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RUSSULA Fr.

By C. H. KAUFFMAN

Reprinted from Publication 26, Biological Series 5
Michigan Geological and Biological Survey, December, 1918

LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL

GARDEN

RUSSULA Fr.

(From the Latin, russula, reddish.)

Veil none; the trama composed of vesiculose tissue, tvithout a
milky juice; gills rigid, fragile, acute ou edge;Vstem central, con-
fluent with the fjileus; spores globose or subglobose, usually echinu-
late or verrucose, white cream-color, vellow or ochraceous.

Fleshy, putrescent, rigid-brittle mushrooms, mostly terrestrial, a
few on much decayed wood, on sphagnum or ou other mosses. A
very distinct genus, most closely related to Lactarius, from which
it differs by its lack of a milky juice. Hygrophorus differs in the
thicker and more waxy nature of the gills although here there
are evident certain signs of relationship with species of Russula.
Almost all of the species are edible after careful cooking since even
the peppery forms then lose their sharp taste; in any case the mild
species are perfectly safe when fresh, young and clean.

The PILEUS may be red, purple, violet, bluish, yellow, green or
white, except in the Compactae, a differentiated jjellicle is present
on tlie surface of the cap. This pellicle is often composed of more
or less gelatinous hyphae and becomes viscid in wet weather, or it
may remain dry and become pruinose or velvety. The pellicle is
somewhat separable along the margin of the pileus and in many
of the Fragiles can be peeled easily on the whole surface. The
margin of the pileus is often striate at least in age. In the sx>ecies
with a thin cap, the lines of attachment of the gills to the cap
show through as raised ridges which are often tuberculate because
of the presence of the interspacial veins beneath and these striae
may extend far toward the center of the pileus. In the species with
firm and thick caps, the striations are not as marked or are ob-
scurely developed on the margin only when the plant becomes old.
Still, this character is so variable that it must be used with caution
as a diagnostic character. The surface is usually glabrous or merely
pruinose to velvety; the latter appearance is due to cystidia-like
erect hyphae closely covering the pellicle. The GILLS of the differ-

NEW

CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 119 ^^<^TA

GAU

eut species are of all shades between sliiuiug wliite and egg-yellow,
and this fact alone separates them from any one of the spore-color
groups of the Agaricaceae. ISome authors consider the forking of the
gills as Avell as tlie veiuing in the interspaces of the gills important
diagnostic characters. These two characters are intimately related
and forking is for the most part merely a pronounced development
of veining. In fact such a large number of species have been ob-
served with veined interspaces and some forked gills that this
character loses most of its value. In R. variata the forking is
dichotomous or mostly so and reaches its highest development. The
different lengths of the gills are, on the contrary, much more impor-
tant characteristics. They may be alternately long and short as in
the Compactae, or they may be all of one length with rarely any
secondary or shorter gills. Intermediate cases occur in the Sub-
rigidae, but even here the short gills are not numerous. Their shape
and width are also of value, since the anterior and posterior ends
have a characteristic width which accompanies other characters of
the given subgenera. The STrJM is usually white, sometimes red or
slightly ochraceous, in some species changing to ashy, etc., with age.
The reticulations on the surface are obscure and of no diagnostic
value. It is usually spongy-stuft'ed within and may become cavern-
ous in age or hollowed by grubs; in the Compactae, however, it is
usually solid. The TRAMA is composed of large bladder-like cells
arranged in groups and surrounded by strands of slender hyphae,
as in Lactarius. Such a structure is said to be vesiculose and ac- •
counts for the more or less brittle consistency of the plants. Since
the difference in this consistency is accompanied by other good
1 >4:-haracters, it is made the basis of a division of the genus into its
1 Subgenera. The TASTE as in the Lactarius, is sharply acrid in some
~ Species, slowly or slightly acrid in others, and entirely mild in a
•^ -Considerable number. This is an important character for the identi-
■^ <:fication of the species and is fairly constant. It is necessary to
"" ghave fresh- plants to be sure in some cases that the acridity is pres-
^ ^cnt. Sometimes plants which are apparently mild will be found
pi ^to have a slight acridity only Avhen very young, or only in the gills
2 ^and not elsewhere. The ODOR of some species, e. g., R. foeffnis, R.
J foetantula, R. compacta, etc., is quite characteristic and should
never be unconsidered. One must not confuse this test by apply-
ing it to plants already in the first stages of decay. SPORf]
[•RINTS -are considered by most as the most essential means of
fettling the identity of closely related species. It has been claimed
that the color is constant and with this claim I agree. It is also-
'**8^ 2— Rus.

»

120 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN

known that the spore prints fade or change after a time, and
hence old lierbarium spore-prints are not reliable unless accom-
panied by careful notes of the print when fresh.

The genus may be divided into four natural groups which are
here considered as subgenera : Compactae, Eigidae, Subrigidae and
Fragiles. Of these, the first and last correspond to the tribes of
that name in Fries. (Hymen. Europ.) As shown in a former paper,
(Kauflfman, Mich. Acad. Sci., Kep. 11, p. 60, 1909), the forking of
the g'ills and the striations on the pileus are not very reliable for
the characterization of the main groups. It has seemed practicable
to establish a new division, viz., the Subrigidae, to include forms
with a pruinose or velvety dry pellicle and rather firm consistencj^,
which are out of place elsewhere, and seem to be closely related.
Some have divided the genus into two large groups on the basis of
the mild and acrid taste (Massee, British Fungus Flora, Vol. III.).
Others have used the spore-color (Schroeter, Pilze Schlesiens and
Henniugs, Eugler. u. Prantl Pflanzenfamilien). Earle has raised
the five ^'tribes" to generic rank (Bull. X. Y. Bot. Gard. 5, p. 373,
1909), and finally, Maire has proposed a division of the genus into
eight sections based in part on microscopical characters (Soc. Myc.
de. France, Bull. 26, p. 120, 1910). The last author appreciates that
the groups of Fries are fairly natural and has kept the main fea-
tures, while emphasizing the presence or absence of cystidia-like
spicules on the surface of pileus and stem. These "cystidia" cause
the velvety or pruinose character which I have used in the group
Subrigidae. Further studies of all young buttons and their develop-
ment will aid materially in a proper arrangement, especially with
reference to the character of the margin of the very young pileus.

The claim of Maire (1. c.) that microchemical tests can be used
to advantage, has been given a trial in ten of the following species.
This w^ork was done at my request by Dr. W. B. McDougall in our
laboratory during the summer of 1912. The results are appended
under the corresponding descriptions of the species studied.

The abbreviations of Maire are used as follows : G = Tincture
of Guaiac. S V=Sulfovanilline. F S^Sulfoformalin. The last
two are prepared as follows:

Sulfovanilline.

Distilled water 2.cc.

Sulfuric acid, pure 2.cc.

Vanilline (c. p.) 25 g.

CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 121

Sulfoformalin.

Distilled water 25 drops
Sulfuric acid, pure o.cc.
Formalin {4:% sol.)T5 drops

The action of guaiac is to turu the flesh blue and should react
in one or two minutes. Sometimes only certain parts of the plant
react, e. g., in R. subpunctata, the gills are unaffected. The sul-
fovanilline turns the parts blue, sometimes at first pink, while the
sulfoformalin intensifies the brownish color of the cystidia and the
lactiferous hyphae in the gills. We did not test the "cystidia" of
the surface of the pileus and stem, where the test was effectively
used by Maire. In R. virescens and R. crustosa the last two chem-
icals had hardly any effect as compared with the quick reaction in
other species. Our work has been merely preliminary and covered
only a small number of species.

The key includes a few species not yet found in the state. Every
season seems to differ in the particular species one finds and a num-
ber of forms still remain unidentified, but the following list com-
prises all the species frequent from year to year, at least in the
southern part of the state.

The genus has been largely gone over and revised since the pub-
lication of the Monograph (Mich. Acad. Rep. 11, 1909), and several
additional species have been included and others more fully de-
scribed and discussed. The recent critical papers by Maire, Eomell,
Battaille, Ricken, and others in Europe, have thrown much needed
light on a number of species.

Key to the Species

(A) Gills unequal, alternately long and short, flesh thick to the margin
of the pileus, which is at first incurved and never has striations.
(Compactae).
(a) Flesh white, unchangeable.

(b) Gills subdistant; plant entirely whitish; pileus 8-15 cm. 99. R.

delica Fr.
(bb) Gills close.

(c) P'ileus whitish then sooty-gray, 5-7 cm. broad. 102. R. adusta

Fr.
(cc) Pileus not becoming sooty in age.

(d) Odor strong, alkaline; pileus large, 10-30 cm. broad, whitish

then pale rusty-ochraceus. R. magniflca. Pk.
(dd,) Odor none; pileus 4-8 cm. broad, whitish. 99. R. decila
var. -brevipes Pk.
(aa) Flesh changing to reddish or blackish in age or when bruised,
(b) Flesh at length incarnate or rusty-reddish; odor disagreeable

when drying. 104. R. compacta Frost. '

(bb) Flesh at length blackish.

(c) Gills subdistant to distant; flesh at first reddish when bruised,
then black. 100. R. nigricans Fr.

122 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN

(cc) Gills close or crowded.

(d) Gills etc. becoming reddish then black; gills crowded. 101.

R. (lensifolia Seer,
(dd) Gills etc. becoming bluish-black, not at first red; pileus dry.
103. R. sordida Pk.
(AA) Gills mostly equal, sometimes with shorter ones scattered pro-
miscuously,
(a) Gills dichotomously forked throughout; pileus dull pink to pur-
plish when young, later olivaceous, or greenish-umber. 116. R.
variata Bann.
(aa) Gills forked only at the base, or forking not extensive or lack-
ing,
(b) Spores white in mass.

(R. acruginea, R. foetentula, R. rosacea, R. mariae and R. sub-
jninctata have creamy-white spores),
(c) Pileus Avhite.

(d) Taste acrid. 133. R. albidula Pk.
(dd) Taste mild.

(e) Pileus viscid, sometimes tinged yellowish; remaining

white v,'hen dried. 139. R. alHda Pk.
(ee) Pileus dry, sometimes tinged pink. 133. R. albella Pk.
(cc) Pileus some shade of green or dingy greenish-white. [See
also (ccc)].
(d) Pileus with a continuous separable pellicle; taste mild.

120. R. aeruginea Lindb.
(dd) Pellicle adnate, becoming pulverulent or areolate-cracked;
gills close,
(e) Pileus dry, dark green when young, substriate on margin.

105. R. virescens Fr.
(ee) Pileus viscid, glabrous on disk, mouldy-white to pale
greenish-white, striate on margin. 106. R. crustosa Pk.
(ccc) Pileus some shade of red, pink, purple or bluish. [See
also (cccc)].
(d) Taste mild,
(e) Gills floccose-crenulate on edge; pileus viscid, shining
blood-red; stem tinged red. 141. R. piirpurina Q. & S.
(ee) Edge of gills not crenulate.
(f) Pileus firm and hard, or compact; pellicle adnate or
disappearing in places,
(g) Pileus pruinose-velvety, dark red, or purple-red; stem
rosy or dark red; gills at length dingy cream-color.
119. R. mariae Pk.
(gg) Pileus not markedly pruinose.
(h) Pileus 5-10 cm. broad.

(i) Pileus pale bluish-purple, at length rosy to white
on disk, viscid, stem white. 117. R. cyanoxantJia
Fr. var.
(ii) Pileus pale red, soon dry, unpolished; stem rosy-
tinged or white; taste barely slightly acrid. 108.
R. lepida Fr.
(hh) Pileus 3-6 cm. broad,
(i) Pileus dull lilac-purplish. R. Ulacea Quel,
(ii) Pileus incarnate to pale livid pink. 114. R.
vesca Fr.
(ff) Pileus rather thin, fragile or subfragile.

(g) Pileus usually 2-4 cm. broad, clear pink; in oak woods.

142. R. nncialis Pk.
(gg) Pileus 4-6 cm. broad, dark violet-purple or purplish-
red, silky-shining, in conifer woods. 143. R. seri-
ceonite7is Kauff.
(ggg) Pileus 6-12 cm. broad, bright rose-red with yellowish
spots; stem white. 140. R. stihdepallens Pk.
(dd) Taste very acrid.

CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS . 123

(e) Pileus 2-6 cm. broad.

(f) Spore-mass pure white; stem white, fragile.

(g) Pileus uniform rosy-red; gills close to subdistant. 131.

R. fragilis Fr.
(gg) Pileus rosy-red on margin, disk olivaceous or pur-
places. 132. R. fallax Cke.

plish and livid; gills subdistant; usually in mossy
(ff) Spore-mass creamy white; stem white or rosy,
(g) Pileus rigid, not striate, soon dry; cuticle adnate,

unpolished, red. 115. R. subpunctata sp. nov.
(gg) Pileus subfragile; pellicle separable and striate on
margin, viscid, shining rosy-red. 134. R. rosacea
Fr. R. sanguinea Fr.
(ee) Pileus 5-10 cm. broad, rarely larger.

(f) Rigid. Pileus dark r.ed, not fading, cuticle adnate, even

on margin. 118. R. atropurimrea Maire.
(ff) Fragile; pileus rose-red to scarlet,
(g) Taste tardily acrid. 130. R. mgulosa Pk.
(gg) Taste quickly acrid.

(h) On sphagnum; in troops. 129. R. emetica var.

gregaria.
(hh) On debris of very rotten wood and on the ground.
129. R. emetica Fr.
(cccc) Pileus some shade of brown, yellowish, etc.

(d) Odor aromatic, becoming foetid; pileus very striate.
(c) Pileus 7-12 cm. broad, sordid yellowish-whitish. 111. R.

foetetis Fr.
(cc) Pileus 3-7 cm. broad, pale livid ochraceous; base of stem with
rusty-red stains. 110. R. foetentula Pk.
(dd) Odor not aromatic.

(e) Pileus 6-12 cm. broad, straw-color to ochraceous-reddish,

rigid, not striate. 107. R. ochraleucoides sp. nov.
(ee) Pileus 3-6 cm. broad,
(f) Taste acrid; pileus grayish-brown, substriate. 113. R.

sororia Fr.
(ff) Taste mild.

(g) Pileus yellow or yellowish, at least when young, not
ashy under the cuticle,
(h) Pileus 5-8 cm. broad, scarcely striate in age, chrome

yellow; stem yellow. R. flavida Frost,
(hh) - Pileus 3-5 cm. broad, very tuberculate-striate in
age, at first sulphur-yellow then dingy yellowish-
brown. 109. R. Pulverulenta Pk.
(gg) Pileus pale yellowish-brown, ashy under the cuticle,
strongly striate. 112. R. pectinatoides Pk.
(bb) Spores and gills some shade of ochraceous, yellowish or creamy-
yellowish (spore-print necessary),
(c) Stem whitish, changing to ochraceous-brown where bruised or
handled; odor disagreeable in age; color of pileus purplish-
red, olivaceous, yellowish, etc., very variable, colors mixed. 121.
R. xerampelina Fr. 122. R. squalida Pk.
(cc) Stem not with this peculiarity.
(d) Pileus some shade of red.
(e) Taste acrid; fragile.

(f) Pileus reddish-buff to purplish; spores pale yellow; in

swamps. 137. R. 'palustris Pk.
(ff) Pileus rosy-red to scarlet.

(g) Gills straw yellowish to pale ochraceous; margin of

pileus even, rather firm. 135. R. veternosa Fr.
(gg) Gills deep ochraceous-yellow; margin of pileus striate,
gills and pileus fragile. 136. R. temiiceps Kauff.
(ee) Taste mild.

124 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN

(f) Stem at length ashy or blackish where bruised.

(g) Wound at first reddish then black; pileus dull red,
variegated with yellow etc., firm. 126. R. rubescens
Beards,
(gg) Wound not at first reddish.

th) In coniferous regions; stem stout.

(i) Pileus 5-12 cm. broad, orange-red. 123. R. de-

colorans Fr.
(ii) Pileus 5-10 cm. broad, crimson-red. 123. R. de-
coJorans var. rubriceps Kauff.
(hh) In frondose regions; stem not very stout; pileus
dark red to blackish on disk. 125. R. obsciira
Rom.
(ff) Stem not becoming ashy.

(g) Pileus 5-10 cm. broad or more,
(h) Plants usually solitary or scattered,
(i) Pileus firm, large, dingy or dull red to purplish,
often faded; gills ochraceous from the first. 128.
R. alutacea Fr.
(ii) Pileus and stem very fragile; colors of pileus
mixed varying pink, incarnate, yellowish; spores
bright yellow. 145. R. amygdaloides sp. nov.
(iii) Pileus firm, blood-red. 127. R. borealis Kauff.
(hh) Closely gregarious, sometimes in troops; fragile,
(i) Pileus dull and variable in color, not bright red;
gills white at first, then creamy-yellowish to pale
ochraceous. 144. R. Integra Fr. and forms,
(ii) Pileus dark violet-purple to dark red; rather firm;
spores ochraceous-buff. R. ochrophylla Pk.
• (gg) Pileus 2-5 cm. broad or less.

(h) Spores pale yellow or cream color,
(i) Pileus umbonate, very fragile; on sphagnum. 148.

R. sphagnopMJa Kauff.
(ii) Pileus not umbonate; stem and gills translucent,
honey-yellowish in age; fragile. 147. R. puel-
laris Fr.
(hh) Spores truly ochraceous in mass.

(i) Stem rosy-dusted; pileus rose-red, fragile. 146.

R. roseipes (Sec.) Bres.
(ii) Stem v.'hite; pileus pinkish red, lilac etc., fading
to yellowish. 149. R. cliamaeolentina Fr. 150.
R. aMetina, etc.
(dd) Pileus some shade of yellow.
(e) Flesh of stem cinereous when old,

(f) Pileus orange-red, fading in age. 123. R. decolorans

Fr.
(ff) Pileus dull yellow (flavus),_color not changing, scarcely
viscid. 124. R. fiava Rom.
(ee) Flesh not becoming ashy.

(f) Edge of gills vivid lemon-yellow. R. aurata Fr.
(ff) Edge of gills concolor.

(g) Taste mild; pileus 2-6 cm. broad, gills egg-yellow. 151.

R. lutea Ft.
(gg) Taste tardily acrid; pileus 5-10 cm. broad; gills pale
yellow. 138. R. aurantiaUitea Kauff.

COMPACT AE Fr. Flesli thick, compact and firm. Pileus with-
out a separable pellicle, its margin non-striate and at first involute.
With entire and short gills alternating regularly. Spores white in
mass.

CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 125

This group is cioselj" related to the Piperites division of the genus
Lactarius. Some of the species, e. g. R. delica, are very similar to
L. vellerius, L. dcceptivus, etc., when the latter are dried out by the
wind or dry weather and then lack the milky juice. The Compactae
are a very natural group, easily distinguishable.

99. Russula delica Fr. (Edible)

Epicrisis, 1836-38.

Illustrations : Cooke, 111., PL 1068.

Gillet, Champignons de France, !Xo. 607.
Bresadola, Fung. Trid., Vol. 2, PL 201.
Ibid, Fung. maug. e. veL, PL Q'S.
Kickeu, Bliitterpilze, PL 15, Fig. 1.
Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., Xo. 514.
^ Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Eep. 54, PL 71, Fig. 1-5 (as R.

hrevipes Pk.j.
Ibid, N. Y. State Mus. Kep. 43, PL 2, Fig. 5-8 (as R. hrevipes

Pk.).

PILEUS 8-15 cm. broad, firm, convex-umbilicate then depressed
to infundibuliform, dull icliite, sometimes with rusty-brown stains,
unpolished, glabrous, pubescent or obscurely tomentose, even, dry,
margin at first involute not striate. FLESH compact, white or
whitish, not changing where bruised. GILLS subdecurrent, nar-
rowed behind, broader in the middle, suhdistant, or distant, thickish,
short and long alternating, few forked, white or tohitish, edge often
distinctly greenish. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick, short, stout,
solid, equal or subequal or tapering down, white becoming dingy,
not turning hlackish when bruised, glabrous or subtomentose above,
often with a narrow pale-green zone at apex, SPORES globose,
9-10 (rarely 11 or 12) micr., tuberculate, white in mass. TASTE
mild to tardily but weakly acrid. ODOR none.

Gregarious, in sandy soil. In maple, birch, oak and coniferous
woods throughout the state; most abundant along the Great Lakes
in conifer regions. -luly-October. Common locally.

Var. hrevipes Pk. (=R. hrevipes Pk., X. Y'. State Mus. Rep. 43,
1890), has been found at New Richmond. The gills are crowded
and the pileus is smaller, 4-6 cm. broad. It was found in hard clay
soil, through which it pushed with difficulty. It is apparently an
ecological variety conditioned by dry weather and hard soil. It is
uncommon.

126 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN

The typical R. delica is usually a large plant, simulating Lac-
tarius vellerius in size, color, etc. Fries in the Epicrisis says the
cap is '^shining." This error was omitted in his Monographia but
copied again in Hymenenomycetes Europaei. The error has since
been repeated by other authors, including Cooke on his plate in
the Illustrations. The Michigan plants are exactly like those grow-
ing in Sweden, where in some of the specimens the edge of the gills
and the apex of the stem were tinged green, as is the case in ours,
especially in the plants of the northern part of the state. R. lactea
Fr. is said to have very broad, distant, free gills and milk-white cap
and stem. I have not seen any plants with the glaucous green gills
of R. cliloroides Bres.

100. Russula nigricans Fr. (Edible)

Epicrisis, 1836-38.

Illustrations : Cooke, 111., PL 1015.

Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 62.5.
Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. Ill, No. 75.
Eicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 15, Fig. 2.
Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Kep. 51, PI. 71, Fig. 6-9.
Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 146, p. 181, 190S.

PILEUS 7-15 cm. broad, subrigid, convex then depressed to sub-
infundibuliform, margin at first incurved then spreading and ele-
vated, often irregularly wavy, at first whitish and clouded with
umber, soon smoky -nniber, subviscid at first, glabrous, even on mar-
gin. FLESH compact, white, changing to reddish where bruised,
then hlacMsh. GILLS narrowed or rounded behind, adnexed,
thick and firm, siihdistant to distant, sometimes intervenose, short
and long alternating, white becoming grayish, reddish at first when
bruised. STEM 2-6 cm. long, 1-3 cm. thick, solid, hard, stout, glab-
rous, even or lacunose-depressed in places, white at first, at length
smoky-nmher, reddish then blackish where bruised. SPORES sub-
globose, 8-10 micr., echinulate, whitish in mass. TASTE mild, some-
times tardily but slightly acrid. ODOR none.

Gregarious or solitary. On the ground in coniferous or fron-
dose woods. Throughout the state, rarely in the southern part,
more plentiful in the north. July-September.

This Russula usually persists in ordinary weather without decay-
ing and is then frequently inhabitated by another mushroom,

CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 127

JVyctaVis asteropliora, as shown in the illustratiou. It is usually a
rather large, tirm plant, distinguished from the following by the
subdistant, thick gills. The flesh of all parts when bruised turns
first reddish then blackish, but the red stain may not appear in
old plants ; this is to be expected because of the drying up of the
scant}' juice which is supposed to cause this phenomenon where it
is exposed to the air. Peck, Mcllvaiue and others have eaten it
and consider it fairly good.

101. Russula densifolia Seer. (Edible)

Mycographie I, 1833.

Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1017.

Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 60S.

Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 319.

Hard, Mushrooms, Figs. 157 and 145, 1908.

Kauffman, Mich. Acad. Sci. Eep. 11, Fig. 1, op. p. 90, 1909.

PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, somewhat firm, convex then depressed
to subinfundibuliform, margin at first incurved then elevated, dull
whitish at first, soon clouded with pale smoky-hrown, without a
pellicle, usually suhviscid, even, pruinose when dry. FLESH com-
pact, thick, grayish-white, pale smoky in age, changing to reddish
when bruised, then hlacMsh. GILLS narrowly adnate to subdecur-
rent, rather narroio, thick, crowded then close, alternately long
and short, few forked, subvenose, whitish soon dingy grayish, red-
dish when bruised then black. STEM 5-6 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. thick,
stout, equal or tapering downward, rigid, spongy-solid, whitish then
cinereous, soon dark ashy within, turning reddish then hlacMsh
where bruised, obscurely wrinkled, glabrous or subpruinose.
SPOKES globose, coarsely reticulate, 7-9x6-8 micr., white in mass.
STERILE CELLS on edge of gills, hyaline, slender, flexuous,
acuminate, 60x3-4 micr., abundant. TASTE slowly acrid in fresh
plant. ODOR none.

Gregarious, subcaespitose or solitary. On the ground in fron-
dose woods among fallen leaves. Ann Arbor, Detroit, Palmyra.
July-September. Usually rare, but abundant in August, 1912, in
oak woods at Ann Arbor.

As pointed out by Peck, the American plant is slightly subviscid
on the cap but this character is easily overlooked. The viscidity
is slight, even after rains. It comes nearest to R. adusta, in size,

128 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN

natural coloring and gills, but differs in the change which the flesh
undergoes when bruised. Authors consider IZ. adusta to have a mild
taste and if this is true our plant differs also in this respect. The
gills are usually markedly crowded and narrow, while those of R.
nigricans are broad and subdistant. The latter is more common
in coniferous regions, while B. densifolia has so far been found in
Michigan only in frondose woods. Maire (Bull. Soc. Myc. France,
26, p. 87) states that R. densifolia lacks the hair-like sterile cells on
the edge of the gills; that they are abundant in R. nigricans and
less numerous in R. adusta. In our specimens of R. densifolia they
were abundant, which would indicate that this is not a very con-
stant character.

102. Russula adusta Fr.

Epicrisis, 1836-38.

Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 1051.

Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 64.
Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 15, Fig. 3.

"PILEUS 5-7 cm. broad, convex then depressed or subinfundi-
buliform, ivhite or tvhitish, becoming brownish or sooty-gray, glab-
rous, dry, even. FLESH compact, white, not changing ichen 1)ruised.
GILLS adnate to subdecurrent, thin, close, short and long alter-
nating, narrow, white becoming sordid. STEM 2-5 cm. long, about
1.5 cm. thick, short, solid, equal or subequal, glabrous, even, white
then sooty-gray. SPORES subglobose, slightly echinulate, 6-9 micr.,
white in mass. Taste mild. Odor slight."

Gregarious or solitary. On the ground in mixed woods of north-
ern Michigan. July-September. Infrequent.

The smaller size, unchanging flesh when bruised, and thin close
gills characterize it. At first the whole plant is nearly white, but
it gradually takes on a grayish or sooty cast. Michael, who gives
an excellent figure, says it has a rather strong odor which is almost
nauseating. This seems not to have been noticed by others. In
Europe, also, it is said to be soon attacked by grubs especially in
the stem ; as the same insects do not always occur in this country,
such facts are only of local interest. It usually hugs the ground
closely.

CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 129^

103. Russula sordida Pk. (Edible)

:N'. Y. State Mus. Eep. 26, 1874.

Illustrations: N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 105, IM. !)S. Fig-. 1-3, 1905.
Plate XIV of this Report.

PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, dry, convex-depressed, margin at first
incurved, glabrous, even, d/ingy tvJiite hec&ming smoky with age.
FLESH whitish, compact, hecoming hlackisJh-hrown or bluish-hlack
when bruised, loithout first turning reddish. GILLS adnate to sub-
decurrent, rather narrow, close, long and short alternating, white
hecoming blackish in age, few forked. STEM 3-5 cm. long, 1-2 cm.
thick, short, solid, rigid, equal, whitish becoming black when
handled. SPORES globose, 7-8 micr., white in mass. TASTE mild
or tardily and slightly acrid. ODOR none.

Gregarious or solitary. On the ground in the hemlock regions of
the north, rarely in southern Michigan. July-August. Infrequent.

This differs from the European R. alhonigra (Kromb.) in its dry
pileus. A species has been named by Peck with viscid cap, viz.,
B. stibsordida; this is probably identical with R. alhonigra. Our
plant has a dry pileus and differs from R. nigricans and R. densi-
folia in the lack of the change to red immediately after bruising.
In specimens found near Ann Arbor the gills of the young plants
were easily separable from the trama of the pileus; whether this
is a constant character I cannot say. Peck found the same to be
true in specimens of R. densifolia. The stems are said to be
often infested with grubs.

104. Russula compacta Frost & Peck (Edible)

N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 32, 1879.

Illustration : Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 116, PI. 109, 1907.

PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, firm, convex then depressed to subin-
fundibuliform, margin at first incurved, thin, then elevated, dry,
unpolished, minutely tomentose in age, even, whitish when young,
at length sordid-pale-reddish or rusty^ochraceous either wholly or
in spots. FI!ESH thick, compact, rather brittle, white, changing
to reddish in age or when wounded. GILLS narrowly adnate, close,
rather narrow, alternately short and long, sometimes much forked
toward base, sometimes few forked, white at first, then stained

130 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN

sordid reddish or reddish-brown. STEM 3-0 cm. long, 1.5-8 cm.
thick, stout, spongy-stutfed, rather brittle, eqnal or tapering down,
uneven, white at first becoming reddish or reddish-brown in age or
from handling. SPOKES subgiobose, echinnlate, with large oil-
globule, 8-10x7-8 micr., white in mass. TASTE mild or slightly and
tardily acrid. ODOK hecoming disagreeahle in age or on drying,
like that of R. squalida Pk.

Gregarious. On the ground in beech and maple woods. New
Eichmond. August-September. Eare.

'This is a very distinct species. The w^hole plant becomes diffused
with the rusty-reddish color Avhich is at first pale incarnate, but be-
comes more marked as the plant ages. The stem has the consistency
of that of BolctiLS castaneus or B. cyanescens but the interior be-
comes cavernous less readily than in those plants. The scanty juice
which causes the color change has the same relation to the flesh as
that which causes the reddish and then blackish color in R. nigricans.
The disagreeable odor of the drying plant is quite marked, and is
an aid to its identification. It is probably quite rare; it w^as found
only a few times in New York by Peck but has been reported by
Van Hook from Indiana. R. incarnata Morgan (Cinn. Soc. Nat.
Hist., 1883) is probably identical. The edges of the gills are pro-
vided with microscopic, subcylindrical, sterile cells. In age the plant
becomes quite fragile. Peck's figure is not at all illustrative of the
colors.

RIGIDAE. Flesh compact, rather thick. Pileus rigid, provided
with an adnate cuticle which often cracks or disappears in parts of
the surface, especially on disk, mostly separable only at the margin.
Gills usually somewhat forked, and with shorter ones intermingled.

The subgenus differs from the_Compactae in that the gills do not
alternate regularly as long and short and by the presence of an
adnate pellicle ; it differs from the Subridgidae and Fragiles, by the
more rigid substance of the pileus, the adnate pellicle, the presence
of short gills and usually by the forking of some of the gills
especially at or near the stem. Most of the species are mild or
very slightly acrid.

Section I. Margin of pileus obtuse, cuticle soon dry, at length
pulverulent, granular or rimosely-cracked in places. Gills broader
anteriorlv.

CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 131

105. Russula virescens Fr. (Edible)

Epicrisis, 1836-38.

.Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 1039.

Gillet, ChampigTions de France, No. 639.

Bresadola, Fungh. mang. e. vel., PL 69.

Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfrennde, Vol. II, No. 62.

Atkinson, Mushrooms, PI. 36, Fig. 1, 1900.

Marshall, Mushroom Book, PL 18, p. 69 (poor).

Gibson, Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms, PI. 11, p. 126,

1903.
Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Hep. 48, PL 31, 1896.
Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 150, p. 189, 1908.
Mcllvaine, Amer. Fungi., PL 41, Fig. 6, p. 184, 1900.

PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, at the very first globose, soon convex and
expanded, often somewhat depressed on disk, firm, dry, as if velvety,
the surface (especially the disk) broken into many floccose or pul-
verulent areas or patches, green or grayish green, the margin not
striate or rarely so, cuticle scarcely distinguishable or separable.
FLESH white. GILLS white, rather close, narrowed toward the
stem, almost or entirely free, few shorter or forked. STEM 3-7 cm.
long, 1-2 cm. thick, white, firm, equal or subequal, solid or spongy.
SPORES white, subglobose, 6-8 micr. CYSTIDIA none. No differ-
entiated subhymenium. TASTE mild. ODOR none.

Oak and maple or mixed woods, probably throughout the state.
Occasional. July and August.

Under this name was included in this country, for a time,
a more common form with viscid striate cap which has been
segregated by Peck under the name of R. crustosa. The two seem to
run into each other at times, but Peck distinguishes the pileus of
R. crustosa "by its smooth, not wartj^ center, its paler color and
usually striate margin." The latter is also distinctly viscid when
young but this depends considerably on the weather conditions.
R. virescens might be confused with green specimens of R. variata
whose surface is sometimes areolate, but the gills of R. virescens
are not as pure white, are not decurrent nor much forked, and the
taste is mild.

Microchemical tests: G. (Flesh and gills slowly bright blue.)
F S. (No effect.) S V. (No' effect.)

132 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN

j

106. Russula dustosa Pk. (Edible)

N. Y. State Mus. Eep. 39, 1886.

Illustration : N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 07, PI. 84, Fig. 1-7, 1903.

PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, lirm, convex then expanded and de-
pressed in the center, surface cracked except on disk, the areas
■crustlike, sordid cream-color, dirty brownish or ochraceous, usually
tinged with olive or green, viscid when young or moist, especially
on the disk, striate on margin when mature. FLESH white. GILLS
ckill loliite, becoming somewhat dingy cream color in age, rather
broad in front, narrowed toward the stem, adnexed or free, thick,
distinct, not crowded, rather brittle, feAV forked, few short. STEM
3-6 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. thick, short, stout, spongy-stuffed, subequal or
ventricose, white. SPORES white, subgiobose, 8-10 micr. CYS-
TIDIA rather numerous, extending clear through the subhymenium.
Suhliynienium sharply separated from gill-trama. TASTE mild.
ODOR none.

Scattered or gregarious. Oak and maple woods in southern
Michigan. Jul}^ to September. Common.

This is near R. virescens and is apparently much more common.
It seems to be still referred to R. virescens by some authors, al-
though in that case the Friesian description will have to be modi-
fied to include it.

Michochemical tests: G. (Flesh and gills become deep blue,)
S V. (Gills and flesh very slowly tinged blue.) F S. (Cystidia
colored brown.)

107. Russula ochraleucoides sp. nov.
Illustration : Plate XV of this Report.

PILEUS 6-12 cm. broad, large, rigid, convex, soon expanded-
plane, varying straw-yellow to pale ochraceous, usually dull ochre
to reddish-ochre toward center, pellicle adnate, soon dry, and pul-
vei-ulent or subrimose, even on the obtuse margin. FLESH thick,
compact, white, unchanging or slightly sordid in age. GILLS ad-
nexed or free, rather narrow, rounded and slightly broader in front,
white or whitisli, close to subdistant, shorter ones intermingled,
often forked in posterior part, intervenose. STEM 4-6 cm. long,
1.5-2 cm. thick, short, rigid, equal or tapering slightly downward,
white, glabrous or subpruinose, spongy-solid, even or obscurely

CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 133

wrinkled. SPOKES globose, very minutely rough, 7-9 micr. (incl.
apiculus), white in mass. CYSTIDIA very few. BASIDIA about
40x9 micr. TASTE tardily and slightly bitterish-acrid or disagree-
ably bitter. ODOR faintly aromatic or none.

Gregarious. On the ground in open oak-maple woods. Ann
Arbor. August. Rare.

Related to R. virescens by its rigidity and the nature of tlie sur-
face of the pileus. The surface is pulverulent, somewhat rimose in
age, soft to the touch and under the microscope is seen to be com-
posed of slender, hyaline, erect cystidia-like hairs. A subhymeu-
ium is lacking. It has a short, stout stem and relatively much
broader cap. It differs from R. ochraleuca in size and in the thick
flesh of the cap, in that the flesh of the stem does not become ashy
when bruised, as well as in the bitter taste and the unpolished pileus.
R. granulosa Cke. is said to have a granular stem and pileus, and
many cystidia in the hymenium according to Massee. It is far from
belonging to the Fragiles where Fries placed R. ochraleuca. R.
granulata Pk. is said to be tubercular-striate on the margin of the
cap and is smaller. The gills are often abundantly forked toward
the stem.

108. Russula lepida Fr. (non Bres.) (Edible)

Epicrisis, 1836-38.

Illustrations : Fries, Sverig. Swamp,, PL 59, form minor.
Cooke, 111., PI. 1072.

Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 620.
Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 16, Fig. 4.

Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 149, PL 188, 1908. (Doubtful.)
Gibson, Edible Toadstools, etc., PL 12, p. 131, 1903. (Doubt-
ful.)
Atkinson, Mushrooms. PL 36, Fig. 3, p. 126, 1900. (Doubtful.)

PILEUS 4-10 cm. broad, rigid, convex, then expanded-depressed,
cuticle adnate and disappearing on disk, unpolished, soon dry, rose-
red to pale blood-red, fading, disk soon pallid or variegated with
paler yellowish-reddish hues, sometimes rimulose-cracked or rugu-
lose on disk, margin obtuse, not striate. FLESH compact, white
or reddish under the cuticle, thick, abruptly thin on margin. GILLS,
narrowed behind and narrowly adnate or almost free, close, rather
narrow, broader and rounded in front, tvhite then whitish (albus),
few shorter, occasionallv forked. STEM 4-7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick,

134 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN

equal or slightly tapering downward, white or tinged rosy-pink,
spongy-stuffed, rattier rigid, obscurely wrinkled. SPORES sub-
globose, 9-10 x 7-8 (incl. apiculus), with oil-drop, rough or partly
smooth, almost pure loJiite in mass. ODOR none or very slightly dis-
agreeable. TASTE mild, sometimes slightly bitterish-subacrid.
CYSTIDIA moderately abundant, subcylindrical, 70-75x10-12 micr.

Gregarious or solitary. On the ground in frondose woods. Ann
Arbor, Detroit. July-August. Rather rare.

This plant occurs rather rarely in southern Michigan. It differs
from the description given by Bresadola (see translation Mich.
Acad. Rep. 11, p. 68, 1900) in that the spore-mass is nearly white, not
straw color, and the gills are only slightly thickish. I have found
specimens only during a few seasons. Peck also reports it uncom-
mon in New York. The margin of the pileus is sometimes slightly
viscid and the cuticle slightly separable on the margin. It must not
be confused with R. mariae whose cap and stem are less rigid and
more deeply colored, and which has creamy-yellowish spores and lar-
ger cystidia. Our plant sometimes has an entirely rose-red cap, some-
times, especially when older, approaching the colors of R. decolorans
but paler and duller, subp»ruinose when dry and variegated with
pinkish, yellowish or pale-orange hues becoming white in spots. It
is often rigid for a long time.

Section II. Margin of pileus acute or subacute, at first incurved ;
cuticle viscid, slightly separable only on margin, often disappearing
on disk or in spots.

109. Russula pulverulenta Pk.
Torr. Bot. Club, Bull. 29, 1902.
Illustration: Plate XVI of this Report.

PILEUS 3-5 cm. broad, rather rigid at first, then fragile, rather
thin, broadly convex at first, expanded and depressed to subum-
bilicate, at first even on the margin, at length distinctly tuberculate-
striate, cuticle adnate, viscid, separable on margin, in very young
stage sulphur-yellow, soon ochraleucous, finally dingy yellowish
hrown, surface dotted by small, numerous, pale yellow, somewhat
mealy or foccident scales or granules, margin at very first incurved-
subinrolled. FLESH white, at first firm and tough, finally soft.
GILLS narrowly adnate, close, rather narrow, broader toward front,
ivJdte, unchanging, often bifurcate at stem, intervenose. STEM 3-5

CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 135

cm. loug, 1-1.5 cui. thick, subeqiial or irregularly enlarged, rigid-
fragile, surface at the very tirst covered by a sulphur-yellow pul-
verulence, at length dotted hg sulphur-yellow granules, cspcviaUg
at base, white beneath, spongy-stuffed, becoming cavenmus.
SPORES globose, echinulate, 6-8 micr. (incl. apiculus), tvhite in
mass. CYSTIDIA numerous, subhymenium scarcely differentiated.
BASIDIA 45x9 micr., 4-spored. TASTE and ODOR slight or some-
what disagreeable.

Gregarious. On lawns, roadsides, or in frondose woods among
grass, etc. July-Sei>tember. Southern Michigan. Not infrequent
during a few seasons.

This Russula is closely allied to the preceding section. Its de-
velopment has been carefully studied. When the caps are 4 mm.,
or less broad the margin is definitely subinrolled. The texture of
the trama is then very firm and tough and the entire surface of
both cap and stem is covered, as seen under the microscope, by a
differentiated thin layer composed of short, dense, erect yellow
hairs or hyphae. These hyphae are continuous at first with the
trama but become separated in masses as the pileus and stem en-
large, adhering at length to the surface of the mature pileus and
stem as delicate, appressed, pulverulent-flocculose, sulphur-yellow
granules. The hymenium contains very numerous cystidia with a
dark-brown, granular content, which project into the subhymenium
and often connect with similarly colored hyphae which intermingle
with the gill-trama. ( Lactif eres. ) The young cystidia project above
the basidia but later are even with them. These brownish cystidia
give a brown-dotted appearance to the sides of the gills as seen
under low power of the microscope.

Microchemical tests: G. (Plesh and" gills become rapidly light
blue, then dark blue.) S V. (Gills first turn reddish then slowly
blue; flesh scarcely affected.) F S. (Cystidia colored brown.)

This species is easily confused in the old, discolored stage with
R. pectinatoides and R. foetentula, since both have a livid yellowish-
brown cap at times when mature, well marked tuberculate stria-
tions, and are about the same size. They lack, however, the peculiar
yellow granules of R. pulverulenta. (For further remarks see Mich.
Acad. Rep. 11, p. 77, 1909.)

136 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN

110. Russula foetentula Pk.
N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 116, 1907.

PILEUS 3-7 cm. broad, soon fragile, at first subhemispherical
then convex to plane and depressed, viscid, Uvid-ochraceous, russet-
tinged, disk darker and innately granular, long tuberculate-striate.
Margin at first incurved. FLESH thin, whitish. GILLS adnexed or
nearly free, close, rather narrow, broader in front, thin, whitish,
often spotted or stained reddish. STEM 2.-5-5 cm. long, 6-12 mm.
thick, subequal," somewhat firm, spongy-stuffed, soon cavernous,
whitish or sordid-white, stained at the very hase 'by cinnabar-red
stains. SPORES 7-9 x 6-7 micr., echinulate, creamy-white in mass.
CYSTIDIA moderately abundant. BASIDIA 40-45x9 micr.,
4-spored; subhymenium scarcely differentiated. OROR none or
somewhat like oil of bitter almonds, varying in intensity. TASTE
very slightly acrid.

Scattered or gregarious. On the ground in frondose woods. Ann
Arbor. Abundant in 1911.

This species has characters intermediate between R. foetens and
R. pectinatoides and is most easily distinguished from both by the
reddish stains at the base of the stem ; this character was very con-
stant in many individuals during a single season. The oror varies
much in intensity and is often lacking. The pileus is sometimes
tinged with reddish-yellow but most of our plants had a decided
russet color at maturity. Micro-chemical tests as in R pulverulenta.

111. Russula foetens Fr.
Syst. Myc, 1821.

Illustrations: Fries, Svamp. Sverig., PL 40.
Cooke, 111., PL 1046.

Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 612.
Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. 45.
Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 19, Fig. 4.
Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 147, p. 185, 1908.
Plate XVII of this Report.

PILEUS 7-12 cm. broad, fleshy, hard then fragile, subglobose then
expanded and depressed, viscid when moist, thin margin at first
incurved, tuberculate-sulcate when expanded, yellowish or dingy
ochraceous, pellicle adnate. FLESH thin, rigid but fragile, dingy

CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 137

Avhite. GILLS white, at first exuding drops of tcater^ soi-<li(l when
old or bruised, rather close, adnexed, few forked, interspaces venose,
shorter ones present. STEM 4-6 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. thick, whitish,
short, stout, stuffed then cavernous. SPORES tohitc in mass, sub-
globose, T.5-1U niicr. CYSTIDIA numerous; subhymenium narrow,
not sharply differentiated. TASTE acrid. ODOK stronglu
amygdaline, hecomiyig foetid.

Gregarious. In mixed Avoods in the north ; in oak, maple, etc., in
southern Michigan. July, August and September.

The odor of the fresh young plant is like oil of bitter almonds or
cherry bark; wdien old or decaying it becomes quite disagreeable.
The margin of the young pileus is strongly incurved. Xot edible.

Micro-chemical tests: G. (Flesh and gills quickly light blue, then
dark blue.) S V. (Gills slowly deep blue.) F S. (Cystidia coloreu
brow n. )

112. Russula pectinatoides Pk.

N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 116, 1907.
Illustrations: Ibid, PL 105, Fig. 6-10.

PILEUS 3-7 cm. broad, rather firm, becoming fragile, thin, convex,
then piano-depressed, viscid when moist, covered by a thin separable
pellicle, radiately rugose-striate on the margin, often halfway to
the center, or strongly tubercular -striate, dingy straw color, brown-
ish, yellowish-brown or umber-brown. FLESH w^hite, thin, becom-
ing fragile, slightly ashy under the cuticle, not changing. GILLS
whitish, close to subdistant, thin, distinct, equal, moderately broad,
broadest in front, narrowed behind, often stained or broken halfway
from stem, some forked at base. STEM 2-5 cm. long, .5 to 1 cm.
thick, white or dingy, subequal, glabrous, spongy-stuft'ed then hol-
low, even. SPORES whitish or creamy-white in mass, subglobose,
6-8 micr. diam. TASTE mild or slightly and tardily acrid. ODOR
not noticeable.

Gregarious. Grassy places, lawns, groves and woods. Through-
out the state. July and August.

Cooke's illustrations of R. jiectinata and R. consobrina var,
sororia remind one very much of this plant. Peck points out that
it differs from these by its mild taste, adnate gills and grayish
color under the cuticle. It is also close to R. foetentula, which
-sometimes lacks the odor. R. subfoetens Smith as known to Romell,
also reminded me of this species. The color of R. pectinatoides, the

138 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN

long sti-iatioiis and the medium size are the best recognition marks
in the field. It differs, of course, from R. foetens by lack of a strong
odor. AVhether the margin is at first incurved is nowhere noted.

113. Russula sororia Fr.

Epicrisis, 1836-38 (as subspecies of R. consobrina).
Illustration: Cooke, 111., PI. 1057.

PILEUS 3-6 cm. broad, rather firm, convex then subexpanded,
viscid when moist, margin substriate when mature, pellicle some-
what separable along margin, gray, olivaceous-brown or grayish-
brown. FLESH white, unchanged. GILLS narrow, subdistant, dis-
tinct, white for a time, then discolored, adnate, shorter ones inter-
mingled, rarely forked, interspaces venose. STEM 2.5-5 cm. long,
1-2 cm. thick, white, not becoming cinereous, short, spongy-stuffed.
SPORES white. TASTE acrid. ODOR none.

Solitary. Woods in southern Michigan. August and September.
Rare. This species used to be placed under R. consobrina.

114. Russula vesca Fr.-Bres.

Epicrisis, 1836-38.

Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1075.

Bresadola, Fungh. mang. e. vel., PI. 72.

Ibid, Fung. Trid., PI. 128 (as R. lilacea var. carnicolor).

Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. 41 b.

PILEUS 3-6 cm. broad, fleshy, firm, convex then expanded and de-
pressed in the center, viscid, soon dry,- more or less rugulose or
wrinkled, reddish, pale livid-pink, or sordid flesh-red, becoming
paler, cuticle thin and disappearing, not quite reaching the edge of
the pileus so that a narrow white exposed margin results, margin
even and spreading. FLESH white. GILLS white, thin, at length
stained lurid-brownish or rusty, close, moderately narrow, adnate,
forked or anastomosing at base. STEM white, obscurely rivulose,
hard and compact, subequal, solid, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, 1.5 cm. thick,
often discolored by yelloAvish-rusty stains. SPORES lohite in mass,
subglobose, minutely echiuulate, 7-8 micr. TASTE mild. ODOR
none. Rare.

Only a few doubtful collections haye been made in southern

CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS lo9

Michigan. The above description is taken from my notes of the
Swedish plant as known to Komell, and agrees mostly with that of
Bresadola. Most modern mycologists consider the Friesian
"rugulose-reticulate'' character of the stem as too uncertain to be
practicable. The important characters are: the hard consistency,
the wrinkled or veined rarely "cutefracta" surface of the cap, the
cuticle not reaching to the margin of tlie cap, and the gills dis-
colored in spots. The cuticle apparently ceases to grow so that the
surface of the expanding pileus may become somewhat areolate
cracked and the margin naked.

115. Russula subpunctata sp. nov.

PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, rigid, convex then expanded-plane to de-
pressed, cuticle adnate and scarcely separable on margin, subviscid,
soon dry, ^^aZe dull red to rosy-red, often white-spotted where cuticle
disappears, minutely rivulose or subgranular, margin even, acute.
FLESH compact, firm, rather thick on disk, abruptly thin on
margin. GILLS adnate to subdecurreut, thin, slightly attenuate
at both ends, not broad, close to subdistant, Avhitish then pale
cream-colored, few short or forked at base, pruinose, intervenose.
STEM 2-4 cm. long, 4-10 mm. thick, subequal or tapering dowm,
.spongy-stuffed, becoming cavernous, white or rosy-tinged, unchang-
ing, attached at times to roots and forming mycorhiza. SPORES
subglobose, rough-reticulate, 9-11x7-9 micr. (incl. apiculus), creamy-
white in mass. CYSTIDIA abundant, subcylindrical, rough, with
dark brown granular content, 90-110x8-12 micr. BASIDIA about
C5x9 micr. SMbhymeniiim markedly differentiated. TASTE quickly
and very acrid. ODOII none.

Gregarious. On the ground in frondose woods. Ann Arbor.
July-August. Infrequent.

The appearance of this Russula is well shown in Patouillard's
figure of R. punctata Gill. (Tab. Analyt., No. 621) with which it
agrees except in its very acrid taste. The gills of our plants have only
rarely a red edge. The spore print is cream-colored or almost light
yellowish. Dr. McDougal found one group of specimens forming
mycorhiza on roots of Tilia americana.

Micro-chemical tests: G. (Flesh slowly light blue; gills un-
affected.) S. V. (Flesh and gills quickly deep blue.) F. S. (Cystidia
colored brown.)

140 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN

116. Russula variata Banning — Pk. (Edible)
>;. Y. State Mus. Bull. 105, 1906.

Illustrations : Ibid, PL 101, Fig. 1-5.

Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 154, p. 194, 1908 (as B. furcata).

PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, fleshy, firm, convex then depressed to
subinfundibuliform, viscid, not striate, purplish or deep rose pink
when young, later variegated with olive or dark umber or sometimes
greenish with only a trace of purple, opaque and reticulate-wrinkled
under lens, the thin pellicle slightly separable on the thin margin,
with a subsilky or dull luster when dry. FLESH white, firm,
cheesy, tinged grayish under pellicle. GILLS shining and persist-
ently tvhite, adnato-decurrent, thin, rather crowded, narrowed at
both ends, not broad, siibdichotomoiisly forked, interspaces venose.
STEM 4-7 cm. long, 1-3 cm. thick, white, firm, solid, equal or sub-
equal, sometimes tapering downward, even, SPORES white in
mass, subglobose, 7-10 micr, TASTE mild to tardily acrid or
slightly astringent. CYSTIDIA very few and short. Siihhymen-
ium not clearly differentiated. ODOR none.

Grregarious. Under conifers at Marquette, in deciduous woods
about Ann Arbor. July, August and September. Frequent.

Superficially nearest to the descriptions of R. furcata Fr. and
R. virescens Fr. The former species is rare in Europe, and most
authors have consigned it to oblivion or consider it a variety of R.
cyanoxantha. The plants which used to be referred to R. furcata
in this country, have found a more appropriate resting place in
7?. variata. The figures of R. cutefracta Cke. (Cooke, 111., PI. 1024
and 1040) show the color of the young and old plants much better
than do Peck's figures, and if Cooke's species had pure white spores
and white and dichotomously forked gills, they could be considered
identical; however, these points are not clear. Peltereaux thinks
R. cutefracta Cke. occurs in France and has ochraceous spores and
that the cracked margin of the cap is a weather effect; this then
could not be our species with white spores. When one finds single old
plants with much green, it is quite difficult to distinguish them from
R. virescens; they are to be separated by their dichotomously
forked gills which are slightly decurrent and more persistently
white, and by the slight acridity. The cuticle is sometimes cracked
toward the margin as in R. virescens, but its margin is at first
incurved while in R. virescens it is straight on the stem. Peck says;

CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 141

it lias a good flavor after cooking, which destroys the slight acrid
taste.

Micro-chemical tests: G. (Flesh and gills quickly deep blue.)
S V. (Gills slowly blue; flesh slightly blue-tinged.) F S. (No effect.)

117. Russula cyanoxantha Fr. var. (Edible)

Monographia, 1865.

Illustrations: Michael, BlJitterpilze, Vol. II, No. 59.
Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 605.
Cooke, 111., PL 1076 and 1077. (Doubtful.)
Bresadola, Fungh. Mang. e. vel., PI. 71. (Doubtful.)

PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, rigid, convex then expanded and de-
pressed in the center or subinfundibuliform, dark 'bluish-purple or
lilac on margin, disk dingy ichifc tinged rose-pink, cuticle thin and
adnate, viscid, separable on margin, even, or substriate only near
edge, surface somewhat wrinkled or streaked. FLESH white, com-
])act, ])ui'plish or lilac under cuticle. GILLS white, a few forked
toward base, few shorter, moderately broad, not very distant, nar-
rowed behind, intervenose, STEM 6-9 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick,
ichite, subequal, spougy-stuffed, cortex hard, sometimes cavernous
and compressed, glabrous, even or obscurely wrinkled. SPORES
white in mass. TASTE mild. ODOR none.

Scattered or gregarious. Maple and birch, or mixed woods of
northern Michigan, oak and maple woods of the southern part.
July-August. ~ Not infrequent.

The above description applies to a definite form which occurs in
Michigan and is quite constant. It does not agree with the species
understood by Romell, Maire and Peltereaux in Europe, whose typ-
ical plant has creamy-white gills and spores. Our species ap-
proaches 7?. azurea Bres. in color, but that plant is rather fragile
and is related to the R. emetica group. Michael's figures show the
colors of the cap w^hen young and not yet decolorized on the disk.
It is more frequent northward and may be distinct from the Euro-
pean plant.

