the depredations of animals, it must be protect- ed by fencing. All this must be done thoroughly and without fail or nothing but disappointment will come of the undertaking, and the resulting discouragement will be worse than if nothing had been done.

How to accomplish these ends will be a problem which each school will have to work out for itself. Possibly one solution would be the organization of a “forestry club” composed of volun- teer “forest rangers” whose duties shall be the protection and care of the trees, just as the government officers look after the trees of the national forests. These clubs may be the means of doing much good through the interest which they arouse in gen- eral forestry, as well as through the practical benefit derived from the nursery itself. The clubs could also arrange for an exchange of supplies of tree seeds and even of nursery stock, thus doing exactly the same work that commercial nurseries undertake in supplying new varieties of trees suitable and desirable for the community.

Choosing Ground for the Nursery.

The bed in which the seeds are to be planted should be located on ground which is well drained. Level or gently sloping ground should be selected, for if it is too steep the soil may be washed away. If possible to secure it, ground which has been under cul- tivation for a year or more and which is well pulverized is better for the purpose than new ground. Sometimes the use of such ground can be secured on the edge of cultivated fields or gar- dens bordering on the school grounds.

Care should be taken to select a site away from the play- ground, where it will not be trampled upon. Unless the plat of ground to be used is protected properly in this respect, all work done may be useless.

If there is any choice to be had as to the kind of soil, a loose, sandy loam should be chosen rather than clay. In the majority of instances, however, schools will have to be content to put

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whatever soil is available into as good condition as possible under the circumstances. It is well to have the seed bed in a place where it will not be exposed too directly to the sun. If possible, it should have a partial protection by being situated to the east or north of a group of trees or buildings.

Preparing the Soil.

Unless the land to be used is very rich and in good condition for the nursery, it is well to enrich it in the fall with well-rotted manure. The ground should then be plowed or spaded deeply and left without further preparation during the winter. In the spring, as soon as conditions will permit, it should again be work- ed over with a spade or plow and thoroughly pulverized by rak- ing and harrowing, until all clods, stones, and rubbish have been removed. The better the condition of the soil the better the re- sults will be. Too much attention can not be given to the prepa- ration of the soil.

Wrapping and Packing.

Uprooted seedlings suffer more or less when exposed to the wind and sun if only for a few moments, so great care must be taken to protect them. Sunny and windy weather should be avoided when transplanting trees, and the seedlings taken up only on cloudy, damp days. As they are lifted from the soil they should be laid in piles, roots together, and the roots imme- diately covered with a few shovelfuls of moist earth until they can be wrapped in wet burlap or coarse cloth of some sort. If they are to be sent any distance the roots of the trees should be carefully packed in damp moss or chaff, and the whole securely wrapped with the burlap.

Cultivation of the Nursery Bed.

The trees transplanted to the nursery beds should be cultivated frequently, but not by deep plowing or spading, which would in- jure the roots. The weeds must be kept down and the ground kept loosened to a depth of 2 or 3 inches. The care of the nur- sery stock is in every way similar to that of the seedlings in the seed bed.

Planting of School Grounds.

The final disposal of the trees grown in the school nursery is a matter of much importance. The success of the whole under- taking will depend largely upon how many strong, desirable trees can be saved and planted in permanent sites where they will benefit the school or the community.

Naturally, the first location which suggests itself as a suitable planting site is the school ground itself. Many school sites are without trees of any sort. Others are filled with trees of unde-

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sirable species which can be replaced by better ones. Almost without exception school sites can be improved by judicious tree planting.

Before beginning to set out the trees a detailed planting plan should be prepared. This should show the locations of the build- ings and features of the school ground which will affect planting, and should show specifically where the trees are to be planted. This plan should provide a definite scheme to be followed in the decoration and protection of the grounds and should be care- fully worked out and as carefully observed. No specific direc- tions for such a plan can be given here, but the following general rules should be observed:

(1) Sufficient space should be first of all set aside for a play- ground and no trees planted where they will interfere with this. A very desirable feature is to provide an open lawn directly in front of the building.

(2) Group the trees in masses as much as possible instead of scattering them singly. This will give a better effect in beautify- ing the grounds and afford better shelter.

(3) Avoid planting the trees in straight, formal rows. Plant in irregular groups, or along curved lines as much as possible. A shelter belt along the rear and possibly the sides of the grounds is desirable, especially along the north side, or the sides from which the most storms come.

Distribution Among Pupils for Home Planting.

It is probable that if the trees grow well in the nursery and are of desirable species, there will be a demand for them on the part of the children or their parents for planting about their homes. As elsewhere suggested, especially desirable young trees of new or rare species may be awarded as prizes to those pupils who have shown the greatest interest in the nursery or have been most faithful in their work. The awarding of these prize trees might well form a very appropriate exercise for an Arbor Day program. When trees are to be taken to the homes of the pupils, special care must be taken to see that they are properly wrapped and packed, and the roots kept moist until transported to the final destination. Pupils should be instructed to plant the trees as soon as they are unwrapped.

Making a School Woodlot or Forest Plantation.

In some localities it will be possible for the school to perform a service to the community and at the same time put into prac- tice one of the most important lessons of forestry by using the nursery trees to reforest some tract of land from which the tim- ber has been cut, or to establish a practical woodlot on some piece of unused land. Very frequently there will be found in the vi- cinity of the school hillsides which are badly eroded, and the

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owners would be only too glad to have this erosion checked by the planting of forest trees on the slopes. Possibly a small field or lot which has been sown to ordinary farm crops so long that the soil is worn out will be available. Trees will grow well in such soil. Perhaps a small point of land, cut off from cultivation by streams or deep ditches, can be found; or some farm owner of the neighborhood will want to start a woodlot or plant a shelter belt on his place. In any of these cases the practice of actual forestry afforded by this means of disposing of the trees gives one of the best possible solutions of the problem. The results will be self-evident and hence will be the source of much pleas- ure and pride to the school. Another advantage is that small seedlings, one or two years old, may be used for establishing forest plantations of this kind, whereas larger trees are prefer- able for planting for shade or ornament.

It will be extremely desirable, if the school has opportunity to establish a plantation of the sort mentioned in the preceding paragraph, to secure expert advice as to the best methods of planting and caring for the trees.

Sale of Nursery Stock.

Young forest trees, suitable for planting in woodlots or forests, can frequently be sold for good prices. Cities and towns may want them for street and park planting; or the farmers of the vicinity may purchase them for planting about their homes. It will frequently be possible for the school which has had reason- able success with its nursery to sell the trees and derive consid- erable profit from this source. If there is a commercial nursery in the vicinity the stock of trees may be sold to it. This method of disposing of the trees will not give the satisfaction resulting from seeing the trees grow to maturity in the woodlot or school grounds, but most schools can make good use of any funds de- rived from the sale of the trees.

COTTON GROWING IN THE WEST INDIES,

In most of the-cotton-growing districts of the West Indies, sowing will have been completed by the end of last month, while, in some cases, the seed will have been planted as early as May. In all cases, the seed should have been carefully selected and dis- infected, either by the planter himself or by the agricultural au- thority in the island; in some cases, this will have been done, under expert supervision, at the ginnery from which it was pur- chased. Where the cotton has not yet been sown, great care should be taken to ensure that proper selection.and disinfection of the seed to be employed has been carried out. In connection with the disinfection of seed, it may be useful to remind the grower that the strength of the corrosive solution to be used for

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the purpose is 1 part of corrosive sublimate in 1,000 parts of soft water or rain water, that is 1 oz. of corrosive sublimate to 7 gallons of water, or 1 lb. to 100 gallons; where the water is hard, and rain water is not obtainable, the solution should be slightly stronger. The best way to make up the solution is to dissolve the corrosive sublimate in a suitably small quantity of water, and then to add this to the larger quantity of water that is required to bring the solution to the proper strength. As is well under- stood, the tubs for disinfection should be made of wood, and should have been allowed to stand for a few hours, filled with some of the solution, before they are used for treating the seed. This is then poured away, freshly made solution added, and then the seed is stirred into the solution and left for ten to twenty minutes. |

In planting, two or three seeds are usually placed in holes about 2 feet apart, in rows about 4 feet apart. This is a distance that has been found generally useful, though in any particular instance, the nearness of the plants to one another will depend on the nature of the soil: in poor land they will be farther apart than in rich soil. A fortnight after sowing, provided that the plants have made reasonable growth, they are thinned out, so as to leave one in each hole. Where for any reason, such as the lack of rain after sowing, the seeds have not germinated, the empty holes should be supplied by sowing fresh seed; it is of little or no use to attempt to do this by transplanting.

A short time after the plants have been thinned out, they should be moulded up, in order to enable them to resist the wind, and this should be done again when they are somewhat more than a foot high. In using the hoe for moulding up, the laborers should be careful not to injure the plants, particularly where they are likely to be attacked by black arm or red maggot.

The cotton should be weeded regularly throughout the season, -until the bolls begin to open, and during dry weather it should be given light cultivation, where this is feasible, in order to main- tain a soil mulch for the conservation of water. In this weed- ing and cultivation the same precautions must be taken against injuring the plants as are indicated above for the first weeding.

The chief matter to be realized in cotton-planting and cultiva- tion in the West Indies is that the plant requires continuous at- tention—an attention almost as intimate as that needed in what is sometimes termed garden cultivation. It is only by fulfilling this requirement that an adequate watch for insect and other pests can be maintained, and the receipt of a profitable return may be ensured.—A gricultural News, July 8.

270 FOW LS BORMTABLE.,

It is a common practice to take fowls from the yard, kill them right away and have them cooked and on the table in a couple of hours. Attention to a few little hints will greatly improve the meat. First, the fowls meant to be eaten should be put in a coop a week before, the coop should be kept clean, these fowls should be fed as much as they can eat of soft food, no hard corn, corn- meal, banana, cocoanut, scraps of any kind, with plenty of water put in fresh every day. The particular fowl meant for the table next day should not be fed for 12 hours before killing, and even in the hot weather can be killed the evening before and hung up in a cool place. At the latest it should be killed 12 hours be- fore eating.

THE CULTURE-OFP COPREL:

First of all, | must explain that nearly all I know of this sub- ject I have learnt from my father, who is an old cultivator and who is alive today. He is an oldtime cultivator who is very suc- cessful with his coffee. I, myself, although not giving all my time to cultivation, am very much interested in it, but the piece of coffee that I now have was not planted by me, but was an old, thrown-up cultivation which I bought seven or eight years ago, supposed to have been bearing for over fifty years. There are trees there that no one can reach save they climb them, they are so tall and the stems are so thick. .

After acquiring this piece of land, I did not think much of the coffee, but paid attention to the grass because it is a hobby of mine to keep horses, as I am a special lover of that animal and I wanted the grass for feeding my stock. However, I planted yams through some parts of the coffee, and I found that where coffee trees were near where I had been digging the yam hills,- they revived very much and began to bear quite heavily. On noticing this I put myself to the task of cleaning out the whole of the coffee, which was full of grass and weeds. This being done, I found the trees were far too tangled and thick; I therefore next paid attention to letting in air by gradually cutting the bad trees out so as to leave the other trees standing as regularly as possible and to let air in all round and above. At the same time I planted catch crops of corn and peas through the trees so as to be forced to keep the coffee clean and get a little return. I also paid regular attention to the young shoots which came up from the coffee, selecting them so as to regulate the shape of the trees somewhat. There was a lot of work in this, but I set myself to the task of taking the last hour I spent on my field the days | was there, regulating the young shoots. I cannot at this stage speak of a manured piece or a pruned one, but I hope soon to get my coffee along to this stage. Owing to my coffee having enough

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room and sufficient air, the berries are always well developed if they are favored with good rains at all, but on the contrary, where trees are crowded and thick the berries are lighter in weight. The coffee tree I find not only deep-rooted but a super- ficial feeder as well, and I am sure that mulching and manuring will greatly improve the weight of the coffee. When the coffee trees are ripening, | would advise:—(1) That they should never be stripped, but should be stem-picked. (2) None but the cherry ripe berries should be taken off for pulping. (3) They should be pulped before they ferment. (4) The pulped berries should be fermented without water overnight and then washed as clean as possible in the morning. (5) They should then be drained. (6) The berries should be spread out as thin as possi- ble on a barbicue, and should it rain before they are properly quailed, they need not be taken up. After they are quailed they must never get wet again, nor should they ever be put out on a wet barbicue. The drying should be continued till “quailed,” then they should be put out on alternate days and never put up closely until all fermentation is off, which can be known by push- ing the hand down to the bottom of the receptacle without en- countering any warmth. (7) After this, the berries should be occasionally thrown out to keep them hard for milling, when they should be in a bone-dry state. The berries should then be sunned again. (8) Before pulping, the pulper should be well set so that there will be few bruised and broken berries, as these would spoil what would otherwise be a first-class sample.

My ambition to be a good coffee grower began with the first Porus Agricultural Show, where I competed with others in the locality and the surrounding neighborhood. I was then first and second in the clean and parchment coffee. I was then further stimulated by the Daily Telegraph competition open to the whole island. I took first and special in December, 1909. The next Porus Agricultural Show again brought me first and second prizes in settlers classes both in clean and parchment. At Knuts- ford Park Show last February, I again competed against the whole island, and I was again successful with the second and third. prizes im clean,.coftee and first in parchment coffee. © At Bybrook Show in March I was first and second in clean and second and third in parchment. I also took second in clean and parchment at the last Kendal Show, but I have not yet received the prize money.

Now, I am asking those cultivators present and well interested, never to treat too lightly the small things of life and to do every- thing thoroughly that needs doing.

The price of coffee will yet become good. I have often pre- dicted this, and I have been satisfied to grow coffee with this hope, and would ask all of you who are coffee cultivators to do your best with this product that will help our little town and dis- trict and the island to rise to prosperity again—W. A. Morcan, in Journal of the Jamaica Agricultural Society.

272 INFLUENCE OF TIME AN MILKING.

It is commonly supposed that the milk produced by cows in the morning is larger in quantity and poorer in quality than the milk produced in the evening.

This fact is due to the longer period which elapses between night and morning milking, and the shorter period between morning and night. It has been shown, however, that as the periods between the milkings approximate in length, so does the milk approximate in quantity and quality. In a public test made by a public authority ten cows were divided into two lots of five, and specially milked for eighteen days. Five cows were milked at 8 a. m. and 4 p. m., and five at 6 a. m. and 6 p. m.

The result was precisely what is usual. The cows milked twelve hours apart gave nine pints of milk daily more than those which were milked at varied intervals. Again, the milk produced after regular intervals was richer than the morning’s milk pro- duced at unequal intervals, for it contained 4 per cent. of fat, as against 3.6 per cent., and was therefore 1 per cent. above the standard.

If the same results were obtained in general practice, the ques- tion of the standard would be settled once for all, for it would remain entirely in the hands of the owners of the cows, although they would probably complain that business necessitated milking at unequal periods.

Naturally, the milk of the evening was the richest. We refer to that drawn at four o’clock, for, speaking roundly, the shorter the interval after the morning’s milk the richer the milk. In both cases, however, the solids other than the fat of the milk were practically identical.

The results, which simply confirm many similar experiments in the past, are much too important to be put to one side. They plainly show that the objects of those who are constantly agi- tating against the milk standard of 3 per cent. of fat are un- warranted. |

If men insist upon milking cows with a long interval and a short interval, instead of at equal intervals, they must expect difficulties to arise. :

For instance, if cows are milked at six in the morning and two or three in the afternoon, the latter milk will be rich, and the former systematically poor by comparison.

The consequence is that on occasion the morning’s milk may be sampled and condemned, and the standard also condemned, but in this case by the owner of the cows or the milkman who sells the milk.

Our contention is that under normal conditions healthy herds never produce milk containing Jess than 3 per cent. of fat. If cows were milked twelve hours apart, the quality would rise in

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so marked a manner in the morning that, so far from there being any danger of its being below the standard, the standard itself might be raised with perfect safety to the producer and with great advantage to the public—Farm, Field and Fireside.

OF LN TEMES! CO) BEEK bE EPRS..

An Important Government Decision that Indirectly Favors the Honey Business—Saccharin Barred from Foods Agar, July As 19it.

(From Gleanings in Bee Culture.)

Two or three years ago we had considerable to say on the sub- ject of saccharin—a product of coal tar, and hence poisonous as a sweetening for jellies, jams, beers, and soda waters. We ex- plained to our readers time and time again, that any product of coal tar, when used in food, was injurious. The fact that it is 300 times sweeter than cane sugar makes it very cheap; and the manufacturer of sweet pickles, jams, and jellies, and the brewers, have been using large quantities of it in place of the more ex- pensive sugar. We have been told that a large percentage of the soda water fountains have been using the product.

We have been hoping for some years that there would be a government decision that would bar the use of saccharin; and now our dear Uncle Sam has given a fair warning that on and after July 1 its use must be discontinued. This is what he says:

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY,

Washington, D. C., April 28, 1911.

The Secretary of Agriculture has today issued a decision, based upon a finding of the Referee Board of Consulting Scien- tific Experts, which forbids the use of saccharin in food on and after July Ist next. The decision is under the Food and Drugs Act, and will prohibit the manufacture or sale in the District of Columbia or the Territories of foodstuffs containing saccharin, as well as interstate commerce in such foodstuffs. The finding of the Board is the second since its creation, and is regarded as very Sweeping, inasmuch as the decision affects more than thirty dif- ferent classes of foods. Some of the articles affected are soft drinks, sweet pickles, jellies, and jams, and, in some instances, beer.

The decision as promulgated is signed by the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of

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Commerce and Labor, in order that the regulations embodied in the decision may be put into effect. The decision follows:

“At the request of the Secretary of Agriculture, the Referee Board of Consulting Scientific Experts has conducted an investi- gation as to the effect on health of the use of saccharin. The in- vestigation has been concluded, and the Referee Board reports that the continued use of saccharin for a long time in quantities over three-tenths of a gram per day is liable to impair digestion ; and that the addition of saccharin as a substitute for cane sugar or other forms of sugar reduces the food value of the sweetened product, and hence lowers its quality.

“ Saccharin has been used as a substitute for sugar in over

thirty classes of foods in which sugar is commonly recognized as a normal and valuable ingredient. If the use of saccharin be continued it is evident that amounts of saccharin may readily be consumed which will, through continual use, produce digestive disturbances. In every food in which saccharin is used, some other sweetening agent known to be harmless to health can be substituted, and there is not even a pretense that saccharin is 4 necessity in the manufacture of food products. Under the Food and Drugs Act, articles of food are adulterated if they contain added poisonous or other added deleterious ingredients which may render them injurious to health. Articles of food are also adulterated within the meaning of the Act if substances have been mixed and packed with the foods so as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect their quality or strength. The findings of the Referee Board show that saccharin in food is such an added poisonous or other added deleterious ingredient as is contem- plated by the Act, and also that the substitution of the saccharin for sugar in foods reduces and lowers their quality.

“The Secretary of Agriculture, therefore, will regard as adul- terated, under the Food and Drugs Act, foods containing sac- charin which, on and after July 1, 1911, are manufactured or offered for sale in the District of Columbia or the Territories, or shipped in interstate or foreign commerce, or offered for impor- tation into the United States.”

We regard this as one of the most important and far-reaching decisions that have been rendered by the general government for a long time. Dr. Wiley, of the Bureau of Chemistry, and the time-honored champion of pure food, has long opposed the use of saccharin. The fact that he is now supported by his associates, and by those higher up, is a matter of no little importance. It is going to mean a big boost to the bottled-honey business that has heretofore had to compete with saccharin-sweetened jellies and jams, and some glucosed products that could be sold for less money than honey. It will mean, too, that comb honey will also have a larger sale, although it has never belonged to the class of cheaper products.

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In spite of the corruption in high places, in spite of the graft and wholesale bribery in some of our legislatures that have been revealed lately, the world is moving to higher and better things. It is moving, because graft will be no longer tolerated. The legislators who had a price for their votes will be relegated to the past. When that day comes, we shall expect that all the in- jurious patent medicines, as well as all medicines containing large percentages of alcohol, and all injurious food products—initi- ious because they contain preservatives and injurious flavorings —will be barred from the stomachs of our American people. ‘L!.c¢ aay is almost here now.

Bees and Poultry.

It may be interesting to our senior editor to hear that he ts rot the only poultry enthusiast connected with Gleanings, but ‘list ze are also “in the ring of poultry cranks.”’ To tell the truth, kee p- ing poultry works well with bee-keeping if the person so eagiuged understands the management of the combination. We have be- come entangled in these two lines of work for two reasus: First, because of the old saying, that a busy business man shoud have some kind of hobby on which to spend his spare time, and thus divert his mind from his cares. We have always suggeste/1 that there is no other side line like bee-keeping for busy men. But why have we never thought about a hobby for the busy busi- ness bee-keeper? It might be said that for him ‘more bees” would be a remedial measure; but would not that make his busi- ness life still more strenuous? For this reason we have made fancy poultry-keeping our hobby, and we like it immensely, as we get a lot of fun out of it.

‘Lhe second reason has been the fact that, aside from the pleas- ure that we have gotten out of the hobby, we have found this new venture so remunerative that we have had to increase our poultry business to such an extent that it is really not a hobby any longer. The consequence is, we now have two businesses to look after, and will continue them as long as they work as well side by side as they have. Since most of the poultry work is early and late in the day, while the bee work comes in between these two periods, the comljination works very nicely; and as long as we get our share of profits from both, as well as a lot of real pleasure, why should we not combine them? Of course, we are well aware of the fact that this is a time of specialty in all lines of work, and this is what we are trying to adhere to even now. Can we do it? We are trying to make a specialty, and strictly so, with our bees; at the same time we are trying to do the same with the chickens. Can we?

The Value of a Good Armor.

Time and again we have been in position to show that it pays in the long run to be well armored for extensive work in the

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apiary, especially if a great deal is to be accomplished. We have often had arguments presented to us to show that it is not so necessary to be protected absolutely by a good veil and by gloves. While all this advice may work very nicely with a few colonies of very gentle bees, we have not been able for many years to work our own apiaries in that manner. While we did not believe in wearing even a veil during the first eight years of our bee-keeping career, bearing many a painful sting unnecessarily, we do not work in the apiary without gloves. The veils we have adopted are much more substantial than the flimsy makeshifts with which we were satisfied at first. These are now made of wire cloth, very much like the Alexander veil, but so that they can be worn with a hat—a thing that we must do here in the South. With such a veil, gloves on our hands, and every thing else bee-tight, we have stood our ground when “the other fellow” was retreating from a sud- den onslaught. Of course, we realize that our bees are much more vicious than ordinarily. This is generally the case where they are handled in a hurried fashion. In this respect we believe they are very much like the Coggshall kind of which we used to read so much; and we venture the assertion that, where bees are handled by lightning operators to any extent, they are not the gentle kind that can be handled without veils and gloves.

It has been argued that slower manipulations should be prac- ticed in preference to the rapid lightning methods of some of our most extensive bee-keepers ; but we have found, after trying this, that, unless we got a more lightning-like move on us, we were not able to accomplish as much. And in our mind this is the only real business way of wholesale bee-keeping—a system whereby the maximum amount of work can be done in the shortest length of time, by which every cut-and-dried short-cut and labor-saving method can be put into play with good results.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE BARN WOODLOT.

By Proressor J. A. FERGUSON. (From the Penn State Farmer.)

We often fail to realize the value of farmers’ woodlots. To the country at large their importance will increase as the supply of saw-timber becomes gradually less.. There is today more land covered by farm woodlots than is owned by the National and State Governments combined. Of the eight hundred and fifty million acres of forests which formerly covered our country but two hun- dred million acres remain to be cut. Since we are cutting our tim- ber three times as fast as it grows, the time is not far distant when trees suitable for sawing into lumber will be difficult to find. We are told that in fifteen years the greater part of the hardwood forests in the East will have been cut, and that we will then face a timber famine in saw logs.» When that time comes the timber con-

A1%

tained in the two hundred million acres and over of farm woodlots will form a supply of saw logs that will last this country for many years.

The woodlot is not only of value to the country at large, but it is of special value to the farm to which it is attached. In many regions it is a necessity. It has been said that every farm should have one-eighth of its area in a woodlot, which should furnish the farm with fuel and posts and enough saw logs to supply what lumber is needed for farm use. It should also furnish products for sale to help pay for taxes and other expenses .connected with the woodlot. A woodlot should be a source of income as well as any other portion of the farm. It should furnish this amount of material indefinitely, without injury to the woodlot and without lessening the forest capital.

There are three reasons why farmers’ woodlots are not produc- ing this amount of material: they do not contain the right species of trees, there are not enough trees grown to the acre, the woodlot is not sufficiently protected from its enemies.

In forestry the aim is to make use of those trees alone which will give the product desired in the shortest time. Among the four hundred or more species of trees which are native to this country only a comparatively few are of any use in forest manage- ment. It should be the aim of every woodlot owner to determine what trees are best to grow in his woodlot. The owner usually re- lies too much on nature to make the choice of what trees shall grow. He cuts trees here and there and gives no thought as to what species shall grow in the place of those removed. Asa result nature fills in the gap with the tree that happens to get a start, whether that tree is a slow or a fast growing species, or whether the timber is of value for farm use or is a weed tree. It is just as essential to remove the weed trees from the woodlot as it is from the garden crop. Nature grows the plant or the tree that will the quickest respond to the conditions, and it usually happens that the weed is better able to survive than the more desirable plants. Nature is no more capable of making a proper choice of trees in the woodlot than she is capable of discriminating in a gar- den crop. !f the farmer wants to grow certain species of trees in his woodlot, he can do so oniy by judiciously thinning and weed- ing out the undesirable species, so as to give the trees he wishes to grow the advantage.

It usually happens that when a tree is removed from the forest there are no young trees of desirable species ready to respond to the increased light and fill in the gap. It has been the custom to look on young seedlings as of no value. The farmer reckons the value of his woodlot only on the larger trees. He does not realize that the future of his forest depends on the young seedlings and saplings that come in under the older trees. He allows these to be destroyed by grazing or by repeated fires or even cuts them out, as he thinks to better his forest conditions. The result is

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when a gap is made in the woods by the removal of a tree, there is nothing to grow up and fill in the vacancy, except weed trees that start easily, or else the ground becomes covered with weeds or a matting of grass that prevents by drying the upper layers of the soil the germination and development of seedlings from seeds. In such a case the only way to secure trees of the species desired is to plant them in the woodlot. Seedlings for this purpose can be purchased of nurserymen, or use can be made of seedlings of the right species found growing abundantly in other portions of the woodlot or the seeds of trees can be planted directly in the wood- lot, or they can be planted in the garden and the seedlings grown for a year or two and then removed to the desired location.

The trouble with most farmers’ woodlots is, there are not enough trees grown to the acre or else the woodlot is filled with useless trees. If from most of our woodlots the owner should re- move the weed trees and those of the better kinds that are so ill- shapen or defective as to be of little value, there would be but few trees left to the acre. This condition has arisen from the general practice of constantly removing the better trees and leaving the poorer. Ifa tree is desired for cordwood the owner generally re- moves a straight thrifty tree, because it will split easily, rather than cut out an old gnarly, limby or defective tree. The result of this treatment is that the woodlot soon becomes filled with trees useless for any purpose on the farm and the owner wonders why his woodlot is running out. It is a common saying that a farmer cannot use his woodlot and maintain it in a thrifty condition. That this statement is so generally true is because of lack of thought and judgment in the selection of the trees to cut. The defective and illy-formed trees occupy space that better trees should occupy. Where they are allowed to remain year after year they soon become branchy and occupy the space several trecs should occupy. Such trees should be removed and utilized as cordwood and in their place made to grow trees of the right species and form.

The kind of tree we desire to raise in the woodlot is one with a long, clean bole that will yield a large amount of clear material. A tree growing in the open produces branches that clothe a tree often to the ground, the result is a short tapering bole full of knots and difficult to split. A tree grown in a dense forest produces a bole free of limbs. This is because as soon as a limb is deprived of light it dies and soon falls to the ground. This is called natural pruning. In forestry the aim is to grow trees closely enough to- gether so as to produce this natural pruning. Another result of crowing trees closely together is the production of a long bole. This is because of the competition for light between trees so planted. Inasmuch as they cannot spread their crowns so as to get the desired amount of light, it is necessary to seek the light above. There is a race between the trees for the light resulting in the long boles so much desired by lumbermen. In most of our woodlots so few trees are grown to the acre that this natural prun-

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ing and this quick height growth does not take place. Enough light filters down between the crowns to keep the side branches alive and the result is limby bole, producing knotty wood. Another result of not growing trees closely enough together is the production of a rank growth of weeds, berry bushes and grasses which absorb the moisture and nutriment from the upper layers of the soil to the detriment of the forest trees. .

