yee OF eet OS ee Pg imme, i fe ae re i © 9 Saw et Sas eer y ao aaade a anemaon pen Sh So wnonll oe 7 a a (em an tactic car am = eg —_ c aa NO ea al pet an a te nas esti 2 Saeehne aoe as 3 oy . te. ecrees a es b YSeee a a ORS ok ay Lea BSE: ae HISTORY OF THE BERWICKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ CLUB INSTITUTED SEPTEMBER 22, 1831 “MARE ET TELLUS, ET, QUOD TEGIT OMNIA, C@LUM” VOL. XXV. 1923, 1924, 1925 EDINBURGH PRINTED FOR THE CLUB BY NEILL AND CO. LTD., 212 CAUSEWAYSIDE 1926 HISTORY OF THE BERWICKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ CLUB. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXV. PART I.—1923. 1. Annual Address by James M‘Wuir, .B., CH.B., delivered 10th October 1923 _ 2. Reports of Meetings for the Year 1923. By J. H. Craw, Sa St Se F.S.A.SCOT. :— PRELIMINARY : CHEW GREEN ; 12th June (1) FARNE ISLANDS ; 21st June (2) TWEEDSMUIR ; sth July . (3) CHILLINGHAM ; 16th August (Plate 1) (4) GLENDEARG ; 12th September (5) BERWICK ; 10th October Chillingham Church The Makendon Camps. By R. C. Bosanquet, F.s.A. (Plate II) . Seventeenth-Century Bird Records . The Post-Reformation Symbolic Gravestones of Berwickshire. By Jas. Hewat Craw, F.S.A.scot. (Plates Ato E) . . Three Hundred Years Ago . The Orthography of the M.A., F.G.S. . Bamburgh ; . Seott and the Ballantynes. . 1692. William and Mary. . Ladykirk and Whitehouse. Name Hothpoo By G. G. BuriEr, . By the Rev. Jamus F, LeIsHMAN, M.A. By the Rev. Henry Paton, M.A. ili PAGE 1 25 28 33 38 43 49 58 59 69 70 95 96 114 115 128 129 iv 13. 14. 15. 16. aes 18. CONTENTS Additional Notes on Kelso Abbey. By Joun FeErcuson, FS. A.SCOT. Obituary :— Robert Shirra Gibb, M.B., c.m. By J. H. C. A Memory of Halidon Hill d i ‘ Meteorological Observations in Sete for 1923. By Rev. A. E. SwINTON, M.A., F.R.MET.SOC. Account of Rainfall in Berwickshire during 1923. By J. H. Gane F.S,A.SCOT., F.R.MET.SOC. Financial Statement for the Year ending 6th ieee 1993 . PART II.—1924. . Annual Address by Rev. Wixt1am M‘Conacuiz, D.D., delivered 8th October 1924 . Reports of Meetings for the Year 1924. By J. H. Craw, F.S.A.SCOT. :— (1) FAST CASTLE; 15th May . (2) BAMBURGH ; 25th June (3) BORROWSTOUN RIG, LAUDER; oth July (4) DODDINGTON ; 28th August (Plate ITI) (5) SOUTHDEAN and FERNIHIRST ; 10th September (Plate IV) (54) HIRSEL WOODS; 18th September (6) BERWICK ; 8th October . Copy of a Letter, dated 5th October 1688, from seauby: Governor of Berwick . : : : : : . To face p. . Pillow-Stone from Lowick (Plate V) . : . The Post-Reformation Symbolic Gravestones of Berwickshire. Part II. By Jas. Hewar Craw, F.s.a.scor. (Plates F to J) . Notes on the Insects of Berwickshire. I.—Bees, Wasps, and Ants. By JAMES CLARK, M.A., D.SC., A.B.C.S. 7. Logan of Restalrig as a Letter-Writer. By W. Dove as 8. The Mosses and Hepatics of Berwickshire and North Northumber- land. By J. B. Duncan . John Oxenbridge, Lecturer of Berwick. By J. C. HopGson, M.A. PAGE 155 158 159 160 161 162 163 185 193 198 202 209 217 219 227 228 229 254 261 271 280 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 3. 4. CONTENTS Glaciation in Scotland andin Canada. By GEorGE GREY BUTLER, M.A., of Ewart Park ; Notes on the History and Traditions of Pornictens Castle. By JAMES VEITCH Botanical Note. By Rev. J. J. M. L. AIKEN, B.D. A Document relating to Kelso Abbey. By JoHn ALLAN, M.A. Curious Entry from Parish Register . Notes on the Discovery of some Ancient Graves at Hoprig. By GEORGE TAYLOR . Decay of Border Service. 1580 Tweedside Fossil Plants. By W. J. RUTHERFURD, M.D. Obituary :— Colonel James Hunter of Anton’s Hill ; Meteorological Observations in Berwickshire side 1924. By Rev. A. E. SwInTON, M.A., F.R.MET.SOC. . Account of Rainfallin Berwickshire during 1924. By J. H. Craw, F.S.A.SCOT., F.R.MET.SOC. Financial Statement for the Year aes 6th October 1924 PART III—1925. . Annual Address by Colonel G, F. T. Leatusr, F.R.G.S., delivered 8th October 1925 . Reports of Meetings for 1925. By J. H. Craw, F.s.a.scor. :— (1) BUNKLE EDGE: 28th May (14) GATTONSIDE MOSS; 18th June (2) BELLINGHAM ; 25th June . : . (3) DIRLETON anp TANTALLON ; 18th July . (3a) NEWHAM BOG; 6th August 4) YEVERING BELL; 21st August . (5) KYLOE; 10th September (Plate VI) (6) BERWICK ; 8th October : (64) FOULDEN HAGG; 21st October Historical Notes on Broomhouse and the Home Family. By Major GEORGE J. N. Logan-Homs (Pilate VII) . Three Hundred Years Ago 327 336 343 344 350 354 355 362 371 380 381 398 vi CONTENTS . Report on British Association Meeting at Southampton. By Joun BisHorp 6. A Dipteron New to the District. By Grorcze Botam 20, 21. 22. 23. 24. . The Post-Reformation Symbolic Gravestones of Berwickshire. By J. H. Craw, F.s.4.scot. (Plates K to O) . Early Christian Graves at Hoprig. By Grorcr Taytor (Plate VIII) . . The Hawfinch in the Borders. By Rev. Wm. M‘Conacutz, D.D., F.S.A.Scot. (Plate IX) . The Mosses and Hepatics of Berwickshire and North Northumber- land. By J. B. Duncan . Two Hundred Years Ago : é ; ; . The First Hegira of the Lindisfarne Monks with the Body of St Cuthbert. By Howarp Pirass, .A., F.s.A. (Sketch Map) . Border Typography. By J. Lrypsay Hitson (Plate X) . The Kelso Glovers’ Book. By Rev. James Ftnmine LEISHMAN, M.A. . A Hundred Years Ago ; z : . The Lepidoptera of Northumberland and the Eastern Borders. By GrorGE BoLtam . Yevering : The Place and the Name. By Grorcze GReY BUTLER, M.A. . A Berwick Incident . Meteorological Observations in Berwickshire during 1925. By Rev. A. E. SWINTON, M.A., F.R.MET.SOC. . : d Account of Rainfall in Berwickshire during 1925. By J. H. Craw, F,S.A,SCOT., F.R.MET.SOC. : : Treasurer’s Statement for the Year ending 6th October 1925 Note of Members Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club Rules and Regulations (Revised 1925) . : List of Members, 8th @ctabes 1925 INDEX . PAGE 399 408 409 440 443 451 455 456 463 504 514 515 574 591 592 593 594 595 596 599 609 ILLUSTRATIONS PART I.—1923. Farne Islands, from Speed’s Map, 1610 . I, Hebburn Bastle from the South II. Roman Camps at Chew Green III. Label Moulding on Lintel, Hillslap Tower Scots Gate, Berwick-on-Tweed Gravestones : A. Symbols on Heraldic Gravestones . Dryburgh and Legerwood. B. Heraldic Influence Chirnside, Cockburnspath, oon Foulden, Lennel, and Cranshaws, C. Symbols of Mortality . Westruther, Channelkirk, Ayton, eee Lauder, and Earlston. D. Symbols of Mortality : : . Foulden, Eccles, Channelkirk, eniee Simprin, and Mordington. E. Symbols of Mortality—Dead Bells Cranshaws, Hutton, Polwarth, Greenlaw, Lauder, Langton, and Edrom. PART II.—1924. Fast Castle The Spindle Stone ; Capital and Corbel, Bambuseh @huedh : Spindleston Fort Megalithic Cist, omomstonn Rig, Ditades Doddington Bastle from the North Grave-Covers and Font, Doddington Church Plan of Church, Southdean . Vil to face page to face page . page to face page . page 99 29 . page 29 94 94 94 94 viii ILLUSTRATIONS. IV, Jedburgh Abbey, 1812 ; : 5 5 to face page Golden Square, Berwick ‘ : ; : : - page V. Pillow-Stone from Lowick . : ; : to face page Gravestones : F. Winged Cherub Heads : : re Nenthorn, Lauder, Mertoun, Gsckbneeths Chirnside, and Earlston. G. Symbols of Immortality : : : ; 33 Earlston, Langton, Foulden, Simprin, Leger- wood, and Gordon. H, Figure Stones . ; 3 3 : ; ys Edrom, Preston, Buncle, Channelkirk, and Langton. I. Figure Stones ; Fogo, Foulden, Edrom, Bias: aa oe J. Figure Stones : Re Earlston, Greenlaw, eee. Tene i ee Relics found at Hoprig” F ‘ ; F ; page PART ITI.—1925. De La Bastie’s Monument . ; ; ‘ : . page Umfreville Arms, Elsdon Tower Grave-covers, Corsenside Church . Upper Part of Mid Tower, Tantallon Castle : Monolith at Yevering . ‘ 5 ; ; 5 sae VI. Sand-pit at Old Yevering . : : ‘ to face page Plan of Camp ‘ j je 2 . page Kyloe Tower from the North- west Grey Arms, West Kyloe Southernmost Arch, Berwick Old Bridge : VII. Broomhouse—The Hanging Tree . 5 : to face page Gravestones : K. Trade Symbols Fishwick, Legerwood, Tee tee: oe aaa Preston. L. Trade Symbols Channelkirk, Swinton, anetore al rpc M, Symbolic Stones . ; ; Wie? Preston, Cranshaws, Simprin, Dryburgh, Langton, and Nenthorn. 216 220 228 236 244 248 438 438 ILLUSTRATIONS Gravestones, continued : N. Symbolic Stones : : : : to face page Eyemouth and Hutton. O. Symbolic Stones . : ; A Earlston, Hume, Foulden, a Csldaohant VIII. Graves at Hoprig ; F : é , : és Graves at Hoprig ; : : : . page IX. Young Hawfinch. Nest of Bydibick : ‘ to face page Inner Primary from Hawfinch’s Wing . , . page Map.—First Flight of Monks with the Body of St. Gatkibort! to face page Mr James Ballantyne . : ; . page X, Alexander Jeffrey, Historian of Hox birakehins to face page Badge of Kelso Hammermen : : : i . page Badge of Kelso Cordwainers > ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA 1x 438 438 440 441 447 450 462 464 488 507 599 Page 41, line 5, see Northumbrian Monuments, p. 118, and Archeologia Aliana, vol. xiv. N.S., p. 299. » 46, ,, 8, the wife of Nicol Cairncross was Elizabeth Lauder. See Melrose Regality Records, vol. i. pp. 326 and 352. » 53, ,, 22, for 502 lbs. read 514 lbs. and 502 inches in length. 5 1905. 55. 1, for 1579 read 1597. ,, 300, ,, 2, read History, book u, chap. xiv. ,, 021, ,, 15, for Authocaris read Anthocharis. ,, 047, ,, 11, for C. procellus read C. porcellus. ,, 953, ,, 10, for N. cuculatella read N. cucullatella. 1. 2. aoa oa —- Ww HISTORY OF THE CONTENTS OF VOL. XXV.—PART I. 1923. Annual Address by James M‘Wuir, m.B., CH.B., delivered 10th. October 1923 : : : : : Reports of Meetings for the Year 1923. By J. H. Craw, F,.S.A,SCOT. :— PRELIMINARY: CHEW GREEN; 12th June . (1) FARNE ISLANDS; 21st June (2) TWEESDMUIR; 18th July . (3) CHILLINGHAM ; 16th August (Plate I. ) (4) GLENDEARG ; 12th September (5) BERWICK ; 10th October . Chillingham Church 2 : ; ‘ ‘ . The Makendon Camps. By R. C. Bosanquet, F.s.A. (Plate II.) . . Seventeenth-Century Bird Records . . The Post-Reformation Symbolic Gravestones of Berwickshire. By Jas. Hewat Craw, F.s.a.scot. (Plates A to E) . . Three Hundred Years Ago : : : 3 : . The Orthography of the Name sar ee By G. G. Butter, M.A., F.G.S. . Bamburgh : : . F : . Scott and the Ballantynes. By the Rev. Jamzs F. LeisHman, m.a. . 1692. William and Mary : : : : . Ladykirk and Whitehouse. By the Rev. Henry Paton, m.a. . Additional Notes on Kelso Abbey. By Joun Ferrcuson, F.S.A.SCOT. . BERWICKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ CLUB.- PAGE 1 25 28 33 38 43 49 58 59 69 70 70 95 96 114 115 128 129 155 Wie 18 CONTENTS . Obituary :— Robert Shirra Gibb, M.B., c.mM. By J. H.C. . . A Memory of Halidon Hill . Meteorological Observations in Berwickshire for 1923. By Rev. A. E. SwWINTON, M.A., F.R.MET. SOC. : Account of Rainfall in Berwickshire during 1923. By J. H. Craw, F.S.A.SCOT., F.R.MET.SOC. . Financial Statement for the Year ending 6th October 1923 . PAGE 158 159 160 161 162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BERWICKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ CLUB Address delivered to the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club at Berwick, 10th October 1923. By JAMES M‘Wuir, M.B., Ch.B., Norham. LET me, in the first place, thank you for the signal com- pliment paid to me at the last business meeting. The Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club embraces many interests, but these all centre round the beautiful and _ historic Borderland in which I have had my home for upwards of twenty years, and it shall always be matter of special pride to me that I was deemed worthy of a place among your Presidents. Unfortunately, the duty now falling to me is one that brings my mental limitations painfully home to me; since, unlike many of my predecessors, I have nothing in the nature of original investigation and research to bring before you. Over the choice of a topic I might have pondered long, but one day it occurred to me that my predecessor had supplied me with a text on which I might make a few remarks when, on nominat- ing me for the Presidential Chair, he said, among other far too flattering things about me, that I was still comparatively young. Nearly a century has passed since the birth of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, and valuable as its 1 2 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS Transactions are, I sometimes think they would have possessed an added interest if successive generations of members had made them the medium of comment on the changes which they themselves had witnessed: History teaches that posterity often manifests a curious interest in details, and a time may come when a future historian of our Club may deem it worthy of note that on 25th May 1910 motor conveyances first took the place of horse-drawn vehicles at our Field Meetings. Recent economic changes will also be emphasised by pointing out that it was found necessary to discontinue the time-honoured usage which enabled members taking part in the excursions to partake of salmon at the expense of the Club. With these considerations in view, I am hopeful that some changes noted in the course of a life that has been singularly uneventful, may not be uninteresting to you. . Let me begin by saying that to characterise our age as one of the most important in the world’s history, and as a period of transition, appears to me commonplace and trite. The epoch in which the individual life chances to be cast is invariably the most important in the world’s history, for, just as on a winter night the head- lights of an approaching car obscure the distant planets, one is denied a standpoint from which things can be seen in their true perspective. Again, we live in a world where nothing is fixed and stable, and I am dis- posed to subscribe to the theory of a friend who imagines that, when they passed from Eden, Adam’s comment to Eve, doubtless phrased in good Gaelic, might be literally translated, ‘“ My dear! we are living in a period of transition.’ Still, when every allowance is made for the tendency to exaggerate the importance of our own affairs, there can be no question that those who, like myself, can send their thoughts back upwards of forty years, have lived through a memorable time. Among the many changes we have witnessed, I am disposed to give ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS 3 first place to the rise of Japan from comparative obscurity to the position of a world-power. This has upset all preconceived notions regarding the relative importance of East and West, and is fraught with future possibilities that are far-reaching. It may also be claimed that we have lived through the greatest war in history. One reflects with sadness that the conflict was waged on a scale only made possible by the advance of science. Aircraft, wireless telegraphy, and submarines (inventions of comparatively recent date) all played a part in the struggle. But if science exacted its toll of life, it also did much to mitigate the horrors-of warfare ; for who can doubt that the medicine and surgery of the day saved innumerable lives that would have made their quota to the great sacrifice, had the war been fought out a decade earlier 2? Two changes to which allusion may be made, as significant of the political trend, are the extensions of the franchise in 1885 and 1918—the first of these measures conferring electoral privileges on manual workers, and the second being a recognition of woman’s claim to participate in the government of the country. In this connection one may be permitted to add that if, as some are optimistic enough to imagine, we have witnessed the final solution of the Irish problem, no one can reasonably allege that the age of miracles must be relegated to the past. During the Great War, the landed interest felt the economic pressure more severely than any other section of the community, with the result that in the course of the last few years estates have changed hands in a manner unparalleled since the Reformation. With this brief summary x events, let us proceed to consider what is the outstanding characteristic of our age. If asked this question, I should without hesitation reply, the multiplication of travelling facilities. In the words of Lecky: “ It is impossible to lay down a railway without creating an intellectual influence,’” 4 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS and “it is probable that Watt and Stephenson will eventually modify the opinion of mankind almost as profoundly as Luther or Voltaire.” * Other agencies have given an added impulse to the mental trend initiated by the steam engine. My father, who was born in Nithsdale in 1843, often saw Kirkpatrick Macmillan, the inventor of the bicycle. “ Pate” Macmillan, as he was Jocally called, was a blacksmith in the parish of Keir. On at least one occasion he cycled as far afield as Glasgow—some seventy miles distant from his home—with the inevitable result that he was charged in the Police Court with obstructing the thoroughfare. Long after Macmillan’s death, it was alleged that an earlier cycle had been made by Gavin Dalzell, a Lesmahagow cooper; but after an exhaustive inquiry, the Cyclists’ Touring Club thoroughly estab- lished the Dumfriesshire blacksmith’s claim to priority. A personal recollection may now be recalled, as it repre- sents a fresh chapter not only in cycle development, but in the new woman movement. One day in the summer of 1892 I chanced to be in the town of Ayr. Passing along one of the thoroughfares that branch from it, I saw a great crowd collected in the High Street of the old burgh. Excitement appeared to be intense, and I rushed forward to ascertain the cause. Thirty-one years after the incident, it is difficult to realise that. the equilibrium of the good people had been disturbed by a lady touring on a bicycle. Yet, so it was, and as the remarks which I overheard were the reverse of. compli- mentary to the daring pioneer, I am rather disposed to think that nothing could have been better fitted to give a shock to the notions of propriety then prevalent. I wonder how many of my hearers can remember the date when they saw a motor car for the first time. I am unable to do so, and it may surprise some of you to * Introduction to History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rational- asm in Hurope. ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS 5 learn that the flying-machine is the invention that has priority in my mind. This arises from the fact that in the summer of 1892 or 1893, Mr S. Pilcher, who was then assistant to the Professor of Naval Architecture, constructed a flying-machine, which was an object ot interest to the students attending classes at Glasgow University. As I never saw the machine in flight, I cannot speak of the contribution that it made to the problem of aerial navigation, but it is noteworthy that Pilcher shared the fate of many of the earlier devotees of the latest mode of locomotion, as he was killed a few years afterwards when attempting a flight in the Scar- borough neighbourhood. The pioneer of motoring in our area was Mr T. R. B. Elliot of Clifton Park. In the course of a letter dated 18th September 1923 that gentleman writes: “I was the first person to own and use a motor car in Scotland, and about the fifth in England. I imported direct from Paris (and first used it in this district on 27th Dec. 1895) a 34 h.p. Panhard car: weight, one ton; iron tyres ; tube ignition ; tiller steering ; no radiator. It carried four, and had a hood. Speed up to 12 miles per hour ; but on steep hills three of the four passengers generally had to get out and walk. On 19th March 1896 I was fined 6d. and 19s. 7d. costs at Berwick for not having a man on foot walking in front of the car. Modern motor cars could only be used legally after Nov. 1896, but I ran 1200 miles before this, including a trip to the Highland Show at Perth; the police for this trip undertook not to prosecute unless compelled to do so in the event of any accident being caused by me. The car cost £235 in Paris, and cost £10 to bring here in a large wooden ease. I sold the car in 1896, and then got in England a 4 h.p. Daimler.” Mr Elliot has many press cuttings relating to early motoring experiences. From _ the Berwick Advertiser of 20th March 1896 I have taken a few extracts relating to the Police Court proceedings. 6 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS “Police Sergeant Tough deponed that about a quarter to three o’clock on the morning of the 29th of February, he was on duty at the top of Hide Hill, Berwick, along with P.C. Frizzel. They heard an unusual noise in Bridge Street, and looking down Hide Hill saw something coming up witha light. They could not tell what it was, and waited at the top of Hide Hill. They then saw that it was a horseless carriage. Mr Elliot drew in about where they were standing, and brought the car to a standstill. He at once spoke, and, after some conversation, said he had some doubts whether he was right. Witness said, “I am afraid you are not right. You have no man in front, and I will have to take your name and address.’ He gave them at once. Witness examined the car. Mr Elliot was very obliging, and showed witness how the gas was put into the engine. There were two little burners in front, and these generated the gas which gave the propelling power. The car was driven by an engine.” In the course of cross-examination by Mr Tiffen, one of our members, who acted as Mr Elliot’s agent, Sergeant Tough characterised that gentleman as “a most obliging defendant.”’ In his opinion “the horseless carriage made more noise than an ordinary vehicle. There was nothing about it to damage bridges or roads, but he considered the noise it made might frighten horses.’”? Captain Collingwood was _ probably the first of our members to own a car. His earliest venture was a 5 h.p. Decarville, purchased in 1901, and in 1903 he was fined at Cosham, near Portsmouth, for travelling at the rate of 14 milesan hour. In those days the speed limit was 12 miles an hour. Other two of our members, Provost Carmichael and Mr Somervail, were early in the field, but as they seem to have escaped fining, I don’t know that pioneer honours can be con- ceded tothem. ‘‘ Good-bye, sir, and good luck ; and the best. luck you can have is to stick on the road.” Such was the comforting assurance given to Provost Car- ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS 7 michael in the summer of 1902 or 1903, when he set off from Granton with a 534 h.p. Panhard car, of which he was the proud possessor. Luck simply rained on the Provost, as the car stuck at Lauder, and, in his own graphic language, “‘the engine declined to work, and despite all efforts, not even a sigh would come from its unknown depths.’’ In the course of a recent letter, Mr Somervail writes: ‘It was in the summer of 1904 that I bought a second-hand Albion with a dog-cart body. It is standing here yet, and the last time it was out it went as well as ever it did. I think there is a similar one in the Edinburgh Museum.” As already stated, we refrained as a Club from making use of motor conveyances until 25th May 1910, so no one can accuse us of acting on a hasty impulse. Our conservative attitude is emphasised by a sentence, in the J’ransactions, which strikes an apologetic note: ‘‘ Members arrived by train, and were accommodated in motor cars, as it was found impossible to overtake the journey otherwise in the time at their disposal.” In the official account of the Hume Castle and Newton Don meeting of 27th May 1908 it is recorded that “‘ several members were accom- modated in private motor cars.’> But Provost Car- michael assures me that he ran his car at the Yarrow meeting of July 1904 and at the Traquair meeting in September of the same year. During the last few years we have seen an extraordinary development in motor transport, and the motor car now vies with the railway train as the creator of an intellectual impulse. Our Organising Secretary was a member of the East District Comunittee of the Berwickshire County Council when it was seriously proposed that every motor should be preceded by a cyclist armed witha flag; and a recent census showed that 92 per cent. of the traffic in the same area was mechanically propelled. Hamlets and villages far from the railway are now brought into daily touch with the larger centres of population. One regards this state of affairs 8 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS with mixed feelings. Little more than a hundred years have passed since Wordsworth hesitated to look on Yarrow lest the scene which his imagination had created should be dispelled. Nowadays, lone St Mary’s is visited by countless tourists; and it may be asserted with all charity, that, to a large proportion, Yarrow is but “a river bare, that glides the dark hills under.” No one who knew the valley thirty or forty years ago can fail to be saddened by the changes time has wrought ; but if we are to aim at the greatest good for the greatest number, it is well that toilers from the larger industrial centres should snatch occasional glimpses of our Border Hills. Fortunately, for those who seek solitude—and we should all seek the solitary places at times—the casual visitor seldom strays far from the beaten track, and from Dryhope Tower or the churchyard of St Mary one may still view the Yarrow of other days. Still, it would be well for the lover of solitude to make the most of his opportunities; for, as only fourteen years have passed since the Channel was first crossed by aeroplane, it is just possible there may be a further invasion of his territory in the near future. Let us turn now to a recollection that has a special interest for members of my own profession. For seventeen years I had my home at Swinton. The event that made my first summer in the village a memorable one was the Coronation of King Edward. A small committee had been appointed to make arrangements for the local rejoicings, and as I cycled through the village one beautiful summer evening nearly all its members were engaged in serious conversation opposite the post office. As I approached, one of the group exclaimed, ‘‘ Here’s the doctor! He'll maybe be able to tell us.” The query was, ‘‘ What is Appendicitis ? ”’ News had just come that the King was seriously ill, and there was much anxious deliberation as to whether the local festivities ought to be postponed or not. ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS 9 Nowadays it appears incredible ; but any of you who care to consult old newspaper files will quickly realise that Appendicitis was then an unfamiliar term. Indeed, for some time later, elderly people in the Merse, who were diffident about adding a new word to their vocabulary, compromised matters by speaking of the disease as the ** King’s trouble.” Volumes might be written on the fashion changes I have lived through, but alas! I haven’t been observant enough to undertake the task. The crinoline age I escaped, but I believe there was a period in my life when ladies wore dolmans. Anxious to reconstruct this garment, I consulted Chambers’s Twentieth Century Dictionary, where I found it variously described as “a Turkish robe with slight sleeves and open in front ; a hussar’s jacket, worn like a cloak, with one or both sleeves hanging loose.” Perhaps there may be some experts in dress present who can tell if one or other of these definitions accurately describes the dolmans I can faintly recall. Unaided, I am unable to improve on either of them. When I entered on manhood, country medical practi- tioners were beginning to dress like their neighbours ; but in towns old traditions were still rigidly observed. During the winter of 1898 I assisted a Govan doctor. Returning from Glasgow one evening, I had a telephone message from my chief intimating that he was engaged with a case in which he desired help. The hour was midnight and the month December, so I responded to the call attired in jacket suit and bowler hat, such as I flatter myself were commonly worn by respectable citizens towards the latter end of the Victorian era. Next morning I had a bad quarter of an hour. Had I been guilty of a serious moral lapse, the good old doctor could scarcely have discoursed with more gravity. Why had I discarded professional dress, and, above all, why had Inot worn a tall hat ? I hope that my bearing suggested 10 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS contrition ; but I confess that the closing words of the harangue put a severe strain on my powers of restraint. They ran thus: “‘ You know you were never in that house before, and the people are doubtless wondering if you are really a medical man.” So many things inseparable from our daily routine are of such comparatively recent origin, that it is not surprising to find an individual life connected up in a curious way with times which now appear remote. Our Organising Secretary has a long way to go ere he estab- lishes patriarchal claims. Yet he links us up in an interesting fashion with the days of witch-burning. Unfortunately, he has been unable to supply me with names and other data, but as you all know his accuracy, this will not lessen interest in his narrative. It appears that his father, who died in 1900, had talked with an old man who in turn had known an old woman with whose personal recollections we have now to deal. When a child she had been carried by her nurse to see a witch burned on Mordington Hill. According to the notions prevalent at the beginning of the eighteenth century, such a scene was well fitted to have a salutary influence on the youthful mind. The mental and religious outlook of those days is incomprehensible in the twentieth century, and it is noteworthy that in later life the eyewitness of this terrible spectacle used to recall that, when the fire was kindled, the victim of blinded zeal, who was doubtless crazed, had held out her long skinny arms as if to warm them at the flames which were to terminate her miserable existence. My own link with the past suggests associations of another kind ; but it may not be undeserving of passing mention that, in youth and early manhood, I had several conversations with A. B. Todd, an Ayrshire journalist then enjoying a measure of local celebrity, who claimed that his father had known Robert Burns. Another personal link with the past calls for special ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS 11 mention because of the interest it has for Borderers. In the spring of 1900 there passed away a venerable lady to whom we all owe much. Some of you may have been privileged to see Lady John Scott. As a child she had known veterans who remembered Prince Charlie, and to the last she cherished Jacobite sympathies. To Sir George Douglas we are indebted for the story of the luckless schoolboy who spoke of ‘‘The Pretender ” in her presence. ‘‘ James was no Pretender!” exclaimed the angry lady. ‘“‘ He was your father’s and my father’s, as well as your own, righteous King. How, boy, can you say such a disloyal thing against God and your lawful Prince James, the Lord’s anointed ? ”’ * Personally, I believe that the Stuarts had proved their unfitness to reign, and that “‘ the Fifteen ”’ and “‘ the Forty- five ’’ both ended in the way that was best; but a cause which gave us so many imperishable lyrics must have had much to commend it, and one likes to think that the lady who brought the old-time notions of loyalty to the banished dynasty into our own age, made her own substantial contribution to the heritage of Border song. Of course, there is a sense in which the past is always near us—much nearer than the well-intentioned people who would regulate the affairs of our old world on lines that are entirely new always realise. Reference to our June meeting at Rochester will enable those who took part in it to understand what I mean. In the course of a long walk over a stretch of moorland which, even in these days, is regarded as comparatively inaccessible, we saw many evidences of Roman occupation. Weathering influences and the vandalism of centuries had united in their efforts to destroy these memorials of the past, but in vain. Who can doubt that there are many subtle forces determining custom and usage still more resistant to the attacks of * Diversions of a Country Gentleman, p. 23. 12 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS time ? Our habit of talking about the characteristics of particular centuries is apt to blind us to this, and historians, perhaps by way of emphasising their own standpoint, are prone to write as if there had been a complete break with the past at certain eventful epochs. A notable example of this occurs in the open- ing chapter of Froude’s History of England. Permit me. to quote it : “And now it is all gone—like an unsubstantial pageant faded ; and between us and the old English there lies a gulf of mystery which the prose of the historian will never adequately bridge. They cannot come to us, and our imagination can but feebly penetrate to them. Only among the aisles of the cathedral, only as we gaze upon their silent figures sleeping on their tombs, some faint conceptions float before us of what these men were when they were alive; and perhaps in the sound of church bells, that peculiar creation of medieval age, which falls upon the ear like the echo of a vanished world.” This is very fine writing. But is it quite true? There is general admission that to the north of the Tweed the Reformation was carried out in a much more thorough fashion than in other less favoured regions ; but I venture to think that, even in Scotland, we have other echoes of Pre-Reformation times than the sound of church bells. We all know how active Knox and his followers were in their efforts to uproot customs identified with the Pre-Reformation Church. In 1561 an Edinburgh man was sentenced to death for his share in a riot arising from some May-day games.* But in those days the long arm of the law sometimes failed to reach the Border ; and thus it chances that, in several towns and villages, a people tenacious of their old usages still continue to indulge in the Fastern E’en sports, which link them up with the days when the sway of the Abbot of Unreason was unquestioned. In a paragraph which appeared in the * Chambers’s Domestic Annals of Scotland, i, 99. ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS 13 Scotsman of 17th May last one catches a still more distinct echo from Froude’s vanished world. It runs: ‘““The members of the Greater Edinburgh Club made their tenth visit for this summer to the old church of Restalrig and St Triduana’s Miraculous Well, which, after being a place of pilgrimage for a thousand years for people affected with eye diseases, has now been completely dried up by the new Craigen- tinny sewer. The Rev. Wm. Burnett mentioned that he fre- quently received letters asking for bottles of the water, not only from all over Scotland, but from India and other parts of the world.” Here we have the mentality of the Middle Ages projecting itself into the days of broadcasting in a fashion which amply justifies my contention that we must dig deep to bury the past. Perhaps a few words may now be said regarding the good old days. Some writers refer these to periods more or less remote. ‘If a man were called,’’ writes Gibbon, ‘to fix the period in the history of the world, during which the condition of the human race was most happy and prosperous, he would, without hesitation, name that which elapsed from the death of Domitius to the accession of Commodus.” * This em- braced a period of only sixty-five years, and extended from 96 to 161 a.p. Froude makes it quite clear that to his mind England was really Merrie England during the reign of Henry VIII. ‘‘ Looking, therefore, at the state of England as a whole,” runs the narrative, “I cannot doubt that under Henry the body of the people were prosperous, well-fed, loyal, and contented. In all points of material comfort they were as well off as they had ever been before ; better off than they have ever been in later times.” f Elsewhere the historian speaks of ‘“‘a sturdy high-hearted race, sound in * Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chap. iii. Tt The Reign of Henry the Eighth, chap. i. 14 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS body and fierce in spirit, and furnished with thews and sinews which, under the stimulus of those ereat ‘shins of beef,’ their common diet, were the wonder of the age.”’ ‘‘ Modify a little,’ was the advice of Carlyle with reference to this comment. ‘* Frederick the Great was brought up on beer-sops; Robert Burns on oatmeal porridge, and Mahomet and the Caliphs conquered the world on barley meal.’ But for once the recommendation of the Sage was disregarded. According to Kirkton, a Scottish historian, his country reached the state of absolute perfection some time between 1638 and 1660, when with the Restoration of Charles II. a sad declension set in. During the haleyon times, “every minister was obliged to preach thrice a week, to lecture and catechise once, besides other private duties wherein they abounded, according to their proportion of faithfulness and abilities.’ ‘“‘I have hved many years in a parish,” he con- tinues, ‘‘ where I never heard an oath, and you might have ridden many miles before you heard any. . . . Nobody com- plained more of our church government than our taverners, whose ordinary lamentation was their trade was broken, people were become so sober.” * It is noteworthy that witch-burnings gave an outlet to some of the religious fervour of those years of bliss. On modern Christmas cards a stage-coach stuck deep in snow is often supposed to call up visions of the good old days; and I sometimes find myself wondering if the passengers who figured in such escapades actually radiated all the happiness and jollity with which art has credited them. For the average man and woman of middle life the good old days are the days of youth; and unyielding submission to the witchery of the past is so general that, from time to time, the corre- spondence columns of our daily papers are filled with * The Secret and True History of the Church of Scotland, from the Restora- tion to the Year 1678, pp. 64 and 65. ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS 15 long letters representing the generation soon to take the place of that to which the writers belong as rushing headlong to perdition. The complaisance associated with such awful forebodings is frequently staggering. “ The decay of religion and growth of vice in this parish is very remarkable within these last twenty years.” * In these words William Creech, an Edinburgh publisher, sums up his description of a Scottish country parish towards the latter end of the eighteenth century ; and the smug self-satisfaction which emanates from them suggests that the good man anticipated for the abandoned area the fate of the Cities of the Plain. The instinct that prompts us to venerate the past is essentially a kindly one. Indeed, it may be truly said that there is some- thing essentially irreverent in the make-up of the in- dividual who has nothing but a sneer for beliefs, customs, and usages which were dear to his forbears. But in our regard for the past, let us be fair to the living. A notable instance of failure in this respect is to be found in a book dealing with Border topics. In 1913 Jean Lang gave us a volume entitled North and South of Tweed. The False Alarm of 1804 was one of the stirring incidents dealt with, and the author seems to have regarded the theme as a text from which she might discourse on modern degeneracy. ‘In far countries,” runs the narrative, “ Britons have fought and died, but the Scot and the Englishman of to-day have grown comatose under the delightfully comfortable delusion that invasion is a spectre that haunts the minds of only a few Cassandras, that peace and prosperity are for them and for their nation perpetual and unending gifts.” Shortly after this stricture was penned the Great War commenced. Of the course of events we one and all retain a vivid impression. As in the wars of the past, individual statesmen and generals had their share of * The Transactions and Journal of Proceedings of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, Session 1892-93, p. 60. 16 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS public criticism. Regarding our soldiers and our sailors there was only one opinion, viz. that they constituted the finest fighting material the world had ever seen. The mass of mankind, like the good old lady who figures in one of Trollope’s Barchester novels, are fond of reverting. We talk of our age as one of hurry and bustle ; whereas, when contrasted with the days of thigging and reiving, this is really the period of peace and quietness on both sides of the Border. Then, if we yield to the seductive charm of the past, there always arises the question as to what period we would revert. Unlike Gibbon, Froude, and Kirkton, few of us would care to be pitch- forked back through the centuries ; and the tranquillity of town and country life towards the close of the eight- eenth century would probably satisfy our yearnings. But even then people complained of hustle; for when travelling by mail coach in 1798 Lord Chancellor Campbell journeyed from Edinburgh to London in three nights and two days, he was gravely advised to stop a day at York, “as several passengers who had gone through without stopping had died of apoplexy from the rapidity of the motion.” * Reason can easily demon- strate the absurdity of it all ; but mankind will continue to dwell fondly on the days that are no more. With characteristic touch, Shakespeare represents Falstaff as babbling of green fields on his death-bed. I warrant that the fields in which he had played when a boy were those of which the old fellow babbled ; for, to the aged, death comes in its most kindly guise when it takes them back to the scenes of their youth. And if it is at all flattering to our vanity, one may safely hazard the forecast that seventy or eighty years hence there will be old people to talk of the good old days that centred round the year of grace 1923, and of the gifts and charms which the men and women of that period carried with them to the land of shadows. * Lives of the Lord Chancellors, vi, 50. ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS iL? Whither are we tending ? The closing sentence of a letter to the Times, penned in November 1870 by Thomas Carlyle, makes one somewhat chary about venturing on predictions. Itruns: ‘“‘ That noble, patient, deep, pious, and solid Germany should be at length welded into a Nation and become Queen of the Continent, instead of vapouring, vainglorious, gesticulating, quarrel- some, restless, and over-sensitive France, seems to me the hopefulest public fact that has occurred in my time.”’ What agonies Carlyle must have been suffering of late, if disembodied spirits are cognisant of the changes to which our world is subject ! Denied the gift of prescience, it is unavailing to speculate regarding the future of India; and remembering that the race ‘which cannot people a country must in time give place to another, we can only think with uneasiness of Australia with its territory twenty-five times greater than that of Great Britain and Ireland combined, and its population of only 5,500,000. Regarding the industrial strife, which concerns us more nearly, perhaps too much has been made. In 1680 Mr John Basset, the Member of Parliament for Barnstaple, complained that their wage bill made it impossible for our manufacturers to compete with outsiders. ‘‘ An English mechanic,”’ he remarked, “instead of slaving like a native of Bengal for a piece of copper, exacted a shilling a day.’ * Mr Basset has many disciples in these times, and I have little doubt you will learn from this morning’s newspapers that some of them, more or Jess distinguished, were uttering similar views in almost similar language no later than yesterday. Manual workers, on the other hand, at times talk as if social evils were peculiar to our own age, when in reality the rights of man were never so generally recog- nised as they are to-day. Let me lay stress on this point. The most courageous reactionary would hesitate to defend child labour in factories, as nothing is more | * Macaulay’s History of England, chap. iii. 2 18 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS abhorrent to present-day sentiment. Yet so different were seventeenth-century views, that a writer with philanthropic leanings considered it matter for con- gratulation that in Norwich “boys and girls of very tender age created wealth exceeding what was necessary for their own subsistence by £12,000 a year.”’* A short study of the conditions which prevailed during the Napoleonic Wars can scarcely fail to furnish comfort to those disposed to imagine that the distress of to-day is unparalleled ; and, as I know it is very real, I am not seeking to minimise it. When describing rural life during the opening years of last century, John Younger, of St Boswells, writes : ‘“No corn in those years was substantial; all meal black “mattened ’ and unhealthsome; nothing fresh and sound but the foreign white pease, the meal of which was yellow and solid as brass: it was five shillings per stone, and could seldom be got in our locality. Oatmeal fluctuated in price for two years between six and eight shillings a stone, but oatmeal we scarcely could see for months together, though it had formerly been our staple food when at an average price of one and sixpence per stone. Potatoes, when to be got at all, were at the rate of three and fourpence per bushel. And as for butcher meat, at about a shilling a pound, it became in our ideas classed with Ambrosia, of which we had somehow heard as food only for the gods.” + Little wonder that Waterloo was followed by Peterloo ! How is it that after the greatest war in history, we continue to enjoy what I venture to term comparative tranquillity ? Let us turn to the registers of marriages in England for 1844. Nearly 130,000 couples were joined in matrimony that year ; and of these rather more than 40,000 of the men and 60,000 of the women couldn’t sign their names. In other words, nearly a third of the men and nearly a half of the women then in the prime of * Macaulay’s History of England, chap. iii. + Autobiography of John Younger, Shoemaker, St Boswells, p, 130. ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS 19 life were unable to write. When alluding to this topic in the House of Commons on 18th April 1847, Macaulay said : “Remember, too, that, though people who cannot write their own names must be grossly ignorant, people may write their own names and yet have very little knowledge. Tens of thousands who were able to write their names had in all prob- ability received only the wretched education of a common day school. We know what such a school too often is: a room crusted with filth, without light, without air, with a heap of fuel in one corner and a brood of chickens in another; the only machinery of instruction a dog-eared spelling-book and a broken slate ; the masters the refuse of all other callings, discarded footmen, ruined pedlars, men who cannot work a sum in the rule of three, men who cannot write a common letter without blunders, men who do not know whether the earth is a sphere or a cube, men who do not know whether Jerusalem is in Asia or America. And to such men, men to whorm none of us would entrust the key of his cellar, we have entrusted the mind of the rising generation, and, with the mind of the rising generation, the freedom, the happiness, the glory of our country.”’ Surely, it is not too much to assert that England has gained by changing all this; for though I occasionally meet people who consider that education is detrimental to the masses, I think that members of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club will agree with me that, at a time of social unrest, workers who have had any mental training, however rudimentary, are much more likely to listen to the appeals of argument and reason than an illiterate mob. Having, as I hope, proved that I am not unduly pessimistic regarding the future of the Anglo-Saxon race, let us consider some of the dangers that confront us. Conditions with which we have been familiar since in- fancy are apt to be accepted as sanctioned by use and wont. But the individual life is short when contrasted with that of the nation ; and though modern industrialism 20 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS may appear to us long established, it is really a plant of comparatively recent introduction that has sprung up with mushroom-like rapidity. There is good reason to believe that, during the reign of James II., the population of England was about 5,500,000. Perhaps it should have been stated earlier that when speaking of England I use the term in its strict sense, and not. as is sometimes erroneously done, to include Scotland. Having made this clear, let me add that when England had a popula- tion of 5,500,000, four-fifths of its manual workers were engaged in agriculture. There was little change in the relative importance of country and town until the close of the eighteenth century. What are the conditions to-day? The population is about 38,000,000, and the proportion of rural to urban dwellers is something like one to four. The transformation is further emphasised when it is pointed out that 43 per cent. of the entire population is now quartered in fifty large towns. We no longer obtain from English soil sufficient food for our subsistence, and we can never hope to do so again. Six years ago, when the submarine menace was occasion- ing uneasiness, anxious statesmen were protesting that never again would we be so utterly dependent on outside supplies. As many of you know the immediate prospects of agriculture much better than I do, it is only necessary to say that, in this as in other respects, the lessons of the war seem to be, for the moment, forgotten. Regarding another question that arises, there can, I think, be no doubt that if a population largely town bred is to maintain its intellectual and moral pre-eminence, it must be housed under the best possible conditions. Does a survey warrant pride in many of the so-called homes in which the future citizens of Merry England are being reared? I don’t intend to weary you with statistics or to enumerate the number of one-apartment and two-apartment houses crowded to overflowing that are to be found in many of our larger centres of popula- ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS 21 tion. Suffice it to say, that at medical congresses one is constantly meeting Colonials desirous to think well of the Mother Country, who are appalled at certain aspects of English city life. The only argument that can be advanced for permitting matters to continue as they are—and I frankly admit its strength—is that we cannot afford the money necessary to put things right. But, ladies and gentlemen, with the whole world in a state of unrest, can we afford to have a C3 population, for that is what bad housing entails? Believe me, this is no class question ; for such is the complexity of modern industrial life that the toe of the peasant galls the kibe of the courtier with a frequency never anticipated by Shakespeare, and we must all stand or fall together. From the insanitary homes in which tuberculosis is propagated, men and women issue forth to perform their allotted tasks in the daily life of the community. Five years ago, Influenza was claiming its victims in every corner of the land. We had, it is true, to contend against all the depressing influences associated with a protracted war, but the Commission appointed to inquire into all the factors at work were unanimous in finding that the epidemics owed much of their virulence to over- crowding in homes otherwise insanitary. Let there be no mistake. The great Power that controls our destinies—call it God, Nature, what you will—is con- stantly reminding us that man is his brother’s keeper, and you cannot limit the ravages of disease to one particular class. Look at the problem from another standpoint. We now insist that children must attend school until they reach the age of fourteen. If Education is to be pro- ductive of good—and I take it we desire it to be productive of good, otherwise we wouldn’t be disposed to provide the money necessary for carrying on the work—it must inevitably make the young discontented with sordid surroundings. Is there not a danger, then, that by ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS raising the standard of education and neglecting home influences, we may merely succeed in rearing a class of citizens whose discontent with the social system, as we know it, will constitute a menace to the State ? Putting matters right will doubtless be a costly business, but the longer we delay the more costly it will be. I know that there are people so wedded to filthy ways that they would speedily convert an ideal dwelling into a pigsty. Public Health authorities should be entrusted with powers that would enable them to deal with such degenerates in a drastic fashion. Candour compels me to state that the type of insanitary dwelling with which I am most familiar in my own area is one in which a stiff fight is being waged to observe the decencies of life ; and I, for one, am persuaded that if the housing question were tackled with a little of that energy thrown into the Great War, we would inevit- ably break a vicious circle and have as our reward a cleaner and a purer land. Let me anticipate. When talking on this theme, I am so often reminded of the working man who filled his bath with coal, that I should like to make it clear that I have been denouncing that unfortunate individual for a very long time. He has certainly spoked the wheels of progress in a most repre- hensible manner, and to say that people have to be accustomed to most things before they can make a proper use of them is really the only defence that one can make for him. It may also be pointed out that the standard of to-day differs so materially from that of the not remote past, and that the best of us needn't go so very far back to find our forbears rather indifferent about considera- tions of personal cleanliness. In Foxe’s Book of Martyrs it is related of George Wishart, the Scottish Reformer, that ‘“‘ he had commonly by his bedside a tub of water, in which, his people being in bed, the candle put out, ~ and all quiet, he used to bathe himself.” It is generally _ believed that England gave a lead to Scotland in matters ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS 23 of this kind; but Father Parsons, the English Jesuit, seems to have regarded clean martyrs with particular disfavour. “If you weigh the same well,’ was his com- ment, “‘ you will think that he was as fit for madness as martyrdom, and his continual having a tub of water by him may smell of some Jewish or Moorish superstition.” To sum up, I hope that I have said something to convince you that while there is much in the present-day outlook to induce thankfulness, we cannot safely call a halt. Remembering that in this life of ours good and evil are curiously blended, it would be easy to view the past from a different standpoint and to prove that even the worst of the bad old days took with them much that we would have been well to retain. For example, when the pursuit of knowledge entailed great sacrifices, lads from working-class homes paid the price, and in many instances reaped the rewards. Educational facilities abound to-day, but I sometimes wonder if there is the same general eagerness to take advantage of them. It would almost seem as if many hew out their oppor- tunities from what, at first sight, appear obstacles. Within living memory, a minister of this Border town took his place among the leading preachers and theologians of his time. The home of his youth was a humble one, and when he became eminent he was asked to accept an office which every Scotsman of academic distinction might well covet. Yet, such was the humility of the man, that he not only declined to become Principal of Edinburgh University, but maintained such absolute silence that no one knew the honour might have been his until long after his death.* If this is not true greatness, I know not the meaning of the word. Life- histories of this kind one would like to see repeated in our Border story ; but so far as my observation extends, the bulk of our young manhood, like so many Gallios, * Life and Letters of John Cairns, D.D., LL.D., by Alexander R. Macewen, D.D., pp. 403-404. 24 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS care for none of these things. I hope I may be wrong, because if incorporation in our Club Transactions can save my address from utter oblivion, I should like to think that some curious reader a century hence may be able to cite later Borderers born in cottage homes who have achieved distinction and eminence in various walks of life. In any case, to be garrulous and to disparage the present are the privileges of age, and I am naturally reluctant to dispel the illusion that I am still compara- tively young. Accordingly, I shall endeavour to hearten myself with advice which has come down to us through the ages, and which I can therefore commend to those of you who are disposed to be pessimistic—and I suppose we all have our pessimistic moments at times: “ Say not, thou, What is the cause that the former days were better than these? for thou dost not inquire wisely concerning this.”’ | I should now like to make an appreciative reference to the help I have had from our Organising Secretary. I have known Mr Hewat Craw for many years. He is one of those valued friends whose acquaintance I made at one of our Field Meetings. But I know him much better to-day than I did twelve months ago, and I feel that one must be President to thoroughly appreciate his many excellent qualities and his lively interest in the Club’s welfare. In a word, I have never appealed to him in vain, and on more than one occasion, when I was searching for special information, he has surprised me by seeming to anticipate my wants. For all the assistance he has given me, I am most grateful. To your retiring President there falls the duty of nominating his successor, and I have much pleasure in exercising this privilege in favour of the Rev. Dr M‘Conachie of Lauder, who, to keen powers of observation, brings a gift of literary expression that has secured for him many admiring readers. I have every confidence - that the Club will prosper under his guidance. REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 25 Reports of Meetings, 1923. PRELIMINARY. CHEW GREEN. A PRELIMINARY meeting was held on Tuesday, 12th June, for the purpose of following on foot the Roman Road from Chew Green to Rochester, a distance of some ten miles. The Club was singularly unfortunate in having a day of mist and rain for a meeting of such a character. Where the views ought to have been finest, members were groping their way with difficulty along the faintly indicated line of the Road ; and the beauty, if not the interest, of the excursion was much marred. Forty-four members and friends attended the meeting, in- cluding Dr M‘Whir (President) and Mrs M‘Whir; Mr R. C. Bosanquet, M.A., Mr George G. Butler, M.A., and Mr Howard Pease (ex-Presidents); Mr J. Bishop, Berwick; Mr R. Carr, Berwick ; Mr C. E. Clendinnen, Kelso; Mr R. Collie, Stoneshiel ; Mrs Dixon-Johnson, Middle Ord; Miss Fleming, Kelso; Miss Shirra Gibb, Lauder; Mr H. B. Herbert, Fallodon; Miss Hope, Morebattle ; Mrs Kirkwood, Kelso; Mr J. Little, Galashiels ; Miss Miller, Duns; Rev. T. Newlands, Birdhopecraig; Mrs Pearson, Otterburn; Rev. Canon Roberson, Norham; Mr D. Rodger, Muircleugh; Mr T. B. Short, Berwick; Mr R. Colley Smith, Ormiston House, Roxburgh; Mr T. Stirling, St Boswells; Col. T. Stodart, North Berwick; Mrs Turnbull, Eastfield of Lempitlaw ; and Miss Wilson, Wellnage, Duns. Leaving Kelso shortly after the arrival of the 9.30 train, members were conveyed in motors to Nether Hindhope. Rain fell steadily most of the way, and the beauties of the Kale valley could not be fully appreciated. One remembered the haunting lines of Lady John Scott’s beautiful song ““ The Bounds o’ Cheviot,” and regretted that the “‘ green dens o’ Chatto ” and “the birks upon Philogar Shaw ” should be passed in such depressing conditions. From Nether Hindhope the party proceeded on foot to Chew Green—a strenuous walk of fully two miles: “the wild heights o’ Hindhope wi’ its corries green and fair ’ loomed on the left, and the retrospect as higher ground was reached proved to be the finest view of the day. 26 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 The camps were reached about 12.30, when Mr Bosanquet conducted the party over the site, pointing out the chief features of interest. The wonder and interest of being thus brought face to face in a bleak and remote region with the ancient civilisation of the Roman Empire served to obliterate to some extent present discomforts ; and the surrounding mists obscur- ing the course of the Roman Road seemed to symbolise the obscurity and remoteness of the time when the swarthy legions carried civilisation for the first time beyond the Cheviot range. After lunching in the shelter of one of the trenches the party divided: some retraced their steps to Hindhope and proceeded by motor to Rochester wa Carter Bar, while the others, to the number of 22, including 7 ladies, climbed into the mists of Thirlmoor. The cloudberry (Rubus chamemorus) is said to be found here, but the members did not search for it in the wet condition of the moor. A curlew was flushed from her eggs close to the once much-trodden Road. As it ascends and crosses the western confines of Thirlmoor the Road, here known as Gamelspath, is obliterated until the first of the Golden Pots is reached. General Roy * mentions “ five or more-of these stones’; they were formerly supposed to be Roman milestones, but were more probably the sockets of crosses ; they are said to have been mentioned in 1228. The most northerly, and the only one remaining intact, is the Outer Golden Pot, situated about two miles from Chew Green. It has been figured in our History, t and is a rectangular block of sandstone, 3 feet in length by 2 feet 8 inches in breadth, with a socket-hole 10 by 16 inches. In Roy’s time fragments of the shafts were still in position in the sockets of some of the Pots. The position of the Middle Golden Pot, as it is called on the Ordnance Map (Maclauchlan calls it the Inner Golden Pot {), is shown on that map three-quarters of a mile from the Outer Pot; a small heap of sandstone fragments a short distance to the south-east of this spot may be its remains. Maclauchlan shows a third pot at a slight bend of the Road exactly a mile from the Middle Pot of the Ordnance Map, and almost 1100 yards north of Featherwood. A short distance to the north of the Middle * The Military Antiquities of the Romans in North Britain (1793), p. 109. { B.N.C., vol. xxiv, plate xix, p. 320. t Survey of the Watling Street (1852), p. 40. REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 27 Pot occurs the best preserved portion of the Road to be found in this part of its course; the width is 27 feet, with a ditch 18 feet wide and 34 feet deep to the right, and another 20 feet wide and 24 feet deep to the left, the Road itself being raised and showing considerable camber. The highest point reached by the Road is on Thirlmoor, where it is 1649 feet above sea-level ; all the way from this point till the descent to Featherwood it commands in clear weather a wide prospect over the Cheviot range. On Foulplayhead, near the site of the Middle Golden Pot, the members’ attention was directed to the fragmentary remains of a rhomboidal camp of some 42 acres, situated close to the right of the Road. From here the descent was gradual over the shell-torn artillery range to Featherwood farm, where a metalled road was joined. Close to Featherwood a pause was enjoyed at a beautiful linn, the stream plunging over a projecting ledge of rock into a deep pool below, while the fresh green of the bilberry above contrasted strikingly with the grey rocks and dark brown of the heather. As the modern road was followed down the Sills burn, traces here and there of the Roman Road could be seen on the left. Shortly before the Road bends suddenly to the left to cross the stream, a camp was noticed between the stream and the Road. It is not marked either on the Ordnance map or by Maclauchlan, and is on low ground of little defensive value except for the bank of the stream to the east. Pacing showed it to measure approximately 233 yards from north to south by 98 yards from east to west, with an area of some 4? acres. It is rectangular and rectilinear, with rounded angles; the entrances to the east and west are obscured, but there is one in the middle of the north side, and the corresponding entrance in the south side is pro- tected by a reflexed rampart. Some 400 yards to the left of the Road is another camp of about 40 acres, occupying the summit of a hill; and to the south-east of it, 600 yards east of Birdhopecraig and to the right of the Roman Road, is a small camp of 74 acres, situated within a larger camp of some 25 acres ; the rampart of the latter, however, is only partially traceable. These three camps are fully described by Maclauchlan and are shown on the Ordnance Map. The view of High Rochester or Bremenium from this point ~ 28 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 is very striking. Ascending the slope from the Sills burn, the party entered the north gateway of the camp to find that the motoring section had reached the spot only some ten minutes before. Here the members were again indebted to Mr Bosanquet for an account of thecamp. The Rev. Mr Newlands of Birdhope- craig then guided the party to the Roman grave which has been already described and figured in the History.* He pointed out the sites of other graves immediately to the east, the stones of which had been removed to build a sheep-fold not far off. Under his guidance the party then inspected a weathered altar built into the front of a cottage a short distance north-west of the school, and after having seen the interesting collection of stones at the porch of the school, proceeded by motor to the Redesdale Arms at Horsley, where tea was served. The President expressed the thanks of the Club to Mr Bosanquet for his guidance throughout the day and also to Mr Newlands for his enlightening contributions of local lore. About 5.30 the party started on the return journey to Kelso via Carter Bar and Jedburgh. A short stop was made at Horsley Church, where the Rev. Mr Stephens described an altar preserved in the porch. 1. FARNE ISLANDS. The first regular meeting was held at the Farne Islands on Thursday, 21st June. After a morning of unfavourable promise, the day proved clear and fine though somewhat sunless ; a light breeze from the west was not sufficient more than slightly to ruffle the waters, and members escaped the undesirable effects which seem to have attended former visits of the Club to the Islands. The meeting was attended by 72 members and friends, including Dr M‘Whir (President) and Mrs M‘Whir ; Sir Archibald Buchan-Hepburn, Rev. J. J. M. L. Aiken, Mr G. G. Butler, and Mr J. C. Hodgson (ex-Presidents) ; Mr Craw (Secretary) ; Mr Dodds (Treasurer) ; Mr Joseph Archer, Alnwick; Mrs Bell, Northfield ; Mr J. W. Blackadder, Ninewells Mains ; Miss Boyd, Faldonside; Miss Brown, Chirnside; Provost Carmichael, Coldstream; Mr R. P. Cowe of Butterdean; Provost F. N. Curle, Melrose ; Alderman T. Darling, Berwick; Mrs Erskine, * Ber. Nat. Club, vol. xvi, plate x, p. 262. REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 bed etl a Wy AH ‘lit (" NV ph mn an so UU " i i A . lil shi sf “iy! My Ne Si My il i li Ml ily a " i men From Srrep’s Map, 1610. 