142 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN

118. Russula atropurpurea Maire (ex. Kromb. non Pk.)

Bull. Sco. Myc. de France, Vol. 26, p. 167, 1910.
Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1025 and 1087 (as R. rubra).

PILEUS 5-14 cm. broad, rigid, medium to large size, convex then
plane, soon depressed, rather firm, viscid, pellicle adnate and
scarcely separable on the margin only, scarlet to dark crimson when
fresh and young, 'becoming darker to purplish when mature or on
drying, pruinosc, disk often darker, sometimes blackish-red to livid
olivaceus-purple, sometimes yellow spotted, margin even or only
slightly striatulate in age. FLESH dark red under the pellicle,
white elsewhere, not changing to ashy. GILLS white, dingy in age,
rather narrow, close behind, subdistant in front, adnexed, few short,
interspaces venose. STEM 4.7 cm. long, 1-3 cm. thick, subequal,
medium stout, white with a dull lustre, pruinose, even, spongy-
stuffed, apex floccose-punctate. SPORES white in mass, oval, 8-10'
micr. diam., strongly echinulate, nucleate, apiculus long and stout.
TASTE acrid. ODOR none.

Gregarious or solitary. On the ground, on much decayed logs
or debris, sometimes at base of white pine or beech trees, in pine-
beech woods. New Richmond. Sept. Frequent locally.

Distinguished among the "ruber" group by the mode of color
change while maturing, the white gills, spores and stem, and the
acrid taste. In wet weather the cap is viscid, on drying its surface
is distinctly pruinose. Except for the colors of the pileus it agrees
with R. ruber Fr. in the sense of Peck. The stem is rarely inclined
to ashy in age but not distinctly so. According to Maire's concep-
tion the species is quite variable and includes plants whose stem-
readily turns ashy.

SUBRIGIDAE. Pileus subrigid, rather compact; cuticle soon
dry, pruinose or prulnose-velvetij; margin obtuse. Gills broader in
front, equal. Spore-mass never pure white.

This group approaches the preceding by its rather compact and
thick pileus, and the following by its equal gills. The pellicle is
soon dry and pruinose or pruinose- velvety by which character the
species are best recognized. Several aberrant species are, however,,
included, e. g., R. xerampelina with intermixed short gills and R^
mariae with margin of pileus at first incurved.

CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 143

119. Russula maiias Pk. (Edible)

N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 24, 1872.

Illustrations: N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 75, Fig. 1-8, 1901.
Plate XVIII of this Report.

PILEUS 3-9 cm. broad, firm, subhemispherical at first, then
broadly convex to plane and depressed, dry, subviscid when wet,
pruinose-velvcty, dark crimson, reddish-purple or maroon-purple,
even, substriate only when old, margin at first incurved. FLESH
thick, thinner toward margin, compact, becoming softer, white,
sometimes reddish under pellicle. GILLS narrowly adnate or al-
most subdecurrent, rather narroiv, of nearly uniform width, white
then dingy cream-color, close to subdistant, equal, bifurcate at base.
STEM 3-9 cm. long, 8-15 mm. thick, subequal or tapering downward,
firm then fragile, spongy-stuffed, pruinose, rosy-red to dull purplish-
red, especially in the middle, rarely white except at ends, white
within and unchanging. SPORES globose, tuberculate-crystallate,
7.8 micr., creamy -tvhitish in mass, scarcely yellowish-tinged. CYS-
TIDIA rather abundant, lanceolate, 90-95x12 micr. BASIDIA 36-42
x9 micr. Suhhymenium of small cells, not sharply limited. TASTE
mild or rarely very slightly acrid. ODOR none.

Gregarious. On the ground in frondose woods. Southern Michi-
gan. July-August. Infrequent.

I have examined the type specimens and submitted drawings, pho-
tographs and specimens to Peck. His plants average smaller and his
figures and descriptions are deceptive as to size as compared with
most of the specimens found in Michigan. With us R. maricc is near-
ly always larger and has much of the appearance of Cooke's figure of
R. expallens (111., PI. 1029), but that species is said to have a very
acrid taste. The pileus varies scarlet-red, reddish-purple, maroon
or dark purple. The caps of the purple forms have the appearance
of those of R. queletii, R. purpurea and R. drimei of Cooke's plates ;
but all of these have a very acrid taste. The red forms agree quite
well with Gillet's and Michael's figures of R. linnaei, but Romell,
Maire, Bresadola and others consider R. linnaei as a doubtful
species. The stems of R. maricc are nearly always somewhat col-
ored. The pruinosity of the cap and stem is due to minute tufts of
purplish or reddish hairs as seen under the microscope. The plant
was named by Dr. Peck in honor of his wife Mary. The interpreta-
tion of this species in my previous paper (Mich. Acad. Rep. 11, p.
70, 1909) was an error.

144 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN

120. Russula aerugiaea Liadb. (iion Fr.) (Edible)

Svanipbok, 1902.

IllustratioDs: Ibid, Fig. 52.

Cooke, 111., ri. 1044 (as R. heterophylla Fr.). (Doubtful.)
Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II (as R. livida Pers.).
Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 16, Fig. 2 (as R. graminicolor Quel.).

PILEUS 5-8 cm. broad, moderately firm, then fragile, convex to
expanded, subdepressed, dull greenish, dark green to smoky-green,
paler on margin, pellicle adnate, subviscid when moist, soon dry with
a dull luster and siidpulverulent to pruinose-velvety , slightly separ-
able on margin, even or substriate in age. FLESH thick on disk,
thin on margin, white, sometimes cinereous to greenish under pel-
licle. GILLS narrowly adnate or almost free, close to subdistant,
rather narroio, slightly broader in front, entire or verv few short
ones, distinct, white at first tlien pale creamy-iohite, becoming dingy
in age, bifurcate at base, intervenose. STEM 4-5 cm. long, 1 cm.
thick, subequal or tapering downward, glabrous, white, spongy-
stuffed, firm, even. SPORES subglobose, creamy-iohite, 6-9 micr.
TASTE mild. ODOR none.

Gregarious or solitary. On the ground in coniferous or mixed
woods of the Northern Peninsula. Marquette, Sault Ste. Marie.
July- September. Infrequent.

This species is considered identical with R. graminicolor Quel,
by the French mycologists. The "shining-white gills" (candidae)
of the Friesian description is probably an error, R. heterophylla
Fr. is now limited by most writers to a plant with pure white gills
and spores and is rare. R. oUvascens Fr., reported (Mich. Acad. Sci.
Rep. 11, p. 76, 1909), has been omitted as it appears too close to this
species; the specimens referred to it had a more yellowish tint to
the spore-mass.

121. Russula xerampelina Fr. (Suspected)

Epicrisis, 1836-38.

Illustrations: Cooke, 111., 1041 (as R. oliimcea).

Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 628 (as R. olivacea).
Ricken, Pdatterpilze, PI. 18, Fig. 4 (as R. olivacea).

PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, firm, convex then piano-depressed, dry
or very slightly viscid in wet weather, ])ellicle hardly separable,

CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 145

not striate ou margin, surface glabrous or subpruiuose, purplish-
red to purplish-olive, disk olivaceous, variegated. FLESH compact,
whitish then dingy. GILLS creamy -white to creamy-yellowish, then
sordid, rather close, adnexed, moderately broad throughout, thick-
ish, often forked, shorter ones usually intermingled, interspaces
venose. STEM white or rosy-tinged, soon ding}^ olivaceous-yellow-
ish where handled, 5-7 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. thick, firm, subventri-
cose or equal, spongy-stuffed, even or obscurely wrinkled, changing
where bruised to dirty ochraceous-drotvn. SPORES creamy -yellow-
ish, globose, echinulate, 9-10 micr. TASTE mild. ODOR disagree-
able iDith, age or when drying.

Scattered. Hemlock and coniferous or mixed woods of the
Northern Peninsula. July and August.

This has usually been referred to R. olivacea Fr. in this country.
In Europe, R. olivacea is a very much debated species. Fries' de-
scription requires truly yelloAV gills (luteis), and with this char-
acter it has seldom been found. Romell has never seen such a plant
in Sweden and unites A', olivacea and A*, .reiaiitpelina under the
name R. graveolens. The series of color forms included under the
last name is quite common about Stockholm, and as far as I could
see it is the same as our northern Michigan species. I assume, then,
that we can drop the name R. olivacea from our list of American
Russulas, in which case our olive form goes into the present species.
Our plant is near R. squalida Pk. as the latter is diagnosed in this
paper. It differs, however, from that species in the more firm con-
sistency, in the stem being often reddish, and its habitat in conif-
erous regions. R. squalida is soft and flexible in age.

122. Russula squalida Pk. (Suspected)

N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 41. 1S8S (as R. atropurpurea Pk.).
N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 116, 1907.

Illustration : Kauft'man, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. 11, 1909.

PILEUS 7-11 cm. broad, convex then piano-depressed^
firm, soon subflaccid, margin even ivheii young, becoming
slightly tuber cular-striate in age, the pellicle continuous but
rather adnate, not easily separable, subviscid in wet weather,
soon dry and then pruinose-velvety, even, color varying from
reddish-purple to pallid and mixed with olivaceous, tan
or ochraceous, often shades of all these colors are seen in
one cap, opaque and dull, not shining. FLESH white, thick on

146 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN

disk, rather thin elsewhere, grayish or grayish-purple under the
cuticle. (ilLLS white when young, later creamy-uellow to ochra-
ceous, subdistant, becoming fi agile, moderately broad, broadest to-
ward the front, more or less forked toward base, few^ shorter ones,
interspaces venose. STEM ichite, chaiifiinf/ to ochmceous if bruised
when fresh and young, when older becoming dirty-brown or ochra-
ceous-brown where handled, equal and subcylindrical, rather long,
5-9 cm. by 1.5 cm. thick; glabrous, spongy-stuffed, obscurely rivulose.
SPOEES ochraceous to buff, globose, 7.5-10 micr. TASTE mild.
ODOR unpleasant, very characteristic when plants are old or dry-
ing.

Solitary or gregarious. Hemlock and maple woods in the north,
oak and maple woods in southern Michigan. July, August and
September.

This is our early, abundant Russula about Ann Arbor. It occurs
in great quantities during July if the weather is favorable and only
sparingly later. Once recognized by its odor and changeable flesh,
its many color disguises are not as deceptive as they at first seem.
The colors run into each other in a rather definite way, so that the
general effect to the observer, after he has compared many indi-
viduals, is quite characteristic for the species. Hundreds of indi-
viduals were examined about Ann Arbor and all had white stems,
never red. When old the effect of the whole plant is that of dingi-
ness. Although the above description extends beyond the limits
allowed by Peck's description, it is doubtless his species. Origin-
ally it included only the purple or dark red forms and was called
R. atropurpurea Pk. but since this name was pre-empted, he
changed it to R. squalida. It seems close to the preceding.

123. Russula decolorans Fr. (Edible) ^

Syst. Myc, 1821.

Illustrations : Cooke, 111., PI. 1079.
Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 17, Fig. 5.

PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, often large, firm, glohose at first then
convex and piano-depressed, orange red, usually ochre on disk and
dark red on margin, pellicle separable, sub viscid, margin even,
slightly striate in age. FLESH white, 'becoming cinereous with age
or where broken, becoming fragile. GILLS pale yellowish-ochra-
ceous at maturity, white at first, thin, fragile, moderately broad,
close, adnexed, forked at bai*e, few short. STEM 5-12 cm. long,

CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 147

1-2.5 cm. thick, stout, long, spougy or solid, wrinkled rivulose, white,
the flesh hccoinmg cinereous icith age or where bruised. SPORES
subglobose, echinulate, pale ochraceous-yellow, 7-9 micr. TASTE
mild. ODOR none.

Solitary or scattered. In coniferous or mixed woods of northern
Michigan. July, August and September. Frequent.
- The large size, globose young pileus, orange-red color and the
changing flesh easily distinguish it. R. depallens Fr. in which the
flesh turns ashy has not with certainty been found. It is said to
have whitish gills, and the color of the pileus is dirty red to fawn.
R. decolorans appears to prefer the regions of the pine and fir, both
in this country and in Europe.

Var. riibriceps Kauff.

Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. 13, p. 215, 1911.

The shape of the young and old pileus of this variety is well
represented in Cooke's figure of R. decolorans, Plate 1079. The
color of the pileus is, however, ruder-red (Sacc. colors) and persist-
ent, changing only in age or on drying as a result of the cinerescent
flesh. The pellicle is aduate, scarcely separable except on the mar-
gin, vanishing on the disk and sometimes ochraceus-spotted where
the pellicle has disappeared. It is firm and the margin is not
striate or very slightly so in age. These characters ally it to the
Rigidae. It is slightly viscid. FLESH is firm, white, tinged ashy
in age, decorning dark cinereous on the stem where 'bruised. The
taste is mild and when fresh was taken for R. lepida. SPORES
creamy-white in mass. It is smaller, at least in our specimens,
than the type.

On the ground in beech and white pine woods. New Richmond,
Allegan County. September. Apparently rare.

124. Russula flava Romell (Edible)
Lonnegren's Nordisk Svampbok, 1895.
Illustration : Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. 11, p. 55, Fig. 3.

PILEUS 5-8 cm. broad, rather fragile, convex, then piano-
depressed, even or slightly striate in age, dry in dry weather, some-
what viscid when moist, pellicle separable, dull yellow (flavus,
Sacc), color hardly fading, but sometimes ashy, discolored in age.
FLESH white becoming cinereous with age. GILLS white at first,
becoming yellowish, broadest towards front, narrowly adnate, close,
distinct, becoming slowly gray in age. STEM chalk-white at first,

14S THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN

the flesh becoming ashy, equal or siibequal, spongy-stuffed, ob-
scurely reticulate-rivulose, rather fragile, 6-8 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick.
SPORES yellowish, globose, echinulate, 8-9 micr. TASTE mild.
ODOR none.

Solitary or scattered. In coniferous or mixed woods of northern
Michigan. July, August and September. Frequent.

This mild, dull or pale yellow, rather large Russula, with fleshy
gills and stem becoming ashy when old, is quite easily recognized.
This is R. constans Karst. which name was pre-empted. It differs
from R. ochraleuca Fr. in the mild taste and unpolished pileus, etc.
Its habit is very similar to that of R. decolorans, but it rarely
reaches the same size and differs constantly by its yellow cap.

125. Russula obscura llomell (Edible)

PILEUS 4-7 cm. broad, rather pliant, convex then piano-de-
pressed, dull, dark 'blood-red, pileus sometimes blackish on disk,
thin, the pellicle continuous and separable, hardly viscid when
moist, siibpruinose when dry, even or slightly striate in age.
FLESH whitish, becoming ashy. GILLS white at first, then dingy
straw-color, moderately broad, narrowly adnate, close, mostly
forked at base, equal, interspaces sometimes venose. STEM white,
becoming ashy or blackish, rarely tinged red, subequal, 4-6 cm. long,
10-15 mm. thick, spongy-stuffed, rigid, soon soft, obscurely wrinkled.
SPORES pale ochraceous in mass. TASTE mild. ODOR none.

Gregarious or scattered, in low Avoods of southern Michigan. July,
and August.

It is found frequently around Stockholm. The examples pointed
out by Romell did not seem to possess such a blackish stem as some
of ours. This species does not remind me of R. decolorans, being a
more slender and smaller plant. It might be confused with R.
nigresccntipes Pk.. but tliat species is said to have white spores.
Romell (Hymen. Lapland, 1911) suggests that a better name for
this plant is R. vinosa Lindb. since the latter name was used by
Lindbladt in his Svampbok prior to the use of R. obscura.

CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 149

126. Russula lubescens Beards. (Edible)

Mycologia, Vol. 0. p. 91, 11)14.

Illustrations: Beardslee. Mvcologia, Vol. (J. PI. 121, Fig. 1.
Plate XIX of this Report.

PILEUS 4-10 cm. broad, firm, becoming fragile, convex-plane,
dull-red, variegated with yellowish, ochraceoiis or olivaceous-
putplish hues, at first darker, fading, pellicle adnate, dry, scarcely
separable and substriate on the margin, subglabrous, margin acute
and at first straight. FLESH whitish, staining sloivly red then
Mack ivhere icounded, becoming cinereous from age. GILLS nar-
rowly adnate, broader in front, close to subdistant, medium broad,
equal, rarely forked, white at first then pale creamy-ochraceous, in-
tervenose. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. thick, subequal or tapering
down, spongy-stuffed, glabrous, even, white, becoming cinereous in
age, changing slowly to red then blackish where bruised. SPORES
globose, pale ochraceous, 7-10 micr. CYSTIDIA few and short,
suhhymenium not differentiated. TASTE nnld. ODOR none.

Gregarious or scattered. On the ground in frondose woods. Ann
Arbor. July-August. Infrequent.

Remarkable among the Subrigidae for the changes which the flesh
assumes on bruising. It approaches R. nigrescentipes Pk., but that
species is said to have a shining red cap and crowded white gills,
and the stem turns blackish ; no mention is made of any red
stains preceding the black and since the change is slow it could
scarcely be overlooked. Our species has ai)peared from season to
season but never in abundance. It is a firm plant when fresh, be-
coming fragile only in age. It is apparently also related to R.
depallens Fr. but Maire says "nobody knows this, even in Sweden."
R. ohscura Rom. has a velvety-pruinose pileus whose color is rather
uniform, and whose flesh is of a different consistency.

Micro-chemical tests : G. (Gills and flesh turn blue.) S V. (Gills
and flesh turn bluish very slowly.) F S. (Cystidia colored brown).

As this report was ready for the press there appeared in print
the above name applied by Beardslee to a species from Asheville,
N. C, which seems identical with ours.

150 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN

127. Russula borealis Kauff. (^Edible)
Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. 11, p. G9, 1909.

PILEUS 5-9 cm. broad, firm and rather compact, convex then
piano-depressed, outline broadly elliptical, often with a sinus on
one side, 'blood-red, disk darker or color uniform and not fading,^
pellicle somewhat separable, hardly viscid, margin even or ob-
scurely striate. FLESH white, red under the cuticle, not very
thick. GILLS ochraceous, subdistant or moderately close, medium
broad, broader in front, narrowly adnate, rather distinct, edge often
reddish anteriorly, equal, a few forked toward base, interspaces
venose. STEM white and tinged red in places, firm, spongy-stufifed,
thickened below, 5-7 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick. SPORES deep
ochraceous-yellotv in mass. TASTE mild, sometimes slightly and
tardily acrid. ODOR none.

Solitary. In mixed woods of hemlock, yellow birch and hard
maple, in the Northern Peninsula. Huron Mountains, Marquette
and Munising. August.

Russula alutacea is usually larger, stouter, the cap dull or sordid
red, and with broader gills. Russula ochrophylla occurs in oak
woods, has "buff spores, dusted'' on yellow gills, and has violaceous-
purple or purple-red cap. Peck saw our plant but did not refer
it to either species. This species and R. alutacea show the futility
of using the striations on the margin of the cap as an important
character to distinguish the main groups. A true pellicle is present
in both and is often quite easily separated especially on the margin,
and this with the character of the gills connects them very closely
with the Fragiles. 7?. linnaei. which is not well known in Europe,
looks like it according to Cooke's figures, but is said to have white
gills and spores.

128. Russula alutacea Fr. (Edible)
Syst. Myc, 1821.

Illustrations: Cooke, 111.. PL 1096 and 1097.
Gillet, Champignons de France. No. 597.
Berkley, Outlines. PI. 13. Fig. 8 (reduced in size).
Bresadola, Fnngh. mange, e. vel. PL 76.
Patouillard, Tab. Analyt. No. 513.

Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 05 (as Rus-
sulina alutacea).

CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 151

Atkinson, Mushrooms, PI. 36, Fig. 2, 1900 (much reduced in

size) .
Gibson, Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms, PI. 12, Figs. 2, 4,

6, p. 131, 1903 (much reduced in size).

PILEUS 8-l.j cm. broad, lar^e, linn, convex then depressed, with
dull colors, dark reddish-purple, sordid red, sometimes mixed with
other shades, the reddish color predominating, ivith somewhat
separable pellicle, glabrous, somewhat viscid in wet weather, soon
dry, pru'uio^c (iiid .siihi/rduiilosc, luai^uin even or somewhat short-
striate in age. FLEt^H v/hite, thick. (IILL^? ochraceons fi-oni the
'beginning, deeper ochraceons to tan-colored when mature, rather
broad, thick, subdistant, broader in front, rounded adnexed, of
tqnal length. STEM 7-10 cm. long, 3-4 cm. thick, very p,rm, stout,
solid, tinged red or entirely white, subequal or ventricose, almost
even. SPORES ochraceous-yellow to alutaceous, subglobose, 9-11
micr. TASTE mild. ODOR none or pleasant.

Usually solitary and rather late. Oak and maple woods of south-
ern Michigan. Not very common. August and September.

As limited above, no bright or shining red forms are admitted
from our territory. This species and R. integra have been the re-
ceptacle for a good many reddish species with ochraceons gills, and
even experienced mycologists cannot agree on their identification.
I have kept this name for a large, solitary, often late plant, with
firm or hard consistency and dull, dark red and purplish cap, with
truly ochraceons gills and spores. R. integra has cream-colored or
at least paler spores and is more fragile and often grows in troops.
The descriptions of this and K. ochrophjfUa run close together.
Cooke's illustration of R. aJutacea fits our plants well.

FRAGILE S,. Pileus thin, fragile, the viscid pellicle continuous
and quite separable, margin connivent. not incurved when young,
usually strongly striate. The gills are of equal length, broader
anteriorly, narrowed behind.

Section I. Taste acrid. Spores white in mass.

129. Eussula emetica Fr.
Syst. Myc, 1821.

Illustrations : Fries, Sverig. Svamp., PI. 21.
Cooke, 111., PI. 1030.
Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 610.

152 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN

Bresadola, Fungii. maiig. e. vel., PI. 68.

Marshall, Mushroom Book, PI. 17, p. 68, 1905 (reduced).

Gibson, Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms, PL 13, p. 139,

1903 (reduced).
Atkinson, Mushrooms, PI. 36, Fig. 4, 1900 (reduced).
Mcllvaine, American Fungi, PL 41, Fig. 2, 1900.

PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, fleshy, soon fragile, convex to piano-de-
pressed, rosy to Mood-red, sometimes faded to white, pellicle
separable, margin strongly tuhercular-striate or even sulcate, viscid
and shining. FLEBH white, red under the cuticle. GILLS pure
ivhite, subdistant or close, distinct, rather broad, equal, broadest
toward front, narrowly adnexed or free, interspaces venose. STEM
4-7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, white or tinged red, subequal, spongy-
stuffed, even. SPORES white in mass, globose, echinulate, 7.5-10
micr. TASTE very acrid. ODOR none.

Scattered or gregarious. On the ground or on debris of very-
rotten logs in woods. Throughout the state. July to October.
Common.

The mycelium has been found to be attached to oak tree roots
where it forms mycorrhiza. The very acrid taste gives it a bad
reputation and it is avoided by mushroom-eaters. Some think it
is harmless when thoroughly cooked. There are variations of hab-
itat. It grows quite constantly on the crumbling remains of wood
or logs, where its white strings of mycelium are easily seen; here
the gills are close. One form has been found growing in troops;
such were found in a tamarack swamp in late October, growing on
thick beds of sphagnum. They had developed somewhat differently
in this habitat as was to be expected. The stems were white, long
and stout, narrower above and obsoletely wrinkled. The gills were
subdistant. The taste was sharp but not as excruciating as that of
the type. The disk of the pileus was glabrous and very viscid. It
was a beautiful plant, apparently appearing late; it might be re-
ferred to as var. gregaria.

130. Russula rugulosa Pk.

N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 54, 1901.
Illustration : Ibid, PL 72, Fig. 12-18.

PILEUS 5-10 cm. or more broad, thin, fragile, convex then piano-
depressed, dark rose-red, color sometimes thin, surface almost en-
tirely rugulose, the rugae radiating somewhat, rather viscid, pellicle

CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 153

separable, margin at length distinctly tubercular-striate. FLESH
thin, white, red under the pellicle. GILLS shining white, rather
close, narrowly adnate, not very broad, broadest in front, few
forked, equal, interspaces venose. STEM white, subequal, un-
changed, glabrous, spongy-stuffed, 6-7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick.
SPOKES icJiite in mass, globose, echinulate, 8-9 micr. TASTE
tardily but very acrid.

In troops. Hemlock and mixed woods on the ground. August
and September. Northern Michigan.

Differs from R. cnieticd in tliat its aci-id taste develops slowly,
in the uneven and rather dull pileus and in the habit of appearing
in troops on the ground. It was formerly referred to R. emetica,
and is close to it.

131. Russula fragilis Fr.

Syst. Myc, 1821.

Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1001.

Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 614.
Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 622.
Michael, Ffihrer f. Pilzfreunde. No. 43 (var.).
Kicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 19, Fig. 3.
Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 1T2, p. 192, 1908.

PILEUS 2.5-5 cm. broad, very thin and fragile, convex then piano-
depressed with a thin viscid pellicle, tubercular-striate on the thin
margin, glabrous, rather uniform rosy or pale red, sometimes
faded or bleached to white. FLESH tvhite under the pellicle, thin.
GILLS white, thin, close, crowded, adnexed, ventricose, moderately
broad. STEM 2.3-5 cm. long, ,5-1 cm. thick, white, spongy then
hollow, equal, fragile. SPOKES irhitr in mass, subglobose, 8-9
micr. TASTE promptly and very acrid. ODOR none.

Scattered. On the ground in woods. Throughout the state.
July-August. Infrequent.

This species, as limited here, is only distinguishable from R.
€m,etica relatively; it is smaller, color paler, flesh thinner and more
fragile and white under the cuticle. Maire says the taste is more
quickly acrid on the tongue than R. emetica, but not as violent.
It grows in somewhat dryer situations. Var. nivca is a white plant,
otherwise the same. R. fallax Cke. used to be considered a variety
of it.

154 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN

132. Russula fallax Cke.
Illustration : Cooke. 111., PL 10.50.

PILEUS .3-7 cin. broad, thin, fragile, color incarnate or pale rose,
the disk pale olivaceous or livid, sometimes darker or j)urplish, soon
plane or slightly depressed on disk, quite viscid, margin striate and
becoming elevated, surface faintly rugulose under lens. FLESH
white. GILLS white, unchanged, subdistant, attached by a point,
narrow, edge even. STEM 3-4 cm. long, 6-10 cm. thick, pure white,
cylindrical or compressed, equal, spongy-stuffed, soon hollow, longi-
tudinally-wrinkled under a lens. SPOKES white in mass, sub-
globose, 7.5 micr. TASTE promptly and very acrid.

Solitary or gregarious. In sphagnum bogs, low mossy ground in
woods, etc., often attached to sphagnum. Distributed throughout
the state. Not rare. July, August and September.

This species differs in two important particulars from R. fragilis.
The gills are subdistant and the pileus is livid or olivaceous in the
center. It is very characteristic of the sphagnum flora of the state.
It has often been referred to R. fragilis as a variety. The pileus is
not as lilac as shown in Cooke's figure.

133. Russula albidula Pk.
Torr. Bot. Club. Bull. 25, 1898.

PILEUS 2.5-5 cm. broad, white, broadly convex, glabrous, the pel-
licle viscid and separable when fresh, the margin even. FLESH
white, subfragile. GILLS white, rather crowded, adnexed, not
broad, of equal length, some basifurcate, interspaces venose. STEM
2.5-4 cm. long, 8-12 mm. thick, white, equal, spongy-stuffed, even.
SPORES white in mass, subglobose, 7-10 micr. TASTE acrid.
ODOR none.

Solitary. In oak woods. Ann Arbor. July and August.

In dried specimens the pileus and gills are ochraceous to yellow-
ish, and stem whitish. The taste and viscidity seem to be the only
marked differences between this species and the other two white
Rus.snlas of Peck, R. alUda and R. alhella. All three are rather
fragile, while R. lactea is a compact firm plant with thick, broad,
distant gills. There is a white varietj^ of R. emetica which is very
acrid and fragile and whose striations on the margin of the cap
are like those of that species.

CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 155

Section II. Taste acrid. Spore-mass cream-color, yellowish,
ochraceous to alutaceous.

134. Russula sanguinea Fr. {R. rosacea Fr.)

Epicrisis, 1836-38.

Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 1020 (as B. rosea).

Michael, Filhrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. 11 (as R. rosacea).

PILEUS 3-G cm. broad, rather firm at firsf, suhfragile, convex-
plane or depressed, rosy-red, vHscid, margin acute and thin, pellicle
subadnate, easily separable on margin and tubercular-striate.
FLESH rather thin, white, red under the pellicle. GILLS slightly
adnate, close to subdistant, equal, not broad, creamy-icUite. STEM
4-6 cm. long, subequal or tapering down, often eccentric, tvhite or
tinged rosy-red, spongy-stuffed then cavernous, rather fragile, glab-
rous, even. SPORES creamy-white in mass. TASTE tardily but
truly acrid.

Gregarious. On the ground among grass in frondose woods. Ann
Arbor. September-October. Infrequent.

The plants referred here are R. rosacea in the sense of Romell, and
R. sanguinea according to most of the modern French mycologists.
They are distinguished by the cream color of the spores and gills.
The gills are not decurrent as they are supposed to be in R. rosacea,
but the stem is often eccentric as that species is described by Fries.
Bresadola, Maire, etc., conceive R. rosacea Fr. as a plant with pure
white gills and spores. Our plant agrees with a species, common
around Stockholm, whose gills are usually creamy-white. It was
placed by Fries among the rigid forms but is almost too fragile.
It is not large and except for the color of the spores small forms
might be mistaken for R. fragilis.

135. Russula veternosa Fr.

Epicrisis, 1836-38.

Illustrations : Bresadola, Fungh. mang. e. vel., PI. 75.
Cooke, 111., PI. 1033.

PILEUS 5-7.5 cm. broad, convex then expanded, with a somewhat
separable pellicle, indistinctly striate on the margin, deep rose-red
(like R. emetica), viscid when moist. FLESH white, red under the
cuticle. GILLS white at first, then straw-color or pale ochraceous,

156 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN

narrow, adnate, close, broader in front, equal or few shorter, few
forked, interspaces venose. STEM white, never red, equal or sub-
equal, spongy-stuffed, somewhat slender, fragile, hollow, even, 1.5
cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick. SPORES pale yellowish-ocliraceous, sub-
globose, echinulate, 8-9 micr. TASTE very acrid. ODOR none.

Scattered or gregarious. Oak and maple woods of southern Mich-
igan. July and August.

This represents a group of red Rnssulas with acrid taste and gills
varying pale ochraceous or somewhat yellowish in the different
forms. I have limited the name to those with white stem and a
rather firm and hardly striate pileus, although it may include sev-
eral forms of which only the spore-color has so far been a dis-
tinguishable character. The separable, viscid, distinct pellicle and
rather fragile stem, relates it to the Fragiles. From R. tenuiceps
it is separated by the less deep ochraceous spores and gills, the
firmer consistency of pileus and gills, and the uniform red color and
even margin of the pileus.

136. Russula tenuiceps Kauff.

Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. 11, p. 81, 1909.
Illustration : Plate XX of this Report.

PILEUS 7-12 cm. broad, thin, fragile, convex to expanded, the
somewhat viscid pellicle easily separable, margin at first connivent,
striate, deep rosy-red or blood-red, sometimes white, spotted or
tinged with orange blotches, sometimes uniform red, with or without
minute rugae. FLESH white, red beneath the cuticle, very fragile
at maturity. GILLS white, then yellow-ochraceous, crowded, nar-
row, fragile, narrowly adnate to free, few forked, interspaces
venose, equal. STEM fragile, white or rosy-tinged, spongy-stufifed,
subequal or ventricose, obscurely rivulose, white within and un-
changed, 5-9 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. thick. SPORES yelloiv-ochraceous,
subglobose, 6-8 micr., echinulate. TASTE acrid, sometimes tardily
but very acrid. ODOR not marked.

Gregarious. Mixed woods at Marquette; in oak and maple woods
at Ann Arbor. July and August. Rather frequent.

As in R. veternosa, it is probable that several forms are repre-
sented here. The red Russulas are very troublesome, and we seem
to have a considerable number of forms with acrid taste and yellow-
ish to deep ochraceous gills, which cannot be easily kept separate.
All efforts to refer them to old species like R. sardonia, R. rugulosa,

CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 157

R. rosacea, etc., failed repeatedly; the fragile flesh and ochraceous,
almost alutaceous gills are too distinctive. The maturing of the
spores is sometimes slow and care must be taken to get a good
spore print in these red species. All the collections which I have
referred here showed red on some or all of the stems of each col-
lection. Their edibility was not tested.

137. Russula palustris Pk.
N. Y. State Mus. Eep. 53, 1900.

PILEUS 4-7.5 cm. broad, fragile, subglobose or hemispheric, then
convex or nearly plane, viscid, pellicle separable, obscurely tuber-
cular-striate on margin, reddisJi-hu^^ or purplish-red especially on
disk, glabrous. FLESH white, thin, tinged with the color of the
pileus under the pellicle. GILLS narrowed behind, broader in
front, close to subdistant, entire, whitish then yellowish, inter-
venose. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, equal, glabrous, spongy-
stuffed then hollow, fragile, white or tinged red. SPORES sub-
globose, pale yelloiv in mass, 7.5-10 micr. TASTE tardily acrid.

Gregarious or scattered. In low woods or swamps. Marquette,
New Richmond, Ann Arbor. August-September. Infrequent,

The pileus is sometimes faintly glaucous.

138. Russula aurantialutea Kauff.
Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. 11, p. 81, 1909.

PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, thin, fragile, convex then piano-de-
pressed, yellow (citron to luteus), or with orange shades inter-
mingled, especially on the margin, slightly tubercular-striate, pel-
licle viscid, shining and somewhat separable for some distance.
FLESH white, thin toward the margin, unchanged with age.
GILLS pale yelloiv, close, or subdistant at the outer extremity, equal
or a few shorter, narrowly adnate, seceding with age, broadest to-
ward front, often forked at the base, rarely elsewhere, interspaces
venose. STEM 4-8 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick, white, flesh concolor
and unchanged, subequal, glabrous, even, spongy-stuffed. SPORES
ochraceoiis-yelloiD, subglobose, 8-9 micr. TASTE acrid in all its
parts, often very acrid. ODOR not noticeable.

Solitary or scattered. On debris or forest mould in hemlock or
mixed woods of northern Michigan, in deciduous woods in the south-
ern part of the state. July, August and September. Earlier in
southern Michigan. Infrequent.

158 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN

B. ochraleuca Fr. differs in having white to pallid gills and spores,
and a ciuerescent stem ; R. granulosa Cke. has white gills and spores
and a granular cap and stem ; R. fellea Fr. has ochraceous or straw-
yellow^ flesh and the more firm pileus is either straw or gilvous color,
and its gills exude watery drops ; R. claroflava Grove has a cinere-
scent stem and its gills are white then lemon yellow with an ochre
tinge; B. ochracea Fr. has a mild taste, and the flesh of the cap,
gills and stem is ochraceous ; R. simillima Pk. has white spores and
a pale ochraceous pileus and stem ; and R. decolorans Fr. has cin-
erescent flesh and is stouter. Our species could be made on ecolog-
ical variety of almost any of the above species, depending on the
guess of the author who so interpreted it.

Section III. Taste mild. Spore-mass white.

139. Russula albida Pk.

N. y. state Mus. Bull. 2, 1887 {R. albida) .
N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 50, 1897 {R. alhella).

Illustration: N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 105, PI. 96 {R. alhida).

PILEUS 3-6 cm. broad, thin, fragile, broadly convex to plane,
slightly depressed in the center, white or whitish, even or slightly
striate on the margin, not shining. FLESH white, fragile. GILLS
white or whitish, thin, moderately close, entire, equal, not broad,
broadest in front, rarely forked at base, adnate or subdecurrent.
STEM 2.5-6 cm. long, white, subequal, glabrous, spongy-stuffed or
solid. SPORES about 8 micr. diam., white. TASTE mild or
slightly bitterish.

Solitary. Hemlock or mixed woods in the Northern Peninsula.
July and August.

Peck's description of both R. albida and R. albella differs in
minor particulars from our plants. The pileus of R. albida has a
viscid, separable pellicle, while that of R. albella is dry. R. albida
is said to have a "slightly bitterish or unpleasant taste," while our
plants were sometimes bitterish, sometimes tardily and slightly
acrid. R. albida is described with a stuffed or hollow stem ; in one
of my collections the stem was solid, in another it was spongy-
stuffed. It is worth noting whether the spore prints are pure
white or with yellow tinge; some of Peck's specimens of R. albida
had spores with a faint yellowish tinge. In my specimens the whole
plant is ochraceous when dried ; specimens seen at the N. Y. Botan-

CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 159

ical Gardens Avere white when dry. As these species occur so seldom
and far apart, it is difficult to obtain exact data with regard to their
characters. B. anomala Pk. and R. albidula differ in the acrid taste.

140. Russula subdepallens Pk. (Edible)
Torr. Bot. Club Bull., Vol. 23, 189(3.

PILEUS 5-14 cm. broad, fragile, convex then plane and depressed,
margin elevated in age, bright rosy-red, shading into yellowish
blotches as if the red color were put over the yellow, disk paler in
old specimens, disk dark-ied in very young plants, with a thin,
separable, viscid pellicle, tuhercular-striate on margin, obscurely
wrinkled elsewhere. FLESH white, rosy under the cuticle, becom-
ing slightly cinereous, very fragile. GILLS white, broad in front,
narrowed behind, adnate, subdistant, few forked, interspaces venose.
STEM Avhite, spongy-stuffed, rather stout, 4-10 cm. long, IS cm.
thick, subequal. SPORES white in mass, globose, echinulate, 7.5-8
micr. TASTE mild. ODOR none.

Gregarious. In woods of maple, yellow birch and hemlock of
northern Michigan. August.

Found in a number of places in considerable abundance. The
fragile character, especially of the gills, is very marked and the
mild taste, white gills and red cap help to distinguish it. The
flesh does not turn so strongly ashy as in Peck's plants, and this
character did not seem to be always noticeable. It is distinguished
from E. purpurina, the brilliant-red Russula, by its gregarious
habit, large size and less viscid cap ; also the gills are not crenulate.
Our specimens had the stature and appearance of E. ruguloso and
E. emetica var. gregaria. Peck's plants were found in Pennsylvania
by Dr. Herbst, and reported but once ; the species is not included in
Peck's New York monograph. Our plant has so "far been limited to
the north.

141. Russula purpurina Quel. & Schultz (Edible)

Hedwigia, 1885.

Illustrations: Mcllvaiue, American Fungi. PI. 4.") [a, p.] 188, 1900.
Plate XXI of this Report.

PILEUS 3-7 cm. broad, fragile, viscid, usually very viscid, sub-
globose then expanded and slightly depressed at the disk, hrilliant
rosy-red to blood-red or even darker, pellicle somewhat separable.

160 THE AGARICACEAE CF MICHIGAN

margin thin but not striate except when fully expanded, surface
when dry as if with a bloom. FLESH white, red under the cuticle,
thin, fragile, unchangeable. GILLS lohite, later dingj^-white or
"yellowish," medium close to subdistant, adnexed, not broad, broad-
est in front, mostly equal, few or none forked, interspaces sometimes
venose, edge flGCcose-crenulatc. STEM rather long, 5-8 cm., 8-12
mm. thick, sprinkled rosy-pink, equal or subequal, spongy-stuffed,
fragile but rather soft. SPORES white in mass, globose, 8-10 micr.
TASTE mild. ODOR none.

Solitary or scattered. In mixed or maple-birch woods of the
Northern Peninsula. Infrequent. August and September.

Distinguished by its brilliant red, viscid cap, small to medium
size, mild taste and white crenulate gills and spores. Peck also
notes the floccose-crenulate edge of the gills, which is due to cys-
tidia. i?. uncialis, R. sericeonitens and R. suhdepallens are the only
others of the Fragiles group with mild taste, red cap and white
spores. From R. unciales it differs by the deep color, character of
gills and habitat. R. sericeonitens is hardly viscid and becomes
silky-shining ; it has a different stature and color. Maire points out
that R. j)uiwtat(i Gill, and R. pscudointegra A. ^^ G. have gills
with a floccose-crenulate edge.

142. Russula uncialis Pk. (Edible)
X. Y. State Mus. Bull. 2, 1887.
Illustrations : Peck, X. Y. State Mus. Bull. 116, PL 107, 1907.

PILEUS 2-5 cm. hroad, thin, rather fragile, convex then ex-
panded-depressed, pink or dright flesh-color, unicolorous, the rather
adnate pellicle slightly separable, slightly viscid when moist,,
pruinose and pulverulent when dry, margin not striate till old.
FLESH white, pink under the pellicle, unchanged. GILLS pure
white, hardly changed, rather troad, broadest in front, narrowed
behind and adnate, subdistant or moderately close, distinct, entire
on edge, few forked, interspaces venose. STEM white, rarely tinged
pink, rather short, l-o.5 cm. long, 4-10 mm. thick, spongy-stuffed,
equal, glabrous. SPORES ivJiite in mass, subglobose, echiuulate,
7-8 micr. TASTE mild. ODOR none.

Gregarious. In oak woods of southern Michigan. July and
August. Quite common in places.

The persistently white gills and spores, the mild taste, uniform
pink color and size, distinguishes this Russula. It is sometimes
more than an inch in width.

CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS ' 161

143. Russula sericeo-nitens Kauff. (Edible)
Mich. Acad. Sci. Eep. 11, p. 84, 1909.

PILEUS 4-6 cm. broad, very regular, rather thin, convex then
piano-depressed, dark violet-purple or dark blood-red tinted pur-
plish, disk sometimes livid-blackish, the separate pellicle slightly
viscid when moist, not striate or substriate in age, surface with a
silky sheen. FLESH white, thin on margin, unchanged, purplish
under the pellicle. GILLS white, subdistant or medium close, be-
coming flaccid, moderately broad, broad in front, narrowed behind,
dry, equal, few forked near base, interspaces venose. STEM white,
equal or thickened at apex, spongy within, unchanged, glabrous,
even or obscurely rivulose, 3-5.5 cm. long, 1 cm. thick. SPORES
white in mass, globose, echinulate, G-7.5 micr. TASTE mild. ODOR
none.

Usually solitary. In mixed woods of hemlock, maple and yellow
birch in northern Michigan. July and August. Not uncommon.

Its thin pileus is flexihle at maturity. The silky sheen and regu-
lar pileus are quitfe characteristic. The cap has the color of Cooke's
figures of R. queletii Fr., R. drimeia Cke. and R. purpurea Gill.
These three, including R. expallens Gill., have been placed together
by some modern authors as one species, characterized by "a
pruinose, violaceous, decolorate stem, and very sharp taste." The
taste is said to be so pepperj'- that even when the color is washed
out by rains they can be recognized by this character. All of the
four are violet or reddish on the stem. Our specimens all had a
white stem and an impeachable mild taste.

Section IV. Taste mild; spore-mass cream-white, yellowish or
ochraceous.

144. Russula Integra Fr. (Edible)

Epicrisis, 1836-38.

Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1093 and 1094.

PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, firm, soon fragile, discoid, convex or
campanulate then piano-depressed covered with a viscid separable
pellicle, thin on the margin, at length coarsely tudercular-striate,
variable as to color in different plants, colors dingy or sordid, from
buff through to reddish -brown and dark dull red, fading.' FLESH
white, not changing. GILLS white at first, then creamy-yellow

162 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN

to buff-ochraceous, not strongly ochre, 'broad, distinct, equal, nearly-
free. STEM white, unchanged, never red, soon quite fragile, conic
or short-clavate at first, then subequal or veutricose, spougy-stuiled,
even. SPORES creamy-yellow to pale ochraceous. TASTE mild.
ODOR none.

Gregarious. In woods, probably throughout the state. Ann
Arbor. July and August. Not common.

This species is a sort of clearing house for various colored
Russulas with broad, pale ochraceous gills and mild taste, es-
pecially reddish forms. I have given Fries' description above,
supplemented for the most part from notes of my own collections
about Stockholm. Romell describes the cap as "brown, blackish-
brown, reddish-brown, dark red, violaceous, yellow or greenish,
either unicolorous or with whitish or yellowish spots." I saw only
the dirty reddish-brown, dark dull red and sordid-buff forms at
Stockholm. In favorable weather or situations they occur in troops
and seem verv common in Sweden. Peck says thev are rare in
'New York state. The European mycologists do not agree among
themselves as to this species, but there seems to be a fair unanimity
that the "dusting" of the gills by the spores is too deceptive for
practical use in identification. R. Integra is to be separated from
^\ alutacea by its gills being white at first, by the white fragile
stem, the paler spores and more striate pileus ; under certain condi-
tions these two species are hardly distinguishable.

The two plates of Cooke referred to, give the best idea of the
species as here limited. The figures of this species with bright red
caps, shown by various authors, illustrate segregated species for jthe
most part. Maire (Soc. Myc. Bull. 2G, 1910) has named one form,
R. 7-omeUi, and considers another to be 7?. melliolens Quel. As
Fries pointed out long ago, it is easy to separate new species from
the mass of plants usually referred here, and the more exact method
with the microscope will doubtless produce many more. I have
found this species rarely but then in quantity, as they usually cover
quite an area from the same mycelium.

145. Russula amygdaloides sp. nov. (Edible)
(See under 7?. harlae Quel., Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. 13, p. 221, 1911.)

PILEUS 4-8 cm. broad, thin, medium size, ovate at first with
straight margin, then convex-plane or depressed, very viscid, fragile,
pale rosy-flesh color fiwicd icifh yelJoic, sometimes peach color,
sometimes dull citron-yellow, varying in color from young to old.

I

CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 163

pellicle continuous and entirely separable, margin hecoming
strongly tuberculate-.striate. >^LESH thin, white, not changing
color, soft. GILLS 'bright ochraceous-yellow (flavus, Sacc), white
at first, rather narrow, broadest in front, narrowed and adnexed
behind, subdistant at maturity, dusted by the spores. STEM 4-8
cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, siihequal to ventricose, soft and fragile,
loosely stuffed then cavernous (but not from grubs), Avhite, rarely
tinged with delicate pink, slightly wrinkled, subglabrous. SPORES
subglobose. 7-9 micr., echinulate, nucleate, briglit ochre-j-ellow in
mass. TASTE mild. ODOR none. CYSTIDIA^ very few. Siih-
hl/meniini} uarrou', sharjdy differentiated from gill-trama.

Solitary or scattered. In mixed woods "of hemlock and beech,
among beds of white pine needles at New Richmond; among grass,
etc., in oak woods at Ann Arbor. -luly-October. Frequent.

This very fragile Russula is known from the other members of
the ''Fragiles" group by its medium size, bright yellow-ochraceous
spores and gills, the hollow, often subventricose stem, the mild taste
and the pinkish-yellow to peach-colored pileus. The stem is some-
times enlarged at the apex, sometimes at the base, always fragile.
Very few of our Russulas have such bright-colored spores and gills.
The color of the cap varies rather rarely to a deeper red on the one
hand or to ochraceous-tan and straw-color on the other. The flesh
does not change on bruising, and the odor is not noticeable even in
age. It is very different from R. Integra Fr. It approaches R.
nitida and is no doubt the plant usually referred to that species
in this country. It differs in the lack of the nauseous, disagreeable
odor which is known to be constant in R. nitida. I formerly refer-
red it to 7?-. harJac Quel, which, however, is described as compact
and firm. R. aiirata Fr. has gills with a chrome-yelloAv edge.

Micro-chemical tests: G. (Flesh turns blue quickly; gills become
greenish-bine.) S Y. (Flesh and gills slowly pinkish then blue.) F
S. (Cystidia colored brown.)

146. Russula roseipes Seer.— Bres. (Edible)

Fung. Trid., Vol. I, 1881.
Illustration: Ibid, PL 40.

PILEUS 2.5-5 cm. broad, thin, fragile, convex then piano-de-
pressed, with a viscid, separable pellicle, margin tubercular-striate
when mature, soon dry, rosy-red or flesh-red, disk tending to ochre-
yellowish. FLESH white, thin, unchanged. GILLS soon truly

164 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN

ochraceous, subdistant, mostly equal, broadest in frout, ventricose,
narrowly adnata or almost free, few forked, interspaces venose.
STEM white and rosy-sprinkled, stuffed then cavernous, equal or
tapering upward, even, 2.5-5 cm. long, 5-12 mm. thick. SPORES
ochraceous, globose, echinulate, 8-10 micr. TASTE mild. ODOR
none or pleasant.

Solitary or scattered. In mixed woods, but usually under coni-
fers. Only found in the northern part of the state. July and

August.

A middle-sized to small plant, fragile, and with a rosy mealiness
on the stem. This last is quite characteristic of the species. It
occurs under spruces and balsams in moist places. It is quite dis-
tinct from R. piiellaris Fr. to which Fries, who had never seen
Secretan's plant, referred it as a variety. R. purpurina also has a
rosy-sprinkled stem, but is very viscid and more brilliant shining
red on the cap. Peck (Rep. 51, p. 307) says the stem is not rosy-
sprinkled in his plants, but that the color resides in the stem; he
does not seem to have had the typical plant.

147. Russula puellaris Fr.

Monographia, 1863.

Illustrations : Cooke, 111., PI. 1065.

Bresadola, Fung. Trid., Vol. I, PI. 61.
Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 17, Fig. 2.

PILEUS 2-4 cm. broad, very thin, convex then plano-depressed,
viscid, tu'bercular-striate on the margin, livid-purplish or livid-
brownish, then sometimes yellowish. FLESH white at first, soon
watery subtranslucent, fragile. GILLS pallid white to pale yellow,
watery honey-colored in age, equal, thin, subventricose, narrowed
behind and adnexed, interspaces venose. STEM whitish, then
watery honey-colored totoard lase, spongy-stuffed, soon cavernous,
soft and fragile, subequal or subclavate at base, 4-5 cm. long, 7-10
mm. thick. SPORES subglobose, echinulate, pale yellow, 6-8 micr.
TASTE mild or slightly acrid. ODOR none.

Found in low, moist places in conifer or mixed woods of Europe.
It has not yet been reported from Michigan with certaints^ I have
given Bresadola's description as that of a typical plant, which is
verified by my notes of the Stockholm plants. I have not seen the
typical Swedish plant in this country, and Peck's specimens were
evidently not typical as he says no yellowish stains occur in the
stem. The stem soon becomes soft and then develops this charac-

CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 165

teristic, translucent, light-yellowish color. Several varieties occur
in Michigan differing mainly from the above description in the red
caps and non-lutescent stems; these are referred here for the pres-
ent.

148. Russula sphagnophila Kauff.

Mich.. Acad. Sci. Rep. 11, p. 86, 1909.

PILEUS 2-4.5 cm. broad, very fragile, convex, umhonate, margin
at length elevated and disk depressed and purplish-red or rosy-red,
the space between the umbo and the margin pale olive-brown, cov-
ered by a viscous pellicle, glabrous, margin slightly striate. FLESH"
reddish under the cuticle and under the surface of the stem fragile.
GILLS white then pale ochraceous, narrow, adnato-decurrent,
rather close, narrowed toward both ends, few forked here and there.
STEM rosy-colored, usually ventricose or irregularly swollen,
spon^-stuffed then cavernous, very fragile, rivulose-uneven, 4-5 cm.
long, 7-12 mm. thick. SPORES cream-color, globose, echinulate, 6-7
micr. TASTE mild.

Scattered. On sphagnum, in swamps. Cold Spring Harbor.
August and September. Rare.

Whole plant very fragile, always with an umbo, subpellucid and
rosy stem, and pale gills. The only other Russula with an umbo,
known to me, is R. caendea Pers. which differs in color and hab-
itat. The red color rubs off on paper when moist. In some points
it is near R. roseipes, in others it is nearest R. puellaris, and might
perhaps be referred to the latter as a variety but without settling
anything as to its origin.

- 149. Russula chamseleontina Fr. (Edible)

Epicrisis, 1836-38.

Illustrations : Cooke, 111., PL 1908.

Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 600.
Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 18, Fig. 2.

PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, rather small, fragile, thin, piano-depressed,
with a viscid separable pellicle, margin even at first then striatulate,
color varying for different pilei, mostly some shade of red, purple,
etc.. fading to yellowish especially on disk. FLESH white, thin.
GILLS thin, crowded or close, adnexed or almost free, equal, rather
broad, sometimes almost narrow, few forked, interspaces venose,

166 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN

ochraceous or ochraceous-yelloic. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 4-6 mm.
thick, white, spongy-stuffed then hollow, slender, equal or subequal
to subventricose, sometimes subclavate, even or obscurely rivulose.
SPOKES ochraceous. TASTE mild. ODOR none.

Scattered or gregarious. In coniferous or mixed woods. So far
•reported only from northern Michigan.

Like R. integra this has to be considered at present a composite
species, from which several species have, from time to time, been
segregated. According to von Post, a pupil of Fries, the master
himself included many forms which do not fit into his own descrip-
tion ; and Komell follows the Swedirsli tradition and refers to B.
cliamaeleontina all small forms with mild taste and ochraceous
s:ills not otherwise accounted for. "No subacrid forms are in-
eluded" writes Romell. Specimens with the caps a uniform red,,
rose colored, purplish, lilac, etc., and accompanied with a yellowish
tint, are always included; sometimes also, whitish, faded forms
must be placed here.

150. Russula abielina Pk.

X. Y. State Mus. Rep. 54, 1901.
Illustration: Ibid, PI. 72, Fig. 1-11.

"PILEUS 1-2.5 cm. broad, thin, fragile, convex becoming plane
or slightly depressed in the center, covered with a viscid, separable
pellicle, tubercular-striate on the thin margin, variaMe in color^
purplish, greenish-purple or olive-green with a browai or blackish
center, or sometimes purplish with a greenish center. FLESH
white. GILLS narrowed toward the stem, subdistant, equal,
rounded behind and nearly free, ventricose, whitish becoming pale
yellow. STEM 1-2.5 cm. long, equal or tapering upward, stuffed or
hollow, white. SPORES bright yellowish-ochraceous^ subglobose,
8-iO micr. TASTE mild."

Its place of growth is only nmler lalsm fir. It has been reported
from Michigan, but the description given is that of Peck. The
important characters seem to be the bright yellow tinged spores.
It is separable from R. puellaris, "by the viscid cap, the gills rather
widely separated from each other and nearly free, the stem never
yellowish nor becoming yellow where wounded, and the spores bav-
in c: nn ochraceous hue."

CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 167

151. Russula lutea Fr. (Edible)

Syst. Myc, 1821.

Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 10S2.

Gillet, Champignons de France, No. G22.
Patonillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 321.
Bresadola, Fnngh. mang. e. vel., PL 79.
Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, No. 01.
Eicken, Bliltterpilze, PL 18, Fig. 3.
Plate XXII of this Report.

PILEUS 3-6 cm. broad; small, thin, convex then piano-depressed,
pellicle easily separable, viscid, margin even, becoming slightly
striate in age, unicolorus, bright yellow or pale golden yellow.
FLESH white, very thin, fragile. GILLS at length deep yellow-
ocJiraceoiis, subdfstant, rather broad in front, narrowed behind and
free, equal, interspaces often venose. STEM white, unchanged,
subequal, stuffed then hollow, soft, fragile, even or obscurely
wrinkled, glabrous, 3-5 cm. long, 4-8 mm. thick. SPORES globose,
echinnlate, yellow, 8-10 micr. in diam. TASTE mild. ODOR none.

Solitary, in coniferous and mixed woods of northern Michigan,
in frondose woods in the south. July and August. Infrequent and
feAV in number.

Our plant is the same as the one occurring about Stockholm. It
agrees with the characters as given in Hymenomycetes Europaei,
except that the gills are subdistant, not truly narrow but relatively
broad in front. The Stockholm specimens had the thin margins
of the pileus at length slightly striate, as is also the case with the
Michigan plants. Peck saj^s he has found it but once in New York.
I have found it a number of times in Michigan. R. vitelHna Fr.
which is said to resemble this species, is not known to Romell for
Sweden, and he refers all their forms to 7?. lutea. It may be that
R. lutea and R. vitellina represent extremes of the species. Our
plant described above and that about Stockholm do not agree with
either of the descriptions, but is a compromise between the two.
Our plants are not strongly striate nor have they any marked odor
like R. vitellina; on the other hand they have broader and more
distant gills than is warranted by the description of R. lutea. Ac-
cording to Fries, R. lutea is found in beech forests and R. vitellina
in coniferous woods. R. faricep.'^ Pk. is said to be larger, with nar-
row and close, pale yellow gills.

Reprinted from Report of the State Botanist for iqiq

New York State Museum Bulletin 223-224

I921

STUDIES IN THE GENUS INOCYBE
C. H. KAUFFMAN

I The Species of Inocybe in Peck's Collections

The genus Inocybe has been partially monographed both in Europe
and in the United States, The species of Fries and Quelet, as well as
those of older date, have been critically studied in part by Bresadola,
Patouillard, Massee and others, and more or less uniform concep-
tions have been evolved for the European species. A considerable
number of species were described from the United States by Doctor
Peck, mostly from New York State; but with the exception of these
species of Peck, comparatively few had been named in this country

[43]

^4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

by anyone else up to the time of Doctor Peck's death. Since then,
Professor Atkinson (Am. Jour. Bot., 5:210, 1918) published names
and descriptions of twenty-five additional new American species, an
accumulation of many years.

During an extensive study of American collections toward a
more complete monograph of the American species, I had the oppor-
tunity, through the kindness of Dr H. D. House, to make a critical
examination of all the collections of Inocybe which had accumulated
at Albany during Doctor Peck's regime, including of course, types
of his species. About 275 collections were gone over ; each of these,
except in a few cases, must be considered a separate collection. Of
these. Doctor Peck himself collected by far the greater part and his
own handwriting is present on practically all his own finds. The
data of Doctor Peck's own collections are very meager, usually
giving no more than the locality, sometimes the county, and the
month in which the material was obtained; rarely does he mention
the year or the day of the month.^

A number of the types and other species from extralimital regions
were communicated to him by collectors of fungi living in other
states. Simon Davis sent material from Massachusetts; Dr N. M.
Glatfelter, from St Louis, Mo. ; F. J. Braendle, from the District of
Columbia; J. M. Macoun. from Ottawa. Canada; B. O. Longyear,
from Michigan ; Baker, from California ; and Morgan, from Ohio.
Only a few other donors sent Inocybe material from outside the
State.

In 1910, as a part of the New York State Museum Bulletin 139,
Doctor Peck got together an account of the New York species of
Inocybe, which is in the main a compilation of the scattered descrip-
tions and commentaries of previous State Botanist's reports. I shall
refer to this hereinafter as Peck's Monograph. In going over the
collections, it soon became evident to me that Doctor Peck had not
attempted to base the monograph on all his collections but had care-
fully examined selected packets, many of which belonged to the
type collections, a part of which in each case was mounted on sheets.
At least such a set of packets has been kept together and apart from

1 In the case of type specimens, and species reported for the first time, the
year can be ascertained by reference to the published description or report,
since Doctor Peck appears rarely to have reported or described a species
later than in the report for the year in which the specimen was collected. In
other cases his collections can be checked up with his voluminous notes,
occupying over forty large notebooks and the exact year of collection
determined. H. D. House

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST, I919 45

the general collection, and these I found to agree with the concep-
tions of the species as given in the monograph.

The rest of the collections, although the packets were, with few
exceptions, marked with the name of a species of Inocybe, were
found to be in considerable confusion. It should be remembered at
this point, that this is inevitably to be expected under the circum-
stances, and does not, in my opinion, reflect in the slightest en the
perspicacity of Doctor Peck. He had many duties as State Botanist ;
in the earlier years of his collecting, accurate microscopical informa-
tion on European species was pract'cally lacking; later, the accumu-
lations of any season, his own and those from many parts of the
country, naturally made it impossible to go back over all fcrmer
collections and keep them revised to date. It would have been pos-
sible in dealing with the genus Inocybe alone, but impossible in the
whole field of fungi, to say nothing of the plant kingdom as a v/hole.
It is not surprising, then, to find that, for example, many packets
marked Inocybe subochracea Pk., did not contain that species at all,
but on examination were found to be scattered over half a dozen
other species. A glance in the microscope was sufificient to show
that no cystidia were present in some instances, or that the spores
were angular in others. This shows, I think, that Doctor Peck did
either not at first realize the importance of cystidia as he did later,
or that he found it impracticable to examine microscopically the
mass of collected miaterial, and wishing to preserve it, depended on
his undoubted wonderful memory to decide the species from ex'ernal
characters alone.

The dried herbarium specimens of the species of this genus are
far more easily and satisfactorily diagnosed than is usually the case
in dried Agarics. This is due to a number of sharply defined micro-
scopic morphological characters which persist in the dried plants.
Since these characters are fundamental with regard to the relation-
ships of the species in the genus, their study should give us a better
clue to such relationships and mark a step toward a phylogenetic
system of the Agarics. It seems worth while, then, to present below
a scheme based on the microscopical features of the species. This
has been arrived at, not only by the study of the Albany collections,
but of those in the New York Botanical Garden, my own collections,
the published descriptions of Professor Atkinson, those from the
collections at several universities, and especially the extensive col-
lections of Simon Davis of Brookline, Mass. Only the plants in the

46 NEW VORK STATE ML'SEUM

Peck collections will be used in this paper to illustrate the proposed
arrangement.

The spores of the different species of Inocybe are of two main types.
In one type the epispore is smooth and rounded. In the other type
it is ornamented by spines, nodules, or a more or less tuberculate
roughness, which is usually associated with somewhat angular shape.
This angularity may be sharply marked or obscure and is somewhat
masked by the roughness due to the tubercles. In a very few cases
( for example I. decipiens Bres. and I. maritimoides
Pk.), the spores are merely angular or with only very slight or few
elevations on the surface. The nodules (tubercles meaning practi-
cally the same) may be crowded, or, as is frequently the case, scat-
tered on the surface of the spore. Furthermore, they may be coarse
and prominent under the ordinary high-power magnifications (that
is. without the use of the oil-immersion lenses), or may be indistinct
and then best seen by causing the spores to roll over during observa-
tion under the microscope.

The cystidia are either present or lacking and the species are thus
easily grouped into two parts. They may be very numerous or
rather thinly scattered over the hymenium and in a few species so
few that a very small portion or section of the gills may fail to
show any. They may be present all over the surfaces of the gills
or m.ostly on the edge of the gills or near the edge. The latter state-
ment contradicts the statement of Massee (Annals of Botany, 18:462,
1904) in which he claims that " true cystidia are only met with on
the surface of the gills." In order to discriminate on the subject, it
must be noted that all species of Inocybe develop on the edges of
the gills sac-shaped or rounded-clavate, more rarely subacute or capi-
tate cells, which I have designated " sterile cells " (Agaricaceae of
Michigan, p. 444). and which are shorter than the true cystidia and
thin-walled, and probably do not exude the contents through the dis-
solved apex as generally do the cystidia. Massee calls these cells
"marginal cells." In addition to these sterile cells, many species of
Inocybe bear typical cystidia on the edge of the gills, while some
species have them only on the surfaces, and in the case of a few,
like I. paludinella Pk., the edge of the gills is so thickly beset
with the genuine thick-walled cystidia that the " sterile cells " are
almost always obscured. Massee's statement that the larger " mar-
ginal cells," which I am calling true cystidia, are always thin-walled,
must therefore be set aside, since I have observed typical thick-
walled cystidia on the edge of the gills of a large number of species.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST, I919 47

The question of whether these cystidia on the edge differ from the
sterile cells in origin has not been settled, and depends somewhat on
how much of the surface of the edge is meant when referring to
" edge "of the gills. Massee shows no figure demonstrating that the
larger " marginal cells " are different in origin from the cystidia on
the sides of the gills.

The cystidia may, like the spores, be classed under two main
types : the thick-walled cystidia, and the thin-walled cystidia. (a) The
former are the " true cystidia " of Massee. Their walls are quiie
diick and highly refractive, frequently thickened only along the
upper two-thirds of the cystidia, so that the wall of the pedicels
remains unthickened. At the apex they exude crystalloid masses at
maturity by the deliquescence of a small area or pore at the apex.
1 agree with Massee that the presence or absence of these caps at the
apex of the cystidia is of no morphological value in classifying the
species. The different age of the gills or influence of external con-
ditions during development would modify the observation on dif-
ferent specimens of the same species. The thick-walled cystidia
are generally, although not in all cases, quite ventricose above the
pedicel, while above this enlargement they taper more or less tov.-ard
the subacute or subrounded apex. This type is usually numerous,
especially toward the edge of the gills, {b) The thin-walled type of
cystidia has either thin walls corresponding in thickness to that of
the pedicel, or when somewhat thickened as is frequently the case
in older plants, the thickening tends to run around the apex and is
uniform, whereas in the thick-walled type the wall varies markedly
in thickness, usually thickest a short distance from the apex. Fur-
thermore, the majority of the thin-walled type are entirely subcylin-
drical above the pedicel or if ventricose at all, the portion above is
not abruptly narrowed to a lance-like neck as in many thick-walled
cystidia, but remains broadly cylindrical to the broadly rounded or
subtruncate apex. However, this type may show considerable varia-
tion from the commoner shape just described, and this is not unusual
in the same plant. The commonest variation is that where there is a
gradual tapering from the broadest part of the cystidium to its.
apex, which may even be acute ; there is also a tendency in this type
of cystidia to taper gradually, instead of abruptly, to the slender
pedicel. The thin-walled cystidia also tend to be less numerous;
in most species of this group they are scattered or scanty and may
be almost lacking- In L s u b f u 1 v a Pk. they are reduced to the
condition of " sterile cells" and are often found with difficulty.

48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Doctor Peck named and described 41 species of Inocybe, some of
which were original!}- placed in the old sections of Hebeloma and
Inocybe in the system of Fries. Of these, 8 are referable to Euro-
pean species as synonyms, 2 are better Hebelomas, and 30 are
retained as valid. Paxillus strigosus Pk., later included by
Peck in his monograph as an Inocybe, is a plant with anomalous
characters and here excluded. Inocybe sterlingii Pk.
and Inocybe vatricosoides Pk., are referred to Hebe-
loma because of the viscid pileus on the one hand, and the absence
of cystidia on the other.

From the standpoint of morphology, the species with smooth,
subellipsoid spores and no cystidia can be considered as the simplest
form of Inocybe, intimately related to the simpler forms of C o r -
t i n a r i o u s and Hebeloma, the three genera each in its own
way becoming specialized from this common base. The next step
could be conceived in the appearance of the subreniform spore with
obtuse ends which is peculiar to most of the section of Inocybes
lacking cyslidia. It would appear probable that the next section
with ellipsoid spores and cystidia was differentiated from the simplest
form with ellipsoid spores. That the thin-walled cystidia came first
is evident by their rarity in some species and possibly by other, at
present ol^scure, characteristics due to their origin in the early stages
of the plants. In certain few species, not included here, the spores
shov^ only a slight and obscure angularity, but marked enough to be
detected repeatedly. A few species, of which I. m a r i t i m o i d e s
Pk. is an example, have angular spores and cystidia but the spores
are not, or very faintly, nodulose. Here it would appear, then, is
the bridge to the rough-spored species with cystidia, and it is a sig-
nificant fact that scarcely a half dozen, if that many, species are
authentically known in the whole genus which have rough spores
and at the same time lack the cystidia. Even in the few species
included here, for example, I. leptophylla Atk. and I . s u b -
fulva Pk., these are segregated with difficulty from I. lanu-
ginosa Fr.-Bres. and I. calospora Quel, respectively. I.
■ leptophylla was connected to I. lanuginosa by Atkinson
himself by proposing a variety, which he called I. leptophylla
var. cystomarginata, because true cystidia occur on the edge
of the gills only in this form. In the case of I. subfulva, cyst-
like cystidia, intermediate between sterile cells and thin-walled
cystidia can be observed in the hymenium. Plere we have, however.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST, I919 49

highly differentiated spores in both cases, and on this account these
two species are not suited as a bridge from the smooth-spored to
the rough-spored species, a step more easily conceived by the sug-
gestion above that the simply angular spores represent this inter-
mediate stage of differentiation. I assume, also, that the simplest
type of pileus is represented by the Velutinae section, in the
sense of Fries, initiated in a simple Cortinarius type, and pass-
ing through the R i m o s a e and Lacerae to the Squarrosae
as the highest type of development in any branch of the genus. As
a parallel possibility, we can start with the V i s c i d a e , represent-
ing a simple type of Hebeloma, and go up through the same
series. On this hypothesis, I have arranged below the species in the
Peck collections as a suggestion of possible phylogeny in the genus. ^

Synopsis
I Cystidia lacking

A Spores smooth Connecting

(o) Spores subellipsoid with Cortinarius

Sect. Velutinae

1 Inoc37be subtomentosa Peck. Five New York collections.

Sect. Lacerae

2 Inocybe subdecurrens E. & E. (Syn. /. tomentosa E. & E.).

Two New York collections ; also from Canada.
Sect. Squarrosae

3 Inocybe marmoripes Atk. One New York collection.

{b) Spores subreniform

Sect. R i m o s a e

4 Inocybe lanatodisca Kauff. One New York collection.

5 Inocybe fastigiella Atk. (/. rimosa of Am. authors). Thirteen

New York collections; also from Missouri.

6 Inocybe rimosoides Pk. TvvO New York collections ; also from

Massachusetts.

7 Inocybe fastigiata Schaeff-Bres. Four New York collections.

Sect. Lacerae

8 Inocybe squamosodisca Peck. Two New York collections.

Sect. Squarrosae

9 Inocybe lorillardiana Murr. (American form of /. dulcaincra

A. & S.). Two New York collections; also from New Jersey
and Missouri.
10 Inocybe caesariata Fr. (Syn. /. fibrUlosa Pk.). Three New
York collections; also from Minnesota and Missouri.

^The two species from California, I. bakeri Pk. and I. bullosa Fr..
are omitted for lack of data.

50

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

11 Inocybe unicolor Pk. Four New York collections; also from

Ohio.

12 Inocybe mutata (Pk.) Massee. Three New York collections;

also from Massachusetts.

13 Inocybe calamistrata Fr. Three New York collections; also

from Ohio and Maine.

II Cystidia present Connecting
A Spores smooth with

(a) Cystidia of thin-walled type Hebeloma
Sect. V i s c i d a e

14 Inocybe fuscodisca (Pk.) Massee. Seven New York collec-

tions ; also from Missouri.

Sect. V e 1 u t i n a e

15 Inocybe agglutinata Pk. Two New York collections.

16 Inocybe leptocystis Atk. Two New York collections; also from

■ Massachusetts.

17 Inocybe griseoscabrosa (Pk.) Earle. Three New York

collections.

18 Inocybe infelix Pk. (Syn. /. cuthelella Pk.). (American form

of /. lacera Fr.). Thirty-five New York collections; also from
Massachusetts and Michigan.

Sect. R i m o s a e

19 Inocybe eutheles B. & Br.-Bres. One New York collection.

(£>) Cystidia of the thick-walled type

Sect. V e 1 u t i n a e

20 Inocybe geophylla Fr. Thirty New York collections ; also from

Massachusetts.

21 Inocybe lilacina Fr.-Boud. (==/. geophylla var. Ulacina Pk.).

Four New York collections.

22 Inocybe violaceifolia Pk. One New York collection.

23 Inocybe subochracea (Pk.) Massee, and var. burtii Pk. Nine

New York collections ; also from Massachusetts.

24 Inocybe serotina Pk. One New York collection.

25 Inocybe minima Pk. Two New York collections.

26 Inocybe comatella (Pk.) Massee. One New York collection.

Sect. R i m o s a e

27 Inocybe eutheloides Pk. Fight New York collections.

28 Inocybe pallidipes E. & E. Four New York collections.

29 Inocybe destricta Fr. var. minor Kaufif. Twelve New York

collections ; also from Pennsylvania.

30 Inocybe excoriata Pk. Two New York collections.

Sect. Lacerae

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST, I919 5I

31 Inocybe flocculosa (Berk.) Sacc. One New York collection;

also from Massachusetts.

32 Inocybe pyriodora Fr.-Bres. Two ,New York collections.

Sect. Squarrosae

33 Inocybe hystrix Fr. One New York collection.

B Spores angular (not nodulose)

(c) Cystidia of the thin-walled type

Sect. Lacerae

34 Inocybe maritimoides Pk. One New York collection.

C Spores rough, nodulose or spiny

(a) Cystidia of the thin-walled type

Sect. R i m o s a e

35 Inocybe umbrina Bres. (Syn. /. castaneoides Pk.). Four New

York collections; also from Massachusetts.

36 Inocybe umboninota (Pk.) Massee. Two New York collec-

tions ; also from Massachusetts.
T^y Inocybe hiulca Fr.-Bres. One New York collection.

38 Inocybe radiata Pk. One New York collection ; also from

Massachusetts.

Sect. Lacerae

39 Inocybe decipientoides Pk. Six New York collections ; also

from Massachusetts and District of Columbia.
Sect. Squarrosae

40 Inocybe lanuginosa Fr.-Bres. (Syn. /. nodulosa Pk.). Three

New York collections.

(b) Cystidia of the thick-walled type
Sect. V i s c i d a e

41 Inocybe trechispora (Berk.) Karst. Three New York col-

lections.

Sect. V e 1 u t i n a e

42 Inocybe subexilis Pk. Two New York collections.

43 Inocybe paludinella Pk. One New York collection.

44 Inocybe fallax Pk. Two New York collections.

45 Inocybe infida (Pk.) Massee. Two New York collections; also

from Vermont and District of Columbia.

46 Inocybe repanda Bres. (Syn. /. desquamaus Pk.). One New

York collection.

Sect. R i m o s a e

47 Inocybe castanea Pk. One New York collection.

48 Inocybe albodisca Pk. Two New York collections; also from

Massachusetts and Missouri.

49 Inocj'be cicatricata E. & E. Two New York collections.

52 /EW YORK STATE MUSEUM

50 Inocybe intricata Pk. One collection from Massachusetts.

51 Inocybe proxiniella Karst. From Massachusetts and Missouri.

52 Inocybe asterospora Quel. (Syn. /. diminuta Peck). Seven

New York collections; also from Massachusetts and Missouri.

Sect. L a c e r a e

53 Inocybe nigrodisca Pk. One New York collection.

=14 Inocybe ochraceo-scabrosa Atk. One New York collection
from Ithaca.

Sect. Squarrosae

55 Inocybe stellatospora (Pk.) Massee. Two New York collec-

tions.

56 Inocybe calospora Quel. (Syn. /. rigidipcs Peck). Three New

York collections ; also from Missouri, Massachusetts and
Michigan.

Ill Cystidia lacking

A Spores nodulose or spiny

Sect. Squarrosae

57 Inocybe leptophylla Atk. (segregate of I. lanuginosa Fr.-

Bres.). Two New York collections; also from Massachusetts.

58 Inocybe subfulva Pk. (Syn. /. ecJiinocarpa E. & E.). Three

New York collections.

Comments

I Inocybe subtomentosa Peck. This belongs to a very confus-
ing series of species, especially as to their macroscopic characters,
including L subdecurrens E. & E., I. caesariata Fr.,
I. dulcamera A. & S., I. unicolor Peck and I. 1 o r i 1 -
1 a r d i a n a Murrill. They all lack cystidia. The tomentose or fibril-
lose-tomentose covering of the pileus of these species is of a texture
easily affected by weather conditions, so that mature plants or her-
barium specimens of the same species can be referred to the Sections
Velutinae, Lacerae or Squarrosae according to the
weather conditions ur.der which the plants developed. Plowever. all
of the series mentioned are clearly separable from I. subtomen-
tosa and I. subdecurrens by the subrenif orm spores. The
type of I. subtomentosa approaches more nearly in its external
appearance I. caesariata. The spores, however, are of the vari-
able kind, ranging in the type specimens from 7-9 micr. in length with
a few up to 10 and 11 micr., by 5- 6 micr. w^ide, a few 7 micr. Here-
after such a condition will be referred to thus: 7-9 (lo.ii) x 5-6 (7).
Other collections show a larger per cent, up to 5 or 10 per cent of

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST, I919 53

the larger spores, in which case mycological practice undoubtedly
would represent them thus: 7-11x5-7 micr. ; and such a kind of
variability must be reckoned with as a morphological character, giv-
ing us, in addition to the elliptical nonreniform spore, also a " vari-
able '' spore as compared to many other species, especially in this
connection I. caesariata.

Both I. s u b t o m e n t o s a and I. subdecurrens lack a
well-developed fibrillose sheath on the stem (subperonate), as do the
other species mentioned, and hence the tomentose covering on the
caps is also less highly developed, so that they rarely approach the
Lacerae orSquarrosae, at least in material at present avail-
able. I. subdecurrens must remain a somewhat doubtful
species ; the cap of I. subtomentosa is described as " brownish-
tawny " and dries deep ochraceous, while I. subdecurrens is
said to have a " yellow-drab " pileus, and dries alutaceous. Whe:her
the gills of I. subdecurrens are consistently decurrent and
whether this character holds, needs to be established more definitely.
The cap is described more pilose than in I. subtomentosa
and for the present the species must be recognized.

5 Inocybe fastlgiella Atkinson. This is a common species in the
United States and is doubtless the plant referred to I . r i m o s a
Fr. in many American lists. Even a cursory examination of Euro-
pean notices should convince one that the most widely accepted con-
ception of the Friesian species can not be that of ours. Patouillard,
Bresadola and Massee consider the Friesian plant to possess cystidia,
and European specimicns bear this out. Ricken in " Blatterpilze "
evidently has a plant identical or close to ours, and in my reference
to this species in "Agaricaceae of Michigan " it was referred to
Ricken's I . r i m o s a . This is a strong indication that I . fas-
tlgiella occurs also in Europe. I have no evidence that it has
been named before. The specimens described by Doctor Peck as
possessing cystidia can not be the species as it is known in Europe,
but are probably referable to I. destricta var. m i n o r and
elsewhere.

6 Inocybe rimosoides Peck. The pale yellow pileus distinguishes
this from I. fasti giella; and the lack of a subemarginate bulb,
from I . c o o k e i Bres.

8 Inocybe squamosodisca Peck. This has many similarities to
1. caesariata, but the pileus has apparently at first a definite
continuous glabrous cuticle, which under certain weather conditions
easily cracks to form scales, that is. becomes diffracted-scaly ; while

54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

T. caesariata has a tomentose-fibrillose covering when young
and this may be torn into ascending or recurved scales.

11 Inocybe unicolor Peck. The non-variable subreniform, large
spores (9-12x5-6), and the paler ochraceous, whitish or grayish
ochraceous color of the pileus distinguishes this from its relatives.
The color fades and the dried specimens are dull or sordid whitish.

12 Inocybe mutata (Peck) Massee. A good species, separable
from I . h y s t r i X by the lack of cystidia. It has the stature of
small specimens of I. calamistrata, but the base of the stem
is not blue or green. The spores measure 8-10 (12) x 5-5.5 (6)
micr.

14 and 15 Inocybe fuscodisca (Peck) Massee. This is sepa-
rated with difficulty from I. agglutinata Peck in dried speci-
mens. Some of Peck's collections marked I. agglutinata
doubtless belong here. The cystidia are of the thin-walled type in
both, but somewhat aberrant in that the wall is often unusually thick.
The thickening, however, passes equally around the rounded apex
and the shape and their variability also indicate their thin-walled
relationship. The spores average shghtly larger in I. aggluti-
nata, and Peck has unduly emphasized this in the monograph. In
some specimens of I . fuscodisca the spores are scarcely more
than 9 micr. long, but in general, the spores may be said to measure
8-10 (11) X 5-6 micr., whereas those of I. agglutinata vary
from 8-12, usually 8-10 (12) x 5-6 micr. It appears, then, that we
must rely on the characters of the fresh plants. I have never, know-
ingly, collected either species. Peck says the pileus of I. fusco-
disca has a separable, viscid pellicle, while in I . agglutinata
it is covered with fibrils which appear agglutinated, but there is no
viscidity. He gives the size of the plants approximately the same,
but I suspect I. agglutinata, if distinct, averages larger.

16 Inocybe leptocystis Atkinson. I have long known this species
of Atkinson's. The cystidia tend to the shape of a cylindrical funnel
Vv'ith slender stem, such as are used in chemical apparatus; they are
more abundant than is usual in species with the thin-walled type of
cystidia. The pileus is bay-brown, silky, becoming slightly appressed-
scaly at times. The stem is pallid and solid ; the gills are crowded
and narrow. The spores measure 7-9 x 4-5 micr., smooth and sub-
elliptical. Three collections were found in the Peck herbarium ; the}^
were marked I. subochracea, I. rimosa and I . h i r -
t e 1 1 a respectively.

KEJ'OKT OF THE STATE DOTANJST, I919 55

17 Inocybe griseoscabrosa (Peck) Earle. In the original
description of this species in the 26th report, page 57, 1874, Feck
gives the spore measurements 8.75 x 5 micr. In this he was fol-
lowed by Massee (Ann. Bot., 18: 484, 1904) who says he examined
the type. Later, in his monograph, Peck corrected this manifest
error and gives the measurements larger. I have found them to be
10-12 (13) X 5-7 micr. The cystidia are thin-walled, scattered to
few on the sides of the gills, more abundant on edge, and as a rule,
broadly fusiform in shape.

18 Inocybe infelix Peck. This is without doubt the American
form of I. 1 a c e r a Fr. of Europe. The species is very common
in this country, but our plants do not seem to have the reddish
fiesh of the stem which is said to be a characteristic of the European
plant. I. infelix is very variable. The peculiar lanuginose
covering of the pileus is readily affected by weather conditions, and
hence a more or less scaly pileus is often met with. The spores are
characteristic but quite variable in length. As far as I know, no
other species of Inocybe has just such spores, and the species
could be segregated on spore-lengths, if one did not take into account
the plasticity in their nature. In shape, they are elongated-cylindrical
or slightly narrowed one way, and frequently are subtruncate at one
end. Peck first gave the length as 10-12^ micr. (32d report,
p. 29, 1879) ; later in the monograph he increased this to 10-15 micr.
In an examination of over seventy-five collections from all parts
of the country, I found considerable variation. Evidence points to
the age of the plants at time of collection, restrictive effect of sudden
dry v/eather, and perhaps other influences, as the causes of a shorter
spore-size in some collections. Ten to 13 micr. is the most common
length; 10-15 micr. is frequently met with, and in frequent observa-
tions, even longer spores are scattered in the mount, ranging up to
20 micr. in length. The size of the spores of I . infelix can then
be indicated thus: 10-13 (15, 18, 20) X4-5J/4 (6). A collection of
1 . 1 a c e r a Fr. from Sweden, yielded spores of the same shape,
measuring 12-15 (20) x 5-6 micr. and Bresadola (Fungi of Poland,
Ann. Myc, i : 70) gives the spores of I . 1 a c e r a Fr. as 1 1-16 x 4-5
micr. The cystidia of both European and American plants are of
the thin-walled type. Bresadola (1. c.) would refer I. lac era Fr.
to I. cristata Scop.

22 Inocybe violaceifolia Peck. One of the rare species. Its
limitations are not yet known, but it is without doubt distinct from
I. cincinnata Fr. and I. obscura Fr. of Europe. Only a

;6 N'KW YORK STATE MUSEUM

few plants of these violet-gilled species are usually found, and they
all appear to be very rare.

23 Inocybe subochracea (Peck) Massee. I would include in
this, var. b u r t i i Peck, since the greater or lesser development of
the veil is the only difference between them and depends on condi-
tions for growth. This species is sharply characterized among the
ochraceous or yellowish species by the abundant thick-walled, slender
cvstidia, especially numerous over the whole surfaces and edges of
the gills. These cystidia are tinged yellow, and in dried specimens
this characteristic is brought out still more, especially by the use of
potash solution. In nearly all other species, the cystidia are hyaline.
The subcuneate shape of the spores is also a helpful character,
although not so sharply marked.

24 Inocybe serotina Peck. This is a large whitish or yellowish-
white species of sandy regions. The spores are elliptical. The
cystidia are few and hard to find, short, 45-55 x 18-22 micr. Peck
does not mention them. The species is closely related to the genus
Hebeloma, but no viscidity was reported on the pileus.

25 Inocybe minima Peck. The type was collected by Simon.
Davis in Massachusetts. Peck found it also in New York State.
The pileus is minutely fibrillose or lanuginose, recalling the kind of
covering present on the pileus of I . i n f e 1 i x , but the spores and
cystidia are quite different. The spores measure slightly longer than
given by Peck.

26 Inocybe comatella (Peck) Massee. Quite small and occur-
ring on rotten wood. The spores measure 6-7 (8) x 3-4 micr., as
given by Massee; this is smaller than noted by Peck. The cystidia
are abundant and thick-walled. The hairs of the pileus appear as
hyaline bundles of hyphae under the microscope.

27, 28, 29 Inocybe eutheloides Peck; I. pallidipes E. & E :
and I. destricta var. minor Kauff., are closely related and kept
apart with difficulty in the dried condition. The pileus of all three
are more or less rimose, the extent of rimosity depending on
weather conditions. This series of closely similar species includes
I . e u t h e 1 e s Berk., which apparently has thin-walled cystidia.
I. destricta var. minor has both the thin-walled and thick-
walled type, the former predominating on and near the edge of the
gills, but mixed with the other type. I. eutheloides and
I. pallidipes have thick-walled cystidia of the usual appear-
ance ; when growing, I. eutheloides has a fawn colored cap,
while that of I. pallidipes varies from light brown to darker

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST, I919 57

brown or umber; the stems of both are persistently white or whitish.
The spores are the same in the two species. On the other hand the
stem of I. destricta var. minor is rufous-tinged at maturity,
the pileus becomes normally more lacerated-scaly and usually there
is a shade of reddish in the brown color. The plants of the three
species average the same size.

30 Inocybe excoriata Peck. A fairly large plant, with pileus
3-5 cm broad. Other species vv'hich have the general appearance of
it, differ in not possessing any cystidia. The pileus is not always
excoriate and not too much stress must be placed on this character.
The cystidia are thick-walled, fairly abundant and stout, and it is
possible that it is I. e u t h e 1 e s B. & Br. of Massee's monograph,
although not like specimens referred to I. eutheles by Bresa-
dola.

34 Inocybe maritimoides Peck. There seems to be no other col-
lection in existence except the type. It is clearly distinguished by
its angular, non-nodulose spores and thin-walled, scattered cystidia.
When the spores are rolled over under the microscope the surface is
obscurely uneven ; they are subrectangular to subquadra'e in outline
when at rest.

36 Inocybe umboninota (Peck) Massee. In the monograph.
Peck amends the original description in the 38th report, page 87,
by citing it as only " in part " the new conception. I shall therefore
use the specimens referred to in the monograph as the type. By
doing so, a number of difficulties connected with the identity of this
species disappear. An examination of several collections which must
be referred here, showed that the plants of this species "vary larger
than the size given by Peck. The pileus is 1.5-5 cm broad, often
only a few of the large size in a collection. Nevertheless it must be
considered a medium to large size Inocybe. The spores have
the same characteristics as those of I. umbrina Bres. but the
latter is a small plant, with very rimose caps, while the cans of
I. V. m b o n i n o t a are scarce!}^ rimose as a rule although tending
occasionally to become more so. The spores measure 6-8 x 4-6
micr., are angular-tuberculate, the tubercles not very distinc\ In
stature it simulates I. asterospora Quel.

38 Inocybe radiata Peck. This is apparently our nearest Aineri-
can relative of I. carpta Bres., but the pileus and s'em of
I. radiata do rot possei^s the lanuginose covering of Bresadola's
plants, and the spores of I . radiata are " generally narrcv/ed
toward one end" (Peck), while those of soerimens from Bresadol?
which I examined are more recrangular in uuthne. The size of th--^

58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

spores is about the same in the two species, 7-1 1 (12) x 5-6 (7)
niicr., and both have the scattered, thin-walled type of cystidia. The
tubercles of the angular spores are not very distinct and often far
apart, and in undeveloped plants the spores may appear as if non-
nodulose.

39 Inocybe decipientoides Peck. As in I , r a d i a t a the spores
of this species are angular-nodulose, generally narrower toward one
end, and variable in shape and especially in size ; they measure 9-1 1
(13) X 5-7 micr. with very manifest, obtuse, but scattered nodules.
The size, as given by Peck, is unsatisfactory. I . d e c i p i e n s
Bres. has angular spores without nodules. Peck tried to refer
some specimens received by him to I.decipiens, but all these
collections have distinct nodules on the spores and are to be con-
sidered I. decipientoides. This species was discovered by
Simon Davis in Massachusetts, and through his kindness I have
examined a number of collections. In one lot the spores exceeded
the size I have given, measuring up to 15 micr. long. This great
variability m.ust be considered an innate character of this species.
The pileus is somewhat squamulose, especially on the umbo.

42 Inocybe subexilis Peck. A small species of good standing.

43 Inocybe paludinella Peck. This was referred by Massee to
I. trechispora Berk. The type material, as Peck has already
pointed out in the monograph, shows that there is no basis for this
synonymy except the similarity of the spores. The stature of I .
paludinella is entirely different, the stems are long and slender,
the pileus is not viscid and the cystidia are lanceolate, rather long,
while in I. trechispora they are short and obese.

44 Inocybe fallax Peck. The size of the plants varies consider-
ably. Usually only a fev/ specimens occur in a place, and often they
run smaller than is typ'cal. Peck gives the size of the pileus 2.5-5
cm but I have seen collections where the pileus measured up to 7 cm.
The spores of the smaller, mostly poorly developed plants do not
surpass 7-9 x 5-7 micr., but in luxuriant and well-developed plants
they are 7-10 fii) x 5-8 (9) micr.. subsphaeroid to subrectangular
in outline, with distinct irregular nodules ; *he figures of the spores.
given by Peck (Plate O, N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 75) are unsatisfactory
and do not show the variation in shape. The plants dry whitish,
v/hile I . i n f i d a Peck becomes brown. The cystidia are very
obese. Its nearest European relative seems to be T . u m b r a t i c a
Quel. (I. commixta Bres.), which apparently differs only in its
solid stem and perhaps the cystidia. The nature of the stem should
always be noted in the fresh plants.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST, I919 59

45 Inocybe infida (Peck) Massee. This has been a much mis-
understood species. When dried the pileus becomes pale brown, the
stem dark fuscous; this characteristic, along with the angular-nodu-
lose spores, separates it from I. geophylla. I suspect, from
this, that too much emphasis has been placed on its color when fresh,
when it is said to inr.tate I . geophylla almost perfectly. Massee
referred I . u m b r a t i c a to it as a synonym, but the stem of the
European species has a subturbinate, subemarginate bulblet, which
is not present in our plant, and the stem of I. umbratica is
solid. The gills of I . c o m m i x t a Bres., which is synonymous
with I. umbratica, are described as " very crowded," while in
I . infida, although narrow, they are merely close. Specimens
from Bresadola, marked I . c o m m i x t a , had retained the whitish
color on drying.

47 Inocybe castanea Peck. The size of the plants and the
spores are similar to I. umbrina Bres., but the pileus is not
markedly rimose as in that species, has reddish tints and the cystidia
are definitely thick-walled. I have not collected it, and other differ-
ences doubtless occur.

48 Inocybe albodisca Peck. This is a clear-cut species.

50 Inocybe intricata Peck. This deserves its name, because of
the confusion in the type collection, although Peck named it for a
different reason. It was first collected in Massachuset^^s. The type
collection contains two species : one with thin-walled cystidia which
is probably I . h i u 1 c a Bres.. the other the genuine type with thick-
walled cystidia and large, broadly elliptical spores, not angular,
densely and coarsely nodulose, 10-12. 5 x 7-8 (9) micr. It is a well-
marked species. It differs from I. asterospora, according
to Peck, " by its smaller size, pale shining pileus, stuffed or hollow
stem and larger spores." That Peck was dealing with selected plants,
of the type only, is shown by the agreement of the spores and cystidia
with his description.

53 Inocybe nigrodisca Peck. The small spores, subsphaeroid to
subrectangular in outline, irregularly angular-nodulose, the nodules
indistinct, are similar to those of I. umbrina, I. umboninota
and I. castanea. The surface of the pileus is very minutely
Innuginose as in I . m i n i m a and of the same small size, but thai
species has smooth spores. The cystidia are slender, lanceolate and
thick-walled.

55 Inocybe stellatospora (Peck) Massee. This rather larg^
plant with a pileus 2-5 cm broad, is unique among the Squarrosae,

6o NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

b\' its small, nodulose-angular spores, variable in shape, and by its
change of color on drying when it becomes dark, smoky umber or
fuliginous. Dried specimens are easily recognized by this blackening,
although Peck makes no remark about it. It seems to be a rare and
solitar}-gro\ving species.

58 Inocybe subfulva Peck. This species and I. echinocarpa
E. & E. are considered synonyms by Massee ofl.gaillardi Gill.
I can not bring myself to believe that the spines on the spores of our
species are as bristle-like, or as long, as illustrated for I . g a i 1 -
lardi by Massee (Am. Bot., XVIII, 504. pi. 32, fig. 11) and by
Patouillard (Tab. Anaht., pi. 11, fig. 8). An examination of Ellis's
plants in two sets of N. Am. F. No. 1904, shows that I . echino-
carpa is identical microscopically widi I . subfulva Peck,
and, although apparently differing in stature, must be considered a
synonym of Peck's species. The hymenium lacks typical cystidia of
either kind, but there are present, widely scattered, cystlike sterile
cells which surpass the basidia slightly in length. The absence of
cystidia separates it from I. calospora and I. astero-
s p o r a . The spines on the spores are broader at the base, while in
I. calospora they are cylindrical rod-shape. The stature is that
of I. calospora.

^

THE GENUS GOMPHIDIUS IN THE
UNITED STATES

C. H. Kauffman

[Reprinted from Mycologia, Vol XVII, No, 3, May-June, 1925.]

[Reprinted from Mycologia, Vol. XVII., No. 3, May-June, 1925.]

THE GENUS GOMPHIDIUS IN THE
UNITED STATES 1

C. H. Kauffman
(With Plates 12-14)

I reviewed the salient characteristics of the genus Gomphidius
in the introduction to the genus in the Agaricaceae of Michigan,
1: 170 (8). At that time only a few species had come to my
notice in the field in this country, although I had seen G. viscidus
Fr. and G. glutinosus Fr, growing in abundance in northern Eu-
rope. In European countries only four species of this genus are us-
ually recognized in floras: G. viscidus Fr., G. glutinosus Fr., G. ros-
eus Fr. and G. maculatus Fr. The British mycologists, however,
report, in addition to these species, also G. gracilis Berk., and Rea
(12) says the latter is "common " in fir woods and heaths. Recent
accounts of the American species of this genus have been pub-
lished by Murrill (9 and 10).

The species of this genus usually possess a viscid or glutinous,
and hyaline, universal veil; in some species, however, this veil
is dry or merely moist, developing a slight viscidity only in very
wet weather. The glutinous veil surrounds the young button,
in the same manner as in the subgenus Limacium of the genus
Hygrophorus; in the subgenus Myxacium of the genus Corti-
nariiis; and in certain other genera of the Agaricaceae. In a few
species, this veil is scarcely or not at all evident, although it is
possible that even in these a blematogen is present in the early
stages. In most species this veil forms a definite teleoblema as is
shown by the fact that it is separable from the pileus as a distinct,
thick pellicle. Confusion may easily arise concerning the color
of the universal veil, because of its tendency to become black in
a number of the species. Berkeley says (2) the pileus of G.
gracilis Berk, "is covered with a smoke-colored gluten." How-
ever, the veil of this species, like that of a number of others,

1 Papers from the Department of Botany of the University of Michigan,
No. 221.

113

114 Mycologia

doubtless blackens easily when touched or in age, and in the
fresh condition it is likely that the gluten is hyaline. Dr. Peck
kept this distinction in mind when he described G. nigricans
Peck (11) with its sensitive gluten. After giving the color of the
pileus as "pale brownish-red," and that of the stem as "whitish,"
he says: "The species is usually known by the blackening gluten
which smears both pileus and stem. ... In the dried state the
whole plant is black." The degree of blackening of the surface
of the pileus and stem is much used in the descriptions of the
species of this genus, but it is often difficult in an examination of
dried plants to apply statements concerning it, because of the
extreme blackening that may occur due to overheating. On the
other hand, this character is of great help in discriminating
between certain species when they are properly dried. Since the
blackening of cap and stem is due to the veil, it is at once evident
that rain-washed plants may not show this reaction after the
specimens have been dried. Certain species, however, when in
growing condition, do not dry black when properly dried. Such
are G. tomentosus, G.furcatus, G. subroseus and G. viscidus forma
Columbiana; others like G. ochraceus, G. maculatiis and G. glittino-
sus show this characteristic in greater or less degree, while G. nigri-
cans shows it to an extreme extent.

A cortina-like partial veil, more or less continuous on the inside
of the universal veil where the latter passes over the gill area, is
present in most and perhaps in all species in the young condition ;
it is never copious and is soon evanescent.

The gills are decurrent, subdistant or distant; in only one
species, viz., G. vinicolor Peck, can the gills be said to be close.
The type of this species at Albany clearly has closer gills than
is usual, but whether this character is consistent in the fresh
plant is not too certain. Poor, small or undeveloped specimens
of the other species sometimes give the effect of "close" gills.

The color of the gills.changes markedly during the development
of the spores. If one could make a color chart of these changes
for each species, I am convinced that the shades of color repre-
sented would be quite specific for each species. I have taken
down these shades of color at the time of collecting the fruit-
bodies and found that even in the same region and with the

Kauffman: The Genus Gomphidius 115

same undoubted species, I would get such a variety of Ridgway
color names as to be more confusing than helpful. This is due
to the fact that one necessarily collects the plants at different
stages of maturity. Giving a general color description seems to
be the only useful procedure, but even thus, the specific differ-
ences can be brought out. It is desirable to obtain the color of
the gills before the fruit-body is overmature, because the very
mature gills of the different species may be much alike. For
example, the gills of G. furcatus Peck are "testaceous" (Ridg.)
at a certain stage, and those of the new form, G. viscidus described
in this paper, are "tawny" and later "sepia" in color. The
European species G. glutinosus and G. viscidus should be dis-
tinguishable by their gill-color according to the emphasis (in
italics) usually placed on the colors given, but unfortunately
there is no exact agreement among European mycologists; and
as explained above, this is not surprising when not all the stages
are given. Reading between the lines, it seems evident that the
prevailing color of the gills of G. glutinosus is some shade of
gray, while those of G. viscidus tend to have tawny shades which
become clouded with olivaceous or purplish hues.

The gill-trama is said by Fayod (4) to be divergent ("bi-
laterale"). My own records are not complete for all of the
species, but in my collection of G. glutinosus in Idaho, the gill-
trama was composed of interwoven floccose hyphae of large cells.
The texture of the gill-trama is quite mucilaginous and tends to
disintegrate.

The spores of all the species of Gomphidius known are elon-
gated, fusiform or subfusiform to subcylindrical, and generally
large in size. The largest spores were reported by Dr. Peck
for his species G. fiavipes; the maximum length recorded by
him was 30 ^. In examining the type, which was dried too
hard and is not very satisfactory, I found enough spores measur-
ing 25 IX in length to make it very probable that the extremes
are 30 /i. The color of the epispore as seen under the microscope
can best be called sooty varying in intensity in different species
or during different stages in the maturity of the spores. In
some species the epispore appears punctate under high magni-
fication.

116 Mycologia

In Fayod's account (4) of the generic characteristics of
GomphidiiLS , due attention was given to the cystidia, which other
authors since then have all too often neglected. These remark-
able structures, cylindrical, large, and protruding markedly above
the hymenium, Fayod considered as a unique means of distinc-
tion, separating this genus from all the others. As seen from the
synopsis following, he was nearly correct; only G. oregonensis
Peck and G. nigricans Peck have so far been examined by me
in which the hymenium either lacks these characteristic cystidia
or relatively few occur. Atkinson (1), in his account of G.
nigricans, does not mention any cystidia although I was able to
locate a few in my own examination of his material. There is
little doubt that Atkinson had the true G. nigricans. In all my
mounts of Peck's type material, I was unable to locate any
cystidia.

Fayod, in his description of the cystidia (I.e.), mentions a
crust-like covering over the main body of the cystidium, and
illustrates this characteristic in his figure of the cystidia of G.
viscidus (PI. 6, fig. 7b). In the figure referred to, this crust
appears to be of a crystalline nature. Neither Ricken (13) nor
Rea (12) mention this peculiarity of the cystidia in the European
species, although the cystidia are described by these authors.
In all the material which I have examined, which included most
of the species in the fresh condition as well as all of the American
type collections, I have rarely seen anything approaching Fayod's
figure. The cystidia are extremely abundant in some species
and hence such a character should be easily seen. However,
occasionally one does find a sort of sheath, of a somewhat
roughened or crystalline character, but normally the wall is
entirely smooth. Therefore I am inclined to consider this en-
crusted condition a fleeting or developmental condition, not to
be used as a specific character.

The relationship of the genus Gofnphidius is not very clear.
In the opinion of Fries (Monographia 1: 149) "they have the
stature of Limacium, but seem to hold closest relationship with
Cortinarius, from which, nevertheless, they are far removed by
the nature and color of their spores" (7). In Hymenomycetes
Europaei (6), p. 399, he placed the group between Cortinarius
and Paxillus.

Kauffman: The Genus Gomphidius 117

Fayod (4) argues for a relationship between Gomphidius and
Paxillus and includes both these genera in his tribe Paxilles.
He, as well as others, laid a foundation for his argument by
keeping Schweinitz's American species "Agariciis rhodoxanthus''
(14) in the genus Gomphidius. This plant has been fully dis-
cussed by Atkinson (1) who places it in Paxillus, where I have
hitherto kept it. In passing, it may be well to point out that
it has a much closer relationship to some of the American
species of Boletinus, and might well be put into that genus, dis-
regarding its gill characters (the gills sometimes anastomose),
and taking into account its habit, texture, spores and cystidia as
of more relationship value than the gills. Such a situation has
arisen with regard to the species of Lenzites, and a number of
mycologists now agree to attach the latter genus to the Poly-
poraceae, a procedure which seems to me thoroughly scientific.
Fayod (I.e.) pointed out the similarities of the Schweinitz plant
with species of Boletus, especially with B. suhtomentosus Fr.,
but as far as I know no one except Battaille (Les Bolets, p. 24,
1908) has definitely placed it in that group. The plant should
be called Phylloponis rhodoxanthus (Schw.) Bres. (3), and placed
next to the genus Boletinus in the Boletaceae.

Ricken has grouped Gomphidius with Hygrophorus, indicating
its relationship with the subgenus Limacium of that genus, a
disposition which I have followed (8), and which seems to me to
have much in its favor. The structure of the veils, pileus, stem
and gills are practically alike in certain species of Hygrophorus
and of Gomphidius, the outstanding difficulties being the necessity
of accounting for the characteristic cystidia and spores of the
latter. But I can see no other connection where the difificulties
are not more numerous. Rea (12) has placed it next to and
presumably "above" the genus Flammula, but this arrangement
seems to me entirely unsupportable.

Our species are found practically always in the neighborhood
of coniferous trees, often in sphagnum bogs or in deep moss in the
forest. Collections are made infrequently except in the north-
western Pacific coast states, where several species are quite
abundant.

I wish to express my obligations to the authorities of the

118 Mycologia

New York Botanical Garden and to Dr. House of the New
York State Museum for the privilege of access to the types of
Dr. Murrill and Dr. Peck; also to the Department of Plant
Pathology of Cornell University for allowing me to examine all
of the specimens in the Atkinson herbarium.

Synopsis of the Species of Gomphidius Occurring in the North

Temperate Regions
1. Cystidia few or lacking; plants becoming black when dried. {G. glu-
tinosus may be sought here) 2

1. Cystidia present and more or less abundant, long and cylindrical 3

2. Spores 15-22 x 5.5-6.5 m; pileus 2-7 cm. broad, not umbonate, glutinous,

pale brownish-red when fresh; eastern U. S. (See figs. 50 and 51,
Atkinson 1) G. nigricans.

2. Spores 10-13 x 3.5-4.5 n; pileus 5-10 cm. broad, not umbonate, viscid,

livid flesh-colored when fresh, becoming black-spotted; stem citron-
yellow below G. oregonensis.

3. Pileus with ochraceous shades, at least when young and fresh; western

U. S 4

3. Pileus not noticeably of these colors 5

4. Pileus glabrous and glutinous; spores 15-19 (22) x 6-7 m- (See descrip-

tion) G. ochraceus.

4. Pileus densely floccose-tomentose, dry or nearly so; spores 17-21 (24) x

6-9 fx G. tomentosus.

5. Pileus 5-10 (12) cm. broad 6

5. Pileus 2.5-5 (6) cm. broad 7

6. Pileus convex to plane, not umbonate, glutinous, livid purplish-brown;

gills at first whitish, becoming gray to blackish at maturity; cystidia
few to scattered; spores 17-22 x 6-7 yn G. glutinosus.

6. Pileus with subconic umbo, only slightly viscid, dark vinaceous-red to

dark reddish-brown; gills at length olivaceous to purplish-umber;
cystidia abundant; spores 17-20 (21) x 6-7.5 m G. viscidm.

7. Stem with yellow base or yellow more or less throughout, concolorous

within 8

7. Stem not yellow 12

8. Pileus 2.5-6 (7) cm. broad 9

8. Pileus 1-2.5 cm. broad, convex-plane, pink, with white flesh; gills distant;

spores 22-25 (30) X 6-7.5 (8) m G. flavipes.

9. Gills more or less forked 10

9. Gills not forked or very rarely; stem remaining dull red and pileus sooty-
red when dried; pileus with subconic umbo; spores 16-21 (23) x 6-7
(7.5) M- (See description) G. viscidus forma Columbiana.

10. Pileus not umbonate; stem 6-12 mm. thick 11

10. Pileus umbonate, pale vinaceous-brown when fresh, gluten becoming

smoky; stem 3-6 mm. thick; spores 16-19 x 5-7 n (Rea). .G. gracilis.

11. Stem sheathed by the viscid veil, white upwards and remaining whitish

when dried; pileus salmon-colored to vinaceous-pink; spores 14-17 (20) x
5-6 M- (See description) G. subroseus.

Kauffman: The Genus Gomphidius 119

11. Stem not sheathed, at length becoming black-stained or blackish when

dried; veil lacking or obsolete; pileus brownish-incarnate, at length
black-stained; spores 15—23 x 6-7.5 ^t G. maculatus.

12. Gills distinctly forked; stem attenuate downwards or pointed at base. . 13

12. Gills not forked, close; pileus dark red; stem vinaceous-reddish, not

pointed at base; spores 17-22 x 5.5-6.5 m- (Type) G. vinicolor.

13. Spores 15-17 x 4-5 /x (Rea); pileus rose-colored; stem whitish, tinged rosy

at base; gills whitish-cinereous, finally olivaceous G. roseus.

13. Spores 16-21 (24) x 5-6.5 (7) ju; pileus at first whitish, then "testaceous"
(R.); stem white, becoming pinkish; gills whitish, becoming testaceous,
at length variegated with sooty-brown G. furcatus.

UNDESCRIBED AND EMENDED SPECIES

Gomphidius ochraceus sp. nov.

Pileus 3-6 cm. broad, convex-expanded then plane, glabrous,
glutinous," ochraceous-salmon'' to "apricot-orange" (Ridg.) when
fresh, soon clouded with "olive-brown" and gradually becoming
tinged with vinaceous shades, even or soon rugose-wrinkled from
the drying gluten, margin at first incurved, at length spreading;
flesh thick, abruptly thin on margin, whitish to "pinkish-buff."
Gills decurrent, subdistant to distant, rather broad, 7-8 mm.,
"tawny" (Ridg.), thick, edge entire. Stem 8-10 cm. long,
tapering downwards, 6-10 mm. thick at apex, variously curved,
subviscid, solid, "orange-buff" to "zinc-orange" (Ridg.), more
or less floccose upwards to an obsolete annulus, concolorous
within. Spores ellipsoid-fusiform, 15-19 (22) x 6-7 (8) ix, smooth,
pale smoky. Cystidia abundant, cylindrical, hyaline, rounded-
obtuse at apex, 150-180 x 12-15 /j.. Odor none. Taste mild.
Closely gregarious.

On deep moss under conifers, near Welch's Post Office, Oregon
National Forest, Mt. Hood, Oregon. September 29, 1922. Col-
lected by C. H. Kauffman. Type In the herbarium of the
University of Michigan.

