V

HISTORY

OF

LANCASTER COUNTY.

TO WHICH IS PREFIXED A BRIEF SKETCH OF THE
EARLY HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

COMPILED FROM AUTHENTIC SOURCES.

BY 1> DANIEL RUPP,

AITTHOR BER. MAERTYRKR GESCHICHTE, ETC. ETC.

LANCASTER, PENN:

PUBLISHED BY GILBERT HILLS.

1S44.-

[Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1842, in tlie Clerk's
Office of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, by Iiilbeht Hills, pro-
priotor and puMishcr.]

/

I ff •■ * ■

PREFACE.

In collecting the materials necessary for compiling a History
of Lancaster County, we sought access to every possible
source of information, as far as our prescribed time and limited
means admitted. Could we have anticipated half the difficul-
ties we should encounter in prosecuting our researches, we
would certainly have relinquibhed the undertaking. Although
we had spent several months in search of materials, the col-
lection was still far from being satisfactory to our ourselves,
hut owing to the Publisher's engagements, we were constrained
to yield to his wishes and commence the arrangement of such
materials as were on hand. To add to what was collected, we
read, in less than one hundred days, upwards of ten thousand
pages, opened correspondence with a number of gentlemen,
in different parts of the county, called on scores of persons —
on some ten times — who had fairly promised to collect facts,
&c. — arranged the materials, re-wrote half the book twice,
examined a portion of the proof sheets, now and then attended
to business abroad, yet amidst all this " bustle and hurry," we
aimed to trace facts to their sources ; and these, it is confidently
believed, are authentic.

Whether the best judgment has been exercised in the selec-
tion of the materials on hand, and the happiest arrangement
adopted, is not for us to decide. We strove to make the fairest
use of them. As to the diversity of style appearing in this
book, we would here "interpose" the remark that, except in a
few instances, the very words of authors quoted, and of
contributors, were preserved. In general the usual marks
of credit are given.

Owing to our repeated absence, the book has not appeared
in that "due proportion" desirable in all its parts. Could we
have always been at hand to shape the copy as it was called
for, wc believe the book would have appeared in a somewhat
improved form, and some slight errors, in dates, have been
detected, in time to correct them.*

We Vv-ould, therefore, in view of all this, claim the indul-
gence of the reader for any imperfection he may notice. — ■
That we have been sometimes too rapid in recital, and again
too prolix in detail, we knov/. This, however, we could not
avoid in order to connect detailed facts and events, as we had
not all the materials before us when we comm.enccd the com-
pilation, consequently could not know when to be concise,
and when to enlarge. Situated as we were, "to strike a new,
dark and devious path, without a guide to follow," was the
only course left us. With these facts before him, the good na-
tured critic, it is believed, will excuse the Compiler.

The acknowledgments of the compiler are due, for facts fur-
,iished, to the following gentlemen: Hon. Charles M'Clure,
Secretary of the Commonwealth ; H. K. Strong, State Libra-
rian ; Col. R. M. Crain, of the Land Otiice ; G. W. Harris, of
Harrisburg ; Messrs. John Thome, T. H. Burrowes, H. A. Car-
penter, E. C. Rcigart, R. Conyngham, Joseph Konigmacher,
A. Dubree, Gardner Furness, H. F. Slaymaker, John Slayma-
ker, George Dificnbach, Samuel Bowman, Abraham Mylin,
Christian Herr, Henry Flickinger, John Strohm and others.

We arc particularly indebted to Mr. John Beck and George
Ford, Esq. for the free use of their MSS. Prof S. S. Halde-
man, furnished chapter XIII ; J.J. Libhart, of Marietta, the list
of birds, and the drawings by a self-taught artist, Mr. C. S. Gctz,
proprietor of the Lancaster Museum.

Lancaster, Dec. 1843.

•OoiiiiECTioNS.— P. 122, 4th line of the note, read 1712— p. 257, 4th
line from lioltom, reail, as early as 1G31 — p. 2C4, 4tli line h-om tlic top, read,
Lowe— p. 2yC, 12lh line, read, in 1785— p. 308, 9th lii)e,rcad 1742— p. 310,
1st line, read 1744 — p. 3)G, read, Charles — p. 323, 5th line, read sciences —
p. 442, 13ih line, read, one hunflred and sixteen.

CONTENTS.

Introductory part : from ihe earliest settlements made in Penn-
sylvania, to the first settlements made loithin the present limits
of Lancaster county.

CHAPTER I.

Uolinizfition, remarks on, p. 13 ; Purchases made from the Indians, 14 ;
In New England, 15; By Calvert, 15; By Koger Williams. 15 ; By tht
Swedes, 15; By ('arteret, 16; Penn follows their example, 16; Early set-
tlement of Delaware bay and river, 17 ; Swedes supplanted l;y the Dutch,
18; Dutch triumph short, 18; Delaware taken possession of by the Eng-
lish, 18 ; Pcnn purchases New Castle, 18.

CHAPTER II.

William Penn born, p. 19; How he was made acquainted v.ith America,
20; Instrumental in settling West New Jersey, 20; Obtains a charter for
Pennsylvania, 21; First purchasers embark for America, 22; P.Iarkham's
instruction, 22 ; He holds a treaty with the Indians, 22 ; Penn arrives in
America, 23; Convenes an Assembly at Upland, 23; Interview with Lord
Baltimore, 23 ; Religious visits, 23 ; Visits New Jersey, the Duke of York,
his friends on Long Island : returns to Philadelphia, holds his grand treaty
with the Indians, 24-26; iMoie arrivals from Europe, 26; Emigrants pro-
vide shelters, 27; Form plantations, 27; Philadelphia laid out, 28; Cjun-
ties organized, 28 ; Second Assembly convoked, 28 ; Penn obliged to retura
to Europe, 29.

CHAPTER HI.

Brief sketch of the History of Pennsylvania from 16S4 to 1699, p. 30-
37; Provincial executives from 1684 to 1G09, 31; Boundaries of Chester
county determined, 34 ; Increase of i>opulution, 34 ; First mills iu Chester

1'

county, 34 ; Penn's effort to improve the condition of the natives, 35 ;
Efforts to christianize the Indians, 35 ; Penn's new treaty with the Susque-
hanna, iShawancse and Ganawcse, &c, natives, 36; A new form of Govern-
ment framed, 37 ; Penn appoints Andrew Hamilton deputy governor : sails
for England, 37.

CHAPTER IV.

Prince William dies, p. 38 ; Anne ascends the tin-one, 38 ; Penn in favor
with her, 38 ; State of affairs in the province, 39 ; Disquiet among the Indi-
ans, 39 ; Messenger sent to the Conestogo Indians : Secretary of the council
and shcrilf of Chester and New Castle are sent to thcin, 40; Thomas
Chaliiiey preaches at Conestogo, 41 ; Governor visits the ('onestogo Indi-
ans, 44 ; Indian eloquence, 44; Gov. Evans' strange character, and second
journey to Susquehanna, 45 ; Governor's journal of his interview with the
Indians, 40; Nicole apprehended at Paxtan, conveyed to Philadelphia and
imprisoned, 51.

CHAPTER V.

Cause of disquietude among the Indians, p. 53; Indians at Conestogo
send a messenger to the council, 53 ; Mitchell and other Europeans intrude
Upon the Indians, 54 ; Governor Evans' explanation of Mitchell's course,
66; Critical juncture, 55; Evans rc-called, 56 ; Gooliiii appointed governor,
56; Penn's embarrassment, 56; Quitrcnts, 56; Emigration impeded, 57.
Gookin sends a message to the Indians at Conestogo, 57 ; Swedish mission-
ary at Conestogo, 59; His sermon and Indian chief's answer, 59-60;
French and Worley on a message to Conestogo.

SECOND PART.

From the earliest settlements made within the present limits of the
county to its organization in the year 1729.

CHAPTER r.

Preliminary remarks, p. G7; Unsettled state of aftliirs in Europe, C8 ;
Consequent emigration of Swiss, Germans, French and others, into America,
70; Into Pennsylvania, 72; Swiss Mennonites settle in Pequea Valley, 74;
Purchase ten thousand acres of land, 76; Make improvements, 78, Others
purchase buds, V'.) ; T!ic Mennonites call a mectin;; to send a person to
Europe Ibrlhc residue of their families, 80; Kendig goes and returns wiih a

number of families, 81; Settlements augmenteJ, 82; Governor Gookiii'fl
journey to Conestogo, 86,

CHAPTER II.

Ferree family make preparations to emigrate to America, 90; Procure
certifiicates of civil and religious standing, 92 ; By way of HollatKl and
England come to New York, 96 ; Ac:iuire the righto of citizenship, 96;
Settle in I^ancaster county, 101 ; Several documents of interest, 103 ; Tra-
dition of the ancestors of the Ferrees, by Joel Lightner, Esq., 1C8 ; Tusca-
rora Indians winter with the Five Nations, 113.

CHAPTER III.

Augmentation of settlements, p. 115 ; Germans and English settle around
the Swiss or Palatines, 117; Settlements in diflcrent parts of the county, 120;
Names of persons naturalized, 123; Notice of Slaymakers, 127; Concstoga
Manor surveyed, 129; Names of first purchasers, 131; Grafichal settled,
133 ; Lancaster and vicinity settled, 135 ; Squatters on the west side of Sus-
quehanna, 136 ; Indians at Conestoga address a letter to Logan, 136 ; Col.
French goes to Conestoga: holds a treaty with the Indians, 137; Logan
meets them on the Susquehanna, 141 ; Samuel Robins sent to Virginia, 153.

CHAPTER IV.

Governor Keith visits the governor of Virginia, p. 154; Holds a council
with the Indians at Conestogo 155 ; Indians complain of the use of rum, &c.
158; Their trade in pelts impaired, 160 ; Secretary Logan holds a discourse
with Ghesaont, 169; Ghesaont's reply, &c. 170; Disturbances created by
intruders under pretence of finding copper mines, &c. 175 ; Governor Keith
has a survey made on the west side of Susquehanna. 176; Indians alarmed
by Maryland intruders, 176 ; Logan, French and sheriff of the county hold
a council at Conestogo, 177; Keith determines to resist attempted encroach-
ments by the IMary lander.^, 178 ; A council is held at Conestogo, 179;
Springetsbury manor surveyed, 182; Council held at Conoytown, 182;
Settlement of Germans at Swatara and Tulpehocken, 182.

CHAPTER V.

Donegal township organized, p. 135; First settlers, 185; Harris attempted
to settle at Conoy, 185; Settles at Paxton, 186; ScUleiaent commenced by
Barber, Wright and Blunston, 187; Settlements back from the river, 189;
Reamstown settlement, 190; Welsh settlement, 191; Weber's Thai settle-
ment, 193 ; Settlement at Saeue Schwamm, or New Holland, 193 ; Germans
misreprascnted, 194 ; Committee appointed to inquire into the facts: makes

8

report, 196; Thomas Wright killed by the Indians, 197; InhaLitants of the
upper part of Chester county alarmed, 198; (Jovernor Gordon goes to Con-
estogo and holds a treaty with the Indians, 199; Returns to Philadelphia :
Note : Iron works, 206 ; David Dieffenderfer, brief notice of, 207.

CHAPTER YI.

Ephrata, p. 211 ; Origin of German Baptists in Europe, and their emi-
gration to America, 212; Sieben Taeger Association formed at Ephrata by
Conrad Beisscl, 215; Change of life among them, 216; They built Ivedar
andZion, 217; iMngular architecture of buildings, 218; Fractur: Schriflcn
by the Sister,?, 219 ; Specimens of original poetry, 220; Eckerlein and the
bell, 222; Its destination, 223 ; Sabbath school established, 224; Miller
succeeds Bcissel, 225; Juliana Pcnn's letter, 229; Poetry dedicated to
Miller, 230; Present state of Ephrata, 232; List of names of the first
inhabitants of Ephrata, 232 ; Names of some of the early settler* in Lancas-
ter county, 233.

THIRD PART.

From the organization of Lancaster county, one th»usand seven
liundred and twenty-nine.

CHAPTER L

Erection and or.'janization of the county, p. 235 ; Boundaries of, 239 ;
feat of Justice, 242 ; James Annesly, 243 ; Boundaries of townships, 244 ;
First court held at Posticwhaitcs, 250 ; Extracts of court records, 250 .
Morris Cannady indicted, 250 ; Found guilty and sold, 252 ; Constables,
overseers and supervisors appointed, 252 ; Applicants to be Indian traders,
253; Petitions for license tj sell ru:n, 254 ; First court held at Lancaster,
255; Conrad Wcisc/, notice of. 256 ; Notes, &c. 260.

CHAPTER II.

Road from Lancaster to Philadeljiliia ordered to be laid out, &c. p. 262;
Election oxciUimrnt, or violent cor.tcst. 2C1; Border frays, 265 ; Townships
orectc<!, 260; Pennsborough and Hopewell, west of the Suscjut hanna, 266 ;
Hanover, 267; Little Britain, 367; James Ewing born, 567; Contest
between the Murylanders and iidiabitants of Lancaster, 268 ; Cres^ap and
bis ae.-ociates attempt to displace the Ciermans, 269 ; Is ap]>if liciided and
i|)j prisoned, 269; Gpvernor Ogle sends messengers to Philadelphia, 269;

German settlers seized and carried to Baltimore, 269 ; The council sends
an embassy to Governor Ogle, 270 ; Marylanders break into Lancaster jail,
270; Germans naturalized, 271 ; Notes of variety, 272.

CHAPTER III.

Governor Thomas appointed, p. 274 ; The county divided into eight
districts, 274 ; Several new townships formed, 275 ; John Wright's charge
to the grand jury, 276 ; Brief memoir cf W right, 281 ; Serjeant attempts
to instruct the Indians, 232 ; Ornish apply to the Assembly for an act of na-
turalization, 282 ; Count Zinzendorf in Lancaster, 283 ; Visits Wyominj,
284 ; Indians conclude to massacre him, 284 ; Singular incident dissuades
them, 285; Attempts made to prejudice the Assembly against the Germans,
286; Martin Meylin's house built, 286; Church council convoked, 287;
Irish behavoir or conduct at an election, 288 ; Disputes between Irish and
Germans, 288 ; Murhancelliu murders Armstrong and his two servants, 289;
Murhancellin arrested and imprisoned, 289 ; Indian treaty held in Lancaa-.
ter, 289 ; Indians peel Musser's walnut trees, 290 ; Lutheran excitement in
Lancaster, 291 ; Lindlcy Murray born, 291 ; Notes of variety, 292.

CHAPTER IV.

York county organized, p. 293 ; Election frauds, 294 ; Sabbath school
commenced at Ephrata, 294; David Ramsay born: memoir of, 295 ; Bart
township organized, 297; House of employment provided, 298; General
Clark, 299 ; Abundant crops, 299 ; Distilleries erected, 299 ; Partial famine,
300; Indian alarms and horrid atrocities, 300 ; French neutrals imported,
301 ; Their condition unenviable, 302; An Act to disperse them, 2C8 ;
Cooper, Webb and Le Fevre appointed to execute the several provisions of
the act, 303 ; Another Act passed relative to the French neutrals, 304 ;
Notes of variety, 306.

CHAPTER V.

Moravian community at Liliz, p. 308 ; Zinzendorf in Lancaster, 309 ; Ap.
plicaticn to the conference at Bethlehem, 310 ; Commencement of Litiz,
311 ; Parsonage built, 311 ; School-house removed ; Rev. B. A. Grube, 312;
Present condition or state of Litiz : Improvements : Church and consecra-
tion of it, &c. 313 ; List of the names of pastors, 315; Schools and names
of teachers, 317; Brother and sister houses, 320; The grave yard, 324;
The spring, 328 ; Population, mechanics, &c. 329.

CHAPTER VL

Hostilities between the English and the French in America, p. 332 ; Dela-
ware and Shawanese Indians commit murders, 333 ; General Braddocks's

10

arrival, 333; Braddock's defeat, 334; Dismay caused among the frontier
settlers, 334 ; Paxtoii and Tulpehockcn refugees at Ephrata, 335 ; Murders
committed by the Indians, 335; Block-house erected at Lancaster, 336; In-
habitants of Lancaster county petition the Assembly for a militia law, 337 ;
Scalping parties, 338 ; War suspended against the Indians, 338; Prepera,
tions made to repel Indian incursions, 339 ; Conrad Weiser commands nine
companies, 339 ; French hostilities continued, 340 ; Murders committed by
the Indians in 1757, 339 ; Indian treaties, at Lancaster and at Easton, 340 ;
Minutes extract from, of Indian treaty, at Lancaster. 340 ; King Beaver's
speech, 342; Treaty held at Easton: fifteen tribes of Indians represented;
Murders by Indians in Tulpehockcn, 313; Murders committed by the In-
dians in 1758, 344; Cumberland over-iun by savages, 344 ; Inhabitants fled
to Lancaster, &c., 345; Barracks erected at Lancaster, 346 ; Work-house
erected at Lancaster, 346 ; The Irish sell to the Germans, and scat them-
selves at Chestnut Glade, 347; Baron Sticgcl lays out Manhcim, 347 ; No-
tice of the Baron, 348; Notes of variety ; Emanuel Carpenter, 394,

CHAPTER VIL

Tendency of war, p. 350 ; Hostilities continued, 351 ; Lancaster county
exposed to Indian incursions, 352; Treachery of the Concstoga Indians,
352; Paxton and Donegal Rangers watch the Indians closely, 359.; Indian
villagers massacred, 356 ; Those abroad taken under protection by the mag-
istrates of Lancaster, 356 ; Governor Penn's proclamation, 357 ; The Pax-
ton boys at Lancaster : massacre the Indians, 358 ; Governor Penn issues
another proclamation, 360 ; The Paxton boys grow desperate, and " shovT
up some Indian," 362; Resort to Philadelphia, 363; Their non-commenda-
ble conduct (here, 363; They return peaceably to their homes, leaving two
of their number to present tlicir grievances to the Assembly, 305; Robert
Fulton, 366; B. S. Barton, 367 ; Notes of variety.

CHAPTER Vin.

Hail storm, p. 369 ; Proceedings, &c. by the citizens of Lancaster countj
touching the usurjiation of Parliament, in (Jrcat Britain, 371 ; Letter from
the committee of correspondence at Philaddjihia, 372 ; Mciting ;it the court
house in Lancaster, 373 ; Copy of a circular letter Irom Philadelphia, 376 ;
Meeting called at ]>ancaster, 378; Subscriptions opened for the relief of the
suffering Bostonians. 380; Letters from Philadelphia, 382 ; Meeting called,
to be held at Lancaster, 383 ; Committee appointed, 384 ; Meeting held,
385 ; Letter from Reading, 387 ; Meeting of the committee of inspection,
&c., 388; (Joinmittee men from different townships meet at Lancaster, 395;
Their proceedings, &c. &c. 395.

n

CHAPTER IX.

Course of the mother country objectioniil)le, p. 404; Military conventioii
at Lancaster, 405 ; Uaniel Rolierdeun and James Evving elected Brigadier
Generals, 407 ; Resolutions passed and adopted, 407 ; Committee of safety :
convention to form the first State Constitution, 408; Pennsylvania and Lan-
caster county active, 409; Numerous incidents, &c. in I, ancaster county
during the Revolution, 410 ; General Wayne's head quarters and correspon-
dence with his Excellency, Thomas Wharton, President of the Executive
Council of Pennsylvania, 411 ; ('ongress repairs from Philadelphia to Lan-
caster, thence to York, 420; Military meeting at Manheiin, 421 ; Surviving
Revolutionary soldiers: Philip Meek, 323; John Ganter, 424 ; George
Leonard, Peter Mauerer, Peter Shindle, Jacob Hoover, 425; Notes, 426.

CHAPTER X.

Lancaster county after the Revolution, 427 ; Germans and those of Ger-
man extraction: views on education, 427; Franklin college established, 428;
First board of Trustees, 428 ; Reichenbach : New Jerusalem Ctiurch ; the
twelve articles received by that church, 429 ; Lnproveraents great in the
county, 433; Columbia laid out, 433 ; Lancaster city, seat ot government
434 ; Late war : means of Lancaster county, 434 ; Notes of variety, 435.

CHAPTER XL

EncCATios' : — Preliminary remarks: Importance of general education, p_
436; Views of colonists, 437; Mennonites' views of education, 438 ; Scotch
and Irish settlers, made at first little preparation, &c till 1798, 439 ; First
flchaols in the town of Lancaster, 440 ; Lutheran and German Reformed
churches have schools under their auspices, 440 ; Rev. M. Schlatter, indefat-
igable in his efforts to establish schools, 443 ; Extract from Coetuale pro-
ceedings of 1760, 442; Trustees and managers of public schools, 443;
Germans patriotic, modest and unassuming, &c. 443 ; Ludwig Hacker es-
tablishes a Sabbath school at E'phrata, 444 ; German classical school at
Ephrata, 445 ; Academy at Ephrat.i, 445 ; Academy at Litiz, &c. 445, 446 ;
^5elect Academy at Lancaster, 446 ; Franklin college, &c. 447 ; Private
schools and Academics in various parts of the county, 448 ; An act for the
education of children in the borough of Lancaster, 448 ; The Mechanics'
Society, 450 ; Classical Academy : Lancaster County Academy : Classical
Academies in the county, 451, 453 ; Seminaries: Common Schools : Sab-
bath Schools Lyceums, &c. 453.

CHAPTER XIL

Religious De:tominatio\s. — Early missionaries among the Conestoga
and other iHdians. p. 455 ; The Mennonites, 356 ; The Friends and Qua-

12

kers, 457; The Ornish or Amish, 457; The Episcopalians, 457 ; The Pres-
byterians, 457 ; The German Baptists, 458 ; The German Seventh Day
Baptists, 458 ; The Lutherans, 453 ; The German Reformed, 459 ; Tire
United Brethren or Moravians, 461; The Roman CathoHcs, 461; The
Methodist Episcopal, 461 ; The New Jerusalem Church, 462 ; The Evan-
gelical Association, 462; Tiie Reformed Mennonites, 462 ; The Universal-
ists; TheSeceders; The United Brethren; The Church of God; The
Calvanistic Baptists, 463; The Mormons, « Millerites" and African
Churches, 464.

CHAPTER XIII.

Geology of Lancaster County, p. 465 ; Natural History, 467 ; Mamma-
lia, 470 ; Reptilia, 471 ; Ojihidia, 471 ; Sauria, 472 ; Amphibia, 472 ; Pis-
ces, 472 ; Coieoptera, 474 ; Orthoptcra, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Hymenop-
tcra, Lepidoptera, Diptera, 478 ; Mollusca, 479 ; Helicidae, 481 ; Unionidae,
483.

CHAPTER XIV.

Catalogue of the Filicoid and Flowering Plants of lisncaster county, 483.
List of Birds, by Libhart, 508.

ArPEXDii. — A. The Maryland and Pennsylvania boundary hne. B.
James Le Tort. C. The Huguenots,

HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

INTRODUCTORY PART:

VROM THE EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS IN PENNSYLVANlJli,

TO THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS MADE WITHIN THIS

PRESENT LIMITS OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

CHAPTER I.

Colonization, remarks on — Purchases made from the Aborigines — In New
England — By Calvert — By Roger Williams — By the Swedes— By Car-
teret— Penn follows their example — Early settlements on Delaware baj
and river — Swedes supplanted by the Dutch — Dutch triumph short —
Delaware taken possession of by the English — Penn purchases New
Castle.

From History it is evident that the formation of Colo-
nies, which is among the oldest occurrences recorded, or
handed down by tradition, was owing to various causes,
and different circumstances. Perhaps the avaricious
desire of man as an individual to increase his possessions,
and collectively as a nation to enlarge his domains, by
extending the boundaries of empire, and to secure a
country acquired by the right of discovery, taken by
conquest, or otherwise obtained, is a leading, among
many causes, of colonization.

Colonies have been the consequences from emigration,
and which was either owing to a great increase of popu-
lation at home, in a limited territory; or, produced by
civil, as well as religious oppression. Phoenecia and

3

14 HISTORY oy

Greece, maratime states, possessing as they did, a limited
temtory, would naturally have to resort to emigration. —
Commercial enterprize led as much to colonization as a'ny
one single cause.

Many of the Colonies of North America were the
consequences of emigration, either voluntary, or produced
by religious persecution, in the Fatherland, where many
an aching heart yearned after a place of peace and
repose, where in obedience to the dictates of a quickened
conscience, strains of worship, praises of the Almighty,
might be poured forth unmolestedly.

The Colonies established by the Carthagenians, were
made through conquest and for the purpose of keeping
the country in subjection. The policy of the Romans
was, in the earliest ages of the republic, of sending out
colonies to the conquered nations, to enforce the authority
of the mother country upon the vanquished people. —
Their colonies, in this respect, differed essentially from
many others; and have very appropriately been called

Die Rocmische Besaizungen, the outposts of Rome.

The Venetian system of colonies in Candia and Cyprus,
resembled that of Rome. The limits of this chapter will
not permit enlargement.

A principle had obtained in Europe, that a new dis-
covered country belonged to the nation, whose people
first discovered it. Eugene IV. and Alexander VI. suc-
cessively granted to Portugal and Spain all the countries
possessed by infidels, which should be occupied by the
industry of their subjects, and subdued by the force of
their arms. The colonies, established in North America,
were founded upon more equitable principles. In almost
every instance, possession of the country was taken with
the least possible injury to the aborigines. Lands were
purcJiased from the natives. It liad been, according to

LANCASTER COUNTY. IS

Bellmap, a common thing in New England to make fair
and regular purchases from the Indians; many of their
deeds are still presei-ved in the public records. Nume-
rous instances, showing that the purchases were mada
from the Indians, might be quoted; a few must suffice.

The noble hearted, who were not allured by the love
of conquest, and the power of wealth, in their efforts to
colonize, piuchased the right of possession from the sons
of the forest. Calvert, a Roman Catholic, when he
planted his colony, 1634, in the province of Maryland,
commenced Avith an act of justice, of which the natives
of that State may well be proud; he purchased of the
savage proprietors, a right to the soil, before he took pos-
session ; for a compensation with which the Indians were
satisfied.*

Roger Williams, a baptist, on his expulsion from Mas-
sachusetts, in 1636, went to Seconk, where he procured
a grant of land from Osamaquin, the chief Sachem of
Pokanot. He honestly purchased their land, and a suf-
ficiency of it, for his little colony; he was uniformly
their friend, and neglected no opportunity of ameliorat-
ing their condition, and elevating their character.t The
Swedes, landing at Inlopen, 1637 or 1638, on the west-
ern shore of the Delaware Bay, proceeded up the river,
opened communications with the Indians; and purchased
from them the soil upon the western shore, from the

*Haw's Contribution, T. 23. fHolmfis' Annals, I. 2.S3.

Note. — In Roger Williams' Life, published by J. Knowles,
in 1834, it is stated that Aquedueck Island, now Rhode Island,
" was ceded or sold to him for forty fathoms of white beads,
then the currency of the country, by the realm owner
Canonicus, King of the Naragansets, because he was a good
man and a friend of the Indians, having settled among them in
1634, at Mochasuck, now Providence— MSS. 14.

16 HISTORY OF

capes to the falls at Sankikans, opposite to the present
city of Trenton. "They maintained a harmonious in-
tercourse Avith the natives, acknowledging the right of
soil to he in the aborignes. They not only scrupulously
refrained from injuring them, but cultivated their friend-
ship by acts of justice, and kindness in supplying their
necessities:" they aimed in the spirit of the gospel, by
friendly means, to civilize and win them over to the
christian faith.

Philip Carteret, appointed in 1665, as Governor of
New Jersey, "purchased from the Indians their titles to
all the lands which were occupied. This proceeding
was afterwards approved by the proprietaries, who then
established tlic rule, that all lands should be purchased
from the Indians, by the Governor and Council, who
were to be re-imbursed by the settlers, in proportion to
their respective possessions."*

William Penn, the 'sole lord' of the province of Penn-
sylvania, followed the examples of justice and modera-
tion, set him by former Europeans, in their magnanimous
conduct towards the aborigines of America. Having
thus united his example with theirs, for the imitation of
all succeeding adventurers and settlers of colonies, he de-
serves equal praise with those who set the example, and
those who folio w.t

♦Frost's U. S. 130.

t " We find that Penn had sent a letter, previous to his arrival,
by the first colony for Pennsylvania, to the Indians, informing
them that the (treat (iod l)ad been pleased to make him con-
cerned in their part of the world, and that the king of the
country, where he lived, had given him a province therein ;
but tliat he had no desire to enjoy it without their consent; that
he was a man of peace, and that the people whom he had sent
■wrere of tlie same disposition; but if any differoncc should
happen between them, it might be adjusted by an equal num-

LANCASTER COTTNTT. 17

Among historical writers there is a diversity of opinion
as to the time when the first permanent settlement was
made in Delaware. Darby, in his View of the United
States, says, that a Swedish colony, under the auspices of
Gustavus Adolphus, reached Delaware, 1628. Accord-
ing to Gordon's History, Darby's assertion appears to be
erroneous. The fact, however, that Delaware bay and
river were explored as early as 1623, by Captain May, is
well established. He sailed up the river as far as Glou-
cester point, in New Jersey, a few miles below the city
of Camden, where he built a fort called Nassau. Accord-
ing to Gordon, the Swedes visited Cape Henlopen, which,
on account of its verdure and fertility, they named Para-
dise Point, and began a settlement on the Delaware bay
and river; having, however, previous to makmg their
settlements, bought land of the measurably civilized na-
tives.* " Their fii'st settlement was near Wilmington, at
the mouth of Christina creek, and they afterwards built
forts at Lewistown and Tinicum isle : which last was the
seat of government of their colony of New Sweden. —
Here John Printz, their governor, built himself a spacious
mansion, to which they gave the name Printz's hallP
According to Watson, the Swedes settled many other

ber of men, chosen on both sides. With this he appointed
commissioners to treat with the Indians, about purchasing land,
and promised them, that he would shortly come and converse
with them in person." Belknap, II. 40.

*The Indians at the Swedish settlement were very industrious
and civilized. They sold the use of the land very cheap : 400
acres of land for a yard of baize or a bottle of brandy. They
had large fields of maize, beans, gourds, pumpkins, melons,
&:c., with orchards of plum and peaches. Holm confirms this,
and even says that the squaws spun and wove cloth of yarn,
out of nettles, and wild hemp, which Kalm called Apocynum
cannabinum. MSS. Remarks on the early His. Pa. p. 13.

3*

\^ niSTORY OP

places within the present hmits of Delaware and Penn-
sylvania; among these maybe enumerated, Moco;7onam,
the preient town of Chester, Manaiung, a fort at the
mouth of the Scluiyikiil. They seemed to flourish ; but
amid their prosperity, some envied them; for it appears,
the Dutch colonists viewed the Swedes as rivals, or in-
truders. Notwithstanding the solenm protestations of the
Swedes, the Dutch built a fort in 1651, at New Castle, in
the very heart of New Sweden. Risingh, Printz's suc-
cessor, by a well raalurcd stratagem, displaced the intru-
ders. Ttiis SU2CCSS did not daunt the Dutch;— viewed as
an insu'.t to tliem,P^'tor Stuyvesant, Dutch governor, em-
barked at New Amsterdam, with an armament consisting
of six vassals, and sevan hundred choice men; invaded
New Swadeii; reduced the whole colony, in 1655. Al-
though the Swadish empire was of brief destiny; the tri-
umph of the Dutch was alike short. "In 1664, Charles
II. of England, regardless of previous settlements by
others, deemed it not inexpedient to grant all the large
territory, not only of New Nctherland, but New Sweden,
to his brother, the L'uke of York: and the country was
taken possession of by an expedition of three ships and
six huiJrad men, u ider the connuand of Col. Richard
Nichols. New Amsterdam was thenceforth called New-
York." The Duke's grant, from the King, also included
New Jersey. He likewise obtained Delaware. In 1682
William Penn purchased New Castle, and the country
for a coni])ass of tv/elvc miles around it, of the Duke of
York; luid afterwards extanded liis j)urchase to Cape
Henloi)tn. This country, called the Lower Couniics of
Delaware, remained a portion of the colony of Pcmisyl-
rania, till I70i3.

LANCASTER C0T7NTT. IP

CHAPTER II.

William Penn bom — How he was made acquainted with this conntry — In*
atrumentil in settling West New Jersey — Obtains a charter for Pennsyl-
vania— Firs' purchasers embark for America — Markham's instructions —
He holds a Treaty with the Indians — Penn arrives in America — Convene*
an Asscm <ly at Upland — Interview with Lord Baltimore — Religious visit
— Visits New Jersey ; the Duke of York ; his friends on Long Island ;
returns to Philadelphia ; holds his grand Treaty with the Indians — More
arrivals from Europe — Emigrants provide shelters — Form plantations —
Philadelphia laiil out — Counties organized — Second Asssembly convoked
—Penn obliged to return to Europe.

William Penn, the Founder of Pennsylvania, born
in London, October 16, 1644, was the grand-son of Giles
Penn, and son of Sir William, an Admiral of the Eng-
l;s'i Navy. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford,
whire, on hearing Thomas Loe, a quaker of eminence,
he imbibed his principles, which a few years afterwards
he publicly professed. He was in consequence, twice
turned out doors by his father. In 1668 he began to
preach in public, and to write in defence of his embraced
doctrines. For this he was twice incarcerated, and once
brought to trial. It was during his first imprisonment
t'-iat he wrote — No Cross, No Crown. In 1672, he
mairled Gulielma Maria Springett, a lady of his religious
principles. In 1677, he visited Holland and Germany,
to propagate his favorite doctrines. He devoted much of
his time to preaching, writing, and visiting several coun-
tries on the continent, and Ireland.

To show the reader how Penn, whom Montesquieu
denominates the modern Lycurgus, the real founder of

so HISTORY OP

Pennsylvania, was made acquainted with the country, it
will be necessary to briefly notice a train of circum-
stances which led to results of so much magnitude to the
world, as the colonization of Pennsylvania — "the asy-
lum of the oppressed."

In or about the year 1675, says Proud, Lord Berkeley
sold his half of the province of New Jersey to a person
named John Fenwick, in trust for Edward Byllinge, and
his assigns, in consequence of which the former, this
year, arrived with a number of passengers, in a ship
called Griffith, from London, on a visit to his new pur-
chase. He landed at a place, in West Jersey, situated
upon a creek, or small river, which runs into the river
Delaware; to which place he gave the name Salem; a
name which both the place and creek still retain. This
was the first English ship which came to West Jersey;
and it was near two years before any more followed. —
This long intei-val is supposed to have been occasioned
by a disagreement between Fenwick and Byllinge;
which was at last composed by tJio Icind offices of Wil-
liam Penn.

Byllinge, having been reduced in circumstances, had
agreed to present his interest in New Jersey to his cred-
itors, by whose entreaty and importunity William Penn,
tliough, it is said, witli reluctance, was prevailed upon to
become joint trustee with two of them,Gawen Lawrie,of
London, and Nicholas Lucas, of Hertford, for the manage-
ment thereof. These he invested with his own moiety of
the province ; it being all his remaining fortune,for the sat-
isfaction of his creditors. Hence William Pemi became
one of the chief instruments in settling West New Jer-
sey; and thereby acquired a knowledge of the adjacent
country of Pemisylvania, before it had that name, or

LANCASTER COUNTY. 21

was granted to him.* Having learned the advantages
offered to settlers in West New Jersey, he spared neither
pains nor time to point out to brethren of the same faith
the benefits to be derived in settling here ; and, on his
suggestions, many of them emigrated thither, pur-
chased land, and built towns and villages, principally on
the eastern shore of the Delaware river; and several of
them settled as early as 1675, at Upland, now Chester,
Kensington, and several other places, on the west bank
of the Delaware.

Having spent much time in the laudable employment
of ameliorating the condition of others, he projected the
design to colonize the country contiguous to that, which
he had been the chief instrument to settle ; he availed
himself of his favorite estimation, which the eminent
services of his fother had gained him, and petitioned
King Charles H. that in lieu of a large sum of money,
due his father, from the government,! at the time of his
death, letters patent might be granted him, for a tract of
land in America, "lying north of Maryland; on the east,
bounded by Delaware river; on the west, limited as
Maryland; and northward, to extend as far as plantable."

*Proud I. 136, 137. Penn despatched no less than eight hun-
dred seUlers during the year 1677— '78, for West New Jersey;
these were mostly Quakers and persons of property and res-
pectability.

fHis father, distinguished, in English History, by the con-
quest of Jamaica, and by his conduct, discretion and courage
in the signal battle against the Dutch in 1665, bequeathed to
his son, a claim on the government for sixteen thousand pounds.
Massachusetts had bought Maine for a little more than one
thousand pounds; then, and long afterwards, colonial property
was lightly esteemed; and to the prodigal Charles II. always
embairatsed for money, the giant of a province seemed tha
easiest mode of cancelling the debt — Bancroft, II. 303.

22 HISTORY OF

His request being- duly considered by the King, by
the Privy Council, and by the Lords of the CommittcQ
of Trade and Plantations; and Lord North, Chief Jus-
tice; and Sir William Jones, the Attorney General,
having been consulted, William Penn obtained, amidst
great opposition, a royal charter from Charles II. bearing
date, Westminster, March 4, 1681.

Having been, by virtue of this charter, constituted sole
proprietary of Pennsylvania, he made sales of lands to
adventurers, called first purchasers, who embarked
some at London, others at Bristol, in 1681, for America,
and arrived, "at the place where Chester now stands, on
Uie 11th of December." Ajiiong these was William
Markhani, a rolativp. of the propriolary, whom he had
appointed deputy governor, and certain commissioners,
with plenary powers, and instructions to confer with the
Indians,, respecting their lands, and to confirm with them
a league of peace. From these instructions, to the
deputy governor and to the commissioners, it will be seen,
the examples set by the New England States, by Calvert,
Williams, by the Swedes, Carteret and others to pur-
chase the rii^ht of soil from the Mborii^iyies, wei»
honorably followed by Peini, notwithstanding the principle
which had obtained among Ein'opcan nations, "/o ivrest
the soil by force^^ from the people to whom it naturally
belonged. It needs scarce repetition, in this place, to state,
^ it has l)cen errotieousli/ supposed that Mar/cha?n, or
Penn, was the first man who purchased la)ids froin the
^Jhorii(i7ial t/2mericans ! .'"

Markham,in obedience to his instructions, held a treaty
in June, 1682, with the Indians, and purchased lands
from them, as appears from a deed, dated July 15, 1682,
signed by Idcpiahon, lannottowe, Idquoqucywon, Sa-
hoppe, for himself and Okonichon, Swampisse, Na-

LANCASTER COUNTY. 23

hoosey, Tomackhickow, Weskekitt and Talawsis, Indian
Shackamakers. Markham made several purchases pre-
vious to the arrival ef Penn, who with many of his
friends, chiefly from Sussex, sailed for America, and
landed at New Castle on the 27th October, 1682, where
he was received with demonstrations of joy. Penn then
went to Upland, now called Chester, where he convened
an assembly on the 4th of December. This body, dur-
ing a session of three days, enacted several important
laws, one of which was an act to natiu:alize the Dutch,
Swedes, and other foreigners.

Penn was -devoted to the interest of the colony; he
lost no time in delays. No sooner, according to Gordon,
had the assembly adjourned, than Penn hastened to
Maryland, to see Lord Baltimore, who had set up
claims, arising from an indistinctness of grant, touch-
ing the boundary lines between the two provinces, which
caused much disquiet to the border colonists — -with the
intention, if possible to adjust the difficulties, he spent
several days, without being able to effect the object of
his interview with Lord Baltimore. The negotiation
was postponed till next spring.* Tlie dispute was
finally settled, in 1762! Penn spent some time in
Maryland, in religious visits, and then returned to
Chester.

•Lord Baltimore relied on the priority and distinctness of
his own title ; while Penn defended a later and more indistinct
grant, on a plea which had been suggested to him by the
Committee of Plantations of England— that it had never been
intended to confer on Lord Baltimore any other territory but
such as was inhabited by savages only, at the date of his
charter; and that the language of the charter was, therefore,
inconsistent with its intendent, in so far as it seemed to au-
thorize his claim to any part of the region previously colonized
by the Swedes and Dutch— Gra^m, //. 341 ; also, Sec Ap-
pendix A.

£4 HISTORY 07

"From Chester, tradition describes the journey of
Penn to have been continued with a few friends, in an
open boat, in the earUcst days of November, to the
beautiful bank, fringed with Pine trees, on which the
city of Philadelphia was soon to rise." The following
weeks, Penn, from a natural impulse, visited New Jersey,
New York, the metropolis of his neighbor proprietary,
the Duke of York, and, after meeting friends on Long
Island, he returned to the banks of the Delaware.

To this period belongs his first grand treaty with tlie
Indians. It was held contiguous to Philadelphia. —
Here, Penn, with a few friends, met the numerous dele-
gation of the Lenni Lenape tribes. Here he confirmed
what he had promised the Indians through Markhamj
under the bleak, frost-shorn forest, Penn proclaimed to
the mon of the Algonquin race, from both banks of the
Delaware, from the borders of the Schuylkill, and it may
be, for the news had spread far and wide, that the
Quaker King was come, even to Mengwis from the
shores of the Susqu3hanna, the message of peace and
love, which George Fox had professed before Cromwell,
and Mary Fisher had borne to the Grand Turk. "The
English and Indians slioukl respect the same moral law,
should be alike secure in their pursuits, and in their
possessions, and adjust every difference by a peaceful
tribunal, composed of an equal number of men from
each race."

" We meet, said Penn, on the broad pathway of good
faith, and good will; no advantage shall be taken on
cither side, but all shall be opencss and love. I will not
call you children; for parents sometimes chide their chil-
dren too severely; nor brothers only; for brothers differ.
The friendship between me and you, I will not compare
to a chain ; for that the rains might rust, or the falling

LANCASTER COUNTY. 25

tree might break. We are the same, as if one man's
body were divided into two parts; we are all one flesh
and one blood."

These touches of pathetic eloquence, clothed by the
sacredness of that sound doctrine which flowed from the
speaker, reached their understandings, affected their
hearts, assuaged their revenge, and removed their guile*
They received the presents of Penn with more than mere
formahty, it was with sincere cordiaUty ; they accepted his
gifts, and in friendship gave him the belt of wampum.
"We, exclaimed they, as with a sound of many waters,
will live in love with William Penn and his children, as
long as the moon and the su i shall endure."

This treaty of peace and friendship was made under
the open sky, by the side of the Delaware, with the sun,
the river, and the leaflass forest, for witness. It was
not confirmed by an oath: it was not ratified by signa-
tures and seals: no written record of the conferences can
be found; and its terms and conditions, had no abiding
monument but on the heart.* There they were written
like the law of God, and were never forgotten. The
artless sons of the wilderness, returning to their wigwams
and their cabins, would count over shells on a clean piece
of bark, and recall to their memory, and repeat to their
children, or to the stranger, the words of the Quaker
King. This treaty, executed without oath, was inviola-
bly kept for forty six years, on the part of the natives.t

It has been well observed that the benevolence of Wil-
liam Penn's disposition led him to exercise great tender-
ness towards the tawny sons of tlie woods, which, however,
was much increased by the opinion he had formed, and
which he boldly and in-'Lnuously avowod, supporting it

♦Bancroft, II. 382. f Col. Rec. III. 301-350.

3

26 BISTOttT 05*

by plausible inductions, that they were the ten dispersed
tribes of Israel.* He travelled into the country, visited
them in their cabins, was present at their feasts, conversed
with them in a free and familiar manner, and gained their
affections by his affability, and repeated acts of generosity.
On public occasions, he did not forget the dignity of his
station ; he always received them with ceremony, trans-
acted business with solemnity and becoming order.

In one of his excursions in the winter, he found a chief
warrior sick, and his wife preparing to sweat him, in the
usual manner, by pouring water on a heap of heated
stones, in a closely covered hut, and then plunging him
into the river, through a hole cut in the ice. To divert
himself during the sweating operation, the chief sang the
exploits of his ancestors, then his own, and concluded his
song with this reflection: Why are we sick, and these
strangers well? It seems as if they were sent to inherit
the land in our stead ! Ah ! it is because they love the
Great Mannitto — the Great Spirit, and we do not! —
The sentiment was rational, and such as often occurred
to the sagacious among the natives. It cannot have
been disagreeable to Penn, to hear such sentiments uttered,
whose view it was to impress them with an idea of his
honest and pacific intentions, and to make a fair bargain
with them. Some of their chiefs made him a voluntary
present of the land which they claimed; others sold it at
a stipulated price. Penn himself described one of these
interviews in a letter to a friend of his in England.t

The same year Penn arrived, there was quite an ac-
cession; between twenty and thirty ships landed with
passengers, and the two next succeeding years settlers
from London, Bristol, Ireland, Wales, Holland, Germany,

♦Proud, I. 259. fBclknap, II. 413.

XABCASTER OOtTUTT. 37

&c. arrived to the number of about fifty sail; among
these were German Quakers, from Cresheim, near Worms.
in the Palatinate. The banks of the Delaware presented
motion and life. "On landing, they set bustling about to
procure shelter. Some lodged in the woods in hollow
trees, some under the extended boughs of trees, some in
caves which were easily dug on the high banlvs of the
Wissahickon and the Delaware, and others in haste
erected huts. They were abundantly supplied with
wood, water, and fertile land." Nor had they been for-
getful to bring with them, the necessary implements for
building and husbandry. Having now housed, treed, or
caved, their provisions and portable property, under such
shelter as they could find, or had provided, some were
procuring warrants of survey for taking up so much
land as was sufficient for immediate settling, "others
went diversely further into the woods where their lands
were laid out ; often without any path or road, to direct
them, for scarce any were to be fomid above two miles
from the water side ; not so much as any mark or sign oi
any European having been there. All the country, fur-
ther than about two miles from the river, except the
Indians' movable settlements, was an entire wilderness,
producing nothing for the support of human life, but "the
wild fruits and animals of the woods."*

They soon formed plantations of Indian corn and wheat.
The forest furnished deer, rabits, squirrels, young bears,
wild turkeys of enormous size, pigeons; the rivers
abounded with fish, such as sturgeons, shad, rock, her-
ring, perch, trout, salmon ; the fruits of the woods were
chestnuts, grapes of diverse sorts; walnuts, cranberries.
<'The first settlers endured some hardships, it is true, but

♦Proud, I. 220.

28

HISTORY OF

they were in a rich country, and their knowledge of re-
sources, and of the free institutions which they were
about to transmit to their posterity, enabled them to
conquer all diiticulties."*

" At the close of the year 1 682, according to Gordon,
the proprietary, with the assistance of his Surveyor
General, Thomas Holme, proceeded to lay out his
promised city, Philadelphia. During the first year
eighty houses were erected in the city, and an equitable
and profitable trade opened with the Indians. The
Governor chose his own residence in a manor, which he
called Pcnnsbury, siluited a few miles below the falls of
the Delaware, and about twenty-five from the city,
where he built a large and convenient brick house,
having an extensive hall for his Indian conferences."

"The survey of the country inhabited by Europeans
having been completed, the proprietary, in 1682, divided
it into six counties; three in the province of Pennsyl-
vania and the like number in the territory of Delaware.
Philadelphia, Bucks, and Chester, in Pennsylvania— and
Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex, in Delaware. The county
organization was completed by the appointment of
sheriffs and other officers." t

The state of aftairs rendered it necessary for a second
assembly^ to be convoked, which met at Philadelphia,

*Frost.

tTl)c shcrilfs of each county in Pennsylvania, were, for
Philadcipliia county, John Tost; for Bucks, llichard Noble;
for Chcbtur, Thomas Uslier.

JMcmbcrs of the second assembly, for Chester county,
were, John Iloskins, Robert Wade, George Wood, John
Blunston, Di.nnis Rucliford, Thomas Bracy. John Bezer, John
Harding, Joseph Phipps.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 29

March 12th, 1683. During this session Penn created a
second frame of government, differing in some points
from the former, to which the assembly readily assented.
They also enacted a variety of salutary regulations, by
"Which the growing prosperity of the province was pro-
moted, and its peace and order preserved. In 1684, the
province and territories were divided into twenty-two
townships, containing 7,000 inhabitants, of whom 2,500
resided in Philadelphia.* This city already comprised
three hundred houses."

On information received from his agent that his
presence was needed in England, and another addi-
tional cause, his dispute with Lord Baltimore, Penn
sailed for Europe, August 16, 1684; leaving the province
under the government of five commissioners, chosen
from the Provincial council. Previous to his departure
he had made, according to Oldmixon, a league of amity
with nineteen Indian nations, between them and all the
English America

*John Key, born 1682, in a cave, long afterwards known by

the name of Penny-pot, near Sassafras street, was the first

child born of English parents in Philadelphia, in compliment

of which William Penn gave him a lot of ground; he died at

Kennet, in Chester county, July 5, 1767, aged 85 years. —

Proud.

3*

30 HISTORY OP

CHAPTER III.

Brief sketch of the History of Pennsylvania, from 1684 to 1699 — Pro-
vincial Executives from 1C84 to 1699 — Bounilarics of Chester county
determined — Increase of populatinn — First mills in Chester county —
Penn's eftbrt to improve the condition of the natives — Efforts to christianize
the Indians — Penn's new treaty with Susquehanna, Shawanese and
Ganawese, &c. nations — A new form of Government framed — PeJiR
appoints Andrew Hamilton, Deputy Governor — Sails for England.

As it will be necessary to occasionally recur to the
main history of Peiinsylv^ania, and in order to preserve
some connection in the narrative of events of the period
between Penn's departure, in 1684, for Europe, and his
return, in 1G99, to America, a brief historical sketch of
that time is given, though some of the incidents con-
nected with the early settlements of Lancaster county,
and to which the order of time has not yet brought us,
are tiiercliy anticipated.

Soon after Penn's return to England, Charles II. died,
February (J, 1G84 — 5; and .huncs II. ascended the
'throne, who was jjroclaimed King in the province, May
2d, 1685. "Ponn's altachmcnt to the Stuart family
induced him to adhere to this unfortunate monarch till
Jong alter liis fall;* and for two years after the revolu-
tion wl.ic 1 placed William, Prince of Orange, and Mary,
the duugliler of James, on the throne, the province was
administered in the name of James. This could not fail
to draw down the indignation of King William on the
devoted head of the ])roprietary, who suffered much
persecution for his unflinching loyalty. He was four

»Jamcs abilicatcd, and went to France, December 23,
■imS.— Blair's Chrunol.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 91

times imprisoned. The King took the government of
Pennsylvania into his own hands; and appointed Colonel
Fletcher to administer the government of this province,
as well as that of New York. It at length became
apparent to the King, that Penn's attachment to the
Stuarts was merely personal, and not attended with any
treasonable designs; and he was restored to favor. —
Being permitted to resume and exercise his rights, he
appointed William Markham to be his Deputy Go-
Ternor."*

"In 1699, the assembly complained to Governor
Markham of a breach of their chartered privileges; and
in consequence of their remonstrance, a bill of settle-
ment, proposed and passed by the assembly, was ap-
proved by the Governor, forming the third frame of
government of Pennsylvania. This constitution was
more democratic than the former."

"In 1699, Penn again visited his colony, accompanied
by his family, with the design of spending the remainder
of his life among his people. He was disappointed,
however, by finding the colonists dissatisfied with the
existing state of things. Negro slavery, and the inter-
course with the Indian tribes, were the subjects of much

♦Provincial Executives during Penn's absence :

1. Council and President, Thomas Lloyd, from August^
1684, to December, 1688.

2. John BlackwcU, Deputy Governor, from December, 1688,
to February, 1689.

3. Council and President, Thomas Lloyd, from 1689, to
April, 1693.

4. Benjamin Fletcher, Governor, from April, 1693, to June,
1693.

5. William Markham, Deputy Governor, from June, 1693, to
1699, when Penn arrived.

S3 . HISTORY OF

unpleasant altercation between the proprietary and the
colonists. Certain laws which he proposed for regulat-
ing these affairs, were rejected by the assembly. His
exertions, in recommending a liberal system to his own
sect, were attended with better success, and the final
abolition of slavery, in Pennsylvania, was ultimately
owing to these powerful influences."*

The proprietary, previous to his departiue for Eng-
land, had divided the lower part of Pensylvania, into
three counties, viz: Philadelphia, Bucks and Chester, and
cast the counties into townships, for large lot s^ of land\\
but, as appears from the Colonial Records, did not so
clearly define and precisely fix upon the boundaries of
the counties, as to prevent, among peaceable quakers
themselves, subsequent misunderstandings.

The boundaries of Chester county, especially its en-
largement, had been made the subject of more than a
mere transient conversation. Penn, in a discourse, a few
days before he left the province, did declare "upon the
bank (Delaware) by John Simcock's house,t to John

•Frost's U. S. 139, 140.

fit appears to have been part of the plan of William Penn
to have laid out the province into townships of 5,000 or 10,000
acres, and to have surveys made within the respective bounda-
ries of such townships ; and that purchasers of large tracts
might lie together; he accordingly introduced this clause into
his warrant. " According to the method of townships ap-
pointed by mc." This plan was not long pursued— •Smii/j's
Laws, II. 140.

JJohn Simock lived in Chester county. He was a man of
good education; was one of the proprietor's first commis-
sioners of property, and one of his most trusty friends in the
government. He was a Quaker preacher.— He died January
27, 1702.

LANCASTER COUNTT. 33

Blunston and others, when he was moved to decide,
how the bounds of Chester county were to be run, so as
to enlarge the Umits or boundary thereof; being at that
time but a small tract of land not above nine miles
square. Owing, however, to his departure, behig press-
ingly urged to return for Europe, nothing definite was
then done as to the enlargement of the county of
Chester. In 1685, the council having seriously weighed
and considered the same, ordered the bomids to be
established.*

Although Chester county had been partly settled be-
fore Penn arrived the first time ; and notwithstanding his
benevolent spirit, in looking more to moral worth and
fitness in inviting emigrants of every peculiarity of
creed to his province, it, nevertheless, appears that
Chester county, with its limited territory, was only
thinly seated, prior to 1689. The smallness of tract of
land, and its sparse population, were then urged, by the
inhabitants of the county, as a consideration to the Go-
vernor and council for enlargement, as will appear from
their humble petition, in 1689.

"The humble petition of ye Justices of Chester
county, in the behalfe of themselves and inhabitants of
ye said county, sheweth :

That whereas, ye said county is but a small tract of
land, not nine miles square, and but thinly seated,
whereby ye said county is not able to support the charge
thereoff; vpon our humble request to the Proprietor and
Governor, and his serious consideration of our weak
conditions, was pleased out of compassion to vs, to grant
an enlargement of ye same, in manner following, viz:
to runn vp ffrom Dellaware river, along Darby Mill

•Col. Rec. I. 74.

94 HisTORT or

creek, ye severall courses thereof, vntill they took in
Radnor and Herford townshipps then downe to the
Skoulkill; then vpwards along the several courses there-
off, witliout limniitt.

Therefore, wee humbly pray you will be pleased to
confirme ye said bounds, wherebye the county of Chester
may be in some measure able to defray their necessary
cliarge, and wee shall, as in duty bound/**

It was signed by John Blunston, Thomas Brassie,
Randell Vernon, Caleb Pusey, Thomas Usher. The
prayer of the petitioners was considered at several
councils, viz : March 25 and 26, 16S9. Some time in
1693, the petitioners, inhabitants of Chester county, who
had sufferred long for the want of the division, between
the county of New Castle, State of Delaware, and
Chester county, having again prayed the council to adjust
bounds, a temporary division between the two counties
was ordered to be made, August 9, 1693.t The
boundaries of the county extended indefinitely west-
ward, and remained unchanged till Lancaster and Berks
were successively formed.

The increase of inhabitants in the colony and in Ches-
ter county, between the time of adjusting the boimdary
between New Castle and Chester and Penn's second,
arrival, was considerable; gradually augmenting the
j)opulution; and tlie settlement extended to Brandy wine
creek ; where, to meet the wants of the people, Corne-
lius Empson, as early as 1GS9, erected a mill; beh)g, as
it is believed, the second mill erected in the county of
Chester; Xarkus's mill having been erected about IGSl.

It has been stated that Penn was not successful in his

•Col. Rec. I. 221. f Col. Rec. I. 340, 345.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 25

attempts to obtain legislative restrictions upon the inter-
course with the Indians to prevent shameful practices
upon these poor creatures, by unprincipled whites, whose
conduct was occasionally beastly ; not satisfied with
gelling them all manner of spirituous liquors for the sake
of gain, but would frequently disgrace themselves and
their wretched victims.* His not succeeding in having
legislative co-operation, to prevent their temporal ruin,
he was determined to improve their condition ; he paid
the sons of the forest a visit, participating in all their
innocent amusements, and in turn received their visits at
his own house at Pennsbury.t He co-operated with his
friends, who, as early as 1685, signalized by an attempt
with the annual meeting of their society at Burlington,
in New Jersey, to communicate the knowledge of
christian truth to the Indians. With what success, may
be learned from Proud's statement : " that the Indians in
general acknowledged at that time, what they heard was
very wise, weighty and true; and never afterwards
thought about it." So far as is known to us, the Quaker
Missionaries have kept no particular accomits of the
the number of Indian converts to Quakerism, There is
no doubt that the savages acceded readily to the con-
ferences that were proposed to them, and listened with
their usual gravity and decorum to the sedate Quaker 3
who, in professing to obey the command of the Saviour^
" to teach and baptize all nations,'^ ever ventured to
teach them that baptism was not an ordinance of divine

♦See a case, Col. Rec. I. 96.

fPenn, at a former treaty, had promised the Shawanese
Chief, protection. "To enable him to fulfil this promise, he
risited them in person at Conestogo, attended by many gen-
tlemen of distinction."— Co/. Rec. II. 253.

36 HISTORY OP

or christian appointment ! Indian converts to Christi-
anity, if history be true, have been gained in America by
Catliolics, Puritans, Moravians, Baptists, &c.-,* but no
records are extant, showing the probable number of
conversions of Indians to Christianity, by Quakers,
though it is admitted, some of the Friends preached
with much freedom to them.

Penii, in 1700, formed a new treaty wilh the Susque-
hanna, the Shawanesc, the Ganawese,t and tribes of the
Five Nations. Tiiis treaty provided for perpetual peace
and good officers between the parties, confirmed to the
Indians the benefits, and subjected them to the penahies
of the EngUsh law, in their intercourse with the whites:
it stipulated that both parties should refuse credence to
unauthorized reports of hostility intended by either: that
the Indians should never suffer strange tribes to settle in
any part of the province without permission from the
Governor : that no European should engage in the Indian
trade without the license of the government ; and lastly,
in the neighborhood of the Conestogo, should be con-

• According to Stiles' Literary Diary, there were in 1696,
•thirty Indian churches in New England. — Holmes, 7.459.

•fThc Piscatawisc, or Ganawcsc, having removed nearer the
Susquehanna Indians, in 1G98, met William Pcnn in council
in May, 1701, and entered into new articles of agreement;
the Susquehanna Indians became sureties for their peaceabl
behavior.— Proud I. 428.— Col. Rcc. II. 9-12.

"William Penn permitted the Piscatawese or Ganawcsc, to
remove higher up the Potomoc, within his claim; and tradi-
tion says, he purchased their right of soil on the Putomoc, to
strengthen his demand on Lord Baltimore." — Lan. Intdl. <^
Jour.

I Gordon.

LANCASTER COUNTT. 37

firmed.* In the spirit of this treaty, the Provincial
Council formed a company of traders exclusively au-
tliorized to repress the inebriety of the nations, and to
impress upon them a sense of the christian religion by
examples of probity and candor.

While busily employed in promoting the temporal
welfare of the Indians, and improving the condition of
the colonists, he received intelligence from England that
measures were agitated to reduce all the proprietary
governments in America to royal ones, which induced
him to change his mind, and he at once determined to
return to Europe, as soon as he had some frame of
government firmly estabUshed. The assembly, met
September 15, 1701. A form of government was estab-
hshed, that gave the representatives of the people the
right of originating laws, which was before solely vested
in the Governor: it allowed the Governor the veto
power on bills passed by the assembly: also the right of
appointing his council, and of exercising the whole ex-
ecutive power. Soon after the formation of this frame
of government, Penn returned to England. He sailed
from Philadelphia, November 1st, 1701; before his de-
parture, he appointed Andrew Hamilton, Esq., Deputy
Governor, and James Logan, Secretary of the province
and clerk of the comicil.

♦Proud.

1

\

CHAPTER IV.

Prince William dies — Anne ascends the throne — Penn in favor with her —
State of affairs in the province — Disquiet among the Indians — Messenger
sent to the Conestogo Indians — Secretary of Council and Sheriff of
Chester and New Castle are sent to them— Thomas Chalk ley preaches
at Conestogo — Governor visits the Conestogo Indians — Indian Eloquence
— Gov. Evans' strange character, and second journey to the Susquehanna
— Governor's journal of his interview with the Indians — Nicole appre-
hended at Pixtan, conveyed to Philadelphia and imprisoned.

In the preceding chapter the reason of Penn's hasten-
ing to England is stated. He arrived there about the
middle of Decemher, 1701. At home he had sufficient
influence to arrest the bill in its progress, for changing
the proprietary governments, in America, into royaJ
ones.

The reigning Prince, William HI. died January IS,
1702; and was succeeded by the Princess Anne of Den-
mark, during whose reign Pennsylvania received aug-
mented accessions. Penn became her favorite. She
greatly promoted his interest. Though he basked in her
favor, he was not protected against the storms of
political life. He was harrassed by complaints on the
part of the provincialists, on account of the appointment
of his Deputy Governor, Evans, whom ho had, on the
death of Mr. Hamilton, constituted as his successor.*

•Mr. 11. died at Amboy, whilst on a visit to his family, who
resided at that place, April 20, 1703. It was this year that the
representatives of tlie territory of Pennsylvania persisting in
an absolute refusal to join with those of the province in legis-
lation, it was now agreed and settled between them, that they
should compose distinct assemblies, entirely independent of
each other, pursuant to the liberty allowed by a clause in the
charter. — Holmes, I, 480.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 39

The state of things in the province wa.7 such as to em-
bitter Hamilton's brief administration, by the disputes of
the assembly. Evans, whose life and conduct were
objectionable, was re-called, and superseded, by the
appointment of Charles Gookin, ,as Governor, who
arrived in March, 1709. He continued in office till 1717.
During his administration, the first permanent settlements
were made within the present limits of Lancaster, then
Chester county.*

Though no actual settlements had been made, prior to
1708, or 1709, in Lancaster county, a few whites had
their abodes among the Indians on the Susquehanna. —
These were Indian traders, viz : Joseph Jessop, James Le
Tort, [t] Peter Bezalion, Martin Chartier, all Frenchmen ,
the latter had lived, prior to 1704, long among the
Shawanah Indians, and upon the Susquehanna ;"§ and
one Mitchel, a Swiss. { Nicole Godin, an active young
fellow, but rather a sneak, and one Francois. These,
however, had no license to trade among and with the
Indians.

It appears from a French letter, from Madame Letort,
the French woman at Conestogo, directed to Edmund
Ffarmer, bearing date 15th March, 1703-4, that the
Towittois Indians had come down and cut off the two
families of neighbor Indians at Conestogo, and that they
were all there under great apprehensions of further mis-
chief from them, and were preparing to demand succor

* Lancaster county originally formed part of Chester, from
which it was separated in 1729.

[f ] See Appendix B.

{See Col. Rec. II. 133.

tHe had been sent out by the Canton of Berne, Switzerland,
to search for vacant land.

40 ' HISTORr OF

of the government in case the disorders should be
continued.*

"The subject; mentioned in the letter, was considered
in council, March 22d; and it was resolved that mes-
sengers be forthwith despatched to Conestogoe, by way
of New Castle, to know the truth of the information, the
relation, as it appeared, being somewhat suspicious.""

So repeatedly were vague reports of Indian disturb-
ances from this quarter, and Indian conferences, held at
Philadelphia, that the Governor was induced to send the
Secretary of the council, in October, 1705, to Conestogo.
The Secretary, in company with the Sheriff, and Cleric
of Chester county, and the Sheriff of New Castle, and
Hercules Coutts, Ilermanus Alricks, Edmimd Shippen^
Jr., and others, being ten in number, went to Conestogo,.
as the chief place, telling the Indians that he was come
from the Governor of Pennsylvania, who had always

been a friend of all the Indians within the bounds of it.

Among otliers, he would mention things of great im-
portance at the present time, and which he must lay-
before them:

" First, That they should take great care of giving ear
to malicious reports, spread and carried by ili men, for
that we heard they had been alarmed at the christians
putting themselves in arms in all these parts and muster-
ing; the reason of this, was the war with the French,
and was designed rather to help than hurt them; but, as
they and their brethren each must be assistant to the
other, and therefore the English took up arms to defend
themselves, and the Indians, also, against both their ene-
mies. That notwithstanding they ought all, as far as

•Col. Record II. 123.— (^This winter was remarkable, in
Pennsylvania, for a great snow, in general about one yard
doo^.— Proud.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 41

possible, to avoid war, for peace was mo^' desirable, and
war must be only for defence." ^■

"That we are also informed some o? the Maryland
Indians, then among them, had d'ffered with the
English there, and were afraid to return, or come among
the English of that government. If so, they might
then continue among us, till matters were fully settled,
that our Governor would treat with the Governor of
Maryland in their favor; but they must not quarrel with
any of the subjects of England, for we are all under one
crown, and are as one people."

In the same year (1705,) Thomas Chalkley, an emi-
nent preacher among the Quakers, as he was visiting some
of his brethren at Nottingham, in the province of Maryland
had a concern, says he, on my mind to visit the Indians
Uving near Susquehannagh, at Conestogoe, and I laid it
before the elders at Nottingham meetmg, with which
they expressed their amity, and promoted my visiting
them. We got an interpreter, and thirteen or fourteen
of us travelled through the woods about fifty miles, car-
rying our provisions with us, and on the journey set
down by a river, and spread our food on the grass and
refreshed ourselves and horses, and then went on cheer-
fully and with good will, and much love to the poor
Indians, and when we came they received us kindly,
treating civilly in their way. We treated about having
a meeting with them in a religious way; upon which
they called a council, in which they were very grave, and
spoke, one after another, without any heat or jarring —
and some of the most esteemed of their women speak in
their councils. I asked our interpreter, why they suf-
fered or permitted the women to speak in their councils?
His answer was, "that some women were wiser than
some men."

4»

43 HISTORY OP

"Our interpreter told me that they had not done any
thing for many years without the counsels of an ancienl;
grave woman;' who, I observed, spoke much in their
councils ; for as 1' was permitted to be present at it, and I
asked, what it was the woman said? He told me, she
was an Empress; and they gave much heed to what
she said amongst them ; and that she then said to him,
<' she looked upon our coming among them to be more than
natural, because we did not come to buy or sell, or get
gain, but come in love and respect to them — and
desired their well-doing both here and hereafter;" and
further continued, "that our meetings among them might
be very beneficial to their young people" — and related
a dream which she had three days before, and interpreted
it, viz: "that she was in London, and that London was
the finest place that she ever saw — it was like to Phila-
delphia ; but much bigger — and she went across six
streets, and in the seventh she saw TVilliam Penn
preaching to the people, which was a great multitude,
both she and William Penn rejoiced to see each other;
and after meeting she went to him, and he told her that
in a little time he would come over and preach to them
also, of which she was very glad. And now she said
her dream was fulfilled, for one of his friends was come
to preach to them."

" She advised them to hear us, and entertain us
kindly; and accordingly they did. There were two na-
tions of them, the Senecas and Shawanesc*

•The Shawancsc had wigAvams along the bank of the Octto-
raro creek, near the present boundary of Chester and Lancas-
ter county. When the road, in 1719, to Christiana bridge, &c.
was laid, its course was defined— "to the fording place at Oct-
toraro, at Old Shawana town, thence over Octtoraro, along the
Indian Path, kc.—Caurt Records, at Chcslcr, Avg/rerm, 1119.

/

LANCASTER C0T7NTT. 43

«We had first a meeting with the Senecas, with which
they were much affected; and they ca.'led the other
nation, viz: the Shawanese, and interpi-eted to them
what we spoke in their meeting, and 'Le poor Indians,
and particularly some of the yoimg men and women,
were under a solid exercise and concern. We had also a
meetmg with the other nation, and they were all very-
kind to us, and desired more such opportunities; the
which, I hope, Divine Providence will order them, if they
are worthy thereof.

The Gospel of Jesus Christ was preached freely to
them, and faith in Christ, who was put to death at Jeru-
salem, by the unbelieving Jews; and that this same
Jesus came to save people from their sins, and by his
grace and light in the soul, shows to man his sins, and
convinceth him thereof; delivering him out of them, and
gives inward peace and comfort to the soul for well-do-
ing; and sorrow and trouble for evil-doing; to all which
as their manner is, gave public assent; and to that of the
light of the soul, they gave a double assent, and seemed
much affected with the doctrine of truth; also the
benefit of the holy scriptures was largely opened to
them."

"After this, we returned to our respective habitations,
thankful in our hearts to the God and Father of our
Lord Jesus Christ. Several of the friends that went
with me expressed their satisfaction in this visit, and
offered themselves freely to go again to the like

services.*

♦Thomas Chalkley, wife and family, came from England to
Pennsylvania, in 1701, where he settled and resided for upwards
of forty years, except when absent on business. He was,
besides, a sea-faring man ; also engaged as a minister of the
gospel; the discharge of duty, in this double capacity, aeces-

44 HISTORY OF

I

It appears that the Indians, at Conestogo were quite
an object of attention; fearful they might be ahenated,
Governor Ev ^ns conceived it of the utmost importance,
under these e.-^iing circumstances* "to maintain, as far
as possible, a \perfect good understanding with the
Indians, and to \a.hoT to keep them secure in the Queen's
interest against tht\ machinations used by the enemy to
debauch them from" the people of the province. To
effect this, he proposed, in August, 1706, the year after
Chalkley's errand to them as messenger of Peace, ta
visit very speedily the Indians of Conestogo, and the ad-
jacent settlement. He went, and had a personal inter-
view with them at Conestogo; and it proved, as he
hoped, of great service.

It was then, perhaps, he was so eloquently addressed
by an Indian Orator, who, as the Poet says, spake:
"Hos docet ore loqui facilis natura diserto;
Lingua) grande loquens est idioma suae.
With native eloquence their speech abounds,
Untaught with figures grand, and lofty sounds."

"Father — we love quiet; we suffer the mouse to
play; when the leaves are rustled by the wind we fear
not; when the leaves are disturbed in ambush, we are
uneasy; when a cloud obscures your brilliant smi, our
eyes feel dim; but when the rays appear, they give
great heat to the body, and joy to the heart. Treachery

sarily called him much away from his family. He was a
successful minister — beloved and highly esteemed for his
virtues. "He was a man of a meek and quiet spirit; and he
possessed an engaging sweetness, both in ministry and con-
rersation." While on a religious visit to the Island of Tortola,
he died in 1741. He left behind him some religious works,
and a Journal, from which the above extract has been copied —
Page, 47-51.

*There was war, between tho French and English at tbv
time.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 45

darkens the chain of friendship, but truth i\akes it
brighter than ever. This is the peace we desire *

The Governor and Council having been informed of
the treacherous and murderous conduct of Nicole and
-Francois, in their endeavors to incense the Indians on the
Susquehanna, against the English, it was deemed expe-
dient that they should be visited again.

In the summer season of 1707, Gov. Evans made
another journey among the Indians. With what mo-
tives he undertook this second journey, is somewhat diffi-
cult to decide, if it should be maintained they were pure-
ly patriotic. If historians have not been biased, if they
have been accurate, faithful and impartial, in reporting to
future ages his actions, he presents to the v/orld a strange
character; not worthy of imitation. Governors do act
strangely sometimes! Of him it is recorded:

" He increased the nmiiber of taverns, and ale houses
for the sake of license money, which he had doubled :
that m his private life he was indecorous and immoral ;
had practised abominations with the Indians at
Conestogo; committed at his own country resideiKe
notorious excesses and debaucheries, not fit to be re-
hearsed, and had beaten several of the peace- officers,
who, ignorant of his presence, at a house of ill-fame,
had attempted to disperse the company, at ten o'clock in
the morning ;t and, though by his example, he weak-

*Lan. Intel]. & Jour.

f " William Penn, Jr., who came with Evans from England,
was one of the parties of this night brawl, and was indicted
for his conduct in the city court. He professed the faith of the
Church of England, but had worn, it would seem, hitherto in
the province a quaker garb. Upon the institution of this
prosecution he threw off all disguise, abandoned his quaker
connexions, and openly proclaimed his principles." — Logan,
MSS.

46 I HISTORY OP

ened t^ie hands of the magistrates, he hypocriticalhr
caused his proclamations to be read in the churches and
religiou'5 meetings, against the very disorders which he.'
himself committed."

"i^e permitted French papists from Canada to
trade with the Indians, and seduce them from th&
English interest.^'*

Having presented the reader a historical brief of his
moral and political character, an account of his last
journey, as laid before the Board in council, the 22d
July, 1707, is given in extenso, in these words: "The
Governor, with Messrs. John French, Wm. Tonge,
Mitchel Bezaillion, Gray, and four servants, set out from
New Castle the 27th of June, and the next morning
arrived at Octoraro, where the Governor was presented
with some skins by the Indians, and the same liight we
arrived at Pequehan, " at the mouth of Pequae creek"
being received at Martines,! by 0 Pessah, "the chief
of the Shawanoes," and some Indian chiefs, who con-
ducted us to the town, at our entrance into which place^.
we were saluted by the Indians with a volley of fire
arms. On Monday, we went to Dekanoagah, upon the
river Susquchaima, being about nine miles from Peque-
han. Some time after our coming here a meeting was^
held of the Shawanois, Senequois and Canoise Indians,
and the Nantikoke Indians from the seven following
towns, viz: Matcheattochouisie, Witicliquaom, Teah-
quois, Matchcouchtin, Natahquois, Byengeahtein, and
Pohecommoati; an Indian presented to the Governor
and liis company, and all the Indians then present, a

•Gordon, 150 ; Proud, I. 482.

fMartin Charticr, who had lived long among the Shawanah
Indians!— Co/. Rec. H, 133.

LANCASTER COUNTr. 47

large pipe with tobacco, out of which every one smoked,
and then the Governor acquainted the Indians that he
had received a message from the Senequois Indians, of
Conestogo and those of Pequehan, how that several
strange Indians were amongst them, and desired his
presence there; that although he had the charge and
care of many thousands of the great Queen of Eng-
land's subjects, yet he was now come to this place to
know their desires, and was willing to serve them in
whatsoever lay in his power. To which a Nantikoke
Indian replied, that they were extremely glad the
Governor was with them, and that they had waited ten
days to see him.

Adjunkoe, one of the Sachems of Conestogo, said
he was well satisfied with the relation the Nantikoke
Indians had given of their affairs ; yet, notwithstanding, he
was very desirous they should make it known to the
Governor that he might also be satisfied with it ; a Nan-
tikoke Indian took into his hands a belt of wampun
from him whereon there was hung nineteen others, and
several strings of beads, and said that they had been
given to understand the Queen had sent orders that the
Indians should live in peace with one another, and that
they were sent to give some of those belts in behalf of
the Governor of Maryland, and themselves to the Five
Nations, as our Indians also intended to do to others for
Pennsylvania and themselves, if the Governor thought
fit, in order to renew their league with the Five
Nations.

Governor — How long have you been at peace with
this nation?

Nantikoke Indians — Twenty-seven years.

Governor — What is the reason, then, of so many belts
of wampum and strings of beads?

48 HISTORY OP

Nantikoke Indians — We send them as a tribute.

Governor — I am very well satisfied with what has
been told me, and with, what the Governor of Maryland
has done, and had I been acquainted with this business
at Philadelpliia, I would have sent a belt of wampum as
a token of friendship to the Five Nations; but some of
those Five Nations were with me not long since, by
whom I sent a belt; and then Adjunkoe took a belt
in his hands, saying, he meant to send it to the Five
Nations for Penn and themselves.

Indian Harry, by order of the Conestogo Sachem,
spoke in English to the Nantikoke, who all understood
that language, as follows, viz : you are going to the
Onandagocs; be sure keep on your way; many may tell
you several things to fright you, and that they are great
men, and you will be killed. Yet keep on your way and
believe them not, for you will find the King of the Five
Nations a very great one, and as good a king as any
amongst the Indians.

Governor — I am very glad to see you altogether at
this time, and it is my desire, and shall be my endeavor,
tliat you all live in peace. Your enemies are ours, and
whosoever shall pretend to injure you, I will endeavor
tliat you shall have satisfaction made for it.

Then the conference ended, and the Governor treated

the Indian chiefs at dinner, and at night returned to

Pequehaii.

Peqnehan, 301 h June.

Present: — Shawanois Indians, and some of the Five
Nations.

0 Pessah spoke in behalf of the youth of the town, as
follows, viz:

We thank the Governor for his kindness in supporting
our people. We are liappy to live in a country at peace,

LANCASTER COUNTY. 4J>

and not as in these parts, where we formerly hved ; for
then upon our return from hunting, we found our town
surprised, and our women and children taken prisoners
by our enemies.

Governor — The Indians may be assured of my pro-
tection, for we are one people. If in your absence, any of
your enemies endeavor to hurt any of your wives or
children, they shall have redress; for I esteem an injury
done to you as to myself.

0 P ess ah — It was the Nantikoke and Canoise Indians
who sent for our father, the Governor, and not we, there-
fore we are very sorry they entertained him no better ; but
since they have not been so kind as they ought, we hope
the Governor will accept of our small present, which we
now make him ; for we are sensible the ways are bad,
and that the bushes wear out your clothes, for which
reason we give these skins to make gloves, stockings
and breeches, in place of those worn out.

Governor — I am well pleased with my journey, and
shall be always ready to do the like to preserve peace
, amongst you at home, and maintain your alliance
abroad. I have now (to let you see what confidence I
have in you,) trusted myself in the midst of you, with
a very few of our great Queen's subjects, although I
could have easily brought with me very great numbers.
I have been told that some ill-designing persons have
frequently raised reports of my intention to destroy you ;
pray, let me know the authors of these reports, and they
^hali be punished according to their deserts. I am, and
always have been, ready to do you all manner of good
offices, and will continue in the same mind towards you.
It is my mind that ycm. secure thoir persons, and give me
immediate notice of it. Tliere have been formerly-
several alliances made with you, which you well know

5

50 HISTORY OF

we on our parts have observed punctually; and so shall
contmue to do, and wish you may do the same.

Then an Indian spoke in behalf of the women: — We
are included in the alliances before spoken of, as well as
our men, so we ask the Governor's protection, and de-
sire the Governor will kindly accept this present of
skins, which freely we make him, as a testimony of our
kindness.

Governor — I do accept your presents very kindly, and
thank you for the same; and you shall always find me
ready to protect and defend you, and will continue to
treat you as friends and sisters.

After which the Governor spoke to the messengers
from the Five Nations, viz :

You must be sure you remember to acquaint your
chiefs that you have seen me here, and at the Shawa-
noise town; and of the friendship and alliance that is
betwixt us and the Indians.

O Pessah — I hope the Governor will give us his hand
in token of his friendship.

Governor — I will give not only give my hand, but my
heart.

During our abode at Pequehan, several of the Shawo-
nois Indians, from the southward, came to settle here
and were admitted so to do by 0 Pessah, with the
Governor's consent; at the same time an Indian from a
Shaonois town, near Carolina, came in, and gave an
account of four hundred and fifty flathcadcd Indians had
besieged them: and that in all probability, the same was
taken. Bczallion informed the Governor that the Shao-
nois of Carolina (he was told) had killed several chris-
tians; whereupon the Governor of that province raised
the said flathcadcd Indians, and jomcd some christians to

LANCASTER COUNTY. 51

them, besieged, and have taken, as it is thought, the said
Shaonois town.

On Tuesday, 1st of July, we went to Conestogo, and
lay there that night, and the next morning proceeded on-
our journey and arrived in the evening within three
miles of an Indian village, called Peixtan.* The Go-
yernor had received information at Pequehan, that one
Nicole, a French Indian trader, was at that place, against
whom great complaints had been made to the Governor,
of which he acquainted the chief Indian of Peixtan, as
also of his design to seize him; who willingly agreed to
it, but advised the Governor to be very cautious in ths
manner; there being only young people at home, who
perhaps might make some resistance, if it were done
without their first being told of it ; for this reason we
lay short of the village that night; but early in the
morning we went within one-half a mile of the town,
and leaving our horses, marched afoot, nearer the same,
from whence the Governor sent Martine to the village,
ordering him to tell Nicole that he had brought two kegs
of rum with him, which he had left in the wood, for
fear any christians were there, and to persuade Nicole
to go with him to taste the rum. Martine returned
with James Le Tort, and Joseph Jessop, two Indian
ti-aders, but could not prevail with Nicole ; upon this,
Martine was sent back, with orders to bring down some
of the Indians, and Nicole with them ; then we drew
nearer the town, and laid ourselves in the bushes, and
Martine returned v/ith two Indians, whom the Governor
acquainted with his intent of taking Nicole, telling at the
same time, he had spoken with the luicle of one of them

♦"Peixtan, spelt Peichtang, Pechetan, &c. in old records,
once an Indian wigwan), now Harrisburg," R. C.—Lan, InteiL
ij- Jour.

52 HISTORY OP

upon that head, who ordered the Indians to subniit to
the Governor's commands, with which they were con-
tented, though we perceived too well the contrary, by
tJieir inquiring how many we were, and how armed:;;
and by the concern they seemed to be m, when they
found we were more in number than they; but stilL
Kicole was wanting; it was therefore resolved at oncet^;
try once more if he could be got into the woods, accord-,
ingly went again, and bronght Nicole to tlie place where
we lay concealed, and asking to drink a dram, he seized
liim ; but Nicole started from him and run for it, whe?i.
immediately we started out and took him, and presently
carried him to the village, through which we were
obliged to pass, and there v/e found some Indians with
guns in their hands, who looked much displeased at what
we had done, but we being in readiness against any sur-
prise, they thought it not fit to attempt any thing ; here
we stayed about half an hour, and then parted for Tiu*-
pyhocken: having mounted Nicole upon a horse, and
tied liis legs under his belly; we got within a mile of
Turpyhocken, about two of the clock on Friday morn-
ing, and about seven the Governor went to town, from
thence we went to Manatawny that night, and the next
day to Philadelphia."

Nicole was imprisoned in the common jail at Philadel-
phia. From his examination and trial before the coun-
cil, he stated, that according to what his mother had told
him, he was born in Blackfryers, London, that iiis mother
had carried him to France, and that his uncle in London^
had sent for him; and that about the year lGS(i, he was.
brought over iuU) this coimtry, with a French gentle-
man, who Iiad come on the account of Doctor Cox. —
He was tried by indictments as a subject in England.*

•Sec Col. Roc. II. 405-G.

LANCASTER COtJNTr. 59

CHAPTER V.

G«uso of disquietude among the Indians — Indians at Conestogo send a
messenger to the Council — Mitchel and other Europeans intrude upon th»
Indians — Governor Evans' explanation of Mitchel's course — Critical junc-
ture— Evans re-called — Gookin appointed Governor — Penn's embarrass-
ment — Penn mortgages the province — Quit-rents — Emigration impeded

Gookin sends a message to the Indians at Conestogo — Mingoes and

others appear in Philadelphia — Gookin's visit to Conestogo — Swedish
Missionary at Conestogo — His sermon and Indian chiefs answer —
French and Worley on a message to Conestogo.

The disquietude among the Indians still was such as
to render it necessary, shortly after the Governor's
return, to despatch a message to them by Martiji Char-
tier, who was returning from Philadelphia to his trading
station among the Shawanois, at Pecquea, near Cones-
togo. The great uneasiness among them was frequently
occasioned by non-licensed and non-resident transient
traders and speculators among them, or those who sought
to mend their future fortunes by seeking out, locating
and purchasing the choice vacant lands from the proprie-
tary's commissioners. Such appears to have been the
case about Conestogo, in 1707. Among those, at this
time, was one Lewis Mitchel, or Michelle, who was em-
ployed and sent out, about the year 1703 or 4, by the
Canton of Bern, in Switzerland, to search for vacant
lands in Pennsylvania, Virginia or Carolina.*

The Indians at Conestogo, sent a message to the
council, by Harry, the interpreter. The Governor was
absent. The council convened to receive the message in
form. As his credentials, Harry laid upon the board six
loose strmgs of wampum, and declared that he was sent

^Williamson, I. C. 6.,

5»

54 HISTOKT OP

hj the Queen and the principal of Conestego, to the Go--
rernor and council, to acquaint that divers Europeans,,
namely, "Mitcliel (a Swiss,) Peter Bczalion, James Le
Tort, Martin Chartier, the French Glover of Philadel-
phia, Frank, a young man of Canada, who Avas lately
taken up here, being all Frenchmen, and one from Vir-
ginia, who also spoke French, had seated themselves and
built houses u])on the branches of the Patowmeck^^
■within this govermnent, and pretended that they were in
search of some mineral or ore; that in the Governor's
name, they had required the Indians of Conestogo, to
send some of their people with them to assist them, for
which the Governor would pay them. That those of
Conestogo, not thinking these proceedings to be incon-
sistent with their past treaties and leagues of friendship,
desired to know wliether the said persons were really
sent by the government, and had tlius seated them-
selves by their approbation, and whether they had
any orders to desire the assistance of the said Indians, if
not that they might be called home."

Harry added in particular, ^' thai ihon!;h Milchel
was the person tc/io had first led the rest Ihitheryyet
he had left them for many weeks past, and pretended
that he wanted one Clark, of Maryland, who it is said^
to be now under an attainder, by an act of assembly'
of that government, to assist him in the discovery."*

On further consideration it appeared that Peter Be-
zalion was the only licensed Indian trader, according to.
an act passed .-il a general Assembly, October 14, 1700,
licid at New Castle.

Mitchel, who had been in Philadelphia, in the summer
of 170(5, wassentforby Governor Evans. The Governor
♦'required to know of him what he intended by travers-

•Col.Rcc. 11.420.

LANCASTER C0T7NTT. 55

ing the country, as he had done, without permission;
and what was the meaning of these discourses about
mmes."

The Governor stated to the board, February 25, 1707,
that the above was the substance of his tall<: with him,
and that Mitchel repUed, " He had been employed by
divers of his countrymen, who were in treaty with the
w-own and proprietor for land here for a convenient tract
to settle a colony* of their people on, to come over and
gearch for such a place as might best suit them, and
upon this head, he was large in giving an account of the
design."

The Governor further stated that he asked " How he-
durst presume to range this coimtry, on any such design,
without applying first to him; to which he answered
tliat he would have done it, but that he lost his creden-
tials, and expected others over."

The Governor also added, "that he had some notion,
of mines, and had his thoughts much bcmt that way, that
he was willing to let him proceed,- and had not dis-
couraged him ; that he had advised him to take some of
the Indians with him ; that of the persons before men-
tioned, he had ordered tv/o that he could confide in to be
there, that he might have a full accomit of their proceed-
ings; but that he knew nothing that so- many hadj
gone out, nor could think it was fit to be suffered."

The council agreed that none except those who had
license to do so, should remain among the Indians on the
forks of the Potomac; and thus the matter ended.

This was a critical juncture to the provincials, to
Governor Evans, and to the proprietary. The unsettled
state of Indian affairs, perplexed the people; the execu^

*This colony settled in 1710, in North Carolina, at a place
which they subsequently called New Bern..

56

HISTOIir OP

tivG and the legislators, owing to the quarrels between
tliem, had done nothing in their respective capacities,
that resulted in a benefit to the country. Besides this
family feud and Indian perplexities, the trade of the pro-
vince had been greatly interrupted by the privateers of the
enemies cruizing and capturing vessels. There was no
remedy for all this, as long as Evans was Governor.—
He was re-called. Col. Charles Gookin was appointed,
and arrived in JMarch, 1708

Penn's pecuniary' embarrassments were intricate and
perplexmg, owing to various causes. The expenditure
of his government was great, and he was defrauded by
his Stewart of his Irish estates, and confined within the
rules of the Fleet prison. "He was relieved from this
humiliating state, by mortgaging the province, and his
political rights therein, to Henry Gouldney, Joshua Gee,
Sylvanus Grove, John Woods and John Field, of Lon-
don, Tiiomas Callowhill, Thomas Cade and Jeffrey
Pennell, of Bristol, and Thomas Cuppage, of Ireland.

The mortgagees did not assume the government, but
appointed Edward Shippen, Samuel Carpenter, Richard
Hill, and James Logan, commissioners to superintend
tlieir iuterj3st in the province, who repaid the loan with
funds obtained from the sale of lands, and from his
quit-rents."*

* Quit-rents.— It appears from the writings of Sparks, Belk-
nap and Franklin, that when Penn reserved quit-rents, they
were not agreed to without difficulty. The purchasers rcmon-.
strated against tiieni as a burden, unprecedented in any other
American Colony ; but it is said, Penn artfully distinguished
between the character of Proprietor and of Governor, and
insinuated strongly that government must be supported with
dignify, and that by complying with this expedient, they
would be freed from other taxes. Such distinctions are very

LANCASTER COUNTT. 57

Emigration, during this unhappy state of affairs, was
reiy Umited. Though the oppression abroad was very-
great, and a free asyhim held to all of every creed, tlie
influx of population had for a season stopped, and settle-
ments sparsely made. None seemed, even in the pro-
rince, to adventure an approach m settling nearer the
banks of the Susquehanna. Those who advanced
took forethought not to seat far from " mill and meeting
/wnse.'' A few quaker pioneers settled about the year
1707, in Kennet, Chester county. Among others were
Vincent Caldwell, Thomas Wickersham, Joel Bailey>
Thomas Hope, Guyan Miller..*

Nothing of importance c-f a local character, within the
limits of Lancaster county, occurred during the first year
of Gookin's administration. The Indians had sent
several messages to him and council. He promised them
a visit, but was prevented by public business. Lest he
might forfeit their confidence, he instructed the sectretary
at a comicil, held at Philadelphia, Jime 8, 1709, forth-
with to despatch a messenger to the Conestogo and
other Indians, &c., with instructions in writing to excuse
him from coming, because the assembly was then in
session upon an important business, and as a credential,
he commanded the messenger to take a good belt of
"wampum with him, to inform them that if they designed
to pay a visit to the Five Nations, they ara now busily

convenient to a politician — and by this distinction the poiat
was gained.

All quit-rents were abolished, except in Manors, by the ninth
section of the Divesting Act, passed 27th November, 1779- —
Smith's Laws, Pa. II, 138.

The quit-rents were not uniform ; they varied from one
shilling sterling per hundred acres, to six shillings per annum^
and in other instances more.

*Proud, I, 482.

58 HISTORY OP

engaged wtli the English in a war against Canada, for
•which vast preparations are made from England ;* tha^
if those of Conestogoe, the Shawanois and otliers, can
engage, and will prepare themselves to join immediately
in this expedition, their young men should all provide
themselves for it without delay, and they shall receive by
the Queen's orders, sent for that purpose, a good reward,
every man a gun, and that their answer to this, by some-
of their old men, and a good interpreter, is immediately
desired. That whether they can engage or not, we
shall be glad to see some of tliem here, and the Governor
will shortly make them a visit."

John French hastened to Conestogo and delivered the
message. He returned to Philadelphia, and communi-
cated the Indians' message. "They would forthwith
call in all their young men, and with all their force come
to Philadelphia, in order to proceed to Albany and join
in tlie expedition against Canada."

But as the assembly had voted against raising money
for that purpose, it was resolved that a message be sent
to the Indians, desiring them to defer their coming-
to Philadelphia, for that the Governor will speedily pay
tlicm a visit.

Notwithstanding the desire expressed by the Governor
and council, that they might defer their coming, tliey
appeared; they were the chiefs of several nations of
Indians, living on Susquehanna, viz: Andaggy-jun-
guah, Woshtachary, chiefs of the Mingoes, Owechcla,
Passakassy and Skal itchy,, chiefs of the Delaware In-
dians, settled at Pcshtang (Paxton), above Conestogo,.

»An cxpcilition was determined on for the reduction of the
French in North America. The plan was extensive. The
French were to be subdued, not only in Canada and Acadia,
but also in Newfoundland.— //oi/nc«, /. 500.

LANCASTER COUNTT. 59

zmd other adjacent places, Peter and Pipskoe, chiefs of
Ganawese, with their several interpreters.

The Governor congratulated them on their coming to
see him, and they were all satisfied with him. A num-
ber of presents were made them, before their departure
for home.

The following year the Governor paid the Indians a
visit at Conestogo, "where he found them very much
inclined to the English, and to the proprietary, and his
government in particular; but that they had complained
to him that several persons make it then- business to way-
lay their young men returning from hunting, making them
drunk with rum, and then cheat them of their skins, and
that if some method be not taken to prevent it, they must
be forced to remove themselves or starve, their depen-
dence being entirely upon their peltry ; whereupon it is
thought proper that such Indian traders as are foreigners,
being admitted and licensed by the Governor, shall
come under such regulation as the Governor and
council, from time to time, shall direct and appoint."

If any reliance can be placed on the following tradi-
tion, for it should be considered such,* the Swedes also,
as well as others, felt interested in the spiritual welfare of
the Indians of Lancaster county, and sent missionaries
among them to instruct them in the doctrines of the
christian religion. One of their missionaries, who re-
sided a few years at Conestogo, cither at the time of
Governor Gookin's first visit to the Indians at Conestogo,

*Robert Proud, who wrote a History of Pennsylvania, ia
1780, says this speech had been printed in Pennsylvania, as a
genuine speech of an Indian chief in the province ; but
whether it be really so, or not, it certainly contains arguments
which have been used by some of thsse people, and it may
serve, in part, to give some idea of their sentiments on thi«
subject.

60 HISTORY OJ

or when Colonel French and Henry Worley, went on a
message m 1710, was present, and preached a sermon to
tile Indians at Conestogo, m which sermon he set forth
original sin, the necessity of a mediator, and endeavored,
by certain argtiments, to indiice the Indians to embrace
tlie christian religion. After he had ended his discourse,
one of the Indian chiefs made a speech in reply to the
sermon ; the discourse on both sides was made known by
interpreters. The missionary, upon his return to Sweden,
published his sermon and the Indian's answer; having
written them in Latin, he dedicated them to the University
of tJpsal, and desired them to furnish him with argu-
ments to confute such strong reasoning of the Indian. —
The Indian's speech, translated from the Latin, is as
follows :

"Since the subject of his errand is to persuade us to em-
brace a new doctrine, perhaps it may not be amiss,
before we offer him the reasons why we cannot comply
with his request, to acquaint him with the grounds and
principles of that religion he would have us abandon.
Our forefathers were under a strong persuasion (as we
are) that those who act well in this life, will be rewarded
in the next, according to the degree of their virtues. —
And on the other hand, that those that behave wickedly
here will undergo such punishments hereafter as were
proportionate to the crimes they were guilty of. Tliis
has been constantly and invariably received and ac-
knowledged for a truth through every successive genera-
tion of our ancestors : it could not then have taken its
rise from fable ; for human fiction, however artfully and
plausibly contrived, can never gahi credit long among
people where free enquiry is allowed, which never was
denied by our ancestors; who, on the contrary, thought it

LANCASTER COUNTY. 61

the sacred inviolable natural right of every man, to ex-
amine and judge for himself.

Therefore, we think it evident that our notions of
future rewards and punishments were either revealed
from Heaven immediately to some of our forefathers,
and from them descended to us, or that it was implanted
in each of us at our creation by the Creator of all things,
Whatever the method might have been, whereby God
has been pleased to make known to us his will and give
us a knowledge of our duty, it is in our sense a divine
revelation. Now we desire t® propose to him some
questions. Does he believe that our forefathers, men,
eminent for their piety, constant and warm in their
pursuit of virtue; hoping thereby to merit eternal happi-
ness, were all damned. Does he think, that we, who
are zealous imitators in good works, and influenced by
the same motives, as we are, earnestly endeavoring with
the greatest circumspection to tread the path of integrity,
are in a state of damnation? If that be his sentiments,
it is surely as impious as it is bold and daring. In the
next place we beg that he would explain himself more,
particularly concerning the revelation, if he admits of no
other, than what is contained in his written book; the
contrary is evident from what has been shown before. —
But if he says, God has revealed himself to us, but not
sufficiently for our salvation, then we ask, to what pur-
pose should he have revealed himself to us in any v/ise.
It is clear, that a revelation insufficient to save, cannot
put us in a better condition than we be without revela-
tion at all. We cannot conceive that God should point
out to us the end we ought to arrive at, without
opening to us the way to arrive at that end. But sup-
posing our understanding to be so far illuminated as to

62 HISTORY OF

know it to be our duty to please God, who yet has left
us under an mcapacity of doing it ; will this missionary
therefore conclude we shall be eternally damned ? Will
he take upon him to pronounce damnation agamst us for
not doing those things which he himself aclmowledgeth
were impossible by us to be done. It is our opinion, that
every man is possessed with sufficient knowledge for Ms
own salvation. The Almighty, for any thing we know,
may have communicated himself to different races of peo-
ple in a different manner. Some say, they have the will of
God in writings ; be it so, their revelation has no advan-
tage above ours, since both must be equally sufficient to
save, or the end of revelation would be frustrated; be-
sides, if they both be true, they must be the same m sub-
stance, and the difference can only lay in the mode of
communication. He tells us there are many precepts in
this written revelation, which we are entirely ignorant
of; but those written commands could only be assigned
for those who have the writings, they cannot possibly
regard us. Had the Ahiiighty thought so much
knowledge necessary for our salvation, his goodness
would not so long defer the communication of it to us. —
And to say in a matter so necessary he could not at one
and the same time reveal himself to all mankind, is
nothing else than an absolute denial of his omnipotence.
Without doubt he can make his will manifest witliout
the help of any book, or the assistance of any bookish
man whatever. We shall, in the next place, consider
the arguments which arise from tlie consideration of
Providence.

If we be the work of God, (which we presume will
not be denied) it follows from thence, that we are under
the care and protection of God; for it cannot be sup-
posed that the Deity should abandon his own creatures.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 68

aiid be utterly regardless of their welfare. Then to say
that the Almighty has permitted us to remain in a
fatal error through so many ages, is to represent him as a
tyrant.

How is it consistent with his justice to force life upon
a race of mortals without their consent, and then to
damn them eternally without ever opening to them a
door to salvation.'' Our conceptions of the gracious God
are much more noble, and we think that those who
teach otherwise, do little less than blaspheme. Again it
is through the care and goodness of the Almighty, that
from the beginning of time tluough so many generations
to this day, our name has been preserved unblotted out
by our enemies, and unreduced to nothing. By the same
care we now enjoy our lives, and are furnished with the
necessary means of preserving these lives. But all
these things, compared with our salvation, are trifling. —
Therefore, since God has been so careful of us in matters
of little consequence, it would be absurd to affirm that
he has neglected us in cases of the greatest importance ;
admit he has forsaken us, yet it could not be without a
just cause. ,

Let us suppose that some heinous crimes were com-
mitted by some of our ancestors, like to that we are told
of another race of people, in such a case, God would
certainly pmiish the criminal, but would never involve
us that are innocent in the guilt ; those who think other-
wise must make the Almighty a very whimsical evil-na-
tured being.

Once more: are the christians more virtuous? or

rather, are they not more vicious than we are? if so,

ho^ came it to pass that they are the objects of God's

beneficence, while we are neglected ? does he daily confer

his favors without reason, and with so much partiahty ?

o4 HISTORY OF

In a word: we find the christians much more
depraved in their morals than we are — and we judge
from their doctrine by the badness of their Uves.

Shortly after Governor Gookin's visit to the Indians^
he sent two messengers, Col. John French and Henry Wor-
ley, to them. After a friendly interview, they retnrned to.
Philadelphia, and laid before the board of comicil, in.
session, June 16, 1710, their report.

"t/^/ Cones fogo, June S, 1710,
Present : — John French, Henry Worley, Iwaagenstj^
Terrutanaren and Teonnotein, chiefs of the Tuscaroroes,
Civility, the Senegues kings, and four chiefs of the na-
tions with Opessa, the Shawanois king.

The Indians were told that according to their request,
we were come from the Governor and Government, to
hear Avhat prosposals they had to make anent a peace,
according to the purport of their embassy from their own
people.

They signified to us by a belt of wampum* which was
sent them from their old women, that those implored
their friendship of christians and Indians of this govern-
ment, that without (^finger or trouble they might fetch
wood and water.

*" Wampom or wampum, says Loskeil, is an Iroquois word
meaning a muscle. A number of these muscles strung to-
gether is called a string of wampum, which when a fathom,
six feet long, is termed a fathom or belt of wampum,
but the word string is commonly used, whether it be long or
short. Before the Europeans came to North America, the In»
dians used to make their strings of wampum chiefly of small
pieces of wood of equal size, stained either black or white. —
Few were made of muscles, which were esteemed very valua-
ble and difficult to make ; for not having proper tools, they
spent much time in finishing them, and yet their work had a
clumsy appearance. But the Europeans soon contrived to

UlNCASTER COUNTY. 65

The s-word belt was sent from their young men fit to
hunt, that privilege to leave their towns, and seek provi-
sion for their aged, might be granted to them without
fear of death or slavery.

The fourth was sent from the men of age, requesting
that the wood, by a happy peace, might be as safe for
them as their forts.

Tlie fifth was sent from the whole nation, requesting
peace, that thereby they might have liberty to visit their
neighbors.

The sixth was sent from their kings and chiefs, desir-
ing a lasting peace with the christians and Indians of this
Government, that thereby they might be secured against
those fearful apprehensions they have for these several
years felt.

The seventh was sent in order to entreat a cessation
from murdering and taking them, that by the allowance
thereof, they may not be afraid of a mouse, or other
thing that ruffles the leaves.

The eighth was sent to declare, that as being hitherto
strangers to this place, they now came as people blind,
no path nor communication being betwixt us and
them; but now they hope we will take them by the

make strings of wampum, both neat and elegant, and in great
abundance. Those they bartered with the Indians for other
goods, and found this traffic very advantageous. The Indians
immediately gave up the use of old wood as substitutes for
wampum, and procured those made of muscles.

Every thing of moment transacted at solemn council, either
between the Indians themselves, or with Europeans, is ratified,
and made valid by strings and belt of wampum. Formerly
they used to give sanction to their treaties by delivering a wing
of some large bird. This custom still prevailed as late as
1775, among the more western nations, in transacting business
with tUe Delawares"— XiosieiZ.

6*

Q6 BISTORT oy

hand and lead them, and then they will lift np
their heads, in the woods,, without any danger or
fear.

These belts, they say, are only sent as an introduction,
and in order to break off hostilities till next spring ; for
then their kings will come and sue for the peace they so
much desire.

Wc acquainted them that as most of this continent
were the subjects of the crown of Great Britain, though
divided into several govermnents, so it is expected their
intentions are not only peaceable towards us, but also to
all the subjects of the crown ; and that if they intend to
settle, and live amicably here, they need not doubt the
protection of this Government, in such things as were
honest and good; but that to confiim the sincerity of
ther past carriage towards the English, and to raise in us
a good opinion of them, it would be very necessary to
procure a certificate from the Government, they leave to
this, of their good behavior, and then they might be
assured of a favorable reception.

The Senegues return their hearty thanks to the Go-
vernment for their trouble in sending to them, and
acquauited us that by advice of a council amongst them,
it was determined to send tlicse belts, by the Tuscaro-
roes, to the Five Nations."*

*Col. Rec. II. 553-4.

LANCASTHR COUITTT. 6f

SECOND PART;

FROM THE EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS MADE WITHIX

THE PRESENT LIMITS OF THE COUNTY TO ITS^

ORGANIZATION IN THE YEAR 172,9.

CHAPTER I.

Preliminary remark*— Unsettled state of aflairs in Europe — Consequent
emigration of Swiss, Germans, French and others, into America — Into
Pennsylvania — Swiss Mennonites settle in Pequea Valley — Purchase ten
thousand acres of land — Make improvements — Others purchase lands—
The Mennonites call a meeting to send a person to Europe for the residue
of their families — Kendig goes and returns with a number of families-
Settlements augmented — Governor Gookin's journey to Conestogo.

The unsettled state of affairs in Europe subjected
many of the Germans, French, Swiss and others, to sore
persecutions because they could not change their reli-
gious opinions so as to coincide invariably with those of
tlie ruling Prince. The religious complexion of th«
caimtry was frequently determined or influenced by the
cliaracter of the mlers — as they changed, it was changed,
either by force, or by inducements to "Ao/fi? it with
the, populciceP To these changes it was impossible for
the Germans, the Swiss, the French, to conform.

68 HISTORY OF

Frederick II, Elector Palatine, embraced the Lutheran
faith; Frederick III. became a Catholic,* Lodovic V.
restored the Lutheran church ; his son, and successor,
was a Calvmist. These, m their turn, protected some,
others they did not. The last Prince, son of Lodovic,
was succeded by a Catholic family, during whose
reign it was the lot of the Protestants to be unkindly op-
pressed. Besides these unpropitious changes, and of
being subjects of alarm and persecution, the Germans
occupied the unenviable position of living between two
powerful belligerent rivals. War seemed to be the very
element of these ruling Princes, then, of those countries.

In the year 1622, Count Tilly, the Imperial General,
took Heidelberg, and put five hundred of the inhabitants
to the sword. In 1634, Louis XIV. entered the city and
destroyed many of the inhabitants.

The close of the seventeenth century, was an eventfiil

l>eriod. The celebrated Edict of Nantes, issued by

Heniy IV. hi 159«, in favor of the Huguenots* or

Protestants, was revoked, Oct. 23, 1685, by Louis XIV.

whose name was execrated over a great part of Europe.

Consequent upon there vocation of this edict, there was

one of the most terrible persecutions ever suffered in

Franee. It is recorded in History, "abdit that time,

though the frontiers were vigilantly guarded, upwards of

five hundred thousand Huguenots made their escape to

*Huguenot. — This epithet has been the subject of some dis-
cussion. We are inclined to the opinion, that the origin of the
word is derived from the German, Eidgenossen, confederates.
A party thus designated existed at Geneva ; and it is probable
ttat the French Protestants would adopt a term so applicable
to themselves. This opinion is supported by Mezeray, Main,'
hourg, and Diodatiy Professor of Theology at Geneva— Wl.
S. Browning's His. Hug. 292.
See AppendixC, for a fuliei account of the Huguenots^ •

LANCASTER OOUNTT. 69

Switzerland, Germany, Holland, England and America.
"The unfortmiate were more wakeful to fly, than the
ministers of tyranny to restrain."*

At this critical juncture, the Mennonites were perse-
cuted in Switzerland, and driven into various countries ;
some to Alsace, above Strasburg, others to Holland, &c.,
where they lived simple and exemplary lives ; in the
villages as farmers, in the towns by trades, free from the
charge of any gross immoralities, and professing the
most pure and simple principles, which they exemplied
in a holy conversation. Some of those about Strasburg,
with other High and Low Germans transported them-
selves about the year 1683, by the encouragement of
William Penn, to Pemisylvania, and settled principally
at Germantown ; the greater part of whom were natural-
ized in 1709.t

Li 16S8, Heidelberg was taken the second time, by
the French, who laid the inhabitants under oppressive
contributions; after which, at the approach of the impe-
rial army, they blew up the citidal, and reduced the
town to ashes. It soon rose again upon its cinders, and

*The Huguenots put a new aspect on the North of Germany,
where they filled entire towns, and sections of cities, introduc-
ing manufactures before unknown. A suburb of London was
filled with French mechanics; the Prince of Orange gained
entire regiments of soldiers, as brave as those whom Crom-
well led to victory ; a colony of them even reached Good
Hope. The American colonies, influenced by religious sym-
pathy, were ever open to receive the Huguenots. They set-
tled in the New England States, the Middle and Southern
States. The United States, says Bancroft, are full of monu-
ments of the emigrations from France.

The limits of afoot-note, will not admit of enlargement here-
See Appendix C.

fCol. Rec. II. 514.

70 HISTORY OF

again it was taken by a French army, who laid it, a
second time, mto ashes, in 1693. The inhabitants, men,
women and children, about 1 500, stripped of all, were
forced to flee, m consternation, to the fields by night. —
Once more, on the retreat of the French army, were tlie
former inhabitants prevailed upon to rebuild the city,
miconscious, however, of the treachery of a perfidious
Elector, who had sacredly promised them liberty of con-
science— Heaven's choicest boon — ^and exemption from
taxes for thirty years. After some time, the Elector,
whose creed, it appears, embraced the essential ingre-
dient, ^^ Promises made to herpetics should not be ra-
dcemedy^ harrassed his duped subjects, with relentle3s
persecution. The French army havmg crossed the
Rhine, the distressed Palatines persecuted by their heart-
less Prinee — plundered by a foreign enemy, fled to
escape from death, and about six thousand of them, for
protection, to England, in consequence of encourage-
ment, they had received from Queen Anne, by proclama-
tion, in 1708, Among these was a number to be men-
tioned in the sequel of our narrative.

Many also had, prior to the issuing of Anne's procla-
mation, determined to seek refuge in America. Tlie
Canton of Bern, in Switzerland, had employed Cluisto-
plier de Graffenried and Lewis Mitchel or Michelle, as
pioneers, with instructions to search for vacant lands in
Pennsylvania, Virginia or Carolina. One of these,
Michelle, a Swiss miner, had been in America, prior to
1704 or 1705, traversing the country to seek out "a con-
venient tract to settle a colony of their people on." He
was among the Indians in and about Conestogo during
1706 and 1707, "in search of some mineral or ore
and, "it is believed, he and his associates built

'"Col. Rec. 11. 420,— Williams, His, N. C.

.5>*

LANCASTER COUNTY. 71

fort not far from Connejaghera, many miles above
Conestogo."

Before those of Bern had fully executed their project,
they were induced to fly for safety, to London, in the
vicinity of which, they pitched their tents, and were
supported at the public expense until they could be
shipped off for America — some sailed for New York,*
Pennsylvania, and others for North Carolina, where
they arrived in December, 1709, at the confluence of the
Neuse and Trent. This year a respectable number of
Meimonites left Strasburg, in German}'-, whither they
had fled from their Vaterland, and sailed for America to
seek a refuge free from persecution. At home they
were persecuted by arrogant man, "glorying in the mag-
nitude of his power, who was every where impiously inter-
posing between the homage of his fellow and his Creator,
and striving, by coercion, to apostatize mankind from the
line of duty which conscience pointed out to tread;"
aiid the Mennonites, unwilling to sacrifice their principles
of religion upon the altar of expediency, were not
tolerated to enjoy mimolestedly the privilege of worship-
ing God according to the dictates of conscience. Many
of the ancestors of those who first settled in this county,
wliose lineal descendants still possess the lands pur-
chased and improved by them, were beheaded, some
beaten with many stripes, others mcarcerated, and some

*Colonel Robert Hunter, appointed Governor of New York,
arrived at that province, June 14, 1710, brought with him 3,000
Palatines, who, in the previous year, had fled to England from
tlie rage of persecution in Germany. Many of whom settled
in the city of New York; others in Germantown, Livingston
Manor, Columbia county, and others in Pennsylvania. —
&mit)Cs New York, I. 123.

Smith says "the Queen's liberality to these people was no
mOie beneficial to them, than serviceable to the couQtry."

72 HISTORY OF

banished from Switzerland. Of those who suffered, and
who might be mentioned, were Hans Landis, at Zm-ich,
in Switzerland, Hans Miller, Hans Jacob Hess, Rudolph
Bachman, Ulrich Miller, Oswald Landis, Fanny Landis,
Barbara Neff, Hans Meyhn and two of his sons — all
these suffered between 1638 and 1643.

JVIartin Meylin, son of Hans, was an eminent minister
of the gospel of the Mennonite church, in the Palatinate
and Alsace. His talents were above the mediocrity. —
He rendered himself conspicuous as an Ecclesiastical
writer ; his manuscripts on the sufferings of the Memio-
nites of 1645, and other works of his, as well as those
by Jeremiah Mantgalt, his colleague, were subsequently
published, and are copiously quoted, by that voluminous
writer, T. Von Bracht, author of the Maertyrer
Spiegel.

Those who emigrated to Pennsylvania had fled from
the Cantons of Zurich, Bern, Shaflliausen, Switzerland,
to Alsace, above Strasburg,* where they remained for
some time, thence they came to the province of Penn-
sylvania.

The offence of which they were guilty, bringing down
"upon them so much suffering and persecution, was their
non-conformity to what seemed to them, at least, a cor-

*Many of the Mennonites fled from the Cantons of Zurich,
Berne, Schatfhausen, &c., Switzerland— several edicts were
issued forbidding them the free exercise of their religious
opinions. One at Schaflfhausen, A. D. 1650. One was issued
by the Prince of Ncwberg, A. D. 1653: in 1671, they were se-
verely persecuted, and extensively dispersed. — BradiVs His-
tory, p. 1019-102:3.— Erag-. Trans.

Extract from a letter written by Jacob Evcrling in Obersuelt-
xen, April 7, 1671: "In answer to the inquiry of your friends,
touching the condition of our Swiss brethren in the department
oi' Bern, it is an unvarnished fact, that they are in a distressed

LANCASTER COUNTY. 7S

rupt practice, "To hear all manner of preaching." —
They then had, and even at the present day, some have
conscientious scruples in attending public worship with
other religious assemblies. They also did, as they now
do, openly discard the doctrine of self-defence and vio-
lent resistance. They have been, and are still, opposed to
war ; they believe it comports illy with the christian pro-
fession to fight with carnal weapons. They have
always been peaceable, and domestic in their habits.
They ever cultivated the mild arts of peace, and trusted
to their own domestic resources.

The descendants of the Puritans boast that their an-
cestors fled from the face of their persecutors, willing to
encounter 'perils in the wilderness and perils by the
heathen,' rather than be deprived, by the ruthless perse-
cutor, of the free exercise of their religion. The descen-
dants of the Swiss Mennonites, who, amid hardships and
trials, made the first settlements among the tawny sons
of the forest, in the west end of Chester county, can lay
claun to more. Their ancestors did not seek for them-
selves and theirs only, the unmolested exercise of faith,
and the practice of worship ; but they in turn did not

condition — four weeks since they had arrested near forty per-
sons, male and female — one of them has since arrived at our
place. They also whipped a minister of the word, took
him out in the country as far as Burgundy — marked him with
a branding iron, and let him go among the French ; but as he
could not speak their language, he had to wander three days
before he could get his wound dressed and obtain any refresh-
ment, &c. — BracUVs His. p. 1022

From the same, dated May 23d, 1761 : The persecution of
our friends still continues in all its violence, so that we are as-
tonished that they do not make greater haste to leave the
country. One or two occasionally arrive here in a miserable
condition; but the most of them stay above Strasburg, in
Alsace ; some chopping wood, others labor in the vineyard, &c.