4 AWD, N D A Frofiiwater Waa i Un el “oO i ity hy wlll Hy Ly ne it lilt : Wie mean (1 NRL , iy lf Hii Hal | ee TAT Eo \ | HWA iy aN ty i wit | {| i} | Mya i Hill ATT | | | | m1 Ne yn Willy \ \ | HA WHA ll 1 | i] f | i iN : Wi Nth | if ee Wie ita i UT! nln alll ) Hi i Th) i Hy Mi } \\ hen Wt) WT, ill ! \ ! Wai Ml) 4) MH il Wael ally 1 | lilt i ae All Alii! bal ae lt all i H shall HM gl Ml I 30 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 Melrose; Rev. Wm. Flint, M.A., Norham; Mr R. Harper, Dunbar; Mr H. B. Herbert, Fallodon; Miss Herbert ; Mr James Herriot, Duns; Major Logan Home, Edrom House; Mr R. G. Johnston, O.B.E., Duns; Mrs Lennox, Billie Mains; Mr Lesslie Newbigin, Alnwick; Provost W. Oliver, Jedburgh ; Rev. H. Paton, Peebles ; Mrs Pearson, Otterburn ; Miss Sander- son, Greenhead; Miss Robson-Scott, Newton, Jedburgh; and Captain Tate of Brotherwick. - On the arrival of the 11.5 train at Sea Houses, the party embarked in six motor boats, each containing twelve passengers, and after a run of about twenty-five minutes landed on-the Inner Farne, one of three islands in the group upon which permission to land is granted by the Farne Islands Association. The secretary there gave a brief account of the geology and history of the islands,* and mentioned the birds nesting there, after which members visited the chapel and Prior Castle’s Tower, apd then explored the islands in search of nests. Numerous eider ducks, of which this is now the southernmost breeding-place in Britain, were found sitting fearlessly on their eggs near the walled enclosure, while among rough grass a short distance to the south of the tower was the nesting-place of a small colony of common and Arctic terns. An oyster-catcher’s nest was seen near the edge of the cliff to the west, and near the same place it was reported by the keeper that a pair of fulmar petrels had been seen both last year and this, although the nest had not been located : some members of the party had a few hours before seen one of the birds at Waren Mill, on the way to Sea Houses. The attention of the members was directed to the station of Amsinckia intermedia growing profusely near the chapel, as reported at the last business meeting of the Club. The large font which stands near the chapel was brought to the island last century from the Parish Church of Gateshead. Leaving the island, the boats skirted the south side of the Wideopens—on which were numerous lesser black-backed and herring gulls, the former largely predominating—and made for Staple Island. Striking as the cliffs of this island are when viewed from the sea, the scene is even more impressive when one * It is unnecessary in’ this report to repeat information about the Islands which is already contained in the Club’s History. See vols. iii, p. 222 ; x, 447; xvii, 35; and xviii, 219. REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 dl approaches over the ice-polished rocks to the edge of the cliff and looks across the narrow chasm to the crowded mass of guillemots packed on the confined area of the Pinnacles, or to the demure kittiwakes nestling on every available projection of the cliff face. The air is filled with the harsh cries of a multitude of sea-birds which whirl and scurry overhead. All over this island were the nests of the handsome but cruel lesser black-backed gull, the enemy of terns and eider; the eggs of this and of the herring gull are the only ones on the islands which are not preserved. The nesting-holes of puffins were also seen, and a small colony of terns had appropriated a nesting site perilously near that of their foes the gulls. Onthe Browns- man, across a narrow channel dry at low water, could be seen the nesting-place of the Sandwich terns. The last landing-place of the excursion was the Longstone, where the largest colony of Sandwich terns was seen, the ground being closely covered with nests, while the air above was filled with the excited and swiftly moving forms of hundreds of these graceful birds, A variety in the day’s interests was supplied by a visit to the lighthouse ; where, ascending through Grace Darling’s room, members climbed to the lantern and were shown the wonders of the lights. On the return journey a course was steered round the Crum- stone, where over a score of great seals plunged off the rocks and watched, with their massive intelligent faces, the passing boats. Sea Houses was reached without further incident save the occasional excitement of a sudden dash of spray, and dinner was promptly served at the Bamborough Castle Hotel, when 48 members sat down together. The customary toasts were duly proposed by the President, who referred to the forthcoming visit of the King to the Borders. In accordance with the recommendation passed at the October meeting, the Secretary moved approval of the Rule affecting the admission of members.* * “ New members may be elected at any meeting of the Club by the unanimous vote of members present, the official forms having been duly completed and signed by the proposers and seconders, and the nominations having been approved by the officials of the Club. New members shall be — entitled to the privileges of membership upon payment of the entrance and membership fees.” —B.N.C., xxiv, 387. 32 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 Mr Paton seconded. Mr Aiken, while not opposing the motion, expressed doubt to the advisability of any alteration, and pointed out that it would throw considerable responsibility on the officials of the Club. Provost Carmichael supported the motion, which was then put to the meeting and declared carried. The following 28 names were then submitted and duly elected to membership of the Club :—Mrs E. M. Temple-Muir, Darnick Tower Cottage, Melrose; Mr T. M’Gregor Tait, Woolmarket, Berwick; Rev. P. G. Hendry, M.A., Paxton; Mr A. F. Morse, Ramsay Lodge, Kelso; Rev. J. F. M’Creath, M.A., Mertoun ; Mrs M‘Creath; Mrs Joseph Caverhill, The Loaning, Reston ; Mr J. C. Mather, Manderston Estate Office, Duns; Mr Anthony R. Levett, North Bank, Alnmouth; Mrs M. A. H. Calder, Marygold, Chirnside ; Mr R. S. Nisbet, 8 Grove St., Newcastle ; Miss Mary Gray, 7 Marygate, Berwick; Lieut.-Col. J. S. Cunningham, D.S8.0., The Hydro, Melrose; Mr R. Bruce of Thirlestane, Lauder; Miss E. C. Logan Home, Edrom House ; Mr Thomas Purves, jun., 16 Castle Terrace, Berwick; Mr E. E. P. Taylor of Pawston, Mindrum; Mrs Little, Crotchet Knowe, Galashiels; Miss M. 8. Johnston, Sisterpath, Duns ; Mr Alexander Tait, Coldingham ; Rev. Alfred M‘Keachie, M.A., Chirnside; Miss E. M. Gartside-Tippinge, Berrywell, Duns ; Col. William Molesworth, C.I.E., C.B.E., I.M.S., of Cruicksfield, Duns; Mrs Molesworth; Mr W. R. Easton, Summerside, Jedburgh; Mr J. T. Mabon, 48 Castlegate, Jedburgh; Mr J. H. Deans, Pitcox, Dunbar; and Mrs F. Allhusen, Beadnel Tower, Chathill. APPENDIX I. LESSEES OF THE FARNE ISLANDS. The following notes are supplied by Mr J. C. Hodgson, M.A, :— 14th August. 1627. Lease granted to Lancelot Read of Newcastle, gent, of the ‘“‘ Ile of Farne with the Monkhouse,” late in the occupation of Sir William Read, Knight, deceased, father of the said Lancelot, for 21 years; rent 6s. 8d.* 17th November 1642. Lease to Robert Collingwood of Elvett, gent, of the Ile of Farne with the tenement called the Monk-house, late in the tenure of George Collingwood, for 21 years; rent 6s. 8d. Bond, William Collingwood of Durham and George Collingwood of Dalton.+ * Durham Dean and Chapter Register, Hunt. } Lbid., Baleanquell. REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 33 29th January 1711/2. Lease to Francis Errington of Bamburgh, gent, of Farne Island, Monkhouse, etc., for 21 years ; rent 6s. 8d.* 13th July 1721. Lease to Joseph Davison, Clerk, vicar of Ellingham and Edward Gray of Shoston [Shoreston], Northumberland, of Farne - Island for 21 years ; rent 6s. 8d.* 25th September 1738. Lease to John Mills of Newcastle, gent, and Robert Roddam of the same place, of Farne Island for 21 years; rent 6s. 8d.* 9th August 1754. Lease to Edward Collingwood of Chirton, Northum- berland, Esquire, John Richardson of Newcastle, attorney at law, and Nathaniel Green of Preston, Northumberland, gent, of Farne Island for 21 years ; rent 6s. 8d.7 In every case a substantial fine was paid by the lessee to the Dean and Chapter on the grant and renewal of a lease. A lease was not infrequently ‘surrendered before the date it was due to expire, so that it might be renewed on terms favourable to the lessee. APPENDIX IL. Furxv IMPLEMENTS FROM THE FARNES. On the occasion of the Club’s visit to the Islands several humanly chipped flints were picked up by Mr Francis Buckley, Yorkshire, who attended the meeting as a guest. Mr Buckley kindly sent these flints for exhibition at the Chillingham meeting, together with notes on this and similar discoveries, and other flints from Budle Bay and neighbourhood. On the Inner Farne Mr Buckley found a single flake showing the ‘‘ bulb of percussion,” but with only slight signs of usage. Traces of ochre seen on this island may have been derived from this early occupation. On Staple Island a more characteristic flake was found, a small triangular fragment with “‘ bulb of percussion’ and several small flake scars on the other face caused by the previous detachment of small flakes; this flake also showed secondary working along the cutting edge. These flakes were considered by Mr Buckley to belong to the Tardenois period. The other flints exhibited by Mr Buckley were microliths of this period from Budle Bay and from the crags between Dunstanburgh Castle and Craster ; some from near Spindlestone had been found on a workshop floor buried beneath two feet of soil. An account of these flints will be found in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-uwpon-Tyne, = Ser., Vol. x, p. 319. 2. TWEEDSMUIR. The second meeting was held at Tweedsmuir on Wednesday, 18th July. Although the Club had on two previous occasions (in 1886 and in 1902) visited the upper waters of the Tweed, * Durham Dean and Chapter Register, Montague. t Ibid., Cowper. 3 34 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 it had not penetrated farther than Drummelzier. As on former visits to the district, the weather proved favourable ; a clear atmosphere beneath a somewhat grey sky, broken by occasional bursts of sunshine, showed up to good advantage the varied beauties of the seventy-six miles of the day’s excursion. Sixty-seven members and friends attended the meeting, including Dr M‘Whir (President), with Mrs and Miss M‘Whir ; Mr G. G. Butler, M.A. (ex-President) ; Mr Craw (Secretary) ; Mrs Aitchison, Lochton; Mrs Bell, Northfield; Miss Boyd, Faldonside; Misses Cameron, Duns; Provost Carmichael, Coldstream ; Rev. W. S. Crockett, Tweedsmuir; Mr 8S. Douglas Elliot, S.8.C., Edinburgh; Mr Biber Erskine, Dryburgh ; Mrs Erskine, Melrose; Rev. W. Flint, M.A., Norham; Mr T. Gowland, Melrose; Mr Neil Grey of Milfield; Mr T. Colledge Halliburton, Jedburgh; Miss Hope, Morebattle; Mrs Dixon- Johnson, Middle Ord; Mrs Lennox, Billie Mains; Rev. W. M‘Conachie, D.D., Lauder; Mr J. C. Mather, Manderston ; Misses Miller, Duns; Mr A. F. Morse, Kelso; Provost Oliver, Jedburgh ; Mrs Pearson, Otterburn; Mr C. 8S. Petrie, Duns ; Rev. A. P. Sym, B.D., Lilliesleaf; Misses Wilson, Duns; and Mr and Mrs Wyllie, Whitelee ; also Mr James Sharp, Carcant. Leaving Peebles railway station at 11.45 in a char-d-bane and several private cars, the party proceeded up the romantic valley of the Tweed. Time did not allow of a pause at any of the intermediate places of interest, and Neidpath Castle,. the Roman Camp at Lyne, Stobo Church, Tinnis Castle, Drum- melzier and Merlin’s Grave were merely pointed out in passing. At Drummelzier the brilliant purple of the foxglove was rendered more striking by the large admixture of white and pink forms; a similar feature was noted at Stobo Castle at the Club’s visit in 1886. At the site of Linkumdoddie the party was joined by the Rev. W. S. Crockett, Tweedsmuir, who had been chiefly responsible for the plan of the day’s excursion, and who was to act as guide on the occasion. As the char-a-banc passed along, Mr Crockett contributed much interesting information—legendary, historical, and literary—on the surrounding district. ; The tree which formerly marked the site of Linkumdoddie has now disappeared, a commemorative slab inserted in a field wall alone marks the spot where ‘“ Willie Wastle dwelt on REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 35 Tweed.” Jacobite and covenanting memories are attached to the names of Stanhope and the Crook, and at the Bield a mural tablet marks the birthplace of Dr John Ker the renowned preacher. Leaving the main road at Tweedsmuir, the party drove up the valley of the Talla, and on reaching the head of the reservoir proceeded on foot up a steep and rough moorland road to Talla Linn. Owing to drought the Linn was not seen at its best, but the retrospect over the expanse of water, with the great scree-covered declivities descending abruptly to the water's edge, is a view not often equalled in the south of Scotland. The spot, too, has its historical associations, being the scene of the conventicle of 1682. The incident is introduced in The Heart of Midlothian, as witnessed by David Deans. On the heights above the reservoir, members were informed, two pairs of ravens had nested this year, unfortunately one nest was robbed and the other was blown from the rocks in a gale. After partaking of a light lunch the party drove back to the foot of the reservoir, where they were courteously conducted over the works by the keeper, Mr Watt. The construction of the reservoir employed some 400 men for ten years, the work being completed in 1905; a dam 82 feet in height was thrown across the valley, forming a lake 300 acres in extent with a capacity of 2,804,730,000 gallons. A 36-inch pipe conducts the water to Edinburgh, a distance of 36 miles, involving some 13 miles of tunnelling. The time occupied by water in travelling the whole distance is said to be about three days. After in- specting the meter which registers the volume of water sent to Edinburgh, and the fish-hatchery, which at the time was not in use, the party continued its drive to Tweedsmuir. Entering the church, members noticed the chaste design of the new War Memorial, which takes the form of oak panelling in the vestibule, the wood having been brought from Abbotsford. Mr Crockett gave an interesting account of the parish, and exhibited the communion cups and salvers and the church tokens and collection ladle, also Grose’s view of the church (incorrectly named ‘‘ Tweedmouth Church’’), a photograph of the old church, and a photograph of Dr John Ker. The church- yard was then visited, in which the chief object of interest is the covenanter’s grave-stone erected to the memory of John 36 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 Hunter, “cruely murdered at Corehead by Col. James Douglas and his party .. . 1685.”’ The stone is said to have been relettered by Old Mortality. In the manse Mr Crockett had covered a table with treasures from his library, and, had time permitted, members could have listened much longer to his interesting remarks. It is possible to mention but a few of these exhibits, many Border books and pamphlets shown must have been unheard of before by most of those present; e.g. Salvation to the Chief of Sinners: a Sermon preached in the Castle of Jedburgh in presence of the Magistrates to Robert Scott, under sentence of death for murder, by the Rev. James Clark, Jedburgh (Jedburgh, 1823 and 1824). Goetz of Berlichingen, with the Iron Hand, by William (sic) Scott Esq., Advocate, Edinburgh (London 1799). The Whole Prophecies of Scotland, England, Ireland, France and Denmark, prophesied by Thomas Rymer (Edinburgh: Printed and sold by Alexander Robertson, Printer in Niddery’s Wynd, 1781) [Price Three pence]. Other editions, Falkirk 1782, and Edinburgh, n.d. Sermons to Asses, by James Murray of Newcastle (London 1819) ; he was ‘a native of Fans, Earlston. Manuscript sermon by Sir Walter Scott, and two by him published under the title Religious «Discourses [by a Layman] (London 1828). These were written to assist an amanuensis who was preparing for the Church, and who afterwards published the sermons with Scott’s per- mission at a profit of £400. Also a copy of The Confession of Faith which belonged to Robert Paterson, “‘ Old Mortality.” Mr Sharp, Carcant, Heriot, exhibited a collection of imple- ments, chiefly of flint, found for the most part at Over Howden in Lauderdale ; many of the arrow points were of the curious lop-sided type for which the district is noted. Mr Sharp, who is the tenant of Tallalinnfoot and Gameshope, also exhibited a horn of the urus, or giant ox, which roamed over Scotland from glacial till neolithic times. The horn was taken from a peat- moss in the wilds above Talla at an elevation of some 2000 feet. Before leaving the manse members heartily responded to the President’s vote of thanks to Mr Crockett. Shortly before three o’clock the party left Tweedsmuir, being given a rousing cheer by the school. children who had assembled to-honour the occasion. At Tweed’s Well a short pause was made to do homage to the source of the classic stream, but as time pressed REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 37 members did not walk to the spring—a distance of a few hundred yards from the road. The source of the Clyde lies over the hills almost four miles west-north-west, and the head of the Annan was passed later by the Club, when a pause enabled members to appreciate the vast abyss of the Devil’s Beef Tub. From here there is a steady descent of over five miles to Moffat. After tea at the Temperance Hotel, the route was continued up the Moffat Water by the Grey Mare’s Tail and St Mary’s Loch to the Gordon Arms Hotel, thence over the hill by Traquair and Innerleithen to Peebles, where 23 members sat down to dinner at the Tontine Hotel. The time at the Club’s disposal had been too fully occupied to permit of much botanising ; the Starry Saxifrage (Saz. stellaria) was found in profusion in the Linn, and the Parsley Fern grew plentifully by Moffat Water. A deer was observed above Traquair, browsing in a field of newly mown hay. The following were elected members of the Club :—Mr P. B. Gunn, Oxnam Manse; Mr William Spark, Somerset House, Chirnside ; Mr James Sharp, Carcant, Heriot ; Mr F. Collingwood Thorp, Narrowgate House, Alnwick; Mr Robert Hogg, Middle- third; Mr R. R. Riddell, 4 Quay Walls, Berwick; Miss Flora Welch, Rymer’s Cottage, Harlston; and Mr John Carter, Duns. APPENDIX. THe WatTER SUPPLY OF EDINBURGH. (From Edinburgh and District Water, by W. A. Tait, 1905.) 1680.—Supply brought from Comiston in a 3-inch pipe, 3 miles, at a cost of £3000. The daily supply at that time equals the ten minutes’ amount of 1905. 1755.—Water introduced from Bonaly in 7-inch wooden pipes, replaced by iron pipes in 1790. The smallest pipe used in 1905 was 27-inch, with a capacity thirty times greater. 1819.—Edinburgh Water Company formed. 1822.—Glencorse supply introduced at cost of nearly quarter of a million pounds. In all, nine reservoirs were formed in the Pentland Hills. 1869.—Edinburgh and District Water Trust constituted, taking over the works of the older Company. 1879.—Moorfoot Water Scheme carried out, introducing water from Glad- house and three other reservoirs. 38 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 1895.—After consideration of schemes for water from Manor, St Mary’s Loch, Tweed, and Talla, the first sod at the last-mentioned was cut on 28th September. 1905.—The valve was shut down on 20th May. Talla Reservoir.—Area of gathering ground, 10 square miles. Surface area of reservoir, about 300 acres. Capacity, 2800 million gallons. Length, 23 miles. Depth at embankment, about 80 feet. Length of embankment, 350 yards ; width at base, 600 feet; at top, 20 feet. Greatest width of puddle trench, 82 feet; greatest height of puddle, 124 feet. Puddle brought from Carluke, 80,000 cubic yards. Squared pitching-stones from Craigleith and North Queensferry for embankment face, 5500 tons. Shap granite for overflow channel, 350 tons. Squared whinstone pitching for ditto, 3500 tons. Maximum number of men employed, 550. Railway constructed from Broughton for transport took 2} years to complete. Cost of scheme, over £1,000,000. Population supplied, 448,500 at 26-5 gallons per day: total, 5,382,000 gallons per day. Works designed and constructed under direction of Messrs J. & A. Leslie & Reid, C.E., Edinburgh. 3. CHILLINGHAM. The third meeting was held at Chillingham on Thursday, 16th August. The weather conditions were all that could be desired, and 138 members and their friends attended the meeting, the number forming, so far as is known, a record in the history of the Club. The following members were among those present : Dr M‘Whir (President); Rev. J. J. M. L. Aiken, B.D., Mr G. G. Butler, M.A., Dr R. Shirra Gibb, and Mr J. C. Hodgson, M.A. (ex-Presidents); Mr Craw (Secretary); Mrs Aitchison, Lochton; Mr John Allan, M.A., London; Mr Joseph Archer, Alnwick; Mrs Bell, Northfield; Mr John Bishop, Berwick ; Mr J. W. Blackadder, Ninewells Mains ; Miss Boyd, Faldonside ; Miss Brown, Chirnside; Mr H. G. St P. Butler, Ewart Park ; Mr John Cairns, Alnwick ; Mrs Caverhill, Reston; Mr R. Collie, Stoneshiel ; Mrs Cowan, Yetholm; Mr R. C. Cowe of Butter- dean; Mr J. H. Deans, Pitcox; Mr W. J. Dixon, Spittal; Mrs Erskine, Melrose ; Mr William Fortune, Ayton; Mr T. Gowland, Melrose; Miss Greet, Norham; Miss Gray, Berwick; Mr G. Hardy, Redheugh; Miss Hope, Morebattle; Mrs Dixon- Johnson, Middle Ord; Mr R. G. Johnston, O.B.E., Duns ; Mr R. Kinghorn, Whitsome West Newton; Col. Leather of Middleton Hall; Mrs Lennox, Billie Mains; Mr J. Little, REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 39 Galashiels; Mrs Little; Mr J. G. Maddan, Stockport; Mr J. C. Mather, Manderston; Mrs Michael, Kerchesters; Miss Miller, Duns; Mr F. Mills, Alnwick; Col. Molesworth of Cruicks- field ; Mrs Molesworth; Mr R. 8S. Nisbet, Newcastle; Mr C. S. Petrie, Duns; Rev. Canon Roberson, Norham; Rev. W. D. O. Rose, Ayton; Mr T. B. Short, Berwick; Mr A. R. Simpson, Edinburgh; Mrs Simpson; Mr T. M‘Gregor Tait, Berwick ; Captain Tate of Brotherwick; Mr Edward Thew, Alnwick ; Dr Voelcker, London; Mr J. 8. Watson, of Easter Softlaw ; Miss Wilson, Wellnage, Duns; Mr A. Wyllie, Galashiels; Mrs Wyllie; and Miss C. 8. Wyllie. Meeting at Belford railway station at 10.42, the members who had come by train proceeded in a char-a-banc and several motor-cars via Old Mousen and Chatton to Hebburn, where they were joined by those coming in private cars. The company then climbed the steep ascent to the summit of Ros Castle (1036 feet), several of the cars making the ascent as far as the edge of the moor. Members were rewarded for their efforts by the wide view enjoyed from the summit. A somewhat similar view was enjoyed in 1921 when the Club ascended Cockenheugh, but as that hill is almost 350 feet lower, the prospect from it is not so wide. The summit of Ros Castle is crowned by an ovoid earthwork measuring about 185 yards by 110, the longer axis lying north and south. The fort is protected by a single rampart, with trench outside ; at the south end a slight trench is visible in rear of the rampart. An interesting entrance lies at the north-east side, it is 6 feet wide and is marked on its south side by large boulders and slabs set on edge ; on either side of this entrance the rampart is curved outwards, on the south side for a distance of 57 feet, and on the north 36 feet. The best preserved portion of the rampart is to the north of this entrance, where the top is 11 feet above the trench, the width of rampart and trench being 34 feet. What may have been another entrance lies to the south, within the wall which encloses Chillingham Park. The foundations of a beacon which formerly occupied the summit lie within the fort. While on the summit members gathered specimens of Cow- wheat (Melampyrum pratense) and Chickweed Winter-green (Trientalis Europea), and later there were found at the edge of a wood in the Park some fine spikes of Broad-leaved Helle- 40 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 borine (Epipactis latifolia). A specimen of the handsome caterpillar of the Emperor moth (Saturnia carpini) was found on a sprig of flowering heather; the striking similarity of the green body with pink tubercles to the colour of the heather was very noticeable. 3 While members partook of a light lunch on the summit, the Secretary read a paper by Mr Francis Buckley * on some humanly chipped flints which he had picked up on the Farne Islands at the June meeting of the Club. The Secretary also exhibited the bronze “spoons’”’ recently found in a burial of the Harly Iron Age near Burnmouth, and described the interment. f Descending from the hill, members entered the Park near Hebburn Bastle, where Mr Hodgson gave an account of this Border tower, { which has already been described in the History of the Club.§ By the gracious permission of the Earl of Tanker- ville, the Park and also the Castle of Chillingham were opened to members of the Club, who were conducted to the spot where the herd of wild cattle were expected to be grazing. Un- fortunately they had left the locality, alarmed probably by the unavoidable sound of the approach of such a large company. As it would have been useless to attempt to follow them through the woods and bogs of the Park, which extends to some 1500: acres, the company, much to their disappointment, had to proceed to the Castle without having seen the herd. The present number of the cattle is 56, being 10 less than when the Club last visited Chillingham in 1906. On arriving at the Castle the party was divided into two sections, each being conducted through it in turn, and viewing with interest the noble building with its treasures of art, its dungeon, and its ancient tilting-ground, now filled with gay flower-beds set in a green lawn. Like the castles of Ford and Etal, Chillingham originally consisted of corner towers connected by a curtain wall; license to crenellate was granted in 1344. The Castle was restored by Inigo Jones. Leaving the Castle, the party next walked to the church, and were again indebted to Mr Hodgson who gave an account of the building.|| The chief feature of interest is the magnificent * Vide supra, p. 33. { Vide infra, p. 54. | t Appendix I. § Vol. xx, p. 18 || Appendix I. PLATE I. aturalists’ Club, vol. xxv. ire N. History of Berwicksh ‘bso Su IEE ‘HLOOS HHL WOdd AILsSVd NdDaddH ~ ieee ‘ey * ‘ “y Aq pojuosatg “Dswy ‘MaTENg “da IS“) “HH Aq O,OYT i To face p. 41. REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 41 altar-tomb of Sir Ralph Grey, the first of his family to own Chillingham. The effigies of Sir Ralph, who died in 1443, and his lady show the fashions in armour and dress of the period, and still retain in parts the original colour. On the sides of the tomb are niches containing the following figures :—(1) South- west corner—a broken figure; (2) St Paul, with spear, book, and maniple; (3) a female figure, with crown and stafi; (4) ' St Cuthbert bearing the head of St Oswald ; (5) St Dorothea (7?) with roses, a rosary, and a board with four keys; (6) south- east corner—St Peter, with a key; (7) a bishop; (8) St Ninian (2) with chain and lock; (9) north-east corner—St Catherine with sword and wheel; (10) St John Baptist with an Agnus Dei; (11) St Theodosia (%); (12) St John, with a chalice ; (13) St Margaret on a dragon with a sword or staff; (14) north-west corner—St Roch in broad-brimmed hat, with staff, book, and scrip. After the President had thanked Mr Hodgson on behalf of the Club, members rejoined their cars. Those returning to Belford drove by Belford Moor, reaching the Blue Bell Hotel at 3.50, when dinner was served, 38 being present. The following new members were elected: Mr R. B. Bell, Northfield, St Abbs ; Mrs Cresswell, Hauxley Hall, Amble ; Mr A. D. Darling, Shotton, Yetholm; Mr T. Hogg, Greenlaw; and Mr William Robertson, Stamford, Alnwick. APPENDIX I. Notts oN Heppurn Bastue. By J. C. Hopason, M.A. In Northumberland there are two places named Hebburn, viz. a chapelry in the parish of Bothal, near Morpeth, and Hebburn, near Chillingham ; both are or should be spelled, not Hepburn, but Hebburn. The earliest notice of the latter is in the anonymous Life of St Cuthbert circa 1050, which mentions Hybburndune, now called Hebburn Bell.* The knightly family which took its name from the place was always Hebburn, They were in possession as early as 1271, when Nicholas de Hebburn gave the vicar of Chillingham certain yearly offerings on condition that he performed divine service on certain feast days in the Chapel of Hebburn. f At an early date the property passed, probably through marriage, to the family of Wendout, who apparently assumed the territorial and more noble * Surtees Society's Publications, No. 51, p. 140. t Cf. Hodgson, Northumberland, ILI, ii, 120. 42 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 name of Hebburn. They bore arms argent, three cressets sable, flaming proper, perhaps allusive to the great beacon on Ros Castle. The first mention of the tower or stronghold is in 1509, when it was returned as capable of accommodating twenty horsemen. It is of the type known as bastle-house, which may be described as a strong stone house with gable ends, standing alone, having a status above the humble tower, but less than a large tower. The last male heir of the Hebburns—Robert by name—made his will 21st September 1753,* and apparently died soon after. He was succeeded by his only child Margaret, who became the wife of Edward Brudenell, rector of Hougham in Lincolnshire. He was a man of family, but his conduct was such that his wife, after the death of her children, left him about the year 1776 and lived in straitened circumstances until the death of her un- satisfactory husband in 1804, when she regained possession of her paternal estate. Dying in 1806, she gave Hebburn to Mrs Archibald Fletcher of Edinburgh, the daughter of her life-long friend Mrs Dawson of Oxton, near Tadcaster.f After holding the place two years, Mr and Mrs Fletcher sold it to the Earl of Tankerville, who enclosed the tower in his park. There is an echo of the Brudenell ownership of the place in the name of a small shooting lodge built by Mr Brudenell, now occupied as a game-keeper’s house, and by the country people called Broodnell. APPENDIX II. Nores oN CHILLINGHAM CHURCH. By J. C. Hopeson, M.A. Chillingham Church is one of the four pre-Reformation churches in Northumberland known by direct evidence to have been dedicated to St Peter, a fifth church at Brinkburn being dedicated to St Peter and St Paul, and a sixth at Norham to Saints Peter, Paul, and Ceolwulf. The structure is of Norman foundation, although little of the original work can be seen save the doorway, now enclosed and protected by the modern porch. The characteristic features of the building are the flight of steps from the nave to the chancel, needed by the slope of the ground, and ““ porches ” or aisles on both the north and south sides of the chancel. The reason for the “ porch,” aisle, or chapel on the south side is evident, for it forms the family pew of Lord Tankerville; under it is the burial vault of the successive lords of Chillingham, and in it is the tomb of Sir Ralph Grey who died in 1443. This monument or tomb, unmatched by anything of the kind in the northern counties, is believed to have been renovated at least twice, and experts profess to be able to date approximately the renovations. The arms of Grey, Fitzhugh, and Marmion can be easily seen. * Cf. Archeologia Aliana, 2 ser., vol. xviii, p. 26. t Cf. Autobiography of Mrs Fletcher, Edinburgh, 1895. t Proc. of the Newcastle Soc. of Antiquaries, 2 ser., vol. v, p. 123. REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 43 It is possible that the ‘“‘ porch” or aisle on the north side of the chancel may also have contained a tomb originally, but of this there is no evidence. If so, it probably appertained to the Hebburns, the only other land-owning family in the parish. In one of the registers at Durham there is a record ascribing the foundation of the church to Julius Cesar, who considerately endowed not only the incumbent but also the parish clerk! * At the Restoration, Archdeacon oar Basire found the church to be “in good reparcion . . . no seducers, papists, recusants, nor sectaries, and no free school.” + In 1726 Bishop Chandler noted in his visitation book that in the parish there were 62 families, of which number 35 were Presbyterian, and that there was a school. 4, GLENDEARG. The fourth meeting was held at Glendearg on Wednesday, 12th September, for the purpose of visiting the three ruined towers of The Monastery country. After a morning of doubtful outlook, the weather improved as the day advanced, and though the wind blew strongly round the ruined towers, the sun eventu- ally prevailed and smiled on the pleasant haughs of Carolside. Ninety members and friends attended the meeting, including Dr M‘Whir (President); Sir George Douglas, Bart., Rev. J. J. M. L. Aiken, B.D., Mr R. C. Bosanquet, Mr G. G. Butler, M.A., Mr James Curle, Dr R. Shirra Gibb, Rev. J. F. Leish- man, M.A., Mr Henry Rutherfurd, and Mr J. A. Somervail (ex-Presidents); Mrs Aitchison, Lochton; Mr Blackadder, Ninewells Mains; Miss Boyd of Faldonside; Miss Brown of Longformacus; Miss A. B. Brown, Chirnside; Provost Car- michael, Coldstream; Mr W. Sholto Douglas, Kelso; Mrs Erskine, Melrose ; Mr A. A. Falconer, Duns; Miss M. Fleming, Kelso; Rev. W. Flint, M.A., Norham; Mr W. Fortune, Ayton; Mr T. Gibson, Edinburgh; Miss Greet, Norham ; Mr G. Hardy, Redheugh; Dr Hay, Gifford; Mr Oliver Hilson, Jedburgh; Mr G. G. Hogarth, Ayton; Miss Hope, Morebattle; Mr Dixon-Johnson, Middle Ord; Miss M. S. Johnston, Sisterpath ; Mrs Kirkwood, Kelso; Mr A. R. Levett, Alnmouth; Mrs Little, Galashiels; Rev. P. S. Lockton, * Hodgson, Northumberland, IM, ii, p. 120. { Arch. 4il., 2 ser., vol. xvii, p. 252. } Proc. of the Newcastle Soc. of Ant., 2. ser., vol. vii, p. 109. 44 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 Melrose ; Mrs Logan, Birkhill; Mr W. Wells Mabon, Jedburgh ; Rev. W. M‘Conachie, D.D., Lauder ; Mrs Michael, Kerchesters ; Miss K. C. Miller, Duns; Col. Molesworth of Cruicksfield ; Mrs Molesworth; Rev. W. D. O. Rose, M.A., Ayton; Mr W. Spark, Chirnside; Mr T. Stirling, St Boswells; Rev. A. P. Sym, B.D., Lilhesleaf; Mr T. M‘Gregor Tait, Berwick; Mr E. E. P. Taylor of Pawston; Mr James Thin, Edinburgh ; Mrs Gartside Tippinge, Berrywell; Mr James Veitch, Inch- bonny; Mr R. Waldie, Jedburgh; Mr J. 8. Watson of Easter Softlaw; Miss Wilson, Duns; Mr T. Wilson, Hawick; Mr A. Wyllie, Whitelee ; Mrs Wyllie; and Miss C. S. Wyllie. The company assembled at Melrose railway station at 10.30 and drove in three char-d-bancs and a number of private cars by Darnick, past the foot of the Fairy or Nameless Dean ; then turning sharply to the right at Easter Langlee the party climbed more slowly the steep road which leads up the valley of the Elwand.