This species has such a superficial similarity to G. tomentosus
Murrill that It Is easily passed by as that species. It differs
definitely, however, in its glabrous and glutinous pileus, and in its
somewhat broader and more distant gills. G. tomentosus, which
was abundant In this region, and was carefully studied, does not
have what I should call "distant" gills as given in Murrill's
description; rather the gills are close to subdistant. The color
is not very sharply different, but a difference does show whenever
the fresh plants are compared. The subviscid stem Indicates a
thin and evanescent universal veil.

120 Mycologia

Gomphidius subroseus sp. nov. (Plate 13).

Pileus 3-6 (7) cm. broad, convex-expanded then plane, very
obtuse to broadly depressed, with a viscid separable pellicle,
glutinous only in rainy weather, varying "salmon-color" to
"vinaceous-pink" (Ridg.), disk "ochre-red" to "testaceous,"
usually fading, becoming slightly blackish on drying, glabrous,
even or slightly wrinkled when dry; flesh thick on disk, abruptly
thin on margin, white or tinged vinaceous. Gills decurrent,
close to subdistant, attenuate at ends, 6-7 (8) mm. broad at
middle, soon "pale ; moke-gray" to "pale mouse-gray," finally
darker and variegated, some forked near margin or towards
stem, thickish, edge entire. Stem 3-6 cm. long, 6-12 (15) mm.
thick, tapering downwards or subequal, straight or curved, solid,
base or lower half "lemon-yellow," "empire-yellow" or "citron-
yellow" (Ridg.), apex or upper portion white and silky, covered
when fresh up to near the apex by the hyaline, viscid, thin,
appressed sheath of the universal veil, at length glabrous and dry,
rarely becoming sordid or blackish in age. Spores 14-17 (20) x 5-
6 11, subfusiform-ellipsoid, obtuse at ends, smooth, dark sooty.
Cystidia rather abundant, cylindrical above the slender pedicel,
hyaline (in fresh plants), 100-140 x 8-15 /x, apex rounded. Odor
and taste none.

Type on humus and moss under conifers, near Welch's Post
Ofilice, Oregon National Forest, Mt. Hood, Oregon. September
22, 1922. Frequent in this region. Also under pines, Tolland,
Colorado, September 14, 1920; and near Copeland, Idaho,
September 2, 1922. Collected by C. H. Kauffman. Deposited
in the herbarium of the University of Michigan.

This species differs from G. roseus (Fr.) Quel, by the distinct
yellow base of the stem, by the less rosy-red color of the pileus
attributed to the European plant, and perhaps by the cystidia.
We apparently have no account of the cystidia of G. roseus.
Ricken, to be sure, gives cystidia for the plant he places under
that name, but Ricken's description departs from the conception
of other mycologists, and his plant may be the species here
described, or perhaps it is G. gracilis. Rea (12) unaccountably
copies Ricken's remarks on the cystidia, but Rea's description
otherwise applies to the plant with a rosy stem-base, and is there-
fore to be considered the correct traditional conception of G. roseus.
G. gracilis Berk., although it has a yellow stem-base, is de-
scribed by Berkeley as having a conic-hemispherical pileus and

Kauffman: The Genus Gomphidius 121

others agree that it is more or less umbonate; G. subroseus
has a rounded pileus from the beginning and later becomes plane
to depressed. After the specimens were dried they turned some-
what blackish, but when fresh this tendency to blacken — so
noticeable a characteristic in some species — is very slight in this
western species. From G. flavipes it is readily distinguished by
its smaller spores, and from G. maculahis by the veil on the stem.

Gomphidius oregonensis Peck (emended).

Pileus 5-10 cm. broad, at first convex, obtuse, becoming plane,
glutinous from the universal veil, livid flesh-colored when fresh,
becoming black-spotted in age and blackish when dried, glabrous,
even; margin at first incurved. Gills short-decurrent, close to
subdistant, gray when partly mature, then blackish. Stem 3-8
cm. long, subequal or tapering downwards, rather stout, 8-15 (25)
mm. thick, floccose-fibrillose, citron-yellow almost to the apex,
sheathed in part by the glutinous veil which sometimes terminates
in a glutinous ring near the apex, yellow within at the base,
surface becoming black-spotted when handled. Odor and taste
mild. Spores narrow, elongated-ellipsoid, 10-13 x 3.5-4.5 /x,
smooth, tinged smoky. Cystidia few, subcylindrical, 100-125
X 15-18 At.

Description drawn from fresh plants collected at Lake Cush-
man, Washington, 1915, by C. H. Kaufi^man.

This has much the habit and stature of G. glutinosus, but is
definitely distinct by its relatively small spores, and the some-
what difi"erent colors when fresh. The glutinous veil is quite
thick on the pileus and especially so on the incurved margin of
the young fruit-body. It is reported from all the Pacific coast
states.

This species was incompletely described by Dr. Peck, who
apparently drew his description from dried plants. Few collec-
tions are in the eastern herbaria that I examined. The specimens
from California, distributed under this name by C. F. Baker in
"Pacific Coast Fungi, No. 155,'' is not a. Gomphidius , but prob-
ably a Paxillus with globose spores — at least this is true of the
copy in the Atkinson herbarium. On the printed label of this
number. Baker states that the gills are phosphorescent, a state-
ment which is therefore not dependable in its application to G.
oregonensis (9).

122 Mycologia

Dr. Lane of Portland, who sent the specimens from which Dr.
Peck drew his description, wrote Dr. Peck that this species
"grows there by the wagon load." Murrill (I.e.) says he "found
it common both in Washington and Oregon." Zeller (15) also
reports it as "one of the very common Agarics" around Corvallis,
Oregon. My experience differs for the localities I visited in
Washington and Oregon. At the base of Mt. Hood, G. tomentosus
was very abundant, and rarely one could pick up also a few speci-
mens of G. ochraceiis and G. suhroseus. In the Cascade range
east of Seattle, only G. tomentosus was found. In northern Idaho
the latter species also occurred. In the Olympic Mountains,
however, in addition to the frequent G. tomentosus, I obtained
two solitary-growing specimens of G. oregonensis. The questions
then arise, is it G. tomentosus, instead of G. oregonensis, which is so
common in these regions, or is each common only in certain
localities? The simple process of determining the spore-size will
doubtless be sufficient in the future to decide these points.

GoMPHiDius visciDUS Fr. Columbiana form. nov.

Pileus 2-6 cm. broad, at first subconic-campanulate then ex-
panded-umbonate, subviscid, or viscid in wet weather, color
when fresh "auburn," "bay" or "Hay's russet" (Ridg.), some-
times with purplish tints, very glabrous, even, shining when dry;
margin at first incurved, and cortinate with an evanescent, "apri-
cot-buff"" cortina; flesh thick on disk, abruptly thin on margin,
tinged pinkish. Gills decurrent, broad in middle, narrowed
towards ends, close to subdistant, distinct, none or very few
forked, thick, soon "ochraceous-tawny " to "tawny," at length
"sepia" or "Prout's brown" (Ridg.). Stem 3-7 (8) cm. long,
4-12 (15) mm. thick, subequal or ventricose downwards, or some-
what pointed at base, solid, varying when young from "capucine-
buff , " or " flesh-ochre " to " apricot-orange, ' 'at length sordid brown ,
concolorous within, when fresh covered with delicate, appressed
fibrillose shreds, glabrescent except at the obsolete cortinate
zone at apex, which is colored by the spores. Spores 16-21 (23)
X 6-7 (7.5) M, subfusiform, smooth, tinged smoky. Cystidia very
abundant, cylindrical, with slender pedicel, hyaline, 120-150 x
15-18 IX. Odor and taste none.

Description from studies in the field. Collected in the Rocky
mountains of Wyoming and Colorado. August and September.
The American form of G. viscidus differs from the European plants

Kauffman: The Genus Gomphidius 123

in the much smaller average size, somewhat different colors, and
a tendency to form longer and more truly fusiform spores. Ex-
siccati from Europe which I examined came from Sweden,
France, and the mountains of Italy; some are in the Atkinson
herbarium and some at the New York Botanical Garden. When
properly dried, the stems of the European form are regularly
and conspicuously " ochraceous- tawny " to "cinnamon-brown"
(Ridg.). The dried stems of the American form, when not
darkened by overheating, are always dull reddish; the caps also
become this color but tend- to assume darker shades of it. Well-
dried plants of the two forms do not "match." This American
form occurs definitely throughout the Rocky Mountain and
Pacific coast states. Specimens from California slightly larger
than usual are in the herbaria mentioned. Whether any of the
collections from the eastern United States usually referred to G.
viscidus actually belong here, I am unable to say.

Comments

Gomphidius flavipes Peck. — This must be a rare species.
The type specimens, as Murrill (Mycologia 14: 125) has already
pointed out, are of no value for comparison. The unusually
long spores are its principal claim to recognition.

Gomphidius furcatus Peck. — Apparently a species of the
eastern United States only. It is probable that collections
referred at times to G. viscidus Fr. belong here. The spores of
the type material at Albany vary slightly longer than the length
given by Peck. (See synopsis in this paper.) I have found
this twice in Maryland, under pines; the pileus of these was 2-7
cm. broad, the stem up to 10 cm. long by 3-10 (12) mm. thick.
Peck's plants had more slender stems. The color of the fresh
pileus is "testaceous" (Ridg.), of the stem " congo-pink" : after
drying the color of both is pale reddish. Small specimens do
not always have the gills forked. This species differs from all
forms of G. viscidus in the absence of yellow in the stem. At
Albany, there is a collection by Earle from Alabama, marked
"G. alahamensis Earle." This is very probably G. furcatus.
It grew "among needles under pine," has forked gills and the
notes say that it was "pale reddish-brown throughout."

124 Mycologia

GoMPHiDius GLUTINOSUS Fr. (Plate 12). — There are good
specimens from Bresadola at the New York Botanical Garden,
and typical plants from Sweden in the Atkinson Herbarium.
The principal point to be brought out here is that the cystidia
are not abundant. In fact in some mounts it is difficult to
locate them. In overmature and dried plants they are frequently
shriveled, so that observations must be carefully checked. The
cystidia of this species also appear to be less cylindrical than in
many of the others. The caps are usually quite large, and the
stems stout and long. It may be said to be the largest species.

GoMPHiDius GRACILIS Berk. — I have a few collections from
the mountains of Washington which are referable to this species.
There are, however, slight differences and further notes are
needed. I have seen no European specimens. Our western
plants have longer and stouter although rather more slender stems
than described for the European species. The spores of the
western plants measure 15-18 x 5-6 /x, and the cystidia are
abundant.

GOMPHIDIUS MACULATUS Fr. — I have found no facts which
make it necessary to change my account of this (8, p. 170).
The comments given with that description on other species (I.e.)
are, however, revised in this paper.

GOMPHIDIUS NIGRICANS Pcck. — This is an eastern species,
seldom collected. (See remarks on p. 114.)

GOMPHIDIUS ROSEUS (Fr.) Quel. — (See remarks under G.
stibroseus.)

GOMPHIDIUS TOMENTOSUS MurriU (Plate 14). — (See remarks
under G. oregonensis.) The following descriptive data may be
added to Murrill's account (Mycologia 4: 307. 1912). Pileus
3-7 cm. broad, obtuse, sometimes actuely subumbonate, the thick
pellicle separable and slightly viscid in wet weather, "ochraceous-
buff" (Ridg.), darker when wet and then "vinaceous- tawny"
to "wood-brown" (Ridg.), deeper ochraceous when dry; flesh
thick on disk, abruptly thin on margin, whitish to ochraceous,
shot through with "pinkish-buff" hues. Gills close to sub-
distant, 6-8 mm. broad in the middle, "ochraceous-buff" to
"ochraceous-salmon" (Ridg.), at length sooty-brown. Stem
6-12 cm. long, 8-15 (20) mm. thick, rather firm and rigid, con-

KauffmAn: The Genus Gomphidius 125

color, at first floccose, then lacerate-fibrillose or denuded, some-
times slightly viscid; flesh compact, concolorous, "empire-yellow"
(Ridg.) towards base. Taste often tardily but slightly dis-
agreeable. Cystidia abundant, cylindrical, with slender pedicel
which extends below the hymenium, hyaline, rounded at apex,
150-180 X 10-15 (18) n, variable in length and thickness. In
dense coniferous forests of fir and hemlock.

The unique tomentose-hairy surface is due to the thick uni-
versal veil which surrounds the young unopened plant. On the
stem as it elongates the veil is lacerated, broken into fibrillose
shreds or washed off in some cases. Sometimes the portion of
it encircling the apex of the stem persists as a floccose-hairy
annulus. The inferior veil is fibrillose-silky and concolorous, soon
disappearing. The base of the stem is often deeply imbedded in
conifer-needle beds or in moss cushions. The spores are as given
by Murrill.

Gomphidius vinicolor Peck. — The dried type specimens at
Albany are distinctly red-brown. A collection in the Atkinson
herbarium from Dr. Herbst and collected in Lehigh Co., Penn-
sylvania, is very probably the same, although the spores average
quite a little shorter. The spores of this species are notable for
their more ventricose shape and appear much more fusiform
under the microscope than most, especially those of G. viscidus
forma columhiana which also dries reddish-brown and of which
the spores tend to be subcylindric in shape. I have spoken
before (8, p. 171) of the tendency for small or late-growing plants
of this genus to have shorter spores than in "normal" plants.
Considering that Peck describes the gluten of the pileus as turning
black on drying, it is surprising to find the type specimens of
this species unblackened, which indicates that the gluten or
viscidity is thin and disappears. The species is rare. I should
hesitate to refer here the plants from around San Francisco,
California, some of which I examined at the New York Botanical
Garden. (See Mycologia 4: 307.) The form mentioned by me
in Agaricaceae of Michigan I, p. 171, as form "minor," is a slender
little plant and cannot be placed here.

Gomphidius viscidus Fr. — European specimens are well repre-
sented in American herbaria. The cystidia are abundant but

126 Mycologia

perhaps less so than in the American form " columbiana." (See
remarks under the latter.)

GoMPHiDius spp.— One finds occasionally a few specimens
rather small and slender, which are hard to place. Whether some
of these are undescribed or are abnormal cannot be determined
with the material and notes on hand. Two such forms are men-
tioned in Agaricaceae of Michigan I, p. 171-2. I have others
from the Adirondack Mountains, and from North Carolina.
The rarity of these, if they are autonomous species, and the
chances of finding them when developed under favorable weather
conditions or when not too old makes it difficult to "get a line
on them."

Literature Cited

1. Atkinson, G. F. Mushrooms. Ed. 3. 1911.

2. Berkeley, M. J. Outlines of British fungology 196. 1860.

3. Bresadola, G. Fungi tridentini 2: 95. 1892.

4. Fayod, V. Ann. Sci. Nat. VII. 9: 386-388. 1889.

5. Fries, E. M. Systema Mycologicum. 1821.

6. . Hymenomycetes Europaei. 1874.

7. . Monographia Hymenomycetum sueciae. 1863.

8. Kauffman, C. H. Agaricaceae of Michigan 1: 169. 1918.

9. Murrill, W. A. Mycologia 4: 306. 1912.

10. . Mycologia 14: 121-125. 1922.

11. Peck, C. H. Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48: 110. 1897.

12. Rea, C. British Basidiomycetes 324-326. 1922.

13. Ricken, A. Die Blatterpilze Deutschlands 1: 8-9. 1914.

14. Schweinitz, L. D. von. Schr. Nat. Ges. Leipzig 1: 19-131. 1822.

15. ZeUer, S. M. Mycologia 14: 191. 1922.

University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Michigan

MVCOLOGIA

Volume 17, Plate 12

GOMPHIDIUS GLUTINOSUS

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Mycologia

Volume 17, Plate 14

*.■>•

GOMPHIDIUS TOMENTOSUS

... 1-..

THE MYCOLOGICAL FLORA OF THE HIGHER ROCKIES

OF COLORADO

C. H. KAUFFMAN

[ Reprinted from the Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, A^ts and

Letters, Vol. I, 1921]

THE MYCOLOGICAL FLORA OF THE HIGHER
ROCKIES OF COLORADO

C. H. KAUFFMAN

In 1917 the writer, accompanied by his wife, spent the
month of August at Leal, Grand County, collecting and study-
ing the fungi of that vicinity.^ Leal Post-Office is the last ranch
at the upper end of the valley through which runs Williams
Fork Creek. This station is within the shadow of Ute Peak
and of the Williams Fork Mountain range on one side, and the
slopes leading to the Continental Divide on the other. At this
point the stream is forked, with the two tributaries forming
moist, narrow valleys up which much of the collecting was done.
The elevations covered varied between 9,000 to 10,000 feet.
The surrounding forest is a part of the Arapahoe National For-
est. It consists principally of lodge-pole pine, sparsely inter-
spersed with Engelmann spruce, while the higher portions are
characterized by thick stands of subalpine fir. Aspen is scat-
tered over the lower openings.

In 1920 a second trip was undertaken, this time to the east-
ern slope of the Continental Divide, in the region around Tol-
land, Gilpin County. On this occasion, Mr. Frank B. Cotner
and Mr. Dow Vawter Baxter, two students from our laboratory,
offered their services, and assisted in a survey of this area dur-
ing the month of September. Mr. Baxter paid special atten-
tion to the rust flora, while Mr. Cotner collected Discomycetes.
Unfortunately, Mr. Cotner was called home in the middle of the
month, thus reducing the party to two.

A cabin was rented about a mile east of Tolland and excur-
sions made up the streams in all directions. The region is well

1 A grant of one hundred dollars was given the writer by the American
Association for the Advancement of Science, to help defray the expenses
of this trip.

101

102 C. H. Kaufman

known to botanists as the location of the mountain laboratory
of the state university of Colorado.

This station was barely twenty-five miles, as the crow flies,
from the one at Leal on the west side of the Divide. Its topog-
raphy and flora have been discussed by a number of writers.
(See Literature: 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10.)

The forests present and the elevations covered were about
the same as at Leal. The rains had been abundant during Au-
gust, and a copious crop of fungi, especially agarics, had fruited
and many of these apparently did not again appear dur-
ing September. The August crop was still in evidence when
the party arrived, but was largely gone before it could be
studied. This was especially true of the Cortinarii, which must
have been very plentiful in August, but were comparatively
rare in September. At Leal, tHe Cortinarii were astonishingly
plentiful in August. In other parts of the LTnited States, no
such general fruiting of Cortinarii was observed until later in the
season, although fruiting varies more or less with the weather
conditions of any season.

Two papers have recently appeared, listing fungi from Col-
orado. Seaver (8) gives an account of the Discomycetes, many
of which were collected at Tolland by Professor Bethel and
himself, during August and September, 1910. Overholts (3)
spent portions of the two seasons of 1913 and 1914 at Tolland;
his lists include all the principal groups of fungi. It was the
initial intention of the writer to explore a different portion of
Colorado, but circumstances interfered, and Tolland was selected
instead. Duplication has, therefore, resulted, but on the other
hand, new material was obtained to justify the time spent in
this region.

The identifications were made largely by the writer. He
is under obligations to Dr. E. B. Mains for an examination of
all the Rusts; to C. G. Lloyd for opinions on some specimens
sent him; and to Dr. L. 0. Overholts for information on the
identity of some Porias. The Myxomycetes were identified by
May V. Cannon of our Herbarium. In some cases, the writer
of this paper has, nevertheless, followed his own judgment, and

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 103

all errors of identification should be laid at his door. Many
nnusiial collections were made by those who accompanied us
on these trips, and a large shai-e of the success of the ventures
is due to them.

The material is or soon will be accessible in the mycological
collections of the Herbarium of the University of Michigan.

MYXOMYCETES

From Tolland, Colorado. (See Literature: 2, 9.)

Arcyria incarnata Pers. On dead wood.

Arcyria nutans (Bull.). On Merulius.

Arcyria oerstedtii Rost. On conifer log.

Badhamia decipiens. (Curt.) Berk. On bark of spruce.

Badhamia macrocarpa (Ces.) Rost. On dead wood.

CoMATRiCHA STEMONiTis (Scop.) Sheld. On log.

CoMATRicHA suKSDORFii E. & E. On couiferous log.

Didymium squamulosum (A & S.) Fr. On spruce log.

FuLiGO ovATA (Schaeff.) Macbr. On conifer stump.

FuLiGO vioLACEA Pers. On wood.

Leocarpus fragilis (Dicks) Rex. On wood of Populus tremu-

loides.
Lycogala epidendron (Buxb.) Fr. On pine log.
MuciLAGO SPONGIOSA (Ley.) Morg. On grasses.
Physarum nefroideum Rost. On Abies log.
Stemonitis fusca (Roth) Rost. On coniferous log.
TiLMADOCHE ALBA (BuU.) Macbr. On old wood.
Trichia decipiens (Pers.) Macbr. On log of Picea.
Trichia inconspicua Rost. On mossy wood.
Trichia persimilis Karst. On conifer wood.
Trichia varia (Pers.) Rost. On sticks.
TuBiFERA ferruginosa (Batsch.) Macbr. On dead wood.

104 C. H. Kaufman

ASCOMYCETES

«

DISC0MYCETES2

Geoglossaceae

CuDONiA ciRCiNANS (Pers.) Fr. In moist places under
spruce and pine. Tolland.

MiTRULA cucuLLATA (Batsch) Fr. Rare, on fallen needles of
Picea Engelmanni. Tolland.

MiTRULA IRREGULARIS (Pk.) Durand. Infrequent, Tolland,
Low ground under pine and spruce.

MiTRULA MUSCicoLA P. Henn. Infrequent, Tolland.

One collection on moss at Tolland, 9500-ft. elevation, and
one collection on moss in swampy ground at Leal, 8600-ft.
elevation, the latter under poplars, the former on a steep,
moist mountain side. Seaver (I.e.) reports it as M. gracilis
Karst.

Helvellaceae

Helvella albipes F'k'l. (See Plate XXX.) Frequent,
Tolland.

Under Alnus and conifers. It seems best to keep this dis-
tinct from H. elastica, as the latter is known throughout the
Eastern United States. The blackish-brown, bilobed deflexed cap
and white to snow-white stem are too striking to be neglected.
All our collections except one are, unfortunately, rather imma-
ture, but experience with this group indicates that the spore
size at maturity would doubtless average well up to the size
given for H. albipes by Rehm. In one collection the plants are
shorter-stemmed, but the spores are more mature and measure
up to 21 fjL long by 13.5 /x wide.

Helvella infula Fr. (See Plate XXXI.) Leal and Tolland.

Scattered and usually solitary. Aug.-Sept. This cannot
as yet be considered as identical with Gyromitra esculenta Fr.,
although Seaver (Mycologia Vol. Ill) has brought together argu-

- Discomycetes are noted for the most part according to Rehm, Raben-
horst, Kryptogamen Flora, I. 3.

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 105

ments in favor of such identity. Gyromitra esculenta is a highly
gregarious plant, occurring in early spring and nearly always
under pines. Its form, to be sure, varies in different individ-
uals and some approach H. infula in surface form and lobing.
H. infula, on the other hand, occurs throughout the summer and
fall, in coniferous forests of any kind, singly for the most part,
or at least few and scattered in a locality. I have found it,
without much variation and not at all suggesting the gyrose cap
of the other, in conifer forests from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
For the sake of comparison, a photograph of Gyromitra escu-
lenta, as it grows abundantly under pines in Michigan, is in-
eluded. (See Plate XXXII.)

Helvella lacunosa Afzel. form minor. Infrequent, Tol-
land.

On the ground under conifers. Except for size and a tend-
ency for the stem to be slender and taper upwards, it is not
sufficiently distinct. Ascospores 15-17 x 10-12 jj..

Pezizaceae

AcETABULA SULCATA (Pers.) F'k'l. Somewhat frequent, Tol-
land.

On moist, sandy, or swampy soil, along streams, etc., under
willows, alders, pine and spruce. A very variable plant in size
and stem characters, but the ribs scarcely extend into the lower
surface of cap. Ascospores 18-23 x 10-13 ij, at maturity. The
small forms approach Helvella pezizoides Afz. The minor form
of H. lacunosa, mentioned above, had very noticeable ribs ex-
tending to the margin of the cap.

Geopyxis cupularis (L.) Sacc. Infrequent, Tolland. On
the ground under conifers.

Lachnea hirta *(Schum.) Gill. Infrequent, Tolland. On
wet humus and moss.

Lachnea scutellata Gill. Infrequent, Tolland. On rotten
wood. Apothecia over a centimeter broad.

Otidea leporina (Batsch) F'k'l. Infrequent, Tolland. On
low ground under conifers. The spores are only 12-13.5 x 7-8 fx,
but in other respects, the plants are typical.

106 C. H. Kauffynan

Otidea umbeina (Pers.) Bres. Rare, Tolland. On and
among moss in low ground under conifers. This is certainly
Bresadola's species (See Fung. Trid., II. 68), although our
plants were only half-size. Iodine does not color the asci blue.
Spores 15-17.5 x 8-9.5 fx.

Plicaria badia (Pers.) F'k'l. Leal and Tolland. On sandy
or mossy soil under pine and spruce.

Plicaria repanda (Wahlb.) Rehm. Infrequent, Leal. On
very decayed wood and humus, under spruce and pine.

PusTULARiA coRONARiA (Ja^cq.) Rehm. Infrequent, Tolland.
Only two collections of one specimen each; apparently, it was
too late in the season. Along streams in soil and humus.

Sarcoscypha melastoma (Sow.) Cooke. Rare, Tolland. On
much decayed wood imbedded in mossy ground.

Sepultaria arenicola (Lev.) Rehm. Infrequent, Tolland.
On sandy soil under pine. Spores 20-24 x 10-13 (14) /jl.

Helotiaceae

Chlorosplenium aeruginascens (Nyl.) Karst. On de-
corticated wood, probably Salix. Well developed apothecia
were obtained. The other species was not found.

CoRYNE URNALis Sacc. Rare, Tolland. On much decayed
wood.

Dasychypha pulverulentum (Lib.) Sacc. var. fructicola
var. nov.

On old fallen cones of Pinus contorta. Agrees well with
Rehm's description and some European Exsiccati, except in
slightly larger average size of the apothecia, which are white
externally. Apothecia 1-1.5 (2) mm. broad; asci 55x6 fx;
spores 7-9x1.5-2 /z. The paraphyses are sublanceolate up-
wards and ally it closely to the genus Lactinum Retz.

Helotium alnicola sp. nov.

Apothecia 1.5-3 mm. broad, 1-4 mm. high, with a pale
ochraceous hymenium, later pallid, at first closed, margin in-
curved on drying, externally white and glabrous, subsessile to
stalked, caespitose in small groups on small cankers at base of
Alnus trunks recently dead; asci about 225x10-12 /x, cylin-

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 107

drical, rounded above; paraphyses hyaline, filiform, non-olavate
above, 3-4 fx diam.; ascospores 20-25x5.5-6.5 jjl, subfusiform,
smooth, minutely granular within or with one central oil-glob-
ule; none were seen septate.

On small cankers at base of dead trunks of Alnus tenuifoUa,
along streams, frequent. Whether this acts parasitically could
not be determined, but some of the circumstantial evidence ob-
tained seemed to indicate that it does.

Helotium Boudieri Sacc. et Trott. On bark and wood of
Alnus tenuifoUa. When fresh, the apothecia are cream-buff,
which changes to fulvous-yellow on drying and with age.

Helotium citrinum (Hedw.) Fr. Common, Tolland. On
rotten wood of deciduous trees.

Helotium sulphuratum (Schum.) Phil. var. Piceae var. nov.

Gregarious on decaying needles of Picea Engelmanni. Apo-
thecia 1-3.5 mm. broad, disk pale-yellowish, glabrous externally,
on short, thick, darker stipe; asci cylindrical, about 150 x 12 jx,
paraphyses equal, filamentous, straight or frequently somewhat
coiled above, projecting above asci; spores hyaline, smooth,
continuous, without oil-drop, 10-12 x 5-6 jjl. This probably
deserves more than varietal rank.

Hymenoscypha scutula (Pers.) Phillips, var. Grossulariae,
var. nov.

Apothecia 1-3 mm. broad, slightly tough, externally white
and minutely tomentulose, disk when fresh "antimony yellow"
(Ridg.), stipe short, 1-2 mm. long, slender, "cinnamon" (Ridg.).
Asci 100-110x8-9 fx, subcylindrical, slightly thick-walled not
blue with iodine; ascospores 16-19x3-4 fx, hyaline, 1-septate
at the last, subfusiform, more acute at one end, paraphyses
filamentous, equal throughout in width.

On dead stems of Grossularia sp. 9500-ft. elevation. There
are no definite hairs externally, such as occur in apothecia of
Dasychypha.

Hymenoscypha sublenticulare var. conscriptum Karst.
On decaying wood of Salix. Disk dingy pale-ochraceous.
Ascospores 14-16 x 4-4.5 (5) {x.

Hymenoscypha virgultorum Phill. On old wood, probably

108 C. H. Kauffman

of Alnus. Apothecia chrome-yellow when fresh, then dull red.
Spores 12-18 x 3.5-4.5 m-

Lachnellula chrysophthalma (Pers.) Phillips. On timbers
of coniferous wood in interior of mines. See note by Seaver {I.e.).

Lachnella flammea (A. & S.) Fr. Common, Tolland. On
decorticated sticks of Salix sp., Alnus tenuifolia, and Populus
tremuloides.

Lachnum bicolor (Bull.) Karst. Infrequent, Tolland. On
decayed log of Salix, Disk of apothecium yellow when fresh,
fading.

Ombrophila janthina (Karst.) Rehm. Infrequent, Tolland.
On decaying cones and cone debris of Picea Engelmanni.

Phialea lutescens (Hedw.) Gill. Infrequent, Tolland.
On rotten hard wood of conifers.

Phialea subtilis (Fr.) Rehm. Frequent locally.

On needles of Picea Engelmanni in brush-piles, partly covered
by debris from high water. The slender stipes are longer than
are typical in the sense of Rehm, being 0.5-2.5 mm. long, and
the spores are very narrow, scarcely over .5 /x wide. The plant
is entirely pure white when fresh.

Tapesia evilescens Karst.

Apothecia .5-1 mm. broad, cupulate when fresh and then
disk is whitish, cinerescent, externally with whitish margin, else-
where brownish-fuscous, glabrous except where immersed at base
in the fuscous, adnate, rather thin, interwoven subiculum; con-
text thin, whitish above, brownish-filamentose downward, with a
thin excipulum of subpolygonal, dark brown and thick-walled cells;
asci 50-65 x 3-4 /x, subcylindric-subfusiform, subacute at apex;
paraphyses filiform, equal, 1-1.5 /x thick, hyaline. Spores cylin-
drical, straight, subequal, 8-9 (10) x .5-1 ju, biseriate in upper
part of ascus. Hyphae of subiculum dark brown, brittle, thick-
walled, septate, 3-3.5 }x diam.

Closely gregarious on subiculum, on decorticated fallen
branches of Alnus tenuifolia. Tolland. Elevation 9000 ft.

Although T. evilescens is reported on dead stems of Gra-
minaceae, this species is closely allied to it, by its very
narrow spores, and by this character is removed from the

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 109

ordinary wood-inhabiting species. On drying, the margins of
the apothecia become incurved and remain whitish; elsewhere
the apothecia become blackish-cinereous.

MOLLISIACEAE

MoLLisiA ciNEREA (Batsch.) Karst. Common, Tolland. On
old logs, etc., of Salix, etc.

MoLLisiA MELALEUCA (Fr.) Sacc. Rare, Tolland. On de-
cayed wood of Alnus tenuifolia.

MoLLisiA TRABiNCOLA Rchm. Rare, Tolland.

This curious species dries up and is hard to find unless the
substratum is moistened. It gives the appearance when wet of
belonging to the Stictidaceae, and on drying takes on an elon-
gated form at times. Spores 6-8 x 1.5-3 jjl. Iodine does not
affect the asci.

Cenangiaceae

Cenangium abietis (Pers.) Rehm. Infrequently seen, Tol-
land. On dead twigs of Pinus contorta.

Cenangium alpinum E. & E. Common, Tolland and Leal.

On dead branches of Picea Engelmanni and Pinus contorta^
9000-ft. elevation. Although no authentic material was ex-
amined, the plant is unique by the fimbriate margin of the apo-
thecia, which are folded lengthwise and measure 1-2.5 mm.
along the incurved fold. The fimbriate condition is due to dark
yellow-brown hairs about 100-120 jjl long, 4-5 ^ thick, septate,
hyaline toward apex and minutely granular. The apothecia
occur singly or in groups of few individuals. The asci measure
45-55 X 5-6 IX. The paraphyses are filiform and equal. The
spores in the specimens examined averaged slightly different
from those given by Ellis, being 8-12 x 2.5-4 ix in size.

GoDRONiA Betheli Seaver. Common, Tolland. On dead
branches of Alnus tenuifolia.

Stictidaceae

OcELLARiA AUREA Tul. Frequent, Tolland. On dead
branches of Salix sp.

110 C. H. Kaufman

Propoli'dium ambiguum Starb.

On old, decorticated wood of some deciduous tree. This
interesting fungus was obtained in too small quantity for one
to be sure of its identity. However, the negative iodine test,
the pale ochraceous to fulvous-tinged disk, as well as the spores
and asci agree so well with this ambiguous species, that it may
probably be it.

Propolis faginea (Schrad.) Karst. Infrequent and in old
condition. On wood. Tolland.

Tryblidiaceae

Odontotrema minus Nyl. Form salicella forma nov.

On sticks of Salix sp. Differs apparently only in its host.
Asci measure 30-40x7-9 fx, spores 9-11x3.5 jjl, fusoid, 1-3
septate, hyaline. Paraphyses rarely branched at apex and not
enlarged above.

Hypodermataceae

Lophodermium arundinaceum (Schrad.) Chev. forma api-
culatum (Fr.) Duby.

Lophodermium pinastri (Schrad.) Chev. Tolland.

Causing yellowing of young trees of Pinus contorta, especially
along wet places, with accompanying leaf-cast. Effect was seen
only in scattered places.

Hysteriaceae

LoPHiuM DOLABRiFORME Walbr. Common, Tolland.

On sticks of Salix in wet situations. (See Mycologia, XII.,
180. 1920.) Patouillard's Fig., No. 294, Tah. AnalyL, and
his description under L. elatum Ore v., seem to me to refer to
the same species.

PYRENOMYCETES
HYPOCREALES

Nectria sanguinea Fr. Common, Tolland. On an old
valsaceous stroma; on Salix.

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 111

DOT HIDE ALES

Phyllachora trifolii (Pers.) Fkl. Tolland. On Trifolium
repens. Associated with it is Polythrinciu7n trifolii Kze. and a
Phyllosticta.

PERISPORIALES

Sphoerotheca humuli var. fuliginea (Schlecht.) Salmon.
On Castilleja sp. Tolland.

SPHAERIALES

Bertia moriformis (Tode.) De Not. Tolland. On decaying
log of poplar or alder.

Cryptosphaeria vicinula (Nyl.) Karst. Tolland. On
dead branches of Alnus tenuifolia. Easily recognized from
Saccardo's description. The spores are quite brown at maturity,
being 11-15 x 3-3.5 /jl.

DiAPORTHE NivosA Ell. & Holw. Tollaud.

On branch of Alnus tenuifolia. This is in much better con-
dition than Ellis's specimens distributed in N.A.F., which is
somewhat immature. The spores are given too small in Ellis,
N. A. Pyren., p. 436, as shown both by an examination of our
copy of Ellis's No. 2535, and by the present collection. The
ascospores are 16-19 x 5-5.5 /jl, oblong-subfusoid, pointed at
ends, 1-septate, hyaline.

DiATRYPELLA DiscoiDEA var. ALNi Cke. Frcqucnt, Tolland.
On dead branches of Abius tenuifolia.

EuTYPELLA alnifraga (Wahl.) Fr. Tolland. On dead
branches of Alnus tenuifolia.

Hypoxylon Morsei B. & C. Tolland. On dead branches of
Alnus tenuifolia. The spores in old perithecia run up to 27 /x
in length, but ordinarily they are 19-24 x 8-9 (10) fx. Single
perithecia are often 1.5 mm. in diameter, or even larger.

LoPHiosTOMA macrostomoides (De Not.) Ces. & De Not.
Tolland. On decorticated sticks of Alnus or poplar. This
species blackens the surface of the wood.

Lophiotrema hysterioides Ell. & Langlois. Tolland. On
decorticated wood of poplar or willow. As I did not have

112 C. H. Kaufman

access to a specimen of this, my identification is based entirely
on the description with which it agrees well.

ROSELLINIA ALBOLANATA E. & E. Tolland.

On decorticated sticks of Salix. Ascospores 25-27 x 5-8 /i.
In the early condition it has a thin ''cartridge-buff" (Ridg.)
subiculum which extends considerably beyond the fertile por-
tion, much as in R. suhiculata. The perithecia are for quite a
time covered by it, but gradually denuded as they approach
maturity. In age, the subiculum becomes "ecru-drab" to
cinerescent. Ellis, in A^. A. Pyrenomycetes, places it in the
wrong section.

RosELLiNiA THELENA Rabcnh. Rare, Tolland. On dead
bark of Picea Engelmanni. Known by the distinct appendages
at each end of spore.

Strickeria megastega (E. & E.) comb. nov. Tolland. {Tei~
chospora megastega E. & E., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1890,
p. 243.) Common, Tolland. On decorticated sticks of Salix,
Alnus and poplars.

Trematosphaeria corticola Fkl. Tolland.

On decorticated wood of Alnus tenuifolia. The perithecia at
first break through, but at length appear entirely superficial;
the asci have very thick walls; the spores measure 35-40 x 7.5 ix.

Valsa abietis Fr. Tolland. On dead branches of Abies
lasiocarpa.

Valsa nivea Fr. Tolland. On dead branches of Populus
tremuloides. The material is overripe and few spores were seen.
Associated with Cytospora nivea. Ascospores 9-12 x 1.5-2 fi.

Valsa salicina (Pers.) Fr. Tolland. On dead branches of
Salix.

Valsa sordida Nitschke. Tolland. On dead branches of
Populus tremuloides.

Valsaria moroides (C. & P.) Sacc. Tolland. On dead
branches of Alnus tenuifolia.

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 113

BASIDIOMYCETES

UREDINALES

Aecidium asterum Schw. Infrequent. Tolland. On Aster sp.

Calyptrospora columnaris (A. & S.) Kiihn. On Vaccinium
oreo'philum Rydb. Common, Tolland. Leal.

CoLEOSPORiUM soLiDAGiNis (Schw.) Thtim. On Solidago.
Common. Tolland. Leal.

Gymnosporangium juniperinum (L.) Mart. On Sorhus
scopulina. Infrequent. Tolland.

Melampsora albertensis Arth. On Populus tremuloides.
Common, Tolland.

Melampsora Biglowii Thum. On Salix sp. Common.
Tolland.

Melampsoropsis pyrolae (D. C.) Arth. On Pyrola secunda.
Frequent, Leal, Tolland.

Peridermium Coloradense (Diet.) Arth. & Kern. Form-
ing witches brooms on Picea Engelmanni. Frequent. Leal and
Tolland.

Peridermium columnare (A. & S.) Kunz. & Sehum. On
needles of Ahies lasiocarpa. Frequent. Tolland.

Peridermium Conorum-Picea (Rees) Arth. & Kern. On
cones of Picea Engelmanni. Common, Tolland.

Peridermium filamentosum PK. On branches of Pinus
contorta, scarcely hypertrophied. Leal, infrequent.

Phragmidium montivagum Arth. On leaves of Rosa sp.
Common, Tolland.

Phragmidium speciosum Fr. On Rosa melina. Infrequent.
Leal.

PucciNiA ATROPUNCTA Pk. & CUnt. On Veratrum speciosum.

Leal.

PucciNiA ciRSii Lasch. On Cirsium griseum. Infrequent,
Tolland. On Carduus Hookerianus. Infrequent, Leal.

PucciNiA CLEMATiDis (D C) Lagcrh. (I) On Thalictrum sp.
Tolland.

PucciNiA CLiNTONi Pk. On Pedicularis. sp. Frequent. Tol-
land.

114 C. H. Kauffinan

PucciNiA Heucherae (Schw.) Diet. On Heuchera Hallii.
Tolland.

PucciNiA MONOiCA Arth. (I) On Arabis sp. Leal.

PucciNiA PATRUELis Arth. (I) On Agoseris glauca. Leal.

PucciNiA PiMPiNELLAE (Str.) Lk. On Osmorhiza sp. Tol-
land.

PucciNiA poLYGONi-viviPARi Dietr. On Polygonum bistor-
toides. Leal.

PucciNiA TARAXici (Reb.) Plow. On Taraxacum officinale.
Frequent, Leal and Tolland.

PucciNiA Troximontis Pk. II, III. On Agoseris glauca.
Leal.

PucciNiASTRUM Myrtilli (Schum.) Arth. On Vaceinium
sp. Infrequent, Leal and Tolland.

PucciNiASTRUM PUSTULATUM (Pers.) Diet. On Epilohium
adenocaulon. Infrequent, Tolland.

PucciNiASTRUM Pyrolae (Pers.) Diet. On Pyrola secunda.
Infrequent, Leal, Tolland.

Uromyces Trifolii Lev. On Trifolium repens. Frequent.
Leal, Tolland.

Uropyxis sanguinea (Pk.) Arth. On Berberis aquifolium.
Rare. Tolland.

TREMELLALES

Dacryomcetaceae

GuEPiNiA monticola Tracy & Earle. Rare. Tolland. On
bark of Picea Engelmanni.

AURICULARIACEAE

AuRicuLARiA AURicuLA-jUDAE L. Frequent, Leal and
Tolland. On logs and branches of Abies, etc.

Tremellaceae

ExiDiA GLANDULOSA Fr. Common. Tolland, Leal. On Salix
branches etc.

Hormomyces fragiformis Cke. Infrequent. Tolland, Leal.
On old logs.

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 115

Tremellodon gelatinosum (Scop.) Schroet. Rare. Leal.
On wet logs under Abies.

AGARICALES
Thelephoraceae

CoNioPHORA BYssoiDEA Fr. Sept. Rare. Tolland. On
fallen decaying trunk of Abies lasiocarpa.

CoNioPHORA OLIVACEA (Fr.) Karst. Sept. Infrequent. Tol-
land. On coniferous log.

CONIOPHORA POLYPORoiDEA (B. & C.) Burt. Sept. Rare.
Tolland. Hanging, loosely attached, over mossy rocks along
stream.

CoRTiciuM ALBULUM Atk. & Burt. Rare. Tolland. On much
decayed wood of pine and spruce.

CoRTiciUM GALACTiNUM (Fr.) Burt. Sept. Tolland. On log
of Abies lasiocarpa.

CoRTiciUM iNVESTiENS (Schw.) Bres. Infrequent. Tolland.
On much-decayed wood of pine or spruce.

Hymenochaete tabacina Fr. Sept. Infrequent. Leal.
Tolland. On dead fallen branches of Salix.

Peniophora Allescheri Bres. Sept. Tolland. On log of
Abies lasiocarpa.

Stereum abietinum Pers. Rare. Tolland. On coniferous log.

Stereum purpureum Fr. Sept. Rare. Tolland. On Salix.

Stereum rameale Schw. Sept. Common. Tolland. On
dead Alnus.

Stereum rufum Fr. (Corticium pezizoideum (Schw.) Schrenk.).
Sept. Frequent. Tolland. On Populus tremuloides.

Stereum rugispora (E. & E.) Burt. Sept. Infrequent.
Tolland. On logs of Picea Engelmanni.

Stereum sanguinolentum Fr. Sept. Rare. Tolland. On
bark of a log of Picea Engelmanni.

Stereum sulcatum Burt. Sept. Rare. Tolland. On conif-
erous log.

Thelephora caryophyllea Fr. Frequent. Tolland. On
the ground under conifers.

116 C. H. Kauffman

Hydxaceae

Hydnum aurantiacum Pk. Sept. Infrequent. Tolland,
Leal. Under Abies.

Hydnum imbricatum Fr. Infrequent. Leal.

Under pine and spruce. This agrees well both microscopi-
cally and macroscopically with material I obtained near Stock-
holm, Sweden. It is futile to refer this species to Linnaeus.
We have, therefore, the northern European plant in this country.
It is necessary, however, to use the highest magnifications in
examining the spores and basidia in order safely to segregate
the species which are somewhat similar externally, and to
possess good field-notes.

Hydnum graveolens Dolastre var. Sept. Rare. Tolland.
Under conifers (pine and spruce).

Hydnum repandum Fr. Sept. Infrequent. Tolland, Leal.
Lender conifers (pine and spruce).

Hydnum scrobiculatum Fr. Sept. Infrequent. Tolland.
Under conifers (pine and spruce).

Hydnum suaveolens Fr. (See Plate XXXIII.) Sept. In-
frequent. Tolland. Under conifers (pine and spruce).

Hydnum Underwoodii (Banker) Coker. Sept. Frequent,
Leal, Tolland.

Under spruce and fir. Three collections were brought. Its
superficial characters were not sufficiently striking in the older
and larger plants to indicate that we had something interesting
and doubtless we usually passed it by as H. imbricatum. When
it is younger and smaller in size, the teeth are short and the
description of Banker and Coker applies well. When it is larger
and more luxuriantly developed, the teeth are as much as 5 or
6 mm. long, and the surface of the pileus may become cracked-
scaly and imitate H. imbricatum. But the crowded, slender and
fragile teeth, and, to a smaller degree, the color of the plant,
separate it quickly from H. ijnbricatum.. Our larger specimens
compare well with Ellis, N. A. F., No. 926 {H. imbricatum),
and although Banker included this in his account of H. Under-
woodii {Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, XII: 148. 1906), his formal

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 117

description does not take into account the longer teeth of ElHs'
specimens. Our smaller specimens, although possessing mature
spores, are evidently not full size and are well indicated by
Coker's illustrations of the species. (Jour. EUsha Mitchell Sci.
Soc, 34: Plate 7, facing p. 172. 1919.)

Odontia setigera Fr. Sept. Infrequent. Tolland. On
coniferous wood.

Phlebia albida Fr. Sept. Rare. Tolland. On log of Abies
lasiocarpa.

Boletaceae

Boletus americanus Pk. Under spruce and pine. Tolland.

Boletus punctipes Pk.

Under spruce and pine. Tolland. This species which some
have included with B. granulatus Fr., was very abundant and
is entirely the Peck conception. Only in age or when dried,
does it show the characteristics of its sister species. Typical
B. granulatus was not seen.

Boletus scaber Fr. Under spruce and pine.

Boletus tomentosus sp. nov.

Pilcus 5-8 cm. broad, convex-subexpanded, obtuse, dry, be-
coming sub viscid in wet weather, ground color "antimony yel-
low" (Ridg.), covered with "yellow-ochre" to "buckthorn
brown" tovientose, rather small scales, which are disposed in an
areolate manner; flesh white, changing slowly to "pale sky-blue"
(Ridg.), amber-yellow under the cuticle. Tubes depressed
around stem, almost free, convex, 4-6 mm. long, 1-2 to a mm.,
angular, radiately subelongate, "yellow-ochre" at first, soon
changing to "tawny-olive" or "buckthorn-brown," dissepi-
ments thick; mouths concolor, uneven. Stem 3-5 cm. long,
1.5-2 cm. thick, soHd soon cavernous or grubby, subcompressed,
even, obscurely subtomentose, "amber-yellow," dotted by scat-
tered, minute, reddish-brown points; flesh white changing to pale
sky-blue. Spores narrowly subfusiform, 8-9 x 3 /x, subhyaline
or scarcely tinged straw color. Taste mild. Odor slight.

Under fir and pine. Leal and Tolland, Colorado, Aug.-Sept.

This is doubtless the plant referred to B. hirtellus Pk. by
Overholts. If it is that species, the descriptions of it so far pub-

118 C. H. Kaufman

lished must be considerably emended. B. tomentosus has char-
acters showing it' to be intermediate between the "gyroporus"
group and the ''Roskovites" group. The flesh of the stem tends
to break down as in B. castaneus and the pileus is not truly vis-
cid. On the other hand, the tubes are almost free from the
stem and do not blacken on drying. The colors are not golden
as given by Peck for B. hirtellus; the flesh changes to sky-blue
and the spores are almost hj^aline.

Boletus versipellis Fr. Under poplars. Common. Leal.
Tolland. It is surprising that this was not reported by Over-
holts. It has some similarity to B. scaber, and may have been
confused with it.

POLYPORACEAE

FoMES APPLANATUS Fr. September. Tolland. Rare. On
Populus tremuloides.

FoMEs iGNiARius Fr. (Poplar form). Sept. Infrequent.
Tolland. On living trunk of Populus tremuloides.

FoMES piNicoLA Fr. September. Leal, Tolland. Frequent.
On Pinus contorta.

FoMES ROSEUS Fr. Sept. Rare. Tolland. On logs of Picea
Engehnanni.

Irpex deformis Fr. Sept. Rare. Tolland. On log of
Pinus contorta. Unusual in its occurrence on coniferous wood.

Irpex fuscoviolaceus Fr. (f. resupinata). Sept. Infre-
quent. Tolland. On log of Pinus contorta. (See Overholts,
Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 22. 686. 1915.)

Lenzites abietinellus (Murr.) Sacc. Sept. Rare. Tol-
land. On dead Alnus branches.

Lenzites sepiaria Fr. Sept. Common. Leal. Tolland.
On old or charred logs of Pinus contorta. There are no good
intermediate forms between this and Trametes protracta when
observed in their development in this region.

Merulius gyrosa Burt. Sept. Rare. Tolland. On conif-
erous wood.

Merulius sororia Burt. Sept. Rare. Tolland. On conif-
erous wood.

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 119

PoLYPORUS ALBOLUTEUs E. & E. Sept. Infrequent. Tol-
land. On mine timbers of coniferous wood.

PoLYPORUS CAESius Fr. Sept. Infrequent. Tolland. On
very rotten coniferous wood.

PoLYPORUS ciNNAMOMEus Fr. Sept. Frequent. Leal. Tol-
land. On low or sandy ground under pine and poplar, etc.

PoLYPORUS ciRciNATUS Fr. Sept. Frequent. Leal. Tol-
land. Under spruce and fir.

PoLYPORUS coNFLUENS Fr. (See Plate XXXIV.)

(A) Tolland. Sept. Common, but scattered-gregarious.

About a dozen collections were made on succeeding days;
special attention was paid to get the possible variations due to
age, habit, color, amount of stem-confluence, etc. Although
occurring in widely scattered localities on the slopes of the
ranges under lodge-pole pine and Engelmann spruce, a day's trip
would yield easily a peck or more. A large amount was thus
obtained and the facts noted. It seems desirable to record this
study in the following description.

Pilei fleshy, firm, somewhat fragile, either simple and then
up to 10 cm. broad, or on branching stems with few pilei,
or on confluent to connate stems with several pilei 5-10 cm.
broad, orbicular, eccentric or irregularly compressed, sometimes
wavy-lobed, convex, obtuse; surface dull white when perfectly
fresh, i.e., "ivory-white" (Ridg.), soon "cinnamon-buff" to
clay-color" (Ridg.) when rubbed, in age, or after being ex-
posed to wind or sun, provided with a more or less differentiated
cuticle which becomes either minutely rimose, areolate-rimose,
or diffracted-scaly according to weather conditions, showing
whitish context between the cracks, glabrous; margin thin al-
most membranous, persistently incurved, substerile to fertile.
Context when fresh quite thick, 1-3 cm.-[- in thickness, white,
fleshy, homogeneous, compact but rather soft when fresh, fragile,
but becoming harder and firm in dry weather, slowly assuming
a cinnamon-buff" color when broken or attacked by larvae.

Hymenophore composed of very short tubes, 1-2 mm. long,
varying subdecurrent to long-decurrent and somewhat oblique
from the oblique position of most stems; mouths not at first

120 C. H. Kauffman

stuffed, white, but soon "straw-yellow" (Ridg.) or lutescent,
2-3 to a millimeter, at first angular with thick dissepiments
which become thin and lacerate-serrate or frequently break
down in age so as to yield pores of larger size.

Stem 4-10 cm. long, ventricose-irregular, pointed at base,
single, subconfluent or confluent-connate, often compressed or
subsulcate, frequently irregular and ascending, sometimes cov-
ered above for half the length with abortive pores, white when
fresh, becoming "cinnamon-buff" or lutescent when handled or
in age, covered with a thin floccosity, flesh spongy and white
at first, then compact and sublutescent. Cystidia none. Spores
minute, oval, smooth, hyaline, apiculate, 4-5.5 x 3.5-4 //, usually
with an oil-drop. Odor slight and then pleasant, or none.
Taste mild.

The herbarium specimens of these collections, now a little
over a year in the dried condition, scarcely show tendencies to
take on a tinge of reddish. The pilei and stems are now
generally sordid "cinnamon-buff, clay-color to tawny-olive"
(Ridg.), verging here and there into "pecan-brown" where the
rufescent tendency occurs, while the pores vary between "buffy-
brown" and "mikado-brown," the extremes matching poorly.
My collections from Elkmont, Tenn., also under pines, which I
referred to P. confluens, although colored when fresh like the
Colorado plants, show now, after five years in the herbarium,
their rufescent character strongly. Indeed, the Colorado plants
might perhaps be confused with P. ovinus in the dried condition.

P. ovinus, however, becomes, when dried, blackish-stained as
if scorched, and the tubes are not strongly decurrent, the plants
are more regular and more truly white when fresh, and the
stems are simple. The tubes of the dried specimens of individ-
uals of P. confluens, which were picked in a fresh growing con-
dition, have a paler, a pinkish-buff color, while those specimens
which had matured and were slightly weathered when picked,
have the tubes now as described above.

A comparison of the figures by Fries (Sverig dtl Svamp., PI.
24) and by Barla (PI. 29, Figs. 2 and 3) shows that the habit
of the Colorado plants is much less complex; the majority have

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 121

few branches or a small number of confluent stems. Only oc-
casional plants possess the large number of pilei shown in these
figures. The color in the figures cited cannot be taken too
seriously, in view of the variations in the plants of the terres-
trial group to which P. confluens belongs. I have no doubt
that the Tennessee plants are the true P. confluens, and although
the Colorado plants do not match at all at present, I think they
must be considered the same thing.

(B) Leal. Aug. Rare.

