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BIOLOGY
LIBRARY

HESPERIIM; INDICT,

BEING A REPRINT OF

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE HESPERIIDJE,

OF

INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON,

E. Y. WATSON,

Madras Staff Corps.

MADRAS:
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY VEST AND COMPANY, MOUNT ROAD.

1891.

LIONEL DE NICEVILLE,

IN PART RECOGNITION

OF
MUCH~KINDLY AID RECEIVED.

r. 585

PREFACE.

/HpHIS book pretends to be nothing more than a collection of des-
JL criptions of Indian Hesperiidse which have hitherto been scattered
over a large number of periodicals and works which are available only
to the favoured few, who have good libraries at their elbow. The
original matter in this reprint is practically nil, and consists only of the
addition of a few localities to those species of which I have a personal
knowledge ; viz., about one-half of the total number of species described.
The only collections at my disposal are my own private one, and
that of the Madras Museum, in which latter Hesperiidae are very poorly
represented ; however, it is hoped that this book will be found to fill a
gap until the publication of Mr. de Niceville's fifth volume of " The
Butterflies of India, Burmah and Ceylon," an event which is hardly
likely to take place for some little while.

In addition to the bare descriptions of the several species, I have
endeavoured to include all such notes on distribution and synonymy to
which I have had access, and have, as much as possible, given authorities
for the same. As I have copied all descriptions from every available
source, I trust that the original authors will have no objection, since in
each case the source from which the description has been obtained is
quoted.

The arrangement of the genera I have followed is that of Mr. Dis-
tant's " Rhopalocera Malayana," which approximates very closely to that
adopted by Mr. Elwes in his recent list of Sikkim -Butterflies in the
Transactions of the Entomological Society of London for 1888. This
arrangement is based on the caudate prolongation or non-prolongation
of the posterior wings, and, though perhaps not the most natural, yet is
the most convenient to follow as it has been thoroughly worked out, and,
in a book of this scope, it would be absurd to attempt any re-arrange-
ment. The arrangement which I should have preferred to follow, and
which seems to commend itself as the most natural, is that suggested
by Mr. Doherty (Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1886)
which is founded on the characteristics of the eggs ; but this arrange-
ment has not been fully worked out, and Mr. Doherty has lately found
it necessary to modify his first tentative sub-divisions.

In the case of synonymy, when there has seemed to be any doubt, I
have given descriptions of the two or more species considered by some
authorities to be identical, and have given the grounds on which they

VI PREFACE.

are supposed to be so. In this family, however, the synonymy is com-
paratively small, owing chiefly, no doubt, to the fact that until lately
comparatively little attention has been paid to the group, and the species
in it seem to vary less than in other groups, so that fewer slight varieties
have been named.

In all 230 species are described, and as of these over eighty have
.been discriminated within the last nine years ; there is no doubt, how-
ever, that numerous other species exist still unnamed.

Mr. de Niceville has very kindly revised my list of genera and
species, and suggested several alterations and additions, all of which,
it is needless to say, have been adopted ; he has also obtained for me
such descriptions as I found inaccessible, and has, at a great expense
of time and trouble, revised most of the proofs, and it is difficult to
express the thanks that are due to him.

In conclusion, my thanks are especially due to Dr. Edgar Thurston,
the Superintendent of the Government Central Museum, Madras, for the
free access he has allowed me to the library in his charge, without the
use of which this work could never have been attempted.

I had hoped to preface each genus with a short synopsis of species,
on the system employed in "The Butterflies of India, Burmah and
Ceylon," but have reluctantly been obliged to relinquish the intention
owing to the inadequate material at my disposal, and can only hope that
the characteristics given with each species will be sufficient to enable it
to be identified in nearly every case.

LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.

BUTLER, Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius

in the collection of the British Museum (1869).
CRAMER, Papillons Exotiques (1775 — 1791).
DISTANT, Rhopalocera Malayana (1882 — 1886).
DOUBLEDAY, WESTWOOD, and HEWITSON, The Genera of Diurnal

Lepidoptera (1846 — 1852).

DRURY, Illustrations of Natural History (1770 — 1782).
FELDER, Reise Novara, Lepidoptera (1864 — 1867).
HEWITSON, Illustrations of New Species of Exotic Butterflies, vol. v

(1872—1876).
ID., Descriptions of One Hundred New Species of Hesperidae

(1867, 1868).
ID., Descriptions of New Indian Lepidopterous Insects from

the Collection of the late Mr. W. S. Atkinson (1879).
KIRBY, A Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera (1871 — 1877).
KOLLAR, Hiigel's Kaschmir, vol. iv (1848).
MOORE, The Lepidoptera of Ceylon (1880-1881).
PROCEEDINGS of the Zoological Society of London (1830 to 1889).
The ANNALS and Magazine of Natural History and Science (1838 to

1889).

The JOURNAL of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (1870 to 1890).
The TRANSACTIONS of the Entomological Society of London (1834 to

1889).
The JOURNAL of the Bombay Natural History Society (1886 to 1890),

LIST OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

I. — BADAMIA.

XV.— BAORIS.

I

Exclamationis.

33

Oceia.

34

Penicillata.

II. — UNKANA.

2

Attina.

XVI.— CHAPRA.

35

Mathias.

III. — CHOASPES.

36

Subochracea.

3

Benjamini.
Harisa

37
38

Agna.
Prominens.

'

6

Anadi.
Gomata.

39
40

Nostrodamus.
Karsana.

8

Vasutana.
Amara.

XVII.— PARNARA.

9

Crawfurdi.

41

Guttata.

42

Cingala.

IV. — ISMENE.

43

Colaca.

10

ii

12

CEdipodea.
Jaina.
Mahintha.

44
45
46

Bevani.
Assamensis.
Ornata.

47

Uma.

V. — HASORA.

48

Narooa.

13

J4
15
16

Badra.

Anura.
Hadria.
Coulteri.

49
50
5i
52
53

Pagana.
Plebeia.
Kumara.
Seriata.
Moolata.

VI.— BIBASIS.

54

Canaraica.

55

Austeni.

17

Sena.

56

Cahira.

VII.— PARATA.

57
58

Farri.
Tulsi.

18

Chromus.

59

Toona.

19

Alexis.

60

Eltola.

20

Malayana.

61

Semamora.

62

Watsonii.

VIII.— PADUKA.

63

Pholus.

21

Lebadea.

64

Sarala.

65

Parca.

IX.— PIRDANA.

22

Rudolphii.

XVIIL— SUASTUS.

66

Gremius.

X. — MATAPA.

67

Sala.

27

Aria.

68

Aditus.

•J

24

Druna.

69

Subgrisea.

25

Sasivarna.

70

Swerga.

26
27

Shalgrama.
Subfasciata.

XIX. — SARANGESA.

XI.— CAPILA.

71

72

Purendra.
Dasahara.

28

Jayadeva.

73

Albicilia.

XII.— PISOLA.

XX.— TELICOTA.

29

Zennara.

74

Augias.

75

Bambusse.

XIII. — PITHAURIA.

76

Siva.

30

Murdava.

77

Brahma.

31

Stramineipennis.

XXI. — PADRAONA.

XIV. — PITHAURIOPSIS.

78
79

Dara.
Massoides.

32

Aitchisoni.

80

Pseudomsesa.

81 Gola.

82 Goloides.

83 Palmarum.

XXII.— AMPITTIA.

84 Maro.

85 Coras.

XXIII.— TARACTROCERA.

86 Maevius.

87 Ceramas.

88 Danna.

XXIV-CUPITHA.

89 Purreea.

XXV. — AEROMACHUS.

90 Indistincta.

91 Obsoleta.

92 Kali.

93 Jhora.

94 Stigmata.

XXVI.— CYCLOPIDES.

95 Subvittatus.
XXVII.— HALPE.

96 Beturia.

97 Sikkima.

98 Separata.

99 Kumara.

100 Aina,

101 Gupta,

102 Cerata.

103 Zema.

104 Dolopia.

105 Radians.

106 Sitala.

107 Honorei.

1 08 Decorata.

109 Brunnea.
no Ceylonica.

XXVIII.— ISOTEINON.

in Atkinson!.

112 Subtestaceus.

113 Khasianus.

114 Masuriensis.

115 Satwa.

116 Cephala.

117 Cephaloides.

118 Pandita.

119 Flavipennis.

120 Microstictum.

121 Flavalum.

122 Vindhiana.

123 Nilgiriana.

124 Modesta.

125 Flexilis.

126 Masoni.

127 Indrasana.

128 lapis.

LIST OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

XXIX.— SATARUPA.

129 Bhagava.

130 Sambara.

131 Narada.

132 Phisara.

133 Gopala.

XXX. — CALLIANA.

134 Pieridoides.

XXXL— TAGIADES.

135 Ravi.

136 Khasiana.

137 Distans.

138 Obscurus.

139 Meetana.

140 Alica.

141 Menaka.

142 Atticus.

143 Gana.

144 Minuta.

145 Pralaya.

146 Trichoneura.

147 Helferi.

XXXII.— ABARATHA.

148 Ransonnetii.

149 Saraya.

150 Syrichthus.

XXXIII.— CTENOPTILUM.

151 Vasava.

152 Multiguttata.

XXXIV.— ODONTOPTILUM

153 Sura.
XXXV.— DARPA.

154 Hanria.

XXXVI.— ERIONOTA.

155 Thrax.

156 Acroleuca.

XXXVII. — CASYAPA.

157 Phanseus.

158 Lidderdali.

XXXVIII.— GANGARA.

159 Thyrsis.

XXXIX.— HlDARI.

195 Ambareesa

1 60 Irava.
161 Bhawani.

196 Chamunda.
197 Nigricans.
198 Fusca.

XL. — PLASTINGIA.

199 Spilothyrus,

162 Callineura.

200 Consertus.
201 Cacus.

163 Noemi.

202 Tabrica.

164 Naga.
165 Margherita.

203 Pinwilli.

XLI. — HYAROTIS.

XLVII.— HANTANA.

166 Adrastus.

204 Infernus.

XLVIII. — ASTICTOPTERUS.

XLII. — COLADENIA.

205 Xanites.

167 Indrani.

206 Butleri.

168 Tissa.

207 Olivascens.

169 Fatih.

208 Salsala.

170 Dan.

209 Subfasciatus.

171 Hamiltonii.

XLIX. — KERANA.

XLIII.— TAPENA.

210 Diocles.

172 Thwaitesi.

211 Aurivittata.

173 Agni.

212 Gemmifer,

174 Lax mi.

213 Dhanada.

175 Buchananii.

L. — BARACUS.

XLIV.— UDASPES.

214 Vittatus.

176 Folus.

215 Subditus.
216 Septentrionum.

1.

XLV. — NOTOCRYPTA.

LI. — HESPERIA.

M.

177 Alysos.
178 Paralyses.
179 Albifascia.
1 80 Restricta.
181 Asmara.
182 Monteithi.
183 Basiflava.

217 Dravira.
218 Marrubii.
219 Cashmirensis.
220 Galba.
221 Evanidus.
222 Zebra.

184 Badia.

LII. — LOBOCLA.

XLVI. — CEUENORRHINUS.

223 Liliana.
224 Casyapa.

185 Pulomaya.
186 Flavocincta.

LIII. — GOMALIA.

187 Pyrrha.

225 Albofasciata.

1 88 Plagifera.

226 Litoralis.

189 Patula.
190 Pero.

SPECIES INCERTVE SEDIS.

191 Sumitra.

227 Avanti.

192 Leucocera.

228 Dimila.

193 Putra.

229 Cyrina.

194 Munda.

230 Decoratus.

INTRODUCTION,

HE HESPERIIDJE comprise the fifth Family of the order
Rhopalocera as generally subdivided. They are characterized
as follows in the "Butterflies of India, Burmah and Ceylon": —
;, with all six legs perfect. Wings, with the discoidal
cell of hindwing slenderly, and often incompletely closed; subcostal
nervure of forewing always with four branches, all four emitted before
end of cell. Of small size, very robust build and rapid flight. Body
of all but a few very robust ; antennae, wide apart at base, with a
thick club, or strong curved hook at tip ; palpi, short, very broad,
closely pressed against the face, densely squamose. Hindlegs, gene-
rally with a pair of movable spines at the tip of the tibiae, and
another pair in the middle ; middle legs with a pair of movable spines
at the tip of the tibiae."

The eggs of this family have been studied by Mr. Doherty, and he has
proposed1- a classification of the Indian genera founded on the character-
istics of the egg.

This proposed classification is quoted at full.

" HESPERIIM. — Eggs, very large, very few (except in the first group),
only one or two matured at a time ; opaque, dome-shaped, smooth ; or
with delicate, depressed serrate ribs, few or very numerous, and with
distinct cross lines.

SUB-DIVISIONS OF THE HESPERIID/E.

HESPERiiN&.-Egg, small, hard, seven-eighths as high as wide or even
higher, constricted at base, with wide, scalloped, anastomosing ribs. This
group is very distinct. The only Indian genera belonging to it are
Hespevia (Pyrgus) and Gomalia.

suASTiN&.-Egg, lower, dome-shaped, large, hard, constricted at base,
with a few broad depressed, delicate, biserrate ribs. This group does not
seem to be represented in Europe or North America.

BAORIN&. -Cyclopides Group. — Egg, similar, two-thirds as high as wide,
constricted at base, with very numerous slender ribs.

BAORiN&.-Baovis Group.— Egg, half as high as wide, leathery, limpet-
shaped, widest, and often carinate at base, smooth, generally overlaid with
pigment above, as in many Papilios, sometimes with numerous obsolete
ribs. This group seems to be equivalent to the Astyci as defined by
Scudder."

Under Suastina Mr. Doherty includes Badamia, CJwaspes, Plastingia,

Suastus, Hyarotis, Tagiades, Sarangesa, Satampa, Abaratha, Antigonus, Halpe,

Isoteinon, and Coladenia -, under Baorina (Cyclopides group), Cyclopides and

part of the old genus Plesioneura ; under Ba-orine (Baoris group) remainder

*J. A. S, B., Vol. LV, pt. 2, 1886, p. in. ~

INTRODUCTION.

of Plesioneura, Udaspes, Parnara, Chapra, Thanaos, Taractrocera, Telicota, and
Padraona.

Mr. Doherty also remarks that " a kind of hermaphroditism seems to
occur sometimes in the Hespeviidce. From the body of (apparent) males of
Suastus eltola and of Coladenia dan, both having perfect prehensores of the
form characteristic of their respective species, I obtained one or two well-
developed eggs exactly similar to those taken from the females of the same
species. Also, from a male of Suastus toona (the egg of that species
being, except for this, unknown to me) I obtained a single immature blood-
red egg. I have not observed this in any of the higher groups of
butterflies."*

In connection with the above it may be noted that the two species
eltola and toona, which Mr. Doherty includes under Suastus, are now generally
included under Parnara, which genus is included by Mr. Doherty under a
different sub-division to that of Suastus, so either the egg classification is
unreliable, or these two species should be kept distinct from Parnara.

In the larvae the head is always large and the neck narrow. The
pupae are more moth-like than those of any other family of butterflies, and
are generally enclosed in a web between two leaves.

The perfect insects are readily distinguished on the wing by their short
jerky flight, which has earned for them the name of " skippers." When at
rest the wings are either raised above the back or else extended flat, in the
latter case frequently on the underside of a leaf, and in some genera
the forewings are sometimes raised above the back and the hindwings
depressed. Many genera are markedly crepuscular in the perfect state.

As it may possibly assist in their classification, I append lists of the
genera which rest with their wings raised and extended respectively.

With their wings raised : Badamia, Choaspes, Ismene, Hasora, Parata,
Pithauria, Baoris, Suastus, Ampittia, Cttpitha, Thanaos, Cyclopides, Erionota,
Halpe, Taractroceya, Isoteinon, Udaspes, Notocrypta, Gangara, Hyarotis, Astictop-
terus, Bavacus, Gomalia and Matapa.

With their wings extended flat : Sarangesa, Satarupa, Tagiades, Abaratha,
Coladenia, Tapena, Lobocla, Cel&norvhinus and Calliana.

The following genera rest with the wings either closed over the
back, or with the forewings raised above the back and the hindwings
extended flat : Chapra, Parnara, Telicota, Padraona, and Ampittia.

I have no information or personal experience of the genera Pirdana,
Bibasis, Capita, Pisola, Pithauriopsis, Plastingia, and Hantana. In the genus
Hesperia I have experience of three species, viz.) H. galba, H. evanidus and
H. marmUi ; of these the two former rest with their wings raised, and
the latter (which should probably not be included in the same genus)
with its wings extended.

* Mr. Doherty has subsequently stated (J. A. S. B., Vol. LVIII, pt. 2, 1889, P« I2^»
foot-note) that he has found it necessary to altogether remodel his arrangement of the
Hesperiidce, but this modification has not yet been published.

BADAMIA.

HESPERIID/E.

GENUS I,— BADAMIA.

Hesptria, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag., 1870, p. 58.

Badamia, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i., p. 157, (1881).

" Forewing, narrow, elongated ; costa slightly arched at base, exterior
margin very oblique and slightly convex below the apex ; cell very long
and narrow, extending three-fourths the wing ; first subcostal branch
emitted at two-fifths, second at one-fifth, third at one-seventh, fourth close
to and fifth at end of the cell ; disco-cellulars very slender, inwardly oblique,
of nearly equal length, upper bent inward close to subcostal ; upper radial
from the angle, lower from their middle ; median branches curved at their
base, middle branch emitted at about one-fourth, and lower at three-fourths
before end of the cell ; submedian curved in the middle ; hindwing short ;
apex very convex, angularly lobed at anal angle, abdominal margin short ;
praecostal projecting inward ; costal vein arched upward from the base ;
second subcostal emitted at one-third from the base ; cell broad through-
out ; disco-cellulars very slender, scarcely visible, of equal length ; radial
from their angle, very slender ; middle median at about one-third, and
lower at one-fifth from the base ; submedian straight, internal slightly
curved. Thorax stout ; abdomen rather long, attenuated ; head broad ;
palpi broad and flattened in front, bristly on outer edge, third joint long,
projected forward, cylindrical ; fore-tibia? tufted beneath, femora slightly
pilose beneath ; antennae with a lengthened club and long pointed tip.

Type H. exclamationis." (Moore, I.e.)

l.-BADAMIA EXCLAMATIONIS, FABRICIUS.

Papilio exclamationis, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 530 (1775).

Papilio ladon, Cramer, Pap. Exot., iii, pi. 284, fig. C. 9 .

Badamia exclamationis, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 157, pi. 66, figs. 2,
a. b. (1881).

" Upperside dark purplish brown, the base of both wings greyish olive
brown. Male. Forewing with three transparent slender yellow spots dis-
posed longitudinally on the upper disc, the inner spot ending within the
cell. Female. Forewing with the spots larger, the middle spot oblique and
irregularly angulated ; a less distinct spot also above the middle of sub-
median vein. Underside pale greyish brown : forewing with discal area
darker brown, the spots as above, and pale ochreous posterior border :
hindwing with a dark brown anal area bordered above by a short pale
ochreous streak. Thorax greyish olive brown ; abdomen dark brown with
pale ochreous segmental bands ; head and palpi in front pale ochreous
with brown streaks ; third joint of palpi brown ; legs brown above, pale
beneath.

Expanse if to 2j inches.

UN KAN A.

Larva pale violaceous yellow, with numerous black transverse dorsal
lines ; stigmata whitish encircled with black. Feeds on Terminalia. Pupa
violaceous." (Moore, I. c.)

Recorded from Ceylon, Sikkim, Nicobars, Andamans, Calcutta,
Kumaon, Cachar, Kangra, Bombay, Poona, Belgaum, Nilgiris, and Orissa.

A common species everywhere.

According to Mr. Elwes this species in Sikkim varies considerably in
size, and in the number and size of the spots on the forewing.

I have this species from the Deccan, Ganjam, Mysore and Madras ;
the spots on the forewing of the male are sometimes obsolete.

Mr. Butler (Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., sixth series, vol. i, p. 206) is
inclined to consider B. ladon as distinct from B. exclatnationis, but as the
former is universally admitted to be the female of the latter, and, as Mr.
Butler himself apparently considered the two species as identical in his
catalogue of the Fabrician Lepidoptera, it would seem highly improbable
that the two names apply to two distinct species, apparently the only
difference between the two forms lies in the number of spots on the fore-
wing, a character which is eminently variable.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS II.— UNKANA.

Unkana, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 370 (1882-86).

" Anterior wings elongate ; costal margin moderately convex, outer
margin oblique, inner margin nearly straight, a little shorter than outer
margin. Costal nervure extending to about half the length of costal
margin ; first subcostal nervule emitted at about equal distances apart
between base of first and end of cell ; fifth from end of cell : disco-cellular
nervules obliquely directed inwardly, the upper distinctly longer than the
lower ; second median nervule emitted much nearer upper than lower
median nervule. Posterior wings elongate and somewhat lobately pro-
duced near anal angle, the outer margin obliquely convex. Subcostal
nervules bifurcating beyond middle of cell ; second median nervule emitted
nearer to upper than lower median nervule. Body robust ; palpi broad
and pilose ; antennae moderately long, their apices incrassated, with the
tip attenuated and curved or hooked ; legs long, anterior tibiae short and
thickened ; posterior tibiae with two long and prominent spines near apex.

Unkana is allied to Badamia, Moore, and includes three species which
are at present known as found in this (i.e., Malayan) fauna." (Distant, I.e.)

2.— UNKANA ATTINA, HEWITSON.

Hesperia attina, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc., third series, vol. ii, p. 489,
n. 10 (1866).

Hesperia attina, Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol. xliii, p. 339, n. 122 (1882).

Hesperia latreillei, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep., vol. iii, p. 511, n. 892,
t. 71, fig. 8 (1866).

Unkana attina, Distant. Rhop. Mai., p. 371, pi. xxxiv, fig. 30 (1882-86).

CHOASPES.

" Wings above dark fuliginous ; anterior wings with eight pale irregu-
lar spots, of which four are in oblique series from upper discoidal nervule
to lower median nervule, three divided by the fourth and fifth subcostal
nervules and one in cell ; posterior wings with the disk pale greyish.
Wings beneath somewhat paler than above ; anterior wings spotted as
above, and with some submarginal greyish streaks near apex ; posterior
wings with the pale discal area much larger than above, and extending to
the outer margin between apex and median nervules. Body more or less
concolorous with wings.

Exp. wings, 55 millim.

Habitat, India sic. (Hewitson) ; Malay Peninsula, Malacca (Biggs, coll.
Distant) ; Java (Feldev and Hewitson).'" (Distant, I. c.)

In collection de Niceville.

GENUS III.— CHOASPES,

Choaspes, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 158 (1881).

Choaspes, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 372 (1882-86).

" Forewing somewhat narrower and more regularly triangular than in
Ismene ; cell broader ; first subcostal emitted at one-third before end of the
cell ; disco-cellulars very oblique ; middle median emitted at one-fourth
and lower at three-fourths before end of the cell. No glandular patch in
male ; hindwing somewhat shorter ; anterior margin more oblique, and
margin prominently lobed, abdominal margin longer ; second subcostal
emitted at one-third from the base ; middle median from near end of the
cell, lower at one-half before the end ; antennae much slenderer throughout.

Type, C. benjamini:' (Moore, I. c.)

3.— CHOASPES BENJAMINI, GUERIN.

Thymele benjamini, Guerin, Delessert's Souv. Voy. Ind., ii, p. 79, pi.

22, figS. 2. 2 a (1843).

Hesperia xanthopogon, Kollar, Hugel's Kaschmir, vol. iv., p. 453, pi. 18,
figs, i, 2. (1844).

Choaspes benjamini, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 159, pi. 64, figs. i. a. b.
(1880-81).

" Male. Upperside glossy bluish purple olive brown, the basal area
more distinctly olive brown. Cilia of hindwing and anal lobe broadly
ochreous-red. Female, deeper olive brown. Underside glossy aenescent
olive brown, the veins black ; forewing with a broad pale cupreous brown
band on posterior margin ; hindwing with a broad ochreous-red lobular
patch with black macular upper border and broad central angular streak.
Thorax greyish olive above, vertex bluish olive, abdomen brown ; palpi
and thorax in front and abdomen beneath, ochreous-red.

Expanse, 2 to 2^ inches.

Larva with broad transverse dorsal black and yellow bands and two
rows of white spots along the back ; head, two anal segments and laterally
below the bands red ; face black spotted. Pupa pinkish grey black spotted.

CHOASPRS.

Central Provinces [Ceylon] . Hills 3,000 to 5,000 feet. Forests.
May to November. Shy, but not difficult to capture. Settles on ground ;
easily disturbed but returns to same place (Hutchison).

Dickoya [Ceylon] . Not common. The larva rolls itself upon the
tip of the leaf on which it feeds, and when it has eaten this leaf it goes
to another, and so on till it changes to pupa (Wade)" (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Kumaon (Doherty)\ Cachar (Wood-Mason and de
Niceville) ; Nilgiris (Hampson) ; Ahsown, N. Tenasserim (Limborg) ;
Kangra (Moore] ; Sikkim (Elwes), Sikkim (de Niceville).

This is a species which varies very little. I have it commonly
from the Nilgiris.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

4,— CHOASPES HARISA, MOORE.

Ismene harisa, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 782.

Choaspes harisa, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 373, pi. xxxiv, fig. 22 $ .
(1882-86).

Choaspes harisa, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. Hi, pt. 2, 1883, p. 84,
pi. 10, fig. 8 $.

" Male and female brown.

Male. Upperside dull vinaceous brown, palest on the disk; fore-
wing with an orange yellow costal streak; hindwing broadly along
anterior margin pale buff yellow. Body greyish. Cilia of hindwing
orange yellow. Underside paler suffused with orange yellow ; forewing
with a curved series of pale purple narrow streaks between the veins
before the apex, and a broad pale buff patch along the posterior
margin ; hindwing with the veins and lines between them and cilia
orange yellow: a black orange yellow encircled basal spot on both
wings; a discal series of pale purplish streaks. Third joint of palpi
brown ; palpi beneath, front and sides of thorax, legs and streak along
side of abdomen orange yellow ; middle of thorax and abdomen and
anal tuft orange yellow.

Female. Upperside dark purple brown ; the base of wings greyish,
with steel blue gloss. Body greyish. Cilia of hindwing pale orange
yellow. Underside as in male ; posterior margin of forewing with a

less defined pale patch.

Expanse, 2 inches.

Habitat, Darjeeling." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from the Andamans (Wood-Mason and de Niceville) ;
Sikkim (de Niceville) ; Sikkim (Elwes).

I have obtained this species commonly in Rangoon.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

Mr. Elwes describes a single fresh female of this species in his
collection from Sikkim as blackish brown, brilliantly glossed over with
steely green which extends nearly to the border of the hindwing and
over more than half the forewing. It lacks the costal streak of the male.

CHOASPES.

5.— CHOASPES ANADI, DE NICEVILLE.

Choaspes anadi, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. Hi, pt. 2, 1883, p. 83,
pi. 10, fig. 6 $.

11 Male. Upperside dark vinaceous brown distinctly glossed with
purple, slightly paler in the middle of the disc. Forewing with a costal
streak from the base to beyond the middle of the wing rich orange ;
cilia cinereous. Hindwing with the costa broadly pale ochreous ; the
cilia rich orange. Base of both wings and thorax clothed with long
pale green iridescent hairs. Underside paler brown washed with
ochreous, which colour assumes indistinct streaks between the veins
on the hindwing. Forewing with the outer margin broadly washed
with deep purple, the inner margin broadly pale ochreous ; some pale
streaks between the veins beyond the end of the cell ; a round black
spot at the extreme base of the wing with a spot of bright orange
above it ; hindwing with a similar but larger black spot. Antennae
dark brown above, ochreous below ; palpi with the third joint dark
brown, the second and first with the outer edge brown, the rest orange,
which is the colour of the legs, the underside of the body and the anal tuft.

The female differs from the male only in being larger and darker,
the upperside of the hindwing concolorous with the rest of the wing,
not broadly pale ochreous as in the male.

The male of this species closely resembles that sex of C. harisa,
Moore, but differs in the forewing being much narrower, and on the
hindwing in having the costal pale patch more restricted; on the
underside the markings are less prominent.

There is a male of C. anadi from Masuri, taken at 7,000 feet
elevation on 271*1 May, 1868, in Colonel Lang's collection. Expanse : o" i'9
to 2fi ; 9 2-45 inches.

Habitat, Sikkim ; Masuri." (de Niceville, I. c.)

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

6.— CHOASPES GOMATA, MOORE.

Ismene gomata, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 783, $.

Choaspes gomata, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. Hi, pt. 2, 1883, p. 83, $,
pi. 10, fig. 7.

" Male. Upperside pale vinaceous brown ; both wings with pale
brownish yellow streaks longitudinally between the veins. Abdomen
blackish brown with yellowish bands. Cilia yellowish. Underside dark
brown, with the veins and longitudinal streaks between them greyish
green, the brown showing only along each side t>f the veins; posterior
margin of forewing broadly pale vinaceous; exterior margin of both
wings defined by a brown line. Third joint of palpi and edge of sides
brown, the rest yellow. Thorax, legs and abdomen beneath orange yellow.

Expanse, 2j inches.

Habitat, N. E. Bengal." (Moore, I. c.)

8 CHOASPES.

" Female. Expanse 2*3 inches. Upperside very dark glossy bronzy-
green, shading off into glossy indigo- blue at the apex and outer margin.
Underside with the markings and ground-colour darker than in Sikkim
males ; forewing with a pale green spot in the second median interspace,
with a larger one in the interspace below it, in the male these spots
are merged in a large patch of the ochreous ground-colour from the
inner margin. The green markings everywhere more restricted and of
a darker shade than in the male.

The specimen figured, taken by Mr. Rhodes-Morgan in the Wynaad,
is the only female I have seen ; there are numerous males, however, in
Mr. Otto Moller's collection from Sikkim." (de Niceville, I. c.)

Also recorded from the Nilgiris (Hampson); Sikkim (Elwes).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

7.— CHOASPES VASUTANA, MOORE.

Ismene vasutana, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 782.

" Male. Upperside deep purple brown, paler on the base of the
wings ; forewing with orange yellow costal basal streak. Cilia of hindwing
broad and bright orange yellow. Underside glossy greyish green, the
veins and narrow intermediate parallel lines blackish ; a patch on poste-
rior half of forewing brown bordered above with blue. Third joint of
palpi brown, the rest orange yellow. Head, thorax in front and beneath,
legs, middle of abdomen beneath, and anal tuft bright orange yellow.

Female. Upperside darker brown, the base of the wings greyish blue ;
forewing with two small semitransparent spots obliquely beneath the
extremity of the cell. Underside as in male, with the two spots as above.

Expanse, £ 2 £, $> 2j inches.

Habitat, Darjeeling." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Sikkim by Mr. de Niceville and Mr. Elwes, and
Mr. de Niceville informs me it is very common in the Khasi hills.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

8.— CHOASPES AMARA, MOORE.

Ismene amara, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 783.

" Male and female. Upperside brown with a greenish gloss ; costal
streak of forewing ochreous yellow in the male, less prominent in the
female ; male with a blackish subbasal patch. Cilia of both wings short
and brownish white. Body dark brown ; abdomen with greyish segmental
bands. Underside, forewing brown, becoming bluish black along the
base of the costa ; posterior margin broadly brownish white ; hindwing
bluish black ; veins of both wings brownish white, the space between
them having a greyish blue parallel line running their entire length. Both
wings also with the black ochreous-yellow-encirled basal spot. Thorax
in front and beneath, head, palpi, legs, middle of abdomen, and anal tuft
ochreous yellow. Femora and tibiae with a black spot ; sides of abdomen
black, the segmental bands prominent, Cilia greyish.

ISMENE.

Expanse, 2^ inches.

Habitat, N. E. Bengal." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Sikkim by Messrs. Elwes and de Niceville.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

9.— CHOASPES CRAWFURDI, DISTANT.

Ismene cvawfuvdi, Distant, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., fifth series,
vol. x, p. 247 (1882).

Choaspes crawfurdi, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 372, pi. xxxiv, fig. 26.
(1882-86).

" Wings above obscure olivaceous green, becoming tinged with fuscous
towards outer margins. Posterior wings with a large anal angular bright
yellowish patch, inwardly and broadly margined with black, apical portion
of abdominal margin also bright yellowish. Wings beneath paler and more
metallic green, the nervures and nervules distinctly darker ; posterior wings
with a very large bright yellowish anal angular patch, which extends from
about middle of abdominal margin to between the second and third median
nervules, and which possesses a long black irregular streak on inner side
of submedian nervure, two parallel black streaks between the submedian
nervure and lower median nervule, and two similarly placed black spots
between the second and third median nervules on outer edge of the yellow
patch. Body above more or less concolorous with wings, anal tuft yellow ;
body beneath and legs paler.

Expanse, 52 to 58 millims.

Habitat, Malay Peninsula ; Penang (Biggs — coll. Distant) ; Province
Wellesley (coll. Distant}:' (Distant, I. c.)

There is a single specimen of this species in the Rangoon Museum
obtained at Myitta, Tavoy. There appears to be no other record of this
species within British limits.

GENUS W.— ISMENE.

Ismene, Swainson, Zool. Illust., vo). i, pi. 16 (1820-21).

Ismene, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 157 (1881).

" Forewing short, broad, triangular; costa much arched at the base,
exterior margin oblique, shorter than posterior margin ; cell extending to
more than half the wing, very narrow at the base ; first subcostal emitted
at beyond one-third, second and third at equal distances between first and end
of the cell, fourth at half distance between third and fifth ; disco-cellulars
inwardly oblique, of equal length, upper bent inward near the subcostal ;
upper radial from its angJe, lower from their middle ; upper median
branch arched at the base within the cell, middle median at two-thirds
before end of the cell and close to the lower median ; submedian recurved.
Male with a large basal circular glandular patch of raised scales : hindwing
short, broad, anterior margin much arched, exterior margin convex, abdomi-
nal margin short ; costal vein arched towards the end, cell short ; second
subcostal at nearly one-third from- the base ; disco-cellulars very slender,

10 ISMENE.

outwardly oblique, concave ; radial from their middle ; two upper median
branches from end of the cell, lower from one-third before the end ; subme-
dian and internal slightly curved. Body very robust ; palpi thick, flat in
front, bristly at the side, third joint long, naked, cylindrical ; antennae
short, thick ; tip long and slender. Femora pilose beneath ; tibiae tufted ;
hind tibiae also incrassated.

Type, /. adipodea." (Moore, I. c.)

10.— ISMENE CEDIPODEA, SWAINSON.

Ismene cedipodea, Swainson, Zool. Illust,, vol. i, pi. 16 (1820-21).

Ismenc cedipodea, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 158, pi. 64, figs. 2. a.b. (1881).

" Male. Upperside ochreous olive brown ; forewing with an ochreous-
red costal band which also extends across base of the cell ; a large black
basal patch below the cell. Cilia of forewing pale brownish grey, of hind-
wing ochreous-red. Female differs above only in the absence of the basal
black patch, and beneath it in the less prominent white posterior marginal
band. Underside ochreous-brown : forewing with a paler ochreous sub-
apical and a marginal fascia, and a broad whitish posterior band : hindwing
with bright ochreous red longitudinal streak between the veins, broadest
between the median and submedian veins and abdominal margin ; a small
black spot at the base above the costal vein. Thorax in front, head,
palpi, body beneath, and legs ochreous-red ; terminal joint of palpi brown.

Expanse, $ 2, $ 2j inches.

Near Trincomallee ; Kandy ; Balangada [Ceylon] ." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from the N.-W. Himalayas (Moore), Cachar (Wood-Mason
and de Niceville), Sikkim (Ehves).

Mr. Elwes notes that a male from Sikkim differs from two from Kangra
in having the costal margin of the hindwing above distinctly white. The
black velvety patch is very distinct, whereas it is very faint in /. jaina.
First described from Sumatra.

The female also differs from that sex of I. jaina in possessing the red
costal streak of the male which is wanting in the female of the latter
species.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

11— ISMENE JAINA, MOORE.

Ismene jaina, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 782.

" Male and female dark vinaceous brown.

Male. Upperside — forewing with an orange red subcostal basal streak
and an indistinct blackish patch beneath the cell ; front of thorax, anal
tuft, and cilia of hindwing bright orange red ; thorax and base of abdomen
clothed with bluish grey hairs. Underside paler brown ; both wings with
a small black orange red bordered basal spot : forewing with a well denned
purplish white spot within the cell ; and a curved discal series of narrow
less defined spots ; posterior margin broadly yellow : hindwing with the
veins towards the abdominal margin and cilia orange red ; a curved

HASORA.

ill-defined series of narrow purplish white discal streaks. Third joint of
palpi brown ; thorax beneath greyish ; middle of abdomen beneath and
sides of the bands and legs orange red.

Female similar, but with darker bluish grey hairs without the orange
red subcostal streak and black discal patch.

Expanse, 2f inches.

Habitat, Darjeeling." (Moore, I. c.)

Also occurs in Cachar ( Wood-Mason and de Niceville) ; Sikkim (Elwes).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

This species occurs commonly in the Nilgiris; it is the* /. helivius of Mr.
Hampson, which latter seems to be a very distinct insect, and apparently
has never been recorded from Indian limits ; its description is appended :

Papilio helmus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii, pi. lx., fig. D. (1779).

" The body and wings of this Plebeian are beneath of the same colour
that is seen on the upperside of the figure given here, with the exception
that the little yellow spot is larger and white. Palpi and feet orange. Hab.
Surinam," (Cramer, I. c.)

In Cramer's figure all the upper surface of both wings, the body, head,
and thorax are of an uniform brown, with a rather deep nearly black
border and pale cilia. There is a light yellowish spot just outside the
cell on the forewing, of which there is no trace in /. jaina.

12,— I8MENE MAHINTHA, MOORE.

Ismene mahintha, Moore, P. Z. S., 1874, P- 575> pi- Ixvii, fig. 4.

" Upperside dark glossy olive brown : base of forewing and middle of
the hindwing with abdominal margin, densely clothed with long ferrugi-
nous hairs : forewing in male with a small yellow discal spot and a black
oblique square patch below the cell : female with two yellow obliquely dis-
posed discal spots ; cilia of forewing yellowish, of hindwing ochrey red.
Underside dark bluish, fawn-colour spots on forewing as above. Body
clothed with yellowish ferruginous hairs.

Expanse, if inch.

Habitat, Burmah." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Cachar (Wood-Mason and de Niceville).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS V.-HA80RA.

Hasora, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 159 (1881).

Hasora, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 374(1882-86).

" Differs from Badamia in the forewing being short, broad, and trian-
gular ; first subcostal emitted at one-third, second and third at equal
distances between it and end of the cell, fourth half-way between third
and the end ; middle median at two-fourths and lower at three-fourths
before end of the cell ; hindwing very short, lengthened hindward ; apex
slightly angular, exterior margin slightly convex, lobe somewhat lengthened,
abdominal margin long ; second subcostal at one-fourth from the

* Mr. de Niceville informs me that Mr. Hampson admits he was mistaken.

12 HASORA.

base ; disco-cellulars very slender, outwardly oblique, upper shortest, lower
slightly concave ; radial from their angle, very slender ; middle median
from close to end of the cell, lower at one-half before the end. Thorax
stout ; abdomen short.

Type, H. badra" (Moore, I. c.)

13.— HASORA BADRA, MOORE.

Goniloba badra, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 778.

Hasom badra, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 159, pi. 65, figs. 4, 4, a
(1881).

" Male and female yellowish brown.

Male, with a suffused blackish subbasal patch ; forewing with three
conjugated very small yellowish semitransparent spots near the costa, one-
fourth from the apex. Cilia pale greyish brown. Underside brown suffused
with purple ; forewing with a blackish costal patch before the apex,
posterior margin yellowish ; hindwing with a subbasal and submarginal
suffused blackish band, the latter terminating in a black patch on anal
lobe ; above the patch is a purple-white streak, and within the cell a small
bluish white spot. Palpi and body beneath dull yellow. Legs, pale brown.
Female above brown suffused with vinaceous yellowish brown basally ;
forewing with the three small subapical spots (as in male) and three rather
large obliquely quadrate spots, two being disposed on the disc, the third
above and within the cell. Underside with the spots on forewing as in
upperside ; hindwing as in male.

Expanse, $ 2, £ 2j inches.

Habitat, Bengal." (Moore, I. c. in P. Z. S.)

Also occurs in the Andamans ( Wood-Mason and de Nicevillt) ; Sikkim
(Elwes; de Niceville) ; Cachar (Wood-Mason and de Niceville) ; Ceylon (Moore).

I have obtained this species rarely at Rangoon, and at Beeling in N.
Tenasserim.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

14.— HASORA ANURA, DE NICEVILLE.

Hasora amtra, de Niceville, Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol iv,
p. 170, pi. B., figs. 5, $ ; i?. (1889).

" HABITAT : Sikkim, Khasi Hills.

EXPANSE: $ $, 2*1 inches.

DESCRIPTION : MALE. UPPERSIDE, both wings deep bronzy-brown, the
base and disc thickly clothed with long ochreous-brown hairs ; cilia
ochreous-brown. Forewing with a minute subapical transparent shining
yellow dot. UNDERSIDE, both wings dark brown, somewhat glossed with
purple. Forewing with the inner margin broadly pale, a broad discal
dark band free from purple gloss. Hindwing with the basal two-thirds
much darker than the outer third, the dark portion well-defined, bearing
towards the abdominal margin on the dividing edge a small prominent
ochreous spot, an ochreous anteciliary line from the anal angle to the

HASORA. 13

first median nervule, the ochreous spot and line obscure in one speci-
men ; a prominent whitish spot in the middle of the disc in one speci-
men, obscure in the other. FEMALE. UPPERSIDE, both wings coloured as
in the male. Forewing with a quadrate spot at the end of the cell,
an elongate one below across the first median interspace, its inner edge
straight, its outer edge concave ; another smaller narrow spot constrict-
ed in the middle across the middle of the second median interspace ;
three increasing subapical dots — all these spots shining translucent rich
ochreous. UNDERSIDE, forewing with the spots of the upperside showing
through, the inner margin broadly bright ochreous: otherwise as in the male.

Closely allied to the common Hasova badva, Moore, from which it
differs in both sexes in having no large anal lobe to the hindwing,
this lobe being present in H. badra and coloured black on the underside,
of which black patch there is no trace in H. anura ; the latter also is a
smaller insect ; the female differs in having the three large discal yellow
spots of the forewing considerably smaller, and of a deeper richer yellow.

Described from two male and four female specimens in Mr. Otto
Moller's collection which shew hardly any variation. They have been
selected from ninety-three males and forty-five females of H. badra, a
very common Sikkim species in Mr. Moller's collection. The complete
absence of the large anal lobe or tail in H. anura makes it distinguish-
able from H. badra at a glance. There is also a specimen of this
species from Sikkim in the collection of Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, and a
male from Shillong in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
This latter specimen was submitted for determination to Mr. F.
Moore, who pronounced it to be a variety of H. badra, but I believe
it to be a good species.

I may note that the Hasova vitta of Distant is the PI. coulteri of Wood-
Mason and de Niceville. A specimen from Perak is in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, and differs from the type male specimens from Cachar
in possessing two minute semi-transparent yellow dots on the disc of the
forewing, and a similar spot in the discoidal cell of the hindwing on the
underside, characters of no importance. The true H. vitta, Butler, which
is from Sarawak, Borneo, may be known from H. coulteri by having the
basal area of the hindwing on the underside glossed with green (virescente) ;
this is not found in H. coulteri" (de Niceville, I. c.)

15.— HASORA HADRIA, DE NICEVILLE.

? Hesperia badra, Butler, (nee Moore), Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology,
second series, vol. i, p. 554, n. 3 (1877) ; Hasora badra, Distant (nee Moore),
Rhop. Malay., p. 374, n. i, pi. xxxv, fig. 3, male (1886).

Hasora hadria, de Niceville, Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. iv,
p. 172 (1889).

" HABITAT : Perak, ? Malacca.

EXPANSE : £,2*1 inches.

14 HASORA.

DESCRIPTION : MALE. UPPERSIDE, both wings as in H. anura, mihi.
Forewing lacking the subapical yellow dot (this however is a trivial
character). UNDERSIDE, both wings dull brown, not slightly glossed with
purple as in H. anura, or strongly so as in H. badra, Moore. Hindwing with
a small anal lobe bearing a black patch, in H. anura there is no black patch
or anal lobe, in H. badra both are large. This species is probably variable
with regard to the presence or absence of a white or greyish spot in the cell
of the hindwing on the underside, and a white or greyish streak above the
anal angle, as in the two allied species above named ; Mr. Distant describ-
ing a " var" of this species as lacking these characters.

I have not figured this species, as Mr. Distant has done so in his
" Rhopalocera Malayana." I have described it from a single male from
Perak in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, which Mr. Distant
ticketed " Hasora badra, Moore (var)" I am unable to say whether or not
H. badra occurs in Malacca, Johore, Java, Celebes, and the Philippines
(localities given for H. badra by Messrs. Distant and Butler). The true H.
badra, Moore, occurs in Sikkim, Assam, Calcutta (one female taken by
Colonel G. F. L. Marshall, R. E., in his room at midnight in February),
Ceylon, Chittagong, Moulmein and the Andaman Isles (a single female)."
(de Niceville, I.e.}.

16.— HASORA COULTERI, WOOD-MASON and DE NICEVILLE.

Hasora coulteri, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. iv.,
pt. 2, p. 378. no. 201, pi. xviii, figs. 8, male ; Sa, 8b, female (1886).

Hasora vitta, Distant, (nee Butler), Rhop. Malay., p. 375, n. 2, pi. xxxv,
fig. 4, male (1886).

" $ . Upperside, both wings dark bronzy brown, paler at the base
owing to the presence of a thick clothing of paler olivaceous brown setae;
costal margin of the forewing and the veins and outer margins of both
wings darker and faintly glossed with purple ; and with the cilia smoky
brown. Forewing without spots, but with three ill-defined discal bands
composed of modified scales arranged along each side of the submedian
nervure, and of the first and second median nervules, and probably
concealed by setae in the living insect. Underside, forewing strongly
glossed with purple at the apex, and with a brownish ashy lustrous
patch, extending nearly to the outer margin, divided by the submedian
nervure, and slightly diffused over the disc. Hindwing crossed by a
pearly-white slightly outwardly concave prominent discal band, which
extends from the costal to the submedian nervure, where it is slightly
recurved, is broadest in the middle of its length, narrowest at its posterior
or inner extremity, and reappears close to the abdominal margin as a
clump of white scales divided by the internal nervure ; the wing suffused
with purple beyond the white band, especially on the dark anal blotch,
in front of which there extends nearly as far as the third median nervule
a distinct whitey-brown anteciliary line.

BIBASIS. 15

9 . Upperside, both wings darker and more richly coloured than in
the male, being very conspicuously glossed with purple beyond the lighter
basal portions. Forewing with three golden-yellow semi-transparent
lustrous spots, two discal, situated and shaped much as in Parata chromus,
Cramer, and one minute and subapical one at the junction of the first
and second thirds of the length of the last subcostal cell, sometimes with
two spots one above the other, the upper the smaller, and placed in the
interspace next above. Underside, forewing marked as above, with the
inner margin ashy-white, and with a patch of ashy scales in the interno-
median area at the level of the discal spots. Hindwing with the band
broader than in the male and extending to the costal margin. In one
of the specimens of this sex the upperside has a mottled appearance
owing to the purple gloss being imperfectly developed, as in so many
Eiiplceas. Head and thorax covered with iridescent olive-green pubescence
nearly concolorous with that of the wings ; abdominal segments of the
body above and below edged posteriorly with yellowish inclining to orange
above ; eyes encircled with whitey-brown scales ; palpi clothed with mixed
brown and yellowish scales.

Expanse, 2*1 inches.

Four males and two females Silcuri [Cachar] and neighbouring
forests, June ist to July 25th."

(Wood-Mason and de Niceville, I. c.)

In collection Indian Museum.

GENUS VI.— BIBASIS.

Bibasis, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 160 (1881).

" Intermediate between Parata and Hasora. Forewing comparatively
longer than in either of those genera ; apex more pointed, exterior
margin more oblique and posterior margin shorter than in P. chromus;
first subcostal emitted at nearly one-half before end of the cell, second
at one-fourth before the end ; middle median at one-fourth before end of
the cell. No glandular streak in male ; hindwing more oval, less convex
externally, and broader posteriorly. Type B. sena." (Moore, I. c.)

17.— BIBASIS SENA, MOORE.

Goniloba sena, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 778.

Bibasis sena, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 160, pi. 65, figs. 3. 3 a.
(1881).

" Male. Upperside dark chocolate brown. Cilia of hindwing car-
mine-red. Underside maroon brown ; forewing with a large buff- white
patch from the middle of posterior margin, bordered above with purple ;
hindwing with a broad transverse purple white band terminating before
the anal angle, the inner border of which is sharply defined, the outer
suffusing itself on the disk. Cilia carmine-red. Palpi and thorax in
front, beneath and anal tuft dull yellow. Thorax beneath greyish brown.

Expanse, 2 inches.

Habitat, Bengal." (Moore, I. c. in P.Z.S.)

I 6 PARATA.

The female is described by Mr. Moore in his "Lepidoptera of Ceylon"
as not differing from the male.

Also recorded from Cachar (Wood-Mason and de Niceville) ; Nilgiris
(Hampson) ; Sikkim and Assam (Elwes).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS VII.— PARATA.

Parata, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 160 (1881).

" Forewing narrower and less triangular than in Hasora, the exterior
margin shorter, and posterior margin longer; middle median emitted at
nearly one-half, and lower at one-sixth before end of the cell. Male with
an oblique glandular streak of laxly raised scales below the cell : hind-
wing less produced hindward ; anal lobe short and angular ; second
subcostal emitted at one-third from the base ; disco-cellulars very oblique ;
antennae more slender.

Type P. chromus." (Moore, I. c.)

The two species of this genus are doubtfully distinct. Typically,
P. alexis is smaller than P. chronms, with broader and more prominently
marked band on the hindwing ; but Mr. Elwes states that in a large
series of specimens from Ceylon, Bangalore, Sikkim, Shillong, Barrackpur,
and Burmah, he finds too much variation both in size and in the
band of the underside to enable him to distinguish them. Mr. de Niceville,
however, is of opinion that they may be distinct, and that alexis occurs
only in S. India and Ceylon, in which case the specimens recorded by
Mr. Butler and Colonel Swinhoe would probably be referable to chronms.

18.— PARATA CHROMUS, CRAMER,

Papilio chromus, Cramer, Pap. Exot., vol. iii., pi. 284, fig. E. $ . (1782).

Goniloba chronms, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 777.

Parata chromus, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i., p. 161, pi. 65, figs. i. a. b.
(1881).

"Male and female dark vinaceous brown.

Male with suffused blackish subbasal patch ; both wings greyish brown
basally. Cilia greyish brown. Head and thorax greenish brown. Abdomen
brown. Underside with the apex of forewing suffused with purple blue ;
hindwing with a narrow transverse discal bluish white band, a blackish
patch on anal lobe, exterior to which the cilia have a short white line.
Third joint of palpi and legs brown : palpi and thorax beneath dull yellow.

Female paler brown ; forewing with two yellowish semi-transparent
discal spots, and a very small similar spot before the apex.

Expanse, 2 inches.

Habitat, Bengal." (Moore, I. c. in P. Z. S.)