7

74 HISTORY OF

persecute others, who differed from them in rehgious
opinion. They plead for miiversal toleration, and their
practice confirmed it.

About the year 1706 or 1707, a number of the perse-
cuted Swiss Mennonites went to England, and made a
particular agreement with the Honorable Proprietor,
William Penn, at London, for lands to be taken up."* —
Several families, from the Palatinate, descendants of the
distressed Swiss, emigrated to America and settled m
Lancaster county in the year 1709."t

The traditions, respecting the first visit to the place of
subsequent settlement, are discrepant. From public
documonts and some private papers in the possession of
Abraham Meylin, and others, residing in West Lampe-
ter township, we may confidently state that the Memio-
nites commenced a settlement in 1709 or 1710, at the
place where the Herr's and Meylins now reside, near
Willow Street.

A Swiss company, to emigrate to America, and settle
in the wilderness, had been organized, but who the pro-
jector of it was, we cannot state. The pioneers were
Hans Meylin, his son Martini and John,§ Hans Herr,
John Rudolph Bundcly, Martin Kendig, Jacob Miller,

*Col. Rec. III. 397.

f Iin Jahr 1709, kamcn elliche familien von der Pfalz wclche
von den vertriebencn Schweizern abstammten und liessen
sich nieder in Lancaster County — Benjamin Eby^s Geschichten
dcr Mennoniten,p. 151.

•

IMartin IMeylin, son of Hans Meylin, was the first gun-smith
within the limits of Lancaster county ; as early as 1719, he
erected a horing-mill, on what is known as Mcylin's run, on
the farm now owned by Martin Meylin, West Lampeter town-

^John Meylin connected himself with the Siehen Taeger, at
Ephrata — he assumed the name ' Amos,' or '■Bruder Amos.^

LANCASTER COITNTT. 75

Martin Oborholtz, Hans Funk, Michael Oborholtz, Wen-
del Bowman and others, who came to Conestogo in
1709, selected a tract of ten thousand acres of land on
the north side of Pequae creek, and shortly afterwards,
procured a warrant for the same. It is dated October
10, 1710 — the warrant was recorded, and the land sur-
veyed, the 23d of the same month- The 27th of April,
1711, the Surveyor General, at the request of the first
pui'chasers, subdivided the said ten thousand acres,
"into so many parts as they had previously agreed
upon."

It appears from tradition and other corroborating testi-

ship. He was esteemed one of the most skilful workmen, m
iron, of his day. He was an active, useful member of the new
colony ; and transacted much of their business abroad.

AVe here present a few copies of many papers in the pos-
session of Abraham Meylin, Mill-wright, grandson of Martin
Meylin, from which it will sufficiently appear that he transact-
ed bnsiness abroad.

In 1729, an act was passed to naturalize many of the Swiss
and German settlers— April 14th, 1730 — Received of Martin
Meylin £14, 4s. 6d. for the naturalization of seven persons.

Samuel Bltjnston.

In 1729, the fears of the government were excited, because
the Germans adhered to each other, and used their own lan-
guage exclusively; their emigration to this country was to be
discouraged by passing an act to lay a duty of forty shillings per
head on all aliens ! !

Received, September 29th, 1731, of Martin Meylin, £8, lis.
8d. for passage and head money of John Eschellman.

Thomas Laweence.

Philadelphia, 17th, 3d mo., 1729— Received of Martin Mey-
lin, £10, 18s. 8d. money of Pa., which with £9, formerly paid
to me by James Dawson, is in full for the principal, interest
and quit-rents, due to the proprietaries for 200 hundred acres
of land near Conestogo, first granted and surveyed to the said
James Dawson, but now in possession of said Martin Meylin.

James Steel, Receiver General,

76 HISTORY OF

mony, that by virtue of the agreement with William
Perm, and permission from the Deputy Governor, Hon.
Charles Gookm, they commenced making improvements;
before a warrant had been issued, and that while some
Avere felling trees, removing underbrush, building cabins,
others went to Philadelphia to obtain a warrant for theii'
choice tract of woods. The following documents
strengthen the tradition to be correct in the main facts.

"By the commissioners of property — Whereas we
have" agreed with John Rudolph Bundely, Martin Ken-
dig, Jacob Miller, Hans Hcrr, Martin Oborlioltz,, Hans
Fmik, Michael Oborholtz and one Wendel Bowman.
Swissers, lately arrived in this province, for ten thousand
acres of land,* situate on the northwesterley side of a
hill, about twenty miles easterly from Connystogoe, near
the head of Pecquin creek, for which said land, they are
to pay the sum of five hundred pounds, sterling money
of Great Britain, in manner following: that is to say, the
sum of one hundred pounds, part thereof in hands, at
ye insuing of these presents, the sum of one hundred
pounds more thereof (together with forty eight pounds,,
like money, being the interest of four hundred pounds

*It was part of Penn's policy to sell large tracts in one
body, and under such restrictions as to induce families to unite
in settlements. In a proclamation, concerning the treaty of
land, dated in Old England, the 24th of the llth month, 1686,
Penn declares, " Since there was no other thing I had in my
eye in the settlement of this province, next to the advancement
of virtue, than the comlortable situation of the inhabitants
therein ; and for that end, with the advice and consent of the
most eminent of the first purchasers, ordained that every town-
ship, consisting of five thousand acres, should have ten fami-
lies, at least, to the end the province might not lie like a wil-
derness, &c."

Those who purchased in large tracts were required by certain

LANCASTER COUNTr. 77

for two years) at the end of two years and six months,
from the time of the survey of the said lands, (one-half
year's interest of the whole being abated), one hundred
and eighteen pounds fiuther, part thereof with interest,
included within one year, then next after one hundred
and twelve pounds (the mterest being mcluded) further
part thereof, within one year, then next after, the sum of
one hundred and six pounds full residue thereof, that of
all interest for the same, within one year, that next fol-
lowing, so that the said five hundred pounds and mterest,
a^ aforesaid, is to be paid in six years next after the time
of survey. And also that the said purchasers, their heirs
and assigns, shall pay imto the proprietary and Governor
William Penn, his heirs and assigns, the sum of one
sliilling sterling aforesaid, quit-rent yearly forever,
for every hundred acres of the said ten thousand
acres of land, and that said purchasers shall have said
lands free of quit-rent for the two first years next after
the survey thereof, and the said purchasers requesting of
us a warrant for the location and survey of the said land
aforesaid. These are, therefore, to authorize and require

concessions to plant a family within three years after it was
surveyed, on every thousand acres. These regulations were,
however, not generally observed.

By warrant, dated, July 5, 1712, there were surveyed, Nov.
1^ 1712, Pequea, now Strasburg township, for Amos Strettle,
3380 acres, who afterwards sold it in smaller tracts; the prin-
cipal persons to whom he sold, prior to 1731, were Henry
Shank, Ulrich Brackbill, Augustine Widower,- Alexander
Fridley, Martin Miller, George Snavely, Christian Musser, An-
drew Shultz, John Fonts, Jacob Stein, John Hickman, John
Bowman, Valentme Miller, Jacob Hain, John Hcrr, Henry
Carpenter, Daniel Ferree, Isaac Lefevre, Christian Stoner,
John Beiers, Hans Lein, Abraham Smith, John Jacob Hoover,
Septimus Robinson, Samuel Hess, Samuel Boyer, John
Musgrove.

78 HISTOET OF

thee to survey or cause to be surveyed, unto the said
purchasers the full quantity of ten thousand acres of
land (with reasonable allowance for roads and highways)
in one entire tract, at or near the place aforesaid,- and to
subdivide the same (if they request it) into so many
small tracts or parts as they shall agree or appoint to
each of them his respective share to be holden by the
purchasers, their heirs and assigns, under the rents, pay-
ments and agreements aforesaid, subject to distress for
the said rent in case of non-payment, and of thy trans-
actions and doings in the premises, by virtue of these
presents thou art to make such returns into the Secretary's
office, with all reasonable expedition. Given mider our
hands and seals of the province, the tenth day of the
eight month at Philadelphia, A. D. 1710.

EDWARD SHIPPEN,
GRIFFITH OWEN,
THOS: STORY."
To Jacob Taylok, Surveyor General.
Warrant Book, 1700—1714, p. 229.

On the 23d of October, the land was surveyed and di-
vided among the Meylins, Herr, Keiidig, and others of
the company.

Having erected temporary shelters, to answer their
wants, some set about it, and put up dwellings of more
durableness. Martin Kendig erected one of hewed wal-
nut logs on his tract, which withstood the storms and
rain — the gnawings of the tooth of time, for rising of one
hundred and ten years, and might, had it not been re-
moved in 1841, and its place taken up by one of more
durable materials, have withstood the corroding elements
for generations to come. They now began to build

LANCASTKK COrNTT. 79

houses and add new acquisitions of lands to their first
possessions.*

To depend upon their Indian neighbors for provisions,
wa5 useless — the Indians depended mainly upon game
and fish — of course, the supplies of provision were
scanty, and what they had they were under necessity to
transport from a distant settlementt for some time, till
the seeds sown in a fertile soil, yielded some thirty,
others forty fold. Fish and fowl were plenty in the
wilds. The season of their arrival was favorable —
around them they saw crowned the tall hazel with rich
festoons of a luscious grape. J

*Martin Kendig, lately an inhabitant of Switzerland, had
surveyed him a tract of land in Strasburg township, 1060 acres,
bounded by lands of Martin Meylin, Christian Herr, and John
Funk. Another tract of 530 acres, bounded by John Herr's
land. Another of 265 acres. — Recorded Sept. 1711

Christopher Franciscus, of Switzerland, 530 acres, bounded
by lands of Jacob Miller, Wendel Bowman, John Rudolph
Bundely— in 1710, John Funk 530 acres, bounded by lands of
Martin Kendig, Jacob Miller.— Surveyed Feb. 28, 1711. John
Rudolph Bundely, late of Switzerland, 500 acres, bounded by
lands of Wendel Bowman, Surveyed, 1710, and Martin Mey-
lin, 265 acres. Christian Herr, 530 acres, John Herr, 530 acres,
all recorded July 3, 1711. Wendel Bowman 530 acres, re-
corded July 7, 1711. The warrants for all the above tracts are
dated 1710.

tTheir nearest mill was at Wilmington, on the Brandywine,.
Delaware.

t"Of living creatures, fish, fowl, and the beasts of the wood,,
here^ are dirers sorts, some for food and profit, and some for
profit only ; for. food and profit, the elk, as big as a small ox ;
deer, bigger than ours; beaver, raccoon, rabbits, squirrels and
some eat young bear, and commend it. Of fowl of the land,
there is the turkey, (forty and fifty pounds weight) which is
very great; pheasants,. heath-birds, pigeons and partriges, in.

80 HI8T0BT or

After they had been scarce fairly seated, they thought
of their old homes, their country and friends — they
sighed for those whom they left for a season; "They
reynembered them that were in bonds as bound with them
aiid which suffered adversity," and ere the earth began
to yield a return in ^^ kindly fruit s,^^ to their labors, con-
sultations were held and measures devised, to send som»
one to their Vaterland, to bring the residue of some of
their families; also their kindred and brothers in a land
of trouble and oppression, to their new home ; into a
land where peace reigned, and abundance of the comforts
af life could not fail ; they had strong faith in the fruit-
fulness and natural advantages of their choice of lauds.
Tliey knew these would prove to them and their children^,
the home of plenty — tlieir anticipations have never,
failed.

A council of the whole society was called ; at whidi-
their venerable minister and pastor, Hans Herr, pre-
sided, and after fraternal and free interchange of senti-
ment, much consultation and serious reflection, lots, in
conformity to the custom of the INIennonites, were cast,

abundance, &c. Of fish, sturgeon, herring, rock, shad, cats-
head, eel, trout, salmon, &c.

The fruits that I find in the woods, are the white and black
mulberry, chesnut, walnut, plums, strawberries, cranberries,
hurlleberries, and grapes of divers sorts. The great red grape,
called by ignorance, the fox-grape." — Penn's letter to the Fre»
Society of traders, at London, dated Philadelphia, the \%th August,.,
1GS3.

Well might the poet say,

" Quaevis sylva feria, et piscibus amnis abundat;.
Fertque suum I'ructus quaelibet arbor onus.
With beasts the woods, with fish the streams abound ; ,
The bending trees witij plenteous fruits are crowned."

Makik,

LAKCASTEB COUNTY. 81

to decide who should retiirn to Europe for the families^
left behind and others. The lot fell upon Hans Herr, who'
had left five sons, Christian, Emanuel, John, Abraham
and one, whose name we have not learned.* This deci-
sion was agreeable to his own mind ; but to his friends
and charge, it was unacceptable; to be separated von
ihrem prediger, from their preacher, could be borne with
reluctance and heaviness of heart only. They were all
too ardently attached to him to cheerfully acquiesce in
tliis dttermination — ^reluctantly they consented to his
departure — after much anxiety manifested on account of
this unexpected call of their pastor from them; their sor-
rows were alleviated by a proposal made on the part of
Martin Kendig, that, if approved, he would take Hans
Herr's place — this was cordially assented to by all. —
Without unnecessary delay, Martin, the devoted friend of
tJie colony, made ready — Avent to Philadelphia, and there
embarked for Em'ope ; after a prosperous voyage of five
or six weeks, he reached the home of his friends, where
he was received with apostolic greetmgs and salutations
of joy. Having spent some time in preliminary arrange-
ments, he and a company of Swiss and some Ger-
mans, bade a lasting adieu to their old homes, and dis-
solved the tender ties of friendship with those whom
they left. With his company, consisting of the residue
of some of those in America, and of Peter Yordea, Jacob
Miller, Hans Tschantz, Henry Funk, John Houser, John
Bachman, Jacob Weber, Sclilegel, Venerick, Guldhi, and
others, he returned to the new home, where they were all
cordially embraced by their fathers and friends.

•Three of Hans Herr's sons settled in what is now called
West Lampeter township, and two in Manor township ; from
these sprang a numerous connexion of Herrs; rising of one
hundred and fifty of that name, descendants of Hans Herr, are
taxables, residing within the present limits of the county.

82 HISTORY OF

With this accession, the settlement was considerably
augmented, and now numbered about thirty families;
though they lived m the midst of the Mingoe or Cones-
togo, Pequae and Shawanese Indians, they were ne^er--
theless safely seated ; they had nothing to fear from the
Indians.* They mingled with them in fishing and hunt--
ing. "The Indians were hospitable and respectful to the
whites, and exceedingly civil."

This little colony improved their lands, planted
orchards,! erected dwellings, and a meeting and school-
house for the settlement, in which religious instruction,
on the Sabbath, and during the week, a knowledge of
letters, reading and writing, were given to those who

♦The Honorable Chas. Gookin, Esq., Lieut. Gov. of Pa»
made a journey to Conestogo, and in a speech to the Indians,
June 18th, 1711, says, "He intends to present five belts of
wampum to the Five Nations, and one to you, of Conestogo,
and requires your friendship to the PalatiTies, settled near
Pequea."

To which they answer, "That they are well pleased with the-
Governor's speech » * » " As to the Palatines, they are in
their opinion safely seated." — Col. Rec. II. p. 556-7.

The several nations of Indians,. living on the Susquehanna
at this time, were Mingoes, or those of the Conestogo, Dela-
ware Indians settled at Peshtang, above Conestogo, and other
adjacent places, and Ganawese. " The Piquaws had their
wigwams scattered along the banks of the Pequea." — Col,
Rec. II. 489.

fSome of the first planted fruit trees may yet be seen on the
farm of Christian Herr, great grandson of Hans Herr. There
we saw a cherry tree in full vigor, which, it is said, is rising of
one hundred and twenty years old. We measured it, and,
found it 15 feet and 4 feet inches in circumference. Also a
a Catalpa, Bignonia catalpa, which was transplanted by
Christian Ilcn^'s mother; it measures fifteen feet in cir--
cumference.

LANCASTBR COUNTY. 83

assembled to receive information. The Mennonites
never wasted money in rearing stately temples, or in
building massive colleges, in which to impart nseful
knowledge. They ever observed it religiously, to have
their children instructed in reading and writing, at least,
since the days of Menno Simon, the great reformer, and
to bring them up in habits of industry, and teaching
them such trades as were suitable to their wants, expe-
dient and adapted to their age and constitution."* Their
sons and daughters were kept under strict parental au-
thority, and as a consequence, were not led into tempta-
tions by which so many youths, of both sexes, at the
present day, are rained.

Their religious meetings and schools were for a long
time held in the same rude buildings. Among their first
preachers were Hans Herr, Hans Tschantz, Ulrich Brech-
bill,t who was accidentally killed, while driving liis
team on the road to Philadelphia. Their ministers were
men of sound minds, of irreproachable conversation. —
lu tliis country, the Mennonite ministers, especially in
this county, are not, in the parlance of the age, classi-
cally educated. " In Europe, at Amsterdam, the jNIenno-
iiites have a college, in which all the useful branches are
taught. Students of Theology receive instruction in a

*"Haltetund foerdert die kindern zu lesen und schreibeo ;
lehret sic spinnen and andere Haende \TOrkthun, was ihren
Jahren und personen nach fueglich, nuetzlich, ertraeglich und
bequem isL" — Menno Simon.

fl739, October den 19ten, Ulrich Breckbill, ein diener der
gemeinde ist auf der Philadelphia Slrasse, mit seinera wagen
ploetzlich umgekommen. — Meylin's Family Bible.

(^Samuel Miller, son of Jacob Miller, was the first child
•born in the Swiss Colony; he was born January 22, 1711.

Jacob Miller, Samuel's father, was born in Europe, 1663,
came to America, in 1710, died the 20tb April, 1739— interred

84 HISTORY or

room, containing the library, over the Mennonite Chapel.
The lectui'es are delivered in Latm ; and each student,
before his entrance, must be acquainted with Latin and
Greek. They attend at a literary institution for instruc-
tion in Hebrew, Ecclesiastical History, Physics, Natural
and Moral Philosophy, &c. The college was established
nearly a century ago, and was at first supported by the
Amsterdam Memionites, alone ; but lately, other Men-
nonite churches sent in their contributions. Some of the
students receive support from a public fimd ; they are all
intended for the christian ministry." — Dr Ypeij.

in Tschantz's burying ground, now on the farm, owned by
Doctor Martin Musser.

Barbara Meylin, consort of Martin Mcylin, was born in the
year 1672; after living twenty -four years in matrimony, she
died April 2d 1742, aged 70 years.

Hans Meylin, born in 1714, died at the age of 19 years, the
26th of December, 1733 — all interred in Tschantz's grave-yard.
Preacher Tschantz set apart from his farm two hundred and
fifty-six perches for the purposes of a grave-yard. Released
all personal claim thereto in 1740, for the use of the neighbor-
hood.

Note. — Menno Simon, one of the distinguished reformers of
the sixteenth century, a man whose apostolic spirit and labors
have never yet been fully appreciated, was born at Witmar-
sum, in Friesland, 1.505. In 1.528 he entered in*o orders as a
Romish Priest; but after examining the New Testament for
himself, he seceded from that sect.

About the year 1-537, he was earnestly solicited by many of
the christians with whom he connected himself, to assume
among them the rank and functions of a public teacher; and
as he looked upon these brethren as being exempt from the
fanatical phrensy of the Munstcrites, he yielded to their en-
treaties. Their community was greatly scattered till 1536,
about that time they obtained a regular state of church order,
separate from all Dutch and German Protestants, who, at that
time, had not been formed into one body by any bonds of

LANCASTER OOUXTr. S5

A settlement having begun, forming the nucleus of a
neighborhood or community of neighbors, German and
French settled around them; among these were the
Ferree family, Daniel Ferree and his sons; Isaac Le-
fevre,* Slaymaker and others, of whom a particular ac-
coimt will be given in the sequel. Every new country,

unity. This advantage was procured them by the sensible and
prudent management of that champion in Protestanism, Menno
Simon. This wise, learned and prudent man, as said before,
was chosen by them as their leader, that they might by his
paternal effortsv in the eyes of all Christendom, be cleared
from the blame which some of the Munsterites had incurred,
and which the enemies of the friends of Menno laid to their
charge. Menno accomplished this object — some of the per-
fectionists he reclaimed to order, and others he excluded. He
purified also the religious doctrines of the Baptists. He was
indefatigable in labors — he founded many communities, viz: —
in Friesland, Holland^ Groningen, East Friesland, Brabant —
on the borders of the Baltic Sea — in Germany, in the Palati-
nate, in Alsace, Bavaria, Suabia, Switzerland, Austria, Mora-
via, &c. He suffered tnore persecution, and endured more
fatigue, than all the rest of the reformers of his day-^he died
the death of the righteous, at Fresenburg, January 31st, 1551.

*" William 'Penu', Proprietor, &c. — Whereas my late com-
missioners of property, by a warrant bearing date the 10th
October, 1710, granted unto John Rudolph Bundely, Hans
Herr, and divers other Germans, late inhabitants in or
near the Palatinate of the Rhine, 10,000 acres of land, to be
laid out by them on the north side of a hill about twenty miles
easterly of Conestogo, and near the head of Pequea creek, in
this province, by Virtue of which warrant there was surveyed
and subdivided, at the instance of the said Martin Kendig, for
the use of Daniel Ferree and Isaac J^efevre, late of Steinmeis-
ter, in the Palatinate of the Rhiiie, a certain tract of land, situ-
ated and bounded by lands of Thomas Story, &:c., two thousand
acres."— iJecorJt'cZ July 12lh, 1712.

86 HISTORY OP

it is believed, has had its man of ^^ notoriety^ ^ — Ken-
tucky had a Boone — Peqiiae, a Franciscus.*

Not to deviate too far from a chronological order, we
shall now present Governor Gookin's minutes of. a
journey in 1711, to the Indians in the vicinage of the
Palatines; such the Mennonite settlement was called.

On information received from Peter Bezallion, that the
Queen and some of the chiefs of the Conestogo Indians,
would be glad to see the Governor and some of the
council, touching the death of one Le Tore, who it ap-
pears, had been killed before Gookin's arrival in America,
and to have a talk with some of the chiefs of the Five
Nations, who were waiting ; he and some of the coun-
cil proceeded to Conestogo. The following is a copy of
the journal, which was laid before the council at a ses-
sion, Jime 23, 1711.

"t/^/ Conestogo, June 18, 1711.
Present: — The Hon. Charles Gookin, Esq., Lieut.
Governor, and Joseph Growdon, Richard Hill, Griffith
Owen, Caleb Pusey, Esq., council.

*Christopher Franciscus Wcus an adventurous Swiss, and one
of the first settlers in the county. It is said the current of dar-
ing runs in the blood of the Franciscuses. His sons, after him,
and his son's sons, and grandson's sons have, since the old
man's day, been known as stoict men. They made many "a
fellow'' cry out, in the language of Terence, auribus teneo lu-
pum, i.e./ know not which way to turn, as said the wolf when
Franciscus hugged him.

Of Daniel Boone, the Kentucky adventurer, it is said, he
slew a bear; of Franciscus and his daughter, it is related, they
eviscerated a wolt, with a similar weapon, a butcher-knife. —
We give the traditional story as wo have it from one who as-
.sures us, it is true. While Francis, one evening in the fall of
the year, was reclining on his bed, and the rest of the family
having all retired, except a daughter, who was about " laying

LANCASTER COUNTr. 87

A present of 50 pounds of powder, 1 piece of Stroud-
water, 1 piece of Duffils, 100 pounds of shot — being
laid upon the floor, the Governor, by Indian Harry, the
Interpreter thus spolie :

Governor Penn, upon all occasions, is willing to show
how great a regard he bears to you, therefore has sent
this small present, a forerunner of a greater one to
come next spring, to you, and hath required me to ac-
quaint you that he is about to settle some people upon
the branches of the Potomack, and doubts not but the
same mutual friendship which has all along as brothers
passt betwixt the inhabitants of this Government and
you, will also continue betwixt you and those he is about
to settle ; he intends to present five belts of wampum to
the Five Nations, and one to you of Conestogo, and
requires your friendship to the Palatines, settled near
Pequae.

To which they answer :

That they are extremely well pleased with the Go-

her head on the ear," fhe father heard a noise at the cabin's
door, he went and opened it, at that instant a wolf seized him
by the breast of his jacket — Franciscus hugged him tightly —
called to his daughter to bring the butcher-knife and rip open
the beast — she did — and the wolf was butchered.

The place where the wolf was slain, is marked by the head of
a fine spring, near Lampeter Square, where Daniel Zimmerman,
who bought of Franciscus, erected a substantial sandstone
house in 1750. Daniel was the son of Henry Zimmerman, or
Carpenter, a Swiss patriot, of whom we shall have occasion to
speak hereafter.

Col. Bouquet, a Swiss, in the English service during the
French and Indian War, visited Daniel Zimmerman, in 1758,
while his detachment of men was quartered at Lancaster.

John Miller, grandfather of Jacob Miller, who communi-
cated these facts, raised one Paulus, who was Bouquet's driver
— he drove what B. called miin roth wagdii.

88 HISTORT OP

vernor's speech ; but as they are at present m war with
the Toscororoes and other Indians, they thihk that place
not safe for any christians, and are afraid if any damage
sliould happen to these the blame may be laid wpou
them, ihat settlement being situated betwixt them and
tliose at war witli them. As to the Palatines, they are-,
in their opinion, safely seated, but earnestly desire that
the death of Le Tore may be nov/ adjusted, for thaJ
they shall not thinlv themselves safe till it is.'''

July ISth, Tuesday about twelve.

The Senoquois and Shawnois met the Governor and
Council, Opessah, chief of the Shawnois, by Martin
Cliartier, interpreter, thus spoke :

Were it posssible for us by presents, or any other way,
to atone for the lives of these young men, our young
people unadvisedly slew, we would be partly willing to
make satisfaction, and such a condcscention would for-
ever be gratefully remembered and more eagerly engage
us, and for the future render us more careful. The
uneasiness we had on that accomit was such that we
could not sleep until the last time the Governor and
his people were up here, and which time we had some
hopes given us of adjusting the matter, since the
murderers arc all dead, save one, who is gone to
IVIesassippi.

To which the Governor answered:

That the laws of England were such that whosoever
killed a man must run the same fate ; yet considering the
previous cicriunstances lo that murder, the length of
the time since the account, the distance of place where
acted from this Government, and before my coming here,
and the persons all, save one, who is absconded since,
are dead, I am willing to forbear further prosecution on
enquiring into it, but withal caution you if any such

LABTGASTER COUTCTT. 89

thing hea-eafter falls out, you may be assured I shall as
well know how to do justice, as I have now showed you
mercy, for which they return the Governor their hearty
thanks, and Opessah assures that if hereafter any such
thing should happen, he himself would be executioner,
and burn them that should dare do it.

The Senequois acquaint :

That Opessah being thereto solicited by John Hans
Steelman, had sent out some of his people, either to
bring back or kill Francis De Le Tore and his company.
Op&ssah, he affirms he was entirely iimocent, for that
John Hans came to his cabin, where he and his young
people, who were there going a hunting, were in coun-
cil, told him that some of his slaves and dogs (meaning
Le Tore and company) were fled, therefore desired him
forthwith to send some of his people to bring them back
or kill them, and take goods for their trouble, at which
motive Opessah being surprised, told him that he ought,
by no means, to discourse after that manner before yoimg
people who were going to the woods, and might,
by accident, meet those people, and therefore ordered
him to desist, utterly denying his request.

The Senoquois also acquainted the Governor that Le
Tore had taken a boy from them and had sold
him at New York, and requested the Governor
would enquire after him, that he might hear from him
again."

90 HISTORY OF

CHAPTER 11.

Fcrrce family make preparations to emigrate to America — Procure certi^.
cales of civil and religious standing — By vvay of Holland and England
come to IS'cw York — Acquire the rights of citizenship — Settle in Lan-
caster county — Several documents of interest — Tradition of the ancestors
of the Ferrees, by Joel Lightncr, Esc^. — Tuscorora Indians unite with the
Five Natioiis.

About the year 1709, as stated in a preceding chapter,
a large emigration from the Lower Palatinate to the
British colonies, took place. Among these were the well
known names, besides those mentioned in the last chap-
ter, of Weigand, Fisher, Kennan, Volck, Plettel, Gulch,
Hubertson, Schaneman, Lefever, Ferree and others, as
they are at present spelled. Some of them located them-
selves and became permanent inhabitants of what is now
Lancaster comity. It is certain that the Ferrees and Le-
fevers, who were what was called Walloons, did settle
and improved lands, taken up by JNIartin Kendig,*
which was part of ten thousand acres previously pur-
chased from the proprietary's conmiissioners, by him, a
meml.ier of a Swiss company; and it is both hiteresting
and instructive to see with what carefulness and regard
for their own characters, both as citizens and christians
for the good opinion of the world, these sterling people

*"At a meeting of the commissioners Sept. 10, 1712
— the late commissioners having granted 10,000 acres of
land to the Palatines, by their warrant dated Gth, 8th,
1710, in pursuance thereof there was laid out to Martin Kendig,
besides the 2,000 acres already confirmed and paid for, the like
quantity of 2,000 acres, towards Susquehanna, of which the
General Surveyor has made a return. The said Martin Ken-
dig now appearing desirous that the said land may be granted

LAITC ASTER COUNTT. 91

conducted their removal from their former, and th€ set-
tlement in their new homes.

There is httle similarity between the proceedings of
these progenitors of some of our good old fashioned
Lancaster comity farmers, and those of the flitting popiu-
lation of the present day. The latter in their inconsid-
ered removals only seem desirous of can-ying with them
as large an amomit as possible of this world's wealth,
regardless of any other proof of respectability, and
trusting to it to make way for them in all the pm-suits
and relations of life. By way of contrast, and of gain-
ing instruction from the actions of our ancestors, we
shall present a somewhat detailed accomit of the ro-
moval and settlement of a particular family.

Owin? to French incm-sions into the Palatinate and
Other oppressions of a rehgious nature, the family of the
Ferrees turned to seek a home in the new world, about
the beginning of the last century, when thousands came
to America. Its members were Daniel Ferree, his
widowed mother, (the wife of Daniel Ferree deceased)
his wife and their two sons, Andrew and John. The
first step as good citizens was to obtain the consent
of their country to their departure, as appears by the
following original document.

and confirmed to Maria Warenbuer, for whom the same was
taken up, or intended, and who is to pay the consideration of
it. But upon further consideration of the matter, it is agreed
among themselves that the said land shall be confirmed to
Daniel Fierre and Isaac Lefevre,j; two of the said widow's sons,
and the consideration money, viz : £140 at £7 per 100 acres,
by agreement having been for some time due, but is now to be
paid down in one sum. 'Tis agreed they shall only pay £10
for interest, that is £150 for the whole. '^

(t Isaac Lefevre was her son-in law.)

92 HISTORY 07

Demnach Maria, Daniel Fuehre's Wittib, mit ihreni
sohn Daniel Fiiehrc, dessen Eheweib imd noch andem
sechs ledigen Kindcrn, ihrer hoffenden Besscmng, Gele-
genheit und Wohlfahrts willen, von Steinweiler aus der
ober Schultheiserey Bittigheim, dcs Churpfaeltzischcn
oberamls Gormcrshcim, auf die insul Pcnnsylvanien per
Holland luid Engclland sich zubegeben imd allda zu
wohncn vorhabcn, und dahero urn ein beglaiibtiges
Certifikat, dasz sic init vorwissen von dem ort Stein-
weiler geschicden und sich gewaehrter ihrer wohnungs-
zeit vertraeglich und ohne klag verhalten, auch niemand
mit schulden verwandt, dcsglcichen keiner leibeigen-
schaft zugethan,. gebuehrend angesucht: als hat man
denselbcn ihr suchen and bitten willfahren, anbey imver-
haltcn woUen, dasz obgedachte leute ganz offenbar von
hier wegziehen, waehrendcr zcit als ilu- vatcr, die wittib
und kinder in mchrgedacliten Steinweiler gewolmt, sich
fromm und ehrbarlich verhalten, dasz man sie gern laen-
ger all hier und der ortcn gcschen hactte. So sind sie
auch der leibeigenschaft nicht unterworfen, massen die
ober sciniltheiserey Bittigheim, worin Steinweiler gelegen
freyzuegig; auch haben sie ihrem gcbuehrenden abzug
Oder naclisteur fuer gnaedigste herrschaft hinterlasson :
von schulden, damit sie andern verwandt seyn sollen,hat
man nichts vernommen, als schultheis Hr. Fischer in
Steinweiler, Avelcher expresse deswegen gehoert worden,
zeugniss alles dessen giebt. Dessen in urkund habe ich
dieses in abwesenlieit Churpfaclzischen regiermigs rath,
obcramtmann und gemcinschacft Gudenberg, Fauthe zu
Altenstatt uiid ober schultheis allhier Ilerr von Cmi aiLS-
gefertiget und den aus diescr nothdurft behacndiget. —
Siege] Bittigheim den lOten Martii, 170S.

[Sicgcl.] J. P. DIETRICH, Grejffier.

LAKCASTER COUNTY, 93

Translation. — Whereas Maria, Daniel Fuehre's (Fe-
ries') widow, and her son Daniel Ferie with his wife and
other six single children, in view of improving their
condition and in furtherance of their prosperity, purpose
to emigrate from Steinweiler in the mayoralty of Bittig-
heim, High Bailiwick Germersheim, via Holland and
England, to the island of Pennsylvania, to reside there,
they have requested an accredited certificate that they
left the town of Steinweiler with the Imowledge of the
proper authorities, and have deported themselves peacea-
bly and witliiout cause for censure, and are mdebted to no
one, and not subject to vassalage, l>eing duly solicited, it
has been thought proper to grant then* petition, declaiing
tliat the above named persons are not moving away
clandestinely — that during the time their father, the
widow and children resided in this place they behaved
Uiemselves piously and honestly — that it woujd have
been highly gratifying to us to see them remain among
us — that they are not subject to bodily bondage, the
mayoralty not being subject to vassalage — they have
also paid for their permission to emigrate ; Mr. Fischer,
tlie mayor of Steinweiler being expressly interrogated,
it has been ascertained that they are not liable for any
debts. In witness whereof, I have, in the absence of
tlie counsellor of tire Palatinate, &c., signed these
presents, gave the same to the persons who intended to
emigrate. Dated Bittigheim, March 10th, 170S.

[L. &] J. P. DIETRICH, Court Clerk.

Next, as christians, they obtained a certificate of their
religious standing from the proper church officer's, even
to a statement of the time and place of the christian
baptism of their young children. No doubt they es-
teemed the following, which was thus obtamed, as the

94 HisToar of

most valuable article among their possession. We
present the original and a translation.

Temoignage pour Daniel Firre et sufianilk.

Nous Pasteur, Anciens ct Diacres de PEglise Re-
fomiee, Vallonne de Pelican au has Palatinat ayants este
prie par I'honorable Daniel Firre, sa femme Anne Marie
Leininger, et leurs enfants, Andrie et Jean Firre, de leur
accordir mi temoignage de leur vie et religion, certifions
et attcstons quils out toutjours fait profession de la pure
Relision Reform-ce, frequente nos saintes assemblees,
et participe a la cene du Seigneur avec les autres fidcles :
Au reste lis se sont toutjours comporte honnestement
sans avoir donne aucun scandale qui soit venu en notre
connoissance : Estants maintenant sur leur depart, pour
ses establir aillems, nous les recommendons a laguarde
de Dieu et a la bienveillance do tons nos freres en
Seign: Xt: En foy de quoy nous avons signe ce present
temoignage de nos signes et marques accustumees: fait a
Pelican en nostre consistoire le 10 de JNIais, 1708.
[L. S. MICHAEL MEESSAKOP;

J. ROMAN, Pasteur et Inspccteur,
PIERRE SvSCHARLET,,
JAQUE BAILLEAUX, Diacre,
JEAN BAPTISTE LA PLACE, Diatre.

Les cnfans sus noma a scavoir, Andrie et Jean Firre
out esti Raptistcs, le premier dans I'Eglisc de Stcmviler
i'an. 1701, le 2S me de Septembre: son parain estoit
Andrie Leininger et sa Maricc Margarithc Leininger,
L'autre cc scavoir Jean a este Baptize dans I'Eglisc de
Rliorbac, I'an. 1703, le 8 me de fevricr: le parain
estoit Abraham PiilUon et Judith Mille tons deux de
Steinviler.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 95

Certificate for Daniel Firre arid his family.
Translation. — We, the Pastor, Elders and Deacons
-of tlie Reformed Walloon Church of Pelican, in the
Lower Palatinate, having been requested by the Hon-
orable Daniel Firre, his wife Anne Maria Leininger
and their children Andrew and John Firre, to grant
tliem a testimonial of their life and rehgion, do certify
and attest that they have always made profession of the
pure Reformed religion, frequented our sacred assemblies,
and have partaken of the supper of the Lord with the
otiier members of the faith: in addition to which they
have always conducted themselves uprightly without
having given any cause for scandal, that has come to
our knovdedge : being now on their departure to settle
elsewhere, we commend them to the protection of God,
and to the kindness of all our brethren in the Lord
Christ In witness of which we have signed this
present testimonial, with our signatures and usual
marks. Done at Pelican in our consistory, the 10th of

May, 1708.

MICHAEL MEESSAKOP,

J. RO]MAN, Pastor and Inspector,
PETER SSCHARLET,
JAMES BAILLEAUX, Deacon,
JOHN BAPTIST LAPLACE, Deacon.
The undernamed children, to wit : Andrew and John
Firre were baptized, the first in the church of Stein-
weiler in the year 1701, on the 2Sth of September: his
sponsors were Andrew Leininger and his wife Margaret
Leininger : the other, to wit : Jolm was baptized in the
church of Rhorbac, in the year 1703, on the 8th of
February^- the sponsors were Abraham Ptillioo and
Judith Miller, both of Steinweiler.

Note.— -It was customary among the Reformed to procure a
church certificate before leaving their Vateriand.

&6 HISTORY or

Haying openly and lionestly adjusted their affairs
previous to their departure, they bade adieu to their old
and endeared home, this family, via Holland and
England" made their way to the 7ieiv 7voi'ld-, where they
an-ived, sometime in 1709, in the city of New York. —
Having arrived, and being pleased with the country,
iJieir next step was to acquire the rights of citizenship
from the proper authority. The following letters patent,
under the Privy seal of Queen Anne will show they
were successful in their application, and will be read
with interest by the descendants of all named in it.

Anne, by the grace of God, of Great Britain and Ire-
land, Queen, defender of faith, &c. To whom all these
presents may come, Imow ye that we for good causes
and considerations especially moving us hereunto by
om- special grace, moving us thereunto, do grant for our-
selves, our heirs and successors to onr beloved Joshua
Rocherthal, Sybella Charlotte, his wife, Christian Joshua
his son, and Sybella and Susanna his daughters, Law-
rence Schwisser, and Ann Catharine his wife, and John

♦According to the statements of R. Conyngham, Esq., a man
of erudition and well known as one of more than ordinary re-
search into Historrcal facts, Mary, the mother of Daniel Ferree,
accompanied by her children, and armed with a spirit of reso-
lution superior to her sex, went to London, from Ihence to
Kensington, whore William Penn resided, to be near Queen
Anne, of whom he was deservedly a favorite. Madame
Ferree made her wishes known to him : William Penn sympa-
lhi7.ed with her in her misfortunes and became interested for
her and her children, and ne.xt day introduced her to Queen
Anne,

The Queen was delighted in thus being afforded an opportu-
nity to display the natural feelings of her heart. Lodgings
were obtained for Madame Ferree in the vicinity until a vessel
was ready to sail for New York. — Redmond Conyngham's
Address of July Ath, Ib-l'J.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 97

liis son, Henry Rennau, and Johanna his wife, and Law-
rence and Henry his sons, Susanna Lisboschain, and
Mary Johanna Lisboschain; Andrew Volk, and Ann
Catharine his wife, and George Heeronimus his son, and
]\Iary Barbara, and Ann Gertrtraude his daughters, Mi-
chael Weigand, Ann Catharine his wife, Tobias and
George his sons, Ann Mary his daughter, Jacob Weber,
and Ann Elisabeth his wife, and Eve Elisabeth, and
Eve Mary his daughters, John Jacob Plettel, Ann Elisa-
beth his wife, and Margaret, Ann, Sarah and Catharine
his daughters, John Fisher, and Mary Barbara his wife,
Melchior Gulch, Ann Catharine his wife, Henry his son,
and Magdalen his daughter, Isaac Twek, Peter Rose and
Joannah his wife, Mary Wemarin, and Catharine We-
marin his daughters, Isaac Feber*- Catharine his ivife,
and Mrahain his son, Daniel Firre, Ann Mary his
wife and Andrew and John his sons, Hubert Hubert-
son, and Jacob his son, and Harman Schuneman ;
which persons are truly German Lutherans; and who

^Undoubtedly Isaac Le Fevre who had married Catharine,
the daughter of Mary Ferree, and who settled within the limits
of this county at the time Daniel Ferree did. According to Mr.
Conyngham's statement, "Isaac Le Fevre was born in 1669,
and in 1686, came to Philadelphia from Esopus. He married
Catharine soon after her arrival." He was but a youth when
he left his fays naiaZ, Fatherland. Mr. C. in an eloquent ad-
dress on the Early Settlement of the Valley of Pequea, delivered
July 4, -1842, speaking of the Ferree family, says : "And nozo
let me turn your attention to a youth of fourteen : his parents
had perished in the religious wars which had desolated France
— an oi'phan — friendless — he travelled through Holland— went
to London — came to Kensington where he made known his in-
tentions to William Penn. Alone 1 oh no ! he had one com-
panion— it was his consolator in Europe — 'it was his comforter
in Pcnnsylv-ania^— that companion was his Bible. That young
lad was Isaac Le Fevre. That Bible is still preserved by the
family of Le Fevres as a most precious relic.''

9

93 HISTORY OF

being reduced to extreme poverty by the frequent
French incursions into the Palatinate in Germany, lately
have fled for refuge to this oiu* Kingdom of Great
Britain, and further have gone to live in our province of
New York, in America, and therefore they shall and
will be esteemed as natural born subjects and reputed as
£uch by our heirs and successors of this our Kingdom of
Great Britain, and their heirs respectively shall and will
be esteemed as such by cur heirs and successors, and
their heirs shall and v/ill be dealt with, reputed and
governed as such, as the rest of our faithful subjects of
this our Kingdom of Great Britain, and they shall be so
esteemed in every place and jurisdiction under this our
crown of Great Britain, and shall be lawfull for them or
their heirs respectively in all actions of what kindsover
they may be to pursue for and enter complauit in and
about the same in whatsoever place or jurisdiction they
may be in or under in this our Kingdom of Great Britain,
and elsewhere, under our Government to have, exercise,
use and enjoy the full privilege of making answer and

The descendants of Isaac Lc Fcvre are numerous and res*-
pectable in this county ; and many of them are settled in va*-
;ious parts of Pennsylvania, and other states. Isaac had four
sons and two daughters — Abraham, Philip, Daniel, Samuel,
Mary and Esther. Philip, the second son, was a gunsmith,
settled on a farm now owned by George Meek, and by Henry
Le Fever, both lineal descendants. Philip, had four sons and
four daughters; Isaac, . George, Adam, Jacob, Catharine,
Esther, Eve and Elisabeth.

Catharine was born in March, 1734, and was married to

Nicholas Meclf ; both resided for many years in this county

They spent their last days with their son Jacob Meek, at Har-
(isburg, wiicre buth died at an advanced age. Nicholas Meek
died April Hi, lbO;3, aged 71 years, 4 months and 4 days ; Cath>
arine Meek died October 2nd, 1804, aged 70 years and 7
months. Philip, t^leir eldest son, aged 87, is yet living.

LANCASTER COVVTY. 99

defence in all matter or matters whatsoever as any others
of these oixi natural born subjects of Great Britain, and
moreover it shall be lawfull for them or their heirs res-
pectively to hold lands and the same to convey ; and to
hold places of trust anywhere under this our Crown of
Great Britain, and the land purchased the same to enjoy
and hold and possess to themselves and their heirs, or in
any other mamier to make clear titles or to alienate the
same to any person or persons that they, at their own
pleasure, may- think proper and the same to be peaceably
and honestly enjoyed as well as by any others of our
faithful subjects of this our Kingdom of Great Britam,
born within the same, and it be lawfull for themselves or
their heirs respectively, to hold and enjoy the mannor of
lands and hereditaments whereby they may be to them-
selves or those whom they may think proper to convey
them respectively, or to any person or persons whatso-
ever, him or them, the same to enjoy honestly and
peaceably, as well as if they were originally born in this
our Kmgdom of Great Britain, and the same to hold,
enjoy and possess from any grievance whatever from
any grievance from our heirs or successors or ministry, or
any other whatsoever, nevertheless, it is oiu" will that the
persons and those to whom respectively, in the first
place, and to whom their heirs respectively, relative shall
make or cause to be made obeisance to us oiu: heirs or
successors and shall contribute and pay as may seem just,
them and their heirs respectively, shall pay to our heirs
and successors, our custom and subsidy on their mer-
chandize as well as merchant strangers ought or should
pay, and they or their heirs respectively, shall pay due
regard to every ordination act, statute and proclamation
of this our Kingdom of Great Britain, and shall be obe-
dient as may appear just and formal, and shall render a

100 HISTORV OF

due regard to magistrates and to our sliips of war and
shall be in subordination to our corporations mercantile
of this our Kingdom of Great Britain, by any charters
or letters patent of ours, any others of our predecessors
heretofore granted, and at any time hereafter, or any
person or persons that are or will be master of ship oi
matters of ships or may follow merchandize, that then
this shall be void and of none effect : Provided, never-
theless, That we reserve for the time being to ourselves,
our heirs and successors, our full power and authority
from time to time of revoking and determining, by letters
patent, under the Great Seal of Great Britain, these
Letters Dennizens to such person or persons, concerning
whom we, our heirs, or our successors, in order, in pri-
vate counsel to our heirs or successors will declare as
may appear right to us, to our heirs or successors, in
making Demiizens to those person or persons as may
appear hurtful! or inconvenient to us our heirs or succes-
sors, yet giving and grunting to persons, and any others,
reasonable and sufficient time of selling, alienating, as-
signing or disposing of their manors, messuages, lands,
so held hereditaments, and their merchandize, respec-
tively, and likewise of removhig their respective goods
and effects of whatsoever kind or qualify they may be
before determination of these letters patent as appears. Li
witness whereof we caused these letters patent to be
made and done : witness myself at Westminster, this
21st day of August, 1708 in the seventh year of our
reign. Registered under our Private Seal. COCKS.

New York, Aug. 10th, 1709, Recorded in the Secre-
tary's office of the province of New York, iu the Book
of General Records, Lib: No. L. Folio 141 & 142.

Co])ied from the original, word for word, and concord-
ing thereto as a sworn evidence.

JOHN CONRAD CODWEIS, Interpreter.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 101

New York, 27th day of August, in the year 1709,
diligently compared and examined this true copy.
JOHN CONRAD CODWEIS, (Deponent,)

San me tendering the oath.

Before me,

D : PROVOOK.

Signed with the Great Seal of Great Britain.

After spending some time in New York, they went,
according to tradition, to Esopus Settlement, in Ulster
Comity,* about seventy miles from Albany. Here they

*That there was then a settlement in Ulster county, N. Y.
of those who always made '■'■ profession ds la pure religion re-
formee," is a matter of history. The following extract of a
letter, from our friend, Edmund Eltinge, to us, dated New
Paltz, Feb. 25', 1S43, will go to strengthen the tradition in the
main facts. Speaking of the Huguenots when leaving France,
says, "The greatest proportion went to Germany and a party
of them settled at a place called Paitz on the River Rhine. —
This was about the year 1650, A. D. Here they remained ten
years, and in 1660 emigrated to New York, then under the
Dutch Dynasty. What num.ber came at this time, I cannot say
— probably hundreds. The most opulent settled in New York
city and on Long Island. The second class in point of wealth
at New Rochelle, and those who were poor came to Kingston,
(formerly Esopus R.) in this- (Ulster) county, then called
Wildwyke (Wild-retreat) and inhabited by the Dutch.

The names of Huguenots who came to Kingston, twelve in
number, were Louis Da. Bois and his sons Abraham and Isaac,
Christian, Doaice or Deys, Abraham Hosbrouch, Andries Lefevre,
Jean Brook or John Hosbrouch, Lewis Berier, Antonie Crispell,
Hugo Freer and Simon Lefevre. Eleven of these came in
1660. Abraham Hasbrouch accompanied them as far as Eng-
land, where he remained for a year or two, and while there
joined the army, and formed the acquaintance of Edmund An-
dres,who was subsequently the Governor of this colony — when
became — he andtho^e who accompanied him, went into Canada
— where they located I cannot say — Mr. Hosbrouch was Jipvv-

9*

102 HISTORY OF

remained about two years. Whence they proceeded- to
Pennsylvania, where (as is evident from documents)
Martin Kendig had taken up for Maria Warenbuer,
widow of Daniel Ferree, two thousand acres of land, as
appears from the minutes of the commissioners, Sept.
10, 1712, quoted at large: — See pages 90, 91. "The
said Martin Kendig now (Sept, 10, 1712) appearing
desirous that the said (2000 acres) land may be granted
and confirmed to Maria Warenbuer,/or whom the same
was taken \qi or intended, (§r."

This tract was then in Chester county, Cones toga
township, now East Strasburg, in this comity. It
composed the farms now owned by Henry A. Carpenter,
Ferre Brinton, Jolin C. Lefevre, Joseph L. Lefevre, Jacob

ever informed that his brother Jean Brook was in this countv,
and he came hither.

The Huguenots of Ulster spent a few years of unsettled life
at Kingston and in the meantime explored the country. They
linally concluded upon purchasing a tract now enclosed within
the boundaries of this town, and comprising about two-thirds
of its surface. The purchase was made from the Indians, sub-
ject however to the claim of the Government. The Indians,
though so universally charged with treachery, yet in this
instance observed strict fidelity to their covenant, and the
Huguenots were never molested by them on this soil. In
order to get a perfect title it was necessary to obtain a cession
from the Government of these lands, and Abraham Hcsbrouch
who was entrusted with the commission, being acquainted
with Edmund Andros, obtained letters patent in 1677, Sept.
29th. confirming to the twelve individvals above named their
purchase without charge. This tract comprised about ninety
sijuarc miles." • • « "Some of the Huguenots' de-cen-
dants, who reside in your county, (Lancaster), emigrated from
this county, or rather their ancestors. The name of Lefevre
and Du Buis, is from here. One by the name of Lefevre was
in Congre.'iS some years since, whose ancestors resided in this
town."

LANCASTER COUNTY. 103

Hershey, Cliiistian Leman, Henry and Jacob Brackbill,
Theo. Sherts, Isaac B. Burrowes, Jacob Eshleman, Chris-
tian Hershey, INIessrs. Witmers, R. Conyngham, Esq. R.
Taggart, Phihp Foster, Henry Shertz, John Shertz, F. S.
Burrowes, D. Lefevre.

While speaking of the family of Ferrees, it will not
be out of place to direct the attention of the reader to
two other documents; one is an inventory of goods and
chattels of a farm of the early times, being the list of
appraisement of the personal property of Andrew
Ferree, the same person who is mentioned as the eldest
son of Daniel, the first settler. It shows the prices of
articles at that time. The reader will find in it plenty of
all the useful and necessary food, and implements, of a
farmer ; but will seek in vain for the fine furnitiue of
the present day."^ The other document is the marriage

* Inventory of the goods and chattels of Andrew Fei^ee^

deceased.

To wheat in the stack at £-3 — wheat and rj-e in the

ground, £6,
To great waggon, £12 — little waggon, £5,
To a plow and two pairs of irons.
To two mauls and three iron wedges, 9s — to four

old weeding hoes, 4s,
To a spade and shovel, 8s — to a matock and three

dung forks, 10s,
To two broad-axes, 12s— to joyner'saxe and adze,

Ts,
To Sundry carpenter tools, £1 — sundry joyner's

tools, £2 5s,
To seven duch sythes,
To four stock bands, two pair hinges, sundry old

iron.
To a hand-saw, £2— to five sickles and two old

hooks.

£14 0

17 0

110

0
0
0

0 13

0

0 IS

0

0 19

0

3 5
0 12

0

0

0 14

0

0 11

0

104 HISTORY OF

of Daniel Ferree, Jr., who was a son of the fijrst settler;
out bom in this country, with Mary Carpenter or Zim-
merman, It is somewhat in the form now used by tlie
Society of Friends. Many of the present citizens of
the vicinity will recognize the names of their ancestors,
in the list of signers and guests at the wedding.

To a cutting box, two knives, £1 — to twenty -two

baggs, £2 10s, 3 10 0

To two pair chains, 14s, two hackles, £1 10 — to

five bales, 12s, 2 16 0

To four smal chains and other horse goers at 14 0

To other horse geers at £1 10 — to a mans' saddle

at £110, 3 0 0

To three falling axes at 10s — to two fowling pieces, ,

£2, 2 10 0

To a large Byble, 2.: 0 0

To two fether beds at £6 — to wearing cloaths, £7, . 13 0 0
So sundry pewter, £2 8 — to a box iron, 4s, 2 12 0

To sundry iron ware, £2-r~to a watering pot, 6s, 2 6 0

To sundry wooden ware al £l— to two iron pot- ■

racks, £1, 2 0 0>

To four working horses, £24 — to a mare and two

colts, £11,
To six grown cows at £15 — to ten head of yong

cattle, £13 10,
To eleven sheep, £3 17— to swine, £l 10, .
To two chests, 16s — to a spinning wheel, 8s,
To sley, 6s — to cash received of Samuel Tayler, ,
To cash received for a servant girles time,

£152 8 6

As apraised this 24th day of i- the month called November,.
1735. HATTIL VARMAN,

SAJM'L JONES.

Note. — Thomas Makin, in his Descriptio Pcnnsylvaniae,.
Anno, 1729, describes most graphically the rural state of affairs
at that time :

35 0

0

28 10

0

5 7

0

1. 3

0

2 8

0

3 0

0

LANCASTER COUNTY. 105

« Whereas, Daniel Feire, Junior, of tlie county of
Lancaster and province of Pennsylvania, yoeman, and
Maiy Carpenter, daughter of Henry Carpentex of the
comity and province aforesaid, spinster, having made due
publication of their intention of marriage as the law
directs : — These are therefore to certify all whom it may
concern that on the first of May, Anno Domini, 17^9,
before me Emanuel Carpenter, one of his JNIajesty-s
justices of the peace for the said county, they, tlic said
Daniel Fiere and Mary Carpenter appeared in a public
and solemn assembly for that purpose appointed and
meet together at the dwelling house of the aforesaid
Hemy Carpenter, where he the said Daniel Fiere did

Providus in morem formicae alimenta reponit

Rusticus hiberni frigoris usque memor.
Aestivo reputans quodumque labore lucratur,

Quae mox insequitur, longa vorabit hymens.

Stramine tecta replet Cerealibus horrea donis
Impeger, ct curat condere quicquid habet:
Despicit exoticas que dapes, vestesque superbas,
• Contentus modicis vivere pace suis.

Esuriens dulces epulas depromit inemptas,

Et proprio vestis vellere texta placet,
Parva huinilisque domus, latos quae prospicit agros,

Parta vel empta, sibi sutficet atque suis.

Utilis est illi, si non opulenta supella;

Res sapiens omnes utilitatc probat.
0 ! mihi si liceat sylvas habitare beatus, ^

Et modico victu, non sine pace, frui.

TRANSLATION.

The farmer, provident^ amidst his cares,
For winter, like the prudent ant, prepares :

Foreknowing, all that summer doth produce,
Is only for consuming winter's use.

106 HISTORY OF

openly declare that he took the said Mary Carpenter to
be his wife, promising to be unto her a loving and faith-
ful husband till death should separate them, and she, the
said JMaiy Carpenter, then and there in the assembly, did
in like manner openly declare that she took the said
Daniel Fiere to be her husband, promising to be unto
him a loving, faithful and obedient wife till death should
separate them, and for a further confirmation thereof,,
both the said parties to these presents have hereunto in-
terchangeably put their hands, she after the custom of
marriage, eissuming the surname of her husband ; and
we whose names are hereunto subscribed, being, wit-,
nesses present at the solemnization thereof, the year and
day first above written.

Witness: DANIEL FIERE,

Emanuej. Carpenter, MARY FIERE.

Henry Hanes, Elizabeth Kemp, Paulus, Peter ApfeL.

Heiuy Gai*pentGr, Salome Carpenter, Lawrence Hayn,

Daoiel Le Fevre, Henrich Zimmerman, William Bufiing--

Hg fills his barns and collars with gecd cheep,
Against that dreary season of the year.
/ He scorns exotic foods, and gaudy dress.
Content to live on )iomely fare, in peace.

Sweet to the taste Jiis unhouglit dainties are

And his own home spun he delights to wear.
His lowly dwelling views his large domain,

Improv'd in part, where peace and plenty reign.

Plain furniture, but useful, he doth chusc;

And wiijely values cv'ry thing for use.
In these blest sliades may I delight to be ;

Here little is enough, with peace, for mc. [motto was:

These were days of peace and plenty — the German's

" Selbst-gcsponnen, und selhst^gemacht ;
Rein dabei, ist Bauern TracW'' — which he practised.

\

LANCASTER COUNTY. 107

ton, Daniel Zimmerman, Hans Haiiser, Gabriel Zimmer-
man, Jacob Carpeiiter, Theophilus Hartman, Christian
Zimmerman, Hani Hartman, Isaac Fiere, Peter Fiere,
Joharm Conrad Kaempf, Isaac Le Fevre, Daniel Har-
man, Johannes Volkaemmer, George Philip Dollinger,
Christian Harman, Maria Herman, Abraham Fiere,
Susan Zimmerman, Hester Le Fevre, Jacob Fiere,
Philip Le Fevre, Samuel Le Fevre, Salome Harman,
Leah Fiere, Mary Hain, Jonas le Rou, Rachael Fiere,
Isaac Fiere.

This tract, spoken of before, had been taken up, or
mtended, for Maria Warenbuer. At a meeting of the
commissioners, 10th, 7th mo. 1712, Martin Kendig, the
widow, her son Daniel, and son-in-law Isaac Le Fevre,
appeared before them, Kendig desired that the land mjght
be granted and confirmed by patent to Maria, the widow :
— " but upon further consideration of the matter, it ivas
agreed among themselves that the said land be confirmed
to Daniel Fierre and Isaac Lefevre — and the considera-
tion money, one hundred and forty pounds, at seven
shillings per hundred acres, having been for some time
due, but was to be paid down in one sum, it was agreed
they should only pay ten pounds for interest, that is one
hundred and fifty pounds."

The receipts for the purchase of this tract and quit-
rents for several years, signed by James Logan, and
others, are yet in existence, carefully preserved.* Much
care manifests itself in the business of this family.

In this methodical and regular manner was the emi-
gration of our earlier German settlers conducted ; and in

*We here present a copy of a reciept: "Philadelphia, 11,
7, 1712, Received of IMaria Warenbuer, twenty shillings sterl-
ing, for one year's quit-rent of two thousand acres of land,
laid out to her at Sirasburg, in this Province.

JAMES LOGAN, Receiver:'

108 HISTORY OF

the present instance, it is a fine commentary on such
honest proceedings to find the land thus obtained to be
still in the hands of the lineal descendants of such
wartlt/ ancestors. Hexry A. Carpenter, from whom
we have obtained the foregoing documents, is now the
ov/ner of the old Ferree Homcstetid,^ containing two
hundred and forty acres, and nearly all the owners of
the otlier farms makingup the tract of two thousand acres,
first purchased by Daniel Ferree and Isaac Le Fevre,
are eitlier relatives, or closely connected with the Ferrees,
H. A. Carpenter is the fifth in descent from Daniel Ferree.
His father was Abraham Carpenter.

Before closing this chapter, we shall introduce a tra-
ditionaiy account of the Ferree famil}^, furnished us by
Joel Ligiitner, Esq., of Leacodk township. It was written,
in answer to several inquiries ptit to Mr. Lii^htner, in
lS22,by the Hon. Abraham Shreiver,E.sq.,ofV]i:edenck
county, Maryland. We have added a few iwte-s.-^
Shreiver's mother was a Ferree.

•*'An account of the ancestors of the Ferric family, as
given by John Ferric, aged 84 years, (in 1822) Joseph
Le Fevert and Leah Lightncr,J aged about 63, (in 1822),
and from some of the original title papers to the lands
purchased from the Hon. William Pcnn, proprietor of
the province of Pennsylvania.

"Mary Fcrrcc, whose maiden nafno was Warcnbucr, died at
an advanced age, in Concstoga township, 1716. On her death,
Peter Evans, Register General for llie probate of Wills, and
granting Letters of Administration, in and for the province of
Pennsylvania, fee. granted Letters of Administration to Mary's
sons, Daniel, Philip and John, tlie 20th of September, 171G.

fJoel Lightner's wife's father.

jThc mother of Joel Lightncr.

LAKCASTEB COTJNTT. 109

In the reign of Louis XIV. King of France, the pri-
vileges of the Protestants were openly violated, mission-
aries were sent for their conversion, supported by
dragoons, and severities were exercised which excited
the horror and indignation of all the reformed states of
Europe. In 1685, the revocation of the edict of Nantes,
first granted by Henry IV. and confirmed by Louis
XIII. deprived the Protestants of all exercise of their
religion, and tore them from their children to be educated
Catholics. The tyrant, at the same time, issued his
decrees against emigrations, and placed guards on his
coasts; nevertheless, vast numbers escaped from his
machinations and carried their arts and industry to
foreign and hostile nations.

Louis became ambitious of the fame that would
attach to the extirpation of heresy from his kingdom.
Calvinism in France, since the victory over it by Riche-
lieu had become a peaceful separation from the national
cimrch, and its sectaries were useful citizens, chiefly
attached to manufactures and comm.erce. Influenced bv
a spirit of intolerance and bigotry, he undertook to put an
end to it. About this time the husband of Mary Ferrie
or Verre resided in the town of Lindau, not far from the
river Rhine, in the kingdom of France; his family con-
sisted of himself, his wife, three sons and three daugh-
ters ; the names of the sons were Daniel, Philip and John,
the daughters' names were Catharine, JNIary and Jane.
Mr. Ferrie, the father, was a silk-weaver by trade, his
religion Calvinistic ; consequently he became one of the
sufferers under those decrees. The troops had entered
their town and commenced murdering the Protestants,
taking and destroying their property, they had no other
shift but to take flight, leavmg behind them all their
property except some trifling articles, and some cash ;

10

110 HISTORY OF

they made flight into Germany, not far from Strasburg,
where they resided two years. On their leaving France,
they were accompanied by a yomig man by the name of
Isaac Le Fevre, who stated that his family were nearly
all put to death by the soldiers, that he himself escaped
with difficulty, unhurt : he continued as one of the family
until they arrived in America and married one of their
daughters, Catharine Ferrie, and from whom, as far as
we can learn, all the names of the Le Fevres, in this
county, spring.

During their residence in Germany, the father died, and
Mary Ferrie, the widow, (it is singular that after she
came to America, she was not pleased to be called by
any other name than that of JVIary Warrinbuer, that
being her maiden name) — hearing of a fine province,
called P«nnsylvania, in North America, that the pro-
prietor, William Penn, resided in London, determined to
set out for that place, that if she could find sufficient
encouragement from Penn, she would try to get to
America ; she accordingly set out for London with her
family, and when she arrived there, she employed a
person to direct her to William Pcnn's residence. When
on their way, her conductor pointed out to her Penn's
carriage, which wah just meeting them: she being of a
persevering disposition, called Penn, who immediately
stopped his carriage, and he being well acquainted with
the French language,"^ which was cpiite gratifying to her,
as she could neither speak nor understand the English. —
Penn having learned the nature and object of her call,

»Pcnn, while in France, in 1662 and 1663, studied Theology
and French., under tho instruction of Moses Amyraut, a Calvi-
nistic or French Protestant divine, a native of Bourgcuil ; a
man of unbounded charity and compassion. He inculcated
these principles into all his students, and exemplified them in

LANCASTER COUNTY. Ill

invited her into his carriage, as he was then on his way
home, when he would be more particularly attentive to
what she had to say. Penn told her, he had an agent in
Pennsylvania, that to him, he would give her a recommen-
dation, so that her business, he hoped, might be done to
her satisfaction.

Penn treated her very kindly whilst at his house.—
They remained in London about six months, when a
vessel was about to sail for the North river, in which
they took passage. On their arrival at New York, they
moved up the North river to a place called Esopus,*
where they remained about tiuo years, then moved to
Philadelphia ; thence into Pequea settlement. Previous
to which they had taken up a large tract of land. Be-
fore they sailed from London for America, a variety of
implements of husbandry was presented to them by
Queen Anne, which they found of great use when they
commenced clearing land.

Philip, one of the sons, was now about twenty-one
years of age, and had a desire to earn something for
himself; and having formed an acquaintance with
several families at Esopus, he made for that place, where
he hired for one year with a respectable farmer, by the
name of Abraham Dubois, whose daughter Leah he

his actions ; during the last tea years of his life, he bestowed
his whole salary, which was considerable, upon the poor,
without distinction of Catholic or Protestant. Amyraut was a
man of moderation and candor, and had the rare fortune to be
esteemed by men of all sects. His Theological works are
numerous,. He died in 1664.

*Esopus was an early settlement, between eighty and ninety
miles north of the city of New York. It was also formerly
called Wildwycke, now Kingston. The village of that place
was burned by the British under Vaughan, in October, 1777,
when great quantities of stores were destroyed.

il2 HISTORY OP

married at the expiration of the year, and brought her
to his people in Pequea settlement, where he o^m-
menced improving a tract of land on the north side of
Pequea creek, (on part of which Joel Lightner^ Esq.,
resides at present) which land had been previously
allotted to him by his mother.*

Some of their first labor was to cut grass in the
woods for the purpose of making hay,t no land' being
cleared on that part — for a shelter, house and bam, they
placed timbers, forked at the top, into the ground, laid
poles across them, built their hay upon the frame, which
served as a roof to their house, under which they lived
several months ; during their ^'■siihstack stay,^^ in this
rude shelter, their son Abraham, was born.

They lived to raise eight children, five sons and three
daughters ; the names of the sons were Abraham, Isaac,
Jacob, Philip and Joel; the daughters' names were Lena,
who intermarried with William Buffington; Leah was
married to Peter Baker, and Elisabeth to Isaac Ferrie. —
Abraham, first born, was married about the year 1735 or
36, to a woman by the name of Eltinge, from Esopus, her
parents were Low Dutch. Abraham lived on part of
the land owned by his grand-mother, Mary Ferrie.
They had several children.^ He died at an advance^

*From a communication to us, dated Dec. 21, 1842, by Isaac
F. Lightncr, it appears, Abraham Dubois patented one thou-
sand acres of land, in Lancaster county, which he gave to his
daughter Mary, who had married Philip Ferrce. The patent
was granted May 7, 1717.

f The great flats of Pequea were natural meadows on which
grass grew luxuriantly, which proved a great source of com-
fort to new settlers. — Conyvgham.

JTheir children were, Cornelius, Israel and Rebecca, Cor-
nelius settled in Virginia; Israel married a Miss Dickey;
Rebecca was married to David Shreiver, father of the Hon.
Abraham Shreiver, of Frederick county, Md.

LANCASTER COUNTY. ' 113

age, and was buried in a place now called Carpenter^s
grave-yard, about one mile from where he was born —
the burial ground was pointed out by his grand-mother,
Mary Ferrie, where she and several of her family were
buried.* After Abraham's death, his widow married
one Curgus or Circus — they moved up the Susque-
hanna, and I cannot tell what became of them after-
wards."t

This year, 1712 or 13, the Five Nations received into
their confederacy, the Tuscororas.

We would ask the indulgent reader to follow us in an
apparent digression from the main narrative, while a
few relevant facts are adduced to show how the Tusca-
rora nation came to miite with the Five Nations.

In 1712, the Tuscaroras, the Corees, with whom
Baron de Graffenried, Governor of the Palatines, in
North Carolina, mentioned in a preceding part of our
narrative, made a treaty in the town of CorJ and other
Indian tribes, in North Carolina, formed a conspiracy to
exterminate the English. To be seciu-e themselves, the
chief town in the Tuscarora nation, was enclosed by
kind of stockades; within this enclosure, 1,200 bowmen,
of different tribes, met. Under the mask of friendship,

*"Mary Ferrie vested in Trustees a piece of land near Para-
dise, as a burial place for the use of the settlement. It is
neatly walled and kept in good condition by the neighbors,
whose ancestors repose within its limits." — Redmond Conyng-
ham.

f "I have found a copy of a will of Abraham Dubois, dated Oct.
1st, 1731, among his grand-father, Joel Ferrie's papers, which
had been some time in possession of his son Isaac Ferree,
from which it appears that a person by the name of Roeloflf
EUsting, as spelt in that instrument, is recognized as a son-in-
law, married to his daughter Leah.

JWilliams' N. C. I. 287.

10*

114 HISTORY OF

small parties went in various directions into the settle-
ments, and after night, committed the most atrocious
murders. Near Roanoke, they killed a great number of
the Palatines, who had come to America with Graffen-
ried, and many others. This distressing intelligence
coming to the ears of Governor Craven, who immedi-
ately despatched Col. Barnwell, with 600 militia and
366 Indians, to the relief of the settlers. As soon as Barn-
well and his men arrived, he attacked the Indians, killed
300, and took about 100 prisoners. After this rough
encounter, the Tuscaroras retreated to their fortified
town ; Barnwell pursued and surrounded them, killed a
considerable number, and obliged the living to sue
for peace. About one thousand of them were killed,
Avounded and taken.

Most of ihe Tuscaroras, after this defeat, abandoned
tlieir country and repaired to the Five Nations, who
received them in their confederacy, and made them the
Sixth Nation.*

Gov. Spotswood, in a letter dated Williamsburg,
January 25, 1719-20, speaking of the Indians on the
Susquehanna: Your Indians were actually in these
parts (Virginia) assisting the Tuscaroras, Avho had mas-
sacred in cold blood some hundreds of the English, and
were then (1712 and 1713) warring against us, and they
have at this very day (1719) the chief murderers, with
the greatest part of that nation, seated under their pro-
tection, near Susquehannah river, whither they removed

♦Jefferson's Va. 138.

Note— "1717, the Rev. Mr. Waynian, missionary to the Welsh
settlements of Radnor and Oxford, frequently visited Pequea,
Conestoga, and the Indian settlements of Conestoguc. He
baptized many children of Quakers, and some who had been
Quaiicrs."— R. C. Lan. Intel!. &c Jour.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 115

theiTi, when they found they could no longer support
them against the force which the English brought upon
them in these parts.*

CHAPTER III.

Augmentation of settlements — Germans and English settle around the
Swiss or Palatines — Settlements m dilferent parts of the county — Names
of persons naturalized — Notice of Slaymakers — Conestoga Manor sur-
veyed— Names of lirst purchasers — Grajf Thai settled — Lancaster and
vicinity settled — Squatters on the west side of Susquehanna — Indians at
Conestoga address a letter to Logan — Colonel French goes to Conestoga ;
holds a treaty with the Indians — Logan meets the Indians on the Susque-
hanna—Samuel Robins sent to Virginia.

Settlements had now been fairly made amidst the
Indians; the hardships that presented themselves in the
incipient stage of settling, began to vanish, and almost
every discouraging obstacle was surmounted. "Their
success, the glowing, yet by no means exaggerated
accounts given by them, of the scenery of the country,
the fertility of the soil they cultivated, the abundance of
game with which the forest teemed, the quantity and
delicacy of the fish v/hich the rivers yielded; but above
all, the kind and amicable relationship they cultivated
and maintained with their Indian neighbors, all conspired
to make them the objects of attention, and afterwards
one of the prominent points whither emigration tended
in an increasing and continued stream."t Tlie perse-
cuted of every land, and of different tongues, settled
around them, in various directions of the comity.

In 1713, Christopher Schlegel, late of Saxony, took
up with a view to settle, though he afterwards trans-

•Col. Rec. III. 77. fGeo. ford's, MSS.

116 HISTORY OF

ferred his interest in his tract of one thousand acres, to
others; — this land is on a stream flowing into the Cones-
toga, "not far from land granted to the Palatines." It
was afterwards the place where the Cartliges, Indian
agents, resided. Another person, Benedictus 'S^enerick,
late of Germany, took up two hundred acres, near the
Palatines, in 1715.* Between the Pequea and Cones-
toga creeks, near the Susquehanna^ Richard Carter, an
Englishman, a wheel-right, located and improved two
hundred acres, in 1716. The same year, Alexander
Bews, took up four hundred acres on the south side of
the Conestoga; Anthony Pretter, of East Jersey, three
hundred acres, near Pequea, or south side of Conestoga ;
and John Gardhier, Jr., from Philadelphia county, two
hundred acres, on the same side of Conestoga. About
this time, Jacob Greider, or Kreider,t Jacob Hostater,

*In and about Smoketown, in 1715, Peter Bellas, Daniel
Harman, William Evans, James Smith, settled.

fThe relentless spirit of persecution, as the number of its
subjects of oppression decreased, singled out individual fami-
lies ; of these oppressed, were the Kreiders and Hostaters —
these fled for life from Switzerland to Wurtcmburg; taking
nothing with them from their Fatherland, except their families,
and small quantities of tow cloth, a few linens, and some
wearing apparel. Kreider remained but a short time — but
emigrated to America, and in company with Hostater, after
paying the brethren of their faith, a visit, at Pequea, settled on
the north side of the Conestoga, about two miles south from
the present site of Lancaster, where he took up -eight hundred
acres of land in 1716 or 1717, "among the new surveys at
Conestoga."

Here, he erected a temporary shelter, a tent covered with
tow cloth brought from Switzerland, which served him and his
family till autumn, when the tent gave way to a cabin built
of round, unlicwn hickory saplings, and covered with bark —
both were abundant.

When the weather became cold, his tawny neighbors, the

LANCASTER COUNTT. 117

Hans Frantz, Schenk, and others, settled on the banlvs of
Conestoga; Joseph Cloud, in 1717, took up 500 acres
near Pequea creek. The same year, settlements were
began on the banks of Octoraro, William Grimson,
constable of Sadsbury township, in 1717, was among
the first settlers on the Octoraro ; his neighbors were the
Cooksons, Mayes, Jervis, Irwins, and some years after-
wards, the Pattersons, Darbys, Mackrels, Leonards,
Jones, Steels, Matthews, Cowens, Mm-rays, Millers,
Allisons, Mitchels, and others, all of whom settled on or
near Octoraro.

The Swiss settlement received an augmentation in
1715-16 and 17; besides those already named, were
Hans Mayer, Hans Kaigy, Christian Hearsey, Hans

Indians, paid him regular night visits to shelter with him, and
sleep by the side of a genial fire. They were on perfect terms
of intimacy and friendship ; the Indians frequently supplied
him and family with fish and venison, which they gave ia ex-
change for bread. Fish were very abundant in the Conestoga
and all the streams of the country ; these they took with nets
made of bark, or speared them with a gig made of Ashvood.^
The inventive genius of the Indian is known to all who have
spent some time among them, or are conversant with their
mechanism. Perhaps the reader may wish to know how to
make a fish-gig, if he should ever be placed in the Indians'
situation, we will tell, as we were told, how the Hickory
Indians, on Conestoga, made theirs. Christian Kreider, grand-
son of the first settler, says, " The Indians took a very slender
sapling of Ashwood,— this kind of wood v/as preferred on
account of its hardness : and burned it to a point at one end ;'*
this, says the reader, is simple. So it is, just as easy to be
done as setting up an egg on the point end, or the discovery of
America, after it is known. The reader, especially our.young
friends, would, we think, be pleased to know how the fish
were secured with a barbless, pointed stick. The Indian is
never at a loss to take a fish, if he has no net, he takes either
his bow and arrow or his spear, such au one one as has just

118 HISTORY OF

Graaf, (who afterwards settled GraaPs Thai) Hans Pu-
pather, Michael Shank, Henry Pare, Peter Leman,
Melchior Breneman, Benedictus Witmer, Henry Funic,
Jacob Landis, Ulrich Houry, Hans Faber, Isaac Coff-
man, JMelchior Erisman, Michael Miller, Jacob Krentzer,
Jacob Boehm, Tlieodorns Eby, Michael Donegar, and
others.

Down the Conestoga, towards Susquehanna, settle-
ments were made between 1716 and 1719 — among those
who took up lands and settled thereon, were David
Jones, Edmund Cartlidge and John Cartlidge. Edmimd
Cartlidge resided in Darby township, Chester county, as
early as 1G98, and in 1711, in Philadelphia county,*

been described, and his tiny, barky boat; he glides to a place
where, as every skilled piscator knows, fish are; here, through
the calm and transparent water he strikes the spear through
the body of the fish, passes one hand below, and takes a huge
salmon or some other fish.

On a certain, occasion, as Kreider had the honor of the com-
pany of his Indian neighbors, and having that day consulted
his almanack to regulate his clock, by its indication of rising
and setting of the sun, noticed the moon would, in afew weeks,
be eclipsed ; he informed the guests that on a certain evening,
a few weeks from that time, the moon would hide her faces

just as the clock would strike ; to hear, that the moon

would refuse to shine, was nothing new to them, they had seen
eclipses before; but that their white neighbor shc;uld possess
so much prescience as to know this before hand, was strange to
tliem. At the time specified when the hroad-faced moon was to
hide her disc, fifty or sixty Indians assembled ; they were all
attention ; scarce had the clock struck, to their utter astonish-
ment, the moon's face began to lessen. Profound silence pre-
vailed. Their spokesman expressed the cogitations of the
wonder-stricken visitors, uttered it as their sage conclusion, in
these words: 'Tis the white man's God tells him this, else he
would not know it before hand."

•Public Rec. West Chester, Vol. A. p. 291.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 119

John, his brother, for many years an Indian agent, was
at one time held in high estimation by the proprietary's
agents ; but like many others, the day of trouble came upon
him ^^andhe was not remember ed.^^* A warrant ' for land '
was issued, dated "Octobe? 1st, 1718, for him to take up
on the north side of Conestoga creek at some convenient
place, three hundred acres, and to make an addition
thereunto of two hundred acres, to be by him enclosed
and held for the conveniency of pasturage for the term
of fourteen years, in consideration of his services among
the new settlers."

It was at the house of this gentleman a number of
councils were held with the Indians. We have been in
the house, built in 1719, in Avhich the councils were
held. It is nov/ owned by Benjamin Wright, of jManor
township.

It appears from the Public Records at West Chester,
that Jolm Cartlidge sold liquor by the small, prior to
1718, among the neighbors on the banks of the Cones-
toga. It was so reported by his vigilant " fellow inhabi-
tant," to the court. Christian and Joseph Stoneman,
Sigismund Landart, all late of Germany, took up lands
on the Conestoga, prior to 1719, and Francis Neiff on
the west branch of Little Conestoga, prior to 1715.

The following persons located lands in 1719: Jenkin
Davis, late of Wales, near or on the branch of Cones-
toga creek, George Steward, near the Susquehanna,
James Le Tort, on or near Susquehanna, where he had
his station as Indian trader, and received a warrant for one
hundred acres. Le Tort, Bizaillon and Chartier, had
resided some years previous to the commencement of
Swiss settlements among the Indians; Chartier was

*John Cartlidge was one of His Majesty's Justice of Peace,
appointed in 1718, July 4th.— CoZ. Rec. III. 40.

120 EISTORr OP

among them before 1704,* and in 1717, upon his request,
he received a warrant for three hundred acres, where he
"had seated himself on the Susquehanna river, above
Conestoga creek, including within the survey the im-
provement then made by him, for which he agreed, on
behalf of his son Peter Chartier, in whose name he
desired the survey to be made, to pay for the same.

Tn 1714, Peter Bizaillon, who had license to trade,
prior to 1703,t received a warrant from the commis-
sioners of property: "We dO hereby authorize and allow,
Peter Bezaillon, Indian trader, to seat himself at Pash-
tang, or an]'' other Indian town or place on Susqua-
hannah, in this province, and to erect such buildings as
are necessary for his trade, and to enclose and improve
such quantities of land as he shall think fit, for the
accommodation of his family there, until further order
shall be given by the proprietor or his commissioners :
Provided, always, That the said Peter shall not act or
proceed in any thing under color hereof, but by the free
leave and approbation of the Indians amongst whom he
' dwells or resides."

In various" parts of tlie county surveys were made,
from 1714, to 1718. A. Dubrie, Esq., of Drumore
township, kindly furnished us accounts of surveys made
in Little Britain and other southern townships.

A survey was made in Little Britain for Alexander
Ross^ — warrant dated Nov. 5, 1714 — land situated near
the middle of the township, on Little Conowingo creek,
now held by Christian King, and others. Another
survey in part of seven hundred acres was made for
Edward Sleadwell, granted to him by warrant dated
May 5, 1717, situated in the -soutli west corner of the
county, nearly surrounded by Octoraro creek, and con-

•Col. Rcc. II. 133 t^ol. Rcc. II. 100.

LAXCASTEE COUXTT. l21

tained two hundred acres, and after his decease was
divided between his son and son-in-law, John Priest;
and has since passed by the name of "Priest's Neck.''
There were other surveys made between 1715 and
1720 in the south west part of the township.

" Teague's Endeavor.'" — A Maryland patent was
granted to IMary Graham, June G, 1715, for one hundred
acres, now held by Robert JNIaxwelL

"Cornwall.''^ — A Maryland patent, granted to
Emanuel Grubb, for one hundred acres, in 1716, and
and another, 1720, for two hundred acres; now held by
Jeremiah B. Haines, Levi Brown and others. Three
Partners. — Another Maryland patent, granted to Thomas
Jacobs, September 16, 1720, a large tract now held by
James Porter and others.* From the forearoina-, it is
<?vident, that the Swiss Settlevient, with tlieir fine
country, attracted considerable attention, while it was
yet in its infancy.

Not to weary the reader with general details of
individual settlers, we shall present a public document
possessing more than ordinary interest to the numerous
descendants of those whose names are recorded in it. —
They had all come to this country previous to 171S, and
had purchased and held lands before 1729. We are
indebted to Abraham Meylin, of West Lampeter town-
ship, for a copy of it. This document has been upwards
of one himdred and fourteen years in the possession of
^ho. 3Iey]in family. It is an act passed Anno Eegni,
Georgii II. Regis JSIagnae Britunniae, Franeiae, et
Hiberniae, tertio.^ October 14, 1729.

*If the reeuler will examine the article in the Appendix^ A,
he will understand these patents fully,

fin the third year of the reiga of George, II. King of Great

Britain, France and Ireland.

11

122 HISTORY OP

Whereas, By encouragement given by the Honorable
William Penn, Esq., late Proprietary* and Governor of
the province of Pennsylvania, and by permission of his
Majesty, King George the First, of blessed memory,
and hLs predecessors. Kings and Queens of England, &c.
divers Protestants, who were subjects to the Emperor of
Germany, a Prince in amity with the Crown of Great
Britain, transported themselves and estates into the
province of Pennsylvania, between the years one thou-
sand seven hundred, and one thousand seven hundred
and BigMeen; and since they came hither have con-
tributed very much to the enlargement of the British

*\Villiam Penn, the Proprietary and Founder of Pennsyl-
vania, died July 30, 17W, at Rushcomb, near Twyford, in
Euckinghan^shire, England, aged about seventy-four years. —
In 1612, he had been seized witn some fits of the aDoplectic
kind; which, for the last six years of his life, had so affected
his mental faculties, especially his memory, as to render him
in a great measure incapable of public business; which, with
the gradual decline of his strength of body, continued to
increase till the last period of his days. As a leader of a
christian sect, he has left no mean name. He was a man of
more than ordinary zeal and courage; he was ardent and
enthusiastic, yet discreet. As a statesman, he was wise and
judicious. As an economist, liberal, even to his own pecu-
niary embarrassment. As a writer, much esteemed by his
friends. In his demeanor, it is said, he was grave, yet free
from moroseness. Christians are not morose. He had been
twice married; his first wife was Gulielma Maria Springctt,
daughter of Sir William Springett, of Darling, in Sussex;
with her he had two sons and one daughter, Springett, William
and Lctitia. Springett died at the age of twenty-one years,
in 1696. William and Lelitia, and three grand children
children of his son William, survived him. His second wife
was Hannah, daughter of Thomas Callowhill, of Bristol, by
whom he had five children, John, Thomas, Margaretta,
Richard and Dennis, who, with their mother, were living at
their father's death.

LANCASTER COUXTY. 123

Empire, and to the raising and improving simdry com-
modities fit for the markets of Europe, and and have
always behaved themselves religiously and peaceably,
and have paid a due regard and obedience to the laAvs
and Government of this province ; ^nd whereas., Many
of said persons, to wit, Martin Meyhn, Hans Graaf, and
others, all of Lancaster county, in the said province, in
demonstration of their affection and zeal for his present
Majesty's person and Government, quahfied themselves
by taking the qualification, and subscribing the declara-
tion directed to be taken and subscribed by the several
acts of parliament, made for the security of his Majesty's
person and Government, and for preventing the dangers
which may happen by Popish Recusants, &:c., and
thereupon, have humbly signified to the Governor and
Representatives of the freemen of this province, in
General Assembly, that they have piurchased and do
hold lands of the proprietary, and others, his Majesty's
subjects within this province, and have likewise repre-
sented their great desire of being made partakers of
those privileges which the natural born subjects of Great
Britain do enjoy within this province ; and it being just
and reasonable, that those persons who have bona fide
purchased lands, and who have given such testim.ony of
their affection and obedience to the Crown of Great
Britaui should as well be secured in the enjoyment of
their estates, as encouraged in their laudable affection
and zeal for the English constitution ;

Be it enacted by the Hon. Patrick Gordon, Esq.,
Lieut. Governor of the province of Pennsylvania, &c,,
by and with the advice and consent of the freemen of
the said province, m General Assembly met, and by the
authority of the same, That Martin Meylin, Hans

124 HISTORr OP

Graaf, Christian Stoneman, Jacob Funk, Francis Neiff,"*
Francis Neiff, Jr., George Kindeck, John Burkholder
John Burkholder, Jr., Abraham Burkliolder, Michae
Bowman, John Hess, John Frederick, Christophei
Preniman, Martin Harnist, Joseph Buckwalter, Felix.
Landes, Jr., Adam Preniman, John Funlv, John Boh-

*Francis NefF, his sons Francis, Jr., Henry and Daniel, and
the sons of Daniel, namely : Henry and Daniel, gi-andsons o|
Francis the elder, were all natives of Switzerlaud. On
account of religious persecution, being Mennonites, they fled
from their Vaterland, to Alsace, thence they emigrated to
America, and settled at a very early date on a small stream,
Neff's run, which empties into the west branch of the Little
Conestoga, where the great ancestor took up a large tract of
land, and which is stiil owned by some of the lineed descen-
dants, of the male and female issue.

As it may be interesting to the numerous descendants of one
of the first families, in this part of the county, we insert a
brief genealogy of Francis Neff's progeny, as furnished us,
vr.rbaUy, by Mrs. Magdalen Sehner, aged 79, the great grand-
daughter of Francis, the elder, and grand-daughter of Daniel
ISTefi", who had four sons and two daughters, viz: Henry,
Daniel, John, Jacob, the grand-father of Jacob K. Netf, M. D/,
of Lancaster; Barbara, who intermarried with Musselman,
aud Ann, married to Isaac Kauffman. Henry, the oldest son
of Daniel Neff, married a Miss Obcrholtzer; their children
were John, Daniel, David, Jacob, Henry aud one daughter,
Mrs. Keller, Dr. John Eberle's grand mother.

The original Homestead is now principally owned by Gott-
lieb Sehner and Jacob Neff. We seek for tlic descendants of
Francis Neff', in the male lineage, ihc numerous Neffs in Lan-
caster and Huntingdon county. Pa., and in Virginia; in the
female, the name of Musselman, Kauffman, Miller, Mayer,
Henneberger, Scbwar, Sehner, Ruth, Cassel, Florcy, Keller,
Eberle — the two last named are noticed in the sequel — Bear,
Brandt, Shelly, Bowman and others, principally in this
county.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 125

man, John Taylor, Henry Neiff, Michael Mire, Henry
Bare, Peter Bimigarner, Melcor Hufford, Melcor Eris-
man, John Brubakcr, Jacob Nisley, Hans Snevely,
Jacob Goot, John Woolslegle, Jacob Mire, Christopher
Sowers, Joseph Stoneman, Daniel Ashleman, Christian
Peelman, John Henry Neiff,* John Henry Neiff, Jr.,
Abraham Hare, John Ferie, Jacob Biere, Peter Yordea,
Peter Leamon, Hans Jacob Snevely, Isaac Coffman,
Andrew Coffman, Woolrich Rodte, Henry Fmik, Roody
Mire, John Mylin, Jacob Bheme, John Coffman,
Michael Doneder, Charles Christopher, Andrew Shultz,
John Hoiiser, Christian Preniman, Jacob Miher, black,

* John Henry Neff, known as the " Old Doctor," a brother of
Francis Neff, named above. He was undoubtedly the tirst
regularly bred physician in Lancaster county. Who has not
heard of Doctor Hans Heinrich Neff? So well was Dr. Neff
known, that when the boundaries of townships were fixed
upon, June 9lh, 1729, one of the lines of Manheim township,
is thus defined: "thence down the said creek to the "■Old
Doctor's Ford:' Hans Henry Neff, Doctor of Physic, had
taken. up land on the Conestoga, a few miles from the present
site of Lancaster city. Among his descendants, are, besides
the Neffs, Millers, Tchantzs, Kendigs, Weavers, Bears, and
others.

The Neffs were of those, " who, many years since, came into
this province under a particular agreement with the late Honor-
able Proprietor, William Penn, at London ; and had regularly
taken up lands under him. And who, it appears to me," said
Gov. Gordon, J aimavy 13th, 1729, "by good information, that
they have hitherto behaved themselves well, and have generally
so good a character for honesty and industry, as deserves the esteem
of this Government, and a mark of regard for them.''''— Col Rec.

III. 29G.

11*

126 HISTORY OF

Henry Carpenter,* Emanuel Carpenter,! Gabriel Car-
penter, Daniel Herman, Christian Hemian, Philip Fiere,
Mathias Slareraaker,J Big John Shank, Jacob Churts,
Jacob Snevely, Jr„ John Woolrich Hover, John Croy-
der, John Leeghte, John Stampher, Martin Graaf, Peter
Ncwcomat, Jacob Bare, Jr., John Henry Bare, Jacob
Weaver, Henry Weaver, John Weaver, David Longan-
icker, George Weaver, Abraham Mire, Woolrick Houser,
John Mire, Henry IMusselman, Michael Shank, Jacob
Miller, Jacob Miller, Jr., Martin Miller, Peter Abye,
Hans Goot, Christian Staner, John Jacob Light, Adam
Brand, Christopher Franciscus, Casper Loughman,
Frederick Stay, John Line, John Swope, Bastian Royer,
Jonas Lerov/, Simeon King, John Abye, Everhard
Ream, all of Lancaster county, be, and shall be to all
intents and purposes deemed, taken, and esteemed, His
JNIajesty^s natural born subjects of this province of Penn-
sylvania, as if they, and each of them had been born
within the said province; and shall and ma}^, and every
one of them shall and may, within this province, take,
receive, enjoy, and be entitled to all rights, privileges
and advantages of natural born subjects, as fully, to all

"'Henry Zimmerman or Carpenter arrived in Pennsylvania
in tile year 1G93, and returned afterwards to Europe for his
family, whom he brought out in 1706, and settled first in Ger-
mantown, and removed within the present bounds of Lan-
ca^sier county, (then Chester) in 1717." His descendants arc
very numerous and respectable.

jEmanuel Zimmerman or Carpenter, son of Henry Car-
pent;jr, was born in Switzerland, in the year 1702 and
died 1780. His influence was salutary and great in the
county. He had the unbounded confidence of his fellow
citizens, as will appear from the sequel.

tXhe name was originally in German Schleiermacher.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 127

intents and constructions and purposes, whatsoever, as
any of his Majesty's natural bom subjects of this

The subjoined communications will be read with more than
OTflinary interest. The first is from H. F. Slaymaker, Esq..,
and the other from John Slaymaker, Esq., both written in reply
to several queries previously proposed touching the ancestors
of this highly respectable family :

" Mathias Slaymaker emigrated from Strasburg, in Germany
He WcLs born and bred in Hess Castle, and came to this coun-
try about the year 1710. He settled on what is called the
"London Lands;" a tract of 1,000 acres, near the present
residence of Peter J. Eekert, in Strasburg township, which i^
supposed to have been named by him ; he was at that time
suiTounded by Indians; their names are not known.

He had two brothers ; one of whom was a clergyman, and
settled in the Emperor's dominion, high up in Germany ; he
was appointed Secretary of Legation from that Government
to tlae Court of St. James; afterwards. Charge d'Atfairs, and
tliere married. President John Adams, when minister to tiie
Court of St. James, resided with one of his descendants. —
His oldest son was Governor of an Inland.

The other brother was major in the King of Prussia's full
regiment; and afterwards, it is probable, his son was one of tlie
officei-s (a Major) in the Hessian troops — as one of that name
w£us confined as a prisoner of war in the Lancaster jail.

The first named, Mathias, had five sons, Lawrence, Mathias,
John, Henry, Daniel and two daughters, Margaret and Bar-
bara Eeckman. He was married before he came to this
country — and Lawrence and Margaret were born in Germany.
Lawrence married a sister of Jacob Pfautz, and had one cliild
who mamed a person by the name of Lefevre, and moved to
Cumberland county.

Mathias married a Miss Smith, and had two sons and three
daughters, John, William, Rachel, Rebecca and Elisabeth.

John married Elisabeth White, and had Mathias, John, Wil-
liam and Alexander, and five daughters, Jane, Elisabeth, Mary,
Kitty and Ann.

Henry married Faithful Richardson, and had three sons,
Amos, Henry and Samuel, and six daughters, Mary, Hannah,

128 HISTOBY OP

province, can, do, or ought to enjoy, by virtue of their
being His INIajcsty's natural born subjects of His
Majesty's said province of Pennsylvania.

Faithful, Lydia, Sarah and Sophia. Daniel marricJ Gilsey
Young, and had Daniel, William and Matliias, and two daugh-
ters. Margaret married Michael Fickle, and had a large
family. Barbara married Hironimeus Eckman,

Henry, the father of Amos, assisted in clearing the ground on
which part of the city of Lancaster is now founde d.

The "London Land," alluded to, descended to the four sons,
John, Henry, Mathias and Daniel, all of whom had children,
and left their estates to their respective descendants— a large
portion of which is still held in the name.

Active measures were taken by the emissaries of the British,
to prevail on the inhabitants to take protections from the
Crown, and Henry Slaymaker was called upon to take one,
but refused, having taken part with the Republic, and was a
magistrate at that time, and received the oath of allegiance
from all who were friendly to the Republic. He was the oldest
Justice, and after M. Hublcy became incapable of trying a
cause, he was appointed principal Judge, and presided for a
year.

In the time of the Revolution there wasa company of young
men who entered into articles of agreement for the purpose of
suppressing all who were then called tories — at the head of
this, was Col. James Mercer, an active whig— Amos Slay-
maker, (son of Henry) was one of this association, and his
Father (Henry) also an active whig, had, at all times, informa-
tion of what was going on so as to suppress any attempts at
rising against the Republic, or stealing or carrying off
property. It was very effective in suppressing the incursions
of the tories, who were very annoying to the eastern section of
Lancaster county, by stealing and carrying olf horses and
other property tu the British army— but was attended with
great hazard to the members. They were ordered out by
Henry Slaymaker, (father of Amos) when information was
given of their presence in the neighborhood : and I have often
heard my father (Amos) relate adventures he had in pursuit of
them at night, which was their time for committing dcprcda-

LAXCASTEH COUJ^TY. 129

The same year the Conestoga Manor was sun-eyed
for the use of the proprietary, by order of the Coniniis-

tions, and he has often been out whole nights after tbeni — one
hi particular, when they were informed that the Doanes, who
were celebrated tories, were encamped in a swamp near the
Gap, about where the Pennsylvania Railroad passes the Gap,
and the cussociations went in pursuit of them through a tremen-
dous storm of rain, sleet, thunder and lightning, but after grea^
difficulty from underwood, briars, and in gaining their retreat,
they found some of the disaifected in the neighborhood, had ia
the mean time apprised them of their approach, and they had
escaped. The members of this company were in constani
danger of losing their lives, as many in the eastern part of tlxj
county were disafiected — and they were in danger of being
shot even at their ordinary occupations. Amos served two
terms in the Revolutionary war as an Ensign of a company,
commanded by his uncle Capt. John S, (father of the present
Captain) who was also an officer in Braddock's war. Amos
was magistrate for many years — a member of the Legislature
and of the Pennsylvania Senate, and also a member of
C-ongress,"

[Extract of a Letter from John Slaymaker, Esq.]
"My father John, was in Braddock's campaign, as a
wagoner. He was put to draw a cannon at the place of ren-
dezvous, and took it into battle on the day of Braddock's
defeat — he had eleven horses to it on that day, which were all
shot before the retreat. I have often heard him say if it hail
not been for Washington's brave conduct in covering tba
retreat, there would hardly a man have escaped. In this conflicl
the most of the American troops were killed — my father came
off safe. In 1776, he marched at the head of a company to
Bergen, in Jersey — was in the skirmish on Chesnut Hill, under
General Bull, where Bull was taken prisoner. After his return
home, he was chosen County Commissioner, which ended his
public services. He died in 1798, aged 65 years.

The sale of the "London Land" was in the year 1761, in
Philadelphia. Father paid £800 for 346 acres of said tract.

Note — London Lands, in Lancaster county. — It appears
that a land company was organized at an early date. In

130 HISTORY OF

sioners of Property,* to Jacob Taylor, Surveyor Gen
eral — he had been Surveyor General for many year

1696, this company, called the London Company, owned
65,000 acres of land in Pennsylvania, usually known by the
name of London Lands ; of this, there were 47,800, in Lancas~
ter and Berks, Part of these lands were rented at the rate of
£2 per 100 acres, with exception of some thousands of acres sold
from 1718 — 1720, by the company to different persons.
The rest remained in possession of the company until 1762. —
At this time the heirs of those who originally constituted the
company had been considerably scattered, and many entirely
unknown. An Act of Parliament was therefore procured
authorizing the sale of the land, and Dr. Fothcrgill, Daniel
Zachary, Thomas How, Deboreaux Bowly, Luke Kindc,
Richard How, Jacob Hagen, Sylvanus Grove and William
Heron, were the agents appointed to superintend the business.
Their attorneys in this country were Samuel Shoemaker,
Jacob Cooper and Joshua Howell. In 1762, sales were ac-
cordingly effected to the great satisfaction of the occupants of
the land, who had generally made considerable improvements,
cleared away the wood, and erected comfortable farm-houses,
and out-buildings, many of them not being altogether aware of
titles; but supposing that they were possessed of a fee simple
estate in soil — the prices however at which they were held,
were not unreasonable ; each settler, it is believed, with few
exceptions, purchased the tract upon which he was seated. —
There were a few squatters who were not willing to comply.
The case of Ilormbinc. is still remembered by some of the
descendants of the first settlers on the London Lands. One
Richard Brazier had squatted in the vicinity of the Slay-
makers. Brazier died, left a widow and some money — Horra-
bine made suit to, and married the widow. He forged a deed
for a London tract — the misdating of three days exposed the
forgery — and he was tried, convicted, cropped and sent to
Honduras Bay to chop Logwood. His family was left penny-
less.

*These are to authorize and require thee without any delay
to survey or cause to be surveyed all that tract of land lying
between Sasquahanuah river and Conestogo creek, from the

LANCASTER COUNTT. 131

from 1706 to 1733, when Benjamin Eastburn was
appointed.

mouth of said creek as far up the river as the land already
granted to Peter Chartier, and then by a line running from the
said river to Conestogo creek, all which tract of land for the
proper use and behoof of William Penn, Esq., proprietary
and Governor in Chief the said Province, his heirs and assigns
forever. Given under our hands, March 1, 1717-18. The
Manor was afterwards divided and sold to purchasers.

CONESTOGA MANOR.

Note. — This survey included rising of 16,000. It was after-
wards sold in small tracts and patented. The following were
the principal patentees: Israel Pemberton held 300 acres, date
of his patent, October 1st, 1723. The Messrs. Wrights ov.n
1500 acres— date of patent, December 13, 1735— sold after-
wards in smaller parcels to John Herr, Andrew Stineman,
Daniel Lintner, Jacob Killhaver, Rudy Herr, Jacob Frantz,^
Godfrey Klugh, Mathew Oberholtzer, Rudy Herr, Jr., John
Killhaver, Christian Hershy, Andrew Kauffman— James Patti-
son, 107 acres, Nov. 21, 1734, James Logan, 700 acres, patent
dated July 15, 1737, afterwards held by George Brenner,
Philip Brenner, Christian Stouffer, Casper Souter, Adam
Fisher, Valentine Rummel, Law^rence Clifier, Christian Stake
—Michael Baughman, 499, Michael Mayer, 131 acres, both
same date, Feb. 20, 1738, Michael Mayer, sen., 217 acres,
patent dated October 16, 1737, Abraham Steiner, 63 acres,
May 3, 1740, John Wistler, 167 acres, July 3, 1741, Jacob
Kuntz, 166, Anna Ottila Betty Kofi'er, 166, Jacob Hostetter,
475, John Shank, 197 acres, patent dated July 30, 1741, Edward
Smout, 113 acres, June 21, 1743, Michael Baughman, 339, May
28, 1752, Abraham Hare, 424, April 22, 17.51, Jacob V/istler,
125, Valentine Miller, 140, both May 25, 1756, Martin Funk,
•237, Dec. 18, 1758, Jacob Wistler, 202, Jacob Shuck, 155, Aug.
18, 17.59, Abraham and John Miller, 89, Valentine Haith, 29,
Robert Beatty, 226, Feb. 1760, Samuel Herr, 247, John Keagy,
188, Henry Funk, 150, Jacob Wistler, 173, Ludwich and
Frederick Ziegler, 209 June, 1760, John Witmer, 77, Abraham
3Iillcr, 204, Rudolph Herr, 176, Jacob Witmer, 77, Nov. 1761,

132 HISTORY OP

Passing, we would add the remark, that "technically
sperCking, there were no Manors, (that is, lands belong-
ing to a Lord or Nobleman, or so much land as a Lord
formerly kept in his own hands for the use and sub-
sistence of his family) in Pennsylvania, although the
proprietaiy's tithes, and other large surveys for them,
were so called."

The settlement of the Ferrees and Lefevres, received
a considerable augmentation about this time. The
promising fniitfulness of the country, beside other
advantages, attracted settlers, among them were the
Slaymakers, Witmers, Lightners, Eschelman, Herr,
Hershey, Espenshade, Baer, Groff, Graaf, Zimmerman,
Koenig, Keneagy, Denlinger, Beck, Saudor, Becker,
Roam, and many others.

James M'Mastcr, 247, April, 1761, John Keagy, 159, Henry-
Funk, 177, David Hare, 195, John Miller, 150, George Adam
Dustier, 112, John Correll, 209, Christian Stoner, 244, all dated
1761, Michael Kauffman, 116, John Kauffman, 118, Jacob
Kauffman, 167, Christian Kauttman, 163, Michael Kauffman,
118, Abi-aham Steiner,200, John Wormely, 115, Jacob Whistler,
19, John Kreemer, 184, Bartholomew Butt, 40, John Graff,
136, all dated 1762, Philip Ulweiler, 39, Benjamin Miller, 220,
David Hare, Jr. 94, Tetcr Snyder, 86, Henry Atkinson and
Adam Eigging, 49, Peter Witmer, 132, dated 1763, John Miller,
m, Jan, 19, 1764, John Newcomer, 109, Joseph Nelson, 109,
Jacob Wisler, 178, Mary Wright, 1-19, dated 1767, John Kendrick,
.'>58, James Pratt, 232, 1768, Henry Buckley, 150, 1769, William
Wright, 257, 1770, Ulrich Rcbur, 232, John Manning, 165,
1772^, Jacob Ashlcman, 340, 1774, Indian Town, 414, Blue
Rock;, 800 acres. We omitted fractions of acres.

Note. — Thomas Pcnn estimated the value of Conestoga
Manor, being 65 miles from the city of Philadelphia, 13,400, at
£40 per hundred acres, £5,360, Pennsylvania currency.-^
There is no date to the paper from which we made the extract.
Sparks^ Fraiiklin, III. 553.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 133

A settlement was also commenced in the interior of
the county ; Hans Graaf located at the head of a small
stream, known by the name of Grove's run, in West E^rl
township.* He was joined next year by Mr. Wenger,

*Hans Graaf fled from Switzerland to Alsace, with one of
his brothers, about the year 1695 or 96, he came to Germantown,
where he remained a short time; afterwards settled on Grove's
Run, in Earl township, both of which were named in honor of
him. The following circumstance, as related to us by one of
his lineal descendants, will show the reader how Graaf was led
to settle in Graaf s Thaal; for this is the name by which the
settlement is known to this day :

His horses having strayed from Pequea; while in pursuit of
them in a northern direction from the inhabited parts, he dis-
covered a fine spring in a heavily timbered spot; the head of
Grove's Run. In this elysian dale, said he, will I fix my per-
manent abode. He nevertheless pursued his horses till he
found them, and returned to Pequea. A short time afterwards
he made a disposition of his effects. Now he returned to the
spring, and about one-half mile down, on the north side, he
erected a cabin under a large AVlfite Oak tree, in which he, his
wife and an only child, stayed all winter. In the spring of the
year, having secured by a warrant, dated November 22,1717, a
large tract of land, he erected a house near the cabin. The
spot where he erected the house in the spring of 1718, is still
pointed out by his progenitors. At this time, as was common
with the aborigines in all the new settlements, the Indians called

frequently at his house to sell baskets and Hickory brooms.

Mr. Graaf had six sons; as soon as some of them were grown
up, he turned his attention to dealing in blankets, and other
articles of merchandize, which he procured at Philadelphia,
and took them to Harris's Ferry, on the Susquehanna, and
exchanged them for skins, furs and the like.

He spoke, it is said, the Indian language fluently. \Vhen
one of the sons drove, the old gentleman accompanied him,
riding a fine steed, for he kept none but fine horses. On one
cccsaion, as his team was returning to Philadelphia, Peter, the
oldest, was driving, in crossing the Brandywine, which was
very flush at the time, he was in danger of a watery grave ;

12

134 HISTORY OF

one of whose grand-sons, Joseph Weiiger, occupies the
Homestead.

From and after 1718, settlements, in their incipient
stages, had been pretty general throughout the greater
part of tlie county. The JNIill Creek Settlement, and
others, were commenced about the year 1719, or 20.

About tlie year 1708, Alexander Mack, of Shriesheim,
and seven others in Schwarzenau, Germany, met in a
religious capacity ; from which society, arose, what is
well linown, the Tunkers, or First Day German Bap-
tists; and who, though apparently inoffensive, were
made subjects of persecution, and were driven by force
of oppression into Holland, some to Creyfels, and the
mother church voluntarily removed to Senistervin, in
Friesland, and thence emigrated to America, in 1719,
and dispersed to different parts in Pennsylvania, some to
Conestoga, some to Mill Creek, some to Oley, some to
Skippack, some remained at Germantown, where they

the father on a lofty steed, rode in, took the young fellow on
his own horse behind him, and seizing the lines, drove safely-
through the rushing stream.

He raised six sons, Peter, David, the grandfather of John
Graaf our informant, John, Daniel, Marcus and Samuel,
\vho was known as Graaf, der Jaeger, the huntsman.

Hans Graaf, after having served his day and generation, the
public also on several occasions,! and having divided his land
among his sons, died, leaving a large family connection. —
Perhaps there is no family in the county, more numerous
respectable and useful citizens than the Graafs. So, without
doubt, the magistrates and inhabitants of Lancaster county
thought, when they met to settle upon the bounds and give
names to townships, June 9, 1729: they had regard to the worth
of thi.s family in calling one of the townships, after the first set-
tlers of Graaf, i. e. Earl township.

fCol. Rcc. III. 420— G73.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 135

formed a church in 1723, under the charge of Peter
Becker.

Among the early settlers on Mill Creek, were Conrad
Beissel, a man of some notoriety in the religious
history of the county, Joseph Shaeffer, Hans Meyer,
Henry Hoehn, and several Landises.

The settlement near and around Lancaster, began to
increase. Francis Neff, Hans Henry Neff, Doctor of
Physic, who, and his descendants, are well known, Roody
Mire, Michael Shank, Jacob Imble, and others, having
settled here for some time. Lancaster was com-
menced about the year 1721, or 1722. " The settlements
about the Indian villages of Conestoga were considera-
bly advanced in improvements at this time ; the land
thereabouts being exceedingly rich; it is now (1721)
surrounded with divers fine plantations, or farms, where
they raise quantities of wheat, barley, flax and hemp,
without the help of any dung."*

According to tradition, where Lancaster is now built,
was once an Indian wigwam ; a Hickory tree stood in its
centre, not far from a spring ; under this, the councils
met, and it was from one of these that a deputation was
sent to confer with William Penn, at Shackamaxon,
1683. The Indian nation was called Hickory, and the
town was called Hickory Town, before Lancaster was
laid outt "Gibson, tavern-keeper, had a Hickory tree
painted upon his sign, about the year 1722. His tavern
was situated near where Slaymaker's Hotel was for
many years, now occupied by the Hon. Benjamin

•-Proud, II. 128,

fAccording to Gordon, Lancaster was originally laid out in
1728, by James Hamilton, Esq. of Philadeldhia, at the request,
it is said, of the proprietaries, but certainly with a design on
the part of the founder to increase his estate.

136 HISTORY OF

Champneys, on East King street." Another Indian
town was built on a flat land north-east of Hardwick,
the seat of the late William Coleman, Esq., and a Poplar
ti-ee was the emblem of the tribe, whence their name was
derived ; this wigwam was situated near Conestoga, and
the tree stood upon its bank.

About the time that Lancaster was building, some
persons, without any warrant for land, settled on the
west side of the Susquehanna. There was one John
Grist, very abusive to the Indians, so much so, that they
complained to the Governor of the mal-treatment re-
ceived at the hands of this squatter. He was rather a
reckless character; he, and his accomplices, were auda-
cious, contemned the authority of Government. John
Cartledge, Esq., by a warrant under the hand and seal
of the Governor, raised a Posse Comitatus with instruc-
tions to burn and destroy Grist's, and his accomplices,
dwellings; Cartledge did not, however, enforce v/ith
stem rigidness the letter of his instructions ; but simply
warned and admonished ihem forthwith to relinquish the
lands they had unlawfully taken possession of. Grist,
notwithstanding this pointed warning, refused to remove ;
whereupon the Indians did destroy some of their cattle.
Grist, with the fool hardihood of an inured transgressor,
repaired to Philadelphia to raise complaint against the
Indians. His contumacious behavior, which was con-
sidered insolent and seditious, procured him lodgings in
jail. The Board, who were moved in compassion for
his poor family, granted him conditional release from
prison. He returned home in Aug. 1722, and removed
his family after he had gathered his corn.t

Some time in the latter cud of April, 1719, the
Indians at Conestoga addressed a letter to Mr. Logan.

fCol. Roc. III. 133-5.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 137

Secretary, informing, through him, the Governor, that
some of their Indians, while on a hunting expedition,
were attacked near the head of Potomack river, by a
body of southern Indians who had come out to war
against the Five Nations, and the Indian settlements on
Susquehamia; that the southern Indians had killed
several of their people, by which those at Conestoga
were so much alarmed that, in their opinion, " The care-
ful attention and vigilance of Government was never
more called upon than at this juncture."

Measures were adopted by Government, "towards
quieting the minds of the Indians, and also to prevent
incursions upon them from southern Indians. In a letter
from them, to the Governor, in the beginning of June,
the Indians at Conestoga stated, "that if any of them had
done amiss, and departed from what was right and good,
in not strictly keeping their promises, and observing
peace with all the Indians in friendship and league with
the English, they would, having admitted their errors
and mistakes, offend no more, in that nature or case."

Immediately on the receipt of the letter, in question,
CoL French was sent to Conestoga, by the advice of the
Board, to treat with the Indians. French met them
at Conestoga, on the 2Sth of June, 1719; on that day, he
spoke to them, as follows :

Friends and Brothers:

" By the seal to this paper affixed, and my old ac-
quaintance and friendship with you, you will believe me
that I am a true man, and sent from your good friend
and brother, the Governor of Pennsylvania, to let you
know tliat he is well pleased and satisfied with the letter
he received by the care of our good friend, John Cart-
ledge, in the beginning of this month, signed in behalf
of your nations here met, in which letter you declare,

12*

138 HISTORY OF

severally, your iiiteiitions of keeping his words, and if
any amongst you have done amiss, and departed from
what was right and good in keeping your promises, to
observe, strictly, peace with all the Indians m friendship
ajid league with the English, you have therein
acknowledged your errors and mistakes, and engaged to
offend no more hi that nature or case.

The Governor takes these assurances of your good
behavior very kindly, and now he and his council have
sent me on purpose to visit you that I might further
treat witli you, and receive you in the same manner, and
as fully as he and his council, of which I am a one, were
all here and present with you, so well begun with our
good friend, John Cartledge, and that I might more fully
and largely give him an account of your affairs, and how
matters go with you. I must, therefore, acquaint you
from my Governor, that as you, in your treaty, call
yourselves his children, he will always trust you as his
sons, and that he has ever since your good friend,
AVilliam Penn, who is now dead, sent amongst you, and
endeavored by all means to keep you in peace, and given
you other tokens of his friendship, that you might
flourish and increase, that your old men might see their
children grow up to their comfort and pleasure, and that
the young men might bury their old parents v/hcn tlicy
die, which is much better than to see your old people
momii for their young sons, who rashly, and without
cause, go to war and are killed in the prime of their
years ; and he hopes now that you arc all fully con-
vinced that peace is belter than war, which destroys you
and will Ijring you to nothing ; your strong yoimg people
being first killed, the old women and children are left
defenceless, who soon will become a prey: and so all
the nation perishes without leaving a name to posterity.

