GIFT OF
DSAU C. B. HUTCHISON

UNIVERSITY FARM

LIVE

Ci

With leaves o'er head and verdure to the brink,
A restful place where cattle come to drink.

Herds and Flocks and Horses

By CAPTAIN A. H. WADDELL

Copyrighted 1911

Published by the

PEDIGREE PUBLISHING COMPANY

819 Exchange Avenue

Chicago, HI.

Illustrations from Photographs
by

Robert F. Hildebrand, Chicago, 111.
W. A. Rouch, London, England,
Montague Dixon, London, England
G. H. Parsons, Alsagar, England

INTRODUCTION

THE object of this book, which is dedicated to the stock-
men and breeders of the United States, is to point out
to those, who while engaged in the business of stock
raising, may not have realized the tremendous opportuni-
ties and extraordinary possibilities of the live stock
industry in this country. Big as it is, and enormous
as the numbers of live stock that are breed here are,
the industry, as far as the breeding of pedigreed stock is con-
cerned, is in its infancy. America, although, through the
generous hand of nature, has been so richly endowed and
plenteously provided for in everything that goes to make a
large portion of it a stockman's paradise, seems not to have
as yet realized the fact of its rapidly increasing population,
the demands of foreign nations, the spread of civilization, and
the increase of the inhabitants of the world. All these must
be provided for; everybody must be fed; the rich and leisure
classes of this and other countries, supplied with horses for
their pleasure and amusement, and the great military nations
of the world provided with animals for the maintenance of their
cavalry, artillery, mounted infantry, and transport. America,
through her enormous grazing lands, her soil, fertility, and
climate; through her splendid isolation, though readiness of
access to the East and the West of the world, and through her
absolute independence, seems chosen by Nature to play this
great part in the world's welfare.

Now is the sowing time ; let her scatter good seeds through-
out those of her domains which are best suited for their
growth, and surely shall she reap the richest of harvests
therefrom.

A. H. WADDELL.

Chicago, January, 1911.

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

THE EASIEST ROAD TO ACHIEVEMENT IS ALONG
THE PATH OF LEAST RESISTANCE.

HOW often do we find a young man, who, either from stress
of circumstances, from the well meant but ill advised
wishes of a father, the arbitrary ruling and powerful
influence of guardians, bachelor uncles or old maid aunts,
pressed into some profession or business for which he is totally
unfitted, and against which his natural impulses and desires
revolt, and which, while bravely as he may accept the inevita-
ble, and nobly as he may work to make a success of that which
is forced upon him, an unseen hand seems silently to point,
and an invisible magnet attract him along a road he craves to
follow but must not go.

Thousands upon thousands of splendid young men, manly,
level headed fellows, have been prevented from developing the
best there is in them from this very cause, and made to pursue
a course that has been against their natural tendencies and
best judgment, and who, after honestly working out their very
souls, have never succeeded in doing anything more than or-
dinary, while, if they had been permitted to follow the normal
and natural tendencies of their own inclinations, would have
blossomed into something worth while, and left behind them
names and records that would have been written down.

Not only would they have done this, but they would have
done it with a fraction of the labor, an atom of the wear and
tear, and with a pleasure and delight that would have made
their lives a dream in comparison, and their path along a
flower-grown lane, instead of over an uphill road strewn with
rock and boulders.

With the normal youth of courage and constitution, with
a clear perception of what life means, and the tremendous odds
in favor of his endeavors if he pursues the right course, with
this great big, generous world before him, it is a crime to try
and wean him away from that which nature has best fitted
him for, and his inborn aptitude, talents, disposition and wishes

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

(all him. This young fellow will make a success of whatever he
undertakes in this way, while he will make a miserable failure
of any tiling else that is forced upon him, even if a fortune be
expended on his education, and a princely amount of money
given him to start the repulsive work.

This young man, if allowed to follow the trend of his own
desires, with a rudimentary education and no money, will bud,
blossom and bear fruit of the richest kind, and will distance
his unfortunate contemporary to such a length that the latter
will be completely lost sight of and left, even in the dawn of
his career, and will have to fight for every inch of ground, till
footsore, weary and worn out, he reaches those splendid years
of early middle age, an old man, while the companion of his
youth of equal years, is young, vigorous, happy and contented,
dwelling in the midst of love, peace and contentment, in the
bosom of his family, respected and beloved by his fellow men
and honored by his country.

Nature, through his brain, tells the normal young man
whither to steer his course, and nature directs and guides
him over the smoothest seas and easiest paths. It is unnatural
to choose the wild Atlantic Ocean when a placid lake will
serve the same purpose. It is against the dictates of a normal
brain to pick out a rocky mountain path in preference to a
beautiful country road when both lead to the same place.
obstacles at every gust of wind in the one case, and at every
step in the other, present themselves, yes! throw themselves in
the way, while the other path is smooth; and by the very
choosing of the one which nature has whispered in the ear to
choose, the waves, pitfalls and quicksands of life have been
avoided.

S<> it is then, that the young man who voluntarily chooses
that which he knows is best fitted for him, is bound to make
a success, while the other poor fellow, bravely as he may fight,
who has had his path and calling chosen for him, only finds
failure at the end of an almost impassable road and a heart-
breaking journey.

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

A MOMENTOUS QUESTION.

ONE of the great questions that confront this country to-
day, and one of vital importance, is that which has to do
with the migration of the bone and muscle of young
America to the great cities of the country.

This continuous stream of young countrymen to the great
towns and cities of the land, is due in a large measure, to the
"Fairy Tales" of wealth and greatness written in books and
periodicals, and stories told around the fireside by some one
who has heard what somebody said, and what somebody told
somebody else.

Glowing accounts are unfolded of how a young man fresh
from the farm, had worked his way to New York or Chicago,
and after endless hardships, arrived at one of these great cities
hungry and exhausted; and how, in a fainting condition, he
was found by some benevolent old lady who took him to her
home, cared for him, nursed and fed him back to health and
strength, and gave him a job watering the flowers in the gar-
den, where he met her beautiful niece, heiress to many millions.
How he wooed and won her, the magnificence of the wedding,
and the flower strewn, sunny path they trod for ever after-
wards.

Another, after the hardest of digging, to earn enough to
keep body and soul together ; sleeping in the corners of tumble
down buildings and pest ridden and vermin swarmed lodging
houses, secures, through the kindly hand of some philanthropic
old gentlemnn, a position as office boy in a bank. Years and
years of uphill labor, with never a breath of the prairie air or
the sight of a summer country landscape, finds him seated in the
presidential chair.

So the stories end in the books or by the fireside; but the
"real thing" reveals a very different aspect.

The former, out of his element, out of his station in
life, out of himself in fact, has cut loose on the "Great White
Way." The footlights have allured him, and soft brown eyes

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES, 13

ITS SOLUTION.

THE solution of this question, is the realization by the
breeding and farming element of the country, that they
have in the grass that grows and the stock they can
breed, an institution safer than any bank in America, and a
fortune greater than any combination in the world.

The breeders of herds and flocks, and the tillers of the soil,
were the men who first made the world habitable, and until
food, living, and present conditions are completely revolu-
tionized, and until every acre of cultivatable soil is put to
some other use, the breeder and farmer will be the mainstay
of the world. He is to the land what the ship is to the sea;
the only practical means of support in the one instance, as
the other is the only practical means of conveyance.

Food is the one absolutely necessary essential to the main
tenance of life, everything else without it is positively use-
less.

The world could not exist a fortnight without food, and
although it might be argued that the fruits of the field would
do, such an argument is based upon such ignorance as is not
worth consideration.