Also occurs in the Andamans and at Bangalore (Wood-Mason and de
Niceville} ; Calcutta (de Niceville) ; Ceylon (Moore] ; Hyderabad, Sind
(Swinhoe)', Nilgiris (Hampson)', Orissa (Taylor); Sikkim (Elwes). And I
have obtained it in Rangoon, Ganjam, Madras, and the Nilgiris.

PARATA. I 7

" Andaman females all have only a single small semi-transparent
subapical speck between the last two branches of the subcostal nervure of
the anterior wing ; but those from continental India have sometimes one
and sometimes two besides this on the disc of the same wing, which in
one from Bangalore in South India, are enlarged into two conspicuous
reversed comma-shaped spots." (Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J.A.S.B.,
1881, p. 254).

In a Jong series of this species from Madras, the females have one
very minute subapical spot, and two prominent spots on the disc, the lower
of which is indented outwardly. Both males and females show very little
variation in the prominence of the transverse band on the underside,
though this is not the case in specimens from the Nilgiris, where alexis and
chromus seem to run into one another.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

19.— PARATA ALEXIS, FABRICIUS.

Papilio alexis, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p, 533 (1775).

Parata alexis, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i., p. 161, pi. 65, fig. 2a ; 2&.
(1881).

" Upperside dark vinaceous olive brown, base of both wings olive
green. Male : forewing with a suffused blackish subbasal patch traversed
by a curved oblique black glandular streak. Underside vinous brown;
costal border of forewing and basal area of hindwing suffused with
purplish-blue : hindwing with a broad well-defined transverse white band
broken above large blackish anal lobe spot.

Female. Forewing with two small semi-transparent yellowish discal
angular spots. Underside as in male, the forewing also showing the discal
spots and a whitish streak along posterior margin.

Expanse, i| to if inches.

Smaller than P. chromus, with broader and more prominently marked
band on underside of hindwing." (Moore, I. c.)

Hab. Ceylon (Wade, Mackwood}.

Also recorded from Mhow, Poona, Bombay, and Karachi (Swinhoe) ;
Tret, N.-W. India (Butler) ; Orissa (Taylor) ; Nilgiris (Hampson).

This species seems to differ in the number of spots on the forewing,
I have only two females both obtained at Berhampore in Ganjam. Of
these one has two largish discal spots and one small round subapical
spot ; the other specimen has the subapical spot and a similar small
round one on the disc corresponding to the upper of the two present
in the other specimen ; it also has the band on the underside of the
hindwing obsolete except towards the anal angle.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

3

iS

PADUKA.

20,— PARATA MALAYANA, f 'ELDER.

Ismene malayana, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon., vol. iv, p. 401, n. 28(1860).

Ismene malayana, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep., vol. iii, t. 72, f. 15 (1866).

Choaspes ? malayana, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 373, pi. xxxv, fig. 2
(1886).

"Alls supra fuscis, subtus anticarum limbo costali, posticarum
dimidio basali chalybaeis, his striga discali alba. V (Felder, I. c.)

1 The females have a small semi-transparent yellowish discal speck
between the two posterior branches of the median vein, and of course lack
the oblique band of short lines of modified scales seen in the males of this
as well as of the preceding closely-allied species." (Wood-Mason and de
Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1881, p. 254.)

The above refers to Andaman females only, as in the Nicobar females
the small semi-transparent yellow discal speck between the two posterior
branches of the median vein is wanting according to Messrs. Wood-Mason
and de Niceville.

Recorded from the Andamans and Nicobars.

In collection de Niceville.

GENUS VIII.— PADUKA.

Paduka, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 375 (1886).

"Anterior wings elongate, subtriangular ; costal margin oblique, outer
margin nearly straight, inner margin very slightly rounded. Costal nervure
terminating on costa a little before the end of cell, first subcostal nervule
emitted a little beyond middle of cell ; second, third, and fourth subcostal
nervules about equal distances apart, fifth from near end of cell; disco-
cellular nervules about equal in length, the upper suberect, the lower
obliquely directed inwardly ; middle median nervule slightly nearer upper
than lower. Posterior wings with the costal margin rounded, the outer
margin sinuated and somewhat lobately produced at anal angle ; subcostal
nervules bifurcating about middle of cell ; median nervules with their bases
moderately close together. Body robust, pilose, the hairs forming several
prominent tufts, of which the most noticeable are three in triangular series,
above base of abdomen. Palpi broad and coarsely pilose. Legs strongly
pilose beneath. Antennae somewhat long and slender, with a moderately
formed club, its apex attenuated and strongly curved or hooked.

Male. Anterior wings above with a large discal patch of silky hairs
extending to base along the median nervure, and an elongate patch of long
silky hairs on base of inner margin. Posterior wings above with long silky
hairs at base and along submedian nervure, and with two prominent discal-
elongate glandular pouches — or pseudo-scent glands— situated on the
second and third median nervules.

Anterior wings beneath with a long tuft of coarse hairs on the sub-
median nervure." (Distant, I. r.)

PADUKA. 19

21.— PADUKA LEBADEA, HEWITSON.

Hesperia, lebadea, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iv, pi. iii, figs. 22, 23
Paduka glandulosa, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 376, pi. xxxv, fig.

5 "o (1886).

Ismene lebadea, var. andamanica, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J.A.S.B.

1881, p. 254.

" Male. Wings above dark fuliginous brown ; anterior wings with a
large discal patch of dark fuscous silky hairs ; posterior wings with the
fringe pale ochraceous, and with two pale raised discal elongate glandular
pouches situated on the second and third median nervules. Wings beneath
paler than above ; anterior wings with the disc darkest, the inner area
palest, and with a long tuft of coarse pale ochraceous hairs on the sub-
median nervure ; posterior wings with a transverse discal pale ochraceous
fascia. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Antennae
blackish, their hooked apices ochraceous.

Exp. wings, *D 55 millim.

Hab. Malay Peninsula ; Singapore (coll. Staudinger)" (Distant, I. c.)

I obtained a single male of this species at Beeling, N. Tenasserim, in
April.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

The following is the description of the local race andamanica.

" Male. Wings above dark brown of a slightly greenish tinge, all
without spots. Anterior wings bearing a huge and dense pear-shaped
sericeous patch of setae glossed with greyish-greenish and extending nearly
from the bottom of the angle formed at the base of the organ by the
subcostal and submedian veins about to the level of the end of the fourth
fifth of the length of the latter vein, with all the setae directed backwards
and slightly outwards ; with the costal margin purplish ; the outer portion
beyond the setulose patch bronzy ; and the cilia pale luteous.

Posterior wings purple-glossed, with two subparallel raised discal
longitudinal lines of modified scales attached to the apparently thickened
bases of the first and second median veinlets, and with the cilia pale
orange.

Anterior wings below bronzy-brown with a patch of brilliant amethyst-
purple sparsely irrorated with white scales and extending from the end of
the cell nearly to the apex of each organ, and with the basal portion of the
wing-membrane behind the median vein and its first branch whitey-brown
passing to ashy posteriorly, and with a tuft of brown-tipped yellow setae
arranged longitudinally upon and on each side of the basal half of the
submedian vein.

Posterior wings below purple-glossed, darkest over the scent-glands,
with an interrupted transverse discal band of white scales from near the
abdominal margin to the middle of the organs, where it diffuses itself
widely over a diffused patch of amethyst- purple.

2O PIRDANA.

Female. All the wings above and below paler and duller and glossed
with purple, the anterior ones spotted. Anterior wings suffused with
purple on the disc, which bears three semi-transparent yellow lustrous
spots of the same size, relative proportions, and shape as in C. [Unkana]
attina, Hewitson, with a fourth smaller and elongate yellow opaque spot
placed just in front of the submedian vein rather beyond the middle
of the organs.

*o. 9 . Eyes blood-red.

Antennae purplish brown with the club bright luteous below.

Expanse, 9 , 2-65 inches.

Hab. Andamans.

The patch of setae on the upperside of the anterior wings, the yellow
tuft (which probably serves as a scent-fan) on the underside of the same
wings, and the lines of modified scales (which probably cover the scent-
glands as they seem soiled as if by some exuding fluid) on the upperside
of the posterior wings are structures peculiar to the male sex." (Wood-
Mason and de Niceville, I. c.)

u P. lebadea, var. andamanica differs from P. lebadea, Hewitson, described
from Borneo, in the male being larger, the cilia of the forewing pale
yellow instead of white ; and in the presence on the underside of the fore-
wing of a prominent oblique powdery patch of violet scales extending from
the end of the discoidal cell to the apex of the wing." (de Niceville.)

GENUS IX.— PIRDANA.

Pirdana, Distant, Rhop. Malay., pp. 369, 376 (1886).

" This genus principally differs from the preceding — Padnka — in the
following characters : — the upper disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wing
is longer than the lower ; the first and second median nervules of the same
wing are emitted moderately close together and remote from the lower
median nervule ; and there is a complete absence of the glandular patches
and pouches as found in Paduka.

This genus will also contain the Hespevia ismene, Felder, a Celebesian
species." (Distant, I. c.)

22.— PIRDANA RUDOLPHII, ELWES and DE NICEVILLE.

Pivdana mdolphii, Elwes and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1886, p. 438, n.
150, pi. xx, fig. 6 "o.

" Male. Upperside, both wings rich brown, tinted with vinaceous. Fore-
wing with the cilia concolorous with the rest of the wing. Hindwing with
the cilia orange from the anal angle to the first median nervule, broadest
in the middle, from the first median nervule to the apex concolorous with the
wing. Underside, both wings with the ground-colour as above. Forewing
with the inner margin broadly to the first median nervule pale ochreous,
the costa and upper half of the cell and all the veins except the median

MATAPA. 21

and submedian nervures and the first median nervule streaked with
bronzy-green. Hindwing with the cell and all the veins and abdominal
margin streaked with bronzy-green, the cilia at the anal angle orange as
above, but slightly broader. Head and body above concolorous with the
wings on the upperside, palpi, thorax and underside of body orange.

Antennae dark brown throughout except the tip of the club on the
underside which is paler. No secondary sexual characters.

Expanse, «t> 2-00 ; 9 2-25 inches.

Allied to Hesperia ismene, Felder, from Celebes, from which it differs in
having the cilia only of the hindwing on both sides at the anal angle
orange : in H. ismene the anal angle of the wing is broadly orange, as are
also the last three segments of the abdomen on the upperside. It is also
allied even more closely to Pirdana hyela, Hewitson (Distant, Rhop. Malay.,
p. 376, n. i, pi. xxxv., fig. 6, 9 (1886), which in the extent of the yellow
area at the anal angle is about intermediate between it and P. ismene,
and agree with it in having the body dark brown, not yellow, above. It is
also more distantly allied to C. benjaminii, Guerin.

A single male from Tavoy.

In Colonel Lang's collection is a very old specimen from Sikkim, without
head or abdomen, which we believe to be the female of this species. On the
upperside of both wings it is obscurely glossed^with green on the basal two-
thirds, the forewing is rather broader, the outer margin slightly convex,
which in the male is slightly concave ; and on the hindwing the orange
colouring at the anal angle is rather broader (not nearly so broad as in
P. ismene or P. hyela), and the cilia are throughout orange. Underside
paler than in the male, the ground-colour obscure green rather than brown,
the orange coloration at anal angle of hindwing as on upperside, but
rather broader." (Elwes and de Niceville, I. c.)

In collection Indian Museum. The Rev. Walter A. Hamilton has
also obtained a single specimen in the Khasi Hills.

GENUS X.— MATAPA.

Matapa, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 163 (1881).

Matapa, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 379 (1886).

"Forewing elongated, triangular; cell extending two-thirds the wing,
broadest across the middle, very narrow at each end ; subcostals at
equal distances apart ; first branch emitted at one-third before end of
the cell ; disco-cellulars extremely oblique, upper bent inward to sub-
costal, lower very slender, straight ; upper radial from the angle, lower
from their middle ; upper median emitted from end of cell opposite third
subcostal, middle median at one-fifth and lower at nearly three-fifths
before end of the cell ; submedian curved in the middle. Male with an
oblique discal slender linear glandular streak of raised scales ; hindwing
short, rather broad ; exterior margin convex in middle ; costal vein
slightly arched in middle, extending to apex; second subcostal emitted

22 MATAl'A.

at one-third before end of the cell ; the cell long, broad across the
middle ; disco-cellulars long and very oblique ; no radial perceptible ;
middle median close to end of the cell, lower at nearly one-fifth before
the end ; submedian and internal straight. Body moderately stout ;
palpi thick, flat in front, terminal joint very short, thick, conical and
imbedded among the scales ; antennae rather long, slender, club thickish,
abruptly bent near end and pointed at tip.

Type, M. aria." (Moore, I. c.)

Mr. de Niceville (J. A. S. B., 1883, p. 84) give a very useful key
for the discrimination of the five species of this genus.

" Matapa subfasciata, is easily recognised by the distinct markings
of the underside.

M. aria. Cilia of both wings yellowish-white. Underside ferruginous,
in some specimens inclined to ochreous. The long hairs which clothe the
body and base of the wings both above and below are hardly perceptibly
iridescent greenish. Anal segment of the female furnished with a very
close thick tuft of pale yellow hairs. Expanse averaging about 1-6 inches.

M. shalgyama. Cilia of forewing yellowish-white, of hindwing orange-
yellow, shading off into yellowish-brown at the apex. Underside varying
from dark ferruginous to bright ochreous. Anal segments of the female
with a dark brown tuft of hairs, marked with two paler brown streaks
on each side. Expanse averaging about 2-1 inches. Other characters
as in M. aria.

M. sasivarna. Cilia of forewing greyish-white, of hindwing broadly
from anal angle to two-thirds of the margin orange-yellow, thence to the
angle brown. Underside dull rich brown, in some lights beautifully
glossed with iridescent greenish. Anal segment of the female furnished
with a fringe (not a very close thick tuft) of long yellow hairs. Long
hairs on body and base of wings brilliant (especially in the females)
iridescent green. Expanse averaging about i'8 inches.

M. druna. Cilia as in M. sasivarna. Underside dull rich brown
glossed with iridescent greenish, but the apex of the forewing percepti-
bly lighter brown in the males. Long hairs also iridescent green. Anal
tuft of female as in M. sasivarna. Expanse averaging about 1.95 inches."

23.— MATAPA ARIA, MOORE.

Ismene aria, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, P- 7^4-

Matapa aria, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 164, pi. 66, figs, i, la,
(1881).

Matapa aria, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 378, pi. xxxv, fig. 8 (1886).

" Male and female chocolate brown.

Male. Upperside, pale brown ; forewing with a short impressed
comma-like grey streak obliquely beneath the cell. Cilia yellowish white.
Underside bright ferruginous brown. Palpi ferruginous brown.

MATAPA. 23

Female. Upperside dark chocolate brown without the impressed
streak ; cilia of hindwing pale orange yellow. Underside bright ferrugi-
nous brown.

Expanse, *o i£, 9 2s inches.

Hab. Bengal." (Moore, P. Z. S. I. c).

Also recorded from Ceylon (Hutchison, Wade, Mackwood) ; Andamans
( Wood- Mason and de Niceville) ; Calcutta (de Niceville)', Cachar (Wood-Mason
and de Niceville) ; Orissa (Taylor) ; Nilgiris (Hampson) ; Sikkim (Elwes).

I obtained this species commonly at Rangoon. The eyes are bright red.

Mr. Elwes states that this species is a much smaller insect than
M. shalgmma.

It is usually common wherever it occurs. In collections Indian
Museum and de Niceville.

24.— MATAPA DRUNA, MOORE.

Ismene druna, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, P- 7^4, 9 •

Ismene druna, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1881, p. 255 \>.

" Male. Upperside dark olive brown ; forewing with a well defined
obliquely curved discal impressed grey streak. Cilia of forewing greyish
white, of hindwing orange-yellow. Head palpi and legs beneath ferrugi-
nous brown. Underside dark purplish brown."

Expanse, i£ inch.

Hab. Bengal." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from the Andamans (Wood-Mason and de Niceville); Sikkim
(de Niceville ; Elwes) ; Taoo, 3,000 to 3,500 feet, U. Tenasserim (Limborg).

" 9 . Differs from the male only in the absence of the sexual streak in
the anterior wings. In both sexes of this species the anterior wings are
tipped with paler on both sides." (Wood-Mason and de Niceville, I. c.)

I have several specimens from Rangoon.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

25.— MATAPA 8ASIVARNA, MOORE.

Ismene sasivarna, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, P- 7^4-

" Male and female. Upperside dark vinaceous brown.

Male. Forewing with a short impressed comma-like greyish white
streak obliquely beneath the cell. Cilia of forewing greyish white, of
hindwing broadly, from anal angle to two- thirds of the margin, orange-
yellow, thence to the angle brown. Underside dark fuliginous brown ;
cilia as above. Palpi and body blackish brown ; abdomen with slight
orange-yellow tuft.

Female as in male but without greyish white streak.

Expanse "b if , 9 2 inches.

Hab. Bengal." (Moore, /. c.)

Also recorded from Sikkim (Elwes and de Niceville).

24 MATAPA.

According to Mr. Elwes this is a rarer insect that M. shalgrama,
and the female differs from the female of that species in having somewhat
longer wings and no sexual streak.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

26.— MATAPA SHALGRAMA, DE NICEVILLE.

Hesperia aria, Hewitson (nee Moore), Ex. Butt., vol. iv, Hesperia pi. iii,
figs. 24, 25, (1868), female.

Matapa shalgrama, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1883, p. 85, n. 28.

" Male. Upperside dull rich chocolate-brown, slightly paler on the outer
margin of the forewing. Cilia of forewing yellowish-white, of hindwing
orange-yellow shading off into yellowish-brown at the apex. Underside
dark ferruginous.

Female. Upperside paler than in the male, the forewing uniformly
coloured and lacking the male sexual streak ; with the area before the
subcostal nervure from the base to half the length of the wing ochreous.
Underside lighter coloured than in the male, in some specimens bright
ochreous, except the inner margin which is brown extending widely into the
disc of the forewing. Anal segment furnished with a very close thick tuft
of dark brown hairs, marked on each side with two pale brown bars.
Body on the Upperside dark brown, below ferruginous or ochreous.
Eyes scarlet. Three males and seven females of this species seen by me
show but little variation. Hewitson's figure of the female is sufficiently
characteristic and make the species easily recognisable.

Expanse *D 2-1, 9 2-2 inches.

Habitat, Sikkim." (de Niceville, I. c.)

Also recorded by Mr. Elwes from Sikkim.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville, and there is a single
specimen in the Phayre Museum, Rangoon, from the Karen Hills, Burma.
27.— MATAPA SUBFASCIATA, MOORE.

Ismene subfasciata, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 686.

Matapa subfasciata, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 164, pi. 64, fig. 3. a. b.

(1881).

" Male. Upperside dark velvety umber brown ; costal edge of

forewing slightly ochreous; cilia of both wings ochreous. Underside
paler : forewing with a pale pink triangular costal patch before the apex ;
posterior border ochreous, adorned with a large hairy tuft. Hindwing
with a "transverse pink fascia across middle of the wing. Eyes red.
Legs beneath and anal tuft ochreous. Expanse 2 inches.

Hab. Ceylon.

Allied to I. aria, Moore, from which it may be distinguished by the
markings of the underside." (Moore, P. Z. S., I. c.)

" Larva pale purplish-grey, with indistinct darker transverse dorsal
lines; head black spotted. Feeds on Palmaceae. Pupa pale olivaceous-
yellow." (Moore, Lep. Cey., /. c.)

CAPILA. 25

• Not in collection Indian Museum, and Mr. de Niceville informs me
he has never seen it.

GENUS XI.— CAPILA.

Capita, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 785.

" Palpi large, porrect, projecting beyond the head, densely pilose ;
third joint conical half the length of the second. Antennae extending
to half the length of forewing. Body moderately stout. Abdomen
extending to near anal angle. Legs slender ; femora slightly pilose
beneath ; hind tibiae with a dense tuft of very long hairs at the side ;
mid tibiae with a pair, and hind tibiae with two pairs, of apical spurs.

Wings large, broad. Male. Costa, nearly straight ; apex acute ;
exterior margin very oblique ; posterior margin abbreviated, half the
length of the costa. Hindwing with the apex angled ; exterior margin
convex, with slight angle in the middle. Female larger. Costa slightly
arched ; exterior margin oblique ; posterior margin two-thirds the length
of the costa. Hindwing nearly quadrate, the exterior margin being
produced to an abrupt angle in the middle." (Moore, I. c.)

28.— CAPILA JAYADEVA, MOORE.

Isme-ne jayadeva, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 248.

Capita jayadeva, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, P- 7^5* pi- xm*> fig- 3-

" Male and female brown. Upperside — base of wings clothed with
orange-yellow hairs ; both wings with a narrow longitudinal semitrans-
parent streak between the veins, the discoidal cell having two streaks,
and a third but short streak arising from the extremity. Thorax, head,
and palpi, orange-yellow. Abdomen brown, with narrow white segmental
bands ; third joint of palpi and a few surrounding hairs and a spot on
forehead brown. Underside paler brown, the semitransparent streaks
being less prominent. Body and legs brown.

Female similar, but with the thorax and base of wings brown.

Expanse *D 2f, 9 3 inches.

Hab. Darjeeling." (Moore, P. Z. S., I. c.)

Also recorded from Sikkim by Mr. Elwes who notes that the female
is without the orange on the thorax and base of wings, and has much
broader, rounder wings than the male.

One female recorded from Margherita, Assam, by Mr. Doherty.

With reference to this species Mr. A. V. Knyvett writes as follows : —

" I flushed Capila jayadeva 9 off the underside of a leaf in a damp
shady spot full of undergrowth. She flitted about like a Plesioneura for some
time, and then settled on the underside of a broad leaf, with wings
outspread. It was an impossible sort of a place to use a net on and I
missed, with the result that she flew a short way and again settled in
the same way and gave me as easy a chance of taking her as I could have.

26 PISOLA.

wished for. The flight seemed a compromise between that of a Mycalesis. or
Yphthima and a Plesioneuva, rather incliming towards the latter."
In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS XII.— PISOLA.

Pisola, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 735.

" Palpi large, erect, projecting beyond the head, densely pilose ;
third joint minute, conical. Antennae rather long, curved backward at
the apex. Body very stout ; abdomen extending to within one-third of
the length of hindwing. Legs moderately slender ; femora pilose beneath :
mid tibiae armed with a pair and hind tibiae with two pairs of slender
apical spurs. Wings large, broad ; costa of forewing slightly arched :
exterior margin oblique ; posterior margin straight. Hindwing convex
at the base of anterior margin ; apex, exterior margin, and anal angle
convex. Subcostal vein of forewing six branched ; second and third
arising at equal distances from the first ; fourth to sixth contiguous
at their base to the third." (Moore, I. c.)

Mr. de Niceville informs me that the subcostal vein in this genus
has only four and not six branches.

29.— PISOLA ZENNARA, MOORE.

Pisola zennara, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 786, pi. xlii, f. 4.

" Male and female. Upperside brown ; forewing with a broad yellowish-
white semitransparent irregular margined discal band obliquely from middle
of costa to posterior angle ; hindwing in the male exteriorly with two greyish
longitudinal streaks between each vein, these being absent in the female.
Abdomen with pale greyish anal tuft. Underside uniform brown, with oblique
discal band as above. Front of head and palpi dull orange yellow. Body
and legs brown. Cilia brown.

Expanse *o 2j, ? 3$ inches.

Hab. N.-E. Bengal." (Moore, I. c.) OJ^Ji k W&fcfa •

Mr. Elwes records this species as occurring rarely in Sikkim from April
to August in the low valleys, and also states that the antennae of the female
both in this species and in C. jayadeva are much less hooked at the tip than
those in the male.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS XIII.— PITHAURIA.

Pithauria, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 689.

Pithauria, Distant, Rhop, Mai., p. 378. (1886).

" Forewing elongated, narrow ; apex pointed ; exterior margin very
oblique ; hind margin short ; hindwing convex externally, lobular at anal
angle. Head and thorax very broad, robust ; abdomen not so long as hind-
wing. Antennae with a slender club and very long whip-like tip. Venation
similar to Pamphila" (Moore, I. c.)

PITHAURIA. 27

30.— PITHAURIA MURDAVA, MOORE.

Ismene murdava, Moore, P.Z. S., 1865, p. 784.

Pithauria murdava, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 378, pi. xxxv, fig. 9, *b
(1886).

" Upperside olive brown : fore wing with the base grey, with six small
yellow spots, two within the extremity of the cell, two near the costa, one-
third from the apex, and two midway beneath ; hind wing grey to beyond
the middle. Underside pale yellowish-brown ; disk of forewing blackish,
spots as above : hindwing with indistinct submarginal and discal pale
yellowish spots. Abdomen above with greyish brown segmental bands.
Palpi, abdomen, and legs beneath dull yellow.

Expanse, 2 inches.

Hab. Darjeeling." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Sikkim by Messrs, de Niceville and Elwes.

I have obtained this species at Heeling, U. Tenasserim.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

31.— PITHAURIA STRAMINEIPENNIS, WOOD-MASON and DE NICEVILLE.

Pithauria stramineipennis , Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B.,
1886, p. 388, pi. xv, fig. 5 «b.

Pithauria murdava, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 371, $ only (1886).

"\>. Upperside, both wings marked precisely as in P. murdava, Moore,
but all the setae on the base of the wings clear whitey-brown with a touch of
yellow on all those in front of the submedian nervure of the forewing, those
on the interno-median area of this wing being concolorous with the whitey-
brown down of the hindwing, the costal area of which is above more or less
extensively pale brown. In P. murdava, the setae in the hindwing are
yellowish-olivaceous, all those of the forewing distinctly yellower ; and the
costal area of the hindwing is dark. All the spots and streaks of both sides
are no less variable in P. stramineipennis than they are in P. murdava, so we
have not attempted to describe them.

9 . Differs from male in being larger, in the wings being paler, with
the scanty setulose clothing at their bases greyish-fuscous paler than the
ground in the hindwing, and in the spots of the forewing being larger, paler,
and more angular ; agrees therewith in the costal area of the hindwing being
pale brown above.

Expanse, ^ i'8 to 2-0; 92-1 inches.

Habitat: *b. Sikkim, Bhutan, Upper Assam, Cachar ; 9 Sikkim.''
(Wood-Mason and de Niceville, I. c.)

In describing this species as above Messrs. Wood- Mason and de
Niceville append the following remarks : " In our figure the downy clothing of
the upperside of the wings at the base is not represented of a sufficiently
light and bright shade ; it is in reality of a clear bright whitey-brown or
straw-colour, which, being conspicuously contrasted with the dark margins,

28 PITHAURIOPSIS.

renders P. stvammeipennis most readily distinguishable from P. murdava, in
which the downy clothing is, as has already been stated, yellowish-oliva-
ceous.

The genital armature, which has been carefully examined in several
specimens of each species, though identical in general plan, yet differs greatly
in detail in the two.

Several hundreds of specimens of each species have passed through
our hands."

Also recorded from Ponsekai; Tavoy ; (Elwes and de Niceville.)

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS XIV.— PITHAURIOPSIS.

Pithauriopsis, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1886, p. 387.

" Male. — Closely allied to Pithauria, Moore, but differing, in the forewing,
in the distance between the origins of the second and third median nervules
being greater, instead of less than that between those of the first and
second, in the submedian nervure being strongly sinuated when it comes
into relation with, and the internal area expanded opposite to, a prominent
bilobed discal glandular organ, extending from the root of the first median
nervule for a short distance into the internal area, and consisting of two
unequal slight depressions of the wing-membrane, separated from one
another by the interno-median fold, and converted by over-arching stiff
modified scales into pouches, which are filled with a soft, fine, adhesive
brown woolly substance : and, in the hindwing, in the first subcostal nervule
being at its origin strongly arched towards the costal, and the base of the
second slightly bowed into the cell and more acutely angled at its junction
with the disco-cellular nervule, in the subcostal, in fact, with its branches
having the shape rather of a tuning-fork than of the letter Y ; discoidal
nervule absent, and only one disco-cellular consequently present, as in
Pithauria.

The male genital somites and appendages, though at first sight
appearing very different, yet when carefully examined are seen to be built
on the same plan and to differ in characters of specific value only from those
of Pithauria.

Female unknown." (Wood-Mason and de Niceville, I. c.)

32.— PITHAURIOPSIS AITCHI80NI, WOOD-MASON and DE NICEVILLE.

Pithauriopsis aitchisoni, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1886,
p. 387, pi. xv, fig. 4 -b.

" *b. Upperside, both wings rich bronzy-brown. Forewing with a basal
streak on the costa, another in the cell, one in the submedian, and a fourth,
the longest of all, filling the interno-median interspace, all composed of long
yellowish-olivaceous hair-like scales ; two oblong spots placed obliquely
at the end of the cell, the anterior one the further from the base of the
wing ; two subcostal spots, the anterior one a mere dot ; an oval or

BAORIS. 29

heart-shaped spot in the second median interspace ; and a rhomboidal
one in the space behind, all semi-transparent ochreous. Hindwing with
all but the costal and outer margins clothed with very long yellowish
olivaceous hairs. Underside, forewing blackish, with the costal and apical
half of the wing yellowish-brown. The spots as above save that those
in the cell are conjoined into an ill-shaped figure of 8, and that there is
a submarginal series of yellowish dots from the first median nervule to
the costa. Hindwing with a minute yellow spot in the subcostal inter-
space, two large ones (the anterior the larger) in the median interspaces,
a submarginal series of small obscure yellowish spots, the two of
which in the submedian interspace are large and prominent, and a
yellow streak on the abdominal margin. Cilia cinereous on the hindwing
and at the anal angle of the forewing, in front of which point they are
dark brown.

Expanse, 1-8 inches.

Two males, Irangmara, [Cachar] 6th and 2gth July.

This species agrees in markings almost exactly with the male of
Pithauria muvdava, Moore, but the large and curiously-formed sexual brand
in the male will at once distinguish it." (Wood-Mason and de Niceville, I. c.)

In collection Indian Museum ; and in the Phayre Museum, Rangoon,
there are numerous specimens from the Karen Hills.

GENUS XV.— BAORIS.

Baoris, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i., p. 165 (1881).

Baoris, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 379 (1886), part.

" Forewing triangular ; apex acute ; exterior margin very oblique:
hindwing broad, very convex exteriorly, the male possessing a more or
less prominent tuft of long hair covering a patch of raised scales at end
of the cell. Body robust, thorax very broad ; club of antennae somewhat
lengthened.

Type B. oceia (Hesperia oceia, Hewitson)." (Moore, I. c.)

33.— BAORIS OCEIA. HEWITSON.

Hesperia oceia, Hewitson, Desc. Lep. Hesp., 1868, p. 31.

Hesperia cahira, Moore, P. Z. S., 1877, p. 593, pi. Ivii, fig. 8 (9 only.)

Hesperia oceia, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1881, p. 258.

Baoris oceia, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1883, P- ^5> pi- x> fig* IJ 9 •

Baoris unicolor, Moore, P. Z. S., 1883, p. 533.

Baoris scopulifera, Moore, P. Z. S., 1883, p. 332.

" Male. Wings above rich dark purple-brown with bronzy reflections.
Anterior wings typically with eight semi-transparent pale yellow lustrous
spots, namely, two, dot-like, at the end of the cell, of which the posterior
is the larger, a third subquadrate, the largest of all, between the first
and second median veinlets, a fourth, about half the size, between the

30 BAORIS.

second and third median veinlets, with a dot, the fifth, beyond and in
front of it, and a series of three dots, the sixth, seventh and eighth, in
a series, in front of this again.

Posterior wings each with a conspicuous tuft of long dark brown
pale-based setae inserted into the wing membrane immediately behind
the base of the subcostal trunk.

Wings below lighter and duller.

Anterior wings with a huge oval ashy patch of a most brilliant
satiny lustre, occupying the middle four-fifths of the portion of the
organs between the median vein and the posterior margin, and in
middle of which is so placed as to be divided by the submedian vein
a very much smaller oval patch of brown modified scales. Female, wings
above paler and scarcely at all suffused with purple, with the setae olive-
green and the cilia pale luteous. Anterior pair all but invariably with
nine spots, an additional opaque one being present just in front of the
submedian vein a little beyond the middle of the organs. Wings below
pure dead uniform olive-brown.

Expanse, *o 1*63, 9 1*88 inches.

The female has been described by Mr. Moore as that of his H. cahira"
(W.-M. and de N. I. c.)

According to Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Niceville the male in
Andaman specimens varies considerably in the number of spots while the
female is almost constant. In the male, if the semicircular series of
eight discal spots, be numbered in the order of their succession from before
backwards, inwards and forwards, then while the third, fifth, sixth and
seventh spots are invariably present, the first and the fourth are frequently
absent, and the second and eighth occasionally so.

Hab. Andamans, Sikkim.

In recording this species from Sikkim (J. A. S. B., 1883, p. 85)
Mr. de Niceville notes that specimens from that locality vary even
more than those from the Andamans, and range " from totally unmarked
specimens of both sexes through every gradation to the typical number
of eight spots." Also recorded from Cachar (Wood-Mason and de Niceville) ;
Tavoy (Elwes and de Niceville} ; Calcutta (de Niceville) ; Orissa (Taylor) ;
Sikkim (Elwes).

Two varieties of this species have been described by Mr. Moore as
B. unicolor and B. scopulifera, of which the former is the spotless form which
is figured by de Niceville as quoted above, and the other has six spots in
the male and eight in the female.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

34._BAORIS PENICILLATA, MOORE.

Baoris penicillata, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 166, (1881).
" Allied to B. scopulifeva. Upperside dark olive brown. Male : fore-
wing with four semi-diaphanous yellow spots, two being apical and two

CHAPRA. 31

discal, which are also smaller; hindwing with a black tuft. Underside
of forewing marked as on upperside, and with a glossy purple space on
hind margin enclosing a small brown patch of raised scales.

Expanse, if inch." (Moore, I. c.)

Recorded from Ceylon (Mackwooet.)

Not in collection Indian Museum, unknown to Mr. de Niceville.

GENUS XVI.— CHAPRA.

Chapra, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 168 (1881).

Baoris, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 379 (1886), part.

" From typical Gegenes (G. nostrodamus) this genus differs in its some-
what lengthened form of forewing, more lobular anal angle of hindwing,
longer antennae — which have a whip-like joint, and the male insect in
possessing an oblique glandular streak below the cell, somewhat as in
Pamphila comma.

Type, C. mathias" (Moore, I. c.)

35.— CHAPRA MATH I AS, FABRICIUS

Hesperia mathias, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., Supplt, p. 433 (1798).

Hesperia juliamis, Latreille, Enc. Meth., vol. ix, p. 763 (1823), «t>.

Gegenes thrax, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. vol. ii, pi. 150, f. 1-4
(1820-26).

Chapra mathias, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 169, pi. 70, figs. la.
(1881).

Baoris mathias, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 380, pi. xxxv, fig. 10, (1886).

Chapra mathias, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. iv,
p. 176, n. 14, pi. B, fig. 7, mnle, (1889).

" Male. Upperside olive brown : forewing with two small yellowish
semi-transparent spots within end of cell, three before the apex, and in the
male three oblique discal spots followed by a dark-bordered slender straight
impressed glandular streak : hindwing with one or two very indistinct
pale discal spots. Female with five discal spots in the forewing, and four
or five in the hindwing. Underside paler ; markings more distinct ; hind-
wing also with a spot at upper end of the cell. Expanse if to if inch."
(Moore, I.e.)

Recorded from Ceylon ; Sikkim ; Andamans ; Kumaon ; Cachar ;
Upper Burmah ; Moulmein to Meetan, Upper Tenasserim ; Mhow ;
Bombay; Poona ; Ahmednagar ; Karachi; Kangra, N. W. Himalayas^
Orissa, Nilgiris.

Occurs commonly throughout India.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

Mr. Elwes states this species can be distinguished in the male sex
by the brand on the forewing characteristic of the genus, and in both sexes
by a spot on the middle of the underside of the hindwing near the base ;

32 CHAPRA.

in some specimens one or two spots showing on the upperside of the
hindwing. He also adds that he is unable to distinguish it from C. agna,
of which he has numerous specimens from the Bombay Presidency.

36.— CHAPRA 8UBOCHRACEA, MOORE.

Pamphila subochracea, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 691.

"Upperside glossy luteous olive-brown; cilia yellowish-cinereous.

Male. Forewing with two pale semi-diaphanous spots at end of the
cell, three contiguous spots obliquely before the apex, three upper discal
spots, below which is a narrow white oblique streak or brand ; hindwing
with three small yellowr upper discal spots, the two lowest small.

Female. Forewing with a lower or fourth discal spot, and a small
dot below the third spot ; the spots angled outward : hindwing as in male.
Underside greenish-ochreous, brown on hind border of forewing and anal
lobe ; marginal line brown and prominent : forewing with the lower spot
diffused and white : hindwing with the upper discal white spot large and
quadrate, four spots below in a slightly linear position, the upper spot
indistinct ; a white spot also at upper end of cell, and a smaller indistinct
spot above it.

Expanse, «b if, 9 i& inch.

Hab. Calcutta.

Allied to P. mathias, Fabricius, but of large size and more prominently
marked." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Cachar (Wood-Mason and de Niceville)', Calcutta
(de Niceville.)

This species is doubtfully distinct from C. mathias.

In collection Indian Museum.

37.— CHAPRA AGNA, MOORE.

Hespena agna, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 791, «o

Hesperia chaya, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 791, $

Chapra agna, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 169 (1881).

Baoris chaya, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 380, pi. xxxv, fig. 9 (1886).

" Upperside glossy olive-brown ; forewing with a series of six very
small rather indistinct whitish semi-transparent spots curving from before
the apex to the middle of the wing ; beneath these is a short oblique
pale impressed streak, which is suffused with black on its anterior
margin. Cilia pale brown. Underside pale brown ; spots on forewing
as above but less defined ; hindwing with a curved discal series of
white dots and a single dot near the base. Palpi and body beneath
pale brownish-yellow.

Expanse, i-| inch.

Habitat, Bengal." (Moore, I. c. in P. Z. S.)

11 Similar to C. mathias ; differs in being somewhat larger, much
darker and more uniformly coloured ; the spots on the forewing of the

CHAPRA. 33

male much smaller, those on the disc being slender (not quadrate as in
C. mathias), and the oblique glandular patch not so prominent. Female
also similar." (Moore, 1. c. in Lep. Cey.)

Recorded from Ceylon (Hutchison) ; Poona, Mhow, Belgaum, Bombay
(Swinhoe)', Nicobars (Wood-Mason and de Niceville)', Calcutta (de Niceville) ;
Cachar (Wood-Mason and de Niceville}', Nilgiris (Hampson.)

This species is also doubtfully distinct from C. mathias.

In collection Indian Museum.

38.— CHAPRA PROMINENS, MOORE.

CJiapra prominens, Moore, P. Z. S., 1882, p. 261.

11 Male and female. Upperside dark olive brown, basal area brighter
olive. Male — forewing with eight rather large quadrate yellowish semi-
diaphanous spots, three being disposed before the apex, three discal and two
very obliquely at end of the cell ; a prominent narrow oblique yellow brand
or streak below the cell, which in the female is replaced by two spots, the
upper one of which is very small : hindwing with four yellow semi-diaphanous
contiguous spots. Underside paler ; spots on forewing as above, the brand
showing as a diffused yellow patch from its outer edge ; the series of spots
on hindwing more prominently white with a fifth spot at the upper end, and
one also at the upper end of the cell.

Expanse, if inch.

Hab. N.-W. Himalayas: Tonse valley 6,000 ft., Gurwhal (Lang)',
Kussowlee ; Kangra.

An allied species to this from Shanghai, N. China, has lately been
described by Mons. Mabille as Gegenes sinensis (Bull. Soc. Zool. de France,
1887, p. 232) from which the above differs in its somewhat broader wings
and larger size of the markings on the forewing." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Sikkim (de Niceville : Elwes) ; Kumaon (Doherty) ;
Nilgiris (Hampson).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

39,— CHAPRA NOSTRODAMUS, FABRICIUS.
Papilio nostrodamus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., vol. iii., pt. i, p. 323, n. 246

0793)-

Pamphila nostrodamus, Kirby, Eur. Butt., p. 65 (1882).

" Dark brown, base smoky black ; inner margin of the hindwing paler
than the ground colour, and a few white dots on the forewing in the female.
Underside pale brown, with some obscure white spots towards the tip of the
forewing, and in the female at the hind-margin of the hindwing also.
Expands a little over one inch. It inhabits South Europe, North Africa,
and Western Asia in August, and is found in dry places." (Kirby, I. c.)

Recorded from Campbellpore, Kala Pani and Hurripur, N.-W. India,
(Butler).

In collection Indian Museum,

34 PARNARA.

40.— CHAPRA KARSANA, MOORE.

Hesperia "karsana, Moore, P. Z. S.5 1874, P- 576, P1- lxvii> fig- 6.

" Upperside pale olive brown. Cilia pale fawn-colour. Male — forewing
with minute oblique subapical spots more distinct below, where is a discal
row of four somewhat quadrate spots, the third spot smallest.

Underside much paler, marked as above ; space from abdominal margin
to middle of wing pale brownish white.

Expanse, if- inch.

Habitat, Rawul Pindi, N. Punjab. (Capt. PL B. Hellard)." (Moore, I. c.)

Recorded from Kumaon (Doherty) ; Campbellpore, N.-W. India (Bntler) ;
Quetta, Kandahar and Karachi (Swinhoe}.

According to Col. Swinhoe this is " a common species at Karachi at
all seasons of the year."

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

A slight variety of this species has been described as below.

Hesperia karsana, var. saturata, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B.,
1882, p. 19.

" Much darker and without a trace of spots on the upperside. One
female from Kamorta [Nicobars] ; and Kulu, N.-W. Himalayas." (Wood-
Mason and de Niceville, I. c.)

I obtained a single specimen of this variety at Quetta, it is unmarked
on upperside, but the usual spots are distinctly traceable on the underside of
the forewing.

In collection Indian Museum.

GENUS XVII, PARNARA.

Parnara, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 166 (1881).

Baoris, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 379 (1886), part.

" This genus comprises a group of species which have been variously
referred to Hesperia, Pamphila and Gegenes. They are similar in form of
wings, venation, and antennae to Chapra, but the males have no oblique
glandular streak on the forewing.

Type, P. guttata" (Moore, I. c.}.

41.— PARNARA GUTTATA, BREMER and GREY.

Eudamus guttatus, Bremer and Grey, Schmett. N. China, p. 10 (1853).

Pamphila mangala, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 792.

Hesperia bada, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 688.

Parnara bada, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i,p. 167, pi. 70, figs. 2, ia (1881).

" Upperside dark brown ; forewing with six small whitish semi-trans-
parent spots curving before the apex, also two small similar spots within the
cell ; hindwing with a discal linear series of four conjugated semi-transparent
spots. Cilia pale brownish white. Underside paler, suffused with greenish

PARNARA. 35

yellow ; forewing with spots as above : hindwing with an additional spot
(which is not semi-transparent) at the extremity of the cell. Palpi and body
beneath dark yellowish green.

Expanse, i£ inch.

Hab. Bengal." (Moore. 1. c. in P. Z. S., 1865).

Recorded from Murree, Thundiani and Hassan Abdul, N.-W. India
(Butler] ; from Kangra District, N.-W. Himalayas (Moore} ; and from
Sikkim (Elwes).

Mr. Elwes treats this species as synonymous with P. bada. He states
he has specimens from Shanghai, Japan, Kashmir, Mandi and Sikkim which
agree very well. They may be known by the nearly straight line of four
transparent spots on the hindwing, and the curved discal series of six or
sometimes only five spots on the forewing, as well as two, one or both of
which are sometimes wanting, in the cell. Typical P. bada (of which he has
specimens from Cachar, Bombay, Poona, Sikkim and Ceylon) is distin-
guished by the less conspicuous markings on the hindwing, usually smaller
size, and absence of the two spots in the cell. But he is not sure that these
characters are constant.

According to Mr. Butler (P. Z. S., 1886, p. 377) P. mangala has the
lowest spot on the primaries, larger and more quadrate than in bada or bevani,
and also has the row of spots on the secondaries larger and more nearly in
line.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

The description of P. bada is appended below :

" Allied to //. mangala.

Male and female. Upperside dark brown, base of wings olive brown ;
cilia pale cinereous brown : forewing with two (in some specimens three)
contiguous subapical small white semi-diaphanous spots, and three spots
below obliquely on the disk, the upper one the smallest : hindwing with a
discal irregular linear series of three or four white semi-diaphanous spots,
more or less indistinct. Underside greyish brown ; both wings marked as
above, the spots on the hindwing being more prominent.

Expanse g iT2F, 9 i^ inch.

Hab. Ceylon." (Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 685).

Recorded from Sikkim (de Nic&ville, Elwes) ; Calcutta (de Niceville) ;
Kumaon (Doherty) ; Cachar (Wood-Mason and de Niceville) ; Orissa (Taylor) ;
Poona, Belgaum, Bombay, (Swinhoe) ; Nilgiris, (Hampson).

42.— PARNARA CINGALA, MOORE.

Pavnara cingala, Moore, Lep, Cey., vol. i, p. 167, pi. 70, fig. 3, a. b.
(1881).

" Allied to P. bada. Male and female : forewing with two small semi-
diaphanous white spots within end of the cell, three subapical and four
discal ; hindwing with two very indistinct diseal spots. Underside paler ;

36 PARNARA.

forewing marked as above, the lowest discal spot prominent and yellow :
hindwing with three prominent spots, the upper one being between
subcostals.

Expanse IT% inch.

Larva very pale olivaceous blue, with a darker dorsal and a paler
lateral longitudinal line ; head yellowish. Feeds on Graminaceae. Pupa
pale olive green.

Hab. Ceylon." (Moore, I. c.}

In collection Indian Museum.

43.— PARNARA COLACA, MOORE.

Hesferia colaca, Moore, P. Z. S., 1877, p. 594, pi. Iviii, fig. 7.

Parnara colaca, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc.., 1888, p. 446, fig. i.

" Male and female. Dark olive brown ; cilia cinereous ; forewing
with a recurved discal series of seven small yellow spots, the second from
hind margin being the largest ; a small spot also at end of the cell.
Underside brown, apex and hindwing speckled with olive green scales ;
a median discal series of small spots on hindwing. Near to H. cinnava.

Expanse $ IT%, 9 iyV inch-

Hab. S. Andamans, Port Blair." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Nicobars and Cachar (Wood-Mason and deNiceville) ;
and Sikkim (de Niceville; Elwes).

According to Mr. Elwes this species is very close to P. bevani, from
which it may be known by its longer forewing and differently shaped
hindwing and by the spots on the upperside of forewing and underside
of hindwing being different in number and position. Mr. Elwes gives
two woodcuts to illustrate his remarks, and from them it appears that
in P. colaca the hindwing is more produced at the anal angle that in
P. bevani, which gives it the appearance of being comparatively narrower,
the spots on the upperside of the forewing are almost identical, those in
P. colaca being slightly larger. On the upperside and underside of the
hindwing in P. colaca there are only three spots and in P. bevani five, but
as Mr. Elwes remarks these characters are not constant, still he is
inclined to the opinion that the two species are distinct.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

44.— PARNARA BEVANI, MOORE.

Hesperia bevani, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 688.
. Parnara bevani, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1888, p. 447, fig. 2.

" Male. Upperside dark olive-brown ; cilia pale brownish-cinereous;
forewing with a single small, pale white, semi-diaphanous spot at upper
end of the cell, three contiguous subapical spots, another below these;
and two larger spots below obliquely on the disc, a small spot also very
indistinctly visible on middle of submedian vein ; hindwing without

PARNARA. 37

spots. Underside greyish olive-brown ; spots slightly more prominent
than above ; hindwing with a discal series of five small somewhat
indistinct white spots.

Expanse i f inch.

Hab. Salween, Moulmain (Lt. Bevan).

A male specimen of this species from Calcutta collected by the late
Mr. Atkinson is in the collection of Dr. O. Staudinger." (Moore, I. c.}

Also recorded from Karachi, Mhow, Poona and Bombay (Swinhoe) ;
Calcutta (de Niceville} ; Orissa (Taylor) ; Nilgiris (Hampson}.

Mr. Elwes also states that he has specimens from Mandi,
N.-W. Himalayas, Khasias, and Sikkim.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

45.— PARNARA ASSAMENSIS, WOOD-MASON and DE NICEVILLE.

Pavnara assamensis, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A.S.B., 1882, p. 65.

Parnara assamensis, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1886, p.
382, pi. xviii, fig. 5, 5a cf , pi. xvii, fig. 7, >ja, 9 .

" cf 5 9 • Upperside, both wings rich dark vandyke-brown prominently
marked with semi-transparent white lustrous spots, with the base of the
interne-median and the basal three-fourths of the inner margin of the
forewing, and the posterior or inner half of the hindwing from the base
nearly to the outer margin along the veins, clothed with olive-brown setae.
Forewing with ten spots in the male and eleven in the female, viz., — two
oblong at the end of the cell, disjunct in the male, but connected at their
inner and opposite ends in the female, three subapical, and five discal in
the male, but six in the female, forming an oblique series extending from
the submedian nervure to the hinder discoidal nervule in the male, but to
the subcostal (or front discoidal) in the female ; of which spots the first is
subtriangular, touches the submedian nervure, and is subequal to the
fourth ; the second, in the same interspace with the first, is equal to the
first subapical, and lies close to, but does not touch, the first median
nervule ; the third, the largest of all, is equal to, or rather larger than, the
first and fourth put together, and acute-angled at its outer end ; the fourth
is rhomboidal ; the fifth rather larger than the second ; and the sixth,
present in the female only, is shaped somewhat like one of the strokes of a
section-sign (§). Hindwing with a small oval discal spot sometimes
accompanied by a very minute dot in front of the third median nervule.
Underside, forewing marked as above, but with the hindermost spot
touching the submedian nervure outwardly diffused. Hindwing covered
with minute olive-brown scales, and lighter internal to a straight line
drawn obliquely across the interno-median area from the apex of the third
median nervule to the base of the submedian nervure, with a prominent
white lustrous dot near the anterior end of the cell and a curved discal series
of four white lustrous spots, of which the third from the inner margin is by
far the largest, transparent, visible on the upper side, and may or may not

38 PARNARA.

be accompanied by a minute dot, which may or may not be transparent
and visible from above. Body clothed above with olive-green scales and
setae, lighter below. Palpi mixed luteous and olive-green. Antennae
black, broadly half-ringed below before the club with white, with their
taper tips ashy.

Expanse, <f 2'2 ; 9 2'3 to 2-4 inches.

One male in forest near Silcuri [Cachar] on nth July. It occurs also
in Sibsagar (S. E. Peal), at Shillong, and in Sikkim, where it is quite a
common species at low elevations. It is the largest species of the genus
known to us." (Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1886, /. c.)

Also recorded from Kumaon (Doherty) ; and Sikkim (Elwes).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

46.-PARNARA ORNATA, F ELDER.

Hespevia ornata, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 515, n. 900, pi.
Ixxii, fig. 6, male (1867.)

Parnara ornata, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1886, p. 382,
pi. xviii, fig. 7, ja tf .

" <f • Wings above shining fuscous, dusted at the base with yellowish
grey and hairy. Forewing with a partly divided spot in the cell, also two of
median size and three small ones only divided by the veins all subhyaline.
On the underside the wings are brown, slightly tinged with violet. The
forewing close to the cell is faintly dusky, the hindwing has two spots
subovate in front, with a third inside them, and six others silvery white in
an oblique series beyond the cell, with a bluish diffused border, a dot at end
of cell and some small external spots violet white. Palpi and thorax pale
yellow.