These collections were at first referred to P. confluens, but
further study makes this reference doubtful. Only one collection
was made. The tubes when dried are ''Saccardo's umber" to
" sepia," very regular even in the mature plant, angular, and
the mouths do not become lacerate-dentate. Stems simple or
sparsely branched, distinctly "orange-rufous" (Ridg.), probably
with an orange-rufous mycelium. The pileus is rather thin,
with a membranous incurved margin, whitish-lutescent when
fresh, glabrous, and with a cuticle; the pileus dries much
thinner than those under (A). Spores, etc., hke P. confluens.

It is not unlikely that this is the long-lost Polyporus politus
Fr. It is true the pileus does not show the red color except as
a tint. In I cones, Fries states that his figures were made from
dried specimens, and doubtless the drawings were somewhat
conventionalized. On the other hand, it would be easy to see
in Fries's figure of Polyporus suhsquamosus our diffracted-scaly
specimens of P. confluens described above.

As to P. fractipes Murr. and P. peckianus Sacc, one cannot
be very positive. A specimen of what is apparently a good
P. peckianus is in my herbarium; it differs at once from the
Colorado species by its smaller pores, and according to Peck's
original description, as P. flavidus {N. Y. Mus. Rep., 26: 68),
the pileus is depressed-funnel form, and its pores are yellow,
while according to Lloyd (Vol. V., letter 62, note 429), its
spores are smaller, 3.5 x 2.5 /x. P. fractipes Murr. is said to
have small pores also, 4-5 to a mm., and the pileus is much
thinner than that of the Colorado plants; other characters agree
rather well with form (A). There remains P. Whitei (Murr.).

122 C. H. Kaufman

This is only separable from the Colorado form {A), following
Murrill's description, by the rose color which the tubes and flesh
assume on bruising or drying, unless the character of a pruinose
pileus be important.

PoLYPORUS ELEGANS Fr. Sept. Infrequent. Leal. Tol-
land. (Polyporus varius.) On dead branches of Populus tremu-
loides.

Polyporus fragilis Fr. Sept. Rare. Tolland. On conif-
erous log. Spores 4-5 x 1.5 ^l.

Polyporus hirtus Fr. Rare. Leal. On old stump of Pinus
contorta.

Polyporus leucospongia Ell. & Hark. Sept. Frequent.
Leal. Tolland. On old or charred logs of Pinus contorta in
forest burns where logs are under dry conditions.

Polyporus osseus Fr. Rare. Leal. At base of living
trunk of Picea Engelmanni on the exposed dead part of a root.

Polyporus perennis Fr. Sept. Infrequent. Tolland. On
the ground under conifers.

Polyporus resinosus Fr. Sept. Apparently rare. (P.
henzoinus, sense Lloyd.) On Abies lasiocarpa. In good condi-
tion with surface of pileus hispid-reticulate, with metallic-bluish
zones.

Polyporus ursinus Lloyd. Sept. Infrequent. Tolland.
Leal. On old logs of pine and fir. Spores 8-10 x 2.5-3.5 ^i.
Hymenium provided with short hyaline cystidia, often en-
crusted at apex.

PoLYSTiCTUS abietinus Fr. Sept. Frequent. Leal. Tol-
land. On logs, etc., of pine, Abies and spruce.

PoLYSTiCTUS suBCHARTACEUS Murr. Sept. Infrequent.
Tolland. On dead Populus tre7nuloides.

PoRiA MEDULLAE-PANis Fr. Sept. Frequent. Tolland. On
coniferous logs.

PoRiA OBDUCENs Fr. Sept. Tolland. On coniferous log.

PoRiA sALMONicoLOR B. & C. Sept. Rare. Tolland. On
coniferous wood.

Trametes carnea Nees. Sept. Tolland. Infrequent. On
bark of Pinus contorta and Picea Engelmanni.

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 123

Trametes mollis Fr. Sept. Frequent. Tolland. On log
of Ahies lasiocarpa. Reported only on deciduous trees by Over-
liolts.

Trametes piceina Pk. Sept. Infrequent. Tolland.

Forming low, narrow, strips on decorticated fallen logs of
Picea. Markedly distinct from the Trametes -pini fruit-bodies
on the same host and in same region, by its smaller pores and
its resupinate-reflexed habit. (See, however, Overholts, Ann.
Mo. Bat. Gard., 22: 722. 1915.)

Trametes pini Fr. Sept. Very common. Leal. Tolland.
On Pinus contorta, Picea Engelmanni, Ahies lasiocarpa. On
living or dead trunks. Large percentage of pines had heart rot.

Trametes protracta Fr. Sept. Common. Leal. Tol-
land. Common on old and charred logs of Pinus contorta. This
is distinct from T. vialis Pk.

Trametes serialis Fr. Sept. Rare. Tolland. On dead
branches of Salix sp.

Trametes tenuis Karst. Sept. Frequent. Leal. Tolland,
fide Overholts. On charred logs of Ahies lasiocarpa, forming
extensive patches up to 20 cm. long.

Trametes variiformis Pk. Sept. Frequent. Tolland.
Leal. On coniferous wood.

Clavariaceae

Clavaria aurea Fr. Infrequent. Tolland, Leal.

On the ground under pine, spruce and fir. Spores subhya-
line, 9-12 x 4-4.5 jjl, rarely up to 15 jj, long. Size and habit
similar to C. flava. Color of branches "apricot-yellow" to
"buff-yellow" (Ridg.), with "lemon-yellow" tips. Base of stem
white, 10-12 cm. thick.

Clavaria botrytis Fr. Infrequent. Tolland.

Under spruce and pines. The spores in some specimens
measure shorter, and indicate slow maturity. The striations on
the spore wall are faint and must be looked for under magni-
fications of about 1500 diam. Spores of the Colorado form
measure 10-13 (15) x 4-5 /x. The spores of some of my Michi-
gan specimens measure 10-15 (16) x 5-6 //, all striate. I am

124 C. H. Kaufman

inclined, however, to think the Colorado plant is merely a form;
at least it is not Clavaria hotrytoides Pk. (A^. Y. State Mus. Bull.,
94: 49. 1905.)

Clavaria corniculata Fr. (C. muscoides L.) Frequent.
Tolland. Under conifers.

Clavaria cristata Fr. Frequent, Tolland. Under pines,

Clavaria flava Fr. Occasionally abundant, Leal and Tol-
land. Under pines. Spores 10-14 x 3.5-4.5 jjl, shghtly yellowish,
or subhyaline in microscope, the spore wall practically smooth
under very high magnification.

Clavaria fumosa Fr. Rare. Leal, Tolland.

On moss and humus under spruce and fir. The color is
smoky-brown with tint of purple. It forms dense clusters of
usually simple clubs 5-8 cm. high, 2-5 mm. thick; the hymen-
ium is provided with cylindrical hyaline cystidia; spores oblong,
9-10 X 5 fx hyaline.

Clavaria ligula Fr. Uncommon. Tolland. Under pines.

Clavaria pistillaris Fr. forma truncata. (See Atkinson,
Mushrooms, p. 203- 1900, and E. T. Harper, Mycologia, V. 263.
1913.) Typical plants occur also. Infrequent. Tolland, Leal.
Under pines.

Clavaria pyxidata Fr. Infrequent. Leal. On poplar log.

Agaricaceae

Amanita muscaria Fr. Infrequent. Tolland.

In groves of pine and poplar. American authors nearly
always include ''red" in giving the colors of the pileus, but no
one, to my knowledge, has clearly stated that the brilliant-red
European color form had been observed in this country.

I saw this form in Sweden, but until I came across the col-
lection at Tolland, assumed that it did not occur in the United
States. These specimens had a uniform "scarlet" to "scarlet-
red" (Ridg.) pileus, just like those of Europe; the volva was
"light-buff" to " naples-yellow " (Ridg.) and the thick outer
edge of the annulus was also decorated by " naples-yellow "
floccose tufts which had been torn from the volva. The spores
measure 9-12 x 6-8 (9) ^u, with a very large oil globule.

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 125

If we consider the well-known orange-yellow to yellow form
as the center of the color shading, we get as one extreme this
brilliant red form in the Rocky Mountains, and as we go east
and south to Virginia, I have noted that the colors tend to be
much paler, even when in a favorable growing condition. The
tendency to fade rapidly to dingy white after maturity is much
more common there than in the North.

Armillaria macrospora Pk. Rare. Tolland.

Mossy or moist ground under spruce and fir; solitary, rarely
two or more. Because of the inadequate description published
by Peck, it seems desirable to give an emended account of this
species, especially because another large-spored plant, A. evanes-
cens (Love joy) Murrill, has been described from the Rocky
Mountains :

Pileus fleshy, 8-12 (20) cm, broad, convex, obtuse, then
expanded-plane, becoming turbinate in age, with a gelatinous
pelhcle which is viscid when moist, even, glabrous, shining when
dry, ''cinnamon-buff" to ''pinkish-buff" (Ridg.); sometimes
tinged brownish-yellowish; margin acute, sometimes subappen-
diculate from the veil; flesh very thick in centre, abruptly quite
thin at margin, white; gills acuminate-long-decurrent, narrow,
crowded, a few forked toward margin of pileus, white to "light
buff" (R.), edge entire; stem 4-7 (9) cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. thick,
subequal or tapering downwards, stout, solid, white within; veil
thick, persistent, rather membranous, at first sheathing the stem
to middle or above, terminating in a flaring, membranous por-
tion which becomes the annulus, at length torn and forming
subconcentric patches colored like pileus, the thin outer layer of
the veil composed of gelatinous hyphae and viscid when wet;
odor subfarinaceous when flesh is crushed, taste like rancid
meal or somewhat disagreeable; spores 13-16 (17) x 5-6 (rarely
7) /JL, subcyhndric-subfusiform, hyaline, granular within; cystidia
none; basidia 85-90x9-11 [i.

Armillaria mellea Fr. Rare in the conifer forests, but then
attached to coniferous wood.

Armillaria viscidipes Pk. Solitary. Not infrequent. Tol-
land, Leal.

126 C. H. Kauffman

Solitary on the slopes of the mountain ridges under pine and
spruce. The stem, whose enclosing veil is viscid when young
and fresh, is subequal or usually tapering downwards; the spores
are minute, 5-6 (7) x 3-4 (5) }x, so that Peck {Ann. Rep. N. Y.
State Mus., 44: 128) seems to have noted only the extreme
larger size; furthermore, a mount of the gills usually shows a
large number of immature, subspheroid spores. The odor is
subalkaline, penetrating and distinguishing.

Cantherellus cibarius Fr. Frequent in August, not seen
later.

Cantherellus lutescens Fr. (Epicrisis). Infrequent.
Tolland, Leal.

On rotten coniferous wood. The stature is that of C. in-
fundihulijormis. Pileus ''fawn color" (Ridg.); gills "ochraceous-
salmon," stem "pinkish-cinnamon"; the spores measure 10-12
(13, 15) X 4-5.5 ji, subcylindrical, hyaline.

Claudopus nidulans Fr. Rare. Tolland. On conifer log.

Clitocybe candicans Fr. Infrequent, Tolland, Leal. In
fir and spruce forests.

Clitocybe Candida Bres, Rare. Under fir and spruce in
high mountains.

Clitocybe coxnata Schum.-Bres. {Fung. Trid., 1. PL
XXXIII.) Infrequent, Tolland.

On rotten coniferous wood and debris. Clitocybe overholtsii,
Murrill {North American Flora, 9. Part 6, p. 403), is doubtless
the same thing. It varies in its habit, and the connate character
is not always dependable.

Clitocybe fritilliformis Fr. Rare. Tolland. On moss
under fir.

Clitocybe geotropa Fr. Rare. Leal. On conifer log.

Clitocybe laccata Fr. Frequent. Tolland, Leal. On low
ground.

Clitocybe maxima Fr. Infrequent. Tolland. Under spruce
and pine.

Clitocybe piceina Pk. Infrequent. Leal. Under conifers.

Clitocybe pithyophila Fr. Infrequent. Tolland. Under
fir.

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 127

Clitocybe sordarius (Fr.) (Paxillus sordarius Fr.). Rare.
Tolland, On banks, attached to very rotten wood. Spores
narrow, subfusiform, hyaline, 8-9 x 3.5-4 fx.

Clitocybe tornata Fr. Infrequent, Tolland. On decayed
wood.

CoLLYBiA ACERVATA Fr. Infrequent, Leal, Tolland.

On much-decayed wood of conifers, forming dense subcon-
fluent, caespitose clusters of many individuals. The conception
of this species as described in Agaricaceae of Michigan, I. 759,
is entirely erroneous, by the fact of its very incompleteness.
The species would not be recognizable by that description, or
indeed by that of many other books. Even Fries did not put
sufficient emphasis on the densely caespitose character of the
stems, with which many of the other characters are correlated.

CoLLYBiA ALBiFLAViDA (Pk.) Kauff. var. montana var.
nov. Rare. Tolland. Among grass in meadow, edge of
coniferous forest.

This departs from the species in its somewhat broader
gills, 6-10 mm. broad, which become ''pale ochraceous-
orange" (Ridg.), and the spores measure 8-9 (10) x 5-6 (6.5)
jd. In stature, habit and the presence of cystidia, and
the other characters, it corresponds to the well-known eastern
species.

CoLLYBiA BUTYRACEA Fr. Not Seen after August, Tolland.

CoLLYBiA ciRRATA Fr. Infrequent. Leal. On debris of
conifer needles.

CoLLYBiA COLOREA Pk. Rare. Leal. On conifer log.

CoLLYBiA coNFLUENs Fr. Frequent, Leal. On ground in
woods.

CoLLYBiA DRYOPHiLA Fr. Frequent. Leal. Under spruce
and fir.

CoLLYBiA TUBEROSA Fr. Frcqucut, Tolland. On decaying
fungi.

CoLLYBiA TENuiPES (Schw.) Sacc. Infrequent. Tolland.
Attached to wood.

CoLLYBiA VELUTiPEs Fr. Infrequent, Tolland. On wood of
Salix, etc.

128 C. H. Kaufman

CoPRiNUS ATRAMENTARius Fr. Infrequent, Tolland. On
the ground.

CoRTiNARius ALBOVIOLACEUS Fr. (Inoloma). Frequent.
Leal. In alluvial soil along streams.

CoRTiNARius ALUTACEOFULvus Britz. (Telamonia). Infre-
quent. Leal, Tolland. On moist, mossy ground, or on mosses
under spruce.

This is to be considered as a segregate of C. hivelus Fr. It
differs from its nearest relatives like C. hivelus, C. rusticus
Karst., and C. laniger Fr. because of its almost spherical spores,
which measure 6-7.5 x 5-6 /jl. Furthermore, C. bivelus and C.
laniger have a distinct odor according to Fries. This quartet of
species has presented considerable difficulty, but an accumulation
of data makes it possible to distinguish three of them as occur-
ring in this country. C. alutaceofulvus occurs also in the Adiron-
dack Mountains under spruce. In Overholts's list I referred
a collection of what is probably this species, to C. rusticus.

CORTINARIUS ANOMALus Fr. (Dermocybe). Frequent, Leal.
In moist debris and leaves, under pine and spruce.

CORTINARIUS ANGULOsus Fr. (Hydrocybe). Infrequent.
Leal. Under conif.ers. This is a firm plant, which, like its near-
est relatives C. isahellinus and C. renidens, becomes ochraceous
on losing moisture; from both of these it differs in its spore
characters and habit.

CORTINARIUS ARQUATUS Fr. (Bulbopodium). Rare. Leal.
Under spruce and fir.

This is apparently distinguished from the larger C. atkin-
sonianus by the weak violaceous colors, the broad gills, and the
peculiar violaceous base of the stem, which, as Fries remarks,
is not itself bulbous or marginate, but is surrounded and en-
larged by the volva-like remnant of the veil. Our Colorado
specimens were not strikingly volvate, but agree well with
Ricken's account and his spore-size, 12-15 x 7-8 At. Other Euro-
pean notices agree in giving the spore-size 10-12 fx long. But
no one except Ricken has given us a critical study of it since
the time of Fries. It is of course possible that two species occur
in Europe.

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 129

CoRTiNARius ATKiNsoNiANus Kaiiff. (Bulbopo(lium). In-
frequent. Leal. Under conifers.

CoRTiNARius BALTEATUS Fr. (Plilegmacium) form pallidus.
Rare. Leal.

These specimens lacked the violaceous-purplish tinge on the
margin of the pileus; but Fries noted forms of this kind in
Sweden. The broad, obtuse pileus is out of proportion to the
short stem. The gills are very broad and distinguish this spe-
cies from its relatives. Ricken says the stem is peronate, but
on what authority, I am unable to determine; at all events,
he does not depend on Fries.

Cortinarius bistreoides sp. nov. (Telamonia).

Pileus 2-4 cm. broad, submembranaceous, fragile, at first
conic-campanulate, then expanded-plane or repand on margin,
usually with a subacute umbo, glabrous, silky-shining when dry,
even, ''mummy brown" (Ridg.) when moist, "ochraceous-buff"
on drying, iwiho at length "bistr-e,^' and finally bistre elsewhere,
with a very thin margin, which is at first delicately white-silky,
at length incised or crenate-plicate ; flesh concolor, hygrophan-
ous, quite thin. Gills adnate, often sinuate, strongly ventricose,
broad, definitely subdistant, at first pallid-brownish, then
"tawny," edge white-flocculose. Stem slender, 4-6 cm. long,
2-4 mm. thick, equal, somewhat rigid-elastic, straight or flexu-
ous, solid, innately silky-fibrillose and shining when dry, slowly
fuscescent, incarnate-tinged within, scarcely marked by zones
of the evanescent, whitish universal veil. Odor slight, radishy-
earthy, taste shght or none. Spores elliptical, 10-12 x 5-6 (7)
fjL, tuberculate at maturity, dark rusty brown in microscope.

Gregarious or subcaespitose, in moist places under spruce and
fir. Leal, Colorado. August.

Distinguished from- its allies by its large spores, and the pre-
vailing bistre shades of the pileus. The flesh of the stem is.
solid and tinged by a shade of incarnate-brown, then slowly
fuscescent. The cap becomes blackish-streaked or stained in
age. The scanty cortina is white. C. badius Pk., which has
large spores, is entirely diflferent in the smaller size of the
plant and in its colors, etc. It must not be confused with C.

130 C. H. Kaufman

nigro-cuspidatus or C. paleaceus, whose spores are much
smaller.

CoRTiNARius BiVELus Fr. (Telamonia). Infrequent. Leal.
Tolland. Under spruce and pine. See remarks under C. alu-
taceofulvus.

CoRTiNARius BRUNNEOFULVus Fr. (Telamonia). Infrequent.
Leal. In mixed woods.

CORTINARIUS CAESiocYANEUs Britz. (Bulbopodium). In-
frequent. Leal. Alluvial soil, forest.

CORTINARIUS CALLiSTEUs Fr. (Inoloma). Rare. Leal.
Alluvial soil, under spruce, fir and alder.

This is the second time I have collected this fine species.
Fifteen years ago, I obtained a few plants in hemlock and pine
woods at Ithaca, N.Y. It is quite distinct and entirely like the
European plant.

CORTINARIUS ciNNAMOMEUS Fr. (Dermocybc). Common.
Leal. Tolland. On moss and debris under pine, spruce or fir.

Cortinarius citrinellus sp. nov. (Bulbopodium).

Pileus up to 10 cm. broad, fleshy, convex-expanded, very
viscid, then somewhat floccose-dotted from the drying gluten,
at first "olive-lake" to ''buff -citrine" (Ridg.), finally "clay-
color" to "honey-yellow," the margin at first incurved and
tomentose; flesh thick, except on margin, at first tinged
" primrose-yellow" (Ridg.), then whitish. Gills adnate and
rounded behind, then sinuate, moderately broad, 8-10 mm.,
ventricose, close, becoming slightly subdistant, at first "prim-
rose-yellow" (Ridg.), finally "tawny." Stem 5-7 (8) cm. long,
apex 1.5-2 cm. thick, at first marginate-bulbous, becoming oval-
bulbous, abruptly short-obtusely-pointed below bulb, which is
densely fibrillose-tomentose from the "primrose-yellow" veil,
elsewhere veil is evanescent and surface of stem concolorous with
that of the pileus. Cortina yellowish, odor and taste slight.
Spores broadly ellipsoid to globose, 8-9 x 6-8 /jl, rough, brownish
under microscope.

Solitary or scattered. Leal, Colorado. Under pine and
spruce. August.

This differs from its allies in the subglobose spores. It ap-

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 131

proaches C. prasinus in its colors, but with less green. It differs
from C. virentophyllus in spores, colors and habitat. When
quite young, the green shades are more manifest. In wet
weather, the bulb is viscid from the veil-remnants. The cor-
tina is at first attached to the margin of the bulb, thus indicat-
ing its position in the subgenus Bulbopodium.

CoRTiNARius COLYMBADINUS Fr. (Dermocvbe). Very com-
mon in a restricted area of spruce and fir forest. Leal.

This is form (B) of Fries's Monographia, which he collected
under pines. When it is moist and drying, the subhygrophanous
character is apt to lead one into the hygrophanous groups. The
"tawny-olive" to "old-gold" (Ridg.) color of the moist cap, the
tendency of the margin to become geniculate, the rather broad,
almost subdistant gills and spores which measure 7-8 (9) x 6-6.5
)U, separate it from its allies. This form had only a slight radish
odor, while form (A) of Monographia, which occurred under
beech, is said to have had a very strong odor of radish.

CoRTiNARius CROCEOCONUS Fr. Rare. Leal. Mossy ground
under conifers.

CORTINARIUS CYANOPUsFr. Rare, Leal. Under spruce and fir.

This seems to agree well enough with the conception handed
down to us. The spores measure 10-12 x 8-9 /jl. It is Ricken's
plant, except that both he and Fries limit it to frondose woods.
Since its violet-stemmed allies are already numerous, I refrain
from segregating it on such slight grounds. C. aggregatus Kauff.
has much smaller spores. Further study of these violet species
may bring out additional useful characters. The gills of the
Colorado plant were "deep vinaceous-la vender " (Ridg.) at first,
and their edge noticeably crenulate. The upper part of the
stem within and without had the color of the young gills. The
pileus was "cinnamon-buff" to "clay color" (Ridg.).

CORTINARIUS CYLiNDRiPES Kauff. (Myxacium). Infrequent.
Tolland. In moist places under conifers.

CORTINARIUS DECUMBENS Fr. (Dcrmocybe). Rare. Leal.
Under spruce and fir.

The whole plant is at first "ivory white" (Ridg.), later the
gills become "Sayal-brown" from the spores. The specimens

132 C. H. Kaufman

were larger than the typical size found by Fries, but he notes
that such extremes do occur. The rather stout and decumbent
stems soon become spongy-hollow and split easily in the longi-
tudinal direction. Spores measure 7-8.5 x 5-6 fx. This is my
first collection.

CoRTiNARius DELiBUTUS Fr. (Myxacium). Infrequent, Leal.
On mosses under conifers.

This differs from C. sphoerosporus Pk., which is similar and
occurs in Eastern United States, by its somewhat larger spores,
the white flesh of the pileus and in the gills which are not truly
violaceous in the young stage. Its gills are more crowded than
in the typical form, a form which is also reported by Fries, The
color of the pileus varies from ''mustard-yellow" (Ridg.) to
''cream-buff."

CoRTiNARius DiBAPHUS Fr. Rare. Tolland. Under spruce.

CoRTiNARius DiLUTUS Fr. (Hydrocybe). Infrequent, Leal.
Tolland. On mosses under conifers.

By reason of its strongly hygrophanous character, the pileus,
which is almost "chestnut-brown" when young and moist, fades
to a pale "cinnamon-buff" (R) as it develops and loses moisture.
The spores are spheroid, 6-7 x 6 ^t. Its nearest relative is
probably C. rubricosus Fr.

CORTINARIUS ELEGANTioR Fr. Rare. Leal. Under alpine fir.

This fine species was described by Fries from the mountains,
under fir. Our plants agree exactly with his account. Ricken
says the gills are broad, but such is not the Friesian description.
The spores measure 12-15 (16) x 8-9 ix. The variety from
frondose woods described in Agaricaceae of Michigan, I. 355,
probably belongs elsewhere. The Colorado plants have slightly
larger spores than any recorded by European authors, but mis-
interpretation of Fresian plants in the middle and south of
Europe, is to be expected. We have already in this country
three or four superficially similar, but really quite distinct
species.

CORTINARIUS EVERNius Fr. (Tclamonia). Infrequent, Leal.
On mosses under conifers.

Quite typical; but variations in size, and changes due to the

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 133

fading of the intense violet color of the stems, are frequently-
very confusing.

CoRTiNARius GENTiLis Fr, (Tekmonia) . Frequent, Leal,
Tolland. In deep mosses, under conifers, etc.

Sharply marked by its broad and distant gills, which often
become very distant as the plant matures and the drying cap
pulls up on the margin. Except for its longer stems and habitat,
it has somewhat the appearance of C. distans Pk. But in the
latter the stem is cingulate by the faded whitish remnants of a
brownish veil, while in C. gentilis the zone in the middle is
"yellow-ochre" and due to a yellow veil. The spores of C.
gentilis are also slightly larger than in C. distans, and measure
8-9 (10) X 5.5-6 (7) fx.

CoRTiNARius GLANDicoLOR Fr. (Telamonia). Rather fre-
quent. Leal. Tolland. In debris under conifers, especially fir.

This is most easily confused with C. punctatus Fr. and
stout forms of C. uraceus Fr. It has about the stature and shape
of C. distans Pk., but that species never has a fuscescent tend-
ency, while in C. glandicolor the whole plant when it reaches
maturity becomes fuscous and in age even blackish. I have
found the latter in this country only in the mountain forests,
in the Adirondacks, the Rockies, and the Olympics. Its spores
are very slightly longer than in C. distans, but smaller than in
C. punctata. Its gills vary from close to subdistant, in some
forms distant in age. The stem is at first whitish, but in age
only the annular zones of the veil remain whitish. In Agari-
caceae of Michigan, p. 422, it is compared with its relatives,
but at that time I had not become definitely acquainted with it.
The pileus is campanulate, its umbo quite variable from small
and pointed to broadly mammillate and obtuse, and small
plants often have the shape of C. rigidus, but differently colored.

Cortinarius glaucopoides sp. nov. (Bulbopodium).

Pileus 5-10 cm. broad, fleshy, convex, obtuse, then expanded-
plane, often irregular from crowding, with a viscid, separable
pellicle, glabrous, even, "antimony-yellow" (Ridg.) to "pale
orange-yellow," unicolorous, deeper lutescent with age, not
streaked, the thin margin at first incurved; flesh thick, abruptly

134 C. H. Kaufman

thinner on margin, white or whitish at first, distinctly lutescent.
Gills adnate-emarginate with tooth, somewhat narrow to medium
broad, up to 5-8 (9) mm., close to crowded, at first "pale
vinaceous-drab " (Ridg.) becoming "ochraceous-tawny," edge
suberose. Stem 4-7 cm. long, 10-15 mm. thick, straight or
curved, subequal above the small, abrupt, oblique, marginate bulb,
solid, at first slightly superficially fibrillose, cortina white, at
length glabrescent and innately silky, white or whitish, some-
times tinged 'Mrab" at apex, lutescent toward base within and
without, bulb flattened below. Odor slight but penetrating,
taste mild. Spores narrowly elliptical, almost smooth under
high powers, 8-9 x 4-5 ix, pale rusty brown in microscope.
Caespitose or in gregarious clusters. Leal, Colorado. August.
Under conifers in mountain forests.

This has the habit and spores of C. glaucopus, but the colors
are sharply different, and the pileus is never streaked. The
remark of Fries {Monographia, I. p. 18), that "it (C. glaucopus) is
changeable as it is variable," has doubtless led later mycologists
to take the easy road of putting a number of species under this
name, especially when the lutescent character of flesh and stem
was well marked and other characteristics seemed to fit. I
should not like to attempt the solution of the question as to
which of the segregates is to be considered the type. The
species before us could be so considered, except that Fries does
not report C. glaucopus in mountainous coniferous forests.

Cortinarius griseoluridus sp. nov. (Myxacium) .

Pileus 5-8 (10) cm. broad, fieshy, broadly convex then ex-
panded, obtuse, rarely subumbonate, with a distinct glutinous
pellicle, at first "light quaker drab" (Ridg.), especially on mar-
gin, elsewhere becoming "olive-ochre" on a "smoky-gray" ground
color, even, glabrous at first, at length scaly-spotted or variegate-
virgate from the drying gluten, margin at first incurved, some-
times more purplish-tinted; flesh very thick on disk, abruptly
thin on margin, soft, moist, at first tinted violaceous-gray, then
watery-whitish, with a tint of ''ochre-olive" (Ridg.) under
pellicle. Gills adnate-subdecurrent, then emarginate with tooth,
close to crowded, medium broad, at first "pale vinaceous-drab,"

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 135

soon "avellaiieoiis," finally rusty-brown, edge minutely crenulate.
Stem 4-9 cm. long, 10-20 mm. thick at apex, stout, often taper-
ing upward from a clavate base, sometimes subequal and longer,
sometimes with a large oval bulb and shorter, bulb up to 30 mm.
thick and often abruptly short-pointed below,, firmly stuffed to
hollow, terete or compressed, at first tinged violaceous within
and without, apex at first flocculose-furfuraceous and soon white,
elsewhere covered by the thin, viscid, appressed, suhconcentric,
grayish-lutescent patches from the glutinous universal veil. Odor
and taste mild. Spores broadly oval to subglobose, subacute
at one end, thick walled, under oil-immersion with interrupted
ridges on surface so as to appear subreticulate, pale rusty in
microscope, 8-10 x 7-8.5 jjl.

Gregarious. Leal, Colorado. Under conifers in mountain
forests. August.

This differs from C. salor Fr., to which it is related, by its
dull or sordid hues, by its close gills, stuffed to hollow stem and
its habitat under conifers. It is also apparently related to C.
emunctus Fr., but no reliable microscopic data are at hand for
that species. Britzelmayr's species C. griseolilacinus and C.
suhflexuosus are not sufficiently described. This species was very
abundant over a small flat at the base of the slopes, under
spruce and fir. When very young, the stem is violet within and
without, but quickly changes. A few hours after it is picked,
the pileus changes entirely to ''buffy-olive" (Ridg.), and in
large specimens its surface is covered with numerous spot-like
floccose scales.

CoRTiNARius iLLUMiNUS Fr. (Hydrocybe). Infrequent, Leal.
Gregarious under spruce and fir.

Fries notes that this is difficult to distinguish because its char-
acteristics are not prominent. He reports it from both frondose
and conifer woods. The plants I have referred here possess gills
with an unusual shade of color, soon "cinnamon-rufous" to
terra cotta" (Ridg.). Its stems are rather long-attenuate up-
wards and subventricose downwards, with a short abruptly
attenuate base which is often decumbent, soon hollow. It is
related to C. armeniacus Fr., but the stems become sordid to

136 C. H. Kaufman

dingy rusty brown in age. Its habit is that of a stout-stemmed
C. rigens. The colors of the pileus when moist are " chestnut-
brown" to "cinnamon-rufous," and fade slowly; its texture is
rigid and brittle. The spores are small, 7-8 x 5 /x.

CoRTiNARius INJUCUNDUS (Wcinm.) Fr. (Telamonia). Rare,
Leal. Under conifers.

This belongs to the C. brunneus group and is about the same
stature and colors, but differs from C. brunneus in that the apex
of the stem, both within and without, as well as the young
gills, are violaceous; the gills are similar, but are attached with
a decurrent tooth; and the pileus is markedly variegated-
streaked in two shades of brown; the spores are about the same,
Barbier (Bull. Soc. Myc, 27: 183) considers it merely a form
of C. brunneus. Cooke's illustration, Plate 823, shows spores
which manifestly do not fit our plant. The spores of the Colo-
rado plants are broadly elliptical, 8-9 (10) x 6-7 /x.

CoRTiNARius iSABELLiNUS Fr. (Hydrocybe). Frequent,
Leal, Tolland. In hard soil under pines.

Characterized by its rigid-brittle stem and cap, with broadly
umbonate and usually gibbous pileus, which is umber when
moist, "olive-ochre" (Ridg.) when dry, and with thick and
rigid, rather broad gills. Pileus 3-5 cm. broad; stem 4-6 cm.
x 6-7 mm. thick and nearly equal. All parts on losing moisture
begin to show the !' olive-ochre" color, including the cortina.
The spores measure 8-9 (10) x 4.5-5 jjl.

CoRTiNARius LANiGER Fr. Not infrequent. Tolland. Under
conifers.

Its near relative, C. bivelus has a glabrous pileus, while in
this, the surface is at first and for a w^hile hoary-canescent, or
with appressed superficial silky-white fibrils, becoming glabrous
in time. Its spores are rather variable, 8-11 x 5-6 /jl. The
enlarged base of the clavate stem is quite tomentose-mycelioid
and sometimes quite villose upwards.

CoRTiNARius LiLACiNiPES Britz. (Bulbopodium). Infre-
quent, Leal. Under spruce and fir.

The narrow, crowded gills, at first " vinaceous-fawn" (Ridg.)
in color, the lutescent bulb attached to an ochraceous mycelium,

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 137

and the pale yellow, "antimony-yellow" (Ridg.) color of the
pileus, are the main features of this good-sized plant. I refer
it here with some hesitancy, as the Britzelmayr species are
hard to recognize. The spores when examined under the oil-
immersion are reticulate-rough and measure 11-13 (14) x 6-7 (8)
IJL. The gill-color of the young plant persists to maturity, so
that they appear incarnate-tinged even in age. The apex of the
young stem is at first tinged with lilac or vinaceous.

CoRTiNARius MALicoRius Fr. (Dermocybe). Infrequent.
Leal, Tolland. Under conifers.

Cortinarius metarius sp. nov. (Bulbopodium).

Pileus 4-7 (8) cm. broad; fleshy, convex-expanded, then
plane, with a viscid pellicle which is at the very first pale bluish-
violaceous, quickly lutescent, then "mustard-yellow," "naples-
yellow" or "apricot-yellow" (Ridg.), glabrous, even, the thin
margin at first incurved and minutely tomentose; flesh medium
thick on disk, tinged at first with violaceous-incarnate tints, soon
whitish then lutescent. Gills adnexed, rounded behind, then
sinuate-uncinate, narrow, 4-6 (7) mm. broad, crowded, at first
incarnate or amethystine, "heliotrope gray" (Ridg.), soon pale
"clay-color." Stem 4-6 cm. long, 10-18 mm. thick, subequal
above the shallow and broad, marginate-depressed bulb, sometimes
compressed-subturbinate, solid, at first more or less violet
within and without, soon white then lutescent, bulb covered by
remnants of a yellow universal veil, superficially fibrillose above
bulb. Odor and taste mild or slight. Spores narrowly ellipsoid,
inequilateral, almost smooth, pale yellowish-rusty under micro-
scope, 9-12 (13) x 5-6 fx.

Solitary, on the ground in mountain forests of spruce and
fir. Leal, Grand Co., Colorado. August.

This is exactly halfway between C. calochrous and C. caerul-
escens, and these three species offer good material for the "lump-
ers" in taxonomy. It differs from C. calochrous, in the dis-
tinctly larger spores, and the color changes in the plant; from
C. caerulescens, in its smaller spores, the presence of a yellow
universal veil, and the narrow gills. The name refers to the
limitations imposed by this separation.

138 C. H. Kauffman

CoRTiNARius MUCiFLUUS Fr. (Myxacium). Infrequent, Tol-
land. Moist places under bushes.

CoRTiNARius MULTIFORMIS Fr. Frequent, Leal. In troops,
under conifers.

Cortinarius nigrocuspidatus sp. nov. (Telamonia).

Pileus 2-3.5 (4.5) cm. broad, submembranous or slightly
fleshy, at first conic-campanulate, then campanulate-expanded
with an obtusely conical, black, prominent umbo, sometimes
mammillate, innately silky-fibrillose, silky-shining when dry,
glabrous, even, hygrophanous, "sepia" or "army brown"
(Ridg.) fading to "wood-brown" or paler, except umbo,
the margin at first decorated by narrow shreds of the white
universal veil; flesh thin, concolor, hygrophanous, fading.
Gills adnate, then emarginate with decurrent tooth, subdistant,
rather broad, ventricose, somewhat wrinkled on sides, at first
pallid-brownish, then "cinnamon" to "tawny-cinnamon." Stem
slender, 4-6 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick, elastic, equal, flexuous,
stuffed, then hollow, "sepia" within and without, scarcely fus-
cescent, unequally zoned downwards by the silky white rem-
nants of the delicate universal veil, sometimes with only a median
zone. Odor and taste slightly of radish. Spores short ellipsoid
to suboval, 8-9 (10) x 5-6 ijl, obtuse, minutely and indistinctly
rough, rusty-brownish under microscope.

Subcaespitose or gregarious. Leal, Colorado. Under spruce
and fir in mountain forests.

Related to C. stemmatus Fr., from which it differs in its sub-
distant, broad gills, and somewhat larger spores. It has to some
extent the appearance of C. paleaceus, but the pileus is gla-
brous, and the spores larger. Sepia is the prevailing color in
fresh specimens; it is deeper and darker on the umbo of the
pileus.

Cortinarius obtusus Fr. Frequent, Leal, Tolland. Caes-
pitose or gregarious, under fir and spruce.

Cortinarius oricalchius Fr. (Bulbopodium). Infrequent,
Leal, Tolland. Under spruce and fir.

This species seems to be sufficiently well known in Europe.
My Colorado collections were excellent examples of the species.

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 139

In the mountains of northwestern United States, the darker form,
which is probably C. atrovirens Kalchb., occurs. It is surprising
that these are not known in the eastern part of the country.

CoRTiNARius PERCOMis Fr. (Phlegmacium). Infrequent,
Leal. Under spruce and fir.

The distinct, penetrating, sweet-aromatic odor is one of its
characteristics. It is related to C. cliduchus Fr., and Ricken
has apparently confused the two species as they were conceived
by Fries. Unfortunately, Fries did not mention the odor for
either species, but he limits C. percomis to pine and fir forests,
and C. cliduchus to beech and oak. He also makes it clear that
in C. percomis, the color of the flesh and gills is pale yellow,
citrin- or sulphur-yellow, and that the other parts of the plant
are flavescent; in C. cliduchus the colors are darker, "luteus" to
"fulvous." My collections, placed under C. percomis, all tended
to the paler group of colors. The spores measure 10-12 (13) x
5-6.5 (7) fx.

Cortinarius pinetorum (Fr.) comb. nov. (Inoloma).

Cortinarius argentatus var. pinetorum Fr., Monogr. Hymen.
Suec, I. 46. 1851. Leal. Under conifers.

This appears to be the Fresian form of C. argentatus occur-
ring under conifers. It is quite close to the form described in
Agaricaceae of Michigan, I. 381, under C. argentatus. There
is a peculiar lack of constancy in the width of the gills; some-
times they are distinctly narrow, sometimes medium broad;
likewise the spacing varies, the narrow gills are crowded, the
others tend to be subdistant. Forms under pines in Michigan
showed the same variation. The. typical C. argentatus is larger
and occurs in oak woods.

Cortinarius punctatus Fr. (Telamonia). Rare, Leal.
Under conifers.

This I consider form (B) of the Monographia of Fries. The
series of species and forms to which C. punctatus, C. glandicolor
and C. uraceus (stout form) belong, is a difficult Cortinarius
problem, fully recognized by Fries, who, however, did not hand
down to us the spore records. Had he been able to do this, a
good deal of the puzzle might be open to solution. C. punctatus

140 C. H. Kaufman

as here recognized, has spores 10-12 (13) x 6-8 (9) ijl, with occa-
sional spores up to 16 Ai long. No sign of a veil could be ob-
served. The pileus is '' Vandyke brown" when fresh and moist,
but both it and the stem are markedly fuscescent, so that the
plants become quite dark or blackish in age. The gills are
distant, broadly adnate and rather broad.

CoRTiNARius PURPURASCENS Fr. (Bulbopodium). Infre-
quent, but typical. Leal. Under conifers.

CoRTiNARius RiGENs Fr. (Hydrocybe). Infrequent, Tol-
land. Under fir.

This has the habit of C. scandens, but becomes much larger.
The spores measure 7-9 x 4-5 /x.

CORTINARIUS RiGiDus Fr. (Telamouia). Frequent, Leal,
Tolland. On mosses under conifers.

Its markedly broad gills, and the concentric white zones on
the fuscous-brown stem, distinguish it from its relatives. The
pileus is conic-campanulate, but umbo is subobtuse.

CORTINARIUS SCANDENS Fr. (Hydrocybc). Frequent, Leal,
Tolland. Under conifers.

CORTINARIUS SPLENDIDUS Pk. (Myxacium). Rare, Leal.
In moss, under pine and spruce.

CORTINARIUS suiLLus Fr. (Telamonia). Infrequent, Leal.
Under conifers.

This fine large plant was met for the first time; the
" ochraceous-salmon " to "apricot-buff" colors of its pileus
make it fairly easily recognizable. The stem is stout, clavate-
bulbous and white, pileus and gills turn slowly blackish when
bruised. The spores measure 9-10 (11) x 5-6 (7) fx. The veil is
rather evanescent.

CORTINARIUS URACEUS Fr. (Hydrocybe). Rare, Leal.
Under conifers.

CoRTiNARius viBRATiLis Fr. (Myifacium). Infrequent,
Leal, Tolland. Mixed and conifer woods.

CoRTiNARius viOLACEUS Fr. Infrequent, Leal. On moss
under fir.

Crepidotus versutus Pk. Uncommon, Tolland. On de-
cayed wood.

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 141

Entoloma sericeum Fr. Rare, Tolland. Mixed woods.

Flammula alnicola Fr. (sense Ricken). Rare, Tolland.
On end of fir log.

Flammula highlandensis Pk. Infrequent, Leal. On de-
cayed coniferous wood.

Flammula inopoda Fr. Rare, Tolland. On end of a fir log.

Flammula lubrica Fr. Rare, Tolland. On very rotten
coniferous wood, under fir.

Flammula lupina Fr. Rare, Leal. On decaying coniferous
log.
■ Flammula mixta Fr. (sense of Ricken). Rare, Leal.

Flammula penetrans Fr. Frequent, Leal, Tolland. On
coniferous logs and stumps.

Flammula spumosa Fr. Infrequent, Tolland.

One lot was studied during its development on rotten pine
timber lying in a dark shed next to our cabin. On the day
when these were picked, another lot was brought in from out-
doors, also on a very rotten pine log. Careful comparison
showed that the gills of the former had remained paler than in
the typical plant showing scarcely any yellow at maturity. The
gill-colors of the two lots of dried herbarium specimens do not
match, and a word of caution is necessary when comparing
dried specimens for shades of color. Both were microscopically
alike when mature.

Galera hypnorum Fr. Infrequent. Leal. On moss, under
conifers.

GoMPHiDius ROSEUS Fr. Infrequent; solitary. Leal, Tolland.
On moss, etc., under conifers.

Differs from G. viscidus, in the smaller size, upper part of
stem white, ''vinaceous-pink" to "pinkish-buff" pileus, and
smaller spores. Both have a viscid, but not truly glutinous cap
and veil. The spores measure 15-18 (20) x 5-6 fi, although in
both collections an occasional larger one may be found. Base
of stem is "empire yellow."

GoMPHiDius VISCIDUS Fr, Infrequent, solitary. Leal, Tol-
land. Under pines, spruce or fir.

Although not common, nor as luxuriantly developed as in

142 C. H. Kauffman

the conifer forests of Europe, this is doubtless the same as the
European species. Stem becoming "apricot-orange" (Ridg.)
within and without; spores 18-24x6-7 ix.

Hygrophorus agathosmus Fr. Rare, Leal. Under pines.

Hygrophorus calophyllus Bres. Rare. Under pine and
spruce.

This is my first collection of this beautiful gilled plant. It
is a good species. The "sea-shell pink" (Ridg.) color of the
gills is lost in the dried specimens.

Hygrophorus chrysodon Fr. Tolland. Infrequent, but
copious where it occurs; in gregarious or caespitose clusters.
Under conifers, low ground.

Hygrophorus conicus Fr. Rare, Tolland. In low ground.

Hygrophorus discoideus Fr. Rare, Tolland. Under
spruce.

Hygrophorus eberneus Fr. (form flavescens). Infrequent,
Leal. Under pines.

Hygrophorus fuscoalbum Fr. Common during September,
Tolland. Under conifers.

Hygrophorus hypothejus Fr. Common, Tolland. Under
pines.

Most often the gills do not become as deep yellow as in the
typical form.

Hygrophorus pudorinus Fr. Common during Septem-
ber, on the slopes of the mountains under pine, spruce or fir.
Tolland.

Hygrophorus virgineus Fr. Rare, Tolland, Leal. On
beds of spruce needles; in open meadow.

Inocybe albodisca Pk. (form). Infrequent. Leal. In
open meadow.

Inocybe caesariata Fr. Infrequent. Tolland. Under
pines.

Inocybe eutheloides Pk. Frequent. Leal. Under mLxed
poplars and conifers.

Inocybe flocculosa Berk. Infrequent. Leal. Low ground.

Inocybe geophylla Fr. Frequent. Tolland. Leal. Under
conifers and in open meadow.

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 143

Inocybe lanuginosa Fr. Infrequent. Tolland. Leal. On
mossy bank among debris.

Inocybe subdecurrens E. & E. Infrequent. Leal. Under
mixed poplars and conifers.

Lactarius camphoratus Fr. Common, Tolland, Leal.
Moist forest flats along streams.

Lactarius deliciosus Fr. Common, Tolland, Leal. Under
conifers.

In this region the plants frequently have the gills colored
"Hellebore green" (R) as they become old.

Lactarius insulsus Fr. Infrequent, Tolland, Leal. Under
spruce on banks.

Lactarius maculatus Pk. Infrequent. Moist places under
spruce.

Lactarius scrobiculatus Fr. Infrequent. Tolland, Leal.
Under spruce and fir and pine.

Lactarius subdulcis Fr. Frequent, Tolland. Under pine,
etc., moist places.

Lactarius theiogalus Fr. Frequent, Tolland. Under pine
and poplar.

Lactarius torminosus Fr. Infrequent. Under spruce on
moist ground.

Lactarius trivialis Fr. Frequent. Low forests.

Lactarius uvidus Fr. Infrequent, Tolland, Leal. Low
ground, under shrubs, etc.

Lentinus umbilicatus Pk. Infrequent. Tolland. On very
rotten pine logs.

Lepiota amianthina Fr. Frequent, Tolland, Leal. On
debris, under conifers.

Leptonia grisea Pk. Rare, Tolland. Moist places under fir.

Marasmius androsaceus Fr. Common. Tolland. On
beds of pine needles.

Marasmius piceina sp. nov.

Pileus 2-3 mm. broad, membranous, reviving, convex-sub-
expanded, radiately and widely rugoso-striate, umbilicate, gla-
brous, "pinkish-buff" (Ridg.). Gills adnate, shghtly broad,
ventricose, distant, whitish. Stem filiform, equal, short, 1-2

144 C. H. Kauffman

cm. long, pallid with a slight yellowish-buff tint downwards,
glabrous, with scarcely any pruina, even, not horny, instititious
on half-decayed needles of Picea Engehnanni. Odor distinct,
penetrating, suballiaceous or somewhat disagreeable. Spores
ellipsoid-sublanceolate, acute at one end, hyaline, smooth, 8-10
X 3.5-4 ju. Basidia 4-spored, 30 x 5-6 ix. No cystidia seen.

Tolland, Colorado. Sept. 8. Very abundant on spruce
needle beds after rains in the mountain forests. Stem scarcely
thicker than a hair.

Marasmius pinastris sp. no v.

Pileus slightly fleshy to submembranous, 1-3 cm. broad, at
first campanulate and margin incurved, then expanded-plane,
umbonate or papillate, umbo often irregular-uneven, margin at
length radiately rugulose-striate to subplicate, surface uneven
elsewhere, subtomentose, " snuff -brown " on center to "clay-
color" toward margin; flesh thin, equal, whitish. Gills subde-
current, arcuate, narrow, subdistant, intervenose, crisped, pallid,
edge entire. Stem 2.5-4 cm. long, 1-2.5 mm. thick, dilated and
pallid at the apex, solid, equal, sometimes striate-lined above,
white within, subglabrous above, covered downwards by a dis-
tinct roughish "chestnut-brown" tomentum, which is paler on
drying, strigose-attached at the base. Odor rather strong, sub-
alliaceous, penetrating. Taste slowly disagreeable or subastrin-
gent. Spores 8-9 (10) x 4-4.5 (5) ^l, narrowly ovate and pointed
at one end, hyaline, smooth. Cystidia absent.

Among needles and debris under pine and spruce. Tolland,
Colorado. Sept. 8.

Marasmius prasiosmus Fr. Rare. Leal. On decaj-ing
twigs of spruce.

Mycena alkalina Fr. Infrequent. Leal. On mosses under
spruce and pine.

Mycena debilis Fr. Frequent. Leal. On mosses under
conifers.

Mycena galericulata Fr. Infrequent. Tolland. On de-
cayed wood.

Mycena immaculata Pk. Rare. Tolland. On bed of
spruce needles.

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 145

Mycena parabolica Fr. Infrequent, Tolland. On very-
rotten and moist coniferous logs.

Mycena pura Fr. Not seen after August. Tolland. On
very rotten logs.

Mycejja vulgaris Fr. Frequent. Leal. On beds of de-
caying spruce needles.

Naucoria melinoides Fr. Common. Tolland. Under
willows and alders along streams.

Omphalia campanella Fr. Frequent. Tolland. On conif-
erous logs, etc.

Omphalia epichysium Fr. Infrequent. Tolland. On mossy-
log of Salix.

Panoeolus campanulatus Fr. Infrequent. Tolland. On
horse dung.

Panoeolus retirugis Fr. Common. Tolland. Leal. On
dung.

Paxillus involutus Fr. Infrequent. Tolland. On banks.

Paxillus panuoides Fr. Rare. Tolland. On old timbers
in the interior of abandoned mines.

Pholiota sp. Rare. Tolland. Growing caespitose in groups
of three from the top of a spruce stump; too much dried to
permit obtaining a full account of it. Has spores of P. limonella,
but gills are broader, and it was growing on conifers.

Pholiota discolor Pk. Infrequent. Tolland. On conifer
logs.

Pholiota flammans Fr. Infrequent. Tolland. On decayed
conifer logs.

Pholiota platyphylla sp. nov.

Pileus submembranous, 1-3 (4) cm. broad, convex, obtuse or
obsoletely subumbonate, hygrophanous, "tawny" (Ridg.), disk
"mars brown," fading to "antimony-yellow" or "warm-buff,"
obscurely striatulate on margin when moist, glabrous; flesh
very thin on the incurved margin, concolor. Gills broadly adnate,
decurrent by tooth, very broad, ventricose, close to almost sub-
distant, thin, at the very first pallid, soon "clay color" to
"buckthorn-brown" (Ridg.). Stem 3-5 (6) cm. long, 2-4.5 mm.
thick, equal, or slightly tapering upwards, subflexuous in age,

146 C. H. Kauffinan

stuffed, concentrically white-zoned from the delicate veil, zones
terminating above middle of stem in a flaring, membranous,
whitish annulus, white-scurfy above annulus, becoming at length
silky or glabrous below, brownish within and without under the
veil remnants, fuscescent. Spores subelHpsoid, but narrower
toward one end, inequilateral in one view, smooth, 10-12 x 5-6.5
IX, pale rusty brown, cystidia scattered on sides of gills, 60-70
x9-ll iJL, narrowly lanceolate above the slender pedicel, hya-
line; sterile cells similar but narrower and crowded.

On wet moss under pine and spruce along stream. Tolland,
Colorado. Sept. 5.

Pholiota unicolor (F1. D.) Fr. Infrequent. Tolland. On
decayed wood.

Pleurotus betulinus (Pk.) {Panus hetulinus Pk.). Rare.
Tolland. Near the ground on the dead limb of a willow.

Pleurotus ostreatus Fr. Infrequent. Tolland. On
stumps or dead trunks of Abies lasiocarpa. Spores are white
in the mass. There is no doubt that this grows on conifers in
this region.

Pluteus nanus Fr. var. lutescens Fr. Not uncommon.
Leal. On decayed wood.

PsALLiOTA rutilescens (Pk) emend. {Bull. Torr. Bot. Club,
31: 180. 1904.)

Pileus fleshy, 10-15 cm. broad, drj^, convex-expanded, firm,
whitish when young and fresh, soon becoming "vinaceous-
cinnamon" (Ridg.) to drab, with a thick cuticle, the upper thin
portion of which at length breaks into small fibrillose cuneate
scales; flesh thick, abruptly thin at margin, white at first but
slowly changing when cut or bruised to rufescent-ochraceous.
Gills free, becoming remote, rather narrow, 5-7 mm. broad,
narrower behind, crowded, thin, at first " purplish-vinaceous" to
''light russet-vinaceous" (Ridg.), rufescent when bruised, finally
"burnt umber" or blackish-brown. Stem stout, 8-12 cm. long,
1.5-3 cm. thick, firm, equal above the rather abrupt, often ob-
lique and spongy bulb, bulb sometimes almost obsolete, some-
times large, elsewhere silky or subfibrillose, glabrescent, solid,
white at first in and out, rufescent where cut or bruised. An-

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 147

nuliis simple, thin, narrow, persistent, subfragile, white becom-
ing brownish-tinged. Odor aromatic ahnost of anise or bitter
ahnonds. Spores small, short elliptical-oblong, dark purple-
brown, with oil drop, 5-6 x 4-4.5 fx.

Under spruce and fir, often at the base of a tree in humus.
Aug. Frequent. Leal. Tolland.

The incomplete description and error in spore size, and the
extension of its habitat seem sufficient reasons for a full re-
vised description. As Dr. Peck has remarked, the plants at
first appear to fit well to the description so far accessible of
the seaside Psalliota maritivius Pk., but a more detailed study
of the latter in the developing state would doubtless bring out
definite discrepancies. It differs from P. silvatica Fr. in its
solid stem, slightly smaller spores and the narrow annulus.

Psalliota semota Fr. (sense Ricken), Rare. Tolland.
Under fir.

RussuLA ADUSTA Fr. Infrequent. Leal. Under pine.

RussuLA ATROviOLACEA Burl. Infrequent. Tolland. Under
willows. There seems to be a form also in which the stem has
a tinge of the same color as the cap.