The vegetarian, in his plausible argument for a diet com-
posed entirely of vegetables, and in every instance, brought
about by an abnormal condition of his own digestive tract,
whereby he is unable to assimilate and make use of animal
Mesh — which by the way, is the most easily digestible of all
foods shows a condition of abnormality, an unsound organi-
/ation, and a state of health which is certainly not calculated
to improve the human breeds, nor add to the constitutional
soundness and stamina of the race.

These people forget that man is in reality a flesh eating
animal, and while he is capable under certain conditions of
existing upon a diet in some measure composed of vegetables,
still animal flesh has been the diet that has made man what he
is today, and will continue to be the basic principle upon which

I J HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

he must live, in order to maintain the physical strength and
character of the race.

The canine teeth, found in the mouth of every normal indi-
vidual of the human breeds, is proof positive, not only of his
flesh-eating nature, but also that he will continue to be a flesh-
devouring animal so long as these teeth remain, and Avho shall
say when this shall cease.

As age succeeds age, and time in its flight rolls over
millions of years, evolution is working its sure but unrecog-
nizable changes in everything that is earthly, and so slow are
the changes wrought, that it would be only after hundreds of
thousands of years that the faintest alteration from conditions
as we know them today, could be recognized, even by a scientist,
who, if it were possible, had lived today, died, and come to life
again a million years hence at least.

This shows then, beyond argument, that man is a flesh-eat-
ing animal, and that flesh has always formed the basis of his
diet ; and that part of it also, which has made him what he is
since the day of his creation, and is the one thing that will
continue to make and keep him from deteriorating both physi-
cally and mentally.

It is not the intention of the writer to go into statistics,
but it will be perfectly clear to the reader that the vastly and
rapidly increasing population of this country is going to call
for meat supplies that are almost past belief and understand-
ing.

If the breeding of cattle, sheep and swine is not pushed,
pursued, and made above all others, the foremost industry of
the land, this extraordinary, this vast, broad, rich, fertile
country, instead of being a land wherefrom the peoples of the
earth may be supplied with meat, will become a purchaser
from other lands to supply its own demands.

With the business acumen of the ordinary American, and
the keenness of his foresight, it is astounding that such ob-
vious conditions as these seem to have been lost sight of.

Humbugged by stories of the amassing of fortunes, lured by

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

15

tin* phantom millions of Wall Street, fascinated by dreams of
city life, the brawn and muscle of the country have been drawn
in millions to these conjested masses, to live lives that for the
most part have done little good for themselves, and nothing
for the country.

It is time to "Go Back to the Farm" ; not to the hard labor
and toil of our fathers, but to the pleasant and profitable
business of breeding. Not also, to the raising of the old-time
Texas steer and razor back hog, but to produce pure-bred stock,
one of which will yield double, treble, quadruple the price of
the stock that "father used to raise."

To meet, therefore, the rapidly increasing and fast-grow-
ing population, and consequently the crying demand for meat
at reasonable prices, as well as the enormous calls upon
America from every country on earth, for her refrigerator, as
well as her canned meats, the breeding and stock raising in-
dustry, with its ever ready and profitable markets, presents
by far the greatest opportunity for the country bred youth of
America to make money, to make it quickly, and to make it in
such a way, that with a level head, failure is next to impossi-
ble. "The people must be fed."

THE FLOWERS OF THE FLOCK

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES. 17

WHAT BREEDING IS.

BREEDING, in its broad sense, is the propagation of a
species; but it means very much more than this from a
commercial standpoint. It means, in meat producing
animals, an improvement through blood lines, selection and
individuality, upon their ancestors.

The crossing of two breeds of the same species, a combina-
tion of which, in the opinion of experts, would develop benefic-
ially in the offspring, certain desirable points outstanding in the
one, while not so pronounced in the other ; and at the same time
produce other valuable qualities outstanding in the other,
while not so well marked in the mate. This method, followed
by the most careful selection of stock animals* on both sides,
and through a system of the most careful registration, has
been the means of producing — and especially in Great Britain,
which leads the world by many lengths as the mother of
scientific as well as practical breeding— a large number of
various breeds of the domestic animals, to a point of perfec-
tion, not only in general beauty of outline, fineness of quality,
rapid development and early maturity, but of a size, weight
and commercial value that has never before been reached, and
the blood of which, for breeding purposes, as represented in
certain individuals, is worth thousands upon thousands of dol-
lars, which previously would have brought nothing more than
their market value as ordinary food.

This system of breeding has been pursued with such con-
summate skill, care and exactness, that it is possible now to
breed certain animals so true to type, size, weight and general
characteristics that they are as much alike as "peas in a pod,"
as the old saying has it; and not only is this the case, but the
Hesli is so much superior to that of the same species of the old
days, that it would, in many cases, not be recognized as coming
from the same kind of animal.

This splendid system has been pursued among all the
animals that enter into the sphere of man's daily environment.

18 HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

Cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, rabbits, poultry and
more than that, for it embraces song birds, game, fish and the
creeping things of the earth. Scientists have even nursed,
strengthened, and developed bacteria of a vigorous and healthy
nature that prey upon disease germs, and so maintain a health
and vigor of body in those who otherwise would succumb to
the inroads of these death-dealing organisms.

Breeding for outstanding qualities such as are desirable
in the various animals, has reached such a point that improve-
ment seems impossible, but breeding is still in its swaddling
clothes, its process in its babyhood, its growth limitless, and
its possibilities infinite and extraordinary.

In cattle, sheep and swine of the best beef, mutton and
pork breeds, gize, weight, type and outline, combined with
enormously increased bulk and fineness of quality and a dis
position to put on flesh in a short period of time, with the mini-
mum amount of bone development, have been the principal
characteristics sought for and obtained, thereby vastly in-
creasing their value as feeding and meat-producing propo-
sitions.

The breeding of horses on the other hand has been directed
along many channels, and each effort has met with such suc-
cess as to be little short of wonderful. Galloping (running)
in one instance, trotting in another, action in a third, com-
bined with symmetrical beauty and elegance of form; and al
ways — unlike the breeding of cattle, sheep and pigs — with an
aim towards an increase in the size and quality of the boney
frame. Heavy draughters have been bred for type, size, bone,
weight and immense hauling powers, and thought has never
been lost sight of towards improving the temper, temperament
and disposition. Other animals have been bred along lines
best calculated to better them for the purpose for which they
are required, and the whole system has been studied and car
ried to such successful ends that further improvement would

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

19

seem well nigh impossible, still, as stated before, the dawn
only has broken, and the day will develop such changes as the
layman cannot realize, and only the scientist partially under-
stand.

CLYDESDALE MARES AND FOALS

GALLOWAY STEERS

A CLYDESDALE GELDING

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES. 21

ANOTHER SIDE OF THE BREEDING QUESTION.

raising of beef, mutton and pork, is only one side of
X the great live stock industry of this nation, the other
allied side being the breeding of horses ; and great, and
all important as the former may be, no less necessary in many
ways is the latter.

Horses, and particularly the heavy draught breeds, are in-
dispensable to the requirements of the country, and particu-
larly in the great agricultural West and the large cities, where
heavy horse power is absolutely necessary, and will continue
to be necessary, notwithstanding the motor vehicle and every
other kind of mechanical contrivance.

This generation, and another and another, and yet many
more, will have passed into oblivion before the usefulness of
the horse begins to show the faintest signs of wavering. He
is more in demand today than ever before in his history, not-
withstanding statements to the contrary; and his price is
greater than it has ever been. So much are heavy draught
horses of the Shire, Clydesdale, Percheron and Belgian breeds
in demand, that importers are not able to meet the calls upon
them, and their breeding in this country is in such a state of
infantile helplessness that it actually amounts to nothing.
Scrub and grade horses are bred, it is true, but their days are
numbered, for in the course of general advancement and im-
provement, they will pass from our sight and die the death
that everything meets that does not keep pace with the general
and overpowering demand for better things.