Expanse ; i -9 inches, [from figure] .

Habitat; Buitenzorg, Java." (Felder, I. c.)

A single male is recorded from Doarband, Cachar, by Messrs. Wood-
Mason and de Niceville, 1. c.

In collection Indian Museum.

47.— PARNARA UMA, DE NICEVILLE.

Parnara ttma, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1888, p. 292, pi. xiii, fig. 9 $.

" Female. Upperside, both wings rich dark glossy brown, the base
clothed with somewhat long greenish-ochreous setae. Cilia ochreous-brown.
Forewing with a spot in the discoidal cell divided in the middle by a
fold of the wing, its upper portion lengthened, inwardly sharply pointed ;
three increasing conjoined subapical spots, the posterior one nearly twice
as large as the other two taken together ; a quadrate spot near the middle
of the second median interspace, a larger one in the first median interspace
placed exactly midway between the spot in the second median interspace
and the lower portion of the cell spot, its outer edge highly excavated,
its inner edge correspondingly rounded — all these spots shining translucent

PARNARA. 39

ochreous. Underside, both wings brown strongly washed with vinous.
Forewing with the spots as above but white instead of ochreous, the spot
in the cell entire. Hindwing with a lengthened subcostal broad streak
posteriorly bounded by the subcostal nervure and second subcostal nervule ;
a discal recurved transverse series of six quadrate . spots, of which the
two below the posterior end of the subcostal streak are the smallest, a
similar but somewhat suffused spot near the base of the wing — the streak
and spots all pure silvery. Head and body concolorous with the wings
above, palpi and sternum pale ochreous beneath, rest of body and legs
concolorous with wings beneath.

Expanse : 9 2-0 inches.

Habitat ; Karen Hills, Burma.

A single specimen was obtained in April, 1887, in the Karen Hills
by the native collector attached to the Phayre Museum, Rangoon, and
I am indebted to Mr. B. Noble for the opportunity of describing it. It is
a remarkable species with no near Indian ally, but appears to belong to
the same group as the " Hesperia" ovnata of Felder from Buitenzorg, Java,
a species which has the spots of the forewing on the underside smaller,
and a double series of spots on the hindwing, as shewn in the figure."
(de Niceville, I. c.)

48.— PARNARA NAROOA, MOORE.

Hesperia narooa, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 687, pi. xlv, fig. 4.

Parnara narooa, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 167, pi. 69, figs. 3. a.b.
(1880-81).

Baoris narooa, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 380, pi. Ixxxiv, fig. 12 9
(1886).

" Male and female. Upperside dark olive brown : forewing with two
prominent semi-diaphanous yellowish well-separated spots at end of
the cell, a subapical series of three smaller spots and an oblique discal
series of five spots : hindwing with two very small discal spots in male,
three in female. Underside dark olive brown ; forewing marked as
above : hindwing with a prominent white spot at upper end of the cell,
and a curved discal series of four spots. Body olive green.

Expanse i T9¥ inch.

Hab. Bombay : Ceylon.

Allied to * H. contigua, Mabille. Markings similar, but both sexes
one-third less in size." (Moore, P. Z. S. I. c.)

" Larva pale olive green, delicately speckled with darker green and
black dots; a pale unspeckled upper lateral line; head black marked.
Pupa pale olivaceous-yellow, darker shaded on thorax." (Moon, Lep.
Cey., I. c.)

* Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Niceville state they are unable to trace this reference
(J. A. S. B. 1881, p. 260).

40 PARNARA.

Also recorded from Andamans and Cachar (Wood-Mason andde Niceville) ;
Calcutta (de Niceville) ; Poona (Swinhoe) ; Sikkim (de Niceville),
In collection Indian Museum and de Niceville.

49.— PARNARA PAGANA, DE NICEVILLE.

Parnara pagana, de Niceville, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 465, pi. xl, fig. 7 <f .

" Male. Upperside : both wings rich dark brown glossed with purple,
the base clothed with long deep ochreous-ferruginous setae. Cilia
ochreous-yellow in the forewing, becoming orange towards the anal angle
in the hindwing. Forewing with a spot at the end of the cell sometimes
almost quadrate, sometimes constricted in the middle and forming a
figure of 8, sometimes quite divided into two spots ; three small
subapical dots ; three increasing discal spots, the anterior one sometimes
absent ; a spot placed above and against the middle of the submedian
nervure, usually round, sometimes oval, rarely entirely absent ; all these
spots semi-transparent yellow. Hindwing unmarked. Underside : both
wings ochreous-brown without any purple gloss, the yellow setae also
absent. Forewing with the base (all except the costa) black ; the semi-
transparent spots as above, but the one in the submedian interspace
developed into a large diffused patch. Hindwing unmarked. Female with
the wings a little broader, otherwise exactly as in the male.

Expanse </ 9 1-9 to 2-2 inches.

Hab. Sikkim.

Nearest to P. narooa, Moore, and P. assamensis, Wood-Mason and
de Niceville, but differing from both in the hindwing being unspotted.

P. pagana is a common species in Sikkim throughout the year at
low elevations." (de Niceville, /. £.). Also recorded from Sikkim by
Mr. Elwes.

In collection de Niceville.

50.— PARNARA PLEBEIA, DE NICEVILLE.

Parnara plebeia, de Niceville, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 466, pi. xl, fig. 2, tf .

" Male. Upperside : both wings dark brown. Forewing with two
or three increasing subapical dots, three increasing discal spots somewhat
variable in size and shape ; cilia cinereous. Hindwing unmarked ; cilia
cinereous anteriorly, becoming ochreous towards the anal angle. Under-
side ; both wings paler than above, sometimes tinged with ochreous.
Forewing with the semi-transparent spots as above, a diffused large pale
patch in the middle of the submedian interspace, sometimes divided into
two distinct spots one above the other, sometimes obsolete. Hindwing
unmarked. Female : forewing with all the spots larger, always with an
additional spot in the submedian interspace and touching that nervure
about the middle of its length, often with another smaller spot placed
above and beyond the first in the same interspace, these two spots
sometimes conjoined. Otherwise as in the male.

PARNARA. 41

Expanse: <? , 9 , 17 to if8 inches.
Habitat : Sikkim.

Near to P. pagana, de Niceville, but always smaller, the diaphanous
spots white instead of yellow, no spot in the cell, and with no ferruginous
setse at the base of the wings on the upperside. Near to P. austeni,
Moore, which also occurs commonly in Sikkim, but lacking the two spots
in the cell of the forewing, these spots being present also in P. cahira,
Moore, P. farri, Moore, and P. moolata, Moore. Nearest of all to P.
kitmara, Moore. From Ceylon specimens of the latter species it differs in the
ground-colour of the underside being dull dark brown, sometimes tinged
with ochreous, instead of deep ochreous-brown. Mr. Wood-Mason has
kindly examined a Ceylon male specimen of the latter species, also a
male of P. plebeia, and writes regarding them as follow : — " I regard
these two specimens as belonging to quite distinct species. The male
genital somites and appendages differ very considerably in detail,
though identical in plan ; in the Sikkim species the terminal dorsal
segment is furnished with a pair of conspicuous conical spines which curve
upwards, forwards, and backwards from the disc, and is shorter, and the
upper lobe of the claspers is smaller and is embraced at its lower border by
the commensurately developed spine of the lower lobe ; while in the Ceylon
species the terminal dorsal segment is furnished with shorter spines, from
the base of each of which a small cusp is given off backwards, and the
sclerite is of greater antero-posterior extent ; and the upper lobe of the
claspers is more curved and longer, extending much beyond the spine of the
lower lobe ; and the intromittent organ ends in a bilobed spiny brush in the
one, and is apparently simple in the other." P. plebeia is also near the
P. seriata, Moore ; the latter, however, is known to me only by the
description and figures.

P. plebeia is a common species in Sikkim at low elevations."
(de Niceville, I. c.)

Also recorded from Orissa (Taylor); Sikkim (Elwes).

In collection de Niceville.

51.— PARNARA KUMARA, MOORE.

Hespena kumara, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 687.

Baoris kumara, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 166, pi. 69, figs. 2, 2a.
(1881).

" Female. Upperside dark olive brown ; forewing with a transverse
discal series of seven yellowish semi-diaphanous spots from before the apex ;
cilia pale brownish-yellow. Underside deep ochreous-brown ; forewing
marked as above, the lowest spot being yellow : hindwing with a single
discal indistinct yellow spot between the two lower median branches,
Palpi and body brown ; tarsi ochreous.

Expanse : if inches.

42 PARNARA.

Habitat : Canara.

This species is also found in Ceylon, the male differing from the female
above and beneath in the first upper and lower discal spots being absent."
(Moore, P. Z. S. I. c.)

Also recorded from Nilgiris, Mergui (Moore) ; Calcutta (de Niceville) ;
Nilgiris (Hampson).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

52.— PARNARA SERIATA, MOORE.

Hesperia seriata, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 688.

Baoris seriata, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 166, pi. 69, figs. 4, 4a.
(1881).

" Allied to H. kumara. Male differs from the same sex of that species
in the discal row of spots being slightly smaller, and in having an
additional lower small spot (which is present only in the female of
H. kumara). Underside greenish-brown ; forewing marked as above, the
lowest spot suffused.

Expanse : if inches.

Habitat : Ceylon." (Moore, P. Z. S. I. c.)

Not in collection Indian Museum, unknown to de Niceville.

53.— PARNARA MOOLATA, MOORE.

Hesperia moolata, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 843.

Baoris moolata, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 379, pi. xxxiv, fig. 10 <f (1886.)

" Male and female. Upperside dark vinous-brown, slightly olive-
brown at the base ; cilia cinereous-yellow : forewing with a single small
semi-diaphanous white spot at lower end of the cell, two smaller spots
obliquely before the apex, and three below on the disk, the lowest being
the largest and angular ; the female with two spots at the end of the
cell, and a small opaque yellowish spot between lower median branch
and submedian vein. Underside brighter coloured, marked as above,
the yellow discal lower spot in female larger.

Expanse : i£ inches.

Habitat: Ahsown (2,000 ft.), March. Moolai to Moolat (N. Tenas-
serim.)

Allied to H. kumara, Moore, from S. India, and to H. cahira from the
Andamans." (Moore, I. c.)

In collection de Niceville.

54.-PARNARA CANARAICA, MOORE.

Parnara canaraica, Moore, P. Z. S., 1883, p. 534.

" Male and Female. Upperside dark brown, basal area olive-brown.
Male : Forewing with two small oval semi-diaphanous white spots at
the end of the cell, three spots obliquely before the apex, and three on
the disk :' hindwing without makings ; cilia brownish-cinereous. Under-

PARNARA. 43

side paler brown, irrorated with ochreous scales which are thickly
disposed along the costa and apex of forewing and across discal area
of hindwing : forewing marked as above, also with a small whitish spot
above hind margin : hindwing with two discal white spots. Female :
forewing with larger spots than in the male, also with a minute dot beneath
the lower discal spot and a triangular yellow spot above hind margin ;
hindwing with three discal semi-diaphanous spots. Underside : forewing
as above : hindwing with four discal white spots, and a fifth at end of
the cell.

Expanse : <f i£, 9 i£ inches.

Habitat : Canara (Ward)." (Moore, I. c.)

Not in collection Indian Museum, unknown to de Niceville.

55.-PARNARA AUSTENI, MOORE.

Baovis austeni, Moore, P. Z. S., 1883, p. 533.

Paynava austeni, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1888, p. 448, woodcut n. 3.

" Male and Female. Upperside dark brown. Male : forewing with
two small semi-hyaline white spots at end of the cell, two before the apex,
and three obliquely on the disk, the two upper of which are small.
Female with markings the same, but slightly larger ; also with a small
yellow spot above the hind margin ; cilia cinereous-white. Underside
as above ; both sexes having also a slight yellowish patch above the
hind margin.

Expanse : </ if, 9 i-} inches.

Habitat: Khasia Hills; Cherra Punji.

This species is allied to H. cahira from the Andamans and to H.
moolata, from Tenasserim." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Cachar (Wood-Mason and de Niceville) ; Sikkim
(Elwes).

I have numerous specimens of the species from Rangoon.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

56.— PARNARA CAHIRA, MOORE.

Hesperia cahira, Moore, P. Z. S., 1877, p. 593, pi. Iviii, fig. 8 ( $ only.)

Hesperia cahira, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. 1,
pt. 2, p. 258, n. 121, 9 (1881).

" Male. Upperside dark rufous-brown suffused with olive-brown at
the base. Forewing with two small yellow spots at end of the cell, two
on the disk, and two very small spots before the apex.

Underside rufous-brown.

Expanse : $ if inches.

Habitat : S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Near to H. oceia, Hewitson ; differs in the male above in the absence
of the basal tuft of hairs on the hindwing, and beneath also in the absence

44 MARMARA.

of the prominent and large white patch and its central spot on the
forewing." (Moore, I. c). The female described by Moore is really that
of B. oceia, Hewitson.

" Females have, in addition to the eight spots present in males, a more
or less well-developed triangular bright yellow opaque one touching the
submedian rather beyond the middle of this, and appearing on the under-
side as an imperfect band between that vein and the first median veinlet ;
and, moreover, have the whole underside thickly and evenly clothed with
rufous-brown scales." (Wood-Mason and de Niceville, I. c.)

Also recorded from Sikkim (de Niceville} ; not recorded from Sikkim
by Mr. Elwes, but as he considers that P. cahira is very probably identical
with P. austeni, it is not improbable that it is the latter species which is
meant by Mr. de Niceville.

In collection Indian Museum.

57.— PARNARA FARRI, MOORE.

Hespevia favri, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 688.

" Male and female. Upperside ferruginous-brown, base of both
wings olive-brown ; cilia yellowish-cinereous : forewing with two pale
semi-diaphanous spots at end of the cell, and a discal recurved series of
seven spots, the four upper and the seventh smallest, the upper three
being contiguous and obliquely before the apex, the sixth below end of
cell and the largest. Underside greyer brown in the female : forewing
marked as in male, except that the lowest spot is more diffused : hind-
wing without spots.

Expanse : $ i-J, 9 if inches.

Habitat: Calcutta : Cherra Punji." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded by Mr. de Niceville from Calcutta.

In collection Indian Museum.

58.— PARNARA TULSI, DE NICEVILLE.

Pavnava tulsi, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. lii, pt. 2, p. 86, n. 30, pi. x,
fig. i, $ (1883).

11 Male. Upperside rich dark brown with a vinous tinge. Forewing
with three very small subapical spots, the middle one out of line, placed
nearer the base of wing ; an increasing series of three spots outside the
cell, placed one each at the bases of the median interspaces, all the spots
semi-transparent ochreous-white : the base of the wing and the space below
the submedian nervure as well as the base and disc of the hindwing
(which is otherwise unmarked) clothed with long ochreous hairs. Under-
side. Forewing marked as above, but the costa to beyond the middle, and
broadly across the disc of the hindwing pale violet-white. Cilia cinereous.
No secondary sexual characters. Female differs from the male only in the
wings being somewhat broader, and the apex of the forewing less acute.

PARNARA. 45

Expanse: $ 1*8, $ 1*9 inches.
Habitat : Sikkim." (de NicSvtile, I. c.)

According to Mr. Elwes, this species is very like P.plebeia, above, but
easily distinguished by the dull purplish colour of the hindwing below.
In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

59.— PARNARA TOONA, MOORE.

Hespevia toona, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 689, $ .

Parnara toona, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. Iv, pt. 2,
p. 383, n. 218 £. (1886.)

" Allied to H. eltola, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., Hesp., pi. 4, fig. 40.

Male. Differs in the forewing being slightly more elongate, the
hindwing more convex exteriorly, and the anal angle less lobed ; markings
above similar, those on the forewing narrower, the spot between the
median branches elongated and extended to their basal angle ; those on
the hindwing very small, the outer spot crossed by a vein. Underside
brownish-ochreous ; base of forewing slightly dusky-ochreous ; markings
as above.

Expanse : i •£% inches.

Habitat : N.-E. Bengal. " (Moore, I. c.)

11 ?. Rather larger and less richly-coloured than the male, with the
large discal semi-transparent lustrous spot in the first median interspace
of the forewing shorter, emarginate, and not extending to the base of the
interspace. One example has only the three posterior of the spots of the
underside of the hindwing — and these much reduced in size — instead of
five, but four are visible on the upperside.

One hundred and twenty specimens [of both sexes] at and round
Silcuri [Cachar] from 25th May to i2th August." (Wood-Mason and de
Niceville, I. c.)

Also recorded from Kumaon (Doherty) ; Nilgiris (Hampson) ; Sikkim
(de Niceville ; Elwes).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

60.— PARNARA ELTOLA, HEWITSON.

Hespevia eltola, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iv, Hesp., pi. iv, fig. 40(1869).

Parnara eltola, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. Iv, pt.
2, p. 384, n. 219, pi. xviii, figs. 6, 6a, $ . (1886).

" Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with eight transparent white
spots, and a spot of yellow near the inner margin : the three largest spots
across the middle, two outside of these, and three near the apex. Pos-
terior wing with three transparent spots.

Underside as above, except that it is rufous-brown.

Expanse: i££ inches.

Habitat : Darjeeling. " (Hewitson, I. c.)

46 PARNARA.

Also recorded from Kumaon (Doherty) ; Cachar (Wood-Mason and
de Niceville) \ Kangra, N.-W. Himalayas (Moore)] Sikkim (de Niceville ;
E lives).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

61.— PARNARA SEMAMORA, MOORE.

Hesperia semamora, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 791.

" Female. Upperside dark vinaceous-brown ; forewing with a curved
discal series of five semi-transparent white spots, the two upper minute;
hindwing with a broad pure white patch extending half across the wing
from abdominal margin. Cilia of forewing brown, of hindwing broadly
white. Abdomen with white apex. Underside — forewing dark brown pos-
teriorly, ferruginous-brown anteriorly ; spots as above ; a small suffused
patch on the middle of exterior margin, and cilia brownish-white : hindwing
with a straight inner bordered ferruginous anterior margin, the rest of the
wing pure white : a marginal series of blackish spots ; cilia white. Palpi
and legs in front brown. Thorax, abdomen, and legs beneath white.

Expanse : 2 inches.

Habitat: Bengal " (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Sikkim (de Niceville).

I caught a single specimen of this species at Beeling, Upper Tenas-
serim, in April. It differs from the description in having six spots on fore-
wing, the upper three minute ; also in a very long series of this species
obtained during March and April at Tilin, Yaw District, Upper Burma,
I have found invariably three subapical spots.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

62.— PARNARA WATSONII, DE

Parnara watsonii, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. v,
p., 223, n. 19 (1890).

Habitat : Upper Burma.

Expanse : $ , ? , 1-9 to 2-0 inches.

Description : Male. Upperside, both wings rich dark glossy vinaceous-
brown. Forewing with three subapical rather large conjugated dots ; three
increasing discal spots placed obliquely, the second about twice as large as
the first, the third about three times as large as the second, the two lower
spots with their inner ends convex, their outer concave ; all these spots
diaphanous lustrous white ; a somewhat elongated opaque yellowish spot in
the submedian interspace placed against the middle of the submedian
nervure ; the base of the wing clothed with long dull ochreous hair-like
scales. Cilia of a slightly lighter shade of colour than the ground. Hind-
wing with the base and abdominal margin thickly clothed with long dull
ochreous setae, the disc with a faint whitish discal macular band. Cilia
whitish. Underside, forewing fuscous, the costa and apex widely ochreous-

PARNARA. 47

ferruginous ; the diaphanous spots as above ; a broad submarginal whitish
patch just anterior to the middle of the outer margin of the wing. Hind-
wing ochreous-ferruginous bearing a large triangular patch of white which
occupies all the surface except the costa and the outer margin widely, and
a tripartite patch of the ground colour divided by the median nervules
in its middle ; all the veins that reach the outer margin white. Head,
thorax, and abdomen fuscous above, white beneath, the latter striped with
white at the sides. Antennae black throughout. Female almost as in the
male, but in two specimens out of three in the forewing there is a fourth
smallest discal spot in the lower discoidal interspace, and still another
in the submedian interspace almost touching the first median nervule and
very small. Hindwing with the discal macular white patch more prominent
than in the male.

Nearly allied to the " Hesperia" semamora of Moore, * originally
described from Bengal, but occurring in Sikkim, Assam, and Burma from
which it differs in all the diaphanous spots of the forewing being larger, the
opaque spot in the submedian interspace always present (in P. semamora it
is found in the females only and is very small), and notably in the large
pure white and patch of P. semamora being replaced by a whitish shade only
in the males, rather more prominent in the females in P. watsonii. On the
underside of the hindwing there is always a large patch of the ochreous-
ferruginous ground-colour in the middle of the white area, this is only
occasionally present in P. semamora and is when present very small. The
markings of P. semamora are by no means constant, but the species can
always be instantly recognised from P. watsonii by the large pure white area
on the upperside of the hindwing. In Burma both sexes of the two species
have been found flying together, so one cannot be a seasonal form or
geographical race of the other.

Described from seven males and three females collected at Tilin, Yaw,
Upper Burma, in March, 1890, by Lieutenant E. Y. Watson, after whom I
have much pleasure in naming it." (de Niceville, I. c.)

This species occurred very commonly at Tilin throughout March and
April in company with P. semamora. I also obtained two worn specimens of
it in October, 1886, at Poungadaw on the old Burmese frontier about 30
miles north-west of Thayetmyo.

63.— PARNARA PHOLUS, DE NICEVILLE.

Parnara pJwltts, de Niceville, Journal, Bombay, Nat. Hist. Soc., vol.
iv, p. 172, pi. B, fig. 3 cj (1889).

" Habitat : Bhutan.

Expanse : £ , 2-4 ; 9,2-6 inches.

Description : Male. Upperside, both wings rich brown with a shining
vinous tinge, the spots transluent rich ochreous. Forewing with three
conjugated subapical spots, the first a mere dot, the next twice as large,
* Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1865, p. 791.

4-8 PARNARA.

the lowest four times as large as the middle spot ; two well-separated
spots towards the end of the cell placed inwardly obliquely ; a spot about
twice the size of these in the middle of the second median interspace,
another much larger one completely filling the first median interspace
below the innermost spot in the cell, another spot below this at about
the middle of the submedian interspace and touching that nervure.
Cilia concolorous with the wing. Hindwing with a small round spot near
the end of the cell, three equal-sized spots in a straight line on the disc
separated by the second and third median nervules ; the base of the
wing and the abdominal margin clothed with long yellowish-brown setae.
Cilia pale yellow. Underside, both wings as above, but the coloration
duller. Forewing with the spot in the submedian interspace much larger,
its edges diffused, pale yellow. Hindwing as on the upperside. Antenna
and legs black throughout ; top of head, thorax and top of abdomen decreas-
ingly clothed with long iridescent bronze-green hairs, thorax below
duller. Female, larger than the male. Forewing with the lowest subapcial
spot larger than in the male, the two spots in the cell conjoined.
Otherwise as in the male.

Described from a male obtained by Mr. Wylly, and a female by the
native collectors of Mr. Otto Moller, near Buxa, Bhutan. I know of
no near ally to this fine species, the largest in the species hitherto
described." (de Niceville , I. c.) Mr. de Niceville also informs me that* this
species occurs in Sikkim.

64.— PARNARA SARALA, DE NICEVILLE.

Parnara sarala, de Niceville, Journal, Bombay, Nat. Hist. Soc., vol.
iv, p. 173, pi. B, fig. 6, ?. (1889).

" Habitat : Khasi Hills.

Expanse: £, 1-8 ; 9, 2-0 inches.

Description : Female. Upperside, both wings dark bronzy-fuscous.
Forewing with a large medially constricted spot at the end of the cell ;
an elongated spot at the base of the second median interspace ; a much
larger one towards the base of the first median interspace, its outer end
concave, its inner end convex, anteriorly and posteriorly touching the
second and first median nervules ; a comma-shaped spot in the submedian
interspace, touching the middle of the submedian nervure — all these spots
semi-transparent lustrous white ; cilia fuscous. Hindwing with a large
oval pale yellow patch on the middle of the disc ; and a small patch on
the abdominal margin near the base of the wing ; cilia rich chrome-yellow
at the anal angle, gradually shading ofTinto fuscous anteriorly. Underside,
both wings distinctly glossed with rich purple. Forewing with the three
discal spots as above, the one in the submedian interspace on the upperside
developed into a large outwardly-diffused white patch occupying the
middle of the inner margin ; a large chrome-yellow quadrate patch above

PARNARA. 49

the spot in the cell extending from the subcostal nervure to the costa.
Hindwing with the oval pale yellow discal patch of the upperside developed
into a broad anteriorly-increasing discal chrome-yellow band extending
from the abdominal margin to the costa, but with a break between the
submedian and internal nervures. Palpi, thorax, and abdomen above and
below clothed with bronzy-green iridiscent hairs ; antenna with shaft black,
club broken off.

The Rev. Walter A. Hamilton, who obtained the two specimens
above described, possesses the wings only of a third specimen placed
between tale of what appears to be the male of this species captured
in the same locality. In the forewing there are two small well-separated
spots in the cell instead of one large one, the two spots below are smaller,
the spot in the submedian interspace entirely wanting ; otherwise as in
the female. This specimen does not apparently possess any secondary
sexual characters.

I do not know any near ally to P. sarala. The shape of the wings
agrees with that of the species of the genus Parnara, the probable male,
having the forewing less broad, the apex more acute and the outer margin
more straight and inwardly oblique than in the female." (de Nicvville, I. c.)

65.-PARNARA PARCA, DE NICEVILLE.

Parnara parca, de Niceville, Journal, Bombay, Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. iv,
p. 174, pi. B, fig. 10, $. (1889).

" Habitat : Sikkim, Khasi Hills.

Expanse : $ , i .9 inches.

Description : Female. Upperside, both wings deep vinous-brown.
Forewing, with three small subapical spots, forming half a circle ; two
elongated well-separated spots at the end of the discoidal cell ; a rhom-
boidal spot near the middle of the second median interspace ; another
occupying a similar position in the first median interspace, anteriorly and
posteriorly bounded by the second and first median nervules, its inner
end well rounded, its outer end convex and the lower corner produced ;
a rounded spot in the submedian interspace touching that nervule a little
beyond its middle — all these spots semi-transparent lustrous white ; cilia
from the inner angle to the second median nervule dull ochreous, ante-
riorly of the colour of the wing. Hindwing with five nearly equal-sized
spots forming a rough oval on the disc, the two lowest spots nearer together
than the rest ; these spots are translucent white in some lights, metallic
pale brassy-greenish in others ; cilia broadly rich chrome-yellow from
the anal angle to the termination of the third median nervule, thence to
the apex of the wing vinous-brown. Underside, both wings of the colour
of the upperside. Forewing with the spots as on the upperside : the dull
ochreous cilia of the upperside pale clear yellow, that colour extending
a little distance on to the wing. Hindwing also with the spots as above ;

50 SUASTUS.

the chrome-yellow cilia of the upperside is pale clear yellow on the under-
side, that colour extending irregularly on to the wing membrane beyond.
Antennae with the shaft black, becoming ochreous just before the black
club ; abdomen tipped with long chrome-yellow hairs ; rest of body, head and
palpi more or less concolorous with the wings ; femur and tibia of legs
black and clothed with very long thick and closely-set black hairs, tarsus
anteriorly black, posteriorly deep chrome-yellow, naked.

I place this species but doubtfully in the genus Parnara, all the legs
being strongly setose, being a character not found in any species of that
genus known to me. A somewhat similar character is found in the males
only of Abaratha syrichthus, Felder, A. ransonnetii, Felder, and A.taylorii,
mihi, which possess a tuft of black hairs over a quarter of an inch in length
attached to the coxae of the front legs and ordinarily lying along the
pectus of the butterfly between the middle and hindlegs. These bunches
of hairs are probably scent fans and are, moreover, probably susceptible
of erection and expansion, but accurate observations on the subject on live
specimens are desirable. In describing the genus Abaratha, * Mr. Moore
states that the legs are naked, this is certainly not the case with the front
legs of the males of the type species. Mr. Distant f is also incorrect in
saying that the hindlegs of the type species of the genus are strongly
pilose; this applies to the fore legs of the male only. It is also quite
certain that the species Mr. Distant places in the genus Abaratha (sura,
Moore, and pygela, Hewitson), possess a clothing quite different to that
setose found in the true Abarathas : these species, I think, should be
placed in another genus. In the genus Casyapa, Kirby, the males have
the tibia of the hindlegs extremely hairy.

P. parca is described from a single specimen in my collection obtained
by the Rev. Walter A. Hamilton in the Khasi Hills, who possesses the
wings of a second example placed between tale from the same region,
I also possess another female from Sikkim. I do not know any species
at all similarly marked to P. parca' ". (de Niccville, I. c.)

GENUS XVIII.— SUASTUS.

Suastus, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 168 (1881).

" Wings small ; forewing elongated, triangular ; costa very slightly
arched at the base ; apex pointed ; exterior margin short, oblique, and
slightly convex ; cell two-thirds the wing, clavate ; first, second and
third subcostals at equal distances apart, fourth half-way between third
and fifth ; disco-cellulars inwardly oblique, upper bent inward near the
subcostal, upper radial from its angle, lower from their middle ; the
middle median at one-fifth, lower at three-fifths before end of the cell ;
submedian straight : hindwing short, broadly oval ; apex and exterior
margin very convex ; cell broad ; second subcostal at one-third before

* Lep. Ceylon, vol. i, p. 181 (1881). f Rhop. Malay., p. 390 (1886).

SUASTUS. 51

end of the cell ; disco-cellulars slightly oblique, radial very indistinct ;
middle median close to end of the cell, lower at one-third before the end J
submedian and internal straight. Body moderate : palpi thick, bristly at
the sides, terminal joint long, slender, pointed ; antennal club thickish,
slender at tip, legs long, slender, almost naked.
Type S. grcmms." (Moore, I. c.)

66.— SUASTUS GREMIUS, FABRICIUS.

Hesperia gremius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., Sup., p. 433 (1798)*

Hesperia divodasa, Moore, Cat. Lep., E. I. C., vol. i, p. 255 (1857).

Suastns gremius, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 168 (1881).

" Upperside dark olive-brown ; base of fore wing and anal area of
hindwing greenish-olive ; forewing with three small semi-transparent
yellow spots before the apex, two large somewhat quadrate spots and
a broken or lunate spot within end of the cell, beneath these are also
two lower discal yellow spots— but which are not transparent, the
penultimate spot being very small. Underside grey ; forewing with
the discal area brownish ; spots as above : hindwing with a black spot
within the cell, and a curved discal series of black spots.

Expanse : i| inches." (Moore, I. c. in Lep. Cey.)

Recorded from Ceylon (Wade, Hutchison, Mackwood) ; Calcutta (de Nice-
ville) ; Orissa (Taylor) ; Kumaon (Doherty) ; Kangra District, N.-W. Himala-
yas (Moore) ; Poona, Bombay, Mhow, Depalpore, Neemuch (Swinhoe) ;
Nilgiris (Hampson) ; Sikkim (de Niceville ; Elwes).

Larva feeds on date-palm.

I have specimens of this species from Madras, Berhampore, Ganjam
and Bezvada, Kistna District.

In collection Indian Museum and de Niceville.

67.-SUASTUS SALA, HEWITSON.

Hesperia sala, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., ser. 3, vol. ii, 1866,
p. 500.

Hesperia sala, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. i, pt.
2, p. 259, n. 124 (1881.)

" Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with four transparent spots ;
two in the cell minute. Underside grey. Anterior wing dark brown
near the base ; with three minute brown spots before the apex. Posterior
wing with a spot near the middle forming the centre of a circle of several
similar brown spots. Expanse, iT3o inches.

Habitat : Singapore." (Hewitson, I. c.)

II Female, wings above vandyke-brown with a very faint vinaceous
tinge. Anterior wings with four semi-transparent white lustrous spots all
close together in middle of the disk, two in the cell, the posterior of which
is double the size of the anterior, which is the smallest of all, another
immediately behind and in the same straight line with these, quadrate,

52 SUASTUS.

the largest of all, being fully double the size of the posterior of the two
cellular ones, and the fourth placed quincuncially between the second and
third and rather smaller than the former of these. Posterior wings
immaculate. Wings below paler, darkest around the spots in the
anterior ones, all also suffused with vinaceous. Anterior ones with the
sutural area ashy, and a large patch in the interno-median area whiter
and showing through on the upperside as a somewhat diffused whitish
speck. Posterior wings clothed with ashy scales and bearing a cellular
roundish spot darker than the ground-colour, around which spot are
semi-circularly arranged three or four similar ones, as in H. divodasa.
Cilia dusky-ashy.

Expanse: 1*23 inches.

Habitat : Andamans. Closely allied to H. divodasa, Moore (= 5.
gremius, Fabricius).

The " three minute brown spots before the apex" of the anterior
wings mentioned by Hewitson are not discernible in our two specimens;
they correspond to the dark brown marks which hound the apical dots
on both sides in some specimens of H. divodasa, and, consequently,
represent the apical semi-transparent dots of that species." (Wood-Mason
and de Niceville, I. c.)

68.— SUASTUS ADITUS, MOORE.

Suastus aditus, Moore, J. A. S. B., 1884, p. 49.

" Male. Upperside dark violet-brown : forewing with two small
quadrate yellow spots at end of the cell, a larger spot immediately beneath
end of the cell between the middle and lower medians, and a small spot
between the base of upper and middle medians ; between the lower
median and submedian is a very slight trace of an opaque yellowish
streak ; cilia edged with grey. Underside paler brown : forewing with
the spots as above, and a whitish discal patch below them : hindwing
speckled with olive-grey scales, which are most thickly disposed along the
abdominal border and form a distinct line along the submedian vein ;
two dark brown discal spots, one being situated between the middle and
the lower medians, the other between the latter and submedian. Body,
palpi, and legs beneath olivaceous-grey.

Expanse : iT2y inches.

Habitat : Andaman Isles.

Allied to S. sala (Hesperia sola, Hewitson)." (Moore, I. c.)

Also occurs in Orissa (Taylor) ; Nilgiris (Hampson) ; Sikkim (Elwes).

Mr. Hampson notes that Nilgiri specimens differ from Andaman ones
in the spots of the forewing being smaller, the underside of the hindwing
being suffused on the disc with purple.

I have specimens of this species from Beeling, Upper Tenasserim,
and from Rangoon.

In collection Indian Museum and de Niceville.

SARANGESA. 53

69.— SUA8TUS 8UBGRISEA, MOORE.

Hesperia subgrisea, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 689.

Suastus subgrisea, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 168 (1881).

"Allied to H. gremms, Fabricius (Butler, Cat. Lep. Fab. B. M., p.
271, pi., f. 7.)

Male. Differs above in having the three oblique discal spots smaller,
the lowest appearing only as a few greenish-grey scales, the upper
subapical series of two and a single spot at upper end of the cell very
minute. Underside less grey in colour, the forewing marked as above ;
hindwing with an indistinct black cell-spot and a discal series of spots.

Expanse : if inches.

Habitat : Ceylon." (Moore, 1. c. in P. Z. S.)

Also recorded from the Nilgiris (Hampson).

70.— SUASTUS SWERGA, DE NICEVILLE.

Htsperia, swerga, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. lii, pt. 2, p. 89, n. 38,
pi. x, fig. 12, $ (1883).

Suastus molleri, Moore, J. A. S. B., 1884, p. 49.

" Male. Upperside dark brown. Forewing with a spot at the end of
the cell, a larger one below it, and a third (sometimes absent) much
smaller, placed outwardly between them at the base of the second median
interspace ; three increasing conjugated subapical spots (sometimes absent),
all these spots semi-transparent lustrous white ; a pale ochreous spot placed
against and above the middle of the submedian nervure. Cilia slightly
paler than the ground-colour of the wing. Hindwing clothed with long
pale brown hairs in the middle of the disc. Cilia grey. Underside.
Forewing dark brown, the apex widely pale ochreous, this colour
decreasing to the inner angle ; the spots as above, except that the
pale ochreous one placed against the submedian nervure is absent)
Hindwing pale ochreous throughout, which is the colour of the cilia on
both wings. Body dark brown above, ochreous-white below. The
female resembles the male.

The forewing of this species is very long and narrow, and differs in
shape from all the hesperids with which I am acquainted.

Expanse: £ 1-45 to i -6, $ i -6 inches.

Habitat: Sikkim." (de Niceville, I. c.)

Also recorded from Sikkim by Mr. Elwes.

I obtained several specimens of this species at Beeling, N. Tenasserim.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS XIX.— SARANGESA.

Sarangtsa, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 176 (1881).

" Wings small ; forewing elongated, triangular ; exterior margin short,
obliquely convex ; first subcostal at one-third before end of the cell ; disco-
cellulars recurved, upper bent inward at some distance from subcostal,

54 SARANGESA.

upper radial from its angle, lower from their middle ; cell extending nearly
two-thirds the wing ; middle median at one-sixth and lower at four-sixths
before end of the cell, submedian straight ; hindwing broadly conical,
exterior margin waved ; second subcostal at one-fourth before end of the
cell ; disco-cellulars recurved, radial from their middle ; cell extending
more than half the wing, broad ; middle median near the end, and lower at
nearly one-half before end of the cell. Body moderate ; palpi compact,
finely bristled in front, terminal joint thick, conical, pointed ; antennal
club lengthened, tip finely pointed.
Type, S. purendra." (Moore, I.e.)

71.— SARANGESA PURENDRA, MOORE.

Sarangesa purendra, Moore, P. Z. S., 1882, p. 262.

" Upperside greyer than in 5. dasahara, with paler mottled markings ;
forewing with a semi-diaphanous white continuous streak across the
cell near its end, a continuous small spot above it, three small conjoined
spots before the apex, and three on the disc, the middle discal spot
large and quadrate. Cilia alternated with grey. Underside paler :
forewing marked as above, and with an additional small white lower spot
on the disc, and a basal streak below the cell : hindwing with a small
whitish spot in middle of the cell, and a less distinct discal curved series.

Expanse : ij- inches.

Habitat: Bombay; Umballa ; Kussowlie ; Kangra" (Moore, I.e.)

Also recorded from Hyderabad, Sind (Swinhoe) ; Kumaon (Doherty).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

72.-SARANGESA DASAHARA, MOORE.

Nisioniades dasahara, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 787.

" Male and female. Upperside, dark olive-brown, with three in-
distinct suffused blackish transverse bands, the interspaces being slightly
grey ; forewing with a minute semi-transparent white spot at the extremity
of the cell, another immediately above it, and three others curved
before the apex. Underside brown ; spots and indistinct blackish bands
as above, but with the latter on the hindwing somewhat broken, with
the interspaces grey, thus giving it a tessellated appearance.

Expanse : ij inches.

Habitat : Bengal." (Moore, I.e.}

Also recorded from Kumaon {Doherty] ; Cachar ( Wood-Mason and
de Niceville) ; Orissa (Taylor) ; Nilgiris (Hampson) ; Sikkim (Elwes ;
de Niceville) ; Kangra, N.-W. Himalayas (Moore).

I have obtained this species at Beeling, Upper Tenasserim, at
Rangoon, and at Berhampore, Ganjam.

Mr. Taylor also records a second species of Sarangesa from Orissa,
but gives no description of it.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

TELICOTA. 55

73.— SARANGESA ALBICILIA, MOORE.

Sarangesa albicilia, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 176, pi. 68, figs. 5, 5^ (1881).

" Upperside dark vinous olive-brown, with three very indistinct
transverse macular fasciae ; forewing with two very minute semi-
transparent white spots at end of the cell, another above it, three before
the apex, and two less distinct on middle of the disc, all bordered by the
macular fascia. Cilia of forewing edged with white; cilia of hindwing
entirely white. Underside : forewing as above and sparsely grey speck-
led : hindwing thickly covered with greyish-white, leaving only the costal
border and discal macular fascia brown.

Expanse : $ i T25, ? i yV inches.

Differs from S. dasahara in the hindwing being more prominently
white and the cilia also being entirely white." (Moore, I. c.)

Habitat: Ceylon ( Wade, Mackwood); Nilgiris(Hampson).

Mr. Hampson notes that Nilgiri specimens differ from Ceylon ones
in being dusky instead of white on the underside of the hindwing.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS XX.— TELICOTA.

Telicota, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 169 (1881).

Telicota, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 381 (1886) Part.

" Allied to typical Pamphila (P. comma) ; forewing more acutely tri-
angular ; cell somewhat broader ; fourth and fifth subcostal branches
and upper radial closer together at their base ; disco-cellulars more oblique,
upper much longer ; middle median at one-fourth and lower at two-fourths
before end of the cell (instead of about one-sixth and four-sixths respective-
ly, as in P. comma) : glandular streak in male more erect, its surface
smooth, and extending from submedian to upper median veins ; hindwing
more produced and lobular at anal angle ; second subcostal at one-
third before end of the cell, bent downward from its base and in a line
with disco-cellulars, which are slightly recurved ; radial invisible. Body
stout ; palpi very compactly clothed ; legs more slender, femora and
tibiae much less hairy, hind tibiae shorter, and tarsi longer ; antennal
club longer, not so thick, and with a lengthened tip.

Type T. augias, Linnaeus." (Moore, I. c.)

74.— TELICOTA AUGIA8, LINN/EUS-

Papilio augias, Linn., Syst. Nat. vol. i, pt. 2, p. 794, n. 257 (1767).

Pamphila atigias, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 792.

Telicota- augias, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 382, pi. xxxiv, fig. 23
(1886.)

" Wings above dark ochraceous ; anterior wings with the neuration,
a broad oblique discal fascia, — commencing at end of cell where it is
broadest and ending at submedian nervure, — and a series of outer more or

56 TELICOTA.

less elongate spots placed between the nervules, — of which the two upper-
most are the longest and the third and fourth shortest, — black ; the
discal fascia has its central area paler in hue ; posterior wings with the
costal and basal areas, — excluding cell, — a broad scalloped outer marginal
fascia widening towards anal angle, abdominal area and the neuration
black ; fringe of both wings greyish-ochraceous. Anterior wings beneath
as above, but the black discal fascia shorter, and the outer marginal spots
more or less obsolete ; posterior wings beneath with only traces of the
black markings above. Body above fuscous, beneath greyish-ochraceous ;
legs dark ochraceous.

Expanse wings, 30 to 33 millim." (Distant, I. c.)

Recorded from the Andamans (Wood-Mason and de Niceville) ; Calcutta
(de Niceville) ; Bengal (Moore) ; Orissa (Taylor)', Cachar (Wood-Mason and
de Niceville) ; Myadoung, U. Burmah (Butler) ; Poona, Mhow, (Swinhoe);
Sikkim (Elwes).

I have also obtained this at Berhampore, Ganjam.

Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Niceville" state that this species may be
known from T. bambttsce by the golden coloration of the upperside of the
forewing extending along the veins to the outer margin, and being
throughout paler.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

75.— TELICOTA BAMBUS/E, MOORE.

Pamphila bambusw, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 691, pi. xlv, fig. u,

12, £, ?.

Telicotabambusce, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 170, pi. 71, fig. 4 (1881.)
Telicota bainbusre, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 382, pi. xxxv, fig. 12 (1886.)
" Allied to P. angias, Linnaeus, from typical Java specimens of which
it differs in its somewhat broader and less pointed wings. Markings above
similar, but more defined, the borders of the wings blacker, the basal
yellow streak on hindwing confined to a terminal spot at the end of the
cell, and the abdominal border black. On the underside the markings
are also more clearly defined and the interspaces blacker.
Expanse : $ if , ? if inches.

Habitat : Calcutta. Larva feeds on bamboo." (Moore, 1. c. in P.Z.S.)

Also recorded from Ceylon (Wade, Mackwood) ; Sikkim (Elwes',

de Niceville) ; Kumaon (Doherty) ; Calcutta (de Niceville) ; Cachar

(Wood-Mason and de Niceville); Orissa (Taylor)-, Hatsiega, Upper Tenas-

serim (Limborg) ; Nilgiris (Hampson).

I have obtained this commonly at Berhampore, Ganjam, and in
Madras, also rarely at Rangoon.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

* Journ. A. S. B., vol. Iv, pt. 2, p, 384, n. 224, pi. xvii, fig. i, £ (1886).

PADRAONA. 57

76.— TELICOTA SIVA, MOORE.

Pamphila siva, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 692.

" Male. Allied to preceding (P. brahma). Darker brown above,
the base of forewing and lower discal spot only being ochreous, upper
semi-diaphanous spots brighter yellow, the one between the lower median
branches broader; spots on hindwing prominent. Underside brighter
greenish-ochreous,'' base of costa not ochreous-red ; spots on hindwing
clear white, very prominent and with dark border.

Expanse : if inches.

Habitat : Khasia Hills." (Moore, I. c.)

77.— TELICOTA BRAHMA, MOORE.

Pamphila brahma, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 691, pi. xlv. fig. 8.

" Male. Upperside deep ochreous-brown, basal area ochreous, cilia
cinereous-yellow ; forewing with a black-bordered white streak obliquely
below the cell, a semi-diaphanous yellowish -white constricted spot at end
of cell, a small subapical streak of three spots, and two large discal spots,
the one above hind margin being ochreous ; hindwing with an indistinct
cell spot, and a discal series of three pale yellowish, semi-diaphanous
spots. Underside greenish-ochreous ; costal base of forewing ochreous-
red, hind margin broadly dusky black and centred by a white streak ;
markings as above but less distinct. Female, brown above, with less
ochreous at base, the spots more prominent. Underside as in male.

Expanse : i| inches.

Habitat: Masuri, 7,000 ft., N.-W. Himalayas.

Nearest allied to P. subhyalina, Menetries, from China." {Moore, I. c.)

GENUS XXI.-PADRAONA.

Padraona. Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 170 (1881).

Telicota, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 381 (Part), (1886).

" Allied to Pamphila. Wings shorter, less triangular ; no glandular
streak on forewing of male. Body smaller, thorax less robust, terminal
joint of palpus slender and cylindrical. Antennal club much longer.

Type, P. m&sa" (Moore, I. c.}

78.— PADRAONA DARA, KOLLAR.
Hesperia dara, Kollar, Htigel's Kaschmir, vol. iv, pt. i, p. 455, n. 4

Pamphila masa, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 509, pi. xxv, fig, 9.

" Wings above dusky, a rather broad band on the costa, an oblique
spotted fascia, and a squarish spot at the apex of the forewing, yellow ; in
the middle of the upperside of the hindwing a spot and a transverse band ;

8

5-8 PADRAONA.

underside entirely yellow, chequered with dusky, the inner margin also
dusky.

Very like Hesperia paniscns and sylvius in form and size. The wings
brown on the upperside, a broad yellow streak along the costal margin from
the base to beyond the middle ; not reaching a small almost square spot near
which begins an oblique band which runs towards the inner margin, both
yellow. The inner margin between the above-mentioned band and the base
of the wing is also yellow. The underside of this wing agrees with the
upperside except that the whole of the costal margin and apex are also
yellow. The hindwings have in the centre a large yellow spot, behind which
is a small one of similar colour. Below they are yellow and only brown
along the inner margin, the yellow ground-colour is also covered with brown
cubical, but not clearly defined, spots. The body above brown clothed
with yellowish hairs, the underside, banded with yellow. The antennae
with the club hooked, barred with brown and yellow above.

The butterfly seems to be nearly allied to Hesperia maro, Fabricius.

Hugel brought a single specimen from the Himalayas.

Expanse: i inch." (Kollar, I. c.*)

Also recorded from Orissa (Taylor ) ; Sikkim (Elwes) ; Calcutta, (de
Niceville) ; Kumaon (Doherty) ; Kangra, N.-W. Himalayas (Moon} ; Cachar
(Wood-Mason and de Nictville) ; also as P. masa from Simla Hills and
Kunawur (Moore] ; Mhow (Swinkoe) ; Orissa (Taylor).

I have obtained this species commonly at Rangoon.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

79.-PADRAONA M/ESOIDES, BUTLER.

Pamphila mcesoides, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc., Lond., second series,
vol. i, p. 554 (i 879).

Padraona mcesoides, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 171, pi. 71, figs. 5, 50
(1881).

Telicota mcesoidts, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 383, pi. xxxiv, fig. 24 (1886).

" Upperside vinous olive-brown. Male : forewing with a golden-yellow
band along base of costa and within the cell, three small connected sub-
apical spots, a narrow sinuous discal band, and a streak along posterior
margin ; hindwing with a golden-yellow medial discal sinuous band, a
less distinct spot within the cell, and a spot on the costa. Cilia yellow.
Underside paler, marked as above. Female : differs only in having
narrower markings and less prominent costal band on the forewing.

Expanse : $ T9o, ? i inch." (Moore, I. c.)

Recorded from Ceylon (Mackwood) ; Andamans ( Wood-Mason and de
Niceville'] ; Kumaon (Doherty} ; Orissa (Taylor) ; Sikkim (Elwes),

Mr. Doherty notes that this species differs from P. dara "in the rich
dark tawny-ochreous colour of the underside, dara being greenish-yellow

PADRAONA. 59

set with dark scales. The markings are almost exactly alike. The pre-
hensores are singularly different : seen from above the uncus of dava is
gradually acuminate, that of mcesoides abruptly truncate and slightly
bilobed ; seen from the side the uncus of dam is slender, tapering and
pointed at the tip, that of mcesoides which is surmounted by a prominent
tuft of hairs, is blunt and rounded at the tip; the clasp of .dara is much more
slender than in masoides, and its terminal hook much more produced and
bent." (/.. A. S. B., 1886, p. 139).

Mr. Hampson notes the markings of the underside of hindwing are
denned with black.

In collection Indian Museum*

80.— PADRAONA PSEUDOM/ESA, MOORE.

Padraona pseudomcesa, Moore, Lep. Cey., voL i, p. 170 (1881).

" Allied to P. mmsoides. Comparatively larger. Male with paler yellow
markings, which are somewhat broader and more disconnected. Female
with comparatively narrower and more disconnected markings. Cilia of
a paler tint, Underside also paler yellow.

Expanse : ,<^, £ , ij inches." (Moore, I. c.)

Recorded from Colombo, Ceylon (Hutchison) ; Orissa (Taylor) ; Nilgiris
(Hampson).

Of this species Mr. Hampson notes that the underside is ochreous,
that of dara being greenish.

In collection Indian Museum,

81 .-PADRAONA GOLA, MOORE.

Padraona gola, Moore, P. Z. S..., 1877, pL Iviii., fig. 9 $*

" Male. Upperside dark vinous-brown ; forewing with an oblique
discal irregular sinuous bordered golden-yellow band, the band bent before
the apex and indented at end of the cell ; hindwing with a median discal
golden-yellow band, and a few hairs of the same colour at the base ; cilia
edged with golden-yellow. Front of head, palpi and legs golden-yellow.
Underside with the bands as above ; costa and apex of forewing and the
hindwing suffused with yellow ; both wings with a blackish streak at end
of the cell.

Expanse : i inch.

Habitat : S. Andamans (Port Blair)." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Sikkim (de Niceville).

Cachar (Wood-Mason and de Niceville) ; Orissa (Taylor) ; Nilgiris
(Hampson) .

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

Mr. Hampson also notes that another species of Padraona nearest to
P. gola occurs in the Nilgiris, of which the fulvous markings occupy the
greater part of the upperside of the forewing.

60 PADRAONA.

82.-PADRAONA GOLOIDES, MOORE.

Padraona goloides, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 171, pi. 71, fig. 3, 30
(1880-81).

Telicota goloides, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 382, pi. xxxv, fig. 13, <f
(1886).

