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HAWAII

Its Agricultural
Possibilities

By E. V. yyiLCox

Special Agent In Charge
Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station

ISSUED BY THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR
THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII OF THE ALASKA-
YUKON PACIFIC EXPOSITION

A. F. KNUDdEN, CHAinMAN
W.H, BABBITT A.W.CARTER

JAMES F. MORGAN J. N. S. WILLIAMS

H. P.WOOD, Secretary
LOYD CHILD8, Special Agent AND
Disbursing Opficcr

HONOLULU, MAY 1909

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CONTENTS

The climate of Hawaii 5

Soils 6

Unlimited variety of crops 8

Sugar 10

Riee 11

Sisal 13

Rubber 14

Tobacco 16

Coffee 18

Cotton 19

Cassava 21

Matting plants 21

Castor bean 22

Manila hemp 22

Corn , 23

Pineapples 23

Bananas 25

Mango 26

Avocado 27

Citrus fruits 27

Roselle 28

Grapes 28

Cocoanut 29

Vanilla 30

Papaya 30

Flowers 31

Sweet potatoes and other vegetables 32

Silk . 32

Bees 33

Forage plants .' 33

Live stock 36

What Hawaii offers to the mainland farmer 39

Public Lands • 40

COCOANUT GROVE.

THE CLIMATE OF HAWAII

One of the important factors in the agriculture of any
country, is the climate. In this respect, Hawaii is very
>favorably situated, being favored with perhaps, as nearly
as may be, an ideal climate. The slight daily and sea-
sonal range of temperature is almost as striking in Ha-
waii as in any part of the tropics, while the maximum
temperature is by no means high. A temperature of
90° F. is very high for Hawaii. In Honolulu, for example,
the maximum temperature for the past fifteen years is
89°. The average annual temperature ranges in Hono-
lulu from 72.9° to 74° for different years. During the
same period, the lowest recorded temperature was 52" F.,
and such low temperatures ordinarily persist only for a
few hours. The daily range of temperature is seldom
greater than 11° F. While the temperature records are
more complete for Honolulu than for other parts of the
Islands, there are, nevertheless, long continued records
at certain points on all the Islands; and these records
show essentially the same conditions as those which pre-
vail in Honolulu. It will be seen from these statements
that there are no sudden changes of temperature and it
should also be noted that there are only very slight and
gradual seasonal changes. The average daily tempera-
ture gradually becomes lower during the winter and rises
during the summer; but the variation is so slight that
there may be summer days at any season of the year.

The climatic conditions for rapid growth of vegetation
are, therefore, about as favorable as could possibly be
found. Even the intensity of the sunlight, which is
characteristic of tropical countries, is here tempered by
the almost daily occurrence of light clouds which are
formed on the mountains in the center of each island and
are slowly drifted out over the leeward side.

While the climatic conditions nearer sea level are ex-
ceedingly uniform, it is, nevertheless, possible to secure
a great variety of climate in the Territory by going to
different altitudes and on different sides of the island.
On account of the prevalence of gentle trade winds for
about 260 days of the year, the islands are naturally
divided into a windward and leeward side, the windward
side lying on the northeast. On the windward side, the

270147

temperature is uniformly lower than on the leeward side,
while the moisture content of the air is higher and the
rainfall greater. The climate of the Territory as a whole
perhaps varies most in respect to rainfall, which may
be 200 inches or more per year on the windward side of
the islands, while it gradually diminishes to two inches,
or even less, on some of the leeward shores. In fact, there
are localities which receive no rain except during the
occasional "Kona," or southwest storms.

The winds are ordinarily light, and Hawaii is never
visited by the fierce hurricanes of most tropical countries.
Paradoxical as it may seem, the winds are likely to be
stronger on the side of the islands opposite that from
which the wind comes. The humidity of the air is uni-
formly low, which makes even the moderate temperatures,
which prevail in the Territory, seem lower than they
really are. For this reason, sun strokes are of the rarest
occurrence in the Territory. Electrical disturbances are
also of exceedingly rare occurrence.

The slopes are relatively steep on all the islands ex-^
cept near the sea shore, and this brings about a rapid
change of altitude as one goes from the shore-line- toward
the interior. The highest elevations on the various
islands range from 1400 feet on Kahoolawe to 13,800
feet on Hawaii. At higher altitudes frost and snow are
^een, particularly during the winter months. In several
fobalities it is possible to enjoy a warm sea bath and
reach snow within 25 or 30 niiles. On account of the
relatively low humidity and the absence of excessively
high temperatures, the inhabitant of temperate clim-
ates upon coming to Hawaii is able to do physical labor
in the open, such as he is accustomed to, and is better
Off iii health for so doing. At ordinary elevations, the
inhabitants of the Territory live practically in the open
air the year round, since it is almost never necessary to
close windows or to seek protection against the weather,
except for occasional showers.

THE SOILS

The Hawaiian Islands, as a whole, are of volcanic
Qrigin and all the rocks from which our soils have been
formed, may be considered as basaltic lava. This lava
came from craters or crevices formed by volcanic erupt-
ion, under a considerable variety of forms, and the orig-
inal rock material was, therefore, solid, smooth masses

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of basalt, broken masses of such material containing
cavities in which steam and other gases were formed, or
finely divided volcanic cinder. From these materials,
the present agricultural soils have been formed by pro-
cesses of disintegration, due to chemical changes, the
effects of water; and the growth of plants.

From the standpoint of geological chronology, the
Islands, as a whole, are relatively new; and the soils
have, therefore, not been subjected to as many changes
as have occurred in older agricultural regions. Our
soils differ greatly from those on the mainland, and can-
not be classified without considerable qualification in the
group names which have bewi adopted for mainland soils.
Our soils are, on the whole, exceedingly fertile, due partly
to the original abundant store of plant food in them,
and the relatively short period to which they have been
subjected to leaching.

The soils of the Hawaiian Islands are sometimes classi-
fied, according to color, into red, yellow and black soils.
The red and yellow colors are due to the presence of iron
oxide, the yellow soils being more highly transformed
and somewhat less fertile than the red soils. The color
of our black soils is due to the presence of humus, mag-
netic iron oxide, or manganese. As a rule, the soil are
very deep, some of them being decomposed in place, while
others are partly the results of washing from higher
levels. Physically, our soils are characterized by the
large percentage of exceedingly fine granules. In some
localities, the fineness of the soils compares closely with
that of precipitated chalk, being almost an impalpable
powder. In other localities they show a large percentage
of granules, giving rise to the term "shotty" soils. Most
of our soils become sticky when wet, but readily disin-
tegrate again upon drying out.

From a chemical standpoint, our soils are characterized
by the high content of Iron, which ranges from fifteen
to forty or sixty, and in exceptional cases, 80%. The
iron is present in all of the usual forms or oxide. The
content of phosphoric acid and nitrogen is relatively
high, but these elements are not always in the most
available form. Potash is present in about the same
• percentage as occurs on the mainland. Manganese is
found in our soils to a much higher degree than on the
mainland, constituting, in some of the black soils, as
much as ten per cent, of the total constituents. Titanium
IS also relatively abundant in the soils. Lime has been

leached out from many of the soils, but may be readily
restored by applying coral sand, which is chiefly carbon-
ate of lime, and in the best possible form for soil improve-
ment.

When plowed deeply, our soils are exceedingly reten-
tive of moisture, as evidenced by the fact that cotton and
various other plants thrive in a wild condition where no
rain falls except once or twice per year, and then only
to the extent of one or two inches. Moreover, good crops
of alfalfa and forty bushels of corn per year have been
produced with two inches of rainfall without irrigation.
One of the most important points in soil cultivation,
which has been demonstrated by the sugar planters, is
the great value of deep plowing. Some of our soils are
commonly plowed to a depth of two or three feet, and
are thus put in condition to hold and store the rainfall
for the benefit of the crop. The soils are easily kept in
good tilth and great fertility by deep plowing, suitable
crop rotation, and the application of fertilizers to replace
special elements of plant food removed by the crops.

On account of the porous nature of the underlying
rocks in most localities, the rain may penetrate to great
depths, but a large part of this water supply is recovered
by means of artesian wells, which have been developed
as extensively and as skillfully here as anywhere in the
world.

UNLIMITED VARIETY OF CROPS.

On account of the range of altitude on the different
islands, we have conditions suitable for the growth of
almost all the agricultural crops of the world. While
at present sugar is the main crop, there are also large
plantations of coffee, rice, sisal, rubber, fruits, forage
plants, etc. Various kinds of hay, alfalfa, matting plants,
tobacco, corn, cotton, wheat and other cereals, sorghum,
Manila hemp, Sansevieria, and other field crops are found
in thriving condition in various parts of the islands. In
the production of fruits, there is practically no limit,
either in the fruits of temperate climates at higher alti-
tudes, or of tropical fruits at lower altitudes. The fruits
and nuts actually grown at the present time, include,*
pineapple, banana, mango, orange, citron, lemon, man-
darin, pomelo, shaddock, lime, grape, avocado, fig, cocoa-
nut, vanilla, strawberry, roselle, papaia, mangosteen,
kumquat, loquat, monstera, sour sop. sweet sop, custard

BREAD FRUIT.

apple, cheiimoya, macadamia nut, betel nut, dates,
mountain apple, rose apple, water apple, cayenne cherry,
bush cherry, jambolan plum, water lemon, guava, grena-
dilla, tamarind, cacao, castor bean, annatto, ginger,
cashew nut, mammee apple, star apple, oil palm seeds,
tuna, ohelo berry, carambola, bread fruit, durian, pome-
granate, otaheite gooseberry, peach, apple, cherry, apri-
cot, kukui nut, bhel fruit, indigo, sapodilla, longan,
leitchee, wii, poha, wampii, cinnamon, cinchona, vegeta-
ble ivory palm, and nearly all of the known palms. In
the line of garden vegetables, we can successfully raise
almost the entire list of such crops, including sweet po-
tato, Irish potato, taro, pia or cassava, tomato, pepper,
cabbage, onion, beet, raddish, lettuce, asparagus, beans,
peas, turnip, carrot, melons, squash, pumpkin, egg plant,
celery, cauliflower, spinach; and a long list of oriental
vegetables used chiefly by the asiatics. In the line of
legumes, we are producing cow peas, soy beans, Jack
beans, alfalfa, pigeon pea, lupines, beans, peas, sulla, etc.