The markets of England and Scotland, those mothers of
heavy draught horse breeding of the Shire and Clyde families,
and France and Belgium as the birthplace of those honest
slaves, the Percheron and Belgian breeds, are ever open to the
buyers of the world, and it is for the American purchaser to
not only buy, but to purchase the very best that each country
provides, and to lay the foundation for a heavy draught horse
industry with sound parent stock, and in time, make foreign

22

HERDS

FLOCKS AND HORSES.

purchase unnecessary. Imagine what this will mean for the
country, and in cool moments of reflection, consider your own
pocket, and what embarkation in heavy draught horse breed-
ing would mean to your bank account. It is a sound, safe,
^olid investment ; a crying demand for what the country hasn't
got, and a demand that must be satisfied at whatever cost
This is where England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, France and
Belgium have the quiet laugh at America, the silent chuckle
at the United States.

All these different countries are mentioned because we are
obliged to go to them all for the fashionable breeds of horses
each produces.

We go to England for Shires, Hackneys and polo ponies:
Scotland for Clydes and Shetlands; Ireland for Hunters;
Wales for Welsh ponies ; France for Percherons and Belgium
for Belgians, when we should be breeding them all ourselves
as good or better, and for prices, which instead of going into
foreigners' pockets, should find their way into our own.

GOOD MORNING

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES. 23

SPLENDID EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES OFFERED BY
AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTIONS

EDUCATION is generally regarded as something that
enables anyone to read, write and talk grammatically,
to be proficient in the knowledge of mathematics, his-
tory, geography, a close acquaintance with the writings of the
great men of the past and present, an ability to speak one or
more languages, information regarding important past and
present events, and the many and varied accomplishments of
the age. This, however, is but a narrow view of the subject as
it is viewed by practical men of the world, and by those who
have become proficient in the various professions and trades
which go to make up the great mass of progress and achieve-
ment. The man who could entertain a drawingroom full of
ladies through his knowledge of things poetical, or who could
charm them with his musical genius, would find himself hard
pressed were he called upon to earn his livelihood on a Westerr
ranch. The statesman would be in the same position when
called upon to serve before the mast, or the clergyman who
had to strip to the waist and work in the stokehole of a trans-
atlantic liner. With the exception of reading, writing and
arithmetic, the practical education of life consists in a thor-
ough knowledge of whatever business a man elects to follow,
and pushes to the limit of the capacity of a level head.

There is no enterprise or business that offers greater ad-
vantages to the rugged youth of America of today than the
breeding of live stock. There is no produce' so stable, no mar-
ket so sure and no future so propitious as that of breeding
meat animals and horses, and there is no country on earth so
generously endowed by nature for its fulfillment.

The world is fast becoming civilized, and faster calling for
the blessings that civilization brings about. Vast territories
of hitherto unknown countries are becoming peopled by the
white race with their refining and enlightening influence; the
earth is becoming more densely populated with human beings

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

of more intelligent and intellectual minds, and the growth of
human brotherhood is so pronounced that it is only the his-
torian himself, who can actually realize in a thought, the
progress that has been made in the last hundred years.

Of all the nations of the earth, and of all its peoples, how
glorious it is to realize that this great country, the United
States of America, is in the van, and leads all others through
its progressive ways, up-to-date methods and go-ahead princi
pies. With all this, however, for some unaccountable and un-

GENTLENESS AND INNOCENCE

explainable reason, this country has not taken the advantage
she might have done in her live stock industry, and seems to
have been content in this regard, to depend more or less upon
what has been going on in the past, rather than preparing foi
the future.

As has been stated in the early part of this book, America
has for years been the great provider of meat and horses for
other lands, and has reaped untold millions as its reward.

Today, however, the question faces us, how are we going to
provide for our enormously increasing population, and still
retain the name of the great caterer to other nations ?

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

27

TWO OP A KIND

If the live stock industry of this country is not increased,
it will be but a short time before the United States will be
unable to supply its own, and this is nothing short of suicide,
self-sacrifice, when it is considered that the Western state?
alone are able today, to supply not only the requirements of
the country, but to fill to repletion the peoples of Europe and
the far East with all the meat that their own lands are in
capable of producing, and all the horses that their immense
armies are crying for and their fashionable pursuits demand
There is enough grass in this Western country to feed stock
in numbers (hat can hardly be realized, and with the scientific
methods of advanced farming, to grow enough grain to put
them in such market condition as no other country could ap-
proach. Even with such advantages as these, silos and silage,
besides keeping stock in better condition, practically doubles
the value of the corn crop, and enables the farmer to feed twice

28

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

A HAMPSHIRE BARROW

SOUTHDOWNS

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES. 29

as many animals to the acre as he could under the old system.
Such conditions, with the educational opportunities of acquiring
practical knowledge through the various agricultural colleges,
state fairs and live stock exhibitions, the youth of America
whose taste runs in the direction of stock breeding, is in a
better position to become expert in its methods than the youth
of any other nation under the sun; and apart from this, the

HAPPY AND CONTENTED

future, the returns and the fortunes that await the stock
breeders of this country are so immense, as compared with a like
industry anywhere else, as to make comparison an impossi-
bility. In addition to this, look at the life, look at the free-
dom, look at the wholesome, free existence of the man who
takes up this remunerative business, and compare it with the
mechanical drudgery and nerve-racking work of the city man
who must keep his nose to the grindstone from dawn till mid
night if he intends to be in front in this frightfully fast and
overcrowded race for existence ; and where is he at the end,
and what his condition, though he be a winner? An old man,

30 HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

overworked, overrun, stale, useless, unfit and unable to enjoy
the wealth he has amassed, and at forty or fifty years of age,
rich in money, but penniless in health. Is the game worth the
candle, when with healthy exercise, a level head and an easily
attainable stock breeding knowledge, a man can amass a for-
tune sufficient for the requirements of any normal mind at
an early age, with comparatively no mental wear and tear, and
in early manhood, not only be independent of the cares and
worries of life, but rest happy in the reflection that he has made
his money honestly, and live to a ripe old age in the bosom
of his family to enjoy it?

The towns and cities are stocked to overflowing with the
dregs of society, glutted with the refuse of worthlessness, and
filled to repletion with the youth of the country who have been
lured there by stories of gold, only to be swamped in the
avalanche of humanity that is hurled from dreams of glory
into the whirlpool of despair.

The agricultural colleges of this country, after years and
years of patient, uphill labor, preparing the people of America
for conditions they knew must come and are now upon us, must
contemplate with intense satisfaction the fruits of their labors
and for the rich harvest of agricultural knowledge they are
yielding.

The tremendous area of this country, which doubtless
fathered the thought that there was more land than would
ever be cultivated and turned into usefulness, was accountable
for arguments against the necessity for scientific farming and
advanced methods of agriculture. Present day conditions
however, have shown how far wrong these people were, and
how right the brainy, farseeing men who anticipated conditions
as they now exist, and which, with all their farsightedness,
they are at present only partially prepared to meet. What
these pioneers of up-to-date agriculture have accomplished is
written down in the splendid institutions of the country, and
stands silhouetted in the golden sunset as a never crumbling
monument of their splendid hopes and glorious achievements.

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

CHESTER WHITES

The same conditions which confronted agricultural Amer-
ica at the advent of its colleges, stand out in bold relief before
the producers of beef, mutton and pork animals today, as well
as the raising of the various breeds of horses which are so
much in demand throughout the world.