" Upperside dark purple-brown. Male : forewing with a golden-
yellow oblique discal sinuous band followed by small costal spots before
the apex ; base of the costa and cell, and two spots at its end also of
the same colour ; hindwing with a medial discal sinuous golden-yellow
band, the hairy scales extending to the base also yellow. Cilia golden-
yellow. Underside with less distinct markings as above: costa and
apex of forewing and the hindwing suffused with yellow. Body and
legs golden-yellow; palpi and front of thorax beneath saffron-yellow.
Female : differs only in the discal band being narrow ; and not having
the yellow costal streak.

Expanse : i-^ inches.

Nearest allied to P. gola. Differs from it on both sides in the
narrower discal band of the forewing, the band being also disconnected
from the costal spots; the band of the hindwing is also narrower."
(Moore, I. c.)

Recorded from Ceylon (Wade, Hutchison, Mackwood). I have what
I believe to be this species from Rangoon.

In collection Indian Museum.

83.— PADRAONA PALMARUM, MOORE.

Pamphila palmarum, Moore, P.Z.S., 1878, p. 690, pi. xlv, fig. 6, 7, <f , 9 .

"Differs from typical Java specimens of P. augias, Linn, in its much
larger size, the male having the markings above paler yellow and
broader, the impressed oblique discal streak on the forewing being obsolete,
the outer border of the discal band much less sinuous, and the yellow colour
not extending along the veins to the exterior margin of the wing.

Female. Paler brown above, the yellow bands on the upperside
also paler, less prominent, and there being no yellow along the costal
border of forewing, and no median streak from base of the hindwing.
Underside pale vinous brown, this colour pervading the upper portion
of the discal band on the forewing and the entire discal band on the
hindwing.

Expanse: tf if, $ i|- inches.

Habitat : Calcutta.

Larva feeds on date and cocoanut palms." (Moon, /. c.)

Also recorded from Nicobars, Cachar (Wood-Mason and de Niceville) ;
Calcutta (de Niceville).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

AMPITTIA.

61

GENUS XXII.— AMPITTIA.

Ampittia, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 171 (1880-81).

Telicota, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 381 (r886), Part.

" Wings shorter, broader and less triangular than in Pamphtla.
Male with a very short glandular streak below the cell. Body narrower ;
terminal joint of palpi shorter, cylindrical and less pointed. Antennae
with a much slenderer and more pointed club.

Type, A. maro." (Moore, I. c.)

84.— AMPITTIA MARO, FABRIC/ US.

Hesperia maro, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl., p. 432 (1798) <^.

Cyclopides camertes, Hewitson, Desc. Hesp., p. 43 (1868) <? .

Ampittia maro, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 172, pi. 71, fig. i, la
(1880-81).

Telicota maro, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 383, pi. ;xxxv, fig. 14 & , 15 9
(1886).

" Upperside purplish olive-brown. Male: forewing with a broad
golden-yellow basal band which also crosses the cell, a broad subapical
spot, a similar discal spot, and a lower very small spot ; a pale band
also along posterior margin: hindwing with a broad medial golden-
yellow band. Underside : forewing marked as above, and with a margi-
nal row of yellow-bordered blackish dots : hindwing with a subbasal
and two discal series of yellow spots. Body, palpi, legs and antennae
beneath yellow. Female with paler similarly disposed but much smaller
markings, the basal band on forewing represented only by the termina
portion at and above the cell, and the band on hindwing by well
separated spots.

Expanse : i inch." (Moore, I. c.)

Recorded from Ceylon (Wade, Hutchison, Mackwood) ; Orissa (Taylor) ;
Cachar (Wood-Mason and de Niceville] ; Calcutta (de Niceville) ; Madras
(Swinhoe)\ Kangra, N.-W. Himalayas (Moore) ; Nilgiris (Hampsori).

I have obtained this species commonly at Beeling, Kyaikto, and
Sittang in Upper Tenasserim, and also at Pegu and Madras.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

85.-AMPITTIA CORAS, CRAMER.
Papilio coras, Cramer, Pap. Ex., pi. xxxi, fig. f.
The following description is taken from Cramer's plate : —
Upperside reddish-brown paler at the base of wings with the following
yellow spots, one at end of cell with a patch of the basal colour above
it, three at apex divided by the veins, two smaller beneath and exterior
to these and a more or less maculated band reaching almost to inner
margin (this band is not similar on both wings in the plate). Hindwing
with a discal row of five yellow spots of which the second is long and

62 TARACTROCERA.

divided by a nervnre. The underside is stated to be similar. It is
described as from Surinam.

Recorded from Bombay (Swinhoe).

In collection de Niceville.

GENUS XXIII.— TARACTROCERA.

Tavactrocera, Butler, Cat. Lep. Fab., p. 279 (1869).

Tamctrocera, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 172 (1880-81).

" Wings small : forewing triangular : fourth and fifth subcostals, and
upper radial fiom end of the cell ; disco-cellulars very oblique, slender,
upper longest, lower radial from their middle ; the middle median at
one-fifth and lower at one-half before end of the cell ; submedian recurved;
hindwing short, exterior margin very convex ; second subcostal at one-fifth
before end of the cell ; disco-cellulars outwardly oblique, radial from
the middle ; the middle median near to end and lower at one-third before
end of the cell ; submedian straight, internal recurved. Body rather
stout ; palpi erect, terminal joint long and slender ; legs naked ; antennae
with a short broad spatular club.

Type, T. mavius." (Moore, I. c.)

86.— TARACTROCERA MCEVIUS, FABRICIUS.

Hesperia mcevius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., vol. iii, p. 352 (1793).

Taractrocem mcevius, Butler, Cat. Lep. Fab., p. 279, pi. 3, fig. 13.

Hesperia flaccus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl., p. 434 (1798).

Pamphila sagara, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 792.

Taractrocera mcevius, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 172, pi. 70, fig. 5
(1880-81).

" Male and female. Upperside pale olive-brown : forewing with a
yellowish- white slender streak at lower end of the cell and joined above
at the end by a smaller streak reaching to the costa ; three minute spots
obliquely before the apex, two below them nearer the outer margin,
and a discal sinuous series of small spots : hindwing with a slender medial
discal series of very small spots. Cilia yellowish-white. Underside
paler; brighter tinted in female; markings more distinct, the end of the
discal series of spots on the hindwing extending upward toward the
costa, and also having a small spot at end of the cell.

Expanse : -fl inches." (Moore, I. c. in Lep. Cey.)

Recorded from Ceylon (Hutchison, Wade, Mackwood) ; Calcutta (de
Niceville)', Mhow (Swinhoe)', Kumaon (Doherty); N. W. India (Butler)',
Orissa (Taylor)', Kangra, N.-W. Himalayas (Moore)', Cachar (Wood-
Mason and de Niceville)', Nilgiris (Hampson)\ Sikkim (Elwes).

I have obtained the species at Beeling (Upper Tenasserim), Poun-
gadaw (Upper Burma), Rangoon, Berhampore (Ganjam), and Madras.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville,

TARACTROCERA.

87i_TARACTROCERA CERAMAS, HEWITSON.

Cyclopides cevamas, Hewitson, Hesperiidae, p. 44, n. 10 (1868).

" Alls rufo-fuscis, ciliis latis pallidis, anticis maculis octo fulvis,
posticis maculis quattuor : anticis infra apice, posticis omninoochraceis,
maculis flavis notatis.

Upperside rufous-brown. Anterior wing with eight minute orange
spots: one in the cell, three at the apex, two below these and two
nearer the outer margin. Posterior wings with four spots in pairs.

Underside: anterior wing as above, except that the costal margin
and apex and whole of the posterior wing are ochreous-yellow.
Posterior wing with some indistinct spots of a brighter yellow.

In the collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Also very near to Rhadama, but with the yellow spots differently
placed.

Expanse : |£ inches.

Habitat : Neilgherries." (Hewitson, I. c.)

Also recorded from the Nilgiris by Hampson, and I have obtained
in there myself in August. It is readily distinguished from the preced-
ing by the bright yellow colour of the markings which are very pale
straw colour in mccvius.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

88.— TARACTROCERA DANNA, MOORE.

Pyrgus danna, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., I, p. 249.

Pamphila danna, Moore, P.Z.S., 1865, p. 508, pi. xxx, f. 8.

" Upperside dark greenish-brown ; forewing with a narrow longi-
tudinal streak within discoidal cell, terminating in two small spots
ascending towards the costa, a small geminated spot before the apex,
and three irregular shaped spots obliquely on the disc pale yellow ;
hindwing with a slightly defined longitudinal discoidal streak, a nearly
parallel spot, and a transverse series of four discal spots pale yellow ; cilia
whitish. Underside grey ; basal portion of forewing and broadly on hind-
wing brown-black, the latter with a pale yellowish inner border ; base
of costa of forewing with spots and marks on both wings, as above but
more clearly denned, pale yellow ; cilia grey.

Expanse : i inch.

Habitat : Simla Hills and Kunawur.

Frequents thistle heads and banks of thyme, at hot mid-day with a
rapid, flashing, skipping flight, June." (Moon, P. Z. S. I. c.)

I have included this species under Tavactvocera at the suggestion of
Mr. de Niceville. The other two species of this genus have a weak
flight and keep close to the ground usually among long grass.

64 CUPITHA.

GENUS XXIV.— CUPITHA.
Cupilha, Moore, J. A. S. B,, 1884, p. 47.

" Male. Forewing [elongated, triangular, costa arched at the base,
exterior margin oblique, posterior margin convex towards the base ; first
subcostal emitted at nearly one-half before end of cell, the branches at
equal distance apart ; cell extending to nearly two-thirds length of the
wing; disco-cellular almost erect, slightly bent close to upper end and
below the middle ; the middle median at one-sixth and lower median
at four-sixths before end of cell, submedian undulated ; on the underside of
the forewing is a short, broad, nacreous patch on the middle of posterior
margin, across which the submedian is lined with rough scales, and from
near the base of the margin projects a broad pencil of long rigid hairs :
hindwing short, costa very much arched from the base, apex rounded :
costal vein extending to near apex, forked at its base : subcostal bent
upward and slightly joined to costal close to the base : subcostal two-
branched, first branch from close to end of the cell ; disco-cellular very
slender, slightly oblique and concave ; cell extending to nearly half the
wing, of equal width throughout : middle median from near end of the cell,
lower at more than one-half before the end, the portion from the middle median
distorted and extending, beneath a drum-like glandular sac, which extends upwards in
a circular form within the cell from bast of lower median, the sac or drum as seen
from the upperside is flat with a well defined circular rim, and on the
underside it stands out from the surface in a corrugated circular form ;
no radial present ; submedian straight, internal vein curved.

Thorax stout ; antennae with a slender club.

Type, C. tympanifera." (Moore, I. c.)

89.— CUPITHA PURREEA, MOORE.

Pamphila purreea, Moore, P.Z.S., 1877, P- 594? P^ lvn'i> %• IO-

Pamphila purreea, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J.A.S.B., 1881, p. 261.

Cupitha tympanifera, Moore, J.A.S.B., 1884, P- 4^-

11 Upperside blackish-brown ; cilia yellow, slightly alternated with
black ; forewing with a gamboge-yellow basal streak, and a median
oblique irregular band commencing from near apex, extending to hind-
margin and terminating at its base ; hindwing with a short median
yellow band. Underside sulphur-yellow; forewing with a broad dark-
brown basal streak, a small spot at end of cell, and a large patch at
posterior angle ; hindwing with a brown-speckled streak along inner
margin, terminating broadly at anal angle. Body above brown, head
and thorax interspersed with yellow hairs ; abdomen narrowly banded
with yellow; palpi black above, yellow below. Legs and body beneath
yellow.

Expanse : i£ inches.

Habitat : S. Andamans (Port Blair)." (Moore, I. c.)

AER'OMACHUS. 65

" 9 Larger than the male, with the yellow discal basal throughout
in the posterior wings, but only in the interno-median area in the
anterior ones, and the yellow portions of the cilia, especially towards
the inner and anal angles, darker, inclining to orange.

Expanse : ri8 inches." (Wood-Mason and de Niceville, I.e.)

Mr, de Niceville notes that the male has a bare patch at the end
of the ceil on the upperside of the hindwing on which is placed an oval
patch of dosely packed scales.

Also recorded from Orissa (Taylor)] Andamans (Wood-Mason and
deNicevilk)', Nilgiris (Hampson); Sikkim (de Niceville.)

I obtained two specimens of this at Beeling, Upper Tenasserim, and
several specimens since in Upper Burmah. What is universally accepted
as one form of the species has been described by Mr. Moore, from
Magaree, Pegu, under the name of C. tympanifera. According to Mr.
Moore it " is a comparatively larger insect that C. purreea ; the bands
on the forewing are broader with more irregular borders, the bands of the
hindwing are also broader."

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS XXV, AEROMACHUS.

Aevomachus, de Niceville, Journal Bomb. Nat. Hist., Soc., vol. v, p,
214 (1890).

Thanaos, (auctoruni nee Boisduval).

" Both wings very small. FOREWING, triangular, costa quite straight,
apex acute, outer margin gently convex, inner angle rounded, inner margin
straight, longer than the outer margin ; costal nervure ending about opposite
the apex of the discoidal cell, well separated from the costa, bent upwards
to the costa towards its end ; base of second subcostal nervule nearer to base
of first than to base of third, fourth subcostal arising very near to base of
third, reaching the apex of the wing ; terminal portion of subcostal nervure
(often called a fifth subcostal nervule) ending on the outer margin consider-
ably below the apex of the wing ; upper disco-cellular nervuk short, stout
outwardly oblique, straight ; middle disco-cellular sinuous ; lower disco-
cellular shorter than the middle, straight, in the same straight line with the
middle, inwardly oblique ; the median nervules with their bases equi-distant,
given off very near to the end of the cell, the third median originating at
the point where the lower disco-cellular nervule meets the median nervure ;
the median nervure strongly bent upwards from the base of the second median
nervule ; submedian nervure straight. MALE (in the type species only) with
a broad oblique stripe of modified scales on the upperside extending from
the middle of the submedian nervure to the base of the second median
nervule. HINDWING, much rounded throughout ; costa short; costal nervure
almost straight, first subcostal nervule bent upwards at base, thence straight
to apex of wing; subcostal nervure strongly bent upwards between the bases

9

66 AEROMACHUS.

of the subcostal nervules, giving the appearance of a third (or upper) disco-
cellular nervule, the subcostal nervure and its branches together forming
a figure of almost the exact shape of a tuning-fork ; disco-cellular nervules
outwardly oblique, the upper concave, the lower shorter than the upper ; the
discoidal nervule curved, and, like the disco-cellular nervules, very fine but
perfectly distinct ; second median nervule given off some little distance before
the lower end of the discoidal cell, more than twice as far from the base of
the first as it is from the base of the third median, all three median
nervules, however, arising near to the lower end of the cell ; submedian and
internal nervures straight. Antenna exactly half the length of the costa of the
forewing, with a well-formed club, the tip slightly hooked ; thorax rather
slender, abdomen very slender, FEMALE differs from the male in having the
wings broader and more rounded, and lacks in the type species the patch
of androconia on the upperside of the forewing. Type, " Thanaos " stigmata,
Moore.

The type of the genus Thanaos of Boisduval (1832-33), in which all the
species of A eromachus have hitherto been placed, is the "Papilio" tages of
Linnaeus, which occurs in Europe and Western Asia (Amurland, &c).
Thanaos is usually ranked as a synonym of Nisoniades, Hubner (1816), of
which the type is bromius, Stoll, a South American species, which is
probably not congeneric with tages. Aeromachus differs from T. tages in the
shape of the wings, especially in the hindwing, which in that species is
altogether much larger, and has the costa almost straight and very much
longer, thus giving quite a different outline to the wing ; the forewing of
the male of T. tages has the costa folded over on the upperside ; the
differences in neuration too are considerable, in the forewing of T. tages the
first median nervule arises near the bases of the wing, in Aeromachus near
the lower end of the cell ; and the shape of the discoidal cell of the hind-
wing is quite different, in T. tages being square-ended, the disco-cellulars
being perfectly upright, and of equal length.

The genus Aeromachus is, as far as I know, strictly confined to India,
where it occurs all along the Himalayas, in Assam, Burma, and again in
the hills of South India. They rest with wings closed over the back."
(de Niceville, I. c.)

90.-AEROMACHUS 1NDISTINCTA, MOORE.

Thanaos indistincta, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 694.

Aeromachus indistinctat de Niceville, Journal Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. v, p. 216 (1890).

" Upperside uniform olive-brown ; cilia edged with cinereous.

Underside forewing with a very indistinct grey-speckled submarginal
and marginal line : hindwing with indistinct grey-speckled veins, basal
interspaces, and two outer indistinct lunular bands. Palpi and body
greyish-white beneath.

AEROMACHUS. 67

Expanse : T8o inches.

Habitat : Salween, Moulmein." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Nilgiris (H amp son).

I have this species from Rangoon and the Nilgiris.

In collection de Niceville.

91 .-AEROMACHUS OBSOLETA, MOORE.

Thanaos obsoleta, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 694.

Aeromachus obsoleta, de Niceville, Journal Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. v, p. 217 (1890).

" Allied to T. stigmata. Differs above in the absence of the short black
oblique bar or brand on the forewing ; the maculated band being slightly
more prominent. Underside similarly speckled, the bands on hindwing
not lunular, but composed of a slightly broader series of spots ; some spots
also present round the cell spot.

Expanse : |J inches.

Habitat : Cherra Punji, Assam." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Cachar (Wood-Mason and de Niceville).

Mr. de Niceville is inclined to believe this species synonymous with
the preceding, but as it apparently possesses a discal row of spots on
the forewing which is wanting in A . indistincta, I have retained them as
distinct for the present.

In collection Indian Museum.

92.— AEROMACHUS KALI, DE NICEVILLE.

Thanaos kali, de Niceville, J.A.S.B., 1885, p. 123, pi. ii, fig. 3, £ .

Aeromachus kali, de Niceville, Journal Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. v,
p. 217(1890).

" $ Upperside deep purplish black, the cilia cinereous. Underside
slightly paler. Forewing with a discal outwardly angled series of eight
pale violet-white dots, an even somewhat larger marginal lunular series.
Hindwing with a discal irregular series of pale violet-white spots,
within which are some obscure pale markings; a marginal series as in
the forewing. Cilia cinereous, marked with dark brown at the ends of
the nervules.

Expanse: 1*15 inches.

Habitat : Sikkim (Otto Mbllev and de Niceville.)

This is a very distinct species." (de Niceville, I.e.)

Also recorded from Sikkim by Mr. Elwes as rare.

Mr. de Niceville states that this species is easily distinguished on the
wing from T. jhora and T. stigmata, which occur with it, by its much
larger size and deep black colour.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

68 CYCLOPIDES.

93.— AEROMACHUS JHORA, DE NICEVILLE.

Thanaos jhora, de Niceville, J.A.S.B., 1885, P« I22> pl» "> &£' I2> cT-

Aeromachus jhora, de Niceville, journal Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., voL
v, p. 216 (1890).

" Upperside dark brown ; cilia whitish marked with brown af the
end of the nervules. Forewing with a discal curved series of about six
pale dots. Hindwing unmarked. Underside dark brown, the costa
and the apex of the fbrewing and the entire hindwing greenish-ochreous,
Forewing with the discal series of spots as above, and an indistinct
marginal lunular series. Hindwing with a very irregular discal series
of spots and an obscure marginal series.

Expanse: -95 to 1-05 inches.

Habitat : Sikkim (Otto Moller and de Niceville),

Nearest to T. stigmata, Moore, which occurs commonly in Sikkim
with it and is the only species of the genus hitherto described which is
furnished with a male sexual mark on the upperside of the forewing."
(de Niceville , I.e.)

I have this species from Toungoo in Burmah where it occurs fairly
commonly in November,

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

94.— AEROMACHUS STIGMATA, MOORE.

Thanaos stigmata, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 694,

Aeromacfais stigmata, de Niceville, Journal Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. v, p. 216 (1890).

" Male and female. Upperside glossy olive-brown : forewing with
a short black bar or brand of raised scales obliquely above middle of hind-
margin, and a very indistinct upper discal slightly curved row of six small
pale spots : cilia whitish-cinereous, with slight brown bars. Underside
paler ; costal border of forewing, veins, and basal interspaces of hindwing
speckled with greenish-grey ; forewing with whitish discal maculated band
as above, but more distinct, a spot at end of the cell and a marginal row of
lunules less distinct ; hindwing with a distinct whitish cell-spot and a sub-
marginal and marginal lunular band. Female without the raised bar
and the discal band above less distinct.

Expanse : $ i inch, $ T9^ inches.

Habitat: Masuri, (7,000 feet), N. W. Himalayas." (Moore, I c.)

Also recorded from Kumaon (Doherty) ; Sikkim (Elwes) ; Kangra,
N. W. Himalayas (Moore).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS XXVI.— CYCLOPIDES, HUBNER.

Cyclopides, Doubleday and Hewitson, Desc. Gen. Di. Lep., p. 520
(1850-52).

" Head as broad as the thorax. Labial palpi remote apart, very

CYCLOPIDES. 69

hirsute, porrected as long as the head ; terminal joint very minute, conical,
nearly concealed by the hairs of the preceding joint. Antennae short with
the club stout slightly curved not hooked at the tip, which is obtuse.
Wings when at rest erect.

Forewings long, fringe entire, not spotted. Disc dark brown, with
orange coloured spots alike in both sexes. The males without a recurved
costa or a thickened oblique streak on the disc.

Hindwings short, broad, entire, spotted in the same manner as
the forewings.

Hindlegs with the tibiae destitute of a pair of spurs in the middle.

Abdomen especially in the males, long and slender, with the tip
slightly tufted." (Doubleday, Hewitson, I. c.)

95.— CYCLOPIDES 8UBVITTATU8, MOORE*

Cyclopides subvittatus, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 692.

C. subvittatus, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J.A.S.B., 1886, p. 392, n.
249, pi. xvii, fig. 6, 6a (twice life size).

Cyclopides subradiattis, Moore, P.Z.S., 1878, p. 693.

d" 9 " Upperside, both wings iridescent vandyke-brown. Forewing
with one, two, three, four or five very small pure and bright chrome-
yellow streaks divided by the veins placed obliquely beyond the end of
the cell ; or even immaculate ; and with all the cilia lighter yellow than
the spots when present and broadly intersected with brown opposite to
the end of the veins. Underside, both wings and the bases of the cilia
throughout rich vandyke-brown, darker than above and veined and
margined with rich chrome-yellow.

Forewing with the costal margin to a little beyond its middle, the
costal and subcostal nervules to the costal and outer margins, and the
extremity of the third median nervule veined, and the outer margin
bordered, with chrome-yellow, so that the wing may be described as
increasingly bordered from the base to the apex, and decreasingly from
the apex to the sub-median nervure with yellow streaked with dark
brown. Hindwing yellow bordered, with the yellow veins broadly edged
on both sides with yellow. Antennas dark brown, ringed and tipped
with chrome -yellow. Head thorax and abdomen above dark vandyke-
brown, below yellow.

Expanse : -90 to -95 inches.

Habitat : Sikkim, where it is not uncommon at low elevations ; Bhutan ;
and Salween, Moulmein, whence the type specimens were received.

The great variation in the number of the small chrome-yellow spots
on the upperside of the forewing presented by our specimens from
Sikkim and Bhutan suggest at least the suspicion that the C. subvadiatus
of Moore from the Khasia Hills is not specifically distinct from the
C. subvittatus of the same writer." (Wood-Mason and de Niceville, I.e.)

70 HALPE.

In the figure referred to above there is a spot in the cell not
mentioned in the description.

Also recorded from Kumaon (Doherty) ; Sikkim (Elwes).
In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS XXVII.— HALPE.

Halpe, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 689.

Halpe, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 173 (1880-81).

"Allied to Pamphila (P. sylvamts). Antennae with a more slender
club and longer hook at tip. Forewing shorter; exterior margin more
convex ; the discal oblique series of raised scales in male shorter and
broader. Head and thorax smaller; abdomen slender. Veins similar,
the lower median branch being nearer end of the cell." (Moore, I.e. in
Lep. Cey.)

96.— HALPE BETURIA, HEWITSON.

Hesperia beturia, Hewitson, Desc. Hesper., p. 36, n. 31 (1868).

" Alis fuscis ; anticis maculis quatuor vitreis : his infra margine
costali flavo irrorato, fascia subapicali macularum flavidarum.

Upperside dark brown with four transparent white spots ; two
near the middle, and two before the apex ; the base and the middle of
the posterior wing covered with ochreous hair.

Underside paler brown. Both wings with a submarginal band of
pale yellow spots. Anterior wing with the costal margin broadly irro-
rated with yellow. Posterior wing irrorated with yellow near the base :
crossed at the middle by a band of yellow spots.

Expanse: 1*4 inches.

Habitat : Nilgiris and Macassar." (Hewitson, I. c.)

Also recorded from Calcutta (de Niceville) ; Andamans (Wood-Mason
and de Niceville) ; Tavoy (Elwes and de Niceville) ; Nilgiris (Hampson).

Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Niceville note that the number of
spots on the forewing vary from six to eight ; though only four are
mentioned in the description.

I have specimens of the species (named by Mr. de Niceville) from
Rangoon and Berhampore, they have two spots in the cell, three at the
apex and two or three on the disc.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

97.— HALPE SIKKIMA, MOORE.

Halpe sikkima, Moore, P. Z. S., 1882, p. 407.

Halpe sikkima, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1888, p. 453, pi. xi, fig. 3, £ .

Halpe sikkima (var.)t Elwes. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1888, p. 453, pi.
xi, fig. 4» # •

" Allied to JET. leturia. Male. Differs from same sex of that species
in the forewing being more acute at the apex, and the exterior margin

HALPE. 71

less convex ; the hindwing also is less convex externally, the colour is
much darker olivaceous brown. Upperside of forewing with similar spots
the two conjoined spots before the apex less obliquely situated, the
two discal spots slightly less separated. Underside also darker, the
olive yellowish scales uniformly disposed and not forming a marginal
macular band or discal fascia on the hindwing. Cilia of both wings
brownish white throughout, not alternated with black as in H. beturia.

Expanse: if- inches.

Habitat : Sikkim.

In shape of wings and coloration this species is somewhat like H . varia
of Japan." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Cachar (Wood- Mason and de Niceville) ; Sikkim
(Elwes; de Niceville.)

Mr. Elwes (/. c.), gives a figure of a variety of this species which
he thinks may possibly be distinct, it differs in having no spot in the cell,
and three instead of two near the apex of the wing.

In collection Indian Museum and de Niceville.

This species is very closely allied to H. homolea Hewitson from
Singapore with which it may possibly be identical. The description of
H. homolea is given* below for reference.

98.— HALPE SEPARATA, MOORE.

Halpe separata, Moore, P. Z. S., 1882, p. 407.

Halpe separata, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1888, p. 454, pi. xi, fig. 5 ^,
6 9.

" Male. Also allied to H. beturia. Forewing comparatively shorter
and the hindwing broader ; forewing with three conjoined small suba-
pical yellowish- white spots, a transverse spot at upper end of the cell,
and two widely separated spots on the disc. Cilia brownish-white,
alternated with dark brown. Underside with the costal and outer borders
of forewing and entire hindwing covered with golden-olive scales ;
posterior border of forewing yellow.

Expanse : i T% inches.

Habitat : Sikkim." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Kumaon (Dohevty) ; Sikkim (Elwes} ; " The
female has an additional spot near the hind margin of the forewing not
found in the male : the other spots vary in number. It is easily distin-
guished from other species of the genus by the pale patch on the outer
margin of the forewing below." (Elwes, I. c.)

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

* Hesperia homolea, Hewitson, Desc. Hesp., p. 29: "Upperside dark rufous brown.
Anterior wing with five transparent spots ; one in the cell two between the median nervures
and two before the apex. Underside as above, except that the anterior wing has a
submarginal band of ochreous spots, and that the posterior wing has two bands of similar
spots, one of which towards the anal angle is more distinct than the rest. Expanse ;
j ¥»5 inches. Habitat ; Singapore." (Htwitson, I. c.)

72 HALPE.

99.— HALPE KUMARA, DE NICEVILLE.

Halpe kumara, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1885, p. 121, pi. ii, fig. 10 <? .

" $ Upperside deep bronzy-brown. Forewing with five small equal-
sized ochreous spots, viz., two conjoined subapical, one at the upper and
outer angle of the cell, and two on the disc. Hindwing unmarked.
Underside with the costa and apex diminishing towards the inner angle of
the forewing and the entire hindwing clothed with deep ochreous scales ;
the spots of the. forewing as above but larger. An anteciliary black line ;
cilia ochreous, dusky at the end of the nervules in the forewing. Antennae
dusky above, the club and upper portion of the shaft bright ochreous.
The sexual mark on the upperside of the forewing indistinct.

Expanse: 1-4 inches.

Habitat : Sikkim (Otto M oiler).

Allied to Halpe separata, Moore, a female specimen of which from
Sikkim is before me. Differs from that species in having only two
subapical spots, the spot in the cell not transverse, and the posterior
border of the forewing on the underside dark brown, not yellow." (de
Niceville, I. c.)

In collection de Niceville.

100.-HALPE AINA, DE NICEVILLE.

Halpe aina, de Niceville, Journal Bomb. Nat. Soc., vol. v, p. 176,
pi. B, fig. 8, cf (1890).

" HABITAT : Sikkim.

EXPANSE : $ , 1-36 to 1-44 inches.

DESCRIPTION : Nearest to H. kumara, mihi, of which Mr. Otto Moller
possesses eighteen specimens from Sikkim. MALE. UPPERSIDE, both wings
of a more tawny-ferruginous colour, due to the entire forewing and the
basal two-thirds of the hindwing being clothed with a thick coating of long
hair-like scales placed upon a deep brown ground. Forewing with two
conjoined spots in the discoidal cell, the upper spot answering to the single
spot of H. kumara, the lower spot twice as large as the upper ; three instead
of two increasing conjoined subapical spots ; the two discal spots much
the same : the " male-mark," however, instead of being a long continuous
black streak of modified scales as in H. kumara presents the appearance of
two obliquely-placed yellow spots exactly as in H. gupta, mihi, which can
be teazed out by a pin-point into a quantity of fluffy material like down.
UNDERSIDE, both wings coloured much as in H. kumara. Forewing with the
translucent yellow spots as on the upperside. Hindwing unmarked in four
specimens, in one specimen with two opaque pale yellow discal spots.

Described from five male specimens in the collection of Mr. Otto
Moller, and four in my own." (de Niceville, I. c.)

HALPE. 73

101.— HALPE GUPTA, DE NICEVILLE.

Halpe gupta, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1886, p. 255, p. xi, fig. i, rf".

" Male. Upperside, both wings dark-brown. Forewing with two
small spots in the cell placed obliquely one above the other, obsolete
in one specimen, two or three conjoined subapical minute spots, two on
the disc divided by the second median nervule. Hindwing with some
long ochreous hairs in the middle of the disc. Underside, forewing with
the costa and apex diminishing towards the anal angle and the whole of
the hindwing clothed with greenish-ochreous scales. Forewing marked
as above. Hindwing with two or three small pale opaque spots on the
disc. Cilia cinereous, tipped with darker at the end of the nervules.

Expanse: </* 1-4 to 1-5 inches.

Habitat : Sikkim.

Nearest to H, kumara, mihi, differs somewhat in shape, the forewing
being narrower and more produced at the apex, the subapical spots
smaller. On the underside in H. gupta there are some pale spots on the
disc of the hindwing, which are absent in .H". kumara. The shade of the
ground-colour is also quite different : in H. kumara, it is golden-brown,
in H. gupta, greenish-ochreous. The sexual mark is rather prominent,
Mr. Otto Moller has obtained several male specimens in Sikkim." (de
Niceville , /. c.)

The female has not been described. According to Mr. Elwes the
male of this species has a double sexual mark on the forewing.

In collection de Niceville.

102.— HALPE CERATA, HEWITSON.

Hespevia cerata, Hewitson, Ent. Mon. Mag., 1876, p. 152.
Hespevia cerata, Hewitson, Desc. Lep. Coll. Atk., p. 4, (1879).
Halpe cerata, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1888, p. 454, pi. xi, fig. 8, </„
" Upperside dark brown : anterior wing with four transparent white
spots ; one in the cell sinuated on both sides, two below this between
the branches of the median nervure, and one near the apex bifid ; pos-
terior wing with a central series of four or five indistinct white spots.
Underside as above, except that both wings have a submarginal series
of pale spots, that the posterior wing has a white spot near the base, and
a transverse central series of six distinct white spots.
Expanse : i T% inches.
Habitat : Darjeeling." (Hewitson, L c.)
Also recorded from Sikkim (Elwes ) ; Nilgiris (Hampson.)
According to Mr. Elwes, this is the commonest species of the genus
found in Sikkim, the female however is rare and differs from the male.
If this is the case the female has apparently never been described.
In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

10

74 HALPE.

103.— HALPE ZEMA, HEWITSON.

Jfesperia- zema, Hewitson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1877, series iv,
vol. xix, p. 77.

Balpe zema, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1888, p. 455, pi. xi, fig. 7, <f.

" Upperside dark rufous-brown. Anterior wing with six transparent
white spots, one in the cell, two divided by a branch of the median
nervure, and three near the apex : a black linear spot (which denotes the
male) from the inner margin. Posterior wing with an indistinct central
ochreous spot: the fringe white. Underside as above, except that it is
rufous, that the anterior wing has the costal margin and a subapical band
ochraceous, and that the posterior wing is crossed from the costal margin
to th« submedian nervure by a band of pale yellow.

Expanse : 1-3 inches.

Habitat: Darjeeling and Sarawak." (Hewitson. I.e.)

Recorded from Sikkim by Mr. de Niceville as " common, settles on
moist spots."

I have obtained a single specimen of the species at Rangoon.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

104.— HALPE DOLOPIA, HEWITSON.

Hesperia dolopia, Hewitson, Desc. Hesp., p. 27.

Hespena dolopia, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. v, pi. Iv, fig. 60, 61, (1873).

" Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with six transparent white
spots; one in the cell, two between the median nervures, and three before
the apex : an indistinct rufous submarginal band. Posterior wing with a
central ochreous spot. Underside rufous-brown. Anterior wing as above,
except that the inner margin is white, and that there is a submarginal band
of pale yellow. Posterior wing with a narrow band from the base, a broad
central band, a spot near the anal angle, and a submarginal band pale
yellow : a submarginal band of black spots.

Expanse : i T30 inches.

Habitat : North India." (Hewitson, I. c.)

Also recorded from Sikkim by Mr. Elwes as rare.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

105.— HALPE RADIANS, MOORE.

ffalpe radians, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 690, pi. xlv, fig. i.

" Male. Upperside luteous-brown, basal hairy scales yellow. Cilia
cinereous-white : forewing with a pale-yellow constricted spot at end of
the cell, and an irregular transverse continuous discal band of spots with
their lower angles continued outward along the veins ; hindwing with a
yellow streak at end of the cell and a short discal band with outer rays.
Underside paler, minutely speckled with yellowish-white ; forewing as
above, the hind margin being also broadly yellow ; hindwing with a

HALPE. 75

subbasal spot, all the veins, and two (a median and a discal) transverse
sinuous bands pale yellow. Palpi, body beneath and legs yellowish-white.

Expanse : i£ inches.

Habitat : Dhurmsala, N. W. Himalayas." (Moore, I. c.)

In collection Indian Museum.

106.-HALPE SITALA, DE NICEVILLE.

JTalpe sitala, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1885, p. 121, pi. ii, fig. 5, $ .

" </• Upperside, fore wing dark brown : two minute conjoined subapical
dots, two well separated spots placed obliquely near the end of the cell,
and two similar ones on the disc, semi-diaphanous ochreous white. The
usual sexual mark, somewhat indistinct. Cilia ochreous, dusky at the end
of the nervules. Hindwing dark brown with a patch of ochreous hairs
in the middle of the wing ; cilia ochreous : underside, forewing dark
brown, the costa and apex widely ferruginous-ochreous ; the spots as above.
Hindwing ferruginous-ochreous ; two conspicuous white dots placed in the
median interspaces, two indistinct ochreous spots placed close together
between the innermost of the two spots and the anal angle. Antennae
dusky above, the club and upper portion of the shaft below ferruginous.

Expanse : 1.5 inches.

Habitat: Ootacamund, S. India. (G.F. Hampson)." (de Niceville^ I. c.)

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

107.-HALPE HONOREI, DE NICEVILLE.

Halpe honorei, de Niceville, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 464, pi. xl, fig. 8, 9 .

" Female. Upperside ; both wings fuscous. Forewing with the base
clothed with yellow hair-like scales, more or less forming streaks between
the veins ; a large rhomboidal spot at the outer end of the discoidal cell,
two elongated ones, the upper twice the size of the lower, in the median
interspaces, two or three subapical conjugated increasing spots, all semi-
transparent glistening yellow. Hindwing with all but the costal margin
as far as the second subcostal nervule, and the outer margin somewhat
narrowly, and the abdominal margin, clothed with long yellow setae ; a
large discal yellow patch beyond the cell divided by the dark nervules
and enclosing a blackish dot in the second median interspace. Underside:
forewing black all except the costal margin increasingly, the apex widely
and the outer margin decreasingly, which are yellowish-ochreous ; the
semi-transparent spots as above, with two additional somewhat diffused
opaque spots placed one above the other near the. middle of the submedian
interspace, which appear in a somewhat constricted form on the upper-
side of one specimen. Hindwing yellowish-ochreous throughout ; a black
spot at the end of the cell and about six between the veins outside the
cell ; some obscure submarginal blackish spots ; the abdominal margin
and a streak in the submedian interspace black.

76 BALPE.

Expanse: 9 1*5 inches.

Habitat : Pulni Hills, S. India.

The markings of this species remind one at once of those of Pltistingia
noemiy mihi ; but there is only one spot in the cell of the forewing, and
the yellow in the hindwing is larger in the species now described.

Described from somewhat worn specimens collected by Father D.
Honore, S. J., in the Pulni Hills of S. India." (de Niceville, I. c.)

Also recorded from Nilgiris, (Hampson).

In collection de Niceville,

108.— HALPE DECORATA, MOORE.

Plalpe decorafa, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 173, pi. 71, fig. 2, (1880-81).

" Upperside olive-brown : forewing with a bright yellow streak at end
of the cell, the upper part being circular and nearly divided from the elong-
ated lower portion; two smaller spots before the apex, and two slightly
larger obliquely-quadrate spots on the disc ; base of wing also speckled
with olive-yellow scales : hindwing with a medial discal triangular-shaped
patch of olive-yellow scales. Underside olive-yellow : forewing with
broad brown posterior margin and macular streak bordering the discal
spots : hindwing with slender brown-speckled, indistinct, subbasal spots
and curved discal macular line. Body palpi and legs beneath yellow ;
antennae ochreous-ied.

Expanse : i£ inches.

" Galle, Morowaka [Ceylon], Rare" (Wade)." (Moore, I. c.)

Not in collection Indian Museum and unknown to de Niceville.

109.— HALPE BRUNNEA, MOORE-

Hesperia egena, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesch., 1868, p. 284.

Halpe brunnea, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 174, pi. 70, fig. 4, 40,
(1880-81).

"Female. Upperside dark vinous-brown; forewing with a very
small semi-diaphanous white spot at upper end of the cell, two spots
before the apex, and two larger discal spots, the latter deeply concave on
their outer border. Cilia pale vinous-brown, alternated with dark brown.
Underside as above. Body and palpi beneath pale olive-brown ; antennae
black tipped with red.

Expanse : i -*-$ inches.

A single specimen in collection of Captain Wade [from Ceylon] ."
(Moore, I. c.)

In collection de Niceville.

110.— HALPE CEYLONIC, MOORE.

Halpe ceylonica, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 690, pi. xlv, fig. 9.
Halpe ceylonica, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 173, (1880-81).
" Upperside dark brown ; base of wings and body olive-brown ;
forewing with two contiguous subapical small white spots, two oblique

ISOTEINON. 77

discal small conical spots with deeply excavated outer border, and a
smaller spot at upper end of the cell ; the male with an oblique discal
streak composed of broad raised darker brown scales ; cilia brownish-
cinereous, alternated with dark brown. Underside dark brown speckled
with ochreous scales; forewing with white spots as above, and a small
spot also below the discal series an upper submarginal row of indistinct
pale ochreous spots ; hindwing with a broad transverse median and
maculated discal greyish-ochreous band. Palpi, body beneath and legs
greyish-ochreous."

Expanse : £ i TV» 9 if inches.

Habitat : Ceylon." (Moore, 1. c. in P. Z. S.)

Also recorded from Orissa (Taylor] ; Nilgiris (Jlampson).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

I have two unnamed species of this genus, one from the Nilgiris and
one from Poungadaw, Upper Burma, neither of which Mr. de Niceville is
able to identify, but being only single specimens he has not described
them as new.

GENUS XXVIII.— ISOTEINON.

Isoteinon, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monat., vol. vi, p. 30 (1862).

" Genus Cyclopidi, Hiibn. Led. accedens, antennis multo longioribus,
fere ut in Pterygospideis, clavatis abdomineque alas posticas haud superante
proesertim discrepat." (Felder, I. c.) Type, lawprospilus, Felder, from
Ningpo, China.

111.— ISOTEINON ATKINSONI, MOORE.

Isoteinon atkinsoni, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 693, pi. xlv, fig. 10.

" Upperside dark glossy olive-brown ; cilia brownish-cinereous with
a brown inner line and indistinct bars : forewing with a small yellow
semi-diaphanous spot at end of the cell, three smaller contiguous spots
obliquely before the apex, and two contiguous spots obliquely on the disc.
Underside speckled with ochreous-green : forewing marked as above ;
hindwing with a median discal curved series of eight small prominent white
spots, and a spot at end of the cell.

Expanse : iTV inches.

Habitat : Darjeeling." (Moore, I. c.)

I have numerous specimens of this species from Rangoon, so named by
Mr. de Niceville. Mr. Elwes considers this species and the next (/.
subtestaceus) to be the same. I have specimens of the latter (named by
Mr. de Niceville) from Beeling, Upper Tenasserim, and they differ
considerably in the tone of the underside, being of a sort of pale brick red,
the underside of the present species being a warm brown dusted with
yellowish-green. I can find no difference in the number or arrangement
of the spots except that the series on the underside of the hindwing are
much more prominent in atkinsoni. I have caught this species only in

78 ISOTEINON.

August and subtest&ctus only in April, so possible they are seasonal varieties
of one another. Mr. Moore's figure of atkinsoni agrees very well with
my specimens, and Mr. Elwes' figure (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1888, pi. xi, fig.
96), agrees very well with my specimens of subtestaceus, except that the
series of spots on underside of hindwing have been omitted. Moller also
considers the form figured by Elwes to be the spring blood of /. atkinsoni
which would agree with the dates of my captures noted above. Mr. Elwes
also states that /. khasianus of which he has seen the type seems to be the
present species. In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

112.— ISOTEINON SUBTESTACEUS, MOORE.

Isoteinon snbtestaceus, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 844.

" Male and female. Upperside dark olive-brown ; cilia cinereous,
brown, with a brown inner line and indistinct bars : forewing with a
semi-diaphanous spot at end of the cell, a curved series of three subapical
contiguous spots, and two larger contiguous spots on the disc. Underside
brownish-ochreous, grey-speckled : forewing with the basal area below the
cell and the disc fuliginous-black ; spots as above ; male with a black
tuft on hind-margin : hindwing with a curved discal series of six small
white spots, and four subbasal spots, the two lowrer of the latter being
contiguous, the third at the end of the cell and the fourth above the cell.
Palpi and body beneath ochreous white ; legs brownish ochreous, allied to
/. atkinsoni, from Darjeeling.

Expanse : if inches.

Habitat : Ahsown, (Tenasserim.)" (Moore, I. c.)

In collection Indian Museum.

113.— ISOTEINON KHASIANUS, MOORE.

Isoteinon khasianus, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 693.

" Male. Upperside glossy ochreous-brown ; cilia brownish-cinereous,
with a brown inner line and indistinct bars : forewing with a small silky-
white semi-diaphanous spot at end of the cell, three contiguous spots before
the apex and two on the disc. Underside rufous-brown ; forewing marked
as above ; a small tuft of black hairs on middle of hind-margin : hindwing
grey-speckled, a small white spot at the end of the cell, and a median
discal curved series of white dots, each surrounded by dark brown.

Expanse : i Tl(T inches.

Habitat : Khasia Hills.

A specimen of what I believe to be the female of this species is in the
collection of Dr. Staudinger, but without a locality (though probably
Indian). It differs from the male above described in having the spots on
the forewing slightly larger, the cell spot transversely elongated, and in
there being an additional spot below the two on the disc. It is also greyer
on the underside ; the hind-margin on the forewing has a very pale border ;
and the hindwing has no perceptible white dots." (Moore, I. c.)

ISOTEINON. 79

114.— ISOTEINON MASURIENSIS, MOORE.

Isoteinon wasuritnsis, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 693.

" Male and female. Upperside, bluish purple-brown. Cilia white,,
alternated with brown : forewing with a large semi-diaphanous white
quadrate spot at end of the cell, two contiguous elongated spots below it
(and in the male a smaller spot below these), three very small spots before
the apex. Underside dark brown, numerously specked with ochrey-brown
scales : forewing marked as above : hindwing with a discal series of three
small indistinct white spots, one being between the subcostal branches
the others between the upper median branches. Body and legs beneath
speckled with ochreous-green.

Expanse : i % inches.

Habitat : Masuri, N. W. Himalayas." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Sikkim (Elwes), and Kumaon (Doherty).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

115.-ISOTEINON SATWA, DE N/CEV/LLE.

I. satwa, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1883, p. 86.

" Male. Upperside, rich dark brown. Forewing with two small
subapical spots, the lower one twice the size of the upper a rounded spot
at the lower outer end of the cell, two similar spots at the base of the
median interspaces, the lower one twice the size of the upper, all semi-
transparent diaphanous ochreous-white. A small ochreous spot above the
submedian nervure touching its middle. Hindwing with the middle of the
disc clothed with long greenish-ochreous hairs. Cilia cinereous.

Underside also dark brown but the apex of the forewing and the outer
margin of the hindwing broadly washed with purple. Forewing with the
spots as above but lacking the one placed against the submedian nervure ;
the costa to beyond the middle of the wing bears a narrow bright yellow
streak widest at its end.

Hindwing with the basal two-thirds also bright yellow, the outer
margin of this yellow area very irregular. A small round brown spot
near the middle of the cell another above it and one beyond. No second-
dary sexual characters. Body brown yellow below ; antennae brown above
obscurely annulated with yellow below, club brown.

Female differs only from the male in being larger, the wings broader,
and the apex of the forewing less acute. There is a second minute spot
above the large one in the cell of the forewing.

This is a fairly common species at low elevation below Darjeeling.

Expanse: #1-3 to 1-4 9 1-55 inches." (de Niceville, I. c.)

Recorded from Kumaon (Doherty) ; Orissa (Taylor) ; Sikkim (Elwes),
and I obtained two specimens in the Yaw district, Upper Burmah, in
March, 1890.

80 ISOTEINON.

This species is easily distinguished by the colour of the underside,
which is somewhat similar to that of /. cephaloides.
In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

116.-ISOTEINON CEPHALA, HEWITSON.

Hesperia cephala, Hewitson, Ent. Mon. Mag., 1876, p. 152.

Hesperia cephala, Hewitson, Desc. Lep. Coll. Atk., p. 4, (1879.)

Isoteinon cephala, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1888, p. 456, pi. xi, fig. 10, $ .

" Upperside, dark brown, the fringe brown and white alternately ;
anterior wing with three transparent white spots and an opaque spot near
the inner margin — one at the middle bifid, one at the apex trifid, and one
below it ; posterior wings with two transparent spots near the middle.

Underside, anterior wing as above, except that the costal margin from
the base to the transparent spot, and the outer-margin from the apex to the
middle, are yellow ; posterior wing yellow, with a black spot near the base,
a third white spot adjoining the transparent white spots, which are bordered
below with rufous-brown, the outer-margin rufous-brown.

Expanse: i27<y inches.

Habitat : Darjeeling." (Hewitson, I. c.)

Also recorded from Sikkim (de Niceville).

I have obtained this species at Beeling, Upper Tenasserim in April,
and very commonly at Tilin in the Yaw district, Upper Burmah, during
March and April.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

117.— I80TEINON CEPHALOIDES, DE NICEVILLE.
Hesperia ? cephaloides, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1888, p. 288, pi. xiii,

fig- 4. $ -

" Male. Upperside, both wings dark purplish-brown ; cilia alternately
black and white. Fore wing with a large somewhat square spot at the end
of the cell, a little larger rhomboidal one below it in the first median inter-
space, and a much smaller square one at the middle of the second median
interspace, three small conjoined round subapical dots, of which the upper
one is the largest, the middle one the smallest, all translucent white ; an
opaque dot touching the submedian nervure in the middle of the submedian
interspace. Hindwing with three translucent white spots forming an
equilateral triangle, of which the two at the base are largest and equal, and
the apical one is a mere dot. Underside forewing with a broad costal
streak occupying the upper half of the discoidal cell and reaching to
just beyond the middle of the wing, and an apical patch, bright chrome-
yellow, between which streak and patch the ground is castaneous,
the rest of the wing black ; the translucent white spots as on the
upperside, but with two additional small black spots between the lowest
of the subapical series and the spot in the second median interspace.
Hindwing with the basal half of the wing chrome-yellow, the outer half

ISOTEINON. 8l

castaneous ; a small round castaneous spot near the base of the wing, the
three discal translucent spots as on the upperside, but with two additional
opaque round spots, one near the costa at the inner edge of the castaneous
portion of the wing, the other in the middle of the submedian interspace,
all five spots surrounded by a fine black line ; these are traces of a series of
blackish spots between the veins near the margin. Head, thorax, ,and
abdomen black above, beneath, legs, and palpi chrome-yellow.

Expanse: $ r-6 inches.

Habitat; Karen Hills, Burinah.

Very near to, but quite distinct from, Hespwia cephala, Hewitson, a
fairly common Sikkim species, from which it differs in its large size, and in
the following particulars : — the subapical series of spots on the forewing
has the middle spot the smallest and the upper one the largest, while in
//. cephala^ the series is an increasing one ; in H. cephala the spot below
these is in the lower discoidal interspace ; on the hindwing in H. cephaloidts
there are three small spots, in H. cephala there are two only, both large, the
outer one very large ; on the underside in H. cephala the costal yellow streak
extends uninterruptedly from the base to the apex, in //. cephaloides it is
interrupted by a large castaneous patch; in H. cephala the hindwing is
entirely yellow, in H. cephaloides the basal half only is yellow, the outer half
being castaneous ; the spots too are very different and in greater number
and occupy different positions. I am indebted to Mr. B. Noble, the curator
of the Phayre Museum, Rangoon, for the opportunity of describing this
interesting species of which he has obtained two specimens. They were
captured by the native collector attached .to that institution in the Karen
Hills in April 1887." (de Niceville, L c.)

In collection de Niceville,

118.— 1SOTEINOJ3 PANDTTA, DE NWEV1LLE.

Isoteinon pandita, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1885, p. 1.21, pi. ii, fig. 14, £ .

" £. Upperside brown, sparsely clothed with ochreous scales. Fore-
wing with a quadrate transverse spot ai the end of the cell, three conjoined
subapical ones, and two similar discal ones, semi-diaphanous ochreous. Cilia
ochreous. Hindwing immaculate. Underside brown, forewing with the
apex widely, and the costa and the entire hindwing ferruginous ochreous.
Forewing with the spots as above. Hindwing with a very indistinct small
black spot at the end of the cell, and a discal series of similar short streaks
between the nervules. Cilia ochreous. Antennae black, the tip of the
club and the upper portion of the shaft below the club ferruginous.