RussuLA CYANOXANTHA Fr. (Form). Rare. Tolland.
Under conifers.

RussuLA DELicA Fr. Frequent. Tolland. Leal. Under
pine in sandy soil.

RussuLA EMETiCA Fr. Frcqucnt. Leal. Tolland. In mixed
forest on very rotten wood.

RussuLA FALLAX Cke. Infrequent. Tolland. Mossy places.

RussuLA FLAVA Romell. Common. Tolland. Under pine
and spruce.

RussuLA GRAMiNicoLOR Quel. Infrequent. Tolland. Leal.
Under pine and spruce.

RussuLA MAXIMA Burl. Rare. Tolland. Under spruce.

RussuLA MODESTA Pk. Rare. Tolland. Under Abies lasio-
carpa at an elevation of 9800 feet, growing on the bare ground.

RussuLA NiGRODiscA Pk. Frequent. Tolland. On moist
places under spruce.

RussuLA NIGRICANS Fr. Infrequent. Tolland. Under conifers.

148 , C. H. Kaufman

RussuLA PUELLARis Fr. Infrequent. Leal. Under thickets
in open moist places.

RussuLA ROSEiPES Sccr.-Bres. Infrequent. Tolland. Leal.
On moist ground under conifers.

RussuLA RUGULOSA Pk. Infrequent. Leal. On mosses
under conifers.

RussuLA SANGUINEA Fr. Frequent. Tolland. Under spruce.

RussuLA SERissiMA Pk. Infrequent. Tolland. Under coni-
fers on high slopes.

RussuLA SUBALUTACEA Burl. Rather frequent. Tolland.
LTnder spruce.

RussuLA viRESCENS Fr, Infrequent. Tolland. Mixed
woods.

Stropharia depilata Fr. Scattered. Tolland. Leal.
Under conifers.

Stropharia semiglobata Fr. Frequent. Tolland. On
dung.

Stropharia squamosa var. subalpina var. nov. Infrequent.
Tolland. On forest debris or humous soil in coniferous forests.

With the data on its variability incomplete, this is retained
here as a variety, although it is definitely distinct from the
foregoing species and its several varieties. The spores are
elongated-elliptical, smooth, obtuse, 12-15 (16) x 5.5-6.5 (7) }x,
pale-purplish in microscope. Pileus 3-7 cm. broad, ''yellow-
ochre" to ''ochraceous-orange" (Ridg.), becoming tawny in
age, glabrescent, viscid, soon dry. Gills broad, at first "drab-
gray" then "storm-gray" (Ridg.); stem 4-10 cm. long, 4-8
mm. thick, white at first, as are the lacerate, spreading or re-
curved scales, but lutescent to fuscescent.

It differs, then, according to the notices of the European
authors as to spore size, from S. squamosa by 'its large spores,
from the var. thrausta by lack of the hygrophanous flesh and
probably by its spores. Massee, who must have had access to
Cooke's var. aurantiacus, gives its spores like that of S. squa-
mosa.

Tricholoma bufonium Fr. Rare. Tolland. Under spruce,
alder, etc.

Mycological Flora of the Rockies 149

Tricholoma conglobatum Fr. Rare. Tolland. Under pine.

Tricholoma equestre Fr. Infrequent. Under pine.

Tricholoma fallax Pk. Infrequent. Tolland. On coni-
fer needles.

Tricholoma imbricatum Fr. Frequent. Under pines.

Tricholoma murinaceum Fr. Infrequent. Leal. Under
spruce and fir.

Tricholoma panoeolum var. caespitosum Bres. Infre-
quent. Under conifers. Tolland.

Tricholoma personatum Fr. Infrequent. Tolland. Under
poplars.

Tricholoma pessundatum Fr. Common. Under pines.

This is the first American collection I have seen of this
species, but I have no doubt of its identity.

Tricholoma portentosum Fr. Infrequent. Under pine.

Tricholoma rutilans Fr. Infrequent. Tolland. Leal.
On pine stumps and logs.

Tricholoma saponaceum Fr. Infrequent. Tolland. Under
spruce and pine.

Tricholoma tristiforme sp. nov.

Pileus fleshy, 1-2 cm. broad, convex, then expanded-plane,
obtuse, sometimes papillate, dry, covered with floccose-fibril-
lose, pointed or recurved, minute, fuscous to blackish scales,
denser on disk, ground color " tileul-buff " (Ridg.), margin not
striate; flesh white, unchanged. Gills emarginate-adnate, broad,
broader in front, ventricose, close, white, scarcely cinerescent,
edge entire. Stem 2-3 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm, thick, equal, solid,
innately and longitudinally silky-fibrillose, white scarcely chang-
ing, subshining when dry. Cortina slight and evanescent, per-
haps lacking. Odor and taste subfarinaceous. Spores 7-9 x
4-5 jJL, narrowly elliptic to oblong, hyaline, smooth, granular
within. Basidia 48-50 x 5 fx, 4-spored, cystidia none. Sterile
cells, on edge of gills subfiliform, short and indistinct.

On the ground under lodge-pole pine. Tolland. Aug. 24.

In size, habit and appearance this resembles an Inocybe.
It differs from T. iriste Fr. in its solid stem and indistinct cor-
tina, and probably in its spores.

150 C. H. Kauffman

GASTEROMYCETES

Geaster coronatus (Schaeff.) Schroet. Tolland.
Ge ASTER scHMiDELii Vitt. Tolland.
Calvatia fontanesii Mont. Tolland.
Lycoperdon gemmatum Fr. Leal. Tolland.
Lycoperdon glabellum Pk. Leal. Tolland.
Lycoperdon nigrescens Pers. Tolland.
Lycoperdon pyriforme Fr. Leal. Tolland.
BoviSTA PLUMBEA Fr. Leal.
Crucibulum vulgare Tul. Leal. Tolland.

Common on wood and debris. One collection was found

on cow dung.
Sphaerobolus carpobolus L. Leal. Tolland.

Common on debris of wood, etc. One collection on cow

dung, and one on a spruce cone lying on the ground.

University of Michigan

REFERENCES TO LITERATURE

1. Brtjderlin, Katharine. 1911. A Study of the Lodgepole-Pine
Forests of Boulder Park (Tolland, Colorado), Univ. Colo. Studies,
8: 265-275.

2. CocKERELL, T. D. A. 1911. The Fauna of Boulder, Colorado.
Univ. Colo. Studies, 8:227-256. (Mycetozoa, pp. 231-235.)

3. OvERHOLTs, L. O. 1919. Some Colorado Fungi. Mycologia,
11:245.

4. Ramaley, Francis, and Robbins, W. W. 1909. A Summer Labora-
tory for Mountain Botany. Plant World, 12. 105.

5. Ramaley, Francis. 1910. Remarks on Some Northern Colorado
Plant Communities with Special Reference to Boulder Park (Tolland, Colo-
rado), Univ. Colo. Studies, 7:223-236.

6. Ramaley, Francis, and Mitchell, Louis A. 1911. Ecological Cross-
Section of Boulder Park (Tolland, Colorado), Univ. Colo. Studies, 8:
277-287.

7. Ramaley, Francis, and Elder, Mary Esther. 1912. The Grass-
Flora of Tolland, Colorado, and Vicinity. Univ. Colo. Studies, 9: 121-141.

8. Seaver, Fred J. 1911. Studies in Colorado Fungi — I, Discomycetes.
Mycologia, 3:57.

9. Sturgis, W. C. The Myxomycetes of Colorado I and II. Colorado
College Pub. Sci. Ser., No. 1, 1907, and No. 12, 1913.

10. Young, Robert J. Forest Formations of Boulder County,
Colorado. Bot. Gaz., 46: 351.

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THE FUNGUS FLORA OF MOUNT HOOD,
WITH SOME NEW SPECIES

C. H. KAUFFMAN

[Reprinted from Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and

Letters, Vol. V, 1925]

THE FUNGUS FLORA OF MT. HOOD,
WITH SOME NEW SPECIES*

C. H. KAUFFMAN

TOURING the autumn of 1922, the writer, accompanied by-
Mr. L. E. Wehmeyer, collected and studied the fungi in a small
area at the western base of Mt. Hood. By the advice and
through the kindness of the men of the Portland Office of the
United States Forest Service, accommodations were obtained at
the ranch-house of Mr. and Mrs. W. J. Faubian, just inside the
western entrance to the Oregon National Forest, and on the
first lap of the Mt. Hood Highway. For numerous courtesies
extended by the men of the Portland Forestry Office, the writer
wishes to make grateful acknowledgment.

The foothills rise in abrupt ridges at this point, and repre-
sent a portion of radiating outposts of the great mountain peak
visible beyond. Near by two of the valleys are well watered by
the Zigzag River and the Sandy River, with their sources in
the glaciers and snow-fields about twelve miles from our station.
Smaller streams also abound. Some of the valleys and ridges are
still covered by forests of Douglas fir, western hemlock, white fir,
some scattered cedars, and in low places two species of maple and
one of alder. The topography and water-relations are such as to
produce a variety of habitats favorable to fungi of all sorts, and
as the rainy season was well started when we arrived, it was not
surprising that within the single month of our stay a large mass of
material came to hand. The collecting was started on Septem-
ber 21 and terminated October 24. The area covered was
scarcely more than a two- to three-mile radius from the ranch.

* Paper from the Department of Botany of the University of Michi-
gan, No. 228.

115

116 C. H. Kauffinan -

In order to take complete notes and obtain the photographs,
httle time was left for longer excursions, and in any case, a
small area well covered is likely to yield a high percentage of the
possibilities of a larger area.

Aside from collections of parasite fungi, our knowledge of
Oregon fungi in the past has been brought about in three ways.
Occasionally a local amateur sent specimens to Dr. Peck at
Albany, Professor Atkinson at Cornell University or to Dr.
Burt at St. Louis. In this way certain basidiomycetes and rarely
species of the other groups received names; the more common
fungi of interest to forest pathology were also occasionally
gathered and studied by the pathologists at Washington or
elsewhere. Secondly, Dr. Murrill of the New York Botanical
Garden, on an exploring expedition for material for the North
American Flora, gathered a considerable number of Oregon fungi
which he later described and named. The latest additions to the
flora of the State were compiled by Zeller (21) and it is to be
hoped that this author will find opportunity to continue his
research in this, an almost unstudied part of our country.

Two mycological features impress an eastern mycologist when
he enters the Pacific states west of the Cascade Range. In the
first place, many species, if one is at all familiar with northern
European plants, are found to be old Friesian species. In the
second place he is astonished — nay, somewhat alarmed at his
own ignorance — to find so many that appear to be undescribed.
Such meager information as we have of that fatal trip to the
state of Washington, by the late Professor Atkinson, indicates
that he, too, was impressed by the multitude of new forms, and
his anxiety to waste no second in this fascinating country is
believed to have lured him to overtax his strength and to over-
look the signs of physical exhaustion.

It has been the author's policy to refrain as much as possible
from the business of describing species. During 1915, with two
assistants, the writer spent two months in the mountains of
Washington, and obtained a large number of (new) species. After
ten years of contemplation about a considerable number of
forms then seen, and in frequent cases again collected in 1922, it

Fungus Flora of ML Hood 117

seemed highly desirable in the interests of the future of Pacific
Coast mycology, that these species should be described. The
more outstanding forms have, therefore, been selected and are
given below. In order to keep this paper within bounds, only
the basidiomycetes are included; if possible the other groups
will be presented later.

All material and type-specimens are deposited in the Her-
barium of the University of Michigan.

BASIDIOMYCETES

AGARICALES

Thelephoraceae

Hymenochaete badio-ferruginea (Mart.) Lev. — On dead
stems of Vaccinium parviflorum.

Hymenochaete fuliginosa (Pers.) Bres. — On decorticated
wood of some frondose tree.

Hymenochaete spreta Pk. ■ — On decayed wood. Only the
first setigerous layer is present.

Sebacina dendroidea (Pk. & Cke.) Lloyd. — On Fames
applanatus.

Stereum hirsutum Fr. — On dead branches of Alnus
oregona.

Thelephora caryophyllea Fr. — On decayed wood rem-
nants and humus.

Thelephora intybacea Fr. — On debris on the ground in
conifer woods.

Hydnaceae

Caldesiella crinalis (Fr.) Bourd. & Galatz. — On very rot-
ten wood.

Hydnum auriscalpium Fr. — On cones of Douglas fir. Fre-
quent.

Hydnum caput-ursae Fr. — On alder log.

Hydnum complicatum Banker. ■ — On debris under conifers.
The odor is definitely and agreeably aromatic when the fresh
plants are bruised. Young or growing plants are white on and

118 C. H. Kauffman

near the margin, ''cinnamon-rufous" (R.^ or darker on disk, all
parts becoming dark-brown to reddish-blackish-brown after
bruising or in age, so that the colors vary considerably in differ-
ent plants. The texture is hard and tough in the interior por-
tions. The spores are as given by Banker (3).

Hydnum graveolens Delast. var. — The same species as
that reported from Colorado by Kauffman (13, p. 116).

Hydnum fuligineo-violaceum Kalchbr.-Bres. — This is
without doubt the species described and figured by Bresadola (6).

MucRONELLA AGGREGATA Fr. — On bark of decaying birch
sticks. Spores short, ellipsoid, 4-5 X 3 ^t, smooth, hyaline.

Phlebia cinnabarina Schw. • — On decayed wood.

Phlebia radiata Fr. — On decayed wood.

Clavariaceae

Clavaria cinerea Fr.

Clavaria densa Pk.

Clavaria flavuloides Burt.

Clavaria fusiformis Fr.

Clavaria ligula Fr.

Clavaria nebulosoides, sp. nov. — Fruit Body simple, fleshy,
cylindrical, stipitate, fertile portion 3-5 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm.
thick, "wood brown" to "fawn color." Stipe slender 1.5-3 cm.
long, minutely pruinose. Spores oblong, 5-6 X 2.5 n, hyaline,
smooth; cystidia 65-70 x 7-12 ji, fairly abundant, hyaline, thin-
walled, lanceolate, pedicel long and slender; basidia 4-spored,

30 X 5 M-

On mosses in conifer forest. Mt. Hood, Oregon. October 15.
Collected by L. E. Wehmeyer.

Distinguished by its habit, color and the presence of cystidia.

Lachnocladium ornatipes (Pk.) Burt. (See Plate II, Fig.
1.) — The synonymy of this species is given by Burt (8, p. 66).
Both because the descriptions have been meager, and because
Burt finds the spores of the type-specimens quite a little smaller

1 "R." as used in this paper refers to Ridgway's Color Standards and
Nomenclature, 1912.

Fungus Flora of Mt. Hood 119

than in our specimens and as given by Peck, I include here a
more complete description: Fruit Body 4-8 cm. tall, dichotom-
ously branched, with few to several main branches. Fertile
Branches occupying mostly only the upper half of the plant,
subfleshy, smooth, " avellaneous " (R.), or paler towards the tips,
dilated and compressed-subrugose upwards, terminal branches
attenuated-acute, with pointed apices in two's or three's. Stem
and sterile branches 3-4 cm. long, 3-8 mm. thick, rather tough,
clothed by a strigose-hairy thick covering, "army-brown" (R.)
to "avellaneous," subterete or compressed upwards; context
solid, subspongy, similar to, but of a deeper color than, the hy-
menium. Spores spherical, with abrupt slender apiculus, hya-
line, smooth, granular within, 9-10 {jl (11.5 with apiculus); ba-
sidia 1-2-spored, rarely 3-spored, on long subcurved sterigmata;
cystidia none. Odor none; taste mild or slowly somewhat
bitter.

Growing on mossy humus or very rotten debris under coni-
fers. October.

Pistillaria fusiformis, sp. nov. (See Plate II, Fig. 2.) —
Fruit Body fleshy, white, subfusiform-acuminate, 3-5 mm. tall,
somewhat curved, fertile portion subcompressed, sometimes fur-
rowed on the flattened side. Stem slender, scarcely more than 1
mm. long, terete, minutely hairy, white; sclerotium none.
Spores oval-elliptical to subglobose, 7.5 x 6 yU, hyaline, smooth;
basidia 45 x 8-9 jjl, 2- to 3-spored with prominent, slender sterig-
mata; cystidia none.

On decayed coniferous wood. Gregarious. Mt. Hood, Ore-
gon. October 7. Collected by L. E. Wehmeyer.

The body is entirely fleshy, spongy and homogeneous within.
The general shape and appearance are like that shown by Pa-
touillard (18) for P. rosellae var. ramosa, Fig. 53, but otherwise
different.

Typhula phacorrhiza Fr. ■ — In alder thickets.

Typhula cystidiophora, sp. nov. — Fruit Body simple; fer-
tile portion cylindrical, 2-5 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick, obtuse,
subpruinose or almost glabrous under a lens, white or tinted pale
yellowish; context soft, fleshy, subfragile. Stem filiform, 2-2.5

120 C. H. Kauffman

cm. long, .5-1 mm. in diameter, tough, concolor, minutely hir-
sute. Spores narrowly elliptic-subovate, guttate, smooth, sub-
hyaline and tinged ochraceous, 5-6.5 X 2.5-3 //; basidia 4-spored,
slender, 45-50 X 4-5 ix; eystidia abundant, lanceolate to sub-
cylindric below, subacute to subcapitate above, hyaline, thin-
walled; pedicel slender, 50-75 X 8-12 ;U. Sclerotium fuscous,
depressed-subglobose, 4-6 mm. diameter.

On moist soil among mosses in conifer forest. Subgregarious.
Mt. Hood, Oregon. October 12. Collected by C. H. Kauffman.

This differs from T. gyrans Fr. and other related species in
the presence of eystidia throughout the hymenium and by the
elongated fertile portion of the plant.

Typhula mucor Pat. — Fruit Body white, 1-1.5 cm. tall;
fertile portion oblong, 2-3 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, glabrous.
Stem very slender, filiform, .1-.3 mm. thick, glabrous, composed
of parallel hyaline hyphae, 2.5 jjl diam. Sclerotium minute, sub-
globose, dark brown. Spores subcylindric, hyaline, smooth,
7-9.5 X 2.5-3 ju; eystidia none; basidia 4-spored, 24-26 X 4-5 jj..

On decaying leaves of frondose trees. October.

This minute species is so close to that figured and described
by Patouillard (18) that it must be considered at most merely
a taller form.

POLYPORACEAE

FoMES iGNiARius Fr. — On trunks of alder and willow. This
is the form usually found on poplar.

Merulius fugax Fr. — On conifer wood.

Merulius hexagonoides Burt. — On decayed wood and
bark. Fertile portion when fresh "tawny" to " Saccardo-um-
ber" (R.), sterile margin white.

Merulius pinastri (Fr.) Burt. — On rotten wood in conifer
forest.

Merulius tremellosus Fr. — On decayed sticks and branches.

PoLYPORUS AURANTiACUS Pk. — On hemlock log.

PoLYPORUS ELEGANs Fr. — On dead branches.

PoLYPORUs ciNNAMOMEUS Fr. — On sandy ground.

PoLYPORUS FRAGiLis Fr. — On logs of Douglas fir.

Fungus Flora of ML Hood 121

PoLYPORUS GALACTiNUS Fr. — On very rotten wood, among
alder and maple.

PoLYPORUS GUTTULATUS Pk. — On conifcr log.

PoLYPORUS (ganoderma) oregonensis Murrill. — On coni-
fer log.

PoLYPORUS HiRTUS Fr. — On the base of a dead Douglas fir
stub.

PoLYPORUS PERENNis Fr. ■ — On the ground, conifer forest.

PoLYPORUS PiciPES Fr. — On conifer logs.

PoLYPORUS RADiATUS Fr. ■ — On dead alder trunk.

PoLYPORUS BENSOINUS Fr.-Lloyd. — On decayed log of Doug-
las fir.

PoLYPORUS ScHWEiNiTzii Fr. ■ — On roots of Douglas fir.

PoLYPORUS SULPHUREUS Fr. — On Douglas fir logs.

PoLYSTiCTUS HiRSUTUS Fr. — On alder branches.

PoRiA FERRUGiNOSA Fr. • — On fallen branches of Acer cir-
cinatum and Acer macrophyllmn.

PoRiA MEDULLA-PANis Fr. var. coLORATA Overh. — On de-
cayed wood of Douglas fir.

PoRiA MOLLUSCA Fr. — On much decayed wood, probably of
frondose trees.

Trametes carnea Nees. • — On Douglas fir logs.

BOLETACEAE
BOLETINUS PICTUS Pk.

Boletus granulatus Fr. — Whitish form.

Boletus luteus Fr.

Boletus subtomentosus Fr,

Boletus tomentosus Kauff.

Boletus mirabilis Murrill. (Sec Plate III.) — PaLeus
fleshy, firm, 5-12 cm. broad, "maroon" (R.) colored, dry,
densely velvety tomentose, with an incurved, sterile, narrow,
membranous margin; flesh compact, pale yellowish, becoming
reddish-tinted or shot through with red streaks when cut or
bruised. Tubes "citron-yellow" (R.) when young, becoming
"olive-yellow" when bruised or in age, 10-15 mm. long, adnate,
narrowly depressed around the stem, not stuffed, regular;

122 C. H. Kaufman

mouths angular, 1-1.5 per millimeter, dissepiments thick, entire.
Stem stout and often rather long, 10-12(15) cm. long, tapering
upwards from the clavate base, very abruptly short-pointed at
base, subviscid, pale yellow and more or less reticulate at apex,
conspicuously and longitudinally streaked by ''maroon" color,
white at the very base, 1-2.5 cm. thick above, 2-5.5 cm. thick
below, solid; flesh yellowish upwards, at length tinged with
reddish, whitish downwards. Spores 18-24(27) X 6-9 /x, ven-
tricose-fusiform, smooth and even, yellowish-ochraceous, exo-
spore tinted reddish; basidia 4-spored, 48-50 x 12-15 //; cys-
tidia fairly abundant, ventricose-lanceolate, hyaline, 90 x 15-24 ix,
obtuse at apex, pedicel slender. Odor and taste mild.

On the ground in fir forests. Mt. Hood, Oregon. Septem-
ber 28 and 30. Collected by L. E. Wehmeyer.

Only B. russelli and B. Betula have spores approaching in
size those of this species. By the stem characters, however, its
relationship is elsewhere. In the fresh condition the stem is
covered by a delicate hoariness, of cobweb-like texture, which is
responsible for the slight viscidity in wet weather, and which is
continuous at first with the incurved delicate membranous mar-
gin of the pileus. Occasionally the tubes verge into the reticula-
tions at the apex of the stem, so as to appear slightly decurrent.
The flesh and tubes do not turn blue when wounded. Under the
arrangement of Dr. Peck, the species inclines towards the Ca-
lopodes, although the stems in the specimens seen were reticu-
late only at the apex. It departs from the characters assumed
for the Edules in the tubes not being at first stuffed, although
it approaches such large species as B. eximius and B. edulis
in color and size. Murrill (Mycologia, 4:98, 217) named and
described this species, but evidently under other weather con-
ditions, as its pileus is said to be bay color and its surface
composed of floccose, but rigid, conic persistent papillae.

Agaricaceae

Amanita junquillea Quel. — This is reported from North
Carolina by Beardslee (4), also as A. gemmata (Fr.) Gill, by
Coker (9). I have collected the North Carolina plant a number

Fungus Flora of Mt. Hood 123

of times in Virginia and Maryland. The collections from that
region have spores which tend to average below 9 /x long, while in
the European plant the spores are given 10-12 x 7-8 yu by Ricken
(20) and 11-13 X 7-9 ^ by Boudier (5). In the West, a very
similar species is found, with the spores measuring 10-12 x 7-8 ix.
The latter I believe to be the genuine A. junquillea as described
in Europe. I do not feel sure that the plant from the Eastern
United States can properly be referred here, although it is cer-
tainly close to A. junquillea in most of its characters. One can
of course find occasional longer spores in the Eastern plant, but
to record such merely confuses the record. In this connection,
I should like to reiterate (12, p. 617) that A. russuloides Pk. is
a different and distinct species, and should not be included in
any synonymy under A. junquillea or A. gemmata. Some of
my collections in the East are very probably genuine A. gemmata
(Fr.) Gill.

Amanita muscaria Fr. — The scarlet-capped form of Europe.
Frequent.

Amanita silvicola sp. nov. (See Plate IV.) — Pileus 6-10(12)
cm. broad, at first broadly convex, then plane to subrepand,
white, subviscid, when young covered by a soft, fioccose, contin-
uous white universal veil which later is irregularly disposed in
flat patches or masses, not warty, margin persistently incurved,
even, and at maturitj^ crenate from the appendiculate veil-rem-
nants; flesh abruptly thin on margin, scarcely over a centimeter
thick near stem, soft. Gills reaching stem, free except by de-
current lines, or obscurely and very narrowly adnate, white, crowded,
medium broad, 6-7 mm., edge distinctly flocculose. Stem 6-10
cm. long, at first with the pileus seated on a subnapiform bulb
and surrounded by the smooth, fioccose universal veil, at length
elongated and subequal, 15-25 mm. thick, bulb up to 3 cm. thick,
white, surface at maturity covered by obscure floccose-silky re-
mains of the veil, at times terminating in a narrow, quickly
evanescent fioccose annulus, bulb edged by a circular indistinct
line which is the edge of the separated veil, solid, rather com-
pact and firm. Odor and taste none. Spores 9-10(12) x 5-
5.5(6) At, elHptical, smooth, white, obliquely apiculate; basidia

124 C. H. Kauffman

clavate, 48-50 x 8-9 //. 4-spored; sterile cells on edge of gills
large, globose-pyriform, 24-30 ^ wide.

In thick forests of hemlock and cedar. Mt. Hood, Oregon.
September 30. Collected by C. H. Kauffman.

The whole plant is pure white. The volva, although about a
millimeter thick on the young pileus, because of its soft texture
leaves only thin remnants on the stem; it is circumscissile. Be-
cause of the napiform bulb, one might think of it as belonging
to the A. solitaria group. However, the universal veil is very
different from those of that group; the bulb is not rooting, the
pileus is without warty scales, and the spores are distinctly nar-
rower than those of A. solitaria, while the absence of any odor
separates it from A. chlorinosma.

Amanita tomentella Kromb. — In forests of hemlock and
cedar. See Kauffman (12, p. 607).

Amanitopsis strangulata Fr. • — On mosses in hemlock
forest. Stout and massive specimens.

Armillaria albolanaripes Atk. — In hemlock and fir forest.

Armillaria viscidipes Pk. — For a full discussion of this
species see Kauffman (14, p. 62). It may reach a huge size;
pileus up to 20 cm. broad; stem up to 12 cm. long and 4 cm.
thick at apex; gills up to 15-18 mm. broad.

Armillaria cinnabarina (Fr.) Kauff. — (See 14, p. 60.)

Cantherellus aurantiacus Fr.

Cantherellus cibarius Fr.

Cantherellus floccosus Schw.

Cantherellus infundibuliformis Fr.

Cantherellus multiplex Underw. (See Plate V.) — I have
collected and studied this curious species several times. It occurs
in the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, in the
Olympic Mountains of Washington and in the Cascade Mountains
of Washington and Oregon, including Mt. Hood. It was orig-
inally collected at Mt. Desert, Maine. It may be looked for
in coniferous forests of the higher latitudes of North America
or in the mountains southward. Murrill (17) erected the genus
Polyzellus for it. It is, however, only a very extreme growth-
condition of C. clavatus, and typical individuals of the latter spe-

-"■■awssi;

Fungus Flora of Mt. Hood 125

cies are to be found with the — often abundant- — "multiplex"
plants. The photograph is of the intermediate type. E. T.
Harper in Mycologia, Volume 5, Plate 94, has illustrated what is
undoubtedly the same plant, and properly referred it to C.
clavatus.

Cantherellus pruinosus Pk. — On debris under coniferous
trees. Although this determination may be open to question,
yet in the absence of any recorded microscopic characters for
Peck's species, it seems to me more than probable that we have
here the species so briefly described by him {N. Y. State Mus.
Rep., 28:51. 1876). Patouillard (18), in Tabulae Analyticae,
figured (No. 651) a species from Guinea, South America, of
which the slender specimens there shown well illustrate the size
and shape of our plant. That species, however, has different
spores and grows in the tropics. The western plant is white
throughout, 2.5 cm. tall, shaped like the slightly curved horn
of a cow, flaring slightly at the top, depressed-subinfundibuli-
form, and externally with narrow, longitudinal ridges; a few of
these may be forked. The spores are spherical, hyaline and
smooth; the basidia are 4-spored, elongated, subclavate 90-100
X 4 /z.

COLLYBIA ACERVATA Fr.

COLLYBIA ALBIFLAVIDA (Pk.) Kauff. Var. MONTANUM Kauff.

CoLLYBiA ALBiPiLATA Pk. — On cones of Douglas fir. Com-
mon. This is without doubt Peck's species. However, it is
very likely to turn out to be only a somewhat smaller American
form of one of the European species. The idea of the spore-size
for C. esculenta and C. conigena as given by Bresadola (6),
6-8 X 3-4 fx, has not been followed by later European authors,
e.g. Ricken (20), Rea (19) and Lange (16). The spores of my
collection measure 3.5-4 x 2 fx, and the cystidia are ''fusoid-
ventricose," capitate. In this latter respect it agrees with Bresa-
dola's conception of C. esculenta. The pileus, however, is ''pale
cinnamon-pink" when fresh, becoming "pinkish-cinnamon" in
age, and is pruinose; this pruinosity is due to erect cystidia-
like cells projecting from the corticate surface layer of the pileus.
All this is distinctly a character of the American species. The

126 C. H. Kauffman

European species, C. esculenta and C. conigena, have entirely glab-
rous caps. Lange (16) recognizes only C. tenecella and C. coni-
gena, and gives the larger spore-size to the former, the small
spore-size to the latter. Evidently Murrill is right in saying that
no typical material of these European species has as yet turned
up in America. C. albipilata occurs on various cones, although
usually reported only on pine cones. The other similar thing in
the United States is C. conigenoides Ell. on magnolia cones.
See Kauffman (11).

COLLYBIA CONFLUENS Fr.

CoUybia cylindrospora, sp. nov. — Pileus subpliant, 4-6(7)
cm. broad, convex-expanded and soon irregularly repand, ob-
soletely umbonate or obtuse, glabrous, even, moist, with a tough
cuticle, dull "antimony yellow" (R.), disk tinged "cinnamon
rufous"; flesh of equal thickness, 1-1.5 mm., white. Gills
broadly adnate, rather broad, narrowed in front to a point and
not reaching the edge of the pileus, subarid, slightly tough,
close, occasionally interveined, whitish. Stem 8-10(12) cm. long,
4-6(8) mm. thick, irregularly twisted, striate to furrowed-com-
pressed, hollow, glabrous, "cinnamon" (R.), sometimes darker
downwards, subrooting at base. Odor and taste slightly dis-
agreeable, earthy. Spores subcylindric, smooth, hyaline, 5-6
X 1.5-2 /ji] cystidia none; sterile cells on edge of gills filiform,
about 2 jjL wide; basidia 4-spored, 30 x 5-6 fx.

On debris and very rotten wood in conifer forest. Mt. Hood,
Oregon. October 5. Collected by C. H. Kauffman.

It is distinguished from its near relatives, like C. fusipes, C.
lancipes and C. distorta, especially by its narrow, cylindrical
spores. The stems are sometimes connate part way. Its general
appearance is like that of C. rugulosiceps.

COLLYBIA PLATYPHYLLA Fr.

CoLLYBiA PROLixA Fr.-Ricken

CoLLYBiA PROTRACTA Fr.-Ricken

Collybia rugulosiceps, sp. nov. (See Plate VI.) — Pileus 3-5
cm. broad, very pliant, convex-plane, with a distinct obtuse
umbo, at length depressed around umbo, moist, hygrophanous,
glabrous, radiately and finely rugulose to umbo, "cinnamon

Fungus Flora of Mi. Hood

127

drab" to "avellaneous" (R.), umbo ''sayal-brown" (R.), be-
coming somewhat paler when dry, margin thin, substriate, split-
ting radially in age, acute, soon spreading; flesh thin, concolor.
Gills narrowly adnate, soon sinuate and decurrent, rather nar-
row, and narrowed in front to a point, 3-6 mm. broad, whitish
with indistinct gray tints, close to subdistant, here and there
intervenose. Stem 4-8(10) cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick, slender,
'equal, abruptly dilated at apex, sometimes twisted, hollow, terete
or compressed-furrowed, glabrous and naked, entirely even,
tough-cartilaginous, almost horny, "wood-brown" to "avella-
neous" or darker, white-substrigose at the very base. Odor and
taste entirely lacking. Spores broadly elliptical, smooth, hya-
line, 8-9(12) X 5-7(8) fx, variable; basidia 4-spored, 32-34 x 5-
6 fJL] cystidia none; sterile cells on edge of gills oval, short and
indistinct.

Always on decayed logs or wood remains of conifers, ces-
pitose or subcespitose. Common. Mt. Hood, Oregon. October
3. Collected by C. H. Kauffman.

It belongs to the section Tephrophanae, although neither the
hygrophanous character, nor the gray tints of the gills are
strongly marked. In its relationship, it verges towards C. lan-
cipes Fr., but the stem is not atriate and the gills are not broad.
From C. rugosiceps Atk. and C. subrugosa Murrill it differs in
the character of its gills and spores as well as in its colors and
habitat. It has much the appearance of some of the Tricho-
loma melanaleuca group, but lacks cystidia, has different colors
and the stem is truly cartilaginous. The surface layer of the
pileus is corticate, composed of one or two series of globose-
pyriform, brown cells.

Claudopus byssissedus Fr.
Clitocybe amara Fr.
Clitocybe atrialba Murrill
Clitocybe clavipes Pk.
Clitocybe decora Fr.
Clitocybe ectypoides Pk.
Clitocybe gallinacea Fr.
Clitocybe laccata Fr.

Clitocybe media Pk.
Clitocybe nebularis Fr.
Clitocybe ochropurpurea

Berk.
Clitocybe pithyophilus Fr.
Clitocybe suaveolens Fr.
Clitopilus novaboracensis Pk.
Clitopilus woodianus Pk.

128 C. H. Kauffman

CoPRiNUS ATRAMENTARius Fr. Cortinarius montanus, sp. nov.
CoPRiNUS FiMETARius var. (Bulbopodiuni) . (In press,

MACRORHiZA Fr. Novth American Flora, Yo\. 10)

Cortinarius amarus Fr. Cortinarius mucifluus Fr.

Cortinarius anomalus Fr. Cortinarius obtusus Fr.

Cortinarius badius Pk. Cortinarius paleaceus Fr.

Cortinarius bulbosus Fr. Cortinarius pyriodorus, sp. nov.
Cortinarius clandestinus, sp. (Inoloma). (In press, North

nov. (Dermocybe). (In press, American Flora, Vol. 10)

North American Flora,\o\. 10) Cortinarius renidens Fr.

Cortinarius dilutus Fr. Cortinarius rigidus Fr.

Cortinarius evernius Fr. Cortinarius saturninus Fr.

Cortinarius fucatophyllus Cortinarius subsimilis Fr.-

Lasch-Ricken Ricken

Cortinarius laniger Fr. Cortinarius violaceus Fr.

Cortinarius longipes Pk. Cortinarius whitei Pk.

DiCTYOLUS RETiRUGis (Fr.) Quel. ^ — On species of Hypnum
mosses. Spores elliptical, smooth, hyaline, 7-8 X 4-4.5 /x; cystidia
none; basidia clavate, 4-spored, 40 X 6 /x. The hymenial surface
may be provided with radiating vein-like ridges which do not reach
the margin of the pileus, or it may be even without any sign of
gill development. Fruit Body 4-6 mm. wide, sessile, convex-sub-
reniform to orbicular, surface of pileus "cartridge-buff" (R.) when
fresh, tinged grayish on drying, indistinctly pruinose under a lens.
Although departing slightly from the species to which it is here
referred, it seems too close to it to be considered a distinct species.

Eccilia bispora, sp. nov. — Pileus 1-2.5 cm. broad, convex-
depressed or umbilicate, sometimes subumbonate, rather elastic
but somewhat brittle, glabrous, with a separable gelatinous
pellicle and shghtly viscid in wet weather, " avellaneous " (R.),
indistinctly striatulate on margin, which is at first incurved
rather than decurved; flesh concolor, rather thin, tapering to
margin. Gills broadly adnate, sometimes with decurrent tooth,
broad, close to almost subdistant, becoming deep flesh-color, edge
entire. Stem 4-5(8) cm. long, 3-6(8) mm. thick, equal or
tapering downwards, often compressed-furrowed, dilated at apex,
cartilaginous, brittle, almost glassy, hyaline-white, hollow, even.

Fungus Flora of ML Hood 129

white-mycelioid at base. Odor and taste rancid-farinaceous.
Spores obtusely angular, broadly ellipsoid, 10-12 x 8-10 /z, deep
flesh-color under the microscope; basidia 2-spored 45 X 8-9 jj,;
hymenium with abundant, sterile, cystidia-like cells which are
acutely pointed, but scarcely project beyond the basidia; true
cystidia none.

On wood debris. Mt. Hood, Oregon. October 5. Collected
by C. H. Kauffman.

Nearly all of the cartilaginous-stemmed species of Leptonia,
Nolanea and Eccilia have slender and equal stems. In this
species the stem has a tendency to be irregularly undulate and
subcompressed, in the larger specimens quite thick, while in
contrast to its length, the caps are narrow. The pellicle of the
pileus, the stem features and the microscopic characters set it
off from other species. The slight tooth of the gills may induce
one to look for it under Leptonia, and the stem character at
first sight suggests an Entoloma or Clitopilus. The two-spored
basidia and other microscopic characters were a constant feature
in two different collections.

Entoloma nidorosum Fr. Flammula liquiritiae Fr.

Entoloma nitidum Quel. Flammula sapinea Fr.

Entoloma speculum Fr. Flammula spumosa Fr.

Flammula astragalina Fr. Galera hypnorum Fr.

Galera martipes, sp. nov. — Pileus 5-8 mm. high and wide,
conical, obtuse, hygrophanous "clay color" (R.) and long-
striate (moist), "pinkish buff," even and atomate (dry); flesh
very thin, concolorous. Gills adnate, ascending, ventricose but
rather narrow, subdistant. Stem 8-10 cm. long, 1 mm. thick,
slender, equal, "mars-brown" (R.), clay-color at apex, minutely
pruinose throughout, pruinosity due to minute, spreading hairs,
fistulose, mars-brown within, cartilaginous, flexuous. Odor
and taste none. Spores oval-subventricose, smooth, ochraceous,
8-9x4-5 m; cystidia abundant on edge of gills and near,
scattered on sides, rounded-ventricose above the slender pedicel,
neck abruptly narrow, lance-shaped to aciculate, hyaline, 60-75
X 12-18 /i.

130 C. H. Kauffman

Attached to mosses and decayed needles, in forest of hem-
lock and Douglas fir. Mt. Hood, Oregon, September 2. Col-
lected by C. H. Kauffman.

The pileus is homogeneous in structure, not corticate. The
species is closely related to G. hijpnorum, but differs constantly
in its longer and pruinose stems, smaller spores and the character
and distribution of the cystidia. See Atkinson (2) for relation-
ships of the species of Galera.

Gomphidius ochraceus, sp. nov. (Mycologia, 17: 119. 1925)
Gomphidius subroseus, sp. nov. (Op. cit., 17: 120. 1925)
Gomphidius tomentosus Murrill (Op. cit., 17: 124. 1925)

Hebeloma elatum Fr. Hygrophorus coccineus Fr.

Hebeloma punctatum Fr. Hygrophorus conicus Fr.

Hygrophorus ceraceus Fr. Hygrophorus parvulus Pk.

Hygrophorus mollis (B. & Br.), comb. nov. — Pileus 5-12 nrni.
broad, at first discoid, then broadly convex, obtuse, moist, "mikado
orange" (R.), decorated by fine, pointed, concolorous fasci-
cles of fibrils which suggest a minutely echinulate appearance,
margin at first incurved, even; flesh relatively thick, thinner on
margin, concolor. Gills adnate, rather narrow, of equal width,
subdistant, waxy, "light orange-yellow." Stem 1-2.5 cm. long,
1.5-2 mm. thick, "light orange-yellow" (R.), equal, glabrous,
hollow, toughish, concolorous within, apex naked but attached
at base by delicate radiating, pure white hairs; cortina none.
Spores elliptical, smooth, hyaline, 8-9 x 4-4.5(5); basidia 48-
50x7-8iu; cystidia none; gill-trama of interwoven hyphae;
trama of pileus floccose, homogeneous, composed of concolorous
hyphae; sterile cells inconspicuous.

On a very decayed log under Douglas fir. Subcespitose.
Mt. Hood, Oregon. October 16. Collected by L. E. Wehmeyer.

This species departs in such minor particulars from the
European form which goes under the name of H. turundus var.
mollis, that it seems clearly to be the same. I have here raised
the variety to specific rank on microscopical grounds. The whole
plant has a waxy lustre. No cortina was visible even in the
youngest specimen. The decoration of the cap gives a white

Fungus Flora of ML Hood 131

sheen when reflecting the light. It belongs to the subgenus
Camarophyllus.

Hygrophorus fimbriatophyllus, sp. nov. — Pileus 2-3 cm.
broad, at first oval-hemispherical then broadly convex, obtuse,
uniformly "apricot-yellow" (R.), fibrillose-floccose or broken
into soft and small scales, margin even, at first incurved and
silky from the cortina; flesh moist, concolor, 2 mm. thick near
stem, narrowed to the margin of the pileus. Gills broadly
adnate or at length spuriously subdecurrent, rather narrow,
2-4 mm., ''apricot-yellow," waxy, edge concolorous and fimbriate.
Stem 4-7 cm. long tapering upwards, 2-3.5 mm. thick at apex,
3-6 mm. at base, concolor, even, flexuous, at first silky-fibrillose,
glabrescent. Odor and taste none. Spores subglobose to broadly
efliptical, smooth, hyaline, 7-8(9) X 6-7 m; cystidia none; sterile
cells on the edge of the gills prominent, cylindrical, obtuse, 100-
120 X 4-5 //, hyaHne; gill-trama interwoven.

On very rotten wood in conifer forest. Mt. Hood, Oregon.
October 13. Collected by L. E. Wehmeyer.

The pileus although fleshy is thin and somewhat pliant, but
the waxy gills preclude the genus Clitocybe. The young plant is
surrounded by the continuation of the pileus covering, thus indi-
cating a universal veil. H. intermedium Pass.-Ricken has a sim-
ilar covering. Our plant belongs to the subgenus Camarophyllus.

Hygrophorus multifolius, sp. nov. (See Plate VII.) — Pileus
1.5-4 cm. broad, pliant, at first broadly convex and discoid, at
length plane to depressed with a small umbo and a decurved
margin, viscous, with a thin, separable pellicle, soon dry and sub-
tomentose, putty-colored to ''drab" (R.), margin at first incurved
and persistently translucent-striatulate, incurved portion subto-
mentose; flesh rather thin, 1.5 mm. near stem, tapering gradu-
ally to margin, concolor, fading. Gills adnate-subdecurrent, at
length decurrent by elevation of cap-margin, narrow, 3-4 mm.,
almost Hnear, close or subcrowded, "echru-drab" (R.) or paler,
waxy, edge entire. Stem 3-5 cm. long, 2-3.5 mm. thick, equal,
terete or compressed, hollow, slightly viscid when fresh from the
thin hyaline evanescent universal veil, sometimes white-silky or
lacerate-silky in upper portion, "light drab" within and without,

132 C. H. Kauffman

fading, toughish. Odor strongly farinaceous, taste similar. Spores
suboblong, smooth, hyaline, 6-6.5(7) x 3-3.5 ji; cystidia none;
basidia 4-spored 45-50 x 4-5 fi ; sterile cells on edge of gills in-
conspicuous; gill-trama with parallel-diverging hyphae, those in
axis parallel.

On deep moss and on needle beds in hemlock, cedar and fir
forest. Gregarious to subcespitose. Mt. Hood, Oregon. Octo-
ber 1 to 15. Collected by L. E. Wehmeyer.

This species has much the appearance and habit of Clitocybe.
It is, however, a true Hygrophorus, as shown by its viscid veil
and by its gill structure. It belongs to the subgenus Limacium.
Its near relatives all have distant gills. When artificially dried
after collecting, those growing in wet weather dry dark while
those already wind-dried retain their colors.
Hypholoma fasciculare Fr.

Hypholoma olivaespora Ellis. — See H. vinosum Kauff. (12, p.
261), which is a synonym.

Hypholoma canoceps, sp. nov. — Pileus 1-2 cm. broad, about
1 cm. high, fragile, conical-campanulate to broadly conical,
hygrophanous, "cinnamon-drab" (R.) when moist, but this
ground-color almost hidden except on umbo by an appressed
radially disposed, white-villose innate silkiness, slowly fading, at
length subglabrescent, margin at first straight, appressed silky,
not striate; flesh thin, concolor. Gills adnate, rounded behind,
seceding, narrow, 2 mm., crowded, "cinnamon-drab," white-
flocculose on edge. Stem 4-6 cm. long, 2.5-3 mm. thick, equal,
white, fragile, straight or curved at base, hollow, even, at first
covered by a rather persistent white-silky floccosity, at length
glabrescent, whitish within, rather cartilaginous. Odor and taste
none. Spores elliptic-oblong, subobtuse, smooth, purplish-
brown, 8-9.5 X 3.5-4.5 //; cystidia on sides of gills are lack-
ing; sterile cells on edge short cystidia-like, ventricose-subglobose
above pedicel, with abruptly narrowed, cjdindric neck, thin-
walled, hyaline, 40-50 X 8-12 ju, neck 4 {j. diameter.

On very rotten pieces of wood mixed with black alluvial
moist soil in conifer forest. Mt. Hood, Oregon. October 14.
Collected by C. H. Kauffman.

Fungus Flora of ML Hood 133

This species has two characters which might lead one to
place it in the genus Psathyra, viz. the cartilaginous stem and
straight margin of the young pileus. The innate character of
the pileus covering which represents a universal veil is, however,
a Hypholoma character. The universal veil in the indusiate
Psathyras is detersile and usually only scattered loose flecks of it
are found on the young pileus. This species is to be placed in
the section of Hypholoma to which H. velutinu7n and H. me-
lanthinum belong, in spite of the fact that the spore characters
are different from those species. It forms a connecting link
between Hypholoma and Psathyra.

Hypholoma tsugaecola, sp. nov. (See Plate VIII.) — Pileus
3-7 cm. broad, thin and pliant, convex then subexpanded-discoid,
finally depressed on disk and margin elevated, subviscid, with
a separable subgelatinous pellicle, hygrophanous, "buckthorn
brown" to ''ochraceous-tawny" (R.) when moist, "j^ellow ochre"
to "antimony-yellow" when dry, glabrous, but margin narrowly
appendiculate from the veil, margin at first incurved, very thin
and acute, pellucid-long-striatulate ; flesh about 1 mm. thick,
thicker on disk, concolor, fading. Gills adnate-subdecurrent,
close, narrow, almost hnear, 5-7 mm., soon " ochraceous-tawny "
(R.) with a darker sheen by reflected light, edge entire. Stem
curved-ascending, 5-8 cm. long, subequal, 5-8(10) mm. thick,
apex conspicuously dilated in the region of gill-attachment,
"snuff-hrown" (R.) within and without, surface at first with
scattered, scurf-like detersile scales up to the obsolete annu-
lus, then longitudinally fibrillose, rigid, fibrous with subcarti-
laginous cortex, solid below, firmly stuffed, finally hollow at
the apex. Odor none; taste bitterish. Spores 6-7.5 x 4-4.5
(5) jJL, short ellipsoid, smooth, purplish-brown under the micro-
scope, dark purplish in mass; cystidia none; sterile cells in-
distinct; basidia 4-spored, 32 x 4-5 fx.

Cespitose on dead hemlock stub. Mt. Hood, Oregon. Octo-
ber 9. Coflected by C. H. Kauffman.

There are relatively few viscid or pelliculose species of Hy-
pholoma; two rare British species have been described. H.
incomptum Massee is similar to ours, but differs in the much

134

C. H. Kauffman

more ferruginous colors, different gill-attachment . and narrower
spores. Its detailed microscopic characters are not sufficiently
known.

Inocybe albodisca Pk.
Inocybe calamistrata Fr.
Inocybe decipientoides Pk.
Inocybe fallax Pk.
Inocybe fastigiata Fr.
Inocybe geophylla Fr.

Inocybe lacera Fr.
Inocybe lanuginosa Fr.-Bres.
Inocybe lilacina (Boud.) Kauff.
Inocybe pallidipes E. & E.
Inocybe pretervisa Quel.

Inocybe prominens Kauff. forma longistriata, f. nov
The rimosity is more extensive than in the typical form.

Inocybe radiata Pk.
Inocybe scabella Fr.

Inocybe sororia Kauff.
Inocybe virgata Atk.

Inocybe geophylia Fr. forma perplexa, f . nov. — This form
has the stature and all the other characters of I. geophylla, ex-
cept that the pileus, gills, stem and flesh become slowly —
finally entirely — diffused with an "apricot buff" or pinkish
color after picking, and this color is retained in the dried speci-
mens. This form occurs throughout the eastern Rocky Mountain
region and thence westward to the Pacific Coast. When fresh
or in a growing condition it is white like /. geophylla.

Lactarius alpinus Pk.
Lactarius aurantiacus Pers.

-Ricken
Lactarius lignyotus Fr.
Lactarius mucida Burl.
Lactarius parvus Pk.
Lactarius subdulcis Fr.
Lactarius subpurpureus Pk.
Lactarius torminosus Fr.
Lactarius turpis Fr.
Lactarius uvidus Fr.
Lepiota acutaesquamosa Fr.
Lepiota clypeolaria Fr.

Lepiota cristata Fr.
Lepiota flammeotincta Kauff.

See Kauffman (15)
Lepiota gloioderma Fr.
Lepiota petasiformis Murrill
Lepiota pulcherrima Graff.

See Kauffman (15)
Lepiota rubrotincta Pk.
Leptonia asprella Fr.

LePTONIA FORMOSA Fr.

Leptonia occidentalis Mur-
rill
Leptonia serrulata Fr.

Fungus Flora of ML Hood 135

Leptonia subeuchroa, sp. nov. — Pileus 1.5-2 cm. broad,
subpliant, convex, subumbonate, "dark purple-drab" (R.),
densely hairy-scaly, even on margin which is at first incurved;
flesh thin, concolor towards cap surface, whitish towards gills.
Gills adnate, subventricose, rather broad, close (or subdistant
in age), pure white at first, becoming ''seashell pink" (R.),
edge concolor, entire. Stem 2-3 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. thick,
straight or curved, equal, ''dark madder blue" (R.), glabrous
and even, naked at apex, stuffed to hollow, whitish within.
Odor not noted. Spores almost even, obscurely angled, elHp-
soid-almond-shaped, bright pink under microscope, 8-9(11) X
5.5-7 m; basidia 4-spored, about 45 X 7 fx; cystidia none; sterile
cells on edge of gills indistinct.

On mossy log, in forest of cedar, hemlock and maple. Gre-
garious. Mt. Hood, Oregon. October 16. Collected by C. H.
Kauffman.

This species stands apart from all its relatives by its ob-
scurely angular spores. As to individual species, it differs from
L. placida by the absence of black squammules at apex of stem;
from L. suhplacida and many others, in spore-size and color;
from L. euchroa in the white young gills; from L. chalybea by its
habitat and color; and from L. chloropolia and L. lazulina by
the non-striate margin of the pileus.

Leptonia trivalis, sp. nov. — Pileus 2-4 cm. broad, subpliant,
flattened-convex, finally plane and margin elevated, obscurely
depressed-papillate, subviscid from a subgelatinous, subseparable
pellicle, glabrous, pellucid-striatulate when fresh, ''sayal brown"
(R.), slowly fading; flesh concolor, fading, subhygrophanous,
margin at first incurved. Gills adnate-seceding, rarely with
decurrent tooth, close, rather narrow, 2-4(5) mm., white at
first, "light pinkish cinnamon" at maturity, edge entire or
suberose. Stem 4-8 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, equal, elastic,
cortex cartilaginous, toughish, hollow, flexuous, even, very
glabrous, easily splitting lengthwise, hyaline- white. Odor and
taste none. Spores globose, obscurely angular, pale under
microscope, 7-8 // diameter; basidia 4-spored, 25 X 8-9 /x;
cystidia none; sterile cells on edge of gills indistinct.

136 C. H. Kaufman

On decayed wood in a cedar swamp. Mt. Hood, Oregon.
October 9. Collected by C. H. Kauffman,

It seems to be nearest to L. glabra Murrill, a species from
Maine, but differs from it by the gelatinous surface of the pileus,
the adnate gills, the much thicker stem and its generally larger
size. L. semiglohata Murrill also from Maine, a species with a
slightly viscid pileus, has squammules on the pileus, a yellowish-
gray stem and ellipsoid, angular spores. Our species has a gen-
eral nondescript appearance that allies it to many species of this
genus.

Marasmius limonispora, sp. nov. — Pileus 1-2 cm. broad,
submembranous, phant, "light grayish olive" to ''pale smoke
gray" (R.) when growing, dingy "pinkish-buff" after reviving in
rains, at first even, obscurely radiate-wrinkled in age, the
glabrous margin at first incurved; flesh thin, concolor. Gills
broadly adnate, relatively rather broad, close, subdistant when
pileus expands, whitish, pruinose. Stem 7-10 cm. long, about
2-2.5 mm. thick, equal, flexuous below but rather strict other-
wise, entirely "natal brown" at maturity, or with white apex,
pruinose throughout, tubular, concolor within, with a subfibrous
cortex, white-myceloid at the base where it is intergrown with
moss and humus. Odor and taste none. Spores limoniform in
one view, subplano-convex in other view, 9-12 x 6-7 /x, hyaline,
smooth; cystidia scattered on sides and edge of gills, lanceolate-
subventricose, capitate, hyaline, 65-75 X 12-15 ju; basidia 4-
spored, 40 X 6-7 fx.

On mosses and humus on the ground in conifer forest.
Gregarious. Mt. Hood, Oregon. October 16. Collected by
C. H. Kauffman.