This condition of the live stock industry of America focusses
itself upon those who have been endeavoring to advance the
interests of the stock man through modern methods of breed-
ing and feeding, as demonstrated in the live stock departments
of the great fairs and stock shows throughout the country.

The agricultural colleges have augmented their splendid
work in advanced farming by making breeding upon the most
practical and scientific methods one of the great aims and ob-
jects of their usefulness. Experimental breeding farms have
sprung into existence, and under the careful nursing and fos-
tering care of professors who have spent their lives in arriv-
ing at a point of present day perfection, which render these
Institutions second to none, have shown most clearly, and
proven beyond doubt the benefits that advanced methods in
live stock breeding mean to this country as a nursery, and the
wide world as a market.

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

. SHORTHORN BULL,

ANGUS BULL

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

33

HEREFORD HULL

GALLOWAY BULL

34 HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

Among all the great fairs and stock shows of the United States,
the International Live Stock Exposition at Chicago stands pre-
eminently as the embodiment of all that is best and the achieve-
ment of all that has been aimed at by these agricultural colleges
and experimental stations. The steady improvement which has
marked the progress of this marvelous exposition in the breed-
ing and feeding of live stock year by year, is positive proof of
its extraordinary success in the improvement of meat animals
and heavy draught horses. The champions of the year, from
all the fairs and shows of the country, gather at this court of
last resort, for the sentence of the supreme judges of the land,
whose verdicts are final and cannot be appealed.

At no other place is it possible to give the students and
teachers of these colleges, or the lay student, such practical
and liberal education on live stock problems.

The student and stockman, however, are not the only
beneficiaries of this great show, for it reaches over a far wider
range of interest than this. The railroad man particularly is
interested because the spread and development of the live stock
industry must increase the traffic and tonnage of his road and
aid him in the organization of his system and methods of rapid
transportation, for the simple reason that this highly bred and
early matured stock requires intelligent handling, and a method
of despatch which calls for rapidity and safety of movement,
as well as opening up other and larger sections of the country
for breeding operations, which in its turn means an increase
in his railroad mileage as well as adding enormously to his
returns. To put it plainly, the fertility of the soil is dependent
upon the animals fed upon it, while the railroads are depend-
ent upon the crops.

The capability of the farmer and stockman to increase his
animal production, and the student his knowledge, by follow
ing the teachings so plainly shown as the result of the work
done by these colleges and experimental stations, will be in-
creased tenfold by their attendance at the great Chicago Ex-
position, watching the judging of the various breeds, the

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

35

methods adopted by the men whose verdicts are so carefully
looked for, comparing notes and ascertaining the whys and
wherefores of this and that judgment, and employing the
twelve days of the combined Horse and Live Stock Show in
a workmanlike investigation of the different lots and classes,
they will obtain more useful, lasting, valuable and practical
information, than they would gain in studying even the best
works upon the subject for a year.

SHET^ANDS

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES. 37

THE TOMORROW OF THE STOCK BREEDING
INDUSTRY.

SOME poetical wag, commenting upon the trials and vicis-
situdes of this mortal life, and the rapid changes that
are made, in time that seems too short for anything, re-
marked, that

"Grass is grass and hay is hay,
We're here tomorrow and gone today.'7

The man meant well, and there is a truth in the couplet,
however funnily it may be expressed.

They say tomorrow never comes, but if the actual word
doesn't arrive in reality, the rapidly passing days, weeks,
months and years, make us very positive that things are mov-
ing, and at a rate — while the progress of actual time is just
Hie same — that seems to be impossible, and which — could our
fathers reappear and behold — would be utterly inconceivable
to them.

This seemingly rapid rate of speed is due to improvement,
and improvement alone, and for proof we have only to look
at the steam engine of but a few years ago and the locomotive
of today, the typesetter of only a little while back and the
linotype operator at his work now; the steamship of but a few
moons since and the ocean flyer of the present time; the tele-
phone, wireless telegraphy, and statements from men like Sir
Oliver Lodge and Professor Fessenden, that it may be only a
question of time before weather can be controlled and literally
"manufactured," and that the running of machinery will be
accomplished by power obtained from the sun, the wind and
the waters of the sea. In addition to this, Dr. Chree in-
sists that it is not improbable that electricity in the air has

38

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

How different from their dwelling place of old,
With freedom's joys and shelter from the cold.

influence on the growth and health of trees, and that in a
short time this influence may be turned to great agricultural
and economic interest, while "hot air/7 an element much in
vogue at the present time, though absolutely and utterly use-
less, possessing nothing, meaning nothing and devoid of the
smallest particle of value, except to inflate the balloon which
is intended to elevate the car of some political orator, to
heights unknown before and achievements undreamed of, even
in the political world, and which always bursts, we are told
will now be put to such use in the kitchens of our homes that
will do away entirely with wood, coal, coke and every other kind
of fuel, to the intense delight of our wives, the cleanliness of

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES. 39

our houses and the everlasting gratitude of the owners of coal
mines, coal merchants and vendors of warmth producers.
Well, they have had a pretty good inning and deserve a well
earned rest.

Now let us look for a moment upon improvement in an-
other direction, and which has more to do with the welfare
of the peoples of the earth than anything, is more necessary
than anything else, and, in short, the first and foremost of all
things to be considered — "food" — and that part of it more
particularly which we call "meat" — animal flesh.

Without food the world could last but a few days, and with-
out its chief essential, meat, but a comparatively short time
longer, and that time would only be long enough to allow the
human race to dwindle, dwarf and die, even the strongest, most
robust and most rugged of them.

The weaker and the less vigorous would wither and die like
flies at the end of summer, or like a rose denied the warmth
of heaven, the air of the glorious day, the refreshing dew of
night, and its natural food from the generous soil of the
earth.

Man has become what he is, from a diet of his natural
food, meat, and though omnivorous in his habits, and able in a
measure to maintain himself for a season upon the fruits of the
field, still without the basic principle, the brain, bone and
muscle producer, meat, he could neither maintain nor reproduce
himself to the same standard of physical, constitutional and
mental excellence in which he is found in our time.

The question of stock raising in America today, is of such
momentous importance that it will have to be pushed forward
along such lines and pursued by such methods as will
eventually make it the very foremost industry of the nation.
The time is coming and is near at hand, when the youth of this
country must turn his attention from the allurements of the
towns, the follies, frivolities and the nothingness of lives spent
in vice-gorged cities hunting for the elusive dollar which
cometh not, and get him back to mother earth, the soil, the

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES. 41

farm, the great free open land, the prairie, the valley, the
meadow, and there take up methods new, the modern breeding
of the lowing herd, the bleating sheep and the swine that
inaketh the shrill noise.

America today, is increasing in population so rapildy, that
it is only when brought face to face with the condition, and the
question of meat supply, that the true state of affairs is real-
ized. Nothing will stop the influx of aliens into this hospitable
and generous land, nothing will stay the enormous increase in
population, and nothing, absolutely nothing, will choke the
wail of man for meat.

\Vhat will happen? And there is not a fraction of a
moment left for doubt. Why, America will not be able to
supply her growing millions ; she will not be able to export
the refrigerator and canned meats that have made her the
purveyor of other lands, and the commissariat of the armies
and the navies of the world, but she will have to buy for her
own people, and at such a price as will shake the very treas-
uries of her almost limitless wealth.

The United States of America have been the base of meat
supplies for so long that the name is proverbial, but once let
the oilier nations of the world discover that her supply is short.
her breeding industry not producing what her craving children
cry for, and watch them put the screens on, watch them de-
mand (lie prices, and then watch the result.