Expanse: i -2 inches.

Habitat : Sikkim. (Otto Molltry (dt NichiilU, I. c.)

In collection de Niceville.

119.— ISOTE1NON FLAVIPENN18, DE N1CEV11LE.

fsoteinonflavipennis, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1885, p. 122, pi. ii, fig. 4, f .

' $ and 7 . Upperside brown glossed with purple on the outer area of

the forewing, the hindwing bearing a patch of long ochreous hairs in the

ii

82 ISOTEINON.

middle of the disc and on the abdominal margin. Forewing with the following
white semi-transparent spots : — a small round one in the middle of the
upper discoidal interspace ; two at the end of the cell, one above the other
the lower twice the size of the upper ; a large spot in the interspace below
and a small one placed in the second median interspace near its base.
Underside with the costa and apex widely and the entire hindwing
ferruginous-ochreous glossed and marbled with purple, the disc of the fore-
wing dark brown, the inner margin paler. Forewing with the spots as
above ; hindwing with a dark brown spot in the cell and a series of five or
six similar spots placed around the cell. Cilia cinereous, dark brown at
the end of the nervules. Antennae black annulated with pale ochreous
beneath, the club, all except the extreme tip, pale ochreous beneath.

Expanse: 1-3 to 1*4 inches.

Habitat: Buxa, Bhutan (Moti Ram)', Sikkim (Otto M oiler) ; and South
Andaman Island (A. de Rocpstorff)" (de Niceville^ I.e.)

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

120.— ISOTEINON MICROSTICTUM, WOOD-MASON and DE N/CEV/LLE.

Isottinon microstictum, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1886,
p. 385, pi. xvii, fig. 3, 6, fig- 3«- 9 •

" $ . Upperside, both wings dark vandyke-brown, suffused with purple,
especially on the costal and outer margins and the veins ; the cilia ochreous-
grey. Forewing with five small semi-transparent white lustrous spots, two
(the first of which is very minute) before the apex, and three discal, one
geminated in the cell consisting of an anteriorly outwardly convex thin
crescentic and a posterior triangular portion, another about the same size
behind and a little external to this between the first and second median
nervules sub-crescentic in shape, with its convexity turned towards the
base and a third squarish external to, and in front of, and rather less
than half the size of, this again between the second and third median
nervules. Underside, forewing lighter than above, the translucent spots as
on the upperside; with an indistinct submarginal band of spots darker than
the ground ; a dark anteciliary line ; the cilia obsoletely intersected at the
veins with dark, and an indistinct whitey-brown spot, touching the first
median nervule and the satiny patch, extending from the base nearly to the
outer angle and from the interno-median fold to the inner margin of the
wing, which bears a conspicuous fringe of slate-grey setae in part projecting
straight backwards and outwards from the edge and in part turned up so as
to spread out fanwise over the satiny ashy patch. Hindwing darker and
more suffused with purple than the forewing, with a dark anteciliary line,
but even less distinctly * intersected cilia ; with some dark mottling
indistinctly arranged in three bands, one subbasal and two closer together
discal or submarginal, and with an indistinct dot between the costal and
subcostal nervures, another near the end of the cell, on one side only in one

ISOTEINON. 83

specimen and on both sides in the other, a third between the second and
third median nervules in one specimen, and a fourth between the first and
second in the other all ochreous-white.

9 . Upperside, both wings much lighter than in the male. Forewing
with the spots much larger and more numerous, there being an additional
subapical one, a very minute dot just in front of the third median nervule,
both semi-transparent and a third opaque yellow one (present in one male),
touching the submedian nervure in front, and the third discal spot being
quadrate with the inner and outer ends roundly emarginate. Underside both
wings with the dark markings more distinct than in the male. Forewing
devoid of the ashy patch and fringe of setae seen in the opposite sex.

Hindwing with two dots behind the costal nervure instead of one, one
in the cell, and another between the second and third median nervules on
one side only so minute as to be scarcely discernible.

Expanse : $ 1*4, $ 1*5 inches.

Allied to 7. flavipennis, de Niceville, but differs in markings and
notably in the colour of the ground of the underside, which is pale vandyke
brown in /. microstictum and ferruginous ochreous in 7. flavipennis.

Two males 26th and 2yth May, and one female 28th May, Silcuri,
[CacharJ ." (Wood-mason and de Niceville, I. c.)

In collection Indian Museum.

121.— ISOTEINON FLAVALUM, DE NICEVILLE.

Isoteinon flavalum, de Niceville, P. Z.S., 1887, p. 463, pi. xi, fig. 10, </.

" Male. Upperside : both wings dark brown. Forewing with three
small subapical increasing spots, the upper one minute ; a small quadrate
spot at the lower outer end of the cell, an elongated one at the base of the
second median interspace, a much larger quadrate one below it and placed
nearer the base of the wing in the first median interspace, all semi-trans-
parent diaphanous ochreous. Hindwing with the middle of the disc clothed
with long greenish-ochreous hairs. Cilia cinereous throughout. Under-
side : forewing also dark brown, the spots as above, the costa narrowly
and the apex widely (but not reaching the anal angle or the outer margin)
yellow. Hindwing yellow throughout except the outer margin, which is
increasingly dark brown, widening to the anal angle; a conspicuous
though small black spot on the discoidal cell, three small dark-brown
ring-spots placed very close together below it, and a fourth minute black
spot well separated from the others towards the apex. No secondary male
sexual characters. Head and body above dark brown, below with legs
yellow. Antennae black, the club tipped beneath with white.

Expanse: £1-2 inches.

Habitat: Sikkim.

This pretty and very distinct little species is nearest allied to IsoUinon
mihi, but is abundantly distinct ; the underside has no purple

84 ISOTEINON.

washing, and on the hindwing the yellow coloration occupies nearly the
entire surface ; in /. sativa it is confined to the anterior half of the wing."
(dc Niceville, I. c.)

Type in collection Holier.

122.— ISOTEINON VINDHIANA, MOORE.

Isfffcinon vindhtana, Moore, P. Z. S., 1883, p. 533.

" Male. Upperside dark olive-brown ; cilia cinereous ; forewing with
a small yellow semi-transparent spot at upper end of the cell, three
conjoined subapical spots, two discal spots, and a small oval spot above
the submedian vein. Underside dusky ochreous : forewing with the
posterior area broadly black ; spots as above ; hindwing with a yellow
lunule at end of the cell, a small spot above it and five discal spots.

Expanse: i^ inches.

Habitat : Jubbulpore (Span)." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from the Nilgiris by Mr. Hampson, who considers this
and the two succeeding species to be identical, vindhtana being the dry
season form, nilgiriana the wet season form, and modesta which was
described from a single specimen obtained by Mr. Lindsay, a variety.

In collection Indian Museum and de Niceville.

123.— ISOTEINON NILGIRIANA, MOORE-

Isoteinon nilgiriana, Moore, P. Z. S., 1883, p. 533.

" Male. Allied to /. vindhiana : forewing with similarly disposed spots,
which differ in being white, somewhat smaller, narrower, and the subapical
conjoined spots disposed in a smaller row ; the spot above submedian
obsolescent. Underside uniformly ochreous-brown : forewing with the
spots as above, the submedian obsolete ; hindwing with a small dusky-
black spot at end of the cell, and a dusky-black discal row of spots.

Expanse : IT2¥ inches.

Habitat : Coonoor, Nilgiris (Lindsay)." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Mhow, and Matheran (Swinhoe) ; and Nilgiris
(Hampson).

In collection de Niceville.

124.— ISOTEINON MODESTA, MOORE.

Isoteinon modesta, Moore, P. Z. S., 1883, p. 534.

" Female. Allied to /. nilgiriana : forewing narrower and less
triangular in shape, with a minute very indistinct spot at upper end of the
cell, two similar minute subapical spots, and two discal spots.

Underside brownish-ochreous, grey-speckled; forewing with spots as
above ; hindwing immaculate.

Expanse : ij inches.

Habitat ; Coonoor, Nilgiris (Lindsay)." (Moovc, I. c.)

ISGTEINON. 85

125.— ISOTEINON FLEXILI8, SWINHOE.

Isoteinon flexilis, Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1885, p. 147.

" 3' 9 . Upperside dark shining olive-brown ; cilia pure white : fore-
wing with two small semi-diaphanous spots, one at the upper end of cell and
one above it : three contiguous subapical spots, the top spot very minute,
and in the male sometimes absent ; another outer very minute dot, which
also is often absent in the male ; and three larger spots obliquely — two 011
the disc and one touching the submedian nervure ; hindwing unmarked.

Underside paler spots as above ; forewing with a blackish longitudinal
shade covering the lower half of the wing ; hindwing with an indistinct
diffused discal fascia of same colour.

Expanse : ITSO- inches.

Habitat : Poona, December." (Swinhof, I. c.}

Not in collection Indian Museum and not known to de Niceville.

126.— ISOTEINON MASONI, MOORE.

Pamphila masoni, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 842, pi. 411, fig. 5, £.
. Isoteinon masoni, Elwes and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1886, p. 442, pi.
xx, fig. 4, cf.

" d* . Upperside both wings dark brown. Forewing with two conjoined
spots placed obliquely near the end of the cell, two subapical dots, the
lower four times the size of the upper, a quadrate spot in the second
discal interspace, two spots in continuation in the submedian interspace,
all bright ochreous. Cilia cinereous. Hindwing with a small patch of
yellow in the middle of the disc. Cilia ochreous. Underside forewing
with the costa narrowly, the apex widely, decreasing rapidly to the angle,
bright ochreous, the rest of the wing black ; the spots as above, but the
lower of the two in the submedian interspace much larger and diffused, two
short dark streaks placed outwardly against the subapical dots, beyond
which is a submarginal series of obscure spots of a paler yellow than the
ground on which they are placed. Cilia dark brown. Hindwing bright
ochreous, with an obscure discal series of dark spots of which one in the
upper subcostal interspace is alone prominent. Cilia ochreous defined in-
wardly by a fine dark brown line. Antennae with the shaft above fuscous,
the anterior half of the club ochreous, the anterior half of the shaft below
ochreous. No secondary sexual characters.

Expanse: & 1-15 inches.

Marked almost exactly as in Halpe honorei, de Niceville (which
however may be an Isoteinon, the male being unknown), from South India
but all the spots on the forewing smaller, the one in the discoidal cell nearly
divided into two portions, the discal patch on the hindwing less than half
the size and the insect itself smaller.

A single specimen only was obtained from Tavoy.

86 ISOTEINON.

Judging from the figure alone it appears to us that Moore's type
specimen was a female, he described it, however, as a male. It is
considerably larger than our male." (Elwes and de Niceville, I. c.)

This species was originally described by Mr. Moore from a specimen
obtained by Limborg at Hatsiega, Upper Tenasserim, and he gives the
expanse as i-^ inches, otherwise his description is substantially the same
as that quoted but not so detailed.

I caught a few specimens at Tilin, Yaw District, Upper Burmah,
during March, 1890.

In collection Indian Museum.

127.— ISOTEINON INDRASANA, ELWES and DE NICEVILLE.

Isoteinon indrasana, Elwes and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., 1886, p. 441,
pi. xx, fig. 5 ? .

" 0 Upperside, both wings brown with a ferruginous gloss. Fore-
wing with a small round subapical dot, a similar spot but twice the size
at the lower outer end of the discoidal cell, a slightly larger triangular
one in the second median interspace, and a large quadrate one in the first
median interspace, all semi-transparent yellow ; an elongated spot touching
the middle of the submedian nervure in the submedian interspace opaque
yellow. Cilia cinereous. Hindwing with an obscure yellow patch on the
middle of the disc. Cilia ochreous. Underside, forewing with the costal
broadly and the apical half of the wing decreasing to a point at the anal
angle dark ochreous, the rest of the wing fuscous ; the spots as above.
Cilia fuscous, becoming ochreous towards the anal angle. Hindwing
dark ochreous throughout, the veins a little paler. Cilia ochreous.
Antennae wanting. Head and body above dark brown, beneath ochreous.

Expanse : 9 > I*35 inches.

A single example from Tavoy. We do not know any species to
which /. indvasana is nearly allied." (Elwes and de Niceville, I. c.)

In collection Indian Museum.

128.— ISOTEINON IAPIS, DE NICEVILLE.

Isoteinon tapis, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1890,
vol. v, no. 3, p. 213, pi. E, fig. 9, £.

" Habitat: Burmah, Malay Peninsula.

Expanse: 6 1-5 inches.

Description : Male. Upperside, both wings dark shining brown,
becoming of a deeper shade towards the outer margins. Forewing with
the following semi-transparent lustrous yellowish spots : — two towards
the end of the discoidal cell, the upper one a round dot, the lower
larger, elongated, comma-shaped ; a pair of conjoined subapical dots
divided by the terminal portion of the subcostal nervure (which in the
Hesperiidx appears always to end on the outer margin some little

SATARUPA. 87

distance below the apex), the lower a little the larger; three discal
spots placed obliquely, the upper one in the lower discoidal interspace
a mere dot, equal in size to the lower subapical dot, the middle spot in
the upper median interspace about four times as large, its outer edge
concave, its inner convex, the lowest spot about four times as large as
and shaped like the spot above, placed in the first median interspace.
Hindwing unmarked, but the abdominal margin and especially the anal
angle fringed with very long hairs. Underside, both wings much paler
than above, sprinkled throughout thickly with dull ochreous scales.
Forewing with the inner margin broadly pale yellow, a tuft of long black
hairs attached to the margin. Hindwing with a discoidal and four or
five discal small very obscure dark spots, which appear to be formed by
a portion of the ground-colour being left free from the dull ochreous
scales. Antennas above entirely fuscous, beneath with an increasing
yellowish streak towards the apex, not extending to the extreme tip.
Cilia of the forewing concolorous, of the hindwing cinereous.

Apparently nearest to /. subtestaceusy Moore, of which there is
one of the original specimens from Upper Tenasserim taken by Mr.
Ossian Limborg in 1876-77 in the collection of the Indian Museum ,
Calcutta. Differs therefrom in having two spots instead of one in the
discoidal cell of the forewing, two instead of three subapical dots, three
instead of two discal spots, which latter also differ widely in size, shape,
and position. The coloration of the underside is also quite different.

The type specimen of /. tapis is from Johore in the Malay Peninsula,
and was kindly forwarded to me by Mr. W. Davison. In the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, are two small specimens taken by Dr. J. Anderson
in the Mergui Archipelago on nth December, 1881, and nth April,
1882, respectively, which are undoubtedly the same species, though too
.worn to be identified by Mr. Moore when working out the collection of
which these specimens formed a part. On one of them Mr. Moore
placed a ticket on which is written " not moolata" which is, however,
a Parnara, and not an Isoteinon" (de Niceville, 1. c.)

GENUS XXX.-SATARUPA.

Satarupa, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 780.

" Palpi stout densely pilose, erect, projecting in front of the head ;
third joint minute, conical. Antennae moderate. Body very stout. Legs
slender ; femora slightly pilose beneath ; hind tibia? pilose at the side and
beneath; middle tibiae with a pair and hind tibiae with two pairs of
apical spurs. Wings — forewing acute ; costa nearly straight, exterior
margin oblique ; hindwing rounded exteriorly in the male, angled at the
apex, and in the middle of exterior margin of the female." (Moore, I. c.)

88 SATARUPA.

29.— 8ATARUPA BHAGAVA, MOORE.

Satanipa bhagava, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, P- 7&1-

" Upperside dark olive-brown : forewing with a triangular series of
three discal semi-transparent white spots, the first being large and within
the extremity of the cell, the second quadrate and beneath the first, the
third exterior to their juncture ; beneath these are small black spots
bordering a brownish white streak from middle of posterior margin, a
recurved series of small similar white spots before the apex ; hindwing with
a broad brownish white subbasal transverse band, bordered by a semi-
circular series of black spots, those exteriorly assuming the form of streaks
between the veins. Abdomen with a white band. Underside as above.
Palpi and thorax in front beneath orange-yellow. Cilia brown.

Expanse: if inches.

Habitat: N. E. Bengal." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Orissa (Taylor) ; Sikkim (dc Niceville ; Elwes.) ;
Margherita, Assam (Doherty). I - 3<?zrr

Mr. Elwes only doubtfully records this species, as he considers that
the names bkagava, phisara, and narada really include only two species, one
with narrower yellowish band on hindwing which he considers to be
phisara, and one with pure white and broader bands which he considers to
be narada.

I have obtained this species at Rangoon and at Poungadaw, U. Burmah.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

The following local form has been described from the Andamans.

Tagiades bhagava, var. andamanica, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A.
S. B., 1881, p. 256, pi. iv, fig. 5, <?.

" Male. With the cream-coloured subbasal band of the posterior wings
in one specimen narrower and not continued on to the anterior wings, in
another as broad as in an Upper Tenasserim example and continued
faintly on to the anterior wings : with the spot at the end of the cell larger
than in the female and not isolated from the fuscous outer margin : and
with the transverse abdominal band concolorous with the subbasal.

Female. Wings above paler with the spots of the anterior wings
whiter and larger and the band of the posterior ones pure white, much
broader and extending on to the anterior ones broadly up to the submedian
vein and thence narrowly up to the first median veinlet between the two
pairs of black spots.

Posterior wings with a black speck at the end of the cell on a white
ground on both sides and the two anterior of the semi-circular series of
black spots on the upperside nearly but on the underside wholly placed on
the white subbasal band.

A specimen from the Sikkim hills 3,000 feet, differs in having the
band broader both on the posterior wings and between the two rows of
spots in the anterior ones.

SATARUPA. 89

Habitat : S. Andaman. Sikkim ?" (Wood-Mason and de Nicevilh) I. c.)
In collection Indian Museum.

130.— SATARUPA SAMBARA, MOORE.

Goniloba sambara, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. Is C., i, p. 246*

Satarupa sambara, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 781.

" Male and female. Upperside dark maroon-brown ; forewing with
a series of seven semi-transparent white spots, three being small and
obliquely subapical, the rest transverse to near posterior margin, and there
joined by a short white longitudinal streak ; hindwing with a broad central
transverse whitish band bordered by a semi-circular discal series of black
spots. Abdomen with whitish band. Cilia spotted with white. Underside
as above but paler ; the white band on the hindwing less defined but of a
purer white. Palpi above and at the side, and legs in front blackish*
Palpi and thorax beneath, legs and abdomen whitish ; tip of the last brown.

Expanse: if inches.

Habitat: Darjeeling." (Moore, P. Z. S., /. c.)

This also occurs in Kumaon (Doherty), and in Sikkim (de Niceville i
Elwes). ?Jfa^ y*^jfi&

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

131.— SATARUPA NARADA, WQQJtt,

Satarupa narada, Moore, J. A. S. B., 1884, p. 51.

" Upperside purpurascent violet-brown : forewing with three small
upper and two lower subapical semi-diaphanous white spots, a small erect
oval spot at lower end of the cell, a slightly larger quadrate spot on the
disc between upper and middle medians and a broad band formed of three
quadrate spots increasing in width from end of cell to posterior margin :
hindwing with a broad white transverse medial band, the outer border with
an ill-defined upper spot. Cilia edged with white. Underside marked as
above ; the hindwing with the band showing a more defined outer border
and a well separated upper spot.

Expanse: IT% inches.

Habitat : Darjeeling, Sikkim.

Nearest allied to S. bhagava, but quite distinct." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Sikkim by Mr. Elwes who states it is a rare
species ; he also adds that the abdomen is white, excepting the anal
extremity, and more slender than in other species of the genus.

Recorded by Mr. Doherty from Margherita, Assam.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

132.— SATARUPA PHISARA, MOORE. $a+^ ££***

Satavupa phisara, Moore, J. A^ S. B., 1884, p. 50.
Satarupa bhagava ? de Niceviile, J. A. S. B., vol. lii, pt. 2, 1883, p. 90,
n. 39, pi. x, fig. 14, 9 .

12

90 SATARUPA.

Satavupa phisara, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. Iv,
pt. 2, 1886, p. 390, n. 240, pi. xvii, fig. 4, </.

" Male. Upperside dark vinous-brown : forewing with two sometimes
three or four, minute semi-diaphanous yellowish-white subapical spots, a
small spot at lower erfd of the cell, a large quadrate spot below end of cell,
and a small spot also between the base of upper and middle medians : a very
indistinct greyish brown-speckled lunular fascia and a similar short fascia
below the quadrate discal spot ; hindwing with a transverse subbasal pale
yellowish band, and a curved submarginal indistinct greyish brown-speckled
lunular fascia, which gives the discal area a macular appearance. Female :
forewing marked as in male, the short fascia below the discal spot more
distinct : hindwing with the transverse band somewhat broader, the discal
area between it and the submarginal lunular fascia more distinctly macular,
being transversed by pale veins. Underside as above, the markings more
prominent. Abdomen with slender white narrow bands ; front of head and
base of palpi and pectus orange-yellow, tip of palpi black.

Expanse : d" IT%, £ IT%- inches.

Habitat : Khasia Hills.

Allied to S. bhagava and 5. sambara." (Moove, L c.)

Also recorded from Sikkim (de Niceville ; Elwes}, and Irangmara,
Cachar (Wood-Mason and de Niceville) ; occurs Yaw District, U. Burma.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

133.— SATARUPA GOPALA, MOORE.

Goniloba gopala, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., i, p. 246.
Satavupa gopala, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 780, pi. xlii, fig. i.
" Male and female dark maroon-brown. Upperside, forewing with a
series of eight semi-transparent irregular-shaped whitish spots recurving
transversely from costal margin before the apex to near posterior margin,
being there joined by a white longitudinal streak ; a similar triangular
shaped spot within the discoidal cell : hindwing pure white with the base
and narrowly along anterior margin maroon-brown ; a double row of black
marginal spots, the interspace between the rows being suffused with bluish-
grey. Abdomen with broad white band ; tip brown. Cilia of hindwing
white. Underside as above but with base of hindwing greyish-white
and the double row of marginal spots more defined and blacker. Palpi,
above brown, beneath orange-yellow. Thorax and legs beneath dull white ;
legs in front black.

Expanse : $ 2%, 9 3 inches. ^

Habitat: Darjeeling." (Moore, I. c.) r*T'

Mr. de Niceville and Mr. Elwes also record this species from Sikkim.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville,

CALLIANA, TAGIADES. QI

GENUS XXX.— CALLIANA.

Calliana, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 686.

" Wings ample, broad. Forewing trigonal ; cell long, broad ; costal
vein extending to one-third from apex ; subcostal vein curved at end of the
cell, first, second, third and fourth branches arising at equal distances before
end of cell, fifth from its end, the three former terminating before the apex,
fourth at the apex, and fifth below it ; disco-cellulars angled close to the
upper end ; upper radial from the angle, lower from their middle ; median
vein three-branched, widely apart, the upper from lower end of cell, middle
and lower branches at equal distances, the lower from near base of cell ;
submedian slightly recurved. Hindwing broadly ovate ; subcostal two-
branched, second before end of cell ; disco-cellulars slightly angled ; radial
from their angle ; median three-branched, middle branch from immediately
before end of cell. Body small, robust, abdomen short. Palpi short, thick,
pilose, ascending, third joint short, conical. Antennae slender. Legs
pilose." (Moore, I. c.)

134.— CALLIANA PIERIDOIDES, MOORE.

Calliana pieridoides, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 687, pi. xlv, fig. 2.

"Male. Upperside creamy-white, glossy; forewing with the apex
broadly vinous-brown, the end of the median veins also with a vinous-
brown-speckled spot : hindwing with a curved upper discal decreasing
series of five purple-black spots, the upper one large and situated between
the costal and subcostal veins ; the end of the veins also with a small
vinous-brown-speckled spot. Underside white ; forewing with the costal
base, a patch beyond end of the cell and the outer border pale vinous-
brown : hindwing with a short black narrow streak at end of costal border,
four large subasal and a curved discal series of seven purple-black spots,
a marginal series of broad vinous-brown spots one at end of each vein.
Thorax and abdomen white ; collar, top of head palpi and tip of abdomen
pale ferruginous; tip of palpi and antennae black; legs pale ferruginous
above, purple-brown beneath.

Expanse : 2-f- inches.

Habitat :? N. E. Bengal." (Moore, 1. c.)

Mr. Doherty, records several males from Margherita, Assam, but
obtained no females, but states he once saw a male circling round a dark
Hesperid which he failed to obtain and which possibly was the female.

GENUS XXXI.— TAGIADES.

Tagiades, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 108 (1816).
Ptevygospidea, Wallengren, Rhop. Caffr., p. 53 (1857).
Tagiades, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 175 (1880-81).
Tagiades, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 387 (1886).

" Forewing triangular ; apex pointed ; exterior margin oblique, very
slightly convex, even ; first, second and third subcostalsat equal distances,

TAGIADES.

first at one-third before end of the cell ; disco-cellulars recurved inwardly,
upper radial from angle near subcostal, lower from their middle ; cell
narrow, extending two-thirds the wing ; middle median at one-sixth, lower
at four-sixths before end of the cell, lower much curved at base within the
cell ; submedian slightly recurved : hindwing short, broadly produced
hindward, exterior margin slightly scalloped towards anal angle ; second
subcostal at nearly one-third before end of the cell ; disco-cellulars of equal
length, nearly erect, radial from their middle ; cell broad ; middle median
close to end and lower beyond one-third before end of the cell ; submedian
straight, internal recurved. Body short, thorax stout ; palpi very
compactly flattened laterally, terminal joint short, pointed ; legs almost
naked ; antennae slender, the club and lengthened tip very slender.
Type, T.japetiis." (Moore, I. c.)

135.— TAGIADES RAVI, MOORE.

Goniloba ravi, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., i, p. 246.

Pterygospidea ravi, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 779.

Tagiades ravi, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 388, pi. 34, fig. I & (1886).

" Male and female fuliginous-brown.

Male. Upperside, forewing with three minute semi-transparent spots
before the apex, two larger similar spots on the disc, diverging inward
below the extremity of the cell ; across the disc are three ill-defined blackish
spots, and one before it near the base ; apex and exterior margin blackish ;
hindwing with a curved series of small blackish discal spots. Underside
brown : forewing with the semi-transparent spots as above ; hindwing
suffused with greyish-white, and having a curved series of small blackish
discal spots. Palpi, body and legs beneath greyish-white. Female similar,
but having two very minute additional spots beneath the subapical series,
those on the disc being large and above the latter is a transverse spot at the
extremity of the cell. Cilia brown throughout.

Expanse : <f if , $ 2 inches.

Habitat : Bengal," (Moore, P. Z. S., I. c.)

Also occurs in the Andamans and Nicobars (Wood-Mason and de
Niceville') ; Calcutta ( de Niceville) ; Tavoy (Elwes and de Niceville) ; Cachar
(Wood-Mason and de Niceville) ; Orissa (Taylor).

11 This species varies in the colour of the under-surface of the posterior
wings, which in some specimens is wholly pale fuliginous-brown and in
others more or less olivaceus-brown." (Distant, I. c.)

I have this species commonly from Rangoon and from Poungadaw,
U. Burma. The apical spots on forewing vary from two to four.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

135.— TAGIADES KHASIANA, MOORE.
Tagiades kasiana, Moore, J. A. S. B., 1884, p. 51.

" Male. Nearest to T. ravi. Of larger size, forewing comparatively
more pointed at the apex : hinding also broader, and with more angular

TAGIADES. 93

apex. Upperside of a pale olivaceous-brown, the dusky margins less
distinct on both wings, the apical and discal spots smaller. Female,
upperside also paler than in T. ravi, the apical spots on forewing some-
what smaller, the cell spots similar, the two discal spots somewhat larger.
Underside : forewing with the spots as above : hindwing more intensely
whitish-grey, the discal black spots much smaller and less denned.

Expanse : $ 2, 9 i\ inches.

Habitat : Khasia Hills ; Shillong ; Assam." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Calcutta (de Niceville).

In collection Indian Museum.

137.— TAQIADE8 DISTAN8, MOORE.

Tagiadesdistans, Moore, Lep. Cey.,vol. i,p. 175, pi. 68, figs. I, 10(1880-81).

" Male and female. Upperside vinous-brown, discal areas suffused
with greyish-brown : forewing with three minute semi-transparent white
spots before the apex, two nearly obsolete below them, and two slightly
larger spots in the disc, each bordered with black ; a slight black spot
below the cell near the base : hindwing with a greyish-white border
extending from above anal angle to two-thirds the exterior margin ; a
blackish spot at end of the cell, and a curved series across the disc ;
cilia bordering the band also white.

Expanse : tf ITV, 0 iT9o inches.

Allied to T. ravi, from which it may be distinguished by having the
white band on the hindwing. The Javan T obscurus, Mabille, is also nearly
allied, but differs in the absence of the discal semi-transparent spots on the
forewing." (Moore, I. c.)

Occurs in Ceylon (Wade, Hutchison).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

138.— TAGIADES OBSCURU8, MABILLE.

T. obscurus, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, fifth series, vol. vi,
p. 274, n. 22 (1876).

" Forewings dusky, with three minute apical dots arranged somewhat
in a circle on a black border. Hindwings with the base and exterior margin
concolorous, but from the anal angle to the middle of the margin bluish-
ashy, with three black dots on the border at the exterior margin. Underside
hindwings broadly bluish-white with marginal black spots and the three
black dots spoken of above but smaller.

This species belongs to that section in which the lower wings are not
white with black spots, but brown and washed with bluish-white scales.

We have seen three males ; there are very like the female of
T. gana, Moore.

Habitat : Malay Archipelago, Java ? " (Mabille, I. c.)

Expanse (not given.)

94 TAGIADES.

Also recorded from Cachar (Wood-Mason and de Niceville)', Nilgiris
(Hampson) ; Orissa (Taylor).

I have this species commonly from the Kadur District, Mysore. The
expanse of my specimens is 1-85 inches.

In collection Indian Museum.

139.— TAGIADES MEETANA, MOORE.

Tagiades meetana, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 842, pi. liii, fig. i.

" Male. Allied to T. obscurus, Mabille, from Java : forewing above
similar : hindwing differs in the marginal area of the anal angle being only
slightly white-speckled between the veins ; the cilia below it dark brown
with a very narrow whitish inner line ; on the underside there is less white,
and the black border more lengthened and prominent, the cilia also being
brown.

Expanse : if inches.

Habitat : Meetan, 3,000 ft. (U. Tenasserim) April." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Tavoy (Elwes and de Niceville) ; Belgaum (Swinhoe).

I have several specimens of this species from Beeling, U. Tenasserim.

HO.— TAGIADES ALICA, MOORE.

Tagiades alica, Moore, P. Z. S., 1877, p. 593, pi. Iviii, fig. ii $ .

Tagiades alica, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. xlix, pt.
2, 1880, p. 241, n. 79, 9 .

" Male. Allied to T. obscurus, Mabille, from Java, but of a blacker
colour, the forewing being more pointed, the hindwing more produced at the
anal angle. Markings above similar ; on the underside the hindwing has
more prominent black discal marks, and a much broader black border on
the grey portion of the outer margin.

Expanse : i J inches.

Habitat : S. Andamans." (Moore, I. c.)

" Female. Above lighter, the dark markings consequently appearing
more prominent.

The anterior wing has a minute transparent speck behind the three sub-
apical ones, a very indistinct and small double whitish spot near the end of
the cell on the upperside, and two discal whitish spots on the underside, the
anterior one of which only is partially transparent and visible on the upper-
side. The posterior wing is less white above and has the anal angle
rounded as in T. obscurus." (Wood-Mason and de Niceville, I. c.)

Also recorded from Andamans by Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Niceville,
and from Tavoy by Messrs. Elwes and de Niceville, who note that this
species " Differs from T. meetana in having the upperside of the hindwing
broadly white, not slightly white-speckled between the veins, as in that
species, and the cilia white throughout instead of being tipped with dark
brown."

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

TAGIADES. 95

141.— TAGIADES MENAKA, MOORE.

Goniloba menaka, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., p. 246.

Pterygosidea, menaka, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 778.

" Male and female dark brown.

Male. Forewing with six minute semi-transparent white spots,
recurving before the apex, and two similar spots from near middle of the
costa : hindwing with a large discal quadrate space pure white, a series of
brown marginal spots with their interspaces greyish, and within the white
space too smaller paler spots. Base of abdomen white.

Female. Marked as in the male, but having the semi-transparent spots
on the forewing larger, the black marginal spots of hindwing more distinct
and apart, and with the two spots on the white space. Underside as the
upperside both sexes having the base of the hindwings, palpi beneath, legs
and body greyish-white, and the black spots on the hindwing extending
towards the base of the anterior margin. Palpi above brown.

Expanse : \» i£, 9 if inches.

Habitat : N. E. Bengal." (Moore, P. Z. S., /. c.)

Also occurs in Sikkim (de Niceville) ; Andamans (Wood-Mason and de
Niceville) ; Kangra (Moore}.

In collection Indian Museum.

142.— TAGIADES ATTICUS, FABRICIUS.

Hespeiria atticus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., vol. iii, pt. i, p. 339.
Tagiades atticus, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 175, pi. 68, fig. 2 (1880-81).
Tagiades atticus, var. calligana, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 387, pi. xxxiv,
fig. 6 (1886).

" Upperside dark vinous-brown ; forewing with seven minute semi-
transparent white spots recurving before the apex, two within end of the
cell and one above its end ; hindwing with a large pure white quadrate
anal patch bordered before the apex by two rather large black spots, and
along exterior margin by four smaller spots ; cilia bordering the patch also
white. Underside paler, the white patch extending to base of hindwing.
Palpi legs and body beneath greyish-white.

Expanse : # i£, £ ^ inches." (Moore, I. c.)

Occurs in Ceylon (Hutchison, Wade, Macwood) ; Orissa (Taylor); Cachar
(Wood-Mason and de Niceville)', Sikkim (de Niceville, Elwes) ; Nilgiris
(H amp son).

Doherty records this species from Kumaon and considers it synonymous
with menaka, Moore; Mr. Elwes also considers it synonymous with
menaka, and states that specimens from Bhutan have no black spots
within the white patch of the hindwing. Mr. de Niceville states that the
only difference he can detect between the.two species is that T. atticm has
two spots in the cell of the forewing, and menaka only one, and that

TAGIADES.

though both occur in Sikkim he has never received both species from any
other locality.

On the whole the probability seems to be that this and the preceding
are identical, in which view Mr. de Niceville now agrees.

In collection Indian Museum and de Niceville.

143.— TAGIADES GANA, MOORE.

Ptevygospidea gana, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 180.

Tagiades gana, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 388, pi. xxxiv, fig. 2, tf
(1886).

" Male and female dark brown.

Male. Upperside with three minute semi-transparent spots obliquely
before the apex ; a transverse discal series of streaks, a small patch within
the cell, one near the base of the wing, and exterior margin blackish ;
hindwing with the lower third pure white which is straightly separated
from the brown of the basal portion ; apical margin and three spots on
the upper part of the disc, black, and two spots on the middle of the
white anterior margin. Underside paler brown, semi-transparent spots on
forewing as above : hindwing white suffused with brown along the anterior
margin : upper discal and marginal spots as above black.

Female paler. Upperside somewhat greyish-brown ; forewing with
spots and blackish discal streaks, and hindwing with upper discal spots
as in male : exterior margin of hindwing greyish-white. Underside as in
male. Ciiia of both sexes pure white on the lower portion of the hindwing,
the rest brown.

Expanse : tf if, ? i-f- inches.

Habitat : Bengal." (Moore, I. c.)

Also occurs in Sikkim (de Niceville ; Elwes).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

144.— TAGIADES MINUTA, MOORE.

Tagiades minuta, Moore, Annals and Magazine Nat. Hist., series iv, vol.
xx, p. 343(1877).

Tagiades minuta, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 176, pi. 68, fig. 440,
(1880-81).

" Male and female. Upperside, dark olive-brown. Cilia of hindwing
white, of forewing slightly whitish at posterior angle. Underside, fore-
wing greyish-white on middle of hind margin ; hindwing greyish-white,
except along anterior border ; a small blackish spot at end of the cell,
and a medial discal series of spots ; outer margin brown speckled. Palpi
body and legs beneath grey-white. Legs above brown.

Expanse: $ i£, 9 if inches." (Moore, I. c. in Lep. Cey.) Occurs
in Ceylon (Wade).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

TAGIADES. 97

145.— TAGIADES PRALAYA, MOORE.

Goniloba pvalaya, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 246 (1857).

Pterygospidea pralaya, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 779.

" Male and female yellowish-brown, veins paler on the disc. Upper-
side : forewing with numerous series of variously-shaped small semi-
transparent white spots, five of which are placed obliquely before the apex,
the rest disposed from near middle of the costa and extending across the
disc, three of which are in the form of elongated streaks : hindwing with
the exterior half orange-yellow, having a subbasal series of longitudinal
black streaks between the yellow veins : apex with suffused blackish spots.
Abdomen with yellow segmental bands. Underside as above : forewing
with the veins from the base lined with yellow ; a series of submarginal
ill-defined yellow spots. Palpi, body, and legs yellowish-brown.

Expanse : $ if ; 9 2 inches.

Habitat : Bengal." (Moore, P. Z. S., I. c.}

Also recorded from Ahsown, Upper Tenasserim (Limborg) ; Sikkim
(Elwes).

T. trichoneura of Felder is distinguished by the pearly-white colour of
the hindwing beneath.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

146— TAGIADES TRICHONEURA, FELDER.

Pterygospidea trichoneura, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon., vol. iv, p. 402,. n.
31 (1860) ; id., Reise Nov. Lep., vol. iii, pi. 73, figs. 14, 15 (1867).

Tagiades trichoneura, Kheil, Rhop. der Insel Nias, p. 38, n. 149 (1881).

Tagiades trichoneura, (var.}, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 389, pi. xxxiv, fig.
20 (1886).

" Wings above dark purplish-brown ; anterior wings with the neuration
more or less greyish, and with thirteen pale greyish spots, situated two in
and two above cell, four in oblique series beneath cell, and five subapical
(there is sometimes a small fourteenth subcostal spot as in the specimen
figured). Posterior wings with the outer margin from the upper median
nervule to anal angle broadly orange-yellow, and the same colour is
extended narrowly for a short distance along the margin as far as the lower
subcostal nervule, two elongate spots in cell, a discal series of elongate
spots and the apical margin dark purplish. Anterior wings beneath as
above, but with a few additional greyish spots ; posterior wings beneath
pearly- white, the costal and apical areas purplish-brown, containing a
series of dark purplish elongate spots. Body above purplish-brown, the
abdominal segments margined with greyish ; body beneath with legs
greyish.

Expanse : 33 to 44 millim.

Habitat : Malay Peninsula, Perak (Kiinstler, Calc. Mus.} ; Malacca
(coll. Standings and Felder} ; Nias Island (Kheil} ; Java (Felder}" (Distant, I.e.}

13

98 ABARATHA.

I have two specimens of this species from Beeling, Upper Tenasserim, they
are absolutely identical with Distant's figure, and have the underside of
the hindwing pearly-white and not ochraceous as in T. pmUya.

There are single specimens of this and the preceding species in the
Phayre Museum, Rangoon, the former from the Karen Hills and the latter
from Tavoy. They are readily separable by the colour of the underside of
the hindwing.

147t_TAGIADES HELFERI, FELDER.

Pterygospidea helferi, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien., voL
xii, p. 483, n. 116 (1862).

"Wings above fuscous, forewing on both sides with minute spots
beyond the disc and some submarginal hyaline dots, obsolete discal spots
dusky-black, hindwing on both sides with a discoidal spot and others
exterior more or less obsolete dusky-black, underside with the inner margin
washed with bluish-white, hind margin obsoletely fuscous. </ .

Allied to P. japetns, Cramer. Occurs with slight variations on the
Indian continent. The Nicobar specimens are smaller than the continental
ones. The species has a certain resemblance to some species of Eudamus.

Habitat : Pulo Milu [Nicobars] ." (Felder, I. c.)

Mr. de Niceville informs me that this species occurs commonly in the
Nicobar group of islands, and has been obtained on Kamorta, Nankowrir
Katschall, Kondul, and Meroe, by the late Mr. F. A. de Roepstorff
and Mr. Man.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS XXXII.-ABARATHA.

Abaratha, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 181 (1881).

Abaratha, Distant, Rhop. MaL, p. 391 (1886).

" Forewing triangular ; apex pointed ; exterior margin short, oblique,
slightly convex and uneven ; posterior margin short ; first and fourth
subcostals at equal distances apart, first emitted at one-third before end
of the cell ; disco-cellulars inwardly oblique, upper radial from angle near
subcostal, lower from their middle ; cell two-thirds the wing ; middle
median at one-fourth and lower at two-thirds before end of the cell ; sub-
median much recurved : hindwing short, apex angular, exterior margin
sinuously angular below the apex and in the middle ; abdominal margin
rather long ; second subcostal at one-fourth before end of the cell ; disco-
cellulars nearly erect, upper shortest, radial from their middle ; cell broad,
middle median from close to end of the cell and lower at beyond one-third
before the end ; submedian straight, internal recurved. Body short, robust ;
palpi laterally compressed in front, terminal joint short, conical ; legs
naked ; antennae hooked, club thick and bluntly pointed.

Type: A. ransonnetii" (Moore, I.e.)

ABARATHA. 99'

148.— ABARATHA RANSONNETII, FELDER*

Pterygospidea ransonnetii, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch., 1868, p. 284.
Pterygospidta potiphera, Hewitson, Exot. Butt., vol. v, Ptevygospidea,

pi. i, fig. 7 (i873)-

Abaratha ransonnetii, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i,p. 182, pi. 97, fig. i{i88i).

Abaratha taylorii, de Niceville,]. A. S. B., vol. Hi, pt. 2, p. 88, pi. x, fig.
13, malt (1883).

" Upperside fuliginous ochreous-brown. Male ; forewing with three
small semi-transparent white spots before the apex (and sometimes one or
two very minute spots obliquely below them), two spots within end of the
cell, a slender spot between the upper and middle median veins, a
larger spot between the latter vein and submedian, and followed below
it by two small obliquely disposed spots ; a marginal double row of
pale indistinct small lunules ; hindwing with a broad medial discal
macular pale ochreous band traversed by brown veins and a spot within
end of the cell, the outer discal area suffused with grey-brown. Cilia
alternated with white. Female ; forewing with the spots and marginal
lunules, and the macular band on hindwing more prominent, the latter also
more distinctly bordered with grey. • Underside : forewing paler brown ; the
basal area greyish -white, the spots with clouded black outer borders ;
hindwing greyish-white, the outer margin only being brown, traversed by a
curved discal series of small blackish spots.

Expanse : </ if ; 9 i| inches." (Moore, I. c.)

Occurs Ceylon (Hutchison, Wade, Mackwood) ; Orissa, (Taylor) ; Nilgiris,
(Hampson) .

The dry-season form which has been named A. taylorii by de Niceville
differs in being ochreous not dark brown above, and in having the disc of
the hindwing unmarked with a group of ochreous spots and streaks.

A similar variation has been noted by Mr. de Niceville in C. tissa, a not
very distantly allied species, and in both cases it is the dry-season form
which is the paler.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

149.— ABARATHA SARAYA, DOHERTY.

Abaratha saraya, Doherty, J. A. S. B., 1886, p. 138.

" Agrees with Mr. Moore's description of the genus Abaratha except
that the apex of the forewing is not acute but right-angled, that of the
hindwing decidedly rounded. The outer margin of the hindwing is also
more scalloped, and less irregularly angulate. Above fuscous, with the
following tawny-ochreous marks : — a line of streaks just within the margin ;
a line of square spots from the costa to the upper median branch, continued
to the hind-margin by a series of large and more irregular blurs, removed
further from the outer margin ; a dull area just beyond the cell, from costa
to the middle median ; three large irregular spots occupying the middle of
the cell, and the two spaces below between the submedian and the middle

100 ABARATHA.

median. Also the following translucent spots : — five apical ones, the upper
three elongate and approximate ; one at the end of the cell almost bifid,
with a dot on the costa above it ; four on the disc from the submedian to
the upper median, the second from above largest of all and adjoining that
at the end of the cell. Also one in the cell near the base. All these are
surrounded by blackish rings above and below. A blackish marginal line ;
cilia long, alternately black and whitish. Hindwing rusty-ochreous, with a
marginal dark line, and a discal, a cellular, and a submarginal row of dusky
spots but no translucent ones. Below paler ochreous, without any rufous
tinge, the translucent spots set in small blackish patches; a submarginal
line of joined dusky spots, and a dark streak near the base from the sub-
median to the median veins. Hindwing with a black transverse streak at
the end of the cell, a fainter one near the base of the cell, and a circle of
large and conspicuous black spots nine in all round the disc, whereof two
are between the costal and the subcostal and two between the median and
the submedian veins ; whitish hairs at the extreme base. Body dull
ferruginous above, whitish below. Female unknown.

Differs from A. ransonnetii, Felder, its nearest ally, in the absence of all
white on the disc below. In colouring it is somewhat intermediate between
A . ransonnetii and the curious A . agama of Sikkim, which seems to mimic
Argynnis isaea.

One male, Bagheswar on the Sarju, 3,500 ft." [Kumaon] . (Doherty,

I.e.)

150.— ABARATHA SYRICHTHUS, FELDER.

Pterygospidea syrichthus, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 530,
n. 938, pi. Ixxii, figs. 22, 23 (1867).

Pyrgus agama, Moore, MS., Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 249,
n. 556, pi. vii, figs, i, larva ; la, pupa (1857).

The Latin in which this species is described is so very obscure that I
have thought it better to quote it in full instead of giving a translation
of it, as without examples of the species it is very difficult to translate it
correctly.

" $ . Alse ciliis latiusculis, fuscis, albo intercisis, supra omnes fuscae,
anticae maculis duabus cellulse, totidem interioribus basalibus, lunula
disco-cellulari, maculis submarginalibus in serie fracta aliisque antemargi-
nalibus seriatis minoribus albidis, macula cellulari excisa, quatuor
interioribus (secunda inter ramum medianum primum et secundum majore)
tribusque congestis subapicalibus subhyalinis, in certo situ argenteo
micantibus, posticae macula cellulari, duabus anticis, aliis inaequalibus
proxime pone cellulam, dein septem submarginalibus aliisque antemar-
ginalibus in serie margini parallela albidis.

Alae anticae subtus pallidiores, maculis iisdem sed majoribus, basi
#laucescente, posticae albae, ad basin glaucescentes, margine antico fusco
atomato, externo excise fusco, maculis duabus anticis, virgula saepe

CTENOPTILUM. IOI

evanescente maculaque cellaribus, maculis sex exterioribus aliisque
grossioribus antemarginalibus fuscis.

Habitat : Java." (F elder, I. c.)

Expanse not given [1*7" Felder's figure] .

Mr. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 458), says, " Mr. Doherty
mentions this species as having been taken in Sikkim. Moller aJso has
taken what I believe to be this species in the Terai during the rains."

Mr. Hampson [J. A. S. B., 1888, p. 368] , states that a single specimen
was taken by Mr. Alfred Lindsay on the southern slopes of the Nilgiri
Hills at 3,000 feet elevation.

Since writing the above I have, during May, obtained several
specimens of this species at Loungat at the foot of the Chin Hills in
Upper Burma. They settled invariably on the ground with their wings
extended flat. The following description is taken from my specimens : —

Expanse: 1*5 inches.

Upperside, brown with numerous white and straw-coloured spots.
Forewing with a minute white spot near base of cell, two conjoined
straw-coloured spots beyond it also minute, a large square outwardly-
indented white spot near end of cell, with a minute linear straw-
coloured one above it, and a lunate straw-coloured spot closing the
cell ; a round white spot beneath this last one, with three rounded white
spots — of which the centre one is minute — nearer base of wing and
almost directly below the large white spot in cell, also three small
straw-coloured spots still nearer base of wing; a discal row of nine
spots, curving across the wing, beyond the cell, of which, the upper
three are white, conjoined, and linear, the next two also white and
minute, and the remainder straw-coloured ; four apical submarginal
straw-coloured spots, and a complete row of eight similar marginal ones.
Hindwing, with a spot near base, another lunate one in cell, and two
complete marginal rows, all straw-coloured ; inner margin heavily
clothed with long fuscous setae. Underside, forewing densely clothed
at base with greyish-white scales, the spots as above but all white, the
yellow ones of the upperside being opaque and the white ones semi-
transparent. Hindwing, white, with the spots as above but more
numerous and black, a prominent anteciliary black line. Cilia above
and below alternated with black and white. Antennae, fuscous ; body
fuscous above and whitish beneath.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS XXXIII.— CTENOPTILUM.

Ctenoptilum, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. v,

p. 220 (1890).

" Forewing, narrow, elongated ; costa arched at base, then straight to
apex ; apex acute ; outer margin at right angles to costa from apex to termi-

IO2 CTENOPTILUM.

nation of third median nervule, this portion also being slightly excavated,
from third median nervule to inner angle strongly inwardly oblique, also
slightly concave ; inner angle rather acute ; inner margin sinuous ; costal
nervure very short, not nearly reaching opposite to the apex of the discoidal
cell ; first, second, and third subcostal nervules also very short, rapidly reaching
the costa, fourth subcostal long, extending to apex of wing, the bases of all
the subcostals nearly equi-distant ; terminal portion of subcostal nervure
reaching outer margin below apex of wing ; discoidal cell long, narrow,
reaching to more than half though less than two-thirds the length of the
wing ; upper disco -cellular nervule short, straight, outwardly oblique ; middle
and lower disco-cellulars straight, slightly inwardly oblique, the lower a
little longer than the middle ; second median nervule arising considerably
before the lower end of the cell ; first median arising much nearer to the
base of the wing than to the lower end of the cell ; submedian nervure sinuous,
following the outline of the inner margin ; internal nervure short, running
into the submedian nervure as usual. Hindwing, with the base of the
costa much produced, thence gently curving to apex ; outer margin slightly
produced tooth-like at apex of first subcostal nervule, very strongly at third
median nervule, thence inwardly oblique to anal angle and slightly con-
cave ; anal angle rounded ; inner margin nearly straight ; costal nervure curved,
reaching the apex of the wing ; first subcostal nervule originating long before
the apex of the discoidal cell ; disco -cellular nervules of equal length,
almost straight, slightly outwardly oblique ; discoidal nervule fine but quite
distinct ; second median nervule given off close to the lower end of the cell ;
first median arising nearer to lower end of the cell than to the base of the
wing; submedian and internal nervures almost straight. Antenna about half
as long as the costa of the forewing, with a well-formed club ; thorax rather
stout ; abdomen rather slender, not quite reaching to anal angle of hindwing.
Male with no secondary sexual characters on the wings, but with a dense
tuft of hairs attached to the anterior end of the tibia of the hind legs, the
hairs extending to the apex of the first joint of the tarsus. Female like
the male, except that the wings are rather larger and broader. Type, the
" Achlyodes" vasava of Moore.

Ctenoptilum is evidently nearest allied to Odontoptilum, mihi, but differs
considerably in the outline of the wings, in the shortness of the costal
nervure and subcostal nervules of the forewing, and especially in the
setose clothing of the legs of the male, in Ctenoptilum the hairs are much
longer and do not form such a large and dense mass as in Odontoptilum,
and are attached to the tibia of the hindlegs instead of to the coxa of the
forelegs.

As far as is known to me, the genus contains but two species, which
occur in Sikkim, Assam, and Burma. They probably rest with wide out-
spread wings." (de Niceville, I. c.)