LANCASTEB COUNTY. 139

This is a plain mark that he and we are your true
friends; for, if we were not, then we would encourage
you to destroy one another: for friends save people from
ruin and destruction, but enemies destroy them. And
this will serve as a mark to know all people by, Avho
are your enemies, either amongst you or elsewhere, if
they want, or study to throw strife and dissention
amongst you: these are a base and bad people, and
ought to be rooted out from amongst you; for love and
friendship make people multiply, but malice and strife
ruin and destroy. Such should, therefore, be shut out,
both from you and us, as disturbers of oiu- peace and
friendship which have always continued.

I am also to acquaint you, that you have in a grave
and solemn manner renewed your last treaty with me, on
which message I am now come, that our Governor v/ill
write to all the Governors of the English that the Indians
within his Government are resolved to live peaceably
and quietly, and for that reason that they should give
notice to all their Indians thereof, and that all the friends
to the English should be accoimted as one people, and
the Government desires you will let him know o£
what nation these Indians were who gave you the
late disturbance, that they may especially be ordered to
do so no more.

I am also to acquaint you that it is the Governor's
pleasure that if any of the Five Nations came amongst
you to trade or hunt, that you receive them as friends
and brothers; but if they come amongst you, either to
persuade you to go to War or to go themselves, or in
their return from it, that then you have nothing to do
with them nor entertain them ; for he expects that none
of his friends will Imow any people but such as are

140 HISTORY OF

pea^jeable, lest they bring you into a snare and you suflfer
hurt for their faults.

The Governor expects and requires, that if any
prisoners, by any means whatever, fall into any of your
hands, that he be quickly acquainted with it, and that
no person offer to take upon him to kill any stranger
prisoner, for it will not be suffered here. He has been
much displeased at what happened, and was done by
some amongst you last year in these parts, but is now
again a friend upon their promise and engagement to do
so no more, and Avill take no more notice of it, if they
observe and fulfil the'it words. It is indeed, a shameful
and base thing to treat a creature of their own sliaj^e
and kind worse and more barbarously than they would
a bear or wolf, or the most Avicked creature upon earth.
It is not man-like to see a hundred or more people sing-
ing songs of joy for the taking of a prisoner, but it is
much worse to see them use all their contrivances of
torture and pain, to put that unfortunate creature to
de^th after such a manner, and was as other nations,
especially the English, now heard of; for if they in a
just war kill their enemies, it is like men, in the battle,
and if they take them prisoners, they use them well
and kindly, until their King gives orders to return them
to their own country. They take no pleasure meanly to
biun, pinch or slash, a poor man who cannot defend
himself, it shows mean spirits and want of true courage
to do so. For men of true courage are always fidl of
mercy. I am commanded to tell you,, and should have
you remember it well, that no person whatever offer,
after this time, to put any man to death by torture here,
for whosoever does it must answer it to the Governor
and Government at their peril. It is inconsistent with
the ways of nations ; it is a violent affront to our Govern-

LANCASTER COUNTY. 141

ment, and is contrary to the laws of the Great King,
who will not suffer it.

As our mutual and good friendship has long con-
tinued; so the Governor hopes, and the Government
also, that it will last from one generation to another, as
long as the sun endures ; and that we shall be of one
mind, one heart, one inclination, ready to help one
another in all just and good ways, by charity, compas-
sion and mercy, sticking closely and inviolately to all
treaties heretofore made ; and most exactly to this now
concluded, which he hopes will forever last and remain
to your good and prosperity, which he and this Govern-
ment heartily wish ; and it is expected that every article
of this treaty be from the whole hearts of all of you ; so,
if amongst yourselves, you know of any who have from
your last treaty, or will dissent from this, let them be
known either by their own words or your knowledge of
them, for what I do, I have done with the whole consent
of our Governor, council and people."

Col. John French, in company with Capt. James
Gould, Joseph Pigeon, John Cartledge and James Hen-
drickson, met the next day in council at Conestoga. —
There were present, on part of the Indians, Canatowa,
Queen of the Mmgoes, Sevana, King of the ShaAvenese,
Wightomina, King of the Delawares, Wininehack,
Kuag of the Canawages, and Captain Civility, of
Conestoga.

Civility, interpreter, in behalf of the four nations,
who all agreed to return one answer, acquainted John
Cartledge, interpreter for the English, that this day the
Indians were met to return an answer to the Governor's
speech by Colonel French, and no other account. —
Looking upon every thing said to Colonel French to be
said as if the Governor and his council were then

142 HISTORr OF

present, and Colonel French to be a ti'uc man to the
Government and to the Indians ; they return with one
heart and mind their thanks to the Governor for this
kind message. They meet him and take him by the
hand, and are forever determined that his will shall
be tlieirs, and that, on all occasions, tJiey will be ruled by
them.

They desire that the Governor may bo acquainted
that tliey are much pleased that his message came
whilst their young people were at home, for whom they
had lately been in pain and trouble as being absent or
aibroad, that they might hear his good words and counsel,
which both old and young of the Mingoes, Shawanese,
Delawares and Conawages, are resolved to hearken to-,
for tliough hitherto they have taken night for day, yet
now by his good counsel they can see the light and
what is good for them. They are glad that none of
their 3^oung people miscarried in their late journey, and
that being now present, they have an opportunity of
heai'ing the Governor's message by Col. French, for
most of them were, when the other letters from the
Governor came, also that they have an opportunity to
ask their opinions and designs. Their young people
agree to obey the Governor's words and message. Aiul
ais Colonel French yesterday told them, that wliat he
said was with the whole heart of Governor and council ;
so tliey declare that what they say is not from their
mouths only, but from their whole hearts, and the heari
of every one. They desire the Governor to believe, and
be assured that they will be obedient to his words, and
that tlicy ever have, and ever will, advise their young
people to bo mindful of his good advice. They
acknowledge themselves so much obliged to the Go-
vernor for Ills care and concern for them, tliat they intend

LAN'C ASTER CCUNTr. 143

m two months' time to wait upon the Governor
personalb/j to return their hearty thanks for such lov-e
from him and his Government."

James Logan, Secretary, being on business up the
fartlier end of the Great Valley, on the road to Cones-
toga, went to the Susquehanna, at the request of the
Governor, where he, by appointment with the Indians,
Who were desirous to speak with him on the 27th of
June, met them at the house of John Cartledge. The
dhiefs of the Mingoes or Conestogoe Indians, the sachem
or chief of the Shawanese, the chief of the Ganawese,
with several of their people and some of the Delawares,
had assembled there ; John Cartledge and Peter Bi-
zaillon, interpreter, having seated themselves; James
Logan addi-essed the Indians, "telling them that as they
had been long expected at Philadelphia, in pursuance of
their own messages for that purpose; but instead of
coming, had lately sent to the Governor, desiring some
rea^ns that he would come up to them. Here their old
friends, with whom they had been acquainted in their
treaties for twenty years past, being now come on
business into these parts were v/illing to hear from
themselves, not only how it was with them, but the
occasion of their delaying their journey to Philadelpliia
so long, and at length sendmg the said message to the
Governor. They hereupon sat silent without appearing
ready to speak to any thing, and making no return, the
secretary pressed them to answer him, telling them that
he asked these questions in behalf of the Governor and
Government, that they themselves had appeared desi-
rous to speak to him, and that as they now had an
opportunity they ought to proceed and speak their minds
freely. To which at length they answered, that there
had been lately killed, by the southern Indians, twelve

144 HISTORY OF

men ; two of the Mingoes or Five Nations and two
Shawanese, about one lumdred and sixty miles from
that place, which was the occasion of their sending that
message. James Logan asked them, whether these two
Shawanese had been abroad hunting: they answered,
no ! Tliey had gone out to war. He then demanded
the reason why they would offer to go to war after their
solemn promises to our Government to the contrary.
The chief of the Shawanese replied, that a dispute aris-
ing among some of their young men, who was the best
man, to end it, they resolved to make the trial by going
to war, that they could not be restrained, but took the
opportunity of accompanying some of the Five Nations
that were going out and took their road that way.

The Secretary told them he should have a great deal
to say to them on these heads, and that the day being
now far advanced, he must desire them to meet him in
the same place in the morning, and then treating them
with some drink Avithdrew.

Next morning the same persons attended, bringing
some bundles of skins with them; from whence it being
conjectured that the Indians designed to begin a discourse.
All being seated, after some time spent in silence, the
Mingoes or Conestogoe Indians began ; a Ganawese In-
dian, who called him Capt. Smith, and is said to speak
all the several languages, viz : his own, or the Ganawese,
the Mingoe, the Shanawese and Delaware, to perfection,
being appointed interpreter into the Delaware tongue,
and Peter Bizaillon and John Cartledge iiiterpreting into
English. They spoke as follows :

" The last year Colonel French came to them on a
message from the GoTernor, to inquire into their health,
and how it was with them, their children and grand-
children."

LANCASTER COUNTY. 145

That they were not then ready to give an answer
to all that he said to them, but that now they would
speak freely from the bottom of their hearts, and their
friends might depend on not having words only, but
their truest inwald sentiments without reserve: and then
they laid down a bundle of undressed deer skins.

That Col. French and those with him told them from
the Governor that the message the Governor sent them,
and the advice he gave them, were from his heart and for
their good, and they would as freely speak from their
hearts. The Governor advised them to go out no more
to war, nor to join with any of the Five Nations, or
others that went out for that purpose, but to live at
peace with all people, and if any prisoners were brought
to their towns, they should not suffer them to be burned
or toptured. That though some of their people were
killed once or again, yet they should not go out, but bear
it, but the third time they might all go out as one man
together ; that this they thought was somewhat too hard
upon them, if they must be as prisoners at home, and
could not go to meet their enemies that came against
them; thai when Governor Penn first held councils
with them, he promised them so much love and friend-
ship that he would not call them brothers, because
brothers might differ, nor children, because these might
offend and require correction, but he would reckon them
as one body, one blood, one heart and one head; that
they always remembered this, and should on their parts
act accordingly; that five of the old men who were at
those councils were living; these were removed, and
tliose who were then very young are now grown up to
s-uoceed, but transmitted it to their children, and they and
all theirs should remember it forever; that they regarded
not reports, or what was said abroad, their head was at

13

146 HISTORY OF

Philadelphia, and they were one with him ; on him they
depended that tliey should know eveiy thing that con-
cerned them.

The Ganawesc, in behalf of their people say, they are
glad that they never heard any thing from the Govern-
ment at Philadelphia, but good advice, and what is for
their advantage ; that their present chief was once at a
council with William Pemi before they removed into this
province, and that since they came into it, they have
always lived quiet and in peace, which they acknowledge,
and are thankful for it; that the advice that is sent them
is always so much for their good that they cannot but
gladly receive it. When the sim sets they sleep in
peace, and in peace they rise with him, and so continue
while he continues his course, and think themselves
happy in their friendship, Avhich they shall take care to
have continued from generation to generation. And
that as it shall thus forever continue on their side, so
they desire the same may continue on the Governor's
part; and that if any reports should be heard concerning
them, they desire it may not be believed to their disad-
vantage, for they will still be true and the same they at
first professed themselves; and then laid down a bundle
of deer skins,

Tlic Conestogas say : ^

That William Penn made a league with them to last
for three or four generations ; that he is now dead, and
most of their ancients are also dead, but the league of
friendship continues strong, and shall forever continue so
on their part. And this is not said on behalf of them-
selves, the Mingoes only, but of all the Indians on the
river; and they gave another bundle of deer skins.
Captain Civility threw down a small bundle of furs,
saying :

LANCASTER COLTS'Tr. 147

" That they all join and sent that as a present to the
GoTemor to make him a beaver hat. They say in
behalf of the Ganawese, that they have no writing to
show their league of friendship as the others have, and
therefore desire they may be favored with one lest, if they
should transgress by reason of rum, which was brought
to them in too large quantities, they may be cast off
and forgotten that ever they were in friendship with us."

The Indians being met again after some refreslmaents,
the secretary spoke to them as follows :

"It must be a great satisfaction to all honest and good
men to find that the measures that great man, William
Perm, took to establish a firm friendship with you had
such excellent success. Your predecessors and you
always found him sincere in what he professed. He
always ordered all those in power during his absence to
show you all the like friendship and affection. Every
Governor that has been the same to you, and the present
Governor, Colonel Keith, showed the same disposition
immediately upon his arrival, by hastening up to you
with his council and many of his friends as soon as he
heard you were in trouble.

You, on your part, have been faithful and true to us,
whatever reports might be spread, yet the chain was
still preserved strong and bright. We have lived in
perfect peace and unity above any other Government in
America. And you renewing the chain at this time upon
the decease of your great friend with us who remain
alive, is so affectionate and kind that I shall not fail to
represent it duly to the Governor and your good friends
in Philadelphia. Tliis chain has been made forty years
ago; it is at this time strong and bright as ever, and I
hope will continue so between our children and your
children, and their children's children to all generations

2 i5 HISTORY OP

while the waier flows or the sun shines in the heavens;
and may the Great Spirit, who rules the heavens and the
earth, and who made and supported us all, who is a friend
to all good men who love justice and peace, contume the
same blessings upon it forever.

But my friends and brothers,, as we are obliged to care
for each other, and as the English have opportunities of
seeing farther than you, I find myself obliged, in behalf
of the Governor and Government, to offer you some
advice that may be of great importance to you, and
which at this time is absolutely necessary.

You acquainted me yesterday with a loss you had
sustained, viz : that twelve men, ten of the Five Nations
and two Shawanese, had been lately cut off by the
southern Indians, not two hundred miles from this place,
which grieves me exceedingly.

I am scarcely willing to mention the cause of it,, lest I
sliould trouble you, but I must do it for your good;
I should not be your true friend should I forbear.

You know then, my brothers, that the cause is thai
some of your young men have unadvisedly gone out to
war in comjmny ivith others of the Five Nations
against the southern Indians. Young men love to go
sometimes to war to show their manhood, but they have
unhappily gone against Indians that are in friendship
with the English. You know, that as of the Five
Nations, some are called Isawandswaes, some Cayoogoes,
some Anondogecs, some Oneyookes, and some Con-
nyinngoes, yet they are all one people ; so the English,
though they have different Governments, and are divided
into New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl-
vania, Maryland, Virginia and Carolina, yet they are all
under one great king wlio has twenty times as many
subjects as all these, and has ui one city as many

LAI^CASTER COUNTY. 149

subjects as all the Indians we know are in North
America. To him we are all subject and are all
governed by the same laws; therefore, those Indians
who are in league with one Government are in league
with all ; your friendship with us recommends you to the
friendship of all other English Governments, and
their friends are our friends. You must not, therefore,
hurt or amioy any of the English or any of their friends
whatsoever.

Those southern Indians, especially the Tootelese,
formerly made friendship with you, and I believe it was
them who lately sent you nine belts of wampum to con-
tinue the league. They desired peace, yet the Five
Nations, and some of your rash young men have set
upon them : pray, remember, they are men as well as
you; consider, therefore, I request, what you would
thinlv of yourselves, should you suffer these or any other
people to come year after year and cut off your towns,
your wives and children, and those that escape should sit
still and not go out against them;, you would not then
deserve to be accounted men; and as they, you find, are
men, it is no wonder if they come out to meet these
young fellows and endeavor to destroy those whose
business it is to destroy them and their families."

I must further, my friend, lay before you the conse-
quence of your suffering any of yovu young men to join
with those of the Five Nations. They come through
your towns and bring back their prisoners through your
settlements, thus they open a clear path from these
southern Indians to your towns, and they who have
been wrong may follow that open path, and first com.e
directly as the path leads to you. Thus you have done
but Ihtle, and by the instigation and advice of others
may be the first that are fallen upon, wliile those of the

L3»

OD HISTORY OP

Five Nations are safe at home, at a great distance with
their wives and children, and you may be the only
sufferers.

They have hitherto come out to meet their enemies
who were going to attack them, and like men they fight
tliem ; but as I am your friend, I must further inform you
that these people would come quite up to your towns to
do the same to you that they haA'e suffered, but your
being settled among the English has hitherto preserved
you, for the Governors of Virginia and Carolina can no
longer hinder them from defendhig themselves. They
desired peace, and would live in peace, if it miglit be
granted them.

I must further inform you, as youi" friend, that this
whole business of making war in the manner you do, is
now owing to those who desire nothing more than to see
all the Indians cut off, as well to the northward as to the
southward, that is the French of Canada, for they would
have the .Five Nations to destroy the southern nations,
the destruction of all being their desire. The Governor
told you, by Col. French, that they were your enemies
who put you upon war; and they are your truest
friends, who would preserve you in peace ; hearken to
the advice of your friends, and you will bo preserved. —
You see your numbers yearly lessen ; I have known
above three score men belonging to this town,.andnov/-
I see not five of tlie old men remaining.

What the Governor has said to you by myself and by
Colonel French, and what I now say to you is for your
own advantage, and if you arc your own friends you
will i)ursue the advice that is given you. If any of the
Five Nations come this way in their going to war, and
call on any of you to accompany them, you must inform
lliem as you are in league with us, and are our people*

LANCASTER COUNTT. 151

you camiot break your proinises, and it cannot but be
pleasing to them to- see you live in such friendship with
us. I have said enough on these heads, and you- 1 hope
will lay it 'dp in your hearts, and duly observe it : let it
sink into your minds, for it is of gi'eat weight.

The Ganawese have behaved themselves well since
they came amongst us, and they shall have what they
desire. Your people of Conestogoe, about twenty years
ago, brought the Shawanese to Philadelphia to see and
treat with Governor Penn, and then promised the
Governor that they would answer for the Shawanese
that they would live peaceably and in friendship with us,
but we find their ears are thick, they do not hear what
we say to them, nor regard our advice.

Tlie chief of the Shawanese answered to this with
deep concern ; that this was occasioned by the young
men who lived under no Government ; that when their
king, who was then living, Opessah, took the Govern-
ment upon him, but the people differed with him; he left
them, they had no chief, therefore some of them applied
to him to take that charge upon him, but tlmt he had
only the nation without any authority, and would do
nothing. He counselled them, but they would not obey,
therefore he cannot answer for them ; and divers that
were present, both English and Indians, confirmed the
trath of this.

The secretary hereupon admonished him and the rest
to take a further care, that what had been said should
be pressed upon the young people and duly observed ;
and tlien callmg for liquor and drinking with them
dismissed them.

But the ludians, before they would depart, earnestly
pressed that an account of this treaty should, with all
possible speed, be despatched to the Governors to the.

\52^ HISTORT' OP-

southward, and to their Indians, that further mischief
might be prevented; for they were apprehensive the
southern Indians might come out to meet the Five
Nations, and then they, as had been said to them, lying
in the road might be the sufferers, but they truly desired
peace, and were always against molesting any Indians
tliat were under the protection or lived in friendship -
with the English.

The secretary then proposed to them that they should
send some of their people with beUs of wampum to the
Governor of Virginia, to assure him of their resolution
to live in peace, and to desire him to acquaint all his
Indians with the same. They readily agreed to send
belts without delay, and promised the following week to
bring tliem to Philadelphia; but they seemed appre-
hensive of danger to their people in going to Virginia,
where they were all strangers, unless the Governor
would send some English in company with them to
protect them.

After this conference was ended, Civility desired to
speak with the secretary in private, and an opportunity
being given, he acquainted the secretary that some of
the Five Nations, especially the Cayoogoes, had at divers
times expressed a dissatisfaction at the large settlements
made by the English on the Susquehanna, and that
they seemed to claim a property or right to those lands-
The secretary answered, that he (Civility) and all the
nations were sensible of the contrary, and that the Five
Nations had long since made over all their right to Sus-
quehaima to the Government of New York,* and tliat

•William Pcnn had engaged Thomas Dongan, late Governor
of New York, to make a purchase of these lands. Dongan,,
(January 13th, 1G9G,) conveyed by deeds to William Pcnn all
that tract of land lying on both sides of the river Susquehanna,.

LANCASTER COUNTT. 153-

Governor Penn had purchased that right with which
they had been fully acquainted. Civility aclmowledged
tiie truth of this, hut proceeded to say he thought it his
duty to inform us of it, that we might the better prevent
all misunderstanding."

The following week they redeemed their promises "to-
send their belts of wampum without delay to Philadel-
phia." The Conestogos sent their belts by Tagoleless or
Civility, Oyanowhachso, Sohais Connedechto's son and
Tayucheinjch : the Ganawese, by Ousewayteichks or
Captain Smith, Sahpechtah, Meemeeivoonnook, Win-
jock's son, George Waapessum and John Prince : Ken-
neope carried the Shawanese belt of wampum.

He informed them that he was pleased to hear that
they were disposed to be peaceable, and that he would,,
with all possible despatch, send a message to the south,
to acquaint the Indians there of their peaceable inten-
tions ; but as it would require some time to do this fully,
he advised those present, and through them then about
Susquehanna, to take care of themselves and keep out of
the warrior's paths till a full and perfect peace and good
understanding can be settled.

The Governor and council sent Samuel Robins to
Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, with these belts; he
delivered them ; and returned in March following, with
two belts from, the Indians of Virginia, which were sent

and the Lakes adjacent, in or near the province of Pennsyl-
vania, in consideration of £100 sterling: beginning at the
mountains, or head of the said river, and running as far as,
and into the bay of Chesapeak, which the said Thomas lately
purchased of, or had given him by the Susquehanna Indians,
witii warranty from the Susquehanna Indians. — Sjnith, II. Ill,
112. This purchase was confirmed in 1700,. when Penn held
a treaty with the Mingoes; and subsequently at a meeting at
Conestoga it was again confirmed.— C'oZ. Rec. III. 95.

154 ' HISTORY OP

to those of Conestogoe, assuring them that they " will
not in future pass over Potomack river to eastward or
northward, or the high ridge mountains extending along
tJie back of Virginia: Provided, That those of Cones-
togo, and those to the northward, shall not pass over
Potomack into Virginia, to the southward, nor shall go
over to the eastward of the said ridge of mountains." —
Jolm Cartledge delivered them the belts and interpreted
the messa2;e.

CHAPTER IV.

Governor Keith visits the Governor of Virginia — Holds a council with,
tlie Indians at Conestoga — Indians complain of the use of rum, &c. —
Their trade in pelts impaired — Secretary Logan holds a discourse with
Ghesaont— Ghesaont's reply, &c. — Disturbances created by intruders
under pretence of finding coppermines, &:c. — Governor Keith lias a
survey of lands made on the West side of Susquehanna — Indians
alarmed by Maryland intruders — Logan, French and Sheriil'of the county
hold a council at Conestoga — Keith determines to resist attempted
foicroachments by tlie Marylanders — A council is held at Conestoga —
Springetsburg manor surveyed — Council held at Conoytown — Settlement
of Germans at Swatara and Tulpehocken.

In the preceding chapter, it is stated, that Samuel
Robins had been sent, by the Governor and council, to
Governor Spottswood, of Virginia ; but before he
returned, Governor Keith started for Virginia; on his
way thither, he met Robins, at Chester, returning to
Piiiladelphia. Keith, after an interview had with
Robins, pursued his journey.

In order to reconcile the Pennsylvania Indians and
those of the south, he visited the Governor of Virginia,,
in person. The disscntions among the belligerents were
caused about their hunting grounds^ The q^uarrels.

LANCASTER COUNTT. 155

between the Indians were such as to disturb the peace
of the province. To prevent this, Keith entered into
articles of stipulation; returned, determined on, and
soon afterwards, visiting the Indians at Conestoga, to
have them ratify the treaty, which was in substance:
"That the Indians resident on the north and south of the
Potomac be confined to their respective sides of the
river."

Governor Keith, accompanied by a suit of seventy
horsemen, many of them well armed, repaired to
Conestoga.* "He arrived there, July 5th, 1721, at
noon, and in the evening went to Captain Civility's
cabin, where four deputies of the Five Nations, and
some few more of their people, came to see the Go-
vernor, who spake to them by an interpreter to this
purpose :

That this being the first time that the Five Nations
had thought fit to send any of their chiefs to visit him
(the Governor had invited them to Philadelphia; but they
refused), he had come a great way from home to bid
them welcome ; that he hoped to be better acquainted
and hold a fui'ther discourse with them before he left the
place.

They answered, that they were eome a long way on
purpose to see the Governor and speak with him; that
they had heard much of him, and would have come
here before now, but that the faults or mistakes of their
young men had made them ashamed to shew their faces,
but now that they had seen the Governor's face, they
were well satisfied with their journey, whether any thing
else was done or not.

The Governor* told them that to-morrow morning he
designsd to speak a few words to his brothers and

♦Proud, 11. 12&.

156 lilSTORT Ot

children, the Indians of Conestoga and their friends
upon Susquehanna, and desired that deputies of the
Five Nations might be present in council tb hear what is
said to them.

At a council held at Conestoga, July 6th, 1721 —
Present: the Hon. Sir William Keith, Bart., Gov.
Richard Hill, Caleb Pusey, Jonathan Dickinson, Col.
Jolm French, James Logan, secretary.

The Governor spoke to the Indians, as follows : My
]irothers and children, soon as you sent me word that
your friends and relations, the chiefs of the Five
Nations, \Vere come to visit you, I made h::lste and came
up to see both you and them, and to assure all the
Indians of the continuance of my love to them.

Your old acquaintance and true friend, the great
William Penn, was a wise man, and therefore he did not
approve of wars among the Indians whom he loved,
because it wasted and destroyed their people, but
always recommended peace to the Indians as the surest
way to make tlicm rich and strong by increasing their
numbers.

Some of you can well remember since William Penn
and his friends came first to settle among you in this
country ; it is but a few years, and like as yesterday, to
an old man ; nevertheless, by following that great man's
peaceable councils this Government is now become
'wealthy and powerful, in great numbers of people ; and
though, many of our inhabitants are not accustomed to
war, and dislike the practice of men killing one another,
yet you cannot but know I am able to bring several
thousands into the field well armed to defend both your
people and ours from being hurt by any enemy tliat
durst attempt to invade us. However, we do not forget
what William Pej:m often told us, " That the experience

LANCASTER COUNTY. 157

of old age, which is true wisdom, advises peace," and I
say to you, that the wisest man is also the bravest man,
fox he safely depends on his wisdom, and there is no
true courage without it. I have so great a love for you,
my dear brothers, who live under the protection of this
Government, that I camiot suffer you to be hurt no more
than I would my own children. I am just now returned
from Virginia, where I wearied myself in a long journey
botli by land and water, only to make peace for you, my
children, that you may safely hunt in the woods without
danger from Virgmia, and the many Indian nations that
are at peace with that Government. But the Governor
of Virginia expects that you will not hunt within the
Great Mountains, on the other side of Potomac river;
being it is a small tract of land which he keeps for the
Virginia Indians to hunt in; and he promises that his
Indians shall not any more come on this side Potomac,
or behind the Great Momitains, this way, to disturb your
himting; and this is the condition I have made for you,
which I expect you will firmly keep, and not break it on
any consideration whatsoever.

I desire that what J have now said to you, may be
interpreted to the chiefs of the Five Nations, present ;
for as you are a part of them. They are in like manner
one with us, as you yourselves are ; and therefore our
councils must agree and be made known to one another ;
for our hearts should be open, that we may perfectly see
into one another's breasts. And that your friends may
speak to me freely, tell them I am willing to forget the
mistakes which some of their young men were guilty ofj
among our people ; I hope they will grow wiser with
age, and hearken to the grave counsels of their old men
whoee valor we esteem because they are wise; but
the rashness of their young men is altogether folly-

14

158 BISTORT or

At Coiiestoga, m council, July 7th. — Present: Gov.
Keith, Richard Plill, Caleb Piisey, Jonathan Dickinson,
Col. John French, James Logan, Secretary, with divers
other gentlemen. Present, also : The chiefs or deputies
sent by the Five Nations to treat with the Government,
viz : Sinnekaes nation, Ghesaont, Awennool, Onondagoes
nation, Tannawree, Skeetowas, Gayoogoes nation,
Sahoode, Tchehuque.

Smith, the Ganawese Indian interpreter of the Mingo
language to the Delawares ; John Cartledge and James
Le Tort, uiterpreter of the Delaware into English.

Ghesaont, in the name and on the behalf of all the
Five Nations, delivered himself in speakmg to the
Governor, as follows :

They were glad to sec the Governor and his comicil
at this place, for they had heard much of the Governor
in their towns before they came from home, and now
they find him to Le what they had then heard of him,
viz : their friend and brother, and the same as if William
Penn were still amongst them. They assure the Go-
vernor and council that they had not forgot William
Perm's treaties with them, and that his advice to them
was still fresh in their memories.

Though they cannot write, yet they retain every thmg
said in their councils with all the nations they treat
with, and preserve it as carefully in their memories
as if it was committed in our method to writing.

They complain that our traders carrying goods and
liquors up the Susqueliamia nver, sometimes meet with
their young men out to war, and treat them unliindly;
not only refusing to give them a dram of their liquor,
but use them with ill language,and call them dogs, &c.

They take this unkindly, because dogs have no sense
or understanding; whereas they are men, and think that

LANCASTER COUNTY. 159

their brothers should not compare them to such creatm-es.
That some of om* traders calling their young men by
those names, the young men answered, "if they were
dogs then they might act as such;" whereupon, they
seized a keg of their liquor and ran away with it.

N. B. — This seems to be told in their artful way to
excuse some small robberies that had been committed by
their young people.

Then laying down a belt of wampum upon the table,
he proceeded, and said: That all their disorders arose
from the use of rum and strong spirits, which took away
their sense and memory; that they had no such liquors
among themselves, but were hurt with what we fur-
nished to them, and therefore desired them that no
more of that sort might be sent among them.

He presented a bundle of dressed skins, and said:
That the Five Nations, faithfully, remembered all their
ancient treaties, and now desire that the chain of friend-
ship, between them and us, may be made strong as that
none of the links can never be broken.

Presents a bundle of raw skins, and obsei-ves : That a
chain may contract rust with lying and become weaker
wherefore, he desires it may now become so well
cleaned as to remain brighter and stronger than ever it
was before.

Presents another parcel of skins, and says : That as in
the firmament all clouds and darkness are removed from
the face of the sun, so they desire that all misunderstand-
ings may be fully done away ; so that when tliey Avho
are now here shall be dead and gone, their whole people
with their children and posterity, may enjoy the clear
sunshine of friendship with us forever, without any
thing to interpose and obscure it.

Presents another bundle of skins, and says: That

160 msTOEr OP

looking upon the Governor, as if William Penn was
present, they desire, that m case any disorders should
hereafter happen between their young and ours, we
would not be too hasty in resenting any such accident,
until their council and ours can have some opportmiity to
treat amicably upon it, and so to adjust all matters as
that the friendship between us may still be inviolably,
preserved.

Presents another parcel of dressed skins and desires .•
That we may now be together as one people, treating
one another's children kindly and affectionately on all
occasions. He proceeds, and says : Tliat they consider
theroselves, in this treaty, as the full plenipotentiaries
emd representations of the Five Nations, and they look
upon the Governor as the Great King of England's
Representative, and therefore they expect that every
thing now stipulated Avill be made absolutely firm and
good on both sides.

Presents a bmidle of bear skins, and says: That
having now made a firm league with us as becomes owe
brothers, they complain that they get too little for their
slcins and fm's, so as they cannot live by their hunting. —
They desire as, therefore, to take compassion on
them and contrive some way to help them in that
particular.

Presenting a few furs, he speaks only as for himself to
acquaint the Governor that the Five Nations having
heard that the Governor of Virginia wanted to speak
with tliem. He himself, with some of his company,
intend to proceed to Virginia, but do not laiow the way
how to get safe thither.

At a comicil held at the house of John Cartledge, Esq.
near Conestoga, July 8th, 1721. Present, Gov. Keith,

LANCASTER COUNTY. 116

Richard Hill, Jonathan Dickinson, Col. John French,
James Logan, secretary.

The Governor desired the Board would advise him as to
the quantity and kind of presents that must be made tp
the Indians in return to theirs, and in confirmation of his
speech to them. Whereupon it was agreed that twenty-
five strowd match coats of two yards each, one
hundred weight of gunpowder, two liundred weight of
lead, with some biscuit, tobacco and pipes, should be
delivered as the Governor's present to the Five Nations.
And the same being prepared accordingly, the council
was adjourned to Conestoga, the place of treaty.

At a council held at Conestoga, July 8th, 1721. P. M.
Present: Gov. Keith, and the same members as before,
with divers' gentlemen attending, the Governor and the
chiefs of the Five Nations being all seated in council,
and the presents laid down before the Indians. —
The Governor spoke to them, by the interpreters, in
these words :

]My friends and brothers, it is a great satisfaction to me
that I have this opportmiity of speaking to the valient
and wise Five Nations, whom you tell me you are fully
empowered to represent. I treat with you, therefore, as
if all these nations, here, were present; and you are to
understand that what I now say to be agreeable to the
minds of our great monarch, George, the King of Eng-
land, who lends his care to establish peace amongst all
the mighty nations of Europe, and unto whom all the
the people, in these parts, are as it were but like one
drop of a bucket; so that what is now transacted
between us must be laid up as the words of the whole
body of your people and our people, to be kept in
perpetual remembrance. I am also glad to find that
you remember what William Pemi formerly said to you,

U*

162 HISTORY OP

He was a great man, and a good man; his own people
loved Inm; he loved the Indians, and they also loved
him; he was as their father; he would never suffer
tliem to be wronged ; never would he let his people enter
upon any lands until he had first purchased them of the
Indians. He was just, and therefore the Indians loved
him.

Though he is now removed from us, yet his children
and people follow his example, will always take the
same measures, so that his and our posterity will be as a
long chain of which he was the first link, and one link
ends another succeeds, and then another being all fii'mly
bound together in one strong chain to endure forever. —
He formerly knit the chain of friendship with you as the
chief of all the Indians in these parts, lest this chain
should grow rusty you now desire it may be secured and
made strong, to bind us as one people together. We do
assure you it is, and has always been bright on one side,
and so we will ever keep it.

As to your complaint of our traders, that they have
treated some of your young men unkindly, I take that to
be said only by way of excuse for the follies of your
people, thereby endeavoring to persuade me that they
were provoked to do what you very well know they did ;
but, as I told our own Indians two days ago, I am
willing to pass by all these things. You may therefore be
assured that our people shall not offer any injuiy to
yours ; or if I know that they do, they shall be severely
punished for it. So you must, in like manner, strictly
command 3'our young men that they do not offer any
injury 'to ours ; for when they pass through the utmost
skirts of our inhabitants, where there are no people yet
settled, but a few traders, they should be more careful of
them as having separated themselves from the body of

LANCASTER COUNXr. 163"

theiif friends, piU'ely to serve the Indians more commo-
diously with what they want Nevertheless, if any
little disorders should at any time hereafter arise, v^e
will endeavor that it shall not break or weaken the
chain of friendship between us; to which end, if any of
your people take offence, you must in that case apply to
me or to our chiefs; and when we shall have any cause
to complain, we shall, as you desire, apply to your
chiefs by our friends, the Conestogoe Indians, but on
both sides we must labor to prevent every thing of this
kind as much as we can.

You complam that our traders come mto the path of
your young men going out to war, and thereby occasion
disorders amongst them ; I will therefore, my friends and
brotliers, speak very plainly to you on this head. Your
young men come down the Susquehanna river and take
tlieir road through our Indian towns and settlements, and
imdie a path between us and the people against whom
they go out to war ; now you must know, tliat, the patji
tills way, leads them only to the Indians who are in
alliance with the English, and first those who are in
strict league of friendship with the great Governor of
Virginia, just as these, our friends and children, who are
settled amongst us, are in league with me and our
people. You cannot therefore make war upon the
Indians in league with Virginia without weakening the
chain with the English ;. for as we would not suffer these
om friends and brothers of Conestogoe, and upon this
river, to be hurt by any persons without considering it
was done to ourselves; so, the Governor of Virginia
looks upon tlie injmies done to his Indian brothers and
friends as if they were done to himself; and you very
well know that though you are five different nations, yet
you are but one people, so as tliat any wrong done tp,

164 EisTonr of

our nation is received as an injmy done to oil. In the
same manner, and much more so it is with the English^,
who are all united under one Great King, who has
more people in that one town where he lives, than all
the Indians in North America put together.

You are in a league with New York as your ancient
friends and nearest neighhors, and you are in a league
with us by treaties often repeated, and by a chain which
you have now brightened. As therefore all the English
are but one people, you are actually in league with all
the English Governments, and must equally preserve
the peace v/ith all as with one Government.

You pleased me very much when you told me that
you were going to treat with the Governor of Virginia.
Your nations formerly entered into a firm league with
that Government, and if you have suffered that chain to
grow rusty it is time to scour it; and the Five
Nations have done very wisely to send you there for that
purpose.

I do assure you, the Governor of Virginia, is a great
and good man. He loves the Indians as his children,
and so protects and defends them, for he is very strong,
having many thousand christian warriors under his com-
mand, whereby he is able to assist all those who are in
any league of friendship with him. Hasten, therefore,
my friends, to brighten and strengthen the chain with that
great man; for he desires it, and will receive you kindly.
He is my great and good friend; I have been lately
with him. And since 3^ou say you are strangers, I will
give you a letter to him to inform him of what we have
done, and of the good design of your visit to him and to
his country.

My friends and brothers, I told you a few days ago^
that we must open our breasts to each other; I shall,,

LANCASTER COUNTY. 16^

tlierefrc, like your true friend, open mine yet further to
yoTi for your good.

You see that the EngUsh, from a very small people at
first, are by peace amongst themselves, become a very
gi'eat people amongst you, far exceeding the number of
all the Indians that we knoAV of. But while v/e are at
peace, the Indians continue to make war upon one
another, and destroy each other, as if they intended that
none of their people should be left alive; by which
means you are, from a great people, become a very
small people, and yet you v/ill go on to destroy
yourselves.

The Indians of the south, though they speak a
different language, yet they are the same people, and
inhabit the same land with those of the north, we there-
fore camiot but wonder how you, that are a wise people,
should take delight in putting an end to your race : the
English, being your true friends, labor to prevent this. —
We would have you strong as a part of ourselves ; for
as our strength is your strength, so we would have yours
to be £ts our own.

I have persuaded all my brethren in these parts to
consider what is for your good, and not to go out any
more to war ; but your young men, as they come this
way, endeavor to force them, and because they incline to
follow the counsels of peace and advice of their true
friends, yom' people use them ill and often prevail with
them to go out to their own destruction. Thus it was
that tliis town of Conestogoe, lost their good King not
long ago, and thus many have been lost. Their young
children arc left without parents, their wives without
husbands, the old men, contrary to the course of nature,
mourn tlie death of their young, tiie people decay and

HISTORY OF 166

grow weak, we lose our dear friends and are aiilicted,
and this is chiefly owing to your young men.

Surely you cannot suppose to get either riches or
possessions by going thus out to war ; for when you kill
a deer you have the flesh to eat and the skin to sell, but
when you return from war you bring nothing home but
the scalp of a dead man, who, perhaps, was husband to
a kind wife, and father to tender children, who never
wronged you, though by losing him you have robbed
them of this help and protection, and at the same time
got nothing by it.

If I were not your true friend, I would not take th&
trouble of saying all these things to you, which I desire
may be fully related to all your people, when you return
homo, that they may consider in time what is for their
OAvn good; and after this, if any will be so madly deaf
and blind as neither to hear nor sea the danger before
them, but will still go out to destroy and be destroyed for
nothing, I must desire that foolish young men will take
another path, and not pass this way amongst our people,
whose eyes I have opened and they have wisely hearkened
to my advice. So that I must tell them plainly, as I am
their best friend, and this Government is their protector,
and as a father to them. We will not suffer them
any more to go out as they have done to their destruc-
tion. I say again, we will not suffer it, for we have the
counsel of wisdom amongst us, and know v/hat is for
their good; for though they are weak, yet they are our
brethren. We will therefore take care of them tliat they
are not misled with ill council; you mourn when you
lose a brother, we mourn when any of them are
lost; to prevent which, they shall not be suffered to go,
out as they have done tQ,t>q destroyed by war,,.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 167

My good friends and brothers, I give you the same
counsel, and earnestly desire that yO'U will follow it
since it will make you a happy people. I give you this
advice, because I am your true friend, but I much fear
you hearken to others who never were nor never will be
your friends. You know verj' well that the French have
been your enemies from the beginning, and though they
were at peace with you about two and twenty years
ago, yet by subtle practices they still endeavor to ensnare
ycu. They us'^ arts and tricks, and tell you lies to
deceive you, and if you would make use of your own
eyes, and not be deluded by their Jesuits and Luter-
preters, you would see this yourselves; for, you know,
they have had no goods of any value, these several
years past, except what has been sent to them from the
English, of New York, and that is now all over. They
give fair speeches instead of real services, and as for
many years they attempted to destroy you in war, so
they now endeavor to do it in peace; for when they
persuade you to go out to war against others, it is only
that you may be destroyed yourselves, while we, as
your true friends, labor to prevent, because we would
have your numbers increased that you may grow strong,
and that we may be all strengthened m friendship and
peace together.

As to what you have said of trade, I suppose the
great distance at which you live from us has prevented
all commerce between us and your people. We believe,
those who go into the woods and spend all their time
upon it, endeavor to make the best bargains they can for
themselves; so, on your part, you must ^alie care to
make the best bargain you can with them, but we hope
our traders do not exact, for we think that a stroud coat,
or a pound of powder is now sold for no - more buck-

16S filsToRY or

skins than formerly; braver, indeed, is not of late so
much used in Europe, and therefore does not give so
good a price, and we deal but very little in thai
commodity. Cut deer-skins sell very well amongst us,
and I shall always take care that the Indians be not
■wronged, but expect other measures be taken to regulate
the Indian trade every where ; the common methods used
in trade will still be followed, and every man must tate
care of himself, for thus I must do myself, when I buy
any thing from our own people, if I do not give them
their price, they will keep it, for we are a free people.- —
"But if you have any further proposals to make about
these affairs, I am willing to hear and consider them,
for it is my desire that the trade be well regulated to
your content.

I am sensible ram is x'ery hurtful to the Indians ; "wb
have made laws that none should be carried amongsi
them, or if any were, that it should be staved and thrown
upon the groimd; and the Indians have been ordered to
destroy all the rum that comes in their way; but they
will not do it, they will have rum, and when we refu^
it, they will travel to the neighboring provinces and
fetch it; their own women go to purchase it, and then
sell it amongst their own people at excessive rates. I
would gladly make any laws to prevent this that could
DC effectual, but the country is so wide, the woods are so
dark and private, and so far out of my sight, that if the
Indians themselves do not prohibit their own people.,
there is no other way to prevent it ; for my part, I sliall
readily join in any measures that can be proposed for so
good a purpose.

I liave now, my friends and brothers, said all
that I think can be of any service at this time, and I
give you these tilings here laid before you to coufirm my

LANCASTER COUNTY. 169

w'-ords, viz : five stroud coats, twenty pounds of powder,
and forty pounds of lead, for each of the Five Nations;
that is, twenty-five coats, one hundred weight of powder,
and two hundred of lead, in the whole, which I desire
may he delivered to them, with these my words in my
name and the behalf of the province,

I shall he glad frequently to see some of your chief
rtien sent in the name of all the rest, but desire you will
be so Idnd as to come to us to Philadelphia to visit our
families and children born there, where we can provide
better for you and make you more welcome ; for people
always receive their friends best at their own houses. —
I heartily wish you well on your journey and good
success on it And when you return home. I desire you
will give my veiy kind love, and the love of all our
people, to your kings and to all their people.

Then the Governoi- rose up from his chair, and when
he had called Ghesaont, the speaker to him, he took a
coronation medal of the King's out of his pocket, and
presented it to the Indians, in these words:

That our children, when we are dead, may not forget
these things, but keep this treaty between us in perpetual
remembrance, I here deliver you a picture in gold,
bearing the image of my great master, the King of all
tl-ie English ; and when you return home I charge you to
deliver this piece into the hands of the first' man or
greatest chief of all the Five Nations, whom you call
Kannygoodk, to be laid up and kept as a token to your
children's cliildren, that an entire and lasting friendship is
now established forever between the English, in this
country, and the great Five Nations."

By the approbation and direction of Gov. Keith, James
Logan, secretary, held a discourse with Ghesaont, on tlte
9th of July. Lcgan reminded Ghesaorit of the great

15

170 nisTOHY OP

satisfaction the Governor had exj^ressed to him in the
council upon their kind visit, and the freedom and
opemiess that had been used to them on our parts, and
tlierefore advised him if he had any thing in his thoughts
further relating to the friendship established between us
and the matters treated in council, he would open his
breast in this free conversation, and speak it without
reserve, and whatever he said on those heads should be
reported faithfully to the Governor.

Ghesaont then said, that he was very well pleased
with what had been spoken. He saw the Governor and
the English were true friends to the Five Nations, but as
to their young people going out to war, which we
chiefly insisted on ; the principal reason was that their
young men were become very poor, they could get no
goods nor clothing from the English, and therefore they
went abroad to gain them from their enemies. That
they had once a clear sky and sunshine at Albany, but
now all was overcast; they could no longer trade and
and get goods as they had done, of which he could not
Icnow the reason, and therefore they had resolved to
try whether it was the same among the other English
Governments.

To which Logan answered, that they had from the
first settlement of New York and Albany, been in a strict
league and friendship with that Government, and had
always had a trade with and been supplied by them
with goods they wanted. That it was true, for three or
four years past, the French had come from Canada to
Albany, in New York, and purchased and carried away
great part of the goods, strowd waters, especially,
sometimes three or four hundred pieces in a year, which
the Five Nations ought to have liad; but that now,
another Governor being lately sent thither, from the

LANCASTER COUNTY. 171

great King of England; he made a law that the
French should not have any more goods from the
English : that this had been the reason of the clouds and
dark weather they complained of; but that now a clear
sunshine, as they desired, would be restored to them .
that he very well knew this gentleman, the new
Governor, that he had not long since been at Philadel-
phia, and at his (the secretary's) house, and that he
heard him say he would take care his Indians should
be well supplied for the future, and accordingly they
might depend on it.

Ghesaont hereupon asked, whether they did not know
that the French had for some years past, had the cloths
from the English, ansAvered, that they knew very well
that these English goods went now in a new path,
different from that they had formerly gone in, that they
knew not where they went, but they went beside them
and they could not get hold of them, though they much
wanted them.

The secretary proceeded to say^ that as New York and
Albany had been their most ancient friends, so they
could best supply them, and they could certainly do it, if
they continued in duty on their part; that they were
sensible the great King of England had a regard for
them, by the notice that he took of them almost every
year; that all the English, every where, were friends. —
We were now very glad to see them, but wished for the
future they would come to Philadelphia, as they
formerly used to do; that he himself had seen their
chiefs twice at Philadelphia, the two years that William
Penn was last here,. and that when his son came over
about three years after, now about seventeen years ago,,
a considerable number of them came down and held a
great council^ with us, and therefore he hoped they

172 HISTORY OF

would visit US then again, Avliich would be much moi'c
convenient than so far back in the woods where it was
difficult to accommodate them and ourselves, that, how-
ever, we were glad to sec them here. This they knew
was a Government but lately settled, but that they were
now soina; into two Govenuuents that had been much
longer seated, and were very rich, and would make them
exceedingly welcome ; that we saw them in the woods
only, at a great distance from home, but they would see
the Governors of Virginia and Maryland, at their own
towns and houses, where they would entertain them
much better; that they would be very kindly received,
for we were all of one heart and mind, and should
always entertain them as our brothers.

Ghesaont took an opportunity of himself to enter again
on the subject of their people making peace with the
other Indians on the main. He said that he had in his
own person labored for it to the utmost; that he had
taken more pains to have it established than all the
English had done; that their people had lately made
peace with the Twcuchtwese; that they had now a
universal peace with all the Indians, excepting tluee
small nations to the southward, with whom they hoped
to have concluded upon his present journey by means of
the Governor of Virginia; that his own desii-es were
very strong for peace, as his endeavors iiacl shewn, and
that lie doubted not to see it established every where. —
He said the Governor had spoken veiy well in the coun-
cil against their young men going to war, yet had not
done it fully enough, for he should have told them
positively that they should not on any account be
suffered to go out to war, and he would have reported
It accordingly, and this would have been a moi;e
cffe.clual way to i)revent tjiera.

LANCASTER COITIS'TT. 173

The secretary then proceeded to treat with them about
the road they were to take, ^nd it was agreed that the chief
of the Nanticokes, a sensible man, who was ihen present,
should conduct them from Conestogoe to their town, on
Wye river, that they should be furnished with provi-
sions for their journey sufficient to carry them among the
inhabitants, after which they were directed, as the
Governor had before ordered, that they should produce
his passport to the gentlemen of the country where they
travelled, by whom they would be provided for ; and the
Nanticoke chief Avas further desired, upon their leaving
the Nanticoke towns^ to direct them to some of the chief
gentlemen and officers of those posts who would un-
doubtedly take care of them on sight of these passports,
and thereby laiowing their business, have them trans-
ported over the bay of Annapolis. Being further asked
how they would get an interpreter to Virginia where
the Indians know nothing of their language, and some
proposals being made to furnish them, they answered,
there would be no occasion for any care of that kind, for
they very well knew the Governor of Virginia had an
interpreter of their language always with him.

Provisions being then ordered for their journey, as also
at their desire, some for those of their company, who
witli their women and children were to return directly
home by water up the river Susquehanna, viz: a bag of
biscuit, some pieces of bacon and dried venison ; these
matters were concluded with great expressions of
thankfulness for the Governor's great care of them
and their families, which kindness- they said they never
should forget.

The discourse being continued, they were told it was •
now very near, viz: within one moon of thirty-seven
years since a great man of England, Governor of Viir-

15*

174 HISTORY OP

ginia, called the Lord Effingham, together with Colonel
Dongan, Governor of New York, held a treaty
with them at Albany, of which we had the writings to
this day.

Ghesaont answered, they knew it well, and the sub-
jects of that treaty, it was, he said about settling of
lands. Being further told, that in that treaty the Five
Nations had given up all their right to all the lands on
Susquehanna to the Duke of York, then brother to the
King of England. He acknowledged this to be so, and
that William Penn since had the rights of these lands. —
To which Civility, a descendant of the ancient Sasque-
hannah Indians, the old settlers of these parts, but now
reputed as of an Iroquois descent, added that he had
been informed by their old men, that they were troubled,
when they heard that their lands had been given up to a
place so far distant as New York, and that they were
overjoyed when they understood William Penn had
brought them back again, and that they had confirmed
all their right to him.

Divers questions were further asked him, especially
concerning the French of Canada, their trade and fortifi-
cations, on which he said that the French had three forts
on this side the river of St. Lawrence, and between their
towns and Mentual, furnished with great numbers of
great guns, that the French drove a great trade with
tliem, had people constantly in, or going to and coming
from their towns, that tlie French kept young people in
their towns on purpose to learn the Indian language,
wliich many of them now spoke as well as themselves;
tlKit they had a great intercourse with them, that about
three hundred of their men, viz : of ilic Five Nations,
were seated on the other side of the great river, that the
French had this last spring begun to build or to provide

LANCASTER COUNTY. 175

for building a fort at Niagara Falls, but they had since
declined it ; he knew not for Avhat reasons ; and they
(the French) had sent to his town (the Isanandonas) this
last winter a great deal of powder ta be distributed
among them, but nothing was done upon it. Being
particularly asked whether the French had ever treated
with them about any of their lands, or whether the
Idians had ever granted the French any. He answered,
no ! diat his people knew the French too well to treat
with them about lands ; they had never done it, or ever
granted them any upon any account whatsoever, and of
this he said, we might assure ourselves. Thus the day
was spent in such discourses, with a pipe and some
small mixed liquors, and the next morning Ghesa.ont,
with tlie rest of his company, returning from the Indian
town to John Cartledge, took their leaves very affec_
tionately, with great expressions of thankfulness to the
Governor and tliis Government for their Idnd reception."
Shortly after the treaty held at Conestoga, the Go-
vernor received information that tiie Lidians were likely
to be disturbed by the secret and underhanded practices
of persons, both from Maryland and Philadelphia, who,
under the pretence of finding a copper mine, were about
to survey and take up lands on the other side of tlie Sus-
quehannah, contrary to a former order of Government;
Keith determined to prevent this. He nat only sent a
special messenger with a writ under the lesser seal, but
himself went to the upper parts of Chester county to
locate a small quantity of land, for which he purchased
an original proprietary right ; on his way, he understood
that some persons were actually come with a Maryland
right to survey lands upon the Susquehanna, fifteen
miles above Conestoga; he pursued his coiu-se directly
to that place, and fortunately arrived but a very

176 HISTORY 07-

few hours in time to prevent the execution of their-
design.

" Having/' says Keith, "the Surveyor General of this
province with me in company, after a httle consideration,
I ordered him to locate and survey some part of the right
I possessed, viz : only five hundred acres upon that spot
on the other side of Susquehanna, which was likely to
prove a bone of contention, and breed so much mischief,
and he did so accordingly, upon the 4th and 5th of April ;
after which I returned to Conestoga to discourse with tli*
Indians upon what happened ; but in my way thither, I
was very much surprised with a certain accomit that the
young men of Conestoga had made a famous war dance
the night before, and that they Avere all going to war
immediately, hereupon, I appointed a council to be held
with the Indians next morning in Civility's cabin."

The particulars of tliis meeting were never recorded.
But before long the Indians became considerably
alarmed, at the proposed encroachments of the Mary-
landers; Governor Keith, shortly afterwards, held a
council with the Indians at Conestoga, June 15, 1722, to
procure from them a grant to survey a tract of land,
known by the name of ^Springett Manor,^^ in York
county.

Closely connected with the Maryland intrusions as to
time, an accoimt of v/hich has been presented, the fears
of the people of the province were again awakened by
a quarrel between two brothers, named Cartledge, and
an Indian, named Saanteenee, near Conestoga, in which
the latter was killed, with many circumstances of
cruelty.

The known principles of revenge, professed by the
Indians, gave reason to apprehend severe retaliation. — ^^-

LANCASTER COUNTY. 1.'/

Policy and justice required a rigid inquiry, and the
infliction of exemplary punishment."*

The Governor sent James Logan and Colonel French,
and the high sheriff of the county of Chester, who left
Philadelphia, March 7th, and arrived at the house of
John Cartledge, the 9th, to execute their commission,
and to investigate the whole matter connected v/ith the
death of Saanteenee.

They then proceeded to Conestoga, where they held a
council the 14th day of March, 1721-22, with the Indians,
viz: Civility, Tannacharoc, Gunnehatorooja, Toweena,
and other old men of the Conestogoe Indians, Savannah,
chief of the Shawanese, Winjack, chief of the Gana-
wese, Tekaachroo, a Cayoogoe, Oweeyekanowa, Nosh-
targlilmmen, Delawares. Present, divers English and
Indians — the acused were arrested, and confined at
Philadelphia.

Great pains, says Proud, were taken in this affair; an
Indian messenger, Satcheecho, was despatched to *he
Five Nations. The Governor, with two of the council,
met and treated with the Five Nations, at Albany,
respecting it; besides the presents, which were made to
the Indians. " The Five Nations desired that the Cart-
ledges should not suffer death; and the affair was at
length amicably settled." "One life," said the Indian
King, " on this occasion, is enough to be lost, there should
not two die."t

In a preceding page we stated that the Marylanders
attempted encroachments on the lands within the limits
of Pennsylvania. Keith was determined to resist them
by force; he ordered out a company of militia, from
New Castle, to march to Ouchteraro, (Octoraro), where
they were to aAvait his further orders. His councils,

•Gordon's Pa. 188. f Votes of Assembly.

178 HISTORY OP

however, who were disposed to resort to no violence,
even should the Marylanders employ force to gain their
object, did not coincide with the Governor in these
violent measures. The Indians had become greatly
alarmed ; a council was held at Conestoga, on Friday
and Saturday, the 15th and 16th June, 1722; when the
Indians agreed, hi order Governor Keith might have a
better title to resist the Marylanders, that a large tract
should be conveyed to him for the use of Springett
Penn, grandson of William Penn, senior.

The following is a copy of tlie minutes of the council,
held at Conestoga: Present, Governor W. Keith, Colonel
John French, Francis Worley, Esq.; the chiefs of the
Cojiestogoe, Shawana and Ganaway Indians ; Smith,
the Ganaway Indian, and James Le Tort, interpreters.

The Governor spoke as follows : Friends and brothers,
the belts which I lately received from the Five Nations,
signify that they are one people with the English, and
our very kind neighbors and friends. They invite me
to come to them, and I purpose, in a short time, to go
and meet them at Albany, and to make the chain as
bright as the sun. When they see me, they will remem-
ber their great friend William Penn; and then our
hearts will be filled with love, and our councils with
peace.

Friends and brothers, you say you love me, because I
come from your father, William Penn, to follow his
ways, and to fulfil all his kind promises to the Indians.
You call me William Penn, and I am proud of the name
you give mc. Put if we have a true love for the
memory of William Penn, we must show it to his
family and his children, that arc grown up to be men in
England, and will soon come over to represent him here.
The last time I was with you at Concstogoe, you

LANCASTER COUNTY. 179

showed me a parchment which you had received from
William Penn, containing many articles of friendship
between him and you, and between his children and
your children. You then told me, he desired you to
remember it well for three generations ; but I hope you
and your children will never forget it. That parchment
fully declared your consent to William Penn's purchase
and right to the lands on both sides of the Susquehanna.
But I find both you and we are likely to be disturbed by
idle people from Maryland, and also by others'* who
h ave presumed to survey on the banks o£ the Susque-
hanna without any powers from William Penn or his
children, to whom they belong, and without so much as
asking your consent. I am therefore now come
to hold a council and consult with you how to prevent
such unjust practices for the future. And hereby we
will show our love and respect for the great William
Penn's children, who inherit their father's estate in this
country, and have a just right to the hearty love and
friendship of all the Indians, promised to them in many
treaties. I have fully considered this thing; and if you
approve my thoughts, I will immediately cause to be
taken a large tract on the other side of Susquehanna, for
the grandson of William Penn, who is now a man as
tall as I am. For when the land is marked with his
name upon the trees, it will keep off the Marylanders,
and every other person whatsoever, from coming to
settle near you to disturb you. And he bearmg the
same kind heart to the Indians which his grand-^father
did, will be glad to give you a part of his land for your

^•^One John Grist and divers others, had, without warrants, or
permission, settled their families, and taken up lands on the
west side of the Susquehanna, prior to 1121.— Col Rec. III.
133.

ISO HISTORY OF

o^vn use and convenience ; but if other people- take it
up, they will make settlements upon it, and then
it will not be in his power to give it you as you want it.

My friends and brothers, those who have any wisdom
amongst you, must see and be convinced that what I
now say is entirely for your good; for this will
effectually hinder and prevent any person from settling
lands on the other side of Susquehanna, accordmg to
your desire -, and, consequently, you will be secure from
being distiubed by ill neighbors, and will have all that
land at tlie same time in your own power to make use
of This will also beget a true hearty love and friend-
ship between you, your children, and the great William
Penn's grandson, who is now Lord of aU this country
in the room of his grand-father. It is therefore fit and
necessary for you to begin as soon as you can to
express your respect and love to him. He expects it
from you according to your promises in many treaties,
and he will take it very kindly.

Consider, then, my brothers, that I am now giving you
an opportunity to speak your thoughts lovingly and
freely unto tliis brave young man, William Penn's
grand-so::; and I, whom you know to be your true
friend, will take care to write down your words, and to
send them to England, to this gentleman, who will
return you a kind answer ; and so many hearts will be
made glad to see that great William Pcnn still lives in his
children to love and serve the Indians.

Council met on the 16th. The Indians replied through
Tawencu, spokesman: They have considered of what
the Governor proposed to them yesterday, and think it a
matter of very great consequence to them to hinder the
Marykmdcrs from settling or taking up lands so near
them upon Sasquchanna. They veiy much approve

LANCASTER COUNTY. 181

-v^/hat the Governor spoke, and like his counsel to them
very well; but they are not willing to discourse particu-
larly on the business of land, lest the Five Nations may
reproach or blame them.

They declare again their satisfaction to them in coun-
cil; and although they know that the Five Nations have
not any right to their lands, and that four of the towns
do not belong to any, yet the fifth town, viz: the
Cayugoes, are always claiming some right to the lands
on the Susquehanna, even where they themselves live ;
wherefore they think it will be a proper tmie, when the
Governor goes to Albany, to settle that matter with the
Cayugoes, and then all parties will be satisfied.

They asked the Governor whereabouts, and what
quantity of land, does he propose to survey for Mr.
Penn ? It is answered, from over against the mouth of
Conestoga creek, up to the Governor's new settlement,
and so far back from the river, as that no person can
come to annoy or disturb them in their towns on this
side. They proceed and say, that they are at this
very apprehensive that people will come when the
Governor is gone to Albany, and survey this land;
wherefore they earnestly desire that the Governor will
immediately cause the surveyor to come and lay out the
Land for William Penn's grand-son, to secure them ; and
they doubt not but the Governor's appearance and con-
duct afterwards at Albany, will make all things easy
there."*

Having obtained the consent from the Indians, the
Governor issued his warrant, June 18th, and on the 19th

*A congress of several Governors, of New York, Pennsyl-
vaniaand Virginia, and commissioners were hold in September-
1722, with the Six Nations, at Albany ; and the ancient friend,
ship was renew.ed.

16

182 HISTORY OP

and 20th, June, Springeftsbury Manor made by Col
John French, Francis Worley and James Mitchell.—-
They had been directed, by the Governor, to take with-
them such of the neighboring inhabitants as they thought
fit to call to their assistance, immediately to cross the
river Susquehanna, and to survey or cause to be sur-
veyed, marked and located, the quantity of seventy
thousand acres, or thereabouts.*

There was a council held at Conoy town, July, 1722,
in Donegal township. James Mitchell, Esq. and Mr,
James Le Tort, were desired to be present with the
chiefs of the Conestogoes, Sawaneis, and Conoys,
together with seven chief men of the Nanticoke Indians,
who were upon a journey to the Five Nations, in order
to renew former friendship, and strengthen it in unity for
time to come. Anxious to make the best of their
journey, they determined upon having the best inter-
preter they could find at Conoy town, they made appli-
cation to Captain Smitli, to accompany them; but in
consequence of having engaged to accompany Governor
Keith to Albany, in August, he declined. Mr. Mitchell
hastened to inform Governor Keith of the presence of
the Nanticokes, who were a peaceable people, and
lived quietly amongst the English, in INIaryland.

About the year 1723, a number of Germans, lately
from Schoharie, New York, settled on the Swatara and
Tulpehocken creeks. It may be interesting to readers to
know how these Germans came to Tulpehocken.

On a proclamation of Queen Anne, of England, 170S,
some three or four thousand Germans went in 1 709, to
Holland, and were thence transported to England. —

•Col. Rcc. III. 195.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 1S3

They encamped near London. In 1710, Col. Nicholson,
and Colonel Schuyler, accompanied by five sachems or
Indian chiefs, returned from America to England, to
solicit additional force against Canada.* While in
London, the chiefs of the confederated Indians saw the
miserable condition of the Germans, and commiserating
their case, one of them voluntarily presented the Queen
a tract of his land in Schoharie, New York, for the use
and benefit of the Germans.t About this time, Colonel
Robert Hunter, appointed Governor of New York,
sailing for America, brought with him about three
thousand of these Germans or Palatines, to the town of
New York, Avhere they encamped several months, and
in the fall of 1710, were moved, at the Queen's expense,
to Livingston District. In this wilderness home, it was
allotted them, that they should manufacture tar and raise
hemp to repaij freightage, from Holland to England,
and thence to New York. J In this business, they were
unsuccessful. However, they were released of all
freightage upon them in 1713. About one hundred and
fifty of tlie famiUes, willing to avail themselves of the
advantages of their present from the Indians to Queen
Anne, moved through a dense forest, to Schoharie, west
of Albany, and seated themselves among their Maqua
or Mohawk friends. Here their sufferings, for a while,
were great; they were deprived of nearly all the neces-
saries of life. Their neighbors, like Indians, " are wont

*His. N. Y. 39, Holmes, An. I. 501.

fHallische Nachrichten, 973—981

tDiese Teutche Colonie solte Theer brennen und Hanf
bauen, fucr Erstattung ihrer Fracht von Holland bis England,
und von da bis nach Neuyork.— ^. iW", Muehlenierg, Hal

1S4 HISTORY 0?

not to do'^ — laid up no stores from which they could"
supply the wants of their white brethren — depending
entirely upon Natiue's store-house ; believing that their
hands were not made to labor with, but to have rule
over the birds of the air, the fishes of the stream;,
and the game in Nature's park.

In Schoharie, having permission from the Indians, this
colony commenced, under discouraging circumstanceSy
improving lands and building houses. They labored
for ten years, when they were dispersed; and in 1723, a
portion of them, surrounded by difficulties in travelling,
rising of three hundred miles, seated themselves, some
eighty or ninety miles from Philadelphia, at Swatara and
Tulpehocken.* Among this number were the Weisers,t
whose descendants are numerous and respectable ; these
are the Muhlenbergs and others.

*Hallische Nachrichten.

fConrad Weiser, who remained in New York, when his
father came here in 1723, arrived at Tulpehockcn in 1729. In.
a subsequent page the reader will find a mticz of C. W.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 185

CHAPTER V.

Donegal township organized — First settlers — Harris's attempt to settle at
Conoy — Settles at Paxton — Settlement commenced by Barber, Wright
and Blunston — Settlements back from the river — Reamstown settlement
— Welsh settlement— Webei's Thai settled — Settlement at Saeue
Schwamm, or New Holland — Germans misrepresented — Committee
appointed to inquire into the facts ; makes report — Thomas Wright killed
by the Indians — Inhabitants of the upper part of Chester county
alarmed — Governor Gordon goes to Conestoga and holds a treaty -nith
the Indians — Returns to Philadelphia — Note ; Iron Works.

As the population of the county increased, it was found
necessary to organize new townships. Donegal was
organized in the year 1722, and David Jones appointed
constable. The first settlers of Donegal were principally
Irish emigrants; they were the Semples, Pattersons,
Mitchells, Hendrickses, Speers, Galbraiths, Andersons,
Scotts, Lowreys, Pedans, Porters, Sterrits, Kerrs, Works,
Litles, Whitehills, Campbells, and others. James
Mitchell and James Hendricks, were justices of the
peace. Many of the lineal descendants, of the first
settlers, are still the owners of their ancestor's first
possessions.

Jolm Harris, a native of Yorkshire, who commenced,
afterwards, a settlement at Paxton, first made an attempt
to settle near the mouth of Conoy creek, not far from the
present site of Bainbridge. Harris did not think this a
propitious spot ; for, it appears, this place was fre-
quented by more northern Indians, on their southern
excursions, which excited considerable alarm.* Go-
vernor Spottswood, of Virginia, in a letter to the
Governor of Pennsylvania, says: "A nnmber of Penn-

*Col. Rec. III. 58—90.

16*

186 HISTORY OF

sylvania Indians, while on their return from the south,
when they had committed several robberies and out-
rages, stopped at Conoytown, May 20, 1719, and while
there, the Indians sent for John Cartledge, Esq, — On his
arrival, they sat do-«Pli before him in a grand council of
war, produced fifteen prisoners, bade him discourse with
two of them that spoke English. Cartledge found they
were natives of Virginia ; he interceded for their lives
and liberties; but the Indians turned a deaf ear to his
entreaties, and gave him to understand, that they
intended to continue in their dire perpetrations of out-
rages upon the Virginians, declaring, they had made a
clear path tp pass and repass, to and from the southward,
having removed all obstacles out of the way, and that
they expected to have free recourse for their people
amongst the English plantations, whilst they were
making war."* The apprehension of insecurity may
have influenced Harris to abandon this place, and locate
at Paxton.

John Harris, the first white settler at Paxton, the
present site of Harrisburg, "experienced much difficulty
at his first settlement, as his supplies had to be trans-
ported on liorscs, a great distance. He was an extensive
Indian trader; and he was also the first person who
introduced the plough on the Susquehanna, within the
jncsent limits of Dauphin county.

His son John, the founder of Harrisburg, is said to
have been born at the present site of Harrisburg or nn-
mediately below it, in 1726 ; and he is also said to have
heen the first white child born in Pennsylvania, west
oi the Conewago Hills. He died in 1701, aged 65-
y«ars."

*Col. Hoc. 111.70.

LANCASTER OOUNTT> IST,'

" An incident in the life of John Harris, the elder, has
excited considerable interest, and been the subject of
much inquiry. On one occasion, a band of Indians, who
had been down the river, or, as is said, to the east, on a
trading excursion, came to his house — some, or most of
them, were intoxicated — they asked for lum, meaning
West India rum, as the modern whiskey was not then
manufactured m Pennsylvania. Seeing they were
already intoxicated, he feared mischief, if he gave them
more, and he refused. They became enraged, and
seized and tied him to the JNIulberry tree to burn him. —
Whilst they were proceeding to execute their purpose,,
he was released, after a struggle, by other Indians of the
neighborhood, who generally came across, the river. —
How tlie alarm was given to them, whether by firing a
gun or otherwise, or by whom, is not certainly known. —
In remembrance of this event, he afterwards directed
that on his death he should be buried under the Mul-
berry tree, which had been the scene of this adventure.
Part of the trunk of this tree, is still standing. It is ten
feet high, up to the lowest limbs,, and the stump is eleven
feet six inches in circumference.^'

John Harris, died about 1748-^probably in December,*
and was biu:ied v/here he had directed-— under the shade of
his own memorable tree — and there his remaiiis still
repose, with those of some of his children. The title to
the grave yard, to the extent of fifteen feet square, is
secured by conveyance from the commissioners who
laid out the town. In the words of Parson Elder,
who knew John Harris, well, ^'He was as honest a
man,as ever broke bread.^'

A settlement was commenced in 1726, on the Susque-
hanna, south of the Chiques Hill, by Robert Barber,

*EsQ. Geo. W. Harris' letter, dated August 10, 1843.

18S HISTORY OP

Jolin Wriglit and Samuel Blunston, Quakers, The first
mentioned took up and pm-chased one thousand acres,
bounded by the Chi([ui's Hill on the north, and extending
down the Susquehanna to llie present site of Columbia.
Having his warrant, INIr. Barber returned to Chester, and
in 1727, in company with John Wright and Samuel
Blunston, and families, came and settled on the land he
had piu-chased. Samuel Blunston took five hundred
acres, adjoining the Chiques Hill, and built a house
where Mr. S, B. Heise now resides. He died without
issue, and his estate descending to collateral heirs, is
now held by the JNIisses Bethel.

John Wright, (who had come from Lancashire, Eng-
land, to Chester county, on the Delaware river, in 1714,)
took two hundred and fifty acres of the land lying south,
and immediately below Blunston's, and built where the
Messrs. Wrights now reside. Two large Walnut trees,
of the English species, planted by him more than one
hundred years ago, contimie to designate the place
of his first improvement. His descendants continue
to reside in Columbia, and hold part of the first
purchase.

These three gentlemen were active and enterprising
and useful citizens. Their names are intimately asso-
ciated with all the earlier transactions of Lancaster
county, as will appear from the sequel of our History.

"When they first settled here, and for some time, says
William Wright, grandson of John Wright, in a letter*
to George Ford, Esq., they had to depend on the Darby
Mills for flour, which they carried on pack-horses
through the woods along an Indian path to the Susque-
hanna. The Indians, who were very good neighbors,
and the only ones they had, often supplied them with

•T^ated Columbia, 2 mo. 25, 1842.

LANCASTER COUNTF. IS 9

game ; in return, they looked for nothing but bread and
milk, of which they were very fond. When their supply
of flour run low, they had to hide their bread. The
Indians had no idea of any thing being withheld;
whilst either party had it,, all should partake." The
descendants of these pioneers still reside in the county.
This settlement sbon attracted the attention of others. —
Repugnant as they are in feelings, the Irish and Germans
soon afterwards established themselves as neighbors,
living on terms of mtimacy for a while. In newly
settled countries all is sociability, and perfect friendship
prevails. Former distinct nationalities are not cherished ;
yet never forgotten. German and Irish are opposites.

The land back from the river was settled principally
by Germans: Forrys, Stricklers, Garbers, and others. —
Their first purchase was, it is said, from an: old woman
named Mary Ditcher,^ who used to go through the
country making what was called improvements — a few
sticks piled together, a fire Irindled, and a pot hung over
it, constituted a first right. Those Avho could pay for the
land had first choice, but these improvements were
generally bought for a trifle by those able to pay for the
lands.

This old Mary Ditcher seems to have been rather a
singular personage. She is described as wandering
through the woods, leading an old horse, her only
property, with her laiittmg in her hand, and clad in a
garment chiefly of sheep-skin.

Hempfield township was so called from the great quan-
tity of hemp raised there. Manor, from lands reserved by
the proprietors. The settlers adjoining Barber's and
Wright's, were Irish families, named Patton, who gave
name to the hill and the current below, called Patton's

*Haz. Reg. IX. 113.

190 HISTORY OF

current. It has been said there was once a great
slaughter of the Indians at that place, by a party of
cruel men, headed by a person named Bell. In the
neighborhood were many places said to be graves of the
Indians, and it was believed that a piece of cannon lay
sunk in the current. Below this, the settlers were
Gemians: Stinemans, Kauffmans, Herrs, Rupleys. —
The township (where Wright first settled) above, was
called Donegal by the Irish settlers, Andersons, Cooks,
Tates, Kays.

In the noith-eastern part of the county, a settlement
was commenced about the year 1723 or 4, by Everhard
Ream, whose descendants still reside in the village called
after the first settler and proprietor. This place, like many
others, was occupied solely by the Indians, at the time
Mr. Ream located here. He ventured with his wagon
and horse into the woods, where he unloaded his '■'■fix-
tures and furniture,''^ under a large oak tree that
spread its extended boughs over him and his small
family till he had put up a rude hut of logs, which he
built upon what is now Lesher's farm. His nearest mill
was on the Brandy wine, and his nearest neighbors, the
Mulbachers, then living on Mill creek. After clearing a
small spot, he procured a warrant and located about
four hundred acres; afterwards, in 1725, received a
patent for the same.

Some of his first or early neighbors, who had been
attracted by the improved spot and fine water, were
Bucher, Huber, Walter, KoUer, Schwarsswalder, Leader,
Schneider, Killion, Dock, Forney, Rupp, Balmer,
May, Mayer, Hahn, Rosier, Beyer, Leet, Sclilott, Graf,
Wolf, Feierstein, Weidman, and others.

At the very infancy of the Pennsylvania colony, a.
nmiiber of Welsh, of sterling worth and excellent charac*

LANCASTER COUNTY. 191

ter, arrived in the province in 16S2. "They had early
purchased of the proprietary, in England, forty thousand
acres of land, and settled west of the Schuylkill. In a
few years their number was so much augmented, that
they had settled, before 1692, six townships m the lower
counties.

The Welsh (Tustom, and that of the Swiss and Pala-
tines, in settling new countries, were similar in many
respects. At first they would send persons across the
Atlantic, to take up land for them, and made some
preparations for the reception of their families. Among
the Welsh, who acted as pioneer, was the well known
Rowland Ellis, who sent over Thomas Owen and family
to make a settlement, and as soon as Owen had made
some unprovements, in which he spent a few years,
ElUs, and one hundi'ed other Welsh passengers, arrived
in 16S6.

In 1 6 9S, other Welsh families arrived; among whom
were William Jones, Thomas Evans, Robert Evans,
Owen Evans, Cadwallader Evans, Hugh Griffitli,
Edward Foulke, John Humphrey, Robert Jones, and
others, who purchased ten thousand acres of land
of Robert Turner, in Guinedd township, Chester
county.

Another settlement was commenced, about the year
1722 or 3, by the Welsh, extending up as far as to the
present site of Churchtown. Among the principal
settlers were Torbet, Douglas, E. Davis, A. Billing, Z.
Davis, Spenger, Henderson, Evans, Ford, Lardner,
Morgan, Robinet, Edwards, Jenkins.

While the Welsh were making improvements, a few
miles south of Allegany;* a region on the Tulpehocken,

*The country along Alleghany creek, a small stream which
enters Tulpehocken, is still known by that name.

192 HISTORY OF

some Swiss and Germans settled in JVeher Thai, south
of Conestoga creek, so called from the Webers, or
Weavers, who took up between two and three thousand
acres of land, in 1723 or 4. George Weber and Hans
Guth, brothers-in-law, Jacob Weber and Henry Weber,
all Swiss, were the first settlers contiguous to the
Welsh. Guth located north-east from the Webers. —
The plain, or thai, was timberless when the first settlers
commenced. Guth or Good settled in Brecknock town-
ship, where a numerous connexion of them reside.

The Webers and Guths had, previous to taking up
land here, lived some twelve or fifteen years near
Lancaster. They were a young family, seeking a place
of permanent abode, where they have since become
both wealthy and numerous.* George, the oldest of the
three brothers,, had three sons and two daughters : Hans,
Henry, Samuel, Maria and Magdalena. The present
generation of Weavers still possess the lands of their
ancestors. Some of them have moved to the ^'Far
IFesi,'' others to Canada. The Webers were soon

*The following, which we copied at the house of Samuel
Weaver, in 1842, may give the reader some idea of the
numerical strength of the family. Christian Weaver's father
was a native of Switzerland.

Christian Weaver was born in Earl township, Lancaster
county, ra. Dec. 25, 1731— married Sept. 30, 1749, to Bliss
I\lagdalcn Ruth — lived 55 years in a state of matrimony, and
16 years as a widower. He was a member of the Mennonite
church. Died of a lingering disease, Feb. 13, 1820, aged 68
years, 1 month, 1 week and 2 days. Had eight sons and
five daughters. Of the seven sons and five daughters were
born, before C. W's. death, and living at the time, 99 grand-
children, 88 grand children's children, and 55 great grand
chilhren's children. His lineal descendants were 309. Henry
Martin preached his funeral discourse. Text, John, 14, 12, 13.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 193

}oined by the Martins, Schneders, Millers, Zimmermans,
Ruths, and many others, principally IMennonites.

During the year 1727, rising of one thousand Pala-
tines arrived in Pennsylvania; among these were the
Dieffenderfers, Ekmans, Meyers, Bowmans, Eberlees,
Zugs, Shultzes, Funks, Frans, and others, whose
descendants constitute a portion of the inhabitants of
Lancaster county.* Two brothers, Alexander and John
Dieffenderfer, sailed from Rotterdam,! arrived at Phila-
delphia in the month of September ; Alexander settled in
Oley, now Berks county, and John at Saeue Schivamm,
now New Holland, in the woods. His grand-son,
David, son of Michael Dieffenderfer, now in his ninety-
second year,t informed us that liis grand-father's house-

*They were of those who first subscribed a "writing, de-
claring their allegiance to the King of Great Britain, and
fidelity to the proprietary of the province." The paper was
drawn up in these words: "We, subscribers, natives and late
inhabitants of the Palatinate upon the Rhine, and places adja-
cent, having transported ourselves and families into this
province of Pennsylvania, a colony subject to the Crown of
Great Britain, in hopes and expectation of finding a retreat
and peaceable settlement therein, do solemnly promise and
engage, that we will be faithful and bear true allegiance to his
present Majesty, King George the Second, and his suc-
cessors, Kings of Great Britain, and will be faithful to the
Proprietor of this province ; and that we will demean our-
selves peaceably to all his said majesty's subjects, and strictly
observe and conform to the laws of England and of this
province, to the utmost of our power and best of our under-
standing."

fThey sailed in the Ship William and Sarah, William Plill,
master. There were ninety Palatine families, making in all
about 400 persons, in this ship.— CW. Rec. III. 390.

tSee a brief sketch of his public life, at the close of this
chapter.

17

194 HISTORY OF

}iold goods were brought from Philadelphia, by one
JMartin, and unloaded under an Oak tree. In the course
of a few days after their arrival, a hut or cabin was
erected by the aid of the neighbors, who were kind ; and
the goods snugly housed, and the family comfortably
situated. INIichael, David's father, Vv'"as then a child.

The neighbors were attentive in relieving their wants,
and supplying them with necessaries. Mr. Bear
bestowed them a cow; JNIr. Martin and Hans Graaf,
some flour and meat. Shortly afterwards, other German
families settled here ; among these were Ranck, Bachert,
Beck, JNIayer, Brimmer, Koch, Hinkel, Schneider, Seger,
Stehly, Brubacher, INIeixel, Diller, and others.

The caprice of Keith, induced him to receive the
application of the Swiss and Germans, with perfect
indifference. They applied as early as 1721; but the
consideration of their petition was procrastinated, days,
months and years, till 1724, and then only was leave
granted to bring in a bill to naturalize them, on the hu-
miliating condition, provided each Swiss or German
should individually obtain from a justice of the peace,
a certificate of the value of his property, and the
nature of his religious faith — not enough yet — a
representation is made (1727) to Governor Gordon
Keith's successor; "that a large number of Germans,
peculiar in their dress, religion, and notions of political
Governments, had settled on Pcquca, and were deter-
mined not to obey the lawful aiuhority of Government;
that they had resolved to speak their oivn language^ (a
grave charge indeed !) and to acknowledge no sovereign,
but the Great Creator of the Universe."

There was, perhaps, never a people who feel less
disposed to disobey the lawful authority of Government
than the JSIennonites, against whom these charffes were

LANCASTER COUNTY. 195

made. In justice to them, we shall digress from our
narrative, and introduce their own sentiments on this
subject: "We dedicate ourselves to the security of good
Government, and the preservation of human life. As
Christ commanded Peter to pay tribute to Cesar, so we
shall always pay our taxes. We are subject to high
authority, as Paul advises, for those in authority bear not
the sword in vain to execute wrath, but to exercise
mercy. We hope and pray, that we may not offend. —
INIay God govern the hearts of our rulers, that they do
those good things which will add to their own, and our
happiness."

It is also well known, that it was owing to their con-
scientious scruples to take up arms against the mother
country, to whom they had vowed loyalty, that they
were the last to resist a high authority; but no sooner
had the American Independence been acknowledged —
lawful authority established — than they obeyed the
rulers of their country. They have never, as a class, or
as individuals, so far as we know, been disloyal, trouble-
some, or expensive to Government. They pay their
taxes regularly ; support the poor of their faith, at their
own expense : You look in vain in the poor-house for
any of their brethren or sisters.

To add food to keep alive jealousies, and excite mis-
givmgs against the Germans, "it was reported that some
thousands were expected to arrive in the ensuing season
of 1727." It is true that three hundred and forty-eight
Palatine families, making in all twelve hundred and forty
persons, did arrive.* They came not as disloyalists, but

•The number of German emigrants, during 172.8, was less
than the preceding year, only 152 families, consisting of 390
persons arrived at Philadelphia; during 1729 it was still less ;
only 243 Palatine passengers arrived. Strange, that this num?-

15fi HISTORY OP

were encouraged to come to Pennsylvania to settle and
improve the country, upon tlie invitation of the proprie-
tary. Tlicir industry and utility had before that period
been proverbial.

This information, and the report of expected arrivals,
were laid before the Assembly, whereupon William
Webb, Samuel Ilollingsworth, and John Carter, were
appointed a committee to inquire into the facts, and make
report to the next House. These gentlemen investigated
the grave charges, and in 1728, made a report favorable
to the Germans and Swiss, who had been invited by the
original proprietary, William ; " that they had honestly
paid for their lands, and were a quiet and industrious
people, honestly discharging their civil and religious
duties. But tliat some had made a settlement on lands
without any right, and refused to yield obedience to
the Government; that those persons had entered this
colony from that of New York," says the report, &c. —
These some, were but few who had settled " upon Tul-
pahaca creek," about the year 1722, or 23. These,
"from New York," had settled on the Tulpehocken
lands, by Governor Keith's permission. They were
thirty-three families in 1723 Avith other natives of
Germany, who were by the bounty and goodness of
Queen Anne in(hiced to transpoit themselves and

ber should alarm the Government so much as to pass an act
laying a duty of forty shillings, per head, on aliens, i. e. Ger-
mans, Swis-^', Dutch and French!!! The influx of paupers —
not Germans — which was so great during 1729, should have
excited more alarm, than the few aliens.

During the year 1729, there were of English and Welsh pas-
sengers and servants, 267, Scotch servants, 43, //-tsA passengers
and servants, 1155, Palatine (alien, or 40 shilling head) passen-
gers, 243 ; by the way of New Castle, chiefly passengers and
servants from Ireland, 4500. — JIugh. His. Acd. 163.

LANCASTER COUNTY; 19T

families to the colony of New York, in 1710, or 1711,
where they settled. But their families increasing, and
being in that Government confined to the scanty allow-
ance of ten acres of land to each family, whereupon they
conld not well subsist, being informed of the kind recep-
tion which the Germans usually met within the province
of Pennsylvania, and hoping they might, with what
substance they had, acquire larger settlements in the
province of Pennsylvania, did leave their settlements in
New York, and came with their families; applied to the
Governor, who granted them permission to settle."

The names of many of these are still preserved
recorded, viz : Johannes Yans, Peter Ritt, Conrad Schitz,
Paltus Unsf,. Toritine Serbo, Josap Sab, Jorge Ritt,
Godfreyt Filler, Johannes Claes Shaver, lo. Hameler
Ritt, Antonis Shart, Johan Peter Pacht, Jocham Michael
Cricht, Sabastian Pisas, Andrew Falborn.*"

As the settlements were now becoming numerous, and

settlers located in various parts, they came frequently and

more closely in contact with the Indians ; and in despite

of the efforts of the Government to prevent bloodshed,

owing to some violence on the part of both whites and

natives, a person named Thomas Wright was killed by

some Indians at Snaketown,. forty miles above Conestoga.

John Wright addressed a letter, carried by Jonas Deven-

port, to Secretary Logan, at Philadelphia, which was

laid before the council, Sept. 27, 1727. The account in

the letter stated, that on the 11th of September, several

Indians, together with one John Burt, an Indian trader,

and Thomas Wright, were drinking near the house of

Burt, who was singing and dancing with the Indians,

and tlie said Wright; Burt bade Wright to knock down

the Indian, whereupon Wright laid hold of the Indian,

•Col. Rec. III. 341.

17«

198 HiSTonr ov

but did not beat him, that afterwards Biirt struck the
Indian several blows with the fist, that the said Wright
and Burt afterwards returned into the house where the
Indians followed them and broke open the door, that
while Wright was endeavoring to pacify them, Burt
called out for his gun, and continued to provoke them more
and more; that hereupon said Wright fled to the hen-
house to hide himself, whither the Indians pursued him,
and next morning he was found dead. The inquisition
on the body set forth, that the said Wright came to his
death by several blows on his head, neck and temples,
which the jurors said, they believe, were done by the In-
dians. This quarrel arose from too free use of rum, sold
by Burt, the Indian trader.*

About this time the colonists of Pennsylvania were
much annoyed by non-resident Indians, who frequently,
in small parties, roved on the borders of the settlements,
and stimulated by drink and cupidity, committed out-
rages upon the persons and property of the inhabitants.
This was the case in the settlements on Manatay creek,
which empties into the Schuylkill, thirty miles above
Philadelphia.t

In the spring of 1728, the hihabitants of the upper
part of Chester aounty, were considerably alarmed, in
viev/ of a quarrel that Avas likely to ensue between the
Indians of these parts and tbe Sbawanese, who had
killed two of the Conestogoe Indians. Mr. Wright
acqliainted the Governor by letter that tbe Indians
seemed to prepare for war, and that therefore his presence
was desired as necessary to settle these differences,
which might, in the end, affect llie peace of the people of
the province. In the back parts of the county, whole

*Col. Rcc. III. yU2. -[Gordon, 20G.

LANCASTER COUNTF,. 1^9

families had left their habitations, through fear of being
attacked by the Indians.

The Governor and council paid strict attention to tlic
representations of Mr. Wright, and made necessary-
arrangements to go to the seat of disturbance to recon-
cile those at enmity. The Governor, attended with
some members of the council, and divers other gentle-
men, to the number of about thirty, set out from Phila-
delphia, May 22, 1'72&, and on the evening of the 23rd,
arrived at the house of Mr. Andrew Cornish, about a
mile distant from Indiantown. Here they spent the 24th
and 25th, in waiting for some other persons expected at
tlie treaty and in mutual civilities ;• and on the 26th, the
treaty began at the- Indian town of Conestogoe.

Present: The Hon. Patrick Gordon, Esq., Lieut. Go-
\'ernor, some members of council and divers other gen-
tlemen. Present, also, viz: Ganyataronga, Tawenna,
Tanniatchiaro, Taquatarensaly, alias Captain Civility,
chiefs of the Conestogoe Indians; Oholykon, Peyeas-
hiskon, Wikimikyona, chiefs of some of the Delaware
Indians, on Brandy wine; Howickyoma, Skayanannego,
Onneygheat, Nanamakamen, Peyhiohinas, chiefs of the
Ganawese Indians; Weysow-walow, Keyscykakalow^
Nichtamskakow, chiefs of the Sliawanese.

Shakawtawlin, or Sam, interpreter from the Delaware
mto the Shawanese and Mingoe, {alias Conestogoe). —
Pomapechtoa, interpreter from the Delaware into tlie
Ganawese language. Nicholas Scull, John Scull, and
Peter Bizallion, assistant interpreters.

The Governor spoke as follows: My friends and
brethren, you are sensible that the great William Penn,
the father of this country, when he first brought his
people with him over the broad sea, took all the Indians,
the old inhabitants, by the hand, and because he found

200 HISTORY OF

them to be sincere, honest people, he took them to his
heart and loved them as his own. He then made a
strong league and chain of friendship with them, by
which it was agreed that the Indians and English, with
all the christians, shonld be as one people. Yonr friend
and father, William Penn, still retained a warm affection
for all the Indians, and strictly commanded those whom
he had sent to govern this people to treat the Indians as
his children, and continued ia this kind love for them
until his death.

His sons have now sent me over in their stead, and
they gave me strict charge to love all the Indians as their
brethren, and as their father, William Penn, loved you.
I would have seen you before this time, but I fell sick
soon after I came over, and continued so until next
spring. I then waited to receive some of the Five
Nations who came to see me at Philadelphia, and last
fall I heard you were all gone hunting.

I am now come to see you, and to renew the ancient
friendship which has been between William Penn's
people and you. I was in hopes that Sassoonan and
Opckasset, with their people, would have been likewise
here; they have sent me kind messages and have a
warm love for the christians. I believe they will come
to me at Philadelphia, for since they could not get hither
I have desired them to meet me there. I am now to
discourse witli my brethren, the Conestogoes, Delawares,
Ganawese and Shawanese Indians upon Susquehanna,
and to speak in love to them.

IVIy brethren, you have been faithful to your leagues
with us, your hearts have been clean, and you have
preserved the chain from spots or rust, or, if there were
any, you have been careful to wipe them away. Your
leagues with your father, Williaui Penn, and with his.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 201

Governors, are in writing on record, that our children's
children may have them in everlastmg remembrance. —
And we know that you preserve the memory of
those things amongst you by telling them to your
children, and they again to the next generation, so that
they remained stamped on your minds never to be forgot.
The chief heads or strongest links of this chain, I find
are these nine, viz :

1. Tliat all William Penn's people or christians, and
all the Indians should be brethren, the children of one
father, joined together as with one heart, one head, and
one body.

2. That all paths should be open and free to both
christians and Indians.

3. That the doors of the christian's house should be
open to the Indians, and the houses of the Indians to
the christians, and that they shouid make each other
welcome as friends.

4. That the christians should not believe any false
rumors or reports of the Indians, nor the Indians believe
any such rumors or reports of the christians, but should
first come as brethren to inquire of each other; and that
both christians and Indians when they hear such false
reports of their brethren, should bury them as in a bot-
tomless pit.

5. That if the christians heard any ill news that may
be to the hurt of the Indians, or the Indiaiis hear any
such ill news that may be to the injuiy of the cliristians,
they should acquaint each other with it speedily, as true
friends and bretlu'en.

6. That the Indians should do no more any manner of
harm to the christians, nor their creatures, nor the chris-
tians do any hurt to any Indians, but each trust the other
as their brethren.

203 inal'ORY OF

7. But as there are wicked people in all nations, if
either Indians or christians should do any harm to each
other, complaint should he made of it hy the persons
suffering that right may he done, and when satisfaction
is made, the injury or wrong should he forgotten, and be
buried as in a bottomless pit.

8. That the Indians should in all things assist the
diristians, and the christians assist the Indians against
all wicked people that would disturb them.

9. And lastly, that both christians and Indians should
acquamt their children with this league and firm chain
of friendship made between them, and that it should
always be made stronger and stronger, and be kept
bright and clean, without rust or spot between om-
children, while the creeks and rivers run, and while the
sun and moon and stars endure.

And for a confirmation on our parts all these several
parcels of goods, viz : twenty strowd match coats,.,
twenty duffels, twenty blankets, twenty shirts, one
hundred pounds of gunpowder, two h^^ndred pounds of
lead, five hundred flints and fifty knives.

After whicii the Governor proceeded and said: INIy
brethren, I have now spoke to the league and chain of
friendship, first made by your father, William Penn,
with your fathers, which is confirmed. I am now to
acquaint you with an unhappy accident that lias afllicted
me and all good people amongst us, and we lament and
mourn with you on the heavy misfortune.

About forty days ago we heard that the Twcchtweys*
were coming as enemies against this country. I believe

'<Thi.s intelligence was communicated to the Governor by
James Le Tort, Indian trader, then at Philadelphia, who had
just come from Chcnasy, in the upper parts of the river Sus--
quchannah. — Col. Rec, III. 312.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 203

it is false, for we never hurt theTwechtweys; and about
eighteen days since, I received an express from the Iron
Works at Mahanatawny,* acquainted me that eleven
foreign Indians, painted for war, and armed with guns,
pistols and swords, were come amongst our inhabitants,
plundering them and taking away their provisions by
force, whereupon some of our people, to the number of
twenty men, with arms, went to speak to them civilly,
but the Indians fired upon them and wounded some of
them; our men likewise fired on the Indians and
wounded some of them also, but the Indians fired first.t
It was very ill done to fire.

As soon as I heard this account, I took my horse and
went to Mahanatawny, with several gentlemen of
Philadelphia; but the Indians were gone off. I found
our people believed there were more coming, and there-
fore some hundreds met together with their arms to defend
themselves in case the Indians should attfick them. As
I was returning home, I heard news that grieved me
exceedingly. I was told that two or three furious men
amongst us had killed three of our Indian friends and
hurt two girls. I went back mourning, and sent out
men to take the murderers, Avho were accordingly taken,
and they are now in irons in a dungeon to be tried by
the laws of the Great King of all the English, as if they
had killed so many of his own subjects. I have likewise
caused search to be made for the dead bodies, and two
women were found murdered, who, by my order, were
laid in a grave and covered with shirts and strowds. I
hear likewise that the dead body of an Indian man has
been found and was buried.

*About 30 miles above Philadelphia, in Berks county.

fThey were non-resident Indians, headed by a Spanish
Indian.—CoL Rec. III. 321.

J04 HISTORY OF

You know there arc wicked people amongst all
nations; there are ill people amongst you, and you are
sometimes forced to put them to death. The English
are a great people, and there are likewise wicked men
amongst them. I mourn for this misfortune, and will do
all I can to comfort the relations of the dead when I see
them, which I hope will he at Philadelphia with
Sassoonan, and Opekasset.

jVbout eight months ago, I received an accoimt that an
Englishman was killed by some Indians, at the house of
John Burt, in Snaketown. I heard John Burt was very
abusive to the Indians, and I sent to apprehend him, but
he fled; if he can be taken he will be punished. But
since there was a man killed, we expect the Indians will
do us justice, for we must be just and faithful to each
other, that this spot may be wiped away and the chain
be kept bright and clean.

You know, my brethren, that one link of the chain is,
that when the Indians are uneasy, they should tell it to
us, and when we are uneasy, we will tell it to them. I
therefore desire your hearts may be open, that I may
know if you have any cause of grief, Avhich I will
endeavor to remove, for I am your brother.

I have issued a proclamation requiring all people to
use you well, which shall be read unto you before I go
away. I will prevent any hurt being done to our
friends, the Indians, because those who do not behave
themselves agreeable to what is therein connuanded,
will be severely punished. The Governor, council,
Indians, and others, as the day before, met at the same
place. May 27th.

Tawenna, in the name, and on the behalf of all the
Indians spoke to the Governor, which was rendered into
English, by John Scull, interpreter.

LANCASTER COUXXr. 205

Give ear, said Tawenna, my brethren, of Philadel-
phia, the Conestogoe Indians, the ShaAvanese, the
Ganawese, and Delawares, have somewhat to say,
which they will speak presently.

They say, they look upon the Governor as if William
Penn himself were present. They are four nations and
among them are several foolish people, as if they were
just sprung from the earth; but that since their first
friendship with William Penn, they never have received
any wrong or injury from him or any of his people. —
That several foolish people among them committed follies
and indiscretions, but they hope these will never inter-
rupt the friendship which is between their people and
us, for that they and all William Penn's people are as
one people, that eat as it were, with one mouth, and are
one body, and one heart.

Then presenting a belt of wampum of eight rows,
they say : They would not have the Governor grieve too
much for the rash inconsiderations that' of late have been
committed; they must be buried and forgot, for that what
has happened was done by their friends ; if it had been
done by their enemies, they would have resented it, but
that we and they are one ; that they have always met
with justice and kindness from William Penn, and from
all the Governors whom he had sent here, and thus do
all the Indians of Conestogoe, Delaware, the Shawanese
and Ganawese, say. That they are extremely glad and
satisfied with Avhat the Governor said to those yesterday,
it greatly rejoiced their hearts that they had no such
speech made to them since the time that the great
William Penn was amongst them, all was good, and
nothing was amiss.

Then presenting four strings of wampum, they say :
They will visit the Governor at Philadelphia, after the

18

206 niSTORT OF

harvest is over, and then tlicy Avill speak fully to him, as
their brother and friend, for the Conestogoes, Delawares,
Shawanese, and Ganawese will then come to him, and
he may look up the Conestogoe road and expect them.
That wliat had happened at John Burt's House, was not
done by them, it was done by one of the Menysinicks,
who are of another nation, and therefore, they can say
nothing to it."

After this answer of the Indians, some of the gentle-
man present, moved the Governor that seeing there was
now a numerous company of our inliabitants met
together, he would be pleased to press the Indians to
declare to hiin if they suffered any grievance or hard-
ship from this Government, because several reports had
been industriously spread abroad, as if they had some
just cause of complaint. And the Governor having
ordered the interpreters to acquaint them therewith;
they all answered that they had no cause of complaint,
that William Penn and his people had still them treated
well, and they had no uneasiness.

The Governor then told them, that he was well
pleased with what they had said unto him, and that
since the Indian, who killed the Englishman at Burt's
house, is not of their nation, he would demand justice
from that nation to which he belonged.

After giving the Indians a few presents, the Governor
took all the Indian chiefs by the hand, and desired them
that when they returned home they should acquaint all
their people with what had now passed between them and
us, that the remembrance thereof might endure forever.

Note.— Iron Works—" Kurtz, it is supposed, established the
first Iron Works in 1720, within the present bounds of Lancaster
county. Tlio Grul)bs were distinguished for their industry and
entcrprize : they connnonced operations in 1728." — Haz. Rtg.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 207

To close this chapter, we have introduced a brief
sketch* of the public services of our old father, David
Dieffenderffer, residing at Hew Holland.

David Dieffenderffer, was born, February 9th,
1752, near New Holland; before he had reached his
tenth year, his father, Michael Dieffenderffer, moved to
Lancaster. David, when in his eleventh, saw a sight in
Lancaster, "too horrible to relate," to use his own
language, the massacred Indians in their gore, and one
in the agonies of death, menacing revenge by the motion
of "his dying hands."

At the age of twenty -five, he sternly advocated the
suffering cause of his bleeding country, by actual and
personal services; first in the character of a militia man,
after the expiration of his tour, he served as an enlisted
volunteer of Colonel Houssacker's* regiment, under
Captain David Wilbert, of Philadelphia, and Lieut. Col.
George Strieker, father of General Strieker, late of
Baltimore.

He was in many important engagements. He was
engaged in the taking of the Hessians at Trenton, where
Colonel Rahl, the Hessian commander, and a gallant
officer, was mortally wounded, besides six other
officers, and between twenty and thirty privates, of the
enemy, were killed, Decembsr 26, 1776, and twenty-
three officers, and rising of nine hundred privates, were
taken prisoners by the Americans, who lost only four

*Houssacker, who afterwards deserted the Americans, and
surrendered twenty or more of his men, at Princeton, had
been originally commissioned a major of Wayne's battalion.
" He had," says Graydon, "if I mistake not, been an adjutant
of the Royal Americans; and was considered a capable dis-
ciplinarian. He was a German, or rather a man of no country
or any country ; a citizen of the world, a soldier of fortune,
and a true mercenary." — Graydon's Mem, 218.

208 HISTORY OF

privates, and two of these were frozen to death. He
was at the cannonading of Trenton, January 2, '1777;
when the Americans were repulsed, "I ran," said the
veteran to us, in his ninety-first year, " like a Hollander,
while the bullets whistled about my ears, and rattled
like hailstones against the fence." He was in the en-
saarement where there was a fearful odds in numbers and
tact against the Americans, when they had to contend
against Lord Cornwallis's troops, and reinforced by regi-
ments under the command of Colonel JNIaywood, at the
battle of Princeton, January 3rd, 1777; here the British
loss was more than one hundred killed, and rising of
three hundred prisoners taken. "But the victory was
by no means a bloodless one to the Americans; General
Mercer was mortally wounded. Col. Haslet, Col. Potter,
and other officers of subordinate rank, were killed."

He was with the American army at Morristown, hi
winter quarters. Here Washington, not trustmg to the
barriers nature had thrown around his position, sent out
detachments to assail and harass General Howe's troops;
and it was in these expeditions Dieffenderffer frequently
took part.

In a skirmish at Monmouth, in the spring of '77,
Dieffenderffer was taken prisoner and shamefully mal-
treated by one of the British, who struck him in his
face with his musket ; a scar is still visible on his upper
lip ; blow upon blow would have been repeated, but for
the manly and timely interposition of a small Scotch-
man, he was treated as a prisoner. He, and twenty-five
or thirty fellow-prisoners, were conveyed to New York,
and confined in a sugar-refinery, covered in part with
tile. The sufferings they endured, excited universal
indignation, and will, everlastingly, reflect reproach on
the British conunander. Many of them sunk mider

LANCASTER COUNTY. 209

their sufferings and died. Dieffenderffer's sufferings
were mitigated by the kindness of a Mr. Miller, Hessian
commissary in the English service; having been at
Lancaster, he had taken lodging at the public house of
Michael Dieffenderffer, and who, in a conversation, told
Miller he had a son, a suffering prisoner, at New York,
and if he had an opportunity, would send him some
money. Miller informed him he would shortly return to
New York, and would be pleased to have it in his power
to befriend him or his suffering son ; the opportunity was
improved, and four half-johannes, placed in the hands of
the commissary, who, with the characteristic fidelity of
an honest Hessian, on his arrival, delivered the gold to
David.* He received, he said, with gratitude, and in.
tears, the money, a kind father had sent him. His condi-
tion was greatly ameliorated.

Notwithstanding the economy he used, his money, as
his imprisonment was protracted, was reduced to a few
cents; and while, as a prisoner of hope, he was meditat-
ing how his future sufferings should be mitigated, Capt.
Michael Smyser,t of York county, on his retui-n from
Long Island, by way of New York, to his home, handed
him an English guinea. After five months' suffering,
in the latter part of October, he went to Long Island
where he was, on parole, laboring for his board and
clothing for some time ; he returned to New York ; was

*This statement we have from the old father himself; v/hile
relating to us the incidents of liis eventful life, at this particu-
lar, we saw steal down his cheeks, in hurried succession, tears
from his sightless organs ; he added, "I had a kind father."

fCaptain Michael Smyser was one of the virtuous band of
th£ gloomy period of '76. At the unfortunate capture of Fort
Wcishington, he vvas made prisoner, and could appreciate the
sufferings of his fellow-citizens.

18*

210 HISTORY OF

exchanged, and received a permit ; and in company with
Colonel Atlee, who had been taken prisoner before,
came to Trenton, where they parted. Dieffendcrffer, by
way of Valley Forge returned to Lancaster. He
remained a short time at home ; then in company with
Captain Wilbert, went to Valley Forge; here he
remained four weeks, sufficiently long to witness the
sufferings of the American army.

On the 18th of June, 1778, General Howe evacuated
Philadelphia, and crossed over into New Jersey, whither
they were speedily followed by Washington ; pursuing the
enemy, and on the 28th of June, gained a signal
victory at Monmouth, over the British. Dieffendcrffer
was in this engagement. This, says he, was one of the
hottest days that he ever experienced ; several fell dead
from drinking cold water. From Monmouth, they
marched to the White Plains, a few miles to the north-
eastward of New York Island. Thence they went to
West Point, where Washington had his head quarters. —
Here Dieffendcrffer having received a furlough,
returned to Lancaster, where he remained till March,
1779, when he returned to the regiment at East on. —
Under the command of General Sullivan, they marched
into the W^yoming country, and Gennesee Flats ; thence
returned to Wyoming ; then the regiment, under the
direction of Major Weldner, came on to Sunbury. —
Owing to sickness, Dieffendcrffer, as ensign, resigned his
commission, and returned to Lancaster, in 1779.

His eventful life, through habits of temperance and
moderation, has been lengthened four score and ten. —
Though sightless for some years, he enjoys at present
remarkable health ; and enjoys the company of a
virtuous and intelligent offspring and relatives. Here
we would add that his cousin, Jacob Dieffendcrffer,

I^ANCASTER COUNTY. !^\

residing in the same village, New Holland^ was
in the service of his countiy, when Lord Corn-
wallis was taken. We regret that we have not the
particulars of his services. May they both continue to
command the esteem which tliey so richly merit, and
when their warfare on earth ends, may they rest iii
peace..

CHAPTER VI.

Ephrata — Origin of Gcnnan Baj:tist3 in Europe, and tlieir emigration to-
America — Some settle at Mueibach — Sieben Taeger association formed
at Ephrata, by Conrad Beissel — Change of life among tiiem-^They built
Kc'iar and Zion — Singular architecture of buildings — Fractur-Schriften.
by the Sisters — Specimens of original poetry — Eckerlein and the bell-^
Its destination — Sabbath School established — Miller succeeds Beissel —
Juliana Penn's letter — Poetry dedicated to Miller — Present state of
Ephrata. List of names of the first inhabitants of Ephrata — Names of
some of the early settlers in Lancaster county.

A settlement v/as commenced, in 1725, or 1726, on
the banks of the Cocalico creek, where the Reading
road, and Downingtown turnpike intersect, at present, in
Ephrata township, and is well known by the name of
"Kloster," or "Ephrata," or "Dunkertown," a nick-
name from the word Dunker, or Tunker, a corruption
of Taeicfer, Baptists. To show the origin of this settle-
ment, we shall introduce as preliminary, a brief historL-
cal sketch of the Germa,n Baptists, from whom the
founder of the society at Ephrata, seceded. Those
at Ephrata, are generally known by the name of ''Sieben
Taeger," Seventh Bay People; because they keep the
seventh, mstead of the Jirst day of the week, as the
Sabbath.

2li

HISTORY OP

In the year 1708, eight persons, five brcllircn and three
sister\s, viz: Alexander Mack, of Schreisheim, in the
Palatinate, Germany, George Graby and Lucas Fetter,
of Hesse Cassel, Andrew Boney, of Basle, in Switzer-
land, and John Kipping, from Wirtemburg, and Johanna
Bong, Anna Margaretta Mack, and Johanna Kipping,
entered iriio a covenant with each other, to meet regu-
larly, to carefully and impartially examine the doctrines
of the New Testament, and by the help of God, to ascer-
tain what are the obligations it imposes on professed fol-
lowers of the meek and the humble Saviour; laying
aside pre-conceived opinions, and, if possible, to attain
to the answer of a good conscience by rendering implicit
obedience to the commands of the Lord Jesus ; to follow
him in evil as well as in good report. The result of
their meetings and prayerful investigations was the
formation of a society, that as brethren and sisters, under
the cross of the Lord Jesus Christ, dwelled togetiier in
unity of a living faith. This society is now called the
Dunkers, from the mode of administering baptism, in
water, by trine immersion.

The society having been formed, and, as they con-
ceived that immersion was the only valid mode of
administering bajUism, and none of them thus baptized,
they felt themselves in a difficulty, says one of their
writers, "not soon got over;" one of their number, who
labored among them in word, visited the societies in
diffcrents parts of Germany, to collect the opinion of the
awakened generally, upon the subject of baptism; the
greater number acknowledged that immersion was the
mode practiced by tlie Apostles and primitive christians,
l)ut still endeavoring to satisfy themselves, that a hand-
full of water by pouring, would answer the same end,
provided it was administered to proper subjects only.

LANCASTER COVSTY. 213

^'The consciences of the before mentioned could, how-
ever, find no satisfaction in these; they, therefore,
desired him, who was their minister, to baptize them by-
immersion; according to the example and practice of
the first christians and primitive believers; he felt a
diifidence to comply with their request on account of his
not being baptized himself, he desired, therefore, first to
be baptized before he could conscientiously baptize any
of them; and they betook themselves to fasting and
prayer, in order to obtain help and direction in this case,
from Him who is the restorer of paths to dwell in, for they
were all desirous to be baptized. In this dilemma, a
testimony of scripture revived in their minds, "Where
two or three are gathered in my name, there am I in the
midst."

"Wherefore, with an unbroken confidence in the
precious promise of God, they cast lots, who of the
four brethren should baptize him, that was anxiously
desirous of being baptized; they pledged their Avord, at
the same time, that it should remain a secret upon whom
the lot fell, that no one might take occasion to call the
society by the name of any man, as was the case with
the Corinthian church, which was sharply reproved by
the Apostle."

"The crisis for the camp to move forward, had now
arrived; they were now made w^illing in the day of the
Lord's power; accordingly, they went out in the morn-
ing, to a stream called Ader, and then, he, upon whom
the lot had fallen, baptized the brother, who was so
anxious to submit to. the ordinance. This being done,
he was acknowledged as duly qualified; he baptized
him first by whom he had been baptized, and the three
remaining brethren, and the sisters; thus were these
eight, at an early hour in the morning,, baptized in the,

214 nisTORr of

water by trine immersion ; and after they came up out
of the water, and liad changed their clothes, they were
filled with joy, and by the grace of God, these expres-
sions were revived in their minds with peculiar energy,
"be ye fruitful and multiply."

They met with no small share of opposition and per-
secution, notwithstanding these, they soon increased,
wherever the hand of persecution had driven them;
some fled to llolland, some to Creyfels, in the Dutchy of
Cleves; and the mother church voluntarily removed t(J
Serustervin, in Friesland. In a very short time, there were
efficient laborers in this branch of God's moral vineyard;
especially at Creyfels. Among the brethren there were
John II. Kalklosor, from Frankenthal, Christian Leib,
and Abraham Dubois, from Ebstcin, John Naas, and
others, from the north, Peter Becker, from Dilsheim,
John H. Traut, and his brethren, and Stephen Koch,
George B. Gantz, from Umstadt, and Michael Ecker-
ling, from Stras1)urg. Among these, as their leader, was
Alexander Mack, who devoted his property to the com-
mon use of the society, and emigrated to Pennsylvania,
in 1729,* where persecuted virtue found an asylum
under the benign Goverimient of Penn. They first
settled at Germantown, some at Skippack, Oley, others
at Conestoga, and elsewhere. A congregation of them
was organized, and they chose Peter Becker, as official
ba])tizer.

The society increased rapidly, and soon a church was
formed in Lancaster county, at Muclbach, (Mill creek).
One of the prominent members of this last mentioned

•Im lahr, 1729, ist Alexander Mack, der Urstaender der
Taeufer, samt dm ucbrigen gcdachtcr GcMiieinde, von Fries-
land abgcsctzt und in Pcnnsylvanicn angekommen. — Peter
Miller.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 215

church, was Conrad Beissel, a native of Germany. He
Was converted in 1715. He had fled from the persecu-
tions of that period. He arrived in America in 1720,
and in 1721, settled at Mill creek, where he, and one
Stuntz, built a house; and they were soon joined by
Isaac Von Babern, George Stiefel, and others. It
appears from an extract of the Ephrata Chi'onicle, that
Conrad Beissel was baptized by Peter Becker, in Pequea
creek, in 1724. Soon a new organization arose from
the Dunkers.* Beissel, "wholly intent upon seeking
out the true obligation of the word of God, and the
proper observances of the rites and ceremonies it im-
poses, stripped of human authority, he conceived that
there was an error among the Dunkers, in the ob-
servance of the day for the Sabbath; that the seventh

*About the same time, another religious sect was formed in
Oley, now Berks county. This association was headed by one
Mathias Baumann. His followers or disciples were styled
"The New-born."

They professed to be impeccable, or of having attained a
state of sinlessness: they were perfectionists. They boasted
they were sent of God to confound others. Their disputations
were frequently heard in the market places of Philadelphia. —
On one occasion, Baumann, to show that his doctrine was
from God, proposed to wade across the Delaware river.

They were, as it is the custom of enthusiasts and fanatics,
contentious, wandering through the country, displaying zeal
for their doctrines, by controverting with al! who differed from
them in matters of faith. Conrad Beissel, the founder of the
Sieben Taeger, was occasionally annoyed in his recluse situa-
tion, by them.

Baumann, their leader, was a native of Lamshelm, Palati-
nate ; born in 1701 ; came to America between the years, 1719,
and 1722; he died, 1727. It is reported, he was an honest and
sincere man ; not solicitous to accumulate property ; but, that
Kuehlenwein, Jotter, and others of his followers, loved the
g»od things of the world inordinately.