The Hawaiian Islands may be said to be capable of
developing an almost absolute independence so far as
food supply, wearing material, and woods for fuel and
construction are concerned. The long list of food prod-
ucts, which have already been mentioned, shows that we
have everything which could be desired in that direction.
In addition to vegetable food materials, we produce beef,
mutton, pork, poultry of all kinds, and eggs, as also an
abundance of deer, pheasants and other game birds, and
an unusual variety of fish in our waters. Last year about
1,000 tons of honey were produced in the Islands. To
those who are interested in fiber plants and wearing ma-
terial, it is only necessary to mention that our sisal ranks
the very highest on the market; that our cotton has been
declared, by the Bremen Cotton Exchange, to be of the
finest quality which they have ever seen; and that in
addition to these fibers, we can produce Manila hemp,
bow-string hemp, a long list of native fibers, silk and
wool. We are also well supplied with leather made from
the hides of cattle, sheep, goats and deer. In the matter
of woods for furniture and ornamental purposes, there is
nothing which can surpass the koa. Bamboo is also
present in suflficient quantities for ornamental construc-
tion; and rattan has recently been introduced.

From this list of agricultural products, which are now
successfully grown in Hawaii, it is apparent that the
farmer from any country may make a selection which will

10

suit his own purposes. Many of the crops which have
been shown to be profitable here have not been developed
on their proper commercial basis, but for the commercial
and profitable development of these minor industries, we
need nothing but more farmers of skill and intelligence.

SUGAR.

Sugar cane is apparently indigenous to the Hawaiian
Islands, as is also true for many Pacific islands. At any
rate, at the time of the first visit of Captain Cook, sugar
cane was grown and eaten by the natives. The first ex-
portation of sugar was made in 1837, since which time
the industry has grown until in 1908, the yield was
521,000 tons, valued at more than $40,000,000. The
varieties principally grown at present are "Lahaina,"
"Rose Bamboo" and "Yellow Caledonia." The Sugar
Planters' Association maintains an Experiment Station
by assessment upon the various companies, devoting
$70,000 annually to the Experiment Station work. The
chief work of the Station has been along the lines of
insect control, the eradication of fungus diseases, exam-
ination of fertilizers, soil studies, cultural methods and
the technical details of sugar manufacture. One of the
most conspicuous practical results brought about by the
Experiment Station is the successful control of a number
of insect pests of sugar cane, particularly the leaf-hopper,
which, before the introduction of parasities, did damage
to the extent of millions of dollars; but was brought
under practical control, by means of parasities, within
two or three years. Attention has been given to the
propagation of new varieties by means of hybridization
and the growing of seedling canes, and some promising
results have geeri obtained along that line.

There are 213,000 acres planted in sugar cane, partly
on land owned by sugar planters, and partly on leased
land. About 105,000 acres of this land have been re-
claimed by irrigation, at a cost of about $15,000,000.
About 41,000 tons of fertilizers, in addition to stable
manure are used annually in the production of cane.

From these figures it is apparent that sugar is the chief
agricultural industry of the Islands, and that the main
industries of the Islands are at present, in one way or
another, dependent upon the sugar industry. The agri-
cultural and milling machinery used on the plantations
is of the very best and most improved form. The chief

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lesson to be learned from the sugar industry by those
engaging in other lines of agricultural work, is the
thoroughness of cultivation which the planters perform,
and the business-like methods which are characteristic;
of the whole industry. On all of the larger plantations,
the land is plowed to a depth of from one to three feet,
thus furnishing a soil reservoir for the retention of mois-
ture and a deep feeding ground for the cane. The first
crop of cane is obtained in about 18 months and is fol-
lowed by a ratoon crop in 14 months; and the second
ratoon crop, 18 months later. A third ratoon crop may
be obtained, but seems not to be profitable under our
conditions. The average yield of sugar per acre is a little
more than four tons.

The land suitable for raising sugar cane has nearly
all been taken up for that purpose. There are, here and
there, however, small areas where farmers might raise
cane and sell it to sugar .mills. There are also a few
areas suitable for large plantations which are now devot-
ed to other purposes. The sugar planters employ a large
number of trained agriculturists and engineers of various
sorts in the management of their plantations.

RICE.

Rice was introduced into the Islands as a commercial
cereal in 1858. Interest in this crop developed rapidly,
and in 1862 the first exportation of rice took place. Since
this date it has increased until now there are 12,000
acres cultivated in rice, producing an annual crop valued
at $2,500,000. Rice is the chief article of diet of the
orientals, and its production is almost entirely in the
hands of Chinese. Two. crops are produced annually, one
in the spring, and one in the fall; and corresponding
with these semi-annual crops, are spring and fall varie-
ties of rice. The annual yield of clean rice ranges from
3,000 to 6,000 pounds per acre, and the net profit per
acre, from $50 to $100. Careful estimates place the cost
of production at $3.00 to $3.75 per hundred pounds.
The prices received for rice in 1908 ranged from $4.25
to $5.00 per hundred pounds. The rental ordinarily paid
for rice land varies from $10.00 to $50.00 per acre.

Cultivation of rice in the Islands is carried on by
Chinese methods. These methods have been brought with
the Chinese from their native country, and have been
followed here ever since the cultivation of rice has been

12

carried on. The rice lands are for the most part divided
into small areas, separated by dikes for irrigation pur-
poses, and this method of culture renders impracticable
the use of machinery such as is employed in the Southern
States. The power for the cultivation of the soil is fur-
nished by water buffalo and horses. The rice is sown in
nursery beds and then transplanted. From three to seven
seedlings are placed in clumps about one foot apart each
way. The fields are submerged during about four-fifths
of the growing season. While this method of cultivation
seems tedious and wasteful of labor, it has been found
that the yields are almost double those from direct sow-
ing. The Chinese are so expert at transplanting that the
method is unquestionably profitable.

There are about 16 important rice mills in the Islands,
many of them being of quite antiquated pattern, but the
work accomplished by them is satisfactory. The annual
crop of rice in Hawaii is about 50,000,000 pounds, and
in addition to this amount, 21,000,000 pounds are im-
ported from Japan and China. The exportation of rice
from Hawaii amounts to about 3,500,000 pounds per
year.

The Hawaii Experiment Station has given considerable
attention to the study of rice. Comparative tests have
been made with more than 100 varieties, and a few of
these have proved so superior in yield and quality that
they are being generally adopted by the rice growers.
An efficient program of fertilization has been worked out
and is being fallowed by the rice producers. In addition
to work with varieties of rice and fertilizers, the Hawaii
Experiment Station has demonstrated that Upland rice
and salt marsh rice may be cut for hay and furnish an
excellent quality of forage, which compares favorably
with imported cereaj^ hays. The production of rice hay
is now being tested^ in a number of widely separated
localities and at different altitudes on the various islands.

When it is remembered than 21,000,000 pounds of rice
are annually imported from Japan and China, it is ap-
parent that there is room for the extension of the rice in-
dustry. There are a few locations where rice could be
cultivated with profit, according to the methods adopted
in the Southern States. There Is a conspicuous lack of
threshing machines, and these could most assuredly be
used to advantage. At present most of the rice Is tramped
out by water buffalo on cement floors. The present
preference shown for the imported Japanese rice could

RUBBER PLANTATION AND A TREE,
METHOD OF TAPPING.

SHOWING

13

be partly overcome by the formation of a business-like
association among rice growers and the maintenance of
a suitable campaign of education. It is believed that in
the further development of the rice industry in the
Islands, the white farmer must take an active part.

SISAL.

The only fiber plant at present grown on a commercial
scale in Hawaii, is sisal. This plant was introduced in
1893, and its cultivation has increased until we now have
about 1400 acres of sisal with an output of 200 tons of
fiber annually, worth about $20,000. The largest sisal
plantation of the Islands will soon plant an additional
2,000 acres. This company has its business well organ-
ized and is in a thriving condition. If we may judge
from the experience of sisal growers throughout the
world, it may be safely stated that this is a crop which
requires extensive plantings in order to yield satisfac-
tory profits. In a thickly settled community it might be
possible to produce small quantities of sisal, which could
be milled in small machines and distributed by co-opera-
tive association. Under our conditions, however, the
sisal industry must apparently be carried on in extensive
plantations.

In Hawaii, only the true sisal is grown commercially,
and the life of the plant with us extends from eight to
ten years. This is a shorter life period than that of
henequen in Yucatan, but the leaves have smooth edges,
rather than spiney ones, as is the case with henequen;
and the value of the fiber is considerably greater. Sisal,
therefore, is to be preferred to henequen for our condi-
tions. The stock for planting may be obtained from the
growth of young plants in nurseries, or from the direct
use of pole plants or suckers. Our growers plant from
600 to 900 suckers per acre. The first harvest occurs
three years after planting, and the average yield of fiber
per acre is about 500 pounds.