CTENOPTILUM. 103

151.— CTENOPTILUM VASAYA, MOORE.

Achlyodes vasava, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 786.

Ctenoptilum vasava, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. v,
p. 221 (1890).

" Upperside dull ferruginous, palest on the hindwing : fore wing
slightly suffused with blackish along the posterior margin ; an irregular
series of variously-shaped semi-transparent spots disposed across the disc,
with an exterior blackish transverse streak : hindwing with the base
suffused with blackish, a subbasal agglomerated series of irregularly-shaped
semi-transparent spots. Underside paler, marked as above, but without
the transverse black outer streak on the forewing.

Palpi and body beneath whitish. Legs ferruginous.

Expanse : i£ inches.

Habitat : Darjeeling." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Upper Assam (Butler) ; Sikkinr (Elwes).

According to Mr. Elwes a very nearly allied if not identical species
occurs in N. China, and he states he has two specimens of another pos-
sibly new species (presumably allied to this and probably the species
described next below), from Akyab and Tenasserim.

I obtained a single specimen from Beeling, Upper Tenasserim, iden-
tified by Mr. de Niceville.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

152.— CTENOPTILUM MULTIGUTTATA, DE NICEVILLE.

Ctenoptilum multiguttata, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. v, p. 221, n. 16, pi. E, fig. 10, $ (1890).

Habitat : Burma.

Expanse : d", 9 , 1*5 inches.

" Description : Male. Upperside, loth wings reddish -ochreous, with
numerous lustrous semi-transparent white spots. Forewing with a small
spot in the discoidal cell towards the base, with an elongated spot below it
in the submedian interspace, sometimes divided into two ; a very large
spot at the end of the discoidal cell, outwardly anteriorly deeply incised ;
two spots above it just below the costa divided by the first subcostal
nervule ; a discal curved series of ten spots, of which the first four are of
nearly equal size (the uppermost the smallest), divided by the subcostal
nervules, followed by a rapidly increasing series of four spots, one in each
interspace ; then by two spots, the lower three times as large as the upper,
in the submedian interspace ; a submarginal obscure fuscous band. Hind-
wing with a clump of spots shewing great diversity in shape and size occupy-
ing the middle of the wing ; a submarginal dark fascia as in the forewing.
Underside, loth wings coloured and marked as above, but all except the
outer margin thickly frosted with grey, which appearance is found on
examination under a strong lens to be due to the presence of long white

104 ODONTOPTILUM.

hair-like scales scattered somewhat sparsely over the surface. Female
differs from the male only in being rather paler, and the submarginal
dark fascia above more prominent.

Near to the " Achlyodes" vasava of Moore from Sikkim, Assam [and
Upper Tenasserim] , from which it differs in its more reddish less ochreous
ground-colour, considerably less angulated wings, the forewing on the
upperside on the disc and base not suffused with black, the third spot of
the discal series equal in length to the spot on either side of it, instead
of, as in C. vasava, being greatly lengthened out and ending in a point
just below the costa ; and all the spots on the hindwing smaller, especi-
ally those in the discoidal cell, the middle spot of C. vasava being divided
into two in C. multiguttata.

Described from two male specimens from the Meplay Valley, taken in
February, another from the Donat Range, taken in January, and a female
from the valley of the Houngdarou taken in March, all in Upper Burma,
by Majors C. T. Bingham and C. H. E. Adamson. This is probably one
of the species referred to by Mr. H. J. Elwes as from Akyab and Tenas-
serim in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 458, n. 512." (de Niceville, I. c.)

GENUS XXXIV.— ODONTOPTILUM.

Odontoptilum, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. v,
p. 217 (1890).

" Forewing, elongated ; costa gently arched ; apex acute ; outer margin
at first at right angles to the costa, then directed strongly obliquely in-
wardly ; inner angle rather acute, inner margin short, sinuous, of about the
same length as the outer margin ; costal nervure not reaching to opposite the
apex of the discoidal cell ; all four subcostal nervules with their bases about
equally distant one from the other ; the fourth subcostal reaching the apex
of the wing ; the terminal portion of the subcostal nervure ending on the outer
margin considerably below the apex of the wing ; upper disco-cellular ncrvule
stout, straight, short, outwardly oblique ; middle disco-cellular shorter than
lower ; lower disco-cellular straight, in the same straight line as the middle,
both strongly inwardly oblique ; median nervules arising very far apart, second
median arising long before the lower end of the cell ; first median arising
one-third of the length of the cell from the base of the wing ; submedian
nervure sinuous ; internal nervure short and running into the submedian
nervure, both as usual. Hindwing, costa short, much produced at base,
then straight to apex ; outer margin strongly excavated between terminal
points of costal nervure and first subcostal nervule, then arched to anal
angle ; anal angle slightly produced lobe-wise ; inner margin sinuous ; costal
nervure gently arched, ending at apex of wing ; first subcostal nervule arising
some distance before the apex of the discoidal cell ; upper disco -cellular
nervule straight, slightly outwardly oblique, in the same straight line as
the lower ; lower disco-cellular longer than the upper ; discoidal nervule fine

ODONTOPTILUM. 105

but quite distinct ; second median nervule given off just before the lower end
of the cell ; first median given off slightly nearer to the lower end of the
cell than to the base of the wing ; submedian and internal nervures straight.
Antennae less than half as long as the costa of the forewing, with a well-
formed club and hooked tip ; thorax stout, abdomen rather stout, not nearly
as long as the abdominal margin of the hindwing. Sexes alike, male with
no secondary sexual characters on the wings, but the fore legs are furnish-
ed with a very thick tuft of hairs attached to the anterior end of the coxa,
the hairs being slightly longer than that joint. Type, " Achlyodes" sura,
Moore.

Mr. Moore placed the type species of Odontoptilum in the genus
Achlyodes, Hubner (1816), of which the type is the South American fredericus,
Hubner, with which 0. sura will probably be found to have but slight
connection. Mr. Distant placed O. sura in the genus Abaratka, Moore
(1881), of which the Pterygospidea ransonnetii of Felder is the type. In
that genus the forelegs of the males are furnished with a tuft of long setae
which are also found in O . sura, but are very much shorter and much more
dense in the latter. The type species of Abaratha and Odontoptilum differ
also in the shape of the discoidal cell of both wings ; in the former in the
forewing the middle disco-cellular nervule is upright, and therefore forms
an obtuse angle with the inwardly oblique lower disco-cellular ; in the
latter the two veins are in one straight line ; in the hindwing of the former
the lower disco-cellular is quite upright, thus forming an angle with the
upper outwardly oblique disco-cellular ; in the latter both are in one straight
line, and are outwardly oblique. Otherwise there does not appear to be
much difference between the two genera either in neuration or outline of
the wings. Mr. Kirby places O.sura in the genus Antigonus of Hubner
(1816), of which the nearchus of Latrielle from South America is the type*
It is very improbable that this species either is congeneric with sura.

The genus Odontoptilum occurs all along the outer ranges of the
Himalayas, in South India, in Assam, Burma, the Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, the Philippine Isles, and China. They rest
with wide outspread wings,'1 (de Niceville, I. c.)

153.— ODONTOPTILUM SURA, MOORE.

Achlyodes sura, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 786.

Abaratha sura, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 391, pi. xxxiv, fig. 16, <?
(1886).

Odontoptilum sura, de NicSville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. v,
p. 218 (1890).

"Male and female vinaceous-brown, palest on the hindwing. Male,
forewing dull chestnut-brown along exterior margin, with a black transverse
band one-third from the base ; a geminated semi-transparent spot on costa
before the apex, surrounded by suffused black ; a semi-transparent lunule

io6

DARPA.

and a small spot on the lower part of the disc, bordered without by a
black band : hindwing with a transverse subbasal, an elbowed discal, and
a lower submarginal purplish-white line ; apex of wing with suffused
black patch and lower marginal blackish pale-bordered spots. Underside
brown, forewing suffused with greyish-white at the base ; markings as
above : hindwing greyish-white, the transverse lines less denned, marginal
spots blacker, and a blackish spot near base of wing. Palpi above black.
Palpi and body beneath and legs greyish-white. Female paler, marked on
upper-and undersides as in male.

Expanse : $ if ; 9 if inches.

Habitat : N.-E. Bengal." (Moore, I.e.]

Also recorded from Cachar (Wood-Mason and de Niceville) ; Orissa
(Taylor)', Kumaon (Doherty) ; Tavoy (Elwes and de Niceville) ; Nilgiris
(Hampson) ; Sikkim (de Niceville', Elwes).

I have this species commonly from Rangoon.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS XXXV.— DARPA.

Darpa, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, P- 7Sl-

" Palpi stout, densely pilose ; third joint small, conical, hidden by the
hairs. Antennae moderate, hooked at the tip ; legs short ; femora slightly
pilose ; fore tibiae short and rather stout ; mid tibiae slightly and hind
tibiae densely pilose ; mid and hind tibiae armed with a pair of short
spurs (the usual second pair on the latter invisible). Body stout, abdomen
short. Wings small ; costa of forewing nearly straight ; exterior margin
irregularly scalloped, produced in the middle : hindwing somewhat qua-
drate ; exterior margin irregularly scalloped, produced to an angle in the
middle.'' (Moore, I. c.)

154.— DARPA HANRIA, MOORE.

Darpa hanria, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 781, pi. xlii, fig. 2.

" Upperside black, with minute bluish-grey scales in patches between
the veins and narrowly along the veins : forewing with a series of semi-
transparent irregular-shaped spots, the largest of which is within the extre-
mity of the cell, others above and beneath it ; before the apex are three
small conjugated spots : hindwing with a pale yellow space broadly occu-
pying the lower portion of the exterior margin : apical and two medial
angles with a black spot ; base of wing adorned with very long brown and
yellow hairs. Underside paler ; forewing with markings as above, densely
irrorated with bluish-white scales : hindwing bluish-white at the base,
yellowish-white exteriorly ; anterior margin and apex blackish ; below the
anterior margin are three black spots, and a spot on the two medial angles
of exterior margin. Palpi and body beneath and legs white.

Expanse : if inches.

ERIONOTA.

Habitat : N.-E. Bengal." (Moon, I. c.).

Also recorded from Sikkim (Elwes ; Holler).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS XXXVI.— ERIONOTA.

Erionota, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. xxi, p. 34 (1878).

Erionota, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 390 (1886).

" Anterior wings moderately long, the inner margin longer than the
outer, costal margin very slightly sinuate, inner margin distinctly sinuate.
Costal nervure terminating on costa nearly opposite end of cell ; fifth sub-
costal nervule emitted at about end of cell : disco- cellular nervules moder-
ately oblique, the upper and lower subequal in length ; second median
nervule with its base more than twice as far apart from that of lower as
from that of upper median nervule. Posterior wings about as broad as
long, the costal margin obliquely convex, the outer margin irregularly
rounded and slightly sinuate towards anal angle. Subcostal nervules
bifurcating at about half the distance before end of cell ; second median
nervule emitted at rather more than twice the distance from lower than
from upper median nervule, which starts from end of cell. Body long,
robust and pilose ; palpi large, broad and considerably compressed, the
terminal joint very short ; antennae slender, the apex moderately thickened
and curved, not strongly hooked." (Distant, I. c.)

155.— ERIONOTA THRAX, LINN/EUS.

Papilio thmx, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., vol. i, pt. 2, p. 794, n. 260 (1767).

Telegonus thrax, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. li, pt. 2, p. 65, n. 196 (1882).

Erionota thrax, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 393, pi. xxxiv, fig. 17 (1886).

" Male and female. Wings above chocolate-brown ; anterior wings
with three discal pale ochraceous spots, situate one crossing cell, another
beneath cell and between the two lower median nervules, and the third
and smallest between the first and second median nervules ; posterior
wings with the fringe greyish-ochraceous. Wings beneath paler than
above ; posterior wings with a discal, rounded, macular, darker fascia.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Expanse tf and 9 63 to 78 millims." (Distant, I. c.)

Recorded from Calcutta (de Niceville) ; Bengal (Moore) ; Sikkim (Elwes).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

156.— ERIONOTA ACROLEUCA, WOOD-MASON AND DE NICEVILLE.

Telegonus acrokucus, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, Proc. A. S. B.,
August, 1881, p. 143.

Hesperia hiraca, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., September, 1880,
P- 3i3» ?•

Hesperia acroleuca, Wood-Mason and de Niceville,]. A. S. B., vol. 1,
pt. 2, p. 260, n. 126 (1881).

108 CASYAPA.

" Male. Wings above dark brown slightly suffused with vinous.
Anterior wings tipped with ashy-white, and with three large semi-trans-
parent pale yellow quadrangular lustrous spots arranged as in E. thrax,
namely, one in the cell with its outer margin bifestooned, and its inner
biscalloped, another larger and elongated below and partly under this
between the first and second median veinlets, and a third, the smallest of
the three, rhomboidal, between the second and third median veinlets, and
with the cilia dusky at the apex, but gradually becoming pale yellow
towards the inner angle. Posterior wings darker towards the outer margin,
with all the cilia pale yellow. Wings below paler and duller, suffused
with purple on the disc, and ornamented — especially on the medial area
of the posterior pair — with scattered ochreous setiform scales. Antennae
black, with the straight portion of the club broadly and conspicuously
incompletely ringed with cretaceous-white, and the much shorter terminal
hooked portion red internally. Female, differs from the male only in its
larger size, and in not having the anterior wings tipped with ashy, nor
the antennae nearly so conspicuously ringed with white, c? 9 Eyes blood-
red. Palpi with the terminal joint rudimentary.

Expanse: <f 2*26; 9 2-32 inches.

Habitat : Andamans." (Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J.A.S. B., I. c.)

Also recorded from Sikkim (de Niceville).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS XXXVII.— CASYAPA.

Casyapa, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 576 (1871).

Chatocneme,* Felder, Sitzb. Ak. Wiss., Math. Nat. Cl., vol. xl, p. 46a
(1860).

Casyapa, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 385 (1886).

"In this genus the anterior wings are relatively somewhat shorter
and broader than in the preceding genera (viz., Baoris, Telicota, Satarupa), the
costal margin is slightly falcate at apex, the outer margin nearly straight ;
the upper disco-cellular nervule is shorter than the lower, which is
obliquely directed inwardly, and the base of the second median nervule
is a little more than twice as far apart from that of the lower as from that
of the upper median nervule. The posterior wings are subovate, the first
and second median nervules having an apparently common origin at
about end of cell. The body is robust and hairy, the palpi broad, thickly
clothed with somewhat short hairs and directed upwards and forwards •
the antennae are of moderate length, with a well-thickened curved club,
which is not so strongly hooked as in Satarupa ; the posterior tibiae are
very prominently spined and clothed with very long hairs." (Distant, I. c.)

* "This name was preoccupied by Chatocneme in Coleoptera and therefore the
genus was rightly renamed by Mr. Kirby." (Distant, I. c.)

CASYAPA. ICQ

157.— CASYAPA PHAN/EUS, HEWITSON.

Eudamus phanceus, Hewitson, Desc. Hesp., p. 14, n. 24 (1867).

Casyapa phanceus, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 386, pi. xxxv, fig. 18
(1886).

Erionota ? lalita, Doherty, J. A. S. B., 1886, p. 263.

" </ . Above light but very bright ferruginous, slightly paler out-
wardly, marked with translucent ochreous spots set in black rings. On
the forewing, one large triangular spot near the end of the cell, another
larger and quadrate below it between the lower median branches, a third
much smaller and rounded, slightly beyond them between the upper
medians. Below these two minute ones with the translucent pupil obso-
lescent, set obliquely in the interno-median space : also five subapical ones,
small, well separated, the third and fourth furthest from the base, the third
largest, the fourth and fifth minute. Hindwing with a transverse black
spot at the end of the cell, and a semicircle of eight smaller ones on the
disc round it, of which only one or two are pupilled with hyaline : the first
which is placed basally between the costal and subcostal veins is obscure.
Below duller ferruginous, the markings similar, the black rings of the spots
of the forewing less distinct. Body densely clad with rust-red fur, eyes
scarlet. Expanse sixty millimetres. ? unknown, probably very similar.

I caught two males on Sirtai Mountain (2,000 ft.), in the Lushai
country, north-east of Chittagong and South of Cachar.

The type of Erionota is thrax, but Mabille includes irava in the genus.
On account of its possible affinity with that species (which I have never
seen), I put this rare butterfly under the head of Erionota. It seems
however to bear more resemblance to Felder's species of Chcetocneme and
Netrocoryne from the Australian and Austro- Malayan region." (Dohcvty, I. c.)
This species was first described from Sarawak, Borneo, by Hewitson.
Distant records it from Malay Peninsula, Singapore (Wallace, coll. Godman
and Salving.

In collection de Niceville, and there are several specimens in the
Rangoon Museum, from Rangoon, and also from Myittha in Tavoy.

158.— CASYAPA LIDDERDALI, ELWES.

Ckatocneme 1 lidderdali, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 459.

" This remarkable species is only known to me from a single
specimen in the British Museum, which came out of Lidderdale's collec-
tion, and though it may possibly have come from Buxa, is more probably
a Sikkim insect.

Colour olive-brown, darker towards the apex, with yellowish-olive hair
on thorax and hindwing. A series of irregular transparent spots near the
apex of forewing, and five larger ones in a band across it, the largest of
which closes the end of the cell. On the hindwing above is a series of
eight oblong black spots margined with light olive. Fringe of hindwing

IIO GANGARA.

light olive. Beneath the markings are similar, with the addition of a
black oblong spot across the end of the cell of the hindwing. Abdomen
dark, with olive bands. Antennae brown.

Expanse : 2 inches.

This species is placed without a name in the genus Chcetocnemc in the
British Museum collection.

A species which seems allied to this has recently been described from
the Tipperah Hills by Doherty in J. A. S. B., 1886, p. -263, as *Eri<mota
lalita." (Elwes, I. c.)

GENUS XXXVIII.— GANGARA.

Gangara, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 164 (1881).

Gangara, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 394 (1886).

" Wings, large ; forewing elongated, triangular ; costa arched at the
base; apex bluntly pointed ; exterior margin short, oblique ; cell broad,
clavate, extending two-thirds the wing ; subcostal much arched along
the cell, its branches at equal distances apart, first branch at two-fifths
before end of the cell ; disco -cellulars inwardly oblique, upper bent near
subcostal, upper radial from its angle, lower from their middle ; the
middle median at one-sixth and lower at four-sixths before end of the cell ;
tubmedian curved in the middle : hindwing short, broad, somewhat
quadrate ; apex convex, exterior margin somewhat produced and convexly
angular in the middle ; abdominal margin short ; cell short, extending one-
third the wing and of equal width throughout ; costal vein very slightly
arched, second subcostal at one-third before end of the cell ; disco-cellulars
obliquely concave, slender ; no radial visible ; middle median from near end
and lower at one-half before end of the cell ; both the middle and lower
medians and the submedian vein in the male swollen towards the base, and
clothed on the upperside of the wing with long hair; submedian and
internal straight. Body large, .robust ; palpi thick, compactly flattened
outwardly in front, terminal joint very short, broad, conical; antennae
slender, tip finely pointed.

Type : G. thyrsis." (Moore, I. c.)

159.— GANGARA THYRSIS, FABRICIUS.

Papilio thyrsis, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 532 (1775).

Telegonus thyrsis, Butler, Cat. Lep. Fab., p. 262.

Hesperia pandia, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 790.

Gangara thyrsis, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 163, pi. 66, figs. 3, 30,
(1881).

Gangara thyrsis, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 394, pi. 35, fig. 13 (1886).

" Male and female dark chocolate-brown. Forewing with bright
yellow semi-transparent quadrate spots disposed triangularly, the first large

* ViAc preceding species.

HI DART. HI

and occupying half the cell, the second also large, obliquely beneath and
partly beyond, the third small and obliquely above the second ; above the
last are three smaller spots obliquely before the apex, the two upper
being geminated ; in some specimens beneath the subapical spots is a small
dot, and on the posterior margin another, both similar to the rest ; cilia at
posterior angle brownish-white ; hindwing with the cilia at the anterior
angle brownish-white. Underside, forewing irrorated with grey scales
near the apex, posterior margin pale brownish-white, spots yellow as
above ; hindwing irrorated with grey scales in a series of bands across
the wing.

Expanse : 2| to 3^ inches.
Habitat : Bengal." (Moore, 1. c. in P. Z. S.)

" Larva greyish-white with a few ochreous dorsal spots and marks.
From the body, according to Dr. Thwaites, a loose shaggy filamentous
clothing consisting of pure wax is excreted, but which is easily rubbed
off when handled, leaving the larva quite naked. Feeds on Palmacece.
Pupa pale olivaceous-yellow ; the tongue spirally protruded." (Moort,Lep.
Cey., I. c.)

Recorded from Ceylon (Wade; Mackwood) ; Bombay (Swinhoe) ; Nicobars,
Andamans, and Cachar ( Wood-Mason and de Niceville) ; Calcutta (de Niceville] ;
Orissa (Taylor] ; Nilgiris (Hampson).

" The male of this species presents, on the upperside of each anterior
wing, three lines of modified scales, namely, one along the posterior side
of the median vein between the origins of its first and second branches,
another on each side of the first median veinlet from the origin of this up
to the second discal spot, and a third, also double, along an equal portion of
the submedian vein, and a thick clothing of setae paler than the ground-
colour at the base of the interno-median area, and a similar clothing of
paler setae on the middle three-fourths of the sutural area ; and, on the
underside, a conspicuous and equally long furry patch of pale fulvous
coarse setae divided by the submedian vein." ( Wood-Mason and de Niceville^
J.A.S.B., i88i,p. 261).

This species occurs commonly at Rangoon and Beeling, Upper
Tenasserim.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS XXXIX.— HIDARI.

Hidari, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 395 (1886).

"This genus differs from Evionota and Gangava in having the upper
disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wings longer than the lower; the
base of the second median nervule of the anterior wings is also not
more than twice as far apart from lower as from upper median nervule."
(Distant, I. c.)

T-I2 HIDARI.

160.— HIDARI IRAVA, MOORE-

Hesperia irava, Moore (Horsfield and Moore), Cat. Lep. M,us. E. I. C.,
vol. i, p. 254, n. 583 (1857).

Hesperia ^rava, Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol. xliii, p. 328, n. 80 (1882).

Cetenorrhirius thrax, Hiibner (nee Linnaeus), Zutr. Ex. Schmett., figs. 875,
876 (1832).

Hesperia hypcepa, Hewitson, Desc. Hesp., p. 25, n. 7 (1868).

Erionota hypcepa, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. xxi, p. 35, n. 115
(1878).

Casyapa irava, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc., second series, Zool., vol. i,
p. 553, n. 2 (1877).

Erionota irava, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. xxi, p. 35, n. 116(1878).

Hidavi irava, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 395, pi. xxxiv, fig. 15, 9 (1886).

" Male and female. Wings above chocolate-brown ; anterior wings
with the basal costal area rufous, and the disc much darker, containing
four pale ochraceous spots, situate one in cell, and three beneath cell
divided by the median nervules, and two (sometimes only one) small greyish
subapical spots ; posterior wings with the fringe greyish-ochraceous.
Wings beneath very much paler than above ; anterior wings with the disc
blackish, spotted as above, and with small fuscous spots divided by the
lower discoidal nervule ; posterior wings with usually four small fuscous
discal spots in curved series. Body and legs more or less concolorous

with wings.

Expanse : £ and 9 > 52 to 64 millims.

Habitat : Malay Peninsula, Penang (coll. Distant) ; Perak (Kiinstler, coll.
Distant} ; Malacca (coll. Staudinger ; Pinwill, Brit. Mus. ; Biggs, coll. Distant) ;
Java (Horsfield).'1 (Distant, I. c.)

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville, and there is a single
specimen in the Rangoon Museum from Myittha, Tavoy.

161.— HIDARI BHAWANI, DE NICEVILLE.

Hidavi bhawani, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. Ivii, pt. 2, p. 291, n. 23,
pi. xiii, f. 6, # (1888).

" Male. Upperside, both wings ochreous-brown. Forewing with
four lustrous semi-transparent pale yellow spots, one just beyond the
middle of the cell much constricted in the middle, an oval one in the upper
discoidal interspace, a squarish one near the middle of the second median
interspace, and the last near the middle of the first median interspace,
lunular ; a small opaque spot in the submedian interspace touching the
middle of the submedian nervure. Hindwing unmarked, but densely woolly
towards the base. Underside, forewing brown, the costa and the apex
broadly pale ochreous more or less striated with fine brown lines; the
four semi-transparent spots as above, but with two minute ones above
the subapical spot divided by the fourth subcostal nervule ; the spot in

PLASTINGIA.

the submedian interspace larger and diffused. Hindwing pale ochreous,
but with a dark brown streak parallel and near to the costa from the base
to the outer margin, and the abdominal margin widely brown, the
ochreous portion of the wing coarsely striated with brown. Head and
thorax above clothed with long pale ochreous hairs, but with a line of dark
brown hairs running down the middle; abdomen dark brown above;
palpi, thorax, and abdomen pale ochreous beneath; antennae with the
shaft pale ochreous above, dark brown beneath, club pale ochreous
anteriorly, fuscous posteriorly.

Expanse : <? 2-2 inches.

Habitat : Arracan Coast, Burma.

• Described from a single specimen in Major C.T. Bingham's collection,
taken by him in February, 1886. It cannot be mistaken for the other
three species of the genus, H. irava, Moore, H. sybirita, Hewitson, or
H. staudingeri, Distant, all of which occur in the Malay Peninsula." (de
Niceville, I. c.)

GENUS XL— PLASTINGIA.

Plastingia, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag., vol. vii, p. 95 (1870).

Plastingia, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 396 (1886).

"This genus has the upper and lower disco-cellular nervules of the
anterior wings almost subequal in length, thus agreeing with Erionota and
Gangara, but easily distinguished in a structural sense from those genera
by the position of the second median nervule of the anterior wings, which
has its base about three times as far apart from that of the lower as from
that of the upper median nervule. Another distinguishing character in
Plastingia is the position of the first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings,
which is emitted more nearly opposite the base of second than that of
lower median nervule." (Distant, I. c.}

162.— PLASTINGIA CALLINEURA, FELDER.

Hespevia callineura, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep., vol. iii, p. 513, n. 895,
pi. 71, figs. 9, 10 (1866).

Plastingia callineiira, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1873, p. 359, n. 2.

Plastingia callineura, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc., Second Series, Zool.,
vol. i, p. 355, n. i (1877).

Plastingia callineura, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. xxi, p. 36, n.
132 (1878).

Plastingia callineura, Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol. xlv, p. 148, n. 12 (1884).

Hespevia latoia, Hewitson, Descr. Hesp., p. 34, n. 27 (1868).

Hespcria latoia, Hewitson, Ex.Butt., JEfes/mYrfce, pi. 6, figs. 62, 63 (1873).

Plastingia latoia, Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol. xlv, p. 149, n. 13 (1884).

Plastingia callineura, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 396, pi. xxxv, fig. 26 (1886).

" Wings above dark chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with basal,
costal, subcostal, and inner-marginal ochraceous streaks, and with a discal

114 PLASTING1A.

series of seven pale semi-hyaline spots, of which the largest is bifid and
situate above the lower median nervule, three — the uppermost smallest — in
oblique series separated by the lower discoidal and upper median nervules,
two small and subapical, and one in and near end of cell ; posterior wings
with a central transverse fascia connected with base, a narrow streak
along inner edge of abdominal margin, and the fringe ochraceous. Wings
beneath paler than above ; anterior wings spotted as above, and with a
series of dark submarginal streaks placed between the nervules ; posterior
wings with the neuration ochraceous, the discal fascia as above, and with
a submarginal series of minute ochraceous spots. Body above brownish,
with segmental ochraceous fasciae ; body beneath pale ochraceous, abdomen
with a central series of dark brownish spots ; legs brownish.

Expanse : 38 millims.

Habitat : Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Pinwill, Brit Mits.) ; Singapore
(coll. Hew it son-, Wallace, coll. Godman and Salvin); Java, Buitenzorg (Felder).

A single specimen of this species has been obtained in Mergui by Dr.
Anderson.

In collection Indian Museum,

163.— PLASTINGIA NOEMI, DE NICEVILLE.

Plastingia noemi, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. liv, pt. 2, p. 120, pi. ii,
fig. 15 <7 (1885).

" &. Upperside black. Forewing with a fusiform chrome-yellow
streak on the costa from the base to nearly half the length of the wing, a
similarly-coloured streak placed below the median nervure and divided by
the submedian into two unequal parts, the lower portion the smaller,
extending to rather more than half the inner margin of the wing from the
base ; and with two or three subapical conjoined increasing spots, two
lengthened spots at the end of the cell placed one above the other, the
upper one the smaller, a triangular spot towards the base of the second
median interspace, a much larger one towards the base of the first, all semi-
transparent yellowish-white. Hind wing with a chrome-yellow patch placed
in the middle of the disc just beyond the cell, and divided by the black
nervules. Underside, forewing black, the costa narrowly, the apex very
widely, and a patch placed in the middle of the submedian interspace
chrome-yellow. The semi-transparent spots as above. Five rounded
small black spots placed in an outwardly-angled subapical series. Hindwing
chrome-yellow; the margin increasingly to the anal angle, then decreasingly
up the abdominal margin black. A subbasal spot, another at the end of the
cell, a series of eight spots placed round the cell, all black. Antennas black,
the club yellow. Thorax and base of abdomen above clothed with long
greenish-ochreous hairs, the rest of the abdomen black ringed with yellow,
the thorax and legs beneath chrome-yellow.

Expanse ; 1-6 inches.

PLASTINGIA.

Habitat : Sikkim (Otto Mollerznd Dr. T. C. Jevdon).
Belongs to the same group as the Hesperia callineura of Felder (=
Hesperia latoia, Hewitson) but is quite distinct." (de Niceville, I. c.)
In collection de Niceville.

164.-PLASTINGIA NAGA, DE NICEVILLE.

Hesperia? naga, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. Hi, pt. 2, p. 89, n. 37, pi.
x, fig. 2 ? (1883).

" Female. Upperside, both wings brown ; the cilia cinereous, dark
brown at the end of the nervules. Fore wing with a spot at the end of the cell ;
two smaller spots beyond, the lower one twice the size of the upper ; an
elongated spot near the middle of the second median interspace, and
another, the largest of all, near the base of the first median interspace ; all
these spots semi-transparent ochreous-white. A subcostal narrow yellow
streak extending from the base to beyond one -third of the length of the
wing, a similar one touching and placed above the submedian nervure,
extending from the base to beyond half the length of the inner margin
of the wing. Hindwing with an elongated streak of ochreous hairs in the
cell, and a series of short ochreous streaks between the nervules placed
outside it ; a similar streak extending from the base to near the margin
and touching the inner side of the submedian nervure. Cilia alternately
cinereous and dark brown. Underside, both wings lighter brown ; the
cilia white, brown at the end of the nervules. Forewing with the spots
as above but whiter, and edged with pure white ; a subcostal streak
extending from the base to nearly half the length of the wing, broadest
at its end ; beyond which are some streaks between the subcostal bran-
ches, two similar streaks in the discoidal interspaces, and a marginal
series ending at the first median nervule ; the two middle spots small ;
a wide streak extending to beyond the middle of the wing from the
base placed in the submedian interspace : — all pure silvery white. Hind-
wing marked with about eighteen silvery white spots and streaks disposed
equally over the whole surface of the wing. Body brown, the thorax
thickly clothed with long ochreous hairs, the abdominal segments ringed
with ochreous, paler below.

A single specimen has been obtained by Mr. S. E. Peal.

Expanse : $ , 1-6 inches.

Habitat : Sibsagar, Upper Assam." (de Niceville, I. c.)

The male is at present unknown.

In collection Indian Museum.

165.-PLASTINGIA MARGHERITA, DOHERTY.

Plastingia mavgherita, Doherty, J. A. S. B., 1889, P- I3I, P1- x> fig. 5, <? .

" Male. Above black, with light golden-ochreous translucent markings,
and richer orange-ochreous opaque ones. Of the former there are on the fore-
wing, two unusually large, elongate-quadrate, subapical ones, separated by

n6

PLASTINGIA.

a vein, the lower longest ; one large oblique cellular one of hour-glass
shape ; and three discal ones in echelon, of which one is very large, occupy-
ing the entire breadth of the lower median space, irregularly pentagonal,
twice as long as broad, separated from the cell-spot only by the black
median vein ; the other two smaller, elongate, broadest outwardly. Also with
the following opaque markings :— one above the cell and one in the interno-
'median space, extending obliquely from the internal vein, not far from the
base, to the lower median vein, which separates it from the basal part of
the larger discal spot. Hindwing with a large irregular ochreous patch in
the disc just beyond the cell, consisting of two translucent areas joined by
the opaque orange-ochreous base of the upper median space, the outer one
larger, obliquely quadrate, between the lower subcostal and upper median
branches, the other occupying the basal part of the lower median space.
Below blackish, tne veins, except near the abdominal margin of both
wings, widely bordered with reddish-ochreous. Fore-wing with the rufous
costal area extending over the upper part of the cell ; that in the interno-
median space much larger and paler than above. Hindwing with a
number of lustrous lilac markings in the black spaces between the reddish
nerve-rays, namely, two in the cell, the basal one elongate, one at the base
of the costa, elongate, two in the upper subcostal space, the outer one
elongate, one in the lower subcostal space, quadrate, and three in the
median and submedian spaces, in a line receding from the border. Cilia
cinereous.

One male, Margherita, and a similar one, Sadiya.

The species is a local form (differing in the large subapical spots, the
absence of the outer-fourth discal spot, the undivided cell-spot separated
from the interno-median one, and in the ochreous patch of the hindwing
consisting of two hyaline and one opaque space and confined to the disc)
of another found in the three Indo-Malayan islands, the Malayan Peninsula,
and Mergui, but everywhere rare. The Javanese form (callineura) seems,
judging by my specimens, to differ but slightly. The single, very worn
Mergui specimen, taken by Dr. Anderson, has been identified by Mr. Moore
as Plastingia latoia, Hewitson. But that species (and P. callineura, Felder,
which is regarded as conspecific with it) has been described and figured by
Hewitson, Felder and Distant with ochreous submarginal spots on the
hindwing below, no blue ones being mentioned. In any case the above
mentioned characters separate my species as a distinct local form.

The egg of several species of Plastingia examined by me, generally
resembles that of Suastns. But like those of Hesperia satwa, de Niceville,
and the species of Cttpitha, though in a lesser degree, it possesses a large
crown-like mass of white cells apically, surrounding the micropyles, as
delicate in structure as the finest lace. They are the most beautiful
butterfly-eggs known to me." (Dohcrty, L c.)

HYAROTIS. 117

GENUS XLI.— HYAROTIS.

Hyarotis, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 174 (1881).

Hyarotis, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 397 (1886).

" Forewing triangular ; costa long, apex pointed, exterior margin
very oblique, posterior margin short in male ; subcostal at equal distances
apart, first branch at one-third before end of the cell ; the cell two-thirds
the length of the wing ; disco-cellulars inwardly oblique ; upper radial from
angle near subcostal, lower from their middle ; the middle median at one-
seventh, lower at four-sevenths before end of the cell ; submedian slightly
arched in the middle : hindwing oval ; exterior margin convex ; cell
extending half the wing, broad ; disco-cellulars very slender ; radial very
indistinct ; middle median from close to end, and lower at one-third
before end of the cell ; submedian straight ; internal slightly curved.
Body moderate ; palpi flattened laterally in front, terminal joint short,
conical, pointed ; antennae slender, with a stoutish club and slender tip.

Type : H. adrastus." (Moore, I. c.)

166.— HYAROTIS ADRASTUS, CRAMER.

Hesperia adrastus, Cramer, Pap. Exot., vol. iv, pi. 319, figs. F, G
(1780).

Plesioneura praba, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 790.

Hesperia phanicis, Hewitson, Exot. Butt., Hesp., pi. 4, figs. 36, 37

(1869).

Hyarotis adrastus, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 174, pi. 67, figs. 5, 5 a

(1881).

Hyarotis adrastus, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 397, pi. xxxiv, fig. 4 (1886).

" Male and female, dark chocolate-brown. Upperside, forewing with
three small conjugated subapical semi-transparent white spots, three
similar and larger discal spots, and a fourth above them within the cell.
Underside darker brown basally, paler exteriorly ; forewing with spots as
above, bordered externally by a suffused dark brown streak ; hindwing
with a double series of white dark brown-outer-bordered lunules crossing
the middle of the wing, beyond which is a submarginal series of suffused
dark brown spots. Palpi, thorax, and abdomen beneath pale greyish-
brown. Legs brown. Cilia yellowish- white, spotted with pale brown.

Expanse: cf if; 9 if inches.

Habitat : Bengal." (Moore, I. c. in P. Z. S.) Recorded from Ceylon
(Hutchison, Wade, Mackwood); Andamans, Cachar (Wood-Mason and dt
Niceville); Sikkim (de Niceville; Elwes) ; Calcutta (de Niceville) ; Kumaon
(Doherty); Kangra, N.-W. Himalayas (Moore)', Orissa (Taylor); Nilgiris
(H amp son).

I have obtained this species at Pegu and Rangoon.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

Il8 COLADLNIA,

GENUS XLII.— COLADENIA.
Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 180 (1881).

Coladenia, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 397 (1886).

" Wings short : forewing triangular, apex pointed, exterior margin
short, slightly oblique and waved ; cell two-thirds the length ; first subcostal
at less than one-third before end of the cell, first, second and third at
equal distances, fourth and fifth from end of the cell ; disco-cellulars
slightly inwardly oblique, upper radial from angle near subcostal, lower
from their middle ; the middle median at one-sixth, lower at four-sixths
before end of the cell ; submedian recurved : hindwing broad, somewhat
quadrate ; exterior margin slightly waved and angular in the middle ;
cell broad, extending more than half the wing ; second subcostal at one-
fourth before end of the cell ; disco-cellulars nearly straight, upper shortest,
radial from their middle ; the middle median from immediately before end
of the cell, lower at nearly one-half before the end. Body rather stout ;
palpi of lax hairy scales : terminal joint short, thick, cylindro-conical ;
antennae long with gradually thickened club and slender tip ; fore tibiae
tufted beneath ; femora pilose beneath, hind tibiae with a long tuft of hair

above.

Type : C. indrani" (Moovt, I. c.)

167.— COLADENIA INDRANI, MOORE.

Plesiontum indrani, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 789.

** Upperside bright golden-yellow : forewing with a discal series of
four semi-transparent white black-bordered spots, the first small and
above the extremity of the cell, the second large quadrate and within
the cell, the third elongate and beneath the latter, the fourth exterior to
their juncture : beneath these is a pale golden -yellow black- bordered spot :
before the apex is a series of four similar white spots with black border,
the three upper of which are conjugated ; a well-defined black spot beneath
the cell near the base ; exterior margin and cilia blackish, the latter white
at the posterior angle : hindwing with a semi-circular submarginal series of
black spots and two similar inner discal spots ; exterior margin black ;
cilia alternate black and white. Underside blackish-brown suffused with
golden-yellow, brightest on the hindwing : markings as above but more
clearly defined. Tip of palpi black : thorax, body, palpi (except tip), and
legs yellow- Antennae yellow, tip black.

Expanse : if inches. y

Habitat : Bengal." (Moore, I. c.)

Recorded from Mhow (Swinhoe) ; Orissa (Taylov) ; Sikkim (de Nice-
villc ; Elwes).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

168.-COLADENIA TISSA, MOORE.

Coladcnia tissa, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 180, pi. 67, fig. 6 (1881).
" Male. Upperside brownish-ferruginous, with indistinctly paler mar-
ginal lunules : forewing with three or four very small semi-transparent

COLADENIA. IIQ

yellowish-white subapical spots, a transverse medial series of larger spots
composed of a large irregular-shaped spot at end of the cell, a smaller
spot on the costa above it, a large spot beneath it below end of the cell,
and a very small spot between them at the junction of upper and middle
median veins ; between these is an irregular triangularly-lobed black-
bordered ferruginous spot ; a small black spot below the cell near the base ;
hindwing with an indistinct blackish discal spot, and a discal series of
spots curving from base of costa to above anal angle. Cilia brownish-
ferruginous, with a slight paler streak above posterior angle of forewing.
Underside dusky ferruginous-brown ; markings more prominent. Palpi
and legs pale ferruginous. Female paler, with marginal lunules more
diffused ; markings as in male. ,, {*'/

Expanse: j i-J ; ? if inches. ^5*

Allied to C. indrani. Of a darker colour ; has deeper yellow and differ-
ently-shaped semi-transparent spots on forewing, and the cilia is not
alternated with white." (Moon, I. c.)

Occurs Ceylon (Wade, Mackwood) ; Calcutta (de Niceville) ; Nilgiris.
(Hampson).

Mr. de Niceville notes that in Calcutta there are two broods, the one
that appears in the rains differing from the cold-weather generation in
having the ground-colour of both wings umber-brown, instead of ochreous,
and all the black spots and markings more prominent.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

169.— COLADENIA FATIH, KOLLAR.

Hesperia fatih, Kollar, Hiigel's Kaschmir, vol. iv, pt. i, p. 454, n. 3,
pi. xviii, figs. 5, 6 (1848).

"Expanse: i" 5.1. "; (1/75 inches in figure).

Wings yellow-brown ; in the middle of forewing four spots, two
adjacent dots and three lesser spots at the apex, transparent white, on the
hindwing two dusky obsolete bands.

Of the size of Hesperia tessellum ; wings dark brown covered with
yellowish-grey scales so that the ground-colour is only visible here and
there ; on the middle of the forewing are two big quadrangular white
transparent spots and between them a third smaller one, on the costal
margin but in the same line there is a fourth still smaller one, and besides
beyond *the second window-like spot there are also two transparent dots ;
lastly there are three similar transparent spots before the apex arranged
in a semi-circle. On the hindwing the ground-colour is visible as two in-
distinct badly-defined bands. The underside is duller, but otherv/ise agrees
entirely with the upperside. Fringe alternately brown and white. Head
and thorax clothed with reddish-yellow hairs, antennae brown.

Hugel obtained a single example in the Himalayas." (Kollar, I. c.)

In collection Indian Museum.

* *. e — between it and the inner margin

120 COLADENIA,

170,— COLADENIA DAN, FABR/CIUS.

Papilio dan, Fabricius, Mant. Ins., vol. ii, p. 88, n. 798 (1787).

Coladenia dan, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 398, pi. xxxv, fig. 27
(1886).

Plesioneura dan, var. andamanica, Wood-Mason and de Niceville,
J. A. S. B., vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 257, n. 118 (1881) ; J. A. S. B., vol. Iv, pt. 2,
p. 391, n. 246 (1887).

" Wings above rufous-brown ; anterior wings with four discal greyish-
white spots, one — largest and sublunate — in cell, a small spot above it, and
two beneath cell divided by the second median nervule, and three — some-
times two — small subapical greyish-white spots in suberect series, outer
half of wing with obscure dark fasciae ; posterior wings with discal and
outer marginal dark fasciae. Wings beneath as above, but slightly paler.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.

Expanse : 30 millim." (Distant, I.e.) I -iff

Recorded from Kumaon (Dokerty) ; Sikkim (de Niceville, Elwes) ;
Cachar ( Wood-Mason andde Niceville) ; Kangra, N.-W. Himalayas (Moore);
Nilgiris (Hampson).

I have obtained this species commonly in Rangoon ; Beeling, Upper
Tenasserim ; the Nilgiris ; and the Kadur District, Mysore. Mr. de
Niceville considers that C.fatih is distinct from this species though the
general opinion seems to be they are identical. I am unable to say by
what characteristic they are to be separated, though C.fatih seems to be
constantly larger.

The following is the description of the local race andamanica : —

" Specimens from Port Blair differ from continental ones in having the
discal series of spots all run together so as to form an unbroken band, and
the three subapical spots conjugated and in the same straight line, with
their conjoined inner margin nearly straight and their outer festooned ; and
two examples exhibit in addition two smaller dots placed nearly parallel to
the outer margin just below and external to the three subapical ones."
(Wood-Mason and de Niceville I.e. in J. A. S. B., vol. I.)

Habitat : Andamans, Cachar.

In recording this variety from Cachar, Messrs. Wood-Mason and
de Niceville note that specimens from that locality differ from Andaman
specimens in the discal golden band of the upperside of the forewing
being slightly broader, and the yellow spots on the underside of the hindwing
obsolete ; and that it agrees with P. dhanada, Moore, in the golden band not
nearly reaching the anal angle of the forewing on the upperside (thereby
differing from P. aurivittata, Moore), departing from it in having the cilia
cinereous throughout (J. A. S. B., vol. h).

In collection Indian Museum,

TAPENA. 1 .2 1

171.-COLADENIA HAMILTONII, DE N/CEV/LLE-

Coladenia Immiltonii, de Niceville, J. A, S. B., vol. Ivii, pt. 2, p. 291, n.
24, pi. xiii, fig. 8, <? (1888).

" Male. Upperside, forewing olive-greenish fuscous, with two very
irregular broad discal black fasciae joined in the middle ; three most
minute transparent subapical dots, the uppermost the largest, placed at
the outer edge of the anterior portion of the outer black fascia, a very
minute similar spot in the second median interspace, a very attenuated
spot across the middle of the first median interspace, both placed on the
outer black fascia ; the inner margin somewhat broadly irrorated with
greyish scales ; a submarginal indistinct broad blackish fascia. Hindwing,
ground-colour much as in the forewing, but the outer third of the wing
irrorated with grey scales ; a recurved black macular decreasing band
from the costa near the apex of the wing to the second median nervule ;
the disco-cellular nervules defined by a pale line. Underside, both wings
vinous-fuscous. Forewing with the transparent spots as above. Hind-
wing with the disc irrorated with whitish ; the macular black band much
as above ; an anteciliary whitish line. Cilia fuscous.

Expanse: cf 1*6 inches.

Habitat: Sylhet.

The Rev. Walter A. Hamilton, after whom I have much pleasure in
naming it, obtained a single specimen in Sylhet in the spring. It is quite
unlike any species known to me, and I place it in the genus Coladenia only
because it agrees in outline with C. tissa, Moore." (de Niceville, I. c.)

In collection de Niceville.

GENUS XLIII,— TAPENA.

Tafena, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 181 (1881).

" Wings small ; forewing short, apex acute ; exterior margin slightly
oblique, convexly angular in the middle ; first subcostal emitted at nearly
one-half before end of the cell ; cell extending two-thirds the wing
disco-cellulars obliquely convex, upper bent close to subcostal, upper radial
from its angle, lower from their middle ; the middle median branch at one-
fifth, lower at four-fifths before end of the cell ; submedian slightly curved
in the middle ; hindwing quadrate, short, broad ; apex slightly and middle
of exterior margin acutely angular ; abdominal margin somewhat long ; cell
broad, extending nearly two-thirds the wing ; second subcostal at one-third
before end of the cell ; disco-cellulars slender, outwardly oblique, radial very
slender, middle median from close to end of the cell ; lower at one-fourth
before the end ; submedian straight, internal curved. Body robust ; palpi
laxly compressed, terminal joint rather long, thick, cylindrical ; antenna-
slender, somewhat short, hooked tip slender.

Type : T. thivaitesi^ (Moon, I. c.)

16

122 TAPENA.

172.— TAPENA THWAITE8I, MOORE.

Taptna thwaitesi, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 181, pi. 67, figs. 2, 2a
(1881).

" Male. Upperside dark purple-brown, with blackish outer margins
and indistinct discal transverse macular fascia : forewing with two small
semi-diaphanous white spots on the costa near the apex. Underside
dark purple-brown. Female. Upper-and underside greyish purple-brown,
transverse macular fascia and outer border dark purple -brown : forewing
with three small semi-diaphanous white subapical spots, the lowest trans-
versely narrow, two spots also at end of the cell, the upper one very slender,
and two spots on the disc, each series being bordered by the dark fascia :
hindwing with a semi-diaphanous spot at end of the cell.

Expanse: IT% to IT% inches." (Moore, I. c.)

Occurs Ceylon (Wade)', Orissa (Taylor); Nilgiris (Hampson).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

173.— TAPENA AGNI, DE NICEVILLE.

Plesioneiiva agni, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. Hi, pt. 2, p. 87, n. 32,
pi. x, fig. 4, 9 (1883).

Celcenorrhinus agni, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. iv,
p. 1 86, n. 31 (1889).

" Male. Upperside dark brown, but so thickly covered with large
fulvous overlying scales as to leave the ground-colour visible only on the
outer margin, a streak within the apical spots, and narrowly all round the
transparent white spots. Forewing with a large quadrate spot filling the
end of cell, a small spot above it, a rather larger one at the base of the
second median interspace, a large one nearly equal in size to the spot in
the cell at the base of the first median interspace, and two small rounded
spots in the submedian interspace placed obliquely, the upper one below the
outer lower angle of the spot above ; three or four small subapical spots, the
upper one rather larger than the rest, the second out of line, being placed
nearer the base of the wing : — all these spots lustrous semi-transparent
white. Cilia dark brown, with a pale spot at the apex, and another larger
one on the submedian interspace. Hindwing with a black spot at the
end of the cell (sometimes obsolete), and a curved series of eight similar
spots, the two upper ones round, the others oblong and placed in pairs,
the two lowest spots — as in the specimen figured — sometimes obso-
lete. Cilia dark brown, paler towards the apex. Underside pale brown.
Forewing with the spots as above, but with a pale fulvous submar-
ginal curved fascia. Hindwing as above, but paler fulvous, the spots
more prominent. Female a little paler than the male, the spots some-
what larger. Body fulvous, antennae black above, paler below.

Nearest to P. chamunda, Moore, but conspicuously differing from that
species in having the hindwing marked with black spots above and below,
and the cilia not alternately brown and white as in that species.

TAPENA.

Expanse : $ 1-6 ; $ 1-8 inches." (de Niceville, I. c.)
Habitat : Mr. de Niceville records two pairs from low elevations in
Sikkim, and informs me that it also occurs in the Khasi Hills, and I
obtained a single specimen at Tilin in the Yaw District, Upper Burmah.
In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

174.-TAPENA LAXMI, DE NICEVILLE.

Plesioneura laxmi, de Niceville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Ivii, pt. 2,
p. 290, n. 21, pi. xiii, fig. 5, 9 (1888).

Celcenorrhinus laxmi, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. iv, p. 186, n. 32 (1889).

" Habitat : Upper Tenasserim.

Expanse: 9 (nee. c?), r8 inches.

Description [Female] : Upperside, both wings, olive-greenish.
Forewing with a very large quadrate spot filling the outer end of the
discoidal cell and extending somewhat narrowly to the costa ; a small
quadrate spot near the base of the second median interspace; another
quadrate spot below it fully four times as large, in the middle of the
first median interspace ; two dots placed obliquely in the submedian
interspace, the upper one placed below the lower outer angle of the
large spot in the interspace above ; three subapical well-separated dots
in a curved series, the upper one twice as large as the other two taken
together — all these spots lustrous transparent white; an indistinct dark
macular submarginal band, and two small black dots placed one above the
other obliquely near the base of the submedian interspace. Hindwing
rather paler than the forewing; a subcostal black spot placed near the
base of the wing, two parallel discal black macular bands. Underside,
both wings ochreous-brown. Forewing marked as above. Hindwing
with the bands broken up into spots and arranged thus : — a largish
black spot in the discoidal cell, almost completely surrounded by a
series of spots beginning with a moderate-sized one near the base of
the subcostal interspace, a very large round one near its middle, then
about eight small spots curving round to the base of the wing. Cilia
brownish throughout. Antennce ochreous-brown above, the hook black
above, ochreous below. Body and head more or less concolorous with
the wings above and below.