America is capable of supplying her population, whatever
that might be, with double, treble, quadruple and more, than
it needs or will need for hundreds of years to come, and with
the name she has earned, the fame she has achieved as a uni
vei-sal provider, is it worth the risk to run the chance
of being outdone in the struggle for existence over the ques-
tion of meat; when she has will) in her doors, the resources that
only need development along modern methods of breeding and
feeding to render her position impregnable, even by the great-
est of other stock raising countries. America must not forget

42

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

MAKING BACON

PUTTING ON MUTTON

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

43

SHORTHORN COWS

that there are others, and live ones, too — progressive, up-to-
date, rich countries that are buying the best breeding stock
that money can produce. Countries keenly alive to the meat
demands of a rapidly growing world that would run their flags
up top mast high and belch forth a salute of national combina-
lions that would shake with joy the other nations of the earth,
to see America running second.

With the splendid perfection to which modern farming and
feeding have attained, and the wonderful methods of fertilizing
and inoculating the soil, the extraordinary strides irrigation
has made, and the mechanical conveniences now placed in the
farmers', breeders' and feeders' hands, stock breeding on
modern principles can be made, not only one of, but the most
remunerative of all pursuits, as well as one of enthralling inter-
est and undreamed of possibilities.

Compare the range cattle of a few years ago with the
Shorthorn, Angus, and Hereford beef cattle of to-day. The

44

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

HEREFORD STEERS

old-time sheep with the present day Southdowns, Shropshire^,
Hampshires and other breeds. The hogs of the past with the
Berkshires, Poland-Chinas, Durocs, and others of the present.
Compare all these, I say, and then understand that cattle,
sheep and swine breeding in America in the year of grace 1910
is in its infancy, its absolute babyhood. It has not finished
suckling ; it has not left its mother's breast.

Look at the canned meats of but a short time ago and those
of today, and yet with all their superiority, all their quality
and all their up-to-dateness, the canned meats of tomorrow
would grace a banquet table of today. And why — simply and
solely on account of improvement and improvement alone.

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES. 45

THE CHICAGO INTERNATIONAL LIVE STOCK EXPO-
SITION AND WHAT IT MEANS.

immense gathering together of live stock is a most
X active and potent factor in extending and improving the
breeding and feeding interests of this country, which
year by year is placing them on a higher plane and more stable
foundation. The improvement that has taken place in the
herds and flocks and horses of the great Central West, through
the influence of this show is marvelous, and the state of per-
fection it will reach as time goes on will be still more extra-
ordinary, and those who come after us will speak of the found-
ers of this great institution and accord them the honor which
is theirs, as we at present, thank the pioneers of the first agri-
cultural colleges and experimental breeding stations.

The idea, above all others, which the directors of the Inter-
national had in view at the inception of the institution, was
to make prominent and conspicuous that of education. Every
feature of the show aims at the betterment of everything with
which it is concerned, and towards the most improved methods
in breeding and feeding.

The Chicago International Live Stock Exposition is with-
out question the most extensive and comprehensive in the
world, and brings together a greater number and greater va-
riety of breeds than are to be seen in any other country.

One of the most useful, interesting and popular features
of this great exhibition is found in the recognition it gives to
the agricultural colleges of the country. The experiment
stations connected with these colleges are given classifications
which are limited to their entries, and these contests have in-
spired the colleges of competing states to make their animal
husbandry departments the strongest, most popular and con-
spicuous connected with these institutions of learning. Live
stock judging contests have been established between the stu-

46 HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

dents representing a dozen or so of the leading agricultural
colleges of the country and from which an army of trained
stockmen are annually developed.

The promoters and officers of the International have left
nothing undone that this great combination of cattlemen,
horsemen and business men could conceive, and still, with all
they have done, and with all they are doing, the future will
present such conditions as will dwarf the doings of today in
the cattle and horse breeding industry of the nation.

Chicago, the great and rich metropolis of the prolific West,
with its immense stock yards and packing plants, is but a
village in comparison with what it will eventually become, and
this is not only because of its situation, but because of the fact
that the West is the land of extraordinary resources, prolific
soil, an endless source of food supply, and a territory in which
live stock of every description can reach perfection. The In-
ternational last year amazed the throngs who witnessed it and
astounded the Easterners and foreigners who came to see, and
there is no doubt that their impressions and experiences will
bring others, and in larger numbers to the City of the Great
Lakes, and who, through the warm-hearted generosity and
kindliness of their Western brethren, will reveal to other people
and other lands, the bounty of this wonderful Western country,
and the numbers, size, beauty and quality of the animals
thereof.

Chicago, with its brains, wealth, courage, business acumen
and splendid position, and the West, with its immense area,
soil, fertility and climate, must advance, grow and develop in
spite of itself; nothing can stay its progress, nothing divert it
from its splendid course, and nothing exceed in quantity and
quality the live stock that comes to its market and grows and
fattens in the territories around it.

The immense and far-reaching railroad systems which
traverse and intersect this richest of all breeding and agri-
cultural sections of this country, and whose carrying trade is
responsible to the ranches and farms tributary to these veins

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES. 47

of communication, offer facilities, that, considering the vastness
and richness of the country through which they run, can be
found nowhere else on the face of the earth.

The owners of these great railroads are keenly interested
in the breeding industry of the nation, and it is only natural,
therefore, that they should wish to see breeding and farming
operations extend and multiply. The faster the growth of the
breeding industry, the greater will railroad facilities become,
and cheaper the rates of transport. This means that the
breeders and farmers of the future will have an easier and
cheaper road to traverse than did their fathers, and as the
capability and capacity for stock raising become more ap-
parent, the more readily will the markets of the world be open
to them.

Since the initial exhibition of 1900, and the lesson it taught
ten years ago, the amount of good the International Live Stock
Exposition has done to breeders is tremendous, its results were
apparent in 1904, and since then the breeding of live stock has
reached a pinnacle of excellence to which it never before at-
tained, and it is only beginning.

The quality of cattle, sheep and swine produced in the
West is excellent, and the heavy draught horse breeder has
seen such an improvement in his stock and such an increase
in price as has never before been known. The wonderful six-
horse teams now so popular, and into the ranks of which every
breeder is striving to place his stock, were born of this Inter
national, for before the last named date, the winning pairs,
fours and sixes, came from Canada and Scotland. Today the
West is working and showing these great horses, and more
than that, exporting a few, and this feature of the breeding
industry is absolutely in its babyhood. Every breeder of heavy
draught horses in the Central West is now ambitious to pro-
duce geldings, not only good enough to go in these great six-
horse teams, but to be individual and outstanding winners at
the International. The scrub stallion is doomed, for the
breeder now wants the very best that money can produce, be

48 HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

he Clydesdale, Shire, Percheron or Belgian. In regard to
heavy harness horses, the great stables of the East have pointed
to the class of animals required for this purpose, and at the
horse show held in connection with the Chicago International
Live Stock Exposition have exhibited such types of Hackneys
and other horses and ponies as have not been looked upon any-
where else.

The Westerner can produce horses of any breed as good and
better than can his Eastern neighbor, and he can do it cheaper
and in larger numbers ; all he wants is a model, and this model
these great Eastern stables are providing. Nothing can give
more practical instruction than such show ring lessons as
these, and so the Horse Show plays its part in an educational
way, as does its companion, the Stock Show.

The heavy draught horse and the heavy harness horse are
by no means the limit of the fashionable horse world, for
Hunters, Saddle Horses, Hackney Ponies, Polo Ponies, Welsh
Ponies and Shetlands are in great and increasing demand, and
in addition to these animals, the Army Horse, for which
England, France, Germany, the whole of military Europe and
Japan are crying, could, with special attention to the careful
breeding of the classes required, be bred in the West in num-
bers sufficient to supply them all, and at prices that would pay,
and pay well, even on a peace footing, but which would be
turned into fortunes when war breaks out, and war is sure to
come.