Sisal is commonly mentioned as a plant which will
grow without care or cultivation. While this is true, it
has been found that the growth of the plants may be
greatly benefited by cultivation along the rows. This
is a fortunate circumstance, since, if cultivation were
of no benefit, the sisal plantation might be abandoned
until shrubby weeds would make it an exceedingly diffi-
cult matter to harvest the sisal leaves. The water re-

u

quirements of sisal are very simple. It grows and pro-
duces a satisfactory crop where the rainfall is as low
as two inches, or even less, per year. Cultivation may
be confined to simply keeping the brush and weeds out
©f the rows. The growth of the sisal is much better,
however, if the ground is plowed previous to planting
than when the sisal is merely set in holes without plow-
ing. The leaves are harvested when they assume a
horizontal position, the work being done under contract,
at a given price per hundred leaves. The largest sisal
company on the Islands has perfected milling machinery
for sisal, which removes the fiber so completely that the
waste from the mill is valueless, except perhaps for
feeding purposes. Before the most recent improvements
were made, a considerable amount of fiber was lost in
the waste and this was later recovered and baled as a
coarse fiber material. Drying is accomplished by spread-
ing the fiber out on clean coral sand, and since the mill
is located in a region where rain very seldom occurs, a
bright and clean fiber is obtained. The fiber is baled by
machine in bales weighing 400 to 500 pounds.

The prospects for the development of the sisal indus-
try in these Islands are excellent. The United States
imports nearly $15,000,000 worth annually. Of this
quantity, Mexico supplies 98%. The quality of Hawaiian
grown fiber is superior to that of any other part of the
world, except German East Africa, which it equals. The
San Francisco markets alone would take 10,000 tons of
our fiber, and at present we produce only 200 tons. There
are numerous arid regions in the Islands where at present
almost nothing else could be grown successfully as a
commercial venture. Undoubtedly some of these areas
will be planted to sisal in the near future. It obviously
requires a company with some capital to engage in the
sisal business, since it is necessary to wait three years
for the first crop. The expense for agricultural and mill-
ing machinery, however, is not very great. It is not
necessary to use the more expensive steam plow outfits,
since in many localities, gasoline power can be used
successfully.

RUBBER.

Rubber trees,, particularly the Ceara rubber, were
planted at various points in the Islands twenty years ago
or more. The first regular companies, however, were

If

started in 1905. At present there are five large rubber
companies and many small plantations, with a total in-
vestment of $290,000. On the island of Maui alone,
there are 1,300 acres planted to rubber. This area con-
tains about 400,000 Ceara rubber trees, 23,000 Hevea,
and a thousand Castilloa. At first the commercial plant-
ings were almost entirely of Ceara; at present, however,
more Hevea than Ceara rubber is. being planted. A great
difference is observed in the width of planting adopted
by the different companies. In some cases, the trees
stand only six or eight feet apart each way, while on
other plantations, they may be 15 to 20 feet apart. There
is a growing tendency to adopt the wider planting space.
Formerly the opinion prevailed that rubber could be
treated as a forest tree, and that cultivation might,
therefore, be neglected. This belief, however, has proved
to be quite unfounded. One of the most conspicuous
things to be observed on our rubber plantations is the
greatly increased growth brought about by proper culti-
vation. It has been shown beyond question that in order
to get a satisfactory rate of growth, of either Ceara or
Hevea rubber, it is necessary to plow the ground and
give careful attention to cultivation. The recognition
of this fact has brought up the problem of what to do
with the vacant ^nd between rubber trees during the
first year or two of their growth. The Hawaii Experi-
ment Station is now carrying on experiments to deter-
mine the best use which can be made of the soil in rubber
plantations until the trees get large enough to occupy
the ground as an exclusive crop. For this purpose, we
are testing rice hay, soy beans and other legumes.

While some income may be expected /rom crops plant-
ed between young rubber trees, the ultimate source of
revenue is, of course, looked for in the rubber trees them-
selves. It is impossible at present to get large areas of
mature rubber trees for tapping, and the preliminary
experiments, therefore, had to be made on trees two or
three years old. In these experiments, 400 trees were
tapped for the purpose of determining how labor could
best be manipulated and utilized most economically jn
tapping rubber trees; how expensive the collection of
rubber would be under our conditions; and what yield
of latex could be expected from Ceara rubber trees in
our Islands. It was found in these experiments, that
one laborer can tap 50 trees per hour, and can collect
the latex from 100 trees in the same length of time.

16 '

The continuous tapping of trees six inches in diameter,
indicates that a yield of one-third ounce of dry rubber
per day may be expected. The experiment just men-
tioned, indicates that three men, working on mature
trees, can obtain about one pound of dry rubber per hour.
From these figures, it seems evident that the rubber in-
dustry rests upon a sure foundation and that a reason-
able profit may be obtained from it. In order to utilize
the land to the best advantage, however, it will obviously
be necessary to practice intercropping with suitable
crops during the first year or two of the plantations, and
to keep the soil in good tilth, in order to bring about a
sufficiently rapid growth of the trees. Experiments are
also in progress to determine whether the growth of rub-
ber trees may be benefited by fertilization, and whether
the temporary stimulation of the latex flow may be ac-
complished by fertilizers. It appears, from experiments
already carried out on Maui and Oahu, that the tapping
period may extend from 6 A. M. to 10 A. M. This period
is sufliciently long to allow the economic use of the
laborers' time.

The prospects for rubber in the Islands seem bright.
The rubber planter is constantly reminded that this indus-
try is being enormously extended in other countries,
particularly Ceylon and Mexico; but t\ie rapidly increas-
ing demand for rubber, in both old and new lines of
manufacture, would seem to furnish an outlet for all of
the rubber which can be produced for many years to
come. At any rate, the best informed rubber producers
and manufacturers can see no immediate prospect of an
over-production. In these Islands we have considerable
areas in which the rainfall and other conditions are suit-
able for rubber production. These areas are not desired
for sugar or other crops, and, therefore, offer opportunity
for a further extension of the rubber industry.

TOBACCO.

There has never been any reasonable doubt about the
possibility of obtaining a good yield of tobacco from
Hawaiian soils. The natives have long grown a coarse,
strong grade of tobacco, chiefly for smoking purposes.
Experiments in the culture of improved varieties of to-
bacco, demanded by modern markets, were begun about
four years ago, and have led to the formation of three
companies, one of which is already growing tobacco, and

17

to the cultivation of this crop, on a small scale, by two
individual farmers. The cujed crop of the present year
amounts to about 7,500 pounds. One company, which is
growing Cuban tobacco, intends to plant 60 acres during
the coming season. Another company will have forty
or fifty acres of Sumatra tobacco. The yield of all varie-
ties of tobacco, thus far grown in the Territory is high,
ranging from 900 to 1,500 pounds per acre. The burn-
ing quality is all that could be desired. In reports re-
ceived from large tobacco dealers, in New York City and
elsewhere, it appears that our tobacco is considered satis-
factory in burn, texture and flavor when properly cured.
The best results have not always been obtained in curing
tobacco, but this fact appears to be due to a lack of ex-
perience with tobacco in this climate. The company,
which is to grow Sumatra tobacco here, has had twelve
years' experience with this tobacco in Sumatra, and will
employ an expert in tobacco curing and fermentation.
Some of the New York dealers, who have examined our
tobacco, have stated that the Havana wrapper grown
here would be worth from 75c. to $1.00 a pound
if properly cured; and that the Sumatra, in the
condition in which it was submitted to them was worth
from 50c. to 70c. per pound. A tobacco dealer, who re-
cently visited the Islands, stated that Cuban filler pro-
duced here would readily bring a price of 35c. per pound.
The duty already imposed upon tobacco is sufficient to
give all the encouragement, which can be secured from
that source, to the tobacco grower. The soils, as already
stated, produce a tobacco of excellent burning quality
and of a mild, agreeable aroma. The most essential fac-
tor, therefore, in the success of our tobacco industry is
experience in curing under our conditions; and to this
end it would seem wise for each company to obtain an
expert in the process of curing. It has been estimated
that there are least 30,000 acres of land suitable for
tobacco culture, on which tobacco has never been grown.
Such virgin soils give promise of excellent returns under
proper management. This is a crop which can be grown
on a large scale, by the organization of companies, or in
small areas, by individual farmers. In the latter case,
the larger companies will buy the tobacco and ferment it.
This arrangement will enable the small farmer to engage
in tobacco growing with a very small outlay of money
and with quick returns, since it is a rapidly maturing
crop.

18

COFFEE.