216 HISTORY OF

day was the command of the Lord God, and that day
being cstabhshed and sanctified, by the Great Jehovah,
forever! And no change, nor authority for change, ever
having been announced to man, by any power sufficient
to set aside the solemn decree of the Almighty; a
decree which he declared that he had sanctified forever !
He felt it to be his duty to contend for the observance of
that day. About the year 1725, he published a tract
entering into a discussion of this point, which created
some excitement and disturbance in the society, at Mill
creek ; upon which he retired from the settlement, and
went secretly, to a cell on the banks of the Cocalico,'*
that had previously been occupied by one Elimelich, a
hermit. His place of retirement was unknown for
sometime to the people he had left, and when discovered,
many of the society at Mill creek, who had become
convinced of the truth of his proposition for the observ-
ance of the Sabbath, settled around him, in solitary
cottages. They adopted the original Sabbath — the
seventh day — for public worship, in the year 1728;
which has ever since been observed by their descendants,
even unto the present day.

In the year 1732, the solitary Mfe was changed into a
conventicle one, and a monastic society was established
as soon as the first buildings erected for that purpose
were finished. May, 1733. The habit of the Capuchins,
or White Friars,t was adopted by both the brethren and

*Cocalico, called by the Delaware Indians, Kocli-Halckung,
CIcrmanice, Schlangcnhochlc, Serpents den ; from the abun-
dance of serpents along the stream. — Chron. Eph. 52.

fCapuziner, cine Abart des Franciscaner Ordens, wclche
gegen das lahr 1525, ihren Anfang nahm. Sie tragen cine
lange spitz zulaufendc capuze und cincn langen Bart; die
Vcrfassung des ordens ist strong und zcichnet sich durch
Enthaltsamkcit aus.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 21?

sisters; which consisted of a shirt, trowsers, and vest,
with a long white gown or cowl, of woolen web in
winter, and hnen in summer. That of the sisters
differed only in the substitution of petticoats for trowsers,
and some little peculiarity in the shape of the cowl. —
Monastic names were given to all who entered the
cloister. Onesimus (Israel Eckerlin) was constituted
Prior, who was succeeded by Jaebez (Peter Miller) and
the title of Father — spiritual father — was bestowed by
the society, upon Beissel, whose monastic name was
Friedsam; to which the brethren afterwards added
Gottrecht; implying, together. Peaceable, Godright. In
the year 1740, there were thirty-six single brethren in
the cloister, and thirty-five sisters ; and at one time, the
society, including the members living in the neighbor-
hood, numbered nearly three hundred.

The first buildings of the society of any consequence,
were Kedar and Zion; a meeting house and convent,
which were erected on the hill called JNIount Zion. —
They afterwards built larger accommodations, in the
meadow below, comprising a sister's house, called Saron,
to which is attached a large chapel and "Saal" for the
purpose of holding Agapas, or Love Feasts. A
brother's house, called Bethania, with which is con-
nected the large meeting room, with galleries, in which
the whole society assembled, for public worship, in the
days of their prosperity, and which are still standing,
surrounded by smaller buildings, that were occupied as
printing-office, bake-house, school-house, almonry, and
others, for different purposes; on one of wliich, a one
story house, the town clock is erected.*

•One of the buildings having been erected thirty-eight years,
was converted into a Hospital in the American Revolution,
and afterwards occupied as a school house. The house stands

19

218 HISTOKY OP

"The buildings are singular, and of very ancient
architecture; all the outwalls being covered with shin-
gles, or clapboards. The two houses, for the brethren
and sisters, are veiy large, being three and four stories
high : each has a chapel for their night meetings, and
the main buildings are divided into small apartments,
each containing between fifty and sixty, so that six
dormitories, which are barely large enough to contain a
cot (in early days a bench, and billet of wood for the
head) a closet and an hour glass surrounded a common
room, in which each subdivision pursued their respec-

no more ; the spot it occupied is still pointed out to the casual
visitor, by the courteous inhabitants of Ephrata.

A few days after the battle of Brandywine had been fought,
September 11, 1777, four or five hundred of the wounded
soldiers were taken to Ephrata, and placed in the Hospital. —
Doctors Yerliel, Scott and Harrison, were the attending
surgeons and physicians. The wounds and camp fever,
baflied their skill: one hundred and fifty of the soldiers died
here ; they were principally from the Eastern States, and
Pennsylvania, and a tew British, who had deserted and joined
the American Army. " The first of them that died here, was
buried by the honors of war; a funeral sermon, preached by
one of their own number, appointed for that purpose. This
practice was continued for some time, till they began to drop
off too rapidly to allow time for the performance of the cere-
mony, when every thing of the kind was dispensed with."

The place where they rest, is enclosed ; and for many years,
a board, with this inscription :

"lijfcv anuhfu Hi'r <KffI)cinr tjfclcr Soltr»T[teu/*

was placed over the gate of tlie enclosure. The board, with
the inscription, is no more. Measures are now, upon sugges-
tion of Joseph Konigmacher, Es(]., and many of his fellow
citizens, taken to raise a plain and durable monument, to
rescue from oblivion, and perpetuate the memories of the
entombed soldiers, who were wounded at Brandywine, and died
at Ephrata.

XAXCASTER COtTNTY. 219

tive avocations. On entering these silent cells, and
traversing the long narrow passages, visiters can scarcely
divest themselves of the feeling of walking the tortuous
windings of some old castle, and breathing in the hidden
recesses of romance. The ceilings have an elevation of
but seven feet; the passages leading to the cells, or
kammers, as they are styled, and through the different
parts of both convents, are barely wide enough to admit
one person, for when meetmg a second, he has always to
retreat. The dens of the kammers are but five feet
high, and twenty inches wide, and the window, for
each has but one, is only eighteen by twenty-four
inches; the largest windows affording light to the
meeting rooms; the chapels, the saals, and even the
kammers, or dormitories, are hung and nearly covered
Tvith large sheets of elegant penmanship, or ink paint-
ings ; many of which are texts from the scriptures, exe-
cuted in a very handsome manner, in ornamented
Gothic letters, called in German, Fractur-Schrifter.
They are done on large sheets of paper, manufactuied
for the purpose at their own mill, some of which are put
into frames, and which admonish the resident, as well as
the casual visiter, which ever way they may turn the
head. There are some very curious ones : two of
which still remain in the chapel attached to Saron. —
One represents the narrow and crooked way, done on a
sheet of about three feet square, which it would be
difficult to describe ; it is very curious and ingenious :
the whole of the road is filled up with texts of scripture,
adverting the disciples of their duties, and the obliga-
tions their profession imposes upon them. Another
represents the three Heavens. In the first, Christ, the
Shepherd, is represented gathering his flock together ; in
the second, which Occupies one foot in height, and is

220 HISTORY 07

three feet wide, three hundred figures in Capuchin dress,
can be count xl, witli harps in their liands, and heads of
ail innumerable host ; and in the third is seen the Throne
surrounded by two hundred Arch-Angels, Many of
these Fractur-Schriften express their own enthusiastic
sentiments on the subject of Celibacy, and the virtue of
a recluse life, whilst others are devotional pieces. The
following are from two found in the chapel of the
sisters' convent. We can copy the sentiment, but carmot
convey an idea of their style.

Die Lieb ist ursrc kron und heller tugend spicgel.

Die Weishcit unsre Lust, und reines Gottcs Siegel;

Das Lamm ist unser schatz wir uns an vertrauen,

Und folgen seinem Gang als reinste Jungfraucn.

Unsre Kronen die ■wir tragen in diescr sterblichkeit,

Werden uns in Trucbsals-tagen durch vicl Lcid zubereit,

Da muss unsre Hoffnung bUiehen und der Glaube wachscn auf

"Wan sich Welt undFleisch bemucchen uns zu schwacchem im

Lauf,
0, wol dan ! wcilwir gezachlct zudcr rcinen LacnimcrHeerd,
Die dem keuschen Lamm vcrmachlet, und crkauft von der Erd,
Bleibet schon alhier verborgen, unser Ehrcn Schmuck und

Kron,
Wird us doch an jencm Morgen Krocnon, lesus Gottcs Sohn.

Above the door, as you enter from the sister house
m the saal, is one which we copied while on a visit to
the place.

Die Tliucr zum cingang in das haus

Wo die vcrcinte Scclcn wohncn

Laosst koines mehr, von da hinaus

Weil GoU tlnit sclber untcr ihnen tlironcn

Ihr Glucck bluehl in vcreintcn Licbes Flammcn,

Weil sie aus GoU und seiner Lieb herstammcn.

Immediately to the right of this is another which,

LANCASTER COUNTT. 221

by the aid of Schwester Barbara, we were able to
copy.

So lebet dann die reine Schaar

Im innern Tempel hierbeisamen,

Entrissen aller Welt-Gefahr

In heiss verliebten Liebes-Flammen ;

Und lebet dann in Hoffnung bin,

Nach der beglueckten Freiheit die dort oben ;

Da sie nach dem verliebten Sinn

Ihn ohne zeit und end wird loben.

Another on the same wall, which, as we have been
informed, was a favorite Rdm in their more prosperous
days.

So steht der Tempel da erfuelltmit reinen Seelen,

Die sich das keusche Lamm zu eigen thut vermaehlen:

Els gehet vor uns her, wir folgen treulich nach,

Und nehmen mit auf uns sein Kreuz und Ungemach.

Bleiben wir so in ihm so ist das Ziel getroffen ;

Und haben dorten einst das wahre Gut zu hoffen :

Bleiben ihm gespart, bis es sich wird vermaehlen,

Und wir in jener Welt, ewig sein Lob erzaehlen.

Die Lieb ist unsere kron und heiliger Tugendspiegel ;

Die Weisheit unsere Lust und reines Gottes Siegel:

Das Lamm ist unser Schatz dem wir uns anvertrauen,

Und folgen seinem Gang als reinste Jungfranen.

In the rooms which any sister has occupied, and is
departed, a piece, which is framed in imitation of a
tablet, is put up expressive of the character and virtues
of the deceased, or some feeling memorial of love is
inscribed. The following was found in the kammer
which had been occupied by Zenobia, a very beautiful,
lovely and devout sister :

ZENOBTA,

" Wird gruenen und Gcdeyen, ihre Arbeit wird nicht vergel-

lich, noch auch ihre Hoffnung, verlohren seyn, ihr Erbe

bluehet mitten unter den Heiligen."

I'J*

222 HISTORY OP

"A room was set apart for such purposes, called
^ Das Sclircib Zimmer," the writing room, and several
sisters devoted their whole attention to this labor, as
well as to transcribing the writings of the founder of the
society; thus multiplying copies for the wants of the
community, before they had a printing press. Two
sisters, named ^Qmiastasia and Iphigenia, were the
principal ornamental writers. They left a large folio
volume of sample alphabets, of various sizes and style;
which are both elegant and curious, exhibiting the most
patient application. The letters of the first alphabet are
twelve inches long, surrounded by a deep border, in
imitation of copper-plate engraving; each one of wliich
is different in the filling up. It was finished in the year
1750, and is still preserved in the hands of the trustees.
There was another transcribing room appropriated
exclusively to copying music. Hundreds of volumes,
each containing five or six hundred pieces, were trans-
ferred from book to book, with as much accuracy,
and almost as nuich neatness, as if done with a

graver.

"It was in contemplation, at one time, by the Ecker-

lins, three brothers, one of \vhom was a pi'ior, and had
the superintendence of the secular concerns, to make it a
place of more importance than a mere religious refuge.
They were from Germany, and had been brought up
Catholics. They conceived a project of erecting exten-
sive buildings, and connecting trades Avith it; and had
some preparations under way; (he timber all hewn, as
ail the buildings are of wood, even the chimneys, which
remain in use at this day; and in readiness to erect a
tower, and liad sent to Europe, where they had exten-
sive connexions, and got a chime of bells cast, unknown
to the society, until they arrived at Philadelphia, and tlie

LAhX^ASTER COUXTr. 223

bill for payment was forwarded to them. The society
resolved not to receive them, but had them sold and paid
the loss. One of these bells having upon it, "Ephrata —
Israel Eckerlin, Prior/^* was purchased, and is now on
one of the churches in Lancaster.

" This transaction led to the discovery of a conspuacy
of the Eckerlins to possess themselves of the titles of
the property, which v,^as much more extensive and
valuable then now, and which termmatcd in the expul-
sion of Israel from the office of Prior. The Eckerlins

♦Israel Eckerlin, Prior; this is given on the authority of "W.
A. Fahaestock, M. D., to whom we are indebted for much of
this article. We believe the bell alluded to, is the one on the
Lutheran church. If it is, it h£is this inscription : Buh auspicio
viri venerandi Onesimi Societ. Ephrat. Pracpo:>iti, A. O.
MDCCXLV. Which we translated: "Under the auspices of
the venerable man, Onesimus^ placed over the society at
Ephrata, A. D. 174-5.

Note. — At a church council held in Ephrata, Beissel, and
his associates, had determined to break the bell and inter thB
fragments ; however^ on a night's reflection, it was resolved to
dispose of it dlflferently : the bell was pardoned from its de-
creed fate, and sold to the Lutherans, at Lancaster. We quote
the Chomican Ephratense : " Um diesselbe zeit, 1745, kara die
ansehnliche Glocke in Philadelphia an von England, welche
die EckerUn sollen bestellt haben, folgendes motto war um
dieselbe gegossen: Sub auspicio xiri venerandi Onesimi Socie-
tasis Ephratensis Praepositi : Auf diese empfangene Nachricht
•ward Rath gehalten in des Vorstehers Gegenwart, welcber
fur die Glocke sehr unguenstig ausfiel: dasz sie solte ia
stuecken zerschlagen, und unter die erde vergraben werden;
aber wie sie solte bezahli werden, wusste niemand, dann sie
kostete 80 pfund. Des andern Morgens erschien der Vorsteher
abermal Im Rath, und sagte: Er haette nachgedacht, weil die
Brueder arm waeren, solte die Glocke pardonirt werden, und
also ist sie an die Lutherische Kirche, in Lancaster komraen. —
Ckron. Eph. p. 164.

224 niSTORT OP

afterwards moved to Virginia, where tlicy obtained

some notoriety in connection with the Indian affairs.

The society was wedded to apostohc simpUcity; they
•deshed no towe?' — no bells. They refused to have a
bell to call them to meeting, even the midniglit meeting,
which was regularly held at twelve o'clock: P'riedsam
contending that the spirit of devotion ought to be suih-
cient to make them punctual to the hour, which generally
proved to be adequate.

" The community was a republic, in which all stood
upon perfect equality and freedom. No monastic vows
were taken, neither had they any written covenants, as
is common in the Baptist cliurches. The New Testa-
ment was their confession of faith, their code of laws,
and church discipline. The property Avhicli belonged
to the society, by donation, and the labor of the single
brethren and sisters, was common stock; but none was
obliged to throw in his own property, or to give up any
possessions. The society was supported by the income
of the farm and grist mill, paper mill, oil mill, fulling
mill, and the labor of the brethren and sisters, in the
cloister.

IMany of the male members were men of education,
and the school which they had established, attracted
attention abroad; young men from Baltimore and of

Philadelphia, were sent to this i)lacc to be educated.

Ludwig Hacker, the teacher of the common school,
projected the plan of holding a school in the afternoons
of the Sal.ibath, or Saturday, and who, in connexion
with some of the brethren, commenced it, to give instruc-
tion to the indigent children who were kept from regular
school by employments which their necessities obliged
them to be engaged at during tlie week, as well as to
give religious instruction to those of better chcmn-

LANCA"rr:n countf. 235

stances. The precise time when this school was estab-
lished, is not known; it was after 1739.

Tlie society, after an existence of fifty years, began to
decline, from some cause, which we have not been able
to learn. Some say that BeissePs successor, Peter Miller,
wanted vigor of mind. This, says Doctor Fahnestock,
is not, he believes, the cause ; for he assured us, in a
conversation with him on this subject, in 1S36, so far as
he could learii, Peter Miller was a man of much greater
powers of mind than Beissel, and that he had the
management of the establishment during Beissel's time f-
and to whose energy and perseverance is mainly
attributable the great prosperity of the institution in its
early days.

That Miller was a man of more than ordinary powers
of mind, is evident from the testimony of the Rev.
Jedediah Andrews, an alumnus of Havard College, of
the class of 1695, Andrews speaking of INIiller, in a
letter, dated Philadelphia, 8th, 14th, 1730.

"There is lately come over a Palatine candidate of the
ministry, who having applied to us at the Synod (Scotch
Synod) for ordination, 'tis left to three ministers, (these
were Tenant, Andrews and Boyd), to do it. Ho is an
extraordinary person for sense and learning. We gave
liim a question to discuss about Justification, and he
answered it, in a Avhole sheet of paper, in a very notable
manner. His name is John Peter Miller, and speaks
Latin as readily as we do our vernacular tongue, and so
does the other, ISIr. Weiss."t

•Beissel died July 6th, 1768, aged 77 years and 4 months,-^
He was a native of Oberbach, in the Palatinate.

tGeorge Michael Weiss, was born at Stebback, in Neckar-
thal, Germany. Mr. Miller and he were fellow students at
Heildelberg. Vfeiss came to America, some years before

226 HISTOPY OF

At an early period, they established a German printing
office, wliich enabled tlieni to distribute tracts and
hymns, and afterwards to print several large Avorks, in
virhich the views of the founder are fully explained. —
Many of tliese books have been lost and destroyed. In
the Revolutionary war, just before the battle of Ger-
mantown, three wagon loads of books, in sheets, were
seized and taken away for cartriges. They came to the
paper mill to get paper, and not finding any there, they
pressed the books in sheets. The printing press, used
then, is now in possession of R. R. Heitler, Esq., at
Ephrata.

" JNIusic was much cultivated. Beissel was a first rate
musician and composer. In composing sacred music he
took his style from the music of Nature, and the whole
comprising several large volumes are founded on the
tones of the Aeolian harp ; the singing is the Aeolian
harp harmonized; it is very peculiar in its style and
concords, and in its execution. The tones issuing from
the choir imitate very soft instrumental music ; convey-
ing a softness and devotion almost super-human to the

Miller finished his studies. Before Miller's ordination, Weiss
had been Pastor of the German Reformed congregation, in
Philadcljjiiia, and about that time, in company with an Elder,
named Keif, visited Holland, and other parts of Europe, for
the purpose of making collections in aid of the feeble congre-
gations, in Pennsylvania.

Mr. Miller, Weiss, and John Bartholomew Ricger, fellow
students, wore on terms of intimacy, at liome and in America.
Rieger was a native of Obcringclhcini, ralalinate. He
studied at Basel and Heidelberg, arrived in America, in 1731^
and afterwards settled in Lancaster county ; he had charge of
several German Reformed congregations in this county. Ho
died at Lancaster, March 11, 1709, aged G2 youi-s, 2 luonlhs
and 4 days,; buried in the German Relur'ned church grave*
yard.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 227

auditor. Their music is set in four, six, and eight parts.
All the parts, save the bass, are lead and sung exclusive-
ly by females, the men being confined to the bass, which
is set in two parts, the high and the low bass — the latter
resembling the deep tones of the organ, and the first, in
combination with one of the female parts, is an excellent
imitation of the concert horn. The whole is sung on the
falsetto voice, the signers scarcely opening their mouths,
or moving their lips, which throws the voice up to the
ceiling, v/hich is not high, and the tones, which seem to
be more than human, at least so far from common church
singing appears to be entering from above, and hovering
over the heads of the assembly."

The reader may form some idea of their music from
tlie following extract of a letter written by a tourist
durmg the proprietary administration of Governor
Penn : " The counter, treble^ tenor, and bass, were all
sung by women, with sweet, shrill, and small voices, but
with a truth and exactness in time and intonation that
was admirable. It is impossible to describe to your
Lordship, my feelings upon this occasion. The per-
formers sat with their heads reclined, their countenances
solemn and dejected, their faces pale and emaciated from
their manner of living, the clothing exceeding white and
quite picturesqe, and their music such as thrilled to the
veiy soul ; I almost began to think myself in the world
of spirits, and that the objects before me were ethereal.
In short, the impression this scene made upon my mind,
continued strong for many days, and I believe, will never
be wholly obliterated."

Tliis music is lost, entirely now, at Ephrata ; not the
music books, but tlie style of singing; they never
attempt it any more. It is, however, still preserved and
finely executed, though in a faiiit degree, at Snow hilly

?2S HTSTORY CJ

in Franklin county, where there is a branch of tlie
socictj?-, and which is now the principal settlement of
tlie Seventh Day Baptists.*

This society attracted considerable attention. Lien of
various rank and standing visited the place.

George Thomas, formerly an Antigua planter, ap-
pointed in 1737, Governor of the province of Pennsyl-
vania, visited Ephrara, in 1741. He came, says Peter
Miller, accompanied by a retinue of twenty horses, and a
large number of distinguished gentlemen from Maryland
and Virginia; they were all honorably received by the
brethren. The Governor said he was much gratified to
see such an institution. He spoke very favorably of
their religious and economical arrangements. The
motives of visit, it is believed, were sinister. Without
doubt, he gained the object of his visit more easily by
adulation than he would have otherwise. At this time,
the talented, and active Conrad AVeiser, was a member
of tlie association. It was the Governor's object, if
possible, to secure once more the services of this man in
a capacity, for which he seems to have been felicitously
suited, that of an Indian interpreter. He tendered him
the appointment of justice of the peace, which he
accepted. Wciser frequently presided at court, as
chief justice, ivith his beard:\ He was afterwards
appointed provincial interpreter, in which capacity, he
rendered his country essential services for many years. —
Governor William Denny, spent some time time here, in

•The leading rchgious tenets ef this society, may be seen in
a work, entitled, "He Pasa Ecclesia," published by Rupp,
Clyde & Williams, Octavo, 900 pages, 1843.

fMan hat ihn, C. W. auch auf dcr Court als obcrstcn Ricbter
gesehcn unter Krone sitzcn mit scinem gewochnlichonlBard. —
Cl)iroiuEph.,{j'6.

LANCASTER COUNTS. 229

1756, and through an interpreter, had a long conversa-
with Beissel, touching the condition of the country.

Peter Miller was a native of Oberant Lantern, came
to America in 1730 ; soon after his arrival, was ordained
by a Scotch Synod, at Philadelphia; received as a mem-
ber of the Society at Ephrata, by being baptized in 1735,
and remained sixty-one years, to the day of his death,
September 25, 1796, a member thereof. — His remams
rest in the grave yard at that place.

He was well known in the religious and literary
world. It is said, he translated the Declaration of Inde-
pendence into seven languages. His correspondence was
extensive ; he was visited by hundreds : General Lee,
David Rittenhouse, Count Zinzendorf, and several noble-
men of Europe, have been the guests of the establishment.
We have space to insert a few of his correspondents'
communications. The first is from a female; the other
is " a rhymic effusion,^ ^ by a young gentleman of Phila-
delphia, written many years ago, in consequence of a
visit he made Peter Miller, and to whom he dedicated
the Poem.

September 29fh, 1114:.
Sir: — Your very respectable character would make me
ashamed to addres you with words merely of form. —
I hope, therefore, you will not suspect me of using any
such, when I assure you, I received the favor of your let-
ter with great pleasure. And permit me, sir, to join the
thanks I owe to those worthy v/omen, the holy sisters at
Ephrata, with those I now present to you, for the good
opinion you and they may have of me. I claim only
that of respecting merit, when I find it ; and of wishing
an increase in the world, of that piety to the Almighty,
and peace to our fellow-creatures, that I am convinced is
ill yom- hearts; and, therefore, do me the justice to

20

230 HISTORY OF

believe, you have my wishes of prosperity here, and
happiness hereafter.

I did uot receive the precious stone, you were so good
to send me, mitil yesterday. I am most extremely
obliged to you for it. It deserves to be particularly
distinguished, on its own, as well as the giver's account.
I shall keep it with grateful remembrance of my obhga-
tions to you.

Mr. Pemi, as well as myself, were much obliged to
you for remarking to us, that the paper you wrote on,
was the manufacture of Ephrata. It liad, on that ac-
comit, great merit to us ; and he has desired our friend,
j\Ir. Barton, to send him some specimens of the occupa-
tion of some of your society. I heard him say, tliat he
rejoices to hear of your and their welfare.

It is I, that should beg pardon for interrupting your
quiet, and profitable moments, by an intercourse so little
beneficial as mine ; but trust your benevolence will in-
dulge this satisfaction to one who wishes to assure you,
sir, that she is, with sincere regard, your obliged and
faithful well wisher.

JULIANNA PENN.

'TO PETER MILLER, PRINCIPAL OF THE SOCIETY OF DUNKERS

AT EPHRATA."

Th' Eternal God from his exalted throne,
Surveys at once, caith, heav'n, and worlds unknown —
All tilings that are, before his piercing eye,
Like the plain tracings of a picture lie —
UnuUcr'd thoughts, deep in the heart conceal'd,
In strong expression stand to him revcal'd —
Thousands and twice ten thousands, every day.
To Him or fcign'd or real homage pay —
Like clouds of incense rolling to the skies,
In various forms tlieir supplications rise.

Their various forms to him no access gain —

LANCASTER COTJNTr. 231

Without the Heart's true incense all are vain ;
The suppliant's secret motives there appear,
The genuine source of every offer'd prayer.

Some place Religion on a throne superb,
And deck with jewels her resplendent garb ;
Painting and sculpture all their powers display,
And lofty tapers shed a lambent ray.
High on the full-ton'd organ's swelling sound,
The pleasing anthem floats serenely round;
Harmonic strains their thrilling pow'rs combine,
And lift the soul to ecstacy divine.

In Ephrata's deep gloom you fix your seat.
And seek Religion in the dark retreat ;
In sable weeds you dress the heav'n-born maid,
And place her pensive in the lonely shade ;
Recluse, unsocial, you, your hours employ,
And fearful, banish every harmless joy.

Each may admire and use their fav'rite form.
If Heav'n's own flame their glowing bosoms warm.
If love divine of God and man be there,
The deep-felt want that forms the ardent prayer,
The grateful sense of blessings freely given,
The boon, unsought, unmerited of Heav'n,
*Tis true devotion — and the Lord of Love,
Such pray'rs and praises kindly will approve.
Whether from golden altars they arise,
And wrapt in sound and mcense reach the skies;
Or from your Ephrata, so meek, so low,
In soft and silent aspirations flow.

Oh! let the Christian bless that glorious day,
When outward forms shall all be done away.
When we, in spirit and in truth alone.
Shall bend, 0 God ! before thy awful throne.
And thou our purer worship shalt approve*
By sweet returns of everlasting love.

What yet remains of Ephrata, is worthy a long
journey to be seen; "its weather beaten walls; upon

232 HISTORY OP

which the tooth of time has been gnawing for nearly
one and a half century, are crumbling to pieces, render-
ing it more interesting from its antiquity, "Many traces
of the olden time remain, but its life has departed. —
There are, however, many delightful associations con-
nected with the mouldering walls, and like some of the
dilapidated castles, which are apparently falling to the
ground, deserted and given to the rooks and owls, yet it
contains many habitable and comfortable apartments."
These are occupied by several single sisters, one of
whom, sister Barbara, has been here fifty-five years;
but under different Government; in former days the
whole property and income belonged exclusively to the
single brethren and sisters ; but now by legislative
enactment is invested in all the members, single and mar-
ried. The sisters, since this enactment, in the convent,
are not supported out of the common stork and their
common labor, but each has house-room, which all the
married members are entitled to, who require it, as well
as firewood, flour and milk, from the society, who still
possess some land and a mill, and their labor they
apply to their own use, or dispose of it as they see proper."

We state, with regret, that the prescribed limits of this
work, preclude a detailed account of this highly in-
teresting association.

The descendants of those who were connected at an
early date, are numerous, and many of them influencial
in society. The principal ones connected with the
society, in early existence, were Conrad Beissel, Urner,
Landis, Lang, Mcyljn, Graff, Weber, Grc1)il, Funk,
Eicher, Naegly, Frey, Wolfart, Gass, Hildcbrand, Hoehn,
Sigmund, Landart, Peter Miller, Conrad Weiser, Heur-
man, Zinn, Hoecker, Pettikoffer, Gorgas, Mack, Ries-
man, Eckstein, Rinsing, Eckerlin, Heipcl, Koch, Meyer>

LANCASTER COUNTr. 233

Hardie^ Stretch, Pearcol, Derborough, Griffyth, Peas-
cify, Rogger, Seymour, Hackly, these were English —
Philip Beusel, Lohman, Kimmel, Sangmeister, Hoelleor
thai, Martin, Horn, Koenig, Beller, Hummer, Senseman,
and others, who all were members prior to the death of
\ £. Beissel, who died June 6th, 1768.

Note.— We shall close this chapter with a list of the names
of land-holders (not before mentioned) who settled at an early
date, within the present limits of the county, some before,
others shortly after, Lancaster county had been erected. For
the want of information, the list is necessarily limited. Those
named, all settled prior to 1735. Among these, in various
pai*ts of the county, were the Roddyes, Craigheads, Towsten-
beriers, Cooksons, Mayes, Jervis, McCawlys, Storys, Greens,
Whitehills, Hermans, Irwins, Wolfs, Bezoars, Venericks,
Ritters, Millseps, Royers, Woolricks, Houslemans, Byerlya,
Simons, Palmers, Poutchs, Kitchs, Travengsrs, Linders,
Verdrees, Wises, Barnetts, Ringers, Stoners, Alberts, Beards,
Pendalls, Kores, Owens, Eaves, Thornburys, Marshalls,
Brickers, Lertys, Jacksons, Beesons, Nessleys, Swoops, Bears,
Emmets, Hcrseys, Astons, Steers, M'Nabbs, Smiths, Beckers,
Forneys, Rowlands, Weidlers, Elroods, Stumps, Snejv;elys,
Eberles, Oikelbergers, Wypreights, Finks, Longs, Lindseys,
Kings, Reads, Wells, Blyths, FuUertons, Moores, Francis,
McKanes, Dehoofs, Goughnours, Lines, Dyers, Hietts, Stani^
bach, Bumgarners, Hoffs, Noacres, Lytles, Darbys, Douglas,
Sturm, Echman, Guy, Philips, Basler, Shinover, Scroop,
Varner, Mackrells, Shillys, Turners, Hoffmans, Knowls, AVhit-
raers, Kinrighs, Burkhards, Leepharts, Pleystows, Weightmans,
Burkhunters, Andersons, Piggots, Wiesenants, Blacks, Leoo-
ards. Steels, Ramsays, Sypes, Lyncks, Lowdpns, Musselraans,
Matthews, McClanaghans, Staigys, Bradcns, Burtons, Gales,
Cowens, Robinsons, Murrays, Bensons, Shannons, Browns,
Kellys, Allisons, Eddys, Fultons, Mitchells of Sadsbury, Fos-
ters, Graypcels, Shryers, Clinehaws, Harnist, Webbs, Reiffs,
Watsons, Montgomerys, McCardys, LeRues, Adlumns, Clem-
sons, Conodes, Plumbs, Shieft'ers, Warders, Dennings, Reists,
Slemmans, Armors, Templemans, McConnels, Sensineys,
Tillers, Hustons, Meixells, Geers, Wolfspaniers, Baughmaas,
~ 20*

234 HISTORY OF

Ters,Hennings, Andrews, McNcalys, Rudcneglee, Kitzmillers,
Le Chaars, Bushans, Roodcs, Birshings, Jacks, Flemmings,
M'Clellaiids, Howards, EUmakers, Adams, Haines, Haltzingers,
Tcttcnhaucrs, Hokenbracks, Davisons, Bishairs, Seldenridge,
Saunders, Shcrrards, Molers, Stinsons, Eancks, Kcysers,
Shcrks, Davids, Paxtons of Sadsbury, Eobcrtsons, Coxs, Heis-
tandts, Fences, Painters, Pouts, Livistoncs, Kellers, Wingers,
Lightners, Bombergcrs, Krcils, McGarrys, Shallybcrgers, Hig-
genbothcms, Evalts, Walters, Middlctons, Hanricks, Heys,
Baldwyns, Campbells, Vanleres, Stiles, Musgroves, Balls,
McKimms, Phillips, Pegellis, Brittans, Dyers, Dieffenbachs,
Gillmores, Boyds, Overs, Georges, Lambs, Bishops, Stritchs,
Krebs, Hastings, Alexanders, McNealys, Kahoons, Hudsons,
Wendcls, Fcczers, Westhavers, Cuffroots, Wcitmans, Lloyds,
Lyncks, Hewstons, Berriers, Buchanans, Saudters, Sherricks,
Perrys, Cumptons, Reynolds, Moffats, Moodys, Allinsons,
McClcnns, Littles, Shennons, Classprinners, Klings, Griffiths,
Shizlers, Hendersons, McClures, Hughes, Thomcs, Walters,
Duflields, Stettcrs, Kates, Oralis, Hollers, Crawfords, Dcnnys,
Scotts, Baltens, Brackens, McPhersons, Pcnnocks, Rippys,
Daws, Walkers, Rohrcrs, Richardsons, Linvilles, Walls, Gaills,
Ross, Posllewhaits, Pughs, Bcckott, Encks, Imblcs, Boosons,
Kyles, Bauds, Elis, Blackshaws, Doughertys,

vy

LANCASTER COUNTr.. ^35.

THIRD PART.

FROM THE ORGANIZATION OP LANCASTER COUNTY, ONE
THOUSAND SEVEN HUNDRED AND TWENTY-NINE.

CHAPTER I.

Erection and organization of the county — Boundaries of — Seat of Justice—-
James Annesly — Boundaries of townships — First court held at Postle-
whaites — Extracts of court records — Morris Cannaday indicted — Found
guilty and sold — Constables, Overseers and Supervisors appointed-
Applicants to be Indian traders — Petitions for license to sell rum — First
court held at Lancaster — Conrad Weiser, notice of — N otes, &c.

Settlements on both sides of the Susquehanna,
especially on the eastern, having been extended and
greatly augmented by the influx of a mixed population;
emigrations from abroad and natives of the province;
the inliabitants of the upper parts of Chester county
deemed it necessary as early as 1628, to avoid inconve-
niencies arising daily from the want ^^ of justice at every
maivs^^ to petition the proper authorities, to erect and
establish a new county. Petitions were accordingly
forwarded to the council at Philadelphia, Februar}^ Gth,
1728-9, and received due consideration.

236 HISTOKY OP

"At a council held at Philadelphia, February 6th^
1728-9: Present, the Hon. Patrick Gordon^ Esq., Lieut.
Governor of Pennsylvania, and James Logan, Richard
Hill, Isaac Norris, Samuel Preston, William Fishbourn,
Clement Plumsted, Samuel Hazle, Esquires ; a petition
of the inhabitants of the upper parts of Chester county
was laid before the board and read, setting forth that by
reason of their great distance from the county town,
where courts are held, offices are kept, and annual elec-
tions made, they lie under very great inconveniences,
being obliged, in the recovery of their just debts, to
travel near one hundred miles* to obtain a writ ; that for
want of a sufficient number of justices, constables and
other officers, in those parts, no care is taken of the
high-ways ; townships are not laid out, nor bridges built,
when there is an apparent necessity for them ; and
fiuther, that for want of a gaol there, several vagabonds
and other dissolute people harbor among them, tliinking
themselves safe from justice in so remote a place ; and
therefore praying that a division line be made between
the upper and lower part of said county, and the upper
part thereof erected into a county, with all the immu-
nities, rights and privileges which any other county of
this province does enjoy.

"The board taking the same into consideration, are of
opinion, that the Governor is fully empowered by virtue
of his commission, to grant the prayer of the petition, if
the same shall appear necessary; but as it is a matter of
some moment, and Avill require a mature deliberation, it

*Tho courts, &:c. were held at Upland or Chester, on Dela-
M'arc river, 15 miles S. W. from Thiladclphia. Upland is an
ancient place. The first adventurers under Pcnn landed here,
Dec. 11, lC)f^2. It w as also the scat of the first legislature after
the arrival of William Tcnn.

LANCASTER COUNXr. 237

was moved and agreed that the further consideration,
thereof should be deferred till to-morrow at nine o'clock?
beforenoon, to which time the council is adjourned."

"Council met next day — the minutes of the three pre-
ceeding councils being read and approved, the board
according to order entered into the consideration of the
petition in the minutes of yesterday, touching the
division of Chester county, and after the same had
been fully considered and debated, the board came to
the following resolution : That, as well for as reasons set
forth in the said petition, as the security, peace and good
order of the whole government, there doth appear a real
necessity that a new county should be erected, according
to the prayer of said petition ; and although the power
of erecting counties is wholly vested in the proprietary,
and therefore in the Governor, or his lieutenant, yet, in-
asmuch as this will require the establishment of courts
of judicature, with other alterations, for which a due
provision will best be made by a law; it may be
convenient that the government acquaint the House of
Representatives now sitting, with the application made
to him, that the same may be carried on with, and
strengthened by the joint and unanimous concurrence of
the whole Legislature."

"At a council held at Philadelphia, February 20th,
1728-9. The minutes of the preceeding council being
read and approved, the Governor informed the board
that pursuant to the resolution of the last council, he had
acquainted the House of Representives with his inten--
tion to erect the upper part of the county of Chester
into a separate county, in Avhich they had concurred and
desired that an equal number of the inhabitants of the
lower and upper part might run the division line ; and
therefore, he was now to recommend to tlie board to.

Z3S HISTORY or

(iosc fit and well qualified persons for that service, and
to consider of proper directions for their guidance
therein; and after due consideration thereof:

^Tis Ordered That, Henry Hayes, Samuel Nutt,
Sainuol Hollingsworth, Philip Taylor, Elisha GatcheL,
James James, John Wright, Tobias Hendricks, Samuel
Blmiston, Andrew Cornish, Thomas Edwards and Jolin
Musgrove, or a major part of them, calling to theii
assistance John Taylor, the siuveyor of Chester county,
meet at some convenient place near Octoraro creek oi
river, and cause a marked line to be run from the most
northerly or main branch of tlie said creek northward, or
to the east or west thereof, as it shall be found most con-
venient, to the next high ridge of barren or uninhabited
hills that lead from thence to Schuylkill river, keeping as
near as may be to the right of said hills, and to proceed
along the ridge thereof, yet with as few changes in the
course as their situation will admit, and fixing the same
to tlie most conspicuous, natural and durable mai'ks, tliat
may be least subject to uncertainty or variation ; to be
bomided southward by the southern bounds of the prov-
ince, and eastwardly the said Octoraro creek ; and from
tlience the northern line to be by them run as aforesaid,
to the said hills, from thence the said line along the said
hills to Schuylkill, and from thence to the main northern
cor easterly branch thereof, above the forks of said river,
to lie open on the westward, till fm'ther orders shall be
given therein ; and to make report of their proceedings
to tills board.

«At a council held at Philadelphia, May 2d, 1729:^
Present, the Hon. Patrick Gordon, Esq., Lieut. Governor
Richard Hill, William Fishbourn, Clement Plumsted,
Tliomas Lawrence and Samuel Hazle, Esquires. A
return being made by the order, dated the 20th February

LANCASTER COTJNTT. 239

last, for running a division line in the county of Chester,
and setthng the boundaries of the county to be erected
in the back parts of this province towards Susquehanna,
pursuant to the minutes of council of the 20th of said
February, the same was read, approved and confirmed,
and is in these words :

"Pursuant to a warrant from the Hon. Patrick
Gordon, Esq., Lieut. Governor of the province of Penn-
sylvania, and counties of New Castle, Kent and Sussex,
upon Delaware, bearing date the 22d day of February
last past, We, whose names are hereunto subscribed,
met together on the 17th day of March, 1728-9, near
tlie head of the northern branch of Octoraro creek, and
with tlie assistance of John Taylor, Surveyor of the
comity of Chester, run a line from the said branch to the
river Schuylkill, accordmg to the courses following, viz:
Beginning on a corner marked white oak standing on the
eastern side of the said branch, on the land of John
]VIinshall, thence north-east by north, five hundred and
eight perches to a chesnut oak standing on the top of a
barren mountain at the head of the branches of the said
Octoraro creek, thence along the said mountain, norths
east by east, three hundred and forty perches to a chest-
nut tree, thence north north-east, four hundred and forty
perches to a white oak by a branch of Pequea creek,
tlience continuing the same course along the said moiu>
tain four hundred and eight perches to a chestnut oak,
thence north by east seven hundred perches to a white
oak near a small branch of Brandywine creek, thence
north by west six hundred and sixteen perches to a
diestnut tree standing on the top of a mountain at the
head of the western branch of the said Brandywine
creek, thence east north-east along the said mountain
two thousand two hundred and twenty perches to a

240 HISTORY OS'

chestnut tree near the western branch of the French
creek, thence northeast by east three hundred and fifty
perches to a red oak, thence north east one hundred and
ninety perches to a chestnut oak near another branch of
the said French creek, thence north east by north tAVO
thousand one hundred perches to a corner marked white
oak, standing by the said river Schuylkill, about three
quarters of a mile below the house of John Burroughs.

Henry Hayes, Samuel Hollingsworth, Philip Taylor,
Elisha Gatchel, James James, John Wright, Tobias
Hendricks, Samuel Blunston, Andrew Cornish, Thomas
Edwards, John Musgrove.

"And the upper parts of the province described as
aforesaid, are hereby declared to be erected, and are
accordingly erected into a county by the name of
Lancaster County.* And 'tis ordered that the same
be signified to the House of Representatives, and the
return laid before them for their direction in describing
the boundaries thereof in the bill now before them for
establishing courts of judicature, &c. within the same.

"May Sth, 1729, the governor recommended to the
board to consider of proper persons to be appointed
justices of the peace of the said county of Lancaster,
and the following persons were named justices, viz : —
John Wright, Tobias Hendricks, Samuel Blunston,
Andrew Cornish, Thomas Edwards, Caleb Pierce,
Thomas Reid, and Sannicl Jones, Esqrs.

*Lanca.stcr county was named by Julm Wright — ""Wlicn
Lancaster county was laid ofl' from Chester, my grand father,
says William Wright of Columbia, in a letter to George Ford,
Esq., gave it, its name, after the county he came from in Eng-
land." Wright came from Lancashire, England, in 1714, and
settled in Chester; in 1726 he moved to, and settled on the
Susquehanna, at Columbia.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 241

Robert Barber was likewise appointed sheriff, and
Andrew Galbraith, Coroner ; and commissioners were
ordered to be proposed accordingly.

" May 10th, 1729, the House of Representatives waited
Gil the Governor, and the Speaker presented a bill passed
into a law, which tUas accordingly by the Governor
passed into a law of this province. Be it enacted, That
all and singular the lands within the province of Penn-
sylvania, lying to the northward of Octoraro creek, and
to the westward of a line of marked trees, running from
the north branch of said Octoraro creek, northeasterly to
the river Schuylkill, be erected into a county, and the
same is hereby erected into a county, named, and from
henceforth to be called Lancaster County ; and the said
Gctoraro creek the line of marked trees. From the sub-
sequent organization of other counties the original boun-
daries of Lancaster have been altered.

«At a council held at Philadelphia, Feb. 18, 1729-30. —
The Governor acquainted the board that whereas, by the
law for erecting Lancaster county, John Wright, Caleb
Pierce, Thomas Edwards and James Mitchell, or any
tliree of them, are empowered to purchase for the use of
the said county, a convenient piece of land to be ap-
proved of by the Governor, and thereon to build a court
bouse and prison, and that now the said John Wright,
Caleb Pierce and James Mitchell, have by a certificate
under their hands, signified that they have agreed upon
a lot of land for the use aforesaid, lying on or near a
small run of water, between the plantations of Rudy
Mire,* Michael Shank and Jacob Imble, about ten miles

*Rudy Mire had settled here about the year 1712. It is said,
his son Abraham was the eighth white child born in Lancaster
county. Abraham was a minister of the Mennonite denomi-
nation, and the first German Scrivener in Lancaster, Though

21

242 HISTORY OP

from Susquehanna river, and prayed his approbation of
the same. The Governor therefore referred the matter
to the consideration of the hoard, whether the situation
of the place those gentlemen had pitched on for a town
might be fit to be confirmed, and that a town should
accordingly be fixed there. But the question being
asked to whom the land they had made choice of now
belongs, and who has the property of it, because it may
be in such hands as will part with, or at least, on
reasonable terms for that use, and this not being known
by any at the board, it was deferred till such time as that
could be ascertained. But as it is presumed for any
thmg that is yet known, to be unsmweyed land, and that
the right is only in the proprietor, it is the opinion of the
board, that it is more proper to be granted by the
proprietor for such uses, than by any other person.

Metn.— "The Governor having understood that the
right of the land pitched upon for the townstead of Lan-
caster, remains yet in the proprietaries, was advised to
approve of the place agreed on by Messrs. Wright,
Pierce and Mitchel, and the same was confirmed ac-
cordingly by a writing dated JMay 1st, 1730.

According to tradition, it appears, "that on the division
of the county, a contention arose as to the most suitable
location for the seat of Justice. Wright's Ferry was

Abraham was a defenceless Mernonitc, his son Christian took a
decided and aclive part with the Whigs in the Revolution ; he
was an officer in the anny. The sword, with which he so val-
iantly del'cndcd his country, was presenled by his widow, to a
relative, to Capt. George Eichholtz, while in the service of the
United States in 1814.

Jolui Jiicob Eieliholtz, grandfather of Capt. George, was
married to Christian Meyer's sister. Mr. Eiclitioltz was wag-
onmaster at the time of Braddock's defeat; and it is said, upon
good authority, the fu-st brick-maker in Lancaster county.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 243

Strenuously recommended. So confident was the first
sheriff of the coimty, Avho resided at Wright's Feriy,
that the seat would be fixed there, "that he had a strong .
wooden building put up near his residence, which was
intended for the county jail. It is only a few years since
this building was pulled down."*

"Postlewhait's, from its being an old settlement, (now
Jacob Fehl's, Esq.,) the origmal site of an Indian
wigwam, appearing to possess superior advantages, a
temporary court house of logs and jail were there
erected." Courts, as will appear from the records, were
held at Postlewhait's, till August term, 1730, and after-
wards at Lancaster.

"Governor Hamilton made an offer of two places,
the old 'Indian Field,' 'High Plain,' 'Gibson's Pasture,'
'Sanderson's Pasture;' the other the 'Waving Hills,'
embosomed in wood, bounded by "Roaring Brook,' on
the west. The road from Philadelphia to Harris's
Ferry, passed through the centre. Gibson resided near
a fine spring, with a large hickory tree before his door. —
This was the favorite tree of the Indian tribe who lived
in the vicinity, and were called by the whites from that
circumstance, the ' Hickory Indians.'

"There were two swamps, one called the 'Dark
Hazel Swamp,'t nearly in the centre of the proposed

*Rev. D. Goheen.

f " The Dark Hazel Swamp was attempted to be cleared
from wood, and a drain made to carry ofl' the water, in the
year 1745."

Note. — "James, afterwards Lord Altham, was confined in
the prison erected at Wright's Ferry. The history of this indi-
vidual is curious, and illustrates the remark, '■'■Truth is stranger
tlian fiction.'''' The individual, the subject of this note, came to
this country in 1728, v/hen quite young, and served his time as

.544 HISTORY OF

town ; the other, ' Tlic Long Swamp/ rmming from a
south westerly direction through the northern hmits to^
^Roarmg Brook.'"

After the county had been erected, justices, sheriffs,
and other oflicers appointed, a meeting was held the 9th
of June, 1729, by magistrates and inhabitants of the
county, to settle and agree upon the names and bounda-
ries of townships. The following names and bounda-
ries were agreed on, and confirmed by the Court of
Quarter Sessions, held tlie fii'st Tuesday in August,
1729.

Drumore. — The township of Drumore, beginning at
the south line of Sadsbury by Octoraro, thence down
die said creek to the province line towards Maryland,
thence up the Sasquchanah to the mouth of Muddy run,
tlience by the said rmi to Richard Booson's land, and
from thence on a direct course to the south-west corner
of John Kyle's land on Sadsbury hue, and by the said
line to the place of beginning.

James Anncsl)', ■with a farmer on the Lancaster road. From
some cause he ran away from his master ; and was caught and
confined in the jail at Columbia. He was a fine singer, and
the neighbors frequently visited the prison to hear him sing.
The events of his life furnished the ground work for ^'Roderick
Randoyn,^^ and the popular novel oi '■'■Florence McCartey.^' The
facts concerning this singular case are taken from the evidence
given on his trial and may be relied on as authentic.

"Arthur Annesley (Lord Altham) married Mary Sheffield,
natural daughter of the earl of Buckingham. By her, in the
year 171.'3, he had a son, James, the subject of these remarks.
In the next year, the parents had some differences, which ter-
minated in separation. The father, contrary to the wish of the
mother, took exclusive possession of his son James, and man-
ifested much fondness for him, until the year 1722, wlicn he
formed some intimacy witli Mrs. Gregory. His wife died
about the same time. Bliss Gregory expecting now to become,

LANCASTER COTJNTT. 245

Sadsbury. — The township of Sadsbmy, by the county
line at the mountain which divides Octoraro and Pequea,
thence westerly along the said mountain to the north-
west corner of John Kyle's land, thence by said land to
the south-west corner, and from thence south 200
perches, thence east to Octoraro, thence up the said
county line, and along the said line to said place of
beginning.

Martock. — The township of Martock, beginning at
the mouth of Muddy run, thence up Sasquehanah to
Pequea, thence up Pequea to the mouth of Great Beaver
creek, thence up the said creek to Sadsbury line, thence
by the said line to John Kyle's corner aforesaid, thence
by Drumore township to the place of beginning.

CoKosTooA. — The township of Conostoga, begin-
ning at the mouth of Pequea, thence up Sasquehanah,
to said mouth of Conestogoe creek, thence up the said
creek to the mouth of Mill creek, thence by a direct line

his wife, exerted herself to alienate his affections from his son,,
by insinuating that he was not his lawful child. She succeeded
to get him phiced from home, at a school in Dublin. In No-
vember, 1727, Lord Altham died; and his brother Richard
wishing to possess the estate and title, took measures to get rid
of his nephew, James, by having him entered on board of an
American vessel which sailed from Dublin in April, 1728. He
was landed at Philadelphia, then in his thirteenth year, and
sold as a redemptioner! and actually served out twelve years
of his time in rough labor, when a seeming accident, in the
year 1740, brought him to such acquaintances as led, in the
next year to his return home. The case was as follows : — Two
Irishmen, John and William Broders, travelling the Lancaster
road in 1740, stopped at the house near the forty mile stone,
where James was in service with an old German, These coun-
trymen entering into conversation perceived that they were
severally from Dumainc, in the county of Wexford, and that
James Anncsly was the son of Arthur. The two Broders vol-
unteered to go back to Ireland, and testify to the discovery,

21*

Si46 HISTORr OF

to Pequea at the moutli of Beaver creek, thence down
Peqviea to the place of beginnmg. *

Hempfield. — Tlie township of Hempfield, beginnmg
at the mouth of Conestoga, thence up Sasquelianah to
Chickasakuigc, thence up the said creek to Peters' Road
by the Log Cabins, thence to Little Conestoga, and
down tlie same to the Manor hne, and thence down the
said line to Great Conestoga, and down the same to the
place of beginning.

Donegal. — The township of Donegal, beginning at
the mouth of the Chickasalunge, thence up the East
Branch to Peters' Road, thence (taking in the present
inhabitants) on a northerly coiu'se to Concwago, thence
by the same and the said river to the place of beginning.

DERPtV. — The township of Dcrry, beginning at the
mouth of Conewago, thence up Sasquehanah to the

Avhich they had made, and actually kept their word, and ap-
peared as witnesses at the trial which afterward occurred.
James subsequently stated his case to Robert Ellis, Esq., of
Philadelphia, who compassionately heard his case, procured a
passage for him to Admiral Vernon, then in the West Indies,
by whom he was afterwards landed in England. But shortly
after James had arrived in London, he unfortunately killed a
man, fur which he had to stand a trial. He was acquitted not-
withstanding the clforts of his unnatural uncle to have him
convicted. An action was then brought against the uncle.
Lord Altham, and went to trial in November, 1743, and the
verdict was given in favor of James, our redemptioner. The
uncle appcaled^to the house of Lords; and while the case was
pending James died, leaving his uncle in quiet possession of
his ill-gotten estate, and who while he continued to live, which
was not long, c.\hil)ited the spectacle of the finished villain m
the Iriiih nobleman." — Columbia Spy, vol. 2(1, No. 3o.

•NoTF,. — ConfHogn was originally organized, about 1712 —
prior to 171!), it was divided into East and West Conestoga.
David Fcrrcc was the first Constable of East Conestoga, and
James Hendricks, of West Conestoga.

LANCASTER COUNXr. 247

mouth of Suataaro, thence up Suataaro to the mouth of
Quetopohello, thence south on a direct hne to Conegawo,
and down the same to the place of beginning.*

Peshtank. — The township of Peshtank,t beginning
at the mouth of Suataaro, thence up the river to Keh-
tohtaning hill above Peter Aliens, thence eastward by
tlie south side of said hill to the meridian of Queto-
pohello mouth, thence on a south course to the mouth
of the same at Suataaro, and down Suataaro to. the
place of beginning.

Lebanon. — Lebanon J township, beginning under the
aforesaid hill at the north-east comer of Peshtank, thence
by the said, hill easterly to the meridian of the west line
of Tolpchockan manor, thence southerly and by the
said line to the hills bounding Warwick townsliip, thence
by the said hills and township westerly to the corner of
Deny on Conewago, thence northerly by Derry and
Peshtank to the place of beginning.

Earl. — Earl township, beginning at Peters' Road by
Conestogoe creek being a corner of Leacock township,
thence up Conestogoe creek and up Muddy creek to the
Indian Path, thence along the southern branch of said
creek to the brow of Turkey hill, thence southerly in a
direct coiu-se to the north-east corner of Thomas Ed-
wards' land apjd by the said land southerly over Cones-
togoe creek to another corner of said land, thence on a
direct course to the corner of the west line of Nathan
Evans' land, thence by the said land and along southerly
to the top of the mountain, thence westerly along the

*Now in Dauphin county..
fNow in Dauphin county.
|Now in Lebanon county.

248 " HISTORY OP

said mountain by Salisbury line to David Cowcn's west
corner, thence to Peters' Road and along the same to the
place of beginning.

Wauwick. — Warwick township, beginning by Cones-
toga creek at a corner of Manheim township by Peters'
Road, thence up by the west side of Conestoga to
Hans Graff's mill, thence up a northerly branch to David
Preist's mill, thence westerly along the hills by Lebanon
township to Derry, thence southerly by Donegal to the
aforesaid road, thence along the said road easterly to the
place of beginning.

INIanheim. — Manheim township beginning by Peters'
Road at a corner of Donegal and Warwick townships
near the head of Little Conestoga creek, thence down
the said road by Warwick township to Conestoga creek,
thence down the said creek to the Old Doctor^ s* Ford,
thence westerly by, Lancaster township on a direct line
to Little Conestoga at the upper side of Peter Bom-
garner's land, thence up the said creek to the place of
beginning.

Lancaster. — Lancaster township, beginning at the
Old Doctor's Ford, thence down the west side of Cones-
toga to the jN'Ianor line, thence by the said line to Little
Conestoga, thence up the said creek by Hempfield
township, thence by the said toAvnship to the place of
beginnimr.

Le ACOCK. — Leacock township, beginning at the mouth
of Beaver creek, thence up the cast side of Pequea to
Philip Fcire's lower corner, thence west by Lampeter
township to Conestoga creek at the upper corner of
George Bard's land, thence up the said creek to Peters'
Road, thence easterly along the said road by Earl town-
.ship to David Cowen's land, thence southerly and wcs-

*Hans Henry NcfT, Doctor of Physick.

LANCASTER COrXTT. 249

terly by Salisbury, Sadsbury and Martick townships to
the place of beginning.

Lampeter. — Lampeter township, beginning at the
mouth of Mill creek at a corner of Conestoga township,
thence up the east side of Conestoga creek to Leacock
township, thence easterly by the said township, Pequea,
thence down Pequea by the said township, Beaver
creek, thence by Conestoga township to the place of
beginning.

Salisbury. — Salisbury township, beginning at the
county line at the north-easterly corner of Sadsbury
township, thence northerly along the said line to the
mountains at Brandywme head, thence westerly by
Caernarvon township along the said moimtain to a
corner of Leacock township by David Cowen„ thence by
the said township southerly to the east line of Thomas
Story's land, thence continuing by the said township
along another mountain to Sadsbury line, thence to the
said line easterly to the place of beginning.

Caernarvon. — Caernarvon township, beginning at
the county line at a corner of Salisbury on the moun-
tains, thence northerly along the said line to the north-
east corner of Cadwaleder Elis's land, thence westerly

by township along a ridge of mountains to Earl

township at the northTcast corner of Thomas Edwards'
land, thence southerly by the said township to the
corner of Leacock and Salisbury township, thence
easterly by Salisbury and along tlie said mountain to the
place of begmning.

Several extracts from the early court records are
presented, which will, it is believed, be read with some
interest.

At a court of General Quarter Sessions of the

/

250 niSTORY OF

Peace held at the liouse of John Postleivhait* in the
township of Concstoga, for the county i>f Lancaster, the
fifth day of August, in the third year of the Reign of
our Sovereign Lord, the second by the grace of God of
Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the
Faith, &.C. Before John Wright, Tobias Hendricks,
Andrew Cornish, Thomas Read and Samuel Jones,
Esquires, Justices of our said Lord, the King, the peace
of our same Lord, the King, in said county, aforesaid, to
keep, as also divers felonies, tresspasses, and other mis-
demeanors, ill the said comity, committed to hear and
determine assigned, &c.

The court being opened, the sheriff, to wit, Robert
Barber, Esq., returns the writ of Venire Facias to him
directed, with the panel thereunto annexed, and the
following persons were sworn and affirmed on the
Grand Inquest, viz: James Mitchell, George Stuart,
Edward Smout, Edmund Cartlidge, James Patterson,
Andrew Galbraith, John Hendricks, James Hendricks,
Thomas Baldwyn, James Roddy, Francis Jones, Samuel
Taylor, Patrick Campbell, William Hey, John Gail-
braith, Matthew Atkinson, Ephraim Moor.

DoMiNus Rex, vs. Morris Cannadt.

And now, at this day, Morris Cannady, being indicted
by the Grand Inquest for this comity, for having feloni-

'Posikichairs, in Conestoga township, 7 S. W. from Lancas-
ter, now Jacob FeliVs. On John Postlcwhait's decease, Charles
Nonis, and other persons, Trustees for the General Land
OHice, sold Postlcwhait's farm to Joseph Pugh, of Lancaster,
in June 175G. Pugh sold to Tobias Stoneman the same month,
to whom the children of Posllewhait, namely, Susana, married
to Benjamin Price, John, Samuel and Edmund, released, Oct.
28th, 17()L Stoneman sold in 17f)"2 to Andrew Foehl, grand-
father of Jacob Fehl, Esq. This farm has been held rising of
80 years by the Fehls.

LANCASTEil COUNTlT. 251

oiisly taken and carried away fourteen pounds, seven
shillings, tlie goods and chattels of Daniel Cookson, was
brought to the bar in custody of the sheriff, and being
asked how he would hereof acquit himself, pleaded
tliereunto instantly not guilty, and for trial put himself
upon the country, and Joseph Growdon, Jr., Esq., who,
for our Sovereign Lord, the King, this behalf prosecutes
in like manner; and thereupon a jury being called, im-
mediately came in, viz : John Lawrence, Robert Black-
shaw, Thomas Gale, John JNIitchell, Joseph Burton,
Edmund Dougherty, Richard Hough, Joshua Minshall,
Richard Carter, Joseph Worke, David Jones, Lawrence
Bankson, who the truth of and upon the premises being
duly elected, tried, sworn or afhrmed upon their oath or
aiiirmation, respectively do say, that the said jNlorris
Cannady is guilty of the felony as in manner and for as
he stands mdicted; and thereupon it is considered by
the comt that the said ]Morris Cannady pay to the Go-
vernor, for the support of this Government, (the money
stolen having before been restored unto the said Daniel
Cookson, the right owner thereof) the sum of fourteen
pomids, seven shillings, and that he further pay the
costs of this prosecution, together with two pounds,
eighteen shillings, by the court allowed, the said Daniel
Cookson, for his loss of time, charges and disbursements
in the apprehending and prosecuting the said Morris
Cannady, and that the said JNlorris stand committed to the
custody of the sheriff of this county, until he make
satisfaction for the same aforesaid by the court in manner
aforesaid adjudged, and moreover shall be publicldy
whipped * * * on his bare back with twenty-one
stripes well laid on.

Upon the petition of Morris Cannady, setting forth that
he hath no estate or effects whatsoever, to satisfy the

252 BisTonr o^

fiiie to the Honorable, the Governor of this province^
and to discharge the costs of prosecution against him,
and humbly praying the relief of this court in the
premises; it is therefore ordered ^^er curia, that the said
Morris be sold by the said sheriff of this county, to the
highest bidder for any term not exceeding six years, and
thatjhe money thence arising be applied for or towards
payment of the fine and costs aforesaid; and that the
sheriff make return of his doings herein to the next
com't.

1730, November 3.---At a court held at Lancaster.

Robert Barber, late sheriff of the county, reports to the

com-t, that pursuant to a former order he had sold Morris

Cannady for the time limited by said order to one John

Lawrence, of Peshtank, for sixteen pounds, of which

smn he had only received the value of fourteen pounds,

five shillings, and the said John being insolvent, the

remainder could not be had ; he, therefore, prays this

court would order the costs of suit and other charo-es

against said Canady to be settled and the state thereof

represented to the Governor that the said sheriff may be

no further liable than he hath effects to answer.

Ordered, ptr curia, that Tobias Hendricks and An-
drew Galbraith, Esqrs,, settle the said accounts and
certify their proccedhigs to the Governor hi behalf of
said sheriff, according to his prayer.

To completely organize the townships after their
erection, the court, at the session for August, \129, made
the following appohitments, viz: For Hempfield town-
ship, Joshua Low, for John Brubaker, constable; Ed-
mund Smout, over-seer of the poor; Joshua Law and
Henry Neiff, supervisors. Conestoga, Albert Hendricks,
constable; David Jones, over-seer of the poor; John
Linvillc, supevvisor. Martock, George Littleton, con-

LANCASTER COUNTY. 253

Stable. Drmiiore, Patrick Ewings, constable. Sads-
bury, Robert Young, constable. Leacock, Henry Jones,
for Hans Good, constable; Israel Robinson and Daniel
Fiere, supervisors. Lampeter, John Wall, for Wendel
Bowman, constable ; Stephen Atkinson, over-seer of the
poor; Edmund Cartledge and Adam Brand, supervisors.
Manheim, Thomas Gall, constable ; Thomas Thornbury
and John Mire, supervisors. Salisbury, James Gaut,
constable. Warwick, Richard Carter, constable. Co-
calico, Edmund Carpenter, constable. Earl, INIartin
Grove, constable. Lebanon, John McCurry, constable.
Robinson, Francis Hughes, constable. Tulpehocken,
Michael Shaver, constable. Carnaervon, George Hud-
son, constable. Peshtank, Thomas Garner, constable;
Peter Allen, overseer of the poor. Donegal, Patrick
Campbell.

Petition presented to court by the subscribers, "pray-
ing that they may be recommended to the Governor as
suitable persons to trade with tlie Indians," was allowed
per curiam.

James Pattison, Edmund Cartledge, Peter Chartier,
John Lawrence, Jonas Davenport, Oliver \Vallis, Patrick
Boyd, Lazarus Lowry, WiUiam Dunlap, William Bes-
wick, John Wilkins, Thomas Perrin, John Harris.

At the same session petitions were presented to the
court praying to be recommended to the Governor as
proper persons to keep public houses of entertainment,
which v/ere severally granted j^er curiam, in favor of
John Postlewhait, John Miller, Jacob Funk, Christian
Stoneman, Jacob Biere, Edmund Dougherty, Samuel
Taylor, Francis Jones, Mary Denny.

Upon the petition of divers inhabitants of this county
setting forth the necessity of a high-way through Hemp-
field township, from the first unsurveyed land near Sas-

22

254 HISTORY OP

quehaiinah to Christian Stoneman, his mill, and from the
said mill to Daniel Cookson's, at the head of Pequea
and praying that fit persons may be appointed to view
and lay out the same accordingly. It is ordered per
curiayn that Edmund Cartledge, William Hughes,
Charles Jones, Henry Neiff, John Brubaker and James
Pattison, do view the place, and if they, or any four of
them are satisfied that there is occasion for the said road,
they lay out the same and make return by course and
distance under their hands to the next court.

Whereas, At a meeting of the magistrates and
others at the house of John Postlewhait, on the ninth of
June past, (1729) it was agreed that for the present
supply of this county, the sheriff should erect a building
sufficient to hold prisoners and should be allowed towards
defraying the expense, the sum of five pounds, public
money — which building is now nearly built. It is there-
fore agreed and ordered by this court that the said
sheriff shall with all expedition finish the said building
which when finished sliall thenceforth be reputed the
common jail of the county of Lancaster, till the prison
be built, and with this order the sheriff agrees.

November 4, 1729. — The court appointed, ordered
that, Tobias Hendricks and Andrew Galbraith, viev/
the prison and make report tothe county and assessors,
accordingly, &c.

From the following extracts— May term, 1730 — it will
be seen that Lancaster county had, at an early day, a
good supply of places to ''^o sell rxnn by the smaW' —
these are the words of the petitioners.

List of those licensed. May 5th, 1730, and rate of
license.

Jacob Bear, 40 shillings; Francis Jones, 10s.; James
Patterson, 40 s. ; James Cook, 20.; Andrew Cornish,

LANCASTER COUNTY. 255

40 s.; Erasmus Bachraan, 20 s.; Martin Hamist, 20 s.;
John Harris, 40 s. ; John Postlewhait, 60 s. ; Christian
Stoneman, -50 s.; Edward Dougherty, 30 s.; John Steel,
25 s. ; Christopher Franciscus, 20 s. ; John Miller, 20 s. ;
Samuel Bethel, 40 s.; John David, 30 s.; George Stuart,
20 s. ; Thomas Armstrong, 20 s. ; Jacob Fimk, 30 s. ;
WiUiam White, 10 s.; Thomas Baldwin, 30 s. ; Peter
Allen, 40 s.; Edward Cartledge, 30 s.; Jones Daven-
port, 30 s. ; Henry Baily, 20 s. ; WiUiam Dunlap, 20 s. ;
William Clark, 20 s. ; Henry Snevely, 20 s. ; Michael
Mire, 20 s. ; John Wilkins, 20 s. ; Lazarus Lowry, 20 s. ;
Michael Shank, 20 s.; Casper Laughman, 40 s.; George
Haynes, 30 s. ; Isaac Miranda, 20 s.; John Hen-
dricks, 20 s.

At a court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace,
held at Lancaster, the third day of November, in the
fourth year of his Majesty's Reign, Armo, 1730, before
John Wright, Thomas Edwards, Tobias Hendricks,
Andrew Cornish, Andrew Galbraith and Caleb Pearce,
Esqrs., Justices of our Lord, the King, the peace of our
said Lord, the King in the county aforesaid, &c.

The court being opened, the sheriff, to wit: John
Galbraith returns the writ of Venire Facias to him
directed with the panel thereunto annexed, and the
following persons were sworn and affirmed on the Grand
Inquest.

Edward Smout, Jr., James Patterson, John Kile,
Randel Chambers, Hatwell Varnon, Ephraim Moore,
Richard Hough, George Stites, Christian Vanlere,
Daniel Cookson, John Jones, Jolm Musgrove, Jr., James
Gait, James Whitehill, Thomas Johnston, William Wil-
kins, William Richardson.

Robert Barber, late sheriff of the said county, re-
turned to this court by indenture under the hands and

256 HISTORY OF

seals of six free-holders of the said county, Gabriei
Davis, John Caldwell, Joshua Low, Emanuel Carpenter,
Walter Denny and Thomas Wilkins, for assessors, and
John Davis commissioned for the ensuing year.

We have introduced a brief notice of one whose name
is intimately associated with the history of Lancaster
county, and the early history of the United States.

Conrad Weiser, an active, enterprising man, con-
spicuous in the annals of this county from its organiza-
tion till 1760, was born in Germany, 1696. At the age
of 13, in 1709, he left his Vatcrland, accompanied by
his father and seven brothers and sisters, with three or
four thousand other Germans, they went to England ;*
thence they sailed for New York, where they arrived,
the 13th June, 1710. In the fall of the same year, the
father of the subject of this notice, and hundreds of
German families, were transferred at Queen Anne's
expense to Livingston District, where many of them
remained till 1713; that year about one hundred and
fifty families moved to Schoharie to occu])y lands pre-
sented to Queen Anne by a Mohawk chief, for the
benefit of these Germans. While residing here, Conrad
Weiser 's fothcr, in 1714, became acquainted with Quag-
nant, a chief of Maqua or Mohawk nation. Quagnant
proposed to the father to take Conrad with him into
his country, and to teach him the language spoken by
his nation; the father consented, and Conrad accom-
panied the chief to his house in the autumn of 1711. —
Here his sufferings, according to Weiser's own journal,
were almost intolerable. lie was exposed to the in-
clemencies of a severe winter, '^pinched by hunp^cr and
front,'" menaced with death by the inebriated Indians;
tc escape which, he had often to flee and conceal himself

•See page 182—184.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 257

5

till reason was restored, and " a second sober thought
restrained their threats. Having spent eight months
among them, and acquired the principal part of the
Mohawk language, he returned to the German
colony, where, as interpreter, he acquired a competent
knowledge of the language,, in a very short time.

Owing to a defect in the titles to their lands which
involved them in difficulties, this German colony was
dispersed; some remained at Schoharie, among these
was Weiser, the interpreter, others left, in search of a
new home ; these wended their course in a south-wes-
terly direction till they struck Susquehanna, where
they made canoes, freighted these with their families and
goods ; floated down the river to the mouth of Swatara
creek, thence they worked their way up till they reached
a fertile spot in Tulpehocken, where they settled amidst
the Indians, in 1723.

Weiser, as stated, remained at Schoharie, till 1729,
when he, his v/ife and four children left, and followed
his relations and friends to Tulpehocken, where they
were all cordially received. Here he took up a tract
of land within a few miles of the site of Wommelsdorf.

He, as occasion demanded it, acted as interpreter
between the Indians and the German settlers. Though
he had determined to spend his remaining days in
private, his talents soon attracted the attention of the
Government, and his services, as interpreter, were re-
quired, by the Hon. Patrick Gordon, Lieut. Governor
of Pennsylvania, as early as 1631; for that purpose,
Weiser accompanied Shekellany and Cehachquey, In-
dians, who liad returned from the Six Nations, to Phila-
delphia.* He was called on repeatedly to act as.

•Col. Rec.452.

22*

258 HISTORY OF

interpreter while pursuing the improvement of hk
farm.

He was a man of imbounded benevolence, and dis-
posed "/o hope all things'' — it was tlirough him the
Moravian brethren were made attentive to Indian
natives, especially the Iroquois, or Six Nations. Mr.
Spangenberger received the first account of them from
Conrad Weiser, a justice of the peace, and interpreter to
the Government in Pennsylvania.* The Governor and
Proprietor of Pennsyh^ania had sent him in the winter
ol 173G, to treat with the Iroqiiois, concerning a war
ready to break out between them and the Indians of
Virginia, and to endeavor to settle the dispute amicably.
On this journey, of nearly five hundred miles, he suffered
great hardships. The weather was uncommonly severe,
and he had to force his way, mostly on foot, throus-h
deep snow, thick forests, brooks and rivers, carrying
provisions fc r several weeks on his back.t

If it may be called such, he had the good fortune to
become acquainted with n^any of the conspicuous
characters of his day. Count Zinzcndorf visited him
August 14, 1752, where he met, at Tulpehocken, a
numerous embassy of sachems or heads of the Six
Nations, retm-ning from Pliiladelphia. The count was
desirous of preaching the Gospel to the Indians; Weiser
was interpreter on this occasion ; adding in conclusion
of the discom-se: "This is the man, whom God hath
seni, both to tlie Indians and to the white people, to
make known his will unto them,'' confirming his words,
*Loskiel. P. T, 4, .J.

flic was fippoiiited in 1741. Die Landcs Obrigkcit gewann
ilin lid), uc'gen sciiu-s chrliclien uiul bcscjink-i-.s iiiicl/Jichcn
Characters, umi maciitu ihu 1741, ziim Fricde-lliclitcr und
i: othschaftcr buy den Indiancr-Naliun. Hall. Naclirichtcn 978.

LANCASTER COUNTY; §55

after the Indian custom, by a present of a piece of red
cloth.*

Sometime in the month of September, Conrad Weiser
visited Shomakin, a populous Indian town, where he
interpreted between Shikellimus and the count.

He attended all the principal Indian treaties held for a
period of rising twenty-five years. About the year
1752, Com'ad Weiser, in connexion with the Governor
of Pennsylvania, Chief Justice Allen, Mr. Peters, Secre-
tary of the Land Office, Messrs. Turner, and B. Frank-
lin, was appointed a trustee and manager of the public
schools, which were established through the efforts of
the Rev. IVIichael Schlatter. By virtue of their com-
mission, the trustees established schools at Lancaster,
York, Reading, New Hanover,^ Skippack, and Goshen-
hopen.t

During the French and Indian hostilities, as Lieut.
Colonel, he commanded the seccni battalion of the
Pennsylvania regiment, consisting of nine companies —
"they were thus distributed — one company at Fort
Augusta, one at Hunter's mill, seven miles above Har-
risburg, on the Susquehanna, one half company on the
Swatara, at the foot of the North mountain, one com-
pany and a half at Fort Henry, close to the Gap of the
mountain, called the Tothea Gap, one company at Fort
Williams, near the forks of the Schuylkill river, six
miles beyond the mountains, one company at Fort Allen,
at Gnadenhuetten, on the Lehigh, the olh2r three com-
panies were scattered between the rivers Lehigh and
Delaware, at the disposition of the captains, at farm-
houses, others at mills, from three to twenty in a place."t

The duties of the numerous stations of life he held,
were always discharged with fidelity and ability; he was

»Ibid. 27. fHall. Nach. G61. t^ordon's Pa. 341.

260 HISTORY OP

both capable and honest. The space allowed us, we
regret, will not admit of details. He closed his eventful
life, July 13, 1760 — his remains were interred July 15,
near Wommelsdorf, Berks county. He left seven chil-
dren and numerous relatives to lament his departure. —
Weiser was a man of strong mind — cultivated in the
never failing school of experience. His poetical effu-
sions, a few of which only remain, are said to be well
written. The following is a concluding verse of a hymn
fiu'nished by W. at a church dedication:

Fuer Feuer, Krieg und Wassers-Noth
Wollst du dis Haus bewahren !
Damit nach unserm selgen Tod
Die Nachkommen erfahren,
Dasz wir dich, wahren Gott, geliebt
Und uns in deinem Wort geuebt,
Um deines Namcns willen.

Notes. — Hatvvel Varnon was a native of Wrexford, Ireland..
In 1728, he settled in Lancaster county, now Leacock town-
ship. It is said he was a man of rare endowments ; and ac-
tive and useful Friend — died 1747, 1 mo. 1 day. — Friend's Mis-
cellany, Vol. IV. 2d.

Quakers were numerous in Lancaster county, as early as
1730. " The Quakers extended their settlements to the Susque-
hanna, one thousand families of the Society of Friends, settled
in Chester county, before 1700. A thousand families of
Friends were settled in Lancaster county, at the time or shortly
after its erection. The meeting house in Lancaster city, was,
for a length of time, numerously attended." — 11^ C. Jmu. Jour.

In the spring of 1729, John and James Hendricks made,
under the authority of Government, the first autliorizcd settle-
ment on the west .side of the Susquehanna, now called York
county. They were soon followed by other families.

The following mills had all been erected in Lancaster
county, prior to 1729: Christian Stoneman's, Hans Graff's,
Samuel Taylor's.

LANCASTER COUNTS. 261

In May 1729, the Conestogoe, Ganawese and Delaware
Indians, went to Philadelphia to have an interview with Gov.
Gordon. The chiefs of the Conestogoe were Tawenna, Gaya-
torouga and Taquatarcnsaly, sometimes sailed Civility ; those
of the Ganawese, Amawoolit, Peyhiohinas and Yaochkon-
guess; those of the Dclawarcs, Peyashickon, Whawyayga-
men and Saykalin. Peter Bizallion and John Scull, were
interpreters.— CoZ. Rec. III. 383.

1730, May 5th, at Postlewhait's, John Emerson, Gent., upon
his humble suit to court, was admitted to practice as an at-
torney at law within the same.

1731, May 4, at Lancaster, Edward Harris, Gent., upon his
humble suit to court, was admitted to practice as an attorney
at law.

1730, Lancaster town contained about 200 inhabitants — this
year Stephen Atkinson built a fulling mill at a great expense ;
but the inhabitants of the upper part of the creek assembled
and pulled down the dam on the Conestoga, as it prevented
them from rafting and getting their usual supply of fish. At-
kinson altered his dam with a twenty feet passage for boats and
fish.

Members of the Assembly from Lancaster county for 1727,
were Thomas Edwards, John Wright, James Mitchell and
Thomas Reed. For 1730, John Musgrove, Thomas Edwards,
John Wright and George Stuart.

262 HISTORY OF

CHAPTER 11.

Koad from Lancaster to riiiladelphia ordered to be laid out, &c. — Election
excitement, orviolent contest — Border frays — Townships erected — Penns-
borough and Hopewell, west of the Susquehanna — Hanover — Little
Britain — James Ewing born — Contest between the Marylandeis and
inhabitants of Lancaster — Cressap and his associates attempt to displace
the Germans — Is apprehended and imprisoned — Governor Ogle sends
messengers to Philadelphia — German settlers seized and carried to Balti-
more— The council sends an cml'assy to Governor Ogle — Marjlanders
break into Lancaster jail — Germans naturalized — J\otes of variety.

Previous to the erection of the county, Uttle or no
care had been taken of the high-Wcays. The first, and
leading object of the inhabitants, after townships had
been erected and organized by the appointment of
the requisite ofiicers, was laying out roads and build-
ing bridges where there was necessity. "A petition of
the magistrates, grand jury, and other inhabitants of
Lancaster county, was presented to the board of coun-
cil held at Philadelphia, January 29, 1730 — 1, setting
forth that not having the conveniences of any navigable
water, for bringing the produce of their labors to Phila-
delphia, they are obliged, at a great expense, to transport
them by land carriage, which burthen became heavier
through the want of suitable roads for carriages to pass.
Th^tt there are no public roads leading to Phi]adol})hia,
yet laid out through their county, and those in Chester
county, tlirough which they now pass, are in many
places incommodious. And therefore praying that proper
persons may bo appointed to view and lay out a road for
public service, from the town of Lancaster, till it falls in
witii the high road in the county of Chester, leading to
the Ferry of Schuylkill at High street, and that a review

LANCASTER COUNTIT. 263

may be had of the said pubhc road in the county of
Chester; the prayer of which petition being granted:

« It is ordered that Thomas Edwards, Edward Smout.
Robert Barber, Hans Graaf, Caleb Peirce, Samuel Jones
and Andrew Cornish, of the county of Lancaster, or
any five of them view and lay out by course and dis-
tance, a convenient high road from the said town of
Lancaster; and that Thomas Green, George Aston,
William Paschal, Richard Buffington, William jMarch,
Samuel Miller and Robert Parke, of the county of
Chester, or any five of them, in continuing to lay out as
aforesaid, the said road from the division Ime aforesaid,
till it falls in with the King's high road in the county of
Chester, leading to Philadelphia, and make return
thereof to this board. And they, the above named per-
sons of the county of Lancaster, or any five of them,
together with the above named persons of the county of
Chester, or any five of them, are further empowered
jointly to review the said road within the last mentioned
county, and to report to this board what alterations may
be necessary to be made therein, and suit the conve-
niency of carriages, and for the better accommodation of
the inhabitants of this province.

The persons appointed to view and lay out the road,
made report to the board, October 4, 1733, that they had
attended to the business assigned them, which report
was approved and confirmed ; and it was then ordered
that the road thus laid out, be declared the King's High-
way, or Public Road, and that the same be forthwith
cleared and rendered commodious for public service."*

•The courts ordered, the Governor and council having certi-
fied the same, that the respective supervisors open and clear
the King's Road leading from Lancaster to Philadelphia ; to
clear the same on the north side of the marked trees, at least

«/

264 HISTORY OP

111 the history of this county, the year 1732, is re-
markable on account of a violent contest, and bo7'cler >
frays, in both of which females played " a manly part ;" ^
Mrs. Galbraith "iigured " in the former, and Mrs. iitnise—
" shone " in the latter. Andrew Galbraith of Donegal,
and John Wright of Hcmpiield, were both candidates
for member of Assembly ; it was an excitting time pro-
duced by exciting causes. "Andrew Galbraith was
pushed forAvard by his friends. Mrs. Galbraith mounted
her favorite mare, Nelly; a spur, she fastened to her
ancle, and away she went, her red cloak flowing to the
wind, to scour the county for Andrew. She did him
good service; for Andrew Galbraith was elected and
returned a member, and took his seat," among his col-
leagues of the county, viz: Messrs. George Stuart,
Thomas Edwards, and Samuel Blunston.

" John Wright contested the election, and Wright and
Galbraith were heard at the bar of the House, and after
hearing their claims, the House resolved " that Andrew
Galbraith is duly returned a member for the county of
Lancaster."*

. John Wright was a short time after elected in the
place of George Stuart, who had died a short time after
his election.

thirty feet wide, and grub the underwood, at least fifteen feet
of the said space on the side north the marked trees and make
necessary bridg-cs over swamps so as (o render the same safe
and passable for horse and wagon. — Ducket of Quar, Ses.for
17^3.

*John "Wright contested the scat of A. Galbraith, on the
ground that a number of the tickets on which his name was
written, were rejected, because the tickets contained but three
names instead of fuur. The House resolved, " That a ticket
containing a less number of names than by law directed, be a
Oad ticket.'" — Votes of Assembly.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 265

Sometime in 1732, as appears from the affidavits of
James Hendricks, William McMannack, John Capper,
John Briibaker, Charles Jones, John Patten, Alexander
McKey, JoshiialVIinshal, Francis Ward, Rebecca Hen-
dricks, Joshua and Tobias Hendricks, taken before John
Wright and Samuel Blunston, Hempfield, that "James
Patterson had been informed that one or more of his
horses had been killed near John Lowe's plantation, and
that his two sons, Daniel and William, had been seen
presenting a gun to fire at another horse, but were pre-
Terited by being discovered, sent some persons thither to
enquire into the truth of the matter, who, finding one of
them lying dead near Lowe's house, made some expos-
tulations with his sons on that head, who were so far
from disowning the fact, that they said they would kill
all the horses which came upon that land, and having
assaulted and grossly abused Patterson's messenger,
threatened they would tie and v/hip all those he should
send over thither ; that upon complaint hereof made, a
warrant was issued for apprehending the two persons
who had been thus guilty of that assault." The war-
rant was directed to Charles Jones, constable of Hemp-
field township, v/ho, with his staff in hand, and in con-
sequence of threats from Thomas Cressap and his asso-
ciates— " ^Maryland intruders," — to shoot any officer
of Pennsylvania, Vv'^ho came into those parts to do liis

Note. — Thomas Penn, son of William Pcnn, arrived in
Pennsylvania, 1732. He was at Lancaster in October, 1736 —
signed licenses or grants for settlements that had been made
previously on the west side of the Susquehanna. Samuel
Blunston was engaged as his agent to grant licenses for 12,000
acres, to satisfy the rights of settlers, &:c. These licenses, or
rather promises to the settlers, to grant them patents for the
lands they had settled, are signed by T. Penn, himself. —
Smith.

23

266 HISTORY OP

duty, Jones demanded ihe assistance of James Patter-
sons, senior and junior, William McMannack, Alexander
McKcy, Jolm Capper, John Hart, John Patten, James
Patten and jNIatthew Bailey, "who took three guns, and
these not loaded, serving only as an appearance of
defence," went to the house of Mr. Lowe, apprehended
Daniel and William, who made considerable resistance.
i\Irs. Lowe raised an alarm to raise the neighborhood,*
whereupon, Thomas Cressap, William Canon and Ed-
ward Evans, followed to rescue the prisoners, and
wounded John Hart; but were obliged to desist. The
Lowes were arrested and imprisoned at Lancaster.

This was soon followed by more " unhappy frays,"
accompanied by acts of atrocity committed by the JVIary-
landers "upon the Pennsylvanians," The Lancaste-
rians were aroused to action, they called "to arms," and
a body of the mostr esolute, entered into JNIaryland and
compelled Cressap and his associates to flee. The Lan-
casterians convinced the Marylanders that they were not
to be assailed Avith impunity.

Though Lancaster county was without specified
limits, at this time, settlements had nov/ been made west
of the Susquehanna, within the present boundaries of
York, Adams, Franklin, Cumberland, Perry; the inhabi-
tants in various parts presented petitions to the court at
Lancaster for the erection of townships. At the Novem-
ber session, 1735, upon the petition of many inhabitants
on the west side of the Susquehanna river, opposite to
Paxton, praying that the parts settled between said river

*Lo\vc's house, where his sons were taken, was within the
boundaries of Pennsylvania. About 400 people lived more
south than Lowe's house, who paid taxes in Lancaster county,
and had always acknowledged themselves inhabitants of Penn-
sylvania.—CW. Rcc. HI. 007

LANCASTER COUNTY. 267

and Potomac river, on Conedogwainst, Yellow Britches
and Conegocliegue creeks, may be divided into two
townships, and constables appointed in them, it was
ordered by conrt that a line running northerly from the
hills to the southward of Yellow Britches (crossing a
direct line by the Great Spring) to Keghtotening moun-
tain, be the division line, and the eastern-most township,
be called Pennsborough, and the western, Hopewell. —
(Cumberland county.)

At the February session, 1736-7, upon a petition of
the inhabitants of Lancaster county, Hanover township
was erected; divided on the west from Peshtank by
BeaAT-er creek from its mouth to the mountain, from
Lebanon on the east, and Derry on the south by Sua-
taaro creek, from Beaver mouth to the forks, thence by
the north branch thereof to the mountain.

At the Februaiy session, 1737-8. — The petition of
many of the inhabitants of Drumore township, setting
forth the inconveniences they lie under by the largeness
of the township, and praying the same may be divided

Note. — James Ewing was born about the year 1736, in
Manor township, of this county, of Irish parents. When yet a
lad his parents moved to Hellam township, Lancaster, now
York county. Our young hero, at the age of 18 or 19, was
engaged in repelling, with his associates, and citizens soldiers,
the incursions of the Indians. Ho took, at an early day, an
active part in the Indian or French army; and was, it is be-
lieved, a lieutenant in Braddock's army, and present at the
disastrous slaughter usually called "Braddock's Defeat."

He served his country in various capacities. He was a
member of the Legislature for six or seven years. He was
Brigadier General, and attached to the Flying Camp in the
Revolutionary war. He was in public life till 1800 — died in
March, 1906, aged about 70 years. Of him it is said, at the
time of his death, what is said of few: "He died without an
enemy,"

268 HISTORY OF

by a line running from a marked Spanish oak standing:
on the brow of a roundisli hill by Sasquehanah opposite
an island, called INIonnt Johnson, north-east by cast to
Octoraro creek, and that the said western division may
be called the townsliip of Little Britain, which said
petition being considered and approved of, the same is
ordered ^;cr curiam to be recorded in manner aforesaid.

The year 1736, there was a contest between the Mary-
landers and the inhabitants of Lancaster, arising from
tlie undefined boundary between Pennsylvania and
INIaiyland. A respectable number of Germans and
others had settled west of the Susquehanna, now York
county, under Pennsylvania titles; but to avoid paying
taxes, imposed by the province, these settlers accepted
titles from Maryland, "and attorned to Lord Baltimore;
but, becoming satisfied that adhesion to him might ulti-
mately prejudice their interests, they formally renounced
their allegiance, and sought protection from Penn-
sylvania."

This course of shiflivg greatly displeased the INIary-
landers; they were determined to eject the "miscreants"
from their possessions. Three hundred men, headed by
the sheriff of tlic county of Baltimore, advanced within
the borders of Pennsylvania to execute their ejectment.
The citizens of Lancaster county could not look with
indifference upon the conduct of the Marylanders:
Samuel Smith, the sheriff of Lancaster county, drew out
a Posse Comitatiis, i. e. citizens to oppose the aggres-
sions of rioters or invaders, and to protect the settlers
west of the Susquehanna. Smith .succeeded without
violence in having the Marylanders leave tlu^ arena,
where tlicy proposed to execute the design of their mis-
sion, with tiie midcrstanding the settlers there would.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 269""

after consultation, " give an answer to Lord Baltimore'sj
expedition to acknowledge his authority." ]

For a short time, disturbances seemed to be settled;)
but before long, through the instrumentality of Captaiii
Thomas Cressap, a restless, quarrelsome individual, an
association was formed with the knowledge of Governor
Ogle, of some fifty or sixty persons, under the auspices
of the Captain, to displace the Germans, being the prin-
cipal settlers; and to divide their lands, according to the
agrarian laws of Rome: "to distribute the lands of the
conquered among the conquerors; for Cressap had
promised each of his associates two hmidred acres of
land.

In the prosecution of their design, they killed one
Knowles, Avho had resisted them. Their leader, how-
ever, did not escape with impunity; the sheriff of Lan-
caster assailed him, and on the 23d of November, 1736,
after he was Avounded, took him as prisoner and. con-
ve^^ed him to Philadelphia jail.

"Governor Ogie, on receipt of this intelligence,
despatched Edmund Jennings and Daniel Dulany to
Philadelphia, to demand reparation, and the release of
Cressap. Both were refused by the president and coun-
cil, who earnestly remonstrated against the encroach-
ments of the people of Maryland, encouraged and pro-
tected by their Governor.

"Governor Ogle immediately ordered reprisal. Four
German settlers were seized and carried to Baltimore,
and a band of associators, under one Iliggenbotham,
proceeded forcibly to expel the Germans. Again the
council ordered out the sheriff of Lancaster, and the
power of his county, with directions to dispose detach-
ments in proper positions to protect the people; and they
despatched Messrs. Lawrence and Ashton, members of

23*

i 270 HISTORY OF

8

\ the board, to support liim in the execution of their orders,
rWhen the sheriff entered the field, tlie invaders retired,.
I mt returned as soon as his force was witiidrawn. Cap-
tvires were made on both sides. The German settlers
w*rc harassed perpetually; in many instances driven
froau their farms, and in others deterred from every
attempt to plant or improve.

f'ln May, 1737, the council sent Samuel Preston and
John Kinsey, on an embassy to Governor Ogle, to treat
on some measures which might preserve the quiet of
the border, until the pleasure of the King should be
known, to whom both parties had appealed. But Go-
vernor Ogle requiring some concessions incompatible
with the rights of the proprietaries of Pennsylvania,
file deputies returned without having made any agree-
ment. In October, 1737, a party of Marylanders, six-
teen daring fellows, under the direction of a desperadoy
named Richard Lowder, broke open the jail al Lan-
caster, and released the rioters wlio had been appre-
hended by th? sheriff, among wliom was a brother of
the leader. Fortunately, when indignation was prompt-
ing the inhabitants on l:)oth sides of the line to further
breaclies of peace, an order of the King in council, on
the subject of the boundary, induced both parties to re-
frain from further violence, to drop all persecutions,,
and to discharge their respective prisoners on bail."

In 1738, a respectable number of Swiss and Germans
having applied, were naturalized. Many of the appli-
cants had been in the country as early as 1727, 1 ul the
gi-eater part of them came in between 1731 and 1735. —
TIk! AfM was passed at a session held from October, 173S>
to May, 1739.

The following arc the names of tiiose naturalizod^all
of Lancaster ccuntv:

LANCASTER COUXTT. 271

Michael Albert, William Albert, Leonard Bender,
George Miller, John Bushong,* Nicholas Candle, John
Hagey, Charles Keller, Stephen Remsberger, Ludowick
Dettenburn, Jacob Bare, Jr., John Leiberger, Michael
Becker, John Peter Cooher, Christian Lawer, John Li-
bough, Bartholomew Shaver, Casper Stump, Jacob.
Becker, Tobias Pickle, Peter Rutt, George Klein, Paiit
Tittenhoffer, Matthias Tise, George Lodowick Horst,
Sebastian Graff, John Henry Basseler, Matthias Yung,
Jacob Schloug, Henry JMichael Immel, Felix Miller,
INIartin Weybrecht, Frederick Eighelberger, Sebastian
Fink, Hans Adam Schreiner, Christian Lang, Casper
Fillar, Anthony Bretter, Leonhard Ellmaker, Andreas
Bersinger, Hans Graff, Jacob Hartman, Theophilus
Hartman, Theophilus Hartman, Jr., Benjamin Witmer,
Abraham Witmer, Johannes Pinkley, Turst Buckwalter,
Henry Neaf, Jr., Valentine Hergelrat, Henry Basseler,
John Stetler, Leonhard Romler, Leonhard Heyer, Peter
Schell, John Nohaker, Nicholas Miller, Johan Hock,
Tiiomas Knopnenheffer, Michael Knoppenheffer, Chris-
tian Leman, George Unrook, Jacob Scheffer, Valentine
Keffer, Jacob Etshberger, Herman Walburn, Casper
Reed, Christian IVIanusmith, Nicholas Kutts, George
Weyrick, Christopher Ley, Jacob Lower, Hans Moor,

*John Bushong, a French Huguenot, sailed in the same vessel
with the Rev. Johannes Bartholomews Rieger. They left
Rotterdam by way of Cowes, in the Ship Britannia of London,
Michael Franklyn, Master, and arrived at Philadelphia in Sept.
1731. Some of Bushong's descendants reside in East Lam-
peter, near Heller's Church. Among others, who arrived in
the same vessel, are the well known names of Beyer, Bock,
Frey, Hiestand, Carl, Keyser, Kraft, Kobell, Lehman, Lutz,
Nehs, Roth, Ruppert, Voglcr, Schwartz, Weis, Wirtz, Seig-
mund, Weynand, Schrotcr, Bihlmcier, Mentz, Horsch, Boor,
Bahn.— CoZiJec. ///. 431.

HISTORY OF

Johannes Blum, George Steitz, Ercismus Biickenmeyer,
George Graff; "being all of the Protestant or Reformed
religion, and subjects of tlic Emperor of Germany, and
other provinces now in amity with the King of Great
Britain ; every one of them ivas by this act declared citi-
zens, and all the immunities enjoyed by natural liege sub-
jects, were to be enjoyed by them.

5J

Notes of vaeiety. — In 1732 locusts were very numerous,
and the noise made by them was sufficient to drown ones
voice in conversation — orchards and young trees generally
sulfered much by them. — Meylins Family Bible.

Smith's mill in Martic, Buckley's mill on the Octorora, and
Emanuel Herr's on Pequea, had been erected prior to 1733.

The first house erected in Strasburg, 1733.

In 1734, Lutheran Church and School House were commen-
ced in Lancaster, the Church was dedicated October 28, 1738.
The same year (1738) an Episcopal Church was built in Con-
estoga 15 miles from Lancaster. The same year tlie hottest
summer ever experienced in the count}' — harvest men died in
the fields — multitude of birds were found dead.

The Court of Nov. term, 1735, appointed Eandle Chambers,
Jacob Peat, James Silvers, Thomas Eastland, John Lawrence
and Abraham Endless, to view and lay out a road from Harris'
Ferry towards Potomac, so as best to answer the necessities of
the inhabitants.

Aug. 5, 1735, James C alder. Attorney at Law, on applica-
tion, was admitted to practice in the Lancaster court.

June 20, 1736, the first German Reformed Church, in Lan-
caster, dedicated — a log building, nearly opposite the present
church — after 1771, when the new church had been iinished, it
was converted into a private dwelling and occupied as such
till Jan. 14, 183G, Avhen it was destroyed by fire. Kcv. John
Jacob Hook or Iluck, V. D. M. was German llcf. pastor at
Lancaster, in 1730.

Dec. 7, 1737 — at night a smart earthquake was felt at Cones-
toga and Philadelphia.

LANCASTER COUXTY. 273

Nov. 2, 1736, Alexander Pearcy— May 3, 1737, James Kea-
ting— admitted to practice law at the Lancaster bar. In 1736-7
settlements commenced at Adamstown — first settlers were
William Adams, Abraham Kearn, John Johns, Philip Steflfy,
Mathias Fansler, Flickingers and others.

"■How to settle with some Doctors in olden times.'''' — August 5,
1736, at a court of Gen. Quarter Session : Doct, William Smith,
a vagabond and beggar, being convicted before the court of
being an impostor, it is the judgment of the court that he re-
cieve, in the town of Lancaster, ten lashes, and be conducted
from Constable to Constable, and be whipped with ten lashes,
in the most public place, till he comes to the bounds of the
county, at Octorora, and there be dismissed." Be patient in
suffering, as the Doctor said, when he received his pay.

In 1738, the number of taxables, in Lancaster county, was
2560. About the year 1733, many emigrants from the Pala-
tinate, Germany, settled in Brecknock township; among these
were Jacob Guth, Christian Guth, Avho erected the first grist
mill in the township ; John Mussleman, Francis Diller, who
erected the first distillery in Brecknock ; Jacob Schne Jer,
Francis Eckert, Herman Deis, Christopher Waldhaucr, Wil-
liam Morris, Englishman, and some others. — >S. Bowman's
Letter.

Member of Assembly for Lancaster county. 1731 : John
Koyle, Andrew Galbraith, John Musgrove, Thomas Edwrads—
1732: George Stuart, Thomas Edwards, Samuel Blunston,
Andrew Galbraith— 1733: Andrew Galbraith, Thomas Edwards,
John Wright, John Koyle— 1731: James Hamilton, John Em-
erson, Andrew Galbraith, John Wright— 1735 and 1736: James
Hamilton, Tbomas Edwards, Andrew Galbraith, Thomas Arm-
strong—1737: James Hamilton, John Wright, Andrew Gal-
braith, Samuel Smith.

274 HISTORY OF

CHAPTER III.

Governor Thomas appointed — The county dividcc] into eight Districts

Several new townships formed — John Wright's charge to the grand jury

Brief memoir of Wright — Serjeant attempts to instruct the Indians —
Ornish apply to the Assembly for an act of naturalization — Count Zin-
zcndorf in Lancaster — Visits Wyoming — Indians conclude to massacre
him — Singular incident dissuade them — Attempts made to prejudice the
Assenihly against tlic Germans — Martin Mcylin's house built — Church
council convoked — Irish behavior or conduct at an election — Disputes
between Irish and Germans — Murhancellin murders Armstrong and his
two servants — Murhancellin arrested and imprisoned — Indian treaty held
in Lancaster — Indians bark Musser's Walnut trees — Lutheran excite-
ment in Lancaster — Liiidley Murray born — Notes of variety.

On the death of Governor Gordon, James Logan,
senior member of the council, discharged the duties of
president, from August, 173G, to August, 1738, when he
was superseded by George Thomas, Esq., a planter of
Antigua, as Governor of the province and territories. —
He was appointed in 1737, "but his assumption o'f office
was delayed by the remonstrance of Lord Baltimore,
against the right of the proprietaries to the Lower coun-
tries. He met the Assembly of the province, on the Gth
of August, 1738." He was Deputy Governor till 1747.
During his achninistration, events of a local and general
character transpired, of some interest to the reader; the
leading ones shall be noticed.

Pursuant to an act of Assembly, passed in 1739, for
the dividing the county into districts, the justices of the
courts of Quarter Sessions, made and agreed to the fol-
lowing divisions: The first district was constituted of
Hem])field, I^ancastcr and Hellam townships. Hellam
is now part of ^'ork county. The second district cm-
braced Donegal, Paxton, Dcrry and Hanover. The last

LANCASTER COUNTY. 275

three are within the bounds of Dauphin county. The
third district was composed of Sadsbury, Sahsbury, Lea-
cock and Strasburg. The fourth district of Warwick,
jManheim, Lampeter and Lebanon. The last named is
ill Lebanon comity. The fifth district inchided Cones-
toga, Martic, Drumore and Little Britain. The sixth of
Tolpehocken, Hidelberg, Berne* and Bethel ;t all in
Berks county. The seventh of Robinson, Cocalico, Car-
naervon and Earl ; the first is in Berks. The eighth was
constituted of Pennsboro and Hopewell ; both in Cum-
berland; but since divided mto fifteen or sixteen town-
ships, in that county.

The year 1741, is remarkable in the history of the
county, and in the life of the incorruptible John Wright^
Esq., for his immoveable resistance to the encroachments
made upon ancient usages. "During the administration
of Governor Thomas, the enlisting of indented or
bought servants,! for soldie7\s, was first permitted to be

*Berne had been part of Tulpehocken, till May, 1738, when
it was divided or separated from the latter, by order of the
court.

fBethel was part of Lebanon township, till May, 1739. The
court ordered that it be divided and bounded as follows, viz :

" That the division line begin at Swatara creek, at a stony
ridge, about half a mile below John Tittles, and continuing
along the said ridge easterly to Tolpehockon township to the
northward of Tobias Pickel's, so as in its course to leave John
Benaugle, Adam Steel, Thomas Evv'crsly and Matthias llr?e, to
the southward of the said line ; that the northermost division
be named and called Bethel — the southern division continue the
name Leianon,''^

tThe number of bought and indented servants, who were
thus taken from their masters, as appears by the printed votes
of the Assembly, were about 276; whose masters were com-
pensated by the Assembly for their loss sustained thereby, to
the amount of two thousand five hundred and eighty-eight
pounds. — Pruud,

276 HISTOKY OP

carried into execution, in the province, before the act of
parliament, in that case, was made ; which being disa-
greeal)lc and injm'ious to many of the inhabitants, and
contrary to ancient usage/' John Wright, tlie mild but
firm Quaker, of Wright's Ferry, of this county, and
who had for many years been a member of the Assem-
bly, spoke out freely and firmly against this measure; as
a consequence, he fell a victim to Governor Thomas' in-
tolerance. Having understood that the Governor in-
tended to remove him from office; he had at that time
been justice of the peace, and president of the Common
Pleas, he attended the May session of the court, 1741,
and before the new commissioners had been published,
delivered a charge to the grand jury, whicli was pub-
lished by their order; and wliich deserves to be en-
graven upon the hearts of all who hate executive
domination.

"As a new commission of the peace, for this county,
is, I suppose, now to l)c published, in which my name,
and some of my brethren, are, I presume, left out; I
desire your patience and attention a few moments, while
I give the last charge to the grand jury, which I shall
ever do, from this place, and take leave of my bretln-en,
the justices, and my friends, the good people of tlie
county, as a magistrate.

"I have, for upwards of twenty years, borne a com-
mission of the peace, in Chester and Lancaster counties,
under the respective Governors of this province, and have
lived in familiar friendship and good understanding with
all of them, until of late.

"About twelve years ago, under the mild and peace-
able administration of Governor Gordon, I was one of
those who were instrumental in procuring this part of
the province to be erected into a separate county, and

LANCASTER COUXTT. 277

have contributed, according to my small ability, to have
rule and order established and preserved among us. I
have always attended the courts of judicature; except
when want of health, or the service of my country, in
some other station, require my absence ; and it has been
my lot repeatedly to give the charge to the gentlemen of
the grand juries from this place.

"I am now an old man; too old, if both opportunity
and inclination should invite (which I am assured never
will) ever to take the burden upon me again; and, there-
fore, am willing to make you a few observations on power
and Government, and the present posture of affairs here.

" I shall pass over the original of the English constitu-
tion; the several steps and gradations, by which it has
rose to the purity and perfection, it is at this day; the
many attempts, which have been made to invade it, and
the blood and treason, which have been spent, in defence
of that constitution, and those liberties, which render the
English nation so famous throughout the world.

"And, first, I observe to you. Gentlemen of the Grand
Jury, that the privilege of trials, by juries is counted
older than the English Government, and was not un-
known to the ancient Britons: juries are looked upon
as essential felicity to English subjects; and are put m
the first rank among English liberties; the reason given
is this; because no man's life shall be touched, for any
crime (out of parliament) unless he bethought guilty by
two several juries ; and these juries, being substantial
men, taken, from time to time, out of the neighborhood
of the person accused, cannot be supposed to be biased;
whereas, it is observable, that judges are made by pre-
rogatives and many have been preferred by corrupt min-
isters of state; and may be so again; and such ad-

24

278 HISTORY OF

vanced as will serve a present turn, rather than those of
more integrity and skill, in the laws.

''Juries are of two kinds, and are commonly distin-
guished by Grand and Peilf Juries; the former, which
you are, have larger power than the other, as very
plainly appears by the qualification, which you have
taken. Your power extends to all offences within the
comity; and your office is principally concerned in two
things, prese7iime7ifs and indictments ; the difference of
which is this, the first is, where you, of your own
knowledge, or inquiry, take notice of some offence,
crime, or nuisance, to the injury of the public, which you
think ought to be punished, or removed, and give notice
to the court, in writing, briefly, of the nature of the
thing, and the person's name and place: this is
called a ^j^r-sf^/ywe;?/, and differs from an indict-
vient in these two respects : first, in that it is not drawn
up in form; whereas inditiraents are generally drawn
up and presented to you, by the Attorney General and
the witnesses qualified to attend you; and when you
have examined them you either indorse, that it is a true
bill; or, tha,t it does not appear to you, sufficient grounds
for the accusation, that the person's life, estate, or repu-
tation, should be brought in question ; all which is under-
stood, by indorsing the word ignoramus. From hence,
it appears, that you are appointed, as well to be guar-
dians of the lives, liberties, estates, and even reputations
of the innocent, as to be a means of bringing offenders
to justice. And, as you are endued with a sufficient
portion of understanding to know what offences are
represenlable by you, I shall not enumerate them;
}uiving already said, they arc generally under your
notice ; but sluill rather recommend to you, and your
successors, a steady care, both for the secm'ity of tlni

LANCASTER COUNTr. 279

innocent, (for by you malicious prosecutions may be
cropped in bud) and bringing offenders to the justice of
the law ; that by their public shame and suffering, they
and others may be deterred from the like offences, for the
future.

"The office of a civil magistrate, or justice of the peace,
is an office of high trust, and ought to be executed with
great care, circumspection, and good conscience. Magis-
trates may be looked upon as ministers under God.
invested with some branches of power, for the public
benefit, viz: To be a terror and scourge to evil doers^
and to praise them who do well ; and while they lead
lives exemplary of this, and in their public actions, have
this principally in view, distributmg justice impartially,
with clean hands and pure hearts, their post is truly hon-
orable, and they are highly worthy of regard. But if
they unhappily deviate from this rule, if they are found in
the practice of those crimes, which they ought to punish
and suppress, if they pervert justice for bribes, and op-
press the poor and innocent, they therefore render them-
selves highly imworthy of an office of so great a trust.

" I was always a friend to power, well knowing that
good and wholesome laws, duly executed, are so far from
being a restraint upon true liberty, that they are only as
regulating springs to the passions, and productive of it;
and our worthy founder, and first proprietor tells us,
" That he con:posed his frame of Government with a
view to support poiver in reverence with the people, and
to secure the people from the abuse of power :" and these
two are generally observed to attend each other, as causes
and effects. And a noted professor of the law, in this
province, some years ago, when he espoused the cause of
liberty, and loaded with age and infirmities, took a long
journey in defence of it, has these words on power: "It

^60 HISTORY OP

may justly be compared to a great river, which, while
kept witliin due bounds, is both beautiful and useful; but
when it overflows its banks, it is then too impetuous to
be stemmed! it bears down all before it, and brings
destruction and desolation where it comes,"

" If, then, these are the ill effects of lawless power, eveiy
wise man ought to be on his guard, to prevent them, by
keeping up the banks of liberty, and common right, the
only bulwark against it,

"It was in defence and support of this great bulwark,
against the attempts of power, under a pretence of serving
his majesty, l)ut done in such a manner as I apprehend,
cannot be supposed was ever intended, or expected, by
our most gracious sovereign ; whose distinguishing char-
acter is, to protect and not to oppress; and whatever
burden the necessity of the times requires to be laid on
the subjects under his immediate and just administra-
tion, is laid equally and impartially; I say, it was to the
opposition given by the House of Representatives, to the
manner in which these attempts were made, and the just
concern and dislike shewed thereto, that we may impute
the late changes made in the connnissions of the peace
throughout the jirovince, whatever other pretences they
may be glossed with,

" For this cause, my friends and countrymen, for the
cause of English liberty^ for standing in the civil defence
of right and property, are we dismissed; and I rejoice,
and am heartily glad, that I have been one of those,
who are thought worthy of displeasure.

"And now, to conclude, I take my leave, in the words
of a Judge of Israel. "Here I am, witness against me;
wliom have I defrauded; whom have I oppressed; or, of
whose hands have I received any bribe, to blind my
eyes therewith? And I will restore it."

LANCASTER COUNTT. 281

"May the Prince of Peace, who is the King of Kings,
protect the people of this province from domestic foes
and foreign enemies, is my hearty desire ; and so I bid
you all farewell."

"Respecting this same John Wright, it may be
further observed, in this place, that he died about the
year 1751, in Lancaster county, where he had lived, in
the eighty-fourth of his age.

It is recorded of him, "That he was born in the year
1667, in Lancashire, in England, of religious and repu-
table parents ; who were among the early professors of
the doctrine held by people called Quakers, and lived
and died highly esteemed members of that community.
He was educated with a view to the practice of physic ;
but he declined pursuing it, and entered into trade, till
the year 1714; when he removed with his family into
Pennsylvania, well recommended by certificates, from
his friends, the Quakers, in that part of England, both
as to his moral character, and as a preacher, in the society ;
.with whom they had, for many years, lived in strict
amity.

"Soon on his settlement in the province, his principles
and conduct recommended him to the notice of the
public : he was a representative to the General Assembly,
for Chester county, and many years one for Lancaster
county. In his station as a Judge, for the last county,
he was noted for prompt, honest principles, and candor,
and an inflexible integrity ; one instance of which ap-
pears in the cause and manner of his dismission from that
office, in 1741, as above mentioned.

"He continued to attend the Assemblies, till broken
health, and an advanced age, rendered such attendance
diflicult, and sometimes impracticable ; although the
people among whom he lived, from a long experience of

24*

282 HISTORY OP

liis sei-vices, and regard to him, would not be prevailed
on by himself, or his family, to name another in his stead,
for that station ; but continued to return his name till he
died.

" Through every station in life, his good will to man-
kind, his love of peace and good order, and his en-
deavors to give them a permanent footing in his neigh-
hood, and in the county in general, were known to be
liis delight and study : his sense of religion, and the
testimony he bore to it, were free from intemperate zeal^
yet earnest, and attended with life and spirit, influenced
by the love of God, and benevolence to his whole crea-
tion ; such he continued, with his understanding clear,
his mind calm, cheerful and resigned, to the advanced
period of old tige, when he expired without a groan/'*

This year, 1741, a Mr. Serjeant, a gentlemen of New
England, took a journey to the Shawanese, and some
other tribes on the Susquehanna, and he may, it is proba-
ble, have visited the Indians in this county, and offered
to instruct them in the christian religion ; but they would
have none of his instruction ; they rejected his offer
with disdain. The poor fellows had experienced, to
their soijow, too many wrongs at the hands of those
who should have treated them kindly. "They re-
proached Christianity, judging it, as they did by the lives
of those \\'\\o professed lo he chrislians. They told him
the traders would lie, cheat, and debauch their daughters
Siiid sisters, and even their wives, if their husbands were
not at hoiue. Tlioy said further, that the Senecas had
given them their country, but charged them, never to
receive Christianity from the E)ig/ish.'''\

1742. — A n.spectablc number oi' the Omisli, of Lan-
caster couuiy, petitioned the General Assembly that a

*ProuJ. fi'ivud, 11. 312.

LAN'CASTER COUNTT. 283

Special law of naturalization for their benefit, might be
passed. Tliey stated, " They had emigrated from ^lurope
by an invitation from, the proprietaries ; that they had
been brought up and were attached to the Omisli doctrine,
and were conscienciously scrupulous against taking
oaths — they therefore cannot be naturalized agreeably to
the existing law." A law was passed iu conformity to
thfcir request.*

The year 1742, is also remarkable in the annals of
this county, for the visits of Louis Nicholas Zinzendorf,
usually called Count Zinzendorf. This remarkable man
arrived in America in 1741, and in 1742, visited Lan-
caster County and city. On his arrival, permission was
granted him to preach in the court house. He made
converts wherever he went; among his first fruits was
the convei^sion of George Kline to his views, who after-
wards, as may be seen from the sequel, aided in the pro-
motion of a INIoravian church in this county.t His

'^Haz. Reg.

Note. — Touching oaths, they maintain the following as
set forth in their own words: Was das Eid Schwoeren angehet,
davon glauben und bekennen wir: Das der Herr Christus das-
selbe gleichfals den seinen abgerathen und verboten habe:
naemlich, das sie lieinesweges soUen schwoeren, sondern das
ja, ja, und nein, nein sollte seyn. — Glauhens BeJcenntniss,
Art. 15.

The Ornish and Mennonites hold the same doctrities. They
maintain that Christ in Alalt. v. 34-37, totally and explicitly
prohibited his followers the use of oaths, and has given them
permission to ratify their cause with nothing more than a yca^
yea or a nay, nay. His disciples, they maintain ought to be
children of truth. — Illustratiriir Mirror, by John Jlerr, p. 127-133
Lane. Ed. 1634.

fSee chapter V.

284 HISTORY OF

engrossing aim was to christianize the- Indians. With-
this view he visited a distant part of Lancaster county —
the Wyoming country — inhabited by the Shawanese
Indians. Zinzcndorf, and his httle company, pitched
their tents on the banks of the Susquehanna, a Uttle
below the town. This caused no small degree of alarm
among the Indians; "a council of the chiefs was assem-
bled, the declared purpose of Zinzcndorf was deliber-
ately considered. To these unlettered children of the
wilderness it appeared altogether improbable that a
stranger should brave the dangers of a boisterous ocean,
three thousand miles broad, for the sole purpose of in-
structing them in the means of obtaining happiness after
deaths and that too without requiring any compensation
for his trouble and expense ; and as they had observed
the anxiety of the white people to purchase lands of the
Indians, they naturally concluded that the real object of
Zinzcndorf was either to procure them the lands at
Wyoming for his own use, to search for hidden treasures,
or to examine the country with a view to future con-
quest. It was accordingly resolved to assassinate him, and
to do it privately, lest the knowledge of the transaction

Note. — Zinzendorf, the patron of the sect of the Moravians,
was born at Dresden, May, 1700. He studied at Hale and
Utrecht. About the year 1722, he began to preach and write to
instruct his fellow men. He travelled extensively in Europe.
In 1737 he visited London ; 1741 he came to America, and
preached in various parts in Pennsylvania. He with his daugh-
ter, Benigna, and several brethren and sisters, visited various
tribesof Indians. At Sheconneco he established the lirst Indian
Moravian Congregation in America. In 1743 he returned to
Europe. He died at Ilerrnhut in 17(50, and his coffin was car-
ried to tlic grave by thirty-two preachers and missionaries,
whom he had reared and some of whom liad toiled in Holland,
England. Ireland, North America, and Greenland. \Nhal mon-
arch uas ever honored Inj a funeral like this .' — Allen,

LANCASTER COtNTT. 285

should produce war with the EngUsh who were setthng
the country below the mountains.