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES. 49

THE CATTLE, SHEEP AND SWINE MOST IN DEMAND
AS MEAT ANIMALS.

r I "HEKE are so many breeds of cattle, sheep and swine
X that have been brought to the present day acme of per-
fection through a process of scientific breeding with
practical ends in view, that it is difficult to say which is really
the prime favorite. Breeders have their own ideals which they
take the utmost pride in raising, and as all the fashionable
breeds have their adherents, and all of them are such valuable
meat producers and so far superior to anything that has gone
before, it is safe to say that all are good, and that each breed
can be made to pay handsomely in the hands of men who un-
derstand them.

Fashion in the various breeds of cattle, sheep and swine, as
well as horses, dogs and other creatures, changes, but at pres-
ent the cattle most in demand as meat animals are Shorthorns,
the Aberdeen-Angus, Herefords, Galloways, Polled Durharns
and Red Polled. All of these breeds are excellent, are animals
that carry an enormous amount of flesh of the finest quality
and put it on quickly. They are sound, have splendid consti-
tutions, beautiful individuality and finish, and breed to type
in a most extraordinary manner. If the old breeders of a by-
gone day could cast their eyes over a herd of either of these
breeds and compare them with the animals they used to raise
it would be hard to convince them that nothing but careful
breeding had brought the change, and wrought it in so short a
time. If such wonders as these have been produced in a period
of time that seems as only yesterday, what will be the revela-
tions that will present themselves in the same time hence, with
such foundations as these to work upon, and all the advantages
that are daily being brought to light through the always im-
proving methods of breeding and the advantages of scientific
feeding ?

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

51

The old breeders did their best ; they plodded along in their
old-fashioned way, taking advantage of any opportunity or
casual cross that seemed worthy of cultivation, but they lacked
the assistance of science and the helping hands of the agri-
cultural colleges. Today, not only are the breeders and feeders
working upon the discoveries of these splendid institutions and
making capital out of what they have placed within their
reach, but the up-to-date and educated breeder is anxiously
looking for further improvements which the agricultural col-
leges and experimental stations are striving to discover, and
which they will discover and bring to an advanced perfection
that is as yet undreamed of.

The day of the haphazard breeder and promiscuous crosser
has gone forever, and no one can hope to make stock breeding
and feeding a success unless he follows the most up-to-date
methods of procedure, both as regards breeding and feeding.

It is astounding to the outsider, and almost impossible of
realization, that apart from type, size and meat producing
qualities with the smallest amount of bone, in all these breeds,
that the quality of the meat itself and the ability to put on

WHITE FACES IN A BROWN STUDY

52

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

A DUROC JERSEY SOW

POLAND CHINA SOWS

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

53

weight in a minimum amount of time has been brought about
coincident with the shape, make and characteristics of the
animals. This is scientific breeding of the most advanced
kind as we understand it today, and which has proved by re-
sults to be not only scientific but practical in the extreme.

Stock breeding in the ordinary acceptation of the term
has been regarded as rough, coarse work, but let it not be over-
looked for an instant that the gentle hand of refinement has
marked the course of every stage of advancement until the
lean, angular, coarse looking cattle of the past have been
moulded into the exquisitely beautiful creatures of today.

We have from childhood looked upon the pig as an almost

SHROPSHIRES

54 HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

unspeakable animal, and as we recall him in his squalid sty of
the old days, he almost seemed so ; but look at him now, as we
see him feeding on the broad acres of this Western land, or
contemplate him in prize lots at the great stock shows of the
country, and we stand amazed at the wondrous change.

Compare for an instant the old spotted sow with her snout
buried to the eyes in disgusting swill, as she stands up to her
belly in filth, and then look upon the Berkshire, the Poland-
China, the Chester White, the Duroc-Jersey, the Tamworth, the
Yorkshire and the Hampshire breeds in their surroundings to-
day. Comparisons they say are odious, but can anyone imagine
anything more elevating than we see in this extraordinary
transformation? The stock breeders' calling is a manly, splen-
did and enobling one. The man who engages in it along the
lines that he must follow in order to make a success of his un-
dertaking, is helping the Creator's great work designed for a
goal of exquisite achievement ; he is playing well his part ; he
is feeding his brethren ; he is improving the health and strength
of his fellow men, adding to the manliness of man, and increas-
ing the wealth and prosperity of the world.

Sheep, as an emblem of gentleness, we have loved to hear
of and read about in our childhood days, and we learned to
love them when we saw them in the fields and heard the
mothers call their lambs, as the little creatures raced and
gamboled in the meadows. We recall the tinkling bells, as the
flock was slowly driven down some beautiful lane to its fold

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

55

HAMPSHIRES

MI ni^ht. They Mil seemed the same to us in those days, and
really then* was hut little difference MS compared with what
we see today. Look at the Shropshire, the Hampshire, the
I'otswohl, ihe Southdown, the Cheviot, the Dorset, the Oxford-
Down, the Leicester, the Lincoln, the Suffolk and the Ram-
houillet. which are the fashionable breeds of today, and see
how they rompare with those that were thought great when we
were hoys.

The whole thin^ is beautiful in the extreme, and in it we
can but see the hand of a Divine power that works only for
^ond. and towards an end that must reach absolute perfec-
tion.

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

57

HORSES.

OF all the breeds of horses that use and fashion make neces-
sary and valuable, the heavy draught horse from a live
stock point of view stands paramount and pre-eminent.
Never in the history of heavy draught horse breeding has this
class of animal been in such demand or so valuable, and not-
withstanding the motor truck, he is gradually becoming more
so. No mechanical device has yet been discovered, nor will be
discovered for who shall say when, that will take the place of

SHIRE STALLION

58

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

SHIRE MARE

this great powerful and magnificent animate creature, capable
of hauling immense loads and along such places and thorough-
fares as nothing else could do, and where motors powerful
enough to bear the loads, would be incapable of dealing with
them in such a way as to make them handy, serviceable and
practical. The brewer's dray, the immense wagons for hauling
coal, machinery and other cumbrous material, as well as for
opening up the vast territories of as yet untouched sections of

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

59

CLYDESDALE STALLION

ih'/ country, it has been proved that size, strength, weight and
power is of so much advantage that the heavy draught horse
will completely replace the lighter draught breeds, until, as is
always the case, the weaker must succumb to the strong.

The demand for these great creatures today, not only in
this country but all over the world, and the enormous prices
paid for them is almost past belief; where do they all come
from? Why, England, Scotland, France and Belgium. This
great, young, rich and growing country is literally screaming

60

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

CLYDESDALE MARE

for these animals, and they are one of the few things that
Amerka is unable to supply to her own people. The countries
just named are breeding these horses and getting rich upon
them, and this wonderful grazing, breeding and feeding land
is going abroad and paying prices for animals that they ur-
gently require and must have, which makes the foreign breeder
laugh in his sleeve, while the next moment he goes down on
his knees and thanks his God that it may ever DC so.

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

61

The situation is ridiculous when it is considered that with
all the pure Percherons, Belgians, Clydesdales and Shires in
this country there are almost none that have been bred here.

Foreign breeders will not sell their best stallions or their
best mares, except for prices that their own countrymen can-

PERCHERON STALLION

62

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

PERCHERON MARE

not afford to pay, or refuse to give, and then open their mouths
so wide when an American buyer appears as to make the price
prohibitive. Here is a field of enterprise as yet almost un-
touched, that will yield millions upon millions of dollars to
those who take it up, and take it up sensibly, practically and
thoroughly.

