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942.8202

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1830616

GENEALOGY COLLECTION

Ai I f-M courn c pumi ic iibraht'

3 1833 00727 2104

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2009 with funding from

Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center

http://www.archive.org/details/historyofborough02tate

THE

HISTOllY

BOROUGH. CASTT.K, AND BARONY

ALNWICK.

BY GEOEGE TATE, F.G.S.,

Corresponding Member of the Society of Antiquaries for Scotland ; Local Secretary of tha

Anthropological Society, London ; Secretary of the I5erwicksLire Naturalists'

Club ; Honorary Mcmbor of the Ilahtings and Newcastle-upon-Tyne

Philobophicul Societies, ice.

VOL. n.

/>vi

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ALNWICK :

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY HENRY HUNTER BLAIR.

MDCCCLXVIII-IX.

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^Vllli:^', iiioro Hum six yoars ago, jnojjosals (ur this il'isloiy of
Alnwick wore issued, 1 exjicclod to ooiuphito tli»i work in oij<;
volume; but as jny luhtjuiH advanced J f'olt 11101-4 and more
iinprossod with tlio obligation of making exliaustivo researclie.s
into new sources oi information ; and lionco resulted tlio accumu-
lation of matter, ^\■hicll could not adiMjualely bo condensed witliin
the limits proposed. Fiiends, in wlioae judgment, good feeling,
and support 1 could relio, urged the extension of tiie wi;i-l<, that
the charters relating to the town, and the cartulary of Alnwick
Abbey might be printed in cxtcnso, and the substance, at hra.st, of
other important dt)cumeuts incorporated with tlie history.
. I'Vom many dili'orent sources have the materials been derived.
Wherever practicable, original authorities have been resorted tf) ; I
liavo gone over the old chronicles and histories; I have nuide
researches among the public records, the manuscripts in the
British Museum, the records at JJurham, the court rolls in Aln-
wick Castle, the muniments, minute books, and accounts of the
borough and of the incorporated fellowships, the vestry books
and registers of churches and chapels, and among wills, private
deeds, and manuscripts. With such materials I have built up
the history of my native town.

The career of the great historic families of Ycscy and Percy,
the lords of Alnwick, has been narrated at some length ; but 1
have brought into my story the doings of less distinguished
persouages, whoso influence has contributed to form the character
of the town. Prom the corporate, the church, and tho court
records, 1 have drawn largely to exliibit the state of the town and
of its trade at different periods, and to shew how the inhabitants
played their parts in public events— how they enjoyed themselves
—how they quarrelled — and what were their customs, their
virtues, and vices. AVhile I have pointed out the origin and
traced the progress of ecclesiastical and other public institutions,
I have recalled to remembrance the men who, through these
institutions, have helped onward the civilization of the town. In
noticing the physical featiu-es of the district, I have sought, by
means of the folk-loro, to shew its condition in by-gone ages. Alany
of the natural productions are herein recorded ; and in the chap-
ter on Geology I have given the condensed results of some thirty
years exploration, so as to furnish an epitome of the goologj- ot
the county.

PREFACE,

At tlio present time, when tlio general liistories of our country
are marlcod hy a frof; and independent sjiirit whicli bows neither
to power nor to prejudice, no ayjolof^y fieems necessary for my
endeavourinc^ to treat local liistory in a similar manner. Some
popular myths I may have discarded, and I may not liave echoed
exapTf^oratioDS which savour more of flattery to the livinj^ than of
honour to the doad, yet T have soufjht to do justice to all, to
apy)reciato excellence wherever f<juiid, and to exalt the men, of
whatever rai»k, who have been public benefactors. That I havo
kejit entirel}-^ free from error is mf)re than I expect ; I claim only
such results as can be achieved by diligence and an earnest
searnh after truth.