"Zinzendorf was alone in his tent, seated upon a bun-
dle of dry weeds, which composed his bed, and engaged
in writing, when the assassins approached to execute their
bloody mission. It was night, and the cool air of Sep-
tember had rendered a small fire necessary to his comfort
and convenience. A curtain formed of a blanket and
hung upon pins was the only guard to the entrance of
his tent. The heat of his small fire had roused a large
rattlesnake which lay in the weeds not far from it ; and
the reptile, to enjoy it more effectually, crawled slowly
into the tent and passed over one of his legs undis-
covered. Without, all was still and quiet, except the
gentle murmur of the river at the rapids, a mile below.
At this moment, the Indians softly approached the door
of his tent, and slightly removed the curtain, contem-
plated the venerable man too deeply engaged in the
subject of his thoughts to notice either their approach,
or the snake which lay extended before him. At a sight
like this, even the heart of the savage shrunk from the
idea of committing so horrid an act, and quitting the
spot, they hastily returned to the town and informed
their companions that the Great Spirit protected the
white man, for they had found him with no door but a
blanket, and had seen a large rattlesnake crawl over his
legs without attempting to injure him. This circum-
stance, together with the arrival soon afterwards of
Conrad Weiser, procured Zinzendorf the friendship and
confidence of the Indians."* After spending twenty
days at Wyoming, he returned to Belhlehem.

The Indians had been so repeatedly duped that their
suspicions were nearly as often excited as those of the

♦Chapman's His. of Wyoming.

286 HISTORY OF

Avhites against their own brethren ; however, with this
difference, that in both cases under consideration there
was no cause at all for these suspicions. The inoffensive
Count, as well as the inoffensive Mennonite and Ger-
mans, had the singular fortune to be noticed "i^i'M screen

When excitements run high, arising from prejudice,
the innocent themselves feel as thougli it were a duty
they owe their fellow men, to avoid every appearance
that might engender unfounded suspicions. This the
Mcnnonites of Lancaster county did on more than one
occasion. "In 1741, a second attempt was made to
prejudice the Assembly against the Germans, but in the
message of the Assembly to Governor Thomas, the
House expressed their views as follows: Who they are
that look with jealous eyes at the Germans, the Go-
vernor has not been pleased to inform us, nor do we
know. Nothing of the kind can be justly attributed to
us, or any preceding Assembly, to our knowledge. —
The Legislature of this province has generally, on appli-
cation made to them, admitted the Germans to partake
of the privileges enjoyed by the King's natural subjects;
and as Ave look upon them to be a laborious, industrious
people, we ?hall cheerfully perform what can be expected
from us for their benefit, and for those who may here-
after arrive."

To allay unfounded prejudices, the Mcnnonites gave
a decided proof thereof in 1742, in convoking a churcli
council, consisting of elders, preachers and the bishop^
and meeting at the house of Martin J\I(\i/lin, in Lam-
peter townsliij).

Martin Mcylin, grandfafher of Martin JMeylin, Jacoh
Meylin, John Meylin, and Abraliam Meylin, all at
present residing in West Lampeter township, built what

LANCASTER COUNTY. 287

Was then caWed a palace, of sandstone. It was, in 1742,
one of the most stately mansions in the country ; and as
the Mennonites were a plain people, and Martin Meylin,
an active member, the house was not only considered too
palace-like, but the appearance of it might, as they rea-
soned, strengthen their enemies in prejudicing the gov-
ernment against them — they had been virtually charged
with disloyalty — "determined not to obey the lawful
authority of government — that they were disposed to
organize a government of their own."

The bishop, Hans Tschantz, with his elders and
assistance, having repaired to the humble log cottage
hard by the '-'stately mansion," and organized the
meeting, himself presiding over the deliberations of the
assembled. Martin was first questioned, upon conscience,
to openly declare what his intentions were in erecting so
large, so gorgeous a dwelhng — remmding him of the
rumor some twelve or thirteen years ago ; and lately, of
the prejudices excited against the Germans. He stated,
he consulted only his comfort, and that he had no
sinister views. Next he was reminded that, in their
view, the house was rather too showy for a Memionite.
The question was, v/hether he deserved severe censure,
if not suspension from church privileges, for this over-
sight. After some concessions, and mutual forbearance,
by the parties, it was resolved that Martin be kindly
reprimanded ; to which he submitted — thus the matter
ended, and all parted as brethren.

The Germans were at one time viewed in " double
vision;^' both as objects of suspicion, and subjects of
easy imposition. Even at this day, many of us scarcely
understand the "spicy and sweet words" " of the dear
people" — " the bone and sinew of the country," &c.
uttered by politicians in their scrambles for seats of

288 HISTORY OF

honor, and the fat things of office. The " scenes gont
ore?*," and now playing, rcmmd us of the recorded
past.

Scrambhng for ollicc among the Enghsh and Irish in
this county is nothing new ; as early as 1732 there was
a violent contest between Galbraith and Wright. In
1743 the Irish strove for "ascendancy at the polls." An
election was held this year to supply the vacancy occa-
sioned by the death of Thomas Linsey. The Irish com-
pelled the sheriff to receive such tickets as they approved,
and make a return accordingly. The following resolu-
tion was passed in Assembly : Resolved, That the sheriff
having assumed upon himself the power of being sole
judge at the late election, exclusive of the inspectors
chosen by the framers of said county of Lancaster, is
illegal, unwarrantable and an infringement of the
the liberties of the people of the province ; that it gave
just cause for discontent to t!ie inhabitants of said
county; that if any disturbances followed thereupon, it
is justly imputed to his own misconduct. Resolved
further, That the sheriff of Lancaster county be
admonished by the speaker. The sheriff attended, and
being admonished, promised he would take care and keep
the law in future. He also altered the return, as
Samuel Blunston was entitled to take his seat.*

Tlie Germans began, about this time,t to look to their
rights as well as their interests; they had determined
upon maintaining these with firmness. Disturbances be-
tween the Irish and Germans, were common. The pro-
proprietors, to prevent these, "on the organization of
York and Cumberland, gave orders to their agents to sell

•Votes of Assembly.
fGordon's Pa. p. 241, 242.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 289

no lands in York and Lancaster counties to the Irish ;
and also to make advantageous overtures to the Irish
settlers on Paxton and Swatara, and Donegal townships,
to induce them to remove to Cumberland county, which
offer being liberal, was accepted by many."*

While warm feelings were engendered among the
Germans and Irish against each other, the savage Indian
was, in a distant part of the county, imbruing his hands
in the blood of the whites. Murhancellin, an Indian
chief, of the Delaware tribe, murdered John Armstrong
and his two servants on Juniata. He was soon appre-
hended by Captain Jack's party, conveyed to Lancaster
jail, where after several months, imprisonment he was
removed to Philadelphia jail, '-'lest he should escape, or
his trial and execution should produce an unfavorable
impression on his countrymen about to assemble, for a
conference with the whites, at Lancaster." Tiie gov-
ernor also required that the property of the deceased
should be returned to his family; and he invited a dep-
utation to attend the trial of the Indian, and his execu-
tion, should he be found guilty.t

The proposed conference, held in Lancaster 1745, was
attended by Gov. Tiiomas himself, in person, and by
agents from Virginia and Maryland, and from the
Iroquois tribes. This treaty or conference Avas con-
ducted with much parade and formality, after the Indian
manner. "All matters of dispute between the parties
were satisfactorily settled. The Indians engaged to
prevent the French, and the Indians in their alliance,
from marching through their country, to attack the

*The Works, Moores, Galbraiths, Bells, Whitehills, Silvers,
Semples, Sterrits, Woods, early settlers" In the ea^t end ol
Cumberland county, were from Donegal township.

fGordon's Pa. 24G, 247.

25

290

HISTORY OP

English settlements; and that they would give the
earliest information they received of the enemy's designs j
and, in consideration of four hundred pounds, they
recognized the title of the king to the colony of Virginia,
as it was then, or should be, afterwards bounded. The
favor of the Indians was not obtained gratuitously.
Pemisylvania presented them with three hundred povmds
currency ; Maryland one hundred pounds ; and Virginia
two hundred pounds, with the addition of a promise to
recommend the Six Nations to the consideration of his
majesty.

But this conference did not remove causes of future
disquiet. These lay in the encroachments of the settlers,
and in the conduct of the traders ; who, in defiance of
the law, carried spirituous liquors to the Indian wigwams ;
and, taking advantage of the inordinate passion of the
savage for this poison, cheated them of their skins, and
their wampum, and debauched their wives. " Is it not
to be wondered at then, said Governor Thomas, if when
the Indians recover from their drunkcn-fit,they should take
severe revenge. Or would it have been a matter of
surprise, had they charged on whites, in the aggregate,
the vices of individuals, and sought vengeance on the
natives whose citizens daily assumed their soil, and
destroyed the best of their people."

The Indians about the town of Lancaster were also
committing depredations in a small way; some of them
found their cabins wanted roofs, and to secure the
shingles, they barked Jobn Musser's Walnut trees,
which stood in town, to cover their cabins with. Musscr
made complaint to the Governor, touching the barking
of his trees, demanding six pounds damage ; the Assem-
bly gave him three pounds.*

'Votes of Assembly, 17M.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 291

' The year 1745, is remarkable in the history of the
Lutheran church, in the city of Lancaster, on account of
a great ferment excited among the Lutherans. The
Rev. Neyherg, pastor of the Lutheran church, united a
portion of his congregation with the Moravians ; this
caused an excitement among the Lutherans; they in-
formed the Governor they were compelled to hear a doc-
trine which they did not approve, or they must resign
their church. The Governor kindly informed them that
he could not interfere, that the law protected all alike,
and their rights were thus secure, and it was to the law
they should look for protection.* In 1746, after Rev.
Henry Mclchior Muhlenberg, had visited the congrega-
tion to reconcile the parties, Neyherg v/ithdrew, and
had a Moravian church built. In 1748, Rev. Handschuh,
took charge of the Lutheran congregation.!

*Haz. Reg,

f Nachricht der Ev. Gem. in America, 67.

Notes. — Lindley Murray, the English Grammarian, was
born in 1745, near Swatara, Lancaster county. He died in
England, 1S2G.

October 1741, by the special order and direction of the pro-
prietaries, Thomas Coolcson, Deputy Surveyor of Lancaster
county, laid out the town of York.

John Eby's mill, Elias Myer's mill, and George Eby's mill —
all erected before 1739. The winter of 1740, dreadfully severe
— the snow in general more than three feet deep — the back
inhabitants suffered much from want of bread — many of the
families of the new settlers had little else to subsist upon but
the carcases of deer they found dead or dying in the swamps or
run about their houses. The Indians found a great scarcity of
deer and turkeys.

Tradition speaks of a great flood in the spring of 1740 —
January 6th and 7th 1741, the coldest days for many years.
William Smith's mill on Beaver creek had been erected prior

292 HISTORY OF

to 1741, In 1741 Mr John Ross, keeper of the ferry at Blue
Rock, on the Susquehanna, prayed the court for a road from
his ferry to the town of Lancaster.

The neighborhood of Rcinholdsville was settled between the
years of 1735 — 40 by Germans, by Hans Beclinan, Hans Zim-
merman, Peter Shoemaker, large landholders, and others.

Rapho township. — May 1741, the inhabitants of the north cast
part of Donegal township, petitioned for the erection of a
new township to be called Rapho.

In 1742, a party of Indians, twenty-one Onondagoes, and
seven Oncidas, on their way to Virginia, in an excursion
against the Tallapoosas there, left their canoes at Harris's
landing — came to Lancaster county, procured a pass from a
magistrate — travelled peaceably through the province, obtain-
ing supplies of provisions from the inhabitants. They were
directed to obtain a renewal of their peiss from the authorities
of Virginia, after they should cross the Potomac; but this they
found impossible, being unable to make themselves under-
stood— were foiled in the object of their excursion. — Gokdon.

In 1745, the Catholics procured a lot, in the city ot Lancas-
ter, from Hamilton's estate, on which a few years afterwards, a
small log church was erected, in 1760 this was burnt down. —
In 1762, the present Catholic church was founded.

May 1, 1742, Lancaster was incorporated as a borough by
George Thomas, l)y charter.

A German Reformed congregation was organized, near
Adamstown, called "Modecrick Church," in 1743.

October 3, 1744, the Episcopalians held a meeting at Lan-
caster, for the organization of a parish — St. James' church. —
The Rev. Richard Locke, an itinerant missionary, was the
first ofliciating minister. Measures were taken, April 15, 1745,
for the erection of a small stone church, which however was
not completed till 1753.

In 1754, the Moravians held a provincial council in Lan-
caster, In 1746, they built a church and school house — the
former stood on the site of the present church. Their first
pastor at Lancaster was Rev. L. T. Neyberg.

September 22, 1746, Rev. Michael Schlatter, V. D. M.of St.
Gall, Switzerland, in company with Rev. Weiss, of Philadel-

LANCASTER COUNTY. SS'S

phia, visited Rev. John B. Rieger, V. D. M. Pastor Loci,
Lancaster.

Members of Assembly from Lancaster county, for 1738, were
James Hamilton, John Wright, Andrew Galbraith, Samuel
Smith ; in 1739, John Wright, Thomas Evving, Thomas Lind-
ley, Thomas Edwards; in 1740, Anthony Shaw, and the same
as before, except Thomas Edwards ; in 1741 and 1742, Samuel
Blunston,and the same as before, except Thomas Edwards.

CHAPTER IV.

York county organized — Election frauds — Sabbath school commenced at
Ephrata — David Ramsay born ; Memoir of — Bart township organized —
House of Employment provided — General Miller — General Clark —
Abundant crops — Distilleries erected — Partial famine — Indian alarms,
and horrid atrocities — French neutrals imported — Their condition unen-
viable— An Act to disperse them — Cooper, Webb and Le Fevre ap-
pointed to execute the several provisions of the Act — Another act passed
relative to the French neutrals — Notes of variety.

As the settlements extended westward of the Susque-
hanna, and the population augmented, the difficulty, as
is the case in newly settled countries, increased among
the orderly portion to secure themselves against thefts
and abuses, frequently committed amongst them by idle
and dissolute persons, who resorted to the remote parts
of the province, and by reason of the great distance
from the court or the prison, frequently found means of
escape. These facts were urged by the inhabitants west
of the Susquehanna, as with one voice, for consideration,
upon the Legislature. The Governor with the Assem-
bly, on the 19th of August, 1749, made a division of
Lancaster county, and the part west of the Susquehamia
was called York.

25*

B94 HISTORY OP

Tlie same year York was separated from Lancaster,
" James Webb complained to the General Assembly of
the undue election and return of a member from Lan-
caster county, and praying redress. It was given in evi-
dence before the Assembjy,, that the election had been
conducted in a violent and unbecoming manner; that
votes had been received by persons unauthorized to re-
ceive the same, and particularly two by Christian Herr,
one of the inspectors ; that many persons voted as
often as four, five, six, and even ten times; that one of the
candidates, who was elected, encouraged them, and
although there had not been one thousand persons upon
tire ground, yet two thousand three hundred votes had
been received.

The House resolved. That the election be confirmed,
and the officc7^s be admonished and censured by the
speaker: they were severely censured."

Sabbath school instruction, which is so common in the
world, was first introduced in this county, at Ephrata. —
Ludwick Hacker, whom we mentioned before, was a
man devoted to the cause of juvenile instruction. "He
came to Ephrata in 1739, and shortly on his arrival, was
appointed the teacher of the common school. After
being a short time employed in this responsible station,
lie likewise opened a school in the afternoon of the sab-
bath ; aided by some of his brethren, imparted instruc-
tion to the poorer class of children, who were kept from
regular school by employments in which their necessities
obliged them to be engaged during the week, as well as to
give religious instruction to those of better circumstances.

It is not exactly known in wiiat year the Sabbath
sciiool was commenced. " It appears from the records of
the minutes of the society, that materials for a Sabbath
school room were furnished in the year 1749. This

LANCASTER COUNTT. 295

school flourished many 3^ars, and was attended with
some remarkable eonsequences. It produced an anxious
inquiry among the juvenile class, who attended the
school, which increased and grew into what is now
termed a revival of religion. The scholars of the Sab-
bath school met together every day before and after
common school hours, to pray and exhort one another,
under the superintendance of one of the brethren."

The year 1749, is remarkable in the annals of Lan-
caster county, for the birth of David Ramsay, the great
American Historian. He was born in Drumore town-
ship, the 2d of April, 1749. He was the youngest son
of James Ramsay,* a respectable farmer, who had emi-
grated from Ireland at an early age, and by the cultiva-
tion of his farm, with his own hands, provided the means
of subsistence and education for a numerous family. —
He was a man of intelligence and piety, and early sowed
seeds of Imowledge and religion in the minds of his
children. He lived to reap the fruits of his labors, and
to see his offspring grow up around him, ornaments of
society, and props to him in the evening of his eventful
life.

David Ramsay was educated at Princeton college, and
took the degree of bachelor of arts at the age of 1 6. —
After devoting some time to the general cultivation of
his mind, he began the study of physic, at Philadelphia,
and attended the lectures at the college of Pennsylvania.
He commenced the active duties of his profession in
Maryland, where he continued one year, and then went
to Charleston, South Carolina, with a letter of very high
recommendation from Dr. Rush. He soon acquired

*David's mother was a Miss Montgomery. Many of his
relatives still reside in this county; among whom are the
Pattersons, Clcndeiiins, and others, of Little Britain.

296 HISTORY OF

celebrity in his profession ; but his diversified talents and
active mind soon took a wider range. From the com-
mencement of tlie revolution, he was an ardent patriot,,
and exerted all liis powers to promote the independence
of his country. From the declaration of independence
to the termination of the war, he was a member of tlie
privy council, and with two others of that body was
among the citizens of Charleston who, in 1780, were
banished by the British to St. Augustine. On an
exchange of prisoners, after an absence of eleven months,
he was sent back to the United States. In 17S2 he was
elected a member to Congress; in 176*, Mr. Hancock
being unable to attend. Dr. Ramsay was elected president
pro tempore, and for one year discharged the duties of
that station with abiUty, industry, and impartiality. In
1786 he returned to Charleston, and resumed the duties
of his profession, and his historical labors, in which he
continued to be occupied during the remainder of life.
" The predominant trait in the character of Ramsay,"
says his biographer, " was philanthrophy." The experi-
ence of his philanthropy and beneficence in early life
in the attentions received from him at Charleston, and in
letters of introduction, which he spontaneously offered,,
to the highly respectable family of Barnwell and to others
in Beaufort, and in a very obliging historical correspon-
dence of later years, has left an indelible impression on
the mind of the present writer, who must be indulged in
the concurrent testimony. He was also a man of exem-
plary piety. He was a member of the independent or
Congregational church in Charleston^ and adorned his
christian profession. The last scene of his life furnished
bright evidence of his faith and piety, of his ^love and
charity, and of his immortal ho])c, " through the blood
of the Redeemer."

LANCASTER COUNTY. 297

He was assassinated in the street, a few paces from his
own dwelUng, in the open day, hy a maniac, who shot
him with a pistol loaded with three balls. One of his
wounds proved mortal the second day. " Death had for
him no terrors." The publications of Dr. Ramsay,
which have met with a very favorable reception in
Europe as well as in America, are, " The History of the
Revolution, in S. Car. pub. 1784— His. Am. Rev. pub.
1790— Life of Washington, 1801— The History of S.
Car. — being the extension of an interesting work, pub-
lished in 1795, entitled "A Sketch of the Soil, Climate,
Weather, Diseases, of S. C— Memoirs of the Life of
Martha Laurens Ramsay, 1810. Among his manu-
scripts were, "A History of the U. S. from the first set-
tlement to English Colonies," and a series of historical
volumes to be entitled " Universal History Americanised,
or, An Plistorical View of the World, from the earliest
records to the nineteenth century, with a particular
reference to the state of society, literature, religion, and
form of government in the U. S. of America." Tiiis
Universal History, has been published in 12 volumes,
Phiia. 1818.*

The citizens of Sadsbury having petitioned for a divi-
sion of the township, the court, at the November Session
of 1743, appointed Calvin Cooper, George Leonard, sen.
James Wilson, Samuel Ramsay, Robert Wilson and
James Miller, to divide the same — "they met the 20th
of March, and considered the most proper place. The
line is to begin in a road called Aaron Musgrove's road,
near the coppermines, at Strasburg township line, where
it divides from Sadsbury, and down the several courses
thereof to the east side of said road to a new road
branching therefrom, leading to John Tayloi-'s mill,

*Thatchers Med. Diet. Vol. I. Art. Ramsay.

298 HISTORY or

commonly known by the name of Buckley^s mill, on the
east side of said road, the several courses thereof, to a
road branching therefrom commonly known by the name
of Rustan's road, and on the east side thereof, by the
line that divides Colerain and Sadsbmy ; all which we
allow and conclude to be the division. The eastern part
thereof retaining the name Sadsbury, and the western
part, to be called BartP

The condition of many of the inhabitants of the
county was, in 1750 and 1751, such as to induce the
people of the county to call meetings to devise measures
to obviate the sufferings of the destitute. " In pursuance
of a resolution passed at a large and respectable
meeting of the freemen of Lancaster county, in the
town of Lancaster, it was stated that a number, of the
settlers had severely suffered, both from the hardships of
a new settlement and the hostilities of the Indians — and

Note. — Gen.H. Miller was born near Lancaster city Feb. 13,
1741. Took a distinguished part in the Revolution. He was
in all the important engagements on Long Island, York Island,
White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Head of Elk, Brandywine,
Germantown, Monmouth ; at this latter place two horses
were successively shot under him.

In a letter of General Washington's to Congress, dated
"Trenton Falls, Dec. 12, 1770," it is said, "Captain Miller, of
Colonel Hand's regiment, also informs me, that a body of the
enemy were inarching to Burlington, yesterday morning. —
He had been sent over with a strong scouting party, and at
day break fell in with their advanced guards, consisting of
about four hundred Hessian troops, who fired upon him before
they were discovered, but without any loss, and obliged him
to retreat with his party, and to take the boat."

lie was a member of the Legislature — Quarter master in tho-
Whiskey Expedition — Brigadier General of the Militia of the
United States, during the late war, at Baltimore. He held
other civil otliccs — died at Carlisle, Aprils, 1824.

LANCASTER COUNTl". 299

therefore resolved, That a house of employment be pro-
vided for the industrious, in indigent circumstances. —
The building was accordingly erected by the benovo-
ient spirit which disposed all sects and all countries to
contribute their aid for so excellent a purpose.

A farm was procured, and farming implements pro-
vided ; also manufacturing articles for the encouragement
of honest but indigent industry. Lancaster became
soon remarkable for the excellence of its stockings, made
in that establishment."

■ The year 1752 is remarkable in the annals of Lan-
caster county for the abundance of all cereal products,
especially wheat. Since the settling of the county, the
crops had not yielded so bountifully as they did in 1751
and 1752. The mercies, received at the hands of a
munificent Giver, were not duly appreciated, and thank-
fully enjoyed. They induced to lead men into excess. —
Many in their levity and wantoness, destroyed this rich
store of provision, fattened their hogs on wheat, " which
they consumed upon their lusts." Others in various
parts of the county, erected distilleries, and thus consumed
the wheat, by converting it into a poison, and thereby
brought a great evil upon community.*

*Die jahre 1751 und 1752, sind so fruchtbar an Weitzen und
andern Fruechten gcvvesen, dasz dieMenschenin ihrer Leicht-
sinnigkeit aus Muthwillcn haben gesucht, diesen Vorrath zu
verschwenden : dann sie haben mit dem edlen Weitzen, von
welchem viele Arme haetten leben koennen, die Schweine
gemaestet, welclie sic liernach in ihrer Wohllust verzchret
haben. Daneben hat man allenthalben Brenn-Kessel ange-
schaft, und aus diesem Segcn starke Getraenke gebrannt,
welches grosse Unordnung hat verursachet.— -C/iron. Epiirat.
190.

Note. — Gen. John Clark, a native of this county, was born
in 1751 — at twenty-five he entered the public services of his

300 HISTORY OP

These years of plenty were followed by years of
scarcity. The summers of '53, '54, and '55^ were
remarkable for continued drought, and consequent
want of food for man, and provender for beast ; both
lacked the wonted abundance — both were, in some in-
stances, reduced to the point of starvation. There was
a public calamity in the land, and not unlike the famine
in the days of David, (2 Sam. 31) ; the indigent suffered
greatly. In addition to their pressing wants, Indian hos-
tilities having commenced, the fear of being murdered by
the Indians, cast a deep gloom over the face of the
country. They felt it as a merited rebuke of heaven for
their excesses. "For about the 20th of October, 1755,
the news was received at Lancaster, that the French and

country. Congress appointed him, February 0, 1778, as one
of the auditors for the army under General Washington. He
was also aid-de-camp to Gen. Green. The following letter from
Washington, to Congress, speaks of Clark's character :

Head Quarters, Valley Forge, Jan. 2, 1778.

I take the liberty of introducing Gen. John Clark, the bearer
of this, to your notice. He entered the service at the com-
mencement of the war, and has for some time past acted as
aid-de-camp to Major General Green. He is active, sensible,
and enterprising, and has rendered me great services since the
enemy l;as been in Pennsylvania, by procuring me constant,
and certain intelligence of the motives and intentions of the
enemy. It is somewhat uncertain whether the state of his
health will admit of his remaining in the military line ; if it
.should, I shall perhaps have occasion to recommend him in a
more particular manner to the favor of Congress at a future
time. At present, I can assure, that if you should, while he
remains at York, have any occasion for his services, you will
fmd him nol only willing, but very capable of executing any
of your commands. Respectfully,

GEO. WASHINGTON.

At the close of the Revolution, Clark resumed the practice
of law at York. He died December 27, 1819.

LANCASTER COTTNTY. 301

Indians had massacred and scalped many of the inhabi-
tants, not more than forty miles above Harris's Ferry,
(Harrisbm-g). About forty-five persons from Paxton
immediately proceeded to the spot, where they found
fourteen bodies shockingly mangled, which they in-
terred." At Reading, October 22, 1755, says Conrad
Weiser, the people are in a great consternation, coming
down, leaving their plantations and corn behind them ;
twenty-five persons, men, women and children, killed,
scalped and carried away on the 16th October; thirteen
killed, who were men, and elderly women, and one
child; the rest being young women and children carried
away ; a house burnt up. Many had been alarmed
before.

The defeat of Braddock's army, July 9, 1755, threw
the inhabitants into the utmost consternation. "All the
females and children of the settlements, at Wright's
Ferry, numbering about thirty, were removed to Phila-
delphia, where they spent the winter. They occupied a
house in Chestnut street, which has since been pulled
down to make room for the Arcade. The men only
remained."*

Toward the close of the year, 1755, a large number
of French neutrals were transported from Nova Scotia
into the different English provinces of America; and
many of these unfortunate persons, men, women and
children, destitute of means to support themselves, were
thrown into Lancaster county, and became a public
charge to the inhabitants.

While preparations were making on the part of Eng-
land to carry on the war against the French, in 1755, an
expedition was undertaken against Nova Scotia, under
the command of Colonel IVIonckton. The expedition,

*D. Goheen.

^6

302 HISTORY OF

proved successful, and the French forces in Nova Scoti*
were vanquished. "A question then arose how the
Frencli inhabitants should be disposed of. They had
called themselves neutrals; but some of them were
found in arms, and they had, as appeared, supplied the
French with arms, and thus seven thousand of them
were distressed in consequence of a few taking up arms.
The rest were peaceable, industrious, pious and frugal
people. A proposal was made to such of them as had
not borne arms, to remain in possession of their lands,
upon condition that they would take the oath of alle-
giance to the British Government, without qualification ;
this they refused; for they might then have been com-
pelled to take up arms against their own kindred and
Indian neighbors, which they deemed a flagrant abuse of
a former right : for by the treaty of Utrecht, 1713, they
were permitted to retain their lands, on taking the oath
of allegiance to their new sovereign. Queen Anne, ivilh
the gratification that they should not be compelled to
bear arms against their Indian neighbors, or their
countrymen, the French; and this immunity was, at
subsequent periods, assured to their children. On
refusing to take the proposed oath of allegiance, their
property was destroyed, and they were transported and
distributed among the several British Colonics. Some of
them were thrown on the public charge of this county.'*
Their condition was unenviable — deplorable indeed. —
From a pathetic address, drawn up by themselves, to his
most excellent Majesty, King of Great Britain, we learn
that the miseries tlicy endured were great. "The
miseries," said they, "we have endured since our depar-
ture from Nova Scotia, cannot be sufficiently expressed,
being reduced for a livelihood to toil and labor in a
southern climate, so disagreeable to our constitutions,

LANCASTER COFNTT. 30!?

that most of us have been prevented by sickness from
procuring the necessary subsistence for our families; and
therefore are threatened with that which we esteem the
greatest aggravation of aU our suffering, even of having
our children forced from us and bound out to strangers,
and exposed to contagious distempers unknown in our
native country. This, compared with the atfluence we
enjoyed, shows our condition to be extremely wretched.
We have already seen in the province of Pennsylvania,
two hundred and fifty of our people, perish through
miseries and various diseases."

This memorial, says Halyburton, in his History of
Nova Scotia, had not the effect of procuring them
redress ; they were left to undergo their punishment m.
exile, and to mingle with the population among whom
they were distributed.

In this county, the citizens petitioned the Legislature
for the passage of an Act to disperse the inhabitants of
Nova Scotia, thrown upon them. An Act was passed
March 5, 1756, by which Calvin Cooper, James Webb
and Samuel Le Fevre, were appointed to carry its
several provisions into execution. The Act empowered
and required them, or a majority of them, or their sur-
vivors, and enjoined it, that within twenty days after the
passage of the Act, to order and appoint the disposition
of the inhabitants of Nova Scotia imported and per-
mitted to be landed, in such manner and proportions as
to them appeared most equitable under certain limita-
tions, to have regard to such lands and plantations, or
other employment as they might procure for them
towards maintaining themselves and families, and there-
by easing the province of the heavy charge of support-
mg them. The act further provided in these words : —
<' And for tht more effectual settling and employing said

304

HISTORY OP

inhabitants, it was enacted that the overseers of the
poor of the several townships of Lancaster county were
required and enjoined to accept of, provide for, and
receive into their respective townships such of the Nova
Scotians, as were to be allotted, and sent into their town-
ships, by an order under the hands and seals of at least
two of the above named persons; provided, that not
more th^n one family was allotted to the care of the
overseers of the poor of any one township. They were
to secure them employment, as was most suitable to the
circumstances of the families and persons allotted, and
appointed for their respective townships, as directed. —
The overseers were directed to keep just and true ac-
counts of all such unavoidable charges and expenses as
might have accrued ; which accounts were directed to
be transmitted under oath, or afhrmed, to the persons
nominated.

Those who had been bred to farming, farms at a rea-
sonable rate, were to be rented for them, and some small
assistance was to be afforded them toward settlement
thereof. The commissioners were authorized to pur-
chase or procure such slock or utensils of husbandry for
making settlements, provided the supplies allotted to any
single iinnily did not exceed in the whole ten pounds. —
The expenses incurred Avere to be defrayed and paid out
of the money given to the King's use by an Act of
Assembly.

Their condition was such as to make it necessary for
the Assembly to pass another Act, January 18, 1757: —
"Wiiereas it has been found by experience that the Act
of March 4, 1756, has not answered the good intentions
of the Legislature of uniting them with his Majesty's
loyal subjects by granting the said inhabitants of Nova
Scotia equal privileges and innnunitics with the inluibi-

LANCASTER COUNTY. 305

'cants and settlers of the province, and the grievous bur-
dens of maintaining them in the manner hitherto used is
greater than the good people of this province, under their
present distressed circumstances, are well able to bear,
and for as much as there are numbers of children among
them whose real advantage and interest it would un-
doubtedly prove to be brought up in industry and fru-
gality, and bound out to learn husbandry, or some other
profitable art, whereby they might become reputable
inhabitants, entitled to the rights of the British subjects,
and their parents thereby eased of the charge of their
maintenance as well as the public, which by proper care
may be in a good degree relieved from the present heavy
expenses."

It was enacted that the overseers of the poor of the
townships in which the Nova Scotians were dispersed,
were required and enjoined within two months of the
passage of the Act, or as soon afterwards as convenient,
by and with the consent and approbation of one or more
justices of the peace to bind out, such of the children of
the Nova Scotians, whose parents or friends were not
capable to maintain them, or neglected otherwise to pro-*
vide for them, to kind masters and mistresses, on the
best terms they could obtain; on condition the children
were taught to read and write the English language, and
such reputable and profitable occupations as would ena-
ble them to support themselves at the expiration of the
term of apprenticeship; males were to be bound out till
twenty-one ; females till eighteen.

Further provision was also made for those, who, by
reason of age, impotence, or any bodily infirmity, were
rendered incapable to maintain themselves, that they, were
provided for, and maintained, as other poor of the town-
ship ; but at the charge of the province.

26*

306

HISTORY OP

We doubt not, there may some of the descendants of
the F];ench neutrals, reside in the comity. Vestiges of
them remained in Philadelphia for a long time. "They
refused," says Gordon, speaking of those in Philadel-
phia, "for a long time to labor, but, finally, settled in low
huts, in a quarter of the town, where a vestige continued
until the year 1800."

Those who were carried to Baltimore, soon fomid means
to become proprietors of much of the ground on South
Charles street, and erected thereon their habitations,
which long bore the name of French town. Many
of the French descendants of the old French neutrals, are
still there.

Notes.— Octobei- 20, 1749, the Annual Synod of the German
Reformed church, met for the first time in Lancaster. Rev,
Bartholomaeus, V. D. M. preached the Synodical sermon.—
The number of German reformed ministers in America was
small in 1749; these were John Philip Bochm, George Michael
Weisp, P. B. Ricgcr, Jacob Lischy, formerly a Moravian,
Rev. Bartholomaeus, John Philip Leydich, Michael Schlatter,
missionary from Holland, two on probation, Conrad Temple-
man, at Swatara, J. C. Wirts, at Sacany, and two students
lately from Europe, David Marinus, and Jonathan Du Bois.

January 27th, 1749-50, Cumberland county was erected—
Marcli 11th, 1752, Berks was erected— June 1 and 2, 1750, se-
vere frost— ice in many places— rye and corn injured.

Governor Pownall in Lancaster in 1754:— "I took the road
from Philadelphia to Wright's Ferry, on the Susquehanna.—
Lancaster is a growing town, and making money— a manu-
factory is here of guns— it is a stage town— 500 houses- 2,000
inhabitants. Between Lancaster and Wright's Ferry, I saw
the finest farm one can possible conceive, in tlie liighest culture ;
it belongs to a Switzer. Here it was, I saw the method of wa-
tering meadows by cutting troughs in the side of the hill for
the springs to run in; the water runs over the sides and waters,
whoki ground. — PownaWs Jourml.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 307

Lancaster county had, for half a century, been celebrated
for the manfacture of guns. This business was successfully
carried on by John Fondersmith, a European, who located at
Strasburg, in 1749, where, assisted by one of his sons, he
made " defensive arms'' for the Revolutionary patriots.

The late Dr. Eberle's father — a peerless genius tn steel and
iron — a natural mechanic — manufactured bayonets, during the
Revolution, not inferior to the damask blade.

Peter Schaub, of Lancaster county, setting forth to the
Assembly, that when the forces under Col. Dunbar were at
Lancaster, on their way to Philadelphia, a considerable num-
ber of horses and cattle belonging to them were put into his
meadow, and kept there for two days, whereby the greatest
part of the grass was destroyed, required compensation for
damages sustained ; Jacob Myers and others valued the
damages at £11, 7s. The Assembly considered the petition,
September 19th, 1755. John Brubaker presented a similar
petition ; his damages were £8, 6s.*

Col. Dunbar was an officer under Edward Braddockj who
met with a fatal reproof, July 9th, 1755, near Pittsburg, for his
overweening confidence and reckless temerity.

Members of Assembly for Lancaster county, for 1743: —
Anthony Shaw, Arthur Patterson, Thomas Lindly, John Wright
— in 1744: James Mitchell, John Wright, Arthur Patterson,
Samuel Blunston — in 1745 and 1746: John Wright, James
Mitchell, Arthur Patterson, James Wright — in 1747 and 1748:
John Wright, Arthur Patterson, James Webb, Peter WorralL

*Votes of Assembly.

308 nisTORT OP

CHAPTER V.

Moravian community at Litiz — Zlnzendorf in Lancaster — Application tc
the conference at Bethlehem — Commencement of Litiz — Parsonage
built — School House removed — Rev. B. A. Grube — Present condition, or

state of Litiz; Improvements; Church, and consecration of it, &c List

of the names of Pastors — Schools and names of Teachers — Brother and
Sister Houses — The grave yard — The spring — Population, mechanics, &c.

The Moravians, those who embraced the views of
Count Zinzendorf, of whom a passing notice has been
given in a preceding page, commenced the formation of
a community, in this county, about the year 1755 or 56,
at Litiz, eight miles north of the city, of which we
shall give a detailed account. The subject is interesting,*

To give a full account of this village, and the first
settlement of the Moravians in Lancaster county, we
shall begin with the year 174*. It happened, in that
year, that Count Zinzendorf, the patron of the renewed
church of the United Brethren or Moravians, who being
persecuted in Saxony, by such as disliked his attempts to
form Christian communities, which were not to be
governed by the established church government of that
Kingdom, directed his attention and Christian eye to
Pennsylvania, where, at a previous period, a great num-
ber of German Separatists had emigrated ; accordingly,
lie visited Pennsylvania, and believing that his visit
might be rendered more profitable, if he could succeed
in uniting many of these emigrated Christians, who
diffcrco in some particular points, he set out on his tour
ihrougli Pennsylvania, and whenever he iiad an oppor-

*This article has been furnished by a inejubcr of the Mora--
vian Society of Litiz.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 309

tunity, to acquaint himself with the various sects, he
tried to unite them on those points, which he considered
as essential in Christian doctrine. He neglected no
opportunity to preach whenever he found an open door,
and to proclaim Christ, and Him crucified, as the only
ground and hope of our salvation. From Bethlehem,
he proceeded, firstly, through Berks county, where he
visited the Schwenkfelders, and other sects, and from
there to Lancaster county, where, among other pious
persons, whom he visited, was Mr. Jacob Huber, of
Warwick township ; and he met with a friendly recep-
tion. The same evening after his arrival, he addressed
the assembled neighbors. Many more would have
attended, had they not been prevented by Mr. George
Kline, IMr, Huber's neighbor, who made efforts to dis-
suade others from hearing him, and endeavored to excite
unkind feelings against him ; however, during the succes-
sive nights, he became very uneasy, touching his course;
his conscience told him loudly, he had not acted rightly.
The following day, Count Zinzendorf went to Lan-
caster, where he had permission to preach in the court
house. Kline followed him thither to hear him preach,
and was one of his most attentive hearers. The Count's
address removed all his prejudice, and made such an im-
pression on his mind, that he, as well as some of his
neighbors, requested him to visit them again, or to send
them a minister who preached like him ; this the Count
promised to do, and immediately on his return to Bethle-
hem, sent the Rev. Jacob Lischy, to them, with orders
also to visit other pious persons, who resided in various
parts of Lancaster county, and whom the Count had
visited previously. After that they were for a number
of years visited by others from Bethlehem. Their meet-
ings were partly held in private hpuses, and partly ill a

310 HISTORY OP , .

Lutheran church, which was huilt in 1741, on Mr,
George Khne's land, and known as St. Jacob's church. —
The Reverend Theophilus Neyherg, who was then the
Lutheran minister at Lancaster, preached every four
weeks in this church until 1746, when he left the Lan-
caster Congregation, and devoted his whole attention to
the Lutheran congregation in Warwick township, and
finally united himself with the greater part of his flock
with the Moravian Society.

In 1747, they concluded to apply to the conference at
Bethlehem, for an ordained minister, who would live
among them, and who could attend to the spiritual
affairs of their small congregation; this request was
readily granted, on condition that they would provide a
suitable dwelling for him and his family. As soon as
Mr. George Kline heard this, he offered three and three-
quarter acres of land, at the lower part of his farm, for
this purpose, and it was determined to build a suitable
house, which might serve for a dwelling, church and
school house. On the 9th of February, 1748, tl.is house
was consecrated, and on the 22nd of July, following, the
Rev. Leonhard Schnell moved into it, as their minister
and school teaclier. On the 1 3th of May, following, ho
opened the school, with four boys and three girls. This
house was then known as the " Warwick Churcli and
School House," and stood eastwardly from the present
site of Litiz.

Ill 1751, it was determined to establish a similar
congregation, like that at Bethlehem. Mr. George Kline
being one of the most zealous members, of the then but
small flock, and having no heirs, offered them, to accept
his farm of more than 600 acres for that purpose. This
kind offer was gratefully accepted, and t\u: title thereof
transferred to the Society, according to law. In the

LANCASTER COUNTY. 311

spring of that year, Mr. Geogre Kline had built a large
two story stone house for a residence, which, however,
he occupied but a short period, as he moved to Bethle-
hem, where he ended his life. This house stands to this
day, and is found in the central part of the village, and
according to it, the main street has been located, and
which causes, that it does not run due east or west.

In 1757, the village was laid out by the Rev. Na-
thaniel Seidel, and Mr. John Renter, who were sent from
Bethlehem for that purpose, and the name of Litiz was
given to it, in memory of a village in Bohemia, from
which the forefathers of the United Brethren had emi-
grated. * * * The same religious basis was then
given to all the future proceedings of the United Breth-
ren, in Litiz, which is characteristic of all their settle-
ments, in Europe and in this country, and accordingly,
the Brother and Sister Houses, of which we shall say
more hereafter, were built in the years, 1758 and 1759.

In 1761, the present Parsonage was built, and the
greater part of the upper story was dedicated for a place
of worship. It was provided with a small organ, and
the walls were adorned with a number of beautiful oil
paintings ; the works of the celebrated Hayd, represent-
ing all the most remarkable scenes of our Saviour's life.
In this Hall, the congregation worshiped until the 13th of
August, 1787, wken the present church, of which we
shall say more hereafter, was consecrated for spiritual
services.

In 1762, the Warwick church and school house, of
which we spoke above, was removed into the village, to
serve as a dwelling and school house for the teacher,
who had the charge of the school for such children as
did not belong to the Society. In those days, schools
were not as numerous as in our day, and there was not

315 HISTORY OF

another school withm four miles o:f Litiz, consequently,
the children, from the adjacent country, were all sent to
this school. The children of the Society, had then a
Separate school. Among those who resided in this house,
and served as teachers, the Rev. Bernhard A. Grube,
deserves particular notice. It was not only the object of
this good man to teach the children to read, write and
cypher, but also to impress good morals on their minds,
and to acquaint them with their Saviour. Various were
the methods which he adopted, but one in particular we
would mention: Being an excellent ornamental writer,
he wrote into his pupils' book, their names, adding some
wish or prayer, and from time to time, he presented them
with hymns of his own composition, or passage from
Scripture, beautifully written. Many of these trilling
presents, proved as seeds sown into good ground, which
grew, and have brought fruits unto salvation. To this
day, there are Bibles and spelling books to be found in
Warwick township, in which is found his writing, and
many, who are grand, and great-grand children, of those,
who, as children received of his trifling presents in those
long by-gone days, hold them as dear as their fore-
fathers did.

In 1771, the St. Jacob's church, to which we referred
to, in a preceding page, being much out of repair, and
not used any more for sacred worship, was taken down,
and removed to the fulling mill below the village, and
converted into a dweUing house, for the miller; this
house stands to this day, and is at present the property of
Mr. John Keller.

The grave yard, which belonged to this church, is yet
in existence, and is known by the name of "Warwick
Grave Yard;" it is located a short distance southwardly
from the village, near the Lancaster road. To persons

LANCASTER couxxr. 315

who are fond of reading old epitaphs on tomhstones, this
place offers a fine opportunity.

Having given the reader some account of the early
"settlement of this interesting village, we shall now
-attempt to describe it, as we find it in our day.

It is not saying too much, if we state, that it is proba-
hly the neatest and cleanest village in Lancaster county.
As said before, its location is nearly east and west, ex-
tending in that direction, about one-half a mile. There
is not only pavement before all the houses through the
whole village, but the different paths leading to the
church, schools, &c,, are well paved, with creek or lime-
stone slabs. The square, r. round which are located the
institutions, church and parsonage, is, perhaps, not sur-
passed in beauty by any other spot in tlie county ; such
is its splendor in the summer season, that it frequently
occurs, that travellers stop in their journey to give it a
closer examination than a mere transient notice.

It is enclosed by a white fence, and tastefully laid out
in gravel walks; around it is an avenue of locust and
cedar trees, and the interior is adorned with Linden
Cedar and Balm of Gilead trees, and a very great variety
of shrubbery. From the beginning of jSIay, till the end
of October, different kinds of flowers are there found in
bloom; its greatest splendor is in August, when the great
variety of Hollyhocks and Dahlias are in bloom, and
there are probably few places where such a variety of
tint and color is found as in this spot. The superin-
tendence of this truly delightful spot is under the care
and direction of Mr. Mathias Tschudy.

The church, to which reference has been made, is 66
feet in length, and 50 feet in depth; it is built of lime-
stone, and has a very fine appearance, and the mason
Avork in its front is generally considered a master-piece of

37

314 SistoRf OS*

workmanship ; it is ornamented with a neat spire, and
has a town clock, which is remarkable, because it strikes
the quarters. It has two entrances, at one of which the
Brethren, and at the other the Sisters enter. Its interior
is plain and very neat; there are no pews in it, but
benches with backs. It has two galleries, and is pro-
vided with an excellent organ. Originally, there was no
pulpit in the church, but merely a table, covered with
l)lack cloth, at which the minister officiated. It being
fifty years in 1837, since the church had been conse-
crated, various alterations were undertaken in that year,
and among others, also, that of placing a pulpit in the
place of the table. After all the repairs were com-
pleted, the congregation celebrated the fiftieth anniver-
sary of their church on Sunday the 13th of August,
1S37. A brief account of such a celebration among the
Moravians may perhaps be interesting to the reader ; we
shall, therefore, attempt to give some description of this
cliurch festival. The church was previously beautifully
adorned with various inscriptions, and most tastefully
decorated with flowers and evergreens, and the musicians
selected and practiced their best sacred music; and to
render it still more harmonious, invited a number of the
best vocal and instrumental performers from Bethlehem
and Nazareth, to assist them on the occasion. On the
evening of the 12th, the congregation met for the pur-
pose of solemnly closing the remarkable period of fifty
years, during which the Lord had permitted them to
worship in this sanctuary. Early on the morning of the
13lli, all the inhabitants were a^vakened by solemn
music, announcing to them the approach of the happy
day, for which old and young had been looking wi*h
such joyful anticipation. At eight o'clock, the congre-
gation met for the first time, in the new period of their

LANCASTER COUNTY. 315

church's existence, and dedicated the church, as well as
themselves anew to the Lord. At ten o'clock, they met
again, when an excellent address, suitable to the occa-
sion, was delivered, and an account read of the first con-
secration, August 13th, 1787, and also the names of all
those who served as ministers within the transpired
period. At two o'clock, there was a Love Feast, a,
church ceremony which is customarj'- at all festival occa-
sions among the Moravians — in token of fellowship and
brotherly union, and is in imitation of a custom in the
primitive churches ; during which the congregation and
the choir, accompanied with instrumental music, alter-
nately, sang anthems, which had been expressly printed
for the occasion ; after that, the communicants met for
the first time at the Lord's table in this new era of their
church. In the evening, the beautiful square, which we
have attempted to describe, was tastefully illuminated
with upwards of 800 lights, and the whole congregation,
together with numbers from the adjacent country, met in
it for the purpose of solemnly closing this joyful festival.
Anthems, which had been expressly printed for the occa-
sion, were handed to all present, when in the solemn
evening hour of that blessed sabbath, surrounded by
thousands of beautiful flowers, and accompanied with
instrumental music, all united in singmg the praises of the
Lord, for all the blessings conferred on them as a con-
gregation ; the scene was a heavenly one, and will long
be remembered by all who witnessed it.

The following ministers labored in succession, in the
congregation at Litiz :

1742, Count Nicolas Louis de Zinzendorf; 1743, Jacob
Lischy; 1745, Daniel Neuberts; 1747, Leonard Schnell;
1749, Christian H. Ranch; 1748 to 1153, Abraham
Reinke, Senior j 1754, Michael Zahm,^ and Christian

316 ^. HISTORY OF

Bader; 1755, Christian 'Krogstinpp and Abraham
Reinke, Senior; 1755 to 1787, Mathcw Hehl; 1756
Francis Christian Lemhkc ; 175G, David Nitshmann,
Daniel Bishop and Daniel Neubert; 1757, George
Weiser; 1759, Jacob Till; 17ao, Abraham Rusmyer and
Godfrey Roesler; 1762, Christian Krogstrupp; 1763,
]krnhard AdamGrnbc; 17G5, Nicholas Eberhard; 1774,
Godfrey Roesler; 1784, John Klingsohr; 1790, Andrew
Huebner and Abraham Reinke, Junior; 1801, John
Herbst, John Meder and John F. Freeauf; 1811, Jacob
Van Vleck and Constantino Miller; 1812, Andrew Be-
nade, John M. Beck and Abraham Reinke, Junior -
1822, Thomas Longballe; 1823, John Christian Beckler;
1829, Andrew Benade and John F. Loefller; 183G,
William Eberman and Charles F. Kluge; 1843, Peter
Wolle and Charles W. Senft.

The Schools. — Litiz has long been celebrated for its
schools, and we shall attempt to give some description of
tliem.

There are four schools in the village ; tv/o of them are
however, infant schools ; one for the little boys and one
for the little girls. In these schools, the small children of
the village, and some from the neighborhood, arc taught
to read, the rudiments of arithmetic, and. some writing,
and from these, they are promoted into the two existing
higher schools.

The young Ladies' Seminary. — The commence-
ment of this Institution was as early as 1794. Previ-
ous to the building of the edifice in which we find it at
present, it was conducted partly in the Sister's House, and
partly in a small house, adjacent thereto. In the year
1804, on the 2Gth of October, the pupils then living in
the Sister's House, moved into the new building, expressly
built for school purposes. It is three stories high, and 86

LANCASTER COUNXr. 317

feet in length and 40 in depth. In the basement, is a
large dining room, and the first and second story are the
schooh-ooms, principal's residence, and a chapel for
spiritual devotions. The third story is occupied as a
dormitory, and a room called the sickroom, which is
expressly set apart for such as may be indisposed ; a nurse
resides in this room, whose duty it is to attend to such of
the pupils, as it may be found necessary to remove
into it. In the rear of the building is a large yard, or
play-ground, provided with a pavillion, seats, swings,
&c. for the pleasure and amusement of the pupils. The
Institution is provided with a very extensive Library,
and as music is taught, every room is provided with a
piano. It is customary in this Institution to have
musical entertainments from time to time. A friend of
ours who has occasionally been present, assures us, that
the performances of the pupils, in vocal and instrumen-
tal music, arc tru'y excellent, and are probably not sur-
passed in any other Institution of the kind. Ornamental
needlev/ork of various kinds, is also taught to great per-
fection, and all other branches, which constitute a practi-
cal education, receive their due share of attention. —
Their are six Tutoresses engaged, two always residing
in each schoolroom, with about fourteen pupils, whose
duty it is, not only to instruct them, but to have a
watchful eye over their morals, and to take walks with
them, after the daily exercises are closed. We are
indeed happy to be able to so.y, that the school is at
present in a very fi-jurishing condition, under the direc-
tion of its present eificient Principal, Mr. E. A. Freeauf,
and his amiable lady.

The Principals of this Institution, since its establish-
ment have been as follows:

1794, Rev. John A. Iluebner; 1801, Rev. Johnlierbst,

27*

318 HISTORY OP

1802, Rev. John Meder; 1805, Rev. John F. Freeanf;
1815, Rev. Andrew Bcnade ; 1822, Rev. John C. Beck-
ler; 1824, Rev. Samuel Renike ; 1826, Rev. John G.
Kummer; 1833, Rev. Charles F. Klnge; 1836, Rev.
Peter Wolle 5 1843, Rev. Evigcne A. Freeanf.

Among these, Rev. John F. Frecauf, the father of the
present Principal, and the Rev. Andrew Benade, deserve
particularly to be noticed, as it was under their direction
that this Institution was in its most flourishing condition.
Long will the names of good Old Pappy Freeauf, and
good Pappy Benade, as the young ladies were wont to
call them, he remembered by the many who were placed
into their care, and there is no doubt, should this meet
the eye of such, they will remember with pleasure those
happy days which they spent in Litiz school under their
care and the many devout prayers they offered in their
belialf, when met in the little chapel, as well as the many
good and fatherly admonitions they gave them from time
to time.

The Young Gentlemen's Academy. — We have
abready stated that in the early years of Litiz,
there were two schools, one for the boys, belonging to
the society, and the other for those from the adjacent
country. As Warwick township became more settled, so
the schools increased, and there was no more necessity to
send the children to ]jitiz, consequently, the one for the
children from the comitry was discontinued. Mr. Chris-
tian Schropp conducted the town school, for many years,
and on the 2nd of January, 1815, Mr. John Beck, the
present Principal, took charge of it. At that period, the
school was held in an old building, which liad been fixed
up for tliat purpose, and which stood at the same place>
where the present brick school house stands.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 319

!

Mr. Beck spared neither pains nor expense in improv-
ing the school, and his indefatigable exertions, as well as
the various methods he adopted to further his pupils in
their studies, became a subject of general remark. In
1S19, the school began to attract the attention of parents
from abroad, and boys were brought from various places.
In 1822, it was found necessary to erect the present
brick school house; the old building being too small to
contain all the pupils. This building is two stories high,
and is adorned with a neat cupola. The second story is,
however, not occupied for school purposes, but as a
concert hall, where the musical society of Litiz meets. — •
It is provided with an extensive musical library, and a
number of instruments belonging to the Society.

The school continued to. increase from year to year ;
and boys were brought from various parts of Pennsyl-
▼ania, Virginia, Ohio, the Carolinas, Maryland, Louisi-
ana, &c. Ttiis continued increase, rendered it neces-
sary, not only to add another building, but also more
teachers. Accordingly, the large building, formerly
called the "Brethren's House," which is near the brick
house, was engaged, and arranged for school purposes.
The school is therefore at present conducted in two
buildings, in which five teachers are employed; the
school rooms, fi,ve in number, are large, and well venti-
lated, and furnished with every thing that can render
pupils comfortable; each pupil has his own desk and
chair, and the number admitted into a room never ex-
ceeds, at highest, twenty-four — this arrangement is made
with the view to enable the teacher of each class, not
only to do ample justice to each one m his charge, but
also for the preservation of good order, and the separa-
tion of the larger boys from the smaller ones. Each
r»om is provided with a time-piece, and the walls are

320 HISTORY OF

adorned with handsomely painted moral lessons, as well
as Astronomical, Historical, ]\Iathematical, and Geo-
graphical Charts. The school is likewise provided with
an excellent Library, and a very extensive Philosophical
and Chemical apparatus. Not far from the school, is a
large play gromid for the pupils ; it is enclosed with a
high fence, and has a number of shade trees in it. Over
the gate, leading to it, there is an arch, on the inside of
which is the following inscription in gold letters, the
object of which is to serve as a perpetual monitor to the
boys while at play : " In all your actions and amuse-
ments, avoid profane language and quarrels." The
principal object in view in this institution, is to give a
good and practical English, Mathematical and Scien-
tific education. The Latin and German languages are
also taught, and for such as wish to learn drawing and
draughting on mathematical principles, as well as music,,
it offers likewise advantages. The quiet village is very
suitable for schools, and particularly for boys, there being
no kind of temptations in their way; the great difference
between Mr. JJcck^s method, and that of similar schools,
attempted in imitation of his, has always been his socia-
ble and parental intercourse with his pupils, by which
means he gains their esteem and affection, and checks
the slightest irregularity; the enthuiasm with which he
lias always been found to enter on his arduous duties,
and responsible calling, deserves the highest commenda-
tion.

The Brother and Sister Houses. — We have had
occasion to refer to these institutions, and as they form a
a very conspicuous part in the beautiful square we have
endeavored to describe, some account of their intent and
origin may 1)0 interesting lo the reader. Tiiis we give
also with a viow to remove erroneous ideas, v/hich are

LANCASTER COUNTY. 321

lield by many about them, namely, that they arc con-
vents or nunneries, such as are found in the Roman
church. In order to give the reader their origin, we
must refer him back as early as 1727, and in the last
century. It was at that period, when the emigrants
from Bohemia and Moravia, from the latter of whicli the
society has its name, settled on the estate of Count jZin-
zendorf, in Saxony. At that place, they built their first
town called Herrnhut, which means in English, "The
Lord's protection." Ilavhig united with the great
object in view, to be a congregation of the Lord, to keep
sacred, in holy union, those doctrines, contained in the
Holy Scriptures, and to promote, not only their own v>^el-
farc, but also that of their fellow men, it became neces-
sary to adopt some method or system. Among others
was that of dividing the congregation into different
classes, namely: the class of the married persons, the
classes of single brethren and sisters, the classes of
widowers and widows, the classes of boys and girls, be-
tween the ages of twelve and eighteen, and the classes
of children of both sexes. This classification they con-
sidered necessary for the well-being of the spiritual and
temporal welfare of their members, but always subject
to such alterations and improvements as they should
deem proper to make from time to time, or even to dis-
continue the same if not found applicable. After some
years of their existence in Saxony, it occurred that a
great many persons applied to be admitted as members of
the comnnmity; among these were many single persons
of both sexes, for whom employment, as well as a home
had to be provided, which in then peculiar situation was
often attended with difficulty. The plan of building
houses for them, was then adopted, namely: one for the
single men, and one foi the single women, which they

322 HISTORY OF

called Brother and Sister Houses. It was thought, iii
these houses the men could follow their professions, and
the women sustain themselves with knitting, spinning, &c.
This was the beginning of these institutions, and to this
day, they are found in various parts of Germany, Holland,
France, England, Switzerland and Russia. The plan
meeting Avith so much success in Europe, they were also
introduced into this country, and accordingly, when Litiz
was laid out, the places for their location were laid down
in the original plan.

In 1759, the brethren's house at Litiz was built —
which, however, is not used for iis original intent at
present — it is built of limestone, is three stories high, 60
feet in length and 37 feet in depth. The basement story
was occupied as a ki!chen and dining room ; the first
story was divided into four rooms, in each of which nine
or ten brethren resided ; part of the second story con-
sisted of a large hall or chapel, for spiritual purposes,
which was provided with a very excellent organ. The
remaining part was divided into dwelling rooms, in one
of which resided the elder and steward ; the duty of the
former was to care for the spiritual welfare of those in
the house, and those of the latter for the temporal con-
cerns thereof. One of the rooms in the second story was
set apart for the boys between the ages of twelve and
eighteen. The greater part of the third story was occu-
pied as a dormitory, where they all slept; aside of it,
Avas a room set apart for such as might get sick, and one
of the brethren, who had the office of waiting on them,
resided in this room. In each room, wliere the brethren
resided, there was one who was called tlie overseer,
whose duty it was to correct any disorders which might
arise, care for fuel, repairs and cleanliness in the room. —
In the room in which the boys resided, tlicre Avera

*

LANCASTER COUNTY. 33,3

genei'ally three overseers, whose duty it was to guard
over their morals, and to guide them irx the path of ^
virtue and religion, go with them to church, and during '^
the winter season, to devote three evenings in the
week for instructing them in useful se¥*4ees. These
hoys were partly employed in the town, and partly in
the Brother House, in learning various mechanical trades.
In the rear of the building, there are several houses,
which were formerly occupied as shops for cabinet
makers, chair makers, weavers, &c. The shoemakers
and tailors had their shops in the house. There also
belonged a very extensive farm to it, on which a num-
ber were employed. Much attention was paid to fatten-
ing cattle, and it was nothing unusual to buy whole droves
for that purpose, which when fat were sold to the Lan-
caster and Philadelphia butchers. In the year 1817 it
was found proper to discontume the Brother House at
Litiz, and after that period, it was for a time occupied by
several families, and at present is used for school purposes.
During the Revolutionary war, it was for a short period
used as a hospital for invalid soldiers, a number of whom
died there, and were buried a short distance eastwardly
from the village. Although this system did not suit all
who resided in this house, yet it must be admitted, that
there are numbers, who will ever ascribe their welfare to
having been in their younger years an inmate, and under
the care and admonition of such, who from experience
could guide and instruct them.

The Sister's House. — This was built A. D. 1758. —
It is likewise built of limestone, three stories high, 90 feet
in length, and 37 feet in depth. The basement story is,
like that formerly in the Brother House, used for a kitchen
and dining room ; the first as well as part of the second
story is divided into dwelling rooms ; one part of the

324 bisToRr of

second story, is a hall or chapel for spiritual purposes aiid
provided with an organ ; the greater part of the third
story is a dormitory, aside of which is a room for such as
may be indisposed. The arrangements are in all respects
similar to those we have described in the Brother House.
A small farm, together with a very large vegetable
garden, from which the kitchen which furnishes the table
of the Ladies' Seminary is provided, are attached to it.
The number of sisters, who reside in the house at this
present time, is not so large as formerly, yet the greater
part of the rooms remain occupied. There was never
any kind of vow of celibacy comiected with these Insti-
tutions ; any of the sisters can leave the house if she has
any desire to change her situation.

In larger Moravian communities, similar houses are
established for such widows as desire to live retired, and
•are called widows' houses. The individuals residing in
these establishments pay a small rent, by which, and by
the sums paid for iheh- board, ilic expenses thereof are
defrayed, assisted occasionally by the profits on the sale
of ornamental needlework, confcctionarics, &c. on which
some of the inmates subsist. We hope our account of
tliese Institutions will prove satisfactory to our readers,
and particularly to such as have hhherto entertained
different opinions. Tliey are in their character nothing
more than the different asylums for widows &c. which
are found in Philadelphia and other cities, and we are
inclined to think, the idea for establishing those in the
dtics, has been borrowed from the JMoravian Institutions.

The Grave Yard.* — This bcautil'ul spot is located
on a rising ground to the south of the village, of Avhich

♦November 8, 175S, a lad of three years, named John Baum-
gartner, was buried in this Grave Yard; bc^ng the fir.st inter-
ment; the occasion was improved by solemnly consecrating

' LANCASTER COUNTY. 325

we will give the reader some account, there being perhaps
not another similar arrangement to be found in Lan-
caster county. It is enclosed with a white fence, along
which there is an avenue of trees; there are three gates
leading to it, one large one, and two at its sides of smaller
dimensions : the large one is never opened except on
funeral occasions. Over this there isj an arch, on
which are the following inscriptions, in golden letters :
Firstly, that which is seen by the visitor as he approaches
it, through a thickly planted grove, " Blessed are the
dead which die in the Lord:" — Rev. chap. 14-13 v: Sec-
ondly, that on the interior side, "I am the resurrection,
and the life, he that believeth in me, though he were
dead, yet shall he live:" — St. John chap. 11-'J5 v.
After entering the gate, the visitor finds himself in a
beautiful avenue of cedar trees, which separates the
graves of the males from, those of the females, the former
being on the right and the latter on the left as he passes
on. We have before stated that the congregation is
divided into classes ; in the same order then as it is
divided, so they are laid on the grave yard ; here the
visitors find the rows containing nothing but the married
men and on the opposite side married women ; as he
passes onj, those of the single classes, and further, those
of little boys and girls under the age of twelve. The
graves are all of two sizes, being without distinction of

this parcel of ground as a resting place for the remains of the
departed. On the arrival of the funeral procession, an appro-
priate address was delivered by the Rev. Mathew Hehl, then, the
usual funeral service while the corpse was let in the grave, was
read; after which., the assembled congregation knelt down,
and with solemn prayer consecrated the spot, for all who in
future would be enterred here, to rest in hope till that import-
ant moment when Christ shall call those who died in the Lord,
iVom their graves to a glorious resurrection. B.

28

326 HISTORY of

an oblong shape, and flats on the top, to which shape
they are brought by two moulds, expressly kept for that
purpose, one for adults and the other for children. The
sides are planted with sod, and the tops are overrun Avith
the Virginia mountain pink, which in the month of May
is in full bloom, and renders the appearance of the graves
one of the most beautiful imaginable. On each grave
there is a marble tombstone which, without distinction,
lays flat on the grave, verifying the old adage " Death
levels all, both great and small."

The epitaphs contain the name, birth and departure ;
to some, a few more lines have been added, a number of
which are truly edifying, and very striking. Each tomb-
stone is numbered and the highest number in May, 1843,
is 527. The first person was buried there in 1758.

It is truly remarkable, that out of the several thousand
children, who have been sent to the Litiz Schools, only
one died while at school. This was Miss Sarah Ann
Cazy, from Kent county, Maryland, and who we are
informed, was in a delicate state of health when brought
to the school; her grave is No. 379, and is found in one
of the rows containing young girls between the ages of
twelve and eighteen. This only death, certainly speaks
volumes in favor of the healthy location of the village,
as well as of the care and attention which is paid to the
children entrusted to these schools.

Having given the reader an account of the graveyard,
it may also be agreeable to him to know how funerals
are conducted among these Moravians, who live in a
community together. When a member dies or " goes
HOME," as it is generally termed among them, the depar-
ture is immediately announced with solemn music from
tlie steeple of the church. It is customary not to bury
any person after his departure, until three days have

LANCASTER COUNTY. 327

elapsed, and in order to accomplish this, particularly in
the summer season, when bodies are more subject to
•corruption, there is a small building or vault behind the
church for the purpose of keeping the departed in a better
state of preservation. To this place the remains are
removed, which however, is optional with the relatives
of the departed ; another reason why they have this
arrangement, is, in case a person dies of a contagious
disease, that it may be prevented from spreading further,
by removing the body from his residence. On all funeral.
occasions, there is first an address to the congregation in
the church, which is closed by the choir singing an ap-
propriate anthem. The congregation then assembles in
the large yard behind the church, in the middle of which
is placed the bier with the coffin, which is covered with
a white pall, instead of black, as is the general custom ;
on the pall the words " Jesus my Redeemer liveth," are
wrought in blue silk. After the singing of a hymn the
procession moves in the following order : First the chil-
dren, two by two, attended by their teachers, next the
music and clergy, and then the corpse and relatives ; if it
be a funeral of a brother, the brethren follow next to the
relations, and if a sister, the sisters ; as the procession
moves, the solemn music of the band is heard playing
tunes of well known hymns, expressing the hopes of
eternal life, and a glorious resurrection. After the con-
gregation is arranged on the graveyard, the corpse is
lowered into the grave during the singing of an appro-
priate hymn ; after which the funeral service customary
at burials is read, and the singing of another hymn closes
the ceremony ; the procession then returns in the same
order as before described. We have been thus explicit
on this subject because the graveyard and funerals, in
nearly every respect are different from those elsewhere

S^ HISTORY OF

and tliat an accurate description might prove interesting
to the reader.

The Litiz Spring. — This spring, wliich is visited by
so many persons, is situated on the land of tlie Society,
about one-half mile westwardly from the village, and is
probably one of tlie largest springs in Pennsylvania. —
There is only one fountain from which all the water,
which forms a considerable stream, is discharged, and
has water sufficient for some of the largest merchant
mills in the county. From its head to the Conestoga,
into which the stream, denominated on the map of Lan-
caster county, " Carter's Creek," empties, it is six miles,
and in that distance, there are seven mills. The water
is the pure limestone, and very fresh. In former times,
it formed a large pond, around which Indians resided, of
which the number of Indian arrorw heads, hatchets, and
stones used for throwing in their slings, give ample
proof. Could these Indians return and see the great
change which has taken place at their spring, they
would probably not believe it to be the same, from which
they had formerly drunk. About the year 17S0, some of
the inhabitants of Litiz began to improve it by enclosing
it with a circular wall and filling up part of the pond,
and in later years the remaining part was filled up, and
there, where there was formerly a considerable body of
water, there is at this time a beautiful park of trees. —
Various improvements were undertaken from time to
time; but at no period was it found in such an im-
proved state as at this time. Around it are a number of
seats, and on the hill, from under which it has its source,
there arc handsomely laid out gardens, arbors and orna-
mental shrubbery. From the spring to the village is an
aveimu of Linden and Maple trees, winding along the
stream, the path of wliich is partly covered with gravel.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 329

and partly with tan, which renders access to it easy in
wet, as well as dry weather. Along this avenue there
are various seats under shade trees for thb accommoda-
tion of visitors, and also several neat bridges, in case
they wish to cross the stream. Among other attractions,
there is a water work on a small scale ; this consists of a
forcing pump, the wheel of which is set in motion by the
stream, and forces the water into a circular basin,
located under a number of oaks, which have grown
there in a circular form, as if nature had predestined the
spot for a retreat of pleasure. In the centre of the
basin there is a jet, through which the water is forced by
the pump to the; height of fifteen feet, forining thereby a
beautiful fountain, and ■ rendering the sfxjt still more
delightful.

Fire Engines. — The village is provided with two
excellent Fire Engines, one of which called the " Friend-
ship," was built in Philadelphia, by Messrs. Agnew &
Merrick, and the other, called the " Assistance," by Mr.
Martin Shreiner of Lancaster. The Friendship is kept
in the upper part of the town, and the Assistance in the
lower, in buildings expressly put up for that purpose. —
There arc two well organized companies, and their
apparatus, consisting of hose, ladders, axes, hooks, &c.,
is very extensive. Only one fire occurred in Litiz since
its establishment; this was on the 16th of July, 1S37,
when five buildings were consumed, and among them
was the house to which we have referred, which
formerly' was the so called Warwick church.
. Population, Mechanics, &c. — The population of
of. Litiz is at present 36G ; it contains fifty-five dwelling
houses, and the following number of meclianics : two
shoemakers, three tailors, one confectioner, one weaver,
one tanner, one brewer, two clock and watch-makers,

28*

wo HisToar or

one silver-smith, one potter, one smoke-pipe manufac-
turer, two stores, one tavern, two coopers, one chair-
maker, two cabinet makers, two tin-smiths, one lock-
smith, one copper-smith, two saddlers, one blue dyer,
one glue-boiler, one blacksmith, one wheel-wright, one
hatter, three tobacconists, one malt manufacturer, one
post office, four schools, one justice of the peace, and one
conveyancer.

One of the stores and the tavern belong to the com-
munity, to which also belongs the land, which is partly
divided into farms, and partly into lots, which are rented
by the inhabitants, and the profits arismg from the rents,
are applied for various purposes.

Formerly there was an extensive chip hat and bonnet
manufactory carried on by Mr. Mathias Tschudy,
which gave employment to many. lie was the only
person in the United States that understood the art of
manufactining them, and supplied nearly all the cities
and country with his hats. The palm leaf and straw
hats, coming into fashion, they were preferred, and con-
secpiently tlic factory was discontinued.

Organs were also built in Litiz in former times, which
for tone and excellent workmanship, are very celebrated,
A mimber of the best organs in Philadelphia, Baltimore
and Lancaster, are specimens thereof; and among
others, the large and beautiful organ hi the Lutheran
chnrcl), at Lancaster, is one of them.

In lornier times, tlic; augers which were sent from
England bad no screw, serving as a point, as we have
them in our day. The invention of this screw was first
made at Litiz, by Mr. John II. Raucb, Senior, during the
last ccnuny; the pattern was then sent to England by
Judge Iici;ry, after which the screw pohit was generally
iutrodu'ced.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 331

The first plan of the ten-plate stoves was also mvtnted
at Litiz, Ly Mr. Godfrey Albright, who made a pattern
and gave it to Robert Coleman, Esq., and who then
introduced them.

Note. — Members of the Assembly for Lancaster county. — 1749,
James Wright, Arthur Patterson, Calvin Cooper, Peter Worrall;
1750, Arthur Patterson, Calvin Cooper, James Wright, James
Webb; 1751, Peter Worrall, James Wright, Calvin Cooper,
Arthur Patterson ; those of 1751, were all re-elected for 1752,
1753 and 1754 ; 1755, no return made, but James Wright and
James Webb, appeared; 1756, Emanuel Carpenter, James
Wright, James Webb, John Douglass ; 1757, Isaac Saunders,
Emanuel Carpenter, James Webb, James Wright; those of
1757, were re-elected for 1758, 1759 and 1760.

332 HISTORY OF

CHAPTER VI.

Hostilities bctwi?cn the English and the French in Anierit-a— Dela.wara
and Shawanese Indians commit murders — General Braddock's arrival,
&c.— Biaddock's defeat — Dismay caused among the Ironticr settlsrg —
Paxton and Tulpehoi-ken refugees at Ephrata — rMurdcrs committed by
the Indians — Block House erected at Lancaiiter — Iiihaliitants of Lap-
caster county petition the Assembly for a Militia law — Scalping pArties —
War suspended against the Indians — Preparations made to repel Indian
incursions — Coniad Weiser commands nine companies — French hos-*
tililics continued — Alurders committed by the Indians in 1757 — Indjan
treaties, at Lancaster and at Easton — Minutes, extract from, of Indian
treaty, at Ijancaster — King Beaver's speech — Treaty held at Easton;
fifteen tribes of Indians represented — Murders by Indians in Tulpe-
hockcn — Murders committed by the Indians in 1758 — (Jumbcrland over-
run by savages — Inhabitants flee to Lancaster, &c. — Barracks erected at
Lancaster — ^Vork-IIouse erected at Lancaster — The Irish sell to the
German?, and seat themselves at Uher.tnut Glade — Baron Stiegel lays out
Manheim — Notice of the Baron — Notes of variety ; Emanuel Carpenter.

Ardent hostilities between the English and French
commenced in America, in 1754. The events of that
year in America, had determined both England and
France to send re-info rcements to their colonies. The
French courted, and Avon the assistance of many of the
Indians, who had felt themselves aggrieved by the
English; especially the Delawares and Shawanese,*

*The Indians felt themselves aggrieved. At a treaty held
with the Indians, at Easton, Pennsylvania, in November, 1756;
upon the Governor requesting of the Indians to know the
cause of their uneasiness, and hostile conduct. Tccdyuscung,
chief of the Delawares, and who then represented several
nations, mentioned several; among which were the instiga-
tions of the French, and the ill usage or grievance they had
sufiered both in Pennsylvania and Noav Jersey. When the
Governor desired to be informed what these grievances were,
Tcedyuscung replied, "I have not far to go fur an instance:

LANCASTER COUNTT. 333

whose cruelty was stimulated by the French promising
*' to restore their lands." They committed gross atroci-
ties upon the provincialists — perpetrated cruel and cold-
blooded murders. At this time the Six Nations, a
numerous people, were seated on the western waters —
they were cold towards the English cause — "divided
among themselves, and barely maintained their neutral hy.
Some of them had moved to Canada — those who re-
mained were only kept pacific by the liberality of the
province. The French were making preparations to
subdue the country, and while thus preparing, England
determined to oppose '■^ their groiving power.^' General
Braddock, Adjutant General St. Clair, and the regiments
of Dunbar and Halkett, arrived from Europe, in March,
1755, at Alexandria, Virginia.

To oppose a formidable obstacle to the invasion of the
French, P'ranklin was commissioned on " liberal terms to
procure one hundred fifty wagons, and fifteen hundred
pack-horses. In a few weeks all the wagons, and two
hundred and fifty pack-horses were obtained in Lan-
caster, York, and Cmiiberland county. The wagons and
pack-horses, with the necessary provisions, met General
Braddock on Will's creek. Fort Cumberland. Braddock
being amply furnished with all the necessaries, and re-in-
forcea by a numerous body of Americans and Indians,

this very ground, that is under me;" striking it with his foot;
"was my land and inheritance; and is taken from me by
fraud: when I say this ground, I mean all the land lying be-
tween Tohiccon creek and Wyoming, on the river Susque-
hanna. * * * I have been served so in this province." —
Minutes of Conference at Easton.

The Delawares and Shawanese, who had emigrated from the
south, and by mere permission to settle in 1698, had no title to
land, yet they claimed some by the permission from the
proper owners.

334 HISTORY OP

broke up his encampment, Jmie 12th, and marched his
army to tlie fatal field, where, on the 9th of July, 1755,
he met with an unparalleled discomfiture. He had five
horses shot under him, and received a ball through the
arms and lungs — he expired the 18th of July. Sixty-
four, out of eighty-four of his officers and one-half
of his privates, were killed or wounded. The issue
of this battle inspirited the enemy, and dispirited the
provincialists. Dismay and consternation brooded upon
the frontier settlers. "The enemy now roamed unmo-
lestedly and fearlessly along the western lines of Vir-
ginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, committing the most
appalling outrages,, and wanton cruelties, that the cu-
pidity, and the ferocity of the savage could dictate. —
The first invasions were in Cumberland county, whence
they soon extended to the Susquehanna. The inhabi-
tants, dwelling at the distance of from one to three miles
apart, fell unresistingly, were captured, 'or fled in terror
to the interior settlement. The main body of the enemy
encamped on the Susquehanna, thirty miles above Harris'
Ferry, whence they extended themselves on both sides
the river. The settlements at the great Cove in Cum-
berland county, were destroyed, and many of the inhabi-
tants slaughtered or made capfives,* and the same fate
fell upon them at TulpehQcken."t

*Onc Johnson, had been captured in Lancaster county —
Washington while being on a scouting party — 1758, took three
prisoners of the Indians among whom was Johnson. — Gor-
don's Pa. 307.

f On the 14th of. December 1755, the savages attacked the
house of F. Reichelsderfer, in Albany township, Berks county.
R. was in the field, and escaped. The Indians murdered his
two children, set his buildings on fire, destroyed his grain, and
killed his cattle. At Jacob Gerhart's, neighbor of Mr. Reich-

LANCASTER COUNTY. 335

During the time of these hostilities, the doors of the
Sieben Taeger at Ephrata were open for the reception
of th« inhabitants of Tulpehocken and Paxton settle-
ments. They did not even consider their cloisters,
chapels and meeting rooms too sacred ; these they gave
for the accommodation of those who were driven from
their homes by the incursions of the hostile Indians. To
give both the inhabitants and those who fled thither,
protection against the infuriated savage, a company of
infantry was despatched by the Government from Phila-
delphia to Ephrata,* and on representation of the
character of the society, by the commissioners who were
sent to visit the place, the Government made them offers
of large presents, which they respectfully declined to
receive, except two large communion goblets, which was
the only recompence they would receive.!

elsderfer, they killed on-e man, two women. Six children,
slipped under the bed, one of whom was burned, the other
escaped.

In March, 1756, they burned the house and barn of Barnabas^
Seitle, and the mill of Peter Conrad, in Berks county, and
killed the wife of Balser Neytong, and made captive his son, a
lad of eight years of age: they fired upon David Howel, five
times, and the last time shot him through the arm. — Gordon.

Peter Miller, in his Chronicon Epliratense, p. 203, speak-
ing of this period, says : — Untcrdessen kam der Fiend alle
Tage dem Lager der Einsamen naeher, und war nur noch 13
Meilen davon ab, die Fluectiingeliefen Ephrata zu und suchten
shutz by denen, die des shultzes selbst bedurften. Alle Tage
brachten die Boten neue Nachtrichten von Mordthaten,
welches sie ins gemien einem ncucn Zusatz vermehrten.

*Manche zeiten war Ephrata voUer Roth-roecke. — Chron.
Ephra. 202.

fW. M. Fahnestock, M. D.

336 HISTORY OP

In the town of Lancaster, preparations were made in
the latter part of November, and the early part of
December, to erect a block-house. From the following
letter, dated Lancaster, December 1st, 1755, addressed to
James Hamilton, Esq., we may learn that the inhabitants
of the county feared the incursions of the Indians :

Honored Sir: — I received the favor of yours of the
2.4th, November, and we are all much pleased by your
willingness to contribute to the building of a block-house.
The savages who committed the murders in Paxton are
now believed to be very numerous, perhaps, one
hundred. A mmiber of families, but thirty-five miles
from us, are entirely cut off Farmers are flying from
their plantations to Reading. An alarm, last night,
about twelve o'clock; we assembled in the square, say,
three hundred, but with fifty gUns ; it was shocking to
hear at such a moment, when in expectation of the
savages, that we had neither a sufficiency of guns, nor
ammunition. Thanks be to God, the alarm was false. —
The block-house will be built on the north side of the
north end of Queen street. There will be a wide ditch
around it, a small drav/ bridge ; one important use is to

Note.— A petition was presented, November 7, 1755, to the
Assembly, from divers inhabitants of Paxton Narrows, Lancas--
tercounly, praying furthe enactmentof a militialaw, orto gran
asuiTicicnt sum of money to maintain such a number of regular
troops as may be thought necessary to defend their frontiers,
and buil.l fortifications in proper places; also, that Conrad
Weiscr might be sent to the Indians, at or about Shamokin, in
order to sound their dispositions, and engage them to come
down among the inhabitants with their wives and children,
where they might be plentifully supplied with every necessary,
and be out of the reach of the intrigues of enemies.— V'ofes of
Assembly.

LANCASTER COUNTY* 337

place our wives, girls and and children within, that
they may be in safety. * *s * * These are fearful
times. Ood only knows how they will end.

I am yours,

Edward Shippen.
Another, dated Lancaster, December 5, 1755.

Honored SiR:-^The fort we have agreed to build, is
as follows : For the stockage, the logs split in the mid-
dle, and set on end, three feet in the ground, placed on
the north side of the town, between Queen and Duke
street; with curtains 100 feet. The planks of the
bastions, 16 feet; and the saws of said bastions, 30 feet
each. Yours, &c.,

Edward Shippen.

James Hamilton., Esq., Bush Hill.

Marauding parties of French and Indians w^ere still
on the frontiers in January, 1756, attacking the settle-
ments on the Juniata river, murdering and scalping such
of the inhabitants as did nor escape, or were not pri-
soners. To guard against these devastations, a chain of
forts and block-houses were built, garrisoned with from
twenty to seventy-five provincials, as the situation and
importance of the places required.

"The friendly Indians v/ere gathered in from the
Susquehanna to Philadelphia, lest they should be mis-
taken for enemies. These did not remain long at Phila-
delphia, headed by their leaders. Scarroyady and ]\Ion-
tour — they merited praise from the whites — at the risk of
their lives they visited the several tribes of Indians
seated along the Susquehanna, to dissuade them from,
taking up arms.

While preparations were in progress to wage war with
certainty against the Shawanese and Delawares, in-

29

338 msToHY OS"

formation was received by the Governor,* "that Sif
WiUiani Johnson, through the mediation of tlie Six
Nations, had succeeded in disposing the ShaWanese and
Dclawares to an accommodation, and that these tribes
had promised to refrain from hosiihties. On the part of
the province, the Governor suspended the war against
the Indians, by proclamation." A treaty was pro-
posed, and acceded to. It was held at Easton. But
scarce had the Indians returned to their wigwams, when
new scenes of cruel murders were perpetrated on the
southward of the Blue Mountains.! The frontier set-
tlers were driven into the interior. "In 1755, the
country west of the Susquehanna, possessed three
thousand men fit to bear arms, and in 1756, exclusive of
the provincial forces, there were not one huhdred; fear
having driven the greater part into the interior."

Successfully to repel the insurgents, the Governor and
provincial commissioners raised twenty-five companies,
amounting to fourteen hundred men. J Nine of these

♦Governor Morris of Pennsylvania, thought proper by pro-
clamation, to declare war against all Indian nations who should
persist in so doing ; offering one hundred and fifty dollars for
every hostile Delaware Indian taken alive, and one hundred
and thirty dollars for every scalp, inviting at the same time,
all those wlio laid down the hatchet, to meet at a treaty of
peace. — IleckcweUer^s Nar. 50.

f Heckewelder's Narrative.

|It appears the government was somewhat remiss in timely
action. Intelligence arrived at Pliiladelphia, Aj)ril 13, 1750,
that the people of the back counties were about to meet at
Lancaster to march to Philadelphia, and make some demands
of the legislature in session. Tiie 15th of tlie same month Mr.
Chew and others were sent by the governor to persuade the
people to desist. April 21, Mr. Chew and others returned fiom
Lancaster; and the governor summoned the Asscmblv for the
10th of May.— i/az. Pa. Rrg. Y. 287.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 339

companies were commanded by Lieut. Colonel Conrad
Weiser; they were stationed at different points, to meet
the exigencies of the time and place, one at Fort Augusta;
one at Hunter's mill, seven miles above Harrisburg, on
the Susquehanna; one-half company on the Swatara, at
the foot of the North Mountain; one company and a
half at Fort Henry, close to the gap of the mountain,
called Tothea Gap; one company at Fort William, near
the forks of the Schuylkill river, six miles beyond the
mountain; one company at Fort Allen, at Gnadenhutten,
a Moravian settlement : the other three companies were
scattered between the rivers Lehigh and Delaware, at
the disposition of the captains, some at farm-houses,
others at mills, from three to twenty in a place. Major
James Burd and Colonel Armstrong, had the command
of the other companies; these were principally sta-
tioned west of the Susquehanna.* " The Shawanese and
Delaware Indians, stimulated and abetted by the French,
kept up their hostilities, till 1757, when negotiations for
peace commenced with Teedyuscung, the chief of the
Delaware and Shawanese tribes, on the Susquehanna,
their fury abated. But the French and Western Indians,
still roamed in small parties over the country, committing
murders. The counties of Cumberland, Berks, North-
ampton and Lancaster, were, during the spring and
summer months, of 1757, kept in continual alarm,t and

*Gordon's Pa.

fMarch 29, 1757, the Indians made a breach at Rocky
Springs, where one man was killed and eleven talcen prisoners.
April 2d, 1757, William McKinnie and his son were killed near
Chambers's fort. April 17th, Jeremiah Jack, near Potomac,
was taken captive, and two of his sons killed, and a man and
woman were drowned in the Potomac, while endeavoring to
escape. April 23d, John Martin and William Blair were

340 HISTORY OP

acme of the savage scalping parties were pushed on, to
within tliirty miles of Philadelphia."

Several Indian treaties were held, in 1757; one at
Lancaster,* in May ; another at Easton, in August. At

killed, and Patrick McClelland wounded in the shoulder, who
afterwards died of his wound, near Maxwell's fort, on Cono-
cocheague creek. May 14th, Major Campbell and one Tussey
were killed or taken captive, with fourteen others, rear
Potomac. May 12, John Martin and Andrew Paul, both old
men, were taken from Conococheague. May 13, two men
killed, near McCormick's fort, Conodoguinet. May 16, eleven
persons killed at Paxton, Lancaster county. June 9, James
Holiday, and fourteen men killed and taken ; James Long's
son and another man, killed in a quarry at Fort Frederick. —
Nineteen men killed in a mill at Quitipihilla, Lanca&ter county,
and four were killed in Shearman's valley ; all done in one
week. June 6, two men were killed, and five taken prisoners,
near Shippensburg. July 18, six men killed or taken from a
field, near Shippensburg. July 19, nineteen men killed and
taken wliile reaping in a field, near Shippensburg. August
17, William Waugh's barn was burnt, in the Tract, York
county, by Indians. September 9, one boy and girl taken
from Donegal, Lancaster county. October 1 and 2, a very
great slaughter, near Opikcn, in Virginia, where more than
sixty were killed and taken. November 9, John. Woods, his
wife and mother-in-law, and John Archer's wife were killed,
four children taken, and nine men killed, near McDowell's
fort. — Loudon''s Narrative, II. 200-208.

♦At the tjeaty held. May 29, 1757, between Governor Denny
and the Indians of the Six Nations, they complained of
grievances, and assigned a few causes of disaffection.

" Brothers, some years ago, in the Jer-cys, one of the head
of the Delawares had been out hunting. On his return, ho
called to see a gentleman, a friend of his, one of your people,
whom he found in the field: when the gentlemen saw him, he
came to meet him. It was rainy weather, and the Delaware
chief had his gun under his arm ; they met at a fence, and as they
reached their hands to each other, the Delaware's gun went

LANCASTER C0UNT7. 341

the latter, three hundred Indians, representations of ten
tribes, chiefly from the Susquehanna, (those on the Ohio
were not included) with their chief, Teedyuscung, at-
tended. Before departing from the treaty, they not only

off, by accident,, and shot him dead. He was very much
grieved, went to the house, and told the gentlennan's wife what
had happened; and said, he was willing to die, and did not
choose to live after his friend. She immediately sent for a
number of the inhabitants: when they were gathered, some
said it was an accident, and could not be helped ; but the
greatest number were for hanging him; and he was taken
by the sheriff, and carried to Amboy, where he was tried and
hanged.

" There was another misfortune happened : a party of the
Shav/anesc, who were going to war against their enemies, in
their way through Carolina, called at a house, not suspecting
any harm, as they were among their friends : a number of the
inhabitants rose and took them prisoners, on account of some
mischief which was done them about that time; suspecting
them to bo the people who had done the mischief; and carried
them to Charleston, and put them in prison, where the chief
man, called " The Pride,"' died.

" The relations of thoi^e people were much exasperated
against you, our brothers, the English, on account of the ill
treatment you gave their friends; and have been continually
spiriting up their nations to take revenge.

"Brothers, you desired us to open our hearts, and inform
you of every thing we knew that might have given rise to the
quarrel between you and our nephews and brothers: That, in
former times, our fore-fathers conquered the Dclawares, and
put petticoats on them ; a long time after that, they lived
among you, our brothers; but, upon some difference between
you and them, wc thought proper to remove them, giving them
lands to plant and hunt on, at Wyoming and Juniata, on the
Susquehanna: but you, covetous of land, made plantations
there, and spoiled their hunting grounds ; they then com-
plained to us, and we looked over those lands, and found their
complaints to be true.

"At this time they carried on a correspondence with the

2.9*

342 HISTORY OP

agreed to a cessation of hostilities against the provin-
cialists, but agreed to take up arms against the French.
A definite treaty, however, was not held between the
English and Indians, before the month of October, 1748,
when a convention was held at Easton with the Indians,
which lasted from the 17th to the 26th of tliat month. —
There were present, on the part of the English, the Go-
vernors of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, with Sir Wil-
liam Johnson, and other agents. The Indians who
assisted at this treaty, were the Mohawks, Oneidas,

French ; by which means the French became acquainted with
all the causes of complaint they had against you ; and as your
people were daily increasing their settlements, and by these
means you drove them back into the arms of the French; and
they took the advantage of spiriting them up against you, by
telling them, ' Childnn, you see, and we have often told you,
how the English, your brothers, serve you ; they plant all the
CO imtry, and drive you back ; so that, in a little time, you will
have no land : it is not so with us; though we build trading
houses on your lands, we do not plant; we have our provisions
frcm over the great water.'

'We have opened our hearts, and told you what complaints
we have heard that they had against you ; and our advice to
you is, that you send for the Senecas and for them ; treat them
kindly, and rather give them part of their fields back again
than differ with them. It is in ycur power to settle all the
ditferenccs with them, if you please.' — Minnies of (he Indian
Treaties,

" King I' caver was also present, and made a speech : 'When
our Great Father came first, we stood on the Indian's path;
we looked to the sun as he rose in the east; we gave the
English venison; the English gave us many, many good
things; but the English trod on our tees — we turned our faces
to the west — the English trod on our heels — we walked on —
the English followed— we walked on, not knowing where to
rest — the English were at our heels. Father, we are weary,
we wish to rest.'"

LANCASTER COUNTT. 343

Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas, Tuscaroras, Nanticokes,
Conoys, Tuteloes, Clmgnuts, Delawares, Unamies, Mini-
sinks, Mohicons, and Wappingers, whose deputies, with
their women and children, amounted to 507.* Peace
and friendship had now been established between the
EngHsh and Indians; all fear of an Indian war Xd^n-
ished, and the minds of the people had been at rest for
some time; but the Frencii war still continued, and occa-
sional barbarities were committed upon the frontier set-
tlers, by the Indians, till near the close of the war be-
tween the English and the French, in 1762 ;t "for there
had been a secret confederacy formed among the Shawa-
nese, the tribes upon the Ohio and its tributary waters,
and about Detroit, to attack, simultaneously, all the
English posts and settlements on the frontiers. Their
plan was deliberately and skilfully projected. The
border settlements were to be invaded durhig harvest, the
men, corn, and cattle, to be destroyed, and the out-posts
to be reduced by famine, by cutting off their supplies.-r-
Pursuant to this plan, the Indians fell suddenly upon the
traders, whom they had invited among them, mur-
dering many, and plundered the effects of all, to
an immense value.

*Hoh-nes' An. II. 86.

fJuly 1, 1757, three men and four children, were murdered
and scalped in the vicinity of Tulpehocken. The Rev. John
Nicholas Kurtz, pastor of the Lutheran congregation, at Tul-
pehocken, in writing to the Rev. Muhlenberg, pastor of the
Lutheran congregation at New Providence, under date of
July 5, 17.37, says: Diesen Morgen, wurden sieben ermordete
und gescalpte, nemlich drey Maenner and vier Kinder, zur
Bcerdigung auf unscrn Kirchhof gebracht, so gestern bey
Sonnen Untergang, fuenf Meilcn von hier von den Indianern
umgebracht worden, und alle in einem Hause !

344 HISTORY OP

"The frontiers of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Vir-
ginia, were overrun by scalping parties, marking their
way with blood and devastation."*

"The upper part of Cumberland was overrun by the
savages, in 1763, who set fire to houses, barns, corn, hay
andevery thing that was combustible; the inhabitants were
surprised and murdered with the utmost cruelty and bar-
barity. Those who could, escaped — some to Shippens-
burg, others to Carlisle, where houses and stables were
crov/ded with refugees. INIany of Ihem sought shelter
(in Lancaster county) in the woods, with their families,
and with their cattle.t Some staid with their relatives,

*April 2d, 1758, two men were killed near Shippensburg -

Apsil .5, one man killed and ten taken, near Black's Gap, on the
South mountain. April 13, one man killed and nine taken near
Archibald Bard's South mountain. May 21, one man and fiye
women taken from Yellow Breeches creek. May 23, Joseph
Gallady killed, his wife and one cliild taken from Conoco-
cheague. May 29, 1759, one Dunwiddie and Crawford shot by
two Indians, in Carrol's tract, York county. July 20, a boy was
plowing at Swatara, was shot by two Indians, one horse killed,
and the other wounded. — Loudon's Narrative.

Note. — It was apprehended that the Indians of Conestoga
were becoming restless. In May, 1758, intelligence was re-
ceived at Philadelphia that the Indians at Conestoga designed
to move off to the woods — a message was sent them— May 3,
some of the Indians arrived, at Philadelphia, from Conestoga
— they stated, in conference, that they did not intend leaving
Conestoga, though some had gone to Susquehanna. They
had thought of going to Susquehanna to hunt and tiade. —
Will Sock, Chazrea and others of then), gave Conrad Weiser
the news of Indian incursions. — JIaz. Reg. V. 272.

t" In July, 17G3, the reapers of Lancaster county took their
guns and ammunition witii thorn into the harvest fields to de-
fend themselves from t.ie Indians."— Lan. Intell. c^- Jour.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 345

and never returned to the place from which they had
fled.*

"After the first panic had passed away, the refugee
settlers associated themselves together, and under the
care of divisions of the regular troops and miUtia,
succeeded in collecting and saving the remnant of their
crops."

In the latter end of August, a party of volunteers
from Lancaster county, one hundred and ten in num]>er,
intercepted at Muncy hill, a number of Indians, pro-
ceeding from Great Island, in the Suscpiehanna, to the
frontier settlements. In several skirmishes with the
Indians, the Lancasterians killed twelve of them — four
of their own men v/ere killed, and a like number
wounded.

After General Forbes had taken possession of Fort
Dti Quesne, November 25, 1758, and garrisoned it by
men, chiefly provincial troops, from Pennsylvania, Mary-

*The following we copied at the Donegal church: "In mem-
ory of William McDowell, late of Conccaeheague, who was a
tender parent and careful instructor, and an example of piety
to a numerous progeny. When the settlement was obliged to
fly by the barbarous Indian war,, he deceased in these parts. —
So was interred here September 12, 17.59, aged 77,"

Note. — Extracts from letters to James Hamilton, Esq. dated
Carlisle, July 3d and 5th, 1763, signed Henry Boquet :

If the measures I had the honor to recommend to you in my
letter of yesterday, are not immediately put into execution, I
foresee the rnin of the posts of the province on this side of the
Susquehanna; and as York county would be covered by
Cumberland, I think they ought to assist in building the post,
and sowing the harvest. It would not be the less necessary
to send arms and ammunition to be distributed among the in-
habitants for the protection of the reapers.

May, 5. The road was nearly covered with women and chil-
dren flying to Lancaster and Thiladeiphia.

346

HISTORY OP

land and Virginia, under the command of Colonel
Mercer, many of the other soldiers were marched into
the interior, and quartered at Lancaster, Reading and Phi-
ladelphia, the soldiers were quartered or billetted among
the inhabitants, who complained grievously of the
men, and the caprice, favor and oppression, of the
olRcers. The assembly, having remonstrated in vain on
these enormities, directed a barracks to be erected,
1759, in the town of Lancaster, to contain 500 men. —
Mr. ]jausman was appointed Barrack master.*

The influence of war is ever pernicious to the morals
of society — the train of evils consequent upon war arc
baleful. Lancaster county felt its effects, not only in the
shape of burdens and taxest upon the industrious por-
tion of its inhabitants. The true condition of the state
of morals, and the fruits of war, may be learnt from a
petition presented to the Assembly, in 1763, praying the
Legislature for the passage of an Act for erecting a
House of Correction. The preamble to the Act, recites
part of the petition :

Whereas, It hath been represented to tliis House, by
petitioners from a considerable number of inhabitants of
the borough and county of Lancaster, that they now,
and for a long time, have suffered most grievously, as
well by unruly, disobedient servants, as by idle strolling
vagrants from divers parts, who have taken shelter in
the county and borough; that drunkenness, profane
swearing, breach of the Sabbath, tuamlts, and other
vices, so much prevail, that it is not m the power of the

•Gordon; Ilaz, Reg.

fTlic tax assessed in Lancaster county in 1760, amounted ta
upwards of sixteen thousand dollars. The land estimated in the
county to bo 436,346 acres. Taxables 5,635, £l. 2s. to each
taxable ; amounted to £6,178 IDs.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 347

riiagistrates to suppress them, and preserve peace and
good order, liaving no house of correction lor the punish-
ment of such offenders. A law was passed — a house of
correction, or work house, erected. " This was the
work house in which the Indians were ' despatched^ hj
the Paxton Rangers, Tuesday, the 27th of December,
1763.

For several successive winters, and especially in the
year 1763, the frost was severe upon the winter and
summer grain, in the low lands and limestone soil. —
This circumstance, and the heavy timber, induced many
of the Irish to seat themselves, in 1763, along the
northern line of the counties of Chester and Lancaster,
well known at an early period by the name of Chestnut
Glade. The Germans purchased their little improve-
ments, and were not intimidated either by the difficulty
of clearing their lands, the scarcity of water, and the
liability of frost which, at this period, was experienced
every month of the year.*

AboiU the year 1760 or 61, Mr. Steigel, who managed
the Elizabeth iron Vv'orks for many j^ears, when they
were owned by Benezet &Co. of Philadelphia, commenced
his singular career. He was well known as the eccentric
German Baron, or Wilheim Heinrich Steigel, proprietor
of Manheim. Having purchased two hundred acres of
land from the Messrs. Stedmans of Philadelphia, he
■erected a grand chateau, (castle) very singular in its
structure,! and afterwards laid out a town, to which lie

'Haz. Reg. V. 12.

f This house is now occupied by Mr. John. Arndt, merchant
who, we state it with regret, in improving the house, made such
alterations that the original of the internal arrangement is so
materially altered as to leave neither the Baron's pulpit, from
which, in a large upper saloon, he, in the capacity of a preacher,

S48 HISTORY or

gave the name o^ his place of nativity — -Manheim.— '
This town was laid out in 1761. and in 1762, contained
three houses. One of his countrymen, Mr. Andrew
Bartruff, father of Colonel John Bartruff, erected the
third house in the town — he kept the first grocery.*

To give encouragement to the inhabitants of the place,
and to advance his own interest, as proprietor, the Baron
erected a glass house, where the manufacture of the
article of glass, in all its varieties, was successfully carried
on for some years, by Steigel himself, and afterwards by
a Mr. Jenkins. Nothing remains of the glass house. —
The place where it stood is still pointed out, to the enquir-
ing visitants, by the attentive and courteous inhabitants
of Manheim.

In 1761, William Adams laid out Adamstown. First
holders of lots were Bicher, Eichholtz, Fansler, Negle,
Kearn, Richards, Brendle, Steffs, Flickinger, Schlough,
Reager and others.

addressed his hands employed at the glass factory ; nor are
other fixtures any longer visible. What remains of the inter-
nal, has not its like, in the United States. Its rich scenery
painting of falconry on the sides of the room walls — the tab-
lets of china, curiously painted and fastened on the jambs, at-
tract and excite the admiration of all who have the pleasure of
spending a few moments with the hospitable andaflable owner
of the house.

The Baron was, as well as his fortune, singular. His
vicissitudes in life were varied. He was Baron in Europe — an
iron master, glass manufacturer, a preacher, a teacher — rich
and poor, in America. He died a schoolmaster. At liberty;
and imprisoned. A special act was passed for his relief, De-
cember 24, 1774. So gehts dem Mensch.

»Among the first settlers uf the place were, besides those
already nicntioned, the Naumans, Minnichs, Wherlys, Kaisers,
Longs, Hentzelmans, who kept the first tavern. About the
town were the Lightncrs, Heists, Hcrshys, llostottcrs, Lehmans,
Longeneckers, Brandts, Witmcrs, Ilellar.^ and others.

LANCASTER COtNTT. S49

Notes.-— In 1757 Elizabeth township was erected — then
bounded: beginning at the land of Joseph Cratser, bounding
upon Heidieberg, thence by the same to Cocalico township,
thence by Cocalico to Warwick, thence by the same to the
place of beginning.

January 10th, 1759, Christian Frederick Post arrived at the
town of Lancaster, from his journey to the Indians on Ohio, to
whom he had gone to deliver a message from Governor Denny.
Post had started from Easton, for Ohio, Oct. 25, 1758.

July 13th, 1760, Conrad Wciser, the Indian agent, died in
Heidieberg township, Berks county.

1760, Emauuel Carpenter was appointed Presiding justice of
the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster county. He tilled
this office until 1780, the time of his death. " He lived beloved
and died lamented by all. He was in every sense an honest
man; always just, liberal and tolerant. He was an arbiter in
all matters of dispute among his neighbors ; and from his deci-
sions they never appealed, such was the confidence of his
integrity."

He left a numerous connection of relatives and friends. His
remains rest in Zimmerman's grave yard, near Earlville, at
whose side rest those of his consort, Catharine Line, who died
1785. Their lineal descendants are many, and are to be found
in the names of the Carpenters, Groff:>, Ferrees, Heigarts,
M'Cleerys and others.

"In 1761, the inhabitants of Tulpehocken and Heidieberg
townships, raistjd 150 men as rangers, to guard the county lines
of Berks and Lancaster."

1762, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two able and inge-
nious mathematicians, after their return from Good Hope Cape,
were employed to run the line so long the subject of angry con-
troversy. The business was accordingly performed agreeably
to directions, and stone pillars erected to exhibit clearly, an.l
fix with certainty the long disputed boundary.

Maytown was laid out May 1st, 1762, by Mr. Doner. To cele-
brate the day of laying out Maytown, a fair, "a gathering of
Zoose feeeZs," was held, and dancing performed in its best style,
in the middle of the main street in the " houseless town." It
is to be regretted that the dance could not have been perfor.med

3Q

350 HISTORY OF

in the absence of human beings, as well as in the absence of
houses.

" An Indian conference was held, August 9, 1762, and a treaty
made at Lancaster, which restored, for a short period, the tran-
quility of the inhabitants."

Members of AssemUy from Lancaster county, 17G1 and 1762 —
Emanuel Carpenter, James Wright, James AVcbb, John Doug-
lass. 1763, Isaac Saunders and those before named, except
James Webb. 1764, James Webb, and those of 1763 except
John Douglass.

CHAPTER VII.

Tendency of war— Hostilities continued — Lancaster county exposed to
Indian incursions, &c. — Treachery of the (Jonestoga Indians — Paxton
and Donegal Rangers watch the Indians closely — The Paxton Boys
surprize the Indians at Conestoga — Indian villagers massacred — Those
abroad taken under protection by the magistrates of Lancaster — Governor
Penn's proclamation — The Paxton Boys at Lancaster; massacre the In-
dians— Governor Penn issues another jiroclamatlon — The Paxton Roys
prow desperate, and " bhow up some Indian'' — Resort to J'hiladelphia — >
Their jion-commendable conduct there — They return peaceably to their
homes, leaving two of their number to represent their grievances to the
Assembly.

In war, and in the midst of the calamities of war, the
ordinary sympathies of our nature seem to forsake man.
In the savage, war whets the destructive propensities,
and his thirst to shed !)Iood increases in ardency as tlie
numher of his victims swells. Total extirpation only cir-
cumscrihcs his sphere of slaughter; hence, the indis-
criminate murders of the innocent and the guilty, hy the
savage. War makes demi-savagcs of the civilized, and
the dcmi-savage, though \\q formerly felt his whole soul
thrilled at hearing of, or seeing, the nmrder of one single
individual, in turn, when inured to th.e miseries of war,
can listen to the report of countless murders as an anmsing

LANCASTER COUNTY. 351

tale, and be prepared to resent to the utmost every
wronsr : avenore himself in the destruction of those whom
he believes to be aggressors, or mere abettors. Of this,
we have a striking case in the "cruelties reciprocally
committed " among the whites and Indians upon each
other, during the bloody times of the middle of the last
century. Hostilities were kept up by the Indians, and
barbarities committed, calculated to excite the calmest
to revenge the wrongs which the inhabitants of Lan-
caster and the adjacent counties, suffered at the hands of
hostile Indians, from 1754 to 1765.* Those whose path
was marked, wherever they went among the whites,
" with cruelty and murder," Vv^ere called hostile Indians,
to distinguish them from the peaceable ones, residing at
Conestogj, Nain and Wichetung.

The inhabitants of Lancaster county, (especially those
in Paxton and Donegal townships, being most exposed to
the merciless Indians) reflecting upon the past, and the
present with them ; "that the bloody barbarians had
exercised on their fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters, wives
and children, and relatives, the most unnatural and
leisurely tortures ; butchered others in their beds, at their
meals, or in some unguarded hour. Recalling to their
minds, sights of horror, scenes of slaughter; seeing
scalps clotted with gore ! mangled limbs ! women ripped

*" 1763. Two letters were received from Jonas Seely, Esq.
from Berks county, dated, 10th and llth September, 1763.

" We are all in a state of alarm. Indians have destroyed
dwellings, and murdered with savage barbarity their helpless
Inmates ; even in the neighborhood of Reading. Where these
Indians come from, and where going we know not. These
are dangerous times. Send us an armed force to aid our Ran-
gers of Berks and Lancaster."

" Those letters were laid before the Assembly, September
16, 1763." — Lancaster Intelligencer & Journal.

352 HISTORY OF

up ! the heart and bowels still palpitating with life, and
smoking on the ground ! See savages swilling their
blood, and imbibing a more courageous fuiy with the
human draught. They reasoned thus : These are not
men ; they are not beasts of prey ; the}^ are something
worse ; they must be " infernal furies in human a/iape."
Are we, asked they, tamely to look on and suffer tliem
to exercise these hellish barbarities upon our children and
wives ! our brethren and fellow citizens ! Shall these
savages — even those whom we suspect as accessories —
sliall they escape ?

Who could, with all the influences of a continued war
upon him, and under such circumstances, let escape one
Indian, and if only strongly suspected of treachery,
however specious his conduct, in the light of day?
These, we conceive, were the feelings that incited the
whites to acts of cruelty ; as ive icouhl view them now.

That some of the Conestoga Indians were treach-
erous, appears abundantly, from the facts set forth in the
following afjidavifs:

"Abraham Newcomer, a JNIcnnonite ; by trade a gun-
smith, upon his affirmation, declared that several times,
within these few years, Bill Soc and Indian John, two of
of the Conestogoe Indians, threatened to scalp him for
refusing to mend their tomaliawks, and swore they
would as soon scalp him, as they would a dog. A few
days before Bill Soc was killed, he brought a tomahawk
to be steeled. Bill said, "if you Avill not, I'll have it
mended to your sorrow," from which expression, "I
apprehended danger."

" Mrs. Thompson, of the borough of Lancaster, per-
sonally appeared before the Chief Justice Burgess, and
upon his solemn oath, on the Holy Evangelists, said that
in the sunnncr of 17G1, Bill Soc come to her apartment,

LANCASTER COUNTY. 353

and threatened her life, saying, ' I kill you, all Lancaster
can't catch me,' which filled me with terror :' and this
lady further said, 'Bill Soc added, 'Lancaster is mine,
and I will have it yet.' "

"Colonel John Hambright, gentleman, an eminent
brewer of the borough of Lancaster, personally appeared
before Robert Thompson, Esq., a justice for the coimty
of Lancaster, and made oath on the Holy Evangelists,
that in August, 1757, he, an officer, was sent for provi-
sion from Fort Augusta to Fort Hunter, that on his way
he rested at McKee's old place ; a sentinel was sta-
tioned behind a tree to prevent surprise. The sentry
gave notice, Indians were near ; the deponent crawled
up the bank and discovered two Indians, one was Bill
Soc, lately killed at Lancaster. He called Bill Soc to
come to him, but the Indians ran off. When the depo-
nent came to Fort Hunter, he learnt that an old man had
been killed before ; Bill Soc and his companions were
believed to be the perpetrators of the murder. He, the
deponent, had frequently seen Bill Soc and some of the
Conestogoc Indians at Fort Augusta, trading with the
Indians, but, after the murder of the old man. Bill Soc

did not appear at that garrison."

John Hambright.

Sworn and subscribed the 28th of February, 1764,.
before me, Robert Thompson, Justice.

"Alexander Stephen, of the county of Lancaster, per-
sonally appeared before Thomas Foster, Esq., one of the
magistrates, and being duly qualified according to law,
doth say, that Cannayak Sally, an Indian woman, told him
that the Conestogoe Indians had killed Jegrea, an Indian,
because he would not join the Conestogoe Indians in
destroying dio English. James Cotter told the deponent
that he was one of the three that killed William

30*

354 HISTORY OP

Hamilton, on Sherman's creek, and also another man,
w-ith seven of his family. James Cotter demanded of
the deponent a canoe which tlie murderers had left, as
Cotter told him when the murder was committed.

Alexander Stephen."
Thomas Foster, Justice.

" Anne Mary Le Roy, of Lancaster, appeared hefore
the Chief Burgess, and being sworn on the Holy Evan-
gelists of Almighty God, did depose and say, that in the
year 1755, when her father John Jacob Le Roy, and
many others, were murdered by the Lidians, at JNIa-
honey, she, her brother, and some others, were made
prisoners, and taken to Kittaning; that strange Indians
yisited them; the French told them they were Cones-
togoe Indians, and that Isaac was the only Indian true to
their interest ; and that the Conestogoc Indians, with the
exception of Isaac, were ready to lift the hatchet when
ordered by the French. She asked Bill Soc's mother
v/hetlicr she had ever been at Kittanir)g ? She said ' no,
but her son Bill Soc had been there often ; that he was
good for nothing. '*" Mary Le Roy."

From these depositions, the reader may decide whether
.suspicion was well founded or not. " Bill Soc's own
motlicr declared he was good for nothina:."

The friendly Indians, it was fully believed by the
Paxtonians, connived at, if not indirectly stimulated the
liostilc ones, in their relentless attacks upon the frontier
settlers in 17G3. The grounds for this suspicion were
sufliciently founded, in tlie opinion of the eagle-eyed
Paxton and Donegal Rangers, to watch with a " keen
eye " the movements of both parties, friendly and
liostilc Indians. In September, the Indians eluded their
close, searching pursuit. The Paxton Boys, and their

"Lancaster Intelligencer & Journal.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 355

neighbors, havin<^ asked in vain* for protection from
Government, were bent upon making an assault that
woukl infuse terror into all called Indian ; if not put a
stop to Bill and George Soc's going abroad, and their
dances at Conestoga.t

And the conviction having become general, aroused
feelings, which war naturally engenders, in the bosoms
of the citizens, in the Paxton and Donegal inhabitants, to
extirpate the Conestogoes, the remains of a tribe of the

*Indian.s had been traced by scouts to the wigwams at Con-
estoga. Suspicion was awakened, the questions, " Are these
christian Indians treacherous! Are ihcir wigwams the harbors
of our deadly foe! Do they conceal tlic nightly prowling
as-vassin of the furestl These and the like surmises were en-
tertained by the people. Tlie rangers were active in endeav-
oring to discover the perpetrators of those acts of violence. —
The people declared openly they no longer confided in the
professions of the governor; numbers of volunteers joined the
rangers of Northampton, B Mks, Lancaster, and Cumberland,
who were engaged in tracing the midnight assassins. Such
vras the state of irritable feeling of these frontier counties, yet
government was supine."

■\Jacob Bachman, Esq. of West Strasburg, says, he ''reqiiently
heard his mother relate, that when she was a girl of sixteen
Soc frequented their house ; but she never liked his counte-
nance— guilt played upon it. She also related, that a few days
previous to the fatal day of the Conestogoes, one of their old
women came to their house, and enquired, " Have you heard
the bad news ;" when interrogated what bad news, she evasive-
ly replied " the snow, the snow." It was then remarked by
Mr. Rohrer, the father of Mrs. Bachman, "I guess. Bill and
George have been again doing mischief; they will be caught
sometime or other."