One of the principal reasons why farmers’ woodlots are not pro- ducing the amount of wood they should is because they are not _ protected from their enemies.

One of the worst enemies to a woodlot is the owner himself. By his lack of judgment in the selection of trees to cut, always removing the best tree he can find, he fills his woodlot with use- less trees. He grows so few trees to the acre that the ground be- comes clothed with weeds and grass. He exercises no care in the removal of trees, breaking neighboring trees and destroying the undergrowth. He gives no thought as to what trees shall grow in the place of those removed. By allowing continuous fires and grazing he utterly destroys conditions necessary for the proper growth of forest trees and jeopardizes the future of his woodlot by the destruction of young seedlings.

Fire passing through a woodlot consumes the leaves and other vegetable debris that has accumulated. This vegetable material when allowed to remain acts as a mulch and by its decay furnishes food to the trees and forms humus which tends to retain moisture and keeps the soil light and fresh. If it is removed the soil is ex- posed to the sun and rain, causing it to become dry and hard. Fire kills the small seedlings and scorches the larger trees, often killing the cambium or growing layer just beneath the bark. The trees thus become weakened and exposed to the attacks of insects and fungi. A thrifty tree is seldom so attacked.

Grazing produces a similar effect by packing the ground, by killing small seedlings by browsing and trampling, and by gnaw- ing the bark a place of entrance for the spores of fungi is formed. It has been said that trees and cattle cannot be grown successfully on the same ground.

Insects and fungi do immense damage to forest trees. Where trees have been weakened by fire or grazing, they are especially liable to such attacks. By maintaining conditions favorable to the best and most thrifty tree growth, by removing weak and defec- tive trees instead of allowing them to remain and become diseased and so a menace to the more healthy trees, the owner of the wood- lot can, in a large measure, prevent the attacks of these enemies. Trees decay because of the growth of fungi in the wood. These low forms of plant life gain entrance through wounds in the bark caused by breaking of limbs, gnawing by animals and through wounds caused by fire. Many trees in the woodlot can be found rotten at the base where spores of fungi have found entrance through areas scorched and killed by surface fires. If the bark

280

of a tree is kept intact and the fungi kept out, there is no reason why a tree should decay.

Our woodlots are becoming of greater and greater value as the supply of sawtimber becomes less. The time is not far distant when the timber contained in the woodlot will be a valuable asset to the owner. It should be the duty then of every owner of a -woodlot to study the best conditions of tree growth, to determine the best trees to grow in the woodlot and to protect the trees from injury, in order that the timber may be in such a condition that it will yield valuable returns in the future.

a»

VEG EITABEES:

People cannot be healthy, cannot have good blood without using green vegetables. These are not so valuable for the nutrition they may contain as for the salts and acids in them which act as tonics and blood purifiers. People will fly to the chemist’s shop and buy medicines said to contain iron and phosphorus or some secret elixir. This is mostly waste of money and many of these patent medicines are injurious and contain morphine and alcohoi, at an enormous price. The family can best get their iron in that common and unappreciated vegetable kalaloo or spinach, and in young beans and peas used in the food commonly called “French beans.” Then how few know that the shoots of young cocoes make excellent spinach, or that the leaves of young carrots make excellent flavoring for soup. Use peas and beans as the basis of soups, and put in them as many green vegetables as you can get. Tomatoes are easily grown and are better for the liver than medi- cines. They also contain iron. Here is a list of foods showing what elements they are rich in:

Protein. Carbohydrate. Fat.

Whole milk All cereals and cereal Milk Skimmed or separated foods Cream

milk Starchy vegetables, as Butter Buttermilk potatoes Fat meats Eggs Sweet fruits Meat fats Meat Peas and beans Egg yolk Fish Some nuts Nuts Cheese Vegetable oils Peas ‘and beans

Nuts Oatmeal and wheat

Foods rich in salts (mineral matter) :

Tron Potassium Phosphorus Calcium Dried beans Dried beans Dried beans Milk Dried peas Dried peas Dried peas Dried peas Whole wheat Whole wheat Potatoes Dried beans Spinach Oat meal Parsnips Celery Raisins Egg yolk Cabbage Cabbage Prunes Beef Turnips Parsnips Green beans Milk Prunes Fresh meat

Eggs —Journal of the Jamaica Agricultural Society.

281

,

SCHOO@LsGARDEN SYN JAM AICA.

(From Proceedings of the Jamaica Agricultural Society.)

Mr. Esson said the time had come when something should be done with regard to school gardens—-to make these of some prac- tical value in the agricultural advancement of the island. He felt they were losing a valuable opportunity of getting at the children in a more sympathetic way than they were doing at the present time. That the agricultural instructors were doing good work no- body could deny, but the value of their work would be considerably enhanced if arrangements were made by which they, the instruc- tors, would go into the school garden and teach the children from there.

Mr. Cousins said this matter had been under consideration for some time. He thought arrangements could be made with the Educational Department by which the Instructors would be able to devote more time to the school gardens, and believed in the next few months something practical in the matter would be done.

The President pointed out that a great deal of effort had been made to improve the teaching in school gardens. As many teachers as would come, were brought up to Kingston once a year and given such agricultural instruction as was possible in that limited period. Of course, these things took a long time because they had to take men already out as teachers, bring them now again, and try to teach them.a new subject, and they could not ex- pect that everybody would take interest in the subject or be suc- cessful. The number of school gardens had increased immensely within the last two years, and the conditions in which the gardens were kept were also much improved, and he thought the govern- ment had reason to look forward hopefully to future develop- ments.

Mr. Esson said he would like to see the school gardens as dis- tributing centres for economic plants, etc.

60 YEARS’ EXPERIENCE

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Patents taken through Munn & Co. receive special notice, without charge, in the

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Garden and Farm Tools and Implements

To do good farming you must have up to date tools to work with. We carry a most complete line of every- thing needed by the small or large farmer, from the smallest hand trowel to the largest cane plow. We also have a good assortment of Hand, Bucket or Barrel Sprayers. Our assortment of Hoes, Shovels, Spades, Mattocks, Rakes, Garden Shears, Lawn Mowers, Garden Hose, and other things that are needed daily about the

farm or garden, is most complete and our stock large.

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— « *> a"

Rice eg ae eS te iy ¢ es ee Ms FS Serer de mes >; yay a : apres ade

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§

‘ERS AND STAFF OF THE BOARD OF COMMIS-

_ SIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

hae COMMISSIONERS. ies. | Charles S. Judd, President and Executive Officer.

J. M. Dowsett P. R Isenberg

H. M. von Holt Albert Waterhouse

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden. David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman.

Joseph F. Reck, Consulting Lotanist. Bro. Matthias Newell, 72 churge of Sub-Nursery at Hilo, Hawai. _ Walter D. McBryde, 2% charge of Sub-Nursery at Homestead, Kauat, David Kapihe, Forest Ranger for Tantalus,

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Edward M. Ehbrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology and Chief Inspector. Albert Koebele, Cozsulting Entomologist.

SS 2 eee Assistant Entomologist.

D. B. Kuhns, Zzspector.

Fred Muir, Beneficial-Insect Collector.

Bro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo, Hawatt.

Robert R. Elgin, ) ( Mahukona, Hawazt. W. O. Aiken, | Honorary Fruit | Kahului, Maut, W.D. McBryde, + and Plant Inspector 1 Koloa, Kauat,

Dr, W. B, Deas, | az | Hana, Maut.

Capt. C. F.Turne J | Kaanapali, Maut.

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Terrtitortad Veterinarian.

L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian.

PSAs ey + RDO Live Stock Inspector,

H, B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Hilo, Hawatt.

]. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Maut.

A. R. Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauat.

oS Sete, BF: Deputy Territorial Veterinary for Kohala and

Hamakua, Hawait.

CLERICAL STAFF

Mrs. C. L. Sebolt, Clerk and Stenograbher. Miss Ella K. Dayton, Lzbrarian. Daniel Logan, Editor of the ‘‘ Forester.”

PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION.

Any one or all of the publications listed below (except those marked *) will be sent to residents of this Territory, free, upon application to Mailing Clerk, P. O. Box 207, Honolulu.

BOARD.

Report of. the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900; 66 pp.

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902; 88 pp.

* First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, trom July 1, 1908, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp.

Second Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905; 240 pp.; 8 plates; 10 text figures. Third Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906; 212 pp.; 3 plates; 4 maps; 7 text figures. Fourth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the calendar year ending December 31, 1907; 202 pp.; 7 plates.

Fifth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the calendar year ending December 31, 1908; 218 pp.; 34 plates.

Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910; 240 pp.; 45 plates.

“Notice to Importers,’”’ by H. E. Cooper; 4 pp.; 1903.

‘Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Fruits, Vegetables, etc., into the Territory of Hawaii.’’ General Circular No. 1; 6 pp.

@afcdih See ee ees Ee

Manwutactutes’ in. Hawatid = dag So oe ates) eee “a A Syllabus for a Course in General Botany fa aay) 286 Aa Farmers’ Institutes. for Young People. 22... 22 2a 290g Board: of; Agriculture “and - For€strry.\.. 2.5 ss | ee cree Za5 Division of Entomology.......... PR SoS Pl SAGE ee 296 Eirgision. Ole! OTestaky ts; Shey be eee eee eo. cee eee 298 Rabbit-Pest HeresGiosmer) : 2-2 22 ee. 5 ea £2306 Hawa (rneation A ominittee os oa Pee ees see ee 307 Concrete Materials for Farm. Improvement.............. 308

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR — SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY.

The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern- ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or growing.

The list includes both forest and scan onan trees, such as Silk Oak, Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of

India, Poinciana, Albizzia, ete. The price of the seed varies from 10 a

to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2% cents each, except a few kinds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested before being sent out, which insures its being good.

All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii.

RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent of Forestry.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties of this Division and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make in- quiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently or send the right kind of useful insects for relief we like and. sometimes it is indispensable for us to see the insect suspected or caught in the act, also specimens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden

box specimens may be mailed at- 3rd class rates. When specimens are ; 5°

not accompanied by letter always write your name and address in the

upper left-hand corner of the package. Address all communications % ;

SUPERINTENDENT DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, P. O. BOX 207,

HONOLULU, HAWAII. EDW. M. EHRHORN,

Superintendent.

THE HAWAIIAN

FORESTER & AGRICULTURIOT

Vor, VIII. Ow TOBER, .1911, No. £0;

Mr. W. M. Giffard has been selected by the Board of Agricul- ture and Forestry to conduct the campaign for the eradication Os tne Meditegranean fruit fly.. As one of Hawaii's leading amateurs in horticulture and arboriculture, long a keen student in entomology, having also had many years of experience in large business affairs, Mr. Giffard is one man in a thousand for the task. The Board is to be congratulated on his acceptance, also upon his prompt taking hold of the work, he having begun to plan a course of action immediately on his return from a visit to the island of Kauai.

Manufactures in Hawati, of which the latest census report, covering the year 1909, appears in this number, of course mainly consist of the product of the sugar plantation factories. From about the year mentioned fruit and fruit juice preserving works, also factories preparing coffee and fiber for market, begin to add substantially to Hawaiian manufactures, and cotton may be made soon to increase the tale, providing its new pioneers in these islands do not allow themselves to be beaten by pests that have been subdued in other countries. Agriculture is as closely related to manufactures in Hawaii as mother to child, and this is true to a further extent than in the preparation, wholly or partly, of agricultural products for the consumers. Honolulu has iron- works that owe their development more to the sugar industry than anything else, which for some time have had no superior competitors anywhere in furnishing sugar factories to other countries.

From C. M. Winslow, Brandon, Vermont, secretary Ayrshire Breeders’ Association, has been received Ayrshire official Records No. 6, September, 1911. The publication is a small card folio. It contains a summary of each average annual yield of 362 cows and heifers, grouped as two year olds (54), three year olds (31), four vear olds (15), mature (76) and cows and heifers (186), in twenty-nine separate reports. The purpose of giving each average is stated as being to show the uniformity of averages, the short introduction reading thus: ‘‘We have always claimed that the value of a dairy breed should be judged by the general average of dairy product for that breed and not

284

by phenomenal records of individual cows. We have also claimed that the value of a single cow should be determined by what she will yield for a year rather than for a week or a month, since she must be cared for and fed for the whole year, and only on that basis can her profit be determined.”

The animals admitted to advanced registry are five in the two year old form, four in the three year old form, two in the four year old form and fifteen mature, and their averages respectively are as follows:

Lbs. milk ‘Lbs: tat™ Lbs.butter “72 1ae

Two yeateald classes. 7 A454 296.60 346 4.11 Thiree/ year old -classa.. : 9,603 386.62 451 4.07 Four. yearold clase. : 8,613 Be) nos! 416 4.27 Mature cow ‘Clascwee. 64 10,186 377 .60 440 Sea

Whole, cows and heifers.. 8,979 ieey 413 4.05

Mr. S. T. Starrett, the market superintendent appointed under the legislation of 1911 to promote the prosperity of homesteaders, is diligently pursuing his duties. He is visiting one district after another throughout the islands, taking note of the products most adaptable to profitable raising in every locality visited. Thus far his general advice has been communicated for the most part in- formally through the newspaper press, but he gives instruction personally, meanwhile, to the homestead cultivators as he passes through the country. When he has thoroughly covered his field work, Mr. Starrett will no doubt sum up his findings with rec- ommendations in form to serve as a foundation for scientific development of diversified agriculture in this Territory. Hereto- fore this great cause has been advanced in a practical way wholly upon a~basis of any man for himself. Wuth a trained exper now at the directing helm, let us hope for cooperative effort and system, both in cultivating and marketing such products of the soil as are in constant need here and for which a demand can easily be created, where not already existing, in all the accessible markets outside. The trade returns show many natural products imported, at an aggregate cost of millions of dollars annually, which might certainly be raised in thesé islands. There are equally as many articles, peculiarly Hawaii's to produce, for which an unfailing demand obtains abroad. Let us buy less and sell more of what our climate and soil can abundantly yield. That is the way to bring about a more general diffusion of pros- perity among the population of the Territory, as well as to gain and keep more population among which to have the prosperity diffused.

285 MANUFACTURES IN HAW ATT.

Pearce of The Forester.)

Washington, D. October 17, 1911.—A preliminary state- ment of the general ee ot the Thirteenth United States Cen- sus of manufactures was issued today by Census Director Durand. It contains a statement of the statistics for 1909 for the noncontiguous territory, Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico, prepared under the direction of William M. Steuart, chief statis- tician for manufactures, Bureau of the Census. The figures are subject to such revision as may be necessary after a further examination of the original reports. [Following are the statis- tics for Hawaii:

MrmiatercOs CStAMMGOINICMES. J... 5 a oben e eee os ee 500 eri im et. MEPIS ATMEL N ton es os. $23,875,000 Cost of materials used... .. Te BT See ee "2 $25,629,000 Mele Sed « WieeeS, AGQEAL 2 pA lets Fe cree eye = we eye 2.7000 SC cee aE ee eRe ee Ae ae RCE, or $ 686,000 SER MME ie ur ee oa. x ote ee hap O20) 010) Piteee ateOtis CemmenseS fatt. cli Sots ea. Se wes $ 3,329,000 eal te OC mee eos fan os NES ona oa 3 oye es eh ieee $47,404,000 Value added by manufacture (products less cost of ieee Die1) Ment Mum Ne a rt Ge bins. . Shae $21,775,000 Employees: Number @@ salaried officials andclerks......... 594 Average number of wage earners employed Cet sighs Sieh) oe are poareet ie ae) 5,904 eet MOM OTSEDGMCU fa rd. big leis dP ee ess ea es sae 41,930

These figures exclude the hand and the buiiding trades and the neighborhood industries, and take account only of establishments conducted under the factory system. Statistics for this census were not collected for factories having products for the census year of a value less than $500, except that reports were taken for establishments idle during a portion of the year 1909, or which began operations in that year, and whose products, therefore, were less than $500.

It is better to be a busy little body in this world than a little busybody.

“A word to the wise is sufficient,” but a multitude of words are in vain to the foolish.

Do not put all your slicking-up on the front yard. There’s a back yard, too.

Hard words are hardly ever necessary.

286 Stubbornness is misdirected persistence. Straw hats show which way the wind blows.

Into the well which supplies thee with water cast no stones.— Talmud.

Meet every stranger like a gentleman, even if he be an agent selling wooden nutmegs.

In these days of muck-raking, the farmer who is able to rake up a good compost heap stands to win.

“They say his wife makes $5,000 a vear with her pen.” “T didn’t know she was a writer.” “She isn’t. She has a pig farm in Towa.” —Chicago Record-Herald.

One of the things that gives the greatest pleasure where fleas abound, says Practical Farmer, is knowing how to rid the premises of these pests. Simply sprinkle the floor of the house and barn with oil of penny-roval; also put a little on your clothing.

It isn’t much fun to have the seat of one’s trousers shingled with a big piece of fly-paper. Won't the women folks please not lay any of these papers in the chairs? Put ’em up somewhere, good and high. Flies will find ’em just as well and it may save the men folks a lot of embarrassment.

A SYLLABUS FOR A COURSE IN GENERAL BOTA

For use in the Secondary Schools of Hawai,

The topics in the following outline are those of chief 1mpor- tance in a course in general botany. The subject-matter for each of these topics will be found in such standard texts as those of Bergen, Coulter, Bailey, or Hunter. ‘“The Essentials of Biology,” by G. W. Hunter with laboratory manual by Sharpe (published by American Book Co.) is especially recommended for this course, because these books include excellent sections dealing with the fields of zoology and physiology. By the use of these books a term’s work may be done on each of the three large divisions of biology—botany, zoology, physiology.

A sufficient number cf topics is given to occupy a full school year, with five hours ner week. If less time than this is available, selection can be made. The most important of the topics are starred.

An essential and absolutely necessary part of the course is field and laboratory work. This is very simple, demanding neither ex-

287

pensive apparatus nor exhaustive preparation. The student should examine an abundance of living material, which can be secured at all times.

Lig UDLES OF 2HE PLANT AS-A WHOLE.

The plant a living organism. Protoplasm and the structure of the cell. Relations to environment—light, moisture, heat, food, etc. Plant associations—hydrophytes. xerophytes, mesophytes, halophytes : arctic. tropic and temperate conditions.

oo «lhe flog, ot Hawai, and of the Pacific islands.

* 6. Man’s control of the plant world—cultivated plants; forests; seaweeds: bacteria, etc.

Sa ge She

. lia STUDIES OF* SEEDS AND: SEEDLINGS:

1. Form of seeds; coats; explanation of markings on seed. * 2. Internal structure of seed—cotyledons, plumule, hypo- cotyl. Cotyledons as foliage leaves. * 3. Position of stored food; tests for food material ; enzymes. 4. Early stages of seedling to show changes in parts of embryo. Method of breaking through the soil. 5. Later stages of seedlings. * 6. Work of government nurseries; Arbor Day. 7. Comparisens of structures and development of monocot., dicot., and polycot. seeds. 8. Germination and erowth of seedlings as affected by mois- tube. temperatum, ait. Gases given off by seeds. = 9. Uses of seeds.

*10. Seed testing; selective planting. III. STUDIES OF ROOTS.

1. Kinds of roots—fibrous, fleshy, tap, etc. * 2. Internal structure—central cylinder, cortex, epidermis, root-hairs; functions of each part. The root-cap. 3. Origin of secondary roots ; adventitious roots. * 4. Functions of roots—food, water, anchorage. Prop-roots, holdfasts. 5. Storage of food in roots. Parasitic roots. 6. Region of rapid growth; osmosis; relation to gravity. 7. The soil soluticn; irrigation and drainage; fertilizers. 8. Nitrogen in the soil; relation to bacteria. 9. Plants as rock-disintegrators and soil-makers. 0. Roots of economic importance.

IV. STUDIES OF STEMS AND BUDS.

1. External characteristics of stems—bark ; leaf-scars ; nodes and internodes; lenticels ; other markings.

* 2. Internal structure—location, description and function of pith, wood, medullary rays, cambium, bast, cortex, epidermis.

be 7S

288

3. Pruning; grafting ; cuttings. 4. The monocot. stem—rind, pith, bundles. 5. Course of sap through the stem. 6. Specialized stem-types—rhizome, bulb, tuber, tendril, thorn, trunk, etc. op Adaptations of stem to environment—relation to sunlight, CtC: 8. Relations of buds to branches, to leaves, to general form of plant. * QO. Structure of bud—leaf-buds, flower-buds, etc. 10. Protection of bud—from cold, from drying. 11. Time of bud-formation; of bud-opening. 12. Storage of food in bud. *13. Forestry—on mainland; in Hawaii. 14. Economic value of trees—as timber; as water-sheds. .» 15. “Conservation” and its significance.

V. STUDIES: OF LEAVES:

* 1. General structure and parts—blade, petiole, stipules; venation ; simple and compound forms.

* 2. Functions—photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, as- similation. The work of chlorophyll.

3. Epidermis and stofata; air-chambers; mesophyll; bun- dles. * 4. Arrangements of leaves. The light relation.

5. Modifications and special adaptations of leaves. 6. Response of leaves to special stimuli—touch. 7. The sun the final source of energy.

8. Ornamental value of trees, bushes, vines, lawn. 9. Grass and herbivorous animals.

VI.. STUDIES OF FLOWERS AND FRUITS;

1. Structures and functions of parts of flower—ex. hibiscus, 2. FPistil and ovules—location, structure.

* 3. Stamens and pollen—location, structure. 4. Protection of pollen; cross-pollination—wind, water, in-

| 5. Germination of polien; fertilization; development of ovule into seed. 6. Types of inflorescence. * 7. Identification of common flowering plants. 8. Flower gardens; cut-fiowers ; leis. * QO. Origin of fruit from flower. 10. Functions of fruit; distinctions between seeds and fruits. *11. Types of fruits-—external and internal structures ; dry and fresh fruits; pomes; citrus fruits. 12. Adaptations for seed dispersal. *13. Struggle for existence. 14. Plant breeding. 15. Economic value of fruits.

289 VII. STUDIES OF ALGAF AND FUNGI.

1. Spirogyra—habitat, structure, life-history. * 2. Yeast—cultivation, structure, reproduction, economic importance. * 3. Bread-mold—development, life-cycle, structure. 4. Bacteria—of air, water, milk; pathogenic forms; forms of industrial value. * 5. Marine algae—location, kinds, gross structure, colors,

* 6. Toadstool or mushroom—habitat, structure, life-cycle,

7. Lichen—habitat, structure, life-history, symbiosis. VIII. STUDIES OF MOSSES AND FERNS.

1. Peat and sphagnum bogs; formation of coal ; fossil plants. 2. A moss plant—general structure, reproduction, life cycle. * 3. <A fern plant—general structure, reproduction ; life cycle. 4. Tree fern forests of Hawaii. 5. Fern-houses: care of ferns.

IX. STUDIES OF FLOWERING PLANTS.

1. Classification of flowering plants. Z. The monkey-pod tree or the hala tree—crown, leaves, flowers, fruit.

* 3. Taro plant—corm, leaves, bud, flowers, life cycle.

* 4. - Coconut palm—-trunk, leaves, flower, fruit; compare with other palms.

5. Carnation, lily, or geranium—cultivation, flowers, vari- eties, diseases.

* 6. Sugar-cane—cultivation, stem, sap, flowers, varieties, in- sect enemies and diseases; relations to soil and moisture.

7. Important plants of Hawa1i—indigenous; brought in by ancient Hawaiians; brought in since 1778.

Individual work with the compound microscope is not recom- mended ; although the laboratory should have one or two good instruments for demonstration work. Emphasis should be upon gross structure, with special reference to function.

“Experiments with Plants,’ by Osterhaut (Macmillan Co.), is highly recommended as an aid in this course.

Whenever feasible the plants should be studied out of doors,. under natural conditions. Field trips to gardens, nurseries, etc., are of great value, if well planned. The teacher will need to make out special outlines, to meet local conditions.

Thorough drill should be given in the correct oral and written presentation of important subject-matter. The field and labora- tory work should include the making of simple drawings of im- portant structures. All field and laboratory work should be care- fully recorded, and all drawings should be carefully labeled.

290

A herbarium is not necessary. Use liberal quantities of fresh material. Pressed plants are not suitable for elementary work. Demand scientific accuracy and precision in all work. Cultivate the investigative spirit. Teach, whenever possible, out of doors.

VAUGHAN MACCAUGHEY, The College of Hawaii.

FARMERS INSTITULES POR.Y OUNG. rer ie:

(Extracts from Circular 99, office of Experiment Stations, U. S. Department of Agriculture. )

Out of every 500 young people in the country districts in the United States only one ever enters an agricultural college. Of every 100 rural and urban children only five ever reach the high schools, and only six ever go beyond the elementary schools. Ninety-four out of every 100 children therefore finish their educa- tion with the district school.

In order to reach the 499 out of every 500 rural boys and girls who can not go to an agricultural college, and yet in whom some attachment for and interest in rural life should be inculcated, there has developed quite generally a demand for the introduction into the rural schools of subjects that will educate in the direc- tion of appreciation of rural iife and its opportunities instead of confining the teaching as hitherto to studies that ignore the coun- try and direct the scholar’s attention to the occupations of the towns and cities.

The first effort to meet this demand was made by the town and city schools through the introduction of topics which later were all embraced under the term “nature study.” The rural school began its work of agricultural instruction by directing the scholars’ attention to some of the simplest and most common nat- ural objects in the neighborhood of the school itself. Gradually this was extended to critical observation of various phenomena in the growth and development of plants and animals. Later, elementary text-books on these and other subjects connected with rural life were introduced and studied.

Among the country schools, however, only the most favorably situated have been able to conduct even elementary work along this line. There are several reasons for this. The subject is new in school work with children, and the majority of public school ‘teachers are not prepared to give instruction in agriculture be- cause until recently there was no demand for such instruction and consequently no provision had been made either for qualifying a teaching force for imparting it or for equipping the schools with suitable apparatus.

As a part of the course in education for children of public school age, a system of “clubs” has been organized in many sections by rural teachers and county superintendents of schools, intended to interest the pupils in country life and at the same time be of ser-

291

vice in preparing them for their future work, whether that work be on a farm or in some other occupation or profession. The club activities are mainly in the form of contests in judging grains and animals, with some field work, such as growing corn, potatoes, or similar crops. The field operations are restricted to quite small areas, and to comparatively few varieties of products.

In order that opportunity to become acquainted with agricul- tural operations may be given to those who have left the public school and from whose ranks the future farmers and their wives must be supplied, the farmers’ institutes in several States have organized and are now conducting what are known as “institutes for young people.”

Because of the fundamental difficulty in securing teachers capa- ble of giving vocational instruction in agriculture in the rural schools, and from the fact that after the scholars leave school no provision has been made for giving them opportunity to receive such instruction, the farmers’ institute has undertaken the train- ing in agriculture of rural children after leaving school. In doing this it has found it necessary to drop from its system of instruc- tion the purely educational feature and devote itself strictly to giving vocational instruction. Such studies and practice, there- fore, as the institute utilizes, have in view the perfecting of the individual in his vocation. The institute system, therefore, par- takes more nearly than any other of the trade-school method, and is intended for youth above 14 years of age. It differs from the work carried on by other agencies employed in training country youth in that its primary object is to build up a better agriculture by teaching young people methods for increasing crops, improv- ing animals, restoring worn-out soils, and disposing in a profitable way of the products of farms. It is undertaking to teach youth how to make money in agriculture.

The fact that there can be no physical compulsion exerted in bringing those who are to be reached to attend upon any course of teaching makes it necessary to employ other methods for secur- ing their attendance and attention. There are at least two char- acteristics in the rural youth that can be depended upon to respond to proper appeal—ambition and love of gain. With respect to the first, young people are naturally interested in a subject or exercise when presented in the form of a contest. Their plays for the most part are of this nature. When properly planned and conducted such exercises not only interest young people, but they possess in addition features of great practical and educational value. They stimulate the creative faculties of the contestants, teach the rela- tion between cause and effect, develop power and desire to do things, show how to apply previous knowledge derived from books or school to solving the problems of life, and by keeping the mind occupied with useful purposes they stimulate to further and more determined effort. The contest method, therefore, has wisely been adopted by the institute for awakening interest and creating enthusiasm among young people in agricultural operations.