So far as can be judged from available data, coffee was
first grown in Hawaii in 1817. The culture of this croi>
was taken up by white farmers and native Hawaiians
and yielded such good returns that the industry developed
rapidly. A setback was suffered a few years ago as a re-
sult of the fall in the prices of coffee; but by careful cul-
tivation and the utilization of the soil between the rows
during the first year or two in the growth of the plan-
tation, it is still possible to make fair profits from coffee.
There are about 4500 acres planted to coffee, the larger
part of this area being in the Kona and Hamakua dis-
tricts of Hawaii. Coffee is grown, however, on all of the
larger islands. The amount of coffee exported last year
was 25,000 bags, with a value of $175,000. In the ex-
perience of our coffee planters, the yield per acre is about
650 pounds. The cost of production is estimated at from
seven to ten cents per pound, and the wholesale price
now received is twelve cents per pound. This gives only
a narrow margin of profit, which it has been proposed to
increase by a tariff on coffee; but in the event of failure
to secure a tariff, the same result might readily be ob-
tained by the formation of a co-operative association with
agents on the mainland to distribute the coffee directly
to consumers. In this way, the retailers' price, of twenty
to thirty cents a pound, could be obtained by the pro-
ducers without raising the price of coffee to the con-
sumer. Coffee g/ows best in the Islands at altitudes of
1,000 to 2,500 feet. The first commercial crop is ob-
tained four years from planting, but during the first
two or three years, it is an easy matter to realize con-
siderable returns from soy beans and other crops planted
between the rows of coffee. With the present price of
Sy2 cents a pound for soy beans, it has been found that
from $75.00 to $100.00 an acre can be obtained from
this crop in young coffee plantations. The adoption of
this method of intercropping has the further advantage
that the soil is kept in good tilth for the growth of the
coffee trees.

The present prospects of the coffee industry are bright-
er than they appear to some of the coffee growers. It is
readily: understood that the narrow margin of profit at
the present cost of production and the present market'
prices, is not very attractive; but, on the other hand, it
should be remembered that much of our coffee which is

19

sold for twelve cents per pound, finally comes to the
<;onsumer at prices ranging from twenty to twenty-five
cents per pound. The most logical business method of
Increasing the profit to the producer, and thus encourag-
ing the coffee industry, is to form an association, as al-
ready mentioned, and thus secure the retail price of
coffee, rather than the wholesale price. Greater diflacul-
ties than would be experienced in the formation of such
.an association, have already been overcome by groups of
producers on the mainland.

The quality of our coffee is excellent, the flavor and
-aroma being mild. It requires slightly different treat-
ment in roasting from that recommended for the coffee
'Of Porto Rico, Central America and South America.
If a business-like coffee association were formed, the
market for our coffee could be carefully studied and
'developed in a progressive manner. At present, Hawaiian
•coffee is not well enough known on the mainland, and
this is due to a lack of aggressiveness on the part of the
producers. With the market difficulties solved, so as to
render the profits from coffee still more attractive, it
would soon be realized that there are large areas of land
:now lying idle, which are suitable for coffee culture.

COTTON.

A species of smooth seeded cotton was observed by
•Captain Cook on his first voyage to the Hawaiian Islands.
In addition to this species, which is closely related to
Sea Island, two native species of cotton, with short,
brown lint, were, at one time, quite abundant; but have
gradually been exterminated by cattle, until at present,
there are only a few plants in existence. One of these
species is being propagated at the Hawaii Experiment
Station and will be hybridized with Sea Island cotton.
More or less attention has been given to cotton at various
intervals in the past by native Hawaiians and others. In
1837 there was a cotton mill on Hawaii, which produced
a good quality of cotton cloth. Following the Civil War,
an interest was awakened in cotton on account of its
high price, and Sea Island cotton of fine quality was
:raised for five or six years on nearly all of the Islands.
Descendants of these plants are now seem in various
localities, having perpetuated themselves as wild plants.
:Lint of good quality has been taken from trees 15 to 20

20

years old. All cotton varieties in these Islands naturally
grow as perennials.

For three or four years the Hawaii Experiment Sta-
tion has been investigating the possibilities of cotton
culture. The varieties planted include several strains of
Sea Island, three strains of Caravonica, Chinese Upland
and Egyptian cotton. The Caravonica cotton, imported
from Queensland, has proved to be a heavy yielding
variety with a high percentage of lint of great strength.
The only defects of this variety thus far observed, are
the brittleness of stem and variability in type, due to the
fact that it is a hybrid between Sea Island and Kidney
cottons. The prices quoted by cotton experts, from sam-
ples of our Caravonica cotton, range from sixteen to
twenty-four cents per pound. Selections have been made
from two strains of Sea Island seed, with the result that
lint of the very highest quality has been obtained. Not
only is the yield considerably larger than in the Sea
Island region of the mainland, but the length of staple
is two inches, and the quality, as judged by cotton ex-
perts, superior to any that has been produced before.
The cotton dealers have assured us that our Sea Island
is in a class by itself. The Bremen Cotton Exchange pro-
nounced the lint the best they had ever seen and worth
thirty-six cents a pound.

These results are highly encouraging. About thirty
companies and individuals are planting cotton this year
in small areas, ranging from two to 25 acres. Larger
plantations could not be made at present on account of
the impossibility of securing good Sea Island or Caravo-
nica seed in commercial quantities. From seed selections^
which will be made from the present plantings, a suffi-
cient supply will be had for much larger plantings, which
are contemplated by commercial companies for next year.
With the formation of a suitable cotton association here,
it will be possible for small growers to find an immediate
outlet for their seed cotton, at a profitable price, and
with the present great increase in the demand for high
grade cotton, there is no prospect of overstocking the-
market. In this respect, Hawaii will not be considered
a competitor of the Sea Island district of the mainland.
Our fiber is superior to the commercial product grown
there and will be readily taken in Bremen, Liverpool^
Paris and New York.

21

CASSAVA.

Cassava is gradually taking the place of arrow root as
a food plant for the native Hawaiians; and it is also
being cultivated in increasing areas for the production
of starch and as feed for animals. In our Territory, it
grows as a perennial, if allowed to run wild, but is best
treated commercially as an annual crop. It thrives well
from sea level up to an altitude of 3,000 feet, except in
very wet climates. The cuttings are planted in Novem-
ber to February, in furrows two to four feet apart. The
soil is kept well cultivated and the roots are ready for
harvest in October or November. The yield of roots
ranges from five to ten tons per acre. From these roots
the yield of starch is somewhat greater than that from
corn. From five tons of roots, about 2,500 pounds of
starch can be obtained. For sometime there was difficulty
In finding a profitable market for cassava starch and
little encouragement was met with in this industry. At
present, however, the demand is active and the companies
which are producing cassava are much encouraged. There
is a good opening for the growth of cassava in this Terri-
tory for the production of tapioca, an industry which has,
thus far, not been taken up in Hawaii. In addition to
its uses for starch and tapioca, cassava is attracting more
and more attention as a stock feed. The ranches are
planting quite large areas of cassava as feed for hogs and
cattle.

MATTING PLANTS.

Experiments with matting plants have now been car-
ried on for two years, the species concerned being Chinese
matting sedge and Japanese matting rush. It has been
found that these plants thrive well in brackish or salt
marshes along the sea coast, and that the yield is quite
satisfactory. Chinese matting sedge, grown by the Ha-
waii Experiment Station, and sent to a manufacturing
company on the mainland, has been declared to be of good
quality; and valued at from $40.00 to $80.00 per ton.
When well established, an acre will produce from three
to four tons annually. The Japanese matting rush does
not require splitting for the use of the manufacturer,
but the Chinese matting sedge must be split before being
used. The chief difficulty at present, in the commercial
extension of this industry, is the lack of a suitable ma-

22

chine for splitting the sedge. Hand splitting is too ex-
pensive. There is a good prospect that such a machine-
will soon be perfected. When this is accomplished, there
will be a profitable use for large areas of brackish and.
salt marshes at present unutilized.

CASTOR BEAN.

This plant has been known in Hawaii since early days.
It grows wild as a perennial, sometimes developing inta
trees with trunks two feet in diameter. The plant thrives-
from sea level up to 4,000 feet or higher. In plantations,
it is spaced about fifteen to twenty feet apart. Each
plant may be expected to yield from twenty to twenty-^
five pounds of beans per year. The products from castor
beans are castor oil and castor pomace. Castor oil finds a
ready market and castor pomace is a valuable fertilizer,,
which could be used in many of our soils. The encourage-
ment for the production of the castor bean has not been
very great on account of the low prices at which it can
be produced with cheap labor in India. Nevertheless,
on a small scale, it may be depended upon to return
reasonable profits. The simplest method by which this^
industry could be encouraged is to established a central
oil mill, which would purchase the beans from small pro-
ducers at a reasonable price.

MANILA HEMP.

There is a widely prevailing opinion. that Manila liemiv^
of good quality can be grown only in the Philippines.
Nevertheless, wherever Manila hemp has been plantcid in
our Islands it has grown even more vigorously than the-
species of edible bananas. Manila hemp being a species of
banana, may be rightly expected to require cultural condi-
tions similar to those of the banana. Such conditions we-
already have fulfilled in many localites in respect to rain-
fall, soil fertility and uniformity of temperature. It is con-
fidently believed that Manila hemp could be developed in-
to a profitable industry in Hawaii. A number of gr.oups of"
this plant have been observed on the windward side of
the Islands in a very thriving condition, and even on the
grounds of the Hawaii Experiment Station, where the
rainfall does not exceed thirty inches per year, Manila
hemp grows more vigorously than edible bananas. It is-
apparent that the development of Manila hemp would

23

in no way conflict or compete with the sisal industry.
Sisal is grown on soil too rough and too dry for any other
commercial crop, while Manila hemp requires a heavy
rainfall, of fairly uniform distribution.

CORN.