In company with Dr. J. K. Netf, wc called on Mr. John
Newcomer, August 10th, 1343, who told us, he distinctly remem-
bers Bill Soc, coming to his father's house selling baskets,
brooms and wooden ladles.

356

HISTORY OF

Six Nations,* who occupied a spot of land in Manor
township.

On Wednesday, the 14th of December, 1763, at day
break, " a number of armed mounted men, principally
from Donegal and Paxton townships, attacked the
Indian village, and barbarously massacred some women
and children, and a few old men ; amongst the latter, the
chief, Shaheas, who had always been distinguished for
his friendship towards the whites. The majority of the
Indian villagers were abroad at the lime of the attack."!
After slaying those at home, their buts were set on fire,
and most of them burned down.| " The magistrates of
Lancaster sent out to collect the surviving ones, brought
them into town, for their better security against any
further attempt ; and it is said condoled with them on the
misfortune that had happened, took them by the hand,
and promised them protection. They were put in the

*Il. C. a writer in the Intelligencer & Journal says : "The
Indians at Conestogo, at the time of its destruction consisted
of Senccas, Mingoes, Pequeas, &c. The Mmgoes were not
of the five nations ; they belonged to a distant tribe of that
name."

f Gordon's Ta. 405.

JOne of these huts or cabins still exists. It is occupied as a
kitchen by Isaac Kuhn — it is built of round logs. The writer
had been in this cabin, December 7, 1842.

Note. — In a pamphlet ascribed to B. Franklin, written in
1764, we find the following names of Indians, who resided at
Conestoga: Shehaes, a very old man ; Peggy, his dauglitcr;.
John, an old man ; Harry ; George and Bill Soc, brothers,
both young men ; Betty a harmless old woman, and her son
Peter, a likely yoJ.ing lad ; John Smith, who liad married Sally,
\vhoso Indian name was Wyanjoy, — /S/;ari's FranUiiiy IF,
54-57.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 357

recently erected workhouse, a strong building, as the place
of greatest safety."

When the news of this unkind treatment of the Indians
by the Paxtonians reached Philadelphia, the Governor
issued the following proclamation :

Whereas, I have received information, that on Wed-
nesday the 14th of this month, a number of people well
armed and mounted on horseback, unlawfully assembled
together, and went to the Indiantown in the Conestoga
manor, in Lancaster county, and without the least reason
of provocation, in cold blood, barbarously killed six of the
Indians settled there, and burnt and destroyed all their
houses and effects ; and whereas so cruel and inhuman
an act, commuted in the heart of this province on the said
Indians, who have lived peaceably and inoffensively
among us during all our late troubles, and for many years
before, and were justly considered as under the protection
of this government and its laws, calls loudly for the vigor-
ous exertion of the civil authority, to detect the offenders
and bring them to condign punishment ; I have, therefore,
by and with the advice and consent of the council, thought
fit to issue this proclamation, and do hereby strictly charge
and enjoin all judges, justices, sheriffs, constables, officers,
civil and military, aiid all other his Majesty's liege subjects
within this province, to make diligent search and inquiry
after the authors and perpetrators of the said crime, their
abettors and accomplices, and use all possible means to
apprehend and to secure them in some of the public jails
of this province, that they may be brought to their trials,
and be proceeded against according to law.

And whereas a number of other Indians, who lately
lived on or near the frontiers of this province, being
willing and desirous to preserve and continue tlie ancient
friendship which heretofore subsisted between them and

35S HISTORY OP

the good people of this province, have, at their own
earnest request, been removed from their habitations and
brought into the county of Philadelphia, where provision
is made for them at the public expense ; I do, therefore,
hereby strictly forbid all persons whatsoever, to molest or
injure any of the said Indians, as they will answer the
contrary at their peril.

Given under my hand and the great seal of the said
province, at Philadelphia, A. D. 1763, Dec. 22d, and in
the 4th year of his Majesty's reign.

By his honor's command. John Penn.

Joseph Shippen, Jr., Sec'y.

" God save the Kiiig:"

Notwithstanding the governor's interposition, the
people were too much exasperated to have their fury
allayed by a proclamation from a supine governor.
" They assembled,* says Gordon, in great numbers, forced
the prison, and butchered all the miserable wretches they
found within the walls. Unarmed and unprotected, the
Indians prostrated themselves with their children before
their murderers, protesting their innocence and their love
to the English, and in this posture they all received the
hatchet."

The following letter by William Henry, Esq. of Lan-
caster, to a gentleman of Philadelphia, may enable the
reader to form some idea of the treatment the Indians
received at the hands of the " Puxton Boys.''

"There are few, if any murders to be compared with
the cruel nuirder committed on the Conestogo Indians in
the jail of Lancaster, in 1763, by the Paxton boys, as
they were then called. From fifteen to twenty Indians,
as report stated, were placed there for protection. A

♦Tuesday, the 27th Dec. 1763.

LANCASTER COlTNTr. 359

regiment of Highlanders* were at that thiie quartered at
the barracks in the town, and yet these murderers were
permitted to break open the doors of the city jail and
committed the horrid deed. The first notice I had of
this affair was, that while at my father's store, near the
court house, I saw a number of people running down
street towards the jail, which enticed me and other lads
to follow! them. At about six or eight yards from the
jail, we met from twenty-five to thirty men, well mounted
on horses, and vv^ith rifles, tomahawks, and scalping
knives, equipped for murder. I ran into the prison yard,
and there, oh what a horrid sight presented itself to my
view ! Near the back door of the prison lay an old
Indian and his squaw, particularly well known and
esteemed by the people of the town on account of his
placid and friendly conduct. His name was Will Soc;
across him and squaw lay two children, of about the age
of three years, whose heads were split with the toma-
hawk, and their scalps taken off. Towards the middle
of the jail yard, along the west side of the wall, lay a
stout Indian, whom I particularly noticed to have been
shot in his breast ; his legs were chopped with the toma-
hawk, his hands cut off, and finally a rifle ball discharged
in his mouth, so that his head was blown to atoms, and
the brains were splashed against and yet hanging to the
wall, for three or four feet around. This man's hands
and feet had also been chopped off with a tomahawk. —

*Captain Robinson's company, on their way from Pittsburg.

f Of the lads present then ; a few as old men are still living.
We spent a i'ew pleasant hours with each, lately. They
are Mr. David Dieffendeefer, at New Holland, and Mr. Peter
Maurer, near the city of Lancaster, now in his eighty -seventh
year. Both enjoy remarkable health — both had been in the
service of their country, during the war '76.

360 HISTORY OF

111 this manner lay the whole of them, men, women and
children, spread about the prison yard ; shot^-scalped —
hacked and cut to pieces."

The bodies of slain were then buried in the borough
of Lancaster, where the bones of the Indians rested
undisturbed till the month of May, 1S33, when the
workmen employed in excavating for the rail road, dug
up the bones, '^^

The Governor issued a second proclamation, and offered
a reward for the discovery of the perpetrators, but

without effect.

Proclamation.
" Wherees, on the 22d Dec. last, I issued a proclama-
tion for the apprehending and bringing to justice a
number of persons, who, in violation of the public faith,
and in defiance of all law, had inhumanly killed 6 Indians,
who had lived in Conestoga manor, for the course of
many years, peaceably and inoffensively, under the pro-
tection of this government, on lands assigned them for

»Pctcr Maurer informed us that ho saw the bodies of the
Indians buried ii) one hole, at the place where the bones in
1833, were dug up, at the corner of Chesnut and Duke streets.

Note.— From a letter of the Rev. Elder to Col. Burd, it
appears, if the statement be correct, that the Paxton boys did
not cut the bodies of the Indians to pieces; but it was done by-
others. Elder says, "The inference is plain, that the bodies
were thus mangled after death by certain persons, to excite a
feeling against the Paxton boys. This fiict, Stewart says he
can and will establish in a fair trial at Lancaster York, and
Carlisle."

Note.— Felix Donnelly was keeper of the n-ork house at the
time I'le Paxton boys forced in the door, &:c. Donnally was
appointed keeper, at the November session 1703; in May 1765,
Mathias Booch of the borougli ot Lancaster, was appointed, in
his place.

LANCASTER COUNTY. S61

their IiaLitation; notwithstanding which, I have received
information, that on the 27th of the same month, a large
party of armed men again assembled and met together in
a riotous and tumultuous manner, in the county of Lan-
caster, where they violently broke open the workhouse,
and butchered and put to death 14 of the said Conestoga
Indians, men, women and children, who had been taken
under the immediate care of the magistrates of said
county, and lodged for their better security in the said
"workhouse, till they should be more effectually provided
for by order of the government ; and whom common
justice loudly demands, and the laws of the land (upon
the prosecution of which not only the liberty and security
of every individual, but the being of government itself
depends,) require, that the above offenders should be
brought to condign punishment ; I have, therefore, by
and with the aclvice of the council, published this procla-
mation, and do hereby strictly charge and command all
judges, justices, sheriffs, constables, officers civil and mili-
tary, and all others his Majesty's faithful liege subjects
within this province, to make diligent search and inquiry
after the authors and perpetrators of the said last men-
tioned offenders, their abettors and accomplices, and that
they use all possible means to apprehend and secure them
in some of the public jails of this province, to be dealt
with according to law.

And I do hereby further promise and engage, that any
person or persons, who shall apprehend and secure, or
or cause to be apprehended or secured, any three of tlie
ringleaders of the said party, and prosecute them to con-
viction, shall have and receive for each the pubhc reward
of ^200 ; and any accomplice, not concerned in the imme-
diate shedding the blood of said Indians, who shall make
discovery of any or either of the said ringleaders, and

31

362 HISTORY OF

apprehend and prosecute them to conviction, shall over
and above the said reward, have all the weight and influ-
ence of the government, for obtaining his Majesty's
pardon for his offence.

Given under my hand and the great seal of the pro-
vince, at Philadelphia, January 2, in the 4th year of his
Majesty's reign, A. D. 1764.

By his command. John Penn.

Joseph Shippen, Jr., Sec'y.

" God save the Ki?2g.'^

The Paxton Boys had become desperate, and in turn
'' showed up some Indian^^*' as is manifest from thek
conduct in destroying the Indians at Lancaster.

*David Rittenhouse, in a letter to a friend, speaking of the
Paxton Boys in Philadelphia, on this occason, says : " About
fifty of the scoundrels marched by my work-shop. I have
seen hundreds of Indians travelling the country, and can with
truth affirm, that the behavior of these fellows was ten times
more savage and brutal than theirs. Frightening women, by
running the muzzles of their guns through windows, swearing
and hallooing ; attacking men without the least provocation ;
dragging them by the hair to the ground, and pretending to
scalp them ; shooting a number of dogs and fowls ; these are
some of their exploits." — Rittenhouse's Mem. j). 148.

In another letter, Mr. Barton says : " I received a letter from
sister E. soon after the alaim at Philadelphia was over, and
will give, &c. &:c.

" On Monday morning, between one and two o'clock, an
express came to the Governor, informing that the rebels were
on their way, and that a great number of them were on this
side the White Horse. There was one express after another,
till there was certain intelligence that some of tliem were at
Gcrmantown. When the first express came, the bells were
rung, tlic drums beat, luul tlie constables were ordered to go
from house to house, to knock up the inhabitants, and bid them
put candles at their doors: it i)ad the a])pearance of all the
houses being illuminated. Before day, there was about

LANCASTER COUNTY. 363

The Moravian Indians were placed for safety in the
barracks at Pliiladelphia, and no sooner had this intelli-
gence been received in Lancaster, than a large number
assembled and marched to Philadelphia. They produced
considerable alarm in the city. " The Governor fled
to the house of Dr. Franklin for safety ; and nothing but

twenty men met at T. T's, and chose their officers. Before
night they were increased to nearly an hundred ; as were like-
wise most of the other companies. E and all our men

were in captain Wood's company. They all appeared to be
in high spirits, and desirous to meet the rebels. On Tuesday,
when the Mayor and other gentlemen set off for Germantown,
the heads of companies begged of them not to comply with
any dishonorable terms, and told them : " Gentlemen, we are
ready to go wherever you may command us ; and we had much
rather you would let us treat with them, with our guns." On
their return, there was a general murmur among the compa-
nies against the proceedmgs of our great men ; they knew it,
and there was a long harangue made by Mr. Chew ; but it did

not answer the end. On Wednesday morning I went to ,

as usucil, and on my return home, I stopped at our friend H.
T's, when, on a sudden an alarm gun was fired, the bells began
to ring, and the men called " to arms," as loud as possible. I
cannot describe, my dear brother, how I felt : we ran to the

door, when, to add to my fright I saw E , amidst hundreds

of others, run by with his gun. They met at the court house,
formed themselves into regular companies, and marched up
Second street as far as the barracks ; where they found it was
a false alarm,

"It was a pleasing, though melancholy sight, to view the
activity of our men. In less than a quarter of an hour, they
were all on their march — it is supposed above a thousand of
them; and by all accounts, there were not ten — ^- among
them. It was the very conamon cry, while our men were

parading— "What! not one among us^! Instead of

joining with others, they would sneak into corners and applaud
the " Paxton Boys." Their behavior on th.is occasion has
made them blacker than ever,"

364 HISTORY OF

the spirited measures of tlie inliabitants of the city, saveS
it from the fury of an exasperated multitude, who would
not have hesitated to extend vengeance from the Indians
to their ])rotectors."

After some consultation among themselves, on salu-
tary advice given, they concluded to peaceably return to
tlicir liomes, leaving Matthew Smith and James Gibson,
two of their number, to represent their views to govern-
ment." They laid their grievances before the Governor
and the Assembly, by a memorial in behalf of Lancaster,
York, Cumberland, Berks, and Northampton, complain-
ing that these counties were irregu^arly represented in the
Assembly, sending collectively ten members only, whilst:
tlie three counties of Philadelphia, Chester, and Bucks,
sent twenty-six ; that a bill had passed the Assembly,
directing the trial of persons charged with the murder of
an Indian in Lancaster county, to be had in some of the
latter counties ; that whilst more than a thousand
families, reduced to extreme distress, during the past and
present war, by the attacks of skulking parties of
Indians upon the frontiers, were destitute, and were suf-
fered by the public to depend on private charity, one
hundred and iivcnty of the pcjyeirators of the most
horrid barbarities were supported by the province,
and protected from the fury of the brave relatives of the
murdered ; that the cruelties of the Indians were exten-
uated, and efforts improperly made to excite commis-
eration for them, on the plea that they were not parties
to the war ; " But, in what nation," said the memorial-
ists, "was it ever the custom that, when a neighboring
nati(jii took up arms, not an individual of that nation
should be touched, but only the persons that offered
hostilities ? Wiioever proclaimed war with part of a
nation, and not with the whole? Had these Indians

LANCASTER COUNTY. 3G5

disapproved the perfidy of their tribe, and been willing
to cultivate and, preserve friendship with us, why did
they not give notice of the war before it happened, as it
is known to be the result of long deliberation and precon-
certed combination ? ^Vhy did they not leave their tribe
immediately, and come amongst us, before there was
cause to suspect them, or war was actually waged ? —
No, tliey staid amongst them, were privy to their murders
and ravages, until we had destroyed their provisions, and
when they could no longer subsist at home, they came —
not as deserters, but — as friends, to be maintained through
the winter, that they might scalp and butcher us in the
spring."*

" The memorialists further remonstrated against the
policy of suffering any Indians whatever, to live within
the inhabited parts of the province, whilst it was engaged
in an Indian war ; experience having taught that they
were all perfidious, and that their claim to freedom and
independence enabled them to act as spies, to entertain
and give intelligence to our enemies, and to furnish them
with provisions and warlike stores. To this fatal inter-
course, between pretended friends and open enemies, they
ascribed the greater, part of the ravages and murders that
had been committed during the last and present wars. —
This grievance they prayed might be considered and re-
medied. They remonstrated against the neglect, by the
province, of the frontier inhabitants, who had been
wounded in its defence, and required that they should be
relieved at the public cost. They expostulated against
the policy of the government, in refraining to grant.
rewards for Indian scalps, " which damped the spirits of
brave men, who were willing to venture their lives
against the enemy ;" and they proposed that public

*yotes of Assembly, and Gordon's Pa.

31*

366 HISTORY OF

rewards might be granted for their trophies, adequate to
the danger of procuring them. They lamented that
numbers of their nearest and dearest relatives were
retained in captivity among the savage heathen, to be
trained up in ignorance and barbarhy, or be cruelly tor-
mented to death for attempting their escape : and they
prayed that no trade might be permitted with the Indians
until their prisoners were returned."

The year 1765 is remarkable for the birth of Robert
Fulton, who was born in Little Britain. He early showed
peculiar talents, and cultivated them abroad, as well as in
his own country. He is distinguished as an inventor of
steamboats. In 1803, at the joint expense of himself and
Robert R. Livingston, chancellor of New York, and
minister of the United States to the French court, he con-
st] ucted a boat on the River Seine, by which he fully
evinced the practicability of propelling boats by steam. —
On returning to America in 1806, he commenced, in con-
junction with Mr. Livingston, the construction of the
first Fulton boat, which was launched in the spring of
1807 from a ship yard at New York. There was great
incredulity among the people on the subject ; but this
boat demonstrated, on the first experiment, to a numerous
assemblage of astonished spectators, the correctness of
his expectations, and the value of his invention. The
same year, he suggested the first idea of joining the
western lakes and the Atlantic ocean by canal.

In 1810, the legislature of New York appointed com-
missioners, with whom Mr. Fulton was joined the next
session, to explore the route of inland navigation from
the Hudson river to the lake Ontario and Erie. The
commissioners reported in 181 1, 12, 14. Mr. ¥n\ton was
very estimable in his domestic and social relations ; "but
what was most conspicuotis in his ciiaracter, was his calm

LANCASTER COUNTY. SG7

constancy, his industry^ and that indefatigable patienc3
and perseverance, which always enabled him to over-
come difficulties." A distinguished foreigner, the chevalier
de Gessicourt observes, " Steamboats offer such advan-
tages to commerce, that England, France and America,
with one accord, proclaim the glory of Fulton."— rZ^e-
laplaine^s Repository, I. p, 201, 223.

In 1766, Benjamin S. Barton, professor in ths
University of Pennsylvania, was born at Lancaster, Pa.
His mother was the sister of the celebrated David Ritten-
house. In 1786, he went to Great Britain and pursued
his medical studies at Edinburg and London. He after-
wards visited Gottingen, and there obtained the degree of
Doctor in Medicine. On his return from Europe in 1789,
he established himself as a physician in Philadelphia,
and soon obtained an extensive practice. In the same
year he was appointed professor of natural history and
botany in the college of Philadelphia.

On the resignation of Doctor Griffiths, he was appoml-
ed professor of Materia Medica ; and succeedcLi Doctor
Rush in the department of the theory and practice of
medicine. He died in 1815. His chief publication is
" Elements of Zoology and Botany."

1769. This year the Rev. John Woodhull came io
Lancaster Borough, as pastor of the Presbyterian church.
He was their first pastor. They preached occasionally
in the court house, before Woodhull came. In 1770 or
71, a meeting house was finished. The leading men
among the Presbyterians at that time were E. Shippen,
Esq., Dr. R. Boyd, W. White, H. Halen, C. Plail, S.
Boyd, W. Montgomery, W. Ross, Judge Yeates, r.I, San-
derson, in the town ; W. Davis, T, Davis and John Jacks,
in the country.

J

368 HISTORY OP

From 1769 to 1775, a score and two of lawyers Avere
admitted at the Lancaster Bar.

In 1769 Thomas Hood, Jacob Moore, Casper Wcitzel,
Jacob Rush, Clmstian Hook and Thomas Hartly. 1770,
John Hubley, Abel Evans and Andrew Ross. 1771,
James Lukens, David Grear, Asliton Humphries, George
Noarth and Nathaniel Ramsey. 1772, Edward Eurd,
Francis Johnson, Peter Zachary Lloyd, Charles Stedman
and Mr. CoUinson. 1773, John Stedman and George
Ross, Jr. 1775, William Barton.

Members of Assembly from Lancaster county for 1765,
Emanuel Carpenter, James Wright, James Webb, Jacob
Carpenter; those of 1765 were re-elected,, for 1766 and
1767. 1768, Emanuel Carpenter, James Wright, James
Webb, George Ross. 1769, Emanuel Carpenter, Jacob
Carpenter, James Webb, George Ross. 1770, Emanuel
Carpenter, James Wright, Joseph Ferree, George Ross.
1771, Emanuel Carpenter, George Ross, Joseph Ferree,
William Downing. 1772, Joseph Ferree, Jacob Carpen-
ter, Isaac Whitelock, James Webb. 1773 and 1774, Jo-
seph Ferree, James Webb, George Ross, Matthias Slough.

Notes. — In the year 1765, the following named gentlemen
were admitted, at Lancaster, to practice law : Alexander Wil-
cocks. Jasper Yeates, Richard Peters, Jr., Andrew Allen,
James Allen, James Sayre and Henry Ewes. la 1766, Elisha
Price, George Campbell, practising attorneys from Ireland,
and William Swainey.

LANCASTEK COUNTY. 369

CHAPTER VIII.

Hail storm — ProcccJings, &c. by the citizens of Lancaster county tauching
the usurpation of Parliament, in Great liritain — Letter Srom the coinmit-
tee of correspondence at Pliilatlelphia — Meeting at the court housa in
Lancaster — Copy of a circular letter from Philadelphia — Meeting called
at Lancaster — Subscriptions opened for the relief of the suffering Bosto-
nians — Letters from Philadelphia — Meeting called to be held at Lancas-
ter— Committees appointed.— Meeting held — Letter from Reading —
Meeting of the committee of inspection, &c. — Committeemen from dilFep-
ent townships meet at Lancaster — Their proceedings, &c. &c.

Nothing of thrilling interest appears in the- annals of
this county from the close of Indian incursions, to the
time when the indignation of the colonists was generally
excited by the attempted oppressions on the part of the
mother country. There are, nevertheless, a few things
we deem worthy of notice.

In 1768, in the month of June, Lancaster county was
visited by a dreadful hail-storm. A writer in the Pen)i-
sylvania Chronicle, of June, 1768, says, "I now sit
down," in writing to the Editor, "under the shade of a
friendly oak in the country, in order to give you some
account of the late dreadful storm here, the effects of
which, I have taken pains to examine, having rid several
miles for that purpose.

" On Friday, the 17th inst. about 2 o'clock P. M. the
sky was overspread with flying clouds, apparently
charged with heavy rain. The wind blew pretty fresh
from the south-east, and thickened the clouds in the op-
posite quarter ; so that about 4 o'clock there was dark-
ness visible in the north-west attended with distant rum-
bling thunder, and now and then with a small gleam of
lightning, without any explosions. The clouds deepened

370 , HISTORY OF

more and more in the north-west, and thus seemed to
make a stand, being opposed by the wind from the
opposite points. At half-after four, they assumed a
frightful appearance, and at last a large crescent, with its
concave sides to the wind, and its inner edges tinged
with a dusky violet color. About five the wind veered
about to the north-west, which immediately gave motion
to the clouds, and discharged a most dreadful and destruc-
tive volley of hail. The storm then proceeded in a south-
east direction, at the rate of twelve miles an hour,,
attended with a most dreadful noise, something like the
sounds of cannon, drums and bells mingled together. —
The hail stones were of various dimensions, shapes and
forms. Some measured nine inches in circumfer-
ence, some seven, whilst others were not larger than,
peas. As to their forms, some were of globular, some
spheroidical, surrounded with small excresences or knobs,,
some eliptical, and some irregular and smooth, like pieces
of ice. Such as were globular, were endued with so
much elasticity, that they rebounded from the ground
like a tennis ball. This storm divided into several,
branches, or veins, if I may use such terms, all which
kept the same course, but bent their fury mostly towards
the mountains hills and highlands.

" At Susquehannah the hail was as large as pigeon's
eggs ; at Lancaster about the size of peas ; at Dunker-
town, and in the valley, between the Welsh and Reading
hills, they were as large as turkey's eggs ; in some other
places, still larger ; and at Reading no hail appeared. —
The damage done by this storm is very great; the county
of Lancaster alone, it is thought, has suffered several
thousand pounds. In many places there is not a single
ear of wheat, rye, barley, &c. but what is cutoff; and
nothing left but the green straw, bruised and beat to

LANCASTER COUNTY. 371

pieces. It is melancholy to see fine plantations, and
extensive fields, which a few days ago waved with luxu-
riant crops, now lying waste. Many able farmers who
expected to carry several hundred bushels of grain to
market, will be obliged to buy bread for their families ;
and many of the poorer kind will be ruined, and reduced
to beggary. All these people are mowing their late
promising and rich crops, as fodder for their cattle. —
Their distress is moving and alarming. At Dunkertown
it is said, with what truth I cannot say, that cattle were
killed by the hail ; but certain it is, that about IMuddy
creek, in this county, calves, pigs, fowls, &c, were killed
in that settlement ; the ground in the woods is as thick
covered with green foliage, beaten from the trees, as it is
with the fallen leaves in the month of October ; and in
many places the birds are found dead in woods and
orchards. The north-west side of the fruit trees are
barked, and all the glass windows on that side, that were
not secured by shutters, are demolished ; and even the
rails of the fences, visibly show the impression of hail
upon them. In short, this storm threw every person
who saw it, into the most dreadful consternation; for the
oldest man here never saw or heard any thing like it."

As early as 1765, the British Parliament passed an act
that all instruments of writing, such as promissory notes,
bonds, indentures, &c. were to be null and void, unless
Avritten on paper or parchment stamped with specific
duty. This measure was opposed in England and in this
country ; and being found unpopular, the act was repeal-
ed in 1766 ; but another act was passed by Parliament,
declaring that the British Parliament had a right to make
laws binding the colonies in all cases whatever ; this act
was soon followed by another, imposing, in the colonies,
duties (5n glass, paper, painters colors, and tea. These

378 HISTORV OF

several acts kindled in every patriotic bosom, a strong
opposition to the measures of the mother country, and
one circumstance after another led to an open rupture
between the colonies and the parent country, which hap-
pened about the year 1773, when the Bostonians threio
the tea overboard. From that time on, a flame was
kindled in every breast. Gen. Gage, from Britain, arrived
at Boston in 1774, with more troops, some having arrived
before, " to dragoon the Bostonians into compliance." —
The Bostonians had to suffer much; but their sufferings
excited the sympathy of others. Associations for their
relief were formed in nearly all the colonies ; even this
county was not the last nor least to aid in relieving their
suffering brethren, as will fully appear from the following
precious relic, which is deposited in the Prothonotary's
office of ].ancaster county :*

Copy of a letter from the committee of correspondence
for the city of Philadelphia, directed to the freeholders
and other inhabitants of this place, dated about the I'Jth
of June, 1774. Runs in the words following to wit:

Philadelphia.
Gentlemen: — We beg leave to refer you to the enclosed
paper for the steps we have taken on the present alarm-
ing occasion. The Governor declining to call the As-
sembly, renders it necessary to take the sentiments of
tlie Inhabitants ; and for that purpose it is agreed to call
a Meeting of the Inhabitants of tiiis city and the county
at the State House, on Wednesday, the 15tli instant.-^
And as we would wish to have the sentiments and con-
currence of our brethren in the several counties, who
are equally interested with us in the General Cause, we
earnestly desire you to call together the principal Inhab-

*An abridgement of this relic would have destroyed the in-
terest of the whole.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 373

itants of your county and take their sentiments. We
shall forward to you by every occasion, any matters of
consequence that come to our knowledge, and we should
be glad you would choose and appoint a Committee to
Correspond with us.

Signed by order of the committee of Corres-
pondence,for the city of Philadelphia.
Charles Thompson, Clerk.

In pursuance of which, and also of another large letter
wrote by Mr. Charles Thompson, and sent to the inhabi-
tants of this borough, directed to the care of Mr. Wil-
ham Atlee, a meeting was held on the 15th day of June,
1774. And the following Resolves were agreed on, viz:
At a meeting of the inhabitants of the borough of Lan-
caster, at the court house in the said borough, on Wednes-
day, the 15th day of June, 1774 : Agreed — that to pre-
serve the Constitutional rights of the inhabitants of
America, it is incumbent on every colony, to unite and
use die most effectual means to procure a repeal of the
late act of Parliament against the town of Boston.

That the act of Parliament for blocking up the port
and harbor of Boston, is an invasion of the rights of the
inhabitants of the said town, as subjects of the crown of
Great Britain. That it is the opinion of the inhabitants
at this meeting that the proper and effectual means to
be used to obtain a repeal of the said act, will be to put
an immediate stop to all imports, and exports, to and
from Great Britain, until the same act be repealed.

Tiiat the traders and inhabitants of this town will join
and concur with the patriotic merchants, manufacturers,
tradesmen, and freeholders, of the city and county of
Philadelphia, and other parts of this province, in an
association or solemn agreement to this purpose, if the
same shall be by them thought necessary i.

32

374 HISTORY OP

That Edward Shippcn, Esq., George Ross, Esq., Jasper
Yeates, Esq., Mathias Slough, Esq., James Wehb, Esq.,
WiUiam Atlee, Esq., WiUiam Henry, Esq., Mr. Liidwig
Lauman, Mr. WiUiam Bailsman and Mr. Charles Hall,
be a committee to correspond with the general committee
of Philadelphia ; that these sentiments be immediately-
forwarded to the committee of correspondence at
Philadelphia.

The gentlemen above named, after being chosen and
appointed a committee of correspondence, resolved upon
the following letter to be transmitted to the committee of
Philadelphia, directed to Mr. Charles Thompson, and is as
follows, viz :

Lancaster, the 15th June, 1774.

Sir : — Agreeable to the request of the Committee of
Correspondence for the city of Philadelphia, signified to
some of the Inhabitants here, by your letter. We have
this evening had a Meeting of the Inhabitants of this
Town, (at which a very great number attended) at the
Court House, and unanimously gave their assent to the
Resolves or Agreement inclosed. As taking the senti-
ments of the county could not be so expeditiously done
by having a general Meeting of the Inhabitants, we
thought best to give you those of the Town, and have
the pleasure now to assure you that the Inhabitants of
the county in general begin to entertahi similar opinions
within, as to this matter — and no doubt, heartily concur
in them at a Meeting which we shall endeavor as soon as
possible to have with them. We hope you will give us
intelligence of any matters worthy of notice, and be
assured we shall do everything in our power to promote
the General Interest.

We are, &c. Signed by

Edward Shippen, James Webb, Matthias Slough,

LANCASTER COUNTY. 375

William Atlee, William Henry, Esqrs., Messrs. Ludwig
Lauman, William Bailsman, Charles Hall.

Ordered that Eberhurt Michael the clerk of this com-
mittee do forward a copy of this day's resolves to Mr.
Charles Thompson, the clerk of the committee at Philadel-
phia, whh a copy of this letter, signed by him.

At a meeting of the committee of correspondence, ap-
pointed for the borough of Lancaster, the 2d of July,
1774, Edward Shippen, Esq. being chosen chairman:
The committee taking into consideration the- resolves of
the respectable inhabitants of the city and county of Phil-
adelphia, on the 18th of June last; as also, the circular
letters signed by the chairman of their said committee,
the honorable Thomas Willig, Esq.

Resolved, That they do most heartily concur with their
brethren of Philadelphia, in the mode proposed for taking
the sentiments of the good people of this province, on the
present alarming and critical situation of the American
colonies, therefore,

Resolved, That notice be given to the freemen and
inhabitants of this county with the utmost expedition, to
choose a committee to join with the committees of the
other counties of this province to meet at Philadelphia,
for the very great and useful purposes mentioned in the
said resolves and circular letters: and therefore.

Resolved, That the freemen and inhabitants of this
county be requested to meet on Saturday, the ninth day
of this instant, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, at the court
house, in Lancaster, for the purpose aforesaid.

N, 13. The said resolves of the committee at this
meeting, being ordered to be printed, and the same after
they were printed, signed by Edward Shippen, Esq., the
chairman. Sent and put up at all public places in the
county.

376 HISTORY OF

Now following the copy of the circular letter mention-
ed in the last foregoing resolves, and is from word to
word, as followeth, to wit :

Philadelphia, Jmie 28th, 1774.

Gentlemen:— The committee of correspondence for this
city and comity beg leave to enclose you printed copies
of the resolves passed at a very large and respectable
meeting of the freeholders and freemen, in the State
House square, on Saturday, the ISth instant. By the 4th
of those resolves, you will observe that it was left for the
committee " To determine on the most proper mode of
collecting the sense of this province in the present critical
situation of our affairs, and appointing deputies to attend
the proposed Congress. In pursuance of this trust, we
have, upon the maturest deliberation, determined upon a
mode contained in the two following propositions, which,
we hope, may meet with the approbation and concur-
rence of your respectable county, viz :

First : " That the Speaker of the honorable House of
Representatives be desired to write to the several mem-
bers of Assembly in this province, requesting them to
meet in this city as soon as possible, but no later than the
1st of August next, to take into their consideration our
Tery alarming situation.

Second : ' That letters be written to proper persons in
each county, recommending it to them, to get committees
appointed to their respective counties, aud that the said
committees or such a number of them as may be thought
proper, may meet at Philadelphia, at the time the repre-
sentatives are convened, in order to consult and advise
on the most expedient mode of appointing deputies for
the general Congress, and to give their weight to such as
may be appointed.'

The Speaker of the Assembly, in a very obliging and

LANCASTER COUNTr. 377

ready manner, had agreed to comply with the request in
the former of those propositions ; but we are now inform-
ed that, on account of tlie Indian disturbances, the Gov-
ernor has found it necessary to call the Assembly to meet
in their legislative capacity, on Monday, the 18th of July,
being about the same time the Speaker would probably
have invited them to a conference or convention in their
private capacity.

What we have therefore to request is, that if you
approve of the mode expressed in the second proposition,
the whole or part of the committee appointed, or to be
appointed for your county, will meet the committees from
the other counties, at Philadelphia, on Friday the fifteenth
of July, in order to assist in framing instructions, and
preparing such matter as may be proper to recommend
to our representatives, at their meeting the INIonday
following.

We trust, no apology is necessary for the trouble we
propose giving your committee of attending at Philadel-
phia, as W3 are persuaded you are fully convinced of the
necessity of the closest Union among ourselves, both in
sentiment and action ; nor can such union be obtained so
well by any other method, as by a meeting of the county
committees of each particular province in one place,
preparatory to the general Congress,

We would not offer such an affront to the well known
public spirit of Pennsylvania, as to question your zeal on
the present occasion. Our very existence in the ranks of
freemen, and the security of all that ought to be dear to
us, evidently depend upon our conducting this great cause
to its proper issue by firmness, wisdom and unanimity.
We cannot therefore doubt your ready concurrence in
every measure that may be conducive to the public good;
and it is with pleasure we can assure you, that all the

32*

378 HISTORY OP

colonies, from South Carolina to New Hampshire, seem:
animated with one spirit in the common cause, and con-
sider this as the proper crisis for having our differences
with the mother country bi:ought to some certain issue,
and our liberty fixt upon a permanent foundation. This
desirable end can only be accomplished by a free com-
munion of sentiments, and a sincere fervent regard to the
interests of our com.mon country. We beg to be favored
with an, answer to this, and whether the committee for
your county can attend at Philadelphia, at the time pro-
posed. Signed by order of the committee.

Thomas Willig, Chairman,
To the committee for Lancaster county.

Pursuant to the publication of the resolves of the com-
mittee before mentioned : A general meeting of the
freemen and inhabitants of this county, (of Lancaster,)
was held on Saturday, the 9th of July, 1774.

George Ross, Esq., being chosen chairman. This
assembly taking into serious consideration the severallate
acts of the British Parhrnient, relative to America ; came
unanimously to the following declarations and resolvesj^
viz :

1. We do sincerely profess and declare, that his most
gracious majesty King George the third, is our rightful
and lawful sovereign ; and that we will support and
defend him to the utmost of our power with our lives
and fortunes against hi$ enemies.

2. We do further declare that no power is constitu-
tionally lodged in the hands of any hotly of men, to give
and grant our money, save only our representatives in
Assembly, who have at all times cheerfully granted aid
to his majesty whenever he has made requisition frona
them.

3. Tliat the acts of the British Parliament for divest

LANCASTER COUNTY. 379

ing us of such right, and assuming such power them-
selves, are unconstitutional, unjust and oppressive.

4. That it is an indispensible duty we owe to ourselves
and posterity, to oppose with decency and firmness, every
measure tending to deprive us of our just rights and
privileges.

5. That a close union of the colonies, and their faith-
fully adhering to such measures as a general Congress
shall judge proper, are the most likely means to procure
redress of American grievances, and settle the rights of
the colonies on a permanent basis.

6. That it is highly expedient to appoint a committee
to meet the committees of the other counties of this prov-
ince, at Philadelphia, on the 15th instant, to confer
with them on the important matters, mentioned in the
letter from the chairman of the committe of Philadelphia.

7. That we will sincerely and heartily, agree to and
abide by the measures which shall be adopted by the
members of the general Congress of the colonies.

8. That we tenderly sympathize with our brethren of
Boston, who are suffering in the American cause, by an
unconstitutional and oppressive act of the British Parlia-
ment, called the Boston Port bill

9. That a subscription be opened for the relief of our
suffering brethren there.

10. That the subscription be put into the hands of the
commhtee of this county, to be by them laid out in the pur-
chase of provisions and sent to Boston towards the relief
of their distresses.

11. That the committee for the borough of Lancaster
already appointed, be a committee of correspondence,
and that George Ross, James Webb, Mathias Slough,
Joseph Ferree, Emanuel Carpenter and William Atlee,
Esqrs., Mr. Alexander Lowry, Mr. Moses Irwin, be a

3S0 HISTORY OF

committee to meet and consult with the committees of the
other counties of this province at Pliiladelphia the 15th
inst., and also to join with the committee of correspond-
ence in receiving subscriptions for the relief our Boston
"brethren.

It was then moved, tliat the thanks of the freemen and
inhabitants present, should be rendered to the worthy
Chairman for the very proper and spirited address made
by him to this Assembly, replete with the warmest
expressions of loyalty to his Majesty, and fervent zeal
for the common interest of America — which motion was
agreed to by a general holding up of hands, and the
thanks of the Assembly were then presented to Mr, Ross
for his patriotic conduct upon this occasion.

Eberhart Michael, Clk.

A subscription was then immediately opened by the
committee for the benefit of our suffering brethren of the
town of Boston, and very handsome sums subscribed by
several of the persons present, and at the request of
numbers of the reputable inhabitants, papers are printing
and sending to the different townships, to receive the
subscriptions of the inhabitants of this county, which,
it is expected, will amount to a considerable sum, and
will be collected as expeditiously as possible by the com-
mittee and laid out as shall be thought to answer the good
purpose intended.

A paper was delivered by Mr. Elijah Weikersham, to
the Chairman at this meeting, and read by him, contain-
ing similar resolves (with the above) of the freemen of
the townships of Paxton and Derry, at their meeting at
the town of Middletown on the Sth last past, and signed
by James Bird, Esq., chairman.

At a meeting of the committee of the county of Lan-

LANCASTER COUNTT. 3S1

caster, at Lancaster, on the 9th September, 1774, Edward
Shippen, Esq. in the chair.

The subscription received for the reUef of the distresses
of the poor inhabitants of tlie town of Boston, were laid
before the committee, and it appeareth that the smn of
one hundred and fifty three pounds, fifteen shillings and
two pence, has been collected in the Borough of Lancas-
ter for the purposes aforesaid, and it being put to the vote
whether the said sum should not be immediately remitted
to Philadelphia to Mr. John Nixon the Treasurer of the
city and county of Philadelphia, to be laid out in such
manner as the committee for the • said city and county
should think proper for the relief of our distressed poor
brethren of the town of Boston, the same was carried in
the affirmative, and Edward Shippen, Esq., the chairman^
is requested to forward the said sum of money forthwith
to Philadelphia for the purpose aforesaid.

At this time no proper account could possibly be had
of the subscription papers of the several townships in
this county.

The following letter was omitted entering in its proper
place, and is as follows, to wit : —

Gentlemen : — Enclosed you will receive a printed cir-
cular letter signed by the chairman of our committee, and
the resolves therein referred to, with some other printed
papers. The use to be made of them, your own prudence
and good judgment will suggest ; we would be glad to
hear as soon as possible from the committee for your
county, and are Your most humble servant,

William Smith.
Your assured friend,

Isaac Howell.

Philadelphia, June 29, 1774.

To Edward Shippen and George Ross, Esq'rs., who

382 HISTORY OF

are requested to communicate the enclosed papers to the
other gentlemen of the committee.

Those gentlemen named and appointed at the meeting
of the 9th July last, did attend the provincial convention
at Philadelphia, on Monday the 15th then next. And
the proceedings together with the resolves of that provin-
cial committee, hath been inserted in the public papers.

At a meeting of the committee August Uth, they were
informed that Joshua and Robert Lockharts, of this
borough, shopkeepers, had brought to this town a
quantity of tea, that hath paid duty under the late act of
parliament. A note was therefore sent to them by. the
committee requiring their inmiediate attendance. In
consequence thereof one of the partners called on the
committee, but denied their having received any tea, but
as this account by no means appeared satisfactory from
several matters which escaped the partner attending, the
committee did inspect their shop, and witli some diffi-
culty learned of a chest of Bohea tea, weight 349
neat Avcight which they had bought from a certain
merchant in Philadelphia. The committee taking an
account of all the marks of the case in whicli it was
packed, removed the tea, and wrote to the committee of
Philadelphia, who examined the matter, and it appeareth
that this tea never had paid any duty, but was part of a
seizure made by the Custom house and was afterwads
purchased at public sale by the original owner of it, as by
a letter from the committee of Philadelphia, dated
August 25th, wrote and signed by the Honorable
Thomas Willing, the chairman, directed to this connnittee,
appears ; upon whicli, the said teas were returned again,
and the said Lockharts were acquitted.

The Continenial Congress held at Philadelphia, the 5th
of September, 1774, continued to the 25th of October

LANCASTER COUNTY. 3S3

Tlie votes and proceedings of which, have since been pub-
Ushed in the public papers, and printed also by a pam-
phlet containing the bill of rights, list of grievances,
occasional resolves, the association, an address to the
people of Great Britain, a memorial to the inhabitants
of the British American Colonies, and petition to the
King.

November 22nd, 1774. The committee of this bor-
ough met and the following hand bill by them ordered to
be printed, and sent to, and put up at all the public places
in this county viz :

To the freeholders and electors of the county ol'
Lancaster'

The committee for the borough of Lancaster, taking in
their consideration the resolves and recommendations of
the American continental Congress, request that the free-
holders and others qualified to vote for Representatives in
Assembly for the county of Lancaster, would meet at the
Court house, in Lancaster, on Thursday the fifteenth day
of December next, to choose by ballot sixty proper
persons for a committee, to observe the conduct of all
persons touching the general Association of the general
Congress ; which committee, it is proposed, when elected,
shall divide the county into different districts, and appoint
members of the committee to superintend each district,
and any six of the members so appointed for a district to
be a quorum for transacting business.

It will be necessary, previous to the general election,
that each township shall elect a proper person to act as
inspector, and receive the tickets of the electors on that
day.

On the said 15th day of December, in pursuance to the
notice above mentioned, a general election was held at
the borough of Lancaster, for this county, and the fol-

3S4 HISTORY OP

lowing persons were chosen as, and for, a committee. Viz:
Lancaster borough — Edward Shippen, George Ross,
James Webb, Adam Sim. Kuhn, Jasper Yeates, William
Atlee, Adam Reigart, Wm. Bailsman, Christian Voght,
Eberhart Michael, Charles Hall, Casper Shaffner.
Concstoga — Martin Bare. Manor— John Killhafer, Jacob
Wistler, ^James Jacks. Hempfield — Val. Breneman. —
Manhcim — Samuel Bear, Sebastian Graff. (As the first
district.) Upper Paxton, Londonderry, Deny, Hanover
and Paxton, (the second district,) — Paxton — James Burd,
do. Joseph Sherer — Hanover, Timothy Green — Derry,
Castle Bycrs, do. *William Laird, do, ^Robert McKee —
Londonderry, John Campbell, — Paxton, John Bakes-
tose — Upper Paxton, William Patterson — Hanover,
William Brown, do. James Crawford, Warwick, Rapho,
Mountjoy and Donegal, (the 3rd district,) Mountjoy,
*Jamcs Cunningham, do. Abrm, Frederick — RaphOj Ja-
cob Erisman, do. Patrick Hay — Donegal, *Bartram Gal-
braith, do. Alexander Lowrey, do. Fred'k Mumma —
Warwick, Jacob Erb, do. Peter Grubb. Bethel, Heidel-
berg, Elizabeth and Lebanon, (the 4th District, — Leba-
non, Thomas Clark, do. Curtis Grubb, do. Henry Light —
Bethel, *Ludwig Shuy, do. *Casper Corr, do. *John Bi-
shon — Heidleburg, John Weiser — Bethel, *Killian Long,
do. *Sam'l Jones — Elizabeth, Hans Frantz, Lebanon,
Henry Bealor, Brecknock, Carnarvon, Cocalico and
Earl, (the 5th District,)— Earl, *Alex'r Martin, do.
*Emanuel Carpenter, do. ^Anthony Ellmaker, do. Wm.
Smith, do, *Zacheus Davis, do. Geo. Rein, do. Jno. Bru-
baker — Cocalico, John Jones — Brecknock, Benj. Lessley—
Carnarvon, David Jenkins. Lampeter, Strasburg, Lea-
cock iiiid Salisbury, (the 6th District,) — Salisbury ■* James
Clemson, do. Mno. Whitehill — I^eacock, David AVatson,
do, Nath'l Lightner — Strasburg, Eberhart Grube, do.

LANCASTER COtTNTY. 385

Mich'l Witter— Lampeter, Jno. Witmer, Jr. Martick,
Bart, Sadsbury, Colerain, Little Britain and Drumore,
(the 7tli district,)— Sadsbury, Robert Baiiy— Little Brit-
ain, John Allton— Druniore, *Thos. Porter— Bart, Jacob
Bare— Colerain, Joshua Anderson — Martick, Jno. Snod-
grass— Drumore, *WilUam McEntire— Little Britain,
Thomas Whitesides— Bart, Hieronimus Hickman.

N. B. Tlie names with Astericks (*) before them, were,
■elected in their respective townships, and upon proper
certificates by them produced of their being duly elected,
their names being added to committee.

At a meeting of the committee of the borough of Lan-
caster. Present, Edward Shippen, Esq. Wm. Bausman,
Charles Hall, Christian Voght, Sebastian Graff, Adam
Reigart, Casper Shaffner, William Atlee, Peter Grubb,
and Eberhart Michael, Edward Shippen, Esq. in the chair.

Several of the reputable inhabitants of this borough of
Lancaster, having mentioned their dislike to Mr. Francis

, having opened a dancing school in this borough, (at

the present time) and that in their opinion the same was
contrary to the eighth article of the association of the
continental Congress, and rec[U'jsting a meeting of this
committee and their sentiments on the occasion. Upon
consideration of the matter, it is the opinion of this com-
mittee, that the said Mr. Francis , opening and

keeping a dancing school in the said borough, comes
within the meaning of the eighth article ot the association
■ of the continental Congress, and that the same ought, at
the present time, during the unhappy dispute with the
mother country, to be discontinued. And Mr. Francis

being sent for, waited Uj)on the committee, and

being informed of the sentiments of this committee, agreed
and promised to break up and discontinue his said school.

Signed by the members above named.

33

38S HISTORY OF

A letter received from the committee of correspondence
of the city of Philadelphia, dated the 22d December,
1774, directed to the committee of this place, of which
the following is a copy, viz :

Gentlemen: By order of the committee of the City and
Liberties of Philadelphia, we have the pleasure to trans-
mit you the following resolves, passed this day with great
mianimity, viz :

"That this committee think it absolutely necessary that
the committees of the counties of this province, or such
deputies as they may appoint for this purpose, be request-
ed to meet together in provincial convention as soon as
convenient.

" That it be recommended to the county committees to
meet in said convention, on Monday, the 23d day of Jan-
uary next, in the city of Philadelphia."

From a view of the present situation of public affairs,
the committee have been induced to propose this conven-
tion, that the sense of the province may be obtained ; and
that the measures to be taken thereupon, may be the
result of the united wisdom of the colony.

The obvious necessity of giving an immediate conside-
ration to many matters of the greatest importance to the
general welfare, will, we hope, sufficiently apologize to
you for naming so early a day as the 23d of January.
We are, gentlemen, respectfully.
Your humble servants,

Jos. Reed, Charles Thompson, Geo. Clymer, John Nix-
on, John Benezet, Sam'l Meredith, Thos. Mifflin, Jona.
B. Smith, Committee of correspondence.

Tlie following letter from the conmiittee of correspond-
ence for the county of Berks, was sent to the committee
of this place, viz ;

LANCASTER COUNTY. 387

Reading, 2d January, 1775.

This day the committee of this county met here. A
letter from the committee of correspondence of the City
and Liberties of Philadelphia, (meaning the same above,)
was laid before them proposing a provincial convention,
to be held at Philadelphia, the 22d instant. The letter
being duly considered, the committee unanimously agreed
to the proposed convention, and appointed Edward Bid-
die, Jonathan Potts, Mark Bird, Christopher Shultz, John
Patton, Sebastian Levan, and Balzer Gehr, a committee
to attend to said convention, in behalf of this county. —
The committee then proceeded to choose a conmiittee of
correspondence, and Edward Biddle, William Reerer,
Mark Bird, Jonathan Potts, and Christopher Wittman,
were duly elected a committee of correspondence for this
county. Extract from the proceedings of the committee.

Jonathan Potts, Clerk.

Another letter from the same committee of correspond-
ence of the county of Berks, to the committee of this
place, viz :

Gentlemen : Enclosed is an extract from the proceed
ings of the committee of this county, by which you will
see that deputies are appointed to attend the proposed
provincial convention.

When we consider that our disputes are drawing fast to
a crisis, and that the most cordial unanimity is absolutely
necessary for our preservation ; we cannot doubt but that
your respectable committee will without hesitation appoint
deputies to attend the provincial Congress. The neglect
of any one comity may have the most fatal consequences.
And we well know the pleasure it would give our ene-
mies to see even the appearance of a disunion at this
very important time.

388 HISTORY 01

The great consequence of tliis subject will, we hope;^
apo]o2:ize for this freedom.

We are, gentlemen, with the greatest respect,
Your most obedient humble servants,

Edward Biddle, Jonathan Potts, William Rccrer^.
Cliristopher Witman, Mark' Bird,

Commillee of correspondence.
Reading, 5th January, 1775.

N. B. The above mentioned extracts, &c. arc put
among the files of other papers relative to the committee.

At a meeting of the committee of inspection of the
county of Lancaster, at the Court house, in Lancaster, on
Saturday, the 14th day of January, 1775, Edward Ship-
pen, Esq. was chosen chairman.

It was unanimously agreed that in case of any differ-
ence in sentiments, the question proposed be determined
by the members of committee, voting by townsliips.

A letter from the connnittee of correspondence of ih^
City and Liberties of Philadelphia, and another letter from
the committee of correspondence of Berks county, were
then read; audit being put to vote, whether this com-
mittee would appoint deputies to meet the other counties:
of this province in provincial convention, on Monday, the
23d Jxmuary instant, the same was carried in the affir-
mative :

Yeas; Borough of Lancaster, Hempfickl township,
Manliemi township, Paxton township, Hanover to wnship^
Londonderry township, Mountjoy township, Rapho town-
ship, Donegal townsliij), Warwick township, l^ebanorx
township, Bethel township, P^lizabeth township. Earl
townsiiip, Brecknock township, Caernarvon township^
Salisbury township, Leacock townsiiip, Lampeter town-
siiip, Sadsbury township, Little Britain township, Dru;^
mere township, Colcrain township.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 389

Nays ; Lancaster township, Derry township, Strasburg
township, Bart township.

Absent ; Conestoga township. Upper Paxton township,
Heidleberg township, Cocalico township, Martick town-
ship. Manor township.

The committee then proceeded to appoint deputies, and
the following gentlemen, to wit: — Adam Simon Kuhn,
James Biird, James Clemson, Esq., Peter Grubb, Sebas-
tian Graff, David Jenkins and Bartram Galbraith, or any
five of them, were nominated to attend the said provin-
cial convention, in behalf of the county of Lancaster.

Edward Shippen, Chairman.

The preceding proceedings of the committees and
occurrences, being recorded by E. M. (June 3d, 1775.)

At a meeting of the committee of inspection and obser-
vation, of the borough of Lancaster, the 27th of April,,
1775, at the house of Adam Reigart.

Present; Edward Shippen, Esq., William Atlee, Wm.
Bausman, Charles Hall, William Patterson, Casper Shaff-
ner, Eberhart Michael, Adam Reigart.

Edward Shippen, Esq. was chosen president.

It appearing by intelligence from divers places and by
the papers, that General Gage, hatli at length atta.cked
the inhabitants of Massachusetts Bay, and killed and
wounded many of them, and the latest accounts from
England confirming the accounts that the Parliament of
Great Britain are determined by force of arms to compel
the colonies to an abject submission to the late acts of the
British Parliament, calculated to deprive tlie inhabitants
of the colonies of their inestimable rights and privileges ;
and that a formidable fleet and army are preparing to
invade the colonies or some of them; it is therefore
thought proper to request a general meeting of the com-
mittee for tills comity, to consult and determine upon such

331*

380 HISTORY OF

measures as may be necessary to be pursued at this
alarming crisis ; and it is unanimously agreed that hand-
bills 1)0 immediately printed and distributed throughout
the county, requesting the members of the committee to
meet at the house of Adam Reigart, in the borough of
Lancaster, on Monday, the first day of May next, at two
o'clock in the afternoon for those purposes ; and Mr. Bai-
ley is requested to print a sulhcient number of hand-bills
for this purpose, in the following words, to wit :

The members of the committee of observation for the
respective districts and townships, are desired to meet at
the boroudi of Lancaster, at the house of Adam Reieart.
in the said borough, on Monday, the first day of May
next, at two o'clock in tlie afternoon, to consult and
determine upon proper and necessary measures to be
taken for the general good in the present alarming situa-
tion of affairs.

At the request of the committee of observation, in the
borough of Lancaster. (Signed.)

Edward Shippen, Chairman.
Lancaster, the 27th April, 1775.

At a meeting of the committee of observation, at the
house of Adam Reigart, the thirtieth day of March, in
the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and
seventy-five.

Present, George Ross, Esq., Jasper Yeates, Esq., Wm.
Atlee, Esq., Adam Reigart, William Bausman, Esq.,
Charles Hall, Casper Shafliier, Samuel Bare, Eberhart
Michael, James Cunningham, Alexander Martin, Wm.
Smith: — George Ross, Esq., chosen chairman; George
Ross, jun., chosen clerk.

A complaint being made to the committee, that Charles
Hamilton had sold tea contrary to the association of the
contiueutul Congress. Ordered that notice be given to

LANCASTER COUNTY. 391

said Charles Hamilton. Thereupon a copy of the follow-
ing notice was sent to Mr. Charles Hamilton.

u Sir — You are charged before the committee for this
county of having vended a quantity of tea since the first
instant, contrary to the association of the continental
Congress. The committee are now sitting at Mr. Adam
Reigart's, and desn'e your attendance to answer to the
charge." (Signed)

Geo. Ross, jun., Clerk.

To Mr. Charles Hamilton, shopkeeper.

March 30, 1775.

Mr. Hamilton having attended, and it appearing by the
oath of John Taylor, the clerk, that the tea was sold in
Mr. Hamilton's absence at Philadelphia, contrary to the
express orders given by him in his store since the first of
March instant ; and Mr. Hamilton, upon knowing of the
said tea being sold, immediately disapproved of the sale
thereof. And Mr. Hamilton himself, upon oath, declar-
ing that ever since the first of March instant, his orders
in the store have been to his clerk, that they should sell
no tea whatsoever, and that the said sale was in his
absence, and that he disapproves thereof. Upon conside-
ration of the premises by the committee, it is their unani-
mous opinion, that Mr. Hamilton stands acquitted of the
charge against him, and that he hath not counteracted the
p^sociation of the continental Congress.

" I, Charles Hamilton, of the borough of Lancaster,
shopkeeper, do hereby declare and assert, that I utterly
disapprove of the sales of any tea in my store since the
first day of March, instant, and it is and always hath been
my fixed intention and determination to adhere inviola-
bly to the association of the American continental Con-
gress, being fully convinced that the measures proposed
thereby are the only probable modes of rescuing America

392 HISTORY OF

from British Parliamentary despotism. Witness my
hand, the thirtieth day of March, A. D., one thousand
seven hundred and seventy-five. (Signed)

"Charles Hamilton."

Edward Shippen, Esq., George Ross, Esq., Jasper
Yeates, Esq., William Atlee, Esq., Adam Simon Kuhn^
Esq., and William Bausman, Esq., or any four of them,
are appointed a standing committee of correspondence for
the county of Lancaster.

The members of the committee for the county of Lan-
caster, now present, taking into consideration the conduct
of George Ross, Esq., in the late interesting dispute in
the House of Assembly of this province, respecting the
answer given to his honor, the Governor's message, re-
commending a separate petition to his Majesty from the
the said House of Assembly, do unanimously approve of
the active part taken by the said Mr. Ross in opposition
to that measure, as the same would tend to introduce dis-
union amongst the colonies ; and do return the thanks of
the committee to Mr. Ross, and the other worthy. members
of the honorable house, who have so steadily adhered to
the true welfare of their constituents in opposing a deep-
laid plan to disunite us.

May 1st: — The association of the freemen and inhabi-
tants of the county of Lancaster, the 1st May, 1775.

Whereas, the enemies of Great Britain and America
have resolved by force of arms to carry into execution the
most unjust, tyrannical, and cruel edicts of the British
Parliament, and reduce the freeborn sons of America to a
state of vassalage, and have flattered themselves, from
our unacquaintance with military discipline, that we
should become an easy prey to them, or tamely submit
and bend our necks to the yoke prepared for us : We do
most solemnly agree and associate imder the deepest sense

LANCASTER COUNTf. 393

&f our duty to God, our country, ourselves and posterity,
to defend and protect the religious and civil rights of this
and our sister colonies, with our lives and fortunes, to the
utmost of our abilities, against any power whatsoever
that shall attempt to deprive us of them.

And the better to enable us so to do, we will use our
utmost diligence to acquaint our ourselves with military
discipline and the art of war.

We do further agree to divide ourselves into companies
not exceeding one hundred men, each, so as to make it
most -convenient to our situation and settlement, and to.
elect and choose such persons as the majority of each
company shall think proper for officers, viz : for each
company a captain, two lieutenants and one ensign, who
shall have the power of appointing the other officers
under them, necessary for the companies.

That when the companies are formed and the officers
chosen and appointed, an association shall be signed by
the officers and soldiers of each company, for the good
order and government of the officers and soldiers.

May 3d : Resolved, That the members of the commit--
tee of the county of Lancaster, do, with the utmost expe-
dition, take an account of the number of whites — men,
•vyomen and children— :to the respective townships of this
county, and transmit the same to the members of the
committee, residing in Lancaster, to be forwarded to the
members of the general Congress for the province of
Pennsylvania.

Resolved, That the members of the committee do
examine the quantity of powder and lead the store-keepers
have in their hands, in the respective townships, and that
the store-keepers be required, that they sell no powder or
lead before the first of June next, as they tender the trade
SJjd custom of the inhabitants of the respective townships,

394 HISTORY OF

provided that it be sold only by such store-keepers having
a license from two members of the committee.

At a meeting of the committee of observation, on the
4th day of May, 1775, the Commissioners of the comity
being also present, Mr. Charles Hamilton agrees, that the
county shall have his powder, being 26 casks, at the rate
of £14 per cwt. and they paying the carriage ; and that
the county shall have his lead, being about eight hundred
weight, at 45 pence per cwt.*

Messrs. Josiah & Robert Lockhart agree that the county
shall have their powder, being five quarter casks, at £15
per cwt., they paying the carriage ; and their lead at 45.
pence per cwt.

Mr. Matthias Slough agrees that the county shall have
his powder, being four quarter casks, at £15 per cwt.,
they paying the carriage ; and his lead at 45 pence per
cwt.

Mr. Simons by Mr. Levy, Andrew Levy, agrees that
the counties shall have his powder, being 3 quarter casks,
at the rate of £15 per cwt., they paying the carriage ; and
his lead, being about 200 pounds, at 45 per cwt.

Mr. Christian Wirtz agrees that the county shall have
his powder, being 5 quarter casks and some pounds loose,
at the rate of £15 per cwt., they paying the carriage ;
and his lead, being about 150 pounds, at 45»per cwt.

Mr John Hopson agrees that the county shall have his

powder, being 2 quarter casks, at the rate of £15 per cwt.,

they paying the carriage.

*January 22, 1774, an act was passed by the General Assem-
bly, that no person or persons within the limits of Lancaster
borough, shall keep in any house or shop, cellar, store, or other
place more than twenty-five pouuds weight of gunpowder, and
that was to be kept in the highest story of the house, at any
one time, unless it had been fifty yards distant from any dwell*
ing house, under the penalty of five pounds.

lAJfCASTER COUNTY. 395

Mr. Crawford agrees that the county shall have his
powder, bemg 10 or 12 pounds, at the rate of £15 per
cwt. and carriage.

Mr. Bickham agrees that the county shall have his
powder, being 1 quarter cask and some loose powder, at
the rate of £15 per cwt. and carriage ; and his lead at
45 per cwt.

Mr. Graff agrees that the county shall have his powder,
being about a quarter cask, at the rate of £15 per cwt.
paying carriage.

At a meeting of the committee of observation for the
borough and county of Lancaster, at the house of Adam
Reigart, the 15th May, 1775.

Present ; George Ross, Esq., chairman, Jasper Yeates-,
Esq., William Atlee, Esq., Charles Hall, Eberhart Mi-
chael, Casper Shaffner, Adam Reigart, Sebastian Graff,
Esq., Emanuel Carpenter, Esq., James Clemson, Esq.,
Alexander Lowry, James Cunningham, Samuel Bare,
James Burd, Esq., Christian Voght and Jacob Erb.

The question being put whether the powder, lead, and
other mihtary stores, which can be collected in the
county. *******
[Here the connection is broken.]

Wednesday, November 8th, 1775.

A number of the members of committee, chosen and
appointed by the several townships in Lancaster county,
to serve as committee men for the ensuing year, assem-
bled at the Court house, in Lancaster,

Present.
For the borough of Lancaster — William Bausman, Ja-
cob Clatz, Casper Shaffner, Christian Voght, Abraham
Dehuff, Michael Musser. For Lancaster— Andrew Graff,
Michael Shank. For Manheim — Peter Bachman, Se-
bastian Graff, Jasper Yeates. For Manor — Leonard Rod*^

We

HISTORr OF

funk-. For Conestoga — William Atlee, Michael Halber-
stick-, Abraham Newcomer. For Strasburg — Everhard
Gruber, John Breckbill. For Warwick — John Erb, Pe-
ter Kratser. For Cocalico — Michael Witmer. For Lam-
peter— John Whitman, jr., Henry Kendig. For Caer-
narvon— David Jenkins, Joshua Evans, Henry Weaver.
For Lebanon — John Piiilip de Haas, Philip Greenwalt.
For Bethel — Casper Kohr, John Beshore, Killian Long.
For Hanover — John Rogers, John McKewn. For Lon-
donderry— William Hays. For Donegal — Alexander
Lowry, Robert Craig. For Mountjoy — James Cunning-
ham, John Jamison, Abraham Scott. For Upper Pax-
tang — Samuel Taylor, James Morrow. For Brecknock-
Benjamin Leslie.

The members present proceeded to the choice of a
chairman, when Jasper Yeates, Esq. was elected, and
took his scat accordingly.

George Ross, junior, Esq. was chosen Secretary.

Peter Riblet was appointed door-keeper and messenger
to this committee.

The returns of the elections in the several townships
were produced, and read, and approved of by this com-
mittee ; the following gentlemen thereby appearing to
have been duly chosen in the respective townships as
members of committee in the county of Lancaster, viz :

In the borough of Lancaster — Edward Shippen, Geo.
Ross, William Bausman, Jacob Clatz, Casper Shaffner,
George Moore, Christian Voght, Abraham Dehuff, Jacob
Krug, Michael Musser, Adam Reigart. In Lancaster
township — Matthias Slough, Andrew Graff, JNlichael
Shank. In Herapiield — Peter Brubaker, Robert Spear,
John Hoover. In Manheim — Peter Bachman, Sebastian
Graff, Jasper Yeates. In Manor — Leonard Rodfunk,
Jacob Rupley, Henry Fup.k. In Conestogo — William

LANCASTER COUNTY. 397

Atlce, Michael Haberstick, Abraham Newcomer. In
Drumore — John Long, William McEntire, John Smiley.
In Strasburg — Samuel Lefevre, Everhard Gruber, John
Breckbill, In Lampeter — John Whitman, jiin., Henry
Kendig, John Kirk. In Warwick — Valentine Griner,
Jacob Erb, Peter Cratzer. In Elizabeth — George Hoyle,
Christian Staley, Christian Rojrer. In Cocalico — Michael
Witman, Adam Grill, George Elick. In Earl — Gabriel
Davis, George Rhine, Jonathan Roland. In Caernarvon-
David Jenkins, Joshua Evans, Henry Weaver. In Breck-
nock— Benjamin Leslie, Peter Good, Conrad Popp. In
Heidleberg — Henry Eckart, George Hudson, Michael
Ley In Lebanon — John Philip de Haas, Philip Green-
wait, John Light. In Bethel — Casper Kohr, John Be-
shore, Killian Long. In Hanover — John McKo wn, JolirT
Rogers, William Cathcart. In Londonderry — William.
Hays, Robert Clark, Jacob Cook. In Donegal — Bartram
Galbraith, Alexander Lowry, Robert Craig. In Mount-
joy — James Cunningham, Abraham Scott, John Jami-
son. In Rapho — James Patterson, Jacob Haldeman, Jo-
seph Litle. In Upper Paxtang — Adam Warts, James
Murray, Samuel Taylor.

The return from the township of Paxtang being pro-
duced in these words, to wit :

" At an election held at Mr. William Dickey's, in Pax-
ton township, the ITtii October, 1775, the following six
persons were elected as members of the county commit-
tee for the county of Lancaster, to wit : James Burd, Jo-
seph Sherer, William Brown, John Harris, James Crouch,
and Jacob Awl, or any three of these men to be admitted
in the committee from time to time."

Certified by James Bnnl and Joseph Sherer. Th«
same was objected to, and it bv.^ing put to vote whether
the same return should be received, as it confahted a

34

398 HISTORY OF

return of six persons instead of three, it passed in the
negative unanimously.

Resolved, That in determining a question in this com-
mittee, the borough of Lancaster and the several town-
ships in this county shall have each one vote, and the
majority of the townships or borough and townships so
Voting shall determine the question.

Resolved, That no person shall speak more than twice
on the same point, without leave of the committee.

The letters of the committee of safety of this province,
to the committee of this county, respecting J, Brooks and
Doctor John Kearsley, (which were received at Lancas-
ter, between the time of the election of this committee,
and this meeting,) were read ; and the proceedings of the
gentlemen of the committee who negociated that busi-
ness, and escorted Doctor Kearsley to York, being taken
into consideration, their conduct is approved of by this
committee. And the following persons, to wit: George
Ross, Jasper Yeates, William Atlee, William Bausman,
Matthias Slough, Christian Voght, Jacob Glatz, Abraham
Dehuff, Sebastian Graff, Andrew Graff, John Whitmer,
jun., and Jacob Krug are appointed by the members of
the committee now present, a sub-committee to see the
sentence and resolves of the committee of safety respect-
ing J. Brooks, a prisoner in goal of this county, strictly
carried into execution. And it is ordered that no person
be admitted into the company of the said J. Brooks, but
in the presence of one or more of the sub-committee
aforesaid, of which the goaler is to have notice.

Adjourned until to-morrow morning, eleven o'clock.

Thursday, November 9th, 1775.

The committee met according to adjournment.

Fresent,

The same members who attended yesterday, and

LANCASTER COUNTY. 399

moreover George Ross, Jacob Kriig, George Moon and
Adam Reigart, for the borough of Lancaster: Henry
Eckert and Michael Ley for Heidleberg township; and
Gabriel Davis for Bart township.

A new return of members elected for Paxtang town-
ship being produced to the committee, certifying that Jo-
seph Sherer, William Brown and John Harris were duly
chosen to serve as members of the committee for the said
townships, the said return is approved of, and they took
their seats accordingly.

A letter from the committee of safety to the late com-
mittee of this county, dated October 7th, 1775, respecting
some provincial muskets supposed to be in the hands of
the military associators and others in this county, beino-
produced and read :

Resolved, That William Atlee, Alexander Lowry and
Sebastian Graff be a committee for preparing the draft of
an answer to the said letter, and that they report the same
to this committee in the afternoon.

Resolved, Unanimously, that this committee will use
their endeavors to carry into immediate execution the
resolves of the honorable House of Assembly respecting
the six hundred stand of arms and other military accou-.
trements to be furnished by the county of Lancaster.

The question being put whether the gun-smiths residing
in the borough of Lancaster should not be immediately
sent for to give their reasons to this committee, why they
have not set about making the arms directed by the hon-
orable House of Assembly to be made in the county of
Lancaster, agreeable to the application of the commis-
sioners and assessors of the said county. The same was
unanimously carried in the affirmative, and the gim-
smiths were sent for accordingly.

A petition signed by Henry Zericher being presented

400 HISTORY OP

to the committee, upon inquiry into the facts therein
contained, it is ordered by this committee (three town-
ships dissenting) that the said Henry Zericher be allowed
five pounds of powder, and no more, out of the public
magazine, for the purposes expressed in the petition, he
paying for the same into the county treasury at the rate
four shillings per pomid.

The sub-committee appointed to essay the draft of an
answer to ilie letter of the committee of safety respecting
the provincial muslcets, do now report to this committee,
the draft of the answer winch they had prepared, in these
words, to wit :

Lancaster, November 9th, 1775.

Gentlemen : — Your leiter of the 7th day of October
last, directed to the committee of Lancaster county
respecting the provincial muskets, in the hands of the
military associators and others in this county, has been
laid before this committee and taken into consideration.

We find that the gentlemen who were the committee
of correspondence, apj-ointed by the late county commit-
tee, had upon \he receipt of your letter, published and
dispersed hand-bills Throughout the county requiring the
persons possessed of such nmskets to bring them in at
this time. As none are brought in, we beg leave to
suggest to 3'^ou some facts, relative to those arms, and
wait your further directions.

After the troops raised by the province in the late war
were disbanded, a number of muskets and military accou-
trements were lodged at a Mr. Carson's in Paxtang,
where they remained Avitliout any notice or care being
taken of them, until the unhappy disputes between Great
Britain and the Colonies rendered it indispensably neces-
sary for our safety to associate and arm in defence of our
rights. The then committee of this county upon hearing

LANCASTER COUNTY. 401

of those arms, requested some of their members to exam-
ine and send them down, intending an application to the
Assembly to have them repaired at the public expense,
and put into the hands of such associators as were unable
to furnish themselves, and who were to give receipts for
them to be returned, if not lost in actual service. At
this time arms Avere sought for with great assiduity by
every one, who wished to be instructed in the military
discipline. The inhabitants of Cumberland county,
knowing also of the provincial muskets, v/ere beforehand
with us, and having the first choice, took between sixty
and seventy of the best of them (for which Mr. Carson
has a receipt) leaving a parcel of rubbish which were sent
to this town, consisting of barrels mostly without locks
and stocks, and all of them so covered with rust that they
were thought almost unfit for use, and scarcely worth
repairing. Many of them were loaded and had probably
been so for many years. Some of the poor associators
here took the barrels, and with much labor had them
cleaned. By the help of some old locks which about this
time were found in, a garret in this town (without an
owner) and were distributed amongst them, they had
them put into such repair, as to serve them to exercise
with. These persons have been at a considerable expense
in putting them in the order they now are ; and if they
are deprived of them, are not able to purchase others. —
There are a few indeed of the best of the firelocks which
we think could safely be trusted to for real service. To
take the arms from the poor people under such circum-
stances would greatly damp their martial spirit.

We conceive it our duty to mention these things to the
committee of safety. If that honorable Board, neverthe-
less, shall be of opinion that such firelocks will be of use
and will direct in what manner the people who hare

34*

402 HISTOIIY OF

been at expense in repairing them are to be reimbursed,
we shall cheerfully exert ourselves to the utmost of our
power in calling them in, and forwarding them to Phila-
delphia.

This, gentlemen, is the first opportunity we have had
of answering your letter relative to the arms. Give us
leave to assure you, it will afford us great pleasure to be
instrumental in any degree to the safety of the city of
Pliiladelphia. We feel very sensibly the situation of your
citizens ; we deem ourselves most strongly bound to give
every assistance in our power to repel any attaclv which
may be attempted against you, and humbly trust we shall
not be deficient in the day of danger.

Your letter of the 19th October, came to our liands. —
According to your desire a proper guard from hence con-
ducted Dr. Kearsley to York, and took a receipt for his
safe delivery to the committee there. S. Brooks remains
coi;fnied in our gaol. A sub-committcc of twelve gen-
tlemen residing in and near this town, has been appoint-
ed to see that your sentence and resolves respecting
Brooks, be carried into executi-m, and no person is per-
mitted to visit him but in the presence of one or more of
those gentlemen.

By order of the committee of Lancaster county.

The foregoing answer .being read at tlie table, was
unanimously approved of, and it is ordered that the same
be transmitted to the committee of safety l)y the first
conveyance.

Adjourned until to-morrow, eight o'clock

Friday, November 10th, 1775,

The committee met according to adjournment.

F resent.

The same members who attended yesterday, and
moreover Josepii Litlc for Kapho townf.;hip.

LANCASTER COUNTr. 403

Upon motion, Resolved, That in case any of the gun-
smiths, in the county of Lancaster, upon application made
to them by the members of the committees of the respec-
tive townships to which they belong, shall refuse to go to
work and make their proportion of the firelocks and
bayonets required by this county, by the honorable House
of Assembly, within two weeks from such application
agreeble to the patterns, at the Philadelphia prices; —
such gun-smiths shall have their names inserted in the
minutes of this committee as enemies to their country,
and published as such, and the tools of the said gun-
smiths so refusing shall be taken from them, and more-
over the said gun-smiths shall not be permitted to carry
on their trades, until they shall engage to go to work as
aforesaid, nor shall leave their respective places of resi-
dence, until the arms are completed. And it is further

Resolved, That the committee of correspondence and
observation, do take especial care that their resolves be
carried into execution.

Christiain Isch and Peter Reigart appeared in commit-
tee, and agreed to set to work on Monday, the twentieth
day of November instant, and make muskets and bayo-
nets for this county, (part of the number required from
this county, by the honorable House of Assembly,) at
the Philadelphia prices ; and that they will confine them-
selves to that work entirely from tliat time to tiie first day
of ]^.Iarch next, and furnish as many as they can possibly
complete in the time, and deliver the same to the Com-
missioners of the county or this committee.

Michael Withers appeared in conunittee, and agreed
to set to work as soon as he hath completed a few guns
which he hatli now in hand, and make muskets and
bayonets for this county (part of the number from this
county by the honorable House of Assembly,) at the

40,4 HISTORY OF

Philadelphia prices ; that he will confine himself, and his
workmen to that work and carry on the same as expedi-
tiously as he can, and that he will deliver in to the com-
missioners and assessors of this county or to this com-
mittee as many muskets. (If further proceedings were
had, they cannot be found.

Note. — Members of Assembly from Lancaster county for
1775; Curtis Grubb, Matthias Slough, George Ross, James
Webb, Thomas Porter, Bartram Galbraith. 1776: William
Brown, John M'Millan, Philip Mar.steller, James Anderson,
Alexander Louicy, Ludwig Loumau.

CHAPTER IX.

Course of the niotlicr country objectioiiablc — Tdilitarj convfritioii at Lan-
rastor — Daniel Kobertleau t>nJ James Ewing elected Brigadier Generals —
Resolutions passed and adojUed — Committee of safety ; Convention to-
form the first State constitution, Pennsylvania and Lancaster county
active — Numerous inciuesits, &c. in Lancaster county during the RevolU'-
tion — General Wayne's head quarters and correspondence with his
excellency, Thomas Wharton, president of t'.ie executive council of Penn-
gylvania — Congress repairs from Philadelphia to Lancaster, thence to
York — Military meeting at .Manhciiu — Survi\ingP.evoIulionary soldicrs^-
Notes, &c.

The course pursued hy the mother country, incensed
the people of the several colonies — a continental Congress
assembled at Philadelphia, Sept. 4, 1774 — resolutions
were passed approving the course of the people of Mas-
sachusetts, in opposition to Gen. Gage — the open and
decided hostilities eventuated in bloodshed at tlie battle
of Lexington, April 19, 1775 ; which was soon followed
by another, the battle of Bunker Hill, Juno 17tli. To
meet the emergency, the colonists held conventions, mili-
tary and other meetings. In this great conflict between

LANCASTER COVSTY. 405

the mother country and the colonists, the inhabitants of
Lancaster and adjacent counties, met at Lancaster
borough, July 4th, 1776. The meeting consisted of the
officers and privates of the fifty-three battalions of the
Associators of the colony of Pennsylvania, to choose two
Brigadier Generals, to command the battalions and forces
of Pennsylvania. Col. George Ross, was president of
the meeting, and Col. David Clymer, secretary.

The following officers and privates attended, as dele-
gates to the convention, from Philadelphia city and Lib-
erties: Colonels, Chevalier, Roberdeau, Clymer and
Major Knox. Captains, Copenwhait, Bradford, Du-
lancy, Brewster, and Bitting. Privates, jMessrs. Nevil,
Nelson, Montgomery, Pool, Cox, Prior, Brower, Keck,
Craig and Kitter. From Philadelphia county : jNIajor
Hughs, and George Grey standard bearer; Captahis
Hart and Edwards ; Privates; Roberts, Smith, Whitten,
Simpson, Hazelett and Hicks.

From Bucks county : Colonels Hecklinc, and Erwin ;
Lieutenant colonels Bryan and Robinson; Captains
Jarvis, Falwell, Jameson, and Adjutant Thompson ; pri-
vates, Watts, Fenton, Hollis, Herr, Patterson, Stoneback,
Middleswarth, and Titus.

From Chester county: Major Culbertson ; Colonel
Montgomery ; Lieutenant colonel Gibson ; Captains W al-
lace, Scott, Gardiner; privates, Cunningham, Boyd,
Denny, Culbertson Mackey, and Fulton.

From Lancaster county : Colonels, George Ross, Curtis
Grubb, James Crawibrd, M. Slough, John Ferre, Peter
Grubb, Timothy Green; Lieutenant colonels, Adam Rei-
gart, R. Thompson, Lowry, Leonard Rautfaung, Peter
Hendricks, Christian Weyman, Andrew Little ; Majors,
Philip Marstaler, Thomas Smith, James Cunningham,
Michael Fire ; Captains, Joseph Sherrer, James Murray,

406 HISTORY OF

James Miriir, Henry Weaver; privates, Christian Werts^
Francis liaily, James Sullivan, Ludwick Ziering, John
Smiley, Isaac Krwin, Abraham Darr, William Leard,
Henry Slaymakcr, John Whitehill, George Bealy, John
Jameson, Christian Bough, Simon Snider, George Line,
Joseph Whitehill, William Smith, George Wry, William
Barnet, George Little, Michael Diffebaugh, and Anthony
Debler.

From York county : Colonels Smith, Diel, and Lieiv-
tenant colonel Donaldson ; Majors Donwiddie, Jefferies,
Andrew, Finley and Craft ; Captains Smiser and Camp-
ble ; privates, W. Scott, Ewing, Clinghan, Hamilton,
Little, Shiey, J. Scott, Nealor, Messerty.

From Cumberland county : Colonel J. Armstrong, and
Lieutenant colonels Blair, Clark, Watts; Captains J.
Steel, M'Clelland, Davison, M'Farland, Robhison ; Ma-
jor J. M'Calmont; privates Hogge, E. Steel, Smith, Paw-
ling, 15rown, Sterrett, Hamilton, Read, Finley, Vance.

From Berks county : Colonels Bird, Patton, Levan ;
Majors, G. Hiester, Jones, Lindimuth, Loeffler; Lieuten-
ants, Cremer, Lutz, Rice, Miller; Adjutant, S. Eby ;
Captains, Keim, May ; privates, Hartman, Filbert, INIor-
gan, Tolbut, Spoon, Winrich, Moser, Seltzer, Winter,
Hill, Larke, Wister, Smack.

From Northampton county : Colonels, Guigar, Stroud:
Majors, Lebar, Sicgtried ; Captains, Orndt, Snider, Kearn,
Jayne ; privates, M'Farren, Upp, liarkhaus, Haas,
Brown, licst, J. M'Dawd,jr., D. Von Flick.

From Northumberland county : Colonel B. Weiser,
and Lieutenants Calhoun, M'Kinzie ; Lieutenant colo-
nels, M'Clay, Moodic-, Captains, Gillespie and Gray;
Major, lirady ; privates, Stone, M'Cartney, Gattes, Cul-
bertson, Matlock, Yokan, Starret, M'Clanahan.

From Westmoreland county : Colonel, P. ISIornly ;

LANCASTER COUXTT. 407

Captains, V. Orey, Thompson ; Major, .J'ames ^mith ;
privates, William Guthrey, W. Perry, Carmicliael and
George Gray.

A question was put, whether the officers and privates
shall vote by ballot, singly ; and it was agreed they
should. It was also further resolved that both Brigadier
generals be voted for at the same time, and the highest
in votes to be the commanding officer. After colonel
Mark Bird and captain Sharp Dulancy, with colonel
George Ross, president of the convention, were appointed
judges of the election of Brigadier generals, an election
was held, and after casting at the poll, the votes stood
thus for Brigadier general: Daniel Roberdeau 160;
James Ewing 85 ; Samuel Miles 82 ; James Potter 24 ;
Curtis Grubb 9 ; George Ross 9 ; Thomas McKean 8 ;
Mark Bird 7. Robertdeau was elected first Brigadier
general, Ewing second Brigadier general.

Resolutions were then adopted, that the Brigadier gen-
erals shall have full power and authority to call out any
number of the associators of this province into action,
and that power be continued until superceded by the
convention, or by any authority under the appointment.
That the president of the board shall have full power and
authority to grant commissions to the two Brigadier gen-
erals until commissions issue from the convention ; or any
authority they shall appoint to succeed them. That we
will march under the direction and command of our Brig-
adier general, to the assistance of all or any of the Free
and Independent states of America. That associators to
be drafted out of each county, by the Brigadier generals,
shall be in the same proportion as that directed by the
late provincial conference held in Philadelphia. This
conference met June 18, and adjourned the 25th. Dele-
gates to this conference were William Atlee, Esq., Mr.

408 HISTORY OP

Lodowick Lowmon, colonel Bartram Galbraith, colonel
Alexander Lowrey, captain Andrew Graaf, Mr. William
Brown, Mr. John Smiley, major James Cunningham,
major David Jenkins.

While the convention was holding in Lancaster, the
friends of American Independence, having met in con-
vention at Piiiladelphia, and discussed the suject fully
and dispassionately, passed a Declaration of Indepen-
dence, on the same day the convention was held in Lan-
caster. Now the contest was fairly begun. The diffi-
culties, on the part of the Americans, in supporting their
pretensions, as a declared free and independent people,
were of the most appalling character.

After the Declaration, the magistrates who liekT
appointments under the royal authority declined serving
longer ; the business of the courts was suspended. Our
citizens were left for a while without any constitutional
government. In this state of things a committee of
safety in Piiiladelphia undertook the management of
affairs, under the unassuming name of recommendations,
prescribed to the people of the state.

" Ou Monday the 15th of July, 1776, a convention for
forming the constitution of Pennsylvania, met at Phila-
delphia, and elected Benjamin Franklin, president ; col-
onel George Ross, vice president; John Morris, secre-
tary, and Jacob Garrigues, assistant secretary. The dele-
gates from Lancaster county, were George Ross, Philip,
Marsteller, Thomas Porter, Bartram Galbraith, Joseph
Sherer, John Ilubley, Henry Slaymaker and Alexander
Lowrey. Tiie convention, after framing the first consti-
tution of tlie State of Pennsylvania, adjourned the 28th
September.'*

•Several of the provinces had adopted state constitutions
before and after Pennsylvania. JSicw Hampsliire adopted the

LANCASTER COUNTY. 409

As soon as this convention was organized, it assumed
the powers of tlie committee of safety — the political
power of the state. One of its first acts was the appoint-
ment of delegates to Congress. The delegates were,
Messrs. Franklin, Morton, Morris, Wilson, George Ross,
James Smith, Benjamin Rush, George Clymer and Geo.
Taylor.

Pennsylvania made prodigious exertions, in co-opera-
ting with the allied colonies, fully to meet the hostilities.
Several regiments were raised and equipped in Lancaster
county. " It is believed, had all the other provinces done
as much in proportion to their ability,* and the men been

first state constitution, January 5, 1776 ; Soutli Carolina, March
24, 1776; Virginia, June 29, 1776; New Jersey, July 2, 1776;
Maryland, August 14,1776; Pennsylvania, September, 1776;
Delaware, September, 1776 ; North Carolina, December, 1776 ;
New York, April, 1777 ; Massachusetts, March, 1770 ; Vermont,
July 4, 1788; Georgia, May, 1789.

The first constitution of Pennsylvania of 1776, was altered
and amended by a convcsition, held at Philadeiphia in Novem-
ber, 1789. Delegates from Lancaster county were Edward
Hand, Robert Coleman, Sebastian Graff, William Atlee, John
Hubiey, and John Breckbill. This convention framed the
second constitution. Another convention was held at Harris-
burg, in the spring and summer of 1837. Met May 2— after
two month's session, it afterwards met at Philadelphia. The
present or third constitution of Pennsylvania, was framed by
this convention. Delegates from Lancaster county were Vvll-
liam Hiesler, James Porter, Jeremiah Brown, Lindley Coatcs,
E.. E. Cochran, Joseph Konighniacher, Henry G. Long,
Emanuel C. Reigart.

A convention commenced at Philadelphia, November 20,
1787, for the pui pose of taking into consideration the consti-
tution framed by the federal convention for the United States.
The delegates from Lancaster county were Stephen Chambers,
Robert Coleman, Sebastian Gratf, John Hubiey, Jasper Yeates,
and John Whitehill.

'^'Graydoa's Mem. 116.

35

410 HISTORY or

enlisted in war, the Americans might have avoided the!
hair-breadth escapes which ensued,"* as well as the long
continued, arduous conflict of eight years, and an enor-
mous sum of expense, besides saving many valuable
lives, in delivering themselves from a foreign dominion,
and gaining, as they did, a rank among the nations of the
earth. Much treasure, and many lives might have been
saved. Great Britain expended more than one hundred
millions of dollars, with a hundred thousand lives, and
won nothing. America expended rising of ninety millions
of dollars, and lost many lives, and endured cruelty and
distress.

Lancaster county furnished its full quota of militia and
continentals, during the Revolution. Her citizens acted
early and efficiently. " Prior to the four regiments of St.
Clair, Shee, Wayne and Magaw, that of De Haas, and
Hand's rifle company, were already raised and equipped,
respectively commanded by Miles and Atlee, in the
whole, nine regiments complete and very reputably
officered."

Numerous are the incidents, and some full of adven-
ture, which happened in this county during the Revolu-
tion. Gen. Washington, and other distinguished Ameri-
can and British officers were in the borough of Lancaster
at the period referred to. Though neither battles, nor
skirmishes took place within the limits of the county, the
wounded and prisoners here were many. At the battle
and cannonading of Trenton, December 26, 1776, many of

*The quota furnished by Pennsylvania from 1775 to 1783,
consisted of 7357 militia and 22,198 continentals. The aggre-
gate quota by all the states was 234,971 continentals and 56,-
163 niililia— total 279,134. In the year 1776, rcnnsylvania fur-
nished 5,519 continentals and 4,B76 militia— total 10,395.

LANCASTER COUNTT. 411

the Hessians,* prisoners taken there, were conveyed tt)
Lancaster borough.

American soldiers were quartered at the barracks and
other parts of the county during the winter of '77 and
'78. Both the Lutheran and Reformed church at oSIan-
heim were quartered with soldiers. Wlien the battle of
Brar.dywine was fought, September 11th, 1777, many of
tlie wounded soldiers were conveyed to Ephrata, where
about one hundred and fifty of their number, which was
rising of five hundred, died.

While General Washington took winter quarters, Gen-
eral Wayne encamped in this county, in Mountjoy town-
ship, where his men endured no small degree of suffering,
as appears from the following letters, from the General
to his excellency, Thomas Wharton, Esq., at Lancaster :

*In 1775, the British King entered into treaties with some of
the German princes for about seventeen thousand men, who
were sent to America early in 1776, to assist in subduing the
colonies. Among these were the Hessians, who had been
taken at Trenton and conveyed as prisoners to Lancaster. At
the close of the Revolution many of them remained and in-
termarried with German and English families, whose descend-
ants are respectable, and some of the best citizens.

In September, 1843, we visited one of the German mercene-
ries, living at Millport, Warwick township; a Mr. Jacob Ha-
genberger, who according to his own statement, wasborn March
3d, 1750, arrived at Quebeck, March 5, 1775. He belonged to
Captain Schachter's company ; he was taken prisoner at the
surrender of General Burgoyne, October 17, 1777; taken to
the barracks near Boston, thence to Winchester, Virginia,
thence to Reading, and lastly to Lancaster, where, on the
close of the war, he was sold for eighty dollars, for the term of
nearly three years to Captain Jacob Zimmerman, of Earl
township. Hagenberger is now in his 94th year. His health
is good and memory remarkable.

412 HISTORY OP

To his excellency, Thomas Wharton, Esq.

Mountjoy, 28th Dec, 1777.*

Dear sir: — I was favored with yours of the 12th
instant, but the enemy being then out, prevented me from
acknowledging it sooner.

I can't help expressing both surprise and concern, at
the councils directing the clothing collected in this state
into the hands of the Clothier general — especially after
being informed that the other states were collecting
clothing for the use of their troops ; clothing for the
Eastern troops has actually arrived — they are now com-
fortable, whilst ours are perishing.

His excellency is also informed that Governor Henry
of Virginia, has ordered on clothing for the troops of that
state, which he expects every hour.

Thus sir, whilst other states are exerting every power
(under a resolve of Congress) to provide for their own
troops only — you are following the generous course of
providing for the whole-r-this sir, is being generous out
of time — it is an old adage, that a man ought to be just,
before he can be permitted to be generous — the case
applies in full force here. Supply the immediate wants
of your own troops first — then give scope to your
generosity.

Enclosed is an estimate of the cost of 650 suits of
uniform, which Mr. Zantzinger has provided for the
troops of that state. He is in great want of money. I

* Secretary's Office, Harrisburg, Oct. 11, 1843.

Mr. T, D. Rupp— Sir: Your letter of the 9th instant was re-
ceived, and in reply I would inform you that it appears from
the letters you mentioned, that General Wayne had his camp
at Mountjoy, in Lancaster county, during the winter of 1777
and 1778. Very respectfully, yours,

Chas. M'Clttre,

LANCASTER COUNTY. 413

wish you would assist him to the cash he wants, and to
take some effectual method to clothe the troops in the best,
speediest, and neatest manner possible. Lest you should
be under a deception with regard to the mode in which
the clothing in the hands of the Clothier general is dis-
tributed, I am to inform you that they are delivered in
proportion to their wants (or in plain English) to the
number of men in each regiment throughout the army.

Judge how far inadequate our proportion must be to
our wants, whilst the troops from other states have an
equal dividend in addition to their other supplies.

At this inclement season, one third of our troops are
totally destitute of either shoes, stockings, shirts or
blankets,* so that unless they receive an immediate
supply of those necessary articles, sickness, death and
desertion will be the inevitable consequence.

I am your excellency's most ob't humble serv't,

Ant'y Wayne, B. G.

I have directed Mr. Zantzinger to call on you for
money. I wish you to order the clothier general to esti-
mate the price of the clothing, which, agreeable to a
resolve of Congress is to be in proportion to the pay of
the officers and men — the states to bo at the loss of the
surplus. A. W. .

To his excellency , Thomas Wharton, Esq., President
of Pennsylvania, Lancaster.

Camp Mountjoy, February, 1778.
Dear sir : — Enclosed is a list of the officers sent on the

' *1777, 2d May, Bartram Galbraith, James Crawford, Adam
Ordt, Robert Thompson, Joshua Elder, Christopher Crawford,
William Atlee, John Hubley, Alexander Lowry, Curtis Grubb,
Philip Marstcller, Matthias Slough and Adam Reigart, were
appointed by the war-office, to supply the army with blankets,
ice. for Lancaster county, Pa.

35»

"414 HISTORY OF

recruiting service from my division who, you will see by
the within instructions, ara directed to wait on your ex-
cellency for recruiting orders. I wish they may meet
with that success that the exigence of the case
requires, but I fear that nothing short of a draft will save
America; however the effect of a total prohibition of the
substitute business ought first to be tried. I flatter
myself that when the people (who used to hire themselves
as substitutes) once find that no more luuidred dollars
can be had in that way, that they wiil enlist in the line
of the continent.

But I am confident that they never will whilst any
idea is held up of a family substitute, for it is only
hiring a man to-day, and he may be sent to-morrow as
substitute belonging to my family.

Will you, and the honorable Council, use your ii fiuence
with the House of Assen;bly to f ut this sul^titute busi-
ness totally out of \hv question, for believe mjc that the
salvation oi this State dtpends upon the exertions that
may be made during the winter towards filling the con-
tinental regiment.

I wish you to or er all such recruits as may l>e enlisted,.
to be completely uni,fornrcd before they leave Lancaster.
I also wish that no more cloth be m.ade up in coats unless
it be blue ; but that all the rest be made into over-alls
and vests, except such colors as will admit of being dyed
blue. The Virghiians have received blue cloth sulficient
for to uniform the whole of their troops, so that I fear
we shall be eclipsed by all the other states, unless we
take some pains to give our soldiers an elegant uniform ;
for I do lay it down as a position that the best dressed
troops will ( ver be both the healthiest and bravest with
CQual discipline and regimen.

Tlie Clothier general informed me when I was at Lan-

LANCASTER COUNTY. 415

-caster, that there were shirts plenty at camp ; I find he
was mistaken, for although some hundreds of our poor
worthy fellows have not a single rag of a shirt, (but are
.obhged to wear their waistcoats next their skins, and to
sleep in them at night,) I have not been able to draw a
single shirt from the store; for the Avant of which our
men are falling sick in numbers every day — contracting
uermin, and dying in hospitals, in a condition shocking
to humanity, and horrid in idea ; for God's sake procure
a quantity for me, if you strip the Dutchmen for them —
which I beg your order to camp, together with such other
clothing as may be ready, with all possible despatch.
Interim, I am your excellency's most obedient

And very humble servant,

Ant'v Wayne.
To his excellency Thomas Wharton., Esq., Lanca^ster :

Mountjoy, 27th March, 1776.
Dear sir : — It's at last concluded to throw the Pennsyl-
Tania troops into one division, after reducing them to ten
regiments, which I believe v/ill be as many as we can
fill. I have but little hopes of being supplied with many
recruits, unless the officers in the back counties meet with
more success than those in Philadelphia and Chester ; an
officer from the latter came in yesterday, after being out
five weeks, without a single recruit.

J would beg leave to suggest the expediency of em-
ploying a greater number of officers on that business in
Berks, Lancaster, York and Cumberland counties, as the
most likely places to meet with success. I fear all our
exertions in this way will fall far short of our wishes, and
.that nothing but a draft will be adequate to the business.
It's rumored that the enemy have evacuated Rhode
Island, and are drawing all their force to one focus. If
this should be the case, as we have grounds to think it is,

416 HISTORY OP

they will be too powerful for us in the field, unless great
and speedy supplies be thrown in. It therefore becomes
the duty of the state to make an immediate and effectual
exertion to complete her quota of men ; but whilst this is
doing, let me entreat you, sir, not to neglect providing
the linen over-alls and other clothing, to enable us to take
the field with some eclat, which will add both spirit and
health to your troops ; for you may rest assured nine out
of ten deaths and desertions, in this army, are owing to
dirt and nakedness.

I have the happiness to inform your excellency that
the troops of this state enjoy a much greater share of
health than any other post of the army, and I pledge my
reputation to keep them so, on condition that I can be
provided with linen and other clothing.

It's to you, sir, that we look up to for those matters —
and in this case we consider you as our conmion father.
Adieu, my dear sir, and believe me

Yours, most sincerely,

Ant'y Wayne.
To his excellency, Governor Thomas Wharton, Esq.,

Lancaster :

Mountjoy, April lOlh, 177S.

Dear sir : — Agreeable to your desire, I have ordered
up an additional number of recruiting oliicers, who are
well rcconnncnded for their industry and sobriety, and
who I wish were tolerated to enlist in any quarter where
it is most probable they may meet with success ; as con-
fining them to particular counties will rather retard than
expedite the recruiting service. I communicated your
idea to his excellency, of constantly employing some
officers in (liat business, in order to keep the regiment
and corps c()m])!ete, which meet his warmest a])proba-
tion, an(,l he requests, through me, that your excellency

LANCASTER COUNTY. 417

would adopt so salutary a measure, as it is of the first
consequence to have veterans, in place of raw raised
troops, which will always be the case if the recruiting
business is put off till the spring of the year ; and then
the time is so short ihat we can't hope either to complete
or raaneuvre our corps before they take the field. I
wish your excellency to order the recruits to be clothed
and appointed before they leave Lancaster, as they can't
be supplied here, the sixteen additional regiments, and
the Carolina troops being ordered to be supplied previous
to any others, so that we have little prospect of receiving
any benefit from the Clothier general's store in this
quarter; and although tolerable with regard to shoes,
stockings and hats, we an; but wretchedly provided iu
other respects, particularly as to shirls, I do assure your
excellency that there are near one-third of my men that
have no kind of shirts under heaven ; and scarcely a
man in the division with more than one, nor have I been
able to draw any during this whole winter. For God's
sake endeavor to do something for us; die season has
now arriv(d tliat requires every attention to keep the
troops healthy, and nothing will be more conducive to it
than clean linen ; in this article we are in a worse con-
dition than any troops on the ground ; now worse than
Falstaff's recruits — they had a shirt and a half to a com-
pany. You will pardon me for dwelling so long on this
subject, but upon my soul I cannot help it; my feelings
as a man arc so much hurt by the complainings and
misery ct the poor fellows, ivho have no shirls at all,
that I can have no peace of mind until they are provided.,
A quantity of superfine cloth, and about 12 or 1500
yards of linens and cloths were purchased by Colonel
Miller, and left in the hands of Mr. Jacob Eichelberger
at York, for the use of our troops ; will you be kind,

418 HISTORY OF

enough to order IVIr. Howell to send for it, lest other
troops should receive the benefit of that which we are so
much in want of.

A woman who has been in Pliiladelaphia for three or
four days, and this moment returned, says that the gen-
eral re])ort there is, that in the course of two weeks the
enemy intend to take the field ; but at the quarters of
some principal olliccrs they have- frequently been over-
heard talking in a desponding style, and that they can't
move until they receive reinforcements, with severe
sarcasms against their generals. Who they wish to' be
recalled, and who I hope will not, until \vc have an
opportunity to Burgoyne him ; but this will depend upon
the exertion of the states; at present he out numbers us,
and by the last accounts New England is so absorbed in
accumulating wealth, that they have become totally
insensible to our sufferings and danger, and sunk into a
torpid supineness, from which it is dillicult to rouse them.
I am your excellency's most obedient

And very humble servant,
By order of General Wayne.

Bex. Fishburn, A. D. C.
To his excellency Thomas IVharton, Esq., Lancaster :

Mounljoy, 16th April, 1778.
Dear sir: — ^Nlr. Donaldson of "N'ork, who will deliver
you this letter, has been kind enough to offer his services
in procuring shirts for our troops. He thinks that he
could snp))ly us with three or four liundred in a wc^ek,
and that he has linnen now on hand sullicient to make
six hundred, and that he can i)rucure a large (quantity if
properly empowered and supplied with cash.

The necessitous situation of our troops, for want of
shirts, justify any manner, and requires every exertion to
procure our inmiediate supply.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 419

I therefore wish your excellency to give Mr. Donald-
son power for that purpose. We shall certainly want in
tlie whole 0000 shirts, and 9000 pair of overalls.

I herewith transmit you the returns of the two Brigades
of Pennsylvania troops, under my command — the sick
now in company contained in the returns, have been laid
up for want of clothing, except in a few instances ; there
is scarcely one of them that has a shirt, I shall order a
general return of the whole Pennsylvania line to be made
out, which I shall transmit next week.
Interim I am with every esteem,
Your excellency's most obedient
And very humble servant,

Ant'y Wayne.
To his excellency Thomas Wharton, Esq., Lancaster :

Mountjoy, ISth April, 177S.
Dear sir : — Colonel Butler of the 9th Pennsylvania regi-
ment, among other business, wants clothing for his regi-
ment. I wish him to be indulged if it can be done without
prejudice to the other part of the line.

I have procured from Mr. Zantzinger, since November
last, about five hundred and fifty coats, two hundred
waistcoats, three hundred and eighty pair of breeches,
and an equal number of stockings, about one hundred
pair of shoes, and several hundred hats ; these have been
distributed among nine regiments, and has only in part
clothed about one fourth of them. All the clothinar as
yet furnished by this state, has been distributed between
the 3d, 6th, 9th, 12th and 13th, which I believe is rather
more than came to the share of the other nine. I there-
fore wish all such clothing as may be ready to be sent
together, and I will undertake to see impartial justice
done to the whole, for I believe no one at present is
better off for them than another, except Colonel Stewart

420 Bistort oi"

and Colonel Hartly, whicli are well clothed : most of t\l^
others are in a Avretched condition.

I am yom* excellency's Immble servant,

Ant'f Wayne.

Fearful their deliberations might be interrupted, whiles
in session at Piiiladelphia, Congress resolved to remove
from Philadelphia. "On the ISth of September, 1777,
Congress sat as usual, and after having fulfilled the regu-
lar hours of daily service, adjourned to 10 o'clock the
next morning, but during the adjournment the president
received a letter from Colonel Hamilton, one of General
Washington's aids, which intimated the necessity of Con-
gress leaving their place of deliberation. The members
resolved at once to repair to Lancaster, where they
arrived on the 27th of September, the very day when
Sir William Howe entered Philadelphia, and took peace-
able possession of it.

The treasury books, papers, money, &c. were carried
from Philadelphia to Bristol, thence by Reading to Lan-
caster. This circuitous route was to avoid falling into
the hands of the enemy, who were at that time still in
'Chester county, where, a few days previous, the battle of
Brandy wine had been fought.

Congress met, but fearful that Lancaster was too easily
accessible to the enemy, they determined the broad Sus-
quehanna should flow between them and the enemy. —
They adjourned the same day of their first meeting to
York. The first day of their session at York was the
30th September, 1777 ; here Congress remained till June
27, 1778, when they adjourned to meet at the State House
in Philadelphia.*

Ttjough the conflict continued long, the ardor of the
citizens of Lancaster coun'y did not abate in opposing

*His. York county.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 421

encroachments upon their rights, no matter from what
source they anticipated them. Action, vigilance and
union of efforts, seemed to have been their motto on all
occasions of apprehended or real danger.

A circular was issued at Hanover, now Dauphin
county, November 28, 1782, calling a meeting at ]\Ian-
heim, to take into consideration measures touching their
jeoparded liberties, as it was then thought. W^ give the
circular and proceedings :

Dear sir: — The officers and representatives of the ninth
battalion of Lancaster county militia, upon consultation,
have concluded from the present complexion of the
present House of Assembly, tliat the constitution and
liberty of the State are at stake in some measure; and
sensible of the importance of what has caused us so much
blood and treasure, we have thought it incumbent upon
us to exert ourselves for their preservation, as far as our
influence extends, and to warn all who would wish to be
free Irom the dangers that seem to impend, not doubting
at the same time but you are ready to take the alarm, as
you must be sensible of the same danger.

We do not think it necessary to multiply words, tending
to inspire your spirit, for we are of opinion you possess
the same, and have been only waiting to know the senti-
ments of your fellow friends of Liberty. Let us not
then coolly and simply suffer any of our rights to be
taken from us by any men, especially as our constitution
invests us with full power to oppose any such attempt. —
Perhaps our fears are groundless ; but in case of appar-
ent danger, which undoubtedly is our present rase, a wise
man will be qx\. his guard ; and therefore let us meet at
Manheim, on the 15th day of January next, in order that
we may mutually contrive such measures as may have a

3fi

422 HISTORY OF

tendency to preserve our good and inestimable constittl-
tion, and our dear Independence and sweet Liberty.
Be active and do not fail to fulfil our request.

John Rogers, Colonel.
To the Colo7iels of Lancaster county militia.
Hanover, November 28th, 1782.

Militia Meeting.

Present : Colonel Thomas Edwards, colonel Ziegler,
colonel Lowry, majors Cook, Kelly, Hays and Hare^
colonel Ross, Mr. Chambers, captain Ewing, captain J.
Hubley, colonel Rogers, Mr. Clark, captain Laird, colo-
nel Elder.

On motion, colonel Rogers was unanimously chosen,
chairman, and captain Joseph Hubley, secretary.

Colonel Rogers made a neat and appropriate speech,
explaining the objects of the meeting, that a rumor was
in circulation calculated to do nmch injury: " That the
President'' of the State of Pennsylvania was hostile
io the independence of Jlmerica.''^

On motion, this question was put to each battalion : Is
it the opinion of the members present, that they approve
of the appointment of John Dickinson, Esq. as President
of the State of Pennsylvania, or not ? Answer : The
members of the second battalion arc of opinion that a
better choice of a President could not be made.

Colonel Ziegler, same opinion; seventh battalion, same;
eighth battalion, same ; ninth battalion : we hope the

*Thc persons who presided over the Executive council of
Pcnnisylvania, from 1779 to 1790, were styled Trcsidents. The
llrst under the constitution of 1779, was Thomas Wharton ;
second, Joseph Read; third, John Dickinson; fourtli, Benja-
min Franlvlin ; (ifth, Thomas Mifllin. In 1790, a new constitu-
tion was adopted. Thomas Miilliii was elected governor, Octo-
ber 12tli 1790.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 423

Assembly have made a good choice, and if they have we
thank them. Colonel Elder agrees in opinion with the
ninth.

Resolved, unanimously. That the people have a right
to assemble together for their common good, to instruct
our Representatives, and to apply to the Legislature for
redress of grievances, by address, petition, or remon-
strance.

Resolved, unanimously. That in opinion of the deputies
from the different battalions now met, that the complex-
ion of the present House of Assembly is such that we
have no reason to doubt that the independence and con-
stitution of this state are safe, and that we highly approve
of his excellency, John Dickinson, Esq. as President.

Resolved, unanimously, That we approve of colonel
Rogers calling this meeting, as it has tended to remove
doubts and unjust charges that were in circulation to the
disadvantage of his excellency, the President of this state,
and two of our members of Congress, James Wilson and
John Montgomery, Esquires ; and we conceive such
meetings have a tendency to suppress false and malicious
reports, and that thereby virtue may meet with its just
reward, and vice be depicted in its true deformity.

Signed, John Rogers, chairman.

J. HuBLEY, secretary,

]\Ianheim, June 15th, 1783.

For the want of space, we are obliged to close, imper-
fect as it is, the sketch of some of those incidents which
occurred in this county during the Revolution, by noti-
cing some of the surviving Revolutionary soldiers, natives
of this county.

Still a few of the patriotic Revolutionary veterans are
living. Of this number is Mr. Philip Meek, of West
Lampeter township, now in his 87th year. At the ago

424 HISTORY OF

of nineteen, he entered under Captain George Grove, the
service of his country. He belonged to the " Flying
Camp," estabhshed on a resolution of Congress, passed
June 3, 1776, and consisted of ten thousand militia,
whereof Pennsylvania furnished 6,000, Maryland 3,400,
and Delaware 600, JNIcck was in several engage-
ments. He was in the bloody engagement on Long
Island, August 27, 1776, where Lord Percy and Grant
commanded the British and Hessians, and a division of
tlie American army was commanded by General Putnam.
At the White Plains, October 28, 1776, and at Fort Wash-
ington, November 1776. It was here Hezekiah Davis,
one of the lieutenants in the Flying camp of Pennsylva-
nia, was made prisoner, and held in captivity till Decem-
ber, 1780. After this engagement, M. went to New
Brunswick, and at the expiration of his tour of six
months, was dismissed. The sufferings he endured were
many ; and it is remarkable to see him now, far advan-
ced in life, to enjoy unusual health, and the full possession
of all his mental faculties, Mr, Meek was born in Lan-
caster county,

John Gantner, born in Lancaster, July 4th, 1761. At
the age of 17 enlisted in the service of the state of Penn-
sylvania, under the command of Captain John Ilubley;
under whose command he marched to Shamokin, and
several other places. After sustaining the hardships of a
winter campaign, he returned to Lancaster and was dis-
charged. He afterward joined Colonel Armand's corps;
was two years in the service of his country as a United
States regular, and after many skirmishes, fatiguing
marches, &.c. he was honorably discharged, Mr, Gant-
ner was a private in Captain Sliarp's company of
dragoons, and was on his march to Yorktown, whea
intelligence was received of the capture of Lord Corn-

LANCASTER COUNTY. 425

wallis ; they did not proceed to the place of destination.

George Leonard, also a native of this county, born
September 13, 1758, enlisted in 1776 under Captain Mat-
thew M'Donald in Philadelphia, having, however, served
nearly two months before as a militia man. He was
nearly three years in the service, and in several battles,
viz : at Trenton, Germantown, Princeton.

Peter Mauerer, born June 13. 1757, volunteered in
1776, under Captain John Henry, went to Philadelphia,
Trenton, and Elizabethtown, N. J. After a tour of two
months, he returned to Lancaster, and late in the fall,
under his former captain, v/ent to Pliiladelphia, thence to
Burlington, Trenton and Elizabethtown, where they
united with the main army in winter quarters — helped to
build a fort. After serving a second tour, returned to
Lancaster, and aided in guarding Hessian and otiier pris-
oners, where rising of two thousand were kept. When
the Hessian prisoners v/ere taken to New York to bo
exchanged for American prisoners, Peter Mauerer was
one of those who accompanied them. He saw Washing-
ton and La Fayette frequently during the war ; and in
1824 dined with La Fayette at Lancaster.

Pdter Shindlc, born April 29th, 1760, was also in the
Revolutionary service. He went in the capacity of a
fifer, in Ju!y 1776, under Captain Andrew Graaf, of Colo-
nel George Ross' regiment; and in September, 1777,
under Captain Stoever, of Greenawalt's regiment. He
was promoted to brigade fife major. He was present at
the battle of Brandywine and Germantov/n. He went
out a third time uader Captain William Wertz ; and in
1778, he voluntacred to aid taking the Hessian prisoners
of Lancaster to Piiiladelphia, in Captain App's company.

Jacob Hoover, of the city of Lancaster, enlisted in the
war of the Revolution in the year 1776, under captain

3G*

426 HISTORY OF

Bull of Carlisle ; and was in the battle of Long Island,
August, 1776; battle of Brandywine, Germantown,
Trenton and Monmouth, and several small skirmishes,
and was regularly discharged in the year 1779, hi Phila-
delphia.

In a preceding part of our book, we noticed David
Dieffenderfer and others. See page 207.

Notes. — The winter of 1780, is denominated the " Tlie Hard
Winter.^'' Ice was from 10 to 19 inches thick — frost penetrated
the ground from 4 to 5 feet. During this winter the ears of the
horned cattle, and the feet of hogs exposed to the air, were
frostbitten. Squirrels perished in their holes, and partriges
were often found dead. — Haz. 2; 379.

In 1781, Methodist ministers first visited Lancaster county ;
and in 17S2, what was then called "Lancaster circuit," was
formed, and the Rev. William Partridge appointed to it as
minister. It then contained seventy members of society ; the
Methodist Episcopal Church not yet having been organized.-—
Among the early ministers who preached in the count}-, may
be named : Reverends William Glendening, W. Jesup, Isaac
Robertson, W. Hunter, J. P. Chandler and Simon Miller, a
native of the county. — Goheen.

In 17S2, John F. MifRin, John Wilks Kittera and George
Thompson, were admitted at the bar of Lancaster, to practice
Jaw.

Ml nibcrs of Assembly for Lancaster county for 1777 : — Cur-
tis Grubb, Matthias Slough, George Ross and James Webb.
1778, John Gillchrist, Curtis Grubb, Alexander Lowrey, John
Smiley, James Anderson, William Brown. 1779, James An-
derson, John Smiley, John Gillchiist, Christopher Kuchcr,
James Cunningham, William Brown, sen., Emanuel Carpen-
ter, Jr., William Porter. 1780. John Whilehill, Emanuel Car-
penter, Jacob Cook, Christopher Kuchcr, James Anderson,
Adam Rcigart, James Cowden, Alexander Lowrey, Matthias
Slough, James Jacks. 1781, John Whilehill, Christopher
Kuclier, Jacob Cook, Jacob Carpenter, Abraham Scott, James
Jackp, Blatlhias Slough, William Brown, Jacob Krug, James
Mercer, James Porter, 1782, Joseph Montgomery, Christo-

LANCASTER COUNTY. 427

pher Kucher, John Whitehill, Samuel John Atlee, Abraham
Scott, James Jacks, John Craig, Matthias Slough, Curtis Grubb,
"William Brown, James Mercer. 1783, Abraham Scott, William
Brown, James Mercer, John Craig, Matthias Slough, Joseph
Work, Adam Orth, Adam Hubley, Jacob Cook, William Parr,
Robert Coleman.

CHAPTER X.

Lancaster county after the Revolution — Germans, and. those of Gei'man
extraction; views on education — Franklin College established — First
board of Trustees — Rcichenbach ; New Jerusalem Church ; the twelve
articles received by that church — Improvements great in the county —
Columbia laid out — Lancaster city, scat of government — Late war;
means of Lancaster county — Notes of variety.