* A short distance below the mouth of the Fairy Dean formerly stood the bridge where Father Philip in The Monastery failed to make a crossing on the occasion of his nocturnal ride from Glendearg to Melrose; it is figured in Alexander Gordon’s Itinerarium Septentrionale, 1727 (Plate 64). During the ascent the party had the opportunity of enjoying a fine retrospect of the Tweed valley, dotted with fields of golden grain in process of harvesting, the noble peaks of the Kildon Hills dominating the background. The farm-steading of Glendearg stands a- mile to the south of Hillslap Tower ; on the west wall of the farm-house is a tablet which was inserted by the proprietor Mr John Borthwick of Crookston when the name Glendearg was given to the farm in honour of Sir Walter Scott. The following extract is from a letter in the possession of our member Miss Flora Welch, Earlston (the letter was written by Mr Borthwick to Mr Hogg, tenant of the farm, and was shown to the members at the meeting): “I have to mention that it has occurred to me that as the farm consists of various pendicles—Hillslap, Calfhill, Notman’s Park, Kidlaw, etc., I might give the new place a new name, and I * On Pont’s map, 1654, the stream is called Eluand, and this is the present local pronunciation. The name is also spelled Elwyn and Allan, the latter being of comparatively modern introduction. + For inscription see B.N.C., vol. xiii, p. 57. REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 45 propose that of Glendearg, to which I think you will have no objection to give effect.” Although the tower of Hillslap is undoubtedly the prototype of Glendearg of The Monastery, the tower of the novel was supposed to have been built well over a hundred years before the year 1585 when Hillslap was erected. In the words of Dame Glendinning, “The walls are gey thick, Simon’s forbears (may he and they be blessed) took care of that.” Simon Glendinning fell at the battle of Pinkie in 1547, and the novel deals with a period of some ten years subsequent to that time.* When the party gathered at the sheltered side of the ruin Dr M‘Whir gave an account of the tower and of its literary associations. The tower is one of many in the Borders bearing a date towards the close of the sixteenth century, e.g. Corbett 1572, Hutton 1573, Cowdenknowes 1574, Greenknowe 1581, and Buckholm 1582. The troublous reign of Mary tended to the destruction of towers rather than to their building: the quieter times of James enabled ruined towers to be replaced, and the wealth acquired from the transference of church lands provided in many cases the means for doing so. Hillslap is built on what is known as the L-plan, the material being the local greywacke, with lintels and window edges of red and yellow sandstone. The door is in the re-entering angle. On the ground-floor is a vaulted chamber, the shot-holes of whi¢h have an external splay,—an early feature which was discarded for obvious reasons in later building. The wing contains on this floor the spiral staircase which on the higher floors is con- tained in a turret, corbelled out in the angle, and supported in an unusual manner by an arch above the entrance door. On the first floor is the hall, 23 feet by 15, where ‘‘ Dame Elspeth sat pulling the thread from her distaff”? and “‘ Tib watched the progress of scalding the whey” when “the domestic circle was assembled round the blazing turf-fire in the old narrow hall of the tower of Glendearg.”’ Above the hall were two more floors containing private apartments, where, “connected with the chamber in which Sir Piercy Shafton was confined, and opening into it, was a small outshot or projecting part of the building occupied by a sleeping apartment.” Of ‘“‘ the small * For afull account of the three towers see Ber. Nat. Club., vol. xiii, p. 189: and Macgibbon and Ross, Dom. and Cast. Arch. of Scot., vol. iii, p. 547. 46 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 round or turret closet ” in which the Lady of Avenel kept her treasured volume there is no trace, and the same may be said of the bartizan from which an outlook was kept for the approach of visitors. The initials over the door refer to Nicol Cairncross, who built the tower in 1585, and his wife “EH. L.” The latter may have been one of the family of Lauder of Whitslaid, for whom Nicol Cairncross acted as witness to a bond in 1584. From Hillslap the party walked to the ruined tower of Lang- shaw, a house on the L-plan apparently of later date, with a Laset Movunpine on LinteL, Hiitustare Tower. semicircular staircase projecting in the middle of the north side. There are no features of architectural interest. The President here read a short paper on instances of animal sagacity in Scott’s novels; the paper was suggested by the behaviour of Shagram in the moss above Glendearg, and was listened to with appreciation by the members. The attention of those present was then called to the Latin inscription on the front of the shooting-box, which was erected in 1820 by the Earl of Haddington, close to the ruined tower: Utinam hance veris Amicis impleam, 1820. The inscription was misquoted by Scott or his printer, the word etiam being inserted before veris and the latter being transcribed virvs. REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 47 After a light lunch in the pleasant surroundings of the tower, where the old gean tree shown in Mr Freer’s illustration still survives, the tower of Colmslie was visited. The ruin, which is oblong in plan, has been robbed of its sandstone quoins and lintels, and no evidence now remains of the date of its con- struction. The walls being thicker, it has been suggested that the building may be older than Hillslap. The latter, as we have seen, was erected after the lands passed from the hands of the monks of Melrose; there is no evidence, however, that Colmslie was the tower of the monks before the division of the lands. Like Hillslap, it belonged to the family of Cairncross, but it did not, as has been asserted, pass into the hands of the Borthwicks.* Colmslie was sold by the Cairncross family in the first half of the seventeenth century; Milnet states that it passed to the Pringles, Hunters, Scots, Lawsons, and Lithgows. It later came to Innes of Stow, becoming part of the Carolside estate. A panel bearing the Cairncross crest, a stag’s head with the initials DC below, was removed from the tower and now adorns the front of the farm-house, together with a sun-dial said to have been also taken from the tower. A letter, in the possession of Mr Jamieson, Langshaw, written from Ontario by a former native of the district, states that the writer saw the stag’s head being recut by one James Sword, a Denholm mason, about 1840. The tower is said to have been used as a prison, and is credited with a haunting voice which utters the curse, “ Woe, woe to the bloody house of Colmslie.”’ Not far from the tower, on a low ridge to the north, is the site of the chapel of St Colm from which the name of the tower is derived ; the trees which formerly marked the spot have now disappeared... Leaving Colmslie, the party rejoined the cars for the journey to Lauderdale. High on the left could be seen Hawksnest, ‘“‘a dreary lone house, in which a young man returning from a fair with money had been murdered in the night, and buried under the floor, where his remains were found after the death or * An error that has been made regarding one of the Cairncross family may here be referred to. Robert Cairncross, priest of Glasgow diocese, who was installed as Abbot of Holyrood, 6th November 1528, was the same individual as became Bishop of Ross in 1539. See Melrose Regality Records. t A Description of the Parish of Melrose, p. 67. 48 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 departure of the inmates.” * Leaving Wooplaw and Threep- wood on the left, the party climbed the long hill to Bluecairn, where at a height of over 900 feet an extensive view was obtained. Bluecairn was the scene of the famous conventicle of 1676, to the scene of which time unfortunately forbade a visit. The Duke of Lauderdale had procured the passing of an Act by the Privy Council rendering any proprietor liable to a fine of fifty pounds sterling should a conventicle be held on his land. William Veitch suggested that it was only right that the first to suffer from such a law should be the author of it! Ac- cordingly, some 4000 people assembled here on the Duke’s land _ for this illegal purpose. Descending from Bluecairn into the valley of the Leader, the party next stopped at the gates of Carolside and proceeded through the park to the house and gardens, where they were received by Mrs Mitchell. Here also the party was joined by our venerable member Mr Rutherfurd of Fairnington. After ‘an all-too-hurried inspection of the fine rose garden, the herd of roe-deer, and the flock of Spanish sheep, the members returned to their cars, passing, near the drive, the stone which records the burial-place of the Lauders of Carolside.t * Lockhart’s Life of Scott, chap. lix. + I am indebted to the Rev. J. F. Leishman, M.A. for the following extract from the Protocol Book of Sir William Corbet, 1529-1555, p. 9 (Scottish Record Society, part li): “Instrument narrating that James Hwym, son of the late Alexander Hwym of Carrelsyid, last clerk of the parish of Ersyltoune, compeared in the parish church of Ersyltoune on the fourth Sunday of Mid Lent, and having called the parishioners, singly and by name, asked if they were willing to give him their votes and election to the clerkship of the parish church of Ersyltoune, who answered and gave their votes freely and without recall or hindrance to the said James. They appointed Sir James Ker, curate of the church, to give him the stoup, with holy water and sprinkler, in his hand to minister in said office of clerkship ; upon which the said James Hwym, there present and accepting the said stoup and water, craved an instrument. Done in the parish church of Ersyltoune before the high altar, previous to high mass, 31st March 1549. Witnesses, Oswald Purwes of that Ik, George Lermonth of that Ik, Williem Hoppryn- gyll of Wohousbyier [Woodhousebyre], Sir Thomas Dewar, vicar of Smalem, the said Sir a Ker, Sir James Haliwell, chaplain, and Sir John Bwyll [Boyle ?], canon.’ The lands of inte which were thus in the hands of the Homes early in the sixteenth century, came eventually in 1673 to an heiress Joneta Home, REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 49 At three o’clock the Club reached Melrose Abbey, where our ex-President Mr James Curle was waiting. The members listened with great interest to Mr Curle’s account of the Abbey, especially to his explanation of the operations of the Board of Works. To the north of the Abbey church the full extent of the cloister has been determined. To the north of this is the cloister lavatory, and to the east a range of buildings con- sisting of chapter-house, parlour, reredorter, and a long chamber which terminates this range. In the chapter-house, which is of thirteenth century date, portions of the tiled flooring are still um situ; beneath the floor were found stone-lined graves and stone coffins, also a leaden casket containing a desiccated human heart. Of much interest is the drain of the reredorter; it is of great size and built of excellent masonry. Within the Abbey - church have been revealed the foundations of the earlier eastern walls of the transepts, side chapels, and presbytery. The thanks of the Club to Mr Curle were expressed by the President. At four o’clock dinner was served in the George Hotel, when 40 sat down together. There were exhibited: the above- mentioned letter of Mr John Borthwick to Mr Hogg, a volume of the first edition of The Monastery, and Milne’s History of Melrose, 1769, of which the first edition was published in 1748. The following were elected members of the Club: Mrs Anderson, Town Farm, Earlston; Lieut.-Col. James Davidson, M.A., M.D., D.S.0., I.M.S., Caledonian United Service Club, Edin- burgh; Mr Henry N. Middleton, Lowood, Melrose; Mrs Mitchell of Carolside, Earlston; Miss Newton, Town Farm, Earlston ; Rev. E. A. Walker, M.A., Cambo, Morpeth; and Miss Dora Waller, Hauxley Hall, Amble. 5. BERWICK. The annual business meeting was held in the small Assembly Room of the King’s Arms Hotel on Wednesday, 10th October. who married Home of Kccles and died about 1732. In 1740 the estate was in the hands of the family of Monro, of whom Alexander Monro, M.D., was the first Professor of Anatomy in Edinburgh University. Before 1768 the lands passed to the Lauders. After being again in the hands of the Homes, the estate was purchased by Innes of Stow, from whom it passed by marriage to the Mitchell family. (Facts from the MS. notes of the late Rev. W. S. Moodie.) 4 50 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 Forty-four members and friends were present, including Dr M‘Whir (President) ; Sir George Douglas, Bart., Rev. J. J. M. L. Aiken, B.D., Mr G. G. Butler, M.A., Dr R. Shirra Gibb, and Very Rev. David Paul, LL.D., D.D. (ex-Presidents) ; Mr Craw (Secretary); Mr Dodds (Treasurer); Mrs Aitchison, Lochton; Mr J. W. Blackadder, Ninewells Mains; Mr E. Brewis, Berwick ; Misses Cameron, Duns; Provost Carmichael, Coldstream; Mr Carr, Berwick; Mr J. G. Carter, Duns; Mrs Caverhill, Reston; Mr C. E. Clendinnen, Kelso; Mr R. Collie, Stoneshiel; Mrs Cowan, Yetholm; Mrs Cresswell, Hauxley Hall; Mr W. J. Dixon, Spittal; Mr A. A. Falconer, Duns ; Rev. W. Flint, M.A., Norham; Mr W. Fortune, Ayton; Miss Shirra Gibb, Lauder; Miss Greet, Norham; Dr H. Hay, Gifford; Mr H. B. Herbert, Fallodon; Miss Hope, Morebattle ; Mr A. R. Levett, Alnmouth; Rev. W. M‘Conachie, D.D., Lauder; Mrs M‘Conachie ; Miss Martin, Ord Hill; Col. Moles- worth of Cruicksfield ; Mrs Molesworth; Rev. Canon Roberson, Norham; Mr N. Sanderson, Greenhead; Mr T. B. Short, Berwick ; Mr W. Spark, Chirnside ; and Mr T. M‘Gregor Tait, Berwick. Apologies were intimated from Mr J. C. Hodgson, M.A., Alnwick; Mr G, J. Hughes of Middleton Hall, Wooler; Mr John Allan, M.A., London; Rev. W. 8. Crockett, Tweeds- muir; Mr J. Lindsay Hilson, Jedburgh; Mr Oliver Hilson, Ancrum; Mr A. F. Morse, Kelso; Rev. H. Paton, M.A.,: Peebles ; and Rev. W. D. O. Rose, M.A., Ayton. Dr M‘Whir delivered the Anniversary Address on social changes in our times, and thereafter nominated as his successor the Rev. William M‘Conachie, D.D., Lauder. Dr M‘Conachie, after expressing his thanks for the honour conferred on him, thanked Dr M‘Whir on behalf of those present for his interesting address. The Secretary then read the annual report as follows:— REPORT. Except for an inauspicious opening at Chew Green in the beginning of June, good weather has favoured the field meetings of 1923: even the waves seemed to have more respect for the feelings of the Club than on former visits to the Farne Islands. The attendance has been well maintained, the average for the REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 51 five meetings being eighty. The experiment of an opening meeting in the form of a fairly strenuous walk is one that may be repeated, 44 members having attended in spite of the elements. It may be possible in this way to reach localities in our district hitherto unvisited by the Club. Since we last met here the Club has suffered loss by the death of the following nine members: Mr Henry David Bell, of Peelwells; Mr John Caverhill, Edinburgh ; Hon. and Rev. William C. Ellis, Bothalhaugh; Lieut.-Col. R. H. Carr- Ellison of Hedgeley ; Mr George Graham, Berwick; Mr Ralph Henderson, Alnwick; Mr Charles 8. Romanes, Edinburgh ; Captain Swinton of Swinton; and Mr Nicholas I. Wright, Morpeth. Resignations are as follows: Mr Alexander Cowan, Penicuik ; Mrs Liddell-Grainger, Ayton Castle; Miss D. M. Leather, Rothbury ; Sheriff Patrick Smith, Selkirk; and Rev. A. E. Warr, B.D., Coldstream. I have to report as follows on observations worthy of record in our district :— Botany.—Mr Adam Anderson reports the Reed Meadow Grass (Poa aquatica) from the banks of the Tweed near Ord.* The Bullace or wild plum (Prunus wnsititia) was found in hedges at the top of the Whitadder banks and in the Damhead Wood at West Foulden. It has not previously been recorded in our History, but was doubtless planted in the hedges. Dr Johnston mentions it in his Natural History of the Eastern Borders, and Mr Falconer informs me that it grows near Ladyflat. Mr George Taylor reports a new station of Chickweed Winter-green (Trventalis Europoea) in Howpark Dean, and a fine specimen of Bay Willow (Salix pentandra) at Penmanshiel Moss. Seldom has the prophecy ‘many haws, many snaws”’ been more strikingly falsified than in the winter of 1922-23. Owing to the mild weather, the abundant crop of haws and other berries were left almost untouched by the birds ; and many holly trees preserved their rich covering of berries with almost undimmed brilliance till after mid-summer. Ornithology.—An immature specimen of the White Stork was * The plant has been recorded from the Orit Island, in Tweed, by Mr George Bolam. Birds of Northumberland and the Eastern Borders, p. 487 (footnote). 52 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 shot near Embleton in the end of September 1922. It was first observed near the shore, and was followed almost to the village before being shot. It was stuffed by Fairbairn of Alnwick, and is now in the possession of Mrs Humble, at Embleton. I am indebted for the details of this record to our member Mr H. B. Herbert. I have received the following record from Mr Allan A. Falconer, who last year contributed to our History notes on the waxwing invasion. On 7th and 9th May a pair of birds, which from the description can hardly have been other than Golden Orioles, were observed by Mr William Robertson, Duns, and by others at a high part of Duns Castle woods, opposite Castlemains farm. Although the locality was subsequently watched by Mr Falconer, the birds were not again seen. Mr Robertson was not acquainted with the appearance of the golden oriole, but the bird is so conspicuous in colour that it can hardly be imagined that a mistake has been made in the identity. If authentic, the record is the first for Berwick- shire, except for a reference without details in the New Statistical Account of the parish of Cockburnspath over eighty years ago. Mr George Taylor reports a female specimen of the Great Grey Shrike, killed on telegraph wires near Pease Dean, Cock- burnspath, on 24th October 1922. It is now preserved in the collection of Mr Cockburn, Chapelhill. Mr Taylor also reports having seen a pair of Greenshanks on the coast at Skateraw on 29th October 1922. Ravens again nested this spring in Lauderdale, as reported by Dr M‘Conachie; the nest, containing six eggs, was unfortunately robbed. The same fate was reported, at our Tweedsmuir meeting, to have befallen a raven’s nest above Talla Reservoir. A nesting record of the Goldfinch in the town of Berwick is worthy of notice. The nest was found in an apple tree in the garden of Mr John Prentice, Castle Terrace, in 1922. It was unfortunately destroyed, apparently by a cat, but the bird was identified by Mr A. T. Prentice, who also secured some of the unbroken eggs. Mr George Bolam has recorded the gold- finch at Gainslaw, near Berwick, during nesting-time over forty years ago, but the nest does not seem to have been found locally in recent times. The Fulmar Petrel is still extending its nesting southwards, having reached the Yorkshire coast. For two seasons a pair has REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 53 been observed at nesting-time on the Inner Farne; the nest, however, was not located. Mr Balmbra reports an instance at Shilbottle of House Martins building up and completely closing the entrance to their nest, having failed by other means to dislodge from it a pair of sparrows. Mr R. H. Dodds reports the destruction on the River Tweed of 61 Cormorants, 3 Green Cormorants, and 21 Goosanders during the year ending 30th June. Zoology.—Records relating to each of the two varieties of seal which frequent our coast are worthy of note. For these I am also indebted to Mr R. H. Dodds. On 17th November 1922 a female specimen of the common seal (Phoca vitulina) was shot in the Tweed some 300 yards below Norham bridge by Mr H. G. Kirkup, gamekeeper, Ladykirk. It weighed 50 lbs. and measured 42 inches in length by 28 in girth. It had been previously seen resting on the island above the bridge.* On 9th December 1922 a cub of the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus), some four or five weeks old, was caught at Dod’s Well, near Berwick, and two days later was set at liberty in accordance with the terms of the Gray Seals Protection Act (1914). Piscatology.—On 21st October 1922 a salmon of 503 lbs. was killed on Norham Boat-house water by Dr E. T. Fison, Salis- bury; its girth was 27 inches. The Berwickshire Advertiser of 7th November 1922 contained particulars of a previously unrecorded salmon caught at Sprouston between 1902 and 1906 by the late W. W. Howard. It weighed 57% lbs., and was 48 inches long. The salmon was stuffed and is now in the possession of Mr A. L. Howard, 15 Chester Terrace, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. A writer to the same paper stated in the issue of 21st November that a salmon of 57 lbs. was caught with rod and line “ between thirty and forty years ago” below Coldstream bridge by Mr James Scott, Coldstream. * The following extract is from The Berwick and Kelso Warder, 14th November 1835: “ About a fortnight ago seals were observed at Upsetling- ton in the shallow stream that runs below the ford, and where their bodies were but half-covered by the water. Soon afterwards two seals were seen in the deep water below Milne Graden House [Paxton House ?] about four miles below Upsetlington. . . . This is not the first instance of seals being discovered in the Tweed. Several years ago there was one which frequented the river opposite to Norham Castle.” 54 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 Archeology : Coldingham Priory.—As stated in the notice calling this meeting, the appeal for funds to complete the excavations at Coldingham Priory is commended to our members. The work was begun and successfully carried on by our late member Mr Romanes. Norham Castle—H.M. Board of Works began operations at Norham Castle in the last week of January last. Most of the debris has been cleared from the Inner Ward, revealing founda- tions of various domestic buildings. Excavation at Marmion’s BT ~ ne Py 4 i Al en SS “Vy — Y Zao a aa HTN al ie nya ¥e I a a ions ut by) (a es Scots GatE, BERWICK-oN-TWEED. By permission of the artist, Miss F. Askew. Gate has also brought to light many features of interest, a large variety of mason’s marks being well preserved. This gate and the adjoining curtain-wall have been secured from further decay. The progress of this useful work will be watched with much interest. Early Iyon-Age Grave at Oi Ponny 08 26th July 1923, during quarrying operations at Catch-a-Penny, above Burn- mouth, a grave of the Early Iron Age, containing a skeleton and relics, was discovered at a depth of 27 inches below the surface of the ground. The grave measured 5 feet 7 inches by 2 feet 6 inches, and was 20 inches deep, the head pointing east-north-east. It was formed of boulders, and was covered REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 55 by four sandstone slabs. The skeleton lay on its right side almost fully extended, the knees being slightly drawn up and the hands in front. It was well-preserved and seemed to be that of a man in early prime. Between the hands and the skull lay two bronze spoons, an iron knife with tang and back-rib, the jaws of a young pig, and fragments of coal or wood, the last being probably from the handle of the knife. The spoons are of special interest, being the first to be found in Scotland. Hight are recorded as having been found in England, four in Wales, five in Ireland, and two in Marne, France ; they seem to have been mostly found in pairs, but the details of the dis- coveries have been meagre. As in other spoons found in pairs, one of the Burnmouth examples has a small perforation at the right side of the bowl, while the bowl of the other spoon bears an incised cross. The handles show traces of Harly Celtic design, consisting of intersecting segments of circles. Earlston Black Hill.—In order to set at rest the question as to the presence of vitrifaction in the ramparts of the fort on Earlston Black Hill, I lately cut a number of sections across the ramparts. No vitrified stone was found at any point, the ramparts being composed of earth with a large proportion of ~stones ; these were, almost entirely, small in size and unsuited for building. The fragments of vitrified stone found on the occasion of the Club’s visit in September 1922, and earlier reported signs of this feature, were most likely the result of bonfires of recent date. Publications —The following publications relating to our district have appeared during the year :— Northumberland, painted by A. Heaton Cooper, described by Agnes Herbert, Black’s Popular Series of Colour Books. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquartes of Scotland, 1921-1922, contains a paper on “Some Roxburgh Grave Slabs.”’ Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-T yne, Third Series, vol. x, contains a paper on “ EHarly Tardenois Remains at Bamborough, etc.” Fourth Series, vol. i, contains “‘ Mote Hills in South Northum- berland,’ by Thomas Ball; and “Early Earthworks in Northumberland,” by R. Cecil Hedley. Archeologia Aliana, Third Series, vol. xix, contains papers on ““ Beanley and Harehope,”’ by J. C. Hodgson, M.A.; on “ Recent 56 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 Roman Discoveries in Northumberland,” by R. C. Bosanquet, F.S.A.; and on “ The Black Dyke in Northumberland,” by G. R. B. Spain, C.M.G. In The Treasure of Traprain, Mr A. O. Curle deals fully with the relics which he described to the Club on the occasion of the meeting at Traprain in 1919. Our member Mr H. M. Wood, B.A., edits No. 135 of the Surtees Society's Publications on “ Protestations of the Counties of Durham and Northumberland, 1641-1642.” It contains a list of 598 male inhabitants of Berwick over eighteen years of age who took the oath. In the September issue of the Border Magazine fresh light is thrown on the Wilkie MSS. published in vol. xxii of our History. An Historical Account of Papermaking in Berwickshire, 1786— 1923, is issued by Messrs Y. Trotter & Son, Limited. A large etching of “‘ Kelso Abbey, about 1400 a.p.,” by our member Mr A. F. Morse, is based on the description recently discovered by Mr Ferguson. In concluding may I invite the co-operation of members in supplying information of such occurrences as may deserve record in our History. In the course of a short discussion following the report, Mr Aiken reported that a bittern had been seen by Mr Baker- Cresswell near Houghters Law, to the west of North Charlton, on 6th September. Mr Herbert stated that Mr J. M. Craster of Craster had seen a green-sandpiper at Howick Burnmouth on 13th August. Mr M‘Gregor Tait reported having seen a green- shank at Goswick in the end of September; and Mr Carr described a bird seen by him at Ancroft South Moor a few days before the meeting, apparently a buzzard. Mr Bishop gave an account of a Great Weever fish recently caught in Berwick Bay. The following were then elected members of the Club: Mrs Pringle, Benrig, St Boswells ; Mr W. Ellison Awde, East Lear- month, Cornhill; Miss Ramsay of Stainrig; Mrs T. E. Hodgkin, Old Ridley ; Miss Helen F. M. Caverhil], Berwick ; Dr James Drummond, Beechurst, Hawick; Mr G. A. Russell, The Crooks, Coldstream ; Miss Catherine Corse-Scott of Synton ; Mr Andrew Mather Porteous, jun., Coldstream; Miss E. H. Jardine, Reston House; and Mr J. B. Duncan, Berwick. The President pro- REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923. 57 posed that Mr George Bolam, Alston, be elected a corresponding member. He explained that this class of membership, at present vacant, was established in 1883 to include “ eminent men of science whom the Club feels bound to honour and for whom hitherto there has been no provision made.” * The _volumes of our History had been enriched with the fruits of Mr Bolam’s labour, and his ornithological works were held in high esteem. The Secretary seconded the motion, which was carried with applause. The addition of the above names brings the membership to 354; 58 ordinary and 1 corresponding member having been added during the year. The Treasurer then read his report, which was adopted. The estimated balance at the Club’s credit was £46, 8s. 10d., the balance on the year’s working being £10. The subscription was fixed at 10s.: a suggestion to introduce life-membership subscriptions was shortly discussed and remitted for decision to the next annual meeting. Mr John Bishop, delegate to the British Association, read his report of the Association’s meeting at Liverpool. After describ- ing a brilliant scientific soiree, consisting of interesting lecturettes with demonstrations and exhibits of recent inventions and developments of science, Mr Bishop gave an outline of the Inaugural Address of the President, Sir Ernest Rutherford, on the electrical structure of matter. A feature of the meeting was a four-days’ excursion to the Isle of Man, when about 100 members investigated the Archeology, Botany, and Marine Biology of the island. Mr Bishop was cordially thanked for his interesting report. The Association’s meeting for 1924 being at Toronto, Mr Bishop feared he would not be able to attend ; Mr Butler expressed his willingness to go as the Club’s delegate, provided circumstances did not arise to prevent him. It was hoped that either Mr Butler or Mr Bishop would find it possible to attend. The Secretary read a letter, extracted by Mr Short from the Berwick Guild Books, from J. Hunsdon, dated Ist August 1588. The letter gave a description of the defeat of the Armada. The Secretary stated that Mr Short was having a number of these records transcribed, a work of considerable local interest. The members present then inspected objects of interest brought * Vol. x, p. 284. 58 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1923 to the meeting. These included four early grangerised volumes of the Club’s History which belonged to Dr Embleton, formerly Secretary of the Club. The volumes contain many photo- graphs of members and localities, and throw interesting light on the early life of the Club. Books recently published dealing with the eastern Borders. Photographs taken at the meetings of the year, and illustrations for the History. Mr A. F. Morse, the artist, sent a copy of the above-mentioned view of Kelso Abbey, kindly presented by him to the Club. Mr Hodgson sent several books of local interest, including a copy of the first book printed in Berwick, A Thought on Creation, a Poem, by Stephen Jackson, Gent., printed by R. Taylor, 1753; and a Directory of Berwick, 1806. Mrs Cowan brought an iron cannon- ball found at Cessford Castle. Mr Bishop exhibited an inscribed brick from Babylon; and Mr Lindsay Hilson sent a collection of notices of the Club’s meetings, dating from 1898. There were also shown several flint and stone implements found in the district. Dinner was served in the King’s Arms Hotel, 33 being present. CHILLINGHAM CHURCH. THE suggestion offered on p. 43 that the north aisle or transept on the north side of the chancel of Chillngham may possibly have been a mortuary aisle, as well as a family pew, for the ancient family of Hebburn of Hebburn, finds support in the will of Michael Hebburne of Hebburne, in the parish of Shillingham (sic), gent., dated 2nd January 1601, and proved at York 24th July 1613. The testator wills his body “to be beried in my porch within the Church of Chillingham.” J. C. Hopeson, M.A. THE MAKENDON CAMPS. By R. C. Bosanquet, F.S8.A. (PuATEMIT,) Hie on the backbone of the Cheviots, a quarter of a mile to the south of the Scottish Border, lies the most perfect group of Roman earthworks that exists, not merely in this kingdom, but perhaps anywhere in the Roman Empire. They were visited by the Club on 23rd July 1913 under the guidance of Mr James Curle, the President of the year, who in his Anniversary Address traced the course of the Roman highway from Tyne to Tweed, and sketched the character of the forts that guarded it, from Corstopitum, where one of Agricola’s forts grew into a town, to the advanced base at Newstead made famous by his own excavations. On 12th June 1923 the Club made another pilgrimage to the Makendon camps. Since no detailed account of them has appeared in our Transactions, it seems worth while to attempt one. The Name.—The local name is Makendon Camp; the works are on the farm of that name, its solitary shepherd’s house lying a mile farther down the Coquet.* On Roy’s plan (1774) and Mackenzie’s (1825), the name Chew Green is attached to a house of which the foundations may still be seen to the north of the Roman road just beyond the point where it bends at a right angle to the east and crosses the Chew Sike, nearly in line with the north rampart of the North Camp. The remains are those of a two-roomed cottage, 42 feet by 17 feet. “ Judging from the many fragments of seventeenth- century earthenware and glass, along with a number of ‘ fairy pipes ’ that from time to time have been found in the kitchen midden, there is no doubt but this is the site of the old tavern * Hodgson, Northumberland, II, iii, 254, spells the name Mackadin and calls it ‘‘ a sobriquet.’’ It appears as Makedon in his III, i, also numbered V, p. 271, “ List of Rentals, Rates, and Proprietors’ names in 1663.” 