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The subjects that can be successfully studied in institutes for young people cover a wide range and may ultimately include the entire field of rural life. Since the institute is dealing with boys and girls who for the most part are without much experience, and while the subjects studied must be treated in a way to be intel- ligible to them, yet it by no means follows that because the pupils are not of full age the teaching and the truths taught must be cor- respondingly elementary.

While the farm presents problems most complex and difficult to be thoroughly understood, on the other hand many of its opera- tions are apparently so simple that they seem to require no partic- ular thought or skill for their performance, and consequently come to be regarded as of minor importance. Many of the manual processes are of this character. They are largely matters of practice, or operations repeated until a degree of dexterity is acquired in their performance. The general lack, however, of both knowledge and skill on the part of many of those who engage in these everyday operations is very marked when their per- formance by an ordinary worker is compared with the rapidity and perfection of their execution by an accomplished expert. With a view to improvement in this direction the institute for young people should offer prizes for superior skill and proficiency in manual processes, and should hold competitive exhibitions at which dexterity and skill would be recognized and rewarded.

In order to increase interest and at the same tfme to instruct young people, the gathering of collections provides a valuable means and should be encouraged. Specimens of rocks, soils, grasses, grains, weeds and weed seeds, vegetables, flowers, fruits, insects, etc., furnish material for such collections.

The list of contests also could be extended to the preparation of papers and the holding of oral examinations upon subjects re- quiring wider culture, knowledge, and experience than those just mentioned. Such a list might embrace farm management, orchard management, landscape gardening, vegetable gardening, flower gardening, practical housekeeping, the preparation of balanced rations, also papers upon local history, on the local fauna and flora, local geology and geography, local laws, local markets, sani- Cation, ete.

In addition to the subjects discussed in the meetings, the in- stitutes for young people should outline courses for home reading, taking up definite groups of subjects or lines of work, and should assist the readers in obtaining bulletins and other publications from their state experiment stations and the United States De- partment of Agriculture. The institutes might also include a brief systematic course in the generaily neglected but most important subjects of farm bookkeeping, local jaws, local history, farm man- agement, etc., and they might discuss the advantages and opera- tions of cooperative associations organized for the purpose of buy- ing and selling and for securing the more economical transporta- tion and distribution of farm products.

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In contest work a necessary preliminary is a carefully prepared plan, giving full directions for carrying out the various opera- tions which the contest embraces, the method of judging, and the nature of the awards.

The contest feature of the young people’s institute should be graded so as to be as far as possible a complete and progressive course. When completed a certificate should be given stating the work performed by the contestant during the period in which he was a member of the institute.

The course should begin with a simple exercise like the growing of some common crop and end with the more difficult, as a daily record for twelve months of the operations of a farm, with com- ments on these operations, and a set of books showing the loss or gain of the enterprise for the year.

By the method of pursuing a systematic course for four or five years the practical work of the young people's institute would be preparatory to their undertaking the larger operations of a farm or home, and instead of the contest exercises being disconnected and incomplete, as now, they would be systematized into a course that would cover the principal operations of a farm and be of real service in the future life of the contestant.

It has been found hy experience that young people are greatly attracted and influenced by rewards, and that they value these rewards far above their worth in cash. Money for prizes can usually be secured without difficulty by applying to public-spirited citizens in the community for contributions, many of whom are elad of the opportunity to assist worthy young people in any effort that they may make to better their condition and become more useful citizens of the State.

In a few States the farmers’ institute and the college of agri- culture, by conducting what are called boys’ encampments, have interested in agricultural subjects many boys who would not join the ordinary club contest. The camping-out idea appeals to them as a pleasant and enjoyable diversion, and the lectures, demonstra- tions, and judging contests which form a part of their daily life for the week or two during which the camp is held are pursued with pleasure as well as profit. Their interest is aroused by the scientific features of subjects which they have never before under- stood and which are here exhibited in their relation to the prac- tical. Many boys who otherwise would never have been reached are thus started in search of further useful information. These boys’ encampments are, strictly speaking, young people’s institutes. The members live and study together during the entire meeting; prizes are awarded for winners in stock, grain, and similar judg- ing contests, and for proficiency in other agricultural subjects as determined by a final examination of the work pursued at the encampment.

For a while at least institutes for boys and girls should be union meetings, with special sessions for each sex as occasion may re-

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quire. The membership should be restricted to persons over 14 years of age and should not as a rule include those over 18 or 19 years.

While attendance upon the institutes is of necessity voluntary, yet it is important to effect, as early as practicable, an organization in each locality composed of a membership that can be depended upon to attend the meeting's and to assist in carrying on the work. To accomplish this it. will be necessary to secure pledges from as many as possible to a form of constitution that embodies these obligations.

Interest in institutes for young people should not be limited to farmers. The support of business, professional, and _ public- spirited men generally is necessary to make the movement a suc- cess, and this support is more likely to be given if the institutes are planned to include town as well as country boys and girls. Merchants, lawyers, doctors, mechanics, and tradesmen should be invited to assist.

Every young people’s institute organization should be provided with a library of reference consisting, along with books of general reading, of bulletins, pamphlets, and other books by recognized authorities upon agriculture and domestic science. This library should be in charge of the county institute and be available for use by all young people belonging to the institute organization of that county.

The farmers’ institute can materially assist in inaugurating the movement for the introduction of agriculture into the public schools by giving information to teachers, county superintendents and parents respecting this kind of work, and may go to the ex- tent of organizing and conducting clubs as samples of what the schools should do in this direction. As soon as the institute has organized such a club and has succeeded in interesting a group of children of school age and their teachers in contest work, it should turn it over to the school authorities for further attention and control. Children, therefore, of school age (10 to 14 years) should be committed to the school authorities for agricultural club work during the period of their connection with the school. After leaving school, the farmers’ institute for young people can take charge and give them the special vocational training that they need to become proficient in the practical operations of the farm.

Hitherto the farmers’ institute has devoted its energies almost exclusively to interesting adults in agriculture and household art. It has selected its subjects for discussion and chosen its instruction with this in view. A new field of activity has suddenly opened up, one that is altogether unoccupied and for which no adequate provision has yet been made—the vocational training in agricul- ture of country youth between 14 and 18 or 19 years of age.

After 14 the public school does not and, as at present con- stituted, can not reach the majority of rural youth with agricul- tural instruction. What the secondary schools may ultimately

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accomplish in this direction has not yet been revealed. In the meantime these youths are growing up, many of them with no proper appreciation of country life or of its advantages and oppor- tunities in a business way over those of the towns and cities. The farmers’ institute can change all this by modifying its present methods to suit the ages, needs and degrees of advancement of these youth. It shouid avail itself of the opportunity now pre- sented and occupy this field. By doing so it will not only be fol- lowing out the purpose of its organization, but will also perform valuable service in the present effort for the development of agri- cultural education and become an important factor in shaping the future of the world-wide movement for agricultural extension now under way.

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

Minutes of a special meeting of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, held in the Land Office, Capitol building, October 5, 1911, at 3:30 p. m.

Present: Mr. C. S. Judd, President and Executive Officer ; Messrs. J. M. Dowsett and H. M. von Holt, members.

Report of Advisory Committee.

Mr. Judd stated that the meeting had been called for the pur- pose of reporting on ways and means of combating the Medi- terranean fruit fly; that he had taken up the matter with the Governor and after careful consideration it had been decided that by shifting around the conservation fund the amount of $8750 could be raised, it being the idea that the $6500 allotted to the Kohala Reserve for tree planting could be reduced by $3000, and that $2500 could be taken from the Inter-Island inspection . fund and the balance from the unused balance of the conserva- tion fund.

Mr. Dowsett stated that it was his understanding, and also that of Mr. von Holt, with whom he had discussed the matter, that it would require $17,500, approximately, to carry on the work until the next session of the Legislature in 1913; that of this amount it was believed California would be willing to con- tribute one-half if it were shown that Hawaii would contribute the other half, and was in earnest in the proposed campaign; that it seemed to be a matter of as much importance to Califor- nia as to Hawaii, and that it could only be carried on success- fully with the cooperation of California. After outlining a pos- sible routine for conducting the work, Mr. Dowsett stated that Mr. Carnes had suggested that California might be willing to send a man down to act in conjunction with Hawaii’s Board, and Mr. Dowsett believed it would be best to take the man under the Board’s jurisdiction and do all possible to aid and assist him. It was generally discussed as to whether it would be advisable

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to communicate officially with California in regard to the con- tribution of one-half of the $17,500 and the probable action to be taken in the campaign, and Mr. Judd stated that Mr. Carnes thought such official communication advisable.

Mr. von Holt stated that it seemed that the matter was at present in too indefinite a state for the Board to take this action, and he believed it best to put the whole matter in the hands of a committee, and therefore made the following motion:

Special Comnuttee to Communicate With Califormia.

Moved by Mr. von Holt that further action be referred to a Committee consisting of Mr. judd and Mr. Dowsett, in regard to communicating with California officials in reference to the Mediterranean fly situation; that said committee take the matter up with the Advisory Committee and, upon being able to report, that Mr. Judd be authorized to communicate the results of the conference to the proper officials in California. Seconded by Mr. Judd and unanimously carried.

There being no further business, the meeting then adjourned, it being stated that the next meeting would be the regular busi- ness meeting on Monday, October 9, at 2 p. m., at the same place.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Honolulu, October 1, 1911. Honorable Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry.

Gentlemen :—I herewith respectfully submit my report of the work of the Division of Entomology for the months of August and September.

During my absence on the Coast, Mr. D. B. Kuhns, the in- spector of the division, performed the duties required with great. satisfaction, and | am pleased to report that during the month o. August 32 vessels were boarded and fruit, vegetables and plants were found on 17 of them.

After careful inspection of the various shipments, the follow- ing results were obtained:

Disposal with principal causes. Lots. Parcels. Pass@d “a8 Si Cet bao ests 2, a tae oes 776 12,283 PERE os 281 RR ee Oe we aah ere ee 1 Sib i? Puig aie SS eee co a pa ee ee 3 3

Total mspested.. aoc .2., hee 796 12,304

Of rice, 21,067 bags arrived during the month, and were found free from pests.

297 Pests Intercepted.

A large consignment of corn from Japan was found infested with the grain weevil Calandria linearis and a Lepidopterous larva, and after a long fumigation and reinspection was released, all insects being dead.

Some ferns from California were infested with scale Hemi- chionasis aspidistral, and were fumigated. Sandpears from Japan and oranges from Fiji were likewise infested with scale insects, but fruit being prohibited from those sections, the fruit was de- stroyed.

Brother M. Newell, inspector at Hilo, reports the arrival of nine vessels, three of which carried vegetable matter. He found 107 lots, consisting of 1230 parcels, all of which was passed as free from pests.

During the month I forwarded a lot of Staphilinid beetles from the Coast with instructions to liberate where maggot-infested fruit or vegetables could be found. These beetles are of great value to the vegetable growers of the Coast, feeding on cut- worms and radish, onicn and cabbage maggots.

Six packages of Japanese beetle fungus were distributed to applicants.

During the month of September 32 vessels were boarded and fruit, vegetables and plants were found on 21 of them with the following results:

Disposal with principal causes. Lots. Parcels. Passed ds tree Irom pests). . 241 Ae. 2. 1053 ZO Peer weer. . tes. OD. DAIMUR TOE 19 20 iano atedee sce. ea 2b), OL toga ri 9

ARO EV ISTS nc © ef rae er rr 1079 21,2350

Of rice, 22,497 bags arrived and were passed as free from

pests. Pests Intercepted.

One hundred and twenty bags of Japanese beans were found infested with a moth larva Gelechud sp., and after a thorough fumigation with carbon bisulphid they were released. A box of artichoke flowers was found infested with ants, the common black ant Formica migra, and after fumigation was passed. One box of raspberry plants, badly infested with fungus (orange rust, (Coeoma luminatum), was burned.

Beneficial Insects.

Returning from the Coast, I brought back another colony of Staphilind beetles, and | am endeavoring to rear further colonies from these.

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One colony of black scale parasites, Scufellista cyanea, was liberated and two lots of Japanese beetle fungus delivered to ap- plicants.

Brother M. Newell, inspector at Hilo, reports having boarded 9 vessels, 3 of which carried vegetable matter, consisting of 187 lots and 2570 parcels, all of which were passed except one lot of oranges badly infested with the purple scale, Lepidosaphes becku, which was burned.

Arrangements on the Coast.

While in San Francisco, I made it my business to visit all the shippers and commission merchants, who send fruit and vege- tables to Honolulu, and I explained fully our requirements re- garding all shipments. I also furnished them with blocks of in- spectors’ lists, which are to be filled out whenever any shipments are made. ‘This last matter needed attention, for, although we have written to those who overlooked sending the lists, we did not get any satisfaction from them. My personal visit seems to have given results, for, since my return, our lists have almost doubled in number. I also took particular pains in looking over the shipments of pineapples and bananas which arrived during my visit, finding there is good room for improvement. Careless packing and poor fruit, either infested with scale or showing de- cay spots, should receive the attention of the shipper at this end, otherwise the California inspectors will surely stop all future shipments. It seems to me that, if we are to continue pineapple and banana shipments to the Coast, the leading shippers could get together and either advise or supervise the less informed shipper so as to obviate the loss of future delivery.

Respectfully yours, Epw. M. EnRHorRN, Superintendent of Entomology.

DIVISION OF FORESTER

Report for August.

Honolulu, September 5, 1911. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry. Gentlemen :—I have the honor to submit, as follows, the rou- tine of the Division of Forestry for the month of August, 1911.

Trip to Hawau by Superintendent of Forestry.

During the greater part of the month, from August 8 to 26, my own time was occupied with an inspection trip to the Island of Hawaii. Going first to Waimea, I inspected the forest plant- ing on the Kohala Mountain above Waimea village, now being done under contract for the government by the Parker Ranch.

ade!

The work is progressing in a very satisfactory manner. Between 15 and 20 acres have been planted, over 20,000 trees, mainly Eucalyptus robusta, having been set out, with very few failures. A large number of seedlings of this species are being got ready for planting in the ranch nursery at Puu o pelo. The contract calls for the planting of 50 acres; it is expected that this area will all be covered during the next three months. The planting will then be continued by the ranch on its adjoining fee simple land of Waikoloa.

Next I went over to Puuwaawaa to look over a portion of the land of Puuanahulu, for which an application to lease for graz- ing has been filed by Mr. Robert Hind and the Parker Ranch. During the administration of Governor Dole, this land was tem- porarily set apart by the then land commissioner as a forest re- serve. It now appears desirable that a portion of the area be leased for grazing. JI am now preparing a brief report, with recommendations from a forest standpoint, upon this subject.

Experimental Tree Planting on Mauna Kea.

I then spent several days at Waiki1, making an inspection of the plots on the slope of Mauna Kea where experimental planting of exotic trees is being carried on with the aid of federal funds. So far the results on Mauna Kea have mostly been negative. In the 7000-foot plot, however, a good proportion, about half, of the four species planted have been established, while in other of the plots some of the tree seed sown a year ago was found to have sprouted and to be growing. In each of the four plots I planted a box of Eucalyptus rubusta, 54 trees, and sowed some additional lots of seed.

In connection with the Parker Ranch corn farm at Waikii, which now covers 1400 acres, there are to be planted extensive windbreaks and shelter belts of eucalyptus trees. There are now in the nursery at Waikii, ready for planting during the coming winter months, over 35,000 trees. Now that this nursery has been so well established it will be possible to start here, as well, trees for use in the experimental plots. In this way I am con- fident that in the future much faster progress can be made than has been possible up to this time. |

Before leaving the Parker Ranch I spent one day inspecting the tree planting now being done along the Paauhau gulch on the government land of Nienie and in looking over the work of the weed destroying gang, who are using arsenical spray on thimbleberry and German ivy. This treatment is proving a very efrective means of combating these pests, besides being very much less expensive than methods previously used. The tree planting along the Paauhau gulch is going forward in a highly satisfactory way. Over 25,000 trees have been set out, the work is well systematized, and the nursery full of young trees.

300 Kukaiau Ranch Planting.

Under the terms of its lease of government lands, the Kukaiau Ranch is doing extensive tree planting in establishing groves of eucalyptus, mainly blue gum, between the elevations of 3000 and 4500 feet. In order~to be in touch with the progress of this work I spent a couple of days with Mr. Robert Horner, going over the areas planted. The planting is progressing at a satis- factory rate, so that the total number of trees required to be set out should be in the ground some time prior to the time limit fixed in the leases.

The greater part of the trees planted during the last three years are making excellent growth and in the few places where there were setbacks while the seedlings were small—in some cases re- quiring replanting—the little trees have now taken hold and are doing well. Taken altogether the government has good reason to be pleased with the progress of this piece of work.

Examination of Muliwat.

The last part of my stay on Hawaii was devoted to a trip into Muliwai, the government land on the bluff between Waipio and Waimanu valleys, as a part of which I went down into and up the latter valley to its head.

Muliwai and Waimanu are inaccessible localities. Because of the steepness of the trails leading into them, which in wet weather are almost impassable, to visit these places requires special prepa- rations. The present trip was made possible through the cour- tesy of Mr. August Ahrens, manager of the Kukuihaele planta- tion, who, at the request of Mr. I. W. Waldron, one of the di- rectors of the company, had had a trail cut up the ridge of Mu- liwai, through the woods from the government trail. Mr. Ahrens provided a pack train; we camped out two nights in the woods.

In former years Muliwai was subject to eile grazing, which resulted in the opening up of the forest, the letting in of Hilo grass and the death of the larger trees.

Three years ago the government ordered the removal of all the cattle from Muliwai. This was done, and since then the area has been policed by the Pacific Sugar Mill, so that there has been no further damage. Looking across at Muliwai from Kukut- haele there appears to be a large area of dead forest, but when one follows up the ridge, although there are considerable areas where the large trees are dead, there is found to be much young erowth. In my judgment most of the damage to the forest on Muliwai is the result of grazing in past years. With conditions as they now exist, I see no reason to be apprehensive about the ultimate return of the forest on the upper parts of the slope. Shortly I expect to submit to the Board a brief report on this section, discussing certain points about it more in detail.

301 Proposed Planting at Honokaa.

Just prior to returning to Honolulu I visited the Honokaa plantation and arranged with the manager, Mr. A. Morrison, to supply him with seedlings for extensive shelter-belt planting along the sea bluff makai of the cane fields. Thirty thousand seedlings will be set out during the next few months.

During the remainder of the month | was in my office in Honolulu.

Tree Distribution.

The furnishing of trees from the Government Nursery and the substations at Hilo and at Homestead, Kauai, goes on steadily. 1 submit herewith Mr. Haughs’ report for August, which gives the details of this work at Honolulu. Brother Matthias Newell reports from Hilo that the total distribution from January to June, 1911, inclusive, amounted to 3235 trees.

Botanical Survey.

During a good part of July, Mr. Rock was in the field on Ha- wail, collecting in the proposed National Park near the Volcano. He returned to Honolulu early in August, and was at work in the herbarium the greater part of that month.

Owing to limited amounts available for carrying on the work of the Board, it has been considered advisable to transfer the botanical investigations, that for the past three years have formed a part of the activities of the Board, to the College of Hawaii. On September 1, Mr. Rock becomes a member of the college staff, while the herbarium is loaned to the college for an indefi- nite period. Until the new home of the college is ready, Mr. Rock will continue to occupy his present quarters at the Govern- ment Nursery.

Forest Fire Notes.

I am informed by the district fire warden at Wahiawa that the Korean arrested for setting a grass fire near the Wahiawa dam on August 2, 1911, pleaded guilty when arraigned before the district magistrate at Waialua, receiving a suspended sentence fOr tmirtcen months.) ~ This,’ says the district fire warden, “I regard as a victory for the law, that will meet the requirements quite as well as the imposition of a fine, which the man could probably not afford to pay.”

In this connection I would report that while I was at Kukui- haele a Japanese laborer employed on the plantation shot three Hawaiian geese, nene, on which by Act 68 of the Session Laws of 1909, there is a four-year tabu. I made complaint to the

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deputy sheriff, with the result that the man was arrested and fined $10. It is the belief of the plantation authorities that this example will have considerable weight locally in causing this law to be respected in the future.

Very respectfully,

RALPH S. HosMErR, Superintendent of Forestry.

REPORT OF THE FOREST NURSERYMAN. Honolulu, August 31, 1911. Advice and Assistance.

At the request of the officers of the 5th Cavalry, Schofield Bar- racks, the writer visited the barracks on August 10 for the pur- pose of giving advice in the planting and care of trees, etc. A few days previous to my visit 1150 trees, consisting of about a dozen different species, were sent to the barracks. It is the de- sire of the officers to plant large numbers of trees around the quarters and parade grounds and fast growing trees are in de- mand. Different species of the eucalyptus are recommended ow- ing to their fast growth and their adaptability to withstand the prevailing winds. Other trees and plants more ornamental might be recommended later for certain sheltered places but what is wanted at present is fast growing hardy trees.

Distribution of Plants.

Inseed In boxes Pot

boxes transplanted grown ‘Total Ceatigi ets ery Cost. eee a 5,000 825 3101 ‘18926 SOL. Ve item orks hechenenee’ aCe: 10,000 254 730 10,984

15,000 1079 3831.' 19,9703

Collections for August amounted to $72.75, $43.00 of which was on account of cordwood from Tantalus forest and $29.75 on account of plants sold.

Experimental Garden, Makikt,

The two men emploved at the garden have been transplanting seedlings and doing other routine work.

U. S. Experimental Planting in Nuuanu Valley.

One man has been employed during the month, his work being planting and hoeing. One day each week all the available men

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from Makiki and Nursery, including the two seed men and two prisoners, have been taken to Nuuanu to assist in the planting. Altogether 17 plots containing as many different species have been partly planted. Eight are completed and the balance will be finished just as soon as trees can be got ready. The trees are being propagated at Makik1.

Very respectfully,

Davip HAUGHS, Forest Nurseryman.

REPORTAAOR SPP EM Sik,

Honolulu, October 5, 1911. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry.

GENTLEMEN :—I have the honor to submit, as follows, the regu- lar report of the Division of Forestry for the month of Sep- tember, 1911:

During the first half of this month my own time, with the ex- ception of two days in the field, was given to work in the office, especially the preparation of letters and reports in connection with my trip to Hawaii in August.

Visit to Waianae.

On September 6 and 7, I visited Waianae, to inspect the forest planting being carried on by the Waianae Plantation Company within the boundaries of the Waianae forest reserve, and to look into other forest matters in that locality. Since 1906, the Wai- anae Company has, under the general direction of this division, but at its own expense, planted in that forest reserve about 30,000 trees. This little forest is growing excellently and in a short time now will make a marked difference in the appearance of the val- ley. Being the first case of a private corporation voluntarily to engage in forest planting in a government forest reserve, the work of the Waianae Company deserves special commendation. The trees planted are eucalyptus, silk oak and Monterey cypress. In this connection, too, note is to be made of the rapid spread of the algaroba in the upper part of Waianae valley during the last five years, since the creation of the forest reserve.

Trip to Mam.

From September 15 to September 30 I was away from Hono- lulu on a trip to the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe. I went first to Huelo and spent several days in working out on the ground the details of a forest planting plan which is to be put into effect

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by the Maui Agricultural Company and the Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Company on land beionging to the government in the Koolau forest reserve, bordering the 3 irrigation ditches maintained by those corporations.

I next made an inspection of certain of the forest planting of the .Maui Agricultural Company at Kailiili and Opana, Maui, and then met “Governor Frear and his party at Lahaina and accom- panied them on a three days’ trip to the island of Kahoolawe. The object of this trip was to look into the question of the most feasible method of starting reclamation of the denuded portions of that island. 7

Mr. W. F. Martin, federal hydrographer, who was one of the party, set up four rain gauges on Kahoolawe which will yield data that later will be of value in connection with whatever plant- ing 1s carried on.

Returning to Maui, I visited the Cornwell Ranch in Kula to secure information on the ground on which to base recommenda- tions for a planting plan for a portion of the government lands of Watohuli-Keokea and Watakoa-Alae, there being requirements in the new leases of those lands that become operative on Novem- ber 1, 1911, that the ranch shall plant groves of trees.

The last few days of my stay on Maui were given to an inspec- tion of certain of the plots on the upper slopes of Mt. Haleakala where experimental forest planting is in progress under federal auspices. In Plot I, near Puu Nianiau, elévation 6000 feet, there was a very encouraging showing, both of the seedlings set out and of seed sown in seed spots. In Plot II, further toward Kula,

elevation 7000 feet, the showing was not so good, many of the seedlings planted out last spring having died. This is probably ac- counted for in part by the fact that on ihe mountain the past sum- mer has been unusually hot and dry. Additional lots of forest tree seed were sown in both plots. I returned to Honolulu on the morning of October 1.

Botanical Bulletin.

On September 2 there was issued, as Botanical Bulletin No. 1; an illustrated 16-page pamphlet entitled “New and Noteworthy Hawaiian Plants,” in which Mr. J. F. Rock of this Division de- scribes a new genus, Hibiscadelphus, Consisting of three new species, and a new Sapindus, and Dr. L. Radikefiee of Munich, anew Alectryon. A portion of the cost of publishing this bulletin was borne by private subscription. An edition of 750 copies was struck off. The bulletin has been sent to those of our exchanges interested in botanical research.

Yearbooks.

During the early part of September, the usual annual distribu- tion of the Hawaiian quota of the Yearbook of the U. S. Depart-

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ment of Agriculture has taken place. The books are forwarded to this office by the Delegate to Congress, Hon. J. K. Kalaniana- ole, and sent out by us to a carefully selected list of names. The 1910 Yearbook is a particularly interesting volume. A few copies still remain, which may be had, while they last, upon application.

f

The Nursery.

Mr. Haughs’ report for September shows that increasing 1n- terest is being taken in tree planting by sugar plantation com- panies, a number of large orders for seedlings having recently been placed.

Very unfortunately, through inexcusable carelessness on the part of the road gang at work on the new Tantalus road, severe damage was done at the experimental garden in Makiki valley eatly in September by rocks thrown into the nursery during blast- ing. Providentially none of the laborers were hit, but both build- ings and plants suffered. The houses have been repaired by the Superintendent of Public Works, but it will be impossible to make eood the damage to the plants, many of those destroyed being rare specimens raised from seed sent from abroad by Mr. G. P. Wilder.

Very respectfully,

RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent of Forestry.

REPORT OF THE FOREST NURSERYMAN. Elonoluin, Sept. 30, 1911. Mr. R. S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry.

DEAR Sir:—The following report gives the principal work done during the month of September:

Distribution of Plants.

In seed °‘ In boxes Pot boxes transplanted grown Total Seciomtst, 28 dia), ne Rade 750 602. -4,352 CIGAR. SER) Se eee 26,850 4700 487 32,037 26,850 5450 TUBS 535,389

Collections on account of plants sold amounted to $15.85.

For the next three or four months, our principal work will be the raising and sending out of trees. We have at present on file orders for 210,000 forest trees to be delivered within the next few months. This amount added to our regular distribution, which consists of smaller orders from homesteaders and others

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who are not required to notify us in advance, will keep us busy. The majority of the trees ordered is for seedlings in seed boxes. A few thousands, however, are wanted transplanted and ready to set out.

Experiment Garden, Makikt,

The quarters and a large quantity of the nursery stock suffered severely through the discharge of a heavy blast of powder which _ scattered rocks all over the quarters and plants. The blast was

the work of the men laboring on the new Tantalus road which passes immediately above the quarters.

Large rocks, some of which must have weighed over a ton, were sent flying all around the quarters. The cottage, which is generally occupied by a man and family, but at this time luckily happened to be empty, was left after the blast in a very shattered condition. The end facing the new road was practically battered in, the floor and roof smashed 1n many places. The stable also suffered, the front part being practically wrecked. The storeroom and potting shed had several pieces of roofing and rafters de- stroyed. The nursery stock that suffered most was the new plants introduced by Mr. Gerrit P. Wilder, about 1000 of which were totally destroyed. The loss of so many rare plants is much re- gretted. The Superintendent of Public Works has had the gov- ernment carpenters repair the wrecked buildings.