Lancaster comity, in common with other comities of
this state, and the United States in general, during the
struggle of the Revolution, paid but little attention to
endowing and sustaining schools of advanced standing.
In this county, education for many years fell far short of
the wealth and leisure the citizens had to bestow upon
the education of their sons and daughters, beyond that of
a common school education. The citizens of this county,
principally Germans, have always entertained peculiar
views touching "college learning;" they ever preferred
being taxed to make ample provision for the erection of
poorhouses and hospitals, and the maintenance of the
unfortunate and poor, and cheerfully to pay towards
educating the children of the indigent, than to aid in
building college edifices, and endowing professorships. —
Shortly after the close of the Revolution, the subject of
education in this county received a new impulse.

In the year 1787, a number of citizens of this state, of
German birth and extraction, in conjunction with others,

428 nisTORY OF

from a desire to increase and perpetuate the blessings
derived to them from the possession of property and a
free government, apphed to the Legislature for a charter
of incorporation and a donation of lands, for the purpose
of establishing and endowing a college and charity school
in the borough of Lancaster. Their petition was granted ;
a board of trustees, as a corporate body, was established,
styled, in honor of his excellency, Benjamin Franklin,
Esq., " The trustees of Franklin college, in the borough
and county of Lancaster^

The first board of trustees were : the honorable Thomas
Mifflin, Hon. Thomas M'Kean, Rev. John H. C. Hel-
muth. Rev. Casper Weiburg, Rev. Henry Muhlenberg,
Rev. William Hendell, Rev. Nicholas Kurz, Rev. George
Troldiener, Rev. John Herbst, Rev. Joseph Hutchins,
Rev. Fred. Weyland, Rev. Albertus Helfcnstein, Rev. W.
Ingold, Rev. Jacob Van Buskirk, Rev. Abraham Blumer,
Rev. Fred. Dalecker, Rev. C. E. Schultz, Rev. F. V.
Meltzheimer, Messrs. John Hubley, Joseph Hiester, Cas-
per Schaffuer, Peter Hooffnagle, Christopher Crawford,
Paul Zantzinger, Adam Hubley, Adam Reigart, Jasper
Yeates, Stephen Chambers, Robert Morris, George Cly-
mer, Philip Wagner, William Bingham, William Hamil-
ton, William Ravv'le, Lewis Farmer, Christopher Kucher,
Philip Groenwaldt, Michael Hahn, George Stake, sen.,
John Musser.

Franklin college was located in North Queen street,
known for many years as "The old storehouse," now
as "Franklin row,* The college was opened for the
instruction of youth, in the German, English, Latin,
Greek ;uid other learned languages; in Theology, and in
the usclul arts, sciences and literature. It remained in a

*The compiler occupies (1843) one of the apartments of
*' Franklin row."

LANCASTER COUNTY. 429

flourishing condition for several years ; owing, however,
to some defect in the charter, and the pecuniary resources
of the trustees faiUng,it was suspended.*

Amon? the first teachers of this institution was WilUam
Reichenbach, a native of Saxony, a man of classical
attainments. In 1785, he left Germany; immediately on
his arrival at Lancaster, was appointed professor of
mathematics and German literature. About the same
time Henry Von Buelow, a native of Prussia, a German
nobleman, who had in his juvenile years adopted the
military profession, visited America and spent some time
in Lancaster. Buelow had embraced the peculiar views
of Em. Swedenborg,t and with a view to disseminate-

'See chapter XI on education.

f These views being so peculiar and not generally known^
we here devote a small space to presenting the leading doc-
trines of the New Jerusalem Cliurch. The founder of this
church was Emanuel Swedenborg, son of a bishop of Skara..
Emanuel was born 1689, at Stockholm. He was, it is admitted
by all, a learned and pious man. He died in 1772.

The following twelve articles are received by the New Jeru-
salem church :

I. That Jehovah God, the Creator and Preserver of heaven
and earth, is Love Itself and Wisdom Itself, or Good Itself and
Truth Itself: That he is One both in Essence and in Person,
in whom, nevertheless, is the Divine Trinity of Father, Son,
and Holy Spirit, wliich are the Essential Divinity, the Divine
Humanity, and the Divine Proceeding, answering to the soul,
the body, and the operative energy in man: And that the
Lord and Savior Jesus Christ is that God.

II. That Jehovah God himself descended from heaven, as
Divine Truth, which is the Word, and took upon him Human
Nature for the purpose of removing from man the power of
hell, and restoring to order all things in the spiritual world, and
all things in the church: That ho removed from man the
powers of hell, by combats against and victories over them ;
in which consisted the great work of Redemption: That by

430 HISTORY OP

them, he brought witli him, from Europe, a number of
New Cliurch works, for gratuitous distribution, and f jv
sale. Ueichenbach, on examining the doctrines, embra-
ced and avowed them openly. He afterwards published
several works on the doctrines of the New Church. One
entitled *,'lgathon, published in English and German,
which was favorably received.

From the efforts of Von Buelow, who afterwards re-

the same acts, which were his temptations, the last of which
was the passion of the cro-s, he united, in his Humanity, Divine
Truth to Divine Good, or Divine Wisdom to Divine Love, and
so returned into hi:? Divinity in which he was from eternity,
together with, and in, his Gloritied humanity ; whence he for-
ever keeps the infernal powers in subjection to himself; And
that all who believe in iiiin, with the understanding, from the
heart, and live acccu'dingly, will be saved.

III. That the Sacred Scripture, or Word of God, is Divine
Truth Itself; containing a Spiritual Sense heretofore un-
known, whence it is divinely Inspired and lioly in every syl-
lable; as well as a Literal Sense, which is the basis of its
Spiritual Sense, and in which Divine Truth is in its fulness, its
sanctity, and its power: thus that it is accommodated to the
apprehension both of angels and men: Tliat the spiritual and
natural senses ar.- united, by correspondences, like soul and
body, every natural expression and image answering to, and
including, a spiritual and divine idea: And thus that the
W(n'd is the medium of communication with heaven, and of
conjunction with the Lord.

IV. 'J'lial ihe government of the Lord's Divine Love and
Wisdom is the Divine Providence; whicli is universal, exer-
cised according to certain fixed laws of Order, and extending
to the minutest particulars of the lif(! of all men, hotii ol' the
good and of the evil: That in all its operations it lias respect
to what is iufniite and eternal, and makes no account of things
transitury but as they are subservient to eternal ends; thus, that
it mainly consists, with man, in the connection of things tem-
poral with things eternal; fur lliat the continual aim of the
Lord, by his J)ivinc Pruvidence, is to join man to himself and

LANCASTER COtJNTY. 431

turned to Europe, there arose a small band of brothers
about the year 1788, who hold the peculiar views of
baron Swt-denborg; among the first, besides count Buelow
and Reichenbach, in this county, who were receivers of
the doctrines of the New Jerusalem Church, were Fran-
cis Bailey and family, Mr. Eckstein, Jacob Carpenter, the
intimate friend of Buelow, Frederick Damish, a Saxon, a
teacher of music. There still exists in this county, a respect-

himself to man, that he may be able to give him the felicities
of eternal life: And that the laws of permission are also laws
of the Divine Providence; since evil cannot be prevented
without destroying the nature of man as an accountable agent;
and because, also, it cannot be removed unless it be known,
and cannot be known unless it appear: Thus, that no evil is
permitted but to prevent a greater: and all is overruled, by
the Lord's Divine Providence, for the greatest possible good.

V. That man is not life, but is only a recipient of life from
the Lord, who, as he is Love Itself and Wisdom Itself, is also
Life Itself; which life is communicated by influx to all in the
spiritual world, whether belonging to heaven or to hell, and to
all in the natural world; but is received differently by every
one, according to his quality and consequent state of re-
ception.

VI. That man, during his abode in the world, is, as to his
spirit, in the midst between heaven and hell, acted upon by
influences from both, and thus is kept in a state of spiritual
equilibiium between good and evil ; in consequence of which
he enjoys free-will, or freedom of choice, in spiritual things
as well as in natural, and possesses the capacity of either
turning himself to the Lord and his kingdom, or turning him-
self away from the Lord, and connecting himsjif with the
kingdom of darkness: And that, unless man had such free-
dom of choice, the Word would be of no use, the Church
would be a mere name, man would possess nothing by virtue
of wliich he could be conjoined to the Lord, and the cause of
evil nould be chargeable on God himself.

Vil. That man at this day is born into evil of all kinds, or
with tendencies towards it: That, therefore, in order to his

4'Sii "HISTORY or

able number of receivers and embracers of the New Church
doctrines. In point of intellect and activity, unsurpassed
by the same number, who, though few, did, unaided by
other religious denominations, purchase a lot of ground
in Lancaster city, and erected a neat New Jerusalem
temple, in 1837, in wliich stated meetings for religious
exercises are held. The exercises are conducted by a lay
member elected for that purpose. Th€ sacraments are

entering the kingdom of heaven, he must be regenerated' or
Created anew ; which great work is effected in a progressive
manner, by the Lord alone, by charity and faith as mediums,
during man's co-operation : That as all men are redeemed,
all are capable of being regenerated, ^and consequently saved,
every one according to his state: And that the regenerate
man is in communion with the angels of heaven, and the un-
regeneratc with the spirits of hell : But that no one is con-
demned for hereditary evil, any further than as he makes it
his own by actual life; whence all who die in infancy arc
saved, special means being provided by the Lord in the other
life for that purpose.

VIIL That Repentance is the first beginning of the Church^
in man ; and that it consists in a man's examining himself,
both in r(>gard to his deeds and his intentions, in knowing and'
acknowledging his sins, confessing tliem before the Lord, sup-
plicating liim for aid, and beginning a new life: That to this
end, all evils, whether of affection, of thought, or of life, are
to be abhorred and shunned as sins against God, and because
they proceed from infernal spirits, who in the aggregate arc
called the Devil and Satan ; and that good affections, good
thoughts, and good actions, are to be cherished and p(>rformed,
because they are of God and from God : That these things are
to be done by man as of himself; nevertheless, under the ac-
knowledgment and belief, that it is from the Lord, operating in
him and by him: That so far as man shuns evils as sins, so
far they are removed, remitted, or forgiven ; so far also he does
good, not from himself, but from the Lord; and in the same
degree he loves truth, has faith, and is a spiritual man: And
that the Dc.'calogue teaches what evils arc sins.

m

LANCASTER COUNTY. 433

■administered by a regularly ordained minister, who visits
the congregation as often as the wants of the chm-ch
demand.

From and after the year 1785, Lancaster county began
to improve rapidly; towns in various parts of the county
were laid out. Samuel Wright laid out the town of Co-
lumbia in 1787, and in a few years afterwards others
were laid out. Agriculture and commerce prospered. —

IX. That Charity, Faith, and Good Works, are unitedly ne-
cessary to man's salvation ; since charity, without faith, is not
spiritual, but natural; and faith, without charity, is not living,
but dead ; and both charity and faith, v»ithout good works, are
merely mental and perishable things, because without use or
fixedness: And that nothing of faith, of charity, or of good
works, is of man ; but that pU is of the Lord, and all the merit
is his alone.

X. That Baptism and the Holy Supper are sacraments of
divine institution, and are to be permanently observed ; Bap-
tism being an e.vternal medium of introduction into the Church,
and a sign representative of man's purification and regenera-
tion ; and the Holy Supper being an external medium, to those
who receive it worthily, of introduction, as to spirit, into
heaven, and of conjunction with the Lord ; of which also it is
a sign and seal.

XL That immediately after death, which is only a putting off
of the material body, never to be resumed, man rises again in
a spiriiUaJ or substantial body, in which he continues to live to
eternity ; in heaven, if his ruling affections, and thence his
life, have been good ; and in hell, if his ruling affections, and
thence his life, have been evil.

XIL That Now is the time of the Second Advent of the
Lord, which is a Coming, not in Person, but in the power and
glory of his Holy Word : That it is attended, like his first
Coming, vviih the restoration to order of all things in the spiri-
tual world, v/here the wonderful divine operation, commonly
expected under the name of the Last Judgment, has in conse-
quence been performed ; and with the preparing of tlie way
for a New Church on the earth, — the first Christian Church

37

434 HISTORY OP

All was tranquility till 1 794, when the Whiskey insun-ec-
tion took place iu the western part of Pennsylvania;
many in this county began to fear that the stability of our
government was not immovable, but their apprehensions
were removed before the expiration of that year. From
that period down to the present, there is little of special
interest in the history of the county that is not common
to the adjacent and even more distant counties of the
state, except that Lancaster city was the capital of the
state from December 1799, till 1812, when the seat of
government was removed to Ilarrisburg. The law for
locating the seat of government at the latter place, was
approved 21st February, ISIO ; and the offices were re-
moved from Lancaster 12th October, 1S12. The com-
missioners for that purpose were Robert Harris, George
Hoyer, George Ziegler,

During the late war of 1812, '13, '14, no county in the
state was more ready to meet the exigencies of the times
than the militia and volunteers of Lancaster county. —
Companies were raised, and prepared to confront the
hauglity invaders of our country, and effectually to curb
the proud Dritons in their headlong course against our
eommon country.

Lancaster county, though of limited territory, has all

having sphitually come to its end or consmmnation, thrcugh
evils of hfe and errors of doctrine, as foretold by the Lprd in
the Gospels: And that this New or Second Christian Church,
which vill be the Crown of all Cliurchcs, and will stand for
ever, is what was representatively seen by John, when he
beheld llic holy city. New Jerusalem, descending from God out
of heaven, prepared as a bride adorned for her hiishand.

The writings of Swedcnborg, in German, English and
French, and oilier New Church pul)Iicat.ions, can bo had at
their Book Depository, kept by F. J. KuAMru, merchant tailor,
Lancaster, Pa.

LANCASTER COUNTT. 435

the elements, natural, physical, moral and intellectual, if
these are properly cultivated, to secure to itself a niche of
distinction in the Keystone State.

Notes. — The winter of 1784, was considered one of the
hardest winters for forty years. The same year there was a
high flood of the Susquehanna.

Travelling in 1784. This year Frederick Schaeffer establish-
ed a travelling accommodation stage, which occupied three
days in returning to and from Philadelphia.

In 1792 the turnpike from Lancaster to Philadelphia, 62 miles
in length, was commenced, and finished in 1794 — cost $465,000;
at about $7,516 per mile.

Population of Lancaster county in 1790. Free white male
persons of 16 years and upwards, including heads of families,
9,713; free white males under 16 years, 8,070; free white
females, including heads of families, 17,471; all other free
pei'sons, 545; slaves, 348 — total 30.179.

Members of Assembly from Lancaster county : — 1789, James
Clemson, John Hopkins, Henry Dering, James Cunningham,
Jacob Erb, John Miller. 1790, James Cunningham, Williaai
Webb, Abraham Carpenter, Jacob Erb, John Breckbill,

436 HISTORY OF

CHAPTER XI.

EiivrATK.N: — Preliminary remarks; Importance of general cilupalion—
Vicr.s cf tlio coIoiiiKls — Mcnnonilrs' views of education — Scotrli-Irish
settlers, made at first liltic preiaraiion, &c. till 179S — First schools in the
town of Lancaster — Lutheran and Germnn Kcformed churches have
schools under their ausjjiccs — Rev. M. Schlatter indefatigahle in his efforts to
establish schools — Extract from Coctuale proceedings of 1760 — Tnibtees
and managers of public sc'.ioois — Germans patriotic, modest and unas-
suming, &c. — Ludwig Hacker establishes a Sabbath school at Ephrata—
German ela.'.-sical school at Ephrata — Academy at Ephrata — A«ideniy at
Liti:; — Select Academy at J.ancaster — Franklin college, &c. — Private
schools and aradamies in various reclics^.s of tlic counly — A.n act for tbo
education of children in the borough of Lancaster^-The Mechanics' So-
ciety— Classical Academy ; Lancaster (Jounty Aradcmy ; Classical Acad-
emics in the counly — Seminaries; Common Schools; Sabbath Schools,
Lyceums, &c.

The permanency of all Rcprvblics, depends upon the en-
lightenment of the people. As education is therefore encour-
aged or neglected, so will their foundations be sure and stable,
or loose and unsettled ; and it is diiricult to say, ■whether in
Uieir moral relations or political privileges, this truth is most
self-evident. The certainty, stability and perpetuity of a re-
publican government, with all its vast machinery of offices and
officers, such as the efficient administration of the government
by the Executive, the judicious and wholesome e.\ercise of its
powers by the Legislature, the j)ron)pt and energetic adminis-
tration of justice by faitiiful Judges, and above all, the just de-
termination of the rights of parties by impartial Jurors, must
depend alone upon tiic people. There is no otlicr foundation
upon wliich the structure can rest. Tiiis constitutes its chief
excellence, its greatest strcngih.

In a government then such as ours, based as it is upon ac-
knowledged democratic principles, in the theory and practice
of which, it is admitted that the peoj)le arc the source of all
power, making and unmaking at stated intervals all their func-
tionaries, from the Chief magistrate of the nation, down to tho

LANCASTER GOUNTY. 437

humblest officer created by a Borough charter, the necessity of
having that same people educated, will not for a moment be
questioned. For, as they are enlightened or unenlightened, so
will their government be elevated in character, or depressed
in a corresponding degree. Called upon as they are, to the
frequent exercise of the elective franchise, and thus necessarily
to judge of men and measures, their course of action must be
determined, either by each man's own personal examination
iflto the character of the one, and a careful investigation into
the propriety or expediency of the other, or else it must be
suggested and fixed by the advice and opinions of others. And
what a prolific source of abuse is this. It is seldom indeed
that such advice is honest, for the most part it is the gratuitous
oflFering of interested men. How shall those whose minds are
obscured by the clouds of ignorance, be capable of discrimina-
ting between the correctness and incorrectness of questions
of public policy ] How shall they judge between the patriot
and the ambitous, self-aggrandizing demagogue 1 Are they
competent to arrive at a proper decision of the various compli-
cated questions, necessarily arising for their determination, and
by a reference to which, their choice is to be regulated in ths.
selection of officers and representatives'? Let the people be
educated, and thus each individual will be rightly impressed
with the important truth, that his own interests are identified
with those of the State. For no government is so free as that
which is upheld by the affections of the people, and no com-
munity so happy as that in which the youth, by proper educa-
tion, are disciplined to the exercise of all those moral virtues
that ennoble human nature.

So thought and so acted, almost all of the early settlers of
nearly every state in the Union. Although Colonists it is true,
and perhaps entertaining not even the most remote idra of a
separate existence, at any period of time, as a nation, they
were in their Colonial government, if not essentially, at least
partially Democratic. Returning by a popular vote, their own
Representatives, and — with the exception of their Governors—,
the greater part of all their prominent oflicers, they felt the
necessity of so enlightening this first great power, that at a
very early day, schools and institutions of learning were estab-
lished and founded by voluntary contribution? among them. —

37*

438 HISTORY OF

Such is tlic history of the Turitans of New England, the Roman
Catholics of Maryland, the Quakers of P ennsylvai:ia and the
Huguenots of the Carolinas, True, their first efforts in this
respect were feeble. The country was new, and surrounded
as the inhabitants were by savage foes, the first elements of
education wliich the children obtained, were communicated by
the parents themselves, in the midst of dangers and unexam-
pled hardships. Ey degrees however, as the difierent settle-
ments increased in number and strength, schoolswcre establish-
ed fur the instruction of the children, in the ordinary branch-
es of the education of tlic country from whence the parents
had emigrated; and as in time, wealth began to flow in upon the
Colonists, schools, academies and cullcges came to Le endow-
ed either by individual liberality or Logisldtivo munificence. —
Truly the good seed sown thus early by the settlers, has yielded
abundantly, "some thirty, some sixty and some an hundred
fold."

In general terms and fewer words, we have thus described
the progressive history of the educatiun of almost every com-
munity in the United States. In some parts we admit, the ad-
vance has been accelerated more perhaps by the comparative
extent of t!io information of tlio first emigrants an 1 the dimin-
ished number of obstacles encountered by them in subduing
the country, than from any other cause. Under ordinary cir-
cumstances, this might therefore suffice for the object to which
the present chapter is devoted; but as it is intended to pre-
sent to t!:c reader, a detailed account (fall matters of sufficient
importance and worthy of being embodied in a woik of this
kind, it is uiir duty as a faithful historian, to enter into details.

As has been already shewn in a former part of this work,*
the first settlement of any extent in Lancaster county, was
made by tlie German Slcnnoniles in I'^OO and "10 in tlic neigh-
borhood of Willow-street, in Lampeter and Conestoga town-
.ships. Tiicy v.ere — as their descendants still are — a highly
moral and religious people. Holding rcace-princijilcs, and
taking very little if any jjart in the alVairs of government, they
taught tlieir young men, that the first great duty of life, was
for var\i iwjw If) mind his own husinei:s. Practising upon this
maxim, they encouraged indu>jtry by their own examples, and

•J'age 71 aiitca.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 439

discouraged ambition by a representation of the evils neces-
sarily following in its train. Devoting themselves and their
families to religion, they labored and were happy. Spurning
alike the honors and emoluments of office, they kept on in the
even tenor of their way, rejoicing. Why then should they
spend much time in Literary pursuits'! They were farmers,
why waste time precious to them, in the acquisition of
that which when obtained, to a people of such simple habits
of life and so unassuming, could be of no present or conceiv-
able advantaged Thus reasoned the father, so argued the sons,
and as a consequence, learning was — with the exception of so
much as barely enabled them to read the Bible and the Psalm-
book, to v/rite a little in the German and master the three first
rules in Arithmetic — not only neglected but absolutely dis-
couraged by them. Although there has been a vast improve-
ment in the Society for the better in this respect; and notwith-
standing; many of its members possess superior abilities and
attainments, still the same opinions are entertained by the
Society at large ; and while almost every other sect has made
its efforts towards the establishment of Academies, Colleges,
and Theological Seminaries, they have been content to walk
in the ways of their fathers, and to hear "the word of life"
expounded, by men of as simple tastes and habits as them-
selves. Let no man here reproach them with hostility to
learning for learning's sake, for such a reproach will be as
unjust as it is undeserved. They oppose its extension among
their youth, beyond what we have already stated, .simply
because in their estimation, it begets a state of life inconsist-
ent with their profession of religion. Of them it may be truly
said, they worship God, not only in the "beauty " but also in
the simplicity of " of holiness."

In the year 1717* a settlement was commenced on the banks
of the Octorara Creek, by a party of uhat are now known as
"the Scotch-Irish." They had many difficulties to encounter,
for besides being destitute of any large amount of this world's
goods, they had the misfortune of settling upon a soil by no
means so fertile or so kind as that secured by their more for-
tunate fellow emigrants — the German Mcnnonites. From ne-
-cessity and poverty, they made but little progress in the estab-

•Page 117 antea.

440 HISTORY OP

lishnieiit of schools for the education of their 3'outh ; and at
no time until about the year 1798, was there any effort made to
support a classical and mathematical school among tli(;in. —
Their progress however in this respect, on a comparison, will
be found to bo but little behind even the boasted elTorts of the
colony at Plymouth, They and tlieir descendants have always
been justly regarded as among the most intelligent people of
Lancaster county.

The Borough, now the city of Lancaster, as we have seenf
^as originally founded in 1730. The first lot holders were
Quakers and English Protestants ; but before any settled plan,
other than the ordinary schools supported by voluntary sub-
scription could be adopted by them for the education of youth^
German Protestants from the upper and lower Pahitinates,
holding the doctrines of the Lutheran and German Reformed
Churches, with all their attachments — strong and powerful a,s
they arc — emigrated to this flourishing and prosperous town.
Entering at once upon the business of life as Tradesmen and,
Mechanics they labored with all the indomitable perseverance
of the Saxon character, until by an increase of numbers from
additional emigrations and the accumulation of a little wealth,
they weie enabled to build a Lutheran and also a German
Reformed church fur the accommodation of themselves ^nd
tliose holding the doctrines of these respective churches. The
first great duty with these people, was the erection and dcdi-:
cation of Houses of Worship to Almighty God. The next, was
to supply them with those who should minister to their sj)iritual
wants in holy things; and the third but co-equal duty with the
latter, was to secure the services ot a competent School-mas-
ter, to instruct their children in the elements of a good German
education.

At no part of this History better than the present, can it
with greater propriety be observed, that almost co-cxistcnt
with tile establishment of the first Lutheran churches in Ger-
many and of the Reformed churches in Switzerland and Hol-
land, tli'-re sprang up a custom among their members peculiar
to themselves. Each congregation was regarded as a spiritual
municipal corporation, and among other duties performed by
those living its controul or government, in order that "the

■|-Pugo312 aiitca.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 441

word might not perish for lack of knowledge among the
people," they employed a competent teacher, to instruct the
youth of both sexes, without any regard whatever to the wealth
or standing of the parents in society. Generally each church
was supplied with an organ — indeed this instrnment was re-
garded as indispensable to the proper worship of the Almighty,
and tlie person employed to perform upon it during divine
service, was required to unite with his skill and knowledge as
a mu.-ician, the profession of a School-teacher. He usually
received a stated salary, and was furnished with proper accom-
dations for his school, himself and family at the common cost
of the congregation. In return for this, and in addition to his
duty as an organist — as has been shewn — he was required to
teach the children of the congregation upon such terms as the
vestry might from time to time determine. The sum thus fixed,
was paid to him by the parents of such of the children, as
were able to afford it, while the children of those who were
in indigent circumstances, were taught the same branches
without charge and in consideration of the salary paid by the
congregation. This mode of educating their own poor, by a
system so simple, was regarded as a religious duty. It was so
taughtfrom generation to generation, through successive years ;
and when the two churches we have referred to, were founded
in Lancaster, the Lutheran A. D. 1734 and the German Re-
formed A. D. 1736, it was not forgotten.

As may well be supposed, the schools thus established were
not at first very far advanced, beyond the ability to impart a
knowledge of what are now known as the first rudiments of a
common education, but in a few years, they attained to some
eminence, and from being originally intended only for the
benefit of the children of their particular churches, they came
to be multiplied and extended, for the benefit of all the inhabi-
tants of the Borough and adjacent country. So rapidly indeed
had the scholars increased, and with so much success were the
schools conducted, under the united efiorts and persevering
industry of the Pastors of the Lutheran and German Reformed
congregations, that from about the year 174.5 to 1784, they were
almost the onlyschoolsof characteria the county — except those
at Ephrata and Litiz, of which we shall speak hereafter. During
the earlier part of this time, great interest was taken in the es-

443 HISTOKY OP

tablishmcut of Schools in America, by the Highest Ecclesias-
tical bodies of these two Churches in Europe. By the Reform-
ed Synod of Amsterdam, Sclioolmastcrs were sent out for the
instruction — and German Bibles and otlier religious books for-
warded to meet the wants of the community not only at Lan-
caster but throughout Pennsylvania, Maryland and New York.

In the Ca3tuale proceedings of the Reformed church in Hol-
land, for the year 1700, we iind a Report dated May 20, A. D*
1760, in which, among other things, it is stated as follows: ^
"We begin with Lancaster. After Mr. Stoy came here, A. D. ,^.
1758, in the month of October, he found about one hundred ^
families that belonged to the church. He has baptized since ^o
that time to the month of May, 17C0, one hundredy^lnstruc!M-
forty young persons in llic confession of faith, and received
them as communicants. At present sixty children attend the
school."*

For years anterior to the time wc arc writing of, the minis-
ters of the German Reformed church in America as well as in
Europe, were among the most learned of all Divines. Essen-
tially Calvinislic in their doctrines, they were necessarily able
and astute polemics. Called upon as they were dail)^ to combat
the errors of the Romish, and to explain the difference and
defend their doctrines from those of the Lutheran church —
which also ranked among its ministers men of great learning
and erudition — f they were constrained to search the Scrip-

*It is worlliy of remark licro. that all the proceedings, reports, &c., of the
Synoils of tliis ( 'liDrcli wore, until toward the close of tiic ] 8lh Century, con-
(lucteil in llie Latin or Dutch languages: 'J'hc report spoken of in the text,
is in tli<> Dutch iJniJ as follows, viz:

" Wy niaken den et liecin met Lancaster. Nadien Domine Stoy. A. D.
1758 in dc Maand Octuli: daar hen (luani, zoo vond liy onitrent een hundred
IIuislioudiiiKcn, die tol die Kerkc Ix luioren. Ily lieclft /int die 1yd tot de
Maand Mey 17G0daar gedoopt 116 Kinderen ; 40 jongs personcn in die
Ocloofe Uelydenisse ondcrweeren, en tot Ledeniaten aangcnomen. In die
School gan legenwoordig GO Kindcre:

■jTlie Kev. Henry M. Mulilenlierg, for a long time the pastor of the Lu-
theran Congregation at I'liiladelphia, spoke the Latin with great fluency.
He also preached in tiie Sweedish, Dutch, German, French and English
languages. He wan a profound linguist, and was familiar with the Greek
und Hebrew.

LANCASTER COUNTT. 443

tUres and to read the Fathers in the original.* To do so effectu-
ally, they devoted themselves to the study not only of the dead
but also of the living languages; so necessary was this know-
ledge considered, that with but few exceptions, none but rare
and ripe scholars were found in her pulpits. Hence, the deep
and intense interest manifested for the education of the youth,
in such of the Lord's vineyards as were planted by their hands.

We have already shewnf that about the year 1752, the Gov-
ernor of Pennsylvania, Chief Justice Allen, Mr. Peters, Secre-
tary of the Land Office, Messrs. Turner, Benjamin Franklin
and Conrad Wuiser, were appointed trustees and managers of
the public schools, which it was intended to establish in the
province. Previous to tliis time however, a large number of
schools were in successlul operation in several counties, and in
the town of Lancaster particularly, through the active exer-
tions of the Rev. Michael Schlatter. He was a German Re-
formed minister, and cams out at the expense of the Reformed
Synod of Amsterdam, A. D. 1746, for this single purpose. It
is more than probable, that the schools which it is alleged these
trustees established at Lancaster and elsewhere, were only
branches of those already in operation under his auspices, and
the enterprise of the Lutheran and German Reformed con-
gregations, for it is a well known fact, that the plan of the trus-
tees named, did not succeed, and the schools soon fell back
under their original charge.

"The Germans are a patient, modest and unassumirlg peo-
ple. Their character is either imperfectly understood or wil-
fully misrepresented. For their attachment to learning and
their untiring efforts in the cause of education, they receive but
httle credit, even from those whose acquaintance wit!i the
facts — independent of their German origin — should prompt
them upon all occasions, to become tlicir readiest defenders. —
How many valuable hints have we — whose mother tongue is
the English — not received "from this loo-lightly estimated peo-
ple 1 How many schemes for the dissemination of knowledge
among men," have they not successfully devised, and other
iiations as well as ourselves, as successfully put into operation,

*l'iipy not unfrcquent!}' conversed in Latin and all their correspondence
was conJuctoJ clilcfly in tli.it tongue. Vide also page 225 antea.
^Page 259 antea.

444 nisTony df

without so much as crcdiling the source from whence derived?
Nay more, how often is it that they and we have seized upon
a plan devised by them for the education of youth — crude,
and it may be ill-digested, because of its novelty — and im-
proving upon it, liave as unceremoniously and unblusliiugly
claimed for ourselves, tiie credit of the discovery ! Witii no
other people would it have been attempted ; and they
have submitted to the moral wrong, only because they re-
joiced more in the good that followed to others, than in the en-
joyment of the honor that was due to the discovery, for them-
selves."*

We are led to introduce these remarks, in consequence of
our now approaching a period in the history of education in
Lancaster county, where we are, as a faithful historian, to claim
for — comparatively speaking — an obscure German, the honor
not only of suggesting, but also of successfully carrying into
practical operation, the never-to-be-too-much-encouraged Sab-
bath Schools of the present day. About the year 1740, af
German by the name of Ludwig Hacker, a man of much
learning and great piety, the teacher of the school which had
been previously established by tlie society of Seventh-day
Baptists at Eph rata, proposed the plan of holding a school in
the afternoon of their Sabbath, which was and is, the seventh
instead of the lirstday of the week. It was at once carried out
by the brethren into practical operation, and continued to dis-
pense its blessings among the children of the neighborhood,
until September 1777, when — alter the batth; of Brandywine —
the room used for the school, was w ith the whole building, con-
verted into a military hospital for the accommodation of the
American soldiers wounded upon that sanguinary field. After
this event, the school was never again opened; but the plan
years afterwards, was revived in England ; and the poor Ger-
man scholar, Ludwig Hacker who sleeps in the bosom of his
mother earth, without a stone to mark his resting place, is for-
gotten in the praises and blessings which are lavished upon
the memory of him| who but resuscitated and improved upon
his plan.

•MSS. by Geuhge Fjul, Esq.
jRobcrt Kiiikcs.
^Page 2;M anlca,

LANCASTER COUNTY. 445

In a former part of this work* the efforts of this society in
the extension of knowledge, have been already shewn. Co-
existent with their change of life from a conventicle to a mon-
astic one, A. D. 1733 a school for the education of themselves
and their youth in German and Classic Literature, was estab-
lished. It was of course local in its operations, and its advanta-
ges never became to any extent known to the public ; but its
reputation and the ability of its teachers, are attested by the
many evidences of their skill and proficiency, remaining
among the archives of the society. The school thus estab-
lished, continued its beneficial operations until with the grad-
ual decay of the society, it was finally suspended. Thus it
remained until after the passage of an Act by the Legislature
of the State, February 21, 1814, iacorjjorating the few members
which yet remained of the society. With a pious reverence
for the memories and virtues of their fathers, and desirous of
emulating, as far as practicaWe, the efforts made by them in
their day and generation, these survivors, chiefly through the
active exertions of Mr. William Konigmacher, by virtue of the
provisions of tiie act referred to, and also of others subse-
quently passed for the purpose, started an acadamy where the
English and German languages, mathematics and other
branches are successfully taught.

Like tlieir German brethren at Ephrata, the Moravians at
Litiz, vi-ere and still arc the devoted friends of Education. —
Their first settlement at Warwick, A. D. 1743, was marked by
the establishment of a school under the charge of their min-
ister, the Rev. Leonard Schnell,f a German of considerable
literary attainments ; and when at length in 1754, a monastic
life was determined on, and the village of Litizin consequence
thereof founded, their school had attained to some local emin-
ence. In the year 1762, it was removed to the latter place,
and there continued until A. D. 1794,|; when it was divided
into two departments, one for each sex. Out of the Female
department, the now justly celebrated Young Ladies Semi-
nary, sprung into existence as a Boarding school, v/ith what

■*Page 216 antea.
f Page 310 antea.
iP^gs 316 antea.

38

446 HISTORY OF

success and how much benefit to the community, its present
widely extended reputation will best attest.

The school for the education of the male youth of the soci-'
ety and adjacent country, continued its operations until in the
year 1815,* when it was assigned to Mr. John Beck, the pre-
sent able and indefatigable principal — a gentleman of ac-
knowledged ability, of great goodness of heart, enthusiastical-
ly devoted to his profession, and remarkable for the fatherly
care and affection which he has always evinced for his pupils,
the school grew rapidly into public favor under his superin-
tendence ; and at this day, its reputation is deservedly high as
an academy where the English and German languages. Mathe-
matics, Chemistry, Astronomy and all the sciences are taught
with unsurpassed skill, to young men from almost every State
in the Union.

We now return once more to the movements of the friends
of educatiun, in the borough of Lancaster. Being the metrop-
olis of the county, we must judg« of the progress of know-
ledge in the rural districts by the encouragement given to
learning in this local Capital. About the year 1780, Jasper
Ycates, Esq., Casper Shaflner, Esq., Col. George Ross, Charles
Hall, Esq., and other gentlemen of the place, finding that the
existing Schools under the charge of the Lutheran and German
Reformed Congregations, as also the one established a number
of years previous by the Moravians, and conducted upon the
same plan, were inadequate to the growing wants of the people,
and incapable of teaching the higher branches, engaged the
services of a teacher of recommended abilities, to conduct a
select academy for the education of their male children. This
Academy continued in existence for several years, as the High
School of the place, until, owing to the violent temper of the
teacher and the many indignities which he oifered to the pupils
under his charge, it was finally suspended. This school sugges-
ted the idea of establishing another; but upon a surer basis,
under tlie control ui' Trustees by an act of incorporation, and
ultimately begat the application to the Legislature for the incor-
poration of" Franklin College."

On the 10th of March, A. 0^-1787,* the General Assembly of

•Page 318 autea.

■j-2 Sm. laws, page 398.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 447

the State, granted the prayer of the petitioners, and passed an
act with the following title : " An act to incorporate and endow
the German College and Charity School in the borough of
Lancaster, in this State." The Preamble of the act explains
the object which it was intended to effect, and is in the follow-
ing words, viz : " Whereas, the citizens of this State of German
birth or extraction, have eminently contributed, by their indus-
try, economy and public virtues, to raise the State to its present
happiness and prosperity: And, whereas, a number of citizens
of the above description, in conjunction with others, from a
desire to increase and perpetuate the blessings desired to them
from the possession of property and a free government, have
applied to this House for a charter of Incorporation, and a do-
nation of lands, for the purpose of establishing and endowing
a College and Charity School, in the borough of Lancaster.
And, whereas, the preservation of the principles of the Chris-
tian Religion, and of our Republican form of Government in
their purity, depend, under God, in a great measure, on the
establishment and support of suitable places of education, for
the purpose of training up a succession of youth, who by being
enabled fully to understand the grounds of both, may be led
the more zealously, to practice the one, and the more strenu-
ously to defend the other. Therefore, &c." Here then follow
the different sections of the act, the prominent features of
which are these : §2. That the youth shall be taught in the
German, English, Latin, Greek and other learned languages,
in Theology, in the usL'ful arts, sciences and Literature. The
corporate title shall be "Franklin College," in honor of His
Excellency Benjamin Franklin, Esquire, President of the Su-
preme Executive Council, &c. The first Trustees are named
and incorporated with the usual powers. Yearly income not
to exceed £10,000. The annual meeting of the trustees to be
at Lancaster, nine of them to be a quorum and to appoint thefr
own officers. The Principal, vice Principal or Professors
while they remain such, are not to hold the office of trustee.
The style and powers of the faculty are prescribed. Proper^
tion of Trustees how to be chosen, and Principal to be chosen
alternately from the Lutheran or Calvinist Churches. Seat of
Trustee being a Clergyman, to be filled with another Clergy-,
man, but the proportion of Lutheran and Calvinist trustees to

448 HISTORY OP

be invariably preserved. Trustees empowered to appoint
other officers not named in the charter, to fix salaries, &c.
Misnomer not to defeat any gift &c., nor non-user to create a
forfeiture, fee. ^3. The Constitution not to be altered but by
the Legislature. ^4. The College endowed with 10,000 acres
of land, &c.

Under this charter and a donation subsequently granted by
an act of Assembly, consisting of an old military store-house
and two lots of ground in the borough of Lancaster, worth
about >5;2GOO, the College went into operation, A. D. 1786, as
a Grammar School, with a Professor of the Latin and Greek lan-
guages, and also a Professor of Mathematics. The first pro-
fessor was a German by the name of Melsheimer. Ardently
attached to literary pursuits, he strove long and earnestly to
create a proper taste for them, among the Germans and tlieir
descendants. To some extent he succeeded, for under his
management the Hohe Schule* prospered fur a little while ;
but continually owing to the want of a proper management of
its finances, it afterwards gradually declined, until^about the
year 1821, when it ceased all further practical operations:
But it was not doomed to sleep in inglorious inactivity, like
the Phoenix from her ashes, it was destined to rise again with
renewed usefulness, as we shall hereafter shew, when through
the prudence of its Trustees, its funds should be carefully hus-
banded, and their ability to support its existence from the
income, would be undoubted.

In the meanwhile, private schools and academies were estab-
lished and supported in the Borough and various sections of
the county, but no organized or settled system being adopted
for their government, none of them attained to any eminence.
It is true, large numbers of poor children in the county, as
well as the city, were educated free of expense, pursuant to
the provisions of the act of Assembly of April 4, A. D. 1809,t
entitled "An act for the education of the poor gratis;" but
such education, owing to the general incompetency of the
teachers, was exceedingly limited. The system established by
this act, having been found in its pracficaloperation, tobe both
expensive and inadequate to the wants of the people in the

*Anglice-I!igh School.

j5 Sm. laws, pages 73 and 74.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 449

city of Lancaster, another act was passed by the Legislature
on the 1st day of April, A. D. 1822,' entitled "An act to
provide for the education of children at the public expense,
within the city and incorporated Boroughs of the County of
Lancaster." By the provisions of this act, the city and incor-
porated boroughs of the county, were erected into a school
district, by the name, style and title of the " Second School
District of the State of Pennsylvania." Twelve Directors were
to be annually appointed by the Court of Quarter Sessions of
the County — their duties and powers were prescribed — the ad-
mission of children regulated — the Lancasterian system ordered
to be adopted — the expenses provided foi — the duty of the
County Commissioners set forth, and the division of the
district into sections whenever required — how to be done. —
Under this act, the first and only section of the district was com
posed of the city of Lancaster.

The Directors appointed by the Court of Quarter Sessions,
proceeded at once, to purchase a lot of ground, erect a large
and commodious school house, employ male and female teach-
ers, admit scholars, and in pursuance of the law, adopting the
Lancasterian system of education, opened their schools with
thehighesthopes of success. In this they were not disappointed.
The plan worked so well, that the city of Lancaster until lately
did not become an accepting school district under the provisions
of the general school law of June 13, A. D. 1830.f But the
expense of erecting a school-house, and of continuing the
schools, being borne out of the County treasury, it never
ceased, because of its partiality, to be a source of complaint
on the part of the inhabitants of the county. JN'evertheless,
the schools — maie and female departments — continued in ope-
ration under this special law — with all their objectionable
features as pauper schools — until in the month of May, A. D,
1838, when, in pursuance of the provisions of certain Resolu-
tions, passed by the Legislature on the 14th day of April, A. D.
1838,1 the inhabitants, by a popular vote, determined upon an
acceptance of the Common School System, modified and adopt-
ed to their circumstances by the Hesolulions already referred to.

«7 Sm. laws, 538..

tPam, laws 1835-36, page 525.

4Pam. laws 1837-8, page 686.

38*

450 HISTORY OP

Upon the result of this vote being made known, the Board of
Directors was organized, and through their indefatigable exer-
tions, schools have been established so nunncrous and so well
graded, that every child in the city can be educated " without
money and without price," to an extent which but fifty years
ago was seldom attained even by the children of wealthy
parents.

While upon this subject, it may as well be observed, that a
deep and growing interest in the cause of education is mani-
festing itself daily, in the rural districts, for out of thirty-three
school districts in the county, eighteen in 1842, had accepted
the provisions of the Common School law.*

It must not be supposed while these efforts were making to
instruct the great mass of the children of Lancaster county in
the elementary branches of an English education, the inhab-
itants were unmindllil of the higher and more difficult ones. —
We shall speak of these hereafter. Thus have the exertions of
the friends ot education been crowned with eminent success,
in the establishment and support of Common Schools, as well
in many parts of the county as in the city of Lancaster.

While these movf;mcnts were making for tlie extension of
learning to and among the children of the town and county, a
number ot Master Mechanics of the city, perceiving that their
apprentices were destitute of the means of mental improve-
ment, and taught by their own <:xpericnce, that idleness is the
prolific source of vice— a rock upon which has stranded the
highest hopes and fondest expectations of parents and friends —
with a commendable determination to project some plan, by
which the leisure hours of their apprentices might be rationally
employed, convened a public meeting for consultation and
advice upon this subject, on the evening of July 8, A. D. 1829.
At this meeting Hugh Maxwell, Esq. presided; and out of it
soon grew "The Mechanics Society." A constilution was
soon alter formed, agreed upon and submitted to t?ic Supreme
Court, by which a charter was decreed. May 26, A. D. 1831. —
Having thus procured a legal existence, the society soon went
into active operation. By voluntary contributions, a Library
was conunenced and has gone on increasing in sizeaud valuc»

•9lli annual Roport of the SuiH'iintcndcnt of Coninir n School?.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 451

until it now numbers near 2,000 volumes, besides a valuable
collection of maps, globes, philosophical apparatus, &c. &c.

The Library soon became the centre of attraction to the
apprentices, and an improvement morally as well as mentally,
became apparent in their habits and condition. Increasing in
strength and character, the society found it necessary to
procure a Hall for their accommodation, in which a system of
"popular instruction, by familiar lectures," was soon after
(A. D. 1836) carried into operation under the management of
a committee appointed for that purpose. These lectures, at
first confined to Chemistry, Natural Philosophy, Astronomy,
&c. soon became popular, and in a short time after, were ex-
tended and enlarged so as to embrace almost every science
and every subject, except that of Religion. In 1838, a new
and capacious Hall was erected in South Queen street, for the
better ficcommodation of the crowds which gather from time
to time listen to the words of instruction and of interest, as they
fall from the lips of the LectOrers, engaged through the enter-
prize and liberality of the Society. Of it, all that we have to
say is, that it has done much and great good, and to it, we have
only to add our prayer — Esxo perpetua !

We now return to consider the efforts made for the endow-
ment and support of schools of a higher order than those here-
tofore treated of — classical and mathematical acadamies, where
inquiring youlh might attain a knowledge of the languages
of Homer and Demosthenes, of Cicero and Virgil — where they
might be taught to solve the problems of Euclid — to study the
works of Gallileo — explore the vast fields of Natural Philoso-
phy, Astronomy and Chemistry, with all the various sciences,
necessary to the constitution of a finished scholar.

Immediately after the suspension of the Grammar or High
School of the "Franklin College," as already shewn, but one
private classical academy existed in Lancaster. This school
•was at host but feebly supported, and was at length discon-
tinued. A taste for classic literature however, having been
created to some extent, among the people, application was
made to the Legislature during the session of 1826-7, for the
incorporation of an academy at Lancaster, and on the 14th
day of April, A. D. 1827,* an act was passed entitled " An act

*Pam. laws, page 357.

452 HISTORY OF

incorporating the Lancaster County Academy." In this act
certain gentlemen were named as Trustees — the corporation
was established with the usual powers — the powers, privileges,
meetings and duties of the trustees were prescribed — a dona-
tion of 83,000 was granted by the state, and poor children, not
axceeding at any one time, four in number, to be educated in
consideration thereof: The Trustees thus appointed by the
act, organized, received subscriptions, purchased a lot of
ground in the city of Lancaster, and in the year 1828, erected
a large and commodious house for their schools. They em-
ployed a competent Teacher, and the academy was opened
under very flattering auspices. With varied, and at best, but
indifferent success, it continued in operation, until in the
Summer of 1939, when, in pursuance of an act of Assembly,
passed on the 15th of May, A. D. 1839, authorizing the arrange-
ment, the buildings of the Academy were conveyed to the
Trustees of Franklin College, and after being considerably
enlarged by the latter corporation, the "Hohe Schule" again
went into operation upon an entirely new plan, and under such
an arrangement, as to secure its permanent existence and use-
fulness. So far indeed has it succeeded, that it now supports a
professor of the Greek and Latin, and also one of the German,
French, Spanish and Italian languages. The English and
Mathematical department is also under the charge of a gentle-
man of superior ability. Thus has the intention of those who
originally projected the plan and procured the incorporation
of the "Ilohc Schule" or Franklin College, at Lancaster, been
practically carried out. Long may it continue to flourish, and
be what it now is. — an honor to the county, and the dispenser of
riches more " precious than rubies or fine gold !"

Simultaneous with this movement, in the ci.'y, eff'orts were
made with great success in various parts of the county, for the
establishment of Classical and Mathematical academies, inde-
pendently of those already existing at Liuz and Ephrata. Of
these there are at this day, some of very high character and
extensive reputation as Boarding schools. Among the most
prominent, is "The Mountjoy Institute," at the villags of
Mountjoy, under the charge of J. H. Erown, Esq.— " The
Strasburg Academy," at the village of Strasburg, under the
dicqctionof the Rev. Dr. McCartcr— "The Paradise Academy,"

LANCASTER couxTr. 453:

"Sander the care of Mr. Enos Stevens, and the Rev. Mr. Timlow's
Academy, at Bellevue. The Columbia Academy is also re-
spectable in character, but only as a Day School, where boys
are taught the Latin and Greek languages — Matiiematics, kc.

In this honorable provision for the mental improvement of
the youth of the sterner — it must not be supposed that those
of the softer — sex, have been ungenerously forgotten : Impress-
ed with the importance of this great truth — that good mothers
train up good sons, and that they — more than the fathers — form
the characters of their children — the citizens of the city and
county alike, have sought with commendable zeal, to secure
the services of able and competent teachers, whose attention,
should be devoted exclusively to the proper education of fe-
males. As a result of these etforts — a Seminary has been
established and is in successful operation in the city under the
control of James Damant, Esq. which in point of standing and
character is equal to any other in Pennsylvania. As a Board-
ing School, the Young Ladies Seminary at Litiz has been
already spoken of; and in addition to it, "The Young Ladies
Lyceum Institute" — Rev. N. Dodge, A. M. Principal — located
on the banks of the Chicquesalunga creek near the village of
Mountjoy — is perhaps, as regards accommodations — kind,
attention to the wants of the pupils — facility for acquiring a
competent anrl thorough knowledgeof all the various branches
and accomplishments taught at similar institutions, if not
superior to, at least surpassed by none other in the country.

The civdization of any people is progressive, so also is their
education. Habits inconsistent with the growth of the former,,
and tastes incompatible with the advance of the latter, are to
be changed and overcome. Hence the transition is not nor
can it ever be, either immediate or instantaneous. The move-
ments are at first slow, gradual and confined to the tew ; but
as their benetits are extended, they become accelerated and
penetrate into all the various strata of society. With regard
to Lancaster county, this has been particularly so. At first,
the inhabitants were content with schools conducted by teach-
ers who would scarcely be tolerated by any community at
the present day. But as we have already stated generally, in
the commencement of this chapter, as they increased in pop-
ulation and wealth, their tastes improved with their pccu-

454 HISTORY or

niary abilities and as a consequence, their schools advanced in
character in an equal degree, so that they ^\•ill now bear com-
parison with those of any other community in the Union. —
Born and bred as we were upon her soil, when we contem-
plate the efforts of her citizens in the cause of Education, as
they have been practically carried out in the establislmient
and liberal support of our Common and Sabbath schools,
Lyceums — and Academies and Female Seminaiies, we have
abundant cause for gratulation, that our lot has been cast
in such a land.

It has been said somewhere, by some one, that Pericles, who
succeeded Aristides, found the city of Atliens of brick and
left it of marble. Truly the Germans who first penetrated into
and settled Lancaster county, have done more than this. They
found it in its physical aspect, a wilderness — they left it to their
children blooming as the rose, and they in turn with their
descendants, have so improved the mental character of its
people, that their light is seen and felt from afar off. Be the
endeavor of this and succeeding generations, not only to
maintain their present character, but to improve it still more ;
and as they gather beneath the banner whereon is inscribed
"the Education of all" — let there be one universal shout—
Excelsior!

tANd'AST^R COtTNTT. 455

CHAPTER XIl.

Heligious Deno3iinations — Early missionaries among the Conestoga and
other Indians — The Mennonites — The Friends or Quakers — The Ornish
or Amish — The Episcopalians — The Presbyterians — Tiie German Bap-
tists— Tlie German Seventh Day Baptists — The Lutherans — The German
Reformed — The United Brethren or Moravians — The Roman Catholics —
The Metliodist Episcopal — The New Jerusalem (church — The Evangeli-
cal Association or " Abrecht's Leute " — The Reformed Mennonites — The
Universalists — The Seceders— The United Brethren or "Allgemeine
Brueder"— The Church of God — The Calvanistic Baptists— The Mor-
mons, &c.

If diversity of creeds, or multiplicity of religious sects serve
as a standard of deep toned piety and christian benevolerce,
then may the people of Lancaster county lay claim to a goodly
share ; for there is no spot upon earth, with so limited a popu-
lation and the same confined territory, that counts more de-
nominations, than Lancaster. But with all this diversity, there
are few, if any, irreligious controversies, that usually charac-
terize bigots, among the inhabitants. Each seems to promote
his own and his neighbor's welfare, and therewith appears
content.

In this chapter we shall attempt a succinct sketch of the seve-
ral religious denominations found in this county. We regret
it, that only a few of the score of ministers whom we addressed
to furnish religious statistics, have seen proper to comply.*

At an early period missionaries of the Swedish church visited
the Indians, within the present limits of Lancaster county. —
The Friends also paid some attention to the Indians. As early

*For an accurate and impartial account of the /listori/ and doctrines of
aJl the religious denominations in the United States, the reader is referred to
a work entitled He Pasa Ecdesia,orthe Whole Church in the United States^
every article of the work quoted has been expressly written for it by eminent
theological professors, ministers or distinguished lay members of each re-
spective denomination. It is the only work extant that can be relied on as
being impartial and authentic. Rupp, ('lyde, Williams & Co., of Harris-
burj, Pa., are the publishers. The wotk is in press.

456 HISTORY OF

as 1705, Thomas Chalklcy, an eminent preacher among the
Quakers, visited the Indians living near Susquehanna, at Con-
estoga, and preached to them. In 1708 or 1709, a Swedish Lu-
theran, in the capacity of a missionary, resided among the
Conestoga Indians, to instruct them in the christian religion.

The Mennonites. — In 1709, several families from the Pala-
tinate, descendants of the distressed Swiss Mennonites settled
on Pequea creek. With this colony came Hans Herr, a Men-
nonite minister, who dispensed to them the word of life. The
Mennonites were of course the lirst regularly organized de-
nomination in the county. Among their first ministers in this
county, before 1725, were Hans Hcrr, Ulrich Breckbill, Hans
Tschantz. Hans Burkholter, Christian Herr, Benedict Hirschi,
Martin Bear, Johannes Bauman. They had been very numer-
ous till about the year 1791, or '92, when a certain Martin
Boehm and others made inroads upon them, and a considera-
ble number seceded and united themselves with the United
Brethren or Vereinigte Brueder, nevertheless, they are still the
prevalent denomination in this county. They have about
forty-five ministers in the county. These are divided into
bishops and ordinary ministers. The bishops at present are
tiie Revds. Jacob Hostater, Jacob Zimmerman, Christian Herr,
Henry Schenk, and Mr. Bomberger; among tbeir ordinary
teachers are the Revds. Daniel Gehman, Mr. Guth, Mr.
Gehman, Tobias Warner, Mr. Sherick, Joseph Wcnger,
Jacob Weaver, Jacob Stauifer, Joseph Hershy, Joseph Ilorst,
Jacob Hershy, Henry Breneman, Benjamin Herr, John Kreider,
David Witmer, Mr. Staufer, Benjamin Eby, A. Brubaker, John
Shenk, Andrew Kauffman, Christian Herr, Martin Mayer,
Daniel Sterrieman, John Hoover, Christian Kaufman, John
Kindig, Jolin Nissly, Christian JNissly, John Schlott, David
Ebersole, Peter Ebersole, Mr. Brubecker and others whose
names we have not learned.

These all preach in German. They have upwards of thirty-
five meeting bouses. Smiic of t!ie congregations are large,
numbering rising of two hundred members. The probable
number of Mennonitc church members, we think cannot
be less tlian si\ thousand. As they keep no records of names,
it is somewhat diiiicult to ascertain the exact number. Their
forefathers all brought Bibles with them. We have seen within

LANCASTER COUNTY. 457

the last year, several of Froschauer's edition of the Swiss
Bible, printed at Zurich, 1540, and still in a good state of pre-
servation, with the Mennonites.

Thk Friends or Quakers.— These are next in order to the
Mennonites. They were very numerous about the years 1725
and 1730. Their meetings were well attended for a long time.
In 1729, there were at least 1000 families of Friends in the
county. They have since greatly diminished; at present they
have only 9 or 10 places of worship. There are two denomi-
nations of them in the county — Orthodox and other Friends.

The Omish. — This society are Rigid Mennonites, not differing
essentially from the Mennonites. At present, the chief differ-
ence between the Omish and Mennonites, consists in the
former being more simple in their dress, and more strict in
their discipline. They settled in this county at an early date.
They were numerous in 17S5. Their number is comparatively
small, having 5 or 6 ministers. They hold their religious
meetings in private houses, founding this practice upon
Acts I. 40.

I The Episcopalians. — Their ministers visited this county as
early as 1717 or 1719. They were the first after the Mennon-
ites and Quakers, to erect houses for religious worship. We
could not obtain the names of their first ministers, except those
who labored principally in the city of Lancaster. In 1744, the
Episcopalians held a meeting at Lancaster, for the organiza-
tion of a parish. The Rev. Richard Locke, an itinerant mis-
sionary, was the first officiating minister. The following is the
order in which others succeeded him : 1751, Rev. Geo. Craig ;
1759, Rev. Thomas Barton; 1783, Rev. Joseph Hutchins; 1791,
Rev. Elisha Rigg ; 1799, Rev. Joseph Clarkson ; 1820, Rev.
W. A. Muhlenberg became associated with the Rev. Clarkson;
1828, Rev. L. S. Ives ; 1827, Rev. Samuel Bowman, the present
Rector; besides him, two others officiate ia the county: the
Rev'ds Levi Bull and E. Y. Buchanan. They have 4 places of
public worship in the county.

The Presbyterians. — About the year 1717 a number of
Scotch and Irish Presbyterians, settled in the Octorara region.
Among their first ministers was the Rev. Adam Boyd, who
preached in Octorara in 1724. In 1726, Rev. Anderson received
a call from the Donegal church. Rev. Alexander Crai^'liead

39

458 HISTORY OP

preached in Pequeainl736. Rev. John Elder of Paxlon, was or*
dained in 1738; Rev. Dan'l Alexander was in Pequeal739. The
city was occasionally visited between the years 1745 and 1760.
In 1769, the Rev. John WoodhuU'*' became their regular min-
ister in the borough of Lancaster. In 1779, the Rev. Nathaniel
"W. Semple was called, and was their pastor for 40 years ; in
1821, Rev. AVilliam Ashmcad succeeded. These are in their
order. In 1829, Rev. Richard Dickinson; 1884, Rev. J. T.
Marshall Davie; 1840. Rev. John M'Nair. There are nine
Presbyterian ministers residing in the county : Rev'ds M'Nair,
Joseph Barr, Lindley C. Rutter, David M'Carter, T. Marshall
Boggs, Philip J. Timlow, Alfred Nevin, Robert W. Dunlap,
John Wallace and Samuel Dickey. They have 15 churches.

The German Baptists. — A number of these settled in this
county prior to 1721. They constituted a church in 1T23, under
the charge of Rev. Peter Becker. At first they increased rap-
idly, but at present their number is small. They, like the
Ornish, meet in private houses to hold their religious meetings.
They hold their meetings at some 12 or 15 different houses in
the county, and in a few instances at school houses.

The German Seventh-day Baptists, or Siebcn Taeger. —
This society took its rise about the year 1724 or 1725. The
founder was Conrad Beisel, who seceded from the German
Baptists. This society flourished for many years at Ephrata,
where is their only place of holding meetings in the county.—
See pages 211, 233.

The Lutherans. — Many of this denomination emigrated to
Lancaster county before 1730. Missionaries visited the scat-
tered brethren. Among these were, in 1731, 1732, &c. the
Rev'ds C. J. Shultz, Casper Stocver, who also ministered as
the first pastors of the Lutheran church in the city. The fol-
lowing succeeded them : In 1740, Rev. T. Dylander, Swedish
Rector of Philadelphia ; 1741, Rev. Valentine Kraft; 1743,
Rev. L. Nyberg; Rev. G. Nauman, Swedish Rector of Phila-
delphia, preached occasionally in Lancaster, from 1746 to
1748; this year Rev. T. F. Iiandschuh preached till 1751.
From 1751 to 1753, the congregation was successively served
by the Uev'ds Tobias Wagner, England, H. B. G. Wurtman.
From 1753 to 1709, the Rev. Siegfried Gerock ; from the latter

•Sec page 367.

LANCASTER COTTNTT. 459

•period, the congregation was visited by the Rev'ds Dr. Heniy
Melchoir Muhlenberg, E. Shultz, N. Kurtz and others, for a
short time ; when the Rev. J. C. Helmuth, late from Europe,
was called and continued till 1779 ; in 1780, Rev. H. Muhlen-
berg, son of Dr. H. M. Muhlenberg, took charge of the con-
gregation, and was their pastor till 1815, when Rev. Dr. C. En-
dress succeeded him and continued till 1827. The present
pastor, the Rev. Dr. J. C. Baker, took charge of the congrega-
tion in 1828. Besides Dr. Baker's church, there is another in the
city, exclusively German, under the pastoral care of the Rev.
W. Beates.

There are at present seven Lutheran ministers residing in
the county: Dr. John C.Baker, Rev'dsW. Beates, J. J. Strein,
S. Trumbauer, C. G. Frederick, C. Barnitz and L. G-erhart. —
They have 27 places of public worship. Here we v/ould add
the names of the Rev'ds A. C. Muhlenberg, Schroeter, Yung,
Ernst, Scriba, Riemenschneider, Rothraufi, Bevnheim, Sahm
and Mueller, all of whom had charge of congregations at dif-
ferent times.

The German Reformed. — In the beginning of 1700, a
number of Reformed came to the province of Pennsylvania.
The Ferrees, members of the Reformed Walloon church of
Pelican, in the Lower Palatinate, left Europe for America, and
settled in this county about the year 1712.* With the Ferrees,
Isaac Le Lever came to this county and brought with him his
French Bible, which is still preserved by his descendants as a
precious relic.

As early as 1717 or 1718, the Rev. P. Boehm of Witpen, one
of the oldest German Reformed preachers, had charge of a
German Reformed church. Rev. Boehm, the Rev. G. M.
Weiss, v/ho had charge of a congregation in Philadelphia,,
about the year 1724, and the Rev.H. Dorstius of Bucks county,
occasionally visited the pastorless German Reformed who had
settled in this coUnty prior to 1729.

In 1727, a large number of Germans, among whom were
many German Reformed, came into this county: these were
the Dieffenderfer's and others, whose number was augmented
in 1731 by the arrival of the Bushongs,f Nehs, Schwartz^

*3ce pages 308 and 20.
f See page 271,

■460 HISTORY OF

Mentz, and the Rev. J. B. Rieger,* who had charge for many
years of German Reformed congregations in this county,
among others was " Seltenreich's Kirche," near New Holland.
In 1730 or 1731, the Rev. John Peter Miller, ordained by the
Scotch Presbyterian Synod, in 1730, visited German Reformed
congregations at Cocalico and Tulpehocken. About this time
several congregations were organized, one at Lancaster, and
in other parts of the county. In 1743, there was one formed at
"Modecrick," near Adamstown. However, there was a great
and general destitution of pious and qualified pastors in this
branch of the church till the middle of the last century. In
1746, the Kev. Michael Schlatter, of St. Gall, in Switzerland,
in consequence of information he had received of the destitute
condition of the German Reformed churches, left his pastoral
charge, and having received a regular appomtment and re-
commendation, visited the churches in Pennsylvania, and
while in the discharge of this duty, visited those in Lancaster
county. Besides the visits paid them by the Kev. Schlatter,
the Rev'ds Folk, Loescher, Waldsmith, Deckert, Fuetzmiller,
Wittner, Templeman and others ministered occasionally in
spiritual things among the German Reformed. The IJev'ds
J. C. Bucher, W. Runkel, W. Stoy and others labored in vari-
ous parts of the county prior to the Revolution. In the Co-
calico charge, now principally under the pastoral care of the
Rev. Daniel Hertz, the Rev'ds Gobrecht, Hautz, Wilhelms,
Charles HcllTenstein, Faber, A. Herman ; and since 1819, the
Rev. Hertz, labored from time to time. The Rev. Henry
Schaftner of Marietta, had, for rising of thirty years, a number
of congregations in charge. The Rev. Hiester also had charge
of several congregations.

The congregation in the city, at an early period, was occa-
sionally served by the Rev'ds Hoch, Rieger, Hochreutneri
Stcincr, Schlatter and others. In 1752, the Rev. W, Otterbein
took charge of it. The Rev. Stoy was a supply for a short
time, and so was the Rev. L, C. Boehm. In 1770 the Rev. A.
Helffen.stein was called ; in 1782 the Rev. W. Hendel; in 1795
the Rev. Becker; in 1806 the Rev. Hoffmeier; in 1832 the
Rev. Brunner; in 1840 the present pastor, the Rev. G. W.
Glessncr, was called. The Rev'ds Wcilcr and Hoflheins have

»Scc page 226.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 46 I

charge of congregations. The German Reformed have
twenty places of public worship, and if they had a competent
number of efficient ministers, might easily organize ten or
fifteen congregations in a few years. Here is a large field for
home missionary enterprize.

The United Brethren or Moravians. — This denomination,
is essentially missionary in their operations; and as early as
1742, several congregations were organized in this county. In
1742, count Zinzendorif, the apostle of the American Mora-
vians, visited Lancaster. In 1746 they held a provincial council
in the town of Lancaster. At Litiz they have a large commu-
nity.* The following ministers have presided over the congre-
gation at Lancaster : 1746, Rev. L. T. Nyberg ; 1748, Rev'ds
L. Schnell and R. Ultey ; 1749, Rev. A. Reinke, sen.; 17.51,
Rev. G. Weiser; 17.53, Rev'ds C. Rauch and A. Wagner;
17.54, Rev. 0. Krogstrup; 1755, Rev'ds C. Bader and C. F.
Oerter; 17.56, Rev. A. L. Rusmyer; 17-57, Rev. C. G. Rundt;
17.58, Rev'ds Rundt, Rusmyer and Bader; 1753, Rev. C. Bader;
1762, Rev. A. L. Rusmyer; 1766, Rev. A. Langgaard; 1773,
Rev. 0. Krogstrup; 1785, Rev. L. F. Boehler; 1786, Rev. J.
Herbst; 1791, Rev. A. Reinke, jr. ; 179-5, Rev. L. Huebner;
1800, Rev. J. M. Beck; 1803, Rev. A. Reinke, jr. ; 1806, Rev. J.
M. Beck; 1310, Rev. C. Mueller; 1819, Rev. S. Reinke; 1823,
Rev. Peter WoUe ; 1826, Rev. J. G. Herman ; 1829, Rev. C. F.
Reinhel; 1834, Rev. C, A. Vanvleck ; 1835, Rev. S. Reinke;
1839, Rev. George F. Bahnson, present pastor.

The Roman Catholics.— A church, by this denomination
was organized about the year 1740. The members were regu-
larly visited by pastors from Philadelphia. It appears they
had no regular settled pastor among them before 1800. The:r
number has steadily increased, principally however from
foreign emigrations of German and Irish Catholics. Their
present pastor is the indefatigable Rev. B. Keenan. They have
3 or 4 places of public worship in the county.

The Methodist Episcopal.— In 1781, Methodist ministers
first visited this county ; and in 1782 the Lancaster Circuit was
formed, and the Rev. William Partridge appointed as minister,
Among the early ministers v/ho preached in difrerent:parts of

-i-?ce pages 308 and 20.

39*

462 HISTORY OF

this county, were the Rev'ds William Glendening, W. Jesup,
Isaac Robertson, W. Hunter, T. P. Chandler and Simon Miller
a native of the county.

In the city of Lancaster, the Rev. Jacob Gruber preached
occasionally about the year 1705 and 1706. The first regular
service held in town, was in the house of Philip Benedict, by
Rev. Henry Boehm in 1807. In 1808 the Rev'ds Thomas Birch
and James succeeded Boehm. Their successors were the
Rev'ds Joseph Samson, Thomas Ware, John Walter, John
Tally, George Cookman, Jacob Gruber, John Leonard, John
Woolson, Wesley Wallace, W. Torbcrt, Thomas Neal, John
Ogden, James Moore, as circuit preachers. In 1829, Lancas-
ter was made a regular charge, where stationed ministers have
since been located : these were Rev'ds Joseph M'Cool, Thomas
Miller, John Nicholson, Thomas Sovereign, James Houston,
James Neil, D. D. Lore, S. H. Higgins, and the present pastor,
the Rev. Robert Gerry. The following named preachers are
stationed in various parts of the county: Rev'ds T. Sumtion,
T. C. Murphy, J. W. Arthur, E. Reed, A. W. Milby, Mr. Hum-
phries. The Methodists have rising of twenty places of public
worship in the county.

The Nev\^ Jerusalem Church.— For an account of this de-
nomination, see page 431.

The Evangelical Association. — This sect, sometimes called
" Die Albrechts Leute," is of comparative recent origin. It
took it:!> rise in this county about the year 1800, througli the
indefatigable etforts ot Jacob Albrccht, a native of Berks coun-
ty ; but he had settled previous to 1800 in Earl township. —
They have 8 or 9 places of worship, besides several churches.
The Reformed Mennonitks. — It appears that prior to 1810,
some conceived t!iat there was spiritual declension among those
who had embraced the doctrines of Menno Simon, and in order
to renew tliesc doctrines and re-establish that church, a few of
them, amuMg whom was their persevering tYiend and minister,
John Herr, of Strasburg township, united tor that purpose, and
in 1811, organized an assijcialion, now generally known by the
name of the Reformed Mennonites. Their number of minis-
ters is small, and their members, though active, is stiU'compar-
atively not large. Tiicy have two orders of ministers, bishops
and ordinary ministers. Their bishops at present, in the

LANCASTER COUNTY. 463

county, are the Rev'ds. John Herr, John Keeport, and Henry

.Bowman. Among their ordinary ministers are the Rev'ds.

Abraham Landis, John Landis, Joseph Weaver, Abraham

.Snevely, Christian Resh, and Samuel Hershy. They preach

English occasionally. They have three meeting houses; and

hold meetings at eight or ten other stated places in the county.

The UxivEKSALisTS. — There are comparatively few of thern

in this county ; th(;y have three places of public worship ; but

at present they have no one that officiates in spiritual things.

The Seceders. — The number known by this name is small

in this county. They have one minister, the Rev. Easton, and

two places of public worship.

The United Brethren, or Vereinigte Brueder. — There are
some of this respectable body in the county. We know neither
-the probable number of their ministers nor places of worship.
The Church of God. — This denomination is of compara-
tively recent origin. The name of " Church of God,'''' was as-
sumed by them about the year 1827 or '28. The church in the
city was first gathered about the year 1820, under the ministry
of the late Rev. John Elliott, who preached the gospel many
years faithfully and with success, to an independent congrega-
tion in the city. After he left, the church declined, till about
the year 1841, when the Rev. John Winebrenner, V. D. M. of
Harrisburg, Rev'ds Jacob Flake and Joseph Ross and others of
the Eldership of the Church of God, held protracted meetings,
when a number were revived and others awakened, and a deep
interest manifested, and soon a congregation of one or two
hundred was organized. The Rev. Winebrenner, and their
present pastor, the Rev. Jacob Flake, labored jointly in the
city till lately.

The number of ministers at present in the county, is five,
viz: the Rev'ds J. Flake, J. H. Bomberger, J. Tucker, I. Bra-
dy, J. Stamm. Their places of public worship, may range
from twelve to fifteen in the county. Within the last few
years they have erected several houses for public worship.

The Calvanistic Baptists. — This denomination although
characterized for their missionary enterprises, made no effort
in this county to promulgate their views, and organize congre-
gations, until within a few year;-, except in the southern part
^f the county, where a church has been built rising of twenty.

464 HISTORY OP

five years since. In the year 1835, the Rev. Leonard Fletcher,,
then stationed in Chester county, preached occasionally at
Churchtown, and baptized a number of persons. Sometime
about 1839, a member of that denomination, Gilbert Hills, late
from Connecticut located in the city of Lancaster, at whose
instance baptist ministers were invited to visit the place. The
same year the Rev. Kingsford preached occasionally, and he
was soon followed by others, among those were the the Rev'ds.
Gillette, Kennard, Babcock, Dodge, Keys, Woolsy, Fletcher,
Dickinson, Dean, Brettell, Higgins, who organized a church in
February, 1811 ; after which missionaries and visiting minis-
ters preached — these were Rev. Shadrac, Miller, Burbank,
Keys, Smith and Ilendrickson.

Ill the spring of 1843, the Baptists purchased a house for
public worship in Lancaster, on Chestnut, near Duke street. —
Their present pastor, October, 1843, is the Rev. Leonard
Fletcher, of the American Baptist Missionary Society. He
and the Rev. Enos M. Philips of Colerain, are the only Baptist
ministers in Lancaster county. They h:ivc three places of
public worship.

The Mormoas. — A few are found in the county who hold
the views of this sect; and also some theoretical Mz7Zeri7es,
who are ready to ride into notice on every "cloud of novelty."
These are hahes in knowledge and piety, amifuU-grojcn in the
love of the world — ceaseless in schemes "to raise the wind."
Besides these, there are also several African churches in the
county.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 465

CHAPTER XIII.

GEOLOGY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

"For an extended view of the Geology of the county, we
^lust refer to the final report of the general survey authorize(J.
ty the State government.

In glancing over Mr. Scott's very beautiful and accurate map
of Lancaster county, it will be seen that the surface is broken
by irregular east and west ranges of hills, no one of which can
be properly styled a mountain. Commencing at the south,
we find an extensive formation of primary stratified, or meta-
morphic rocks, such as mica slate and talcose slate, the latter
having garnets imbedded in it. These are quite abundant on
the Susquehanna, below Pequea creek. Occasional patches
of limestone* and clay slate occur, and the latter is extensively
worked for roofing purposes, at a place called Slate-hill. —
Ascending the river, we find the same formation extending to
Turkey-hill, where it terminates, about two miles below the
village of Washington, or about the fortieth parallel of latitude.

The next rock in ascending order, is a close grained, very
hard, siliceous sandstone, best seen at the mouth of the Chic-
quesalunga, between Columbia and Marietta, where it strikes
the Susquehanna in a bold blulT upwards of three hundred feet
in height. It is found at the opposite boundary of the county,
and extending into Berks, forms the hill on the south side of
Reading. A great deal of iron ore (argillaceous oxid and
hematite) has been taken from the clay overlying this forma-
tion, which although possessing some of the characters of the
preceding, such as large veins of quartz, and traces of fel-
spar and tourmalin, may probably be looked upon as the
lowest of the transition, rather than the uppermost of the pri-
mary stratified. This conclusion, however, could scarcely be
attained from an examination of the rock, limited to our own
localities. To understand it fully, it must be studied in tho
atate of New York.

*Two miles below the mouth of the Concstoga, for example.

466 HISTORT OF

Next above this lies " formation number 11" of the state-
survey, including the tracts of limestone found in our valleys
and level districts, and approaching the base of most of the
larger hills, but seldom itself rising into ridges much above the
general undulations of the surface.

The northern border of the county is made up of a formation
of red and grey shales, or soft slates, grits, and pudding stones,
furiiisliing in some places a material sufliciently hard and
compact to afford an excellent material for mill stones. These
are accordingly wrought out of the large detached fragments
found upon the surface in Cocalico township. In several loca-
lities the same formation has alforded indications of coal, but
as it is entirely distinct from the great coal formation of the
commonwealth, it is very ])robable that veins which can be
advantageously worked, will never be discovered. Iron ore is
of rather frequent occurrence, and we have met with indica-
tions of copper. In several localities on the southern border
of this series, the curious calcareous rock called Potomac
marble occurs; namely, cast of Bainbridge, and north of Man-
heim.

But the most interesting feature in the Conewago hills,
is the large amount of weathered blocks upon the surface, of a
hard grey stone made up of white vmd black particles. This is a
trap rock of the variety called greenstone, and identical in
composition with the smaller ridges which traverse ditferent
parts of the country, under the name of ironstone, a mineral
remarkable for the sonorous ring produced when struck. The
finer texture of the latter is produced by the rapid cooling of
the material, consequent upon the comparatively small quan-
tity of matter; this rock being of igneous origin, and injected
from below in a melted condition. In the Conewago rock
the quantity of material is so great, that in the length of time
required to solidify, the constituents were able to enter into
combinations; or crystallize, in a manner; whence the felspar
and hornblend appear in distinct particles.

A flood sweeping across these hills, has carried large blocks
of the rock for miles southward, and beyond the reach of the
highest floods of the Susquehanna. That a powerful current
swept over the country from the north-west, is proved by the
additional fact that primary sienitic pebbles arc found among

LANCASTER COUNTr. 467

the accumulations of gravel which must have been derived
from the regions of the great lakes.

Besides the ores of iron mentioned, the sulphuret occurs ia
detached cubic crystals, over a considerable portion of the
surface ; galena, or sulphuret of lead, and plumbago, have
been found in small quantities ; and chromate of iron and sul-
phate of magnesia have been mined in the southern section of
the county, for economical purposes ; but as we possess no
granitic rocks, our list of mineral species is much more meagre
than those ol the counties lying more to the east.

NATURAL HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

In giving a sketch of the Natural History of a single county,
in a work of this character, it is of course necessary to com-
press the matteras much as possible, as the zoology and botany
would separately require volumes equal to the present one in
size, were they to be discussed ai some length. Our collections
have been made more with a view to the Natural History of the
commonwealth at large, than to any particular county ; so
that no care has been taken to prevent objects collected in
other part> of the state from being intermixed with those now
under consideration ; whence it has been necessary to omit the
mention of some which may have been collected within our
borders.

A note of interrogation has been added to some species to
indicate that the species may not be properly named, or may
not occur within the boundary of the county. Thus among
the fishes, not having been able to examine the trout found in
our streams, we quote the name Salmo fontinalis with doubt;
and Menopoma Alleghaniensis has been cited with a question,
because this reptile has been caught in the Susquehanna some
miles above the boundary line of the county. We have in-
serted both species of "black-snake," not being certain which
of the two occurs with us; but it is not improbable that we
have them both. We have seen a green snake in the south-west*

468

HISTORY OF

em part of the county, but not having a specimen, are unable tcr
name it with certainty.

English names are given to such animals as have received
them, and short notes have been added to some of the species
to enable the reader to recognize them ; but it would have
extended this article to too great a length to follow out this plan
to any considerable extent. The objects are so numerous,
that in must cases, a dry list uf names must sullice ; as the
reader who wishes to know more about the object themselves,
must refer to works expressly devoted to their history. Some
of these arc noted at the foot of the pages ; but unfortunately
several of the more important branches are still unillustrated,
as the fishes and insects ; and much as works devoted to these
branches are wanted, it is probable that little will be done until
the necessity calls forth the patronage of legislative enact-
ment, as in Massachusetts and New York.

Our vertebrate animals, except tiie fishes, are pretty well
know n to naturalists, and the number of species found within the
borders of the county, may be stated approximately as follows :
Beasts, 30; Birds, ISO; Reptiles, 40 ; Fishes, 50.

Among the Mammalia, the Cervus Virginianus (deer) might
have been included, as it sometimes crosses the Susquehanna
from York county. The Lutra Canadensis (otter) is said to
have inhabited liie islands of the Susquehanna at an early
day; and within ten years, a species of wolf has crossed the
same river from the western side.

But the greater part of the zoology of most countries, is that
which takes cognizance of the Annulosa, including the exten-
sive class of Ptilota or winged insects; the Akachnida, or
spiders; the Crustacea, of which the crab and lobster are
familiar examples, and of which class all our springs and
streams contain species, some of them so minute, as to be re-
cognized with dilliculty by the naked eye ; and the class Ame-
TOBOLA, represented by the cenlipedcs found under stones and
logs.

Taking all these together, the number to be found in Lan-
caster county, cannot fall short of six thousand species; the
Ptilota or \. inged insects being the most numerous, and of
these, the order Colcoptcra (distinguished by having the wing*-
folded under a pair of bard elytra) is the most extensive ; and

LANCASTER COUNTY. 469

although they do not possess the brilliant beauty of the Lepi-
doptera, or butterfly order, they have hitherto secured the prin-
cipal attention of entomologists ; whence it happens that they
are best known, and we have devoted more space to them than
to the remaining orders.

The Coleoptera deserve a careful study, as a knowledge of
their habits will enable us to turn them to account in the de-
struc'.ion of noxious species. Thus the genus Coccinella (la-
dybug) feeds upon the Aphides or plant lice, so destructive to
roses and other plants; and in tiieir larva state they maybe
found upon the leaves of useful vegetables, devouring small
insects or grubs which, when numerous, destroy the plants by
eating tlie leaves. The Cccidomyia destructor (wheat fly) is
extensively destroyed in the grub state, by the young of
another minute insect. The carnivorous tribes are readily
distinguishable from those which feed upon vegetable food ;
and the greater number and variety of the former to be found
in gardens and fields, the more likely will they be'to destroy
the noxious kinds, or to prevent their increase by the destruc-
tion of their eggs.

There can be no necessity in giving common names to ani-
mals which have not already received them, as they can be just
as well recognized by the scientific name. Commrm names are
frequently local, and the same name is applied to different an-
imals in difterent parts of the country ; whilst the scientific
name, being that under Vvhich animals are described, are
known in all parts of the world, whatever may be the language
spoken. The English apply the name ground-hog to an Afri-
can animal not at all like our ground-hog, which some authors
call by a name under which most people would not recognize
it. Ont^ of our hauks is called a buzzard in England, and our
buzzard a vulture. A mammal is called gopher in the west,
and the same vulgar name is applied to a tortoise in the south.
In a work upon North American birds, one author has called
our Hirundo'rufa (barn swallow) chimney swallow! doubtless
because it is like t'le chimney swallow of England ; instead of
preserving this name for the Chsetura pelasgia, which actually
frequents chimneys. Bald eagle is the common name for Ha-
Hatrous leucocephalus throughout the United States, yet some
peeple affectedly call it the whitehcadcd cogle ! Thus it suine-

40

470 HISTORY OF

times happens that authors use neither the proper nor tlis
common name of an animal, but adopt one, perhaps entirely
unknown to those best acquainted with it.

The scientific appellation is the only true name of a plant or
an animal, as no other will answer our principal purpose, that
of giving a distinct name to every organized object. Nothing
is gained by naming certain insects weavil, hammerbug or
schnellkaefer, when there are more than a hundred ditferent
kinds of each in Pennsylvania, each of which has its proper
name. "We call an insect the rose bug, but this name will not
enable us to discover the true appellation under which it may
be found in European books, whether English, French or Ger-
man. A little consideration upon this subject will convince
any one that an animal or plant is not properly known until
we are acquainted with its name, and every one interested in
the study of zoology or botany, should endeavor to become
familiar with the proper names. Naturalists themselves are
often to blame in this matter, from a jealousy that the public
at large will linally become as wise as themselves; and they
accordingly invent English names which they set forth in largo
capitals, so that tire proper names will be less likely to attract
attention.

MAMMA] JA'— Beasts.

Four species of bat occur in Lancaster county, viz :
Vespcrtilio Carolinensis; chesnui brown above, yellowish
beneath: V. Noveboraccnsis; rcddisii brown : V. pruinosus;
fur dark, tipped with white: V. subulatus"? Scalops Cana-
densis; mole. Condylura macroura; star-nose mole. Sorex
brevicaudus; found along water courses, where it constructs
burrows in the grass. Procyon lotor; the raccoon is not un-
common in some parts of the county, Mustela erminca; de-
scribed under this name by Godman, and usually called weasel.
Mustela lutreola ; mink. Mephitis Americana; the skunk or
polecat. Vulpes fulvus; red fox: V. cinereo-argentatus; grey
fox. Dideljihis Virginiana ; possum, incorrectly named o'pos-

•Aiiicricau IN'atural History, t>y Jo'.ui D. Godman, 3 vols. 8 vo. plates.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 471

sum in modern books. Fiber zibethicus; muskrat. Arvicola
xanlhognatus ; meadow mouse : A. viparius; tail short, inhab-
its marshes. Mus agrariusi Gerbilliis Canadensis; kanga-
roo, jumping mouse. Arctomys monax ; ground-hog. Sciu-
ruscinereus; cat squirrel : S. Hudsonius; red squirrel: S. ni-
ger? black squirrel. Tarn ias striata ; ground squirrel. Pter-
omys volucella ; flying squirrel. Lepus sylvaticus ; rabbit.

REPTILIA*— Reptiles.

Testudinata.

Cistuda Carolina; the color of the common land tortoise is
yellow, mottled with dark brown or black. Emys geographica;
shsU 8 inches long, with a ridge along the back ; dark brown,
with lighter, indistinct, irregular lines ; used as food, and usu-
ally called terrapin. Emys Muhlenbergiil 4 inches long, a
large orange spot upon each side of the neck; doubtful as a
native of this county. Emyspicta; 5 inches long, margin of
the shell marked with red stripes, common in ponds and small
streams, fond of reposing in the sun. Emys guttala; black,
with small yellow spots, less than the preceding, with which it
is frequently found. Emys insculpta ; yellow and black, each
plate comprising the carapax or upper shell is roughened by
concentric and radiating furrows, a b'ack spot upon each plate
of the sternum. E. rubriventrisl sternum marked with red ; it
may be found in the lower parts of the Susquehanna. Sterno-
thorus odoratus; length about 4 inches, dark brown, sternum
very narrow, carapax oval, convex and smooth, chin with
several small warts. Kinostcrnon Pennsylvanicum ] nearly
resembles the preceding, but the sternum is wider, and separ-
ated into three parts, not hitherto observed within the county.
Emysaura serpentina; (snapper) head large, tail long and
strongly serrated above; highly prized for "terrapin soup."

Ophidia — Serpents.

Coluber constrictor ; blacksnake : C. sipedon ; watersnake :
C. sirtalis; gartersnake: C. saurita; gartersnake: C. septem-

•Holbrook's North American Herpetology. 5. vols, quarto.

472 HISTORY OF

vittatus 'J^gartersnake : C. punctatus; greenish orange below,
a light ring around the neck: C, amoeniis; light brown with:
violet rellexions, head very small: C. eximins; house-snake,
Tlie above species arc at present included in several "-enera,
Heterodon platirhinus ; viper, harmless. Trigonoccphalus
contortrix ; copperhead.

Sauria — Lizards.
Tropidolepis undulatus; inhabits woods, brown, mottled,
scales very rough, tail long, active, innoxious. Scincus fascia-
tus ; back with 5 yellow stripes, tail blue.

AMPHIBIA.

Ranapipiens; bullfrog: R, halccina ; shadfrog, green with
black spots : R. sylvatica; woodfrog, reddish brown, 2 inches:
R, palustris; brown, with rows of square dark brown spots, 3
inches: R. gryllus; 1 incli long. Jlyla versicolor; treefrog,
treetoad. Bufo Americanus ; toad. Salaniandra erytlironota;
S. cinereain: woods, under logs and stoiics: S. longicauda :
S. maculalal S. fasciata] S. venenosal

PISCES— Fishes.

Of the fifty species of this class which are probably found
in our waters, we arc not prepared to give a complete list, as
we iiave not yet compared the greater part of our specimens
with authentic individuals from other states ; and we are there-
fore in doubt as to the names they ouglitto bear. This remark
applies particularly to tiie species first made known by Dr.
Mitchill, and which were found in iho waters of New York.

The several diims in tlie Susquehanna, have nearly cut off
the supply of the .shad, so important an article in domestic
economy, until a recent period, tliat families witliin twenty
miles of the fisheries, thought it impossible to pass through a
season unsupplicd willi a barrel of salted shad.

Fishing is not conducted upon an extensive scale at present,
the bcinc being employed for tiie shad and herring alone. The

LANCASTER COUNTY. 473

former is sometimes caught by means of a large scoopnet, in
such places where it is necessary for the fish to approach near
the shore or a rock, to pass upwards.

Angling is in considerable repute, and the out-line is fre-
quently employed. This consists of a stout cord about a hun-
dred yards long, to which the hooks are attached at intervals,
by lines (or links) a yard long; the whole being stretched and
anchored in a suitable place during the night. Live bait is em-
ployed, and should be supplied from time to time to the hooks
which have been stripped.

Various species are abundantly caught in the fall of the year
in fish-baskets, made of lathwork, with diverging v. alls of
stones, leading from the entrance up the stream for one
hundred or two hundred yards. In the shallow v.aters, fishes
are speared or gigged by torch light ; the smaller streams are
fished Vvith a bow-net, into the mouth of which the fishes are
driven by beating the water; and set-nets of a cylindrical
shape, kept open by hoops, v>ith an expanded mouth, and pro-
vided v.ith funcels to prevent the return of the prisoners once
entered. These are set in dams, at the mouths of creeks in
deep water, when suckers are principally caught ; but when
set in the Susquehanna, catfishes and sunfishes are usually
taken.

The published materials on the history of our fishes are scat-
tered through many different works, and arc inaccessible
except to the professed naturalist.

Perca lutea, Rafincsque ; (flavescens, Cuvier.) the yellow
perch is common in the Susquehanna. Labrax lineatus, Lin ;
reck fish : L. albus; Raf. (mucronatus, Cuv.) white perch. —
Percina ncbulosa; Hald : P. minima, (Etheostoma Olmstedi,
Storer.) Pcmotis appendix, Mitchill ; black-cared sunfish:*
P. aurilus, Lin; (moccasinus, Raf.) ycUovz-cared sunfish. —
Lucioperca Americana'? Cuv.; salmon. Cottus viscosus, Hald.-
(cognatus ! llich.) resembles a small Pimelodus or catfish. —
These nine species include all those which have spiny rays in
the first dorsal fin, as far as we have been able to determine.

Cyprinus cornutus; Mitchill — hornchub, and several other
species. Catostomus cyprinus, Lesueur; carp, not allied to
the European carp : C. maculosus, Les. ; stoncroUer and som.e

*These English names are also applied to certain marine fishes..

40«

474 HISTORY OP

I

others. Leiicisciis corporalis; fall fish and several other
species of chub. Exoglossuni maxilingiia, Les. ; remarkable
for the manner in which tlic tongue projects, to form part of
the lower jaw. Esox rcticulatus, Les.; pike. Belonc trun-
catal Les.; green gar. Pimelodus; one or two species of
catfish.* Noturus; one species. Salmu fonlinalisl Mitchill ;
trout. The fish properly called salmon belongs to this genus,
and has nevei been caught so farsouth as Pennsylvania. Alosa
sapidissima, Wilson; shad. Clupea vernalis, Mitchill; her-
ring. Lcpisostcus osscus, Liu.; gar*. Anguilla ; one or two
species of eel. Accipenscr; one species of sturgeon, Pe-
tromyzon Americanus, Les,; lampereel. Bdellostoma nigri-
cans, Les. ; found attached to the shad. Ammocoetes bicolor,
Les. ; lives under sand and mud.

COLEOPTERA.

Wc commence with the Coleopleia, because we intend to
say but little on the remaining orders, otiierwise it would have
been proper to begin the series with the Uymenoptera, (inclu-
ding bees, ants, wasps, &:c.) which appear to stand at the head
of the class. That the attention may be more particularly
called to the insects themselves, wc add a few notes on twenty
species, such as may be readily recognised :

Cicindela. This genus stands at the head of our carniverous
in-gects, and the species may be known by their bright colors,
strong jaws, long legs, the activity with whicii they run upon
the bare ground, and the ease with w iiich they take wing.

Casnonia rennsylvariica has the head and slender thorax
black, and rather longer than the remainder of the body. The
elytra (wing covers) arc yellowish, each one with 3 black
.spots; 3-10 of an inch long.

Galerita Americana; length J of an inch, head ;.iul tliora.x
slender, the former black, the latter, with the legs yellowish
brown, elytra blue-black.

Brachinus fumans, half an inch long, greatly resembling the
preceding, but the head is of the same color as the elytra;

•Tlica: Eijslisli ramcs arc also npjilicd to ccrtjun mctinc fifihcs.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 475

when caught, ii throws out a jet of vapor with a slight explosion,

Scaritessubterraneus; an inch in length, black, with a strong
pair of jaws, head and thorax as long as the liinder part, and
somewhat wider — lives under logs.

Calosoma scrutator; length 1 1-4 inches, head black, thorax
(pronotum) purple, margined with golden, elytra bright
green, with a golden margin.

Calosoma calidum ; length of the preceding, but mucii
narrower, black, elytra striate, with numerous golden
punctures.

Agoniim octopunctatum ; length 3-10 inches, active, green,
with four impressed punctures arranged in a line upon the in-
ner margin of each elytron.

Anorops obliquatus; half an inch long, short oval, dull black,
except a small orange spot at the inner base of the elytra,
punctured longitudinally — found in decayed wood.

Diaperis maculata ; quarter of an inch long, oblong hemis-
pherical, elytra light yellowish brown, with two black spots
upon each, near the base, and a larger irregular spot towards
the extremity, and upon the outer margin, head and thorax
black.

Coprobius volvens ; (tumble-bug) is commonly seen in
pairs rolling a ball of dung. A much larger insect, an inch
long, black with the elytra coarsely furrowed, is named Copris
Carolina, and is proportionally shorter than the Scarabaeus
Jamaicensis, which is tinged with brown, the head of the male
being armed with a long recurved horn ; a small species quar-
ter of an inch long.

Onthophagus Janus ; has two straight, upright horns upon
the head ; it is found in rotten fungi.

Pelidnota punctata; is an inch long, of a brownish yellow,
each elytron with three black spots, a similar spot on each'
side of the thorax ; found upon grape vines. Nearly allied,
but without spots, is the Pelidnota lanigera, of a fine lemon
yellow color.

Macrodactylasubspinosa; is the abundant and destructive
rosebug or cherrybug.

Crioceris trilineata; a common garden insect, quarter of aa
inch long, yellow, with three black, conspicuous, longitudinal
lines upon the elytra, and two black dots Lipon the pronolura.

476 HISTORY OF

The nearly allied Galeruca vittata (cucumber bug) is smaller
^vith narrouxu' bands, and Galeruca 12-punctata, intermediate
in size, is marked with three transverse rows of black dots,
four in each row.

Coccinella borealis, yellow spotted with black, the largest
species of our ladybugs.

The following is a list of the species captured principally
within the last year, and of a number of them, but a single spe-
cimen was taken.

Cicindela punctulata: C. vulgaris: C. hirticollis : C. sex-
guttata: C. marginalis: C. purpurea: C. patruela. Casnonia
Pennsylvanica. Galerita Americana. Brachinus fumans: B.
alternans: B. curticollis: B. pcrplexus. Plochionus Bonfilsii.
Cyminas pilosus: C. limbatus. Dromius piceus. Lebia atri-
ventris: L. ornata: L. vittata: L. scapularis: L. viridis: L.
pumila. Scarites subterrancus. Clivina quadrimaculata : C.
morio: C. viridis. Sphcerodcrus stenostomus. Carabus ser-
ratus : C. ligatus. Calosoma scrutator : C, calidum : C. ex-
tcrnus. Omophron labiatum. Elajjhrus ruscarius. Notiophi-
lus scmistriatus: N. porrectus. Chkenius scriceus: C. oisti-
vus: C. chlorophanus: C. emarginatus: C. nemoralis: C. to-
mentcsus. Diccclus violaceus: D. dilatatus: D. simplex. Pa-
nagaus fasciatus. Patrobus longicornis. Calathus grcgarius.
Anchomenus extensicollis. Agonum octopunctatum : A. cu-
pripenne: A, punctiforme: A. excavatum. Poecilus chalci-
tcs: P. lucublanda. Omaseus stygica : 0. complanata: 0.
politus: 0. morosa] Platysma adoxa. Amara basillaris : A,
impuncticollis: A. musculis. Daptus incrassatus. Bractylus
exaratus. Agonodcrus pallipes. Selenophorus troglodytes.
Pangus caliginosus. Anisodactyluscarbonarius: A. agricolus:
A. Ballimorien&is: A. rusticus. Harpalus faunus: H. bicolor:
H. intcrstitialis: II. dichrous: H. herbivagus: PL tcrminatus.
Stcnolophus ochropegus. Acupalpu-s rupcstris. Bembidium
coxendix: B. patruelum. Dyticus vcrticalis. Laccophilus
maculosus. Ilaliphus immaculicollis. Hydroporus lacustris.
Cyclous vVmcricanus. Hydrophilus natator. Pa-dcrus littora-
lius. Pinophilus latipcs. Emus villosus : E. maculosus: E.
cinnamopterus: E. angulatus. Stalicus armalus ! Buprcstis.
Cholcophora Yirginica. Dircera divaricata. Agrilus ruficol-
Us. Chrysabotbris sc.\signata. Brachys ovata. Alaus ocula-

LANCASTER COUNTT. 477

tus. Limonius quercinus. Cardiophorus areolatus. Athous
longicollis. Steatoderus attenuatus. Ludius piccus: L. nem-
nonius: L. bellus. Cratonychus communis. Dolopius sericens.
Limonius cylindriformis. Oephorus dorsalis : 0. delectus:
O. instabilis. Anomala pinicola. Omaluplia vespertina. Di-
cheionyclia hexagona. Macrodactyla subspinosa. Hoplia vi-
rens. Tricliius piger: T. affinis. Cetonia inda : C. fulgida,
Gymnetis nitida. Lucanus capreolus. Passalus cornutus. —
Capris Carolina: C. Ammon : C. anaglypticus. Coprobius
volvens. Phanajus carmifex. Onthophagus janus: 0. hocate.
Scarabosus tityus: S. satyrus. Pelidnota punctata: P. lani-
gera. Phyllophago iiicis : P. quercina: P. pilosicollis. Iph-
thinus Pennsylvanicus : I. saperdoides : I. rufipes. Opatri-
nus notum. Tenebrio obscurus. Uloma rubens. Diaperis
Hydni. Anorops obliquatus. Helops vittatus: H. pullus. —
Cisieia suturalis: C. fuscipes. Melandria striata: M. labiata.
Pyrochroa flabcllata. Mordella atrata : M. marginata. No-
toxus monodon: N. bicolor. Athicus, 5 species. Scirtes sol-
siitialis. Ellychma corusca : E. arcuata. Photuris versicolor.
Epicauta marginita: E. vittata. Chauliognathus bimaculatus.
Telephorus Carolina. Malachias cinctus. Anobiiini notatum:
A. capitata. Cupes cinerea. Hister depurator: H. abbrevia-
t.us : H. 14 striatus : H. 12 lineatus. Necrophorus grandis:
N. tomenlosus : N. arbicoUis. Necrodes suiinamensis. Sil-
pha Americana : S. marginalis: S. inequalis. Hololepta tequa-
lis. Platysoma sordid um. Nitidula colon. Ips 4 maculosa.
Dermestes lardarius. Attagenus cylindricornis. Aathrenus
niger. Parnus fastigiatus. Bruchuj pi.si. Phyllobius tienia.
tus. Hylobius pales: H. picivorus. Sixus scrubicollis. Cra-
toparis lunatus. Balamirus nasicus. Prionus brevicornis: P.
cylindricus. Cerasphorua cinctus. Clytus flexuosus : "). ery-
throcephalus: C. colonus: C. obliquu-^, Kn. palliatus, II: C,
mucronatus 1 C. picipss. Hylotrupes bajulus. Monochamu-
nus pini. Molorchus bimaculatus. Tetraopes tornator. Sa-
perda lateralis: S. tripunctata. Strangalia luteicornis. Lep-
tura 4 viltata. Uroplata qnadrala : U. naturalis. Cassida cia-
vata. Chlanys plicata. Celaspis ovatus. Chrysomela trimacu-
culata: C. scalaris. Galeruca vittata: G. 12-punctata. Systena
striolata. Oedionchus vians. Disonychiacollaris. Zygogramma
pulchra. Craptoderacrythropoda. Phratora aineus. Triplax hu-

478 HISTORY OP

meralis. Coccinclla borealis : C. 9-notada: C. lO-macuIata: C,
20-maciilata: C. tibialis: C. parenthesis : C. munda: C. aire-
viata. Ciiciiocorus stigma.

'D'

Ortiioptera.

Gryllotalpa brcvipennis; mole cricket. Acheta abbreviata ;
cricket. Ptcrophylla concavus ; katydid. Locusta Carolina ;
our largest grasshopper. L. viridifasciata.

IlEMirXERA.

Haly.^ arborea, Say. Cylnus bilincatus, Say. Berrytus
spinosus, S. Mysdochus serripes, Latr. Syrteserosa. Tingis,
four species including T. elongata, Say, first observed in Mis-
souri; it is found upon Bapti^ia tinctoria in June. Galgulus
ocuialus. Bclostoma Americana. Cicada pruinosa ; locust.
C. septendecim ; 17-year locust. Membracis bimaculatis, F :
M. accuminata, F : M. vau, Say : M. calva, say.

Neuropteka — Dragovjlies, c^-c.

Aeshnavinosa, Say. Libellulapulchella : L. Turnaria, Say :
L. Lydia. Corydalis cornutus, L. Chauliodes pectinicornis,
I;. Phryganea semifasciata, S.

Hymenopetra.

Trcmcx columba, L. Pelicinus polycerator. Pimpla atrata,
F. Trogus fulvus. Odyncrus quadricornis. Polistes fuscata,
L; wasp. Vespa maculata, L ; hornet. Leucospis fratcrna.

Li.pidoptera — Bulterjlies.

Papilio Turnus: P. glaucus: (female of the former.) P.
Philenor: P. Asterius: P. Triolus: Ajax.

DlPTERA — Tu-o-uhigril Jlies.

Midus filatus. Sphyracephala brevicornis. Conops sagilta-
ria. Tabanus atratus.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 479

MOLLUSCA.

The moUusca constitute a class of animals which includes
all our land and freshwater shells ; but as the county is out of
the influence of salt Nvater, and not even touched by the tide ;
we are without any of the more beautiful species which occur
in the sea alone. This, however, should not lead us to neglect
these humble creatures, for they, as well as the most highly
organized, have had their station given to them in the great
scheme of creation.

Those which construct a univalve shell, are the most highly
organized, and include the so called snails, whether of the
land or water. These move about slo\vly upon a disk called
the foot, in search of their vegetable food ; and instantly re-
tract themselves within their spiral shell, upon being distur-
bed. The bivalve species are enclosed in a pair of valves,
lined by the mantle of the animal, and closed by two strong
transverse muscles, thus differing from the genus Ostrea
(oyster) the valves of which are closed by a single muscle.
Upon each side of the body of the animal are two long flaps,
which are the gills, and the water is admitted by two siphons
projected a little, from the upper and hinder pait of the shell.
The animal moves with the open margin of the shell turned
down into the sand, and draws itself forward, making a furrow
as it advances by means of its foot, with which the oyster is
not provided, as it never moves from the place to which it was
first attached. The freshwater univalve shells have two tenta-
cles projecting from the head, and are divided into those which
breathe water, and those which breathe air ; the former have
the eyes situated upon an enlargement of the outside base of
the tentacles ; whilst in the latter, they are upon the head, near
the inside of these organs. At ti^e head of our Mollusca, the
genus llelania may be placed. It contains but a single spe-
cies, Melania Virginica, which occurs throughout the Susque-
hanna, and in many of the larger streams." The shell is an inch
long, with eight or ten turns ; the color green, with two spiral
reddish bands, in some individuals. AVith this species occurs
another belonging to the allied genus Anculosa, and called,
tr«m the dissimilarity of the various individuals, Areculosa dis-
similis. Length half an inch.

4S0 HISTORY OP

In the genus PALrDiNA, the head is much smaller, and the
foot much larger, than in Melaiiia. Two species are found in
some parts of the Susquehanna, the larger one, Paludina
decisa, having a short smooth light green shell, nearly an inch
long, whilst that of the other is smaller, rough with transverse
spiral lives, of a dull light green color, and with a rounder
aperture.

Abinicola presents a shell which is a miniature representa-
tion of Paludina. Amnicola limosa is one eighth of an inch
long, and resembles Paludina decisa, but the aperture is pro-
portionally wider. Amnicola lustrica is of the same size, but
is more nearly globular, the aperture is circular, and the base
of the shell presents an opening. Amnicola granum resem-
bles the latter, and is our smallest freshwater shell, being less
than the one twentieth of an inch in length.

Valvata TRicARiNATA is our only representative of this ge-
nus, which is distinguished by the circular aperture and open
base.

The members of the family of freshwater univalve shells
called Phisadae, though they live in vvalers of ponds and small
streams, breathe free air, and are therefore compelled to come
to tlic surface to breathe, which is effected by opening a
small aperture to admit the air. The shells are thin and deli-
cate, and of uniform tints. Physa heterostropha is extensively
distributed over the United States, and is our only species in
this genus, which has the peculiarity of having the turns of the
shell reversed, or turned in a contrary direction from most
spiral shells. Nearly allied is the genus Limnea, of which we
have the following species; L. palustris ; shell brown, oblong
conic, with six whirls, the surface frequently marked with
irregular elevated lines — length about an inch. It is a Europe-
an species, but those C'f this country were named L. clodcs, by
Say, under the impression of their being a distinct species.

L. desidiosa ; a light yellowish delicate shell, growing to the
length of 3-1 of an inch, and presenting numerous varieties.

L. caperata; very dark brown, approaching to blackish,
shell covered with fine spiral elevated lines, 3-4 of an inch
long.

L. humilis; shell ovate-conic, short and inflated, less than
half an inch long. A slender variety, considered a distinct
species by some authors ; has been named L, mcdicella.

LANCASTER COUNTr. 481

^LANOUBis is a geiitis in which the shell is a flattened discoid
spiral; the most common species throughout the country being
Planorbis bicarinatus. A small species, P. parvus, is more
rarely found within our limits, and may be nscognized by its
small size, being less than a quarter of an inch in diameter,
and by its compressed form.

In the remaining genus of the family Physadce, the shell is
not spiral, but has an oval conical shape, like a shallow cup,
being a minute representation of the shell of the marine genus
Patella. It may be found attached to stones under water. —
The only species observed within the county is named Ancy-
lus rivularis.

Helicid^.

The land snails have four tentacles, the principal or upper
pair, bearing undeveloped eyes upon ihcir summits, and pos-
sessing a peculiar structure, by means of which they can be
withdrawn ; being tubular, the extremity turns inwards, when
the whole tentacle follows. Snails live under bark, logs and
stones, our species seldom moving abroad, except in wet
weather, or during the night. Our largest species is najned,
from the broad white lip of the shell, Helix albolabris. The
next in size, and nearly like the preceding, is H. thyroidus, dis-
tinguished by a white projection or tooth, upon the inner side
of the aperture.

Helix tridentata; shell depressed, base open, lip white, with
two teeth, opposite to which, on the iiiiier side, is a third large
curved tooth ; length three-fourths of an inch.

Helix concava ; sliell polished, base very open, aperture
nearly circular, the lip expanded.

Helix alternata; shell nearly an Inch in size, open below,
lip sharp ; color yellowish brown, mottled witii reddish bands
lines of growth coarse.

Helix hirsuta may be recognised by the rough exterior, and
the narrow, radiating aperture, which is closed up in such
a manner by a large tooth, that one might suppose it diilicylt
for the animal to pass ; shell less than half an inch.

I have observed the following species of Helix v/ithin our
borders, together with several others v/hich may have boen
collected in the neighboring counties :

Helix albolabris ; H. thyroidus ; H. alternata; H. concava;

41

4S2 HISTORY Of

H. palliata'! H. fuliginosa ; H. hirsuta ; H. pulchella; H. in'
dentata ; H. electrina? H. labyrinthica.

1 have found Succinea obliqua upon the islands in the Sus-
quehanna, opposite to Washington. The shell presents a
strong resemblance to some of the forms of Limnea colum-
ella, a species which will probably be detected hereafter in
this county, as it occurs in other parts of the state, as in the
vicinity of Philadelphia, and in York county.

Unionid^.

This fomily includes all our large bivalve shells, usually
called mussles.

Unio is the principal genus, and contains the greatest num-
ber of species. It is known by having one or two short, robust
teeth at the hinge, and behind them one or two others, which
are flat and blade-shaped; the former are called card'mal — the
latter lamellar teeth.

Alasmodon wants the lamellar teeth, and

Anodon is Avithout either kind. The following species in-
habit the Susquehanna and branches:

Unio cariosus; shell straw yellow, 3 or 4 inches. U. radia-
tus; covered with broad green bands, 4 or 5 inches. U. com-
planatus ; compressed, dull brown, inside frequently purple ;
young sometimes rayed ; extremely variable in form ; our
most common species, 3 inches. U. viridis; a small, fragile,
brown or green, rayed species, with the cardinal teeth com-
pressed, and very variable ; usual length Ih inch,

Alasmodon undulatus; dark brown, rayed, a very robust
tooth in each valve, Ih inch. A. marginatus; green, rayed;
cardinal teeth small and thin ; posterior extremity of the shell
truncated ; 2 inches.

Anodon cataractus; bright green, rayed; delicate, 4 or 5
inches.

Anodon undulatus; dark brown, hinges slightly thickened,
having a tendency to form a slight pair of teeth, 2 or 3 inches.
See Conrad's work for information upon this family; Binncy's
on those; (jf the land, and Ilaldeman's on the freshwater uni-
valve species.

LANCASTER COUXTY. 483

CHAPTER XIV.

A CATALOGUE

OF THE

FILICOID AND FLOWERING PLANTS

OF

LANCASTER COUNTY, PENN.

AFvKANGED IN CONFORMITY WITH ENDLICHER S
GENERA PLANTARUM.

The following attempt to enumerate the Filicoid and Flower-
ing Plants of Lancaster county, is based upon the Index Flora*
Lancastriensis of that eminent Botanist, the late Rev. Dr.
Muhlenberg; adding thereto, such species as have been since
ascertained to grow in the county, — or which, being found ia
the adjacent county of Chester, may be safely enumerated
am.ong the Lancaster Plants. The List is, unquestionably, still
incomplete ; but it was thought better, genei'ally, to omit
plants of doubtful habitat, rather than to insert them on mere
conjecture. A few species, however, have been included, as
probable natives, — with a mark of doubt [1] prefixed.

By the arrangement in ?iatural Families, it will be perceived
that kindred plants are grouped together according to their
structural and other allinities; thereby rendering the investiga-
tion of them more interesting to the Student, — as well as afford-
ing a clue to their economical properties. The most usual
common, or English Name, is annexed to such Species as have

484

HISTORY OF

acquired a popular designation — so far as the same is known^

to the Compiler.

O^The numerals prefixed to the Generic Names, refer to

the number of the Genus, in Endlicher's great work ; and, for

the sake of ready distinction, the names of those plants which,

are cultivated for useful purposes, are printed in italic.

W. D.

REGIOH.COPyMOPIIYT.I

Seclio III. Aeu'iilss'ya,
Cohors SI. I'^i'd'-ophySd.

CLASSIS VI. EQUISETA.

ORDO XXV. EQUISETACEAE.

601 Equisctiim, L.
sylvaticum, L

hyemale, L. Scouring Rush,
arvense, L. Horse-tail,
fluviatile, L]
CLASSIS VII. FILICES.

ORDO XXVI. POLYPODIACEAE.

Suh ordo I. Folypodieae,
615 PolypodiiiiD, L.

vulgare, L

he.xagonopterum, Mx

Phegopteris, L
618 Cheilantlics, S\v.

vestita, Willd
620 Adiautiim, L.

pedatuin, L. Maiden's Hair.
622 Pleris, L.

atropurpurea, L [en,

aquiliiid, L. Brake, or Brack-

caudala, L

628 Struthiopteris, V/illd.
Peniisylvanica, Willd

629 Oiioclea, L.
sensibilis, L

630 As])lciiiain, L.
rhizophyllnm, Willd
angu.'^tifoliiun, Mx
cbeninnii, Wilhl
Tricliouiiiiies, L
thelyptcrioidcs, Mx.
Ruta-muraria, L

639 Nephrodium, Rich.
acrostichoides, Mx
thelyptcrioidcs, Mx
maiginale,Mx
bulbiferum, Mx
asplenioides, Mx
tenue, Mx

640 Aspidiuni, Sw..
Thelypteris, Willd
Lancastriense, Spreng

644 Dicksonia, Hcrit.

pilosiuscula, Willd
646 Woodsia, R. Br.

Ilvensis, R. Br

Hufidula, Beck

Perriniana, Hook & Grov

ORDO XXX. OSMUNDACEAE,

665 Osmunda, L.

intcrriipta, Mx
spectabilis, Willd
cinnamomea, L

OKDO XXXII. OPHIOGLOSSEAE.

671 Opliioglossiim, L.

vulgatum, L
674 JBotrycliiuni, Sw.

fumarioides, Wdld

dis.scftum, Willd

Virgiiiiciiin, Sw
CLASSIS IX. SELAGINES.

OUDO XXXV. ISOETEAE.

693 Isoetes, L.

lacustris, L
OR DO XXXVI. LYCOPODIACEAfi

696 Lycopodiuui, L.
clavatuni, L. Club Moss
complanatuin, L

LANCASTER COUNTr.

485

dendroideiim, Mx
alopecuroidos, L
rupestre, L
apodum, L
lucidulum, Mx

Sectio tV. AiMB>hi-

I) I* v*i •

CLASSIS XII. GLUMACEAE.

ORDO XLII. GRAMINExVE.
Trihus I. Oryzeas.
728 Leersia, Soland.
oryzoides, Sw. Cut-Grass
Virgiiiica, Willd
731 Hydrochloa, Beauv.
aquatlca, Beauv. Water Oats
Trihus II. Phalarideae.
742 Zea. L.

Mays, L. Indian Corn
747 Alopecurus, L.

prate n sis, L
750 Phleum, L.
pratense, L. Timothy

753 Phalaris, L.
arundinacea, L

754 Holcus, L.
lanatus L. Feather-grass

755 Hierochloa, Ginel.
borealis, Roem & Schult

756 Anthoxanthum, L.
oderatum, L

Trihus III. Paniceae.
761 Paspalum, L.

filiforme, Sw

laeve, Mx

setaceum, Mx
770 Par.iciim, L.

sanguinale, L

glabrurn, Gaud

agro-toides, Muhi

proliferum, Lain

virgatum, L

dichotomum,

nitidum, Lain

microcarpum, Muhl

anceps, Mx

capillare, L

latifolium, L

iV

elandestinum, L

rectum, Roem & Scliutt
778 Opiismeniis, Beauv.

Crus Galli, Kunth
781 Penuisetuni, Rich.

glaucum, l{ Br. Foxtail Grass

viride, •{ Br. Bottle Grass

verticillatum, R Br

Italicum, R Br var. g. Kunth,
Millet
Trihus IV. Stipaceae.
798 Stipa, L.

avenacea, L
801 Aristida, L.

dichotoma, Mx

stricta, Mx'^ Poverty Grass
Trihus V. Agrostideae.
803 Muhlenbergia, Schreb.

diffusa, Willd

Wildcuuwii, Trin

sylvatica, Gray

aristata, Pers

Mexicana, Trin

sobolifera, Trin
SOS Cmna, L.

arundinacea, L
309 Sporobolus, R. Br..