I have a single specimen taken by Major C. T. Bingham in March
in the Thoungyeen Forests, Burma. It is nearest to T. agm, mihi, but
the ground-colour of the upperside is entirely different, as are also many
of the markings/' (de Niceville^ 1. c. in J. A. S. B.}

The type specimen was originally described as a male, but Mr. de
Niceville informs me it is a female, and that he has since received the
true male, which he will shortly describe.

124 UDASPES.

175.— TAPENA BUCHANANII, DE NICEVILLE.

Celcenorrhinus buchananii, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist,
Soc., vol. iv, p. 187, n. 21, pi. B, fig. 2, $ (1889).

" Habitat : Upper Burma.

Expanse: ?, 2*1 inches.

Description : Female. Very closely allied to C. laxmi, mihi, from
which it differs in its considerably larger size. Upperside,/0r<?wz>^ with
the white discal band fully twice as wide, not divided into spots, extend-
ing uninterruptedly from the costa to the submedian nervure, its edges
very irregular, its lower portion posterior to the first median nervule
much narrower than the rest of the band ; this species lacks the two
small obliquely-placed black dots found near the base of the submedian
interspace in C. laxmi. Hindwing instead of possessing two parallel
discal macular black bands has a rounded black spot towards the end
of the discoidal cell, and a discal series of six black spots, of which the
anterior one is round and well-separated from the spot which follows it,
the second spot is round, the next pair are the largest and elongated,
and the last pair smaller but also elongated; cilia of hindwing
anteriorly white, posteriorly dark brown. Underside, both wings with
the same differences as above, but all the spots of the hindwing more
prominent.

I believe this to be a species distinct from C. laxmi, though a single
male of that species only is known, while C. buchananii is described
from a single female. The difference in size is very considerable, and
is more than is usually found in the opposite sexes of the Hesperiidce,
and the markings also shew marked differences. I have named it after
its capturer, Mr. A. M. Buchanan, who obtained it in the Ruby Mine
District, Upper Burma." (de Niceville, I. c.)

With reference to the last paragraph of above description, Mr. de
Niceville informs me that his type of C. ( — T.) laxmi was a female
and not a male, so that T. buchananii is undoubtedly a good species.

GENUS XLIV.— UDASPES.

Udaspes, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 177 (1881).

Udaspes, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 399 (1886).

" Allied to Plesionfura : forewing less triangular, exterior margin more
convex, posterior margin longer ; cell narrow at end ; disco-cellulars extend-
ing very obliquely inward ; lower median branch at less than two-thirds
before end of the cell : hindwing very broadly oval, extremely convex
externally : abdominal margin short : cell much shorter, second subcostal
nearer end of the cell ; upper and middle medians both emitted from
extreme end of the cell ; lower median at less than one-third before the
end. Body short ; antennal club shorter, and thicker at tip,

Type: Udnspes fdits." (Moore, /, r,)

NOTOCRYPTA. 125

176.— UDA8PES FO LU 8, CRA MER.

Papilio folus, Cramer, Pap. Exot., vol. i, pi. 74, fig. 7 (1779).

Hesperia cicero, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., vol. iii, p. 338 (1793).

Udaspes fohts, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 177, pi. 68, figs. 3, 30
(1881).

Udaspes folus, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 398, pi. xxxiv, fig. 3 (1886).

u Upperside dark sepia- brown : forewing with three connected semi-
transparent yellowish- white spots before the apex, two below them nearer
the outer margin, a smaller spot between the upper and middle median
veins, two larger connected spots on the disc, and a large spot within end
of the cell : hindwing with a large medial discal semi-transparent yellowish-
white sinuous-bordered patch. Cilia alternated with white. Underside:
forewing as above : hindwing with the white patch extending medially to
base of the wing and traversed by a dark brown sinuous streak below end
of the cell ; outer margin of the wing suffused with greyish-white. Body
palpi and legs beneath greyish- white.

Expanse : i£ to if inches." (Moon, I. c.)

Occurs Ceylon (Moore); Poona, Ahmednagar, Bombay (Swinhoe) ;
Kangra, N.-W- Himalayas (Moore) ; Calcutta (de Niceville) ; Kumaon
(Doherty) ; Cachar (Wood-Mason and de Niceville) ; Orissa (Taylor) ; Sikkim
(de Niceville ; Elwes) ; Nilgiris (Hampson).

I have obtained this species commonly at Poungadaw, Upper Burma ;
Beeling, Upper Tenasserim ; and at Rangoon.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS XLY.— NOTOCRYPTA.

Notocrypta, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. iv,
p. 1 88 (1889).

Plesioneura, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. vi, p. 29 (1862),
prepc.

Plesioneura, part, auctorum.

" Differs from Geloenorrhinus, Hiibner, in the forewing being more
triangular, the middle disco-cellular nervule being distinctly longer
instead of shorter than the lower disco-cellular, concave instead of
almost straight, the middle and lower disco-cellular nervules taken
together less strongly inwardly oblique ; the hindwing is also shorter
and more produced posteriorly, the costa is more arched, the discoidal
cell is distinctly shorter, thus causing all the veins which spring from it
(the first and second subcostal, the discoidal, and the three median
nervules) to be distinctly longer.

There is a marked difference in the length of the haustellum or
tongue, which in C. leucocera, Kollar, measures r8 inches, in N. alysosy
Moore, only -9 of an inch, or exactly half. Type, the Plesioneura curvi-
fascia of Felder.

126 NOTOCRYPTA.

This diagnosis has been drawn up from bleached wings of both
sexes of N. alysos, Moore, from Sikkim. All the species of this genus
settle with closed wings ; through an unfortunate and stupid mistake I
once stated that they rest with wide outspread wings. This marked
characteristic in life, which at once distinguishes Notocrypta from
Celcenorrhinus, has led me to discriminate these two genera; there
is also considerable difference in the outline of the wings, and I believe
Notocrypta never has the hindwing spotted, except in N. paralyses,
Wood-Mason and de Niceviile, this being always a feature in
Celaenorrhinus. The type species, N. curvifascia, was described from
China, and has been identified by Messrs. Plotz, Doherty, and Leech
as synonymous with N. alysos, Moore, but an actual comparison of
specimens is desirable. The transformations of A7. alysos, Moore, only
are known." (de Niceville, I. c.)

177.— NOTOCRYPTA ALY80S, MOORE.

Plesioneura alysos, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 789.

Plesioneura alysos, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 178, pi. 67, figs. 3 a, b

(1881).

Plesioneura alysos, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 399, pi. 34, fig. 7 (1886).

Notocrypta alysos, de NicSville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. iv,
p. 189, n. 2 (1889).

" Upperside dark fuliginous-brown ; forewing with a broad oblique
discal irregular-margined semi-transparent white band, and with one or two,
and in some specimens three, very small similar conjugated spots obliquely
before the apex, also one or two reversely oblique lower spots : cilia paler
brown. Underside paler ; band and spots as above ; along exterior
margin of forewing and exterior half of hindwing suffused with purple-grey.
Antennae brown, with a subapical white streak. Palpi and thorax beneath
greyish-brown.

Expanse : if inches.

Habitat : Bengal." (Moore, I. c. in P. Z. S.)

" Larva pale green, white-speckled ; head black-bordered. Feeds on
Zinziberacea. Pupa pale green." (Moore, I. c. in Lsp. Cey.)

Occurs Ceylon (Hutchison ; Wade ; Mackwood) ; Tavoy, Ponsekai (Elwes
and de Niceviile) ; Andamans ; Cachar ( Wood-Mason and de Niceville) ; Kumaon
as P. curvifascia (Doherty); Orissa (Taylor)', Sikkim (de Niceville ; Elwes);
Nilgiris (Hampson) ; Himalayas, Assam, Ganjam, Wynaad, Travancore
(de Niceville).

Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Niceville note that all their specimens
from S. Andaman, the Sikkim hills, and the N.-E. frontier districts (Sibsagar,
&c.) all agree with one another in always having three conjugated obliquely-
placed subapical semi-transparent spots, and usually three in the reversed

NOTOCRYPTA. 127

oblique series, the innermost of which is separated from the next to it by a
greater interval than this is from the outermost, which latter is the absent
one in those specimens with only two in the series. (J. A. S. B., vol. I, pt.
2, p. 256, n. 116 (1881 )

Mr. de Niceville notes that all the specimens of P. alysos he obtained in
Sikkim during October had only one subapical white spot on the forewing
(J. A. S. B., vol. l,pt. 2, p. 60, n. 128 (1881).

I have obtained numerous specimens of this species at Rangoon, about
half of which have the innermost of the " reversely oblique" spots, all the
other apical and reversely-oblique spots being wanting, the other half of my
specimens have not even this one spot visible.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

178.— NOTOCRYPTA PARALYSOS, WOOD -MASON and DE N/CEV/LLE.

Plesioneura paralyses, Wood- Mason and de Niceville, Proc. A. S. B.,
(1881), p. 143.

Plesioneura paralyses, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. 1,
pt. 2, p. 257, n. 117(1881).

Notocrypta paralyses, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. iv,
p. 189, n. 3 (1889).

" tf and $ . Closely allied to P. alysos, but differing therefrom, on the
upperside of the anterior wings, in the discal oblique semi-transparent
white lustrous band being broader with less irregular margins, and in only
one small spot, placed between the third median and discoidal veinlet,
midway between the discal band and the outer margin, being present ; and,
on the underside of the posterior pair, in having one or two small white
opaque lustrous spots, one near the end of the cell, the larger and the more
constantly present, and the other just beyond it between the first and second
median veinlets.

Expanse: $ 1-66; 9 1-74 inches.

Habitat : S. Andamans.

Specimens from Sikkim hills, Sibsagar (S. E. Peal) ; Dhunsiri valley
and the Dafla hills, Assam (H. H. Godwin- Austen) ; Trevandrum, S.
India (F. W. Bourdillon) ; and Ceylon (F. R. Mackwood) are devoid of all
traces of the spots on the lower surface of the posterior wings." (Wood-
Mason and de Niceville, 1. c. in J. A. S. B.)

Mr. Elwes treats this species as synonymous with N. alysos. As
Mr. de Niceville considers the distinguishing character of this species to
be the constant presence of a varying number of white opaque lustrous
spots on the underside of hindwing in both sexes ; it would appear that the
specimens referred to above do not belong to this species, but that it is
strictly confined to the Andaman Isles.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

128 NOTOCRYPTA.

179,— NOTOCRYPTA ALBIFASCIA, MOORE.

Plesioneura albifascia, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 843, pi. liii, fig. 3, <J .

Notocrypta albifascia, de Niceville, Journ, Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. iv,
p. 190, n. 9 (1889).

" Male. Differs from P. alysos, Moore, in its narrower forewing and
smaller hind wing ; the oblique semi-diaphanous white band is shorter and
straight, the portion beneath the lower median branch being very small,
this part on the underside showing only as a suffused white patch ; and
there are no subapical spots.

Expanse : i| inches.

Habitat : Hatsiega (Tenasserim).

A specimen of this species collected by Mr. Buxton, probably in
Sumatra, is in my own collection." (Moore, I. c.)

In collection de Niceville.

180.— NOTOCRYPTA RESTRICTA, MOORE.

Plesioneura restricta, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 178 (1881).

Notocrypta restricta, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. iv,
p. 189, n. 4 (1889).

" Allied to P. alysos : forewing with similar semi-transparent band,
subapical spots, and also with a small linear spot between upper and
middle median veins. Underside as above, with the band stopping at the
subcostal vein in both sexes — not being continued in a white streak to the
costal margin, as in alysos.

Expanse : if to if inches." (Moore, I. c.)

Occurs in Ceylon (Moore) ; Orissa (Taylor) ; Cachar (Wood-Mason and
de Niceville) ; Sikkim (de Niceville ; Ehves} ; Nilgiris (Hampsoii) ; Bhutan,
Assam, Orissa (de Niceville).

I have a single specimen of this species from Rangoon, and several
from the Kadur District, Mysore.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

181 .-NOTOCRYPTA ASMARA, BUTLER.

Plesioneura asmara, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., second series,
vol. i, p. 556, n. 3 (1877).

Hesperia asmara, Horsfield and Moore, MS., Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I.C.,
vol. i, p. 253, n. 576 (1857).

Plesioneura asmara, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 400, pi. xxxv, fig. 28
(1886).

" Similar to P. dan, but not tawny tinted, the three spots in centre of
primaries united, and hyaline white.

Expanse: $ and $, i inch, 8 lines.

Habitat: Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill, Brit. Mns.)\ Java (Hors-
Jicld and Moore}." (Butler, I. c.)

NOTOCRYPTA. 129

Mr. Distant quotes the above description and gives a figure from a
Malaccan specimen in the British Museum. He also remarks that "this
species is much more closely allied to P. alysos, and appears remote in
appearance from C. dan."

I have numerous specimens of a Notocrypta from Rangoon which agree
very closely with Distant's figure. I give below a fuller description than
Mr. Butler's. Upperside brown, clothed with yellowish hairs at base of
forewing and along inner margin of hindwing. Three transparent white
spots in middle of forewing, the upper in cell largest, the middle one small
and projecting beyond the other two, three small subapical white dots.
Hindwing unmarked. Underside, spots on forewing as on upperside, two
yellowish spots on costa above white band somewhat as in N. alysos, and a
prominent diffused whitish spot at anal angle. Hindwing with the base
clothed with yellowish hairs, causing the outer half to appear distinctly
darker.

This species is evidently allied to N. alysos, but can be readily distin.
guished from it by the tone of the upperside which is brown and not nearly
black, and also by the arrangement of the three discal spots on the forewing ;
the upper and lower ones are almost equal in size, the upper being
slightly larger, and the middle one being a small triangular spot with its
apex wedged between the other two, and its base projecting well beyond
them. The upper and lower spots are connected internally for about
half their width.

It also is apparently closely allied to N. monteithi, Wood- Mason and
de Niceville, with the figure of which it agrees fairly except that it entirely
wants the fourth or lowest spot of the discal band, and also invariably has
three white subapical dots.

It also appears to be very closely allied to the C. cacns and C. consents
of de Niceville, especially to the former, but these species are described as
belonging to the genus Celcenovrhinus and so presumably rest with outspread
wings, while the Rangoon species referred to above rests with wings raised
above the back.

182.-NOTOCRYPTA MONTEITHI, WOOD- MASON and DE NICEVILLE.

Plesionenra monteithi, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol.
Iv, pt. 2, p. 391, n. 245, pi. xviii, figs. 3, 3 a, 9 (1886).

Notocvypta monteithi, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. iv, p. 190, n. 10 (1889).

" ? . Upperside, both wings rich dark brown with a vinous tinge in
some lights. Forewing with a semi-transparent white lustrous discal band
of four completely-conjugated spots, the first large and oblong at the end of
the cell ; the second posterior and external to it at the base of the interspace
between the second and third median nervules, and consequently wedge-
shaped ; the third conterminous with the first and second, forming an oblong

NOTOCRYPTA.

figure whose opposite angles are subequal, and placed in the interspace be-
tween the first and second median nervules ; and the fourth subpentagonal,
double the size of the second, and half the size of the first and third, but
not extending for more than two-thirds of the distance across the submedian
area in which it is placed. Hindwing unmarked. Underside, forewing
marked as above, but with the three subcostal streaks which connect the
band with the costa much more distinct than above, where they are all but
imperceptible ; the lowest spot of the discal band much larger, reaching
the submedian nervure, and outwardly diffused. Cilia concolorous with the
wings.

Expanse: 1-7 inches.

Two females, Irangmara [Cachar] , 8th and i8th July.

Closely allied to P. feisthamelii, Boisduval, from the Moluccas."
(Wood-Mason and de Niceville, I. c.)

In collection Indian Museum.

183.— NOTOCRYPTA BASIFLAVA, DE NICEVILLE.

Phsioneura basiflava, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. Ivii, pt. 2, p. 290, n.
22, pi. xiii, fig. 7 $ (1888).

Notocrypta lasiflava, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol.
iv, p. 193, n. 27 (1889).

" Male. Upperside, both wings dark glossy brown, with a slight
vinous tinge. Cilia paler brown. Forewing with a pyramidal spot at the
end of the cell, and a large somewhat rounded one below it in the first
median interspace, both semi-transparent lustrous white. Hindwing
unmarked. Underside, both wings rather paler than above. Forewing
marked as on the upperside. Hindwing with the basal third of the wing
rich chrome-yellow. Head and body above concolorous with the wings,
palpi and thorax below grey, abdomen cinereous.

I am indebted to Mr. Harold S. Ferguson for a single specimen of
this remarkable species, which, as far as I know, has no near ally. He in-
forms me that it was captured by a Mr. Atholl MacGregor, probably in
March or April, 1880, at Pirmaad, and that Mr. MacGregor, who is now in
England, possesses only one other specimen.

Expanse : $ , i'8 inches.

Habitat : Travancore." (de Niceville, I. c.)

Also recorded from the Nilgiris (Hampson),

In collection de Niceville.

184,-NOTOCRYPTA BADIA, HEW IT SON.

Pterygospidea badia, Hewitson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., fourth series,
vol. xx, p. 322 (1877).

Pterygospidea badia, Hewitson, Desc. Lep. Coll. Atk., p. 4 (1879).

Plesioneura badia, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. Hi, pt. 2, p. 88, n. 34,
pi. x, fig. 10, c? (1883).

Notocrypta badia, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist, Soc., vol. iv,
p. 193, n. 28 (1889).

/a /?- ff • ff i • \l ' hr^.

CEL/ENORRHINUS.

" Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with a central narrow band,
and four white spots near the apex (one of which is very minute and
considerably below the rest) transparent white. Posterior wing with the
fringe orange.

Underside as above, except that the posterior wing has a central
yellow spot. Antennae with a white ring near the point.

Expanse : 2TV inches.

Habitat : Darjeeling (Atkinson)." (Hewitson, Ann. Nat. Hist.^ I. c.)

This seems to be a very rare species. Mr. de Niceville states (J. A. S. B.,
1883, p. 88) he has only seen two specimens, one in Col. Lang's collection,
the other in the Indian Museum, Calcutta ; both, as well as the specimen
described by Hewitson, are from Sikkim. These two specimens have a
fifth subapical small white spot, the extra one placed above the minute
spot described by Hewitson in the lower discoidal interspace. The ring
below the club of the antenna is ochreous, not white as stated by Hewitson'

In his list of Sikkim butterflies Elwes states that according to Moller
it occurs at low elevations.

In collection Indian Museum.

The late Herr Plotz has also described two species of Hesperiidoe
from " India" (Plesioneuva leucographa, and Plesioncura chimera) which in the
absence of descriptions or specimens, Mr. de Niceville has tentatively
placed in his genus Notocvypta.

GENUS XLVI.— CEL/ENORRHINUS.

Celaenorrhinus, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett, p. 106 (1816).

Celasnorrhinus, Plotz, Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., vol. xxvi, p. 253 (1882).

Gehlota, Doherty, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Iviii, pt. 2, p. 131 (1889).

Gelxnorrhinus, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. iv,
P- 177 (1889).

Plesioneura (preoc.), part, auctorum.

" Forewing, costa slightly arched, apex rather acute, outer margin
convex, inner margin straight; costal nervure terminating opposite the
apex of the discoidal cell, first, second, and third subcostal nervules
with their bases almost equi-distant, fourth subcostal with its base half
as near to the base of the third subcostal as that vein is to the second,
terminating at the apex of the wing, terminal portion of subcostal
nervure. or fifth subcostal nervule with its base almost touching that of
the fourth, terminating on the outer margin far below the apex of the
wing; discoidal cell long, narrow; upper disco-cellular nervule
straight, strongly outwardly oblique, very short; middle and lower
disco-cellular nervules almost in the same straight line (the lower a
little concave), the lower a little longer than the upper, both veins
taken together strongly inwardly oblique; second median nervule

132 CEL^NORRHINUS.

arising some little distance before the lower end of the ce\\f first median
nervule arising much nearer to the base of the wing than to the point
where the 'second median is given off ; submedian nervure slightly
recurved; internal nervure short and quickly running into the sub-
median nervure, with which it entirely anastomoses. Hindwing, costa
strongly arched at base then straight to apex, which latter is somewhat
acute in the male, rounded in the female, outer margin rounded, inner
margin convex ; costal nervure almost straight, terminating just before
the apex of the wing; first subcostal nervule originating some distance
before the apex of the cell ; upper disco-cellular nervule straight, very
slightly outwardly oblique ; lower disco-cellular also slightly outwardly
oblique, at first concave, then straight, a little longer than the upper
disco-cellular; discoidal nervule very fine, straight, arising at the point
of junction of the disco-cellular nervules ; second median nervule arising
just before the lower end of the cell, first median arising much nearer
the lower end of the cell than the base of the wing; submedian and
internal nervures straight. Type,* the Papilio eligius of Cramer.

This diagnosis has been made from bleached wings of both sexes of
the " Hesperia" leucocera of Kollar, from Simla, and of the "Papilio"
eligius of Cramer from the Amazons, for the specimens of which latter I
am indebted to Dr. O. Staudinger. All the species of the genus settle
with wide outspread wings, which at once distinguishes them in life
from the genus Notocrypta, mihi, the species of which rest with wings
folded upright over the back. C. leucocera in the Western Himalayas
is markedly crepuscular, I have seen specimens over and over again
flying up and down a short distance of the bed of the Simla river with
immense rapidity, so fast that the eye can hardly follow them, settling
on a leaf for a second and then flying off again, long after the sun has
set. All that are known to me have the hindwing more or less spotted.
C. eligius, Cramer, was described from Surinam in South America,
and Felder states that he has received a specimen from Venezuela.
The similarity in the markings of the forewing of this species to those
of C. macutosa, Felder, from Shanghai, is not a little remarkable. The
transformations of only one species are known, those of 0. spilothyrus,
Felder." (de Niceville, /. c.)

185.— CEL/ENORRHINUS PULOMAYA, MOORE.

Phsioneura pnlomaya, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 787.

Celcenorrhinus pulowaya, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. iv, p. 1 80, n. ii (1889).

* Vide Mr. Samuel H. Scudder in " Historical Sketch of the Generic Names proposed
for Butterflies," Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sciences, vol. x, p. 137 (1875).

CEL^ENORRHINUS. 133

" Male, dark olive-brown, yellowish-olive basally : forewing with four
oblique discal semi-transparent white spots, the two upper large, one within
and the other beneath the extremity of the cell, the third small and beneath
the second, fourth also small and exterior to the juncture of the upper two :
obliquely, before the apex, are five small similar spots, the upper three
being conjugated ; near posterior margin are two small orange-yellow spots,
the first being one-third from the base, the other one-third from posterior
angle : hindwing with three rows of irregular-shaped well-defined bright
orange spots ; cilia of hindwing broad, alternate brown and orange-yellow.
Underside as above. Top of head black, with a marginal yellow narrow
line on each side. Palpi above black, tipped with yellow. Palpi, thorax,
and legs beneath yellow. Antennae with yellow subapical streak.

Expanse : 2 inches.

Habitat : Darjeeling." (Moore, I. c.)

In recording this species from Kumaon Mr. Doherty states that he has
obtained specimens transitional to P. swuitra, and considers it probably that
the two are not specifically distinct.

Also recorded from Kangra, N.-W. Himalayas (Moore); Sikkim (Elwes).

According to Mr. Elwes this species is easily distinguished from other
species of the genus. The antennae are black, with a yellow or whitish
band below the club ; he also states that in Sikkim this species is restricted
to the higher zones (7 to 10,000 ft.) where he never saw any other of the
allied forms.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

186.— CEL/ENORRHINUS FLAVOCINCTA, DE NICEVILLE,

Phsioncura flavocincta, de Niceville, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 464, pi. xl, fig. 9, 9 .

Celcenorrhimis flavocincta, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc ,
vol. iv, p. 181, n. 12 (1889).

" Male. Upperside : both wings black. Forewing with the base
(all except a round spot in the submedian interspace just beyond the
origin of the first median nervule and touching it) thickly clothed with large
tawny scales ; a quadrate transverse spot beyond the middle of the cell, five
conjoined subapical quadrate spots divided by the veins, the two lower
ones shifted outwards, a narrow linear spot in the second median inter-
space, a quadrate one equal in size to that in the cell in the first median
interspace, two much smaller ones placed obliquely (in one specimen con-
joined in the right-hand wing) in the submedian interspace, all semi-
diaphanous pale ochreous-white. Cilia black, all except a small portion
on the submedian interspace, which is yellow. Hindwing with numerous
more or less quadrate large orange spots disposed over the disc ; the base
of the wing clothed with long fur-like orange setae. Cilia broadly orange,
just marked with black at the end of the veins. Underside : forewing

134 CEL^NORRHINUS.

with the ground-colour paler, the spots as above, the inner margin below
the submedian nervure ochreous, with two obscure ochreous diffused spots
placed one above the other near the base of the wing in the submedian
interspace. Hindwing with the colour of the ground apparently reversed,
being orange, leaving a broad irregular black outer margin ; a large black
spot at the end of the cell, and a series of eight black spots placed one in
each interspace (except the uppermost and lowest interspaces, which have
two each) round the cell. Head black, marked with whitish at the base
of the antennae. Antennae with the shaft above and club entirely, except
the tip, creamy-white, the shaft below and tip of club black. Palpi
whitish, marked anteriorly with three black lines, which meet at the apex.
Thorax clothed above with long ferruginous setae. Abdomen black, ringed
with orange. Female. Differs only from the male in being larger.

Expanse: </• 2-3, $ 2-7 inches.

Habitat: Bhutan. vdUrt-*-

P. flavocincta is the largest species of the genus described from India.
It is most nearly allied to P. pulomaya, Moore, and P. sumitra, Moore ; but
differs from both in the very large size of the orange spots on the hind-
wing on the upperside, these spots on the underside coalescing and occupy-
ing the greater portion of the wing, thus reducing the black ground-
colour of the upperside to a band on the outer margin and to nine discal
spots ; in the two species just mentioned there is no tendency to this
feature, the orange spots being all comparatively small and well- separated,
and the base of the wing is black. The cilia in P. flavocincta are also very
much broader, and orange throughout, except the bases of those cilia at
the termination of the veins on the hindwing, which are black.

Described from a pair in the collection of Mr. A. V. Knyvett and a
single male in that of Mr. Otto Moller, all of which were obtained near
Buxa, Bhutan." (de Niceville, I. c.)

In collection de Niceville.

187,-CEUENORRHINUS PYRRHA, DE NICEVILLE.

Celsenorrhinus pyrrha, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. iv, p. 181, n. 17, pi. B, fig. u, 9 (1889).

"Habitat: Bhutan; Assam.

Expanse : </ , 1-9; 9 , 2'O to 2'2 inches.

Description : Male. Upperside, forewing dark brown, the basal
half of the wing clothed with ochreous-yellow scales ; a large square
spot at the end of the discoidal cell, a rather smaller one below it in the
first median interspace, a small one placed outwardly between these
two spots in the second median interspace, two still smaller spots placed
inwardly obliquely in the submedian interspace below the outer angle
of the second spot, the lower one sometimes wanting, five small sub-

CEL^NORRHINUS. 135

apical spots arranged three and two — all these spots semi-transparent
diaphanous white ; cilia dark brown throughout. Hindwing dark
brown, the basal two-thirds thickly clothed with long ochreous-yellow
setae, some bright yellow spots on the disc ; cilia alternately dark
brown and pale yellow. Underside, foreiving spotted as above, but the
anterior spot in the cell continued almost to the costa by two small
white spots divided by the costal nervure, two diffused whitish spots
placed in the submedian interspace beyond the two diaphanous spots of
the upperside. Hindwing with all the spots more prominent and paler
yellow than on the upperside. Antenna below black throughout, above
with a small portion just before the club shining silvery-white, the shaft
dotted with white. Female : Upperside, forewing&s in the male, but in
some specimens there is a third white spot in the submedian interspace
one-third from the base, an'd in some specimens also the spot in the
cell has two small whitish dots above it almost reaching the costa.
Hindwing as in the male, but the yellow spots more prominent.
Underside, forewing as in the male, but with the pair of diffused whitish
spots placed beyond the two oblique spots in the submedian interspace
more prominent ; cilia in this interspace often pale yellow. Hindwing
as in the male. Antenna as in the male.

The male differs from C. sumttra, Moore, from N.-E. Bengal (which
is known to me by the description only), in having the shaft of the
antennae black anteriorly dotted with white, not anteriorly wholly
silvery -white. The male differs from C. pulomaya, Moore, from Kulu,
Sikkim, and Bhutan in having the lower of the two spots placed
obliquely in the submedian interspace of the forewing in both sexes
white, in C. pulomaya it is yellow. C. putra, Moore, from Bengal, is
unknown to me ; the description agrees, however, with some examples
of Q, leucocera, Kollar.

Described from a single male from Bhutan (I have examined the
prehensores, so am certain that the specimen is a male), and six females
also from Bhutan, one female from Cherrapunji, and one male and three
females from the Khasi Hills." (de Niceville, I. c.)

188.-CEUENORRHINUS PLAGIFERA, DE N/CE V/LLE.

Celsenorrhinus plagifera, de Niceville, Jcurn. Bomb, Nat. Hist.
Soc., vol. iv, p. 182, n. 1 8, pi. B, fig. 13, 9 (1889).

(( Habitat : Sikkim, Bhutan.

Expanse : <? , 9 , 2*0 to 2-3 inches.

Description : Male and Female. Upperside, forewing differs from
C. pyrrha, mihi, in never having a spot one-third from the base in the

136 CEL/ENORRHINUS.

submedian interspace. Hindwing with the spots larger, and of a richer
(more orange) yellow colour; the alternate yellow portions of the cilia
also of a deeper orange. Underside, foreiving lacking the two diffused
whitish spots in the submedian interspace beyond the two obliquely-
placed transparent spots which are found in C. pyrrha ; otherwise as in
that species. Antenncv as in G. pyrrha.

I have described this species from nineteen specimens in the
collections of Mr. A. V. Knyvett and myself. It appears to be very
constant. The sexes are very difficult to discriminate ; I have been
able to distinguish them only by an examination of the organs of
generation." (de Niceville, /. c.)

189.-CEL/ENORRHINUS PATULA, DE N/CEVILLE.

CeUvnorrhinns patula, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. iv, p. 182, n. 19, pi. B, fig. 4, 9 (1889).

" Habitat : Sikkim.

Expanse : </, 2'2 ; 9 , 2*5 inches.

Description : Male. Upperside, forewing with the white spots
forming the discal band smaller than in G. pyrrha and C. plagtfera, mihi,
no spot at the base of the second median interspace, the lower of the
two spots in the submedian interspace minute. Cilia anteriorly dark
brown, posteriorly pale yellow.' Rindwing with the yellow spots on the
disc larger and clearer than in either the above-mentioned species.
Cilia almost entirely yellow, instead of being prominently marked with
black at the ends of the veins. Antenna? with the shaft anteriorly
entirely pure silvery-white, in which respect it agrees with C. sumitra,
Moore, and C. pero, mihi. Female : Upperside, forewing with the lower
spot in the submedian interspace larger than in the male, as also are
the five subapical spots ; a minute spot at the base of the second median
interspace. Cilia posteriorly barely marked with pale yellow. Antennas
as in the male.

C. patula differs from the description of C. sumitra in having two
spots in the submedian interspace of the forewing in both sexes instead
of one only ; the cilia are not alternately broadly brown and orange-
yellow, and the female of C. patula lacks the yellow costal spot above
the oblique discal series of white spots on the upperside of the forewing
described in C. sumitra.

Described from a single pair from Sikkim. The female of C. patula
is unique, as far as I know, amongst this group of the genus in possess-
ing antennae that are anteriorly white, this being usually a male
character. I am certain of the sex of my type specimens, as I have
examined the primary sexual organs." (de Niceville^ I. c.)

CEL^NORRHINUS. 137

190.— CEL/ENORRHINUS PERO, DE N/CEV/LLE.

Celxnorrhinus pero, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. iv, p. 183, n. 20, pi. B., fig. 12, c? (1889).

" Habitat : India.

Expanse: c?, 2*2 inches.

Description : Male. Upperside, both wings differ from those of
C. pyrrha, mihi, in being paler in colour. Forewing marked as in that
species, but the yellow spot one-third from the base of the wing in the
submedian interspace more prominent ; cilia broadly pale yellow and
brown. Hindwing as in C. pyrrha, but the yellow spots on the disc
smaller, and the cilia almost entirely pale yellow, only just touched
with brown at the ends of the veins, as in C. patula and C. flavocincta.
Underside, both wings as in C. pyrrha, but the spot one-third from
the base of the submedian interspace of the foreiuing much larger
than on the upperside and white. Antennas shining silvery -white
anteriorly throughout, posteriorly black. Palpi, white below instead of
pale yellow as in G. pyrrha.

C. pero agrees with C, sumitra in having the antennae anteriorly
white, but differs from the description of that species in having the
palpi and front of thorax beneath white not pale yellow, and in
possessing the additional yellow spot one-third from the base and the
white spot one-third from the outer margin in the submedian interspace
of the fore wing on the upperside.

Described from two male examples from Colonel G. F. L. Marshall's
collection. They are not ticketed, but I believe them to be from the
Western Himalayas." (de Niceville, I. c.)

Mr. de Niceville has seen specimens of this species since the above
description was written in Mr. H. J. Elwes' collection captured by Mr.
W. Doherty in the Naga Hills.

191.— CEL/ENORRHINUS SUMITRA, MOORE.

Plesioneura sumitra, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 787.

Celcenorrhinus sumitra, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. iv, p. 184, n. 17 (1889).

" Male and female dark olive-brown paler at the base. Male. Fore-
wing with an oblique discal series of four conjugated semi-transparent
white spots, the first and second large and quadrate, the other two
very small ; first one within the extremity of the cell, second and third
beneath it, fourth exteriorly before the juncture of the first and second ;
a series of five small similar spots obliquely before the apex : hindwing
with a submarginal row and a few discal bright orange-yellow spots ;
cilia of hindwing broadly alternate brown and orange-yellow. Underside
as above ; the orange-yellow spots on the hindwing more clearly defined.

18

CEL^NORRHINUS.

Antennae above silvery- white. Palpi and front of thorax beneath pale
yellow. Abdomen with narrow orange-yellow segmental bands. Female,
as in male, but having also a yellow costal spot above the oblique discal
series of white spots.

Expanse : <? 2, 9 2f inches.

Habitat : N.-E. Bengal." (Moon, I. c.)

Also recorded from Kumaon (Doherty) ; Sikkim (Elwes).

According to Mr. Elwes this species can be distinguished from C. leitcocera
by its large size, much larger and more numerous spots on the hindwing,
and bright yellow, not greyish-yellow fringes ; and can be distinguished
from C. pulomayay which it more nearly resembles in general appearance, by
the colour of the antennae, and the absence of the yellow spot on the hind-
margin of the forewing.

Not in collection Indian Museum, unknown to de Niceville.

Mr. de Niceville considers that Mr. Elwes has probably wrongly
identified his specimens.

192.— CEL/ENORRHINUS LEUCOCERA, KOLLAR.

Hesperia lencocera, Kollar, in Hiigel's Kaschmir, vol. iv, pt. i, p. 454,
n. 2, pi. xviii, figs. 3, 4, female (1848).

Celwnorrhimts leucocera, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. iv, p. 184, n. 21 (1889).

" All wings dark brown ; some spots and a minute dot in the middle
of the forewing, a small crescent at the apex, all transparent snow-white ;
on the upper surface of the hindwing four spots, on the under surface a
larger number irregularly placed and yellowish, the borders white, inter-
spersed with dusky.

Of median size, hindwing rounded at the outer margin, not elongated,
the colour of all the wings above and below dark brown. In the middle of
the forewing are three snow-white transparent almost quadrangular spots of
which the hind one is the smallest, there is also a dot near the middle spot.
Near the apex a crescent-shaped spot. On the hindwing several small
yellow spots irregularly arranged ; four on the upperside more or less
obsolete, and seven on the underside almost punctiform, the outer five in a
curved row near the outer margin. The fringe of the forewing brown with
several whitish spots, on the hindwing alternately yellowish-white and
brown. Head and body brown and hairy, the palpi yellowish- white clothed
with brown hairs above ; two yellow spots at the nape. Club of the
antennae snow-white, below brown.

Hugel brought a single specimen from the Himalayas.
Expanse: i" [9] " [9, 2 inches from figure]. (Kollar, I.e.]
Also recorded from Bombay (Swinhoe) ; Orissa (Taylor} ; Ponsekai,
Tavoy (Elwes and de Niceville) ; Kumaon (Doherty} ; N.-W. Himalayas
(Moovc)', North India (Butler) ; Sikkim (Elwes; de Nictville).

CEL^iNt)RRHINUS. 139

This species is possibly conspecific with P. munda, as, according both
to Mr. Elwes and Mr. Doherty, it varies in the number of spots -on the
hindwing which are sometimes entirely absent ; Mr. de Niceville, however,
considers the two species to be distinct.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

193.— CEL/ENORRHINUS PUTRA, MOORE.

Plesioneura putra, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 788!,

Celcenoyrhinus putra, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.} vol.
iv, p. 184, n. 20 (1889).

" Upperside dark fuliginous-brown ; forewing with an oblique discal
series of three conjugated semi-transparent whitish spots, the first and
second large, the first within the extremity of the cell, the second beneath
it, the third very small and at the lower outer angle of the latter ; exterior
to the junction of the upper two is a very minute spot, and before the apex
is an interrupted series of five very small similar spots, the three upper
being conjugated ; hindwing with a submarginal and discal series of
indistinct orange-yellow spots ; forewing with ill-defined and hindwing with
.prominent, alternate yellowish-white and brown cilia. Underside dark
brown, the semi-transparent spots whiter, and the submarginal and discal
spots of the hindwing pale yellow. Palpi beneath pale yellow. Body and
legs beneath brownish-yellow. Antennae white in front.

Expanse : 2 inches.

Habitat : Bengal." (Moore, I. c.) Probably conspecific with the
preceding.

Not in collection Indian Museum, unknown to de Niceville.

194.— CELCENORRHINUS MUNDA, MOORE.
Plesioneura munda, Moore, J. A. S. B., 1884, P- 48-
Celcenorrhinus munda, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. iv, p. 185, n. 23 (1889).

•" Male and female. Upperside olive-brown : forewing with an oblique
transverse discal semi-diaphanous white band, similar to, but more compact
than in P. leucocera, the apex spot starting from above the costal vein, the
two lower large spots, the small one beneath, as well as that outwardly
between them, are not separated from each other, the second lower spot
between the median and submedian only being apart from the rest ; three
subapical conjoined white spots and two minute lower dots ; cilia very
faintly alternated brownish-white ; hindwing uniformly olive-brown : cilia
deeply alternated with white. Underside paler than above ; forewing
marked the same : hindwing numerously speckled with olive-green scales
towards abdominal margin; an olive-green speckled lunule at end of the cell.

Expanse : i§ inches.

Habitat: Simla (Lang]." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Sikkim (de

In collection Indian Museum.

140 CEL/ENORRHINUS.

195,— CEL/ENORRHINUS AMBAREESA, MOORE.

Phsioneuva ambareesa, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, P- 7^8.

Plesioneura ambareesa, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. lii, pt. 2, p. 87,
n. 33, pi. x, fig. 9, £ (1883).

Celanovvhinus ambareesa, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. iv, p. 185, n. 25 (1889).

" Upperside dark olive-brown, the whole surface irrorated with
delicate yellowish-olive scales : forewing with an oblique transverse discal
series of pale yellowish-white semi-transparent spots, the first large and
within the extremity of the cell, being indented exteriorly, the second small
and some distance beyond, the third large and beneath the latter ; below
the last are two other small spots ; and one-third from the base beneath the
cell is a small round similar spot ; above the first on the costa is a small
brighter yellow spot, which is not transparent ; before the apex are five
rather large similar spots, the three upper conjugated as are also the other
two ; one or two lower submarginal very indistinct orange-coloured spots :
hindwing with a row of ill-defined orange-coloured submarginal spots, and
others still less defined nearer the base : cilia of both wings broad, alternate
brown and yellowish-white. Underside paler, more uniform in colour ;
markings as above.

Expanse : 2 inches.

Habitat : Bengal (Manbhoom)." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Nilgiris (Hampson) ; Bombay (Sivinhoe}.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

196.— CEUENORRHINUS CHAMUNDA, MOORE.

Plesioneuva chamunda, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 788.

Celanovvhimis chanmnda, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. iv, p. 185, n. 24 (1889).

"Female. Upperside dark browrn ; base of forewing and the whole
hindwing except exterior margin dark olive-brown ; forewing with an
oblique transverse discal series of semi-transparent silky white spots, the
first small and above the extremity of the cell, the second large and within
the cell, the third beneath also large, the fourth facing the posterior angle,
and a fifth exterior to and facing the juncture of the second and third ; a
series of five small similar spots obliquely recurving before the apex ; cilia
brown, on the hindwing alternated with white. Underside as above.

Expanse : 2 inches. , / /_ fL.

Habitat: Bengal." (Moore, I.e.) ^ fffnff. ••

Also recorded from Sikkim by Mr. Elwes, who states it can be
distinguished from P. lencocera by the colour of the hindwing, the antennae
also are never white as in leiicocera, which sometimes, however, has only the
club white.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

CELvfcNORRHINUS.

197.— CEL/ENORRHINUS NIGRICANS, DE NICEVILLE.

PUsioneura nigricans, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. Hv, pt. 2, p. 123,
pi. ii, fig. 6, ? (1885).

Celanorrhinus nigricans, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. iv, p. 1 86, n. 28 (1889).

" c? and 9 . Upperside swarthy, slightly sprinkled with ochreous
scales on the basal half of the forewing. Forewing with an oblique
semi-diaphanous pure white band across the disc composed of three con-
joined spots, the middle one, at the base of the interspace between the first
and second median nervules, the smallest, elongated, and projecting beyond
the outer margin of the other two spots ; a small similar spot placed below
the lower outer angle of the third spot, and an opaque spot placed above
the uppermost spot not quite reaching the costa ; and with a recurved series
of from three to five dots before the apex. Hindwing with the basal and
abdominal areas sparsely clothed with long ochreous hairs. Underside,
forewing as above, but the lowest spot of the discal band much larger, its
inner margin straight, its outer margin blurred. Hindwing with an indis-
tinct ochreous spot at the end of the cell, and a submarginal series of similar
spots, the two towards the anal angle rather more distinct than the others.
The base and abdominal area somewhat ochreous. Cilia dusky on the
forewing excepting a small portion towards the inner angle which is ochre-
ous : dusky also on the hindwing, with three ochreous spots below the outer
angle, and one towards the anal angle. Antennae blackish, the underside
of the club and a small portion of adjoining shaft pure white.

Expanse: 17 inches.

Habitat: Sikkim (Otto M oiler) ; Buxa, Bhutan (Moti Ram):' (de
Niceville, I. c.)

Also recorded from Tavoy (Elwes and de Niceville), and Mr. de Niceville
informs me it is very common in the Khasi Hills.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

198.— CEL/ENORRHINUS FUSCA, HAMPSON.

Phsioneuva fnsca, Hampson, J. A. S. B., vol. Ivii, pt. 2, p. 367, n.
261 (1888).

Celanorrhinus fnsca, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. iv, p. 1 86, n. 27 (1889).

" Differs from P. spilothyrus in having the cilia of the hindwing alternately
black and white as in P. leucoceva ; the costal bifid spot of the discal series
on the forewing, white, not ochreous ; the underside mottled with obscure
grey; the latter half of the antennae in the male white. The two lower
spots of the subapical series on the forewing are often wanting, also the
lowest spot of the discal series. Very near to P. nigricans, de Niceville.

Expanse: 1-7 inches.

Habitat : Nilgiris and Shevaroy Hills [S. India] ." (Hampson, I. c.)

In collection de Niceville,

*42 CEUENORRHINUS.

199.— CEUENORRHINUS SPILOTHYRUS, FELDER.

Eudamus spikthynts, Felder, Verb, zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1868,
p. 283, $.

Plcsioneura spilothyms, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 179, pi. 67,
figs. 4, 4<i (1881).

Cdttnorrhinuf spilothyms, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. iv, p. 185, n. 26 (1889).

" Male and female. Upperside dark olive-brown ; forewing with a few
olive-yellow scales scattered on the basal area ; a small spot on the middle
of the costa, white in male, ochreous in female ; a semi-diaphanous white
quadrate spot with incised outer border at end of the cell ; a similar-sized
spot beneath it between the middle and lower median veins ; a smaller
spot above it at base of upper and middle medians, and one spot (in some
specimens two) between the lower median and submedian near the posterior
angle ; a conjugated series of three small spots before the apex and two
below them near the outer margin ; hindwing with a very indistinct small
spot at the end of the cell, and a curved discal series formed of clustered
olive-yellow scales, these scales also extending over the base of the wing.
Cilia cinereous- Drown, in hindwing slightly alternated with olive-yellow.
Underside paler ; marked as above ; the lower spots on forewing being
olive-yellow. Body olive-brown ; palpi with olive-yellow lateral streak.
Antennae with olive-white subapical streak.

Expanse : lyV to IT% inches." (Moore, I. c.)

Recorded from Ceylon (Wade, Mackwood) ; Nilgiris (Hatnpson).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

200.-CEL/ENORRHINUS CONSERTUS, DE NICEVILLE.

Gelanorrhinus conserfus, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist.
Soc., vol. v, p. 222, n. 17, pi. E, fig. 12, $ (1890).

" Habitat : Khasi Hills.

Expanse: £, 1*7; ?, 1*8 inches.

Description : Male. Upperside, both wings dark rich brown
approaching to fuscous, the base of the forewing and the entire hindwing
sprinkled with long ochreous-ferruginous hair-like scales. Forewing
with three conjoined subapical lustrous white dots, the posterior rather
nearer to the outer margin of the wing than the others ; a compact
discal lustrous white patch, anteriorly bounded by the subcostal nervure,
posteriorly by the first median nervule, its inner edge nearly straight
and even, its outer edge irregular owing to that portion of the patch
situated at the base of the second median interspace being projected
slightly forwards and beyond the line of the outer edge of the patch.
Hindwing with a large rounded discoidal spot, with a similar discal
series beyond formed by portions of the ground-colour being free from
the ochreous-ferruginous hair-like scales. Cilia concolorous with the
wings throughout. Underside, forewing entirely dark brown ; the

CEL^NORRHINUS.

lustrous white spots as above, but the discal one with two pale yellow
dots divided by the first subcostal nervule placed anteriorly against it ;
a subanal pale yellow patch divided into two by the submedian fold.
Hindwing much as on the upperside. Antenncv black, with the shaft just
below the club on the underside and the tip of the club beneath
ochreous. Female. Upperside, both wings exactly as in the male, but
the long hair-like scales less numerous. Underside, both wings as in
the male.

Very probably near to " Plesioneura^ asmara, Butler, from Malacca
and Java, of which no sufficient description exists, but which Mr. Distant
states is " closely allied to P. alysos" Moore, a species of the genus
Notocrypta, in which I have provisionally placed " P." asmara.

C. consertus has been described from two pairs obtained by the
Revd. Walter A. Hamilton in the Khasi Hills." (de Niceville, L c.)

This species occurs in Rangoon as well as the succeeding one, and is
not uncommon.

201.-CEL/ENORRHINUS CACU8, DE NICEVILLE.

Celcenorrhinus cacus, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. v, p. 223, n. 18, pi. E, fig. n, $ (1890).

" Habitat : Rangoon.

Expanse: £, r6 inches.

Description : Male. Very near to C. consertus, mihi, but differing
in the following particulars : — Smaller, wings narrower. Upperside,
both wings much more thickly clothed with long ochreous hair-like
scales than in that species, giving the ground a much more yellow
appearance. Forewing with two subapical dots only, the lower most
minute. Underside, both wings present the same differences as on the
upperside.

Described from a single example taken at Rangoon in January, and
deposited in the Phayre Museum." (de Niceville, /. c.)

202.-CEUENORRHINUS TABRICA, HEWITSON.

Pterygospidea tabrica, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. v, pi. lix, fig. 8 (1873)^
CelfKnovvhinus tabrica, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. iv, p. 187, n. 35 (1889).

" Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with eleven transparent
spots : six in the centre, three of which are large, and five near the apex.
Posterior wing orange, with the base and the costal and outer margins dark
brown ; a round black spot before the middle, and a submarginal band of
seven oblong spots of the same colour. Underside as above, except that
the anterior wing has a submarginal series of pale spots more distinctly
marked as they approach the anal angle.

144 HANTANA.

Expanse : 2^ inches.

Habitat : Darjeeling (Roberts)." (Hewitson, I. c.)

This species is apparently closely allied to C. pinwilli^ Butler.

203.-CEL/ENORRHINUS PINWILLI, BUTLER.

Plesioneura pimmlli, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., second series,
vol. i, p. 556, n. 5, pi. Ixviii, fig. 4, & (1877).

Plesioneura pinivilli, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 400, pi. xxxv,fig. 29, $ (1886).

Gehlota pinwilli, Doherty, J. A. S. B., vol. Iviii, pt. 2, p. 131 (1889).

Celcenorrhinus pinwilH, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vol. iv, p. 187, n. 36 (1889).'

The following is Mr. Butler's description as quoted in Rhop. Mai. : —

" Primaries black, with a bluish shot ; a broad oblique shining pale
yellow subhyaline patch, separated by the median nervure and its second
and third branches into three spots ; two small spots of the same colour,
placed obliquely below it, on the inferno-median interspace ; secondaries
bright orange, the base and apical portion of external border chocolate-
brown ; remainder of outer border, a rounded spot at end of cell, a second
near anal angle, and five, submarginal, touching the outer border, black ;
head and thorax greenish-grey, vertex of head edged with sordid-white ;
abdomen orange, banded with black. Primaries below as above, excepting
that there is a bifid whitish spot above the end of the cell, a whitish spot at
base of interno- median area, and that the inner margin is brown ; secondaries
bright orange ; the costal and outer borders irregularly purplish-black ;
fringe brownish ; a subcostal dash, a rounded spot at the end of the cell,
and a reniform spot near the anal angle black ; body below and legs bright
ochreous, palpi pale ochreous ; neck below white ; antennae black above,
testaceous below.

Expanse : 2 inches 2 lines.

Habitat : Malay Peninsula, Malacca (Pin will, Brit. Mus.)"

Mr. Distant says that the single specimen captured by Capt. Pinwill is
the only one known to him.

Mr. Doherty (/. c.) records one male from Margherita, Assam.

GENUS XLVIL— HANTANA.

H ant ana, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 179 (1881).

" Differs from typical Plesioneura in the forewing being more regularly
triangular, apex acute, exterior margin more oblique, and posterior margin
shorter ; cell much longer, extending to nearly three-fourths the wing, the
disco-cellulars being very oblique ; middle median at one-fifth and lower at
four-fifths before end of the cell : hindwing regularly oval ; cell longer ;
disco-cellulars more erect; medians nearer end of the cell. Palpi more
laxly clothed ; fore tibia? tufted ; middle and hind tibiae hairy above,
femora hairy beneath ; antennal club shorter.

Type : H. infernus." (Moore, I. c.)

ASTICTOPTERUS. 145

204.— HANTANA INFERNUS, FELDER.

Eudamus infernus, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1868, p. 283.

Hantana infernus, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i,p. 179, pi. 68, fig. 6 (1881).