Corn has long been cultivated, as a stock feed and for
table purposes, in Hawaii. On the island of Maui there
are about 5,000 acres in one region devoted to the pro-
duction of corn. On Hawaii, at least one ranch is pro-
ducing corn on a large scale, and will soon have 1,000
acres in this crop. Corn thrives from sea level up to an
altitude of 5,000 feet. During the last season, on the
Parker Ranch, at an elevation of 4,700 feet, a yield of
forty bushels of corn per acre was obtained without irri-
gation, under a rainfall of only two inches. The quality
of dent corn produced here is all that could be desired.
Little attention has been given to the selection of seed
corn, and for this reason, the ears would not take prizes
in a corn exposition, but the percentage of kernel to cob
is high, and the yield is quite satisfactory. Nearly all
of the ranches are planning to raise corn in large quanti-
ties for the purpose of putting a finer finish on their beef,
mutton and pork, and in the production of poultry.

PINEAPPLES.

For many years before commercial pineapple growing
was established in Hawaii, a small native variety was
known of excellent flavor. This variety is probably not
indigenous, but is supposed by some to be a geographical
modification of the "Red Spanish" pineapple. The variety
almost exclusively grown at present is the "Smooth
Cayenne." This variety was first introduced in 1884, and
the pineapple industry began about 1890. There are now
4,500 acres in pineapples, chiefly on Oahu and Maui, but
also on all of the other islands; and the plantations are
-constantly increasing. The output for 1908 was 350,000
cases of canned fruit and 1,000 tons of fresh fruit.

The altitudes most suitable for growing pineapples lie
between 500 and 1,200 feet. It is desirable to have a
rainfall of 35 to 60 inches or more. Pineapples will
stand ordinary winds very successfully. Planting dis-
tances on different plantations vary considerably, and for
this reason, the number of plants per acre ranges from

24

2,500 to 12,000. Where it is desired to grow large fruit
for table use, the pineapples are commonly planted in
rows six feet apart and 20 to 24 inches in the row. On
some plantations the rows are four feet apart and the
pineapples two feet in the row. Where smaller fruit for
canning purposes is desired, the planting distance may
be 18 inches to two feet each way, in beds of four rows
with alleys between each bed. Another method of plant-
ing, which has been followed to some extent, consists in
arranging the plants in groups of two rows, two feet
apart, the groups being eight feet apart. Naturally, the
size of the pineapples depends somewhat upon the spacing
of the plants. Some of the canneries desire a fruit weigh-
ing from three to^four pounds, and bring about this re-
sult by close planting. Where wide planting is followed,
the fruit commonly attains a weight of six to ten pounds,
and sometimes, much more.

The first crop of pineapples is obtained within 18
months to two years, and averages about ten tons. A
ratoon crop follows twelve months later, in which the
yield ranges from 15 to 20 ^*X)ns per acre. The cost of
production of pineapples is about $15.00 per ton, and the
cannery price is $20.00 er ton or more. The mainland
price for fresh fruit ra^nges from $80.00 to $150.00 per
ton. There are now" nine canneries in the Islands and
about $1,000,000 invested in the pineapple industry. The
acreage of pineapples is constantly increasing, and for
the past two or three years the output has been nearly
doubled each year. The Hawaii Experiment Station is
carrying on a series of fertilizer experiments with pine-
apples and is also investigating the cause of the yellow-
ing of pineapple plants, and the best methods of rotation
which may permanently maintain the adaptability of the
soil for pineapple culture.

The prospects for pineapple culture seem good, despite
the complaints which are occasionally heard. Some fear
has been expressed that the market for canned pineapples
is not being developed as rapidly as the output of canned
pineapples. This market, however, when properly studied
seems to be almost unlimited. The whole west coast of
the mainland should be supplied with fresh pineapples
from Hawaii. The flavor of our fruit is far better than
that of the varieties which they now receive on the Pa-
cific Coast. There is only one factor wanting for the
successful occupation of that immense field for our fresh
pineapples; and that factor is a business-like co-operative

association for the purpose of making known the merits
of our fruit by actually distributing this fruit directly to
the trade on the west coast. It is scarcely to be doubted
that if pineapple growers, familiar with the systems of
co-operative marketing in successful use on the mainland,
would come to Hawaii and organize a business-like co-
operative association along the same line, the markets
for fresh pineapples could be developed sufficiently to
consume all of the pineapples which could possibly be
produced here for years to come.

BANANAS.

At least twenty varieties of bananas now growing in
Hawaii, are considered indigenous. The actual origin
of some of these varieties may never be thoroughly deter-
mined. Altogether, there are about fifty varieties of ba-
nanas in the Islands, the chief shipping varieties being
Bluefield and Chinese. Th^ Chinese banana is grown
perhaps more extensively tl: n the Bluefield, but does
not endure shipping quite so well. The adaptability of
our soil and climate to banana cuJqure is evident from the
jungles of bananas which grow wild without care or
attention on nearly all of the islando.

The banana plant fruits at the age of fifteen to twenty-
four months, and is then cut down, making room for the
growth of suckers which spring from the ground near
the base of the stem. Banana plantations may be allowed
to reproduce themselves, by suckering, for two or three
years; but the plantation gradually deteriorates unless
it is replowed and planted anew. A rotation with other
crops, therefore, ultimately becomes necessary, as is also
the case with most all of our other money crops, A ba-
nana plantation produces 800 to 900 bunches per acre.

The prospects for banana culture in Hawaii are ex-
cellent, and the possibility of extending the industry,
almost unlimited. The whole Pacific Coast of the main-
land should be supplied with our bananas, and Hawaii is
properly located to furnish them economically. San
Francisco alone, would consume 75,000 bunches of ba-
nanas per year. The cooking banana trade has not been
touched, in fact on the mainland, cooking bananas are
little known; and most housewives have hardly heard of
them. With our large variety of excellent cooking
bananas, well adapted for shipping, it is high time that
the possibilities of trade in this direction be realized by

26

making known the excellent flavor of our cooking ba-
nanas. If the banana industry were systematically de-
veloped in our Islands, the tonnage of this fruit alone
would be enormous; and would surely appeal to trans-
portation companies as a matter worthy of their con-
sideration. Practically the only drawback thus far ex-
perienced in the banana business is the lack of suitable
transportation. Sooner or later it will become necessary
to have special fruit steamers for transporting Hawaiian
fruit to the mainland. The development of such a traffic
would be of immense importance, not only in the rapid
and satisfactory transportation of fruits, but also in fur-
nishing the means of bringing more visitors and settlers
to the Islands. The influence of the fruit steamers, ply-
ing between Nek York and the West Indies and Central
America has already become very conspicuous for this
reason. The United States now imports bananas to the
value of $8,000,000 annually; and the banana trade of
the whole west coast logically belongs to Hawaii.

MANGO.

We have forty or m6re varieties of seedling mangoes
of all qualities and sizes, and also many introduced varie-
ties from India, the Philippines and elsewhere. Some
of the best of these introduced varieties are "Alphonse,"
"Mulgoba," "Totapari," etc. The planting distance of
mangoes is about twenty to thirty feet each way, but as
a rule, mangoes simply constitute a portion of the orna-
mental and economic trees is every dooryard. With us,
the regular mango season extends from June to August.
The trees begin to bear within six or seven years from
seed, and thrive best at low altitudes. Mango trees bear
very heavily, and the crop from a regular plantation is,
therefore, large. The fruit will stand shipment in
cold storage for a period of a month or longer, and have
been successfully shipped from Hawaii to New York and
to the Philippines.

There is a growing demand for mangoes on the main-
land at good prices. Florida has already seen the profits
to be derived from this industry and is pushing it to the
fullest extent. As with bananas, and pineapples, so with
mangoes, the Pacific Coast trade should logically be sup-
plied by Hawaii. Methods have already been perfected
for budding and inarching seedling mangoes with im-
proved varieties, which are certain to make a large place
for themselves in any market.

AVOCADO.

This tree grows vigorously on all the Islands from sea
level to an altitude of 1,500 feet or more. There is a
great variety of shapes and colors among the avocados on
the local markets, but no well established varieties. It
does not come true from the seed, and in order to secure
the desired quality of fruit, it is, therefore, necessary to
bud or graft the seedling trees. Not only do the shape
and color vary, but the flavor is also noticeably different
in different forms, as well as the texture. One of the im-
portant lines of horticultural work to be accomplished
is the establishment of orchards of avocado all budded
in a desirable variety. The trees bear within four to
six years from the seed, and at the rate of 150 to 500
fruits per tree. The local price of avocado varies from
three to twenty-five cents apiece, according to quality,
the green fruits, as a rule, being superior to purple avo-
cado. Avocado trees will develop fairly well and bear
a reasonable quantity of fruit without any cultivation;
but, like other fruit trees, are beneficially affected by
cultivation, yielding more fruit of an improved quality.
The fruit is easily shipped as far as the Coast. The Pa-
cific Coast market makes greater and greater demands for
avocado, and the prices are very remunerative. There
is, perhaps, no fruit grown commercially in our Islands
for which there is a greater possible market development
with good profit, than is the case with the avocado. Prac-
tically unlimited quantities of uniform fruit of good
quality can be marketed on the mainland.

CITRUS FRUIT.

Oranges and other citrus fruits have been known in
Hawaii at least since the first visits of white men to these
Islands. We now have all kinds of citrus fruits, includ-
ing orange, lemon, citron, lime, pomelo, shaddock, kum-
quat and mandarin. Orange trees grow wild, and bear
heavily of seedling oranges without cultivation or care
of any sort. In a few locations, considerable profit has
been derived from wild seedling oranges allowed to
grow in pasture lands and areas covered with low brush.
The quality and flavor of seedling Hawaiian oranges
vary considerably, but are often quite excellent. Navel
oranges have been grafted on to seedlings and produce
large, juicy, fruits of good flavor. As a rule, they do not

28

develop as rich or uniform color as is the case on the
mainland. The flavor, however, is all that could be de-
sired. Excellent limes and lemons are grown in all parts
of the Islands. During 1908 citrus fruits, to the value of
$75,000, were imported into the Territory. With proper
marketing facilities, and with a little attention to the
cultivation of these fruits, the local markets could readily
be supplied with all the necessary citrus fruits from small
gardens and orchards on the various islands.