The blood, the breeding, the size, the weight, the bone, the
substance, the temper, temperament and disposition are there
ready-made and can be bought for dollars. The foreigner has
had all the trouble ; it is he who has made them what they are,

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

63

and it is he who has made them worth the money they bring,
The American has only to lay in a stock of this extraordinarily
valuable material, reproduce it on his own soil and sell it to
the world in ever increasing quantity. With the opening up
of the enormous sections of virgin territory, here and in
Canada, Mexico, South America, Africa and the Far East—
and they will all want them — America will find a market thai
will in time tax even her own extraordinary resources, but thai
will be a long time, and in that time who can count the
millions that will have gone into the American breeders'
pockets, and this is only the draught horse side of the ques-
tion.

BELGIAN STALLION

64

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

BELGIAN MARE

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

65

HACKNEYS.

hackney is the most fashionable and popular heavy
A harness horse in the world today, and brings more
money than any other. America and every other coun-
try on earth is going to England to buy them at prices that
would make George Washington turn over in his grave, the
Duke of Wellington sit up, and Napoleon Bonaparte get clean
out of his resting place; not because these gentlemen would

HACKNEY STALLION

66

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

HACKNEY MARE

regard the hackney as the best kind of horse for military pur-
poses— an animal that was always uppermost in each of their
minds — but because they would see in half a dozen fashionable
hackneys as much money value as would have mounted a regi-
ment of cavalry in their days.

Not only is the hackney the most fashionable and valuable
of heavy harness horses at present, but he is becoming more
and more so as time goes on. There are fortunes upon fortunes
in him, and he, like the heavy draughter, is a ready-made and
highly finished animal of the highest order. We see him every

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES. 67

where; \ve find him in the capitals and fashionable towns and
country places of every European land, as well as in every hole
and corner of the British possessions. We find him in Argen-
tina, and even in the far East, and, like the Shire and the
Clydesdale, where does he come from? England, of course.
America is breeding a few, but what do they amount to among
so many. He is a popular favorite, and in England is being
bred with greater care today than he has ever been before.
( Mher countries have caught the hackney fever, and he is being
exported all over the world. Within the past twelve months
i he Tinted States and the Argentine Eepublic have imported
no less than sixt}7 stallions and fifty-five mares for breeding
purposes from English breeders, and Australia, Canada, Cape
Colony, New Zealand, France, Spain, Austria, Russia, Bel-
gium, Japan and Chili have been heavy purchasers. This
indicates what a general favorite he is, and means very plainly
(hat breeding will pay, and it will pay in America better than
anywhere, when once they get him here, and get him going
on 1he same sound lines as the British have done.

68

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

HUNTERS.

THE hunter is another horse in which is hidden untold
profit, if his breeding were taken up in this country
on lines calculated to fit him for hunting as it is con-
ducted in England, and will eventually be conducted here, and
to breed him with bone, size, substance, weight, carrying capa-
city, speed and stamina that would make him appeal to hunt-
ing men. In England, during the five months of the hunting
season, fifty thousand people at the very least may be put down

A WEIGHT CARRYING HUNTER
(Copyright by W. A. Rouch.)

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES. 69

as the number who hunt regularly and who keep anywhere
from three to a hundred horses or more for this purpose, while
between forty and fifty millions of dollars are spent annually
upon this sport alone. Even the great Irish breeders, to say
nothing of the English and Scotch, cannot supply these hunting
people with mounts, and they pay tremendous prices for them.
America, and particularly the East, is getting the hunting
habit badly, and the sport, though still in its infancy, is grow-
ing rapidly in public favor. It will not be long before America
will have its Leicestershires, Warwickshires and Northampton-
shires, and hunting centers, like Melton Mowbray, Market
Harborough and Rugby, will be established, and to which will
flock the wealth and fashion of the country during the hunting
months. The large numbers of Americans who have been go
ing to England and Ireland for years to hunt, and who are
maintaining large establishments in those countries for this
purpose, are beginning to ask themselves the question, "why
cannot we do this in our own country?" They will do it, and
as America never does things by halves, it will be done on such
a magnificent scale and on such an expensive one, that the wise
men who have hunters of the right kind for sale, will be able
to retire from business and take to hunting themselves for
amusement. Apart from this, there is a splendid market for
American hunters in England today if the American breeders
would only produce the right stamp.

70 HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

POLO PONIES.

POLO originated in Persia over a thousand years ago, and
from whence it spread after several centuries to the
North West Provinces of India, and from there was ac-
quired by the British after their occupancy of that country.
Today it is the best and most manly of all games, and is by far
the most popular among military men, although it is played
a great deal by others who can afford it. England is the home
of modern polo, and while the game is played more extensively
in India than any other country, still more money is expended
on the sport in ponies, clubs, grounds, etc., in England than
anywhere else. America, as is well known, has taken the game
up in earnest, and has produced such marvelous players within
the last few years as to be able to defeat the mother country at
her own game, and wrest from her that coveted trophy, won
by her in 1886 and retaken by a team of young Americans last
year.

Here again is another example of a game, sport, pastime,
or whatever you like to call it, with the horse as the central
figure, and which is absolutely — notwithstanding the fact that
America is today the champion polo nation of the world — still
in its swaddling clothes. America, with the exception of a few
places in the East and on the Pacific Coast, is new to the game ;
it does not know its fascination, its excitement, its speed, its
thrilling dash and the beauty of its play, but it is learning fast
and becoming so enthusiastic over it that the country in a few
years from now will play more polo than the combined coun-
tries of Europe; she has the wealth, enthusiasm and the de-
sire to compete and win, but with all this she has not got the
ponies.

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

71

A POLO PONY
(Copyright by W. A. Rouch.)

Nine-tenths of the ponies that the American team rode
when they won the cup the British had held for twenty-four
veins weie Knglish bred and English purchased and bought by
i he Americans at staggvi-ing iiguies. Dots not this seem a), surd
when we consider the breeding resources of this country?

The Western range pony is one of the hardest, toughest and
gamest of ponies, with heart, grit and stamina enough to sup-
ply a lioise twice his size, and some of them have a good turn
of speed, but when it comes to first class polo and crossing
sticks with players mounted on ponies that are bred for Hie
game, most of them thoroughbred or as near it as possible,
as fast as race horses, and with bone and substance sufficient

72 HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

to carry a heavy man, they are outraced and outplayed to such
an extent that competition would be useless.

With polo pony breeding taken hold of in earnest in this coun-
try, and pursued upon lines similar to those adopted in Eng-
land, America could breed polo ponies that could not be beaten
anywhere, and would not only be able to supply the demands
which are here today, and are increasing by leaps and bounds,
but would create an export trade that other nations would only
be too glad to take advantage of. This is another side of the
breeding question, and presents the lamentable spectacle of
America being the champion polo nation of the world, but
unable to breed her own ponies.

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES. 73

THE AKMY HORSE.

IT is very nice to hear of peace conferences, international dis-
armament, the general existence of brotherly love and no
disagreements that would lead to warfare; it is splendid,
beautiful, ideal, but utterly impracticable and impossible as
man exists today. There is too much territory on the face of
this beautiful world undiscovered, uncivilized, uncultivated,
undeveloped, rich beyond computation, and so valuable as
needs must make it the bone of contention between the great
powers whether they own it today or whether they do not.
Man is not yet far enough removed from his savage fighting an-
cestors to sit quietly down and listen to the voice of the idealist
as long as there are rich earthly prizes to be won, or interna-
tional arguments to be settled.