U. S. Experimental Planting in Nuuanu Valley.

One man has been employed during the month, his principal work being hoeing and planting.

Very respectfully,

Davip HAuGHS, Forest Nurseryman.

RABBIT OPESiy EERE. Honolulu, Sept. 15, 1911. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry.

GENTLEMEN :—There has recently come to my attention from wholly reliable sources the fact that in two localities on this island rabbits have escaped from their owners and are now at large in increasing numbers. The localities where they have been seen are on the land of Kalauao, Ewa district, near Honolulu plantation, and at Mokuleia in the Waialua district.

Those at Mokuleia are supposed to have got away from Chinese banana growers. They have been seen at large there during the last three or four months. The band is a small one, perhaps not more than a dozen, but there are said to be two generations. Two rabbits have recently been caught.

307

The band at Kalauao appears to be larger and has probably been at liberty longer. It is said not to be uncommon to see rab- bits at the point where the government road makes a sharp turn, where there is an artesian well in the angle. It seems likely that these rabbits may have got away from Orientals living in that vicinity.

In view of the very serious damage to agricultural crops and other vegetation which rabbits can do when in large numbers the questions of getting rid of these two bands seems to me one that should receive the attention of the Board. I understand that some vears ago this Territory suffered severe loss from depredations of rabbits, at which time was enacted the special legisiation in regard to these animals now on the statute books (Game Law: Rabbits: Chap. 37, Revised Laws; Sections 465-468). In this connection, too, members of this Board do not need to be reminded of the extensive damage which rabbits have caused in California and in the Australian states.

I am not sure how far the Board of Agriculture has power or authority to act in this matter, but it is evident that the time to check a pest like rabbits is when the bands are still few in number. The expenditure of a comparatively small sum now, in the em- ployment of men to exterminate all the rabbits at large, would be money well spent. If the Board may not itself take up this mat- ter [ recommend that steps be taken to bring it forcibly to the at- tention of those who are in a position to act.

Very respectfully,

RaLeH S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry.

-—_ _-

HAWAIT [RRIGATION COMMITTEE.

(Forester Special Correspondence. )

Cuicaco, Illinois, August 31—Governor Frear writes in a recent letter to the headquarters of the National Irrigation Con- gress that he has appointed an advisory committee with which the officers of the Irrigation Congress can cooperate in making its coming meeting here, December 5 to 9, of the greatest benefit to Hawaii.

Members of the advisory committee appointed by the Governor are Ralph S. Hosmer, William O. Smith, Alonzo Gartley, Walter F. Dillingham, and Jared G. Smith.

“Save the forests, store the floods, reclaim the deserts, make homes on the land,” is the motto of the National Irrigation Con- gress, and clearly sets forth its objects. Of particular interest is the consideration the congress will give at this session to rec- lamation by drainage. This year its sessions are held simul-

308

taneously with the United States Land and Irrigation Exposition and the International Live Stock Show. These three big events offer unusual opportunities for communities to make known their advantages to hundreds of thousands of prospective farmers and settlers, and that interested States might make the most of these opportunities the suggestion was made that their governors appoint advisory committees.

CONCRETE MATERIALS FOR FARM IMPROVEMENT.

(Forester Correspondence. )

WASHINGTON, D. C., October 2.—The early settlers, colonists and pioneers encountered a trackless forest extending from the Atlantic to the prairies, the removal of which was necessary be- fore they could create farming land. As the country began to be settled demand upon the forests was made for building mate- rial. A hundred years, ago almost all agricultural structures, and buildings of all kinds in farming communities, were con- structed from lumber procured from nearby forests. Even a few years ago the farmer used nothing but lumber for farm buildings. The timber was cut from his own land and sawed at nearby mills, so that his own trees were converted into his troughs, dairy houses, walks, fences, and even his house and barn; hence the high price of lumber, consequent upon the rapid decrease in the country’s timber supply, was felt last by the farmer—though now the demand for a new building material is nowhere more keenly felt than on the farm.

Such a material has been found in concrete, which in some’ instances has proved superior to lumber, brick, or building stone, and is being used for all kinds of farm structures from silos to sidewalks, and stables to dwellings. This material, too, like his lumber, can generally be largely produced from his own or near- by land, as nothing but the cement and metal bars for reinforce- ment need be purchased from afar, and much of the work can be done by the farmer and with ordinary farm labor under the direction of a skilled concrete worker.

Frequently concrete users have made costly mistakes by not informing themselves properly, before starting their work, con- cerning the correct methods of making: good concrete. As a euide in the selection of the proper materials, especially the sand and gravel which form six-sevenths of the solids used in the con- crete, the United States Department of Agriculture issued Farmers’ Bulletin No. 461, containing suggestions which should be observed.

Concrete is manufactured stone formed by mixing cement, sand, and stone or gravel (i. e., pebbles) together with water. The cement is but a small part of the mixture, and is the product of skilled workmen under the supervision of the manufacturer

309

who must compete with all other makers of like material; but the sand and gravel constituting one-third or one-half of the final product must be selected and prepared by the farmer, and this is where most failures originate. Various amounts of each are used, according to the use to which the finished product is to be put. The mixture in which all the spaces or voids between the stones or gravel are filled with sand and all the spaces between the grains of sand are filled with cement is the ideal mixture. The ideal is seldom attained, but the bulletin gives detailed instruc- tions and instructive illustrations, which should go far toward enabling the farmer to closely approach it. ®

60 YEARS’ EXPERIENCE

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Garden and Farm Tools and Implements

To do good farming you must have up to date tools to work with. We carry a most complete line of every- thing needed by the small or large farmer, from the smallest hand trowel to the largest cane plow. We also have a good assortment of Hand, Bucket or Barrel Sprayers. Our assortment of Hoes, Shovels, Spades, Mattocks, Rakes, Garden Shears, Lawn Mowers, Garden Hose, and other things that are needed daily about the

farm or garden, is most complete and our stock large.

E. O. HALL & SON, LTD.

6 Shei bs eR aaanke ep tciaee SH PL aes y. eS ect en ae : ee os eee et OFFICERS 4A | FF OF THE BOARD OF COMMIS- -s SIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. prea. COMMISSIONERS. £52 Charles S. Judd, President and Executive Officer. J. M. Dowsett . P.R Isenberg ge H. M. von Holt Albert Waterhouse “Satis 6 DIVISION OF FORESTRY. he Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden.

David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman.

. Joseph F. Rock, Consulting Botanist. Bro. Matthias Newell, iz charge of Sub-Nursery at Hilo, Hawait, Walter D. McBryde, 77 charge of Sub-Nursery at Homestead, Kauat, David Kapihe, Forest Ranger for Tantalus,

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Edward M, Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology and Chief Inspector, Albert Koebele, Consulting Entomologist.

a See erie Assistant Entomologist.

x -D. B. Kuhns, Jnspector.

oie Fred Muir, Beneficial-Insect Collector. Bro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo, Hawatt.

Robert R. Elgin, } % ( Mahukona, Hawait, W. O. Aiken, | Honorary Fruit | Kahului, Maut, W.D. McBryde, } and Plant Inspector 1 Koloa, Kauat,

Dr, W. B, Deas, | a | Hana, Maut.

Capt. C. F.Turne J | Kaanapali, Maut,.

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Terrioriad Veterinarian.

L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian.

SR A a ion. cm i Live Stock Inspector,

H. B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Hilo, Hawait.

J. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Maut.

A. R. Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauai.

eee ,..... Deputy Territorial Veterinary for Kohala and

Hamakua, Hawatt.

CLERICAL STAFF

Mrs. C. L. Seybolt, Clerk and Stenograbther. Miss Ella K. Dayton, Lz6rarzian. Daniel Logan, Editor of the ‘‘Forester.’’

PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION.

Any one or all of the publications listed below (except those marked * ) will be sent to residents of this Territory, free, upon application to ' Mailing Clerk, P. O. Box 207, Honolulu.

BOARD.

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900; 66 pp. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902; 88 pp. * First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, trom July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp. Second Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the _ year ending December 31, 1905; 240 pp.; 8 plates; 10 text figures.

Third Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906; 212 pp.; 3 plates; 4 maps; 7 text figures. Fourth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for

: the calendar year ending December 31, 1907; 202 pp.; 7 plates. oh Fifth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for ; the calendar year ending December 31, 1908: 218 pp.: 34 plates. a Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910; 240 pp.; 45 plates. “Notice to Importers,’’ by H. E. Cooper; 4 pp.; 1903. “Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Fruits, Vegetables, etc., into the Territory of Hawaii.’’ General Circular No. 1; 6 pp.

“Important Notice to Ship Owners, Fruit Importers ae Ouae: ree and Reg tions Prohibiting the Introduction of Certain Pests and Animals S ras the ‘Terr tory of Hawaii.” General Circular No. 2; 3 pp.; 1904.

“Law and Regulations, Importation and Inspection of Honey Bees” and Honey.” General Circular No. 3; 7 pp.; 1908. Tx

“The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist,’ a monthly magazine. Vols. I to VII; 1904-1910. ‘To be obtained from the Hawaiian Gazette Co., Honolulu. Price é

$1 a year. DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

* “Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at Government Nursery.” Press Bulletin No. 1; 3 pp.; 1905. ax

* “Suggestions in Regard to the Arbor Day Tree Planting Contest.” Press Bulletin No. 2; 7 pp.; 1905. 4 “‘An Offer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters.’”’ Circular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905. “Revised List of Forest and Ornamental ‘Tree Seed for Sale at the Government Nursery.’’ Press Bulletin No. 3; 4 pp.; 1906.

* ‘Instructions for Propagating and Pianting Forest Trees.’”’ Press Bulletin Ne. 4; 4 pp.; 1906. * J “Instructions for Planting Forest, Shade and Ornamental Trees.” Press Bulletin No. 5; 7 pp.; 1909. “Na Hoakaka no ke Kanu Ana i na Laau Malumalu ame na Laau Hoohiwahiwa.” Press Bulletin No. 6; 8 pp.; 1909. : “Eucalyptus Culture in Hawaii,” by Louis Margolin. Bulletin No. 1; 88 pp.; 12 plates; 1911. Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Re- print from Second Report of the Board; 77 pp.; 5 plates.

* Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Re print from Third Report of the Board; 123 pp.; 4 maps. Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Re- print from Fourth Report of the Board; 70 pp. Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Re print from Fifth Report of the Board; 85 pp Report of the Division of Forestry, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 86 pp.; 22 plates. DIVISION ON ENTOMOLOGY. > }

“The Leaf-Hopper of the Sugar Cane,” by R. C. L. Perkins. Bulletin No. 1; 38 pp.; 1903.

** “A Catalogue of the Hemipterous Family Aleyrodidae,” by G. W. Kirkaldy, and “‘Aleyrodidae of Hawaii and Fiji with Descriptions of New Species,’”’ by Jacob Kotinsky. Bulletin No. 2; 102 pp.; 1 plate; 1907. *“On Some Diseases of Cane Specially Considered in Relation to the Leaf-Hopper Pest and to the Stripping of Cane,’ by R. C. L. Perkins. Press Bulletin No. 1; 4 pp.; 1904. :

“A Circular of Information,’ by JacoL Xotinsky. Circular No. 1; 8 pp.; 1905. “The Japanese Beetle Fungus,” by Jacob Kotinsky and Bro. M. Newell. Circular No. 2; 4 pp., cut; 1905. Kule VII: “Concerning the Prevention of Distribution of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly’’; unnumbered leaflet; 1910. Rule VIII: ‘‘Concerning the Importation of all Banana Fruit, Banana Shoots or. Plants’; unnumbered leaflet; 1911. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1905. — Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 68 pp.; 3 plates; 10 text figures. Zeport of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 25 pp.; 7 text figures. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Keprint from Fourth Report of the Board; 18 pp.; 1 plate. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 26 pp.; 2 plates. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 70 pp.; 10 plates.

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

* “Inspection of Imported Live Stock.”’ Rule 1; 1 p.; 1905.

* “Inspection and Testing of Imported Live Stock for Glanders and Tuberculosis.” Rule 2 -- lps 2905:

* “Concerning Glandered Horse Stock in the Territory.” Rule 3; 1 Pi 1905.

* “To Amend Rule 1, Inspection of Imported Live Stock.”” Rule 4; 1 p.; 1907.

* “Quarantine of Horse Stock from California.” Rule 8; 1 p.; 1908.

“Rules and Regulations, Inspection and Testing of Live Stock. ” Rules and Laws, 11 pp.; unnumbered pamphlet; Revised 1910.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1905 Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 62 pp.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1906, Pt Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 41 pp.; 3 plates. er

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. oe Reprint from the Fourth Report of the Board; 104 pp.; 6 plates.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1908, Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 44 pp. ae

2eport of the Division of Animal Industry, for the biennial period ending pews 31, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 59 pp,.; 12 nlates. —

® Out of print. 1 ¥ a

Cea se : b Sos aN > ee ig So ay nm : - *. alece +s > 7 . . 'e 7 ae 4 ie. Pye “ cs z n ss ss ‘ ae FE - ~v y - ——— * s : ee ~ a I en me . x ‘a ——S 4 ‘ a =a

|| Vor. VI. = =NOVEMBER, 1911 No. 11.

Price, 10c. Per Copy; Per Annum, $1.00; Foreign, $1.25.

_THEa_.

Hawaiian Forester Agriculturist

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE

OF

Forestry, Entomology and Agriculture ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION wa ae AS

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

: Some : Entered as second-class matter at the Post office, at Honolulu, Hawafi.

ADDRESS ALL COMMUNICATIONS TO DANIEL LOGAN, EDITOR “THE FORESTER,’

P. O. BOX 366, HONOLULU, H. T.

For business relating to advertising or subscriptions, address

HAWAUAN GAZETTE Co., LTp., Publishers, VON Hott BLock, 65 S. KING Sr,, Hono.tuLu Hawan.

M

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Editorial pe - - : Canadian Cooperative Fruit Associations - Division of Animal Industry — - : :- Hilo Animal Quarantine Station — - - Conservation of the Soil —_—- . . The College of Hawaii : - - - Beer

Proclamation - i : : J < 338

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR —

SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY.

The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern-

ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced

trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or

growing. The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak,

Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of

India, Poinciana, Albizzia, ete. The price of the seed varies from 10 — Bs

to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2% cents each,

except a few kinds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also” a

for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested before being sent out, which insures its being good. ¢

All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to

David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii.

RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent of Forestry.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties Bre of this Division and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make im- - quiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently me E. or send the right kind of useful insects for relief we like and sometimes — it is indispensable for us to see the insect suspected or caught in the act,

also specimens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden

box specimens may be mailed at 3rd class rates. When specimens are a

not accompanied by letter always write your name and address in the

mm . . M AS ee er ee a ae Te

7] of &

. tee ee

o- vs PED

> ae

Teg ee eae Se sh a eee IS

upper left-hand corner of the package. Address all communications se AS

SUPERINTENDENT DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, P. 0. BOX 207, a

KONOLULU, HAWAII. EDW. M. EHRHORN,

Superintendent.

THE HAWAIIAN

FORESTER & AGRICULTUKIO!

Wan. VUT- NOVEMBER, 1911. ING. Fi,

In this number space is given for a comprehensive report, in the U. S. consular series, upon the Canadian cooperative fruit associations ; also a brief report on a fruit exchange formed in Cuba. There is no doubt material in these reports which might be drawn upon by those who are moving for marketing advan- tages for small farmers and homesteaders in the Territory of Hawaii. Long ago the Forester brought to the attention of its readers the great benefits of cooperation to fruit raisers in Cali- fornia and Jamaica.

In this number is reprinted the text of a little pamphlet on the correspondence courses in agriculture of the College of Hawaii. It is revised, as herein appearing, in a number of verbal particu- ‘ars, by Professor MacCaughey. The brochure can hardly fail to influence boys of the Territory about concluding their ordinary school career, having their own choice—as well as attracting the attention of elder citizens taking a concern in having the youth look that way for a livelihood—toward making further pursuit of knowledge in the line of practical tillage of the soil, the basis of Hawaii's prosperity.

President Taft’s advice to the agricultural public, conveyed in his address before the National Conservation Congress, with ref- erence especially to the necessity of deep tillage, rotation of crops and efficient drainage, contains nothing new in principle. These three cardinal essentials of successful farming many of us who spent our earlier years upon the soil will remember to have seen expounded in books in the little libraries of our fathers. Yet the advice is none the less timely and necessary even in these days of abounding and advanced science of all industries. Generations of farmers have arisen upon soil in our country’s vast domain which was virgin to their fathers, and by the latter mistakenly imagined as being of practically exhaustless richness and fertility. Those who have not found out the mistake by experience, for which in some regions there has not yet been time enough elapsed since the soil was first turned over by the plowshare, must now be helped to the knowledge by instruction. Their case is precisely similar to that of our forefathers, who likewise thought the quali- ties of the land on which they were pioneers were everlasting.

SEZ

In these islands it is only at great cost of artificial fertilization that the soil can sustain the enormous strain of the single crop industry to which the greater part of its area is subjected. Sugar plantations also where deep tillage was adopted owe much of their fame as heavy producers to that method, and in some instances seasonable fallowing of the land in lieu of rotation of crops, the latter impracticable because of the extensive scale of sugar raising here, has been necessary to salvation of the soil.

Dr. Norgaard’s account of the international convention of vete- rinarians in Toronto, embodied in his report in this number, will be read with great interest by stockmen and dairymen. His keen disappointment at the omission of a report upon bovine tubercu- losis in the proceedings will be appreciated by readers of our re- view, in a former number, of the famous report of last year to which he refers and which had aroused his expectations of some- thing equally good, if not better, at this year’s session. It is gratifying, however, to hear that our veterinarian was able to avail himself most profitably of opportunities to refresh his store of science in Washington in the course of his journey, as also very pleasing to be told that the advancement made in the control, pre- vention and suppression of animal diseases in these islands was —both at the convention and at the Department of Agriculture in Washington—quite well recognized.

Every now and then there appears in the newspaper press opinions, of professedly sophisticated authorship, to the effect that small farming or diversified agriculture in Hawaii can never prosper or make anybody prosperous. Both the trade returns and the freight manifests and waybills of our steamers and railroads, together with the perpetually high scale of prices for food prod- ucts that are capable of abundant production in Hawaii, furnish all the argument needed utterly to confute such pessimistic and destructive opinion. There are only needed, to make diversified agriculture on the part of small landholders one of the greatest elements of Hawaii's prosperity, intelligent methods of cultiva- tion, adequate transportation at reasonable cost and well devised marketing arrangements.

An article on the air plant, by Professor MacCaughey of the College of Hawaii, is in type and will appear in the December number.

13 CANADIAN COOPERATIVE FRUIT ASSOCIATIONS.

(From Consul Felix S. S. Johnson, Kingston. )

There are thirty-six so-called cooperative fruit associations in Ontario. These may be divided, roughly, into three classes: apple associations, shipping mainly to distant markets; general fruit associations, concerned with shipping apples, pears, plums, peaches, cherries, berries, etc., to home and distant markets ; and small-fruit associations, engaged mainly in shipping berries to home markets.

Nearly all the small-fruit and some of the general fruit so- cieties are rather loosely organized, but truly cooperating. The others have all organized with cooperative intent, but in some instances have fallen short of their ideal through lack of knowl- edge.

APPLE-SHIPPING SOCIETIES.

The Forest Fruit Growers’ Association is one of the best ex- amples of a simple form of organization. It is truly cooperative. There is no share capital, and the deposits of buyers are depend- ed upon for working capital. It rents a shed and packs most of the apples in thiseshed. Sales are made f. o. b., and each buyer is required to pay into the bank a certain percentage of the price before the fruit is shipped and the remainder within a certain number of days. The society then pays to each member a cer- tain price per barrel, reserving a little more than sufficient to pay expenses. At the annual meeting all remaining moneys are paid back to the growers according to the business done with the society. The only person who is paid—besides necessary em- ployees—is the secretary-manager, who receives a commission of five cents per barrel on the total pack. The average annual pack is about 7000 barrels. There are about forty-five members, and the society is steadily growing.

The Oshawa Fruit Growers’ Association is described by the manager as being a “double-barreled” affair. A joint stock company, composed of the members of the society, owns a cen- tral packing house and charges so much per barrel for handling through the packing house. All fruit is packed at this house. Revenue from charges for the use of the packing house is used to provide a fund out of which expenses are paid, and also a fixed dividend of 6 per cent. on the stock. The society proper is cooperative and does not differ essentially in its workings from the Forest Association, except that sales are made largely by consignment. The value of the plant is about $5,000, the ca- pacity of the frost-proof storage is about 8,000 barrels, the mem-

314

bership is seventy-five, and the average pack about 8,000 barrels of apples.

The Norfolk Fruit Growers’ Association, with head office at Simcoe, Ontario, resembles in form the Oshawa Society, but the stock company owning the warehouse consists of only a few members of the association. How long this arrangement will re- main satisfactory is a question. At present it is one of the most successful of the associations; it has a membership of 188, and an annual output of about 18,000 barrels of apples.

There are a number of smalfer societies, as well as large ones, organized either on the Forest Fruit Growers’ Association plan or as stock companies, having an annual output of from 1,000 barrels upward. In some cases these societies have been handi- capped by a lack of knowledge of the business.

GENERAL FRUIT ASSOCIATIONS.

The Burlington Fruit Growers’ Association is the oldest society in Ontario. It is remarkable for the simplicity of its organiza- tion, as it has no constitution or by-laws, no warehouse, and no capital in any form. There is only a verbal agreement among the members. Each grower packs his own fruit, and it is shipped under his gown name and on its individual merits. There is a manager who orders cars for shipments, directs growers when to deliver fruit, pays over to each grower the price that his ship- ment has brought, and attends to other details. For this he is paid a small commission. The officers of the society are a presi- dent and a board of directors. The continued activity of the association is good evidence of its usefulness.

The St. Catharines Cold Storage Co. is a good example of a concern organized as a joint stock company, yet working steadily in the direction of true cooperation. This society was organized in 1896, and has a mechanical cold-storage plant valued at $13,000 and a working capital of $2,000. A part of the capital was se- cured by mortgage on the property. The debt has been entirely paid off by the addition of new members who took stock, and by applying the dividends on the stock to this purpose. Working capital has also been provided. The society is now endeavoring to effect an equal division of shares, with each member holding $50 worth of stock. To do this it is transferring stock of the old members holding more than this amount to new members and to old members not holding so much. Thus the society will be conducted eventually on a one-man-one-vote basis. The com- pany ships to all parts of Ontario and Quebec and to many parts of western Canada, the shipments consisting of apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, grapes, and an increasing quantity of other fruits and vegetables. The sales amount to about $75,000 annually. The society handles supplies for its members and

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others. It handles fruit for non-members, and sells supplies to them, paying over one-half as much profit per dollar as it returns to members. The supply branch is a very important part of the business of the society, as it handles all kinds of fruit packages, spray pumps, and other machinery, ladders, etc., seeds, fertilizers, and spraying chemicals. It has now become the temporary whole- saler for the federation of fruit associations. In 1908 the sup- plies amounted to about $27,000, and in 1909 to $40,000. The society charges a little less than regular market prices and then rebates to members and to non-members buying through the association and selling their fruit the same way, the percentage of rebate depending upon the amount of business done with the society. .

The Grimsby Cooperative Association is a society of seven members who own nearly 500 acres of land, largely planted with fruit. The stock is evenly divided among the members. The management of such a society is very simple compared with that of the St. Catharines Co.

SMALL FRUIT ASSOCIATIONS.

The Donnville Fruit Growers’ Association is perhaps one of the best examples of the small-fruit associations. There are about thirty-five members. Fruit is shipped to local markets, and each member grades his own and ships it under his name. The so- ciety is incorporated without share capital. Its chief activity is in buying fruit packages, aiding in securing good markets for fruit, and disseminating useful knowledge by arranging meet- ings, etc. Societies of this kind are nearly all local branches of the Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association, which is not a trading society, but an organization having for its object the advance- ment of fruit-growing interests generally. A number of these local units are slowly growing into cooperative societies for buy- ing and selling purposes.

MANAGEMENT AND EXPENSES OF FRUIT ASSOCIATIONS.

All the associations have practically the same arrangements for government of the societies, viz., a president, a vice president, a secretary, who is usually manager, a treasurer, and a board of directors varying in membership according to the size of the society, and the territory covered. Expenses are met by a straight charge per package. Although directors usually work gratis, some societies allow $1 to $1.50 and mileage for each meeting held. The president usually works without pay, but in some cases is allowed $20 to $70 per year. One association, with an output of 1,200 to 1,500 barrels per year, pays its manager $2 per day for superintending the packing and the loading of the

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cars. Four associations with packs running from 2,000 to 8,000 barrels per year pay 10 cents per barrel to the manager. In the case of the larger associations this was not enough to hold a good man, and the rate this year has been raised to 15 cents per Larrel, with the manager paying the bookkeeping expenses out of his own earnings. Two other associations, with packs of 3,000 and 7,000 barrels, respectively, pay at the rate of 5 cents per barrel. In the case of the larger of these two, this is only for the shipping and selling, and does not include looking after the packing. One of the associations, with an output of from 20,000 to 40,000 barrels per year, pays 20 cents per barrel to its manager, but he is required to pay from that all of the expenses of the inspection, bookkeeping, etc., which would amount to at least $2,500 or $3,000 a year. Two associations with large outputs pay a straight salary of $1,000 and $1,500 per annum, allowing also a small percentage on all supplies sold to the members. Two of the smaller associations, with outputs up to 2,000 barrels, report that they have no paid manager, the work evidently being under- taken by the executive committee. Of the newer associations, the majority are paying 20 cents per barrel, the manager to de- fray out of this amount all bookkeeping and other office expenses. One association just starting has agreed to pay its manager $1,500 straight salary.

FEDERATION OF FRUIT ASSOCIATIONS.

As the individual societies in Ontario began to get in touch with one another, the need of closer relations was felt by the co- operative leaders. The fruit branches of the Department of Agriculture at Toronto and Ottawa, in their endeavors to en- courage the fruit industry in the Province, soon found that these societies offered one of the best mediums for reaching the indi- vidual grower. One of their great difficulties in the way of advocating better quality had always been the fact that improved quality in many cases did not bring proportionately greater re- turns to the grower, because most buyers paid only a flat price regardless of quality. The cooperative societies, however, paid to each member the full amount due him, according to the quality of the fruit.

In 1906 active steps were taken to unite the scattered societies into a loose form of federation, and thirteen societies became affliated under the name of the Cooperative Fruit Growers of Ontario, with head office at Toronto. An annual fee of $5 for each association was fixed.

In the beginning the objects of the federation were to discuss forms of organization and means of securing a higher grade of fruit, to keep the associations in touch with the prices being of- fered by buyers and prices received in the home and export ‘mar-

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kets, and to secure a more uniform distribution of the crops. The secretary gathers from various inspectors and correspondents a report of conditions in the various fruit-producing sections of the Province and Canada, and during the selling season the con- dition of the markets, the quality of the fruit being shipped, prices offered and received, and other items of interest are sent to each society in a weekly report. Before the apple associations make sales in the fall, a meeting of the federation is held, at which a range of prices is suggested as a basis of sales. This is adhered to as nearly as market conditions will permit.

As improved methods of production became general among the members of the associations, large quantities of spray ma- terials, machinery, etc., came into use. These were always high in price because they were sold only in retail quantities by a few local dealers. In 1908 the federation determined to arrange for the purchase of supplies for all societies. The saving in this way is immense, as carload lots of chemicals can be bought at a time of year when prices are at their lowest and held until wanted for use. Each society is asked to send to the head office an estimate of the amount of supplies required, which serves as a guide in buying. Other supplies, such as packages and spray machinery, are bought in the same way and a great saving has been effected. Buying cooperatively has made it almost impos- sible for a combine of manufacturers to control prices, as was at- tempted with fruit packages a few years ago. The makers of baskets from whom the St. Catharines society had been buying put the prices of baskets so high that the society determined to place their order in the United States. Their order was very large, and the prices so favorable in the United States that they have since been able to make very favorable terms with Canadian concerns.