Marasmius subnauseosus, sp. nov. — Pileus 5-15 mm.
broad, submembranous, broadly convex to flattened, obtuse,
*'mars yellow" (R.) on margin, "sudan brown" on disk, glab-
rous, dry, even, margin at first incurved; flesh concolor, of
uniform thickness. Gills broadly adnate, occasionally with a
tooth, color "warm buff," crowded, rather broad behind, nar-
row in front, edge entire. Stem 2-4 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick,
tapering down from a somewhat dilated apex, instititious, soon

Fungus Flora of ML Hood 137

tubular, ''raw umber" (R.) except the yellowish apex, covered
with a ferruginous pruinosity which is denser at base, even,
"mars yellow" within. Odor none; taste tardily nauseous, at
length definitely so. Spores minute, narrow, subcylindric, 5-6
(7) X 1-1.5 ix, smooth and hyaline; cystidia none; basidia 24 x
5-6 fx; pileus corticate, the surface layer of thick- walled brown
cells.

On decayed wood in conifer forest. Gregarious or scattered.
Mt. Hood, Oregon. September 28. Collected by C. H. Kauffman.

Marasmius umbilicatus, sp. nov. — Pileus 2-4 cm. broad,
slightly fleshy, at very first pale pinkish buff, soon milk-white,
deeply umbilicate, radiately rugose- wrinkled, glabrous, margin
membranous, at first incurved and white pruinose on edge, then
repand; flesh concolor. Gills subdecurrent, arcuate, narrow,
acuminate at ends, close to subdistant, intervenose, becoming
crisped, whitish. Stem 3-5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. subequal, dilated
at apex, tough-cartilaginous, hollow, irregularly compressed and
longitudinally furrowed, dark fuscous, darker at base, pallid at
apex, glabrous except the scurfy apex, with brownish tomentum
at base. Odor and taste none. Spores narrow, elongated-
pointed at one end, 9 10 x 3-3.5 fx; cystidia scattered on sides
and edge of gills, subfusiform-acicular, about QO X 7 fx.

Attached to fir needles and debris in fir and hemlock forests.
Rather frequent in the mountains of Oregon and Washington.
October 5. Collected by C. H. Kauffman.

This has the general appearance of M. deledans of the Eastern
United States, but the pileus is deeply umbilicate, the gills are
subdecurrent, the spores of a different shape and it grows in a
different habitat.

Mycena acicula Fr. Mycena ludea Fr.-Ricken

Mycena amicta Fr.-Ricken Mycena pelianthina Fr.

Mycena ammoniaca Fr. Mycena pura Fr.

Mycena clavicularis Fr. Mycena rosella Fr.

Mycena epipterygia Fr. Mycena rubromarginata Fr.

Mycena haematopoda Fr. Mycena vitilis Fr.

Mycena inclinata Fr.-Ricken Mycena vulgaris Fr.

138 C, H. Kauffman

Mycena strobilinoides Pk. — This was a most satisfactory
find, and made it possible to record the character of this species
in detail. Peck described it from the Olympic Mountains,
Washington. It is a striking little plant, about 3-4 cm. tall,
with a "flame-scarlet" (R.) pileus, and an "orange" stem; the
gills are colored "light salmon-orange" with a flame-scarlet edge.
The spores are elliptical, smooth, hyaline, and measure 7-8 x
5-5.5 IX. The sterile cells on the edge of the gills are broadly
clavate, not very much larger than the basidia, but are colored
fiery-orange, and their surface is echinulate-dotted; similarly
decorated sterile cells, less highly colored, are scattered through
the hymenium elsewhere, and although they have the size of
basidia they are clearly differentiated by these markings. This
is a case, entirely apart from other findings, which supports
Buller (7, p. 279) in his contention that paraphyses are always
paraphyses and here these sterile cells are surely of the nature
assumed by him, i, e. they are "paraphyses" and never become
basidia. No types of cystidia are present. This collection grew
on needle beds of the Douglas fir.

Mycena pterigena Fr. ■ — This dainty little plant, beauti-
fully illustrated in Fries, Icones, Plate 85, Fig. 4, occurs in this
country in the Eastern mountains as well as in the West. I have
collected it in the Adirondacks and then again at Mt. Hood.
It was attached to dead fern fronds lying on the ground. The
pileus is only 2-5 mm. broad, scarcely higher, and at first deli-
cately rose-tinted. At maturity or in age the pileus becomes
grayish-brown either entirely or only on the umbo; it is at
first subcylindric-subconic, then subhemispherical, and the mar-
gin is pellucid-striatulate when fresh. The gills are distant,
ascending, rather narrow, whitish. The stem is 3-4 cm. long,
half a millimeter or less in thickness, filiform, tough, flaccid,
becoming grayish-brown after the rosy tints fade, and is attached
by small hairs at the base. The spores measure 8-10 X 4-4.5 fx,
and are oblong or oblong-subfusiform and hyaline. The surface
layer of the pileus is composed of large horizontal hyphae.

Mycena tinctura, sp. nov. (See Plate IX.) — Pileus 1-2.5 cm.
broad, subfleshy, conic-campanulate, obtusely umbonate, "pale

Fungus Flora of ML Hood 139

pinkish buff" to "drab gray" (R.), umbo "fuscous," at length
tinged avellaneous, striate-subphcate, striae subdistant, sub-
hygrophanous, scarcely fading, glabrous, margin at first straight;
flesh submembranous, equal, concolor. Gills ascending, adnate-
seceding, rather narrow, without decurrent tooth, subdistant,
distinct, white, at length gray-tinted, edge entire. Stem 4-7 cm.
long, 1-2 mm. thick, equal, even, glabrous, naked at the apex,
pale "echru-drab" to "wood brown" (R.), terete or twisted,
sometimes compressed-sulcate, cartilaginous, tough, strict and
elastic, with a watery juice, becoming dark vinaceous when crushed.
Odor and taste none. Spores 9-11(12) x 5-6(7) ^x, ellipsoid,
acute at apiculate end, hyaline, smooth; cystidia none; sterile
cells on edge of gills saccate but indistinct ; surface layer of pileus
corticate, composed of 3 to 4 rows of subglobose, vesciculose,
rather large cells.

On decayed wood and needle beds of hemlock. Cespitose to
solitary. Mt. Hood, Oregon. October 7 and 16. Collected by
C. H. Kauffman.

It belongs to the section Lactipedes by virtue of the rather
copious watery juice of the stem, which stains the crushed flesh
wine color. In other respects, it could be referred to the Fi-
lopedes. In age the drab and fuscous colors of the cap may fade.
In addition to the juicy stem it is distinguishable from its
relatives by the lack of odor, the narrow, subdistant gills, the
spore characters and the absence of cystidia. When growing on
wood, the stems may be dwarfed.

Naucoria melinoides Fr.-Ricken

Naucoria sideroides Fr.-Ricken

Naucoria belluloides, sp. nov. — Pileus 8-20 mm. broad, con-
vex, obtuse, dry, glabrous, "chestnut" to "hays russet" (R.),
not hygrophanous, margin at first involute, then spreading, even
when moist; flesh thin, concolor to ochraceous. Gills adnexed,
rounded behind, not broad, 3 mm., crowded, "chamois" to
"honey-yeflow" (R.), edge entire. Stem 2-3 cm. long, 2-3 mm.
thick, equal or tapering slightly upwards, "cinnamon-rufous"
within and without, stuffed axis paler, apex pruinose, glabrous else-
where, even. Odor none; taste distinctly bitter. Spores broadly

140 C. H. Kaufman

ellipsoid to oval, rough, dark rusty under the microscope, 7-8 X 5-
5.5(6) At; cystidia none, or few to scattered, short subcylindrical
and subcapitate, hyaline; sterile cells on edge of gills nine-pin-
shaped, hyaline, obtuse ; basidia 32-34 x 6-7 fx ; surface of pileus
corticate, composed of pyriform, brown cells.

On decayed coniferous wood. Mt. Hood, Oregon, October 10.
Collected by L. E. Wehmeyer.

Very similar in size and coloring to our eastern species, A^.
hellula Pk., but differs by its larger spores, adnexed gills, etc.

NoLANEA PASCUA Fr.-Ricken. — This is a rare species, at
once distinguished microscopically by its cruciate-angled spores.

Nolanea latifolia, sp. nov. — Pileus 2-3 cm. broad, com-
panulate-hemispherical, apex truncate-depressed, in age some-
times markedly umbonate but umbo truncate, glabrous, hy-
grophanous, striatulate to subeven and "hair-brown" when moist,
quickly fading to "drab-gray" or ashy on losing moisture, then
even, margin at first straight; flesh submembranous, concolor.
Gills broadly adnate-seceding, broad, ventricose, abruptly sinu-
ate near stem, close, at first gray-tinted, then " vinaceous-f awn "
(R.), somewhat crisp. Stem 5-6 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, strict,
equal, elastic, cartilaginous, stuffed to hollow, fragile, persist-
ently grayish-brown to "hair-brown," variegated with silky-
white innate fibrils, white-myceloid at the slightly enlarged base.
Odor and taste none or shghtly subnauseous. Spores spherical,
obtusely angular, tinged flesh-color, 8-9 fj, diameter, (10 fx with
apiculus); cystidia none; basidia 4-spored, 40-42 x 11-12 fi.

Among moss and debris in forest of fir and hemlock. Solitary
or subgregarious. Mt. Hood, Oregon. October 7 and 25.
Collected by C. H. Kauffman.

I am not at all sure that this may^ not be N. occidentalis
Murrill, but if so, that species is very imperfectly described. It
differs from Murrill's account by the definitely adnate gills
which are closely spaced, not at all distant, and by the fact that
they are at first grayish.

Omphalia campanella Fr. Omphalia maura Fr.-Ricken

Omphalia dumosa Fr.-Ricken Omphalia onisca Fr.
Omphalia gracillima Fr.

Fungus Flora of Mt. Hood 141

Omphalia umbellifera Fr. forma ochraleuca, f. nov. —
Plant "cream-color" (R.) in all parts. Spores ovoid-elliptical,
smooth, hyaline, 6-8 x 4-5 (x; cystidia none. Gills distant,
broadly decurrent, broadest in middle, few forked. Stem sloid,
more or less pruinose. Pileus convex-umbilicate to subinfundi-
buliform, striate-plicate, with a white-appressed pruinosity.
Collected several times with the characters constant. It differs
from the other forms of this variable species mostly in color.

Panus stipticus Fr. Pleurotus serotinus Fr.

Paxillus atrotomentosus Fr. Pluteus granulatus Fr.
Pholiota adiposa Fr. Pluteus cervinus Fr.

Pholiota erebia Fr. Pluteus leoninus Fr.

Pholiota discolor Pk. Pluteus nanus Fr.

Pholiota marginata Fr. Pluteus tomentosulus Pk.

Pleurotus albolanatus Fr, Psalliota arvensis Fr.

Psalliota subrutilescens, sp. nov. (See Plate X.) — Pileus
7-12(15) cm. broad, oftener 7-9 cm., fleshy, firm, at first hemi-
spheric-oval, at length broadly convex, obtuse or obsoletely
subumbonate, at first uniformly covered by a continuous, ap-
pressed, fibrillose-hairy cuticle which is "hays brown" to "sorg-
hum brown"; during expansion this cuticle is broken up into very
numerous, small and appressed, hairy areolae, scarcely in form of
scales, and the color changes slowly to shades of vinaceous,
e. g. "light russet vinaceous," "brownish-vinaceous," "vinaceous-
brown" (R.), etc., remaining darker on disk, the whitish flesh
scarcely showing between the areolae, margin even, indistinctly
virgate. Gills free, at first reaching the stem, becoming subre-
mote, narrow, 4-5 mm., sublinear, crowded, "safrano pink" (R.)
when immature, later "vinaceous fawn," finally "sorghum-
brown" (R.) or darker, glistening, edge entire. Stem 8-12
(15) cm. long, oftener 8-10 cm., tapering upwards from a sub-
clavate base, 7-10(12) mm. thick at apex, 12-18 mm. at base,
often subdecurrent at base, at first peronate by a rather thick,
densely silky-interwoven, snow-white sheath, which becomes
lacerate-torn forming pointed or squarrose scales, and termi-
nating above in the annulus, apex of stem even, silky or minutely

142 C. H. Kauffman

sublacerate, stuffed to hollow, tinged vinaceous or subrufescent
within, soon soft and putrescent at base. Annulus at first
erect-flaring and white, then deflexed, thick, interwoven-silky,
smooth above, densely floccose-scaly and vinescent beneath, with
a broad floccose rim when normal, double, persistent, superior.
Odor none, taste tardily bitterish-subnauseous. Spores oval-
oblong, 5-6(6.5) X 3(3.5) ji, obtuse, smooth, purplish-brown; cys-
tidia none; basidia 4-spored, 30-34 x 5-6 ii.

In low moist conifer forests or near alders, usuall}^ in humus.
More frequently solitary or few. Not uncommon. Mt. Hood,
Oregon. October 11. Collected by C. H. Kauffman.

This was the only forest Psalliota seen, and although not
abundant it occurred singly with some frequency. It is super-
ficially similar to P. rutilescens Pk.-Kauff. (13), but funda-
mentally is quite distinct. It differs from that species by its
double annulus, stuffed to hollow, non-bulbous stem, the nar-
rower spores and the highly developed blematogen. The dif-
ferentiation of the concrete surface layer of the pileus and of the
sheath and annulus take the same course during development as
in the case of P. rodmani Pk. studied by Atkinson (1). The
sheath on the young stem, along with the portion up to the
margin of the pileus, includes the partial veil as an interior
layer — thin along the stem ■ — and this composite sheath can be
easily peeled off from the stem at this stage.

PSATHYRA PENNATA Fr.-RickeU

PsATHYRA PERSiMPLEx Britz.-Kauff . (12, p. 270)

Psathyra fragilissima, sp. nov. (See Plate XI.) — Pileus 2-5
cm. broad, 1.5-3 cm. high, very fragile, at first broadly conic
and obtuse, conic-campanulate at maturity, hygrophanous,
"light cinnamon drab" (R.) and even when young and moist,
later "benzo brown," at first covered by snow-white evanescent
floccose-fibrillose, small and superficial scales, "pale pinkish buff"
and even when dry, soon glabrous, margin at times evanescently
appendiculate; flesh thin, equal, fragile, concolor. Gills ascend-
ing, adnate-seceding, relatively narrow, 3-5 mm., crowded, soon
"hair-brown" then "fuscous" (R.), edge at first minutely white-
flocculose. Stem long and slender, extremely fragile, 10-15(18)

Fungus Flora of Mt. Hood 143

cm. by 3-5(6) mm., equal or tapering slightly upwards, pure
white, glabrous, scurfy and substriate at apex, hollow, even,
strict but becoming flexuous, cartilaginous, easily splitting.
Odor and taste mild or slightly nutty. Spores elliptical, regular,
obtuse, smooth, 13-15 x 6-7 ix, purple brown; cystidia none;
sterile cells on edge of gills short and broadly nine-pin-shaped, i.e.
capitate, 45 X 12-15 (jl; basidia 4-spored, 30-32 x 12 ^t; upper
layer of pilous slightly differentiated, composed of 3-4 rows of
vesiculose, hj^aline cells, forming a subseparable pellicle, interior
trama slightly tinged with drab.

On decayed leaves, needles and humus in mixed forest.
Gregarious. Mt. Hood, Oregon, October 12. Collected by C. H.
Kauffman.

This differs from both of the preceding by lacking cystidia
on the sides of the gills. It is distinguished in general, by the
pure white universal veil, long white stems, non-striate pileus,
large spores and by the shape of the sterile cells on the edge of
the gills. It belongs to the section Fibrillosae.

Psilocybe ochraeceps, sp. nov. — Pileus 1-3 cm. broad, at
first broadly oval, at length subhemispherical, obtuse or ob-
scurely short-pointed on centre, unexpanded, about 1 cm. high at
maturity, pelliculose, lubricous, subhygrophanous, at first "yel-
low-ochre" (R.) to ''antimony-yellow," glabrous and even, mar-
gin at first incurved and white-cortinate ; flesh concolor (moist),
whitish (dry), easily split radially, toughish across radial section.
Gills adnate-seceding, ascending, ventricose, rather broad, 3-5
mm., closely spaced at margin of pileus, subdistant near stem,
white at first, then "hair-brown," sprinkled by the spores, edge
entire. Stem 4-9 cm. long, 1-2.5 mm. thick, equal above the
tomentose-enlarged base, reddish-fuscous within, pale-fuscous be-
neath a distinct cortinate white coating of fibrils, narrowly white-
stuffed in the axis, very slightly viscid. Odor and taste slight,
subnauseous. Spores 8-9 x 4-5 fx, elliptic-oblong, smooth, ob-
tuse, purple-brown; cystidia none; sterile cells inconspicuous.

Base of stems imbedded in humus or rotten wood. Grega-
rious. Mt. Hood, Oregon, September 28 and October 7. Col-
lected by C. H. Kauffman.

144 C. H. Kauffman

It belongs to the section Tenaces. A very distinct plant,
whose pileus remains unexpanded and on drying in situ becomes
radially undulate-plicate, its margin closing in on the stem.
The stem is distinctly sticky to the tongue, indicating an outer
veil continuous with the pellicle of the pelius. At first and for a
time, the cortinate covering gives the stem the appearance of
being white.

Psilocybe olivaceotincta, sp. nov. ^ — Pileus 1.5-3 cm. broad,
fragile, at first obtusely campanulate, then expanded to plane,
hygrophanous, "citrine-drab" (R.) and faintly striatulate when
moist, "olive-buff" or "pinkish-buff" and atomate when dry,
glabrous, margin at first incurved, flesh thin, .5-1 mm., con-
color. Gills broadly adnate, close to subdistant, thin, rather
broad, at first "pale olive buff," then "citrine drab" (R.), edge
very entire. Stem 3-5 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. thick, equal or
tapering downwards, toughish, becoming rigid-brittle, "cinna-
mon-rufous" upwards, "chestnut brown" downwards, glabrous
except the minutely scurfy apex, concolor and minutely tubular
within. Odor and taste none. Spores elliptical, smooth, 10-12
X 5-6 IX, distinctly purple-brown under the microscope; cystidia
none; sterile cells on edge of gills, filiform, cylindrical, hyaline,
3-4 /z diameter; trama of pileus homogeneous.

On moist thick humus and rotten debris in conifer forest.
Mt. Hood, Oregon, October 6. Collected by C. H. Kauffman.

Sharply distinct by the contrasting colors of pileus and stem.

RUSSULA BOREALIS Kauff. RUSSULA PECTINATOIDES Pk.

RussuLA DELicA Fr. RussuLA Raoultii Burl.

RuSSULA EMETICA Fr. RuSSULA SUBOLIVASCENS Burl.

Russula expallens Gill. Russula xerampelina Fr.

RussuLA fallax Cke. Stropharia ambigua (Pk.) Zel-
Russula flava Romell ler

Russula Murrillii Burl. Stropharia stercoraria Fr.

Stropharia fragilis, sp. nov. (See Plate XII.) — Pileus very
fragile, 3-7 cm. broad, at first subhemispherical then campanu-
late-expanded, obtuse, at length plane-subrepand, very hygroph-
anous, "army-brown" to "wood brown" (R.) and striatulate on

Fungus Flora of ML Hood 145

margin when moist, fading to "pinkish buff" and even when
dry, finally becoming finely radiately wrinkled, at very first
with concentrically disposed, superficial, hairy-silky to subfloc-
cose, white, evanescent scales, soon denuded, disk brownish in
age, margin at first incurved; flesh thin, 1-1.5 mm. thick, con-
color. Gills adnate-seceding, medium broad, 4-6 mm., nearly
plane, close, soon " drab "-colored, then "hair-brown" or darker,
edge white-flocculose. Stem very fragile, 7-10 cm. long, 4-5
mm. thick, thicker at base, tapering slightly upwards, from
the subclavate base, ivhite, lacerate floccose-silky up to the an-
nulus, apex pruinose, silky above ring,' stuffed to hollow, with
cartilaginous cortex, white within. Annulus membranous, soon
deflexed, white, coronillate on upper surface, densely silky or
floccose below, distant about one third from apex of stem,
derived from the universal veil, partial veil very scanty. Spores
elliptic-oblong, 6.5-8 x 3.5-4(4.5), smooth, dark purplish-brown
under the microscope; cystidia on sides and edge of gills, ventri-
cose-sublanceolate, obtuse, hyaline, thin-walled, pedicel rather
stout. Odor and taste mild or slight.

On the ground in a swampy cedar and hemlock forest.
Cespitose or subcespitose. Mt. Hood, Oregon, Ocbober 16.
Collected by C. H. Kauffman.

It belongs to the group Spintrigeri. Without a knowledge of
the detailed characters, it could easily be identified with S.
spintrigera Fr, It has not at all the habit of HypJioloma appendic-
ulatum with which Fries (10) compares his species. Our species
differs from S. spintrigera in its striatulate, scaly pileus, the
longer stems, broader gills, and, as far as is known, by the pres-
ence of cystidia on the sides of the gills. The spores are of
the same size as given by Rea (19) for 8. spintrigera, but Rea
departs from the sizes of the plant given by Fries and others by
including here a long-stemmed plant. According to Fries {I. c.)
the gills are very narrow, 2-A mm. wide, although this con-
ception has also been varied by later authors. Lange (10) de-
scribes a variety of S. spintrigera and has kept close to the
Friesian conception with respect to the habit assigned to it by
Fries.

146 C. H. Kauffman

Stropharia squamosa Fr. (See Plate XIII.) — Reading
between the lines one soon realizes that mycologists are con-
tinually beset with the query: What is the typical 8. squamosaf
The method pursued in the past, of attaching several varieties
under this name, has but complicated the situation, for it seems
easier to collect the varieties than to get clear the correct idea
of the Friesian species, at least in this country. In support of
these statements is the uncertainty shown in the works of vari-
ous authors concerning the microscopic characters of this plant
and its varieties. Persoon is still given credit for naming it — in
fact he named it twice — but no descriptions can be found which
are at all complete, which do not practically copy that of Fries
from Monographia. Ricken (20) publishes a figure that gives
the general appearance of the plant, but since it is difficult to
reproduce the changing colors during the development or under
different weather conditions, one does not get a very clear idea
from such a figure.

The plants shown in our photograph agree well with the
Friesian description and that of Ricken. The stems are slender,
10-15 cm. long and 3-6 mm. thick, at first strict, tough, and
lacerate floccose-scaly up to the annulus. The pileus is at first
hemispherical with a subconic umbo, viscid when wet, and
covered by scattered, superficial, evanescent, silky-white scales,
beneath which it is colored " echru-olive " (R.), darker towards
the " chestnut "-colored umbo; the umbo later becomes much
less prominent, or the pileus may be merely obtuse. It is 3-5
(6) cm. broad, and when it loses moisture, by drying in situ, it
becomes " ochraceous-buff " and finally, "yellow-ochre." The
gills are broadly adnate, 6-10 mm. broad, at first "pale mouse-
gray" (R.), then finally "fuscous "-colored. The odor is slight,
but occasional penetrating whiffs of it can be easily noticed.
The taste is mild. These plants have spores measuring 12-14 x
6-7.5 ^i, elliptical, smooth and purple-umber under the micro-
scope. Cystidia are lacking on the sides of the gills, while the
edge is provided with filiform obtuse sterile cells, 50-60 /jl long,
and 3-4(5) fi thick. The annulus is somewhat distant from the
pileus, at first erect-flaring, then deflcxed, rather narrow, and

Fungus Flora of ML Hood 147

strongly coronillate on its upper surface; at first it is white-
lutescent, then stained above by the spores, and fioccose-silky on
the under side. The plants grow loosely gregarious on humus or
very rotten wood in open coniferous forests. They were my
first collection of the species which seemed to me to be typical,
rather than varieties.

Tricholoma equestre Fr. Tricholoma roseibrunnea

Tricholoma farinacea Murrill Murrill

Tricholoma panoeolum Fr. Tricholoma rutilans Fr.

var. CESPITOSUM Bres. Tricholoma subpessundatum

Tricholoma personatum Fr. Murrill

Tricholoma pessundatum Fr. Tricholoma sylvatica Pk.

University of Michigan

LITERATURE CITED

1. Atkinson, G. F. 1915. Morphology and Development of Agaricus

Rodmani. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 54: 309-342.

2. 1918. The Genus Galerula in North America. Proc. Amer.

Phil. Soc, 57: 357-374.

3. Banker, H. J. 1906. A Contribution to a Revision of the North

American Hydnaceae. Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, 12: 99-194.

4. Beardslee, H. E. 1908. The Amanitas of North Carolina. Journ. E.

Mitch. Soc, 24: 124.

5. Boudier, E. 1902. Observations sur Quelques-unes des Principales

Especes d'Amanites. Myc. Soc. Fr. Bull., 18: 253.

6. Bresadola, G. 1892. Fungi Tridentini, 2: 32, 85 and 86.

7. Btjller, a. H. Reginald. 1909. Researches on Fungi, Vol. II.

London and New York.

8. Burt, E. A. 1922. The North American Species of Clavaria. Ann.

Mo. Bot. Card., 9: 1-78.

9. CoKER, W. C. 1917. The Amanitas of the Eastern United States.

Journ. E. Mitch. Soc, 33: 42.

10. Fries, Elias Magnus. 1852. Monographia, Vol. I.

11. Kauffman, C. H. 1917. Tennessee and Kentucky Fungi. Mycologia,

9: 159-166.

12. 1918. Agaricaceae of Michigan, Vol. I.

148 C. H. Kaufman

13. 1921 (appeared in 1923). The Mycological Flora of the Higher

Rockies of Colorado. Papers Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts and Letters,
1:100-150.

14. 1922. The Genus Armillaria in the United States and Its Rela-
tionships. Ibid., 2: 62.

15. 1924. The Genus Lepiota in the United States. Ibid., 4: 311-344.

16. Lange, Jakob E. 1917. Studies in the Agarics of Denmark, Part III.

Dansk Botanisk Arkiv., 2: 18.

17. MuRRiLL, W. A. 1910. North American Flora, 9; 171.

18. Patouillard, N. 1883-1886. Tabulae Analyticae Fungorum.

19. Rea, Carlton. 1922. British Basidiomycetes.

20. RiCKEN, A. 1910-1915. Die Blatterpilze Deutschlands, Vols. I, II.

21. Zeller, S. M. 1922. Contributions to our Knowledge of Oregon

Fungi. Mycologia, 14: 173-199.

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PLATE IV

Amanita silvicola

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PSALLIOTA SUBRUTILESCENS

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PLATE XIII

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Stropharia squamosa

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THE GENUS LEPIOTA IN THE UNITED

STATES

C. H. KAUFFMAN

[Reprinted from Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and

Letters, Vol. IV, 1924]

THE GENUS LEPIOTA IN THE
UNITED STATES*

C. H. KAUFFMAN

A CAREFUL business man takes an inventory of stock on
hand at certain intervals in the development of his business.
It would appear that this common-sense procedure could be
applied equally to systematic mycology, and that if the knowl-
edge on hand were put together in compact form, and the
species no longer known or names no longer tenable could be
thrown on the rubbish heap, a large amount of confusion and
error in our accounts of existing plants would be eliminated.
It is with the hope of bringing about some such result that the
present paper has been prepared. Various sections of the United
States have been visited during the last ten years, and although
comparatively few new species were discovered and not nearly
all of the supposedly native or described species were collected,
yet a sufficient number of studies have been made to make a
review of the genus possible.

The genus Lepiota comprises many species, and the mono-
graphic accounts that have appeared from time to time indicate
that the genus has special attractions for the mycologist. Dr.
Peck, in the 35th Report of the New York State Museum, as long
ago as 1884, gave a detailed account of eighteen species then
known to him from that state. C. G. Lloyd in one of his first
numbers of Mycological Notes, published in 1898, gives an
account of seven of the larger species. Since Mr. Lloyd knows
how to photograph fungi, it is to be regretted that he did not
follow up his first output of agaric pictures. Then came A. P.
Morgan's monograph of the genus, appearing in Volumes 12 and

* Paper from the Department of Botany of the University of Michigan,
No. 216.

311

312 C. H. Kauffman

13 of the Journal of Mycology, 1906-1907, I doubt whether
mycologists have studied Mr. Morgan's arrangement of species
as carefully as it deserves. We have here an effort to lay a firm
foundation for the American species within this genus, and Mr.
Morgan, by careful choosing of terms, tried to bring all related
species together under headings which would indicate their
morphological development. Finally, a comprehensive account
of all the known North American species appeared in 1914, in
the North American Flora, Vol. 10, Part I. Here Dr. Murrill
recognises ninety-seven species, of which nine are segregated and
placed in the genus Limacella, proposed in 1909 by F. S. Earle.

Since Peck's first list, the number of species recognized in
the United States has increased fivefold. Peck himself de-
scribed a large number, and Professor Atkinson added some from
time to time; Morgan himself named fifteen of those enumerated
in his monograph, while Dr. Murrill added a goodly number,
especially from the poorly explored regions of the West and
South.

Many of the ninety odd species now on record for the United
States are too incompletely known and described. The difficulty
which Morgan encountered in properly placing species can be
easily read between his fines. Those which he himself collected
and studied, he had no difficulty in placing under the appropriate
section to which, by their structure and development, they
naturally belonged; but when he was compelled to place a
species described by someone else, he frequently had to guess at
the possible structure of such plants, and sometimes he vacillated
as regards the section into which the plant should be placed.
The present writer has experienced these same difficulties, and
some of the points involved wiU be discussed under "Comments"
later in the paper.

The name Lepiota wa'S used for the first time by Persoon.
He applied it to those white-spored Agarics with an annulus on
the stem and with innate scales on the pileus. Lange (9) in
transferring Ar miliaria mellea to the genus Lepiota seems to have
gone back to Persoon's broad characterization of the group.
Lange, however, uses other arguments to support his attitude.

Genus Lepiota 313

Fries (4) limited the group, as a tribe under Agaricus, much as
we have it at present. Quelet (11) raised it to generic rank. The
important European works deahng with the genus Lepiota since
the time of Fries and Quelet are those by Quelet and Battaille
(12), Ricken (14), Lange (9) and Rea (13). Further discussion
of the views of European authors will be hmited to the sections
below under "Comments."

The genus Lepiota is here kept intact except for the removal
of those species of the old group ''granulosae," which have ad-
nate or adnexed gills, and which are therefore more properly
Armillarias (8). A list of these is given below. The genus has
been divided into sections by various authors in different ways.
That these sections do not remain static in their content, merely
shows once more the need of more accurate and complete knowl-
edge of the species already described, and more care in describ-
ing new ones. In this paper the species are grouped in seven
sections: Lubricae, Viscidae, Pruinosae, Subclypeolariae, Clypeo-
lariae, Asperae, Procerae-annulosae.

If the morphological development from the initial button
stage were already worked out for most of the species, then the
grouping within these sections could be made permanent. Only
a few species, however, have been studied from this point of
view. Atkinson (1, 3) published an account of Lepiota clypeo-
laria, Lepiota cristata and Lepiota seminuda. From his studies
on these and other species of agarics which possess partial veils
or universal veils, he was able to point out the essential nature
of these veils (2). In these papers he shows that a differentiated
universal veil can be detected around the young buttons of cer-
tain species. This enveloping zone Atkinson calls the blematogen
and it may take one of two possible courses during the further
development of the button or fruit-body; in the one case, the
developing veil becomes intergrown with the primary tissue of
the pileus, and is therefore at length concrete with it, as in
Lepiota dypeolaria; in the other case, there is a gelatinizing of an
inner layer of hyphae of this outer enveloping zone of tissue in
such a way that it causes a loosening of the outer portion to form
the volva; the latter then separates at maturity as in Amanita

314 C. H. Kauffman

or Amanitopsis. This differentiated tissue, which forms a true
volva, Atkinson called the teleoblema. The genus Lepiota is,
then, definitely and generically distinct from Amanita and
Amanitopsis, without reference to the other differences in de-
velopment. The variations in the character of the cap-covering,
in different species of Lepiota, is doubtless due to the amount
and texture of the tissue derived originally from the blematogen.

If we turn now to the stem characters, we find that the facts
concerning the development of the annulus and stem-covering
are not as clearly worked out as those of the pileus. In sepa-
rating the genus into sections, the characters of the annulus and
stem-covering play a rather important part. These characters
also are generally poorly studied or recorded by those who
describe new species, and it is here that difficulties arise when
monographic arrangements of the species are attempted. Atkin-
son has given us a clear picture of the layers of tissue of the
stem-covering in Lepiota dypeolaria. Here the rather dense
tissue in the gill cavity — later to become the partial veil and
annulus — extends downward thinly to the base of the stem.
Enveloping this thin layer is the tissue of the universal veil,
which is concrete with the inner layer and which breaks up into
cottony scales. It may be said, in passing, that these parts can
be made out in the field with a good hand lens, and it is essen-
tial that all species collected and described should be studied in
this way when collected. L. dypeolaria is an example of the
kind of species which should go into the section Clypeolariae as
given below.

Atkinson gave some attention to the details of development of
annulus and stem-covering in Lepiota cristata. The blematogen
on the stem is composed of hyphae parallel to the stem and is
poorly developed, i.e., there is so little of it that the thin, almost
unnoticeable, peronate sheath which terminates in the annulus
when the plant is partly grown or expanded, cannot be accounted
for by this layer. Atkinson pointed out, however, that the thin,
descending tissue connected with the tissue of the gill cavity
later becomes much thicker. In the section Subclypeolariae,
given below, there is probably this type of development through-

Genus Lepiola 315

out the section, at least it may be assumed that only this type
of species should be included in this section. As constituted in
the present paper, it will be seen that the presence of a definite
annulus of the truly membranous type is the fundamental basis
of the section referred to.

The species which come under the section Pruinosae, as
limited in this paper, should have a pulverulent, flocculose or
obsolete covering on the surface of the pileus and on the stem,
and this covering is assumed to be derived from the blcmatogen.
In addition, the annulus is not truly membranous, or at least it
is delicate and poorly developed. Here again, one can not at
present be consistent, because of the incomplete data for quite
a number of species. Atkinson studied the development of
Lepiota seminuda, as a representative of this group. He found
the mealiness due to the breaking down of the blematogcn tissue,
its hyphal cells separating into turgid cells. Of course, not all
the species included below in this section have this type of cap-
and stem-covering, and doubtless a number of groupings can be
made when more developmental studies give us the details.
There is, however, a reasonable limit to the subdividing that maj^
be done, and relations will have to be worked out with some
degree of conservatism.

No studies of any consequence have yet been made of the
development from the early stages, for the species belonging to
our other sections. In the Lubricae, with a gelatinizing and
therefore viscid or glutinous outer layer on both pileus and stem,
it seems clear that a universal veil of the blcmatogen type is
present. There is reason to suspect that such a layer is well
developed in the sections Asperae and most of the Procerae-
annulosae. The last group has usually been placed under two
sections, but the structures, during development, in spite of the
size of the plants, have not been sufficiently studied in many
cases, so that no acceptable fine of separation seems possible at
present.

Many of the species of Lepiota are quite peculiar in their
fruiting habits. There are, in a broad sense, two types with
reference to habitat; those which appear on cultivated land.

316 C. H. Kauffman

among grass or in ploughed fields, or on similar ground; and
those which grow in forests, thickets or other shady and moist
places. Many, if not most of them, fruit under much drier con-
ditions than other agarics. When collecting is good for many
genera, i.e., during continuous wet weather, the fruit-bodies of
Lepiota are apt to be rare or scattered; after the wet weather
ceases, and other forms no longer appear, then it is frequently
possible to find Lepiotas, often an unusual number of the smaller
species.

In the following synopsis of species it has seemed best to
eliminate in the beginning those species reported from the tropics
or scarcely extending into our southern states, as well as those
which have apparently been introduced from the tropics and
appear sporadically in hothouses or conservatories. These two
sets of species will be merely listed, except for brief comments on
a few of them given elsewhere.

List of Lepiotas Recently Described from the
Tropics or Subtropics

Lepiota abruptibulba Murrill; Cuba

agricola Murrill (as Limacella); Jamaica

aspratella Murrill; Jamaica

Broadwayi Murrill; West Indies, Granada

Candida Copeland (non Morgan); Philippines

chlorospora Copeland; Philippines

colimensis Murrill; Mexico

dryophila Murrill; Louisiana (New Orleans)

elata Copeland; Philippines

ferruginea Bres.; Africa

flavodisca Murrill; Cuba

hemisclara (B. & C.) Sacc; Cuba

jamaicensis Murrill; Cuba

lactea Murrill; Cuba

longistriata Pk.; Cuba, Jamaica, Alabama

manilensis Copeland; Philippines

mississippiensis Murrill; Mississippi

rimosa Murrill; Cuba

subclypeolaria (B. & C.) Sacc; Cuba

subgrisea Murrill; Jamaica

subcristata Murrill; Jamaica

subflavescens Murrill; Louisiana

subgranulosa Murrill; Mexico

subrivelata Murrill; Louisiana

Genus Lepiota 317

subphopenita Graff; Philippines
tepeitensis Murrill; Mexico
testacea Murrill; Mexico
xylophilus Pk.; Hawaii

List of Lepiotas Occurring in Hothouses, etc.,
Apparently Introduced from the Tropics

Lepiota Allenae Pk. (Massachusetts; greenhouses)

amantiformis Murrill (New York City; conservatories)
avellanea Clements (Nebraska; greenhouses)
biornata B. & Br. (England; melon and cucumber frames)
cepaestipes Fr. (Europe and North America; also native)
denudata Fr. (Europe; in tanneries, flowerbeds; also native?)
farinosa Pk. (Massachusetts; mushroom bed in hothouse)
Georginae W. J. Smith (England; fern houses)
licmophora B. & Br. (England; greenhouses)
lilacina-granulosa P. Hennings (Europe; greenhouses)
lutea (Bolt.) Quel. (Syn. L. dtrina Pass, per Bres.) (Europe; hot-
houses)
magnusiana P. Hennings (Germany; hothouses)

martialis Cke. & Massee (England; on trunk of tree fern, greenhouse)
medioflava Boudier-Rea (Europe; hothouses)
meleagris Fr. (Europe and America; hothouses, etc.; also native)
micropholis B. & Br. — Lange (Europe; hothouses)
pseudolicmophora Rea (England; greenhouses)
spectabilis Clements (Nebraska; greenhouse)

List of Species of Lepiota Transferred
to the Genus Armillaria

Lepiota constricta (Fr.) Quel. = Rea = Armillaria constricta Fr.
adnatifolia Pk. = Armillaria adnatifolia (Pk.) Kauff. (8)
amianthina Fr. = Armillaria amianthina (Fr.) Kauff. (8)
carcharia Fr. = Armillaria carcharia (Fr.), comb. nov.
cinnabarina Fr. = Armillaria cinnabarina (Fr.) Kauff. (8)
granosa Morg. = Armillaria granosa (Morg.) Kauff. (8)
granulosa S. E. Gray = Fr. = Armillaria granulosa (Fr.) Kauff. (8)
pulveracea Pk. = Armillaria pulveracea (Pk.), comb. nov.
rhombospora Atk. = Armillaria rhombospora (Atk.), comb. nov.
haematites Berk. = Bres. = Armillaria haematites (Bres.), comb. nov.

318 C. H. Kauffman

Synopsis of the Species of Lepiota of the North
Temperate Regions of Europe and America

{Compiled in part from the literature*)

Young plant enclosed in a glutinous universal veil i. lubricae

Surface of pileus viscid, because of a gelatinizing, more or less separable
pellicle; stem dry n. viscidae

Pileus and stem covered when in good growing condition, by mealy, floccu-
lose or granular particles; sometimes subscaly; veil and annulus delicate,
of the same texture or substance as the covering on the pileus; hence
the annulus is evanescent in. pruinosae

Annulus membranous, thin but distinct, often persistent, frequently ter-
minating a thin, smooth, pcronate (i.e. external) layer of the stem, or
stem entirely naked; cuticle of the pileus at first continuous, then dif-
fracted-scaly except on disk iv. subclypeolariab

Universal veil well developed, but concrete, breaking up into colored fibril-
lose or floccose-fibrillose scales or masses on the pileus and stem; on the
latter, terminating the sheath in the form of a fioccose or fibrillose, soon
evanescent annulus v. clypeolariae

Universal veil composed of a thick loose fibrillose layer covering the pileus
and stem from the first; when drawn apart by the expansion of the
pileus or by the elongation of the stem, its fibers converge into con-
spicuous erect, or squarrose scales; the partial veil tends to be fine-
fibrillose or subarachnoid, often copious vi. asperae

Plants mostly rather large; annulus well developed, membranous, sometimes
thick and appearing double, sometimes mobile on the stem. Pileus
diffracted-scaly, sometimes fibrillose, rarely glabrous _

VII. procerae-anntjlosae

I. LUBRICAE

1. Taste of pellicle not bitter 2

1. Taste of pellicle very bitter; plant white. (See description)

(L. Candida Morgan) . . . . L. pulcherrima Graff

2. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid 3

2. Spores globose or subglobose 5

3. Pileus 5-8 cm. broad 4

3. Pileus 2-5 cm. broad, white with fulvous umbo; gills narrow; stem

long, slender, hollow, abruptly bulbous; spores 7.5-10 x 4-5 yu;
annulus membranous; in woods L. Julvodisca Pk.

* The microscopic characters, e.g. size and shape of spores, have been
reported for the older species by various students of Agarics. In order to
show whose account of these characters is followed in the ensuing synop-
sis, the names of such authors are added, where necessary, after the older
author's name.

Genus Lepiota 319

4. Spores 9-11 x 5-6 /x; pileus whitish to pale alutaceous; gills nar-
row; stem rather stout, stuffed, subbulbous L. berdi.sta Morgan

4. Spores 5-6 x 3-4 fx; pileus alutaceous to subfulvous, with darker

umbo; stem equal or subequal, hollow or stuffed, floccose below

L. oblita Pk.

5. Viscid layer of pileus and stem hyaline 6

5. Viscid layer thick, brown; pileus 3-4 cm. obtuse; stem 4-6 cm. x

3-4 mm, soHd, tapering upward; gills broad; spores 4-5 m diam-
eter L. glischra Morgan

6. Pileus cream-color, tinged rosy, 6 cm. broad, with broad umbo;

stem 5-10 cm. x 8-12 mm, solid, enlarged at base; odor farin-
aceous; spores unknown L. roneicrema Murrill

6. Pileus white, 4-7 cm. broad, glutinous; gills soft, subvenose-con-
nected; stem 5-8 cm. x 4-6 mm., equal, soon hollow, glabrous;
spores 4-6 fx diameter L. illinita Fr.

II. VISCIDAE

1. Pileus rather large, 5-10(14) cm. broad; annulus ample, membra-
nous, pendant. (Transition to Amanita) 2

1. Pileus smaller; annulus usually narrow, median or superior 4

2. Taste distinctly farinaceous; apex of stem dotted with dark green

drops when developing; pileus 7-10 cm. broad, pinkish-tan; stem
spongy-soft, more or less scaly; spores globose, 5-6 n (Ricken).
(L. guttata (Pers.) Quel.) {Amanita lenticularis Fr.)

L. lenticularis Lasch-Ricken.

2. Taste not farinaceous; apex of stem without green watery drops ... . 3

3. Pileus 8-14 cm. broad, whitish with brownish disk, thick and firm,

glabrous; gills white; stem equal, 8-15 cm. x 15-25 mm, solid;
odor none; spores unknown L. Persoonii Fr.-Ricken

3. Pileus 4-9 cm. broad, white to pale alutaceous, rather soft, gla-

brous; gills crowded, white, edge entire; stem 4-10 cm. x 4-10
mm., suV)bulbous; odor becoming strong and disagreeable ; spores
oval 3-4 x 2-3 /x L. Fischeri Kauff.

4. Odor of radish; pileus, etc., white, 3-6 cm., umbonate; flesh soft,

watery; stem hollow; annulus lacerate, usually appendiculate on
edge of pileus; spores unknown L. medullata Fr.

4. Odor not of radish 5

5. Spores globose or subglobose 6

5. Spores elliptical; stem stuffed or hollow 8

6. Taste not farinaceous; pileus yellowish, 2.5-5 cm., covered like the

stem with dew-like transparent drops; stem white above, with
yellow or brownish squamules below; spores 4-5 M diam.; in
pastures L. irrorata Qucl.-Rea

6. Taste farinaceous; pileus 2-5 cm., convex, glabrous, even; gills

ventricose, close, white; stem 4-7 cm. x 4-10 mm., solid; spores
globose, 4-5 fJ- 7

7. Pileus "burnt sienna" to "mars-orange" (Ridg.), fading; stem

with redcUsh, floccose scales up to the slight annulus . . L. gloioderma Fr.

320 C. H. Kauffman

7. Pileus pinkish-cream color; stem subglabrous; annulus ample, su-

perior, persistent L. McMurphyi Murrill

8. Pileus, etc., white, 1-3.5 cm. subumbonate, glabrous, even; gills

crowded, narrow; stem slender, 5-8 cm. x 3-5 mm; annulus api-
cal, membranous, at first erect; spores short-ellipsoid 5-7.5 x 3-
3.5 M (L. Candida Morg.) (L. albissima Murrill) . . .L. pulcherrima Graff

8. Pileus not white 9

9. Pileus delicately pink, 2-4 cm. subviscid, even; gills narrow; flesh

white, unchanged; stem 5-9 cm. x 3-5 mm., glabrous, soft, stuffed,
annulus median; spores subacute at ends, ellipsoid, 5-6 x 3-4 /ji

(L. delicata var. Kauff., Agar. Mich., I. 631) L. rubida, sp. nov.

9. Pileus ochraceous-fulvous, 4-5 cm., radiate-wrinkled; gills broad;
flesh whitish, blackening at base of stem; stem equal, 8 cm. x 5-7
mm.; annulus oblique, black-scaly; blackish fibrils appendiculate
on margin of pileus; spores 5-6 x 3-4 /jl. .L. demisannula Secr.-Ricken

III. PRUINOSAE

1. Spores averaging 9 m or more in length 2

1. Spores averaging less than 8 M, often minute 9

2. Spores subfusiform, 12 n or more in length 3

2. Spores elliptical, oblong or oval 5

3. Pileus 1.5-2.5 (3) cm. broad. 4

3. Pileus 6-12 mm. broad, with minute, whitish or cinereous, granular

scales, substriate; gills broad, distant; stem 1.5-2.5 cm. long,
slender, glabrous, whitish; spores 12-15 x 5-6 fx L. arenicola Pk.

4, Gills white, becoming fumose on drying, broad; pileus 2-3 cm.,

with isabelUne, powdery scales; stem 5-6 cm. x 4-6 mm., furfura-
ceous, pale drab below; spores 12 x 7 m L. fumosifolia Murrill

4. Gills white with gilvous tint; pileus 1.5-2.5 cm., gilvous or ful-

vous-ochraceous on disk, margin pale; stem about 3 cm. x 3 mm.,
with floccose scales; spores 11.5-13.5 x 4.5 fJ. {L. gracilis Quel,
var. laevigata Lange) L. laevigata Lange, comb. nov.

5. Pileus not over 3.5 cm. broad 6

5. Pileus rather large, 4-8(10) cm., striate-plicate on margin, densely

flocculose-scaly, yellowish-brown, brown on disk; stem subven-
tricose or tapering upward, 4-12 (15) cm. x 4-6 mm. at apex, up
to 15 mm. at thickest part, subglabrous; annulus subpersistent;
spores 9-10 x 5-7 m, oval-elliptical L. cepaestipes Fr.

6. Pileus with lilac or purple color present 7

6. Pileus white, disk changing to brown on drying, 2-3.5 cm., disk

subscabrous; stem 2-3 cm. x 2-4 mm.; spores 8-10x5-6 fx

L. mutata Pk.

7. Pileus or flocculose scales lavender or lilac-tinged 8

7. Pileus and stem covered with a heliotrope-purple pulverulence, 1-2

cm.; flesh white tinged-yellow; gills broad, rather distant; spores
8-10 X 3-4 M L. purpureoconia Atk.

8. Odor fetid; gills rather narrow; pileus 1-2 cm. minutely scaly; stem

toughish, dark brown to blackish below, 4-5 cm. x 2-2.5 mm.;
spores 9-1 1 x 2-2.5 ^t L. ecitidora Atk.

Genus Lepiota 321

8. Odor none; gills broad, subdistant; pileus 1.5-2.5 cm., floccosc-

scaly, brownish, tinged with lilac; stem concolor below, 1.5-2.5
cm. X 2-4 mm.; spores 10 x 5 M L. subtilacea Pk.

9. Spores minute, scarcely reaching 5 fx in length 10

9. Spores 6 ^ or more in length 16

10. Stem rufous-tinted, rufescent or rosy-tinted beneath the superficial

fibrils or pulverulence 11

10. Stem whitish, 2-3 cm. long, 1 mm. thick, glabrous; pileus oval to

convex, obtuse, pink-tinged when young, granular-mealy; gills
subdistant; spores 4-5 x 3 M L. cristatatella Pk.

11. Pileus 2-3.5 cm. broad 12

11. Pileus averaging less than 2 cm 13

12. Pileus white, disk rufescent, very minutely flocculose; gills rather

broad; stem 4-6 cm. x 2-3 mm.; spores ovoid-oblong, 3.5-4.5

X 3 M L. noscitntn Britz-Morgan

12. Pileus bright rose color, densely granular, convex; gills at length

ochraceous; flesh rufescent; stem 5-6 cm. x 3-5 mm.; spores 5 x

3 M, elliptical L. rosea Rea

13. Pileus and stem covered with mealy, white particles 14

13. Pileus and stem glabrous; pileus 8-10 mm., white; stem 2-3 cm.

X 1-2 mm., rufescent; gills broad; spores oblong, 4-5 x 2-3 M

L. rufipes Morgan

14. Pileus umbonate, 8-20 mm. broad; gills broad 15

14. Pileus convex, obtuse, white or nearly so, 4-8 mm. broad; gills

broad; spores elliptic-oblong, 4-5 x 2.5-3 M L. pusillomyces Pk.

15. Pileus milk-white; spores 4 x 2 m L. hemisphaerica Murrill

15. Pileus whitish, tinged flesh-color; spores 4 x 2 m (Rea); 4 x 2.5 /x

(Lange); 5 M long (Quel.) L. seminuda (Lasch) Quel.

16. Spores subglobose 17

16. Spores ellipsoid; pileus between 1.5 cm. and 3 cm. broad 18

17. Pileus incarnate-ochraceous, umbonate, with minute granular scales;

stem granular, 2-3 cm. x 1-1.5 mm., equal; spores 5-7 fx diam-
eter L. repanda (Clements) Sacc.

17. Pileus incarnate-ochraceous, with zone of blue on margin, umbo-

nate, subfibrillose; stem scaly downwards, equal; spores 6-8 /x
diameter L. cyanozonata Longyear

18. Gills white or whitish 19

18. Gills lemon-yellow, edge serratulate; pileus lemon-yellow, with

rufous scales, 1.5-2 cm.; stem concolor, 2-4 cm. x 2-4 mm.,
scaly; spores 7-8 x 4 /i L. citrophylla B. & Br.-Boudier

19. Pileus or scales becoming tinged with vinaceous, or with lilac, rosy

or rufous colors ^^

19. Pileus or scales becoming tinged with yellowish or brown colors 24

20. Odor none or slight ^'-

20. Odor strong, of coal tar; pileus white becoming lilac-tinted, minutely

mealy; stem 5-7 cm. x 3-5 mm. changing to deep lilac when
bruised; spores boat-shaped, 7-8 x 3 ju. . .L. Bucknallii B. & Br.-Rea

21. Gills broad to very broad ^"

21. Gills narrow; stem tapering upward 23

322 C. H. Kauffman

22. Spores 8-9 x 3.5 /i, oblong-ellipsoid; pileus umbonate, umbo red-
dish-tan, with few delicate floccose scales, 2.5-3.5 cm.; stem
equal, 7-9 cm. x 2-4 mm L. amplifolia Murrill

22. Spores 6 x 3 /i, oblong (Kauff) ; pileus umbonate, vinaceous-buff,

1.5-2.5 cm., umbo obtusely conic, densely flocculose; stem 2-5
(6) cm. X 1.5-3 mm. (Spores 3.5 x 2 ^t Murrill) . .L. petasiformis Murrill

23. Gills crowded; stem clavate, 8 mm. thick below, fibrillose, up to 7

cm. long; pileus 3 cm. broad, white with rosy tint, subumbonate;
spores 6-7 x 4 ju L. roseicinerea Murrill

23. Gills not crowded; stem slender, 2-4 mm. thick, 5-9 cm. long;

pileus 1.5-3 cm., umbonate, snow-white or rose-tinted; spores
7-8 X 3.5 fx L. subnivosa Murrill

24. Stem 2-3 mm. thick; pileus yellow-tinged 25

24. Stem very slender, scarcely 1 mm. thick, 2-4 cm. long, brownish

below; pileus 1-2 cm., umbonate, minutely brownish-scaly, umbo
dark brown; spores 5-6 x 3-4 /j. L. nudipes Pk.

25. Spores 6-8 x 4 /x 26

25. Spores 4-5 X 3 /x, elliptical; pileus 1-2 cm., white, becoming yellow-

ish when dry, pruinose; stem 1-2 cm. x 2-3 mm., equal, fibrillose
below the median annulus; on mosses and among grass in woods

L. parvannidata Lasch-Rea

26. Pileus pubescent-glabrescent, whitish or tinged yellowish-in-

carnate, umbo deeper yellowish; 1.5-2.5 cm.; stem 5-7.5 cm.

long; subequal; annulus superior L. mesomorpha Fr.-Rea

26. Pileus at length with minute, pale yellow scales, not umbonate,
1.5-2.5 cm.; stem 3-5 cm. long, base slightly enlarged; annulus
median. (In drying the whole plant assumes a rich yellow hue.)

L. alluviina Pk.

IV. SUBCLYPEOLARIAE

1 . Spores fusiform or subtruncate-cuneatc 2

1. Spores oblong, elliptical or ovoid 5 •

2. Taste slight or none 3

2. Taste strong of radish; pileus 3-6 cm., disk pale-yellowish, margin

whitish and lacerate-scaly; stem 4-8 cm. x 3-6 mm., bulb
thicker; annulus at length lacerate and fugacious; spores fusiform
15-19 X 5-6 n; among grass in fields L. erminea Fr.-Ricken

3. Spores not up to 12 p long, subtruncate-cuneate 4

3. Spores 12-15 x 5-6 p, subtruncate at one end; pileus small, 10-15

mm. broad, scales chestnut-brown; stem 3-4 cm x 2-2.5 mm.,
clothed with chestnut-brown scales up to the annulus; flesh turn-
ing to brown when bruised; in woods L. geniculospora Atk.