Arbitration will go a certain distance in the apparently
amicable settlement of comparatively small matters ; but power,
might, and shot and shell, will constitute the final court of
appeal when nations disagree; and so it will go on until such
an advanced, such a high, and such an enlightened education,
shall have made the peoples of the earth so fair, so friendly,
and so pure of mind, as to render wars unnecessary. This,
however, can only come with the slow but sure improvement
and refining influence of evolution, and in a day of which the
most enlightened, learned, and far seeing, can but imagine.

The present generation will see wars and bloodshed such as
in all probability have never yet been chronicled, and historians
will write of future divisions of the earth, as geographers will
draw maps that will apportion the land to others. Kingdoms
will disappear, and republics rise and fall. The day of peace
is not yet, but the hour of war is at hand.

Of all the sinews of war, none are more necessary than
horses, and never in the history of the world have the great
military nations of the earth maintained such enormous stand-
ing armies as they are doing today; never in their history

74

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES

A THOROUGHBRED STALLION SUITABLE TO GET CAVALRY HORSES

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES. 75

were they in such need of horses ; and never was the world so
incapable of supplying them. With all the demand for heavy
draught horses, hunters, hackneys, and polo ponies, it is ques-
tionable, whether all these different breeds combined, are so
sorely needed as army horses ; and with the facilities of climate,
range, grass, water, feed, and territory, the United States of
America could supply the Armies of Europe and Japan, as
well as their own, with horses suitable for military purposes,
if they would go about it in the right way, and breed the proper
kind. Apart from this, after starting upon the right founda-
tion in regard to parent stock, they could produce these ani-
mals as cheaply as they can breed range ponies, and they would
be able to sell these horses when four years old, at a hand-
some profit; and when a great war actually broke out, the
breeders who had them, would make fortunes so rapidly, that
they would think watches, clocks, and time, had gone wrong.

Not only would they be able to supply remounts to the
various armies so amply and so satisfactorily as would cause
this country to be regarded as the great source of army horse
supply, but by breeding them in the way it would be necessary
to breed them, there would be among the enormous numbers
bred, a tremendous lot of animals suitable for other purposes,
and particularly hunters and saddle horses, that would bring
long individual prices in the American, European, and other
markets. So much in a few words for the Army horse. To
quote a theatrical expression, "There's millions in it."

76

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

CHILDREN'S AND OTHER PONIES.

A NOTHER great and remunerative enterprise in connection
1\ with breeding operations, is that which centers itself
in the production of ponies other than the polo pony,
of various breeds and for various uses. Foremost among these
little animals at present, is the Shetland ; that beautiful, docile,
intelligent, sound, hardy, and safe little creature, which may
truly be called the children's equine pet. He is by far, better
suited and better adapted to children's use than any other, and
for the first lessons in juvenile equitation, he is without an

SHETLAND PONY STALLION

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

77

WELSH PONY

equal. America has taken to him kindly, and he is being bred
by a few enterprising men with success and gratitude. There
is room for him here in unlimited numbers, and splendid re-
turns await others who will take him up.

Another pony that is gaining favor, because of his beauty,
and usefulness, is the Welsh pony. He is better suited to older
children than is the Shetland, and will become much sought
after for that stage of juvenile existence, which comes between
the Shetland pony age and the time when they are able to ride
small horses. He is a hardy, sound constituted animal, beauti-
ful to look upon, and will become a prime favourite here as
time goes on.

78

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

Hackney ponies for fashionable harness work, and particu-
larly for ladies to drive on social visits and for pleasure, are
the rage in England; they fetch tremendous prices, and are
the most perfect harness ponies in existence. The breeding of
these beautiful little animals has been taken up in this coun-
try in a small way, but it is modest in the extreme, though it
offers a field in the great breeding industry that will grow and
mature into a rich harvest. The Hackney pony is an animal
that England is exporting to every country where she is send-
ing her Hackney horses. Why should not America profit by
her example, enterprise, and success?

HACKNEY PONY

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

79

THE SADDLE HOUSE.

As to what constitutes a saddle horse in this country is a
much discussed question. The fashionable animal, and the one
most favored, particularly for park use, is the Kentucky-bred
three-gaited horse. That he fills the part, at least in the eyes
of American horsemen, there is no question, and as riding is
becoming extremely fashionable and that young America is
cultivating horsemanship from his early years, it goes without
saying that the breeding of this particular class of horse will
bcome a much more important industry than it is today,
and like the other breeds alluded to, will occupy the attention
of breeders in the future far more than he does at present.

A SADDLE HORSE

80

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

THE GAITED SADDLE HORSE.

This purely American production, beloved and justly so, by
the South and West, is an animal of imposing presence and
splendid individuality, superb carriage, rare courage and intel-
ligence, and fine temper. He has been bred with much care,
and his gaits and characteristics cultivated with great judg-
ment. He stands in a class by himself among the equine
breeds, and although he is the only saddle horse that the South-
erner and Westerner considers worth while, it is doubtful
whether he will ever become fashionable on the bridle paths

HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES. 81

and in the parks of the East, or attract the foreigner enough
to make him valuable in other countries as a riding horse. He
is, however, a gem of his kind, and being of American breed,
should be cultivated for the benefit of those who love him so
much and who have taken infinite pains is making him what he
is today.

THE SECRET OF GREAT BRITAIN'S SUCCESS IN
BREEDING.

THE success, and the perfection of all the great breeds of
live stock that have emanated from the British Islands,
are due to the thoroughness, the soundness, and the de-
termination never to breed into any family, or through any in-
dividual, that does not measure up in every particular to the
standard of excellence that the finished breeders of these
islands have in view. This subject, so comprehensive, so in-
teresting, and so beautiful, can only be alluded to here in the
most elementary way. It is a subject so deep, so entertaining,
and so entrancing, that to write of it in detail, would occupy
a life time, not only of profound thought and consideration,
but of fascination and delight.

All the breeds of cattle, sheep, swine and horses that have
been alluded to in this little book, have reached the acme of
present-day perfection, and the American breeder who wishes
to take up, and make a business of reproducing any of these
breeds, has the ready-made material to go upon, and not all the
uphill labor, disappointments, and failures to confront him
that his cousins across the water attacked and overcame.

The Britisher, in the cases of cattle, sheep, and swine, has
bred for constitutional soundness, individuality, quality, size,
and rapid meat-producing properties, with the least possible
amount of bony structure; and in the case of horses, for bone,
substance, quality, individuality, size, weight, and power, com-
bined with grit and stamina, speed and action, according to the

82 HERDS AND FLOCKS AND HORSES.

requirements of the various breeds, with temper, temperament,
and constitutional and physical soundness in all. He has not
been influenced or led away by that fatal mistake, but fascinat-
ing desire for speed, at the expense of everything else ; an i as a
consequence, among horses, he has not only produced the
grandest specimens of the various equine breeds, but le has
produced the most extraordinary action and the greates t speed
the world has ever known, and in infinitely larger propor-
tions, plus a bony frame of anatomical perfection, ana an out-
line of exquisite beauty.

These are the lines upon which to proceed in order to in-
sure success, and if the stockmen and breeders of this country,
their sons, and others, whose tastes tend towards this free,
healthy, manly, useful, interesting and remunerative outdoor
business, will take it up upon the lines suggested, they will
not only make themselves absolutely independent long before a
silvery shading falls upon the hair that crowns their heads, or
the snowy white of years tells the tale of passing strength, but
they will reap the golden reward of their labors while yet in
the bloom of manhood, when life is sweet, and the Western
sunset glorious.

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Herds and

flocks and

horses.

LIBRARY, BRANCH OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, DAVIS