The chief difficulty the federation has to deal with in the sup- ply business is lack of capital and the need of a central ware- house. To overcome this the St. Catharines society is acting as distributing agent for the federation. This association orders the supplies, holds them till wanted by the other societies, and then forwards them, charging a small commission for the ser- vice. The federation will shortly be incorporated and a ware- house will be built and a manager employed when finances permit.

GRADING AND PACKING THE FRUIT.

Packing and grading are done by the grower, or by the grower with a system of inspection by the society, or by the society. The first system is very loose and the only satisfactory method of sale in this case is to sell each grower’s fruit on its individual merits. The objection to the second method is the lack of uni- formity in the pack. The third system is the one usually followed

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by apple and citrus fruit societies. Two methods of packing by the society are followed. In one case the fruit is brought to a packing house to be packed and graded by packers employed by - the society. This method allows of a very uniform pack, as the manager can keep a direct watch on the operations throughout. It also allows of the fruit being kept under good conditions until time of shipment.

The other method is to have the fruit packed and graded in the orchard by packers employed by the society. In some in- stances the society picks, grades, and packs, while in other cases only the two latter operations are performed by the society. One society employs a number of packing gangs and has inspectors who travel from gang to gang to insure uniformity in the pack. This system of packing relieves the grower of the work of hand- ling the fruit at a season of the year when he is very busy. It is significant that some of the societies employing the packing- house system are beginning to pack a part of the fruit in the orchard.

DETERMINING THE PRICES TO BE PAID THE GROWERS.

In Ontario there are three methods of determining what prices the growers are entitled to, viz.: Pooling all returns, pooling re- turns for certain varieties and fruits, and prorating prices for each variety and grade. The first method was in the past the common one employed by societies in Ontario, but is open to the objec- tion that it does not discriminate between poor and good varie- ties and is thus inclined to encourage the production of poor varieties. The second method is becoming popular. The varie- ties of fruit of a certain kind are divided into classes, those va- rieties of nearly equal quality being placed in the same class. The price is then pooled on each grade of each class. This does not favor the production of poor varieties, but rather encourages the grower of poor varieties to grow a more valuable article. The third method is the one that gives absolute justice to the grower, but it entails an elaborate system of bookkeeping. In this method each grade and each variety is kept separate account of and the price is pooled on each variety and grade. Pooling is necessary, as one shipment may not sell so well as another, the fault being neither that of the grower nor the society. By fol- lowing this method each member gets the exact returns that each variety has sold for on the markets. Some of the general and small-fruit societies pool each day’s shipments, while others pool weekly shipments.

319 DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

——_ ———_—-——_

Honolulu, October 9, 1911.

Hon. C. S. Judd, President and Executive Officer, Board of Agri- culture and Forestry.

Str:—I have the honor to submit herewith my report on the work of the Division of Animal Industry since the meeting of the Board on August 7, 1911, with special reference to my attend- ing the annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical As- sociation, at Toronto, Canada, Aug. 22nd to 26th, as authorized and provided for by the Board at the said previous meeting. Ap- pended herewith you will also find the report of the assistant terri- torial veterinarian pertaining to the routine and other work of the Division as performed by him during my absence.

Visit to San Francisco.

Pursuant to instructions and authorization as specified in the minutes of the meeting of this Board on August 7, 1911, I pro- ceeded on that day from Honolulu to San Francisco per S. S. Mongolia, arriving at the latter place on August 13th. This early departure became necessary as there was no other steamer leav- ing Honolulu which would have enabled me to reach the place of meeting at the specified date, whether via San Francisco or Vancouver. There being, however, many subjects to be discussed with the Bureau of Animal Industry inspector for the port of San Francisco, the spare days in that city were by no means wasted, and the most important subject—the exportation of live stock from the States to this Territory—was thoroughly gone into. As a result it is my most pleasant duty to report and acknowledge the unfailing courtesy and the absolute sacrifice of time and con- venience constantly extended and cheerfully conceded by Dr. Geo. S. Baker, inspector in charge, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, not alone during my stay in San Fran- cisco, both going and coming, but likewise through the more than five years, during which time we have been in constant communi- cation as the guardians of the health of all livestock coming from the mainland of the United States to the Territory of Hawaii, at our respective ends of the line of shipment. I cannot emphasize strongly enough that it is due principally to Dr. Baker’s untiring efforts and absolute disregard of office hours and convenience, and not his own alone, but that of his entire force, which has changed the Hawaiian Islands, as far as livestock shipments are concerned, from being the dumping grounds for glandered horses, tuberculous cattle, cholera hogs and scabby sheep, to being the only absolutely protected part or district of the United States,

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where it is now next to impossible to “unload” any kind of live- stock, without it being reasonably certain that they are not bring- ing with them any infection or “germs” of any kmd which might prove deleterious to the livestock interests of the Territory. That this end has not been gained without a rich harvest of opprobrium, enmity or ill-will goes without saying, but that the same has at times assumed such proportions as to cause Dr. Baker to seriously consider a request for relief from the duties of inspecting live- stock for the Islands is undoubtedly news to the members of the Board, though perhaps not to some of the local importers. Dr. Baker joined the force of the Federal Bureau of Animal In- dustry in 1891 when he was assigned as my assistant on the killing floor of Nelson, Morris & Co., in Chicago, and I am very much inclined to believe that had it not been for our old time friendship, and personal regard of long standing, the inspection of livestock for the Islands could very easily have been limited to the letter of the law and to the strict observance of and com- pliance with rules and regulations, which, especially when deaiing with such delicate matters as the interpretation of a tuberculin or mallein test, would speedily have resolved itself into the dissolu- tion of the present system of inspection and left us to protect ourselves as best we might. But bitter experience has proved that the above mentioned tests are as good as worthless when applied by paid practitioners whose bread and butter too often depend upon their interpretation of the test records. And nobody knew this better than Dr. Baker and for this reason he held out. He was not going to see us loaded up with any more diseased stock than had already been shipped here, but that his vigilance on our behalf should result in his being practically ostracized locally among the profession was somewhat of a surprise to us. How- ever, California is rotten to the core with livestock diseases, and were it not for the strong hand of the Federal Government in compelling that effective measures be adopted the State would un- doubtedly be absolutely quarantined against by all adjoining and neighboring States. Hence, we need Dr. Baker’s continued assist- ance, and | would respectfully suggest that this Board express to him its appreciation of what he has done for the protection of the livestock interests of the Territory and ask that he con- tinue his vigilance on our behalf in spite of what unpleasant results may accrue. So many representations were made to Washington that the chief of the Bureau came to California in person to look into the matter and, while fully sustained by the chief in all of his actions and decisions, it should be remembered that it is the en- forcement of the regulations made by this Board which has at times made life less pleasant for him and which for years has given him much extra work without the slightest additional re- muneration. Under these circumstances it would seem to me but reasonable to let him know that his work is appreciated.

Before leaving the subject of San Francisco, I wish to add that an old pet scheme of Dr, Baker’s and mine, the establishment of

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a neutral, or quarantine, pen in the stockyards there, for the 1so- lation of tested horse stock, while awaiting shipment, was revived, but unfortunately failed of approval or rather could not be granted when later submitted to the chief of the Bureau in Washington.

It was also suggested to Dr. Baker that if in the future animals like the shipment of “brood mares” which arrived here during October of last year, or if similar cripples or superannuated ani- mals, obviously unfit for transportation, even though not affected with any transmissible disease, should be presented for shipment, he notify the local humane officer or request the association against cruelty to animals to take such action as might seem fit in the premises. A copy of the California “Cruelty to Animals Act” was obtained and the same seems to be a very good law and might serve as the basis for a similar act to be prepared for the con- sideration of the next legislature.

Meeting of American Veterinary Association.

On the morning of August 22nd I arrived in Toronto. The meeting opened the same day at 10 a. m. and was attended by nearly seven hundred veterinarians, sanitarians and scientists from all parts of the United States and Canada. The Federal Bureau of Animal Industry was represented by its chief, Dr. A. D. Mel- vin, together with a number of heads of the various divisions of which the Bureau is composed.

In spite of the numerically great attendance the meeting was badly organized and the almost complete lack of committee rooms made it practically impossible for the various sections to get to- gether for the discussion of their respective branches of work, and forced the attendance of all members continuously at the Con- vocation Hall of the University of Toronto, which was the main place of meeting. An absolute failure to follow the program iecessitated the constant attention at all meetings from ten in the morning till, usually, after ten at night, without which one would run the risk of missing the papers or discussions in which espe- cially interested.

Contrary to the previous meeting the subject of bovine tuber- culosis did not receive the consideration which was expected by all sanitary officers present, and it would in fact appear that the International Commission on Bovine Tuberculosis had completely exhausted itself with its previous, and now world famous, effort. _ Only the section on Education presented a ‘““Primer on Tuber- culosis,” and this was not even read or submitted for discussion, and the attending members were not even allowed to have a peep at its pages. I tried in vain to obtain a copy, volunteering to pay for the making of the same, and was finally promised by the chairman that a copy would be forwarded to me in the course of a week, but up to this date it has failed to materialize. I had, however, later, at Washington, D. C., an opportunity to examine the same, and found it to consist of a very plain but lucid descrip-

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tion of the disease, its nature, cause, manner of transmission and economic importance, told in language comprehensive to the veriest tyro and with a total absence of scientific or technical terms. This primer would lend itself well to translation into the various languages of the heterogeneous dairy industry of these Islands and, when copies are ultimately received, I shall strongly recommend its translation into at least the Hawaiian, the Portu- guese and one of the Oriental languages, and the wide dissemina- tion of copies thereof among all dairy owners and laborers as well as milk dealers and all others in any way connected with the cattle industry, whether for dairy or beef purposes.

The intradermal test with which we have obtained such fine results here was hardly more than mentioned though some work had been done in an experimental way with it at the Experiment Station of the Bureau of Animal Industry, near Washington, D. C. The number of tests made were, however, absolutely insufficient to lead to any definite conclusions and when a few doubtful reac- tions were met with, even though admittedly due to faulty tech- nique, the method was at once concluded to be less reliable than the subcutaneous one, and its great advantages of simplicity and cheapness were lost sight of. I did, however, whatever was pos- sible to prevent the official relegation of the method to the junk heap and succeeded in interesting a number of the leading sani- tarians, including the chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and to obtain their promises of exhaustive experiments with, and further investigation of, the method. I was also promised that the Bureau will prepare and furnish us with the special tuberculin required for the test, free of charge. The work which has been performed here with the eradication of bovine tuberculosis was highly commended, and its continuation encouraged with the promise of every assistance which it is possible for the Federal Bureau to lend in the matter. Our rapid strides in regard to the improvement of the milk supply and especially the installation here of one of the most modern milk purifying plants was quite a sensation, it being somewhat out of the usual for the Washing- ton and New York heads of bureaus and divisions to get informa- tion on dairy sanitation and hygiene from the South Seas. In this connection I must mention that I called on the manufacturers of the electric milk purifying machinery, while passing through New York, in order to ascertain whether the plant installed here could possibly be provided with a self-registering and regulating appliance, which would make official supervision a matter of automatically obtained records, thereby insuring to the consumers an absolutely clean and safe product; and I was agreeably sur- prised to find that the company was then working on that same problem, and that before long a very ingenious device, which will insure not alone an absolutely even temperature, but will auto- matically regulate the stream of milk passing through the ma- chine, in such a manner that each atom of the product will be ex- posed to the required temperature at a definite length of time,

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making a mistake in the adjustment of the machinery impossible, will be ready for distribution. The device will be enclosed in a glass-faced lockbox, requiring the use of two keys for opening, while a moving finger prints the temperature curve with indelible ink, on a revolving cylinder, in plain sight behind the glass face.

A number of papers pertaining to municipal and state dairy inspection, as well as to dairy farm inspection and the sanitary production and handling of commercial milk, were read and fully discussed, but as these will be received in printed form before long it is not necessary here to discuss them any further. When re- ceived, however, an abstract wiil be made of such papers which may be of local interest to milk producers, and also of such other papers, as those pertaining to glanders or redwater, and will be published from time to time in the official organ of the Board, the Hawatan Forester. Taken all together, I have to acknowledge that the trip was of great value to me, and so indirectly to the Board, though it is a question in my mind whether I benefited more from attending the meeting of the Veterinary Association at Toronto or from the nine days spent in the laboratories of the Bureau of Animal Industry in Washington “talking shop” with my many friends throughout this greatest scientific as well as practical department in the world, learning new methods and get- ting new ideas. One thing at least I learned while there, namely, that the constant danger of the introduction of either of the great animal scourges of the Orient—rinderpest, foot and mouth dis- eases, contagious pleuro-pneumonia or surra—calls for the pres- ence here of an official who would recognize such diseases and know how to deal with them before the infection might get out of hand, and the Islands be swept clean of cattle, or the infection transmitted to the mainland. Most of these diseases do not re- quire infected animals as carriers of the contagion, but clothes, utensils, food and various products may, under favorable circum- stances, harbor the virus, or an intermediate host, as lice, flies, mosquitoes or rats may act as transmittors. The appended letter, an application from a captain of artillery, for permission to bring a saddle horse here from Manila, and the reply thereto, a per- emptory refusal, may serve as an illustration of this.

The Progress of Work in the Division of Animal Industry.

From the appended reports of the assistant Territorial veteri- narian, embracing the inspection and quarantine of imported live- stock, the tuberculin testing of dairy animals with a view to the eradication of bovine tuberculosis, together with a complete census of the dairy animals in the City and County of Honolulu, the microscopic examination and bacterial count of the milk furnished by the Honolulu Dairymen’s Association, together with an item- ized, comparative statement of the results of the first and second tuberculin test, showing a reduction of tuberculous infection from more than twenty-three per cent. on the first test to less than five

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per cent. on the second test, seem to show that Dr. Case has kept the work well in hand during my absence.

Dr. Case reports the absolute necessity for the purchase of an automobile for the use of this division, in support of which he advances the fact that the Schuman Carriage Co. declines any longer to rent a machine to the division. It is unnecessary to state that the work of the division can no longer be done with horse and buggy, and I would therefore request authorization to make an initial payment of $375 on a machine, after which the $100 per month, which is now being paid for rent of a machine, can be applied as instalments on the purchase price of such a ma- chine as the Board may approve of. Mr. Isenberg, who is absent today, expressed it as his opinion that it would be better to pur- chase a machine, if these conditions can be obtained, than to con- tinue to pay rent for one, but as the purchase price will exceed one thousand dollars, it will, under the laws of the Territory, be necessary to advertise for bids for the same, the advertisements to be inserted ten times. If, therefore, the board recognizes the necessity of a machine for the efficient continuation of the work ot this Division, with special reference to the eradication of bovine tuberculosis, authority is respectfully asked for the insertion of the required tenders for bids in the usual form and way.

Owing to lack of time it will be necessary for me to conclude this report here, the change of meeting days having only come to my notice last night on my return from Leilehua where a case of glanders was reported from the Cavalry barracks. The same con- dition requires a return to that place without delay.

Very respectfully,

Victor A. NORGAARD, Territorial Veterinarian.

HILO ANIMAL QUARANTINE STATION, Honolulu, August 7, 1911.

Hon. D. P. R. Isenberg, Chairman, Committee on Animal Indus- try, Board of Agriculture and Forestry.

DEAR Si1r:—I have the honor to submit for your approval plans and specifications for the Hilo animal quarantine station and such other matters as an absence from the Territory for a period of about six weeks, as hereinafter detailed, would require that you be conversant with.

It is, of course, unnecessary to repeat that practically the entire effort of the Division of Animal Industry for the past sixteen to eighteen months, outside of routine work, has been devoted to an attempt to eradicate bovine tuberculosis from the dairy herds of the City and County of Honolulu. How serious a matter this

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problem developed into, you, of all the dairymen here, are most capable of appreciating, as the personal loss you must have sus- tained in supporting the plan of eradication, which suggested it- self as the speediest expedient, must have amounted to sums which even a very wealthy man could ill afford to sacrifice. Neverthe- less, you preferred to adhere to the principle that the sooner the source of infection was eliminated the sooner a clean herd could be established, and the possibility of being instrumental, even though distantly so, in disseminating the contagion of a fatal human disease, could be done away with.

I doubt whether you yourself could possibly have realized, at the time, the immense importance of your adherence to this prin- ciple, as I have to admit that, personally, I considered it cruelly wasteful, and doubted whether the moral effect of it would be commensurate with the immense sacrifice. The ultimate results, however, have shown that your judgment was right, as there can be no doubt of its compelling effect upon every dairy owner who was at all able to emulate it. That the example set by you should, at the same time, make it practically prohibitive for anybody to retain, on milk producing premises, diseased cattle, can only be regarded as a providential blessing, and can certainly carry no opprobrium with it; and the class of milk producers, if the remain- ing few who still persist in hanging on to diseased animals can be’ considered a class, is so small that they must of necessity realize their isolated positiony and will sooner or later find it so burdensome to explain their position to loyal customers, that they will find it easier to “come into line” and send their reactors to the butcher. The total result of this anti-tuberculosis milk campaign is, however, so gratifying that I feel that I must place the credit for it where it belongs, and as much as I should have wished to claim the same for the Division of Animal Industry, I cannot help but realize, that had it not been tor you and your ability to enter into this fight in the way you did, we should have been in the same position as practically every other municipality which has attempted this proposition, that is, we should have either aban- doned the fight entirely or we should have fallen back on the “Bang” method, which requires from three to ten years for its accomplishment.

The aim of this communication, however, was to apply to you, as chairman of the Committee on Animal Industry, for per- mission to attend the annual convention of the American Veteri- nary Medical Association, which is to be held at Toronto, Canada, August 22-25, and, I trust it is unnecessary to say, that unless I had already received the assurance of your personal approval of my attending this meeting, I should have postponed the above peroration to a more appropriate time. The main object of this convention is, however, the fight against bovine tuberculosis, and . a report by a special international committee, composed of. the inost prominent veterinarians and sanitarians of the American

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continent, the chairman of which is the Veterinary Director Gen- eral of Canada, will be received, and will undoubtedly contain the most advanced recommendations as based on this committee’s investigations for the past two years. The tuberculosis control work, as carried on here, has been based almost entirely upon_the findings of this committee as reported on at the last meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association in San Francisco in September of last year, and it will therefore be of great interest to learn what this same committee has to recommend at the present meeting.

That we have advanced beyond their last recommendations in employing the intradermal test, and doing so successfully, may prove of interest to both veterinarians and state sanitary officials attending this meeting in Toronto, as I am of the opinion that bovine tuberculosis cannot possibly be fought with the old sub- cutaneous test, however reliable it may be, not alone on account of it being cumbersome and expensive, but because it can be ap- plied otily to 50 per cent. to 75 per cent. of the animals of a dairy herd at one time. Since last year’s meeting when the practical application of the intradermal test was first brought to the attention of the American veterinarians | have failed to see a single article or publication pertaining to this very important sub- ject, and I cannot help but feel that important disclosures are awaiting the attendants of the coming meeting.

Beyond the subject of tuberculosis there are a number of other themes of interest to this Territory to be discussed, as for instance redwater in cattle. This disease causes considerable loss on Maui and Hawaii ranches every year, and as none of the text books mention the disease it will be of interest to learn if any means of combating it has been arrived at in the countries (Canada and Australia) where the same, or similar, diseases have occurred. Glanders, also, comes in for considerable atten- tion and various new methods of diagnosis will be reported on. That this division has an absolutely new method for this pur- pose, which looks very promising in all of its simplicity, may, when reported on, elicit information which may simplify or obviate further investigations. Live stock sanitary control work, rules and regulations pertaining to the interstate shipment of live stock, and the suppression or eradication of external and internal parasites by natural enemies, are other subjects on which early information can only be of benefit to the live stock interests of this Territory.

In connection with this application for permission to attend the said meeting I have to state that unless subsidized by the Board my financial status would not allow of my going. I would therefore respectfully request that in case favorable action on the same is taken a suitable sum be appropriated for traveling expenses and subsistence, out of the funds apportioned for the

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Division of Animal Industry for this purpose ($700 for the bien- nial period ending June 30, 1913).

As far as the work of the Division during my prospective ab- sence is concerned, I have to say that no more favorable period could have been found, and that the assistant Territorial veteri- narian is fully capable of carrying on the work during my ab- sence. There is but little testing to be done, the next retest of the dairy cattle having been set for November. With the muni- cipal milk inspector detailed to assist him, he will be able to do such testing as may be required before the next retest. With an automobile at his disposal the matter of meeting incoming steamers for the inspection of live stock has been much simpli- fied, and so long as the agents and representatives of the various companies comply with the regulations of the Board no diff- culties are to be expected.

In regard to the construction of the Hilo quarantine station I submit herewith the completed plans and specifications, which, when approved by the Board, should be turned over to the Superintendent of Public Works for further action. I would only suggest that the successful bidder on the construction of the same be required to familiarize himself with the Honoiulu quarantine station in order that he may improve where neces- sary or avoid the mistakes made there and which my assistant will be able to point out, if not specified in the accompanying plans and description.

A concise report on the work of the Division of Animal In- dustry for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1911, has been pre- pared and forwarded to the former president of this Board and copies of the same are submitted herewith.

From the accompanying correspondence you will notice that I have ordered 5,000 ear tags of a new model, approved at the last meeting of the Board ‘and which I believe to be a great im- provement over those we have used hitherto, in so far as it is practically impossible for them to come out or be removed ex- cept by the use of specially constructed tools.

In conclusion I beg to assure you, Mr. Isenberg, that I fully appreciate the action you have taken in the matter of my at- tending the Toronto meeting, and, further, that I shall endeavor to get the most possible benefit out of the same, for the good of the Territory.

Very truly yours,

Victor A. NorGAARD, Territorial Veterinarian.

328 CONSERLATION~OF- EERE SOR.

(Address of President Taft before the National Conservation Congress, at Kansas City, Mo., September 25, 1911.)

Members of the National Conservation Congress:

At last year’s convention of this congress I had the honor and pleasure of delivering an address on the subject of conservation of our national resources, and therein attempted to state what the term “conservation” of our national resources meant, what were the statutes affecting and enforcing such conservation, classified the different public lands to which it would apply, and suggested what I thought was the proper method of disposing of each class of lands. Nothing has been done on this subject by Congress since that time, but it is hoped that the present Con- egress at its regular session will take up the question of the con- servation of government land containing coal and phosphates or furnishing water power, adopt some laws that will permit the use and development of these lands in Alaska and in continental United States, and evolve a system by which the government shall retain proper ultimate control of the lands, and at the same time offer to private investment sufficient returns to induce the outlay of capital needed to make the lands useful to the public. The discussion did not invoke the consideration of any question which directly concerned the production of food.

Tonight, however, I wish to consider in a summary way an- other aspect of conservation far more important than that of preserving for the public interests public lands; that is, the con- servation of the soil, with a view to the continued production of food in this country sufficient to feed our growing population.

We have in continental United States. about 1,900,000,000 acres. Of this, the Agricultural Department, through its corre- spondents, estimates that 950,000,000 acres are capable of culti- vation. Of this, 873,729,000 acres are now in farms. The re- mainder, about 1,000,000,000 acres, is land which is untillable. It is reasonably certain that substantially all the virgin soil of a character to produce crops has been taken up. It is doubtful how much of the part not included in farms can be brought into a condition in which tillage will be profitable.

The total acreage of farms in the last ten years, although the pressure for increased acreage by reason of high farm prices was great, was increased only about 4 per cent., or about 35,000,- OOO acres. There are upward of 25,000,000 acres that will be brought in under our irrigation system, and perhaps more, and the amount of lands which can be drained and made useful for agriculture will amount to about 70,000,000 acres.

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The total improved farm lands in the United States amount to 477,448,000 acres, which is an increase in the last ten years of 62,949,000, or 15.2 per cent. The product per acre actually cultivated increased in the last ten years 1 per cent. a year, or 10 per cent. The total product increased in ten years nearly 20 per cent.

The population in this same time increased 21 per cent. If the population continues to increase at its present rate, we shall have in 50 years double the number of people we now have. It is necessary, then, that not only our acreage but also our product per acre must increase proportionately so that our people may be fed. We must realize that the best land and the land easiest to cultivate has been taken. up and cultivated, and that the additions to improved lands and to total acreage in the future must be of land much more expensive to prepare for tillage. The in- crease per acre of the product, too, must be steady each year, yet each year an increase becomes more difficult. Still, even in the face of these facts, there is no occasion for discouragement. We are going to remain a self-supporting ‘country and raise food enough within our borders to feed our people. When we consider that in Germany and Great Britain crops are raised from land which has been in cultivation for 1,000 years, and that these lands are made to produce more than two and three times per acre what the comparatively fresh lands in this country produce in the best States, it becomes very apparent that we shall be able to meet the exigency by better systems of farming and more intense and careful and industrious cultivation. The theory seems to have been in times past that soils become ex- hausted by constant cultivation; but the result in Europe, where acres under constant use for producing crops for ten centuries are made now to produce crops three times those of this coun- try, shows that there is nothing in this theory, and that success- ful farming can be continued on land long in use, and that great crops can be raised and garnered from it if only it be treated scientifically and in accordance with its necessity. There is nothing peculiar about soils in Europe that gives the great yield per acre: there and prevents its possibility in the United States. On the contrary, there is every reason to believe that the applica- tion of the same methods would produce just as large crops here as abroad.

One of the great reasons for discouragement felt by many who have written on this subject is found in the movement of the population from farm to city. This has reached such a point that the urban population is now 46 per cent. of the total, while the rural population is but 54 per cent., counting as arban all who live in cities exceeding 2,500 inhabitants. This movement has been persistent, and has made it very difficult for the farmers to secure adequate agricultural labor, with an increase in the price of labor which naturally follows such a condition. Still

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we ought to realize that enormous advance in the machinery used on the farm has reduced the necessity for a great number of farm hands on each farm.

Mr. Holmes, of the Department of Agriculture, in the Year- book of that department for. 1899, points out that between the years 1855 and 1894 the time of human labor required to produce 1 bushel of corn on an average declined from 4 hours and 34 minutes to 41 minutes, and the cost of the human labor required to produce this bushel declined from 3534 cents to 10% cents. Between 1830 and 1896 the time of human labor required for the production of a bushel of wheat was reduced from 3 hours to 10 minutes, while the price of the labor required for this pur- pose declined from 1734 cents to 3% cents. Between 1860 and 1894 the time of human labor required for the production of a ton of hay was reduced from 35% hours to 11 hours and 34 minutes, and the cost of labor per ton was reduced from $3.06 to ofl Bape

In 1899 the calculation made with respect to the reduction in the cost of labor for the production of seven crops of that year over the old-time manner of production in the fifties and sixties shows it to have been $681,000,000 for one year. But while it is possible to say that there may be in the future improvements in machinery which will reduce the number of necessary hands on the farm, it is quite certain that in this regard the prospect of economy in labor for the future is not to be compared with that which has been effected in the last 30 years. Hence we must regard the question of available population and available labor in that population for the cultivation of the fields as an im- portant consideration. My impression from an examination of the figures is that the change in this last decade from farm to city has not been as great in its percentage as it was in previ- ous decades, and, if this be true, it indicates that there is in the present situation an element that will help to cure the difficulty. Farm prices are increasing rapidly, and the profits of farming are becoming apparently much more certain and_ substantial. While the acreage of the improved land only increased 65,000,- O00, or 15 per cent., and the total acreage only 4 per cent., the value of the farms in money increased from $17,000,000,000 to $35,000,000,000 in 10 years, an enormous advance. This, of course, was due somewhat to the investment of additional money in the improvement of land and somewhat to the increase in the supply of gold, which had the effect of advancing all prices; but the chief cause for the advance is in the increase in the price of farm products at the farm. So great is this increase that the value of the average farm has now gone from $2,895 to $5,470, while the average value per acre has increased from $19.81 to $39.69. In addition to this, comforts of farm life have been so greatly added to in the last 10 years by the rural free delivery, the suburban electric railway, the telephone, and the automo-

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bile, that there is likely in the next 10 years to be a halt in this change toward the city, and more people in proportion are likely to engage in gainful occupation on the farm than has hereto- fore been the case. Such an effect would be the natural result of the actual economic operation of the increase in the value of the farm product, and the increase in the certainty of farming profits.