ROSELLE.

The cultivation and use of roselle have been rapidly
extended during the past few years. The fleshy, rose-
colored calyx of the fruit, and the young seed pod are used
in the manufacture of jam and jelly. The plant is well
adapted to Hawaii. It produces a yield of 6,000 to
10,000 pounds of fresh fruit per acre. Roselle will en-
dure quite severe dro.ught but naturally thrives better
with a reasonable amount of rainfall. In our climate, it
seems best to sow the seed in March; replant when the
young plants are six to eight inches high, at a distance
of 4x6 feet; and maintain the soil in good tilth. Several
companies are manufacturing roselle jam and jelly for
local consumption and for shipment to the mainland. The
demand, however, is now in excess of the supply. Re-
cently, a manufacturer in California has made request for
10,000 to 30,000 pounds of dried roselle calyces annually
for use in his factory. A price of eighteen cents per
pound is offered. The present supply is quite insufficient
to 'fill this one order.

GRAPES.

The climate of Hawaii is adapted for the production
of grapes, so that fresh fruit may be had for the table
at any season of the year. This can most easily be accom-
plished by proper cultivation and pruning. At present
the grape industry is largely in the hands of Portuguese,
who produce grapes for table purposes and also for the
manufacture of wine. At least two wineries are now
in operation in the Islands, one of them being a co-opera-
tive enterprise. Not enough attention has been given
to the cultivation of grapes to secure a good table fruit.
Even in one of the chief grape regions, on the island of
Maui, some of the grape vines are allowed to run over

GRAPE ARBOR IN BEARING. GRAPES MAY BE
PICKED EVERY DAY IN THE YEAR IN HAWAII.

trellises, without pruning, until they attain a length of a
hundred feet or more. Obviously, with such neglect,
good table fruit cannot be expected; and with the absence
of cultivation and insufficient sunlight, the sugar content
of the grapes is too low. The only variety of grape grown
commercially is the "Isabella." A number of other varie-
ties, superior for table purposes, have been tested, and
some of them have given good promise. Their cultiva-
tion, however, has not been prosecuted in a systematic
manner.

COCOANUT.

This is perhaps one of the few palms which is indige-
nous to the Islands. It was propagated for centuries by
the natives, being largely in control of the Chiefs. Some
of the cocoanut groves, which are now conspicuous
features of our landscape, are an inheritance from olden
times. Since 1904, there has been a new interest in the
planting of cocoanuts, and plantations of this nut are
being increased on all of the islands. The cocoanut is
one of the most ornamental of tropical trees and should
ultimately constitute a fringe along the shore-line of our
Islands. At least one company is going into the business
of raising cocoanuts on a large scale. This seems to be
a far-sighted policy, and might well be imitated by others
who have interest in other things, and who can wait for
the maturing of their plantations.

There is an increasing demand for the products ob-
tained from the cocoanut. Cocoanut oil and butter every-
where find a ready market. The by-product, obtained
from the manufacture of cocoanut oil, (and known as
cocoanut meal), is valued as a concentrated stock feed
and also as a fertilizer. The coir fiber obtained from the
husks, is extensively used for cordage, matting and simi-
lar purposes; while the consumption of the dried meat
of the cocoanut, or "copra," is increasing. The cocoanut
seems to require fertile soil, good drainage and the pre-
valence of winds. In some of our plantations the trees
are too close. The planting distance should be not less
than thirty feet each way. While our climate is not
strictly tropical, but rather sub-tropical, the yield of nuts
is nevertheless satisfactory, varying from twelve to 250
nuts annually per tree, or about 12,000 nuts per acre.
There is, of course, a long period to wait for income from
plantations of cocoanuts; but after they once come into

30

bearing, they require little or no attention except the
gathering of the nuts. There are many varieties of cocoa-
nuts in Hawaii, but the Samoan variety is generally
considered the most profitable to raise. A few trees of,
a strictly dwarf variety are known, on which the nuts
are borne within three or four feet of the ground. This
variety is not only highly ornamental, but a good yielder
and a very convenient variety for picking.

VANILLA.

As is generally known, vanilla is the dried and fer-
mented pod of a twining orchid, which requires a tropi-
cal climate for its growth. The plants are allowed to
climb on a trellis or on the trunks of trees. Propagation
is by means of cuttings. The vanilla plant blooms at
the third year from planting, and the pods mature about
six to eight months later. The flowers require pollina-
tion by hand; but this process is readily learned. The
curing and fermentation of vanilla pods is a somewhat
difficult and complicated manipulation.

There are only two or three commercial plantings of
vanilla on our Islands, and reliable statistics regarding
the yield are not yet forthcoming. The quality, however,
is excellent; and the estimated yield, about 120 pounds
of fermented pods per acre. At this rate, the money
value of the crop should be about $100 per acre. There
are large tracts of land which could be devoted to vanilla,
particularly in the Kona district of Hawaii.

• PAPAYA.

The papaya is the universal breakfast fruit of the
majority of the inhabitants of Hawaii. The trees are
found in every dooryard on all the islands. It would
seem at first thought, therefore, that everyone's table
must be supplied from his own yard, and that there
would be commercial market for this fruit. Nevertheless,
good profits are being made from the commercial cultiva-
tion of papaya. In regular orchards, they should be
planted about eight feet apart each way, in well drained
and cultivated soils, where an average rainfall may be
expected, or where irrigation can be practiced. The
papaya bears in about one year from the seed. The ap-
parent varieties are numerous, although few of* them
have been well established; and the seed does not breed

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VANILLA, SHOWING PODS AND MANNER OF
GROWTH.

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31

true. The varieties are commonly classified as "long,"
"half long" and "round,". The "long," or Mexican type,
is the best in flavor and is a hermaphrodite. The weight
of the papaya fruit varies enormously; in some cases,
the fruits weigh as much as eighteen pounds. The. tree,
when properly cared for and fertilized, yields a heavy
crop of fruit. There is an excellent local market for
the varieties of best flavor. If attention were given to
the shipping properties of the papaya, it would be an
■easy matter'to develop a variety, which could be success-
fully distributed on the Coast. At present the average
papaya will hold its texture for only about eight days
after picking. On many of the ranches, and in gardens,
papayas of poor flavor, and large size, are raised as pig
feed.

FLOWERS.

The mainland visitor, on first coming to Hawaii, will
perhaps be impressed by the relative scarcity of herba-
ceous flowers. Nearly all of our trees and shrubs bear
ornamental or beautiful flowers and we have depended
upon those for ornamentation, rather than upon delicate
annuals and herbaceous perennials. Nevertheless, carna-
tions, asters and violets are in bloom at all seasons of
the year; and these constitute the chief herbaceous or-
namental flowers which are grown on a commercial scale.
Excellent roses could be produced here if it were not for
the Japanese beetle and mealy-bugs. Until these are more
effectively controlled by parasites, or otherwise, it will
remain difficult to produce roses without having the
leaves eaten off or distorted. There are innumerable
shrubby or arboreal ornamentals, the mere list of which
would be too long in this connection. Some of the most
striking are poinciana, golden shower, hibiscus and poin-
settia. There are a large number of native species of
hibiscus, and these have been hybridized and otherwise
manipulated, until we have 75 or more varieties, which
produce an exceptionally beautiful flowering hedge.

There is constant demand for seed, cuttings and young
plants for ornamental purposes; and strangely enough,
no commercial nursery has been established in the Terri-
tory. There should be such an institution; and for the
right man, the opening is very promising from a business
standpoint.

32

SWEET POTATOES AND OTHER VEGETABLES.

Sweet potatoes have always constituted one of the main
food products of the native Hawaiians. A great variety
of this vegetable has been produced, in respect of size,
shape, color, characteristics of the leaf and habits of
growth. The quality of the best varieties is excellent,
and the local demand is constantly increasing. The local
markets alone would consume three or four times the
quantity of sweet potatoes now produced if attention were
given to the problem of securing a uniform quality, shape
and color of sweet potatoes; and a uniform supply for the
market. This statement is based, not merely on a theo-
retical estimate, but upon the declarations of local deal-
ers. In addition to sweet potatoes, we can produce all
sorts of vegetables for home use and for the local market.
In former d^ys, Irish potatoes were raised here and ship-
ped to California. An excellent quality of Irish potato
can be produced on any of the islands at moderate alti-
tudes. During the year 1908 Irish potatoes and onions
were imported to the value of $130,000. This material
could be supplied by local small producers if attention
were given to the matter. A large part of the market
gardening now done in Hawaii is in the hands of Chinese,
who are everywhere conspicuously successful and clever
at this line of work. There is no reason, however, why
market gardening should not be as profitable for white
men and native Hawaiians. Even the production of tarq
could be profitably increased to a considerable extent.
Requests for taro flour have recently been received from
dealers on the mainland, and such products would find
considerable sale if the markets were studied and care-
fully considered.

SILK.