59 60 THE MAKENDON CAMPS that existed here during the smuggling days, when both salt and whisky were carried across the border out of Scotland into Northumberland, and when Watling Street was so much used as a drove-road.”’ * It seems likely that the name Chew Green originally belonged to the grassy land adjoining the Chew Sike, where the inn was built for the convenience of drovers, and that it has been transferred to the site of the camps since the decay of the inn. Probably the name belonged to a small hamlet, for Roy’s survey shows the outlines of four other houses between the road and the North Camp. Their foundations still show beneath the turf. A medieval name, Kemylspethe Walles, is preserved in the Border Survey of 1550: ‘‘ Kemylpethe another place where meetinge hath bene at days of trewce where theire is a litle parcell of ground in which theire hath bene houses builded in tymes past called Kemylspethe Walles claymed both by the Englishe borderers to be of England and by the Scottes to be of Scotland.” + When I first visited the place twenty-five years ago, Gamelspath was only known to the shepherds as a name for the Roman road where it climbs the shoulder of Thirlmoor towards the Golden Pots. But it is plain from the frequent mention of Kemylspethe or Gamelspath in the Border surveys that it was applied before the Union of the Kingdoms to a point on the frontier t ; and the passage quoted above and its context must refer to the ground on the southward slope of Brown Hart Law, which was still disputed in the time of my grandfather, the first Ralph Carr-Ellison.§ It does not occur in the Survey of 1604, which takes the boundary from “the Greene Lawe” to “ the hight of the Browne Haretlawe, from thence along the High * D. D. Dixon, Upper Coquetdale (1903), p. 11; and on p. 25 he mentions that some of these relics had been collected by Mr Blythe, the schoolmaster at Windyhaugh, 6 miles down the Coquet. + ‘‘ A Book of the State of the Frontiers and Marches,” printed in Hodg- son’s Northumberland, III, ii, 208. t In 1456, Ralph Gray, reporting from Roxburgh a Scots raid into England, says: ‘“‘This same Tysday at X of the Bell thai entre in at Kemblepath,” Raine’s North Durham, p. v. In 1513 an English party enters Scotland “ at Gamllespeth and so to the Water of Kale,” Brewer and Brodie, Papers of Henry VIIT,i, No. 2447. For this passage I have to thank Mr John Allan. § Welford, Men of Mark ’Twixt Tyne and Tweed, i, 503, corrected in R. E. and C. E. Carr’s History of the Family of Carr, i, 139, note 2. THE MAKENDON CAMPS 61 Streete to the nuke of the Blaklawe,” * the High Street being perhaps the surveyors’ description of the Roman road rather than a local name. The ancient name is unknown. Bertram, the impudent forger who imposed on the eighteenth century with a Description of Britain which he ascribed to Richard of Cirencester, gave the name Ad Fines to a station on the road between Bremenium and the Scottish Wall; he omits the distances for this part of the route, and there is no reason to think that he had heard of our site. It was a plausible invention, for Ad Fines or Fines, “ the Frontier,” though unknown in Britain, was a common name in other parts of the Empire, especially Gaul, sometimes referring to the frontier between two provinces, sometimes to the boundary between two tribes or the territories of two cities.— Roy gave it currency, putting on his plan the words “supposed to be the Fines mentioned in Richard of Cirencester,” and others followed him. Recently it has been adopted as the designation of the Artillery Camp at Birdhope near Bremenium, and there is nothing to be said against it as a modern name for a place so near the Border; but as regards the Makendon site it should be discarded. SuRVEYS AND DESCRIPTIONS. The works were surveyed by General William Roy on 20th September 1774, and the resultant plan appears as Plate X XII of his Military Antiquities of the Romans in Britain, published in 1793, three years after his death. The book was prepared for the press by a committee of the Society of Antiquaries. In the text, drawn up by Roy about 1773, he refers to the plan of Chew Green as “not having been taken by the author himself” (p. 117), and hints a doubt as to its accuracy. Dr George Macdonald has recently shown that this applied to an earlier plan, made by a colleague on the Scottish survey in 1752 and still preserved among Roy’s MSS. in the British Museum. In 1774 Roy visited the Border and made surveys of the camp at * Survey of the Border Lands, ed. R. P. Sanderson, 1891, p. 41. } Fifteen instances in Gaul, twelve elsewhere. The name survives as Fismes between Rheims and Soissons, Feins near Metz, Vinxt or Pfinxt in Rhineland, Finge between Augsburg and Strasbourg, and Fine near Pisa. See Pauly-Wissowa, Real-encyclopddie, s.v. Fines. 62 THE MAKENDON CAMPS Towford and of the group at Chew Green (Makendon), which are in the possession of the Society of Antiquaries at Burlington House. The plan of the Makendon Camps actually published was an unfortunate compromise between the earlier survey and the more correct later one ; among other errors, the committee, in their endeavour to harmonise the two, introduced a non- existent gate in the west side of the multiple-ditched East Camp.* A plan and description, partly based on Roy, appear in Eneas Mackenzie’s County of Northumberland (1825), ii, p. 108, and Plate facing p. 437. It shows Chew Green as a house within a yard or garden. The Rev. John Hodgson, in his History of Northumberland, II, iii (1840), p. 254, has a brief account of “ the Great Roman Earthworks, called in Roy’s Survey of them, Chew-Green, but in older authorities Campas-peth and Gamels-peth.” Misled by Roy’s text, he remarks that “ the sketch of these Roman works given by General Roy was not made by himself.’’ Hodgson himself had twice visited the site, but “ my minutes respecting it are too meagre to describe it in detail.”’ Robert Stuart, in his Caledonia Romana (2nd ed. 1852), p. 148, emphasised the contrast between the large camps and the ‘‘smajler inclosure or permanent fort, which was strongly defended by a succession of ramparts and ditches,” and rightly pointed out the resemblance of the works as a whole to the sroup at Ardoch. But he failed to notice that one of the “three large encampments ” is girt by defences of a character unusual in teraporary camps. The fullest survey and description of the camps and adjoining road are those of Henry Maclauchlan, who, in 1850 and 1851, executed for the fourth Duke of Northumberland A Survey of the Watling St. from the Tees to the Scottish Border, which was published at the Office of the Archeological Institute in 1852 as a folio atlas with accompanying memoir in octavo. His observations are quoted below. Lastly, a spirited account of the site and its later associations will be found in Mr D. D. Dixon’s Upper Coquetdale (Newcastle, 1903), pp. 5-13, with a plan based on Maclauchlan’s. Writing * The story of Roy’s surveys was unravelled by Dr Macdonald in Archeo- - logia, Ixviii (1916-17), pp. 161-228. For Chew Green see especially p. 215 and Plates XXIX and XXX, which show the two original plans side by side. Len). MOS 25 JUN 25 | 4TH a SZ YLEEE s \ Zs WS G ELE LE SE ZT EE SY LO"Bf haping jo unrph. History of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, vol. xxv. —S = == = SS = Wiig i! Wi yi!! W/o Hy, Yyy ES EEEAXwv A Zz S is < EZ i IY) oy PNPLY \\ \ AN \ SEES ~ \ \ Puare II. To face p. 63. GREEN, NEAR MAKENDON (Maclauchlan’s Survey). ROMAN CAMPS AT CHEW THE MAKENDON CAMPS 63 with enthusiasm as well as intimate knowledge of his native hills, the author lights up many aspects of the subject on which I must not touch in this paper. THE Five Camps. The plan here reproduced is Maclauchlan’s (Plate II), and is to the scale of 8 chains to the inch. The block has been lent by Major Lees, V.D., the excavator of Castleshaw, through the kind offices of Dr F. A. Bruton. I take this opportunity of thanking them both. The group of camps occupy a long plateau, 1456 feet above sea-level, sloping gently to the Coquet on the south, and defended by the ravines called Chimney Sike on the west and Chew Sike on the east. The border between England and Scotland follows the Coquet down to its confluence with Chimney Sike, ascends that for 500 yards, then turns at a right angle and sweeps away north-east, parallel with the front of the northernmost camp and some 350 yards beyond it. Gamelspath skirts the earth- works on the east, then turns sharply to north-north-east, crosses and recrosses the Border, skilfully keeping the highest and driest ground, and before long resumes its general course to north-west. But its windings continue for nearly 10 miles ; it is not until it descends to 750 feet, 2 miles short of Oxnam Water, that it is free to head straight for its distant goal, the Hildon Hills ; from that point it shoots straight as an arrow across the Lowlands to the great Roman base of Newstead on the Tweed, a distance of 14 miles, passing the small fort of Cappuck on the bank of Oxnam Water. From Chew Green to Cappuck, the nearest permanent post on the north, is 11 miles; to Bremenium on the south, 8 miles of rough going. We are 32 miles from Corbridge-on-Tyne, 24 from Newstead-on-T weed. The works, so complicated at first sight, resolve themselves into two large temporary camps with weak rampart and ditch, two semi-permanent camps with strong rampart and ditch, and a small permanent fort with rampart and three ditches. Of the temporary camps Maclauchlan says : “The most northerly camp is a parallelogram of about 1000 feet by 650 feet, and contains about 15 acres. The central large camp, which is nearly a square opening of about 990 feet each way, contains about 22 acres. This 64 THE MAKENDON CAMPS large entrenchment, and the one before mentioned of 15 acres, appear to be the two most ancient, if we may be guided by the present obscure state of the ramparts, which in some places where the ground is wet seem quite submerged in the peat.” The “ obscure state ” of the temporary as compared with the semi-permanent camps is due to their shallow construction, and must not be taken as an index of age. But it is clear that the central large camp is earlier than the two semi-permanent camps within its area, and surface-indications at the two points where its rampart and ditch are intersected by those of the North Camp suggest that the latter was posterior. Taking them in their probable chronological sequence, we begin with A, the Great South Camp, as it is convenient to call Maclauchlan’s “central large camp.” It occupies the best and driest ground, with easy access to water on three sides. Its rampart and ditch are faint, and only one gateway, midway in the west side, can be recognised with certainty ; outside it are signs of a traverse not shown on any of the surveys. Most of the east side and south- east angle have been obliterated by the East Fort and South- East Camp. When the Great South Camp was disused, three works of more permanent character were constructed wholly or partly within its area. These are— B. South-East Camp, a fragment, since its north end has probably been destroyed by D. Area 2 acres or more. C. West Camp. About 64 acres. D. East Fort. Under ? of an acre. B, The South-East Camp, is an enclosure which at first sight looks like an annexe of D, but it is really, I think, the southern end of an older camp laid out with its major axis parallel to the road ; in that case its north end has been obliterated when the Kast Fort was built. Its breadth from east to west is about 260 feet. The rampart and ditch are much bolder than those of the South and North Camps, A and EH, but smaller than those of ©. The whole south-east slope is obscured by irregular banks and enclosures, probably post-Roman, and this is no doubt the reason for its being badly recorded on all the surveys. . C. The West Camp, as Maclauchlan noted, is “the best pre- served”’ of the series ; it “‘ occupies the western part of the height, and from its position, and the state of the rampart, seems to ‘ THE MAKENDON CAMPS 65 have been formed after the one on the east of it.* It is a parallelogram of 560 feet by 500, and about 6} acres.” Four gateways are visible, one on each side, though Roy and the Ordnance Survey omit the southern, and Maclauchlan only hints at the northern; but the latter noticed the internal clavicula or quarter-circle rampart which guards the south entrance, and traces of it are preserved also on the north side. Gates so defended occur in the two temporary camps on Trecastle Mountain, on the Roman road between Brecon and Llandovery ; these are oblongs of about 28 and 41 acres, one within the other. They are also found in two of the Cawthorn camps near Pickering, more fully described below, and in the camp of 21 acres at Dealginross in Perthshire ; at both places the internal clavicula is combined with an outward curve of the opposite rampart. Such entrances are thought to belong to the early part of the Roman occupation. The examples in South Wales and York- shire may naturally be connected with the original conquest of those regions, and there is some evidence for an Agricolan occupation of Dealginross.+ Those are temporary camps. The West Camp at Makendon differs from them in the strength of its defences, which were certainly not thrown up to meet the needs of a field-force on the march. The present bottom of the ditch is in places 12 to 14 feet vertical below the top of the rampart, and 6 feet below the top of the counterscarp; and we must allow for at least one or two feet of silting. The width of the ditch, measured horizontally from the top of the counterscarp, varies from 15 to 174 feet. D, The East Fort, lies north-east of C. Their ditches at one point are only about 20 feet apart. It is about 180 feet square, and contains less than three-quarters of an acre. It was defended by a rampart with a berm 22 to 24 feet wide, and * As I have already remarked, the “state’”’—t.e. good preservation— “ of the rampart ” is not valid as a test of relative age when one earthwork was originally bolder in profile. + Macdonald, Journal of Roman Studies, ix, 135f. Other examples of such entrances occur on the Northumberland section of Dere Street at Four Laws, a square camp of 6 acres, and Dargues, an oblong of 15 acres: and behind the Roman Wall in two smaller camps near the Stane-gate. See Maclauchlan, Memoir on Watling St., pp. 26, 29; and Memoir on Roman Wall, p. 49. 5) 66 THE MAKENDON CAMPS three ditches now about 2 feet 6 inches deep; these are best preserved on the west side and at the north-east angle. Mac- lauchlan says: “ This is a very peculiar entrenchment altogether, particularly from the three surrounding ramparts, the two inner of which seem to have been too small for works of defence, unless we take them for supporting palisades ;”’ and adds in a footnote, “ The whole distance of the three ramparts, fifty feet, is not more than that of the first of three from the wall at Rochester.”’ But they are a series of obstacle-trenches, not ramparts, and the ground covered by them is not 50 but 80 feet, measured from the crest of the main rampart.* Itis an example in miniature of the form of defence adopted at Birrens, Ardoch, Whitley Castle, and other outlying forts. The only visible entrance is in the east side; the western opening shown in Roy’s published plan does not appear on his original drawing (see p. 61 above). In view of the small area it is likely that there was no second entrance ; the slightly larger fortlet at Cappuck on Oxnam Water has one only, on the east ; and the defences on this side, with broad berm and three ditches, are very similar.y : E, The Great North Camp, temporary and shallow like A, on which it encroaches. Maclauchlan makes it a parallelogram of about 1000 by 650 feet, containing about 15 acres. Only the north gate is certain, with a straight traverse guarding it on the outside; another may be suspected on the east where the rampart fails. The position of EH, on softer ground, was evidently dictated by the pre-existence of C. It may, however, be earlier than D. The multiple ditches of the latter are found at Birrens, which was probably laid out in the time of Hadrian, and may prove to be characteristic of the second rather than the first century. Dere Street was the main line of communication between South Britain and the army in Scotland, and it is natural that care was taken to patrol and maintain it. Even so short a stretch of * The dimensions of the berm and number of the ditches vary, but I have taken the mean of several rough measurements. At Balmuildy on the Scottish Wall the breadth of berm and three ditches is from 80 to 96 feet, and the berm alone measures 30 feet on south and east, 20 feet on north and west. See S. N. Miller, Balmuwildy (Glasgow, 1922). — ¢ Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot 1911-12, p. 446 ff. The area is about 1} acres. THE MAKENDON CAMPS 67 road as the 64 miles between the forts of Ardoch and Strageath was furnished with a small guard-post, 80 feet by 75 feet from crest to crest of the rampart, “ placed at the only point in the road from which both are visible.’ * It is not necessary to suppose that the Makendon fortlet was occupied all the year ; it may have been held only in summer when convoys were on the road. Without excavation one cannot say more; indeed, it is rash tosaysomuch. Although the earthworks lie on English ground they are most accessible from the Scottish side. Such an investigation might well be undertaken by a Club like ours which draws its members from both sides of the Border. It is their perfect condition which makes the systematic examination of the Makendon group desirable ; in itself the juxtaposition of temporary and permanent camps is not unusual. At Bremenium in the plain below the fort a temporary camp of 7% acres stands within a much larger one. Less than half a mile farther is the 40-acre camp of Bellshields. Of closer grouping, the best example is Ardoch, where a camp of 130 acres was intersected by one of half its size and by another enclosure of about 20 acres, the so-called Procestrium, which joined the permanent fort at two of its angles so as to form an annexe. In like manner at Newstead the earliest encampment was one of 49 acres ; a per- manent fort was built outside it, with annexes on three sides, one of which encroached on the disused camp. At Gellygaer the outline of a small temporary camp, thought to have sheltered the troops who built the adjoining fort, has been traced by excavation ; similar temporary works must have been destroyed by the plough in the neighbourhood of many Roman stations. The most instructive sites are those—they are few—which have escaped cultivation. \ One of them is the well-known group of four small camps near Cawthorn on Pickering Moor, now being explored by the Roman Antiquities Committee of the Yorkshire Archeological Society. Mr Gerald Simpson, who is in charge of the work, has very kindly sent me a plan and summary of his provisional conclusions. ‘The earliest, A, is a camp of 64 acres with defences nearly as strong as those of the West Camp at. Makendon ; it is traversed by made roadways of broken stone, * Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., 1897-98, pp. 434-5, with plan p. 428, It is known as Kaims Castle. 68 THE MAKENDON CAMPS and contains other structures, such as an oven in the rampart, suggestive of more than a passing occupation. Its size is approximately that of our West Camp, and each of its gates has the internal clavicula. It seems to be the kind of camp that would be constructed during active operations by a small force obliged for a time to remain on the defensive. On the other hand, Camp D, at Cawthorn, not yet excavated, seems to Mr Simpson to be an unfinished permanent fort. Its area is 32 acres, and it was probably intended to have three ditches, though only two were completed. A word must be added about the vestiges of later settlement on the site, other than the inn and adjoining houses at the Chew Green, mentioned on p. 59. About forty years ago the founda- tions of a small stone building in the centre of the East Fort were partially excavated. Mr Clement Hodges, architect and archeologist, who was in charge of the work, came to the conclusion that it had been a medizval chapel. He found no built masonry elsewhere on the site. Some years afterwards a small sandstone cross with pointed arms was found by the Makendon shepherd, Thomas Glendinning, north-east of this spot and near the Roman road.* Mr Hodges suggested to me some years ago that it might have adorned the gable of the supposed chapel. Mr Dixon thinks it was perhaps one of “ the boundary crosses of the liberties of the monks of Kelso.” + It there was a chapel it would have served the needs of the shepherds who resorted here in summer.{ We may also assign to later occupants some earthworks on the slope descending to the Coquet, best recorded on the Ordnance Survey. One ditch connects the south-west angles of the West and South Camps. A bank with ditch to the west starts outside the south-east angle of the West Camp, cuts across the south rampart of the South Camp and extends to the waterside. Another somewhat irregular bank starts from the south-east angle of the East Camp and follows the west side of the Roman * It was presented by the proprietor, Captain J. R. Carr-Ellison, to the Newcastle Society of Antiquaries, and was illustrated in their Proceedings, 25%., iv, p. 277, and in our T'ransactions, 1890, p. 83. + Upper Coquetdale, p. 7. . { The Border Survey of 1550, quoted above, says “ye Riddesdall men make theire sheales neare unto yt ground in controuersy ”’ at Kemylspeth. THE MACKENDON CAMPS 69 road as far as the steep descent to the Coquet. Perhaps they enclosed grazing-grounds between the camps and the stream, for the use of drovers taking cattle to English fairs. They do not look hke Roman work. POSTSCRIPT. Since this paper was written, Mr James Curle and Mr John Allan have given me some additional information, and Mr H. G. Carr-Ellison has examined the deeds relating to Makendon. I hope to make adequate use of their kind suggestions in a supplementary paper. SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY BIRD RECORDS. Tue following extracts are from the “‘ Description of the Shyre of Barwick” in Sibbald’s Description of Scotland, the MS. of which is preserved in the Advocates’ Library (33.5.15). The account is said to have been written by the Rev. John Veitch, minister of Westruther,* about 1680. An account, in many respects identical, was printed in 1908 by the Scottish History Society in Macfarlane’s Geographical Collections, vol. ii, pp. 169-185. 1. “The Dotterells frequent about Bastenrig on the East hand, and the Moristons and Mellerstain douns on the West, the 14 neeght of Aprile and first 14 nights of May” [7.e. the last fortnight of April and first fortnight of May]. The later reference to dotterels, in Camden’s Britannia, referred to by Mr Muirhead, was evidently derived from this MS. 2. “Lambermore ... is a Ground excellent for pastouradge in the summertyme abounding with moorfowl, partradges, plivers green and gray,t which afoord much sport to ye nobility and Gentrye.”’ § The third extract has been omitted in the Macfarlane MS. 3. “Ther is a Lough at Swinton much frequented by wild Swans.” Jet Ce * Fasti Ecclesie Scoticane, vol. ii, p. 165. + The Birds of Berwickshire, vol. ii, p. 210. % ft The golden plover seems to have been sometimes designated thus in Scotland: e.g. “the wild mixing cadence of a troop of grey plovers in an autumnal morning,” Burns’ letter to Mrs Dunlop, 1789. § The Macfarlane MS. adds, “ who take pleasure in Hawking and setting Dogs.” THE POST-REFORMATION SYMBOLIC GRAVESTONES OF BERWICKSHIRE. By Jas. Hewat Craw, F.S.A.Scot., West Foulden. Or the few remaining pre-Reformation church and graveyard memorials in Berwickshire the majority have been described, and several have been already figured. The earliest of these monuments are the hog-backed or coped stones with scale ornamentation, dating from the twelfth century; examples may be seen at St Helens, Edrom, and Hutton.* The later recumbent effigies at Abbey St Bathans + and Swinton { have also been figured ; others are contained in the vaults at Edrom church § and at St Helens.|| The cross-slabs to be found at Coldingham, Earlston, Fogo, Longformacus, Mertoun, Dry- burgh, Nenthorn, Edrom, Greenlaw, and Bassendean have been similarly recorded. On the other hand, the ruder monuments of post-Reformation date, with their crude and morbid symbolism, have not hitherto received the attention of the archeologist, with the exception of a few examples at Cockburnspath ** and Dryburgh.tt They are outwith the survey of the Ancient Monuments Commission, being for the most part subsequent to the year 1707. * Ancient Monuments Report, Berwickshire (Nos. 46, 149, 188); Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., 1913-14, pp. 217, 219 (figs.). + Macgibbon and Ross, Eccles. Arch. of Scot., vol. iii, p. 411 (fig.); Ane. Mon. Rep. (No. 1). t The Swintons of that Ilk, p. 5 (plate); Anc. Mon. Rep. (No. 279) ; Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., 1894-95, p. 342 (fig.). § Anc. Mon. Rep. (No. 148). || Ibid. (No. 46). | Ibid. (Nos. 74, 135, 158, 251, 258, 260, 272, 281); Ber. Nat. Club, vol. xiii, p. 86 (figs.) ; Muir’s Characteristics of Old Church Architecture, p. 110 (fig.) ** Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., 1913-14, p. 227 (figs.). tt Ibid., 1901-2, pp. 345, 362 (figs.). 70 POST-REFORMATION GRAVESTONES OF BERWICKSHIRE 71 To regard these memorials as creations of artistic merit would be to expect what the age did not produce. It is in their historic significance that their interest lies, as evidence of a mentality that has long passed away, a slow awakening and educating of the common people: they are the product of a mental outlook that has more certainly disappeared than that which produced the hill forts of earlier times. This outlook may be exemplified in the following quotation from a writer of the period :—‘* Yonder entrance leads, I suppose, to the vault. Let me turn aside and take one view of the habi- tation and its tenants. The sullen door grates upon its hinges : not used to receive many visitants, it admits me with reluctance and murmurs. ... Good heaven! what a solemn scene! how dismal the gloom! Here is perpetual darkness, and night even at noonday. How doleful even the solitude! Not one trace of cheerful society ; but sorrow and terror seem to have made this their dreaded abode. Hark! how the hollow dome re- sounds at every tread. The echoes, that long have slept, are awakened ; and lament and sigh along the walls. A beam or two finds its way through the grates and reflects a feeble glimmer from the nails of the coffins. So many of those sad spectacles half-concealed in shades, half-seen dimly by the baleful twilight, add a deeper horror to these gloomy mansions.” * It is desirable that some record should be made of these stones ere gradual decay has further obliterated the evidence. Unfortunately it is not to natural causes alone that this loss is due, as even at the present day our old gravestones are being broken up and used as foundations for modern monuments and for other purposes. This type of monument seems to have been general throughout the lowland districts of Scotland. In England, owing perhaps to the different course taken by the Reformation, the type is absent from most graveyards, save for an occasional winged cherub-head or a skull and cross-bones. In the north of England a few stragglers have found their way across the border, and further south the fashion seems to have been adopted to a limited degree in some districts. The earliest examples in Scotland date from the beginning * Hervey’s Meditations among the Tombs, p. 43. 72 THE POST-REFORMATION SYMBOLIC of the seventeenth century,* and few are to be found so late as the middle of the nineteenth. Towards the end of the sixteenth century the simpler emblems of mortality had been occasionally introduced beside the heraldic shield of the deceased person (Pl. A); and later, when the idea was taken up and developed on the memorials of the middle and lower classes, the influence of the heraldic art is for long traceable (Pl. B). The motto “‘ Memento mori’ is shown on a ribbon; a winged _cherub-head forms the crest; occasionally the helmet itself surmounts a shield, though this feature is not found in Berwick- shire; the shield bears the emblems of mortality, usually a skull, cross-bones, and hour-glass; foliaceous mantling and a tasselled-cord lend ornamentation ; and occasionally supporters on either side draw aside curtains to reveal the inscription. In the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland a series of papers by various authors appeared from 1901-2 till 1914-15, descriptive of symbolic stones in various parts of Scotland. The subject, however, has as yet barely been touched in Berwickshire ; the following authorities may be mentioned as dealing with gravestones in the county :— Annals and Antiquities of Dryburgh. Sir David Erskine, 1836- Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 1901-2. Dr Christison. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 1913-14- Alan Reid. Monumental Inscriptions and Monuments in Scotland. Rev. Charles Rogers, 1871. An Old-Time Fishing Town : Eyemouth. Rev. Daniel M‘Iver, 1906. An Old Berwickshire Town (Greenlaw). Robert Gibson, 1905. History of Channelkirk. Rev. A. Allan, M.A., 1900. The Churches and Churchyar ds of Berwickshire. James Robson, 1896. In the last-mentioned work there is no detailed description of the symbolic stones. Number.—An examination of the graveyards of Berwelahird shows the total number of surviving symbol-bearing stones to * The earliest example of which I have found a record is at Newbattle, dated 1607. GRAVESTONES OF BERWICKSHIRE 73 be 619, distributed among forty-three graveyards. The average number for each graveyard is thus rather over 14, Harlston heading the list with 37 ; followed by Lennel, 33 ; Nenthorn, 31 ; and Edrom, 30. Langton, Hutton, Foulden, Fogo, and Simprin are not far behind, while the small number to be found at Duns and Swinton is doubtless due to ruthless destruction in order to provide room for more modern stones. Dates.—The earliest dated symbolic stone in the Has 1S that of Alexander Wer (Weir), 1620, at Langton (No 11, Pl. B, c) *; a stone at Hutton bears the date 1638 (No. 28) ; and the Haliburton stone at Dryburgh (No. 11, Pl. A, a) is dated 1640. The number before 1670 is only 14. From that time there is a steady increase with each decade till that commencing 1730, when the fashion reached its culminating point; 1736 is the most largely represented year, with 17 examples, and it is notable that a third of the 512 datable stones occur in the decades of 1720 and 1730. Subsequent to 1740 the decennial decrease is slightly greater than the previous increase; only 2 stones occur after 1820: the last being that of Jane Stoddart, 1847, at Duns (No. 6). Comparatively few stones occur after 1760, and 80 per cent. fall between the dates 1680 and 1760. A striking exception to the steady growth and decay of the fashion occurs in the first decade of the eighteenth century. Few stones occur in this period, and these are mostly of a simple character. This decrease would seem to be due to the great poverty of the country following the disastrous seasons of the closing years of the seventeenth and the opening ones of the eighteenth century. ‘‘ The sheep and oxen died in thousands, the prices of everything among a peasantry that had nothing went up to famine pitch, and a large proportion of the population in rural districts was destroyed by disease and want.” + Not only stones, but even coffins had to be dispensed with, as appears from the following extract from Chirnside Kirk-Session Records : “1701—Item : for a dale [board] on wh. Alison Tait was buryed, 00 - 05 - 00.” * The numbers in parentheses refer to the detailed parish lists, which it is intended will appear in the succeeding parts of the present volume. For convenience in referring to plates appearing in these parts, the plates have been alphabetically numbered. T The Social Life of Scotland in the Eighteenth Century, p. 146. Henry Grey Graham. 74 THE POST-REFORMATION SYMBOLIC Size.—With the exception of the two decades following 1750, when there was a slight diminution in the size of stones used, there was a steady increase in size throughout the period. This reflects the gradual improvement in conditions of life, and is marked by a sudden demand for stones of a large size at the commencement .of the nineteenth century, due to the agri- cultural prosperity during the Napoleonic wars. The average height of seventeenth-century stones is 24 inches; of eighteenth century (first half) 28 inches, (second half) 32 inches; nineteenth century 40 inches. Classification of Symbols.—Coming now to the symbols de- picted, these may be classified as (1) symbols of mortality, (2) symbols of immortality, (3) figure (or portrait) stones, (4) trade symbols, and (5) scriptural stones. Although the earliest stone (Langton, 11, Pl. B, c) bears a simple winged cherub-head, the majority of the early stones bear merely symbols of mortality. From the beginning, however, there is a gradual decrease in the use of mortality symbols and a corresponding increase in the symbols of immortality, until the latter commence to predomi- nate about the year 1740. In the first decade of the eighteenth century—the famine period—there is a recrudescence of mor- tality symbols and a disuse of those of immortality, as if to manifest the depression of the period. Of much less frequency are the trade symbols and the figure stones; the former reach their zenith about 1760, when they become as numerous as the mortality symbols, having come rapidly into favour within the previous twenty years. The figure stones were most popular about 1730-40, the only scriptural stone is dated 1745. 