It is the business of the country, in so far as it can direct the matter, to furnish the means by which this economic force shall exert itself along the lines of easiest and best increase of pro- duction. Of course the government, by furnishing assistance in irrigation, increases the amount of tillable land, and the States, if they undertake the drainage of swamp lands, will do the same thing. The cost of such improvements will be con- siderable, and will affect the farming profit, but the result gener- ally in such cases is to yield such great crops per acre that the | farmer can well afford to pay interest on the increased invest- ment. Increased acreage from any other source is likely to be, however, in more stubborn land, calling for greater effort in tillage and producing less per acre. We may reasonably infer from the high prices of the decade immediately past that every- thing was done by those who owned land to enlarge the acreage where that was easy or practical, and that what is yet to be brought in as tillable land presents greater difficulties and greater expense. The way in which the States can help to meet future increased demand is by investigation and research irito the science of agriculture, and by giving to the farming com- munity a knowledge which shall enable them better to deveiop the soil, and by educating those who are coming into the profes- sion of farming. It is now almost a learned profession.

The first great step that has to be taken in reformed agricul- ture is the conservation of the soil. Under our present system the loss to the farms in this country by the erosion of the soil is hardly to be calculated. Engineers have shown how much is carried down the great rivers of the country and is deposited as silt each year at their mouths. The number of cubic yards staggers the imagination. The question is how this can be pre- vented, as it must be, because the soil which is carried off by this erosion is generally the richest and the best soil of the farms which are thus denuded.

Of the rain or snow which falls on the land, a part evaporates into the air; a second part flows down the slopes to the streams, and is called the run-off. The third part soaks into the soil and sub-soil, and thence into underlying rocks, perhaps to reappear in springs or seepage into streams. This is called ground water. The fourth part is absorbed by organisms, chiefly by trees, grasses, and crop plants, either directly through the tissues or indirectly through the roots penetrating the moistened soil. Frosion is due to the run-off, and its quantity is dependent on

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the slope of the farm and also the nature of the soil and its products. Any reasonable slope, and any full cover of forest or grass with an abundant mulch, or a close crop on a deeply broken soil, or a friable furrow slice kept loose by suitable culti- vation, will absorb rain and curtail the run-off, or even reduce it to slow seepage through the surface soil, which is the ideal condition. Now, the ground water is the most essential -con- stituent of the soil, because solution, circulation, and organic as- similation are dependent on water. All the organisms and tis- sues are made up of this solvent of water, and it constitutes a large percentage of the bodies and food of men and animals. The question of the amount or ratio of ground water in the soil is a vital one. If it is excessive it makes a sodden mass, sticky when wet, but baked when dry, so that there is no possible ab- sorption further into it, and it sends on the water that falls on it to erode easy slopes.

The erosion begins on the farm and should be remedied there. Deep cultivation tends to absorb the product of each rainfall and to reduce the run-off. Deep cultivation brings up fresh earth salts to the shorter rootlets, but carries down the humus and mulch to thicken the soil and feed the deepest roots. In flat- lying fields and tenacious soils tile drainage is the best method of relieving the farm from the danger of too great run-off. Deep drainage permits both soil and sub-soil to crumble and disinte- grate and through mechanical and chemical changes to become friable and capable of taking on and holding the right amount of moisture for plant growth, while the water which runs out through the drain is clear without carrying the soil with it, and therefore without erosion. Of course, different farms require different treatments. Certain farms require what is called con- tour cultivation, by which each furrow is to be run in such a way as to level and to hold the water. On hilly lands strips of grass land are grown, called balks or breaks, separating zones of plow land, and they should curve with the slopes; and the soil being carried by the water will be caught by them and constitute them a kind of terrace without effort. ©The use of forests, of course, in foothills and deeply broken country is essential and should be combined with grazing. They will prevent the forma- tion of torrents by making the mulch and soil deep and spongy. Of course, over all mountain divides the retention of forests greatly helps to prevent the carrying off of the good soil:to the valleys below. The proper selection of crops has much to do with the stopping of erosion.

I gather these facts from the reports of the Secretary of Agri- culture as to the best method of preventing erosion. They are simple and easily understood, but they need to be impressed upon the farmers by education and by reiteration. .. Then the. -pro- ductivity of the soils might very well -be increased by more care- ful use of commercial fertilizers. In 1907 $100,000,000 was. ex-

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pended in fertilizers, but the Agricultural Department is of opinion that one-third of this was wasted for lack of knowledge as to how to use it.

Careful crop rotation is essential because it has been found that the remains of one crop have a poisonous effect upon the next crop if it is of the same plant, but such remains do not inter- fere with the normal production of a different plant. Then a kind of crop may and should be selected to follow which will renew that element in the soil which the first crop exhausted.

Then there is the organization of the farm on plain business principles by which the buildings and the machinery are so ar- ranged as to make the movement of crops and food and animals as easy and economical as possible. A study as to the character of the soil and the crops best adapted to the soil; the crops to be ased in rotation for the purpose of strengthening the soil—all these are questions that address themselves to a scientific and professional agriculturist, and which all farmers are bound to know if the product per acre is to be properly increased. We have every reason to hope, from the forces now making toward the education and information of the farmer, as to the latest results in scientific agriculture, that the country will have the ad- vantage of improvement in our farming along the proper lines. Further agricultural development is to be found in the breed- ing of proper plants for the making of the best crops, while the growth of live stock is made much more profitable both to the owner and to the public by improving the breed and the infusion ort the blood of the best stock.

The improvement in agricultural education goes on apace. All the States are engaged in spending money to educate the coming farmer, and this system is being extended so that now we have the consolidated rural school, the farmers’ high school, and the agricultural college, and one who intends to become a farmer is introduced to his profession soon after he learns to read and write, and he continues his study of it until he graduates from his college, and applies for a place upon the farm.

The land-grant colleges established by the Federal Govern- ment have vindicated the policy in making the grant. Now the department employs 11,000 persons, many of whom are engaged in conducting experiment stations and spreading information all over the country. The cooperation between the State agricul- tural school system and the Federal Government’s publicity bureau and experimental work is as close and fine as we could ask. It is difficult to justify the expenditure of money for agri- cultural purposes in the Agricultural Department with a view to its publication for use of the farmers, or to make grants to schools for farmers, on any constitutional theory that will not justify the Government in spending money for any kind of educa- tion the country over; but the welfare of the people is so depend- ent on improved agricultural conditions that it seems wise to use

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the welfare clause of the Constitution to authorize the expendi- ture of money for improvement in agricultural education, and leave to the States and to private enterprise general and other vocational education. The attitude of the Government in all this matter must be merely advisory. It owns no land of suff- cient importance to justify its maintenance of so large a depart- ment or of its sending into all States agents to carry the news of recent discoveries in the science of agriculture. The $50,000,000 which has been spent for research work in the department, how- ever, has come back many fold to the people of the United States, and all parties unite in the necessity for maintaining those appro- priations and increasing them as the demand shall increase.

It is now proposgd to organize a force of 3,000 men, one to every county in the United States, who shall conduct experi- ments within the county for the edification and education of the present farmers and of the embryo farmers who are being edu- cated. It is proposed that these men shall be paid partly by the county, partly by the State, and partly by the Federal Govern- ment, and it is hoped that the actual demonstration on farms in the county—not at agricultural stations or schools somewhere in the State, but in the county itself—will bring home to farmers what it is possible to do with the very soil that they themselves are cultivating. I understand this to be the object of an associa- tion organized for the improvement of agriculture in the country, and I do not think we could have a more practical method than this. It is ordinarily not wise to unite administration between the county and State and Federal Governments, but this sub- ject is one so all-compelling, it is one in which all people are so much interested, that cooperation seems easy and the expendi- ture of money to good purpose so free from difficulty, that we may properly welcome the plan and try it.

On the whole, therefore, I think our agricultural future is hopeful. I do not share the pessimistic views of many gentle- men whose statistics differ somewhat from mine, and who look forward to a strong probability of failure of self-support in food within the lives of persons now living. It is true that we shall have to continue the improvement in agriculture so as to make our addition to the product per acre 1 per cent. of the crop each year, or 10 per cent. each decade; but considering what is done in Europe, this is not either impossible or improbable. The addition to the acreage in drainage and in irrigable lands will go on—must go on. The profit to the State or to the enterprise which irrigates or drains these lands will become sufficient to make it not only profitable, but necessary to carry through the project, and we may look forward to the middle of this century, when 200,000,000 of people shall swear fealty to the starry flag, as a time when America will still continue to feed her millions and feed them well out of her own soil.

"Washington, D. C., October 5, 1911.

335 THE COLLEGE OF HAWAII.

DEPARTMENT OF EXTENSION WorRK—CORRESPONDENCE COURSES. PURPOSE.

The College of Hawaii, an institution supported by taxation, should extend its services to the people by all possible ways com- patible with the best methods of college administration. While adequate provision should be made and fostered for collegiate work in residence, yet there exists in the community a large class of persons who for one cause or another are unable to adjust themselves to our formal system of education. Such persons manifestly have some claim upon the Territory for assistance in education outside the formal system. By correspondence study such persons may acquire knowledge in accordance with their requirements and capacities. While there are very good reasons for students coming to the College for their instruction, there are also good reasons for the College going to the people; and more especially when the College offers instruction in subjects pertain- ing to the vocations of life.

That people may be taught in many of the subjects of the school and college curriculum through correspondence study is a demonstrated fact, and while the method lacks some of the ad- vantages of resident study, it has certain advantages of its own. Among other things, it has a tendency to encourage self-reliance and self-determination. It affords earnest persons the oppor- tunity of working and studying at the same time, and each stu- dent gets individual instruction. On the other hand, advanced subjects requiring extensive laboratory equipment are at a dis- advantage, as the manipulation of laboratory apparatus may not be taught by correspondence.

The specific classes of persons that correspondence study is designed to benefit may be enumerated as follows:

1. Those who wish to learn but who are prevented from at- tending the College by exigencies of employment or place of living.

2. Those who find new demands made upon them by the progress of the industry in which they are engaged.

3. Those who are engaged in manual employments and who wish some mental activity to occupy their leisure hours.

PLAN AND SCOPE.

The College offers through correspondence study the follow- ing subjects:

Soils and Crops, Plant Life, Horticulture, Poultry Husbandry, Domestic Science, Zoology.

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The grade of instruction in these subjects is in accordance with the ability and attainments of the students. Students tak- ing any subjects by correspondence shall be not less than 15 years of age and shall not at the time of taking the course be in attendance at school.

Instruction in the subjects mentioned is given by written les- sons or assignments, the student returning a written report on each lesson or assignment according to the direction of the pro- fessor in charge. These reports are carefully examined and re- turned to the student with such corrections, explanations or sug- gestions as may be to the interests of the student. If each re- port meets the required standard, a new lesson or assignment is Sent:

A subject consists of weekly assignments and each assignment may contain one or more lessons. The course of instruction terminates with the close of schools in June. . No preliminary examination is required, but students must satisfy those in charge of the course that they can read and write English fluently. Ap- plication blanks may be had on request and the College will of- fer assistance and suggestion in the choice of subjects. Students are expected to complete at least one course in the time specified for the course.

A fee of $5 is charged for each full course of 18 assignments. For additional courses a reduction of one-half for each course is made. The fee is intended to pay the cost of the lessons end postage one way. Ifa student takes less than half of the assign- ments one-half the fee remaining above the cost of materials used is refunded.

SUBJECTS IN DETAIL.

Course 1. Soils and Crops: Readings and reports on the origin and formation of soils, their physical, chemical and bio- logical properties, relation of soil properties to soil managements, the adaptation of crops to soil types, and the essentials of crop- producing power. The studies of crops will consist of read- ings and reports on the leading crops of the mainland and Ha- wail, their geography, economics of production, commercial im- portance, products, uses and culture methods.

Course 2. Plant Life: Students registering in this course have an option between two lines of study. 1. A survey of the principles of botany, including the structure and physiology of the seed plants; the morphology, evolution, and classification of plants; ecology and economic botany. The text by Bergen and Davis will be furnished. Emphasis will be laid on the practical phases of plant-life, especially such aspects as are exemplified in Hawaii, and in similar tropical regions. 2. A study of com- mon plants as an aid in the nature-study work of the elementary schools. This work is planned primarily for school-teachers.

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Two manuals will be furnished. This course demands a larger amount of field and observational study than option 1. The faithful performance of the work outlined in either of these sec- tions should give the student a general knowledge of the funda- mentals of plant structure and growth.

Course 3. Practical Horticulture: Students registering in

this course elect one of the following subjects: fruit-raising, vegetable gardening, or floriculture. In addition to regular text- book assignments, the reading of specified bulletins relating to these matters is required, and the performance of experiments. Students taking this course should have access to some piece of land, however small, upon which they can raise crops for experi- mental purposes. The practical problems of tillage, irrigation and drainage, fertilizers, spraying, seedage, insects and fungi will thus be worked out on the basis of actual experience. * Course 4. Poultry Culture: This course treats of the under- lying principles of the profitable production of poultry products. The essential business elements which he not only in the quali- fication of the poultryman but also in the quality of the stock in- vestment will receive special consideration. The care and man- agement of all the operations from the time the egg or the chick is produced until it reaches the consumer will receive much at- tention. Each student is urged to be actively engaged in some part of the business while taking the course, for observation, study and work go hand in hand in successful poultry manage- ment.

CoursE 5. Cooking: This course gives some methods for the simpler dishes used in the diet. It includes text assign- ments giving something of the needs of the human system as re- gards the elemental foodstuffs, the preservation of food, with a few special diets for children and the sick.

Course 6. Zoology: The course is intended to give a grounding in the subject of general zoology with especial refer- ence to its economic aspects. It includes text assignments, writ- ten lectures and simple dissections of a number of common ani- mals with a view to gaining an understanding of the salient points in their comparative anatomy. Notes of the life histories, form and habits of animals are included in order to show the adaptation of animals to various circumstances and conditions of environment. The course is intended for teachers and others with a taste for or a knowledge of the facts and materials of Zoology.

338 PROCLAMATION.

ARBOR AND CONSERVATION DAY.

The practice, now widespread on the.mainland, of setting aside one day each year as Arbor Day began in Hawaii six years ago. Since then, here as well as elsewhere, the larger movement for the conserva- tion and development of all natural resources, of which Arbor Day rep- resents only one phase, has made great progress. Two years ago, in consequence of the quickening of the public conscience and interest in these matters and the practical results therefrom in the inauguration and extension of active work along these lines, the scope of the day was enlarged.

Accordingly, I hereby designate Friday, the 10th day of Novem- ber, 1911, as ARBOR AND CONSERVATION DAY for the Territory of Hawaii, and recommend that on that day appropriate exercises be held in all the schools of the Territory and that a part of the day be devoted to the planting of trees and shrubs.

Given under my hand and the Great Seal of the Territory of (Seal) Hawaii at the Capitol in Honolulu this 28th day of October, A. D. 1914, W. F. FREAR. By the Governor,

KE, A. MOTT-SMITH, Secretary of the Territory.

Ney

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Branch Office, 625 F 8t., Washington, D.C. .

Garden and Farm Tools and Implements

To do good farming you must have up to date tools to work with. We carry a mest complete line of every- thing needed by the small or large farmer, from the smallest hand trowel to the largest cane plow. We also have a good assortment of Hand, Bucket or Barrel Sprayers. Our assortment of Hoes, Shovels, Spades, Mattocks, Rakes, Garden Shears, Lawn Mowers, Garden Hose, and other things that are needed daily about the

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CERS AND STAFF OF THE BOARD OF COMMIS-

SIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. | | COMMISSIONERS.

Charles S. Judd, President and Executive Officer.

J. M.Dowsett ~ P.R Isenberg

H. M. von Holt Albert Waterhouse »

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman.

Joseph F. Reck, Consulting Botanist. < Bro. Matthias Newell, im charge of Sub-Nursery at Hilo, Hawai. | Walter D. McBryde, iz charge of Sub-Nursery at Homestead, Kauat, David Kapihe, Forest Ranger for Tantalus,

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Edward M, Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology and Chief Inspector. Albert Koebele, Cozsulting Entomologist.

es Nata Pa Assistant Entomologist.

D. B. Kuhns, Juspector.

Fred Muir, Beneficial-Insect Collector.

Bro. M. Newell, Fruzt and Plant Inspector, Hilo, Hawatt.

Robert R, Elgin, | ( Mahukona, Hawatt. W. O. Aiken, | Honorary Frutt | Kahului, Maut, W.D. McBryde, + and Plant Inspector 1 Koloa, Kauat,

Dr, W. B,: Deas, | © az | Hana, Maut.

Capt. C. F.Turne } | Kaanapali, Maut.

W. M. Giffard, Director, Fruit Fly Control. DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Terrttortad Veterinarian.

L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian.

SSSR ECR AU Live Stock Inspector,

H, B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Hilo, Hawait.

J. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Maut.

A. R. Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauat.

Etta ai on eee: Deputy Territorial Veterinary for Kohala and

Hamakua, Hawatt.

CLERICAL STAFF

Mrs. C. L. Seybolt, Clerk and Stenograbher. Miss Ella K. Dayton, Lz6rarian. Daniel Logan, Editor of the ‘‘Forester.”’

PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION.

Any one or all of the publications listed below (except those marked *) will be sent to residents of this Territory, free, upon application to Mailing Clerk, P. O. Box 207, Honolulu.

BOARD.

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900; 66 pp. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902; 88 pp. * First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, trom July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp. Second Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905; 240 pp.; 8 plates; 10 text figures. Third Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the ; year ending December 31, 1906; 212 pp.; 3 plates; 4 maps; 7 text figures. Fourth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for _ ___the calendar year ending December 31, 1907; 202 pp.; 7 plates. Fifth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the calendar year ending December 31, 1908: 218 pp.; 34 plates. Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910; 240 pp.; 45 plates. “Notice to Importers,’’ by H. E. Cooper; 4 pp.; 1903. “Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Fruits, Vegetables, etc., into the Territory of Hawaii.’’ General Circular No. 1; 6 pp.

“Important Notice to Ship Owners, Fruit Importers and Otheres ‘ Raleee and oo oS tions Prohibiting the Introduction of Certain Pests and Animals into the- Perri- : tory of Hawaii.’’ General Circular No. 2; 3 pp.; 1904. ;

“Law and Regulations, Importation and Inspection of Honey Bees and Honey. es General Circular No. 3; 7 pp.; 1908. =

“The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist,”’ a monthly magazine. Vols. I to VII; 1904-1910. To be obtained from the Hawaiian Gazette Co., Honolulu. Price

$1 a year. DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

* “Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at Government Nursery.” Press Bulletin No. 1; 3 pp.; 1905. * “Suggestions in Regard to the Arbor Day Tree Planting Contest.’’ Press Bulletin . No. 2° °7 pp.j. 1905. “An Offer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters.’ Circular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905. ‘Revised List of Iorest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at ‘the Government Nursery.’’ Press Bulletin No. 3; 4 pp.; 1906. * ‘Instructions for Propagating and. Planting Forest Trees.’ Press Bulletin Ne. 4; 4 pp.; 1906. 2. “Instructions for Planting Forest, Shade and Ornamental Trees.’’ Press Bulletin INO. oi e7 = pps? L909: “Na Hoakaka no ke Kanu Ana i na Laau-Malumalu ame na Laau Hoohiwahiwa.” Press Bulletin No. 6; 8 pp.; 1909. ‘Eucalyptus Culture in Hawaii,’”’ by Louis Margolin. Bulletin No. 1; 88 pp.; 12 : plates; 1911. Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Re. print from Second Report of the Board; 77 pp.; 5 plates. : * Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Re print from Third Report of the Board; 123 pp.; 4 maps. Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Re print from Fourth Report of the Board; 70 pp. Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 81, 1908. Re print from Fifth Report of the Board; 85 pp. Report of the Division of Forestry, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 86 pp.; 22 plates. DIVISION ON ENTOMOLOGY. rs “The Leaf-Hopper of the Sugar Cane,’ by R. C. L. Perkins. Bulletin No. 1; 38 pp.; 1903. ** “A Catalogue of the Hemipterous Family Aleyrodidae,” by G. W. Kirkaldy, and- “‘Aleyrodidae of Hawaii and Fiji with Descriptions of New Species,’”’ by Jacob Kotinsky. Bulletin No. 2; 102 pp.; 1 plate; 1907. i ~ *“On Some Diseases of Cane Specially Considered in Relation to the Leaf-Hopper Le Pest and to the Stripping of Cane,’’ by R. C. L. Perkins. Press Bulletin Nios 1s 42> pp... 1904: ? “A Circular of Information,’ by JacoL Kotinsky. Circular No. 1; 8 pp.; 1905. | “The Japanese Beetle Fungus,’’ by Jacob Kotinsky and Bro. M. Newell. Circular No. 2; 4 pp., cut; 1905.

4

ty ees

Kule VII: ‘Concerning the Prevention of Distribution of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly’’; unnumbered leafiet; 1910. oy Rule VIII: ‘‘Concerning the Importation of all Banana Fruit, Banana Shoots or =

Plants”; unnumbered leaflet; 1911. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 3¥; 71905; Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 68 pp.; 3 plates; 10 text figures. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1906. > Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 25 pp.; 7 text figures. a

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Keprint from Fourth Report of the Board; 18 pp.; 1 plate.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 26 pp.; 2 plates.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 70 pp.; 10 plates.

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

* “Inspection of Imported Live Stock.” Rule 1; 1 p.; 1905. —; ae

* “Tnspection and Testing of Imported Live Stock for Glanders and Tuberculosis." <td Rule 2; 1 p.; 1905.

» “Concerning Glandered Horse Stock in the Territory.” Rule 3; 1 p.; 1905.

* “To Amend Rule 1, Inspection of Imported Live Stock.’”’ Rule 4; 1 p.; 1907.

* “Quarantine of Horse Stock from California.” Rule 8; 1 p.; 1908.

“Rules and Regulations, Inspection and Testing of Live Stock.” Rules and Laws}. 11 pp.; unnumbered pamphlet; Revised 1910.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1905— Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 62 pp. =

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December. 31, 1906, Reprint from Third Report of the Board: 41 pp.; 3 plates. |

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1907.

/ Reprint from the Fourth Report of the Board; 104 pp.; 6 plates. ©

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1908, Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 44 pp. “e

Jeport of the Division of Animal Industry, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 59 pp.; 12 »lates. S

o>

Fx

jal Sits te

® Out of print.

Se

VoL. VIII. DECEMBER,.“19)4 No. 12

Price, 10c. Per Copy; Per Annum, $1.00; Foreign, $1.25.

_e THE.

Hawaiian Forester

Agriculturist |

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE

OF

Forestry, Entomology and Agriculture ‘t ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

Entered as second-class matter at the Post office, at Honolulu, Hawaifi.

ADDRESS ALL COMMUNICATIONS TO DANIEL LOGAN, EDITOR “‘THE FORESTER,’”’

P. O. BOX. 366, HONOLULU, H.T.

For business relating to advertising or subscriptions, address

HAWANAN GAZETTE Co., Ltp., Publishers, von Hott Brock, 65 S. Kinc St., HonotuLu Hawatul.

cK

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE Course of Study for Elementary Schools (Gibson) - | - 339 Government Publications - - - - - tc. S360 The Combustion of Atmospheric Nitrogen (James) - : 353 Division of Forestry - - = - - = 7 355 Report on Awa (D. of F.) = Senet - - : 356 Division of Entomology - - - - - - : 358 Division of Animal Industry — - - - - - . 360

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY.

The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern- ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or growing.

The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak, Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of India, Poinciana, Albizzia, ete. The price of the seed varies from 10 to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2% cents each, except a few kinds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested before being sent out, which insures its being good.

All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii.

RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent of Forestry.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties of this Division and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make in- quiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently or send. the right kind of useful insects for relief we like and sometimes it is indispensable for us to see the insect suspected or caught in the act, also specimens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden box specimens may be mailed at 3rd class rates. When specimens are not accompanied by letter always write your name and address in the upper left-hand corner of the package. Address all communications SUPERINTENDENT DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, P. O. BOX 207,

HONOLULU, HAWAII. | EDW. M. EHRHORN,

Superintendent.

THE HAWAIIAN

FORESTER & AGRICULTUKIoT

VoL. VIII. DECEMBER, 1911. No. 12.

COURSHIOF STUDY FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.

(Report by T. H. Gipson, Inspector of Schools.)

At the last meeting of the Commissioners of Public Instruction, held June 11, 1911, there was some discussion of our course of study, and in the course of this discussion it was suggested by the superintendent that a committee be appointed to consider the advisability of preparing a separate course of study for the rural schools—that is, for the miscellaneous schools of one, two, three rooms, etc., and it was decided that the matter be taken up by the superintendent at a meeting of the supervising principals.

As the “arranging and re-arranging of studies to be pursued and the prominence to be given to any particular branch of learning” comes under the province of the inspector of schools, according to law, the matter was referred to me for consideration.

I have given this important matter a good deal of thought, and having been so long connected with the schools of this Territory, I am fairly well informed as to the development of the present course of study. It is not the work of one or a few men, but is the outgrowth of the ideas and work of the leading educators and school officials of these islands. It is the result of the study and work of such men as Richards, Armstrong, Hitchcock, Baldwin, Bishop, Alexander, W. R. Castie, M. M. Scott, A. T. Atkinson, Townsend, Judge Cooper, and E. A. Mott-Smith and others. The later revisions have had the benefit of the advice and criticisms of such educators and experts as Dr. Brown, late Commissioner of Education at Washington, Col. Parker of the celebrated Cook County Normal School, Miss Zonia Baber and Miss Flora J. Cook of the education department of Chicago University, Prof. John Dewey, and others, some of whom have more than a national reputation as educators.

Before making any recommendations of my own on the sub- ject, I decided to consult leading educators and college men con- nected with educational affairs throughout the states. I wrote a personal letter to each describing conditions here and stating the character of our school population. J enclosed a copy of our Course of Study and asked for suggestions and criticisms in re- gard to the same. I quote from the replies received up to the present time:

340

Prof. Chas. E. Bessey, University of Nebraska: “I realize that you have a problem which is entirely different from that-which confronts us in the States, and as I look over the printed course of study it seems to me that you have mastered the situation in a most excellent way. I am greatly pleased with what you have outlined and I think especially that your plan of ‘creating the necessity for language’ in what you plan for the children to do is admirable. In this way you wili accomplish the first great thing to be done, namely, that of bringing the children to an under- standing of the English language... .

“Next to the acquisition of the English language by these peo- ple of many nationalities, an industrial training is of most im- portance, and since the work in the Islands is largely agricultural, it is desirable that the grammar schools should articulate with the agricultural college. So I commend this feature of your plan very thoroughly. . . . One thing must not be lost sight of, and that is that year by year all over the world we are becoming more and more mechanical; that is, even in agriculture and horti- culture and allied subjects people are depending more and more upon mechanical devices, so that it is imperative that the indus- trial work that you give the pupils shall have much of the mecha- nical brought in. It is not enough that they should be taught to get out into the gardens and fields for agricultural purposes, but they must be taught to understand and to know mechanical pro- blems.

“The only question that I have in connection with the printed course of study is whether you have not made the ‘nature study’ a little stiffer and harder than it should be for the degree of de- velopment of the children. This question is raised not as a finality, but merely as a question. However, this can be determined by trial.

“T like very much your suggestion of ‘collecting’ under nature study. If you can extend this part of the nature study, I am sure you will be helping to make it more efficient.

“T shall be very glad to continue this correspondence, for I am greatly interested in it.”

(Note). Nature Study. In speaking of nature study, Dewey says: “The aim of the elementary school is wrong. It should not be knowledge but to organize the instincts and impulses of chil- dren into working interests and tools.”’ The stress should be on methods not results. Not that we do not want results but that we get better results when we transfer the emphasis of attention to the problem of mental attitude and operation. We need to develop a certain active interest in truth and its allies, a certain disposition of inquiry. together with the command of the tools that make it effective and to organize certain modes of activity and observation, construction, expression and reflection.

Jas. E. Russell, Dean, Teacher’s College, Columbia University : “Upon examination of the Course of Study which you sent, I find it very difficult to judge of the work which you plan to do in your

* 341

schools. Your plan for teaching English, which is indicated briefly in the course of study, and to which you call attention in your letter, is sound in principle and has proved successful in the toreign districts in our large cities.”

He then refers to courses of study in larger cities where the school authorities have been confronted with the problem of how best to deal with non-English speaking children.