Mulberry trees were introduced into Hawaii in 1837
and from time to time some interest has been awakened
in silk raising. Mulberries thrive on all of our Islands
and the quality of silk produced at the Hawaii Experi-
ment Station has been pronounced satisfactory. Since
a large part of our laboring population is composed of
Asiatics and Portuguese, it would appear that we have
a .supply of cheap labor, in the women and children of
these races, to raise the raw silk. The silk industry, how-
ever, has never assumed a commercial form. Doubtless
if a reeling establishment were located here and a reason-
able price were offered for cocoons, the silk industry could
be encouraged in its development.

33

BEES.

The honey crop last year was nearly 1,000 tons, and
the production of wax, about fifteen tons, with a total
value of about $65,000. The present investment in api-
culture is about $200,000, and there are 20,000 colonies
of bees. In certain places the industry could be further
developed, but for the most part, the rights for bee pas-
turage are already taken. Our honey plants are numer-
ous and productive, and the honey flow, while not strictly
continuous the year round, may best be stated as coming
in two seasons. Algaroba, wiliwili, lantana, nasturtium,
lehua, and many other flowering trees furnish honey to-
gether with a great variety of herbaceous plants.

FORAGE PLANTS.

In the agricultural diversification, which has been
taking place in Hawaii for the past few years, too little
attention has been given to forage plants, with the result
that large quantities of hay and grain are annually im-
ported at exceedingly high prices as compared with those
on the mainland. We have excellent conditions, how-
ever, for growing all sorts of forage plants and an active
movement is now taking place in that direction.

Alfalfa seems no more difficult to get started here than
on the mainland. The plant does not grow as tall, and
the yie^ld per cutting is not as high as in the best alfalfa
regions of the mainland; but the stems are fine and
growth is very rapid. Where water is supplied for irri-
gation, or where the rainfall is sufficient without irriga-
tion, from ten to thirteen crops per year may be cut. On
one of the large dairy farms near Honolulu a cutting is
made once per month the year round. On account of the
fact that alfalfa can be had green every month, there
is less necessity for making hay of this crop than on the
mainland. A good quality, of alfalfa hay, however, is
cured in several localities.

Cow peas grow vigorously and furnish an abundant
green forage and seed for cattle and hogs. This plant is
particularly susceptible to the attacks of plant-lice as
compared with other legumes. It serves, however, as a
good cover crop in orchards, rubber and coffee planta-
tions.

Jack beans produce an immense quantity of green
forage, which has been found v<iry effective in dairy

feeding. This plant is particularly immune to the at-
tacks of plant-lice and other insects. The beans are not
desirable feed when ripe, but if cut while the beans are
still green, the whole plant furnishes good forage.

Soy beans are particularly adapted to our conditions
on account of their vigorous growth and the active mar-
ket demand. The local price for the beans for use in the
manufacture of soy sauce is 3 ^^ cents per pound. At this
rate, it has been found possible to obtain $75.00 per acre
for the crop of soy beans in our coffee plantations. The
varieties used for stock feed are now being planted quite
extensively as forage for hogs.

Sorghum is grown for green forage on most of the
dairy farms and ranches. It ratoons readily, producing
four or five crops per year, and does not need replanting
for several years. Horses and other stock are fond of
green sorghum, and it has the further advantage of being
resistant to the attacks of cut-worms.

Wheat hay is the kind of hay most imported from
California for local use. The added cost of freight makes
it a rather expensive forage for our use. A number of
experimental plantings of wheat for hay are being made
this year. On one ranch two tons of wheat have been
planted for this purpose. When it is remembered that in
the early days, the Hawaiians furnished California with
wheat, there seems little doubt of the success of this ven-
ture.

Rice hay has been grown in a number of localities,
varying greatly in rainfall and altitude. Both Upland
rice and salt marsh rice have been used for this purpose.
A large crop of hay of excellent quality has been ob-
tained and most stock seem to relish the hay. An abund-
ance of bedding material is obtained from rice straw and
rice chaff.

Rhodes grass, Guinea grass and Para grass have
made a place for themselves in our dairy and cattle in-
dustry. Rhodes grass is particularly drouth resistant and
produces a large crop of good quality in dry locations
on ranches. Para grass requires more moisture, but
grows rapidly and ratoons promptly. It is, therefore,
much used as a dairy feed and as green forage for the
family driving horse.

In the line of range grasses, a great variety of drouth
resistant species from the mainland, Australia and Africa

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35

have been introduced. The grazing areas are gradually
being improved by the distribution of desirable species
of grass.

LIVE STOCK.

About 1,600,000 acres of land are used for grazing
purposes. On the ranches, v^hich control this land, there
are 130,000 cattle, valued at $1,699,999; 100,000 sheep,
valued at $126,000; in addition to horses, mules and hogs.
The ranching business is almost entirely in the hands
of American citizens. In the early days of ranching in
Hav^raii, cattle and sheep, as well as horses, were practi-
cally in a wild condition, ranging over the graziijg lands,
and also through the mountain forests. At present the
best ranches are fenced and divided by cross-fences into
large pastures for the better manipulation of the stock, -
and the control of the grazing areas. In order to increase
the carrying capacity of the range, and to prevent losses
which have occurred in the seasons of drought, it is
necessary to increase, as greatly as possible, forage pro-
duction on ranches by planting alfalfa, corn, sorghum,
peas, cassava, and various other crops. An active move-
ment in this direction is now taking place. In the fol-
lowing paragraphs a few details are given regarding the
status of different lines of animal industry.

The annual consumption of beef in the Islands is about
14.000 carcasses and the demands for beef'are increasing
quite rapidly. Thus far the ranches have been able to
produce all the beef that is required, and the increased
demands for beef can be met by better management of
ranches, particularly in producing larger quantities of
cultivated -forage. The chief breeds of cattle raised for
beef are Devon, Hereford, Shorthorn and Holstein. On
some of the ranches the Herefords are decidedly preferred
on account of their ideal beef form and large size. In
other localities, the Devons give better results on account
of being more active on the range, and perhaps less sus-
ceptible to attacks of sore eyes. Shorthorns and Angus
have given less satisfactory results than on the mainland.
If the beef market showed more discrimination as to
quality of beef, there would be less demand for Holstein
beef. but. at present this breed gives a good account of
itself on the range and produces a quality of beef which
satisfies the ordinary consumer.

The greater number of sheep are located on six ranches,
two of the smaller islands being practically given over

36

to the sheep industry. The breeds raised on these ranches
are chiefly forms of Merino and Shropshire. The larger
breeds, such as Cotswold and Lincoln, do .not compare
favorably as range sheep with the Merino and Shrop-
shire under our conditions. Only a few of the sheep
ranches are in a position to produce a better quality of
wool than that obtained at present, and to this end
importations of fine Merino breeding stock have been
made. A recent shipment of Bulldog Merino was received
from New Zealand. On large areas of our sheep ranges
there are too many burrs, which get into the wool and
lower its value. In such localities, it seems desirable to
raise sheep for mutton rather than wool. For this pur-
pose Shropshire, grade Merino and Tunis sheep offer
much promise. All of our sheep are allowed to range with-
out interference from herders. This kind of management
gives far better results than can be obtained from the
close herding system, such as is universally practiced on
the large sheep ranches of the Western states. By alter-
nating sheep and cattle in fenced pastures, containing
2,000 to 10,000 acres, there is one great advantage in
the cleanliness of the range which is thus maintained.
The grasses and plants, which are left standing by cattle,
are eaten by the sheep so that the range is covered with
a more uniform stand of grasses and no one weed or group
of weeds is neglected to occupy the range to the exclusion
of more desirable plants. There is room for the extension
of the sheep industry, since about 500 carcasses of mut-
ton are imported monthly to satisfy the market. The
present wholesale price for dressed mutton is about ten *
cents a pound. Our wool exports in 1908 amounted to
$58,000, the wool being marketed in Boston at from
twelve to twenty cents a pound.

The pork production of Hawaii is not nearly suflBcient
for home consumption. During the past year one firm
alone in Honolulu imported 35,000 pounds of pork loins
from the mainland. There is a constant demand for pork
at ten cents a pound, live weight, a figure considerably
above that obtained for pork on the mainland. The
climate of the Islands is well adapted for raising hogs.
They can be allowed to run at will on green pasture or
on the range. There are hogs on all of the Islands, which
have escaped from cultivation and find abundant forage
in the hills and mountains. The necessary expenditure
for buildings is very slight. By the use of local grain
feeds, such as algaroba bean, corn, alfalfa, soy beans, etc.,

37

it is possible to produce pork at two or three cents per
pound. The difficulties met with in hog raising here are
no greater than on the mainland. There are outbreaks
of hog cholera from time to time, but a careful system
of quarantining imported breeding stock, and the con-
finement of hogs in fenced areas, will obviate most danger
from this source. The Berkshire is to be recommended as
probably the best breed for our conditions.

Dairying in Hawaii is carried on chiefly for the pro-
duction of milk. Only small quantities of butter are made
here, and no cheese. The present market price of milk
is ten or twelve cents per quart. There is room for much
improvement in the dairy industry and for considerable
increase in the production of milk. About 45 dairies fur-
nish milk to the city of Honolulu, part of these being well
managed by intelligent dairymen, while others are in the
hands, of ignorant Portuguese, who understand little of
the sanitary requirements of clean milk production. In
some localities an excellent quality of butter is produced.
A few of the outlying dairies in the mountain regions
are managed according to modern ideas of sanitation and'
yield excellent returns. Perhaps the chief reason for the
small profit, complained of in dairying, is to be found in
the low milk yield of dairy cows. Almost no attention
has been given to the selection of cows for large yield.
The result of this neglect is that the average cow gives
about one-half as much milk as the average cow on the
mainland. It is obvious that a few enterprising dairy-
men, with good training in all of the technique of the
business, could find room for the establishment of an in-
dustry with large profits in Hawaii.