1. SyMBOLS OF MORTALITY. Skulls and bones are the most frequent of all the symbols, the former being represented on 330 stones, and the latter on 367. Examples of well-modelled skulls are found at Nenthorn (13, 1704, Pl. D, d), Edrom (22, 1727, Pl. H, a), Westruther (9, 1742, Pl. C, a), Channelkirk (4, 1743), and Abbey St Bathans (3, 1754). Fully two-thirds are shown full face, and rather more profiles occur than three-quarter faces. A curious type of profile skull, having the face much flattened, is found on 5 stones at Hume, dated from 1710 to 1742; the earliest of this type is at Lauder (17, 1707), and examples are also found at Earlston (5, 1727, GRAVESTONES OF BERWICKSHIRE 75 Pl. C,f), Gordon, and Nenthorn. A skull in profile, placed face downwards, is found at Legerwood (8, 1747), and at Abbey St Bathans (8, n.d.). When superimposed on cross-bones the skull is shown full face, but at Chirnside (10, 1738) a three- quarter-face example is found. A profile skull, with the posterior portion unduly developed downwards, occurs at Lauder (15, 1743 and 18, 1750), and at Channelkirk (11, 1719, Pl. C, 6). At Westruther the finely modelled skull mentioned above (9, 1742, Pl. C, a) is shown with wings, the only example of this feature ; another stone at the same place (7, n.d., Pl. C, d) bears a skull suspended by a short attachment from the handle of a scythe ; the same feature is found at Legerwood (1, 1759). Several of the profile skulls at Polwarth have a peculiarly prominent nose. Almost invariably in stones of careful execution the skull is shown without the lower jaw, but at Lauder (6, 1720, Pl. C, e) the addition of the lower jaw gives a weird grinning expression to the face. Four examples of a figure holding a skull in the hand will be dealt with among the figure stones. In over 70 per cent. of the 367 stones on which bones are shown, the bones are crossed; and in 50 per cent. they are sur- mounted by a skull. In 10 per cent. the skull is superimposed on the cross-bones, and rather more frequently it has an upright bone on either side. A few instances of other positions occur, e.g. a Skull resting on one or two horizontal bones, as at Nenthorn (13, 1704, Pl. D, d); a bone resting on a skull, as at Foulden (22, 1727, Pl. J, e); a skull below cross-bones, as at Ayton (5, 1736). One instance of each of the following designs occurs : a winged bone at Ayton (3, 1727, Pl. C, c), a skull superimposed on two horizontal bones at Cranshaws (11, 1691, Pl. M, 6), and three cross-bones at Hutton (5, n.d.). In a few instances the bones have the appearance of being placed in the mouth, as at Nenthorn (5, 1686, Pl. M, 7); the convention is referred to by Shakespeare, ‘‘ I had rather be married to a Death’s Head with a bone in his mouth” (Merchant of Venice, Act i, Scene 2). Although representations of death were not unknown to the Greeks and Romans, it was in medieval Europe that the more repulsive representations became common.* An emaciated * It is beyond the scope of this paper, interesting as the quest might be, to inquire into the influence exerted on the art of our gravestones by the tendency towards the macaberesque in certain phases of religious art 76 THE POST-REFORMATION SYMBOLIC figure, a skeleton, or a skull and bones were frequently depicted in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The last mentioned was originally peculiarly an ecclesiastical symbol: it is found on a tomb at Florence dated about 1350. The earliest example in England is probably that in Westminster Abbey on the tomb of Anne of Cleves, fourth wife of Henry VIII, 1557. It is familiar as the symbol adopted by pirates about the year 1700. That it was adopted as the badge of certain guilds of physicians and surgeons in the seventeenth century is not so well known; this use, however, was soon discarded—for obvious reasons. In heraldry a death’s-head taking the place of the crest on the hatchment denoted that a man was the last of his family. Next to skuJls and bones the most numerous symbols of mortality are hour-glasses, shown on 228 stones, followed at some distance by spades with 64 instances, and hearts with 62. The other varied emblems of mortality are of comparatively rare occurrence. About 80 per cent. of the hour-glasses are shown in a horizontal position, probably to signify that their work was done. There is little variety in the type, which is normally placed below the other symbols at the foot of the stone. In some cases it is shown without a frame, and in one instance at Channelkirk (5, 1734, Pl. D, c) the frame has a stand. Occasion- ally the glass appears to be a double one. At Lennel (13, 1693) it is placed upright on the top of a skull, and in the following four cases it is shown with wings: Lauder (10, 1733; and 13, 1724), Cranshaws (4, n.d.), and Nenthorn (13, 1704, Pl. D, d). The spade in the majority of cases must be taken to denote mortality ; it is, however, difficult in some cases to tell when it may have been a trade symbol. It was undoubtedly used in the latter sense on the gravestones of gardeners, maltsters, etc., but these instances are comparatively few. A frequent arrange- ment is that of two spades, or a spade and shovel, crossed. In fully a third of the 62 instances the implement has a pointed face with little or no projection on one side of the haft, and with the cross-piece of the handle mostly or entirely on one side. Another feature is that showing the blade to have been of wood merely on the Continent and in this country in the late fifteenth and the early sixteenth centuries. As instances of this tendency may be mentioned Holbein’s Dance of Death, the drawings of Albert Diirer, and similar repre- sentations found in the early printed Parisian Books of Hours, and on the well-known Miihlen-Briicke at Lucerne and the Aitre St Maclou at Rouen. GRAVESTONES OF BERWICKSHIRE 77 tipped or shod with iron. These two features extend over the whole of the period during which spades are shown, from 1667 to 1767 (Pls..D, b,d; E,c; K,a). The latter feature has, in many instances, been obliterated, but can be traced in at least 25 per cent. of the spades ; it is best seen at Eccles and Nenthorn, and also occurs at Ayton, Fogo, Foulden, Simprin, and Whitsome. It is not unlikely that this type, which thus seems to have been in use a century and a half ago, and is said to have been in recent use in Ireland and in the Hebrides, may have originated early in the Iron Age. It is to be seen in almost identical form to that shown on the gravestones in an illuminated MS., T'he Iife and Miracles of St Cuthbert, dated about 1180, in which the Saint and an assistant are shown digging in their garden. The heart is depicted rather less frequently than the spade ; in some instances it may be merely an ornament without symbolic meaning. It is shown throughout the period, and naturally admits of little variation. At Nenthorn several examples are inverted, and at Channelkirk it is shown with wings (20, 1733). At Coldingham (7, 1732, Pl. O, d) it encloses a skull, and in several instances it is shown with a bordure or double outline. A mask or face is not easily distinguished from a skull on some of the more crudely carved stones. There seem, however, to be about 22 undoubted examples of the former, from 1675 to 1755. They are mostly found in the east of the county, notably at Simprin, and are frequently placed immediately above an upright coffin (Pl. D, e). A coffin is depicted 16 times, and in 6 cases is surmounted by amask: at Greenlaw (3, n.d.) the mask is shown on the lid of the coffin, and at Channelkirk (12, 1723, Pl. C, b) the coffin is open, showing a corpse, the lid being at the side. The earliest example is at Cranshaws (9, 1683, Pl. E, a), where the coffin rests on bearers and is surmounted by a crude winged cherub-head with a crown. The latest example is 1755. The position is always upright, except at Mordington (1, 1727, Pl. D, /), where it is horizontal, resting on supports. A table-stone on supports is shown at Channelkirk (11, 1719, el C,.0). The dead-bell (Pl. E) occurs 7 times, from 1665 to 1761. At Cranshaws (1, 1665, Pl. B, f) and at Greenlaw (4, 1761, Pl. E, d) 78 THE POST-REFORMATION SYMBOLIC the bell has an open or ring handle; at Polwarth (3,1716, Pl. E,c) the oval ring is connected with the bell by a short neck; the other examples show a bell with an upright handle, at Eyemouth (6, n.d., Pl. N, a), Lauder (9, n.d., Pl. E, e), Edrom (30, n.d., Pl. K, g), and Langton (23, 1675, Pl. E, f). In the last-mentioned example the figure is merely incised in outline, but has more the appearance of a bell than of a spade. The only original dead-bell preserved in any of the above parishes is at Polwarth, where it has evidently served as a model to the sculptor; the Rev. Mr Watt kindly allowed me to place it beside the stone in order to take a photograph, which is now reproduced (PI. E, c). The original bell bears the inscription: “ For PoLtwart ParisH— 1715’; the stone is dated a year later. It is not improbable that the form of bell in parishes where the original is now lost may be likewise indicated by the gravestone representations. Dead-bells were used in intimating funerals, and were also rung in the procession. When the custom ended, locally, I am not aware. In the possession of Mr James Veitch, Inchbonny, is a water-colour drawing of Jedburgh Abbey made early in the nineteenth century by a French prisoner-of-war; in this is shown a funeral with a bell-ringer at the head of the procession. Four representations of the scythe show it with an undivided handle; only one of these is a dated stone, at Legerwood (1, 1759) ; there, and at Westruther (7, n.d., Pl. C, d), a skull is shown pendant from the handle. At Fishwick (3, n.d., Pl. K, a) the scythe is shown as a symbol of occupation, and at Hutton (11, n.d., Pl. E, 6) it appears on a table-stone support bearing a well-designed figure of Father Time holding a scythe in his right hand and an hour-glass in his left. The undivided form of sned or handle, now rarely seen, was referred to by the poet Shirley (1594-1666) : ** The glories of our birth and state Are shadows, not substantial things ; There is no armour against fate : Death lays his icy hands on kings ; Sceptre and crown Must tumble down, And in the dust be equal made With the poor crooked scythe and spade.” A small skeleton, representing death, holding aloft a dart, GRAVESTONES OF BERWICKSHIRE 79 appears on a table-stone support at Foulden (6, 1773, Pl. D, a). There is nothing so well executed in this line as the recumbent skeleton shown on a stone at Ancrum in the county of Roxburgh. What may be a worm is shown on the support of a table- stone at St Helens (4, 1714). A human hand appears at Cranshaws (9, 1683, Pl. EK, a) on the coffin stone mentioned above. Crossed torches are shown on the base of a column of the Grissell Cochrane monument in Legerwood church (16, 1691, Hr, A...b). The urn, so frequently carved on stones of a later age, is absent from all but the latest examples. It appears at Eccles (5, 1818) and Earlston (33, 1819). A vase with foliage occasion- ally appears earlier, its use being purely ornamental. 2. SyMBOLS OF IMMORTALITY. Of much less variety are the symbols of immortality ; chief of these is of course the winged cherub-head, occurring on more than half of the stones. Of all the symbols this seems to have offered most scope for originality in treatment, some 80 distinct varieties being distinguishable, without including the minuter points of difference : the desire for variety will be realised by a glance at the accompanying plates. The almost invariable position for this symbol is at the top of the stone, above the symbols of mortality ; this rule, however, is not invariable : it is found at the foot of two stones at Cranshaws (9, 1683, Pl. KE, a, and 11, 1691, Pl. M, 6) and of one at Whitsome (3, 1725). The tympanum naturally formed a suitable space for the cherub-head, the wings being adapted to the space available. At Abbey St Bathans (4, 1750) and at Lauder (14, 1755, Pl. F, b) the scroll mouldings of the broken pediment take the place of wings. In some of the graveyards in the west of the county, notably at Mertoun (PI. F, c) and Dryburgh (PI. M, d), and in the adjacent portion of the county of Roxburgh, is found a type of stone having the cherub-head cut completely out of the top of the stone, the hair on the back of the head being shown on the obverse side. It has been suggested that these stones were the work of the Smiths of Darnick ; the sculpture of the two figures shown on Pl. F, c (Mertoun, 10, 1741) is perhaps superior to 80 THE POST-REFORMATION SYMBOLIC that on any other symbolic stone in the county. The commonest of all types is what may best be described as the Reynolds-type, found on 79 stones dating from 1681 to 1816; it is well repre- sented at Nenthorn and Earlston. This type has the rounded cheeks of an infant, with occasionally a tendency to grossness, as_ at Cranshaws (6, 1712, Pl. M, b) and Westruther (9, 1742, Pl. C, a). Features of a more ascetic cast are found on an earlier type of cherub, with long graceful wings stretched horizontally: this type is well represented at Eccles. At Simprin and Preston a later type, about 1740, has the wings extended downwards in long points, the mouth being occasionally open as if in song. Abbey St Bathans and Cockburnspath show a crude type in which the wings are represented by a semi-circular band with the concavity upwards (Pl. F, d); at Lennel the type most common has a horizontal underline with short ungraceful wings. In some cases, notably at Earlston, the wings spring like ears from the sides of the head; this type is early, about 1710 (Pl. C,b). Any resemblance to wings is in some instances difficult to discover; the likeness is occasionally much more to leaves, as at Channelkirk (6, 1721) and Chirnside (16, 1766, Pl. F, e); and at times the figure resembles a Scots thistle, as at Hutton (6, 1727, Pl. N, 6). At Ayton (3, 1727, Pl. C, c) a cherub with features of a mundane cast is adorned with a flowing wig, and at Langton (25, n.d., Pl. L, d) the gravestone of a shoemaker bears a cherub with a curiously inane expression and a neck-tie, the place of wings being taken by conventional acanthus-leaf design. In 3 cases the cherub rises directly from a skull: at Lennel (7, 1694), Cranshaws (5, 1716, Pl. B, f), and Foulden (4, 1731); and on 8 stones, at Earlston (11, 1750, Pl. J, a), Gordon, Hume, Eccles, and Nenthorn (9, 1745, Pl. F, a), it is represented with clouds. Two cherub-heads close together appear on 3 stones at Lauder, and on | at Nenthorn (6, 1719, PI.M,/f). At Fishwick (2, 1721) there are two heads, with one pair of wings; and at Whitsome (3, 1725) the same feature is treated in a conventional manner. The only other symbol of immortality of frequent occurrence is the book, which is found on 55 stones dating from 1676 to 1836. In four instances the book is closed; as a rule it is open, with a scriptural verse inscribed on the pages. Twenty-three of these texts are still legible, the favourite being from Revelation, xiv. 13, GRAVESTONES OF BERWICKSHIRE 81 “* Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord.” In 31 cases the book is held in the hand of a figure representing the deceased person. LEarlston, Legerwood, and Dryburgh may be mentioned as localities where the book is most often represented. The crown as a symbol of immortality is found on 11 stones dating from 1676 to 1756; it is also found on 4 stones as a trade symbol, to be dealt with later. The earliest examples are at Cranshaws (8, 1676; 9, 1683, Pl. E, a), and 3 examples occur at Simprin. In the Cranshaws stones the design seems to be based on the Scottish crown as shown on the coins of the period. The 3 Simprin crowns (1, 1746 and 3, 1733, Pl. G, d) and 1 at Fishwick (5, 1756) have been cut by the same hand, and are of conventional design, resembling a coronet. An example at Westruther (9, 1742) is of the imperial type, and 1 at Foulden (16, 1742, Pl. G, c) has the appearance of a mitre. Of coronet type are much weathered specimens at Lennel (27, n.d.) and Ladykirk (4, 1718). Of the 8 representations of an angel blowing a trumpet, 2 at Lennel (30, 1824 and 31, 1825) and 1 at Ayton (15, 1804) are entirely modern in execution. An early stone at Langton (15, 1644, Pl. G, b) shows the angel in a horizontal position, the outspread wings and the contour of the lower limbs conforming in a curious manner with the wave-moulding of the top of the stone. The next example is at Legerwood (6, 1689, Pl. G, e) on the frieze of atable stone. At Eccles (1, 1701, Pl. D, b) the angel is rising with outspread wings from a skull; and at Cockburns- path (2, 1724)* it is rising from the clouds. A curious design ‘occurs at Greenlaw (4, 1761, Pl. E, d) on the end support of a table stone ; two nude figures much weathered are here repre- sented, one holds a dead-bell, while the other grasps his dis- engaged hand and blows a trumpet in his ear. On the outer edge at either side of the double pediment of the Brown of Park stone at Harlston (29, 1692, Pl. O, a) an angel is shown reclining on the straight inclined cornice, while the space between the pediments is occupied by a bearded figure holding a spade in one hand and a shovel in the other. Figures without wings are also shown reclining on the cornices of the Dickson of Antonshill stone at Eccles (5, 1818), and of the Dickson of Howlawrig stone at Greenlaw (9, 1729). Small * See Proc. Soc. of Ant. Scot., 1913-14, p. 228 (fig.). 82 THE POST-REFORMATION SYMBOLIC figures of angels appear on medallions on the supports of the stone of the Rev. Adam Murray at Eccles (4, 1797), and a modern type at Greenlaw (6, 1809) bears an angel holding out a sheet with an inscription. One would perhaps hardly expect to find a phan on a Christian tombstone; this, however, is the only symbol shown on a stone at Gordon (4, 1730, Pl. G,7f). At Foulden (19, 1705, Pl. B, d) it is displayed on a shield, other symbols being also shown on the stone. 3. FIGURE STONES. Stones bearing a representation of the human figure are 79 in number. They date from 1676 to 1832, but only 5 occur before 1710 and 4 after 1770, the majority being found from 1730 to 1750. The figures in most instances may be supposed to repre- sent the deceased person; at Edrom (24, 1730, Pl. H, a) a stone showing a male figure in a long-skirted coat bears the sole name of “ Adam Wait, son to James Wait, age 10 moneth”; the figure was probably intended to represent the father, whose name has not been added. It is not likely that any strict attempt at likeness was made, although a few examples might suggest this, notably a representation showing individuality and character at Foulden (22, 1727, Pl. J, e). The usual type shows a male figure with wig (usually the full-dress wig of Queen Anne’s time, sometimes the later tie-wig), in the long-skirted and small-waisted coat of the period, closely set with buttons and having buttons on the broad cuffs and on the pocket-flaps ; in the right hand is held a book with a text cut on the pages. Four of the female figures also hold a book. In an early example at Langton (2, 1683, Pl. H, g) the book is closed and held under the right arm, while in the left hand is an hour-glass. An hour-glass appears on 5 other stones, | being that of a woman (Ayton, 8, 1725, Pl.1,f). A memento mori ribbonis held at Bunkle (2, 1732, Pl. H, d), Dryburgh (5, 1734, Pl. M, d), Mertoun (10, 1741, Pl. F, c), and Chirnside (8, n.d.), also probably at Eyemouth (16, n.d.). In 4 instances a skull is held in the hand, 2 being male figures (Foulden, 22, 1727, Pl. J,e; and Greenlaw, 4, 1761, Pl. J, b), and 2 female (HEdrom, 28, 1728, Pl. J, f; and Fogo, 19, 1736). Ina few cases the figure holds the symbols of his trade; a quaint example is at Harlston (4, 1695, Pl. K, c), where a tailor holds GRAVESTONES OF BERWICKSHIRE 83 his yard measure in his right hand and his scissors in his left, with a goose-iron below. Another good example is found near Channelkirk (13, 1734, Pl. H, e); although the stone is now built into a wall in the steading at Threeburnford, it has every appear- ance of having been designed as a gravestone, similar designs appearing on gravestones at Corstorphine, Colinton, and Peebles. The figure shown is that of a sower with a sowing-sheet over his left shoulder ; the date, 1734, can be faintly seen at the lower corner to the right, while on either side are scriptural texts having reference to sowing. At Edrom (25, 1731) is depicted a full-length figure holding a shepherd’s crook broken in two, as if to denote that his work was done; the upper part is held in the right hand, crook downwards, the lower part in the left hand. At Foulden (18, n.d., Pl. O, ce) a schoolmaster holds in his left hand a hornbook having ABCC incised on it. At his right side is an hour-glass, while below is a heart. The inscrip- tion, unfortunately, is lost, only a portion of the name remaining : [? sEF]JFRAY. Though once used in every school in Scotland, not a single example of a Scottish hornbook is known to exist. It consisted of a wooden frame with a handle, and. usually con- tained, behind a transparent sheet of horn, the alphabet and the Lord’s Prayer. A figure holding a spade occurs at Fishwick (3, n.d., Pl. K, a), as described above. In two instances (Duns, 4, n.d., and Edrom, 24, 1730, Pl. H, a) an object resembling a cane is held in the right hand. In a few cases, mostly before 1720, a small figure is shown on the edge of a stone or on the support of a table-stone. The most curious of these is at Legerwood (6, 1689, Pl. G, e) on the table-stone of William Montgomery of Macbiehill, Peeblesshire, who owned the lands of Whitslaid in the parish of Legerwood. On the eastern panel of the north- east support of this stone is a small figure with generous waist- line, seated astride on a barrel, holding a jug in one hand and a bottle in the other ; on the north face of the support the same figure is shown standing with his hands to his head; the third and final stage in the rake’s progress is slyly suggested by the representation on the frieze above of an angel blowing a trumpet. The female fashions of the period may be studied on several stones, notably a low-necked figure, said locally to be that of a bride, at Ayton (8, 1725, Pl. I, f), and a figure in a laced bodice at Foulden (20, 1740, Pl. I, c); head-gear is well shown at Fogo 84 THE POST-REFORMATION SYMBOLIC (20, 1748, Pl. J, c) and Chirnside (7, 1737). What is perhaps the most extraordinary of all the gravestones in Berwickshire is that at Channelkirk (6, 1721, Pl. H,f) to the memory of “ Marion Brock, daughter to William Brock, gardinr in Wxton, aged 19 ”’ ; it is difficult to understand the mentality that could desire to perpetuate the memory of a beloved daughter in this grotesque nude figure. On 9 stones two figures are represented together : 6 of these are apparently man and wife, 1 shows sisters, and 2 are of children, a brother and sister in each case. The best executed of these stones is at Mertoun (10, 1741, Pl. F, c), a poor copy of it (1, 1743) stands not many yards from it. At Bunkle the crude, large-headed figures of a pedlar and his wife will be referred to later. Two of the three children’s stones are at Foulden, in one, a pleasing production (1, 1738, Pl. J, d), the child holds an apple; the third is at Hutton (27, 1749). An - interesting undated stone is inserted in the exterior of the south wall of Fogo church ; it bears three figures—a man on either side and a woman in the middle; the details of the costumes are well preserved, and each of the male figures holds a broad ribbon bearing the motto “ Vive memor lethi”’ ; the figure to the left holds also a closed book, and overhead is the inscription, “We three served God, lived in his fear, And loved him who bought us dear.” 4. TRADE SYMBOLS. Symbols of trade came rapidly into favour during the middle of the eighteenth century, culminating about 1760. The commonest of these symbols are the square and compasses of the wright or carpenter; there are 15 examples, dating from 1663 to 1828; an axe or an adze-head is sometimes added. At Legerwood (15, 1758, Pl. K, 6) the accompanying representation of a mill-wheel denotes a mill-wright. The next in frequency of the trades is that of the blacksmith, with 14 stones, from 1703 to 1812. At Edrom (10, 1715, Pl. K,d) a great array of tools is displayed, among which are found the crown and hammer, the insignia of the hammermen ; this is also depicted at Eccles (9, 1718), Eyemouth (19, n.d.), and Polwarth (4, 1736). The goose-iron and scissors, denoting a tazlor, occur 9 times from 1656 to 1738, the former date being the earliest example GRAVESTONES OF BERWICKSHIRE 85 of trade symbols (Langton, 29). The quaint Harlston example has been already described. The weaver is also represented 9 times, the symbol being the shuttle (1672-1750) ; the earliest is at Preston, where there is also shown the weaver’s brush for damping the web (3, 1672, Pl. K, e). At Nenthorn (9, 1745, PI. F, a) the thread can still be distinguished wound on the shuttle. Though now a lost industry, hand- weaving was practised in Berwickshire within living memory. Also represented on 9 stones are the tools of the gardener : a rake, spade, and garden shears, combined in one instance with compasses. The spade and shovel, as stated above, most probably, as a rule, symbolise mortality; in some instances, however, they clearly denote occupation, as when in association with gardener’s tools; a maltster’s stone at Edrom (9, 1675) bears a maltster’s shovel; and the crossed shovels of a baker occur at Harlston (8, 1763, Pl. K,/), a weathered tool at Chirnside (10, 1738) being probably of the same character. The miller is indicated by the rynd, a perforated iron cross for attachment to the under side of the upper mill-stone. There are 8 examples (1713-1755) ; at Swinton (1, 1755, Pl. L, c) it is accompanied by a small pick for dressing the mill-stones. Under the name of the cross-moline the mill-rynd cross was used in heraldry to denote the family name of Miller, or to indicate that the family owed its rise to the milling industry. At Hutton (19, 1741) the rynd has been used in the former sense. The symbols of the farmer are not so numerous as might be expected in a rural district. The shepherd’s crook appears 7 times (1724-1785), and his dog is depicted lying at the foot of a monument at Channelkirk (3, 1736, Pl. L, a). The sower at Threeburnford has been already mentioned ; a plough is depicted on a farmer’s stone at Channelkirk (9, 1736, Pl. L,\b), and on a stone of modern type at Earlston (33, 1819), which also bears a horse and a sheaf. Another stone at Karlston (20, 1760, Pl. G, a) bears to the right a pair of balances with a small spade below, and to the left an open book with a plough lying partly upon it. The name on the stone is obliterated, but it is said to be that of the Rev. James Stevenson, minister of Earlston West (Relief) Church,* who bought and farmed Braidwoodshiel, his action * T am indebted for this information to the Rev. W. S. Crockett, Tweedsmuir. 86 THE POST-REFORMATION SYMBOLIC being much criticised at the time. It has been locally under- stood that the intention of the sculptor was to depict the idea of ploughing through the Bible. At Legerwood (11, 1729) appears a sheaf with a shearing-hook lying across it, and at Preston (3, 1672) a flail is shown along with a spade and shovel and what may have been a rake. A pick appears at Lennel (8, 1742) on the stone of “ Tomes Kers, tnnetn in Lettelthank ”’ ; two picks, one being one-sided, are shown at Polwarth (3, 1716, Pl. E, c) along with. spade, shovel, and dead-bell; it has been suggested that this is the stone of a beadle and gravedigger. The scales of the “‘ merchant ’’ or shopkeeper are found 6 times (1700-1760), occasionally accompanied by a measuring rod. At Cockburnspath (4, n.d.) the scales are associated with a curious object considerably weathered, which has been described as.the ribs of the human body, but the suggestion is far from convincing. The quaintest stone in this class is that of Patrick James, “retiler of smal wares,” at Bunkle (3, 1739, Pl. I, e). The curious large-headed figures of Patrick and his wife, separated by the letters “ P-I,” an open book, and a heart, occupy the upper of two panels; in the lower panel are depicted the scales to the left, and to the right a loaded pack-horse with a quaintly human expression, having above it cross-bones and a_ bulk- measure. Scales have elsewhere been used to symbolise the Judgment Day; it is doubtful if any have this meaning in Berwickshire. One might have expected the tools of the mason to be more often shown—the hammer, mell, chisel, T-square, trowel, and compasses. There are only 6 examples. One of these, at Coldingham (1, 1776), bears also a sun, moon, and star, and apparently some masonic symbols much weathered. Another at Coldingham is shown near the top right-hand corner of Plate O,d. An early example is at Simprin (11, 1670) on the stone of ‘‘ William Coockburn, Whos days was feu, His glas it was soon run, Al that him knew, Their lov he wan.” The shoemaker’s tools—leather cutter, awl, hammer, and pincers—appear at Langton (25, n.d., Pl. L, d); and the butcher ig indicated at Birgham (5, 1697) by a knife, axe, and steel ; a knife and cleaver also appear at Fishwick (7, 1721). A cooper’s stone at Fogo (23, 177—) bears a hammer: the stone is of interest as being that of one of the family of Walkinshaw referred to in the expressive Berwickshire proverb, “ Ye are GRAVESTONES OF BERWICKSHIRE 87 like the cooper o’ Fogo, ye drive aff better girds than ye ca’ on? * The wool shears of the walk-muiller or fulling-miller are carved on a large scale at Edrom (12, 1703, Pl. L, f). At Greenlaw (16, 1753) a bualder is indicated by three houses, the middle one resting on the inner chimneys of the other two. 25 JUN oat Spee PLATE C. History of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, vol. xxv. ‘ ( €) NOLAY 4) jie Gi) ALIIV * SEL LAOW =i ‘0% (210) HO LT ‘(9) uaaavry MUIMTANNVH,) i) ) ‘pu GFLI “( “/ \ L 6 ) UHHLAYLSA A “p ) UAHLAULSA \\ “D A Lo ee 25 JUN 25 N47 HD “LZLT ‘(1) NOZONTauoy of ‘eFLI Moe Ae G0) t sruanry 2 oo eu NYOHINGN “Pp ‘(¢) MUIMTANNVH) ‘9 GILT (G) = TOLN (1) sxt00m “9 erry (g) Naatno0g “D PLATE D. | OF | Te-F oo-e } POT | LLL | 08-1 [OST | 6F-T [FLT | 8¢-T [eet | SL-T | 09-1 IGT | 8¢-1 86: |06- |OT-T 28: [OL |9L- |e8- |68- [00-1 | IFT |O0-L [sgt }ze- |00-1 9L-€ | €8-T |9T-Z |06-% | es | 08-3 | FES | €0-Z | 90-3 | Zo | L6-T |OL-T | 98-1 | 08-2 GS | 1h-% | E9-1T | 1e-1 [OST | es-1 | 19-1 |Get | LT |6z-2 |e6-T |¢s-1 |Fz-1 | 00-2 8Z-1 | 28° | 80-1 [OL |8L- |O%-T |98- |LT-T |€t-1 | 3st |00-1 |18- |¥%z-T | cz: 69-¢ | OL-€ | €B-F | 19-% | 69-3 |09-% |ez-€ |Os% [89-8 |F9-€ | FL-o | G9-z | ef-s | S9-F PLL | PLT | L9-T }8e-T [OST Ze | ee-T [ort /F9-T | e0-% | 29-1 | 6-1 | FFT | SPT ,006 | 098 | ,00¢ |,0SF |,0¢T | ,F6 |,00T | 00% | ,00¢ |,9¢¢ | .8F% |,0zF |,0Gz | ,OST ; Cee lens = 2 | @ a re é 5 °° e-waste ee tee) ee os] q o 45 g aS ea 3 Zz DM Q = M 2 ee ets ee fess rs er Pe KS q = | Bol Lt See GHA I SEte SI etalk se lt gael reir teal eaten Plead es (esl I ee ce | SoBe ves Fis | ON Balle > Ee Gea a ele 69:1F| 88:E | GL-9Z D0 PW WT “LOS y'S iW ‘MVUD LVMGH sawve Ag ‘6661 ONTYNG AYIHSMOIMYAA NI TIVANIVY AO LNOAOOOV St Abb’s Lighthouse. * [eqIOD, * aq uLe0e(, “19q WOAON, 19Q.040() laqureydag * 4snsny . . Ane : oune "ART [rudy Mena iy * ATeNIq ay ' Arenuee [99] -vos aA0qe WSIEH AqIpPVOO'T re es qoog-ssvd TuvE oY, , *4oe1l09 I puy pure ‘syunooov pojdiavar puv syood et{} YM qooys eourvyeg sdoqe oyy pourmexe savy I—ES6T 1090900 19 ‘ONINGTT “£ G 6 0685 O18 9st L 0 0ae 8 L él (Sf te 0) 1 (oe 8 9 O8Is (pausis) G 6 0685 Os. Ohl = =2 aes P Ok Sees ei : * gunoooy JuelIny) UO ES le Ores puey Ur ysey) TL Wé -£ets. * gunoooy qisodeq uQ 6 8 9F * JUNODDYW yUoedINH — 8061 1aqopogQ 49 4 puey Ul soUBle —yueg ye soured | 2 0 Pas : ; wax “of aUoouy 10}07, 8 €L 6G 3 : - , Op", “Wo gseieyuy OL 8 OLIF — ‘ * qisodeq, uo soue[eg : ; wnah sof aangupuaday 1040.7, 8 9 0 Beucuett red lee a0) WY UOSIOpUey orgs * yultg PIO #0 optutsoe,y Surydeasoyyy—aouulys 9 8 0 : UWOTSSTUTULOL) pure yoog-enbeyy) Gulia : * wulnesny, suluveTD 0: .0: 8: > Fae e a \ QoUB{SISSB [VOLIO(D 640) ae : ; : * qommsvely, ae fo o£ 0 —») dA 2a Sa Slee ; : : : jeadagy yung Uo jsalazuy 0 OL 1f wosepoH ‘Of & 1 20 7 sinter ee * psodaquy yung : Areqo1o9g SULYLPH 0 OL TF : j : a ' pun Wworjn.4ysny]y 0. FOe8s : : ; * Areqartoeg 0 SL? : : : daunsDon fig pjos suUoraDSUn4 J, —sosuadny spowyto pup sabojsog |6 0 O : : ; - — sabsnyp : g : * yormsog ‘Wnesn yy YUDY 4009. 0} Sdaqueayy Wolf Parvards DUCE —sjway | 0 0 GOES 0 0 6& 4 "SOT 72 See oouRIZU BL Oy ORLOR tite va 0 ~ Over 4 ‘ ‘SOG Fe ToqMIeW T Gul Geen O: 108 CONS sie a at : OE : pnt, 0201 0 > * Se EEN 0% 0 eeu coureg — GE6L Vie 15 ul pepnpour pue Go Of SVEN See on aeok yueTINO IOF 0 9 FI \ * ysanq ZZ6I Ut pred | ssa7 Z 0 O9TE) -UIPH OO ¥ TION 0 OL OTF “SOT 42 SHG UOT CCE —buyuidg —suoyudiosqng ‘SINHWAV *SLdIGOa YY ‘e261 UAAOLOO 9 DNIGNA UVAA YOX LNAWALVLS S.agdosvaab — ) fie) [> al his son, 1710. Rev., face | h.-gl. | 2 bones | spade to r., one-sided shovel to l.; both shod- with iron. (Pl. E, f.) ; 22. 3C, 40 x30.—David Bairnsfather, late wright in Kello, 1782, age 76. Top, T-square and compasses. GRAVESTONES OF BERWICKSHIRE 423 23. 4D, 24x 17.—An incised object resembling a dead-bell, but possibly intended to represent a spade. Top, ‘‘ G-B—1675.” (Pl. E, f.) 24, 4D, 26 x 16.—‘‘ 1687 | I-W” | weaver’s shuttle | “A-R.” Flat side- pilasters. Top, ‘“‘ R-T.” 25. 3B, 25x19.—Obv., obliterated. Rev., acanthus-leaf, quaint face with hair and necktie (no wings) in pediment | leather-cutter’s knife to r., awl to 1. | pincers to r., hammer tol. (Pl. L, d.) 26. 4D, 24x 18.—Obv., very faint, 1702. Rev., ““M-Bro | un” | full-face sk. | cr.-b. Fluted side-pilasters. 27. 2D, 42 x 28.—Obv., Elisbath Willson, spous to James Curry, 1748, age 23. Rev., T-square and compasses. 28. 2C, table-stone.—William Draysdale lat tenant in Neubigging, 1761, age 68, Hast support: heart. 29. 3D, 15 x 14.—Pair of scissors | 1656. Top, ‘‘R-C: M B.” 28. Gavinton (LANGTON ParisH). This modern graveyard contains only 1 symbolic stone. 1, 2C, 33 x19.