Chas. F. Wheelock, Asst. Comm. Education, Inspection Div., N. Y. State Ed. Dept.: “It would seem to me that the main pur- pose of your instruction should be to make this polyglot aggrega- tion of children fairly intelligent regarding ordinary things of life and to give them the ability to express what they know in intelligent English. The Course of Study that you have submit- ted seems to be, in the main, a most excellent one. In minor cetails I should suggest changing it, but possibly your experience may prove that I am wrong.

“The Nature Work. The work seems to be most excellently arranged. Nature Study looks a little heavy in the advanced grades. Experience would be needed to determine whether it could be done or not.

“T find it frequently true that children have powers beyond what they are ordinarily credited with, and that many of the limitations that we have been accustomed to put on courses of study, be- cause we believe the children incapable, were really unnecessary.”

He criticizes somewhat the industrial work if it be intended that boys and girls are required to do the same work—thinks there should be a division. Also in number work of the 3rd grade he criticizes the limitations of numbers to 1000 and the multipliers and divisors to two figures. He considers the limitations unwise, as he says “in the third grade the children should begin to do a little generalizing and be able to imagine some things they have never seen.

“T fear that I have not given you anything of very great value, but I wish to assure you that I have gained something myself from your letter and from the course of study which you sent me.”

(Note.) Whether the nature study be considered too heavy in the advanced grades depends much upon the manner of presenta- tion. The work was not intended to be treated from a scientific standpoint, but simple experiments and observation of various processes in nature and the arts—a knowledge of common thing's about us. The more advanced grades are found mostly in the centers of population near the various industries and such chil- dren are brought more or less into contact with pulleys, machinery, sugar mills, wharves, etc. As I said before, whether this part of the nature study be heavy or the reverse depends altogether upon the method of presentation of the subjects.

In regard to limiting the number work in the third grade in the making of bills, for instance, to articles the kind, measure and prices of which are known, the idea was to warn teachers against the use of words without thought—particularly necessary on ac-

342 °

count of the many non-English speaking children in the schools. Limiting operation of numbers to. 1000 was done so that children would work enly with numbers which were E papeibte of compre-. hension by them. Prof. Henry W. Holmes, Division of Education, Harvard Uni- versity: “In general, it seems to me that your course of study is excellent... IN aturally everything depends on the way in’which it is carried out, but so far as your program on paper is con- cerned, it is unquestionably commendable. I have only one doubt about the general character of.the program: it seems to me too difficult. It is not too meager nor graded too low for a good city system of schools in the states. I should fear, therefore, that teach- ers would find it a hard program to carry out under your condi- tions. But of this point you can best judge for yourself. .

“T cannot, I regret to say, criticise your elementary school pro- gram in great details, but I will add here one or two remarks on certain particular points, which may indicate for you the basis of my general reaction as given above. I shall give you rather the points of adverse criticism than those of approval, not be- cause the former would be more numerous if I spoke of each detail in the course, but because I suppose you wish suggestions for improvement rather than mere praise.

“1. Are the stories told in language work the native stories; or are they stories of American, English and German inheritance? So large a proportion of your school population is oriental that it would seem highly desirable to have your fairy tales, fables, rhymes, etc., very largely oriental in origin.

“2. Are the punctuation marks to be taught in each grade carefully listed? If a more general recommendation to teach punctuation is given out, it is likely that no one teacher will feel responsible for the teaching of particular marks.

“3. Your nature study program seems to include rather too much observation and too little actual growing of plants or ani- mals, etc., although this element is not entirely lacking in it.

“4. Your illustrative work, which stands, I suppose, for draw- ing, seems to aim rather more than it should at the development of mere technical skill with the pencil and brush, and the capacity to make working drawings or semi-scientific representations of objects. .

“5. Your course in geography seems to emphasize too much and too early the scientific study of the subject. The social side of it—conditions of life the world over—should be very strong at the beginning, and should yield only at the end to the scien- tific aspects of the subject.

“6. It would seem to me that you introduce technical gram- mar rather too early in Grade IV.

“7. Your history seems to me to emphasize too much at the beginning American history; it would seem natural to start some- where nearer home.

343

“8. Your course in nature study, introducing scientific experi- ments in Grade V, seems to be too advanced.

Cote). igma regard to the statement that the course of study seems too difficult it may be said that that depends upon how ex- haustively each subject is treated in the different grades. If larger or vital points of subjects are taken up and minor details left out the course is not so difficult as it may appear at first glance. The difficulty comes in attempting to teach too many things in the subjects not worth teaching.

1. In answer to question “1” I would say that the stories told in language work comprise stories of Hawaiian, Japanese and Chinese origin as well as those of English and German inheri- tance. In the first erade, for instance, we have “Kila, the Canoe Builder,” tales from Hawaiian history, “Hok Lee,” Chinese, “The Monkey and the Crab,’ Japanese, fairy tales from China and Japan, etc. Anglo-Saxon stories predominate to inculcate the ideas of our civilization.

2. Punctuation is part of writing and as the’ sentence is writ- ten on the board the child is familiarized with the necessary punctuation marks as with the words used.

3. This criticism is just so far as the nature study program is set forth in the manual, but the growing of plants, etc., is very generally continued in school gardening and manual work.

4. Illustrative work includes modeling in sand and clay, chalk modeling (land forms) on blackboards, ‘pencil and crayon work, pen and ink work, painting in water colors, marking and dramati- zation, not with the idea of developing technical skill, to make working drawings or semi-scientific representations of objects, but to express thought through the organization of the child’s powers.

5. Nature Study and Geography in the lower grades do em- phasize the social side of the study very strongly as shown in the detailed outline of the course of study.

6. The directions in the course which seem to require the teaching of formal grammar in the lower grades may be mis- leading but the intent and. practice is only to familiarize the child with the terms and forms used in the study of grammar while in close connection with the expression of the thought, the natural way of learning the construction of language. While the direc- tion is to teach the possessive case, for instance, it is not intended that the child is to learn a grammatical definition or rule, but that he is led to observe its form and while the teacher calls his attention to this the proper term may be used, “possessive,” and so with other grammatical terms, as noun, verh, phrase, sentence, etc. When speaking of words there is no more reason why the teacher should not use the proper term than there is when he is talking of numbers and uses the term divisor, multiplier or sub- trahend. In this way the child is familiarized with the forms of grammar by hearing them when attention to them is necessary, all through the grades. In the sixth and seventh grades, children

344

may use a grammar for reference as they would use a dictionary and when they reach the eighth grade the study of formal gram- mar wil! be comparatively easy. |

7. The history work does begin at home. We have Hawaiian legends, tales from Hawaiian history, national stories adapted, Chinese and Japanese stories and myths, old stories of the east which describe conditions of a primitive people, stories suitable for festivals, as for Kamehameha Day, Thanksgiving, Christmas and Easter. In these legends and stories we have the beginning of history teaching and it is not until the fifth grade that there is any attempt to teach formal history.

J. C. Boykin, Assistant Commissioner, Bureau of Education, Dept. of the Interior: “There appears to be little actually in the course that can be seriously criticized with substantial reason. The characteristics are such as may be expected in view of the con- ditions described in the accompanying letter, namely, the emphasis laid upon language and the prominence of manual work.

“It may be doubted if it is advisable to begin the study of the structure of the language as early as the first grade, as the refer- ence to ‘nominative and objective cases’ seems to indicate. It is not clear how such instruction 1s given, however, and it is prob- able that those who prepared the course did not intend that an attempt should be made to teach formal grammar to such young children. The amount of memory work and the unusual stress laid upon the correction of errors of speech are noticeable, and for schools under ordinary conditions might be open to criticism, but under the circumstances such methods are probably justifiable.

“The amount of manual work in the Hawaiian schools seems to be greater than is generally required in the schools of the States, but such instruction appears to be well suited to the con- ditions of the people of the Islands, and the specimens exhibited at the several expositions have been distinctly creditable.

“The fault of the course seems to be less in what it contains than ‘n what it omits. There is nothing to indicate relative values; to show how much time should be given to each branch; or to emphasize essentials. All is put upon the same basis, and a word or a phrase is as much as is given to any topic, whether it be ‘Pioneer period of American history from 1492 to 1850,’ which might well occupy 40 weeks, or ‘how waste matter goes off,’ for which 40 minutes might be sufficient.

“The course is meagre to a degree. It is difficult to understand how such a brief list of topics can produce desirable uniformity of instruction in the schools of the territory, or even how it can be considered a ‘course of study’ in the usual sense. Perhaps it is not so intended, for on page 19 it is directed that ‘each teacher, with the assistance of the principal, must prepare and place on file at the beginning of the term a daily program, an outline of the term’s work,’ etc. In other words, each teacher must make his own course of study, presumably observing as far as may be ° the hints in the published course. In general these are so few as

345

to interfere but little with the teacher’s individuality if he is for- tunate enough to possess such a quality, but on the contrary they are not sufficient to be a guide to the beginner or to the teacher of moderate ability and attainments. An example of this may be found on page 17 under the heading ‘Proper use of language,’ for Grade VIII, namely, ‘Review and commit to memory the fun- damental principles and rules of English composition in connec- tion with the daily work.’ It may be expected that this will be construed in as many different ways as there are teachers, and may require anywhere from five to five hundred hours of school time in a year. ‘Illustrative work’ is specified for all the grades, but there is so little of detail for the higher grades that the teach- er is left almost wholly to his own resources.

“Such meagreness, or vagueness, is noticeable throughout the document, but there is a marked exception to it in ‘History and Language’ for the higher grades. The requirements in this re- spect for Grade VIII are truly formidable, including American history under the constitution, the French Revolution, the Con- quest of India, the Union of the North German States, Govern- ment of the World, Hawaiian history, and several other topics. Any one of these might easily occupy months of study and to introduce them all will necessarily mean scrappy and disjointed work ; and history, of all subjects, should be pursued in an orderly and consecutive manner, and not as a series of disconnected inci- dents.

“It is recommended, if a new course is in preparation, (1) that it be made more specific and direct in statement, leaving less to the individual judgment of the teacher, for not all teachers are of equal ability; (2) that it describe each year’s work in greater detail, and that in each grade the work prescribed be approxi- mately sufficient to occupy the year; (3) that in each study the minimum number of hours per week and of weeks per year be specified, the time being so arranged as to leave a reasonable mar- gin to be apportioned according to individual preference or to local conditions.”

(Note). Mr. Boykin’s objections are answered in a large measure in the preceding notes and by saying that a detailed out- line has been prepared for the first four grades and is being pre- pared for the grammar grades also, which divides the work by terms and months. In respect to the criticism in History in Grade VIII it can easily be seen that the objection is caused by a mis- conception of the work. The commissioner's understanding of what is intended is the correct one, that is that the War of the Revolution is the real history work of that year and the inci- dents and parts of European history referred to are used as col- lateral work. |

P. P. Claxton, Commissioner of Education, Washington, D. C.: “T have just looked over the course of study of the schools of the Hawaiian Islands, which you sent to this Bureau sometime ago, and also the correspondence in regard to it. 1 have just come

346

into the office and have not had time to study the course of study as fully as I would like to, but I want to say that I am very much pleased with it. It seems to me that you have done well in trying | to adapt it to the needs of the children of the Islands. There are, however, two or three things that I may want to write about more fully when I have a little more time.

“T am wondering if in all the lower grades you might want to combine nature study and geography. The two are so very much alike that the nature study can probably be done better as a part of the geography work, and the geography work will be enriched thereby.

“The number work follows a plan very popular in many parts of the United States, but this plan has long seemed to me de- fective, while I feel quite sure that the subject can be taught more simply and effectively by giving the first half year to count- ing, and the second half year to counting by tens, so as to lay a foundation for the understanding of our decimal system of writ- ing, and writing numbers. The second year should be given to addition, subtraction and comparison, and the numbers dealt with should not be so narrowly limited. Children who learn to count, and to count by tens, can just as well do problems involving thou- sands and tens of thousands. The third year should be given to the facts of multiplication and their application in multiplication, division, fractions, and ratio. I do not believe it is well to attempt to teach the ordinary four processes at the same time. There are in fact seven processes ; the first three go together, and the second four, and they should be grouped thus in teaching. A long ex- perience has convinced me that much time may be saved and much power gained by teaching arithmetic in this way.

“T do not clearly understand whether you expect technical erammar to be taught in the grades below the eighth. If you do, it seems to me that it is not best. Children as a rule do not un- derstand the generalizations, and an attempt to learn them stands in the way of their gaining a real mastery of language.

“Spelling, of course, is best taught in the lower grades in con- nection with composition work. In the fourth and fifth grades there is need for a book that classifies words according to their spelling a little better than the one you mention.

“T want to commend most heartily your plan of trying to base the development of language on the child’s understanding of nature and occupations, the language thus growing out of its own experience. I wish also to commend your use of what you call national stories, also repeated stories and rhymes. I know noth- ing quite so good or useful in teaching language to small children as such stories as The old woman and her pig, The house that Jack built, ete.

“T think Mr. Boykin’s adverse criticism of the history work of the eighth grade is based on a misunderstanding of what you in- tended. I suppose that you intend to make the period of Ameri- can history designated the real history work of that year, and that

347

the incidents and parts of European history referred to are to be used as collateral work, thus following the Herbartian idea as set forth especially by Doctor McMurry in his book on Special method in history. If this is so, 1 commend it most heartily.

“Jf at any time you should come to Washington, it would give me the very greatest pleasure to talk with you about your work in Hawaii. I am sure you will have much to tell me that will be very interesting and valuable.

“P. S.—To make this course of study serviceable to the teach- ers, it ought to be outlined in detail with some suggestion as to order of the subjects in the several years, to the time to be de- voted to the various parts of the subjects, and the means of corre- lating them. If the Bureau can be of any service in helping you do this, let me know.”

The following is a copy of a course of study for country schools proposed by the N. E. A. in report fot 1905, pages 85-86, with some notes on causes of retardation:

COUNTRY SCHOOL COURSE.

(The course below is given only as a sort of guide and a stand- ard which all country schools may strive to reach.)

First Year, Reading Writing Spelling Music Language Nature Study Number work General exercises

Second Year.

Reading, using in part themes from Musie

nature, the farm and the home Hygiene Spelling History Language ! Drawing Number work General exercises Nature Study Writing

Third Year,

Reading; nature stories forming a Geography

part Hygiene Spelling History Language Nature Study Arithmetic General exercises Musie

Fourth Year.

Reading; country life literature in- Geography; should inelude the dis-

eluded tribution of farm products. Spelling Drawing Language Nature Study Arithmetic General exercises

Writing Musie

348

Fifth Year.

Reading; including stories of our Geography; including in part phys-

country and lessons in agricul- ical geography in respect to the

ture and home economics work done by nature’s forces in Spelling preparing soils Language History Arithmetic Physiology Writing Nature Study Music General exercises Drawing Literary society work.

Sixth Year.

Reading; lessons should inelude History

animal life and adventure Physiology; including principles of Spelling nutrition and food values Language Co-operative enterprises Arithmetic Agriculture; 1st half-year, the af- Writing fairs of agriculture; 2nd_half- Music ‘ year, the soil. Drawing General exercises; for boys, wood- Geography work; for girls, sewing.

Seventh Year.

Reading and Literature . Music

Spelling History

Arithmetic Co-operative enterprises Grammar Agriculture; farming schemes Writing General exercises Geography; combined with phys- Literary society work.

ical geography “Sabie ig ear,

Reading and Literature Geography

Spelling History

Grammar Agriculture

Arithmetic; including farm pro- General exercises blems, land surveying and farm Literary society work statistics

CAUSE OF RETARDATION IN COUNTRY SCHOOLS.

(Report of N. E. A.,.1905, Rural Schools, pages 50-51.)

The poor results in the teaching of the common branches, too often apparent, are given as good and sufficient reasons why no other work should be attempted. It is assumed that the poor quality of these results is due to lack of time in the school and that, therefore, there is no time for anything else.

The other objection is that the course of study is now over- crowded and that, in rural schools especially, the variety and num- her of classes renders it impossible to organize and instruct addi- ~ tional classes in new subjects.

As to the first objection, it may be said that the poor results in the teaching of the common branches is not due to lack of time on the part of pupils, so much as to poor teaching and lack of - proper organization.

349

The second objection is likewise not well founded, because the overcrowding of the course is not due to the number of subjects but to the attempt to teach too many things in these subjects which are not worth the teaching.

The subject matter in the common school course of study needs a critical revision, not so much with the idea of eliminating entire subjects as for the purpose of cutting out matter now found in most textbooks in the treatment of these subjects, and upon which much time is spent in the school without profit to pupils.

Textbooks are made to sell; most publishers recognize that cer- tain detail of treatment of a subject is regarded as of vital impor- tance by one superintendent while another regards it as utterly without value. The argument of the publisher from the com- mercial standpoint is that if this detail is supplied, it will meet the requirements of one, and can be omitted by another, and thus the book can be accepted by both.

In the rural schools the supervision is necessarily lacking in effectiveness, and the teachers, not feeling themselves competent to make proper eliminations, undertake to teach everything in the books, which was made to include everything which anybody might wish to teach.:

The Course of Study—What is it? What is its purpose?

A course of study should represent the policy of the Depart- ment of Public Instruction in regard to the subjects to be taught in the public schools, so arranged as to suggest their relation to each other, their relative importance, and the methods of teaching. It is the Charter, the Constitution.

The Term Outline is an adaptation of the course of study for each individual school or group of schools, giving the work in each subject in detail and apportioned to each month or divisions of the term.

The Lesson Plan is a detailed statement of the methods used in teaching the different subjects.

‘The Daily Program shows the amount of time devoted to the study of each subject. This is important as showing the time given to each subject and also the economical use of the school hours by the teacher.

Considering the favorable attitude cf such men as I have quoted from towards our present course of study, and remem- bering its evolution, I would not at the present time recommend any radical changes. It is elastic enough to be adapted to all our conditions and lacks detail enough to leave room for the initiative and originality of the teacher. All agree that it is sound in prin- ciple and good so far as it goes. In fact, you have never heard _an unfavorable criticism of it when clearly understood from any student of school administration, from any educational expert, oF from any organization which has gained for itself a reputation for intelligent interest in public school affairs, = © ahd %

350

At present there is general interest being awakened in regard to school curriculums all over the United States; there is a very general feeling that the courses of study should be changed in some way to better meet the needs of the child—his future as well as his present needs. Formerly the only thought of the teacher was the training of the child’s mind. Now we are gradually realizing that the child is made up of soul, body, and clothes, as well as mind, and that it is this child in his entirety that comes to school and this child that the school must provide for. As I say there is at present a great unrest in this matter and it seems to me that it will be a wise policy to wait and see just what direction this movement will take and what light will be shed upon the subject by the study and investigations which are in progress.

When the industrial schools which are contemplated have been started and fully under way, it may become necessary to make some changes in the course to meet the changed conditions, but at present I believe no change is necessary but that all seeming difficulties can be met by preparing detailed outlines, following _ the requirements of the course, and adapted to the several dis- tricts of the islands.

Therefore I recommend that each Supervising Principal pre- pare a type term outline adapted to the schools under his super- vision—an outline for a one, two, three-room school, etc., copies of these outlines to be sent to the Department and to the several local principals to be by !them, under the direction or with the approval of the Supervising Principal, adapted to meet the needs of their schools. From the term outlines filed in the office by the Supervising Principals, the Department may, by selecting the best from each, prepare type outlines which will better meet the needs of the schools in general and will serve as a working basis for particular outlines by all supervising principals and thus bring about more uniformity in school work.

I believe that, if all these suggestions and instructions are in- telligently carried out, and if we all work faithfully and loyally together, the work accomplished this year will place the schools of our territory on a higher plane than they have yet occupied.

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS.

For many years it has been a standing joke that public docu- ments were dry and uninteresting ; indeed that they did little bet- ter than to cumber the earth. But times have changed and now, especially from those interested in agricultural research, such publications find a hearty welcome.

As readers of this magazine should know, the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture issues a “Monthly List” giving the titles of all the publications put out by its several Bureaus and Divisions. This convenient pamphlet will be sent free to anyone who applies to the Division of Publications, U. S. Department of Agriculture,

351

Washington, D. C. From it one may check off the publications in which he is interested. An application to the appropriate bureau usually brings the report requested, without charge, and for the few for which payment is required the amount is merely nominal.

But as many of the most valuable reports soon go out of print and can then no longer be supplied by the Department of Agri- culture, it is well to have a second string to one’s bow, such as is supplied by the price lists of the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington. This official has charge of all public documents remaining after the needs of the several departments have been supplied. His office is the repository of wll extra copies.

The Superintendent of Documents is authorized to sell at cost any public document in his charge, the distribution of which is not otherwise provided for.

The accumulation of government publications in this office amounts to several millions, of which more than a million are available as a sales stock, covering nearly every important De- partment, Bureau, and series. Many rare books are included, but under the law all must be sold “at cost,” regardless of their age or scarcity. Of many of the most valuable works but few copies remain.

In ordering, it should be borne in mind that most of the books have been in stock some time, and are apt to be shopworn. In filling orders, however, the best copy available is sent.

This office possesses the most complete collection of United States Government publications, and employs several document experts in reference work. Information regarding public docu- ments will gladly be supplied.

As the sales officer for Government publications he is anxious to inform the people how and where to secure documents they may desire.

PRICE LISTS.

Descriptive lists of United States public documents relating to special subjects that are for sale by the Superintendent of Docu- ments at Washington are sent on application. The practice of publishing lists embracing a variety of subjects has been discon- tinued. The numbers and subjects of the lists now available tollow:

10. Laws of the United States. 21. Fishes.

11. Food and diet. 22. Superseded by Price List 52. 12. Superseded by Price List 51. 23. Dairy industry.

13. Superseded by Price List 50. 24. Indians.

14. Superseded by Price List 51. 25. Transportation.

15. Geological Survey publications. 26. Sociology.

16. Secretary’s office, Agric. Dept. 27. Ethnology.

17. Superseded by Price List 52. 28. Finance.

18. Engineering, Mechanics. 29. Economies.

19. Army and Navy. 30. Natural wonders and antiqui- 20. Lands. ties,

$52

31. Education. 42, Experiment Stations office. 32. Noncontiguous territory and 43. Forest Service. Cuba. 44, Plant Industry Bureau. 33. Labor question. 45. Public Roads Office. 34. Library of Congress publica- 46. Soils Bureau. tions. 47. Statistics Bureau, Agric. Dept. 36. . Periodicals. 48. Weather Bureau. Ore. CaArise, 49. Proceedings of Congress. 38. Animal Industry Bureau. 50.. American history. 39. Biological Survey. 51. Health and hygiene. 40. Chemistry Bureau, Agricul- 52.,. Poultry ;) Birds. ture Department. 53. . Maps.

41. Entomology Bureau.

[Numbers 1 to 9 were in a different series. They are out of — print and will not be reprinted. |

Price list 35 will be on Geography.

A numbered series of briefer price lists, known as “Leaflets,” is also in course of issue. The numbers and subjects of the Leaflets thus far available are, among others:

2. Smithsonian-« Institution. 30. A. L. A. eatalog.

3. National Museum. 31. Manual of style.

6. Nautical Almanae Office pub- 33. Interstate commerce reports, lications, general.

10. Public documents. 39. Fuel testing.

14. Document guide. 40. Structural materials.

22. 8th Geographic Congress. 41. Horses: Cattle.

Documents can not be supplied free to individuals, nor can they be forwarded in advance of payment.

HOW TO REMIT.

Remittances should be made to the Superintendent of Docu- ments, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., by postal money order, express order, or New York draft. If currency is sent, it will be at sender’s risk.

To facilitate the payment of the cost of documents, the Super- intendent of Documents will hereafter accept coupons issued by him instead of cash. Coupons of the value of 5 cents each are sold in sets of 20 for $1.00. Address order to Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office. ir

Postage stamps, coins defaced or worn smooth, foreign money, or uncertified checks positively will not be accepted.

No charge is made for postage on documents forwarded to points in the United States, Guam, Hawaii, Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, or to Canada, Cuba, or Mexico. To other countries the regular rate of postage is charged, and remittances must cover such postage. °

353 THE COMBUSTION OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN.

(Paper read before the Chemists’ Association at the annual meet- ing by Carlton C. James.)

The world’s consumption of nitrate of soda in 1910 amounted to 2,251,000 tons with a value of about 7834 millions of dollars. Practically all of this material comes from the natural saltpetre fields of Chili, a base of supply which cannot be considered inex- haustible by any means. In fact from estimates made in 1899 the nitre fields were expected to last for forty-six years and later estimates set the life of the fields at 75 to 100 years. Naturally another source of nitrogen would be desirable if we were to ‘anticipate a bread famine and prevent it; for as Sir William Crookes pointed out some years ago in order to live we must have bread, and to have bread we must have wheat, and to grow wheat we must have nitrogen. There is abundance of nitrogen ‘in the air, and when one stops to think that the nitrogen in the whole world’s supply of nitrate of soda, over 337 thousand tons, | could be obtained from the atmosphere covering only twelve acres of the earth’s surface, the possibilities for profit in exploit- ing the atmosphere become apparent.

The combustion of atmospheric nitrogen dates back to Henry Cavendish, who about 1780 discovered nitrogen in the air, deter- mined the composition of air with such accuracy that his figures are practically unchanged today, and who disclosed the fact that nitrogen and oxygen slowly combine under the action of electrical discharges. }

And today a cheap source of electrical energy is the important point in the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen and the manufacture of nitrate of lime upon a commercial scale. Consequently we find this infant industry starting in the countries supplying the largest and cheapest source of electrical energy, such as Norway where the kilowatt year is obtained for from $5.00 to $8.00, or in Switzerland where the cost ranges around $10.00.

Curiously enough the first attempt to obtain nitrogen from the air upon a commercial scale was made at Niagara Falls by Charles S. Bradley and D. Ross Lovejoy under their own patents. They formed the Atmospheric Products Company with a capital of $1,000,000 back in 1902, but after two years’ work they had to suspend operations. The price of energy at Niagara Falls, about $20.00 per kilowatt year, probably had a good deal to do with the failure of this enterprise. Since Bradley and Lovejoy’s experiments we find a number of methods have been patented and are in use, or have beem tried, in countries having cheap water power. The process which seems to have given satis- faction for the longest time is one’ devised by Birkeland & Eyde in Norway.

354

This process consists briefly of driving a current of ait through a chamber in which it comes in contact with an electric arc situ- ated in a magnetic field. The electrodes are fork shaped, water cooled, and are set perpendicular to the lines of magnetic force so that the discharges form a disk of sparks. When once set these arcs burn weeks without regulation and the electrodes last for months. There is a limiting value, however, to the forma- tion of nitric oxide, about 5%, and at the higher temperatures at which the oxidation takes place the action is reversible. It will be seen then that the important point in working the furnaces is to have the reaction take place at the highest tem- perature of the arc in order to get a high yield of nitric oxide and then to quickly cool the gas so that the reverse action does not take place. This has been accomplished in practice by sweep- ing the gas out of the region of the are.so as to be instantly cooled by the surrounding air, and by electrical and mechanical means whereby the arcs are interrupted several thousand times a second.

The waste heat from the treated air is used under the boilers © _. for evaporating and concentrating purposes, and is then con- ducted to oxidation tanks where the NO is gradually changed to nitrogen peroxide as soon as the temperature falls below 600° C. by the excess oxygen always present. The gases then enter ab- sorption towers filled with broken quartz or acid proof stones and down which dilute nitric acid slowly runs. When the acid reaches the proper concentration it is drawn for shipment or for the treating of either soda or lime to form nitrates. The oxides of nitrogen which escape the absorption towers are car- ried up a wooden tower in which they meet a fine spray of soda solution and are fixed as a weak solution of sodium nitrate and nitrite. From the nitric acid nitrate of soda, nitrate of potash, nitrate of lime, or ammonium nitrate may be formed. As a good quality of limestone is found near Notodden, where the Birke- land-Eyde system is installed and, as soda would have to be im- ported for manufacturing sodium nitrate, nitrate of lime has been the finished product. The limestone is treated with weak nitric acid and a dilute solution of nitrate of lime formed which is concentrated, crystalized and ground. It is then packed in tight barrels of about 220 pounds.