There is a steady demand for horses for dray purposes
in towns, and as draft and saddle animals on plantations.
The local demand is nearly met by local production, but
last year nearly 200 horses were imported. The quality
of the draft and saddle horses could be improved. On the
large ranches importations of the finest quality of breed-
ing animals have recently been made; in fact, the great
importance of fine, pure bred sires is quite well recog-
nized. On one ranch we have six or eight Percheron stal-
lions which would compare favorably with those of any
locality. These stallions are at present being used for
the production of heavy draft horses and also for the pur-
pose of securing mares suitable for mule raising. There
is room, however, for the further improvement of draft
animals and a reasonable number of excellent draft ani-

■- --: . , »- < : ,

mals can always be marketed locally at remunerative
prices. The demand for saddle horses is very active.
There is an excellent opening for a skilled breeder to
improve the type of saddle horses by the use of American
Saddle stallions on native mares.

Mules are always in demand on plantations and the
local production is insufficient to supply the market.
During 1B08, 750 mules were imported and sold at about
$250.00 per head. Afew of the plantations are making
preparation to raise mules for their own use, but there
is a good opportunity for an expert breeder to produce
mules for general work purposes about towns and on
plantations. We have a great number of native Jacks,
which are constantly used as pack aniamls, and some of
the stallions have been used in mule production. It is
easy to understand that the mules obtained in this way
are under-sized and of undesirable color. Some unfortun-
ate experience has been had in importing standard Jacks
for breeding purposes. In several instances, the buyers
have received very inferior animals. A considerable
number of standard bred Jacks, if raised and acclimated
in the Islands, could be sold to plantations for use in mule
production.

Nearly all of the standard breeds of poultry are raised
to some extent in the Territory. At the annual Poultry
Show in Honolulu fine specimens of these breeds are ex-
hibited and a poultry judge from the mainland is always
invited to award prizes. The commercial production of
poultry, however, is far below the requirements of local
trade, and as a result, great quantities of poultry and
eggs are constantly imported from the mainland. When
it is remembered that the local price of eggs ranges from
40 to 60 cents a dozen, and that of ordinary fowls, from
$10.00 to $15.00 a dozen, it is evident that there is money
in poultry for the man who knows the business. There
is a wide-spread belief that the diseases, and other trou-
bles which the poultrymen meets, are more serious here
than on the mainland. When we look into this matter,
we find that sore head, or roup, and mongoose are the
chief sources of trouble. The fowls can be protected
against mongoose by the construction of cheap buildings
and the use of mongoose-proof fencing. Moreover, sore
head is no more serious here than in many parts of the
mainland. The disease is apparently carried to some
extent by mosquitoes, and fowls can be easily protected
against mosquitoes by providing cheap, open roosting

houses, screened with mosquito-wire. A number of men
who are now following the business of poultry raising,
are making good profits from it; and there is room for
others. The raising of ducks is at present largely in the
hands of Chinese, who control large areas of duck ponds
near Honolulu. This line of poultry industry, could also
be extended. Geese thrive excellently well and seem to
be almost unmolested by diseases on most of the islands.
Turkeys are subject to no more trouble than they have
on the mainland; in fact, on many of the islands domes-
tic turkeys have escaped and easily maintain themselves
in a wild condition in the forests.

WHAT HAWAII OFFERS TO THE MAINLAND FARMER

The farmer whose experience has been had entirely in
temperate climate, may wonder what he has to expect
in a subtropical country like Hawaii. Such a man natur-
ally hesitates to sever his connections with friends and
with the familiar conditions under which he has lived
from boyhood. The facing of new conditions in an un-
familiar country may seem a serious undertaking. We
have conditions, however, which should appeal to a large
number of American farmers. In the first place, he can
raise in Hawaii all of the vegetables, most of the field
crops, and some of the fruits with which he is familiar
on the mainland. In addition to these crops, which con-
stitute the agriculture of his experience, he can raise the
innumerable tropical fruits which are found in Hawaii
and many, or all, of the domestic animals.

Our climate should appeal to many as a welcome relief
from the sudden and trying changes of temperature
which characterize temperate regions. The heat is not
too severe for the white farmer to do manual labor, and
the joy of being able to live out of doors practically the
year round is not to be lightly brushed aside. The crops
with which the mainland farmer is familiar, mature in
about the same time or more quickly with us than on
the mainland. * Tropical crops, however, are slow in
maturing and those who intend to engage in the cultiva-
tion of rubber, sisal, Manila hemp, coffee, avocado or
pineapples, should have sufficient means to tide them
over the period during which he must wait for returns.
Fortunately, in most of these crops, the soil will also sus-
tain rapidly maturing crops between the rows of the slow
maturing plants. The insect troubles, with which we

40

« — — — ~~- . . — _ . ^__! . -^ : ._ . -. . ■ , , :

must contend in tropical climates, may seem very annoy-
ing at first, but as experience accumulates, they are no
more insuperable than similar pests of temperate clim-
ates. An unusual amount of work has been done in the
introduction and propagation of parasites with most
striking results, and the hope is confidently entertained
that all of our serious pests may be controlled in this
manner with the assistance of artificial treatment. The
agricultural problems of Hawaii differ from those on the
mainland, but are no more difficult to the man who comes
armed with intelligence and possessed of energy.

The Hawaii Experiment Station is maintained by Gov-
ernment funds, assisted by occasional Territorial appro-
priations. A staff of trained men are occupied in solving
the problems which confront the farmer of Hawaii, and
satisfactory progress along this line has been recorded.
The sugar planters maintain an Experiment Station for
the investigation of all problems relating to the sugar
industry. The Territorial Bureau of Agriculture and
Forestry has the supervision of official inspection work
in preventing the introduction of insect and fungus pests
and animal diseases; and in the control of- the forests.
The Territorial Conservation Commission is bending its
energies to the conservation of our various resources,
particularly water and the forests. The College of Ha-
waii has recently been established with functions and
purposes similar to those of other Agricultural Colleges
on the mainland. The American farmer, who may come
to Hawaii, will find an unusual percentage of men well
trained in technical lines, engaged in agricultural pur-
suits.

PUBLIC LANDS.

The control of the public lands of Hawaii is vested in
the Territorial Government, subject to some general con-
ditions imposed by Congress in the Organic -Act under
which the Territory is constituted. The Governor,
through the Commissioner of Public Lands, has the power
to lease and sell lands under various conditions of home-
steading; and steps are now being taken to open up a
number of tracts in lots of about forty acres to American
settlers under easy conditions.

Although the law provides a number of systems by
which the lands may be disposed of, the Governor has the
option of making use of such form as he sees fit. At the
present time a special form of agreement is being used

^ ___________„ Jii*

which has proved most satisfactory to everybody; makes
the conditions extremely easy to the settler, and insures
the Territory largely against speculators. Land opened
under this agreement is sold at approximately twenty-
five per cent, of its appraised value, and the payments
may be extended over a period of twenty years, and with-
out interest for the first ten years. A five per cent, pay-
ment of the purchase price is required on receiving. right
of entry, and two years later a second five per cent, is due.
Thereafter five per cent, per year is required to be paid.

The homesteader cannot receive a patent in less than
|:en years, but at the end of that time may make all his
payments, and receive a patent in fee simple.

Five years' residence upon the property is necessary to
secure a title, but the settler may spread this over the
first ten years if he desires, thus permitting him to get
his land to producing an income before being required to
actually live on it.

He is also required by his agreement to have at least
ten per cent, of his arable land under cultivation within
two years after date of sale, and ten per cent, additional
each succeed'ing year until he shall have at least fifty per
cent, under tillage. As much of the land in the Territory
is interspersed with land not available for cultivation, the
agreement requires that when a portion of a settler's land
is of this character, he shall be required to plant it in
trees — five trees per acre within the first two years, and
five additional per acre each succeeding year until a total
of twenty-five per acre have been planted.

Except in the length of time required for residence,
and to obtain a patent, the conditions of the Hawaiian
law is in every way easier for the bona fide settler than
are the Federal Homestead Laws. The Land Commis-
sioner, with the consent of the Governor, is empowered to
extend time of payments, of cultivation, tree-planting,
etc., when there is good reason why the settler has been
unable to fulfill any of these conditions. The desire of
the administration and of public sentiment in the Terri-
tory, to have the lands occupied by prosperous American
citizens, insures the most liberal and helpful interest
being taken in every person taking up land in good faith.

Another feature, which is not a part of the Federal
laws, and which should appeal most strongly to the
homeseeker, is the provision applying to forfeitures. If
a settler for some reason fails to make good in his agree-
ment, and thereby forfeits his holdings, the law provides

42

that upon the sale of the surrendered property, an ap-
praisement shall be made on the permanent Improye-
ments, and this figure added as an upset price to the
value when the land is resold. The first holder will re-
ceive the value of the improvements, and a proportion of
any increase over the original selling price of the land,
less such rentals and costs as he may owe. This provision
of the law has made it possible for the settler to borrow
money for developing his land, giving a lien on his build-
ing and other improvements. The Territorial Govern-
ment recognizes this right, and has a form of mortgage
acceptable to it in this connection.

For further information about the Territory of Hawaii
and for illustrated folders, address

H. P. WOOD, Secretary,
Hawaii Promotion Committee,
Honolulu,

Hawaii.

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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
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1948

LD 21-100m-9,'47(A5702sl6)476

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