—Obv., a human face holds in its mouth the edge of the inscription sheet, which is knit at the upper corners. Charles Moir, 1832, age 96. ‘‘ A native of Aberdeenshire, who sojourned in this parish 65 years,”’ Rev., a full-length male figure, full-face, with wig, knee-breeches, and shoes with buckles ; every detail of the long coat is well preserved ; an open book is held in the 1. hand. One of the latest symbolic stones in the county. This stone represents the fashion of a time long prior to its date. 29. LAUDER. Of the 20 symbolic stones at Lauder, none is of conspicuous interest. A dead-bell (9) and a winged hour-glass (10) are to be found, and some of the cherub-heads are of unusual type; on three stones the latter occur in pairs. 1, 3D, 36x24 —Obv., Peter Littele, shepherd at Blythe, 1771, age 46. Rev., w. ch.-hd. 2. 3C, 36 x 30.—Obv., William Waddel, indweller in Lauder, 1762, age 65. Rev., cr.-b. 3. 3B, 30x30.—W. ch.-thd. | ‘“‘ NT-MH-JR-IB” | ‘George Renwick’s burying-place, who hath been in Europ, Asia, Aferica, America.” 4, 2B., table-stone.—John Moffit, chief magistrate of Lauder, 1742, age 66. W. ch.-hd. at head, er.-b. at foot, oak-leaves at corners. 5. 2B, 30 x 28.—Obv., Sophia Thomson, spouse to Thomas Wilson, mer- chant in Lauder, 1768, age 65. Rev., w. ch.-hd. Similar to No. 3. 6. 2C, 28x 20.—Obv., Smyth, burgas in Lauder, 1720. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | memento mori | full-face sk., with lower jaw, bone to r. and 1, | 29 424 THE POST-REFORMATION SYMBOLIC h.-gl., a small indeterminate object to r., and a small spade tol. Half-round side-pilasters. (Pl. C, e.) 7. 3C, 20x18.—Obv., w. ch.-hd., almost obliterated, 17(3?)4. Rev., w. ch.-hd. Top, “ J-G.” 8. 2D, 31 x 24.—Obv., obliterated. Rev., w. ch.-hd. in pediment | w. ch. a | sk. (2), rest obliterated Top, foliaceous design. A broken stone. 9. 3D, 20 x 21.—Obv., face, h.-gl. to r., one-sided spade to I. | inscription obliterated. Rev., fulltaee sk, | dead-bell to r., h.-gl. tol. (Pl. E, e.) 10. 1C, 32 x 25.—Obv., James Waddell, 1733. Rev., 2 w. ch.-hds. side by gl. Flat, fluted side-pilasters. 11. 1C, 42 x 26.—Obv., Simon Bathgate, tennant in Elsinuire, 1759, aged 49; Mary Bathgate, spouse to James Bathgate, tennant in Toallashill, 1775, age 34, Rev., “I-B | M-S,” w. ch.-hd. to r. and 1., with wings folded above the heads. | full-face sk., bone tor. andl. | h.-gl. Flat, fluted side-pilasters. The site of Elsinure is shown on Armstrong’s map (1771), near the Leader, opposite the town of Lauder. 12, 2C, 36x 25—Obv., John Cochran, smith in Boghall, 1721. Rev., w. ch.-hd. MHalf-round side-pilasters. 13. 2C, 33 x 25.—Obv., . Alison Schiells, his spouse, 1724. ev., 24 Ww. ch.-hds. | er.-b. to r., sk. to rr | winged h.-gl. Similar to No. 10. 14. 1C, 36x 26.—Obv., a ch.-hd. occupies the space in the “ broken” pediment ; the scrolls forming the sloping cornice represent the wings. Rev., 1757, Robert Thomson, tenant in Woodheads, 1755, age 63. (PI. F, 0.) 15. 3C, 18x12 —Obv., John Smith, 174(3?). Rev., w. ch.-hd. | crude profile sk. | er.-b. 16. 2B, 32x25.—2 w. ch.-hds., with clouds above | William Moffat, burgess in Lauder, 1786, age 69. 17. 3D, table-stone on ground.—Robert Simpson, tenent in Dods, 1707. W. ch.-hd. at top, with rosette to r. and h.-gl. to 1. Open book at foot, with er.-b. to r. and sk. to l. i 18. 2D, 39 x 24.—Obv., John Simpson, tennant in Ad[inst]oun 17(57)0. Rev., w. ch.-hd., with conventional ornament above | scroll with ornament of the same type below | profile sk. | er.-b. 19. 1D, 42 x 30.—Obv., ch.-hd. in the broken pediment. On the head appears to have been placed an object such as an urn. | Panel below, with inscription obliterated, Flat, panelled side-pilasters. Rev., 1757, John Somervaile, 1756, age 58. Similar to No. 14. 20. 2D, 42 35.—T-square | chisel, hammer, mallet, and compasses | 1671, all in pediment. Inscription on panel below obliterated. Half-round fluted side-pilasters. A stone with a curious form of top inserted in the south wall of the graveyard. 30. LEGERWOOD. At Legerwood are to be found 16 symbolic stones, the most Boel: being the monument of John Ker of Moriston, in the GRAVESTONES OF BERWICKSHIRE 425 chancel of the church (16). Two interesting table-stones are those of the Rev. William Calderwood (4) and William Mont- gomery of Macbiehill. Other stones show a skull suspended from the handle of a scythe (1) and a mill-wheel (15). (See Hist. Ber. Nat. Club, vol. 1x. 237.) 1. 1B, 17x27.—Top broken. Obv., children of John Purves, tennant in Ligerwood, 1759. Rev., full-face sk. hanging from the straight handle of a scythe, h.-gl. to r. | cr.-b. to r., open book to 1., with text: “For all | flesh | is as gres.” 2. 1B, 32x25.—Obv., Mark Purves, died at Earlstoun, 1751. Rev., w. ch.-hd. in pediment, spade to r., bone to 1. Rest obliterated. 3. 1C, 30 x 24.—Obv., children of Alexander Gray, portioner in Blainlies, 1723. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | bone | h.-gl. with spade to r. and 1. Top, “No sooner were these rose-buds blown, | Then by death’s spere they were cut down.” 4. 1A, table-stone.—“ Here lyes that pious and | faithful servant of Jesus | Christ the Reverend Mr William Calderwood, who was | admitted minister of this | parioch of Ligertwood June | 12, 1655, where he laboured | in the work of the Gospe! till | he was turned out for | not conforming to Prelacy | an. 1662, and then he frequ | ently tho privately visited | that parioch till the | Episcopal minister was turnd | out that he returned to his | work Septr. 8, 1689, and con | tinued theirin till his death | which was June 19, 1709, being | the 81 year of his age and | the 54 of his ministry. | This monument was put up | by his relict Mrs Jean Trotter | A (sic). | Repaired by some of the parishioners | 1838.” W. ch.-hd. at head and foot. South side: (west panel) sun with rosettes to r. and 1. ; (east panel) open book : “OQ how love I thy Law, &c.” Star and thistle to r. andl. North side: geometrical designs. West end: shield charged with a bend; an inverted fleur-de-lys within a heart tor. andl. Hast end: sk. superimposed on cr.-b., thistle to r. and 1. 5. 1B., 36x 27.—Obv., George Gray, schoolmaster in Legerwood, 1762. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | scroll | male bust in profile, with wig, open book in hand, with text, ““ Song, 2-10: Rise | my lov | and | come away.” 6, 2B, table-stone.—* Here lyes William Montgomry of Makbehil, who | deceased the 9 day of December 1689, his age 63 years. | Repaired by the Right Honble. James Montgomery, Lord | Chieff Baron of the Court of Exchekwer, the gra | ndson of the above Wm. Montgomery, 1798.” Sk. and cr.-b. at head ; h.-gl. and crossed spade and shovel at foot. Scrolls with 4 grotesque faces at either side. Supports: small human figures and rosettes. On north-east support a male figure sits on a barrel astride with a jug in one hand and a bottle in the other ; on the north panel of the same support a male figure holds his hands to his head; on the frieze above an angel sounds a trumpet. (PI. G, e.) 7. 2C, 32 x23.—Obv., John (Guthrie ?) and Alison Pur(ves?) 180(9?). 426 THE POST-REFORMATION SYMBOLIC Rev., w. ch.-hd., memento mori scroll | profile sk. | cr.-b. The stone resembles No. 18 at Lauder. 8. 2B, 28x 23.—Obv., “‘. . . died 1747; William Ker, his son, 1747.” Rev., crude sk., h.-gl. to r., er.-b. to 1. Top broken. 9. 3A, 48x24 (in east gable of church).—2 w. ch.-hds. | Sibela Hume, spouse to John Moffat of East Moristoun, 1739, age 71 | memento mort. 10. 3A, 51 x 42 (in east gable of church).—W. ch.-hd. in either upper corner | open book: “. . . the Rev. Mr T[homas Old ?] ordained here 17[17?].” 11. 2D, 32 x 22.—Obv., Patrick Burnlees, Trabroun, 1729. ‘“* Frail man his dayes are like the grass.” Rev., w. ch.-hd. | sickle on a sheaf of corn | bone with spade to r. and 1. ‘“‘ This headstone his wife in testimonie heir love erected.” 12. 4D, 30 x 22.—Obv., William Waugh, tenent in Brighaugh, 1719, age 53. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | open book: “Isa. 26, ver. 19 | Thy dead | meri shal | live, to | gether | with | my dead | body | shal | they | arise.” | For 12 lines of verse, see p. 94. 13. 1B, 22x21.—Obv., William -——, 1694. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | sk., superimposed on cr.-b. | h.-gl. 14. 2C, 27x*19.—Obv., Thomas Mason, son to John Mason in West Morison, 1732, age 60. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | h.-gl., bone to r. and 1. 15. 2C, 31 x 27.—Obv., Thomas Shillinglaw, late tennant in Bridg Huigh, 1758, age 79. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | panel with T-square and compasses to r., a mill-wheel tol. (Pl. K, 6.) 16. In chancel of church. Grey sandstone 144 78.—3 sk. on top of pediment, which contains a shield with the arms of Ker of Moristoun * (see p. 91) and the date 1691. The entablature, which is enriched on its under surface with a well-executed diaper of rosettes and cinquefoils, is supported by fluted Ionic-columns. An oval panel, with floral border, surmounted by @ grotesque mask and with festoons below, bears the inscription : ‘“‘ Hear rests the Corps | of John Ker of Moristoun | who departed this life the 27 | of September 1691, in the thretieth | year of his age. | As also | The Corps of Grissell Cochrane, his | Lady, who died the 21 of March 1748 | in the 83rd year of her age. | The Grissell Cochrane here referred to | is the same who so heroically succeeded | in saving the life of her Father | the Honble. Sir John Cochrane of Ochiltree | 2nd son of the 1st Earl of Dundonald | then under sentence of death | at Edinburgh, owing to his | connection with the political | troubles of | 1685.” In the upper corners of this panel the letters ““T—K.”’ can be faintly traced. On the front of the base is a full-face sk., with memento mori scroll above, cr.-b. to r., and crossed spade and shovel with shoes tol. On the plinth of the r. column is an h.-gl..and on that of the ], are crossed torches. On the edge of the base at the r. side is a w. ch.-hd. (PL. A, 6.) * T have been unable to find any trace on the monument of a second shield stated to be there, bearing “three crosses moline—the arms of Ainsley of Dolphinston.” (Hist. Ber. Nat. Club, vol. ix, p. 238.) GRAVESTONES OF BERWICKSHIRE 427 31. LONGFORMACUS. Only 5 symbolic stones are found in the graveyard of Long- formacus. Of these, two (3 and 4) are elaborately enriched on sides and edges after the manner of stones at Cranshaws (6) and Westruther (9). 1. 1B, 2018.—Obv., crude and illiterate inscription: ‘‘ Tames -S | hirlmen - to - Ten | eat -Hwem,” 1707. Rev., h.-gl. | mask. Very hard stone. 2. 2B, 20x15.—Obv., Jean Broun, daughter to M Broun, 1682. Rev., w. ch.-hd. in pediment | memento mort | full-face sk., half-round side- pilasters. 3. 2C, 24x 24.—Obv., hand grasping a mill-rynd | William Donaldson, tenant in Peelhill, 1732. Foliaceous moulding round the edge. Rev., w. ch.-hd. ‘Tsaiah xl, v. 6: The voyce said cry And I said What shall I cry Al flesh is grass.”” Hdges, full-face sk. | tasselled cord | er.-b. | h.-gl. | Floral design. Top, ““W-D | 1745.” Foliaceous design. 4, 2C, 24x 22.—Obv., on a sheet issuing from a bell- or dome-shaped omament * “I-C”, Grizel Henry, spouse to John Craik, 1733. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | small oval panel | full-face sk. | er.-b. | h.-gl., all looped up to rings by a tasselled cord. Top, “‘ 1734.” Foliaceous design which extends down the edges. 5. 4C, 20x14.—Obv., obliterated. Rev., mask | sk. superimposed on er.-b. (much damaged). A very hard red stone. 32. MERTOUN. Of 12 symbolic stones at Mertoun the most important is that of Thomas Locky (10), bearing two panels of which the right contains the half-length figure of a man, the left that of a woman. These figures probably show the best workmanship to be found on any Berwickshire gravestone of this type. This and a similar stone of ‘inferior workmanship have the cherub-head cut in the outline of the stone. The emblems of a tailor (3) and a cherub with clouds above (9) are also shown. 1. 3B, 30x 23.—Obv.. Janet Mill, daughter to Thomas Mill, tenant in Clint Mains, 1743, age 11; also John Mill, his son, 1745, age 2. Rev., w. ch.-hd., with long hair showing on the obverse side | a rose anda thistle | * An example of the mantled helm from which this ornament was derived may be seen on the tomb of Sir Ralph Grey at Chillingham. He died 1443, 428 THE POST-REFORMATION SYMBOLIC half-length male figure in profile, reading a book, to r. ; female figure, with long hair, to 1., holding a scroll. The stone is a copy of 10, being two years later; it has clearly been cut by an inferior hand. 2. 2D, 3018.—Obv., open book in pediment. Inscription lost, 1720. Rev., mask in pediment | er.-b. | full-face sk. Flat, fluted side-pilasters. 3. 2D, 24 19.—Obv., Georg Halliburten, tailer in Mertune, 1713. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | scissors | goose-iron | measuring-rod. 4, 3D, 25 x 20.—Obv., Lockie, baxter in Earlstown, 17-(7?), age 22 (very faint). Rev., foliaceous design, rosette to |. | sk. superimposed on cr.-b. to r., h.-gl. to 1. (much damaged). 5. 30, 24x 22.—Obv., William Sanderson, tennant in Makarston, 1744, age 77. Rev., open book with text: “Job xix, 25 | For I know | that my Redeemer | liveth and shal | stand upon ye | earth at the | latter day, to | judge ye world | in righteousness |.” H.-gl. | spade to r. and 1. 6. 3C, 24x 21.—Obv., w. ch.-hd. | inscription sheet fastened to rings at upper corners; inscription lost. Rev., sk. superimposed on er.-b. | “ Blessed are the dead which die in the Li rd from henceforth. Yea saith the Spirit that they may rest from their labours and their works do follow them.” 7. 3D, 28 x 22.—Obv., William Lockie, late tenneant in Mertoun Mains, 1720. Rev., w. ch.-hd. in pediment | memento mori | profile sk. | er.-b. to r., h.-gl. to 1. 8. 3D., 28x 23.—Obv., Alexander and James Lockys, sons to Andrew Locky, tenant in Bimersyde. Rev., Fleur-de-lys and acanthus-leaf in pediment | crude profile sk. to r., h.-gl. te 1. | er.-b. | 2 spades. Flat, fluted side-pilasters. 9. 4D, 36 x24.—Obv., Isabell Locie, spouse to William Locie, millar in Kelso, 17(0?)7. Rev., w. ch.-hd., with clouds above | panel with scroll border containing a profile sk. with cr.-b. below. 10. 4D, 36 x 28.—Obv., Thomas Locky, late tennent in Daleove, 1741, age 55. Agnes Henderson, 1741. Rev., w. ch.-hd. cut in outline of the stone | half-length male figure in profile to r., reading a book; female figure holding ascrolltol. (Pl. F, c.) 11. 4C, 16 x 13.—Obv., Bessey Gregg, spouses to John Beety, 1690, age 40. Rev., h.-gl. | John Bell, MDCCXXII. 12. 4C, 31 x 24.—Obv., Thomas Black, late doctor in Brotherstons, 1735, age 70 years. ev., w. ch.-hd. in pediment | a well-cut, full-face sk., bone tor, andl. Flat, fluted side-pilasters. 33. DryBureH (MERTOUN PARISH). It is fortunate for the credit of the county that the precincts of the three most important ecclesiastical buildings—Dryburgh, Coldingham, and Ladykirk—are alike’ admirably tended. The graveyard at Dryburgh is placed close to the north side of the GRAVESTONES OF BERWICKSHIRE 429 Abbey, and contains 13 symbolic stones. A glance at Pl. M, p shows the prevalence of stones having the cherub cut in the out- line and of figure stones. The only scriptural stone in the county is the Adam and Eve stone (1), now in the nave of the Abbey ; the most interesting, however, to the majority of visitors is the heraldic stone (11) of John Haliburton, the ancestor of Sir Walter Scott, with its fine Latin inscription. 1. 1D, 34 x 22.—Obv., William Pringle, gardener, Dryburgh, 1745, age 65; Agnes Guldilock, his spouse, 1755, age 75. Rev., w. ch.-hd. cut in outline of stone | rose and foliaceous design | The Temptation (see p. 87). (PI. M,g.) * 2. 2B, 17x16.—Obv., Francies Dikson, son to Alexander Dikson, 1713, age 2. Rev., rosette with w. ch.-hd. to r. and sun to |., allin double pediment | full-face sk. to r., h.-gl. to 1. | crossed spade and shovel to r., er.-b. to 1. Flat, fluted side-pilasters. In showing a respond midway between the pilasters, and in other features, this stone resembles several at Earlston. (Pl. M, d.) 3. 2B, 30 x 19.—Obv., James M‘Dougal, Agnes Dods, his spouse, 1767, age 75. Rev., w. ch.-hd. cut in outline. | Male bust in profile in high relief reading a book; text almost obliterated : “‘[Ps.xvii, 15]shall I be | satisfyed | when I aw | ake | with thy | likenes.” (PI. M, d.) 4, 2B, 30 x 19.—Obv., James Tylor, 1748. Rev., w. ch.-hd. cut in outline | male bust in profile reading a book; text lost. (Pl. M, d.) 5. 3B, 30 x 20.—Obv., William Bell, indweller in Dryburgh, 1734, age 73; Agnes Hatli, his spouse, 1719. (He was a mason, and said to be responsible for much of the damage done to the Abbey. See Erskine’s Annals, p. 69.) Rev., w. ch.-hd. cut in outline | female bust in profile, with long hair, holding a scroll (high relief). (Pl. M, d.) 6. 3D, 19 x 13.—Obv., Androv Haig, 1679. Rev., “‘ A-H,” h.-gl. | memento mort | “* M-W,” sk. superimposed on cr.-b. 7. 3B, 27 x 18.—Obv., Alison Melros, spouse to Ne(il?) Cunningham, 17—. Rev., w. ch.-hd., with head broken | mask ? | panel with foliaceous and scroll- work border. 8. 4B, 33 x 22.—Obv., Elspeth, daughter to Thomas Ker, tennant in Red- path, 1756. Rev., full-length female figure in profile reading a book. (See Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., 1901-2, p. 364, fig.) 9. 4C, 27x20.—Obv., William Gibson, 1753. Rev., half-length male figure in profile reading a book. (See Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., 1901-2, p. 364, fig.) 10. 4D, 24 12 (104 at foot).—Obv., Jams Heag, 1714. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | panel with h.-gl., and skull superimposed on cr.-b. below. Top, adze-head, with startor.andl. Hdges, fleur-de-lys | hr.-gl.-like ornament | fleur-de-lys. * Sir David Erskine describes the stone as being “ at the great gate of the church,” Annals and Antiquities of Dryburgh (1836), p. 69. The inscriptions on many of the stones are given in this book, 430 THE POST-REFORMATION SYMBOLIC 11. 4D, 66x 45.—Built into east wall of north transept. Joannes Hali- burtoun Barro de Mertoun, 1640 (for complete inscription at top and bottom, see p. 94) | the shields of John Haliburton and Jane Sinclair (see p. 91) | full-face sk., er.-b. to r., h.-gl. to L. | ““ Homo est bulla,” ete. (PI. A, a.) 12. 4D, table-stone lying on the floor of St Modan’s Chapel. The inscription is given on p. 95. “ M. Alexander Simsone,” 1639 | sk. super- imposed on cr.-b. ‘‘ M.A.S.” 13.—On p. 72 of Erskine’s Annals there is mention of a stone, “with a figure standing up, very well done by the Smiths of Darnick,” to James Hood, Dryburgh, 1799, aged 85, and Isbell Spotswood, his wife, 1809, aged 91. This stone is no longer traceable. 34. MorRDINGTON. In the present graveyard of Mordington there are no symbolic gravestones ; 4, however, are to be found in the old graveyard situated in a clump of trees in the Kirk Park; one of these (1) bears a coffin. 1. 2C, 32 x 22.—Obv., James Herriot, 1727, age 70. Rev., crude 2-face sk. | er.-b. | coffin on supports. (PI. D, f.) 2. 2C, 30 x 23.—Obv., James Cowen, 1733, age 77; Elizabeth Fish, his wife, 1719, age 56. Rev., mask | heart with bone to r. and 1. 3. 2C, 18 x 16.—Obv., William Ross, 1683. ev., er.-b. 4. 1B., 28x22.—Obv., Iean Broun, daughter to Iames Broun, 1723, age 3 years. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | full-face sk., bone to r. and 1. | h.-gl. 35. LAMBERTON (MoRDINGTON PARISH). Of the 5 symbolic stones in the disused graveyard of Lamber- ton none calls for special attention. 1. 2C, 30 x 24.—Obv., Iames Purdie, son to Iobn Purdie in Paxton, 1730. Rev., full-face sk. | h.-gl. | er.-b. | inverted heart. 2. 2D, 24x 22.—Obv., Joseph Miller, 1742. Rev., Contra vim mortis | non est medicamen | in hortis; rosette to r. and 1. | w. ch.-hd. | heart with six rays proceeding from it, rosette tor. andl. A well-chiselled stone. 3. 3C, 2618.—Obv., name obliterated, 1711 (?). Rev., w. ch.-hd. in pediment | foliaceous design | panel containing ?-face sk., with cr.-b. below, from which a cord passes upwards over the sk. A well-cut stone. 4. 3D, 25 x 24.—Obv., Janet Home, wife to Menon, 1745 (7). Rev., a crude w. ch.-hd. ; 5. 30, 32 x 25.—Obv., w. ch.-hd. in pediment | John Nisbet, 1710, age 60. Rev., pediment obliterated, rosettes in corners | cr.-b, | full-face sk., rosettes tor. andl. |h-gl. Flat, fluted side-pilasters with rustication, scrolls above the capitais. GRAVESTONES OF BERWICKSHIRE 431 36. NENTHORN. Many interesting stones are to be seen in this disused grave- yard which contains 31 symbolic examples. Only 2 examples of figure stones occur; several of the cherub-heads and skulls are well cut, and some of the spades exhibit the feature of being shod with iron. The cords looping up the emblems are, for the most part, untasselled, and are looped to a central ring instead of two rings, as is the usual method. As is usual in the west, the ogee top is to be found here. No. 3 still bears traces of paint. 1, 10, 24 x20.—Obv., Margret , sp ws to John Lamb, 1696. Rev., h,-gl. | sk. superimposed on er.-b., which are placed obliquely on the stone. 2. 1C, 30 x 20.—Obv., John Hilson, tennant in Nenthorn, 1732, aged about 56 years. Rev., w. ch.-hd.| h.-gl. | er.-b. 3. 1C, 36x 22.—Obv., Thomas Lamb, late tennant in Newton, 1752, aged 83. Rev., w. ch.-hd. cut in outline of stone | memento mori | 3-length male figure in profile looking at an h.-gl. The coat bears traces of brown paint, the background has been red. 4. 10, 19x 20.—Obv., ——, 1721, age 26. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | full-face sk. | cr.-b.; rosette to r., with spade below; star to l. A cord binds up the lower symbols to a ring above the sk. The lower portion of the stone is lost. 5. 1D, 21x16 —Obv., w. ch.-hd. in pediment | Thomas Wait, son to Robert Wait, 1686. Rev., cinquefoil to r., er. spade and shovel with shoes to 1., in pediment | full-face sk., with er.-b. issuing from the mouth | h.-gl. Half-round side-pilasters. (Pl. M, f.) 6. 1D, 33 x 19.—Obv., Marion White, daughter to John White in Stitchill, 1719, age 16. Rev., 2 w. ch.-hds. | full-face sk., h.-gl. to r., quaint human head in profile to 1 | cr.-b. looped up by a cord to a ring above the sk. Foliaceous moulding. (Pl. M, f.) 7. 1D, table-stone.—Robert Wait, Stitchell, 1711, oak-leaf at each corner. Head, scroll with “ Diligence” above a hand holding foliage. Foot, scroll “Concord’’ above a hand on the palm of which rests a dish containing a heart and a spherical object. Right side: scroll ‘“‘ Fidelity” above a hand grasping a tasselled cord with a key. Left side: scroll ‘‘ Justice ’ above an open hand holding scales. 8. 1D, ?x20.—Obv., acanthus-leaf design | measuring-rod and h.-gl. in pediment | Thomas Whit, merchant, 1687, age 35. Rev., acanthus-leaf and 2 hearts | sk. superimposed on cr.-b. | h.-gl. | cross spade and shovel with shoes. Half-round side-pilasters. 9. 2C, 30 x 21.—Obv., John Badie, weaver in Newton, 1745, age 65. Rev., w. ch.-hd., clouds above | scroll-bordered panel with shuttle showing thread wound on it | 2sk., face to face. (PI. F, a.) 432 THE POST-REFORMATION SYMBOLIC 10. 2C, table-stone.—Inscription lost. Shield in centre (13x11), with conventional oak-leaves extending outwards from each angle. Symbols much defaced. Ist quarter, spade ?; 2nd quarter, book; 3rd quarter, h.-gl. ; 4th quarter, cr.-b.; below is a sk. 11. 2C, table-stone.—William Dickson in Nenthorn, 1695, age 55; Jean Henderson, his spouse, 1722, age 83. Head: w. ch.-hd. Toot: h.-gl. to r., bone to l. Foliaceous designs on cornice. 12. 2C, 24 18.—Obv., Agnes Davidsone, spous to Andrea Hogg, 1738, age 54. An obliterated inscription above bears the date 1717. Rev., profile sk. | er.-b. 13. 2C, 26 x 22.—Obv., heart in pediment | Thomas Forsyeth in Nenthorn, 1704. Rev., “‘ T-F,” a shield and foliaceous design in pediment | 3-faoe sk., winged h.-gl. to r. and crossed spade and shovel to 1., with shoes | bone | “Death is not loss | But rather gain | If we by dying | Life a tine.” A well-chiselled stone with good lettering. (Pl. D, d.) 14, 3B, 33 x 23.—Obv., James Pierson, tenant in Ednem, 1719. age 41. Rev., w. ch.-hd. in pediment | flat-faced sk. in profile, bone to r. and 1. | foliaceous design, rosette to r. and 1. 15. 3D, 39 x 28.—Ob»y., James Cairns, tennant in Nenthorn, 1706, age 57; Janet Trotter, his spouse, 1725, age 63. Rev., acanthus-leaf design | inverted heart, rosette to r., star to 1. | w. ch.-hd. | ?-face sk. | er.-b. looped by cord to central ring above sk., spade to r., shuvel to 1., with iron shoes. Flat, fluted side-pilasters. A good stone. (Pl. D, d.) 16. 3D, 40x32.—Obv., John Stenhouse, tennant in Nenthorn, 1721, age 73. Rev., acanthus-leaf, etc., all as in No. 15, except pilasters, which are half-round. 17, 3B, 12 x17.—Obv., Ienet Stevensone, spous to William Thinn, 1695, age 37. ev., sk. superimposed on er.-b. | h.-gl. 18. 3B, table-stone.—Inscription obliterated [Wilson ?]. Head: memento mori scroll | cr.-b. looped by tasselled cord to rings. oot: seroll “* A-W.” At each corner an oak-leaf. Hnd-supports: human face holding edge of a sheet in mouth. 19. 3C, table-stone.—Same as 18. “‘W”’ on scroll. Al(exander ?) Wilson, tennant. . . lawin South Bi. . . 17(38?). 20. 3D, 23 x 15.—Obv., Here lyes Ianet Main (?), his spouse, 1749, age 56. Rev., h.-gl. me mentomori (sic) | cr.-b. _ 21, 4B, 24x 23.—Obv., foliaceous design | ‘‘ Hic jacet Joannes Ker filius magistri Jacobi Ker pastoris de Nenthorn qui obiit ruarto idns (sic) May ann. dom. 1701 etatis 2 do.” Rev., w. ch.-hd. | full-face sk. | cr.-b. looped to ring above sk. byacord. Flat, fluted side-pilasters ; egg-moulding at top. 22. 4B, 18x17.—Obv., “ Hic jacet Margareta Darling filia Magistri Andrea Darling que obiit Octob. 18, 1693.’ Rev., w. ch.-hd., crude | closed book to r., h.-gl. to 1. ; 23. 4C, 24% 20.—Obv., John Richardson, tennent in Nenthorn, 1732, aged 72. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | er.-b. 24. 4C, 24 x 21.—Obv., John Ste(ven)son, late oficer, 1700. Rev., inverted GRAVESTONES OF BERWICKSHIRE 433 heart, rosette to r. and 1. | h.-gl. | sk. superimposed on er.-b. | “ A.S,” crossed spade, and one-sided shovel. 25. 4D, 31 x 21.—W. ch.-hd. cut in outline of stone | male bust in profile reading a book: ‘‘ My | soul | he | doth | restore | again.”” On the lower portion of the stone: Erected by James Main, feuar in Kelso, in memory of James Main, his grandfather, indweller in Nenthorn, 1743, age 67; also Hannah Haig, his wife, 1746, age 70; Robert Main, his father, 1770, age 66; and Janet Wilson, 1788, age 70 ; the above James Main, 1837, age 90. 26. 4D, table-stone.—John [H?]ill, tennant in Cornhill, 170(2?), age 74. Head: w.ch.-hd. Foot: sk., bone tor. andl. Cable and lozenge moulding along the edge. 27. 4B, table-stone.—‘‘ The Rev. Mr James Ker, who was ordained minister of the gospel at Nenthorn, April 30, 1696, and died Jan. 26, 1754, in the 83 year of his age; and Sophia Veitch, his...” Head: w. ch.-hd. Foot: cr. b. to r., full-face sk. to 1. 28. 1C, table-stone on ground,—“ An - hone | st - man: Iame | s- Persone,” 1681, age 70; Margaret, daughter to John Pearsone, present tenant in Hardis mill place, 1688, age 17. Foot: w. ch.-hd. 29. 3C, 24x21.—Inverted heart and acanthus-leaf at top. William Watson, Robert Watson, Ieanet Watson, children to Robert Watson, died in April, 1684. Flat, enriched side-pilasters. 30. 3C, 48 x 30.—2 w. ch.-hds. at top | Robert , merchant in 31. 4D, table-stone, similar to No. 10.—Inscription obliterated. Shield in centre, with conventional oak-leaf extending outwards from each angle. Cr.-b. on the shield, with heart above, sk. below, h.-gl. to r., and closed book tol. 37. Newton (NENTHORN Parisn). Two figure stones he on the site of the old graveyard at Newton. 1. 30 x 28.—Obv., Mr Robert Burnet, son to the deceased James Burnet, tennent in Earlestoun, 1747. Rev., half-length male figure in profile in high relief holding an open book. The stone, which is of red sandstone, has been broken, repaired, and broken again. 2. 18x 14.—A portion of a grey sandstone slab, apparently similar to No. 1, with the part bearing the head, lower arm, and book broken off. Inscription obliterated. 38. PoLWaRTH. The historic graveyard of Polwarth numbers some interesting stones among its 16 examples of the type. Chief of these is that of Robert Kox, bearing a dead-bell and various tools. This has been supposed to be the stone of a beadle and gravedigger. Attention may be drawn to the name Christian Vertue on No. 13. 434 THE POST-REFORMATION SYMBOLIC 1. 1B, 24 i8.—Obv., age 88. Rev., 2-face sk. 2. 1D, 30 x 21.—Obv., w. ch.-hd. in pediment | Robert, Alexander, and William Hounters, sons to William Hunter, tenent in Poluart, 1712, 1713, 1714. Rev., profile sk. with prominent nose | cr.-b. | h.-gl. 3. 2B, 25 x 23.—Obv., Robert Kox, 1716. Rev., acanthus-leaf design | w. ch.-hd. | dead-bell to r. (with bone on either side), 3-face sk. te 1. | spade and one-sided shovel to r., shod with iron, pick and one-sided oo tol. Flat side-pilasters (see p. 78). (PL E, c.) 4, 20, 33 x 22.—Obv., “ Riselaw.” | Alexander Jeffrey, 1736, age 77, and - Jan. Ingels, his spouse, 1709, age 50 (inscription in script). Rev., crown | full-face male bust on a bracket, with hammer, to 1. Alexander Jeffrey was blacksmith at Ryslaw. His descendants still follow that occupation in the county. 5. 2D, 36 x 24.—Obv., w. ch.-hd. | Jean Greig, spouse to Patrick Christie, 1690. Rev., ““ PC-IG” on a scroll-bordered panel, with memento mori at foot | crossed spade and one-sided shovel to r., h.-gl. to 1. | profile sk. with nose | cr.-b. 6. 3C, 27 x 20.—Obv., w. ch.-hd. | grotesque animal’s face holding edge of inscription sheet in mouth: William Foord, 1701. Soeript lettering. The corners of the sheet are looped up in a vurious manner. Rev., memento mort scroll | sk. with nose | cr -b. | h.-gl. looped up by untasselled cord to rings. 7. 3D, 20 x18.—Obv., Robert Paterson, 1676. Rev., crude full-face sk. | er.-b. 8. 3D, 26 x 20.—Obv., Margret Milton, spows to Thomas Stevnson, 1696. Rev., crude full-face sk. | er.-b. | h.-gl. 9. 3D, 30 x 23.—Obv., shepherd’s crook at top. | John Davidson, bisplined to the Earl of Marchmont, 1732, age 67; James Davidson, his son, 1733, age 25. Rev., w. ch.-hd. in pediment, rosette to r. and 1. | profile sk. | er.-b., spade to r., rake to 1. | h.-gl. A cord passes upwards through two rings, the ends having small knobs or tassels. Top: “‘ No moto can thes | good men fame, For they | are presb if they be nameb ” (sic). 10. 3C, 20 x 20.—Obv., ““H-M-9 A(ugust or —pril ?) | 1713. B-—-1719.” Rev., “ R-S” | w. ch.-hd. in panel, with cable-moulding. ll. 3D, 22 x 17.—Obv., Janet Simpson, wife to James Holiday, weaver in Poluarth, 1733, age 50." Rev., crude full-face sk., bone to r. and 1. 12. 3A, 39 x 25.—Obv., ‘‘aLexander MaucLin, tenant in GrinLau,” 1720. Rev., w. ch.-hd. in pediment | w. ch.-hd. | h.-gl. | er.-b., symbols looped up to rings by a tasselled cord. Flat, fluted side-pilasters with enriched capitals. At north-east angle of church. 13. 4B, 38 x 27.—W. ch.-hd. in pediment | Christian Vertue, daughter to Alexander Vertue. showmaker in Polwarth, 1758, age 22. 14. 40, 24 x 18.—Obv., “‘ I-H”’ | —— Holyday, 1684, and Bessie Johnston, his spouse, 1680; James, his scn, 1684; and James Holyday, son to William Holyday, 1691. Rev., ‘““W-H” | full-face sk., bone to r. and 1. | shuttle incised in outline. Turnbull, 1733, age 96; Tenet Blegden, 1732, GRAVESTONES OF BERWICKSHIRE 435 15. 4D, 27 x 18.—Obv., Agnes Wilsone, 1705. Rev., 2-face sk. | er.-b. 16. 1B, 21 x9.—Obv., William Tyler | goose-iron. Rev., 27 June 1686 | shears. A curious narrow stone. 39. SwINTON. That only 4 symbolic stones survive at Swinton is probably due to the destruction of others owing to limitation of space. Good sandstone quarries are situated in the parish, and more than six times the number of symbolic stones are to be found in the long-disused neighbouring graveyard of Simprin. The dragoon’s stone (2), with his sword and musket, is the only one of its kind in the county. 1. 1D, 24x30.—Obv., Alison Steil, spouse to James Hay, 1755. Rev.. miller’s hand-pick (for dressing mill-stones) | mill-rynd | scroll | bone. Ed, Es, €:) 2. 3D, 30x 22.—Obv., “ Here lies the | Corps of John | Dods of the Royal | North British Dra | goons, son to George | Dods, who died July 15 | 1757, aged 22 years.” Rev., sword | musket. (PI. L, e.) 3. 4C, 30 x 20.—Obv., Alexander Dick, son to John Dick, 1744. Rev., w. ch.-hd., with small indeterminate rectangular objects to r. and 1. | panel with memento mori | h.-gl., bone to r. and 1. Edges: coffins with screw- nails, 4, 3C, 17x16.—Obv., Agnes, daughter to J(ames ?) Sandilands, 1777. Rev., in a panel, inverted heart | 2 bones. 40. Stmprin (Swinton ParisH). Several of the 25 symbolic stones at Simprin are worthy of attention. Three carefully wrought stones bear a_ victor’s crown, several cherub-heads have the wings prolonged down- wards, and there is a tendency to elaborate the rosettes and geometrical figures. 1. 1B, 40x 24.—W. ch.-hd., with crown above; to either side a heart, rosette, bone, and h.-gl. | Marion Aitken, 1746. (Pl. G,d.) 2. 1B, table-stone.—Inscription obliterated. Memento mori scroll | open book | full-face sk., 2 bones to r., spade and shovel to 1. | h.-gl. 3. 1B, 30 x 24.—Obv., Agnes Ferrow, spouse to William Roughead, 1733, age 23. ‘‘ Time cuts doun all both great and small.” (This motto occurs also at Hume, No. 7, 1717.) Rev., “ A-F-1733 ” | crown, heart to r. and 1. | w. ch.-hd. | 2 bones. A tasselled cord is entwined through the emblems to 2 rings above. A well-preserved stone, similar to 15 and to No. 5 at Fish- wick. (Pl. G, d.) 436 THE POST-REFORMATION SYMBOLIC 4. 1B, 30 x20.—Obv., James Darlan, 1744, age 85. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | cr.-b. (See No. 6.) 5. 1C, 30 x 22.—Obv., Margreat Mosman, spouse to John Huldie, 1739. Rev., 2 rosettes | w. ch.-hd. | open book, heart to r. and 1. 6. 1B, 30 x 20.—Obv., Robert Whitlau, 1736, age 52. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | cer.-b. Similar to 4. 7. 1B, 24x20.—Obv., Alison Plumer, 1719. Rev., full-face sk. | h.-gl., bone tor. andl. Yop: memento mort. 8. 1C, 24 x17.—Obv., Alison Chrystie, 1724. Rev., face | h,-gl. | full-face sk., bone tor. andl. Cable design near edge. 9. 