In 1909 the Notodden works produced 12,600 tons nitrate of lime, 2700 tons nitrate of soda, and 370 tons of sodium nitrate and nitric mixed. The markets of Europe have absorbed this output and will probably continue to do so to a greater or less extent for some time to come. The combustion of atmospheric nitrogen has passed out of the experimental stage and today is a thriving infant industry. It is simply a matter of time until nitrate of lime is as well known to the commercial and agri- cultural world as nitrate of soda.

L

om

YU

DIVISION OF FORESTRY:

Flonolulu,sates33,. 914. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry.

GENTLEMEN :—I have the honor to submit as follows the routine report of the Division of Forestry for the month of Octo- ber, 1911:

During the first ten days of the month my own time was taken up with the preparation of a comprehensive planting plan for lands in the Koolau District, Maui, drawn up at the request of the managers of the Maui Agricultural Company and the Hawai- ian Commercial & Sugar Company, as the result of various visits to that locality. The area to be planted—for the most part gov- ernment land within the Koolau forest reserve—is the section along the irrigation ditches where the native forests died some years ago. The object of the planting is to fill up the blanks in the forest on the exposed ridges with trees able to grow under the unfavorable conditions that characterize that locality. The trees planted will be useful in themselves and will, it is believed, by affording protection against the strong and continuous winds, assist the return of the native forest on these ridges.

Later in the month I spent some time in preparing a brief ad- dress for the annual meeting of the Hawatian Sugar Planters’ Association, and in gathering data for and making out a supple- mentary report on the awa question and a letter of suggestion to the Bishop estate trustees in regard to a forest problem on one of their lands.

On October 18, in company with Mr. O. L. Sorenson, I visited Kawailoa, Waialua, Oahu, in this connection, going the next day to Pupukea, where I made a final inspection of the tree planting on “Water Reserve C,” in the Pupukea forest reserve. All the trees on that tract having now reached the height required in the contract—3 feet—I have accepted the work as complete and have O. K.’d Mr. C. G. Owen’s final bill under his contract. This little forest plantation is growing excellently. It is distinctly a good asset.

Arbor Davy.

Preparations for Arbor Day, Nov. 10, 1911, have kept the nur- sery staff busy during the last half of the month. As usual a considerable number of consignments of trees have been sent out to the schools all over the Territory. On Arbor Day two dozen trees each will be given to as many persons as have made applica- tion and will call for the same at the Government nursery.

On October 28th Governor Frear issued a proclamation for- mally setting apart November 10th as Conservation and Arbor Day and recommending its general observance.

356 Trees for Plantations and Other Corporations. >

During the past month several large orders of forest tree seed- lings in seed boxes have been filled for sugar plantation companies and other corporations. Roughly, 56,000 seedlings have been sent out. Several other large orders have also been booked recently. Mr. Haughs’ report will give the details.

By arrangement with Mr. W. T. Pope, Superintendent of Pub- lic Instruction, the remainder of the Congressional vegetable seed on hand at the Government nursery has been sent out to the | principals of schools having gardens.

Very respectfully,

RauLpeu S. HOsMER, Superintendent of Forestry.

REPORT:-ON AWA.

Honolulu, Oct. 26, 1911.

Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu.

GENTLEMEN :—As a result of a conference with the President of the Board relative to the disposition of awa in forest reserves. I have to submit as supplementary to my report of July 10, 1911, on this subject, the following statement :

By direction of the Board a circular letter was sent out some weeks ago to most of the district foresters asking for informa- tion as to the quantity of awa in their districts, price and other matters. To this letter there were 18 replies. The majority say that there is little awa growing wild on Government lands, the bulk of that at present in the market being obtained from culti- vated patches. Awa is, however, reported from Hanalei, Kauai; Kohala and Puna, Hawaii, and Hana, Maui. The price per ton for awa seems to vary considerably with the locality, ranging from $140 to $320 or more a ton, delivered at steamer landing (Hana, 7c lb.; Kona, 11%-12c; Hanalei, 4c green (16c dry). These figures coincide with those given by Mr. von Damm, quoted in my former report. It takes from 3 to 4 lbs. of green awa to make 1 lb. of the dried product.

In. selling awa it is obviously more satisfactory that a definite percentage should be paid per pound, or per ton, for the quantity gathered where this can be done without necessitating much out- lay for inspection. Where it is possible to keep separate all of the awa gathered by one person that comes from a given piece of Government land, it should be easy to secure copies of the

Jae

freight bills from the transportation companies, on the basis of - which payment could be made.

When it is not feasible to do this a license may well be granted giving to a stated person for a definite term the right to gather awa from a specified land. This is a simpler method, but as the Government has no way of knowing, except at prohibitory ex- pense, just how much awa there is on any one piece of land the returns under this method are not likely to be as large as when payment is made by weight. Therefore, whenever possible the first method should be used. Otherwise, when the right is granted at all, it should be by the second method.

In view of the above it is now recommended that the Board adopt the following requirements as its policy in selling awa and other minor forest products from the forest reserves:

(1) That all licenses the annual payments of which amount to over $100 be sold at public auction.

(2) That an upset price be fixed which for awa shall in no case be less than Mc per pound green, or 2c per pound dry weight. Where it seems justifiable a certain percentage of the rental should be demanded at the time of the auction from the successful bidder. In the case of smaller sales the rate should be governed by the same considerations.

(3) That payments under the licenses be made at least every six months.

(4) That the term of the license be determined separately in each case. In general for awa it should not exceed two years.

(5) That for every mature awa plant removed there be planted 18 slips (akaa).

(6) That the licenses be granted only on condition that rea- sonable care be exercised not to damage unnecessarily the re- maining forest growth, and that every precaution shall be taken to prevent the starting of forest fires.

(7) That the Board reserves the right to reject any and all

bids.

It is further recommended, where awa or other minor forest products are desired for strictly personal use by people living in the vicinity of a given forest reserve, that the custom of grant- ing free use permits be continued; in this case the permit to be issued, upon application, for a limited period only, by the local district forester, in his discretion.

In the matter of the applications for awa that have recently been made to the Board, several are for lands still under lease over which this Board has at present no jurisdiction. With the others now pending and with later applicants it is recommended that licenses be sold in conformity with the general plan herein outlined, for the rights to collect awa in the several forest re- serves ; the method of payment to be as far as possible on a basis

358

of weight; and that the working out of the details in each case be left to the President of the Board and the Superintendent of Forestry with power to act.

Very respectfully,

RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent of Forestry.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Honolulu, November 1, 1911. Hon, Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry.

GENTLEMEN :—I respectfully submit my report of the work of the Division of Entomology for the month of October as follows:

During this month, we boarded 27 vessels and found 19 carry- ing fruit, vegetables and plants.

After a careful inspection of the various shipments, the fol- lowing results were obtained :

Disposal with principal causes. Lots. Parcels.

Passed asiitee irémunests.\; ger 2).c ae eee 850 20,457 LBS bg 60a 6 ed oe D6 he ea ce OIRE «WE teehee 39 : By Fuimigared’ befote Télessine: 2 ae ou ee 7 OF,

Lowel inspected ingen. «2 meee oe 896 20,831

4

Rice Shipments.

During the month there arrived from Japan 20,233 bags of rice which were found free from pests and allowed to be delivered.

Pests Intercepted.

Two shipments of beans arrived on the Nippon Maru, which were infested by lepidopterous larvae (Family Phycitidas). The whole shipment was immediately placed in our fumigating rooms and subjected to the fumes of carbon bisulphide using a double dose for three days. All larvae were then found dead and the shipment was released with a warning to the consignees not to import any more shipments in like condition.

In the mail we found three lots of chestnuts which were badly infested with two species of weevils—the large chestnut weevil (Balaninus proboscideus) and the lesser chestnut weevil (Balani- nus restus). All three lots were first fumigated with carbon bisul- phide and then burned,

So,

Several small shipments of plants and cutflowers were found in- fested with aphids and the more common scale insects and were fumigated before being released.

On a small Otahite orange tree sent by the Storrs Harrison Company, Painesville, Ohio, to a party here we found four dif- ferent scale insects namely: Pseudococcus citri, Chrysomphalus aonida, Lepidosaphes bocku and Parlatoria pargandu. The plant was not more than a foot high and was burned. I wrote to the nursery firm that all such shipments would be immediately de- stroyed on arrival.

Hilo Inspection.

Bro. M. Newell, inspector at Hilo, reports the arrival of 7 ves- sels during the month. He found 3 carrying vegetable matter ; 133 lots, 2046 parcels were passed as free from pests; 1 lot of celery destroyed on account of blight and 36 sacks of potatoes were overhauled before they were allowed delivery.

Inter-Island Inspection.

On my return from the coast I have looked into the work per- formed by the two Inter-Island inspectors and herewith submit their reports:

During July, August, September and October the following number of vessels were attended to and the following number of packages containing fruit, vegetables and plants were prevented from being taken by passengers:

July —Steamers attended and inspected...... 51 ae Packages stopped from being taken... ... 95 August —Steamers attended and inspected...... 59 ie Packages stopped from being taken... ... 103 September—Steamers attended and inspected...... 49 i: Packages stopped from being taken... ... 70 October —Steamers attended and inspected...... 56 nS Packages stopped from being taken... ... 110

Reeds. isis ee etlets fasts oscun’. 74

Mepetablesy 44 Ad. sicfurcs 24

Em Er) ON abiiaiy se Au dle a ald «tay 12 Metal steamers attended... 4.03 diane: . 0. os 215 oe ‘Lonale pacieadea, weyected ¢ 4... 4005. 0%. 0 6 8 San 378

Sixty-five packages of plants met the requirements, being free from pests and having sterilized soil and were allowed to be shipped. One package of beans infested with weevils was taken and destroyed.

Respectfully yours,

E. M. Exruorn, Superintendent of Entomology.

360 DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Honolulu, Nov. 10, 1911.

Hon. C. S. Judd, President and Executive Officer, Board of Agriculture and Forestry.

Sir:—I have the honor to submit herewith a report on the work of the Division of Animal Industry for the month of Octo- bert olde

GLANDERS.

After a lapse of nearly one year glanders has again made its appearance, though only with a single case and under such cir- cumstances as to make it safe to state positively that no further cases are likely to occur and that the infection has been effectively stamped out. The case is, however, of interest on account of the possibility of an extensive outbreak being narrowly escaped, and as an illustration of the effectiveness of energetic measures when promptly taken and conscientiously carried out.

On October 5 I received a letter from Dr. Vans Agnew, veter- inarian to the 5th U. S. Cavalry, Schofield Barracks, informing me that one of the horses in Troop A was suffering from a nose disease which, though far from being characteristic of glanders, still was accompanied by lesions and symptoms sufficiently grave to warrant caution, and requesting me when convenient to come to Leilehua and make an examination of the animal. As a result of this I left for Leilehua the following day, but unfortunately did not find Dr. Vans Agnew or locate the animal which had been isolated, before it was too dark to make an investigation. On my return to Honolulu I found another letter from him say- ing that the animal was improving and suggesting that the case was one of the so-called Hawaiian nose disease, and further in- forming me that the entire regiment was starting on a practice march around the Island the following -day and that he would meet me in Honolulu when the regiment reached there. On Monday, October 9, at the last regular meeting of the Board, I informed the members that I had just received a telephone mes- sage from the veterinarian left in charge at Leilehua during Dr. Vans Agnew’s absence, saying that he had seen the case in ques- tion and found it very suspicious, asking that I come out immedi- ately, as a result of which I left the Board meeting for Leilehua. Owing to an accident to the automobile we were again overtaken by darkness and were compelled to remain at Wahiawa until the next morning, when the animal was located. An isolation stall, completely enclosed, had been built in a gulch on the reservation, at least one mile from the cavalry stables and so well segregated that the veterinarian who accompanied us failed to locate it in an

361

hour’s search and we were forced to return to headquarters for a guide. The animal was found to suffer from ulcerations of the mucous membrane in both nasal chambers with considerable sticky discharge from both nostrils, which discharge, at intervals, was mixed with blood to the extent of constituting a hemorrhage or epistaxis. There was, however, no swelling of the sub- maxillary glands and, as the animal had been under treatment for warts and tumors in the nose for several months past, it did not seem likely that the case was one of glanders unless as a secondary and very recent infection. The fact that the ulcera- tions were not located on the septum (the partition between the nasal chambers) in connection with the extremely swollen condi- tion of the mucous membrane immediately surrounding the ulcers likewise pointed to a negative diagnosis as far as glanders was concerned, but pointed on the other hand equally certain to epizootic lymphangitis, a disease which in these Islands has proved itself far more dangerous and much more difficult of eradication than glanders. It may be mentioned that in two outbreaks of this disease, both on the Island of Maui, though widely separated, not less than $3,000 worth of horse stock had to be sacrificed or died within a week or ten days, in each case. I did therefore feel a great deal more apprehension than had the case proved to be glanders. However, in order to eliminate the question of glanders entirely the animal was subjected to the mallein test, to which it gave not the slightest reaction, thereby practically confirming the other diagnosis.

It.may not be out of the way here to explain why this case is described under the heading of “Glanders,” when, in fact, the animal was suffering from a specific infectious disease, not even caused by a bacillus, like glanders (bacillus malleus), but by a fungus (saccharomyces farciminosus); only that the nature, symptoms, course and termination of the two diseases, the latter almost invariably fatal after a most violent course extending, as a rule, only over a few days, and as the accepted postulates of veterinary jurisprudence -are identical for the two diseases in those countries where both occur with equal virulence, it has been considered neither advisable nor desirable to promulgate special rules and regulations for a disease which for centuries has been considered as, or classified with, glanders or farcy, and which is not even possessed of a name comprehensible to a lay- man.

When, consequently, the diagnosis of epizootic lymphangitis had been accepted, the situation became as stated very grave. The affected animal, which was rapidly getting worse, had be- longed to Troop A which only a few days before had been dis- banded and the individual mounts distributed among the eleven other troops of the regiment. If, therefore, any of the contacts, that is, animals which had been more or less exposed to the in- fection from contact with the affected animal, had become in-

362

fected, there was a likelihood of every one of the remaining troops developing the disease in varying numbers of cases, and when to this is added that the entire regiment had left the reservation for a practice tour around the whole island it will be seen that there was sufficient cause for apprehension, not to say alarm. When, therefore, the following day the regiment arrived at Fort Shafter I immediately called on Dr. Vans Agnew and laid the facts before him, suggesting the inspection of all the ani- mals without delay. This, however, did not prove necessary ds the doctor had been with the regiment all the time and every case of sickness was known to him and so far none had shown any suspicious symptoms. That was encouraging so far, as the hard- ships of the tour undoubtedly would have caused the early ap- pearance of symptoms had any of the animals become infected. The doctor was, however, positive that there was no discharge from the nose of any of the mounts or draft animals and the con- clusion was therefore justified that no infection could have been scattered by the regiment even if some cases might develop later on.

It was nevertheless decided to submit the matter to General Macomb without delay and as the possible contacts were scat- tered through all the troops he was easily persuaded that no half- Way measures would be of any avail. With the General’s sanc- tion of a thorough disinfection of all of the stables at Schofield Barracks I applied to the Board of Health for the loan of the portable steam disinfection plant, which, the following morning, was placed on board a train and shipped to Leilehua.

In this connection I wish to state that the Board of Health, represented by Mr. Charlock, acting president, and Mr. Kirk Porter, secretary, did everything possible to assist in eradicating this infection which threatened the decimation of the cavalry and artillery horses stationed here. Not alone did they supply the engine with hundreds of feet of hose, but they advanced the requisite disinfecting material (corrosive sublimate and hydro- chloric acid), and for two days Mr. Charlock, with an engineer and an assistant, supervised and directed the work, giving their time as well as experience in handling as extensive an undertak- ing as the disinfecting of 1200 stalls.

A force of privates was put to work removing all straw, bed- ding and feed from mangers, racks and stalls, all of which was carted away and destroyed by burning, after which the hose gang saturated all woodwork and floors with the strong disin- fectant. After this had been allowed to soak in, the surplus liquid was washed away with clean water in the same manner as the disinfectant had been applied, and it is a matter of record that not a single case of poisoning was reported after the animals had been returned to the stalls. All watering troughs were emptied, cleaned and disinfected and the fact that only one sus-

363

picious case has been reported since is ample proof of the thor- oughness of the work.

When the regiment returned to Leilehua shortly after noon on October 13 everything was ready for the animals, but as a further precaution every horse and mule was inspected before being al- lowed to go to its stall.

The following day another suspicious case was reported and the same is still kept segregated; the mallein test has been ap- plied with negative result, and three guinea pigs inoculated intra- abdominally with the nasal discharge have failed to develop symptoms indicative of glanders. The animal has been visited regularly, but until every possibility of infection has disappeared it will be continued in quarantine.

SHEEP DISEASE ON LANAT.

Appended to this report will be found the correspondence per- taining to an outbreak of disease among the sheep on the Island of Lanai, where the assistant territorial veterinarian is now tem- ‘ porarily located. The deputy Territorial veterinarian from Maui is also on the island, the two cooperating in an effort to reach some definite conclusion as to the nature of the epidemic which has carried off a great number of animals. [rom the description forwarded by the manager of the Lanai Ranch it would seem that, ever since another epidemic among the sheep was investigated during the latter part of last year, a full report of which will be found in the annual report of this division for 1910, the sheep have continued to die in greater or less numbers and at varying periods of intervals. Dr. Fitzgerald from Maui was first directed to investigate and report on the present outbreak, he being in- clined to believe that the mortality was due to musty manienie grass, for which diagnosis there is ample support. The manager, however, leans toward a theory of an infectious disease, and even though I have been unable to find in the evidence submitted any reasonable grounds on which to base the diagnosis it was de- cided that so long as the sheep continued to die it would be better to make a bacteriological and microscopic investigation, and with the consent of the president of the Board, Dr. Case was instructed to equip himself with a complete outfit for this work and is, as stated, now looking into the matter, Dr. Fitzgerald conducting the field work and Dr. Case the laboratory work. Until the re- sults of this investigation have been received and further worked up, it would seem better not to express any opinion on the sub- ject, even though much could be said on the probable cause of the many deaths. Most of this is contained, however, in the corre- spondence submitted herewith.

ANIMAL QUARANTINE STATION, HONOLULU.

In accordance with instructions received at a recent meeting

364

of the Board (Nov. 2) the following has been posted conspicu- ously at various places at the Quarantine Station on the Beach Road:

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. Division of Animal Industry. NOTICE.

A charge of 25¢ per head per day will be levied on all horse stock or other large animals, and 10c per head per day for smaller animals (sheep, swine, goats, ete.) left on the premises of the animal quarantine station beyond the required quarantine period, or for non-quarantinable stock sent to the station for keep, detention or observation, except when so ordered by the Board or by the officers of the Division of Animal Industry.

The Board reserves the right to remit such charges, when, in its opinion, the detention of animals was either unavoidable or required for the interest of the service.

All damages to the fences, posts, gates, chutes, feed racks, mangers, buildings or any other part of the premises, due to the carelessness or negligence ‘on the part of the owners, agents, consignees, or their em- | ployees, will be charged against the stock and must be settled for before the animals are allowed to leave the station. The same applies to ac- crued charges for keep or detention as above specified.

CHAS. §. JUDD,

Chairman, Committee on Animal Industry, President and Executive Officer.

Honolulu, November 2, 1911.

As the notice differs slightly from the one originally suggested, I beg to ask the Board’s approval of the same or else instructicns as to changes therein.

HILO QUARANTINE STATION.

The question of the quarantine station for Hilo is still in abey- ance until it has been decided how the Board can best obtain possession of the required site. Until this has been decided definitely the tenders for bids for construction cannot be ad- vertised. The Board’s instructions in regard thereto are re- spectfully awaited.

The announcement of the arrival of the S. S. Lurline on No- vember 1 with a large consignment of live stock, among which are several stallions and jacks, all supposed to be very high class animals, revived the question of reconstructing the stallion boxes at the quarantine station so as to make them safe for the housing of such expensive animals.. It will be remembered that the sum of $150 was appropriated by the Board for the purpose at a meet- ing in July last, but with my absence from the Territory during August and September the subject was dropped until it now

365

presents itself again urgently. With the approval of the presi- dent I asked for bids on this work but the figures submitted by the two contractors who furnished estimates were far in excess of the funds available. For this reason it was decided to allow the stalls to remain at their present size, which is 9x12 feet inside measure, and simply to reinforce them by lining them all around with one-inch lumber; also to have the hinges and hooks of the doors made stronger and a bar of 3x4 lumber set in stake boxes, provided for the opening above each half door. This is now being done, and while the price will be well within the ap- propriated money the stalls will be safe and comfortable, though _ perhaps not quite as large as might be required for very bulky animals.

The ravages caused by the use of the station as a horse-selling emporium are becoming more and more manifest and a number of the pens must be either rebuilt or all the wires tightened. This will be done now so far as the remaining funds will permit.

As per instructions received letters were sent to the Schuman Carriage Co. and the Club Stables, as per copies appended, in- forming them that, until the money due the Board for the use of the station had been paid, no further permit to place or keep non-quarantinable stock on the premises would be granted. The sum of $10.50 was collected from Mr. Bellina for the keep of 21 animals for two days, he refusing to pay for the third day on ac- count of not having received due notice in regard to the order. Mr. Schuman’s application for the use of the station for his last importation of mules was denied for the reason above stated.

The report of the assistant Territorial veterinarian covering “he importations of live stock and other routine work will be sub- initted on his return, as he had to leave on short notice and could not get it together before his departure.

Very respectfully,

Victor A. NORGAARD, - Territorial Veterinarian.

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Garden and Farm Tools and implements

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farm or garden, is most complete and our stock large.

E. O. HALL & SON, LTD.

OFFICERS AND STAFF OF THE BOARD OF COMMIS- SIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

COMMISSIONERS. Charles S. Judd, President and Executive Officer. J. M. Dowsett P. R Jsenberg H. M. von Holt Albert Waterhouse

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire W arden. David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman.

Joseph F. Reck, Consulting Botanist. ; i: Bro. Matthias Newell, 22 churge of Sub-Nursery at Hilo, Hawai. | Walter D. McBryde, 7 charge.of Sub-Nursery at Homestead, Kauat, David Kapihe, Forest Ranger for Tantalus,

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

_Edward M, Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology and Chief Inspector. Albert Koebele, Consulting Entomologist.

Ae PS 1S Assistant Entomologist,

D. B. Kuhns, /uspector.

Miss Louise Gulick, Laboratory Assistant. ;

Fred Muir, Benefictal-Insect Collector.

Bro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo, Hawatt.

Robert R. Elgin, ) ( Mahukona, Hawatt. W. O. Aiken, | Honorary Frutt | Kahulut,Maut, W.D. McBryde, | and Plant Inspector 1 Koloa, Kauat,

Dr, W. B. Deas, | az | Hana, Maut. Capt. C. F.Turne J | Kaanapali, Maut.

W. M. Giffard, Director, Fruit Fly Control. DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Terrtiortal Veterinarian.

L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian.

H, B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Hilo, Hawait.

]. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Maut.

A. R, Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauat.

CLERICAL STAFF

Mrs. C. L. Seybolt, Clerk and Stenograbher. Miss Anna K. Harrison, Lzbvarian. Daniel Logan, Editor of the ‘‘ Forester.”

PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION.

‘Any one or all of the publications listed below (except those marked *) will be sent to residents of this Territory, free, upon application to . Mailing Clerk, P. O. Box 207, Honolulu.

BOARD.

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900; 66 pp.

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902; 88 pp.

* First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, trom July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp.

Second Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the vear ending December 31, 1905; 240 pp.; 8 plates; 10 text figures.

Third Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the

_ year ending December 31, 1906; 212 pp.; 3 plates; 4 maps; 7 text figures.

- Fourth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the calendar year ending December 31, 1907; 202 pp.; 7 plates.

Fifth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the calendar year ending December 31, 1908: 218 pp.: 34 plates.

Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910; 240 pp.; 45 plates.

“Notice to Importers,’’ by H. E. Cooper; 4’ pp.; 1903.

“Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Fruits, Vegetables, etc., into the Territory of Hawaii.’’ General Circular No. 1; 6 pp.

PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION ~ « »ntinued.

‘Important Notice to Ship Owners, Fruit Importers and Othere Rules and Reg-* tions Prohibiting the Introduction of Certain Pests and Anais into the Terri- tory of Hawaili.’”’ General Circular No. 2; 3 pp.; 1904.

“Law and Regulations, Importation and Inspection of Honey Bees and Honey.” General Circular No. 3; 7 pp.; 1908.

“The Hawaiian Forésicr and Agriculturist,” a monthly magazine. Vols. I to ‘VII;

1904-1910. Te ve obtained from the Hawaiian Gazette Co., Honolulu. Price

$1 a year.

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

* “Forest and Ornaniental Tree Seed for Sale at Government Nursery.” Press Bulletin No. 1; 3 pp.; 1905.

* “Suggestions in Regard to the Arbor Day Tree Planting Contest.’ Press Bulletin No.. 2; 7 pp.;1905.

“An Offer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters.” Circular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905.

‘Revised List of Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at ‘the Government Nursery.’ Press Bulletin No. 3; 4 pp.; 1906.

* “Instructions for Propagating and. Pianting Forest Trees.’”’ Press Bulletin Neo. 4; 4 pp.; 1906.

“Instructions for Planting Forest, Shade and Ornamental Trees.” Press Bulletin No; 7. ppag L909. :

“Na Hoakaka no ke Kanu Ana i na Laau Malumalu ame na Laau Hoohiwahiwa.” Press Bulletin No. 6; 8 pp.; 1909.

“Eucalyptus Culture in Hawaii,’’ by Louis Margolin. Bulletin No. 1; 88 pp.; 12 plates; 1911.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Re- print from Second Report of the Board; 77 pp.; 5 plates.

* Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Re print from Vhird Report of the Board; 123 pp.; 4 maps.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Re print from Fourth Report of the Board; 70 pp.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Re print from Fifth Report of the Board; 85 pp.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 86 pp.; 22 plates.

DIVISION ON ENTOMOLOGY.

“The Leaf-Hopper cf the Sugar Cane,” by R. C. L. Perkins. Bulletin No. 1; 38 pp.; 1903.

** “A Catalogue of the Hemipterous Family Aleyrodidae,” by ©. W. Kirkaldy, and ‘‘Aleyrodidae of Hawaii and Fiji with Descriptions of New Species,’’ by Jacob Kotinsky. Bulletin No. 2; 102 pp.; 1 plate; 1907.

**On Some Diseases of Cane Specially Considered in Relation to the Leaf-Hopper Pest and to ine Stripping of Cane,’”’ by R. C. L. Perkins. Press Bulletin No. 1; 4 pp.; 1904. :

“A Circular of Information,’’ by JacoL Kotinsky. Circular No. 1; 8 pp.; 1905.

“The Japanese Beetle Fungus,’ by Jacob Kotinsky and Bro. M. Newell. Circular No. 2; 4 pp., eut; 1905.

Kule VII: ‘Concerning the Prevention of Distribution of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly’; unnuinbered leaflet; 1910. Rule VIII: ‘Concerning the Importation of all Banana Fruit. Banana Shoots or

Plants’; unnumbered leaflet; 1911.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 68 pp.; 3 plates; 10 text figures. teport of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1906.

Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 25 pp.; 7 text figures. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Keprint from Fourth Report of the Board; 18 pp.; 1 plate.

Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1908.

Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 26 pp.; 2 plates. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the biennial period ending is 9 31, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 70 pp.; 10 plates.

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

* “Ynspection of Imported Live Stock.” Rule 1; 1 p.; 1905. * “Tnspection and Testing of Imported Live Stock for Glanders and Tuberculosis.” Rule 2; 1 p.; 1905. Ms “Concerning Glandered Horse Stock in the Territory.”” Rule %; 1 p.; 1905. * “To Amend Rule 1, Inspection of Imported Live Stock.” Kuie 4; 1 p.; 1907. * “Quarantine of Horse Stock from California.” Rule 8; 1 p.; 1908. “Rules and Regulations, Inspection and Testing of Live Stock.” Rules and Laws} 11 pp.; unnumbered pamphlet; Revised 1910. ; Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1905 Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 62 pp.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 41 pp.; 3 plates.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Reprint from the Fourth Report of the Board; 104 pp.; 6 plates.

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 44 pp.

Zeport of the Division of Animal Industry, for the biennial period ending December 81, 1910. Reorint from Report of the Board; 59 pp.; 12 »lates.

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