4. Odor somewhat disagreeable; pileus 1-3 cm., scales reddish-brown;

stem 4-5 cm. x 2-4 mm., cortex tinged pinkish; spores 6-8 x
3-4 p L. cristata Fr.

4. Odor none; pileus 3-5 cm., scales dark tawny; gills becoming

ochraceous at maturity; stem 3-6 cm. x 3-6 mm., equal, con-
color; spores 9-10 x 3.5-4 p L. fulvella Rea

5. Flesh or surface of plant changing color when bruised or in age 6

Genus Lepiota 323

5. Flesh white, unchanging 15

6. Stem distinctly clavate or subbulbous 7

6. Stem equal, or tapering gently upward 10

7. Plant showing red, green and blue tints when handled; pileus 1-3

cm; at first rufous-umber, then with minute, reflexed scales; at
length rimose; stem 3-5 cm. long, at first white; gills broad, sub-
distant, spores 7-9 x 4-5 fx L. virescens Morgan

7. Plant not exhibiting this reaction 8

8. Plant when young vinaceous-drab; scales of pileus, the stem and

the edge of gills becoming blackish-brown in age. (See emended
description.) L. brunnescens Pk.

8. Plant at first whitish, or brownish only on the disk of the pileus,

becoming reddish-brown when handled, or blackish-brown when
dried 9

9. Spores 8-9 x 6-7 fx; pileus 2.5-4 cm., with numerous, minute,

scales; stem 3-5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick at apex, subbulbous

L. multicolor Murrill
9. Spores 6-8 x 4-5 /j.; pileus 3-5 cm., cuticle not soon broken into
scales; stem 5-7 cm. long, 4-6, mm. thick at apex, clavate

{L. rufescens Morgan) L. brunnescens Pk.
10. Spores not more than 9 fx long 11

10. Spores 9-12 x 5-6 jjl, pointed at the ends; pileus 1-2 cm., yellowish

rubescent, minutely, densely scaly; stem 3-5 cm. x 2-3 mm.; all
parts becoming red or reddish in age L. maculans Pk.

11. Pileus even, or at most short sul>striate 12

11. Pileus sulcate on margin, scales at first pale yellow, umbo ful-

vescent, 2-4 cm.; gills narrow, subdistant; stem 3-5 cm. x 2-4
mm., rufescent; spores 5-6 x 3-4 fj. L. flavescens Morgan

12. Stem up to 17 cm. long, drab color; in forest of Sequoia, California;

pileus 3-4 cm.; chestnut-brown, rufescent, glabrous to fibrillose;
gills white, becoming rose-colored when bruised. . L. roseifolia Murrill

12. Stem much shorter 13

13. Plant in all parts assuming blue tints when bruised or on drying;

pileus 1-2 cm., scales brownish; stem 3-5 cm. x 1.5-2 mm.; an-
nulus persistent; spores 7 x 5 m, elliptic L. caerulescens Pk.

13. Plant not assuming blue tints 14

14. Fibrillose covering of pileus and stem changing very quickly, in the

fresh plant, to flame-scarlet, when the plant is touched or dis-
turbed; flesh and gills white, unchanging (See description.) (L.
subfelina?) L. flammeotincla, sp. nov.

14. Fibrillose scales, etc., of the pileus and stem, as well as the flesh,

changing to reddish-brown then brown 12-24 hours after bruising;
pileus 2-3 cm., granular or scaly; stem 3-5 cm. x 4-5 mm.; an-
nulus median; spores 6-8 x 4-5 ai L. brunnescens Pk.

15. Stem peronately appressed-fibrillose or fibriflose-subscaly below

the membranous annulus 16

15. Stem glabrous below the annulus 21

16. Pileus 3-6 cm. broad; stem 4-6 (7) cm long 17

16. Pileus 2-3 cm. broad, or smaller; stem 2-4 cm. long 19

324 C. H. Kauffman

17. Edge of gills dark umber; scales of pileus small, umber-colored;
stem peronate up to the annulus, median; gills narrow; spores
6-7 X 4 /i ; among grass L. nigromarginata Massee

17. Edge of gills concolor 18

18. Gills flavescent at maturity; pileus mouse-gray at first, scales

bistre-colored; annulus superior; stem with appressed, white
scales, later becoming bistre-colored; spores 6-7 x 3-4 ju

L. scabinella Fr.-Rea

18. Gills remaining white; pileus varying brown, purplish-brown to

blackish-brown, at length squarrose-scaly ; annulus large; stem
fibrillose, thickened at base, 2-5 (6) mm. thick; spores 6-7.5 x
4-5 ^ L. felinoides Pk.

19. Pileus very small, scales blackish-brown, 5-10 mm. broad; stem 1

mm. thick, floccose-fibrillose; annulus conspicuous, under surface
blackish-brown; spores 6-7 x 4 /.i; in woods L. gracilis Pk.

19. Pileus 2-3 cm. broad 20

20. Pileus when young purplish-lilac, scales at length fuscous; annulus

median; stem 2.5-3 mm. thick, its cortex rubellus; spores 4-5

X 2-2.5 jj, L. lilacea Bres.

20. Pileus with continuous cuticle, rarely subscaly, pale umber to dark

brown; gills broad; all imrts tough; spores 4-5 xS fx

L. neophana Morgan

21, Pileus quite small, 5-20 (25) mm. broad 22

21. Pileus 2-4 (5) cm. broad 24

22. Stem soHd, growing from wood; pileus 10-15 mm. broad; with

minute blackish scales; gills remote; annulus persistent; spores
5-6 X 3-3.5 fJL L. phaeosticta Morgan

22. Stem hollow; not on wood 23

23. Stem clavate, 5-7.5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. thick; pileus 1-2.5 cm.

broad, whitish, tinged isabelline, fibrillose-pubescent; spores 6-7

X 4 /i; in woods L. jimiperina Murrill

23. Stem equal, 2.5 cm. long, 2 mm. thick; pileus 1-2 cm. broad, whit-

ish, becoming rugulose, striate; gills narrow; spores 6-8 x 4-5 /jl
(Morgan) L. rugulosa Pk.

24. Spores 5-6 (7) x 3 fi 25

24. Spores 6-8 x 4-5 n; pileus subrimose, not scaly, gray or grayish-

brown, disk purple-tinged; stem 4-5 cm. x 2-4 mm. subequal

L. Glatfelteri Pk.

25. Umbo of pileus conspicuous, black, scales deep flesh-color, margin

striate; gills subdistant; stem 3-6 cm. x 2-5 mm., equal

L. incarnata (Clements) Sacc.

25. Umbo whitish, brownish or chestnut color 26

26. Pileus white, rarely brownish on umbo, fibrillose-subscaly; stem

slender, 2-4 mm. thick; annulus median L. miamensis Morgan

26. Pileus covered with small, avellaneous to chestnut-colored scales;
stem 3-10 mm. thick, brown-tinted; annulus superior

L. castaneidisca Murrill

Genus Lepiota 325

V. CLYPEOLARIAE

1. Spores fusiform or subfusiform 2

1. Spores not fusiform 6

2. Pileus (2) 3-5 cm. broad 3

2. Pileus 1-2 (3) cm. broad 5

3. Spores 21-26(30) X 5-6 (7) n; gills narrow; pileus or scales cinna-

mon-brown (See description.) L. fusispora, sp. nov.

3. Spores rarely 20 fi long 4

4. Pileus subglobose, yellowish-tawny; stem stout, 6-10 mm. thick,

yellowish, densely clothed with erect white flocci up to the floc-
cose annulus; spores 12-14 x 4-5 fj. L. praiensis Fr.-Rea

4. Pileus fioccose-scaly, creamy-yellowish; stem 3-6 mm. thick,

sheathed with a dense floccose tomentum up to the floccose annu-
lus; spores 10-16 (18) x 4-6 p, L. dypeolaria P>.-Kauff.

5. Pileus brownish, fioccose-scaly, 1-2 cm.; gills broad, rather distant;

stem 1 mm. thick; spores 11-13 x 4-5 p

L. floralis Berk. & Rav.- Beardslee

5. Pileus or scales black, 2-3 cm.; spores 8-10 x 3-4 p; in conifer

forest L. felina Pers.-Ricken

6. Spores projectile-shaped (i.e., rounded-enlarged at one end, narrowed

and pointed at the other) 7

6. Spores not projectile-shaped 9

7. Pileus 5-8 cm. broad, silky, glabrescent; whole plant white; gills

broad; stem 6-8 mm. thick; annulus submedian, floccose-mem-
branous, reflexed, striate above; spores 12-14 x 6-7 p, apiculus
recurved L. alba (Bres.) Sacc.

7. Pileus 1-2 (3) cm. broad 8

8. Spores 9-11.5 (13) x 4-5 p; gills or flesh turning brownish-red with

age; pileus subglabrous to somewhat felty, 1-2 cm., brown to
reddish-brown L. castanea Quel.-Lange

8. Spores 7-8 x 3-4 p; pileus and stem white to rose-tinted, changing

to chestnut-brown on drying; stem 2-5 mm. thick; collected in
Washington state L. castanescens Murrill

9. Spores truncate at one end 10

9. Spores ellipsoid to oblong 13

10. Spores truncate at apiculate end, so as to be minutely bicornate,

8-9 p long 11

10. Spores truncate at broader end, narrowed to subcuneate at the

other end 1^

11. Edge of gills purple-pruinate ; pileus 3-4 cm., fawn-color, densely

and minutely scaly; annulus cottony; in conifer forests; sub-
caespitose L. Boudieri Bres.

11. Edge of gills concolor; pileus 1-2 cm., mammillate, finely tomentose

or with fine reddish-brown scales; odor of balsam

L. castanea Quel. -Bres.

12. Spores 8-11 x 3-4 p; pileus 1-2.5 cm., cinnamon-rufous to tawny.

See ("Comments.") L. acerina Pk.

12. Spores 6-8 x 2.5-3 p; pileus 4-8 cm., brown to tawny-olive, dif-

326 C. H. Kaufman

fracted-scaly; gills rather broad; stem 4^6 cm. x 5-8 mm., equal,

subbulbous, scales concolor L. caloceps Atk.

13. Pileus 3-5 cm. broad 14

13. Pileus usually less or up to 3 cm. broad 15

14. Spores 8-11 x 5 ix; pileus alutaceous to brown; stem 4-6 cm. x 5-8

mm.; annulus lacerate and appendiculate L. spanista Morgan

14. Spores 6-8 x 3-4 /x; pileus covered with small reddish brown scales

and fibrils; stem 7-10 cm. x 4-8 mm.; annulus narrow, distant

L. clypeolarioides Rea

15. Spores 8-10 ^i long 16

15. Spores 5-6 or 7-8 ix long 17

16. Stem about 1 mm. thick; pileus flame-red, conic-campanulate,

1-1.5 cm., subscaly-fibrillose; annulus subcortinate; spores 8-10

X 4.5-5 ^c - L. igriicolor Bres.

16. Stem 3-4 mm. thick; pileus flesh-color, scaly, convex, subum-

bonate, 1.5-3 cm.; annulus inferior, fugacious L. helveola Bres.

17. Pileus or scales black, striate-sulcate on margin, 2-3 cm.; stem

slender, farinaceous-scaly; annulus median, band-like; spores
oblong, 5 X ? L. noctiphila (Ell.) Sacc.

17. Pileus not black 18

18. In conifer forests; pileus 2-3 cm., covered with small, squarrose,

rusty-brown scales; stem equal, 2-3.5 cm. x 3-4 mm., floccose
up to the floccose annulus; spores 7-8 x 3-4 /x

L. forquignoni Quel.-Ricken
18. In frondose woods; pileus 1.5-2.5 cm., tawny-brown; stem 4-5
cm. x 2-4 mm., with mycelial bulb, floccose-fibrillose, rufescent;
annulus flocculose-subappendiculate; spores 5-6 x3'/x

L. umbrosa Morgan
VI. ASPERAE

1. Spores minute, 4-5 (6) x 2.5-3 /j. 2

1. Spores longer, 6-8 (9) X 2.5-3.5 /jl 6

2. Stem bulbous, or tapering upward, 4-6 (10) mm. thick 3

2. Stem equal, slender, 2-3 mm. thick 5

3. Pileus or warty scales white, faintly dusky in age, 2-4 cm.; gills

broad; stem tapering upward, 3-5 cm. x 3-5 mm., flocculose-
scaly, white; veil appendiculate L. gemmata Morgan

3. Pileus or scales brown, fuscous or umber 4

4. Pileus 5-7 cm. broad, tomentose then torn into papillate scales,

which may disappear; gills reaching stem, forming a prominent
collar, not forked; stem 5-7 cm. x 6-10 mm., densely wooly-
scaly, fuscous; odor of radish; in frondose woods. Spores oval,
5-6 X 2.5-3 fx L. hispida Lasch-Lange

4. Pileus 2-4 cm. broad, hair-brown to olive-brown, with small, erect,

pointed scales; gills narrow, sometimes bifurcate at stem; stem
concolor, bulbous; spores 4-5 x 2-3 p. L. asperida Atk.

5. Odor of radish; pileus campanulate, mammillate, bay-brown, 1.5-2

cm., at length with fine hairy erect scales; flesh rosy-colored;
veil silky-cobwebby; spores 4-5x2.5-2.8 p (Lange); 6-7
X 3-3.5 p (Quelet & Bernard) L. echijiella Quel. & Bern.

Genus Lepioia 327

5. Odor not of radish; gills narrow; pileus convex-plane, dark brown,

covered by a copious brown tomentum and then by very dense
and wooly, pointed scales, 1.5-2.5 cm.; stem very tomentose,
brown; spores 4 x 2-2.5 /x L. erioplwra Pk.

6. Stem glabrous or nearly so; veil arachnoid, very fugacious; pileus

5-7.5 cm. broad, pale crust-brown, soon cracked into minute
scales; spores subtruncate-oblong, 8 x 3.5 ji

L. Cortinarius Lange

6. Stem adorned downwards by fibrils of veil and scattered dark,

floccose scales 7

7. Pileus 6-12 (15) cm. broad, covered with brown or rufous-brown,

erect, pyramidal soft warts or scales 8

7. Pileus 2-5 cm. broad, its cuticle breaking up into small, pointed,

blackish-brown scales; gills ventricose-broad, simple, crowded;
spores 6-8.5 x 3.5-4 /x L. fuscosquamea Pk.

8. Gills forked, rather narrow; spores 6-9 x 2 /x L. Friesii Lasch

8. Gills not forked, crowded; spores 6-9 x 2.5-3 ix. . .L. acutaesquamosa Fr.

VII. PROCERAE-ANNULOSAE

1. Spores large, (12) 14-18 jj, or more in length 2

1. Spores not reaching 14 jj, in length 9

2. Flesh white, unchanging 3

2. Flesh becoming pink or reddish when bruised; annulus erect-flaring,

externally brown at margin, prol)ably fixed; pileus 5-7.5 cm.,
dark-brown, diffracted-scaly ; stem 7.5 cm. x 10-15 mm., sub-
equal, not bulbous; spores 18-20 x 10-12 /j,

L. emplastrum Cke. & Massee

3. Stem markedly bulbous at base; annulus mobile 4

3. Stem tapering upward, scarcely subbulbous; annulus thin, erect-

flaring, narrow; pileus pallid brown, disk reddish-brown, 8-15 cm.,
abruptly umbonate; spores 14-18 x 9-10 ix. .L. gracilienta Fr.-Ricken

4. Pileus quite large, between 8-18 (20) cm. ; cuticle diffracted into

large, irregular scales 5

4. Pileus averaging smaller 7

5. Cuticle of pileus brown to tawny-brown 6

5. Cuticle of pileus whitish or tinged alutaceous; stem 20-30 cm. long,

bulb 3-4 cm. thick; spores 12-16 x 9-10 /jl...L. porrigens Viv.-Morgan

6. Pileus not umbonate, brown, scales shaggy-imbricate, 15-20 cm.;

stem 20-30 cm. long; gills whitish; spores 12-17 x 8-10 jjl

L. rachodioides P. Henn.-Morgan

6. Pileus umbonate, rufous-brown to tawny-brown, 8-12 (15) cm.

broad; annulus thick, firm, its underside brown-scaly; stem with
furfuraceous or small brown scales, 15-25 cm. long; spores
14-18 (20) X 9-12 n L. procera Fr.

7. Pileus obtuse or obtusely subumbonate 8

7. Pileus acutely umbonate, fuscous, diffracted-scaly, 3-6 cm.; gills

very remote; stem 7-10 cm. x 3-4 mm., obsoletely scaly; spores

15 X 9-10 /i L. mastoidea Fr.-Ren

8. Pileus glabrous or minutely floccose, margin excoriate, whitish with

328 C. H. Kaufman

brown disk, 7-10 cm.; annulus fringed on margin, flaring; stem
8-12 cm. X 6-12 mm., mealy-floccose; spores 12-16 x 8-10 (11) ii

L. excoriata Fr.-Lange

8. Pileus delicately floccose-scaly, white with ochraceous disk, 5-8 cm.,

annulus narrow, entire; spores 12-18 x 7-8 ju L. puellaris Fr.-Rea

9. Flesh changing color when bruised, usually to reddish or yellowish;

annulus fixed 10

9. Flesh white, unchanging 17

10. Stem ventricose-fusiform, varying to bulbous with short pointed base 11

10. Stem either truly bulbous at base or tapermg upward from base. ... 13

11. Cuticle of pileus diffracted into rather large concentric scales,

fuscous to brown with rufous tints which become more pro-
nounced in age; gills flavescent, or tinged rufous; annulus apical,
membranous, erect-flaring, then collapsing 12

11. Cuticle of pileus fawn-color, with minute blackish scales; gills

becoming rose-color, rarely lemon-color, rubescent when bruised;
annulus lacerate, very fugacious, with blackish scales on its lower
surface; pileus 2-5 cm.; spores elliptical, 6-7 x 4 ju (Massee)

L. meleagris Fr.-Rea (non Ricken)

12. Pileus 5-20 cm. broad; spores 8-11 x 6-8 /jl, straw-colored to reddish

or purplish L. }iaeniatosperma Bres.

12. Pileus 4-8 (10) cm. broad; spores 8-10 (10.5) x 5-7 (7.5) m, white

L. americana Pk.

13. Spores elhptical 14

13. Spores subglobose, 6-7 (10) /j, in diameter; pileus and concentric

squarrulose scales white, 3-10 cm., disk ochraceous; gills white,
connected at inner end by a cartilaginous collar; flesh becoming
pinkish under cuticle and at base of stem; stem attenuate up-
ward from bulbous base L. nympharum Kalchbr.-Rea

14. Pileus robust, hemispherical, diffracted-scaly; scales large, shaggy,

often revolute, gray-brown or bay-brown, 10-15 cm.; gills very
remote; annulus with lacerate margin, adhering for a long time
to margin of pileus; stem 10-15 mm. thick, bulb large; spores
9-11 (12) x 6-7 iJ, L. rachodes Fr.-Lange

14. Pileus thinner, scales minute 15

15. Spores small, 6-7 x 3-4 p. 16

15. Spores 10-12.5 x 6-7.5 p; pileus 5-7.5 cm., umbonate, with minute

scurfy, brown scales, striate on margin; stem tapering upward
from enlarged base, 5-7.5 x 4-6 mm L. Earlei Pk.

16. Flesh or surface of pileus and stem becoming fuliginous on drying;

pileus 8 cm., white with rosy tints, finely floccose scaly; stem long,
twisted, tapering upward; gills distant L. fuliginescens Murrill

16. Flesh turning saffron-red, finally black; pileus 5-12 cm., minutely

scaly or hispid; stem bulbous; annulus sometimes submobile;
spores straw-colored L. Badhami B. & Br.-Rea

17. Spores white in mass 18

17. Spores green in mass; annulus mobile; pileus white, buff or brown,

10-20 cm. jjroad, scaly, subexcoriate; stem hard, clavate below,
2-4 cm. thick; spores 9-12 x 6-8 p L. Morgani Pk.

Genus Lepiota 329

18. Stem solid; pileus 6-10 cm. broad I9

18. Stem stuffed with fibrils or hollow 21

19. Pileus pallid clay-color; annulus ample 20

19. Pileus white, glabrous, margin even; stem subequal or subbulbous,

5-10 cm. X 8-12 mm. ; taste and odor farinaceous, annulus large
then subevanescent, spores globose, 4-5 fj. L. solidipes Pk.

20. Pileus diffracted-scaly, scales rather large; stem 5-7 cm. x 7-10 mm. •

spores 8-9 x 6-7 fx; in cultivated gardens; southern states

L. horlensis Murrill

20. Pileus floccose-silky, glabrescent; stem 5-10 cm. x 10-12 mm.,

bulbous; spores 7-8 x 4-5 /jl; in frondose woods

L. holosericea Fr.-Ricken

21. Pileus colored rosy, pink, red or olive 22

21. Pileus white or slightly isabelline on disk 25

22. Pileus 4-7 cm. or 6-12 cm. broad 23

22. Pileus 2-4 cm. broad, rose-lilac, livid on disk, minutely fibrillose-

scaly; gills narrow; annulus sometimes mobile, ample; stem
7-10 cm. X 2.5 mm., slender; spores 8-9 x 4-5 fi L. roseilivida Murrill

23. Pileus olive; spores 5-6 x 3-3.5 ix (See description.) L. olivacea, sp. nov.

23. Pileus pinkish to red, subglabrous, radially rimose, annulus ample;

fixed, membranous; stem equal or attenuate upward 24

24. Spores 8-10 x 4-5 fj.; stem 4-9 cm. x 4-6 (8) mm L. rubrotincta Pk.

24. Spores 7 x 3.5 fx; stem 10-15 cm. x 5-10 mm. ..L. rubrotinctoides Murrill

24. Spores 5-7.5 x 3-4.5 /x; pileus 6-12 cm. broad; stem peronate by a

red, glabrous sheath up to the ample, flaring, thickish annulus.
(L. pulcherrinia Zeller) . . . L. decorata Zeller (non L. pulcherrima Graff)

25. Pileus 4-8 (9) cm. broad 26

25. Pileus 2-4 cm. broad, finely fibrillose-scaly; gills narrow; stem

5-10 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick; annulus persistent; spores 7-9 x
3.5-4 /x L. Sequoiarum Murrill

26. Pileus abruptly umbonate, plicate-sulcate on margin; gills narrow,

remote; stem 7-10 cm. long, tapering upward from a bulbous
base, 5-8 mm. at base; annulus thin, spores 7-9 x 5-6 fx

L. " mastoidea" Morgan
26. Pileus convex, not umbonate, white, glabrous; gills changing slowly
to dingy pinkish at maturity; stem 5-10 cm. x 6-12 mm., taper-
ing upwards from a thickened base; annulus in form of a rounded
collar; spores 7-9 x 5-6 fx L. naucina Ft.

New and Emended Species of Lepiota *
Lepiota olivacea, sp. nov. (Plate XV)

Pileus fleshy, fragile, 4-7 cm. broad, campanulate-expanded,
soon plane or depressed, sometimes subumbonate, dry, cuticle

* The type specimens are deposited in the Herbarium of the University
of Michigan.

330 C. H. Kauffman

innately and radially fibrillose, subpulverulent, even, "light
grayish-olive" to "olive-gray" (Ridg.), "dark olive" on disk,
opaque; flesh thin, soft, white, unchanging; gills free, becoming
remote, ventricose, 5-6(7) mm. broad, edge obscurely fimbriate,
stem 5-6 (7) cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick at apex, equal or taper-
ing slightly upwards, scarcely subbulbous, up to 10 mm. thick at
base, silky-stuffed then hollow, glabrous, even, white, silky-
shining upwards; annulus median, terminating a thin evanes-
cent sheath, membranous, at first erect-flaring; odor and taste
none or shght; spores 5-6 X 3-3.5 /^. elliptic-ovate, acute at one
end, smooth, subhyaline and with a delicate incarnate tint under
the microscope, uniguttate; basidia short, stout, 4-spored, 25-27
X 8 /i; cystidia none; sterile cells on edge of gills, ventricose
above, 27-30 x 7-10 jjl, often crystallate at apex.

Growing scattered on low, alluvial soil under thickets of Sam-
bucus and Impatiens. Ann Arbor, Michigan. August 14, 1921.
Collected by C. H. Kauffman.

Green or olive Lepiotas are rarely mentioned in the litera-
ture; L. virescens Morgan and L. caerulescens Pk. are entirely
different both by their color and spores. Although I have re-
ceived reports that L. Morgani Pk. is sometimes entirely green,
that species is far removed from the one here described.

Lepiota fusispora, sp. nov. (Plate XVI)

Pileus fleshy, 2-5 (7) cm. broad, subcampanulate-expanded,
subumbonate, at length plane or depressed around the umbo,
dry, at first with a rather thick, soft, fibrillose, "cinnamon-
brown" (Ridg.) cuticle, which becomes broken into numerous,
floccose, erect or recurved scales, arranged concentrically and
showing the pale buff flesh between, not striate on the margin
which is lacerate-floccose ; flesh rather thin, soft, "warm-buff"
towards surface, whitish near gills; gills free, reaching the stem
by a point, rather narrow, 3-4 mm. broad, subventricose, close,
thin, white or with creamy tint, edge entn-e or nearly so; stem
4-6 cm. long, 5-6 mm. thick at apex, equal or incrassate down-
wards, up to 12 mm. thick below, stuffed, cortex rather rigid and

Genus Lepiota 331

hard, covered at first up to the annulus by the thick, fioccosc-
fibrillose cinnamon-brown universal veil, which is then broken
into thick, wedge-shaped scaly masses, which often disappear
in part; annulus at first manifest, recurved, thick, plicatc-
striate from the gill-pressure, becoming evanescent; odor and
taste none or shght; spores long, fusiform, acuminate-pointed
at both ends, 18-25(30) X 5-6(7) yu, smooth, hyaline; cystidia
none; basidia clavate, 4-spored, 55-60 x 10-12 fx; sterile cells
on edge of gills indistinct, saccate.

On very decayed wood or debris. Type collected by Prof.
F. C. Stewart at Seventh Lake, Adirondack Mts., New York,
September 1, 1921. Also in the Medicine Bow Mts., near Cen-
tennial, Wyoming, September 5, 1923. Collected by C. H.
KaufTman.

This is apparently a rare species, or perhaps usually con-
fused with related ones. The spores are surprisingly large, and
are unique; one end is often drawn out to a needle-like pro-
longation. It probably occurs in mountainous regions through-
out the northern part of our country.

Lepiota flammeatincta, sp. nov.

Pileus fleshy, 2-3 cm. broad, campanulate-expanded, at
length ahnost plane, obtuse or obsoletely umbonate, dry or
nearly so, cuticle at first continuous and "tawny" (Ridg.) or
disk chestnut color, soon breaking up into numerous, small, ap-
pressed, fibrillose, tawny scales, sometimes subexcoriate, mar-
gin not striate, cuticle changing quickly to "flame-scarlet"
when plant is picked or touched; flesh thin, about 1.5 mm.,
submembranous on margin, white, unchanging, except adjacent
to cuticle; gills free, subremote, narrow, crowded, white, un-
changing; stem 6-8(10) cm. long, 2.5-5 mm. thick, tapering
gently upwards, peronate at first by a somewhat tawny, fibrillose,
often reticulate sheath, up to the annulus, fibrillose covering
changing quickly to "flame-scarlet" (Ridg.) when handled,
whitish within, dehcately stuffed by white fibrils then hollow,
apex white and naked and unchanging; annulus membranous,

332 C. H. Kauffman

narrow, at first flaring then collapsing, tawny below, whitish
above, tinged flame-scarlet when disturbed; odor none; taste
slightly bitterish ; spores 8-9 X 4-4 . 5 ix, subellipsoid-oblong,
smooth, hyaline; cystidia none; basidia clavate, about 30
X 6-7 /x; sterile cells on edge of gills saccate.

Oregon National Forest, Mt. Hood, near Welch's, Oregon.
October 5, 1922. Collected by C. H. Kauffman.

Whether this is L. suhfelina Murrill can not be definitely
known. After picking, the plants were laid exposed on a table,
when the flame-scarlet tints disappeared and the tawny colors be-
came again noticeable. The flesh and gills do not possess the
substance causing the change to red ; only the cuticular covering
(i.e., the universal veil) of the cap and stem seem to possess
this property.

Lepiota cuneatospora, sp. no v.

Pileus 1.5-3 cm. broad, dry, at first obtusely oval, even and
uniformly flesh-pink, at length campanulate-expanded, broadly
mammillate, umbo pinkish, elsewhere paler to dull cream color,
the cuticle glabrous, even or becoming rimulose, sometimes ex-
coriate on margin; flesh white, thin, thickened at umbo, un-
changing; gills free, approximate, somewhat truncate-rounded
behind, rather narrow or of medium width, crowded, thin,
whitish; stem 4-5(6) cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, equal, glabrous
above and below the annulus, even, hollow, silky-shining, white,
flesh-tinted or white within; annulus membranous, erect-flaring,
superior or at least above middle of stem, distinct and often
with thick edge, white or tinged pink on lower side, fixed or
submobile; odor and taste slight or none; spores 7-9 X 3 ^t,
narrowly wedge-shaped, subtruncate at broad end, with scat-
tered, obscure papillae, hyaline; cystidia none; sterile cells on
edge of gills obscure; basidia clavate, about 28 X 6 ju. Grega-
rious, or forming loose arcs like parts of fairy rings; on grassy
ground in a grove of pine. Takoma Park, Maryland. July 22,
1919. Collected by C. H. Kauffman.

The annulus at the time of its formation is continuous below
with a very thin evanescent outer layer on the stem. The non-

Genus Lepiota 333

scaly cap and stem, the peculiar spores, and the distinct but
deUcate annulus are some of the distinguishing characters. It is
related to L. Boudieri Bres. and L. castanea Quel. Both of
these have a scaly cap and stem; the first has a cottony annulus,
the latter emits a fragrance of balsam. From L. fulvella Rea it
differs in stature, color and its smaller spores.

Lepiota brunnescens Pk. (Emended)

Torrey Club Bull., 31: 177. 1904.

Syn. Lepiota rufescens Morgan. Journ. Myc, 12: 246. 1906.

Pileus 2-4 cm. broad, fleshy, thin, campanulate-expanded,
nearly plane, subumbonate, cuticle at first "pallid vinaceous
drab" (Ridg.), soon breaking into concentrically arranged, vina-
ceous drab, subsquarrose, small, fibrillose scales, which soon be-
come "blackish-brown" (Ridg.), and alternate with the slightly
colored flesh between, disk remaining even, glabrous and be-
coming blackish-brown, margin not striate; flesh thin, soft,
whitish or tinged vinaceous, becoming blackened towards the
margin of pileus; gills free, thin, crowded, " paUid- vinaceous
drab," rather broad, ventricose, edge white-fimbriate but be-
coming blackish-brown, or stained blackish; stem 4-6(7) cm.
long, 4-5 mm. thick above, tapering upward from a subclavate
base up to 9 mm. thick, stuffed then hollow, cortex rather soft
in texture, surface silky, " paflid-vinaceous drab" becoming
blackish-stained in age or from handling; annulus median, mem-
branous, at first erect-flaring, subpersistent, concolor, blackening
in age; odor fungoid; spores 6-8 X 3.5-4.5 fx eUipsoid, subacute
at one end, smooth, hyaline; cystidia none; sterile cells on edge
of gills slender, sublanceolate.

On leaf-mold in swamps and grassy woods. Great Falls of the
Potomac, Virginia. August 20, 1918.

Originally described from St. Louis, Missouri. L. rufescens
Morgan, from Ohio, is referred to it by Murrill as a synonym,
and this is undoubtedly correct. Murrill reports it also from
New York, New Jersey, and California. To quote Dr. Peck,
"This singular species when fresh resembles Lepiota cristata, but

334 C. H. Kauffman

on drying the whole plant changes color." Since the colors and
their changes have not been very accurately described, it seemed
best to give a revised description here.

Lepiota pulcherrima Graff (Emended) (Plate XVII)

Philippine Basidiomycetes II. Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot., 9: . 1914.

Syn: Lepiota Candida Morgan (non Copeland). Journ. Myc, 12: 202. 1906.
Limacella albissima Murrill, North Amer. Flora, 10: 40. 1914.

Entire plant white. Pileus fleshy, 1-4 cm. broad, at first sub-
conic-campanulate, expanded-plane, obtuse, subviscid, pelHcle thin
and very bitter to taste, cuticle on drying sometimes becoming
fine silky-scaly or minutely diffracted-scaly, margin not striate;
flesh thin, white, unchanging; gills free, approximate, narrow,
crowded, edge concolor and entire; stem 5-8 cm. long, tapering
gently upward, slightly subfusiform or subclavate, 2-4 mm,
thick at apex, 4-8 mm. below, innately silky or fibrillose-scurfy
below annulus, pruinose to glabrous at apex, stuffed with silky
fibrils then hollow; annulus membranous, erect-flaring, narrow,
superior, subpersistent, terminating a thin, evanescent sheath
which is subviscid and bitter to the taste; odor none; spores
small, 5-6(7.5) X 3-3.5 /x, oval-elhptical, smooth, hyaline, often
uniguttate; cystidia none; basidia clavate, 30 X 5-6 [i; hy-
menium sharply differentiated from gill-trama.

Among forest debris on the ground, under mixed trees of
maple, alder and conifers, Oregon National Forest, Mt. Hood,
near Welch's, Oregon. September and October. Collected by
C. H. Kauffman and L. E. Wehmeyer.

These plants had the color and other characters of L. pul-
cherrima Graff ( = L. Candida Morg ). The very bitter taste of
the surface of the pileus and stem in the growing condition, is,
however, not known to be present in that species and I have
omitted testing for it in collecting L. pulcherrima at Ann Arbor.
The slightly shorter spores of the Oregon form is the only other
difference I know of; those measure 5-6 /x long, while the spores
of the Ann Arbor collection are up to 7 . 5 /x long. It is, however,
too close to the latter, and future observations may show that

Genus Lepiota 335

the eastern plant is also provided with a bitter pellicle. It is
known to me from Ohio, Michigan and Oregon.

The naming of this plant has become a slightly involved
matter. Morgan found it in Ohio and published it in 1906 as
L. Candida. Meanwhile Copeland had already used this name
for a Philippine species in 1905. In the North American Flora,
Murrill segregated it under Limacella albissima in 1914. Fi-
nally, the same year, Graff, in his account of Philippine fungi,
renamed the plant, calling it L. pulcherrima. Since then, Zeller
has named a red-capped Lepiota from Oregon L. pulcherrima,
but discovering the error, now suggests Lepiota decorata for his
plant.

Volvaria avellanea (Clem.), comb. nov. (Emended)

Syn: Lepiota avellanea Clem., Bot. Surv. Nebr., 2: 41. 1893.
Volvaria concinna Clem., Bot. Surv. Nebr., 5; 91. 1901.
Volvariopsis cincinna (Clem.) Murrill, North Amer. Flora, 10: 142. 1917.

Pileus thin, fleshy, 1-3 (5) cm. broad, at first oval to obtusely
subconic and then uniformly " vinaceous-brown " (Ridg.), mi-
nutely flocculose-fibrillose, with incurved margin, at length
broadly campanulate, subumbonate, dry, with long subdistant
striae on margin, the thin cuticle broken into numerous, ra-
diating, appressed, delicate scales, " vinaceous-brown " on disk,
scales concolor or paler; flesh white, submcmbranous, unchang-
ing; gills free, rather broad, subdistant, white, becoming crisped
on drying, edge minutely white-flocculose; stem 2-4 cm. long,
1-3 (5) mm. thick, at first conic then tapering slightly upward or
equal, stuffed then hollow, slightly mealy or glabrous at apex,
white above the inferior, sheathing, thinly membranous and
closely appressed, " vinaceous-brown " volva, which frequently
disappears early leaving its upper portion on the stem as a low-
hung narrow annulus; odor none; spores oval or elliptic-oval,
9-11(12) X 5-6 (7) jji, smooth, with rosy tints; cystidia none;
sterile cells on edge of gills broadly saccate, obtuse, about 45

X 12 fJL.

In warm greenhouse, Washington, D. C, growing on cocoa-
nut fiber used as soil, or on soil itself; as V. concinna, collected

336 C. H. Kauffman

on moist soil along a river in Nebraska; as Lepiota avellanea, on
soil in a greenhouse in Nebraska.

This plant, as it appears from time to time in a hothouse, is
quite variable. Sometimes the veil is more delicate and the
lower part of the volva is not seen and only a slight, vinaceous-
tinged annulus occurs. The volva when present is long, cylin-
drical and sheathes the stem closely, and is easily overlooked; it
is a unique volva. The rosy tint of the spores is also easily over-
looked. The size of the plant varies quite a little under differ-
ent conditions for its development. I do not doubt that both
the plants described by Prof. Clements belong to the same spe-
cies. I frequently observed and studied it at Washington. An
error in the citation of the date of publication of Lepiota avel-
lanea, as given in the North American Flora, Vol. 10, page 58,
would lead one to the wrong specific name to be applied.

Comments on Certain Species of the Synopsis

Lepiota acerina Pk. (Plate XVIII). ^ — The slender habit
of this plant is well shown in the photograph. The veil cover-
ing is floccose; on the pileus it breaks into minute, soft scales
which are "cinnamon-rufous" to "tawny" (Ridg.); the stem is
more or less reticulate from the veil, the minute flocculose scales
occupying -the connecting points of the reticulum. The photo-
graph was made from plants collected at Ann Arbor, August 14,
1921.

Lepiota Americana, L. Badhami, L. haematosperma and L.
meleagris. — The general confusion concerning the identities
of these four species seems to be promoted by each successive
writer. Bresadola (Fung. Trid., 2: 83.) combined the first three
species. It now appears that L. americana is distinguishable
from L. haematosperma by its white spores and smaller size.
If Rea's description of L. Badhami is conclusive, then that spe-
cies is mainly separable from L. haematosperma by the flesh at
length becoming black, by its truly bulbous instead of ventri-
cose stem, and by its smaller size. It is to be noted that L.
haematosperma Bull.-Bres. appears under the name L. meleagris
in Ricken's book; L. Badhami is considered a synonym. But

Genus Lepiota 337

L. 7neleagris, the specific name of which was applied by Sowcrby,
ought to be known in England, if anywhere. Rea's account (13)
of the plant therefore deserves attention. It appears to be rela-
tively a much smaller plant than any of the others; the scales
on the cap are minute and black, and the annulus is "very fuga-
cious." It has no relationship to such species as L. brunnescens
Pk. or Psalliota echinata Fr.

Lepiota acutaesquamosa, L. aspera, L. Friesii and L. his-
piDA. — Wliat one is to believe among the conflicting opinions
concerning the identity of these four species, is difficult to de-
cide. Fries gives his mature opinion in Hymen. Europ., 1874,
where he recognizes the specific distinction of L. acutaesquamosa
Weinm., L. hispida Lasch and L. Friesii Lasch. In a note under
Amanita aspera, he refers to the Persoon species "Agaricus as-
per" as one involved in confusion. In Monographia, Vol. I
(1857), p. 23, he says L. Friesii has not yet been collected in
Sweden. Quelet and Battaille (12), on the other hand, recognize
Lepiota aspera of Persoon, and practically make L. acutaesqua-
mosa Weinm.-Fr. a synonym of it. They also recognize L. his-
pida Lasch, but do not mention L. Friesii. According to their
descriptions, L. aspera has forked gills, while the gills of L. his-
pida are simple. Gillet, in Champignons de France, 1874, in-
cludes L. acutaesquamosa Weinm. and L. hispida Lasch and
assigns to them simple gills, recognizing L. Friesii Lasch as a
species with forked gills. Ricken (14) considers L. acutaesquamosa
Weinm. as a synonym of L. Friesii Lasch, including only the
latter and L. hispida. He gently brushes away certain difficul-
ties by including in the description of each of these species the
words "bisweilen gabelig." C. G. Lloyd {I. c.) also combines
L. Friesii and L. acutaesquamosa by the use of the magic words:
"sometimes gills are not forked, sometimes few forked, and
often many forked." Morgan {I. c.) recognizes Persoon's name,
L. aspera, and reduces L. acutaesquamosa and L. Friesii to syn-
onomy. Morgan's method of side-stepping the gill-character in
question is to omit stating whether they are simple, forked or
either. Rea (13) italicizes the word "branched" in describing
the gills of L. acutaesquamosa and omits italics for it in L. Friesii.

338 C. H. Kauffman

In the account of L. hispida no mention is made of the matter.
Finally, Murrill, in the North American Flora, tries to solve the
puzzle by including all these names except L. hispida in the
doubtful species of Persoon, viz., L. aspera. The gills are said
by him to be ''sometimes forked."

What would you! I have selected this detail out of the his-
tory of systematic mycology in order to illustrate the psychology
of the taxonomist when he is confronted with the question of
the identity of some of the older species. I must admit that I
have no final answer to the questions involved above. However,
certain points stand out from the summary.

Apparently L. hispida is unknown in the United States.
There seems to be no question that the gills are always simple
in this case. It is known, if at all, to the French mycologists
and those of southern Europe. It is, therefore, to be looked for
in the southern half of our country. Lange (9) suggests that
L. fuscosquamea Pk. corresponds to it, but see remarks on that
species below.

As to L. aspera Pers., it would seem that the conclusion of
Fries, mentioned before, is the only tenable one. The name
should be deleted.

With regard to the gill-forking of the two species, L. acutae-
squamosa and L. Friesii, I can only cite my own observations,
namely, that collections show gills either abundantly branched
or that they show no branching except very scantily, and not at
all in the normal manner. Whichever name may be selected
for the forked-gill type of plant, I feel convinced that this is a
genetic characteristic that holds, and that we have these two
species in this country.

Lepiota arenicola Pk. • — This name is given in Quelet & Bat-
taille's monograph as L. arenicola Men., but I have been unable
to locate the original description or its authorship.

Lepiota asperula Atk. and L. eriophora Pk. — The former
was described in 1901, the latter in 1903. Morgan in 1906 re-
duced L. eriophora to synonymy under Atkinson's species. Peck
(N.Y . State Mus. Bull., 116: 25, 1907) objects to the procedure
of Morgan by pointing out the differences between the two spe-

Genus Lepiota 339

cies. He says L. eriophora "differs from L. asperula Atk., by its
'smaller size, darker brown color, the denser crowded scales of the
pileus and especially by the copious brown tomentum of cap and
stem, a character suggestive of the specific name." The spores
of both are minute and measure about 4-5 x 2-3 fx. Murrill
has reduced both species to synonymy under L. aspera, which
includes L. acutaesquamosa, an opinion which in my judgment is
unsupportable. The spore sizes of these two species make any
such synonymy untenable.

Lepiota caerulescens Pk. — L. Bucknallii differs from this
chiefly by the fugacious annulus, strong odor of gas tar and per-
haps more narrow spores. Morgan puts it under L. virescens
Speg.

Lepiota clypeolaria Fr. — The supposed variability of this
species is still a complex problem. Some have lumped all the
forms described into one species, while others have just as as-
siduously segregated the group into many species. The present
tendency is conservative, and the elimination of L. metulaespora
B. & Br., an Indian species, will save much speculation.

Lepiota erminea Fr. — According to Bresadola (Fung. Trid.,
I: 15.) this species has been largely misunderstood in Europe,
and he points out that the figures hitherto referred to L. er-
minea Fr. belong to L. clypeolaria var. alba Bres. (in this paper
given as L. alba (Bres.) Sacc.) and that the genuine L. er-
minea Fr. can be known easily by its very campanulate pileus
and pungent radishy taste.

Lepiota felina Pers.-Ricken. — The erroneous idea which
many American students have had, that this species is about
the same size as L. clypeolaria, L. fuscosquamea, etc., is probably
responsible for the fact that it is practically unknown in this
country. It has been reported frequently but as Murrill suggests
(10), such reports likely had to do with L. fuscosquamea or
other species. That it is even poorly known in Europe is shown
by the conflicting accounts of spore size and shape given by
different authors. The account given by Ricken (14) appears to
fit Persoon's plant the best of any of them. The scales of the
cap are appressed, minute, and black, and its spores are fusiform.

340 C. H. Kauffman

Lepiota fuscosquamea (Pk.) Sacc. — In Agaricaceae of
Michigan, p. 633., I reported a plant collected in northern Michi-
gan, as L. felina Fr. This I now consider to be L. fuscosquamea
Pk. I have since collected the latter species in the Adirondack
Mountains, and am convinced that the spore size given by Peck
is misleading, and should be 6-8.5 x 3.5-4 jj.. In the North
American Flora, Murrill assigns spores to it, smaller even than
the size given by Peck. Lange (9) tried to unite this species
with one he collected in Europe and which he considered to be
L. hispida Lasch. The spore size of Lange's plant is given as
5-6 X 2.75-3 fjL, and the shape oval, hence the two species can-
not be combined. Although it may be thought a fine distinction,
it may be worth while to point out that the spores of L. acutae-
squamosa and L. Friesii in this country, are constantly at least
one micron less in width than in L. fuscosquamea. Its gills are
simple. The floccose covering on the stem is dense and breaks
up into erect, conical, blackish scales. This blackish color is
distinguishing.

Lepiota gracilis Pk. and "Lepiota gracilis" Quel.- —
Peck's name apparently antedates the use of the name by Quelet
for his variety of L. chjpeolaria. Both Lange (9) and Rea (13)
seem to have missed this use as a varietal name, since they have
raised Quelet's variety to the rank of a species, crediting Quelet
with it. (See Fkwe Monographique des Amanites et des Lepiotes,
p. 66.) Peck's species is remarkable for the small size of the
plant which is said to have a conspicuous, persistent, membra-
nous annulus. Lange (9, p. 24) has described a plant which he
calls L. gracilis Quel. var. laevigata. As indicated in the synopsis
earlier in this paper, this deserves specific rank and is therefore
renamed L. laevigata Lange, comb. nov.

Lepiota mastoidea Fr. — This is another Fresien species
not very well understood in Europe. Since Rea gives the spore
characters of the plant which he places here, we can look for it
more confidently. The plant described by Morgan (Jour. Myc,
13: 2, 1907) is at least not that of Rea, and probably is a dis-
tinct American species. Bresadola {Ann. Myc, 18: 65. 1920)
considers L. porrigens Viv. a synonym of it. Ricken (14) in-

Genus Lepiota 341

timates that L. mastoidea may bo only a small form of L. gra-
cilienta. The fact of the matter is, that various European
writers pass along suggestions about a number of species of the
Procerae group, but rarely make an exhaustive study of any of
them.

Lepiota parvannulata (Lasch) Fr. — A species scarcely if at
all understood in this country. According to Fries, "The only
species with which it can be confused is L. ennvnea, which agrees
in color and is found in similar places (i.e. in grassy fields), but
which is much larger and differs in the superior, torn annulus,
the glabrous pileus and its odor of radish."

Lepiota seminuda (Lasch) Quel. — This is hardly ever re-
ferred to by modern American collectors. Bresadola makes the
suggestion (Ann. Myc, 18: 64. 1920) that L. cristatatella Pk.
is identical. By letter, he had given this opinion to Americans
a long while before. Atkinson (3) reproduces excellent photo-
graphs of it, from both French and American collections. Mur-
rill (North American Flora, 10: 48) includes it. In my opinion,
it is nevertheless probable that two distinct forms occur. In
Michigan we have the typical form described by Peck, but far-
ther south, especially around Washington, D. C, I have collected
a somewhat larger plant which fits the description and figures of
L. seminuda much better than it does that of the little L. cris-
tatatella.

Comments on Excluded or Doubtful Species*

Lepiota albo-sericea P. Henn. — This name is used by
Lange for a plant of which he gives a description. He says it is
likely that it is the same species as L. serena Fr. and is identical
with the larger form of L. parvannulata Fr.

Lepiota angustata Britz.-Morg. — This is too close to L.
cristata Fr.

Lepiota asprata Berk. — Fries, in Hijmen. Europ., refers

this to Pholiota muricata Fr.

* No complete list of possible synonyms or exclusions among the older
names, such as are mentioned by Saccardo, can be given here. However, an
attempt is made to include most of the names that have been used for dis-
carded species in this country, as well as certain ones from Europe.

342 C. H. Kauffman

Lepiota arida (Fr.) Gill, is Amanita arida of the Icones of
Fries. Rea includes it among the Lepiotas, but it is surely a
better Amanita.

Lepiota atrocrocea W. G. Smith. — No microscopic char-
acters are reported for this species.

Lepiota concentrica Murrill. — Referred to L. fuscosqua-
mea Pk. as a synonym by Murrill himself.

Lepiota cultorum B. & C. ■ — This species was named in
1853 from South Carolina, but has remained unknown to my-
cologists since that time.

Lepiota daucipes (B. & M.) Morg. is more likely an Ama-
nita.

Lepiota delicata Fr. was referred to the genus Armillaria
by Boudier. Rea reports it as having globose spores, 5-6 jj, in
diameter. Schweinitz and Morgan reported the species from the
United States.

Lepiota drymonia Morg. — No specimens are in existence
and its spore characters are unknown.

Lepiota echinata (Roth.) Quel. — This little species, with
red-tinted spores, I have kept in the genus Psalliota. (See
Agaricaceae of Michigan, I. 245.)

Lepiota fragillissima (B. & Rav.) Morg. — It was origi-
nally described in the genus Hiatula. The spore characters are
unknown.

Lepiota fulvastra (B. & C.) Sacc. — This species is too
poorly known to be retained.

Lepiota haematosperma (Bull.) Boud. is another name for
Psalliota echinata Fr.

Lepiota janthina Cke. — Ricken considers this to be the
same as L. castanea Quel.

Lepiota magnispora Murrill. — This was described by Mur-
rill from the Northwest, in 1912; later he published it as a
synonym of L. clypeolaria. Its spores were given as 15-18
X 4-5 fJL in size, oblong-fusiform in shape

Lepiota mammaeformis Underw. — The type collection of
this came from Alabama. It is made a synonym of L. cepaes-
tipes by Murrill.

Genus Lepiota 343

Lepiota metulaespora B. & Br, — A species described long
ago from India. European and early American mycologists re-
ferred certain of their collections to it, and the name has per-
sisted in the literature up to within a few years. It is now
generally agreed that the name and the species have no place in
the floras of Europe and North America. It is therefore sur-
prising to see it emerge once more in Lange's recent paper on
the genus.

Lepiota nardosmioides Murrill. — This is an anomaly in
the group. The umber tint to the spores indicates that it needs
further study. It was found in a redwood forest in California.

Lepiota pelidna (B. & Mont.) Sacc. — This is not suffi-
ciently understood. The original plants grew on fallen trunks.
In spite of its habitat, it is very likely an Amanita.

Lepiota permixta Barla. — Rea who includes this in his
book, gives its spore-size as 12-20 x 8-12 fx. This spore-size is
also given in Saccardo's Sylloge. The original description of the
spores suggests that it is probably not white-spored. It is de-
scribed from southern France.

Lepiota pinguis Fr. — The spore characters are unknown.
It was probably introduced into Sweden, since Fries collected it
from pine wood not native to that country.

Lepiota polyp yramis (B. & C.) Morg. — Presumably an
Amanita.

Lepiota polysticta Berk. — The minute globose spores,
along with some other characters, suggest a different genus.

Lepiota prominens F, — Morgan and others consider this a

m

synonym of L. porrigens.

Lepiota pyrenaea Quel, is Pholiota aurea Fr., according to
Maire.

Lepiota radicata (Pk.) Morg. is Amanita radicata Pk.

Lepiota serena Fr. — This is one of the Fresian species
about which little has become known. Boudier suggests that it
is Armillaria suhcava Schum. Bresadola makes L. hrehissonii
Godey a synonym of L. serena.

Lepiota sistrata Fr. — Not recognized as a rule by modern
mycologists.

344 C. H. Kauffman

Lepiota sordescens B. & C. (as Agaricus). — Referred to
L. cepaestipes by Murrill.

Lepiota subremota B. & C. (as Agaricus). — This has ap-
parently not been recognized since it was named. Murrill refers
it to L. cepaestipes, while Morgan makes it a synonym of L.
mastoidea Fr.

Lepiota sulphurina (Clements) Sacc. — This seems to me,
from its description, to have the characters of an Amanita with
pulverulent volva.

Lepiota Vittadinii Fr. — Intermediate between the genera
Lepiota and Amanita, verging toward the latter.

Lepiota xylogenus Mont. — As shown by Murrill {My-
cologia, 6; 15L 1914), there is no dependence to be placed on the
meaning of the specific name in this case It was collected in
Hawaii.

University of Michigan

LITERATURE CITED

1. Atkinson, G. F. 1914. The Development of Lepiota clypeolaria. Ann.

Myc, 12: 346-356.

2. 1914. Homology of the " Universal Veil " in Agaricus. Mycolo-

gisch. Centrallbl., 5: 13-19.

3. 1916. The Development of Lepiota cristata and L. seminuda.

Mem. N'. Y. Bot. Card., 6: 209-228.

4. Fries, Elias Magnus. 1821. Syst. Myc, I: 19.

5. 1857. Monographia, I: 17.

6. 1874. Hymen. Europ., p. 29.

7. Kauffman, C. H. 1918. Agarieaceae of Michigan, I: 625.

8. 1922. The Genus Armillaria in the United States and its Relation-
ships. Papers Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, II: 53-67.

9. Lange, Jakob E. 1915. Studies in the Agarics of Denmark, Part II.

Dansk Botanisk Arkiv., 2: 13.

10. Murrill, W. A. 1914. North American Flora, 10: 40-64.

11. QuELET, LuciEN. 1886. Ench. Fung., p. 5.

12. QuELET, LuciEN, ET Battaille, Frederic. 1902. Flore Monographique

des Amanites et des Lepiotes, p. 44.

13. Rea, Carlton. 1922. British Basidiomycetes, p. 64.

14. Ricken, a. 1914. Die Blatterpilze Deutschlands, I: 314.

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PLATE XVI

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- X

Lepiota fusispora, sp. nov.

PLATE XVII

Lepiota pulcherrima

PLATE XVIII

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Lepiota acerina

new TUCK DoianicBi KMaramn LiDrary

QK605 .K35 gen

Kauffman, Calvin He/Russula, Gomphidius,

3 5185 00115 6791