1C, 18x16.—Obv., . . ., 1724, age 57. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | 2 large rosettes. (Pl. D,e.) 10. 1D, 24x 18.—Obv., . . ., 1746. Rev., w. ch.-hd., with long, pointed wings and open mouth | memento mori panel, bone to r. and 1. 11. 3B, 24 x 24.—Obv., 1670. William Coockburn (full inscription given on p. 95). Rev., hammer to r., w. ch.-hd. to 1. | mallet in middle, T-square tol. | h.-gl. to r., sk. superimposed on er.-b. tol. Half-round side-pilasters. This stone lies broken across near the east end of the ruins of the church. 12. 1C, 30 x 23.—Obv., Thomas Currie, wright in Simprin, 1743. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | mask over a coffin, spade to r., shovel to 1. Similar to a stone at Ladykirk (1), which is supposed to be that of a gravedigger. (Pl. D, e.) 13. 2B, 15 x 11.—Skull superimposed on cr.-b. Fragments lying at west end of church. 14. 20, 18 x 20.—Obv., Alexander Fwrd, 1689; Heckter Fwrd, 1695. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | h.-gl. Only the top remains. 15. 2D, 37 x24.—Obv., William Foourd, 1750. Rev., “W-F- 1750.” Otherwise similar to No. 3. 16. 2D, 36 22.—Obv., William Johnston, 1750. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | memento mori scroll | h.-gl. | cr.-b., inverted heart to r. and 1., rosette below. (PIP MG c) 17. 2C, 18 x16.—Obv., Margret Fovrd, who ded 1675 | heart. Face in a circular panel with rope-moulding | h.-gl., also with rope-moulding. A very quaint stone. (Pl. D, e.) 18. 2D, 30 x 20.—Obv., Magret Common, 1719, age 60. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | er.-b. to r., full-face sk. to |. | crossed spade and shovel with shoes to r., h.-gl. to]. (PI. M, c.) 19. 2D, 30 x21.—Obv., James Thomson, 1755. Hdges: coffins with screw- nails. (See No. 3, Swinton.) 20. 3C, 24 x21.—Obv., William Wilson, 1721, age 13. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | h.-gl. (much damaged). 21. 3D, 30 x21.—Obv., Bell, spouse to Black, 1739, age 29; James Black, his son, 1737. Rev., w. ch.-hd., rosettes above | open book, large rosette tor. andl. (PI. M, c.) 22. 3C, 24 x22.—Obv., Patrick Middlemist, 1726, age 36. Rev, w. ch.-hd. (crude) | heart | er.-b. 23. 3D, 24 x21.—Obv., Patrik Middlemist, 1742, and Agnes Chirnsid, GRAVESTONES OF BERWICKSHIRE 437 his spouse. Rev., coffin to r. and k (a raised panel, in the form of an h.-gl., has been left between the coffins), capitals resting on the head of either coffin support an arch or canopy. Top: 2 masks. 24. 3C, 22 x20.—Obv., Iams Dickson, son to Iames Dickson, 1742, age 2. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | raised panel | h.-gl., bone to r. and 1. (see 10). 25. 2B, 22 x25.—Part of the pediment of a stone lying within the ruined church. A half-round side-pilaster supports the pediment ; in the tympanum is a small full-length winged cherub. 41. WESTRUTHER. Eleven stones occur at Westruther, the most notable being a copiously enriched stone (9) similar to two at Longformacus (3 and 4) and one at Cranshaws (6). These stones date from 1712 to 1745, the earliest being at Cranshaws. Another stone. (7) bears a skull hanging from the handle of a scythe. The date is lost, but a stone bearing the same convention at Legerwood (1) has the date 1759. 1. 10, 24 x18.—Obv., w. ch.-hd. in pediment, |. . . 1698,. . . ‘‘ Elisbeth Milstan, his shild.”” Rev., crossed spade and shovel to r., cinquefoil to 1. in pediment | sk. superimposed on cr.-b. | h.-gl. Half-round side-pilasters. 2. 10, 24 x20.—Obv., ““ James Redpath, his children,” 1699. Rev., full- face sk. | er.-b. 3. 2D, 24 x22.—Obv., much weathered, 1723. Rev., w. ch.-hd. in pedi- ment | full-face sk. to r., h.-gl. to l., in a panel. 4, 4D, 25 x23.—Obv., obliterated. Rev., open book with text; ‘‘1 Thes. iv, 14 | Them that sleep in Jesus | will God bring with him.” | 1755 and monogram | shepherd’s crook. 5. 3B, 23 x18.—Obv., Brotherston, wright in Blakehal, 1731, .. . 1726. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | shield with compasses, axe to r,, T-square to 1. 6. 4C, 21 x12.—Obv., Elspeth Donar, spouse to John Winter in West- ruther, 1730. Rev., memento mori scroll | full-face sk., h.-gl. to r., bone to 1. | oval panel with foliaceous scrolls above and below: “ Isaiah xl, 6: The voice said cry, and he said what shall I cry. All flesh is grass, and all the goodliness thereof is as the flower of the field.” 7. 3B, 31 x20.—Obv., inscription obliterated; the figures “72” are traceable, but it is uncertain whether they refer to the date or to the age of the deceased. Rev., 2 hearts | w. ch.-hd. | memento mori scroll | straight handled scythe, from which hangs a profile skull, foliage to 1. | bone, rosette to 1. | h.-gl. to r., spade tol. (Pl. C, d.) 8. 3C, 24 x17.—Mask | Robert Waddel, son to William Waddel, in Camber- laws, 1758, age 24. A very hard stone with half-round side-pilasters. 9. 40, 34 x24.—Obv., two hands holding an imperial crown | open book with inscription sheet below knit at the upper corners: Margaret Thomsone, spouse to William , tenant in , 1742. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | full-face 438 THE POST-REFORMATION SYMBOLIC winged sk. | cr.-b. | h.-gl., all looped up. by tasselled cord to rings. Flat side-pilasters. An enriched moulding surrounds the stone, and the top and edges are covered with foliaceous scrolls and ornaments, including the fleur-de-lys. (Pl. C, a.) 10. 4C, 36 x17.—Obv., grotesque face and hands holding a sheet : James Clark, mason in Westruther, 1732. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | full-face sk.; ‘‘ me mort ’’ (sic) | cr.-b. 11. 4D, 26 x20.—Obv., John Peckoh (Peacock ?), 1750. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | shuttle to r., 2 h.-gl. to 1. 42. WHITSOME. The older stones in the graveyard at Whitsome have been rearranged to secure symmetry. The symbolic stones, 7 in number, do not include any notable examples. The female figure on No. 5 is curiously crude and disproportioned, and the cherub-heads and geometrical designs on No. 3 are unlike any- thing of the kind in the county. 1, 2A, 31 x20.—Obv., John Dickson, 1724, age 74. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | 3-face sk., bone to r. and I. | h.-gl. | shepherd’s crook. 2. 3C, 27 x 22.—Obv., Isabell Broun, 1704. Rev., full-face sk. | spade and shovel with iron shoes to r., 2 bones to 1. 3. 2C, 27 x22.—Obv., Bety Tod, 1725. Rev., heart, with a one-winged cherub to r. and 1. | geometrical designs on panels | w. ch.-hd. Top: indeterminate device. : 4. 2B, 30 x27.—Obv., George Jaffray, 1748, age 21. Rev., 3 inverted hearts | memento mori scroll | h.-gl. 5. 2C, 30 x22.—Obv., Alison Eddington, 1732, age 62. Rev., full-face female figure, with laced bodice, holding a book in|]. hand: “ Blesd | art ye | dead | that—die in | ye Lord | from | hens.” 6. 2C, 27 x22.—Obv., Alexander Loghin, 1711, aged 42; Margaret Smith, his spouse, 1724, aged 60. Rev., w. ch.-hd. | full-face sk, | 2 bones. Flat, fluted side-pilasters ; top of stone damaged. 7. 1B, 36 x28.—Obv., Patrick Johnston, 1734. Rev., T-square and compasses. 43. Hitton (WHITSOME PaRIsH), The few remaining stones in this graveyard include 5 bearing symbols, None, however, is of much interest. 1. 2C, 31 x20.—Obv., Elesbeth Fersith, 1750. Rev., rosette, with triangle to r. and 1. | scroll | er.-b. ; 2. 20, 34 x19.—Obv., Margrat Darie, 1696. Rev., cleaver incised in out- line, in pediment | panel with full-face sk. | cr.-b. Flat side-pilasters. PuateE K, kshire Naturalists’ Olub, vol. xxv. "WIC History of Ber ‘(g) NoLtstavy” if ‘(f) NOLSTAV °0 "00S W'S" “8g L GE “bsq “MVUO “H ‘¢ 4q pojuosord saqeTg GLOT “(E) NoLsaug °a I (CT) doomumnaT “9 STOUWAS AACVAL g Pp let u “(¢ OL ) w ) wouay OIMHSIyT (e D a) ie hg “€OLT (ZI) wouag “f “LGLT “(Z) NOLNIMG *a "pu ‘(¢Z) NOLONVT “p "GGL T ‘(1) NOLNIMG °9 ‘9G)] (6) HUIMTANNVHD ‘q ‘OELT ‘(G) WUIMTENNVHD “Y STOUNWAS AGCVUL PLATE L. ae* sini fy iui KA 4 KN tot ete VAD a % ¥e History of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, vol. xxv. Puate M. History of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, vol. xxv. ‘CELI ‘(1) Houadauq + “6LLI ‘(9) ‘ 989T ‘(c) NHOHINGN of "EQQT “(L) NOLONW'T] ‘a "LOLI “(S) * SPLIT “(F) * STILT ‘(Z) * FELT ‘(¢) HOMnaAU “p “(OT) ‘6ILT (ST) ‘6SL1 ‘(1Z) NIudNWIQ 9 = “QLOT “(8) = ZTLT “(9) ‘T1691 ‘(11) SAVHSNVUD “q = “L6OT “(OT) NOLsaug -p Pe, History of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, vol. xxv. PrateE N. a. Eyrmouru, n.d. (6), (8), (1), (3), (4), (5), (7), (10), (11). f(6),1727; (7), 1717; (8), 1687; (9), 1725; (10), 1756. See USTONS (3) di; G@), mds; (5), nd History of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, vol. xxv. PLATE O. a. HARLSTON (29), 1692. b. Hume (5), 1710. c. FOULDEN (18), n.d. (0), L68ar; (6); med: 5 (7), L732 (9); ned. (2), 1703. d. Coupinonam 4 GRAVESTONES OF BERWICKSHIRE 439 3. 3C, 33 x23.—Obv., w. ch.-hd. | Isbel Suin, spouse to John Armstrong, 1747, indented moulding round the panel. Rev., 2 rosettes | 2 inverted hearts | mask with bone to r. and ]. | sheet knit at upper corners bearing an oval panel; inscription lost. 4. 3C, 30 x 22.—Obv., Thomas Purves, son to Willeam Purves in Crosrige, 1729, age 17. 5. 2C, 30 x20.—Obv., Allexanders Atchison, 1736, aged 37. ch.-hd. | full-face sk. | 2 bones. 29 73, 29 39 78, 29 39 99 29 2? 85, 99 2? 94, 22 ParisH List. 1. Abbey St Bathans . i) 2. Ayton : 15 3. Bunkle yi 4. Preston 15 5. Channelkirk 13 6. Chirnside F : inne 7. Cockburnspath . : etd 8. St Helens 5 9. Coldingham i ~4,DuFton \ Se Q Ki Clibburn ~>>>y,Cotherstone Wepeeeee-o(eathiom y yaaa “Ormsby \ Darlington *~Marton 3 Forcett XKil ye on Barton oe dale whee ! Marsk’ Sovran ' ‘ H NS H \ i Bs i Kirbylreleth ee H \ Ke I (Aldinghary) Burnsall af in Craver ~ Crayke Overton York + (Pesholme) Fishlake alba Middlaton (near Manchester) 1ST FLIGHT or MONKS with THE BODY or SAINT CUTHBERT 7 YEARS HEGIRA 875 - 882 [Rough Sketoh Map. Scale /4 Miles to Inch] BORDER TYPOGRAPHY. By J. Linpsay HIison. It has been said of such and such a period that it is the oppor- tunity of a lifetime ; it is well, however, to grasp the fact that if full advantage is to be taken of the occasion, it is needful to strike during the lifetime of the opportunity. The subject of Typography has already been treated in the Transactions of the Club, Alnwick, vol. xxiii, pp. 305-359 ; Berwick-on-Tweed, vol. xxiil., pp. 433-455 ; vol. xxiv., pp. 239- 243; Jedburgh, vol. xxi, pp. 395-400; Kelso, vol. xxii., pp. 383-389. Numerous additions to the books therein noted have been received, and it is well that these should now be classified as long as they are fresh in the mind of the present writer. FS It is only by the assistance of friends that fresh information can be obtained, and for valuable help in the matter I am in- debted to the proprietors of the Berwick Advertiser, the Berwick Journal, Kelso Chronicle, Kelso Mail, Jedburgh Gazette, Southern Reporter, Hawick Advertiser and Express, Hawick News, Border Telegraph, Border Standard; Mr William Fowler, Selkirk ; Provost Carmichael, Coldstream; Mr Stirling M‘Queen, Gala- shiels; Mr J. C. Hodgson, Alnwick; Mr J. H. Craw, West Foulden; Mr J. Allan, London, and my old and esteemed friend, Mr George Watson of Oxford, whose Roxburghshire Word Book is a monument of search and compilation, com- bined with that accuracy which is so characteristic of all the varied communications which are the outcome of his prolific pen. It is quite possible that in some of those books entered under “not dated ” there may be a date, but when one has not actually seen the book, or been able to obtain accurate information, it was thought better to thus classify them. 463 464 BORDER TYPOGRAPHY Mr JAMES BALLANTYNE, First Publisher and Editor of Kelso Mail. BERWICK-ON-TWEED. In the Berwick Register of Deaths the following occur :—8th April 1798, Robert Richardson, printer, aged 30; 4th May 1798, William Phorson, stationer, aged 59; 4th Nov. 1806, William Loughead, printer, aged 19 years; 4th May 1808, Wilham Loughead, publisher, aged 82. Perhaps one of the most interesting of the books to be noted is a collection of sermons by Rev. Thomas Boston, bearing date 1785, from the fact that it comes from the press of Adam Fowler, Tweedmouth. It is. the first notice of this press, and as infor- mation regarding it was desirable, I wrote to the Berwick papers asking for it. There appeared in the Berwick Advertiser, of date BORDER TYPOGRAPHY 465 16th September 1921, the following letter, with a note by the editor :— FOWLER AND 1785. Buxton, Derbyshire, Ath September 1921, Smr,—Re Mr J. Lindsay Hilson’s query in your issue of the 26th ult., it has since occurred to me that I have heard my late father mention on two or three occasions the name of Fowler as a printer in Tweedmouth between 1780 and 1790. I cannot recollect his being the source of the knowledge, but I can remember him mentioning the name of Fowler as far back as when he (my father) was foreman at the Jedburgh Gazette, then owned by Mr Walter Easton. Our address was then (I think I am right) 61 Castlegate, Jedburgh, and next door to one of the name of Mabon ; Mr Alexander Geddes was a compositor at the same office—a most affable fellow, too, and a seasoned snuff-taker. Probably the Berwick Advertiser publishers could oblige Mr Hilson per the files of the paper, as my father has also said, to my recollection, that the Advertiser was originally established as a monthly as far back as about Fowler’s time, and that the Advertiser was first issued as a weekly in 1808 (see this date under the paper’s coat-of-arms).—With all good wishes, yours respectfully, J. W. NESBITT. The statement that the Advertiser was first issued as a monthly is new to us, but it may be the case. A Monthly Literary Intelligencer was published in Berwick by Mr William Phorson in 1785, and copies for 1785, 1786, and 1787 are in Berwick Museum. The last record of W. Phorson which Mr Lindsay Hilson has been able to trace is in 1797, and the first record of H. Richardson’s work is an edition of Burns in 1801. Mr Hilson is unable to trace Phorson’s address, and in a directory of Berwick- on-T weed for 1806 his name does not appear. It is just possible that Henry Richardson took over Phorson’s business and that in that way the Adver- tiser may have been preceded by a monthly. The Monthly Literary Intelligencer came to an end in 1787, ‘“ unavoidable business intervening.” —KEd., B.A. Mr Nesbitt was a native of Coldstream. On beginning to gather materials for this article I thought I might get more information from him, but learned that he died last year (1924). The late Mr Charles Tweedie, at one time Lecturer on Mathe- matics in the University of Edinburgh, was much interested in Gray’s Arithmetic. In a letter he stated that “ Dr Morgan in his arithmetical books refers to an edition of the Gray as being published at Berwick-on-Tweed in 1838, edited by William 466 BORDER TYPOGRAPHY Rutherford, with the remark ‘Mr Rutherford says this neat little work went through more than forty editions in the half century preceding this publication . . . I have never met with any one of them.’ The early Grays were first printed in Edin- burgh by Caw of Libberton Wynd about 1800, the later editions by Oliver & Boyd, who are still connected with it in the 101st edition; but some other editions appeared, for example, one in Glasgow, and one in Montrose, and I have still to find out how these publishers or printers obtained the right. Gray was Burgh Schoolmaster in Peebles (with a few years’ interval in Dundee), and taught William and Robert Chambers. He died in 1810 at Peebles, and is buried there.” Not Dated. Cunningham (James). Designs for Farm Cottages and Steadings. Sm. 4to. 69 pp. Pt. i, 26 pp. Pt. ii, 43 pp. Warder Press Office, Berwick- upon-T weed. [The author was a surveyor in Greenlaw. ] History of the Wars occasioned by the French Revolution. No title- page; issued regularly in parts. Full-page plates, George III, Napoleon, etc. 8vo. 2vols. 972 pp. Imprint. Published by W. Lochhead, Printer, Berwick. - ? 1803. The History of Witches, Ghosts, and Highland Seers. 12mo. R. Taylor, Berwick-on-Tweed. ? 1823. Hewit (Alexander). Poems on Various Subjects. 8vo. 159 pp. W. Lochhead, High Street, Berwick-on-Tweed. [The author was known as The Berwickshire Ploughman. ] 1760. The English Hero or Sir Francis Drake Revived ; being a full account of the dangerous voyages, admirable adventures, notable discoveries, and magnanimous achievements of that valiant and renowned Commander. 32” wide x 52”. 183 pp. Printed and sold by R. Taylor, Berwick-on- Tweed. (H. R. Smail, Berwick-upon-Tweed.) Dike A Catalogue of Books to be sold or lent to read. 12mo. 38 pp. Robert Taylor, Printer, Berwick-on-Tweed. [The book was compiled by Robert Taylor, Printer and Stationer. Mr Hodgson says it is disappointing as it affords no hint of books printed in Berwick. ] BORDER TYPOGRAPHY 467 1781. The Union Song Book: or Vocal Miscellany, being a Choice Collection of the Most Celebrated Scots and English Songs; Likewise a Variety of Favorite Airs and Catches, to which is added Toasts, Sentiments, and Hob-Nobs, etc., ete. Here the Composer has employed his care To chase what best might entertain the Fair ; Each ravish’d ear extols the heav’nly art Which soothes our care and elevates the heart. vi+359 pp. W. Phorson, Berwick-on-Tweed. 1783. Arthur (Rev. Edward), Sermons on Various Subjects. W. Phorson, Berwick-on-Tweed. [The author was minister at Baremoor, Etal, and latterly at Swallwell near Newcastle. | Stockdale (Rev. Percival). A Discourse on Self-Knowledge preached in the Church of Berwick-upon-Tweed on Sunday August 3rd, 1783. 8vo. 20 pp. Printed for William Phorson and B. Law, Ave Maria Lane, London. [A sermon on the text 1 Cor. xi, 28, Let a man examine himself. ] An Essay on Misanthropy. ‘** As Rochfoucault his maxims drew From Nature, I believe them true ; They argue no corrupted mind In him, the fault is in mankind.’”—Swirt. 8vo. 34 pp. Printed for William Phorson, Berwick, and B. Law, Ave Maria Lane, London. [Contains a dedicatory preface to the Rev. Joseph Rumney. ] The BLAcKBIRD, containing one hundred and thirty Songs, Scots and English, to which is added the Songs in Love in a VitiaGE, and The Marip of the Mut, etc. A new edition with Additions, 8vo. 142 pp. Printed for William Phorson, Berwick, and B. Law, Ave Maria Lane, London. Keach (Benjamin). The Progress of Sin or the Travels of Ungodliness, wherein the Pedigree, Rise, and Antiquity of Sin is fully discovered ; in an apt and pleasant Allegory. Together with The Great Victories he hath obtained, and the abominable evil he hath done to mankind, by the help of the Devit, in all his travels from the beginning of the World to this very day. Also The Manner of his Apprehension, Arraignment, Trial, Condemna- tion, and Execution. 12mo. 186 pp. H. Richardson, Berwick. 1784. Keach (Benjamin). Travels of True Godliness. Sm. 8vo. 468 BORDER TYPOGRAPHY 1785. Boston (Rev. Thomas). A Collection of Sermons. 8vo. 120 pp. Adam Fowler. Tweedmouth. 1789. Bonner (James). The Bee-Master’s Companion and Assistant. Wherein is set forth the properest methods of managing these Insects, so as they may turn out to the best Advantage. Shewing an effectual way to preserve them from Famine, Cold, Robbers, Mice, or other Enemies; also how to make all your Hives equal in Bees, so as never to have any weak Hive ; with an account of the Power the working Bees are invested with, of raising any Egg in the Hive to be a Queen, when the Community outside stands in need of one. ‘““T am come to bring them in a good land, a land flowing with milk and honey.” ““He spake also of beasts, and of fowls, and of creeping things, and of fishes.’’—Ancient History. 8vo. ix+225 pp. J. Taylor, Berwick-on-Tweed. Sold by him and Mr Nesbitt,* Bookseller, Berwick, and Mr Nealson, Bookseller, Haddington. [The author was a bee-master at Auchencrow, and was Author of Practical Warping made Easy. The book is dedicated to Alexander Renton, Ksq., of Lamberton. | 1796. Sawer (Rev. William). Essays /on / Subjects, Moral and Divine / in / Prose and Verse / Essay I. On Prayer, with examples for public, family, and Secret prayer. = II. On Self-Examination. ,, ILI. On Cardinal and Christian Virtues. », LY. On those psalms omitted by Dr Watts. W. Phorson, Berwick-on-Tweed. [Author was minister at Crookham, Northumberland. ] 1809. Erskine (Rev. Ebenezer). The whole works, consisting of Sermons and Discourses on the most important and interesting Subjects. 3 vols. 8vo. ii+548. W. Gracie. J. Rennison, Berwick-on-Tweed. [In all likelihood this was a reprint of an earlier edition, issued from Edinburgh, Glasgow, or London, and printed by Gracie for himself and Rennison. | 1811. Boston (Rev. Thomas). Marrow of Modern Divinity. 20th Edition. Berwick-on-Tweed. Modern Geography. 3 vols. Vol. I. 900 pp. i. Ms BIB, » III. Pages not numbered but approximately same as vols. i and ii. * Would this be a member of the Coldstream family ? BORDER TYPOGRAPHY 469 1812. Barnes (Rev. J.). Observations on Clandestine or Singular Marriages, with a short account of the Laws both of England and Scotland affecting marriage. 8vo. W. Lochhead, High Street, Berwick. [Author was Vicar of Berwick. ] 1817. Duncan (Rev. Alexander, D.D.). The Devout Communicant’s Assistant, or the Nature and End of the Lord’s Supper Explained ; And the Obliga- tions to partake of it Considered. 12mo. 121 pp. -W. Phorson, Bridge Street, Berwick-on-T weed. [The author was Minister of Smailholm.] 1818. Storey (Robert). Harvest and Other Poems. 8vo. 138 pp. Wm. Lochhead, High Street, Berwick-on-Tweed. [The author lived at Roddam. ] 1842. Poems chiefly in the Scottish Dialect, Consisting of Remarks on Church and State, Epistles and Entertaining Pieces. 52” x38”. 72 pp. Paper Covers. David Cameron, Berwick-on-Tweed. 1855. Maidment (James). Genealogical Fragments. Post 8vo. Berwick. [50 copies printed. ] C. 1870. Tourist’s Guide to the Coasts of Northumberland and Berwickshire, with sketch of places of interest in Berwick-on-Tweed. Berwick. 1900. Mearns (Rev. P.). A Chapter in Border Church History. 8 pp. George Martin, Berwick-upon-Tweed. [Gives a sketch of the Origin of the U.P. Church of Spittal. ] 1906. King (Rev. James). The Edwardian Walls and Elizabeth Ramparts of Berwick-upon-Tweed. 8vo. 58 pp. G. Martin, 77 High Street, Berwick- on-T weed. [The author was Vicar of St Mary’s, Berwick. ] 470 BORDER TYPOGRAPHY 1907. Batty (George L.). Spowart (Philip). Complete Guide to Berwick-on- Tweed and its Picturesque Neighbourhood. 8vo. 85 pp. G. Martin, 77 High St., Berwick-on-Tweed. 1908. Evans (James) (Quaysider). Recollections or Incidents culled from the Lives of some of our Sea-faring men. 12mo. 208pp. G. Martin, Berwick- on-Tweed. (Thomas Jackson, Spittal.) 1915. Norman (F. N.). The Battle of Flodden. 8vo. 24 pp. George C. Grieve, Church Street, Berwick-on-Tweed. COLDSTREAM. Nor much information can be procured regarding printing work in Coldstream. The late Mr John W. Nesbitt for some years carried on The Coldstream Guard, a weekly sheet of local news with a continued story thrown in. The most important work produced was in the lifetime of Dr Thomson in his struggles to break through the Bible monopoly. It was on the site of the Abbey that the printing and binding offices of the Coldstream Free Bible Press were erected, ‘“‘ and the number of Bibles printed there in the single year 1845 exceeded by 23,780 the whole number printed in 1832 in all England, by the Queen’s Printers, and the two privileged universities. In 1845 no fewer than 178,200 Bibles were printed in Coldstream.”’ At the outset work was plentiful, “‘ cheering orders for Cold- stream Bibles came in daily.”” On being entertained to a public dinner in 1844, the Doctor said that the persons connected with the different departments were “ upwards of a hundred.” Whether from bad management or unfair competition, the enter- prise did not last, and came to a premature end, Bibles to the value of £10,000 being left in the hands of the Company as unsaleable. The undernoted is the title-page of a Coldstream-printed BORDER TYPOGRAPHY 471 Bible in the possession of Mr Murray, Ironmonger, Coldstream. It is in two volumes, the first being 624 pages, and includes psalms, hymns, and paraphrases, but these are not paged, THE POG 1B Lei CONTAINING THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS: THE ORIGINAL TONGUES: THE FORMER TRANSLATIONS DILIGENTLY COMPARED AND REVISED, BY HIS MAJESTY’S SPECIAL COMMAND. Printed by Authority. Coldstream : Printed by ROBERT KERR, For the FREE BIBLE PRESS COMPANY. Rev. ADAM THOMSON, D.D., Secretary MDCCCXLVI. or included in the number of pages ; the second volume of 1236 pages also includes psalms, hymns, and paraphrases, but not paged or included in the number. Hach page consists of two columns. The Bible measures 9 in. by 5% in. 32 472 BORDER TYPOGRAPHY . Another Bible of which the subjoined is the title-page is in the possession of Mr Marshall Elliot, Chemist, Coldstream. It has 1031 pages; psalms, hymns and paraphrases, 65 pages. HOLY BIBLE THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS ACCORDING TO THE AUTHORISED VERSION WITH MARGINAL REFERENCES AND ILLUSTRATIONS, A SUMMARY OF THE SEVERAL BOOKS, AN ANALYSIS OF EACH CHAPTER, AND EXPLANATORY NOTES By the Rev. JOHN BROWN, Late Minister of the Gospel at Haddington, AND NUMEROUS ADDITIONAL CRITICAL AND EXPLANATORY NOTES, AND INTRODUCTORY REMARKS TO EACH BOOK OF SCRIPTURE By the Rev. J. B. PATTERSON, and the Rev. A. S. PATTERSON. The Cert above printed by Authority. Coldstream : Printed by ROBkRYT KERR, Kor the SCOTTISH FREE BIBLE PRESS COMPANY. Rey. ADAM THOMSON, D.D., Secretary. MDCCCXLYV. It measures 12 in. by 93 in. (boards). Miss Scott, Home Terrace, Coldstream, a daughter of one of the bookbinders employed by the Company, has a copy, the outside measurements of which are 13 in. by 9 in. . BORDER TYPOGRAPHY 473 i GALASHIELS. In 1842 the Galashiels Weekly Journal, an eight-page octavo, price one penny, was published by Mr John Collie, it being the outcome of a project of Mr William Brockie; while the Border Treasury owed its inception to Mr Thomas Freer Brockie. Karly in the last century there was a press operated by a Mr Whitson who had been a schoolmaster in Galashiels, but examples of his work are not often encountered. One of the earliest papers published in Galashiels was the Border Advertiser, which was the successor of the Border Watch, originally printed in Kelso under the editorship of Mr William Brockie. The first editor and publisher was Mr James Brown, and the date of the first issue is 7th January 1848. The size of the paper was 234 in. by 18 in., the space occupied being four pages. It continued for close upon sixty years, the last issue being on 31st July 1906, the then editors and publishers being Messrs Craighead Bros. The price of the first issue was two- pence-halfpenny, the last, one penny. In 1873 John M‘Queen and John Russell acquired the business of James Brown & Son, printers, and proprietors of the Border Advertiser. Their copartnery expired in 1878, Mr Russell acquiring the business, and Mr M‘Queen starting in Channel Street, where he erected suitable premises. Mr Russell’s busi- ness was afterwards transferred to Mr David Craighead, who was succeeded by his sons, trading as Craighead Bros. Latterly it was in the hands of David, Jr., as sole partner; he died in 1919, and the business was acquired by John M‘Queen & Son. It was felt that the volumes should be preserved, and on the initiative of the late Mr Andrew Ballantyne, Burgh Chamberlain, who collected public subscriptions for the purpose, the twenty- eight volumes were handed over to the public library committee of Galashiels by him on 12th December 1907. The Peebles News, printed and published by A. Walker & Son, was started in 1887 as a halfpenny paper of four pages in size. It is now, in 1925, an eight-page paper, and is published at three-halfpence. It is intended chiefly to cover the district of Peebles, Innerleithen and Walkerburn, but contains as well other local and general news. The Border Standard, printed and published by John M‘Queen 474 BORDER TYPOGRAPHY & Son, Galashiels, is the successor of the Scottesh Border Record, which was a newspaper venture by John M‘Queen and James Wilson. The first issue was on the 21st of December 1881, the size being 153 in. wide, and 223 in. deep, four pages. There were no blocks or display types even in the advertisements. The issue of 2nd December 1882 was the last with Mr Wilson’s name as proprietor, although he continued for many years as editor. Blocks now began to be used. On the 14th July 1883 the size was increased to 21 in. wide and 27 in. deep, giving two more columns per page and increasing their length. It was at this time that James Wilson was succeeded as editor by his grandson, Alexander Scott, and on Ist January 1902 J. Stirling M‘Queen joined his father as a partner. On Ist January 1906 it was disposed of to a political company to run in the party interests, The name was changed to the present title. The political proprietors continued to 1912 when the firm again acquired proprietorship under the editorship of Mr Alexander Scott, grandson and pupil of the late Mr Wilson. A difference for the better was at once noticed, circulation and influence being greatly increased. On Ist. January 1920 the paper was trans- ferred to Mr W. Sorley Brown, the present editor and proprietor, the firm still continuing to print it under contract. Mr Brown’s literary ability and outspoken methods of expression quickly made the paper a force in the community, and to-day it is at a level never before attained. The Border Telegraph, printed and published by A. Walker & Son, Galashiels, was established as a halfpenny newspaper of four pages in 1886. The venture caught on and attained to such success that it has now eight pages and is published at three-halfpence. Not Dated. Armstrong (——). Sonnets on Land of Scott. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. Beattie (G. J.).. Oor Gate-En’. Cr. 8vo. 168 pp. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. “Black Spider,’ Betty’s Trip to Edinburgh. Cr. 8vo. 76 pp. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. ' Galbraith (John G.). Rough Riding Scotts. Cr. 8vo. 200 pp. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. Gordon (George M.). The Auld Clay Biggin’ and Other Stories. Cr. 8vo. 198 pp. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. BORDER TYPOGRAPHY AT5 Popular Guide to Land and Sport. 192 pp. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. Reith (John). Life of Dr John Leyden. Demy 8vo. 450 pp. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. “Tate” (“Mirren”). Trials of a Seaside Landlady. Cr. 8vo. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. Tried Favourites Cookery Book. Demy 8vo. 259 pp. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels, 1844-6. Miscellaneous Series of Tracts. Printed at the Office of the Border Watch, Galashiels, and published by John Rutherfurd, Kelso. ~ No. 27. The Throne of Grace. Cr. 8vo. 12 pp. 4s. 6d. per 100. No. 31. Tribulation. Cr. 8vo. 12 pp. 4s. 6d. per 100. No. 9. A Voice from the Dead. Cr. 8vo. 12 pp. 4s. 6d. per 100. No. 1. Looking Forward. Cr. 8vo. 8 pp. 3s. per 100. No. 2. Present Dispensation : its Course. Cr. 8vo. 16 pp. 6s. per 100. 1876. Dalgleish (——). Wattie Wathershanks. 56 pp. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. 1880-81. The Border Counties Magazine: a popular Monthly Miscellany of the History, Biography, Poetry, Folklore, etc., of the Border Districts. Demy 8vo. Thomas Litster, Galashiels. [The publication (first vol. July 1880, price 2d.) came to a premature end with the issue for December 1881. A black-edged circular was issued to the subscribers intimating the fact that ‘‘ the Publisher has arrived at the present decision, but with much reluctance, and after not a little sacrifice. ] 1896 et seq. Border Magazine. 4to. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. [The printing at first was done by Carter & Pratt, Glasgow : in July 1899 it was undertaken by A. Walker & Son for the Border Magazine Co., Ltd. ; in September 1901 it was taken over by them for their own behalf. ] 1898. Hall (Robert). History of Galashiels. 4to. 601 pp. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. 1901. Lewis (George). Aunt Janet’s Legacy to her Niece. Cr. 8vo. 208 pp. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. 1905. Scottish Trader. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. Tait’ (G. Hope). The Gala Raid. Feap. 4to. 16 pp. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. 476 BORDER TYPOGRAPHY 1906. _ “Effie.” Bluebells and Heather. Cr. 8vo. 208 pp. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. Mabon (James). Feast of Fins. Cr. 8vo. 80 pp. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. Reid ( ). Land of Scott Guide Book. Cr. 8vo. 176 pp. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. 1907. Ballantyne (George). Queen Mary: An Incident of 1566. Cr. 8vo. 134 pp. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. Brown (W. Sorley). Secrets of Border Angling. Cr. 8vo. 80 pp. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. 1908. Borland (Rev. Dr R.). Yarrow: Its Poets and Poetry. Cr. 8vo. 250 pp. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. Brown (W. Sorley). The Ne’er-Do-Weel: Angling Sketches. Demy 8vo. 250 pp. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. Stewart (Rev. D.). The Covenanters of Teviotdale. 83”52”". viii+ 271 pp. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. 1909. Nichol (William). Hours of Pleasure. Cr. 8vo. 200 pp. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. 1910. Brown (W. Sorley). Idylls of the River. Cr. 8vo. 80 pp. Geo. Lewis & Co., Selkirk. Quin (Roger). The Borderland, and other Verses. Demy 8vo. 107 pp. A. Walker & Son, Galashiels. 1912. Brown (W. Sorley). The Genius of Lord Alfred Douglas. Cr. 8vo. 16 pp. John M‘Queen & Son, Galashiels. 1913. Brown (W. Sorley). A Treasury of Dreams. Cr. 8vo. 48 pp. John M‘Queen & Son, Galashiels. - : Deas (Christie). From Border Fields: Nature Sketches and Fancies. 4to. 59 pp.