" Male and female. Upperside dark purplish-brown ; forewing with
two, sometimes three, very small golden-yellow semi-diaphanous costal
spots before the apex, a single but less distinct spot near the upper end of
the cell, and in the female a similar costal spot above it. Underside slightly
paler : golden-yellow spots on forewing brighter : hindwing with a very
indistinct golden-yellow spot within the cell, one also at its end, and a
series across the disc, all formed by golden-yellow scales. Head and palpi
with lateral golden-yellow streak ; front of head and palpi speckled with
golden-yellow.

Expanse: ^ i|-; 9 Ji inches." (Moore, I. c.)

Recorded from Ceylon (Wade, Mack wood, Hutchison).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS XLVIII.— ASTICTOPTERUS.

Astictopterus, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch., vol. iv, p. 401 (1860).

Astictopterus, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 162 (1881).

Astictopterus, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 401 (1886).

"Forewing elongated; exterior margin short, slightly oblique and
convex, posterior margin long; cell broad, extending two-thirds the wing;
first subcostal at nearly one-half before end of the cell, first, second, and
third branches wide apart ; disco-cellulars very slender and very oblique,
upper bent inward, lower shortest ; upper radial from the angle, lower from
their middle ; the middle median at one-sixth and lower at three-sixths
before end of the cell ; hindwing broadly oval ; cell extending half the
wing ; disco-cellulars erect ; radial very slender ; second subcostal at one-
sixth before end of the cell ; middle median from close to end, and lower at
nearly one half before end of cell. Body long, slender; palpi lax,
terminal joint short, pointed ; legs comparatively naked ; antennae with
slender pointed club.

Type: A. jama." (Moore, I.e.)

205. -ASTICTOPTERUS XANITES, BUTLER.

Astictopterus xanites, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 510.
.Astictopterus xanites, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 402, pi. 34, fig. 28
(1886).

" Wings above dark fuscous ; anterior wings with a sanguineous
transverse fascia not reaching costal or inner margin and crossing wing at
end of cell. Wings beneath as above, but the transverse fascia to the
anterior wings broader and paler than above and approaching nearer to the
costal margin. Body and legs dark fuscous.

ASTICTOPTERUS.

Expanse : wings, 32 millims." (Distant, I. c.)
Recorded from Tavoy (Elwes and de Niceville).
I have obtained this commonly at Rangoon in August.
In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

206.-ASTICTOPTERUS BUTLERI, WOOD-MASON and DE NICEVILLE.

Astictoptems butleri, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. lii,
pt. 2, p. 98, n. 260, pi. x, fig. 3 </ (1883).

Astictoptems bntleri, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol.lv,
pt. 2, pt. 380, n. 205 (1886).

" </ • Closely allied to A. xanites, Butler, from the Malay Peninsula,
Java, and Borneo. Upperside, both wings dark fuliginous-brown, strongly
suffused with purple, and glossed with dark bronzy-brown according to the
play of light. Forewing entirely lacking the broad orange band so
conspicuous in A. xanites. Underside, forewing paler and less strongly
suffused with purple, paling from the middle of the interno-median area to
the posterior margin. Hindwing plum-coloured, with the anterior margin
fringed at the base with black bristles forming a tuft, which is lodged in, and
nipped by the lips of, an elongated sac-like fold in the cell of the fore-
wing. 9 . Larger than the male. Upperside, forewing with an obsolete
oblique discal red band, which is sometimes quite absent, but distinct traces
of which are always to be seen on the underside, which is rather lighter
everywhere and less stongly suffused with purple than in the male. The
hindwing, of course, lacks the tuft of black bristles present in the opposite sex.

Expanse: tf I'5'j 9 1-7 inches.

Three males and four females in forests near Silcuri [Cachar] , 8th to
igth July.

It is by no means an uncommon species at low elevations in Sikkim
and Bhutan, and it has also been obtained in the Mergui Archipelago."
(Wood-Mason and de Niceville, 1. c., in J.A.S. B. of 1886).

Also recorded from Sikkim (de Niceville, Elwes}.

Near to A. olivascens but can be distinguished by the absence of mark-
ings on the underside of the hindwing.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

207.-ASTICTOPTERU8 OLIVASCENS, MOORE.

Astictoptems olivascens, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 692.

" Allied to A. unicolor, Bremer (Menetries, Cat. Mus. Pet., Lep., vol. i,
t. 5, f. 6) from Pekin and Hong-kong but of larger size. Upperside uniform
glossy olive-brown. Female with a white semi-diaphanous narrow
subapical spot crossed by the fourth and fifth subcostal branches. Under-
side : male uniformly brown, forewing sparsely grey-speckled, hindwing
with three ill-defined grey-speckled, transverse bands. Palpi, body, and
legs beneath grey.

ASTICTOPTERUS. H7

Expanse : iT6y- inches.

Habitat : Salween, Moulmein ; Darjeeling." (Moore, I c.)

Recorded from Calcutta (de Niceville} ; Cachar (Wood-Mason and
de Niceville} ; Tavoy (Elwes and de Niceville).

I have two specimens of this from Beeling, Upper Tenasserim. The
shape of the wings is very similar to Baracus.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

208.-ASTICTOPTERUS SALSALA, MOORE.

Nisionides salsala, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 786.

Astictopterus salsala, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 401, pi. xxxiv, fig. 21
(1886).

Astictopterus stellifev, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, second
series, vol. i, p. 455 (1876—79).

Astictopterus stellifev, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 163 (1881).

" Male and female dark brown with olive-brown gloss. Male ; upper-
side, forewing Avith two or three ill-defined yellowish spots ascending
obliquely from beyond middle of posterior margin. Female ; forewing with
an oblique series of small semi-transparent white spots curving across the
disc (more or less distinct), and terminated below by an ill-defined
yellowish spot. Underside chestnut-brown suffused with black on the
disc ; forewing with minute white spots, one at extremity of the cell, and
two or three obliquely beyond ; hindwing with a series of three spots
disposed in a curve across disc ; cilia greyish-brown. Palpi, body, and
legs yellowish beneath.

Expanse : i-J- inches.

Habitat : Bengal." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Cachar (Wood-Mason and de Niceville) ; Tavoy
(Elwes and de Niceville) ; Calcutta (de Niceville} ; Orissa (Taylor) ; Sikkim
(de Niceville ; Elwes).

Recorded as A. stellifev from Ceylon (Hutchison, Wade, Mackwood);
Poona, Bombay (Swinhoe) ; and the Nilgiris (Hampsori).

Mr. de Niceville states that he considers A. salsala to be identical
VitihA.steltifer, though Mr. Moore informs him that the 'female of A. salsala
has a curved discal row of seven white spots and two lower ochraceous
discal spots, and is a larger species than A. stellifer, Butler.' According to
Mr. Elwes the two species are identical, Sikkim specimens varying
considerably in the spots of the forewing above, which are sometimes white,
sometimes rufous and sometimes absent as in stellifer.

I have numerous specimens of this species from Rangoon, Beeling,
Upper Tenasserim, Madras, Kadur District, and Mysore ; they vary con-
siderably in the distinctness of the spots both on upperside and underside,
but I can find no sure characteristic by which to separate them into two
species.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville. -

KERANA.

209.— ASTICTOPTERUS 8UBFA8CIATU8, MOORE.

Astictopterus Subfasciatus, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 842.

" Male and female. Upperside uniform vinous-brown. Underside —
forewing with a short vinous-grey streak, and two small ochreous-grey
spots obliquely from the costa before the apex ; hind-margin pale ochreous-
brown ; hindwing with a short, broad, medial, and a subbasal vinous-grey
band ; abdominal margin broadly pale ochreous-brown ; some indistinct
spots between the bands and at the base also pale ochreous-brown. Palpi,
body, and legs beneath pale ochreous-brown.

Expanse : if inches.

Habitat: Ahsown (Upper Tenasserim).

A specimen of this species from S. India is also in the collection of the
British Museum." (Moore, I. c.)

Recorded from Cachar (Wood-Mason and de Nic faille} ; Modah, Upper
Burma (Butler] ; Nilgiris (Hampson). Messrs. Wood-Mason and de
Niceville note that "the male of this species has a curious impressed
elongated oval brand on the forewing, placed so immediately behind as to
touch the median nervure, and extending for one-third of its length along
the first median nervule. This species probably has no real connection
with the genus Astictopterus." (jf. A. S. B., vol. lv. pt. 2, p. 380, n. 204 >
pi. xviii, figs, i, la, tf (1886).

Common throughout Burma in suitable localities ; it seems to prefer
deep shade.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS XLIX.— KERANA,

Kevana, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 402 (1886).

"This genus is closely allied to Astictopterus, but structurally differs
by having the first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings emitted more
nearly opposite the base of the second than of the lower median nervule."

(Distant, I. c.)

210.-KERANA DIOCLE8, MOORE.

Nisionades diodes, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 787.

Kemna diodes, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 403, pi. 34, fig. 8 (1886).

" Male and female. Upperside uniform dark glossy olive-brown with-
out markings. Underside pale brown, with a well-defined paler brown
exterior border. Antennae, palpi, and body dark olive-brown.

Expanse : tf if ; $ 2| inches.

Habitat : Bengal." (Moore, I. c.)

Recorded from Cachar (Wood-Mason and de Niceville) ; Tavoy (Elwes
and de Niceville) ; Meetan, 3,000, ft., Upper Tenasserim (Limborg); Sikkim
(de Niceville ; Ehves).

I have this species from Beeling, Upper Tenasserim.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

KERANA. 149

211.— KERANA AURIVITTATA, MOORE.

Phsioneuva atmvittata, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 843, pi. liii, f. 2.

Plesioncum anrivittata, var. camcroni, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p. 403, pi. 84,
fig. 19 (1886).

" Male and female. Upperside dark golden olive-brown : forewing
with a broad oblique golden-yellow discal band curving from the middle of
the costa to posterior angle, the band semi-opaque from the costal vein to
lower median branch : a small curved yellow streak composed of three
vein-crossed spots before the apex. Cilia of both wings brown. Under-
side duller brown : forewing as above : hindwing slightly yellow-speckled,
and with a very indistinct yellowish streak at the end of the cell.

Expanse : iT7y inches.

Habitat : above Ahsown (Upper Tenasserim).

Allied to P. dhanada, Moore. Distinguished by the oblique transverse
band being very broad throughout and extending to the posterior angle,
also in the cilia of hindwing being entirely brown."* (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Tavoy (Ehves and de NicevilU). •

This species is readily distinguishable from K. dhanada by the extent of
the yellow band on the forewing. The difference in the cilia does not hold
good, that of K . anrivittata not being invariably brown on the hindwing.

I obtained a single specimen of this species at Beeling, Upper
Tenasserim, and met with it very commonly at Tilin in the Yaw District,
Upper Burma.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

212.— KERANA GEMMIFER, BUTLER.

Astictopterus gemmifer, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc., second series,
Zoology, vol. i, p. 555 (1877).

Kerana gemmifer, Distant, Rhop. Mai., p, 403, pi. xxxiv, fig. 29
(1886).

" Wings above dark chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with a broad
and outwardly rounded transversely oblique orange-yellow fascia cross-
ing wings at about end of cell. Wings beneath as above, the fascia to
anterior wings slightly paler. Body and legs concolorous with wings.

Expanse : 32 to 34 millim.

Habitat : Malay Peninsula ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford — coll. Dis-
tant) ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Wallace — colL God-
man&nd Satvm)." (Distant, I. c.)

I have obtained two specimens of this .species in the Hills about
fifteen miles east of Toungoo, Burma, in dense, gloomy jungle. It is
somewhat similar to A. xanites in appearance, but not only differs in
neuration but is also a larger insect with a broader orange band.

BARACUS.

Since writing the above Mr. de Niceville has pointed out to me that
my specimens, though possibly identical with Distant's species, are not
the K. gemmifer of Butler, which has a number of amethystine spots on
the underside of both wings, which are not present in the Toungoo speci-
mens, and were also presumably wanting in Distant's specimens as he
makes no mention of them : this last point is, however, doubtful as they
are only visible in certain lights and may have escaped observation.

213.— KERANA DHANADA, MOORE.

Plesioneura dhanada, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 789.

" Upperside, dark yellowish olive-brown ; the base of the wings
brighter olive-brown : forewing with an oblique transverse discal irregular-
margined semi-transparent yellowish band, joined above by a yellow costal
spot ; a small narrow streak of three conjugated similar spots obliquely
before the apex : cilia brown, on the hindwing alternated with yellow.
Underside ; forewing as above, the lower portion of the oblique band
terminating in a suffused yellow spot ; hindwing with three transverse
discal series of ill-defined yellowish-olive spots : cilia as above. Antennae
minutely spotted with yellow at the base, and with a subapical yellowish
band. Palpi and thorax in front beneath yellow. Abdomen with narrow
yellowish segmental bands.

Expanse : if inches.

Habitat : Bengal." (Moore, I. c.)

Recorded for Kumaon (Dohtrty) ; Sikkim (de Niceville).

Mr. Elwes considers this species to be probably synonymic with
C. dan, but has apparently never seen a specimen of it ; while Mr. Doherty
notes that he is not quite certain whether the two species belong even
to the same genus; so apparently there is something wrong in the
identification of it.

Mr. de Niceville considers the two species certainly distinct, and
informs me the present species should be included in Kevana.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS L— BARACUS.

Baracus, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 162 (1881).

"Wings small; forewing triangular; exterior margin short, convex,
slightly oblique, posterior margin long; first subcostal at two-fifths before
end of the cell, first, second, and third at equal distances, fourth and fifth
much recurved from the base ; disco-cellulars inwardly oblique, radial from
their middle ; cell extending beyond half the wing ; middle median near
to end and lower at nearly one-half before end of the cell ; submedian
straight ; hindwing short, broadly oval ; apex and exterior margin very
convex ; abdominal margin short ; subcostal straight, second subcostal
immediately before end of the cell ; disco-cellulars slightly concave, radial

BARACUS.

from their middle ; cell short ; two upper medians from end of the cell,
lower at one-third before the end ; submedian and internal slightly
recurved. Body moderate ; palpi laxly clothed, terminal joint somewhat
long, thick, pointed ; hind tibiae hairy above ; antennae with a thick club
and pointed tip.

Type : B. vittatus." (Moon, I. c.)

214.— BARACUS VITTATUS, FELDER.

Jsoteinon vittatus, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, vol. xii,
p. 480 (1862).

Bavacus vittatus, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 162, pi. 69, figs. 1,10
(1881).

" Male and female. Upperside dark olive-brown. Male with the
lower basal and discal area of both wings olive-grey, and a small sub-
apical spot of the same colour also on the forewing. Female : forewing
with a small olive -grey subapical spot and slender macular discal streak :
hindwing with less distinct olive-grey lower basal and discal area. Un-
derside ferruginous, the veins narrowly lined with paler ferruginous :
forewing with the basal area dusky brown : hindwing with a longitudinal
medial yellow fascia from base of cell, and less distinct short yellow
discal streak between the veins. Body, palpi, and legs olive-brown, paler
beneath.

Expanse: <? ly^i 9 A inches." [? i TS2 inches ?] (Moore, I.e.}

Habitat : Ceylon (Hutchison, Wade, Mackwood}.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

215.— BARACUS SUBDITUS, MOORE.

Baracus subditus, Moore, P. Z. S., 1883, p. 534.

" Female. Differs from the same sex of B. vittatus (Isoteinon vittatus,
Felder) on the upperside, in being of a uniform olive- brown : forewing
with three somewhat indistinct small olivaceous-yellow subapical spots,
below which are four similar spots, the two lower of which are very
indistinct. Hindwing uniformly olive-brown. Underside similar to that
of B. vittatus, except that the forewing has no subapical or anal spots, and
the intermediary streaks on the hindwing are more prominent.

Expanse : i J- inches.

Habitat : Coonoor, Nilgiris (Lindsay}.'" (Moorf, I. c.)

Also recorded from the Nilgiris by Mr. Hampson.

In collection de Niceville.

216.— BARACUS SEPTENTRIONUM, WOOD-MASON and DE NICEVILLE.

Baracus septentrionum, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol.
Iv, pt. 2, p. 379, n. 203, pi. xviii, figs. 4, 40, <? (1886).

" </. Upperside, both wings very dark vandyke-brown with golden,
and in certain lights, greenish reflections. Forewing with an oblique

152 HESPERIA.

subcostal streak, another shorter one below this in the cell, two sub-
apical small spots separated from one another by the penultimate subcostal
branch, and an indistinct spot on the disc between the second and third
median nervules, opaque ochreous-brown. Underside, forewing greenish-
black, increasingly bordered in front from the base to the apical angle,
and thence decreasingly to the inner angle with ochreous-brown, varied
by light streaks on the folds and by the two subapical spots of the upper-
side. Hindwing throughout ochreous-brown similarly varied with lighter
streaks. Cilia smoky-brown in the forewing, paler on the hindwing.

Expanse: 1^5 inches.

One male, Irangmara [Cachar] , 8th July, another very old specimen,
also from Cachar, in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and a
third taken in the Sikkim Tarai by Mr. Otto M oiler on I4th September,
1881.

B. scptentriomtm is nearly allied to B. subditns, Moore, but it differs
therefrom in its considerably larger size, in the spots on the upperside of
the forewing being of a brighter ochreous, in the shade of the ochreous of
the underside generally, and in lacking the conspicuously-broad very
pale yellow discal streak which extends from the base to near the outer
margin of the hindwing and forms so marked a feature both in B. subditus
from the Nilgiri and Pulni Hills and in B. vittatns (Felder) from Ceylon."
(Wood-Mason and de Nicevillf, I. c.).

Also recorded from the Nilgiris (H amp son).

I have a single specimen of this species from Beeling, Upper Tenas-
serim.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS LI.— HESPERIA.

Hesperia, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., vol. iii, pt. i, p. 258, sec. 2, p. 325

(1793)-

Pyrgus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 109 (1816).

Scelothrix, Rambur, Catal. Lep. Andal., vol. i, p. 63 (1858).

Syrichthus, Boisduval, Icones, p. 230 (1832-33).

Hesperia, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 182 (1881).

" Wings small : forewing elongated, triangular ; exterior margin short ;
cell of nearly uniform width and convex at the end ; first subcostal beyond
one-third before end of the cell, second and third branches at very wide
and equal distances apart from the first ; disco-cellulars convex, upper
radial from angle near subcostal, lower from their middle ; the middle
median at one-sixth and lower at four-sixths before end of the cell ; sub-
median straight ; hindwing broadly conical ; second subcostal at one-fourth
before end of the cell, and in a line writh base of the first ; disco-cellulars
slightly oblique and concave, slender ; radial from their middle ; the
middle median from near end and lower about one-half before end of the

HESPERIA. 153

cell. Body short ; palpi lax in front, terminal joint stout, rather long and
pointed ; tibiae pilose beneath, hind tibiae with a long tuft of hair above ;
antennae with a stout terminal club.
Type : P. malva." (Moore, I. c.)

217.— HESPERIA DRAVIRA, MOORE.

Pyrgus dravira, Moore, P. Z. S., 1874, p. 576, pi. Ixvii, fig. 5.

Pyrgus dravira, de Niceville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Hi, pt. 2, p. 88, n.
36, pi. x, fig. 5, ? (1883).

" Allied to P. marrubii.

Female. Upperside dark greyish sap-brown, streaked with black
between the veins. Cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a median
triangular series of three diaphanous white spots, one being disposed at end
of the cell and two on the disc ; a geminated series of three smaller spots
before the apex : hindwing with a prominent yellowish- white spot at end
of the cell, and two smaller spots below it. Underside paler ; forewing
with markings as above : hindwing with greyish-white subbasal and
discal spots, a streak from end of cell to outer margin, and a band along
abdominal margin.

Expanse : if inches.

Habitat : Cashmere (Capt. H. B. Hellavd)" (Moon, I. c.)

Mr. Moore's figure of this species is not a good one, and does not agree
with the description.

Recorded from Kandahar (Swirihot).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

This species and the next have nothing whatever to do with the
typical species of the genus Hesperia, but should, as Mr, de Niceville
informs me, be placed in the genus Erynnis, Schrank.

218.— HESPERIA MARRUBII, HERRICH-SCHAFFER.

Hesperia malvamni, var. marrubii, Herrich-Schaffer, Schmett. Eur.,
vol. i, Hesp. figs. 14, 15 (1845).

This is a species the correct identification of which is very doubtful;
it has been confused with several other species of the same group, and will
probably be found to be conspecific with some one of them. It is appa-
rently very close to P. dravira. Mr. de Niceville figures what he believes
to be the latter species in J. A. S. B., 1883, pi. x, f. 5, ? , but it is quite
as likely to be the present species. In Kirby's Catalogue this species is
placed as a synonym of althea, Hubner. Lang, in his European Butterflies.
(P- 337> P1- 78, fig- 2), treats this species as synonymous with bwticus,
Rambur, which latter he considers to be a variety of P. altliece; the follow-
ing is taken from his work quoted above : —

" Spilothyyusalthca, Hubner, 452-3. Malvanun var., O., i, 2, io;; Godt.,
ii, 28, 5, 6.

20

154 HESPERIA.

(S). gemma. Led., Z. B. V., 1852, p. 50.

(S). marrubii, Kirby, Man. Eur. Butt., p. 115.

Expands from i-io to 1-30 inches. Very closely resembles the last,:;:
but is darker, and has a greenish tinge on the forewing. The wings are
darker than in alcece ; the forewing has four white sub-diaphanous spots.
Hindwing with two central white spots. Underside, hindwing tinged
with green. The clubs of the antennae are wholly black, whereas in the
last species they are reddish-brown beneath.

Times of appearance — May and August.

Habitat : Central and South-Eastern Europe ; the larva of the type
seems to be as yet unknown, though that of the Spanish variety baticm
is described by Rambur ; it may be inferred that there is some resemblance
between the two forms.

VARIETY.

Bceticus, Rambur, Cat. Faun. And. P. C., 12, 3, 4 (1839) ; Rambur, Cat.
S. And., p. 80.

Marrubii, Herrich-Schaffer, 14, 15.

Smaller than the type and lighter, being of a yellowish or brownish-
grey colour.

Habitat : South-Western Europe.

Larva. — Pale grey, with a reddish or yellowish tinge, brown dorsal
and lateral stripes. Feeds on Mavrnbiitm Hispanicum in April and in
August." (Lang, I. £.).

It will be seen that this description of the larva does not agree with
that quoted below.

The larva of this species was met with by Major Roberts at Candahar
in 1879 and is described as follows : —

" About 10'" long ; thickest in the middle, rather attenuated at each
end. Skin soft, but with a ribbed and irregular surface, and covered with
very short and minute whitish hairs. General colour dull (dusty) green ;
dorsal line green, very fine and only visible on a few of the front segments.
Head large, globular, slightly indented at the top, deep black (like char-
coal), much larger than several segments which follow ; second segment
smaller than head or third segment and forming a black neck or collar
with three large yellow spots on it. Subdorsal stripe of a paler green
than the ground-colour, but rather dull ; spiracular, slightly raised or
projecting flesh from the sides. Rokeran, Candahar, end of June ; wrapped
up in the leaves of the mallow, on which it feeds.

Pupa wrapped up in a leaf, tightly webbed in and fastened by the
tail only. Colour, brown washed with white." (P.Z.S., 1880, p. 411,

n-23).

* Spilothyrus atctct, Esper.

HESPERIA. 155

This species is recorded from N.-W. India (Butler); Quetta (SwinJioe);
Kandahar (Swinhot). I -obtained what I believe to be this species at
Quetta in June and July ; my specimens agree very well with Mr. de
Niceville's figure referred to above, and not with Mr. Moore's figure of
P. draviva. Mr. de Niceville's figure is taken from a specimen obtained by
him at Budrawar in Cashmere.

219.— HESPERIA CASHMIRENSIS, MOORE.

Pyrgus cashmmnsis, Moore, P. Z. S., 1874, P- 274> n- 103>pl- x^'l'l> %• 7-

" Upperside dark fuliginous-black ; body and base of wings with
long grey hairs; cilia broad, alternate white and black; forewing with an
irregular transverse discal series of eight small white spots, a white streak
at end of cell and two narrow streaks above it : hindwing with three
scarcely visible pale narrow discal streaks. Underside, greyish-brown,
tinged with ochreous : forewing with spots as above ; costa greyish-white :
hindwing with anterior and abdominal margins grey ; a white triangular
subbasal spot, a broad transverse anterior discal patch with a small con-
tiguous posterior spot, and a submarginal irregular series of spots.

Expanse : ly2^ inches.

Habitat : Cashmere." (Moore, I. c.)

Also recorded from Kumaon (Doherty).

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

220.— HESPERIA GALBA, FABRICIUS.

Hesperiagalba, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., vol. iii,pt. I, p. 352, n. 337 (1793).

Pyrgus galba, Butler, Cat. Fab. Lep., p. 281.

Pyrgns superna, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 792.

Hespeyia galba, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 183, pi. 71, fig. 6 (1881).

" Upperside olive-brown : forewing with three pale yellowish-white
spots within the cell, two beneath it, a transverse discal series of four
spots followed by three minute subapical spots ; a submarginal row of
smaller spots : hindwing with a subbasal, a large medial, and small sub-
marginal spots. Cilia of both wings alternate brown and pale yellow.
Abdomen with narrow pale segmental bands. Underside paler olive-brown :
forewing with the costal margin and spots as above, pale yellow : hind-
wing with a transverse subbasal, medial, and a narrow submarginal pale
yellow maculated band. Palpi and body beneath, and legs, pale yellow.

Expanse: </ f ; £ i inch." (Moore, 1. c. in Lep. Cey.)

Occurs in Ceylon (Wade, Mackwood, Hutchison); Mhow, Bombay, Poona,
Karachi (Swinhoe); Orissa (Taylor) ; Calcutta (de Niceville); Kangra, N.-W.
Himalayas (Moore); Kumaon (Doherty) ; Nilgiris (Hampson).

I have this species from Berhampore, Ganjam, and the Nilgiris.

I also have a single specimen from Poungadaw, Upper Burma, which
Mr. de Niceville considers belongs to this species. Indian specimens are
considerably smaller and differ slightly in markings.

In collections Indiaa Museum and de Niceville.

156 HESPERIA.

221.— HE8PERIA EVANIDUS, BUTLER.

Pyrgus evanidits, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat, Hist., ser. v, vol. v,
p. 223, n. 14 (1880).

"Above extremely like P. galba, Fabricius (P. superna, Moore), but
distinctly greyer in colour, the ground-colour being black instead of brown ;
below greyer and paler, the secondaries being very faintly tinted with
yellowish, the central white belt broken up into three spots, of which
the two lower ones are contiguous, instead of forming one continuous band
across the wings ; other markings similar.

Expanse of wings, 1 1 lines.

Habitat : Sao, Hubb River, Biluchistan, November." (Butler, I. c.)

Recorded from Karachi (Swinhoe)', Campbellpore, N.-W. India (Butler).
I found it not uncommon at Quetta.

In collection Indian Museum.

222.— HESPERIA ZEBRA, BUTLER.

Pyrgus zebra, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., ser. vi, vol. i, p. 207,
n. 104 (1888).

Hesperia hellas, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. iv,
p. 177, n. 16, pi. B, fig. 9, </ (1889).

" Nearest to P. sataspes of South Africa ; above black-brown ; a
spot in the cell, a smaller spot obliquely below it ; a subtriangular
spot across the end of the cell, two smaller spots obliquely below it,
and a dot outside, forming a triangle with the disco-cellular and second
spot ; three small spots placed transversely between the subcostal branches
halfway between the cell and apex ; a curved series of five -or six crescentic
dots near to outer margin, a marginal series of dots at base of fringe,
and a series of larger spots on the fringe white : secondaries with a sub-
trigonate spot at the end of the cell, a smaller oblong spot between the
latter and the abdominal margin on the first median interspace, four or
five dots near outer margin, a marginal series of spots, and the fringe
white ; palpi, edges of collar, and tegulae greyish. Costal border of pri-
maries below white ; five black marginal dashes from the middle, the
last dash being short and apical ; a whitish patch at base of cell, a second
at about centre of interno-median area, and a third at apex ; the ordinary
white spots larger than above ; the fringe whitish, barred with blackish :
secondaries greyish-brown ; the base, an abbreviated, narrow, slightly
zigzag, subbasal band, a broad, nearly regular band from costal to anal
angle, and a narrow, slightly interrupted, stripe from apex to anal fourth of
outer margin white ; apical three-fourths of outer border grey ; abdominal
border white ; fringe dull white, traversed by a greyish stripe : palpi
excepting the tips, basal half of antennae below, pectus, and legs white ;
venter white, the sides blackish with white edges to the segments,
Expanse : 26 millimetres,

LOBOCLA. 157

Habitat: 9 Campbellpore ; $ Futch Khan's Bungalow; Kooteer,
Chittar Pahar, 2,000 to 3,000 feet. April." (Butler, I. c.)

In describing this species from N.-W. India, Mr. Butler states that
it is quite unlike any other Indian Pyygus, the secondaries being alternately
regularly banded with brown and white ; P. evanidus, with which it has been
confused, differing from it in having the under surface of the hindwing
olive-greenish, spotted and blotched with white. The species is described
from specimens obtained by Major Yerbury in the above-noted localities.

Not in collection Indian Museum, but de Niceville possesses two
specimens from Campbellpore which he described as H. hellas.

GENUS Lll.— LOBOCLA.

Lobocla, Moore, J. A. S. B., vol. liii, pt. 2, p. 51 (1884).

" Male. Forewing triangular, the edge of the costal margin slightly
folded over on to the upperside from near the base to end of the costal
vein"; the costal vein extending to three-fifths the margin ; subcostal five-
branched, first branch emitted at one-third before end of cell, second and
third at equal distances from the first ; fourth and fifth from end of the
cell : disco-cellular bent outward near upper end and inwardly oblique
hindward ; upper radial from the angle near subcostal, lower radial from
the middle ; cell long, extending beyond two-thirds the wing ; three
medians, lower at three-fourths and middle median at about one-fourth
before end of the cell ; submedian straight ; hindwing short, broad, apex
rounded, exterior margin slightly produced and angular at end of sub-
median vein ; costal vein extending to the apex ; subcostal touching the
costal close to the base, two-branched, first branch at one-fourth before
end of the cell ; disco-cellular very slender, almost erect ; the radial from
its middle; cell broad, extending to half the wing; two upper medians
from end of the cell, lower at about one-third before the end ; submedian
and internal vein nearly straight. Body short, stout, thorax hairy; 'palpi
broad, thickly clothed, apical joint short, thick ; antennae with a long
slender-pointed tip ; femora and tibiae short, stout, slightly pilose, middle
tibiae with two and hind with four spurs, tarsi long.

Type : L. liliana" (Moore, I. c.}

223.— LOBOCLA LILIANA, ATKINSON.

Plcsioneura liliana, Atkinson, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 216, n. 3, pi. xii, fig. 2.

" Upperside dark fuliginous-brown. Forewing crossed from the
middle of the costa to the posterior angle by a broad white semi-trans-
parent band irregularly angled outwardly and narrowing from the middle
hindwards. A recurved series of five angular white spots between the
band and the anterior angle. Fringe brown, with a grey spot below the

* " The species of Erynnis (E. alcece, &c.) have a similar fold on the costal margin
pf the forewing."

158 GOMALIA.

anterior angle, and two others near the posterior angle. Hindwing
without markings, the fringe barred with greyish-white between the
nervures. Underside : — Forewing with band and spots as above, but suffused
with grey scales towards the apex, and pale towards the posterior angle
below the band.

Hindwing suffused with greyish scales and crossed by irregular broken
bands of grey, which give it a mottled appearance ; tv/o white dots near
the base.

Palpi grey below, brown above.

Expanse of wings 2^- inches.

Habitat : Yunan." (Atkinson, I. c.)

In collection de Niceville, who informs me that it occurs commonly in
the Khasi Hills.

224.— LOBOCLA CASYAPA, MOORE.

Lobocla casyapa, Moore, J. A. S. B., vol. liii, pt. 2, p. 52 (1884).

" Differs from L. liliana in its smaller size. Upperside somewhat
paler and of an olive-brown tint, sparsely speckled with olive-grey scales :
forewing with the transverse semi-diaphanous yellow band one-third less
in width, the portions being distinctly denned by the traversing brown
veins, the subapical spots also much smaller. Underside much paler ;
forewing numerously speckled with greyish-ochreous scales at the apex,
the band and apical spots as above : hindwing with similarly disposed
markings, but all composed of more numerous grejdsh-ochreous scales,
these scales being whitish in L. liliana.

Expanse : ly9^ inches.

Habitat : Masuri (Lang), Cashmere (Reed)." (Moore, I. c.)

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

GENUS LIII.— GOMALIA.

Gomalia, Moore, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 144.

Gomalia, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 183 (1881).

" Wings short : forewing with the costa slightly arched at the base,
apex acute, exterior margin oblique, posterior angle slightly convex ;
costal vein short ; subcostal vein five-branched — first, second, and third
arising before end of cell ; fourth and fifth from its end ; upper disco-cellular
angled, lower oblique ; upper radial from angle of upper disco-cellular, lower
radial from its end ; median vein three-branched, middle branch from
near end of the cell ; submedian vein nearly straight ; hindwing lobed and
angled near base of costal margin, apex and exterior margin very convex ;
costal vein extending to near apex, subcostal vein two-branched ; one
radial ; median vein three-branched. Body short, thorax stout ; palpi
thickly pilose ; antennae short, with a thick very blunt club ; legs moderately
long, squamous." (Moon, I. c.)

SPECIES INCERTyE SEDIS. $59

225.— GOMALIA ALBOFASCIATA, MOORE.

Gomalia albofasciata, Moore, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 144.

Gomalia albofasciata, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 183, pi. 71, fig. 7
(1881).

" Upperside dark greyish-brown : forewing with a black transverse
basal and discal band, a small white streak at end of the cell, two lunular
spots on the disc, and three contiguous spots obliquely before the apex :
hindwing with a broad white median transverse band. Underside paler,
white markings as above. Palpi white beneath.

Expanse : 7/8 inch.

Habitat : Ceylon." (Moore, I. c., in P. Z. S.)

Recorded from Kangra, N.-W. Himalayas (Moove} ; Nilgiris (H amp son).

I have obtained this species commonly at Ahmednagar, Deccan.

In collections Indian Museum and de Niceville.

226.— GOMALIA LITORALIS, SWINHOE.

Gomalia litoralis, Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1884, p. 513, n. 70, pi. xlvii, fig. 4.

" Karachi, July, 1879, in the salt-marshes on the seashore.

Allied to G. albofasciata, Moore. Larger, and more marked with white
above ; costa arched, very nearly straight ; ground-colour similar. Forewing
with a deep short white band occupying the space at the end of the cell,
marked with black on the inner side, the black colour continued in the
form of a band to the hinder margin, forming an elbow at the larger end of
the white band ; a black band near the base, edged with whitish ; a lunular
white spot on the disc, with a small white spot near it above ; a white
streak running down the costa near the apex ; costa greyish ; fringe of the
wing alternate brown and grey. Hindwing with a white spot at the
base, a broad white discal band, and a deep white sinuous fringe. Below,
the indications of the white markings are similar, but there is a white band
at the base of the hindwing instead of a spot, and the entire surface of
both wings is of a suffused pale bronzy-brown colour, with all the markings
suffused and indistinct." (Swinhoe, I.e.)

Not in collection Indian Museum, unknown to de Niceville.

SPECIES INCERTVE SEDIS.

I am unable to discover to what genera the following four species
really belong, so have left them undecided in the genera Pamphila and
Hespcria in which they were originally described, all except the last which
Hewitson placed in the South American genus Eiidamns.

227.— PAMPHILA AVANTI, DE NICEVILLE-

Pamphila avanti, de Niceville, J. A. S. B., vol. Iv, pt. 2, p. 255, n. 9,
pi. xi, fig. 10, $ (1886).

" Male. Upperside, both wings fuscous. Forewing with a broad
oblique subbasal streak, a more irregular and broader discoidal streak,

i6o

SPECIES INCERT^ SEDIS.

both commencing close to the costa and extending to the submedian
nervure when they are joined, and a subapical streak, which joins the
discal one, all yellow. Cilia very long and brown. Hindwing with a large
irregular-shaped spot in the middle of the disc, with two very small and
indistinct ones placed outwardly beyond it. Cilia pale yellow. Underside,
both wings much paler, ferruginous-ochreous on the hindwing ; a dark
anteciliary line. Forewing with the yellow markings much as above but
paler and more extended. Hindwing with the discal spot large and silvery -
ochreous, with a small spot in the cell near the base, and another of the
same size beyond the outer end of the large discal spot, a lengthened pale
ochreous abdominal streak. Antennae short, with a prominent club, the
shaft and club fuscous above, the club tipped with ferruginous below, and
the shaft pale ochreous.

Expanse : $ i inch.

Habitat : Native Sikkim.

There are two specimens of this very pretty and distinct species in
Mr. Otto Moller's collection, obtained by his Native Collectors probably
at high elevations in Sikkim near the passes. It is unlike any hesperid
known to me." (de Niceville, I. c.)

Types in collections Moller and Elwes.

228.— PAMPHILA DIMILA, MOORE.

Pamphila dimila, Moore, P. Z. S., 1874, P: 57^-

" Allied to P. comma.

Male arid female. Upperside testaceous ; exterior border broadly
fuliginous-brown ; apex of forewing brownish-testaceous. Cilia whitish-
testaceous : forewing with a series of small yellow apical spots ; male with
an oblique silvery-lined black streak below the cell : hindwing with a
yellow spot within the cell, and a curved discal series of four quadrate
spots. Underside : forewing pale testaceous ; apical spots as above : hind-
wing with basal portion greenish-brown ; three prominent white subbasal
spots disposed above, below, and at end of the cell ; a curved discal series
of six quadrate white spots.

Expanse: J1 i£; £ i£ inches.

Habitat : Runang Pass, Busahir (S.-E. side, about 13,000 feet).
(Capt. H. B. Hellard)" (Moore, I. c.)

229.— HESPERIA CYRINA, HEWITSON.

Hespevia cyrina, Hewitson, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., ser. iv, vol.
xviii, p. 450 (1876).

Parnara parca, de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. iv, p.
174, n. 13, pi. B, fig. 10, female (1889).

SPECIES INCERT^ SEDIS. l6l

Parnam parca, Watson, Htsp. Ind., p. 49, n. 65 (1891).

" Upperside dark brown. Antennas ringed with white near the point.
Anterior wing with seven transparent spots — one in the cell bifid, three
placed longitudinally below this, and three near the apex. Posterior wings
with the five transparent spots forming a circle : the fringe, except at the
apex, orange. Underside as above, except that the anterior wing has the
outer margin near the anal angle yellow, and that the posterior wing has
the outer margin between the branches of the median nervures, as well as
the fringe, yellow and indented inwardly.

Expanse : i'8 inches.

Habitat : Darjeeling.

Unlike any described species." (Hewitson, I. e.)

In collection de Niceville.

230,— HE8PERIA DECORATUS HEWITSON.

Eudamus decoratus, Hewitson, Desc. Hesp., p. 17, n. 30 (1867).
Ptevygospidea decoratus, id., Ex. Butt., vol. v, pi. Ptevygospidea, fig. 2

(1873)- "

" Upperside orange, with bands and spots of black ; the abdomen
orange banded with black. Anterior wing with two spots near the base,
a band of three spots before the middle, a triangular spot on the costal
margin beyond the middle and a spot below this, all black ; the apex and
outer margin broadly brown crossed longitudinally by fine hastate yellow
lines. Posterior wing with a spot at the base, two spots before the
middle, and two submarginal bands of pyriform spots near the apex.
Underside as above, except that the black spots are larger, and that the
anal angle of the posterior wing is black. A specimen of this species in
the collection of Dr. Boisduval is white instead of orange. (Hewitson, I. c.,
in Ex. Butt.)

There is not in the whole family of the Hespeviida a more beautiful
species than this." (Hew., I. c., in Desc. Hesp.)

Expanse : 1*6 inches.

Habitat : Sylhet, Java (Hewitson) ; Garo Hills (de Nicetille).

In collection de Niceville.

(SYNONYMS ARE PRINTED IN Italics, GENERA IN CAPITALS.)

ABARATHA
Acroleuca, Erionota
Aditus, Suastus
Adrastus, Hyarotis
AEROMACHUS
Agama, Pyrgus
Agna, Chapra
Agni, Tapena
Aina, Halpe

Aitchisoni, Pithauriopsis
Albicilia, Sarangesa
Albifascia, Notocrypta
Albofasciata, Gomalia
Alexis, Parata
Alica, Tagiades
Alysos, Notocrypta
Amara, Choaspes
Ambareesa, Celaenorrhinus
AMPITTIA
Anadi, Choaspes
Anura, Hasora
Aria, Matapa
Asmara, Notocrypta
Assamensis, Parnara
ASTICTOPTERUS.
Atkinsoni, Isoteinon
Atticus, Tagiades
Attina, Unkana
Augias, Telicota
Aurivittata, Kerana
Austeni, Parnara
Avanti, Pamphila

Bada, Hesperia
BADAMIA
Badia, Notocrypta
Badra, Hasora
Bambusae, Telicota
BAORIS
BARACUS
Basiflava, Notocrypta
Benjamini, Choaspes
Beturia, Halpe
Bevani, Parnara
Bhagava, Satarupa
Bhawani, Hidari
BIBASIS
Brahma, Telicota
Brunnea, Halpe
Buchananii, Tapena
Butleri, Astictopterus

Page

98

107

52

117

65
.100

32

122

72
28

55
128

159

i?

94

126

8

140

61

7

12

22

128

37
T45

77

95
4

55
149

43
159

34

3

130

12

56

29

150

I30

5

70
36
88

112
15

57

76

124

146

Cacus, Celsenorrhinus
Cahira, Parnara
CALLIANA
Callineura, Plastingia
Camertes, Cyclopides
Canaraica, Parnara
CAPILA.

Cashmiriensis, Hesperia
CASYAPA
Casyapa, Lobocla
CEL^NORRHINUS
Cephala, Isoteinon
Cephaloides, Isoteinon
Ceramas, Taractrocera
Cerata, Halpe
Ceylonica, Halpe
CH&TOCNEME
Chamunda, Celaenorrhinus
CHAPRA
Chaya, Hesperia
CHOASPES
Chromus, Parata
Cicero, Hesperia
Cingala, Parnara
Colaca, Parnara
COLADENIA
Consertus, Celaenorrhinus
Coras, Ampittia
Coulteri, Hasora
Crawfurdi, Choaspes
CTENOPTILUM
CUPITHA
CYCLOPIDES
Cyrina, Hesperia

Dan, Coladenia
Danna, Taractrocera
Dara, Padraona
DARPA

Dasahara, Sarangesa
Decorata, Halpe
Decoratus, Hesperia
Dhanada, Kerana
Dimila, Pamphila
Diocles, Kerana
Distans, Tagiades
Divodasa, Hesperia
Dolopia, Halpe
Dravira, Hesperia
Druna, Matapa

Page

!43

43

9i

"3

61

42

25

155

108

158

131

80

80

63

73

76

1 08

140

3i

3*

16

125

35

36

118

142

61

14

9

101

64

68

1 60

57
106

54

76

161

150

160

148

93

5i

74

153

23

XIV

INDEX.

E

K

Page

p

Eltola, Parnara

45

Kali, Aeromachus

67

ERIONOTA

Evanidus, Hesperia
Exclamationis, Badamia . .

.. 107
.. 156
3

Karsana, Chapra
KERANA
Khasiana, Tagiades

/

•• 34
.. 148
92

Khasianus, Isoteinon

.. 78

P

Kumara, Halpe

72

Fatih, Coladenia

.. 119

Kumara, Parnara

.. 41

Farri, Parnara

44

w

Flaccus, Hesperia

62

Flavalum, Isoteinon
Flavipennis, Isoteinon
Flavocincta, Celasnorrhinus
Flexilis, Isoteinon
Folus, Udaspes
Fusca, Celaenorrhinus

.. 83
81

.. 125
141

Ladon, Papilio
Lalita, Erionota
Latoia, Hesperia
Latreillei, Hesperia
Laxmi, Tapena
Lebadea, Paduka-

3
.. 109
.. 113

4
.. 123
19

Leucocera, Celaenorrhinus

.. 138

G

Lidderdali, Casyapa

.. 109

Liliana, Lobocla

IS7

Galba, Hesperia

•• 155

Litoralis, Gomalia

j /
159

Gana, Tagiades

.. 96

LOBOCLA

IS7

GANGARA ..

no

o /

GEHLOTA

.. 131

M

Gemmifer, Kerana

.. 149

Glandnlosa, Paduka . . .
Gola, Padraona

19

59

Mffsa, Pamphila
Maesoides, Padraona

•• 57
.. 58

Goloides, Padraona

60

Mnsvius, Taractrocera

.. 62

GOMALIA

.. 158

Mahintha, Ismene

n

Gomata, Choaspes

1-1

Malayana, Parata

18

Gopala, Satarupa

.. 90

M angola, Pamphila

34

Gremius, Suastus

51

Margherita, Plastingia

.. 115

Gupta, Halpe

73

Maro, Ampittia

.. 61

Guttata, Parnara

34

Marrubii, Hesperia

.. 153

Masoni, Isoteinon

.. 85

H

Masuriensis, Isoteinon

.. 79

MATAPA

21

Hadria, Hasora

13

Mathias, Chapra

.. 31

HALPE

70

Meetana, Tagiades

94

Hamiltonii, Coladenia

121

Menaka, Tagiades

95

Hanria, Darpa

.. 1 06

Microstictum, Isoteinon . .

.. 82

HANTANA

.. 144

Minuta, Tagiades

.. 96

Harisa, Choaspes

6

Modesta, Isoteinon

.. 84

HASORA

n

M oiler i, Suastus

53

Helferi, Tagiades

.. 98

Monteithi, Notocrypta

.. 129

Hellas, Hesperia

.. 156

Moolata, Parnara

.. 42

HESPERIA

.. 152

Multiguttata, Ctenoptilum

.. 103

HIDARI

in

Munda, Celaenorrhinus

.. 139

Hiraca, Hesperia

.. 107

Murdava, Pithauria

.. 27

Honorei, Halpe

75

HYAROTIS

.. 117

N

Hypzpa, Erionota

112

Naga, Plastingia

.. 115

I

Narada, Satarupa

.. 89

Narooa, Parnara

• • 39

lapis, Isoteinon

.. 86

Nigricans, Celasnorrhinus

.. 141

Indistincta, Aeromachus . .

.. 66

Nilgiriana, Isoteinon

.. 84

Indrani, Coladenia

.. 118

Noemi, Plastingia

.. 114

Indrasana, Isoteinon

.. 86

Nostrodamus, Chapra

•• 33

Infernus, Hantana

•• 145

NOTOCRYPTA

.. 125

Irava, Hidari

112

ISMENE

9

0

ISOTEINON

77

Obscurus, Tagiades

•• 93

J

Obsoleta, Aeromachus

.. 67

Oceia, Baoris

.. 29

Jaina, Ismene

10

ODONTOPTILUM

.. 104

fayadeva, Capila

25

GEdipodea, Ismene

10

Jhora, Aeromachus

.. 68

Olivascens, Astictopterus

.. 146

Julicwus, Hesperia

•• 31

Ornata, Parnara

38

INDEX.

XV

__-.

p

Page

Page

Sitala, Halpe

-• 75

PADRAONA

57

Siva, Telicota

•• 57

PADUKA

18

Spilothyrus, Celaenorrhinus

.. 142

Pagana, Parnara

.. 40

Stellifer, Astictopterus

.. 147

Palmarum, Padraona

60

Stigmata, Aeromachus

.. 68

Pandita, Isoteinon

.. 81

Stramineipennis, Pithauria

27

Pandia, Hesperia

.. no

SUASTUS

.. 50

Paralyses, Notocrypta
PARATA

.. 127
16

Subditus, Baracus
Subfasciata, Matapa • ..

.. I51
24

Parca, Parnara

49, 1 60

Subfasciatus, Astictopterus

.. 148

PARNARA

- 34

Subgrisea, Suastus

53

Patula, Celaenorrhinus

.. 136

Subochracea, Chapra

•• 32

Penicillata, Baoris

30

Subradiatiis, Cyclopides

.. 69

Pero, Celaenorrhinus

•• 137

Subtestaceus, Isoteinon . .

.. 78

Phanaeus, Casyapa

.. log

Subvittatus, Cyclopides . .

.. 69

Phiznicis, Hesperia

.. 117

Sumitra, Celaenorrhinus . .

•• 137

Phisara, Satarupa

89 Superna, Pyrgus

•• 155

Pholus, Parnara

47 Sura, Odontoptilum

.. 105

Pieridoides, Calliana

91

Swerga, Suastus

53

Pinwilli, Celaenorrhinus . .

.. 144

SYRICHTHUS

.. 152

PIRDANA

20 ! Syrichthus, Abaratha

.. 100

PISOLA

26

PITHAURIA

•• 26; „,

PITHAURIOPSIS

.. 28

Plagifera, Celaenorrhinus . .
PLASTINGIA
Plebeia, Parnara
PLESIONEURA
Potiphera, Pterygospidea
Praba, Plesioneura
Pralaya, Tagiades
Prominens, Chapra
Pseudomaesa, Padraona . .
PTERYGOSPIDEA
Pulomaya, Celaenorrhinus
Purendra, Sarangesa
Purreea, Cupitha
Putra, Celaenorrhinus
PYRGUS
Pyrrha, Celaenorrhinus

•• 135
.. 113
40
.. 125
.. 99
.. 117
•• 97
- 33
59
.. 91
.. 132

•• 54
.. 64

•• 139

.. 152

•• 134

Tabrica, Celaenorrhinus . .
TAGIADES
TAPENA
TARACTROCERA
Taylorii, Abaratha
TELICOTA
THANAOS
Thrax, Erionota
Thwaitesi, Tapena
Thyrsis, Gangara
Tissa, Coladenia
Toona, Parnara
Trichoneura, Tagiades
Tulsi, Parnara
Tympanifera, Ciipitha . .

•• 143
.. 91

.. 121
62

99
55
.. 65
.. 107

122

no
.. 118
•• 45
97
44
.. 64

R

u

Radians, Halpe
Ransonnetii, Abaratha
Ravi, Tagiades
Restricta, Notocrypta

•• 74
99
.. 92
.. 128

UDASPES
Uma, Parnara
Unicolor, Baoris

UNKANA

.. 124
.. 38
29
4

Rudolphei, Pirdana

20

Y

s

Vasava, Ctenoptilum

.. 103

Sagar'a, Pamphila

,.t 62

Vasutana, Choaspes

8

Sala, Suastus

•• 51

Vindhiana, Isoteinon

.. 84

Salsala, Astictopterus

.. 147

Vitta, Hasora

14

Sambara, Satarupa

.. 89

Vittatus, Baracus

.. 151

Sarala, Parnara

.. 48

SARANGESA

53

w

Saraya, Abaratha

99

Sasivarna, Matapa

23

Watsonii, Parnara

.. 46

SATARUPA

.. 87

Satwa, Isoteinon

79

X

SCELOTHRIX

.. 152

Scopulifera, Baoris

29 Xanites, Astictopterus

•• M5

Semamora, Parnara

46 | Xanthopogon, Hesperia

5

Sena, Bibasis

X5

Separata, Halpe

.. 71 ; Z

Septentrionum, Baracus . .

•• I51 ,

Seriata, Parnara

42 | Zebra, Hesperia

.. 156

Shalgrama, Matapa

24 Zema, Halpe

74

Sikkima, Halpe

. . 70 ; Zennara, Pisola

.. 26

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