Virginicus, Kunth
810 Agrostis, L.

vulgaris, Sm. Herd's Grass

laxitiora, Richards

cornucopiae, Fras
Trihus VI. Arundinaceae.
817 Calamagrostis, x\daus.

Canadensis, Beauv

coarctata. Torr
824 Phra.gmites, Trin.

communis, Trin
Trihus VIII. Chlornideae.
841 Eleii-iiiic, Gaertii,

Indica, Gaertn. Dog's tail

Grass
84G Spartina, Schreb.

cynosuroides, Willd
847 Eiilriana, Triu.

curtipcndula, Trin

Trihus IX. Avtnaceae.

486

HISTORV OF

857 Descliampsia, Beauv.

cespitosa, Beauv
859 Aira, L.

llexuosa, L

863 TrisetLini, Kunth.
Pennsylvaiiicum, Tria

864 Aveiia, L.

sativa, L. Common Oats
palustris, Mx

865 AiThenatheriim, Beauv
avenaceum, Beauv. Oat-Grass

871 Danthonia, DC.
spicala, Hoeni & Schult

872 Uralepis, Nutt.
cup re a, Kunth

Tribus X. Festucaceae.
876 Poa, L.

pilosa, L

hirsuta, Mx

capillaris, L

Eragnjstis, L

replans, Mx

annua, L [Grass

tiivialis, L. Rough Meadow

pratensis. L. Green Grass

comprcssa, L. Blue Grass

punyens, Nutt
878 'Giyccria, R. Br.

fluitans. U. Br

Michauxii, Kunlh
880 Eaton ia, lh\\'.

truncata, [cfr Trisctum]
883 W\zi\, L.

mctlia, L

Canadensis, Mx
887 Molica, L.

spcci(j?a, Muhl
892 Dactylis, L.

glomrrata. L. Orchard Grass

899 Fcrtuea, L.
Tcnella Willd
duriusenia, L
Pralensis, Herds, Fescue
elatior. L

nuians, Sprong

900 JJroimis, L.
secalinus, L. Cheat. Chess

arvensis, L'? (cfr. mollis)
pnrgans, L
ciliatus, L
pubescens, Muhl
902 Unlola, L.
latifolia, Mx

Tribus XI. Hordeaceae.

912 Lolium, L.
perenne, L. Kye grass

913 Triticuu], L.
vulgare,y\\\. Wheat. (Several

varieties cultivated)
Spelta, L. Spelt
Polnnicum, L. Polish Wheat
repens, L. Couch grass

914 Sccale, L.
cereale, L. Rye

915 Elynnis; L.
Canadensis, L
striatus, Willd
villosus, Muhl
Virginicus, L

916 Gymnostichum, Schrcb.
Hystrix, Schreb

917 Ilordeiuii, L.
vulgare, L. Barley [ley
distichum, L. Two-roived Bar-
Tribus XII. Rottboelliuceae.

930 Tripsacum, L.
dactyloides, L. Gama Grass
Tribus XIII. Andropngoncae.

950 Aiidropogon, L.
scoparius, Mx. Indian Grass
furcatus, Muhl
macrourus, Mx
Virginicus, L

Sorghum, Brot. Indian Millet
cernuus, lloxb. Guinea Corn
bico/or, |{o\b. Chocolate Corn
saccharatus, Roxb. Broom

Corn
avenaceus, Mx. Indian Grass

OKDO XLIII. CYPKUACEAE.
Tribus I. Cariceac.
957 Carex, L. Sedge,
rosea, Schk
cejjhaiophora, Muhl
sparganit'ides, Muhl

LANCASTER COUNTY.

4ST

Muhlenbergii, Schk
vulpiiioidea, Mx
multiflura, Muhl
bromoidcs, Schk
slellulata, Good
scoparia, Schk. (and var)
festucacea, Schk
cristata, Schw
straminea, Schk
cespitosa, L
acuta, L
crinita, Lam
polytrichoides, Muhl
pcdunculata, Muhl
"Isquarrosa, L
hirsuta, Willd
virescens, Muhl
gracilliiiia, Schw
IDavisii, Schw. & Torr
lanuginosa, Mx
vestita, Willd
Pennsylvanica, Lam
pubescens, Muhl
laxiflora, Lam
Granularis, Muhl

anceps, Muhl

oligocarpa, Schk
debilis, M::
intumescens, Rudge
lupulina, Muhl
tentaculata, IMuhl
bullata, Schk
vesicaria, L
trichocarpa, Muhl
lacre.stris, Willd
1 scab rata, Schw
hystericina, Muhl
pseudo-cj'perus, L
miliacea, Muhl
umbellata, Schk

Tribus III. Sderieae.
964 Scleria, Berg,
pauciflora, Muhl
triglomerata, Mx
■Iverticillata, Muhl
Tribus IV. RhijncJiosporeae.
967 Rhynchospora, Valil.

cymosa, Nutt

alba, Vahl

! capillacea, Torr

Glome rata, Vahl
Tribus VIII. Fuireneae.

998 Fimbristylis, Vahl.
Baldwiniana, Torr

1 spadicca, Vahl
autumnalis, i.oem, & Schult.
Tribus IX. Scirpeae.

999 Isolepis, R. Br.
subsquarrosa, Schrad
capillaris, Roem k. Schult

1000 Scirpus, L.
planifulius, Muhl
debilis, Pursh
lacustris, L. Bull Rush
triqueter, L. Chairmaker's

Rush,
atrovirens, Muhl
brunneus, Muhl
palustris, L
intermedins, IMuhl
obtusus, Willd
acicularis, L
tenuis, Willd

1001 Eriophorum, L,
Virgin icum, L
angusti folium, Rich
cyperinum, L
lincatum, Endl ]

Tribus X. Cypereae..

1002 DuUchium, Rich,
spathaceum, Pers

1003 Cy perns, L.
diandrus, Torr
strigosus, L

] repens, Ell
filiculmis, Vahl
dentatus, Torr
inflexus, Muhl
ovularis, Torr
erythrorhyzos, Muhl
retrofractus, Endl I
CLASSIS XllI EXANTIO-
BLASTAE.

ORDO XLVII. XYRIDEAE.

1025 Xyris, L.
Caroliniana, Walt

ORDO XiVIir. CO.-'IMELrNA-
CEAE.

488

HISTORY OF

1031 Tradescantia, L.
Vircinica, L. Spidcinvort
CLASSISXIV. HELOBIAE.

ORDO XLIX. ALISMACEAE.

1041 Alisina, .luss.
Plantago, L. AVater Plantain

1042 Sjsrittaria, L.
sagittacl'olia, L. Arrow-head
heterophvlla, Pursh

CLASSIS XV. CORONAUIAE

ORDO LI. JUNCACEAE.

1047 Luzula, DC.

pilosa, Willd
canipustris, Willd

1049 J uncus, DC.
elTusus, L. Soft Rush
setaceus, Rostk
tenuis, Willd
nodosus, L
marginatus, Rostk
bufonius, L
acuminatus, Mxl
polycephalus, Mx

ORDO LIII. MELANTHACEAE.

1066 Helonias, L.
dioica, Pursh. Blazing Star

1066 Amiaiithium, A. Gray,
laetum, A. Gray

1067 Veriitruiii, Tournef.
viride, Ait. Indian Poke. I

1067 Lcirniuitliium, Willd
Virginicum, Willd

1050 Uvularia, L,
pcrfoliata, L
scssililblia, L

ORDO LIV. PONTEDERACEAE,

10S7 Hctcranthera, Ruiz &.
Pa von.

I'cnilonnis, Ruiz & Pav

graiiiiiiea, Vahl
loss Pontedcria, L.

cordata, L

ORDO LV. LI LI ACE AE.

Sill) ordo I. Tulipnceae.
1090 J^jiythroniun), L.
Amcricanurn, Sm

"? albidum, Nutt
109S Liluun, L.

Philadelphicum, L

Canadense, L

supcrbum, L
Sub or do IV. Aspliodeleae,
Tribus I. Hyacinthcae.
1132 Ornithogaluni, Link

umbellatum, L. Ten o'clock
1137 Allium, L.
' Canadense, L

vineale, L. Crow Garlic

tricoccum, Ait

Porrum, L. Leek

salivum, L. English Garlic

schoe7ioprasum, L. Chives

Cepa, L. Onion

Tribiis II. Anthericeae.
1143 Hemerocallis, L.

fulva, L. Day Lily
Tribus III. Asjmrageae.
1164 Asparagus, L.

njjicinalis, L. Asparagus.

ORDO LVI. SillLACEAE.
Tribus I. Parideae.

1177 Trillium, iMiil.
pendulum, Muhl
'! e rectum, L

1178 Medeola, Gronov.
Virginica, L.

Tribus II. Convallarieae.
1181 Polygonatum, Tournef.
multiflorum, Desf
angiistifulium, Pursh
Ipubescens, Pursh

1183 Smilacina, Dcsf.
bifolia, Ker
1 stcllata, Desf.
racemosa, Desf

1184 Smilax, Tournef.
rotundifolia, L. Green Briar
caduca, L

herbaoca, L. Carrion flower
] poduncularis, Muhl

CLA«SIS XVL AKTOKIIIZEAE.
ORDO LVII. DIOSCOREAB.

1201 Dioscorea, Pluni»

LANCASTER COUNTr.

489

villosa, L
CLASSIS XVII ENSATAE.

ORDO LIX. HYDROCHARIDEAE.
Tribus I. Anacharideae.
1206 Udora, Nutt.
Canadensis, Nult
Tt ibus II. Valisnerieae.
1209 Vallisneria, Michel,
spiralis, L. Eel-grass

ORDO LXI. IRIDEAE.

1220 Sisyriiichiuin, L.

mucronatum, Mx

anceps, Cavan
1226 Iris, L.

versicolor, L

ORDO LXII. HAE?,IODORACEAE

1259 Aletris, L.
farinosa, L

ORDO LXIII. HYPOXIDEAE.

1364 Hypoxis, L.
erecta, L. Star of Bethlehem.

CLASSIS XVIII. GYMNAN-
DRAE.

ORDO LXVI. ORCHIDEAE.
Sub ordo I. Malaxideae.
1335 Microstylis, Nutt.
ophiuglossoides, Nutt

1339 Coraliorhiza, Hall,
verna, Nutt
odontorhiza, Nutt
multiflora, Nutt
hyemalis, L. Adam &; Eve

1340 Liparis, Rich,
lilifulia. Rich

Sub ordo IV. Ophrydeae.
1509 Gyinnadenia, R. Br.

tridentatr', Lindl
1515 Piatuitlicra, Rich.

orbiculata, Lindl

herbiola, Liiidl [non L

lacera, (psycheda«, Lindl)

psychodes, (iiinbriata, Lindl)

1 incisa, Lindl

1 lissa, Lindl

ciliaris, Lindl

1517 Peristylus, Blum.

bracteatus, Lindl

1 vLrescens, Lindl
1525 Habenaria, Willd.

spectabiiis, Spreng

Sub ordo VI. Ntottieae-
1547 Spiranthes, Rich.

turtilis, Rich

cernua. Rich
1559 Goody era, R. Br.

pubescens, K Br
Sub ordo VII. Arethuseete.

1600 Calopogon, R. Br.
pulchellus, R Br

1601 Pogouia, Juss.
ophioglussoides, Ker
verticillata, Nutt
pendula, Spreng

1602 Arethusa, Gronov.
bulbosa, L

Sub ordo VIII. Cypripedieae.
161S Cypripediuin, L.
candiduni, Willd
pubescens, Svv. Noah's Ark
'! spectabile, S\v
acaule, Ait
CLASSIS XX. FLUVIALES.

ORDO LXXI. NAIADEAE.

1655 Caulinia, Willd.

llexilis, Willd

1 fragilis, Willd
1664 Potamogeton, L.

natans, L

perf.jjiatus, L

lucens, L

coinprcssus, L

paucillorus, Pursli
1668 Lcmiia, L.

tiisnlea, L

minor, L. Duckmeat

polvrhiza, L
CLASSIS XXI. SPADICIFLO-
KAE.

ORDO LXXII. AROIDEAE.

1676 Arum, L.

dracoiitium, L

triphyllum, L. Indian Turnep
1685 Peltandra, Raf.

490

HISTORY OP

Virginica, ilaf

1705 Symplocarpiis, Salisb
foetida, Nutt. Skunk cabbage

1706 Orontiiim, L.
aquaticvim, L. Golden club

170S Acorus, L.
calamus, L. Calamus

ORDO LXXIir. TYPHACEAE.

1709 Typha, Toiirnef.
lafifolia, L. Cat-tail

1 angustifulia, L

1710 Sparganinm, Toiirnef.
Amcricanum, Nutt. Bur-reed
"! ramosum, Sm

hvyn.

CoJtors I. fiifittno^pernif^e

CLASSIS XXIII. CONIFE-
RAE.

ORDO LXXVI. CUPRESSINAE.

1789 .In ni perns, L.
communis, L. Juniper
VirginJana, L. Red Cedar

ORDO LXXVII. ABIETINAE,

1795 Pi I Ills, L.

inops. Ait. Scrub Tine

rigida, L
. Strolius, L. White Pine

Canadensis, L. Hemlock
Spruce

ORDO LXXVIII. TAXINEAE.

1799 Taxus Tonriief.
1 Canadensis, Willd. Yew
Co fifty ft Ifi ,/S^trJiifaf.
CLASSISXXIV. PIPERITAE.

OKDO LXXXII. SAURUREAE.

1824 Saururiis, L.

cernuus, L. Lizard's tail
CLASSIS XXV. AQUATICAE

OKDO LXXXIII. CERi\TOPiiYLLE.\E

1829 Coratophyllum, L. ,'
demcrsum, L

ORDO LXXXIV. CALLITRICHINAE

18.30 Callitriche, L.
verna, L. (and vars)

ORDO LXXXV, PODOSTEMMEAE.

1S32 Podostcmon, Rich.

ceratophyllum, Mx
CLASSIS XXVI JULIFLO-
RAE.

ORDO LXXXVII. MYRICEAE.

1839 Myrica, L.
cerifera, L
asplenitolia, Endll

ORDO LXXXVIII. BETULACEAE.

1340 Betula, Tournef.

1 populifolia. Ait
nigra, L

lenta, L. Sweet Birch
1841 AImus, Tournef.
serrulala, Willd. Alder

ORDO LXXXIX. CUPULIFERAE.

1S42 Ostrya, Michel.
Virginica, Willd. Hop Horn-
bean

1843 Carpiniis, L.
Americana, Willd. Horn-
beam

1844 Coryliis, Tournef.
Americana, Walt. Hazelnut
cornuta. Marsh

1845 Quercus, L.
nigra, Willd. Black Jack
tinctoria, Willd. Black Oak
1 discolor, Willd
coccinea, Wangenh
rubra, t. Red Oak
falcata, Mx. Spanish Oak
palustris, ]\Ix. Pin Oak
ilicifolia, Wangenh. Scrub

Oak
obtusiloba, Mx
nificrocarpa, L
alba, L. White Oak
Pi'inus, I,
Michau.xii. Nutt
montana, Willd
Castanet, Mull I. Chestnut Oak
chinquapin, Mx

1847 P'agus, Tournef.
sylvalica, L. Beech

1848 Castanea, Tournef.
vcsca, Willd. Chestnut
pumila, Willd. Chinquapia

LANCASTER COUNTY.

491

ang Nettle

ORDO XC. TJLMACEAE.

1850 Ulmiis, L.
Americana, L
fulva, Mx. Slippery Elm

ORDO XCI. CELTIDEAE.

1851 Celtis, ToLirnef.
occidentalis, I,. Nettle tree
crassitblia, Lam

OEDO XCII. MOKEAE.

1856 Ivlorus, Touruef.
rubra, L. Red Mulberry-
alba, L. White Mulberry.
muUicauIis, Perrot. (var. of
alba)
1858 Bronssonetia, Vent,
papysifera. Vent. Paper Mul
berry

ORDO XCIV. TJRTICACEAE.

1879 Urtica, Touruef.
pumila, L
urens, L
dioica, L. Stin
Canadensis, L

1884 Boehmeria, Jacq.
cylindrica, Willd

1885 Parietaria, Touruef.
Pennsylvanica, Muhl

ORDOXCV. CANNABINEAE.

1890 Cannabis, Tournef.
sativa, L. Hemp

1891 Humulus, L.
Lupulus, L. Hop

ORDO XCVII. PLATANEAE.

1901 Platanus, L.
occidentalis, L. Button wood

ORDO XCIX. SALICINEAE.

1903 Salix, Tournef.
Muhlenbcruiana, Willd
conifera, Waugenh
discolor Willd
longifulia, Muhl floio

Baljijlonioi, I,. Weeping Wil-
Purshiana, Spreng
nigra, IMarsh
lucida, Muhl
Icordata, Muhl
grisea, Willd
vitellina, L. Yellow Willow

1904 Populus, Tournef.
balsamifera, L
tremuloides, Mx. Asperl
grandidentata. Mx
heterophylla, L.
graeca. Ait. Athenian Poplar
dilatata. Ait. Lombardy Poplar

CLASSIS XXVIJ.OLERACE-
AE.

ORDO CI. CHENOPODEAE.

1912 Atriplex, L.
hortensis, L. Orach

1914 Acnida, Mitch,
cannabina, L

1915 Spinacia, Tournef.
oleracea, L. Spinach

1921 Blitum, L.

capitatum, L. Strawberry
Elite
1924 Beta, Tournef.

vulgaris, L. Beet

cicla, L. Mangel Wurtzel
1930 Chenopodium, L.

rhombifulium, Muhl

album, L. Lamb's Quarters

ambrosioides, L

Botrys, L (seed

anthelminticum, L. Worm-

ORDO en. AMARANTACEAE.

1972 Araarantus, L.
albus, L
hybriJus, L
spinosus, L

ORDO cm. POLYGONEAE.

1948 Rheum, L.

rhaponticum, Ait. Pie Rhu-
barb
1986 Polygommi, L.

aviculare, L. Knot grass

ercclum, Muhl

tenue, Mx

punctatum, Ell

mite, Pers

Virginianum, L

amphibium, L

Pennsylvanicum, L

lapathit'oUum, L

Persicaria, L

492

HISTORY OF

[tain
lanccolata, |>. English Plan-

CLASSIS XXXI. AGGREQA-
TAE.

ORDO CXVIII. VALERIANEAE,

JMocjich.

orientale, L Virginica, L

sagittatum, ]j
aritbliuin, I.. Tear thumb
convalvulus, L
scandcns, I,

1987 Fagoi)ynim, Tournef. 2181 Varerianeiia,

esculenluin, Moench, Buck- olitoria Moencli
«'/'<'«^ rudiuta,' Dufr

1993 Riiiiiex, L.

crispus, I.. Suiir Dock

aqiiaticns, L

saDguiiicus, L

Pal lent la, L. Patience Dock

Eritaniiica, \,

obtusirolius, L. Bitter Dock

ORDO CXIX. DIPSACEAE,

2191 Di psacus, Tournef.
sylveslris, M. Wild Teasel
Fullonum, L. Fuller's Teasel

ORDO CXX. COMPOSITAE,
Suh ordo I. Tubulijinrae.
Tribus I. Yernoniaccae.

Acetosejla, L. Siicep Snrrcl qqaa Vpvnnni'i Sr-hrph

ORDO CVI. LAURINEAE.

Tribus X. Flavijlorae.
205G Sassafras, Nees.

officinale, Necs. Sassafras
2057 Ikiizoin, Necs.

odoriferum, Nees. Spice wood

ORDO CVIII. SANTALACEAE.

2076 Coniniaiidra, Nutt.

umbollata, Niitt
20Sf) Nyssa, J..

multiik)ra, Walt, Sour Gum

ORDO CIX. DAT'HNOIDEAE.

2091 Dirca, J..

palustris. I,. Leathcrwood

CLASSIS XXTX. SERTENTA-

RIAE.

ORDO CXIV. ARISTOLOCHIEAE.

21 GO Asaruiii, Tournef.
Canadcnse, L. AVild Ginger
1 Virginicum, J,
21 G2 Aristolocliia, Tournef.
Serpentaria, L. Virg. Snake
root
CoIiOi s f^ff fMitr^iopflftiaf.
CLASSIS XXX. PLUME A( i-
INES.

ORTifi rxvi. I'LANTAGINEAE.

2170 Ph4iJla<,ro, J^.
major, L. Great Tlantain
media, L

Weed

Tribus II. Eiipatoriaceae.
2270 Liatris, Schreb.

spicata, Willd.
2275 Conoclinium, DC.

coelestinum, DC.
2280 Eupatoriun], Tournef.

purpureum, L. (vars.)

album, L

teucrifolium, Willd

rotundifolium, L

sessililiilium, J^ [stem

pcifuliatum, L. Thorough-

agcrutoides, L. f.

aromaticum, L
2282 Mikania, Willd.

scandens, Willd

Tribus III. Aslcroideae.
2301 Aster, Necs.

'! Radula, Ait

patens. Ail. [& var.]

laevis, L

luiilulatus, L

coidil'ulius, L

Isagittifuiius, Willd

cricordes, L

miser, L

simplex, Willd

Novi Belgii, L

piniiceus, Jj

jirenantlioides, Muhl

LANCASTER COUNTY.

495'

Novae Angliae, L
2310 Sericocarpus, Nees.
conyzoides, Nees
solidagineus, Nees
2316 Biotia, DC.
corymbosa, DC
macrophylla, DC
2319 Diplostephium, Cass
cornifolium, DC
Tamygdaliaum, Cass
umbellatum, DC
2321 Diplopappus, DC.

linariifolius, Hook
2332 Erigeroii, DC.
Canadense, L
bellidit'olium, Muhl'
Philadelphicnm, L
strigosuni, Muhl
2339 Steiiactis, Nees.'

annua, Nees
2373 Ctiry.sopsis, Nutt.

Mariana, Nutt
2376 Soliclago, L. Golden
rod.
squarrosa, Muhl
bicolor, L
latifulia, L
•caesia, L
specifjsa, Nutt
frigida, L
patula, Muhl
arguta, Ait

Muhienbergii, Terr & Gray
altissima, L
ulmifulia, Muhl
odora, Ait
nemoralis, Ait
Canadensis, L
serotina, Ait
gigantea. Ait
laiiceolata, L
2426 Inula, Gaerln.

Helenium, L. Elecampane.
Trib,s IV. Senecionideae.
2474 Silphium, L.

perfoliatuni, L
2175 Polyinnia, L.
Canadensis, L

Uvedalia, L
24S0 Xaiithium, Tonrnef.
strumarium, L. Clot-bur
f spinosum, L
24S2 Ambrosia, Tournef.
trifida, L [weed,

artemisiaefolia, L. Bitter-
2506 Heliopsis, Pers.

laevis, Pers
2514 Ptudbeclda, L.
hirta, L
fiilgida, Ait
laciniata, L
2516 Obeliscaria, Cass.

1 pinnata, Cass
2526 Chrysostemma, Less.

tripteris, Less
2530 Actiiiomeris, Nutt.

squarrosa, Nutt
2538 HeliaiUlius, L.
giganteus, L
strumosus, L
decapeialus, L

divaricatus, L [choke

tuberosus, L. Jerusalem Arti-
annuus, L. Sunflower.
2541 Bideiis, L.
frondosa, L
connata, L

cernua, L. Beggar ticks
chrysanthemoides, Mx [dies,
bipinnata, L. Spanish Nee-
2603 Helenium, L.
autumnale, L

2639 Antlicmis, DC.
arvensis, L
nobilis, L. Chamomile

2640 jNIaruta, Cass,
foetida, Cass. Stinking Chann-

omile '
2649 Achillea, Neck.

millefolium, L. Yarrow
2667 Leucanthemum, Tour-
nef.
vulgare, Lam. Ox-cyc Daisy
2694 Artemisia, L.
Abrotanum, L. Southern wood

42

4^4

HISTORY OS*

Vulgaris, L. Mug-wort

Absinthium, L. Wormicood
ZQ9Q Tanacetiini, L.

vulgarc, L. Tansey
2746 Gnaphalium, Don.

polj'ccphalum, Mx. Life ever-
lasting

uliginosum, L

purpurcum, L
2752 Fiiago, Tournef.

Geinianica, L
.5767 Antciuiaria, R. Br.

dioica, Gacrtii. Cud weed

plantaginea, E. Br

inargaHtaccci, R. Br
2790 Erechtites, Raf.

hieracifolia, Raf. Fire weed
2800 Arnica, L.

Inudicaulis, Ell
2806 Cacalia, DC.

suavcoiens, I,

atriplicifdlio. 1-

reniformis, JMuhl
2811 Senecio, Less.

aureus, L. (ct. vars)
Tribus V. Cynareae.

2871 Centaurea, Less,
cyanus, L. Blue bottle

2872 Cricus, Vaill.
benedidus, Gaertn. Blessed

Thistle.

2875 Carthamus, Tournef.

tinctorius, \.. Bastard Saffron
2887 Cirsinni, Tournel'.

lanceolatuiii, Scop, Common
Thistle

discolor, Spreng

altissimiim. Spreng

arvcnse, Scop. Canada This-
tle

pumilum, S'prcng

Ihorriilulniii, M\

muticiini, I\I.\

1 Virginiai)-:ni, Mx
2892 Lappa, 'J\)nnier.

mnjor, Gaertn. Bur- dock
Sub ordo III. Ligulijlorae.

Tribus VIII. Ciclioracecij^
2978 Cichoriiim, Tournef.-
Intybus, I,. Wild Succory
Endivia, Willd. Endive

2981 Krigia, Scln-eb.
Virginica, Willd

2982 Troxitnon, Gaertn.
Virginicum, Pursh

2995 Tragopogon, L.

■porrif alius, L.. Oyster Plant
3003 Sonchus, L.

ciliatus, 1 am ? Sow thistle

asper. Villi
3005 Prenanthes, Gaertn.

ahissima, L

Serpentaria, Pursh
3008 Lacluea, L.

elongata, Muhl

saliva, L. Lettuce
3010 Taraxacum, Juss.

Dens Leonis, Desf. Dande-
lion
3020 Pachylepis, Less.

IKalmii, Less
3026 Hieracium, Tournef.

venosum, L. Hawk weed

Gronovii, L. [& var]

paniculatum, L
3028 jMulgcdium, Cass.

Floridanum, DC

acuminatum, DC
CLASSIS XXXir. CAMPAN-
UIJNAE.

ORDO CXXIV. L013ELIACEAE.

3058 Lobelia, L.
spicala. Lam
? puberula, Mx
syphilitica, L

inllata, [.. Indian Tobacco
cardinalis, L

ORDO CXXV. CAMPANULACEAE.

3055 Can]])anula, L.
rotundilidia, ],
aparinoides, Pursh
Americana, L

3056 Spccuhiria, Heist,
porfoliata, Alph. D^

LANCASTER COUNTY.

495

CLASSIS XXXIII. CAPRI-
FOLIA.

ORDO CXXVII. RUBIACEAE.

3100 Galium, L.
Aparine, L. Cleavers
trifidum, L
asprellum, Mx
triflontm, Mx
pilosum, Alt
circaezans, Mx. [et var]
boreale, L

3101 Riibia, Toiirnef.
Tinctorum L. Madder.

3123 Diodia, L.

teres, Walt
313S Cephalanthns, L.

occidentalis, L. Button bush
3188 Mitchella, L.

repens, L. Partridge Berry
3240 Hedyotis, Lam.

caerulea, Hook

purpurea, Torr & Gray

ORDO CXXVIII. LONICEREAE.

3336 Diervilla, Tom'nef.
trifida, Moench

3337 Lonicera, Desf.
1 grata, Ait

1 parviflora, Lam

3338 Triosteum, L.
perfoliatum, L

*! angu.stifolium, L

3340 Viburnum, L.
nudum, L

prunifolium, L. Black Haw
Lentago, L

dentatum, Ti
acerifoiium, L
opulus, L. Snow ball
1 lantanoides, Mx

3341 Sambucus, Tounief.
Canadensis, L. Eldcrbush

CLASSIS XXXIV. CONTOR
TAE.

ORDO CXXX. OLEACEAE.

3346 Chionauthus, L.

Virginica, L. Fringe tree
3352 Ligustrum, Tounief.

vulgare, L. Privet
3353 Fraxinus, Tournef,
sambucifolia, Willd
acuminata, Lam
pubescens, Walt

ORDO CXXXII. APOCYNACEAB

3422 Apocynum, L.
androsaemifolium, L
cannabinum, L

ORDO CXXXIII. ASCLEPIADEAE.

3488 Acerates, Ell.

viridiflora. Ell
3490 Asclepias, L.

syriaca, L. Silk weed

amoena, L

obtusifolia, Mx

variegata, L

phytolaccoides, Lyon

laurifulia, Mx

incarnata, L

quadrifolia, Jacq

verticillata, L

tuberosa, L. Butterfly weed
3495 Gonolobus, Rich.

1 obliquus, R. Br

ORDO CXXXIV. GENTIAKEAE.

3528 Genfiana, L,
Saponaria, L
1 ochroleiica, Willd
crlnita, Willd

3542 Centaurella, Rich,
paniculata, Mx

3543 Erythraea, Ren.
pulchelja, Hook

3546 Sa' batia, Adans
angularis, Pursh. Centourey

3564 Menyantlies, L.
1 trifoliata, L

3565 Villarsia, Vent,
1 lacunosa, Vent.

CLASSIS XXXV. NUCULI-
FEKAE.

ORDO CXXXVI. LABIATAE,
Trihus I. Ocimoideae.
3569 OcimunijL.

hasilicum, L. Sweet Basil,
3585 Lavandula, L.

496

HISTORY OP

Spica, L. Lavender
Trihus II. Menthoideac.
3592 Isanthiis, Rich.
T caeruleus, Mx.

3594 Mentha, L.
viridis, L. Speer Mint
piperita, L. Pepper Mint
arveiisis, 1^
Canadensis, L

3595 Lycopus, L.
Virgin icus, L
sinuatus, Ell

Tribus III. Monardeae.
3597 Salvia, L.
lyrata, L. Wild Sage
officinalis, L. Garden Sage
Sclarea. L. Clary

3600 Moiiarda, L.
didyma, L. Burgamot
fistulosa, L. Horse Mint
1 punctata, L

3601 Blcphiha, Raf.
Iciliata, Haf

Trihus IV. Saturcineae.
3605 Pyciiaiitlienium, Bcnth.
incanum, Mx
linifoliiim, Pursh
lanceolutum, Pursh
1 mnticuin, Pers

3608 Origanum, L.
vulgai'e, L

3609 Mitjorana, Moencli.
hortensis, Moench. Marjoram

3610 Thynjiis, L.
Scrpylliim, L. Wild Thyme
vulgaris, L. Garden Thyme

3611 Satureia, L.
Jioriensis, L. Slimmer Savory

3612 Ilyssopiis, L.
officinalis, L. Hyssop

3613 Collinsonia, J..
Canadensis, L

3614 Cnnihi, L.
Mariana, L. Dittany

Tribus V. MiUssinae.

3615 Ilt'dcoina, Pers.
pulcgioidcSjPers. Pennyroyal

3617 Melissa, Benth.

officinalis, L. Balm

Clinopodium, Benth.

1 Calamintha, L
Tribus VI. Scutellarineae.
3624 Prunella, L.

vulgaris, L. Heal-all
3626 Scutellaria, L.

I galericulata, L. Scull cap

1 nervosa, Pursh

parvula, Mx [cap

laieiiflora, L. Mad-dog Scull

integrifdlia, L

pilosa, Mx

1 Crinescens, Nutt ^

Tribus VIII. Nepeteae.

3635 Lophanthus, Benth.
nepetoides, Benth
scropluilariaefolius, Benth

3636 Nepeta, Benth.
Cataria, L. Catmint [Ivy
Glcchoma, Bentli. Ground

Tribus IX. Stachydeae.
3641 Physostegia, Bcnth.

Virginiana, Benth
3645 Lfimium, L.

amplexicaule, L. Henbit.
3647 Leonurus, L.

Cardiaca, L. Motherwort
3650 Staciiys, Benth.

aspera, Mx

sylvatica, L 1

'] tenuil'ulia. Muhl
3657 Marrubium, L.

vulgare, L. Horehound
Tribus XI. Ajuguideae.

3678 Trichostenima, L.
dichotoma, L

3679 Tcucriuni, L.
Canadense, L

ORDO CXXXVII. VERBENA-
CEAE.

3684 Lippia, L.
nodiflora, Mx

3685 Verbena, L.
liastala, L. Vervain
■i spuria, L

LANCASTER COUNTY.

497

urticaefolia, L
angustifolia, Mx
3690 Priva, Adans,
leptostachya, Juss

OKDO CXLIII. ASPERIFOLIAE.
Sub ordo II. Bnragineae.
Tribus I. Anchuscae.
3755 Oiiosmodium, Rich.

hispidum, Mx
3757 Echium, Tournef.

vulgare, L. Blue Devils.
3759 Puimonaria, Tournef.

Virginica, L
3761 Lithospermnm, Tour.

arvense, L. Stoiie-vvccd

officinale, L

canescens, Lehm
3772 Myosotis, L.

palustris,Roth. Forget me not

arvensis, Sibtli
3776 Symp!i3'tiim, L.

officinale., L. Cmnfrey
Tribus II. Cynnglosseae.
37S4 Cyno^lossiun, L.

officinale, L. Hound's tongue

Virginicum, L. Wild Comfrey
3786 Echinosperniiim, Sw.

Vireinicuni, Lehm
CLASSIS XXXVl. TUBIFLO-
KAE.

OUDO CXLIV. CONVOLVULA-
CEAE.

3801 CalystGG^ia, R. Br.

spithamaea, Pursh

sepium, Pursh
3803 Convolvulus, L.

arvensis, L

panduratus, L

purpureas, L. iNlorning Glory
3807 Batatas, Chois.

ed'dlis, Chois. Sweet Potato
3816 Cu5cuta, Tournef.

Americana, L. Dodder

Europaea ] L. Flax vine

ORDO CXLV. POLEMONIACEAE.

3819 Piilox, L.
paniculata, L

maculata, L
aristata, Mx
uivaricata, L
] reptans, Mx
subulata, L
3822 Polemonium, Tournef,
reptans, L. Jacob's Ladder

ORDO CXLVI. HYDROPHYL-
LEAE.

3827 Hydrophyilum, Tour-
nef.
Virginicum, L
Canadense, h

3830 Eutoca, R. Br.
parviflora, R, Br

3831 Phacelia, Juss.
fimbriata, Mx

ORDO CXLVIII. SOLANACEAB.

Tribus I. Nicotianeae.
3841 Nicotiana, L.
Tabicum, L. Tobacco
Tribus II. Datureae.
3845 Daturus, L.
Stramonium, L. Jimson
Tatula, L

Tribus IV. Solaneae^
3851 Pliysalis, L.
viscopa, L. Ground cherry

3854 Capsicum, Tournef.
amiuum, L. Red Pepper

3855 Solanum, L.
dulcamara, L. Bittersweet
nigrum, L. Nightshade
tuberosum, L. Potato
e.scukntum, Dunal. Eg^ Plant

3356 Lycopersicuin, Tournef

esculfiitum, IMill. Tomato
CLASSIS XXXVIL PERSON-
ATAE.

ORDO CXLIX. SCROPHULARI-
NAE.
Tribus I. Verhnsceae.
3878 Verbascurn, L.
Thapsus, L. Mullein
Blattaria, L. Muth Mullein
3883 Scrophularia, Tournef.
Marilandica, L.

42*

498

HISTORY OF

Tribus III. Antirrhineae.
3891 Linaria, Tounief.
vulgaris, Mill. Toad Flax
Tribus V. Digitakae.

3908 Ciieloiie, L,
glabra, L

3909 Pentstemon, Herit.
pubescens, Pursh

3915 Digitalis, roiimef.

purpurea, L. Fox Glove
Tribus \'I. G'ralioleae,
3935 Miniiiliis, L.

ringens, L. Monkey flower

alatus, L
3946 G ratio] a, R. Br.

Virginica, L

anagallidea, Mx
Tribus VII. Buchnereae.
3960 Buchiicra, L.

1 Americana, L

Tribus IX. Veroniceae.
3977 Liuiosella, L.

subulata, Ives

3979 Veronica, L.
serpyllifolia, L
scutellata, L
Anagallis L
BeccabuDga, L
officinalis, L, Speedwell
peregrina, L
arv(;nsi.s, L
hcderaclolia, L

3980 Paederota, L.
Virginica, .Endl

Tribus X. Gerardieae.
3996 Gerardia, L-.
purpurea, L
tciiuil'uiia, L
1 auriculata, Mx
flava. L
glaiica, Eddy
pediciilaria, L
Iribus XI. liltinanthcac.
4004 Castilleja, Mutis.
coccinca, Spreng. Painted
cup.

4015 Pe.dicu'aris, Toiiriicf.

Canadensis, L. Lousewort
pallida, Pursh
4018 Melampyrum, Tour-
nef.

Americanum, Mx. Cow
wheat.
4026 Obolaria, L.
Virginica, L. Pennywort.

ORDO CL. ACANTHACEAE.

4047 Ruellia, L.

strepens, L
4093? Justicia, L.

pedunculosa, Mx

OKDO CLI. BIGNONIACEAE.

4113 Catalpa, Jiiss.
syringaefoiia, Sims. Catawba

4114 Teconia, Juss.
Uadicans, Juss. Trumpet

Flower

ORDO CLIV. OROBANCHEAE.

4182 Epiphegiis, Nutt.
Americanus, Nutt. Beech
drops

4184 Conopbolis, V'allr.

Americana, Wallr
4189 Aiioplaiithus, Endl.

uniflora, Endl

ORDO CLV. UTRICULARIEAE.

4193 Utriciilaria, L.
macrorhiza, Le Conte
ccratophylla, Mx

CLASSIS XXXVIIJ. PETA-
LAWTHAE.

OKDO CI.VI. PRIMULACEAE.

4202 Dodecatheon, L.

Meadia, L
1207 Lysimacliia, Moench.

stricta. Ait

(juadrilolia, L

ciliata, L

'.'bybrida, Mx
4208 Trient;dis, L.

Americana, Pursh
4213 Anagallis, 1..

arvcnsis, L. Chickweed.

LANCASTER COUNTY.

499

4215 Samolus, Tournef.
Vale ran di, L

ORDO CLIX. EBENACEAE.

4249 Diospyros, L.
Virginiana, L. Persimmon

CLASSIS XXXIX. BICOR-

NES.

ORDO CLXI. ERICACEAE.
Sub or do I. Ericinae.

4318 Andromeda, L.
calyculata, L
'? racemosa, L
] Mariana, L

4319 Lyonia, Nutt.
paniculata, Nutt

4320 Clethra, L.
1 alnifolia, L

4322 Epigala, L.
repens, L

4323 Gau.theria, L.
procumbens, L. Tea berry I

Sub or do II. Vaccinicae.

4331 Oxycoccus, Tounief.
macrocarpus, Pers. Cran-
berry

4332 Vaccinium, L.
album L. Deer berry
frondosum, L. Whortleberry
resinosum, Ait
corymbosum, L
virgatum, Ait
Suh ordo III. Rhododendreae,

4339 Kahiiia, L.

latifolia, L. Laurel

angustifolia, L
4341 Rhododendron, L.

nudiflorum, Torr, Honeysuc-
kle

viscusum, Torr

maximum, L. Mountain Lau-
rel

Ericaceis qffines

4348 Cliiniaphila, Pursh.
umbellata, Nutt. Pipsisswa
maculata, Pur-h

4349 Pyrola, Tournef.
rotundifolia, L

elliptica, Nutt

! minor, li
secunda, L

4351 INIonotropa, Nutt.
uniflora, L. Indian Pipe

4352 Hypopitliys, Diilen.
lanuginosa, Nutt. Pine sap

Collars If\ Efialypeta-
lae.

CI.ASSIS XL. DISCANTHAE.

ORDO CLXII. UMBELLIFERAE.
Sub ordo I. Orthospermae.
Tribus I. Hydrocotyleae.
4355 Hydrocotyle, Tournef,
Americana, L
! umbellata, L
ranunculoides, L
4359 Erigenia, Nutt.
bulbosa, Nutt

Tribus III. Saniculeae.
4382 Sanicula, Tournef.
i Manlandica, L

Tribus IV. Ammineae.

4391 Cicuta, L.
maculata, L. Wild Parsaep

4392 Zizia, Koch,
aurea, Koch
cordata, Kuch
intcgerrima, DC.

4393 Apium, HoiTm.
graveolens, L. Celery

4394 Petroselinum, Hoffm.
sativum, Hoffm. Parsley

4406 Caruni, Koch.

Carui, L. Caraway
4409 Cryptotaenia, DC.

Canadensis, DC

4413 Smm, Koch,
latifolium, L
lineare, Mx

4414 Pupleurum, Tournef,
rotundifolium, L

Tribus Y. Seselineae.
4425 Focniculum, Adans,

vulgare, Gaertn. Fennel
1438 Thaspium, Nutt.

barbinode, Nutt

500

HISTORY OF

Trihus VII. Angeliceae.
4453 Lcvisticuni, Xoch

officinale, Koch. Lavage
4457 Archangelica, lioffm

atropurpiirca, Iloffm

hirsuta, Torr iz Gray

Tribus VIII. Peucedaneae.

4472 Arcliemora, DC.
rigida, DC. Cow bane

4473 Pastiuaca, Tourncf.
saliva, L. Parsncp

AAll Ileraclcum, L.
lanatiim, Mx. Cow Parsncp
Trihus XII. Daucineae.
4497 Daiicus, Toiirnef.
Ca7'ota, L. Carrot.
Suh ordo II. Campylospermae.
Tribus XV. Scandicina-e.
4506 Cliacrophyllum, L.

procunibens, L
4515 Osmorhiza, Raf.
longistylis, DC. Sweet cicely
brevi.stylis, DC
Tribus XVI. Smyrneae.
4532 ("oniniii, L,
rnaculatum, L. Hemlock
Sub ordo III. Coclospermae.
Tribus XVII. Coriandreae.
4549 Coriandrum, L.

.<;ativum, L. Coriander.
ORDO CLXIII. ARALIACEAE.

4551 Panax,

quinquefulium., L. Ginseng
trifulium, L
4558 Aralia, L.
raccmosa, L. Spikenard
nudicaulis, L. Sarsaparilla
hispida, Mx
spinosa, L

ORDO CLXIV. AMPELIDEAE.

4566 Cissu?!, L.

qiiinquefolia, Desf. Virginia
Creeper

4567 Vilis, L. I
Labrusca, L. Fox Crape ordo clxxii
aestivalis,l\'Ix. Summer Grape
cordifulia,Mx. Chicken Grape

riparia,Mx
vinifcra, L. (vars)

ORDO CLXV. CORNEAE.

4574 Conuis, Tournef.
alternifolia, L. f
circinata, Herit
paniculata, Herit
sericea, L
Florida, L. Dogwood

ORDO CLXVI. LORANTIIACEAE.

4584 Visciim, L.
flavescens, Pursh. Misselto

ORDO CLXVII. HAMAMELIDEAE.

4591 Hamamelis, L.

Virginica. L. Witch Hazel

CLASSISXLI. COilNICULA-

TAE.

ORDO CLXIX. CRASSULACEAE.

4622 Sediim, L.

ternatum, Mx
4625 Pcnthomm, L.

sedoides, L

OEDO CLXX. SAXIFRAGACEAE.
Sub ordo I. SaxiJ'ragcae.
4634 Saxifraga, L.
Virginiensis, Mx
Pennsylvanica, L.

46 38 Chiysosplenium, Tour-
nef.

American am, Schw.

4639 Hcuchera, L.
Americana, L.

4641 ISIitella, Tournef.

diphylla. L
Sub ordo III. Ilydrangeae.
1668 Hydrangea, L.

arborescens, L.

ORDO CLXXI. RIBESIACEAE.

4682 Ribes, L.
floridam, Herit
rubrum, L. lied Currant
nigrum, L. Black Currant
Vva crispa, I,, (iooseberry

CLASSIS XLII. POLYCAR-
PICAE.

MENISPERMACEAE.

1685 Menispcrnium, Tour-
nef.

LAN'CASTER COUNTY.

501

Canadense, L. Moonseed

ORDO CLXXIV. ANONACEAE.

4717 Uvaria, L.

triloba, Torr &: Gray. Papaw

ORDO CLXXVI. MAGNOLIACEAE.

4737 Magnolia, L.

glauca, L

?' Umbrella, Lam

acuminata, L
4740 Liriodendron, L.

tulipifera, L. Tulip Poplar

ORDO CLXXVm. RANUNCULACEAE.

Trihas I. Clematideae.
476S Cleiiiatis, L.
Virginiana, L. Virgin's Bower
viorna, 1^
4769 Atragene, DC.
Americana, Sims

Tribus II. Anemoneae.

4772 Tiialictruin, Tournef.
dioicum, L
Cornuti, L
anemonuides, Mx

4773 Anemone, Hall,
nemorosa, L
Virginiana, L
Pennsylvanica, L

4774 Hepatica, Dillen.
triloba, Chaix. Liver-wort

4777 Hydrastis, L.

Canadensis, 1,. Yellow root
Tribus III. Ranunculeae.
4783 Ranunculus, Hall.

aqiiatilis, L

Flammula, L

replans, L

pusillus, Poir

aburtivus, L

sceleratus, L. Crow foot

1 acris, L

repens, L

Pennsylvanicus, L

recurvatus. Poir

fascicularis, Muhl

bulbosus, L. Buttercup
Tribus IV. Helleboreae.
4786 Caltlia, L.

palustris, L. Marsh Marygold

4787 Trollius, L.
1 laxus, Salisb

4795 Aquilegia, Tournef.
Canadensis, L. Columbine

4796 Delphinium, Tournef.
Consolida, L. Larkspur

Tribus V. Paeonieae.

4799 Actaea, L
alba, Bigel. White Cohosh

4800 Botrophis, Raf.
racemosa, Raf. Black Snake

root

ORDO CLXXIX. BERBERIDEAE.

4806 Podophyllum, L.

peltatum, L. May apple
4810 Leontice, L.

thalictroides, L. Blue Cohosh
CLASSISXLIll. RriOEADES,

ORDO CLXXX. PAPAYERACEAE.
Sub ordo I. Papavereae.

4818 S inguinaria, L.
Canadensis, L. Red-root

4819 Chelidonium, Tournef.
majus, L. Celandine

4821 Argemone, Tournef.
Mexicana, L; Prickley Pop-

py

4823 Papaver, Tournef.
! dubium, L

Sub ordo II. Fumariaceae.
4836 Dicentra, Borkh.

CucuUaria, Endl. Breeches

flower
Canadensis, Endl. Sc^uirrel
Corn
1837 Adlumia, Raf.

cirrhosa, i<af.
1839 Corydnlis, DC.
aurea, Willd
Glauca, Pursh
4843 Fumaria, Tournef.
odiciiialis, L. Fumitory

ORDO CLXXXI. CRUCIFERAE.
Sub ordo I. Pleurorhizeae.
Tribus I. Arabideae.
4850 Nasturtium, 11. Br.
otficinalc, K, Br. Water Cress

502

HISTORY OF

palustre, DC.

amphibium, R. Br
4851 Barbarea, R.Br.

vulgaris, R. Br.

praecox, R. B. Scurvy 6'r«ss
4854 Arabis, L.

hirsuta, Scop

lyrata, L

laevigata, DC

Canadensis, L
4859 Cardaininc, L.

rhomboidea, DC

Irotuntlifolia, Mx

hirsuta, L
4861 Dentaria, Tournef.

laciniata, Muhl

diphylla, Mx

Trihusll. Alyssineae.

4880 Dral)a, L.
ICaroliniana, Walt

4881 Erophila, DC.
vulgaris, DC

4882 Cochlearia, L.
Armoracia, L. Horse Radish

Trihus III. Thlaspideae.
4888 Cynocardamum, W.
& B.
Virginicum, Webb & Benlh
Suh ordo II. Nolnrliizeac.
Tribits VII. Slsymbrieae.
4906 Sisymbrium, L.

officinale, Scop. Hedge Mus-
tard
1 canescens, Nutt
Thaliana, Gay
Trihus VIII. CameUneae.
4919 Camelina, Craiitz.
saliva, Crantz. Wild Flax
Trihus IX. Jjppidincae,
4927 Cai),sella, Vent.
Bursa Pastoris, Moench.
Shepherd's Purse
4932 Lepidiiim, R. ]ir.
Sativum^ L. Tongue grass
Suh ordo III. OrtJioptocear.
Trihus XII. lirassiceae.
4949 Brassica, L.

ohraceae, L. Cahhage

campestris, L. Ruta baga

Rapa, L. Turnep
4950 Sinapis, Tournef.

riigra,!,. Black Mustard

alha, L. White. Mustard.
Trihus XVI. Raphaneae.
4972 Raphanus, Tournef.

sativus, L. Radish.

ORDO CLXXXII. CAPPARIDEAE.

4988 Polanisia, Raf.

graveolens, Raf
CLaSSISXLIV. NEI.UMBIA.
ordo cxxxv. nymphaeaceae.

5020 Nymphaea, Neck,
odorata, Ait. Water Lily

5021 Nupliar, Sm.
Advena, Ait. Spatter Dock
* Sarraceniaceae .

5023 Sarracenia, L.
purpurea L. Sidesaddle
flower

ORDO CLXXXVI. CABOMBEAE.

5025 Brasenia, Schreb.
peltata, Pursh

CLASSIS XLV. PARIETA

LES.

ORDO CLXXXVIII, CISTINEAE.

5029 Helianthemum, Tour-
nef.

Canadense, Mx. [&: vars]
5930 Lecliea, L.

major, Mx

nninor, l.am. Pin weed

ORDO CLXXXIX. DROSERACEAE.

5033 Droscra, L.
rotundifidia, l>. Sun dew

ORDO CXC. VIOLAUIEAE.

5040 Viola, L. Violet,
pcdata, L
palmata, L
cucullata, Ait
sororia, Willd
sagittata, Ait
blanda, Willd
primulaefolia, L,
.striata, Ait

LANCASTER COUNTY.

503

• Muhlenbergii, Torr

rostrata, Pursh

pubescens, Ait

Canadensis, L

tricolor, F,
CLASSIS XLVI. PEPONIFE
HAE.

ORDO ecu. CUCURBITACEAE.

5126 Melothria, L.

pendula, L
5131 CitruHus, Neck.

eduUs, Spach. Water Melon
6136 Lageiiaria, Ser.

vulgaris, Ser. Calabash

51 37 Cucumis, L.
Melo, L. Cantaleupe
sativus, L. Cucumber
Anguria, L. Prickly Cucum-
ber.

5138 Cucurbita, L.
Pepo, L. Pumpkin
Mtlopepo, L. Cymling
verrucosa, L. Long Squash

5141 Echinocystis, Torr &
Gray,
lobata, Torr & Gray
5l4G Sicyos, L.

angulatus, I,
CLASSIS XLVIII. CARYO-
PHYLDINAE.

ORDO CCVI. PORTULACEAE

S174 Portulaca,Tournef.

oleracea, L. Purslane
5178 Talinum, Adans.

1 teretifolium, Pursh
5180 Clayloiiia, L.

Virgin ica, L
5186 iMoliiigo, L.

verticillata, L. Carpet weed

ORDO CCVII. CARYOPHYLLEAE.
Sub or do I. Paronychieae.
Tribus ]. Tllaccbreae.
5203 Paronycliia, Juss.
Canadensis, Endl

Tribus V. Pnhjcarpeae.
5218 SpcrguUiria, Pcrs.
!arvensi.s, Si. Ilil

"I rubra, St. Hil
Sub ordo II. Scleranlheae.
5222 Scleranthus, L.
1 annuus, L. Knawel.
Sub ordo III. Alsiw.ae.
Tribus I. Sabulineae.
5227 Alsine, Wahlenb.
! Michauxii, FenzL
Tribus III. StcUarineae.
5234 Arenaria, L.
scrpyllifolia, L
lateriflora, L

5240 Stellaria, L.
media, Sni.

] pubera, Mx
longifolia, Muhl
aquatica, Pollich

5241 Cerastiiim, L,
vulgatum, L
viscosum, L
arvense, L
villosum, Muhl
nutans, Raf

Sub ordo IV. Sileneae,
5248 Silene, L.

stellata. Ait

nivea, DC

Antirrhina, L

Pennsylvanica, L

olficinalis, Endl. Soap wort
5250 Lychnis, Tournef.

Githago, Lam. Cockle

ORDO CCVIII. PHYTOLACCACEAE,

5262 Phytolacca, Tournef.

decandra, L. Poke
CLASSIS XIJX. COLUMNI-
FEUAE.

ORDO CCIX. MALVACEAE.
Tribus II. Malvcae.

5270 Althaea, Cavan.
njficinalis, L. Marsh Mallow
rosea, Cavan. Holly Ilock

5271 Malva, L.
rotundifolia, L. RunningMal-

low
moschata, L. Musk Mallow
sylvestris, L
ciispa, L. Curled Mallow

56'4

HISTORY OF

Trihns III. Hihisceae.
5277 Hibiscus, L.
Trionum, L
Syriacus, L
5281 Abelnioscliiis, Medik.
escidejitus Mt)ench. Okra.
mot^clicntos, Medik
Tnhus IV. Sideae.
5289 Sida, Kunth.
spiiiosa, I,
1 rhombifolia, L
5292 Abutilon, Gnertn.
Avicennae, Gaertn. Indian
Mallow

ORDO CCXII. TILIACEAE.

5373 Tilia, L.
Americana, L. Linden
CLASSJS ! .GUTTIFERAE.

ORDO CCXVIII. HYPERICINfcAE.

5463 Ascyrum, L,
Crux Andreae, L

5464 Hyjiericum, L.
perforatum, L. St. John's

AVort
corymbosum, Muhl
mutilum, L
Canadense, L
Sarothra, Mx

5465 Elotlea, Adans.
Virginica, Nutt

CI ASSIS LII. ACEHA.

ORDO CCXXVII. ACERINEAE.

5558 Acer, Moeiich.
saccharinum, L. Sugar Ma-
ple [Maple.

dasycarpuni, Ehrh. Silver
rubrum, I,. Red Maple

5559 Neijuiido, Mocnch.
aceroides, Moench, Box El-
der

CLASSIS LTH. TOLYGALI-
T^AE.

ORDO CCXXXIIT. rOLYGALE.AE,

5647 Poiygala, J..
sanguiiiea, L
cruciata, L
verticilluta, L
ambigua, Nutt

Senega, L. SenecaSnakerool
polygama, Walt
! paucifolia, Wilid
jCLASSIS ;,IV. FkANGULA-
CEAE.

ORDO CCXXXV. STAPHYLEACEAE.

5673 Staphyiea, 1^.
trifolia, I,. Bladder Nut

ORDO CCXXXVI. CELASTRINEAE.

5676 Euonymus, Toiirnef.

atropurpureus, Jacq. Burn-
ing bush

Americanus, L
5679 Celastiiis, Kunth.

seandens, L

ORDO CCXXXVIII. ILICINEAE.

5705 Ilex, L.
opaca, Ait. Holly

5706 Piinos, L.
vcrliciliatus, L. Black Alder
amblguus, Mx

ORDO CCXXXIX. RHAMeNeA.

5722 Rhaimiiis, Juss.

1 alnifolius, Herit
5726 Ceauotlius, L.

Americanus, L. New Jersey
Tea
C ASSIS I,V. TRICOCCAE.

ORDO CCXLIII. fUPTIORBIACeAE'.
Trihus I. Euphorhieae.
5766 Euphorbia, L.
hypGricifbIia,Ij
maculata, L
Peplus, L

1 athyris, L. Mole tree
corullata, L

1 nemoralis, Fl. Cestr. non
Kit

TrihuslU. Acalypheae,
5787 Acalypha, L.
Virginica L

Trihus V. Phyllantheae.
584 7 Phyllaiittms, S\v,

Caroliniensis, Walt.
CLASSIS LVI. TEREBIN-
THINEAE.

ORDO CCXLIV. JUGLANDeAe*

5889 Gary a, Nutt.

LANCASTER COUNTY.

505

sulcata, Nutt

•alba, Nutt. Shellbark Hick

tomentosa, Nutt

amara, Nutt

porcina, Nutt. Pignut

1 microcarpa, Nutt
5890 .luglans, L.

nigra, L. Black Walnut

cinerea, L. Butternut

regia, L. English Walnut

ORDO CCXLV. ANACARDIA-

CEAE.

5905 Rhus, L.
typhina, L. Staghorn Sumach
glabra, L. Smooth Sumacli
copaliina, L [mach

venenata, DC. Poison Su-
toxicodendron, L. Poison vine

ORDO CCL, ZANTHOXYLEAE.

5972 Zanthoxylon, Kiinth.

fraxineum.Wiild. Pricklv Ash
CLASSIS LVII. GRUINALES.

ORDO CCLIV. GERANIACEAE.

6046 Geranium, Herit.
maculatum, L
Carolinianum, L
1 pusillum, L

ORDO CCLV. LINEAE.

6056 Linum, L.
Virginiaiiuin, L
usitatissimum, L. Flax

ORDO CCLVI. OXALIDEAE.

€058 Oxalis, L. Wood Sor-
rel,
violaccp, L
corniculata, L
stricta, L

ORDO CCLVII. BALSAMIXEAE,

<)060 Impatiens, L. Snap
weed.

pallida, Nutt
fulva, Nutt

-■ORDO {CLVIII. TROPEOLEAE.

6063 Tropaeolum, I>.

viajus, L. Naflu7-tiv.m.
«RDO CCLIX. LIMXAXriIEAE.

43

[or.- 6065 Floerkea, Willd.

proserpinacoides, Willd.
CLASSIS LVIII. CALYCI-
FLORAE.

ORDO CCLXV. OEXOTHEREAE.

Tribus I. Jussieueae.
6111 Isnardia, DC.
alternifolia, DC
palustris, L

Tribus II. Epilohieae.
6115 Oenothera, L.
biennis, L. Evening Primrosa
fruticosa, L
6121 Epilobium, L.
angustifolium, L
coloratum, Muhl
palustre, L. (and var.)
Tribus VI. Circaeaceae.

6130 Circaea, Tournef.
Lutetiana, L. Enchanter's

Nightshade
Tribus VII. Gaureae.

6131 Gaura, L.
biennis, L

ORDO CCLXVI. HALORAGEAE,

6134 Hippuris, L.
1 vulgaris, L. Horse-tail

ORDO CCLXVII. LYTHRARIEAE

6146 Ammannia, Houst.

1 humilis, Mx
6151 Cut)hca, .Tacq.

viscosissima, Jacq
CLASSIS LIX. MYRTIFLO-
IlAE.

ORDO CCLXVIII. MELASTOMA-
CEAE,

6200 Rhcxia, R. Br.

Virginica, L
CLASSIS LX. JlOSIFLOPcAE.

ORDO CCI.XX. rOMACEAE.

6341 Cydonia, Tournef.
vidsidris, Pers. Quince^

6342 Pyrus, Lindl.
communis, L. Pfur
Mains, L. Apple
Coronaria, L. Crab Apple

506

HISTORY OF

arbutifolia, L. f
6345 Amelaiichier, IMedik.

Canadensis, Torr k Gray
G353 Crataegus, L.

oxyacanlha, L

crusgalli, L. Cockspur Thorn

coccint'a, L

tomentosa, L

punctata, L. Jacq [Thorn

cordaia. Ait. Washington

1 jjarvilulia. Ait

ORDO CCLXXII. ROSACEAE.
Suh ordo I. Roscac.
C357 Rosa, Tournef.
Carolina, L. Swamp Rose
lucida, Ehrii. Dwarf Rose
rubiginosa, L. Sweet Briar.
<S'^'?) ordo II. Dryadeac.

6360 Riilius L-

Idaeus, L. Garden Raspberry
odoratus, L. Flowering Rasp-
berry
occidcntalis, L. Raspberry
villosus, Ait. Blackberry
Canadensis, L. Dewberry
hispidus, L. Swamp Dewber-
ry

6361 Fragaria, L.

Virgin iana, Ehrh. Wild
StrawbiM'ry

vcsca, L. Garden Straicierry
<5363 Potciitilla, L.

Norvegica, L.

Canadensis, L. Cinqucfoil
G368 Agriinouia, Toiiriicf.

Eupatoria, L
G373 Saiigiiisorba, L.

Canadensis, L
6386 Gi uin, L.

Virginianum, L

rivale, L

Sub ordo III. S/Jiracaccae.
6391 Spiraea, L.

opulif'oli.'i, L

.salicilolia, Jj

tomentosa, Jj
C393 Gillen.a, Moencli.

trifoliata, Mounch. Indian
Physic

ORDOCCLXXIII. AMYGDALEAE

6405 Amygdalus, L.
Persica, L. Peach

6406 Pruiuis, L.
Anneniaca. L. Apricot
dasycarpa, L. Black Apricot
doimstica, L. Dams ni Plum
Americana, Marsh. Red Plum
chicasa, Mx. Cliicasa Plum
Cera'^us, L. Cherry
pumila, L

Virginiana, L

serolina, Ehrh. Wild Cherry
CLASSIS LXI. LEGUMINO-
SAE.

ORDO CCLXXV. PAPILIONA-
CEAE.
Tribus I. Podalyricae.
6421 Baptisia, Vent,
tinctoria, R. Br. Wild Indigo
Trilms II. Loteae.

6472 Crotalaria, L.
sagittalis, L. Rattle box

6473 Liipiinis, Tournef.
percnnis, L. Wild Lupine

6507 Medicago, L.
siliva, L. Lucerne
hipulina, L. Hop'Trefoil

6510 Melilotus, Tournef.
qificinalis, Willd. Mdiht

6511 Trifolium, Toiunef.
arvense, L. Stone Clover
pratrnsi^, L. Red Clover
red ex urn, L

repens, L. White Clover.

'] procumbons, L.

agrarium, L. Yellow Clover
6539 Tephrosia, Pers.

Virginiana, Pers. Cat-gut
6546 Ro'oinia, J-..

Psucd-acacia, L. Locust tree

viscosa. Vent. Clammy Lo-
cust
Trilms III. Vicieae.

657S Cicer, Tournef.

LANCASTER COUNTY.

507

arietinum, L. Chick Pea

6579 Pisiim, Toiirnef.
sativum, L. Garden Pea

6580 Ervum, Tournef.
Lens, L. Lentil

1 hirsutum, L

6581 Vicia, L.
Faha, L. Horse Bean
Americana, JMuhl
Cracca, L

6582 Lathynis, L.
venosus, Muhl

Tribus IV. Hedysareae.
6600 Stylosanthes, S\v.

elatior, S\v
G615 Desmodiiim, DC

nudifloriim, DC

acuminatum, DC

1 pauciflorum, DC

canescens, DC

Dillenii, Darlingt

cuspidatum. To it & Gray

viridiflorum, Beck

Marilandicum, Boott

ciliare, DC

? rigidum, DC

paniculatum, DC

rotundifulium, DC
6623 Lespedeza, Rich.

procumbens, Mx

violacea, Pers

') Stuvei, Nutt

hirta. Ell

capitata, Mx

Tribus V. Pliaseoleae.
6630 Aiiipliicarpaea, Ell.

monoica, Torr & Gray
6653 Galactia, P. Br,

] glabella, Mx

6673 Apios, Boerh.
tuberosa, Moench

6674 Phaseolus, L.
perennis, Walt

] diversifolius, Pers

helvolus, L

C vulgaris, L. Pole Bean

I var. nanus. Bunch Bean

lunatus, L. JAma Bean
Tribus VII. Sophoreae.
6750 Ccrcis, L.

Canadensis, L. Judas Tree

Tribus VIII. Caesalpineae.
6756 Gleditschia, L.

triacanthos,L. Honey Locust
6781 Cassia, L.

Marilandica, L. AVild Senna

Chamaecrista, L

nictitans, L

The preceding List contains about 550 Genera, and some-
thing more than 1290 Species: of which upwards of 100 species
may be found under cultivation, in the fields, or gardens, of
Lancaster county. A detailed description of the greater portion
of the plants, here enumerated, is furnished in the Flora of
Chester County : and the whole of them — except, perhaps, a fe\y
of the cultivated ones, — will be comprised in Torrey & Gray's
truly national work, the Flora of North America — now in pro-
cess of publication.

October, 1843.

508 HISTORY OP

BIRDS OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

BY J. J. LIBHAET,

In arranging this catalogue, no particular classification has
been followed. The species arc placed under the generic
names of the older Systrynatis, with the expectation of render-
ing it more satisfactory to the general reader.

ORDER— ACCIPITRES—LiNAEus.

Carthartes aura, turkey buzzard. Falco peregrinus, wander-
ing falcon : F. spauverius, sparrow hawk. Halioctos Icucoce-
phalus, bald eagle. Pandion halioctus, fish-hawk. Asturcoo-
perii, Cooper's hawk. Buteo lagopus, rough-legged hawk:
B. buteoides, short winged hawk : B. leverianus, red-tailed
hawk. Circus uliginous, hen harrier. Surnia nyctea, snowy
owl: S. asio, red owl : S. nocvia,* mottled owl. Bubo Virgin-
iana, great horned owl. Ulula otus, long eared owl: U. nebu-
losa, barred owl. Strix Americana, barn owl.

ORDER— PASSERES—cuviEK.

Family — dentirostres — Cuv.

Lanius exubitor, great American shrike. Muscicapa tyran-
nus, king-bird. M. crinita, crested fly catcher: M. atra, pewit
ily catcher: M. virens, wood pewee: M. acadica, small pewee.
Setophaga ru'iccilla, red start: M. cocrula, sylvan fly catcher.
Virco flavifrons, yellow throated vireo: V. noveboracensis,
white eyed vireo : V. silvus, warbling vireo: V. olivaceus,
red-eyed vireo. Icteria viridis, yellow-breasted chat. Sylvia
coronata, myrtle bird: S. petechia, red-poll warbler: S. letiva,
ycUosv warbler: S. pardalina, Canada warbler: S. macules,

*Wc arc confirmed in the opinion, that Wilson was correct in making the
red and mottled owls distinct species. We possess an old fl'inalc red owl
and its young, already fledged, possessing the same colors, shot from the
nest. Later authors, say the mottled individuals arc the old and niatura
birds, and the red ones the young.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 509

black and yellow warbler: S. vivens, black throated green
warbler: S. blackburnioe, blackbiirnian warbler: S. castenea,
bay breasted warbler : S. striata, black-poll warbler: S. varia,
spotted warbler: S. pinus, pine warbler: S. formosa,* Ken-
tucky warbler: S. trichas, yellow throated warbler. Dacnia
verrnivora, worm-eating warbler: D. solitaria, blue winged
yellow warbler. Regulus calenduhis, ruby-crowned wren:
E,, cristatus, golden crested wren. Sialia Wilsonii, blue bird.
Bombycilla carolinensis, cedar-bird. Orpheus pollyglottus,
mockingbird: O. rufus, ferruginus thrush : 0. felivox, cat-
bird. Turdus migratoiius, robin : T. mustelinus, wood thrush
T. minor, little hermit thrush : T. Wilsonii, Wilson's thrush.—
Pyranga rubra, black-winged red-bird.

Family — fissirostres — Cuv.

Hirundo purpurea, purple martin : H. rufa, barn swallow:
H. bicolor, white bellied swallow: H. reparia, bank swallow:
H. Fulva,f clitF swallow. Cypselus pelasgius, chimney swal-
low. Caprimulgus vociferus, whip-poor-will: C. Virgrnianus,

night-hawk.

Famihj — coxiROSTRES — Cuv.

Sturnus ludovicianus, meadow lark. Icterus phoeniceus,
red-winged blackbird: I.Baltimore, oriols: I. spurius, orch-
ard oriole, Emberiza agripennis, bob-o-link : E.Americana,
black-throated bunting: E. nivalis, snow bunting. Spiza cy-
anea, indigo bird: S. Pennsylvanica, white-throated sparrow:
S. melodia, song sparrow : S. savanna, savannah sparrow : S.
graminea, grass sparrow: S. Canadensis, tree sparrow: S. so-
cialis, chipping sparrow: S. nivialis, common snow-bird. —
Carduelis tristis, American gold finch. Fringilla erythropthal-
ma, towee finch. Erythrospiza purpurea, purple finch. Gui-
racse cardinalis, cardinal grosbeak; G, ludovicianarosebreast-
ed grosbeak: G. coerulea, J blue grosbeak. Pyrrhula enuclea-

•This Sylvia, it is said, is not found east of the mountains. I have ser-
eral specimens in my collection, prccursd hcrr.

fThis species was first observed in this viciiiity eight or ten years ago. —
They attached their singular and ingenious nest on the sides of the piers of
the Columbia bridge. '

^Bartram, saw this bird near the city of Lancaster; it is seldom seen ia

the Union.

43*

SIO

HISTORY OF

tor,* pine grosbeak. Parus bicolor, tufted titmouse : P. palus-
tris, blaek-capped titmouse. Alauda alpistris, shore lark. —
Garrulus cristatus, blue Jay. Corvus corone, common crow.
Quiscalis, versicolor, crow blackbird : Q. baritus, slender billed
blackbird: Q. ferrugineus, rusty blackbird.

Family — tenuieostres — Cuv.

Sitta Carolinensis, white breasted nuthatch: S. Canadensis,
red-bellied nuthatch. Certhia familiaris, brown creeper. —
Troglodytes fulvus, house wren: T. curepteus, winter wren :
T. pahistris, marsh wren. Mellisuga colubris, ruby throated
humming bird.

ORDER— ALCYONES—TEMMiNCK.
Alcedo alcyon, belted king fisher.

ORDER— SCANSORES— Cuv.

Colaptes auratus, golden wood pecker or flicker. Picus pi-
leatus, log-cock: P. erythrocephalus, red-headed wood pecker:
P. varius, yellow-bellied wood pecker: P. Carolinus, red-
bellied wood pecker, : P. villosus, hairy wood pecker: P. pu-
bescens, downy wood pecker. Coecygus Americanus, black-
billed cuckoo: C. dominicus, yellow-billed cuckoo.

ORDER— GALLING— cuv.

Malcagris gallopavo,f wild turkey. Ortyx Virginiana, par-
tridge. Tetrao umbellus, ruifcdgrous or pheasant. Columba
Carolinensis, turtle dove: C. migratorias, wild pigeon.

ORDER— GRALLiE— cuv.

Caladris arenaria, sand plover. Charadriuspluvialis, golden
plover: C. melodia, ring plover: C. vociferus, kildeer plover,
Squatanda helvetica, field plover. Tringa pectoralis, pectoral
sand piper: T. Wilsonii, Wilson's sand piper. Ileteropoda

•It is not often that this species extends its einigiations tliis far south. —
Late in Novombcr, I8:}fi, the writer ohtaiiu'd sevei-al indiviiluals i)i this vi-
cinity, fmm a flock of filti'en or twenty.

f'i'lie wild turiicy •« still occasionally met with on tlie northern confines
oi the c(>uiity. A few are also known still to exist on Cliesnut hill ridge.
Several years ago an individual was shot near Chiques creek, on '.he groundB,
now the property of y. Eoyi', Esq. by Mr. F. Kagle.

LANCASTER COUNTr. 511

semipalmaia, semipalmated snipe. Totanus vociferus, greater
yellow shanks tattler: T. flavipes, smaller yellow shanks
tattler: T. chloropygius, green rump tattler; T. macularius,
peet-weet snipe. Limosa fedoa, marbled godwit. Numenius
longirostris,* long billed curlew: N. hudsonicus esquimax
curlew. Scolopax Wilsonii, American snipe. Rusticola minor,
woodcock. Rallus Virginianus, Virginia rail. Crex Caroli-
nus, soree or rail. Ardea herodius, great blue heron : A. egret-
ta, white heron: A. nycticorax. qua-bird: A. lentiginous, bit-
tern: A. virescens, green heron or fly-up. the creek : A. exilis^
least bittern.

ORDER— NATATORES—viEiLLOT.

Phcenicopterus ruber.f red flamingo. Fulica Americana^
coot. Podiceps cornutus, dobchick. Hydroka Corolinensis,
pied-billed dobchick. Sterna argentca,| silvery tern. Larus.
capistratus, brown masked gull. L. canus, common gull: L.
argentatus, herring gull: Zonorhynchus, ringed-billed gull. —
Anser hyberboreus, white snow goose : A. Canadensis, com-
mon wild goose : A. barnicla, brent goose. Cynus ferus^
white swan. Anas clypeata, shoveler duck: A. domcstica,
mallard duck: A. strepera, gadwall duck: A. acuta, grey or
pintail duck: A. Americana, bald pate duck : A. obscura, black
duck: A. discors, blue winged teal: A. crecca, green winged
teal. Dendronessa sponsa, wood duck. Oidemia fusca, velvet
duck: 0. Americana, American scoter duck: O. nigra, scoter
duck. Gymura rubida, ruddy duck. Fuligula valisneria, can-
vass-back duck : F. ferina, pochard or red-headed duck: F.
rufitorques, ring-necked duck. Clangula vulgaris, whistling
or golden eyed duck: C. albeola, spirit duck. Harelda glaci-
alis, long-tailed duck, or "South southerly." Mergus mergan-
ser, goosander or great fisher duck: M. serrator, red breast-
ed fisher duck: M. cucullatus, hooded fisher duck. Colymbus
glacialis, loon.

The principal number of the species enumerated in the
foregoing catalogue, have come under the observation of the
writer ; and are known to be residents, or casual visiters vvithin
the limits of the county. Specimens of most of them are in
Libhart's "Museum of the Arts and Sciences," in Marietta,
and were obtained in that vicinity.

*This and the following species have been shot on the Conestoga, near
Lancaster, — now in the museum of that city.

+We have been informed that the specimen in the Lancaster museum, was
•hot on the Conestoga. When found thus far north they must be considered
only as stragglers,

4 A specimen now in my possession, shot on the Susquehanna in 1840.

518 HISTORY OP

A p p E rv 1> I X .

A. r- ?3.

Tuo.MAS and RiciiAnn Pr.w surviving proprietors of the province of
Pennsylvania entered, July 4, 17C0, with Lord Baltimore into a definite agree-
ment touching the final adjustment of the boundary Une between Maryland
and Pennsylvania. Commissioners were appointed for that purpose. Tiiose
for Maryland were Horatia 8harpe, Benjamin Tasker, Jr., Edward Lloyd,
Robert Jenkins Henry, Daniel Dulany, Stephen Bordley, Rev. Alexander
Malcolm; on the part of Pennsylvania, the Hon. James Hamilton, William
Allen, Richard Peters, Benjamin Chew,Lynford Lardner, Ryves HoltjGcorga
Stephenson.

While the committee was engaged in their labors, the following persons
were appointed on the part of Maryland to supply vacancies, the Rev. John
Boardlcy, George Stuart, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, and John Bcale
Boardlry. To supply vacancies on part of Pennsylvania, Rev. John Ewing,
V>'illiam Coleman, Edward Shi|)pcn and Thomas Willing.

Tiie commissioners convened at Now Castle, Nov. 19, 1760, and after
much dtliberalion made a final report the 9th Nov. 1763. The whole of
their transactions have been faithfully recorded, and the document been pre-
served. In 1762, Charles Ma^on and Jeremiah Dixon were employed to
run the line, and put an end to a subject of early and continued warm con-
troversy.

Before the final adjustment of this vexed question, and the definiteness of
the line, many had taken up lands under Maryland warrants. The lands
now owned by David Brown, and James Barnes, in Drumore township, and
by James i^PSparran, Jeremiah and Slater Biown, James A. Caldwell, Nich-
olas Boyde, 'i'imothy Hair.es, Allen Cook, Robfrt Maxwell, William Cook
and others ol Little Britain towr;ship, were, we have been informed, all taken
up under .Maryland warrants.

B. p. 39.

Jamks LeTout was according to R. Coni/nghain, Esq., a French Huguc-
ni)t, and member of the French settlement on the Schuylkill; living among
the Indians, he acquired a knowledge of their language, and was useful to
the government as an Indian agent and interpreter. He lived on or near
the banks of the Susquehanna, within the present limits of Lancaster county
in 1719. From the Colonial Reconls, vol. II. j). 100 — it seems he came to
this country when (juite young. " Having been bred in it from his infancy,"
and from p. 123,it appears he had been at Conestoga pviorto 1703; and accord-
ing to Hazzard's Register, vol. XV. p. 82, he penetrated to Cumberland
Valley as c irly rs 1731, and :ictt!cd at Le Tori's spring near Carlisle.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 513

U. p. 69.
The HrcrF.NOTS. — This term, now so well understooJ as an honorable,
rather than a dishonorable designation of those who professed the Re-
formed religion in France, during the persecutions and civil wars in that
kingdom, is involved in some obscurity. Whether it was originally confer-
upon them, by the adherents of the so styk-d "Mother (church" as a terni
oi reproach, or voluntarily assumed by themselves as a party name, or
whether it is a derivation from some other word, having an analogous sound,
and introduced from some foreign language, is equally uncertain. Many
and various are the sources to which the learned and the curious have en-
deavored to trace the ctymrlogy of this word ; but like every thing else
founded upon conjecture, we are left as much in the dark as ever.

Some have assserted that the term was originally applied to the members
of the Reformed i)y the dignitaries of the Romish Cliurch,as one of reproach.
To sustain this posiiion, it is argued that when the new doctrine was first
preached in France, a number of the inhabitants of the city of Tours —
which afterwards, and next to the city of Rochelle, ranked as the strongest
hold of the Reformed party — embraced the same. Unlike the Romanists,
their worship was conducted in the evening as well as in the day. Culti-
Tating a spirit of genuine piety, they met after night in each ot'.iers houses
for social prayer. In this, they imitated the example of primitive christians,
and like them, they became the sulijccts of a persecution almost as relent,
less. Going from house to house as ihc place of meeting might chance to
be, after the labors of the day were over, to attend to this pious duty, and
returning therefrom at a later hour, their enemies, the papists, endeavored to
prevent the extension of their doctrines, by reporting at first that they were
engaged in some foul conspiracy against the government, and afterwards
against the people. Failing in their attempts to aflect them in this'way,
and finding that the fallow ground was being broken up daily, with the pro-
mise of a rich return, and that the seed of the true faith which was sown ia
confidence, was germinating and yielding an abundant harvest, despite their
efforts, to the contrary, they next changed their mode of warfare, and en-
deavored to effect their object by bringing them into ritiicule and contempt.
For this purpose, they seized upon the fact of their meeting after night, and
connected with it a story, then current, concerning the city of ':l'ours. One
•of the gates of the city, it seems, was called I'u^o, and according to a popu-
lar tradition from Hugo, comte Tours, who it seems according to the same
tradition, was eminent in life only for his crimes, oppression and cruelty. —
After his death — so runs the story — his spirit incapable of repose, haunted
immediately after nightfall, the scene, which was the neighborhood of thp
gate in question, of its cruelty and crimes, when embodied in the flesh. —
Many and strange pranks were played, and many a hapless wight was

514 HISTORY OP

bruised and beaten by this pugnacious spirit, all of which added to horribi*
sounds and uneaithl}- noises in tho immediate vicinity of its walks, so
alarmed the inhabitants as to induce liiem to keep closely housed, whenever
the liour for its appearance drew near. Hence, Hugo and ghost came to be
synonymous; and as has been already shown, the social worship of night-
meetings of the Reformers being so widely different from tlie nnposing cere-
mony of the Romish church, and requiring them consequently to be out
more after night than the latter, each individual of the former was called a
Iluao, the whole JIugiunnts. Thus much for this derivation, and the tale
that thereby hangs.

The next supposed derivation, is that it was a term voluntarily assumed
by themselves as a party name, when their religion was attacked and they
were forced to take arms against the government in self-defence. As they
were rigid Calvinists, ot great sanctity of character and purity of moral.",
Ca.=ieneuve has pretended to have discovered the original in the Flemish
word llcghenon or Huguenon, which means Cathari or Puritan; but this
is not very probable, inasmuch as it is not likely, that having a word in their
own vocabulary, so expressive as "Puritan," they would be disposed to bor-
row from a language no more known than the Flemish.

Another author has attempted to trace its origin to Hiisriifnole, a name
given to a;i iron or earlhtn pot for cooking, by connecting it with the persecu-
tions to which the Reformed were subjected in France; and basing it upon
the hypothesis, that some of their number may have been roasted or tortured
and exposed to the flames like a vessel used for culinary purposes.

These are all, however, but mere sumdses, un.'^^upported and unsustained
by any thing at all calculated to give them a proper title to serious consider-
eratioi). The only etvinology then, which in our humble ojinion remains,
is undoubtedly the true one— this we shall briefly attempt to prove by the
history of the times and the people.

Euls'-noHS is a German compounded word, in the Paxon and Dutch dial-
ects redsii-ni.tlfii ; of which the singular i.s Euli:tvofS, or Ecds'Tiol.'* It is
formed from Bid an oath, and Genofs a confederate or partaken of the oath;
■and was the original designation of the three Swiss patriots WiUiam Tell,
Walter Fuerst and Arnold of Me'cthal.-j- on the nii;lit of the 7th Nov. 1307,
met at Ruetii on tlie lake of Luzerne and there bound themselves by a solemn
oath, to shake off the yoke of their Austrian oppressors, and to re-eslabli&h
the lil)crlies of their country. 'J'he conspiracy thus f )rmed was embraced
with delight by all to whom it was communicated, each member of which
was called an Eidjimoss and afterwards, January 7, \. D. 13(18, when the
people of the Waldstetter, compoi-.ed of the Cantons Appenzcll, Claris and
Uri, met in solemn council and took the oath of peri.etual alliance, they were
designated as the Eiluennossfnschaft, I e. Confederation. Through suc-
cessive senerations they were thus known, and when in aftertinies, the peo-
ple of Ceneva which had now been included in the Swiss confederation, em-
braced the doctrines of John Calvin; they threw off the allcgimee of the
Duke i:f Savoy ; and in order to maintain their indi-pendence, formed a con-
federacy after the example of the Waldstetter with the ("antons of Bern and
Freibourcr, whi h was also confirmed by an oalh of all the contracting par-
ties. Like the ori;;inal |!atriots, they in turn were called Fidi^rrKSsm. This
movement being half temporal and half ecclesiastical or spiritual, related to

*Li!u is Mayer. 1). D. See liis letter, Oct. 11, 1B43,
f Davenport, article Fuerst.

LANCASTER COUNTY. 515

their freedom of govcramcnt as men and the rights of corisclcrtce as Chris-
tians. Hence in its popular usage, this term conveyed the i)riinary idea of
freemen, in contradistinction to vwmflvkes, serfs or s/arfs by which name
the party of the Duke was better known; and also the secondary idea of a
religious reformation, in the mind of the adlier^-nts to the Homish faith. For
the citv of Geneva, having emhiaccd the Relormed doctrines, ami immedi-
ately thereaftei-, thrown olf their allegiance, mider the circumstances already
given, the term Ei^enossen became identified among the papists with the
notion of rehels, or apnstoles from the church, and was therefore consequent-
ly used as a term of re|)roach.

From (xeneva, where he had taught with so much success that instead of
Zurich, it became the metropolis of the Reformeci (Jhurchcs, Calvin, ardent
in the dis;;harge of yphat he conceived his duty, pushed hi? doctrines with
eminent success into his native kingdom of France. They were readily em-
braced by the learned and the pious, vifithout regard to caste or standing in
society. The admiral Gaspar de Coligni, D' Andelot, I^lornay, Duplessis,
La Rcnandie, the Prinre de Co:ide Ann I)u')ourg, Theodore Beza, and a
host of others equally worthy and eminent for t^eir virtues, were among the
firmest supporters of the Reformation, and the teachers of its doctrines. Sus-
tained by such men even againirt the power of the court; in the midst of
persecutions and civil wars — the professors of the Reformed religion were
spoken of with respect; and a!tliou2:h the term E'ulgenor.s, or Ecilgeiwt, was
known in France at that time, still no effort was made to bring them into
disrepute by the application of this or any other term of ridicule except wlien
they were occasionally called "the ]>relendcd rfformrd'" or "seditious relig-
i->ni.-;ts" in the state papers. Thus they remained, until on the accession of
Francis, II. to the throne and his early marriage with Mary, Queen of Scot-
land. Ijeing very young in years, and devotedly attached to his young
Queen, he readily transfered the care of his kingdom to his wile's uncle, the
Dukes of Guise and Lorraine. This begat discontent among the protestants
who only wanted a leader to organize them into a formidable l)ody. Calvin
like Thomas Granmcr, the celebrated reformer, had taught that the king was
supreme, and acting upon this priiiriple, the French Calvinists maintained
that the King being vet in his minority was to be protected by his subjects
from the tyranny nf his uncles; to this end a plan was concerted known as
the conspiracy of Amboise, for their overthrow of which the Prince deConde
was unanimously chosen leader; but without his knowledge, nor was he to
be considered as a participator, until the time of action arrived. Jolui De
Bari, and the Sieur La Rcnandi, in the meantime were to direct all their
movements. In conformity witii this plan they convened a meeting of the
protestant leaders at .N'antes, in the darkness of the night in a ruined building
on the outskirts of the tovvfu. Before they proceeded to devclope their
schemes, La Kanandi, administered solemn oaths that 'nothing be done or
attempted ncjainst the King and Quecn-mnther, or princes, his brothers.' To
this agreement they all swore ; and after |)raying for success, they parted
with fraternal embraces and in tears. 'J'hc time and place of carrying their
plot into execution, was to be at Blois, on the 15ih .March, 1.5.50. f?y some
means the plot was discovered to the Count and therefore, the Duke of (iuise
was appointed Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, with supreme power in
till cases, civil atid military. Armed with this authority he adopted tlic most
energetic measures to suppress the protestants, and although succeeded in
defeating and killing 1/a Renandi and a fev/ of his companions, yet the
effect was not produced which the Count anticipated ; but on the contrary.

516 HISTORY OF

the Reformed party increased in numbers and displayed additional zeal an^
activity in a!! their movements much to the annoyance of the Guises and
their adherents."

It is (Hily at this period of history in France tlicn tliat we find the profes*
sors of tlie Reformed religion first designated by tlie term Huguenots. 'J'hey
were identified in faith with the Reformed of 'Geneva, and like them, upon
the discovery of the conspiracy referred to, were called Eidgtnossm, tliat is
in the Papis^t sense, rebels and apostates. From this, owing to their igno-
rance of the orthography of the Gciman word, and their inability to pro-
nounce it correctly ; but yet well knowing its import, it is easy to conceive
that Frenchmen would readily corrupt it inio I lug uc not. 'J"he analogy is
striking, the facts undoubted, and the reasons given, to our mind, atleast
satisfactory.

With this brief enquiry into the origin of the term Eidgenossen, i. e.
Huguenot, we might rest, but as there are many descendants of this brave,
monil, religious and much jiersecutcd people, residing in Lancaster county,
and in some instances still living upon the farms origiiially patented by their
refugee ancestors, we feel bound to say a word concerning them. Alter the
Huguenot colonics at New Rochelle,' West Chester county, EsopUs, Ulster
county, New York, had been formed, some of their number at an early day,
as has been shown (pages 1 01, 107, 11 1.) emigrated to this county and com-
menced settlements. This soon opened the way for a direct emigration of
their persecuted brethren still remaining in France, and of othcrsvvho had
sought protection of the protestaiit powers of Switzerland, Germany, Hol-
land and England. Among the most prominent of these early Huguenot
settlers in this county, we give the names of several heads of famUes, as
follows: Eg Fevre, Firrc, or Fuehre, now corrupted into Ferree, Brinton, Lc
Mont, now v.Titten Leaman, Eushong, Deshong, Ee Roy, anglilied into
King, Ec Eazure, now corrupted into Cezoar, or Ecsorc, Ea Rue, Dubois,
Ea Pierre, unglified into Stein, Goshen, Barre Do Normandic, Meessakop,
now spelt Messenkop, Bucher, Verdre.De Hoof, now spelt Eehufi", Ee Chaar,
now written Ecsrher, ('hcrrard, and others.

These pious and persecuted men with their fellow refugees and families
passed "thmiigh ir.uch tribulation,'' until at length they secured lo4- them-
selves and posterity an assylum where they could "worship God according
to the dictates of their own consL-icnces." Although they succeeded far bi°
yond their most sanguine expectations, still they looked back with regret,
and in many instances with home-sick iiearts, u])on the vinc-elad hills lind
Bunny fields of their own much loved France. 'J'hev Vv-ere exiles from the
land of their nativity, the broad billows of Iha Atlantic rolled between thcni
and the graves of their fathers. Separated from friends and kindred, who in
turn were driven to seek the protection of foreign potentates or restrained by
the policy of the government, after the revocation of the edict of JVanles,
from emigrating and firced into an abjuration of tiicir fath— how harrass-
ing must have been their feelings and' how s.)re tlieir trials ! ! But, "He
Vvho tenijiers the wind to the thorn lamb,'' was still gracious unto them ; lie
who ha<i prolcctcd and defended them from dangers imminent and terrible,
was still "their strength and abiding place." Time blunted the kceness oJ
their sorrows, and as the forest began to bloom beneath their labors, they
pat down in contentment, and in daily ])raycr returned lha;iksgiving unto
Him, who i.< the Aut!;or of every good and perfect gift.

LANCASTER COUNTY.

517

SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

Lancaster City,
Samuel Bowman
John C Baker
G W Glcssfter
George F Bahnson
Bernard Keenan
S Hale Higgins, Pliila.
Jacob Flake
John McNair
W m Beates
EdvvarJ D Br3-an
W K Benad«
C F Hoffineier
Robert Gerry
E C Reigart
Thaddeus Stevens
A D Ditmars
Nathaniel Elhnaker
Samuel Humes Porter
Hon. James Buchanan
George Ford
George Heckert
Thomas E Franklin
George M Kline
Reah F razor
John K Findlay
John R Montgomery
Henry G Long
John Jj Tliompson
\Vm Mathiot
Wm Huston
Bernard (^ornyn
J B Annvake
J B Kauffman
James Cameron
D B Vondersmith
R R Bryan

Francis Bacon

.1 Land is

Hon. B Champneys

Hon. Ellis Lewis

Hon. E. Schaefier

Hon. A L Hayes

George B Kerfoot

F A Muhlenberg

J K Neff

John L Atlee

J Heiss

Washington L Atlee

Abm Brenneman

Henry Carpenter

A M Cassiday

Samuel Laucks

Edward C J^andis

Charles H Cameron

Jacob K Smellz

Christian Bachman

John W Forney

Peter McConomy

A H Hood

Charles S Gctz

J H Filson, Philadelphia

W M Grant

Thomas Cox

George Unkle

Abm VV Russel

J F Kramph

John George Fetter

Jacob Kreider

J Howctt

James Smith

Christian Gast

John Flatz

C KiciliT

44

James H Bryson
Henry P Carson
John W Hubley
(Carpenter M'Cleery
Charles Gillespie
C Hager
John Miller
William Ihling
Matthias Resch
Matson Marsh
Wm Kirkpatrick
N S Pinkertoii
John S Gable
David Cockley
J C Van Camp
R F Ranch
P Rcitzcl
John Bear

Edward C Darlington
A Mchaffey
r N Lightner
Horace Rathvon
Robert D Carson
R White Middleton
M M Moore
Philip C Ranninger
Peter Gcrber
G Hal bach
Wm J Pearson
Wm Buchanan
N C Scholfield
VV Russell
M Bachman
R Modeiwell
C C Ihling
Thomas Fairer
I Carpenter

518

HISTORY OF

M S Pciper
Jacob Gable
Boughter & Hostetter
David A Donnelly
Jacob N Miller
J F Ileinitsh
Dennis Coyle
Daniel Fugan
Jolin Hamilton
Jacob I''oltz
Samuel Beam
Wm Clalile
H Kolhaniicl
Jacob Rothaimel
R Erbcn
E Harkins
S J Young
Jose[)h Welchans
Jacob Kathvon
Ely Parry
G B Marklcy
James Andrews
Michael Royer
Joseph Brintnal
J Gish

Thomas R Torr
D Marion
John L Benedict
Mason J Haines
Jolm Gemperling
WKlFuirnagle&Co.
Jacob Hess
John Stewart
Jacob Myers
Daniel Brown
D Heit.slui
John Fordncy
Peter H Fliclc
George Martin
Daniel (;ami)bell
Frederick J, Kline
E Kirkpatrick
John Bender
Benjamin M Shcrcr
G Day
John Ehlcr
H F Benedict
John Brown
Sanuicl McC^omscy
A N Bnnnenian
E McLenegan
John Wise
C U blieair

Day (on Ball
Wm Gumi)h
John Weidler
Jacob Fordncy
Jacob Weaver
Steinn)an & Son
Jnhn P Myer
Jacob Price
John R Russell
John Beam
John S (yiendenin
Gcor!?e H Bomberger
Mirliael Kehrer
'I'homas Penington
Zacharias Weaver
M Dickson, Post Mistr
M Carpenter
John R Beatty
Arthur Armstrong
George VV'ilson
George Mayer
John Fondersmith
McCalla & Mctzgar
John II Duchman
W F Mack ay
Lewis Hartmau
Henry Kitch
A F Hambright
B Samson
J Cunningham
(' Nauman
Abm McKimm
Charles Johnson
Adam Wolf
David Lebk ichor
Christian Rinc
George Metzgcr
H Baumgardner
John Yackley
Geo H King
Wm C ChamberUn
Mary B Danncr
Geo" A Miller
John Davy
James U'bitehiH
John F Long
Philip Metzger
Juliana Jordan
Henrv Kejijilc
W G"Chandler
Adam Kendig
Joseph Slallings,
Wm Taylor

Thos Baumgardncl'
Jas H Pennell
John Block
A E Roberts
George Black
Geo b Mefilrt
Wm Nauman
Chas Cordis
Andrew Bear
John Shallner
Jacob Griel
N E Leaman
Jacob Metzger
Jacob (jlass
W Righter
ess Edm C Landis
Owen Hopple
Jos S Royal
H C Locher
Henry E Len;ian
John Warfel
Wm J Kryder
Watson H Miller
George Miller
Wm Morton
Wm C Mull
W Carpenter
Jas Scott
(yonrad Anne, jr.
Daniel Harman
H Nauman
Jacob Snyder, jr.
A E Reigart
I^evi R Colo
Jacob Spahr
Daniel Erisman
David Erisman
Jacob Bundel
John F Remly
David Hook
Peter G Ebcrman
George Delict
Adaline Hensel
Gerhart Metzger
J Zimmerman
L J Denuilh
Mathias Zahm
George Wineour
David Killinger
John 'J'rissler
John lVI((>rann
J S (-^arpentcr
E E Demulh

LANCASTER COUNTY.

519

Zuricl Swope
David Royer
Josepli Shirk
George Eiclielberger
George Paist
Eml V^aiikanan
-Tohn H liOiigenecker
David Loiigenecker
F B 8turgid
James Boon
Jacob Zecher
Frederick Zecher
Christian Zecher
Jose))h Pool
Edward Leeds
Peter Bruner
Robert Johnson
Jacob D Gill
Frederick Dern
J Grosh.
J Huber

Michael McGrann
Huber & Marks
J M Westhaefler
H H Lichty
W Heitshu
Hugli Maxwell
Martin Bomberger
Wm G Taylor
Starr Sherwood
liConard Keiser
B D Campbell
Patrick Ferry

Peter Pastor

Garret Everts

J S Miller

John A Seibert

John Lippincott

D Sabhis

James Damant

John S Jackson

M II Mercer

Henry Biindel

Josc])h Bear

Jonathan Brillhart

Jacob Locher

Josh A KaufTman

Ann Mary Gibbs

Christian Hukey

Hugh Fitzpatrick

C Brown

D E Bruner

Mrs D Brien

Mrs Sarah Bethel
Frs Keen an
E C Stehman
Geo D Eberman
Christian Elcrshey
Benj S Bender
Misses Doughertys
Henry 'J^allman
John A Tryer
li J lliener
.los Lewis, Cecil co. Md.
E F Shoenberger, Abbe-
ville

RevE HThomas.Harris'g
J F Markley, Perry co
David Longeneckcr, Phil-
H Dillenderfer, Baltimore
Jacob G Kitteman
VVm H Lewis, Harrisb'g
S M E Goheen, St Louis
J C Stanley, Chester CO.
Henry Duffield, Carlisle
Henry Dehuff, licbanon
Geo VV Kline, do

John Wcidman, do
Martin Cramer, do
Kline &Masterson do

Lancaster Township.
Salome Livergood
(} Brenner
Samuel Bausman
John Schmaling
Thos H Burrowes
John Baker
John Haverstick
Jacob Huber, jr
Henry Summy
David Seitz
Daniel H Markley
Daniel Dietrich
Emanuel Daveler

Wesl Lainpc'e).

.] II Longeneckcr, mer'ht

Lewis Urban

Henry Goss

Samuel Barr

George Meek

John Rohrer

Jacob Herr

Clirittian Herr, farmer

John Barr

Daniel Musser, M. D.

Francis J Harrison

i'eter Lyan

Christian Hess, surveyor

Samuel Lefcver

Samuel Miller

John Houscr

H Bowman, coachtriaker

David Erb

David Book

Christian Weaver

Isaac Weaver

Jacob Houser

Joseph Hebblen, teacher

Johannes Meek, bauer

Jacob Meek, teacher

Abraham Herr, miller

Silas J Lcachey
J Eshleman, miller

Martin Kindeg

Samuel Kreider

J Stoutzenberger, tanner

M Hoover

Jacob Spring

George Lutz

John Forrer

J Herr, Tobias' son

Abraham M Hoover

A Stoner, sawyer

David Landis, miller

Isaac Houscr

Daniel Wiker

Wm Wilson, blacksmith

Daniel Froelich

Henry Grubb

Abm Mylin, niiUwrightl Peter Weaver, farmer

Abraham S Mylin
Jacob Mylin
Martin Mylin
Aliraham Mylin
Martin Mylin, farmer
John H Miller
Fanny KenJig,Conestoga
John Kindi

George Weaver
Henry Le Fevrc
Adam Lefcver
Jacob Echmam
Samuel Weaver
George Lefcver
(Christian Koutz
John C Lcfever

520

HISTORY OF

Heiirv Hess
Abraham Herr
Jacob Carpenter
Francis Herr, farmer
Philip Gcist
George Morgan
David Miller, blacksmith
Jacob Trashcr
Henry Aument
John Mussclman, miller
Christian Binkley, miller
Daniel Potts, miller
Martin Herr
Benjamin B Miller
S Marchbank, teacher
John Landis, shoemaker
David L lionginecker
Joseph Herr, sen.
Frederick Dase
John H Bear
Henry Spahr
Christian Kreidcr
Jacob N Landis
Robert Atkinson
C Riddle, shoemaker
Henry Gieider
Martin Greider
David Burkholdcr sen.
Benjamin Landis
Daniel McGowen, cooper
John Kreider, jr.
George Griibb
Addison Bartholomew
Abraham Landis
Martin Donlinger
Morgan Bowers, cooper
Frederick IS'ixdorf
John Price
Jacob Dccts
D Miller, foncemaker
Jacob Griibb
John 15 Landis
H II Mnss'linan, teacher
Jacob H Light
Christian 15 Herr
Christian Herr, Pcquea
Henry IMiis.-cr, student

of medicino
Alphcus (.'arpenter.son of

Hunry Clarpcnter, Es(j
John Martin
Benjamin Herr

East Lampeter.

John Kreider

Martin Strublc, weaver

Christian Nefi'

Henry Nell",

Joseph Weaver

Abraham M Swertly

Benjamin Lenman

Abraham Kreidcr

Jacob Denlinger

John Denlinger

Samuel Brua

Henry Denlinger

William ]3all, Gatekeep-
er, No. \5

Benj. Pickel, blacksmitli

Rudolph Kaull'man, cart-
wright

David Starnm, tanner

Martin Groff

Benjamin Denlinger

George Lefevre

Isaac Dieflenbauch

John Rolircr, tanner

Andrew Kennedy

Jacob Bachman, cabinet-
maker

Jacob Brenneman

Jacob Harlmnn

Abraham Howry

John Weaver

John Smith, teacher

Samuei Baily

Abraham Lefevre

Benjamin Brackbill, co.
Connnissioncr

Jonas Stinchiscr,

Benjamin Hoover, Post-
nia!?ter & gatekeeper

Samuel (3rug

Daniel Downer

Israel W CiioiV, card ma-
chine manuliicturer

Jacob W Groir

Andrew Schwartz, cloth

mtinufacturer
S Z Hall

lacoi) Zook

"^anuiel licaman
John Landis

Emanuel Landis

Mai tin Beck, miller
David Beck, miller

Levi Landis

Henry Zook

Jacob M Frantz, teacher

Benjamin IJarnish

Ijandis & Swartly

Levi L Landis

John Bushong

Benjamin Bushong

Jacob S T;andis

Jacob Ij I,andis

Emanuel Ij Landis

James C Cooper, mcrch't

Israel Baker

Henry Guicc

Daniel Potts, miller and

mill owner
Abraham Diftenbaugh
H Diifenbaugh, tanner
Henj. Eshleman, miller
Henry Downer, farmer
David Fulton, teacher
Abraham Buchwalter
Em'l Zereher, carpenter
Henry Buchwalter
Jacob Buchwalter, horse

Farrier
Benjamin GrofF
Henry Brubaker, shocm'r
Abraham S Landis
I David AA itiner
Ilcnry Stanflcr, teaelier
Jacob II Musfer, M D
I Benjamin H Frantz, stu-
dent of medicine
John Mathiot.

Slnit-ltiinr Borough,
Rev Daviil McCartcr
Rev Janies Hand
George DiHinbach
James McPluiil
Robert Evans
Jesse Gyger
James B Ramsay
loseph Potts
Jamrs Paul
David Fulmcr
Richard B Grofl'
Henry Aumcnt
Abraham B Wilmer
Benj B Gunder

E. Slinshiirii Toionship.
Heniy A Carpenter

LANCASTER COUNT V.

521

Benjamin Herr
Tlicophilns Shorts
John Slayniakcr
George J) Mcllvaine
James P Mcllvaiue
Fcrrcc Brinton
(Christian F Row
Jacob DiMilinger
Isaac B Currowes
Isaac Rife
Wni Eckevt
Tcter J Eckert
Thomas H Ijinvill
James H Slay maker
Jacob King
Henry Slaymaker
iVatiil. E Slaymaker
Hugh Aikin
John K Falck
John Smith
Bcnj Brackhill
John K Kiester
H Lechler
Enos Stevens
Henry Eckert
Wm Echternoch
Jacob Frantz
Jacob Eshlenian
David Witmer
John \V Miller
Henry Smoker
JohnK Herr

W. Sliaslurg Townsliip
F B Grofi
Benj G Herr
John K Herr
Martin Hawk
George Eeftver, jr.
Peter Le fever
Philii) Wikcr
John Wikcr
John S Hawk
John B ■VleJiinger
AJam Longenecker
Henry Merr
Augustus Stonesifcr
Henry [I Hoover
John "Brackhill
Hiram Harting
Jacob Sides
John Ilcrsh
Benjamin Hoover

IJacobNeft'.jr
IjohnNefl'

Benj & Joseph Kindig

Jacob Bruliaker

Martin Rohrer

.Jacob Brenner

Levi H McCue

John Hoffman

Benjamin Barr

Jacob .Miller

Samuel Kindig

Jauob Fritz

Emanuel Groff

Jacob .Martin

(saac H Mayer

D & J Eckman

Tweed & Evans

Abr Metz

Samuel Benar

(Christian Shultz

Adam Beck

Richard Fisher

John Ran!)

Isaac Graft

John Meyer

[lenry J,efevcr

Amos L Kinports

Emanuel Winter

Robert Hathorn

Benjamin GrofF

Michael Book

Borough of Washivglon

Geo G Brush

li Urban

A Bitner, M D

P Haldemarr

Jacob Taylor

Alnn Harnlcy

G E Sehner

C A Wolf

Geo M Gibbs

David Mil!er

Benjamin KauiTman

John Shu man

lacob Snyder

Wm Reese

Di! ie! Kise

Jacob Kise

Henry B Barney

[Icnry Fisher

Millerstown.
Henry Funk

J Augustus Elder, jVI D

David Kaliler

-Samuel Bender

John McC^oIlaugh

(•: S Baer, INI D

Leonard Pick el

J B Christ

Abr Peters

Henry W Hackman

John Neidith

B F W Bostick

John Herr

Geo L iMunJorfT

M'anor Towns/up.
Reuben Kendi g
John V\ itmer
John Brady
John Doner
Jacob Seitz
Henry Hershey
Michael Kauffman
Geo M Houch
Abraham Zook
Charles' Willis '
Christian Brubaker
Christian Newcomer
John Killheffer
Henry Hohrer
('hristian H Hershey
Daiiiel Forry
Jacob Pcilfer
("hristian Mellingcr
E]ihraim Rohrer
Daniel Myers
Jacob Shultz
Geo Geiger
Daniel Green
Michael Sourbccr
Amirew J Kaullnian
David Shartzcr, jr
W^m Parker
Benjamin Landis
Christian Habecker
Elizabeth Sloan
xAbrahiim Buck waiter
Adam Breneman
John W Wright
Samuel Kanti'man
Andrew Causman
Jose|)h Hershey
Jacob (J Shuman
John Mann

522

HISTORY OF

Joho Mann, jr
Geo W Soitz
Christian Ilcrr
Christian 8human
David O Wisslcr
Adam Shuman
Christian O Hcrr
Boiijamia Ilcrsliey
Frederick Faiiick
II S Mellin-cr, M D
Jacob S Witnirr
Christian B Hcrr
Henry Jjintne.r
John Lintncr
Jacob Martin
Benjamin Young, jr
Benjamin Witmer
Gotllieb Sehner
Jacob Ncfl'
Christian Zimmer, jr
Daniel L Carpenter, jr
John S Manning
Geo Lutz
Abr Drenncman
John Shissler
Daniel W Kauffman
Ilcnry Lover
John Staman, jr
John E Mellinger
Susanna Herb
Benjamin II Hcrtzler
John Musscliiian
Benjamin Smith

Gvlunihia,
D Gohecn
R W Dunlap
Joshua Humphries
Geo Moore
II McCorkle
J S CI ark son
Thco D Cochran
A D Boggs
Jolm List
Jolui Spear
Jose|)h Black
J V X Zeiglcr
John Felix
Wm Focfiig
N riogentolilcr
Sarah'Welsh
Daniel Ilcrr
J W Coltrell
Jeffrey S medley

John Frederick Houston
(ohii J McLaughlin
I VV Fisher
flonry D Zeigler
J C McKissick
Wm Cowden
Esther Ann Simpson
1'^ C Haughcy
Wm Haiitsch
(lenry Rrimner
Patience Slack
Francis Bradley
i\Lirtin Neil
Thomas Groom, jr
George Groom
Almira Jane Bishop
Jemima H Mann
H E Wolf
H Suydam
.las Burrell
Henry Sourbeer
John Flogendobler
John Humel
Isaac Clinton
Andrew Gohn
Caleb Lombard
Francis Hays

Mnriella.
Rev H B Shaffner
Wm W Martin, M D
Peter Baker
Henry Conghenour
Thomas Stence
Peter Goodman
John Barr
John B Carter
John J Libhart
Francis Flury
James Mehalley
George W Stackhousc
James Whitehill
Samuel Patterson
John Peck
Franklin Thompson
[Icnry Sult/.bach
Catharine Jamicson
'J'homas Zell
Joshua Loiigenecker
S S Rathvon
H R Musser

(.Catharine (Jeist |

Wm McClure

Samuel Souders
.Jeremiah Mc.Minn

E. Hrinpfeld Tuwnfhip.
J.ihn (iamher
David Brubaker
Ji)hn Davis
Henry Bear
Jo'iiu I^ehman
flenry Cetz
Wilham Myers
Eler Kecse
David Baker
Jacob S'timmy
Toliias S KaufTman
Michael Seitz
John Ream, M D
John Denlingcr, sen.
!''.[)hraimCroir
John Kauffman
Jacobs Kauffman
Reuben Bowman
John C Landis
Gcrrge VV Robinson
Andrew Landis
J H Kurtz, M D
'C Streng
Joseph Bowman
[John Slauffer
Jacob Fordney
lAndrcw Hollsworth
Jacob Bossier
Abraham Long
C K Long
George Fisher
John Shenk
Henry Stcman
Samuel Martzall
Andrew Dillingcr
(jhvislian Kauffman
William Wiley
Jacob Acker
Alexander Klefelkcr
A & C Reigart
Jacob L Hershey
David Brubaker
Susanna Snyder
Mary Ileisiand
Jacob Sluigar
William Berntheiscl

I IF. Hrwp/uld Tvu:nsUf.
S S Haldeman

LANCASTER COUNTi',

523

Abraham Stouffer
Roliert FuUcrton
William Allen
D W W itmer
A K Rohrcr, M I)
Jacob \V Wilmer
Andrew Metzgar
TiCwis Shu man
Philp F Wislar
Isai:c Hinkie
Jacol) Forry
Michael Williams
Michael Bowers
Charles Mathiot
Nelson Sutton
David Bucher
Jacob Culom
Jacob Strickler
William S Boyd
Samuel Boyd
John Stibge
Henry Mussclman
Jacob M Grider
Henry Copenhafer
Henry Bruckhart
J S Denlinger
George Retlew
Jacob Ganiber, sen
Jacob Greider
Tobias Clark
Gideon Smith
John Dombach
Jonas Nolt

Jacob H Hershey

John Greider, jr

Tobias B Stehman

Peter Harlachcr

Adam Bell

Samuel F Mann

Allen S Ruby

Manheim Borough.
John Sheaffer
Thos W Yeazey, M D
George Mengle
Samuel Long
Charles VVelker
George Eby
Philip Arndt
Joseph Peifcr
Emanuel F,intner
John M Ensminger
Michael II Schwartz

Ijcwis W Gibblc
Samuel Witmeyer
Henry D Miller

Rapho Tdwnship.
John Hawthorn
Joseph Fry
Jacob M Kaufl'man
! Daniel S Burns
John N Long, jr
Ueoige Brown
Daniel Swords
Christian Nissley
Samuel Brubaker
John Rohrer
Aliraham Brubaker
William Brooks
Abraham iM Erisman
Henry M Erisman
Peter Roy
Peter Brubaker,
Benjamin Brown
David Strickler
Henry Fisher
John Strickler
Samuel Ebcrsole
James A Patterson
Michael Garber
! Samuel Horst
Jolin Lehman
Joseph Masterson
Joseph W Numbers
James Doneghy

Salisbury Township.
flenry F Slaymaker
Rev P J Timlow
James H Houston
J Boyd Baker
John H Marsh
John Umble
Benjamin Linville
Daniel Plank
Davis Clemson
Geo \V Buckley
Joseph Summers
John Summers
Jacob Gabel
Jacob Mirtin
Jacob Sowers
Henry Dickinson
Henry Slaymaker
B F Houston

Cyrus J Russell
Geo F Brinton
Brinton & Brothers
I'.li.is Ebv
Peter Ubil
Wm Ferry
John Halligan
Robert Baldwin
Joseph F Paxson
Amos S Henderson
Henry \V Worrest
Reuben H Linville
Thomas A McNeil
Rev John Wallace
Peter Reeser
Jacob Yoder
A Lightner Henderson
Jacob Barley
Henry Worst
John Green leaf
Wm P Gault
Hugh R Buchanan
John Myers
Joseph D Martin
John Wright
Geo W Dean
John Weaver
Wm Wright
Isaac S McCamant
Jacob Mast
Isaac Plank
Jacob Reeser
John E Chalfant
John Gabel
John H Andrews
Reuben Chambers

Caernarvon Township
Rev L Bull, Chester co
Hanson B Jacobs
Jas H Jacobs
Jacob Albright
Cyrus H Jacobs
Levi Proudfoot
John Weller
William Northeimer
Bennni Quaintance
Edward Augustus Evanj
William Witman
Michael Silknitter
Mrs Sarah Thomas
Mrs Ann Lebes
Jacob Dolby

521

HISTORY OF

Andrew Lawrence
David L Eahy
William Dolby
lliram Evans
Joseph L AVo.ivor
BiMij.imii) liaumaa
John R iiuttcr
Diiiiel f'oler
Moses En gel
C S L'chty
Jo.siah Il.iwk
John Ringwalt
Rev Alfred Nevin
John Carson
Edward D.ivies
Tiiomas B Jacobs
iM Bickham
Uhrintian Schnader
Jlciiry Eppeiiimer
Jacob Yohn
John Cox
John Ilertzlor
Moses Horst
Abncr F Old
Christian Sliirk
John 'J'ri[)i)le
William Williamson
Henry Lynch
William Corbet Ly
Eli Becker

Jacob Everly
Sa:ni e' C Schweitzer
Samuel Lincoln
Daniel Mast
David Ourkwaltcr
D.uiiol Biickwalter
Philip Carman
Joseph 8hirk
Jacob Sliiik
Samuel Yoder
David Buekwaltcr
John Deihm
Samuel B Eppihimer
ilobert Jones
David Byler
John \V Jones
George W Guest
William St pheson
Davis Horst

L'lh.
John Beck
Rev Peter Wolle
Rev Samuel Rcinkc, Na-
zareth
I Eugene A FrueaulF
Jacob Zicgler
Jacob B ^J'shudy
nch Levi Holl, M D
Charles H Kryder

George T Greider
Samuel liiehtenthaeler
Francis L I>eiinen
Franklin Miller
F G JiCiniert
Jacob Cicitncr
William H Albright
lonas Meyer
C:hristiaii H Raucli
loim Wm Ratich
W A Shelly, M D
Charles \V Sturgis
G E Keller
Daniel C Maurer
J Levin Clewell
Chambers Hahn
(Jeorgc Irwins
Daniel Kreider
Martin Kreider
Peter Ficlcs
Aaron Treagcr
Abrin LichtcnthaJcr
P Ricksickcr
Samuel Grosh
Cieorge 'I'homas
[John Grosh
Edwin P Fetter
Ferdinand D Rickcrt
Christian Wolf
Augustus Christ

rr

JAN G 1^32