My oblin^ations ai-o numerous, and it is pleasant to acknowledge
them. To Mr. W. IT. T). Longstatro I am deeply indebted, not
only for varied information, but also for his elaborate chapter on
the Voscy and Percy Tleraldry. I have been favoured by Mr F. R.
Wilson with a description of the Architecture of Aln^vick Castle;
by Mr. Robt. 0. Embleton with the Zoology of the district ; by
Dr. Geo. R. Tate with its Eotany ; and by Mr. Robt. Midfllemaa
with a list of its Mosses. M"st liberally has Mr. John Atkinson
Wilson placed at my service his manuscript collections relating to
Alnwick ; and in like manner Mr. llichard Hodgson gave me
access to the manuscripts of his father — the historian of Northum-
berland. Algernon, the fourth duke of Northumberland, per-
mitted me to examine a number of the baronial court rolls.
Various interesting notes havo been supplied by the Rev. James
Everett, Mr. C. S. Bell, Mr. James Hardy of Oldcambus, and
Mr. Ralph Carr of Hedgeley. Help I have received from the
Rev. Canon Green well of Durham, the Rev. James Raine of
York, Afr. John Booth of l^urham, and the Rev. Joseph Stevenson
of the Record Office, London. For information on Canongato I
have been indebted to Mr. Henry Trotter.

And now that my task is finished, I commit this work to the
candid judgment of the pubhc ; and, considering the amount of
original matter therein an-anged, I may hope that these volumes
may be regarded as a fair conti'ibution to the Archfeology, the
History, the Topography, the Folk-lore, the Botany, Zoology,
and Geology of the North-Eastern Borders.

GEOEGE TATE.

May, 1869.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

ALNWICK AliBEY.

Premonetratensian Monks— Foundation of Iho Abbe^ in 1147 — Charters and
Endowments — LitL-iatintJofthoilonks— Superstitiona — Refractory ilonka
— Hospitality — Valuationa — Seals — Suppresbion — Effect in Alnwick —
Abbota— Survey of Monaatic Landa — Minietera accounts of the Abbey
I'lopcrty — The liedenellfc — Leabta and Cranta — Forsttr, the Brandhnfja,
and Doubledays — Deacent of Tithes— Homuina of tho Abbey — Hoopital
of hit. Leonarda — " Hefford Law " Tower. . . . . I

CHAPTER II.

IIOLN PRIORY.

Legend of its Foundation — Site given by 'NVilliain do Vescy about 1240 —
Charters ami lindowmeuta — Sur\ey in 153'J — Carmelites — Ralph Fres-
burn — John Balo — Library — Veatments — Survey in 15b7 — Remains of
the Priory . . . . . . . .45

CHAPTER III.
KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM . . .64

CHAPTER IV.

ALNWICK CASTLE CHANTRY.

Age of Chantry Founding — Endowiucnt of Chantries hy Henry, fourth earl
of Northumberland — Chaplains — Survey of Possesaionfl — Endowment of
Howling Close . . . . . . . 6i3

CHAPTER V.

CHANTRY OF ST. MARY AND ALN^^^CK GRAM^MAR SCHOOL.

License to found the Chantry — Inquisition and Endowment — Suppression of
Chantries— Report in lo48 on Alnwick Chantry — Chantry Priests and
Schoolmasters— Warrant continuing part of the Endowment — Thonma
Thompson — Memorial of Rents— Chantry House — Petition to Lord Bur-
leigh—Chantry Lands sold in l(i53 — Copy of Rents — Eflbrts of tha
Burgesses in IGll to promote Education — Letters from Earls Bedford
and Northumberland — Stevenson's Appointment — Henry Lever — Com
Tolls — Refractory Schoolmasters — School in Alnwick Castle — Rumney —
Barring Out— Stockdale — Rev. William Procter— Other Corporate Schoola
— Mark Forster's Bequest — Barton's Legacy — Borough School Founded —
Girls' School— Gift of Site by Algernon duke of ^ orthumberland for
New Schools — Reorganisation of all the Corporate Schools— Masters . 69

IV. CONTENTS.

CHAPTETl VI.
ST. MfCHAEI/H CUL'KCII.
Norman Chuir-h— TJopjiiatioriH in 1 llh iirnl l.Gth C<;rituric«—HcraMry— Early
MonuriicnlH— r.ollH - Mffrct of Il'ifonnatioii - Vi.iitutiori.s uud State of the
Cl»;rfiy iilxjiit KlOO— Act.s uf Ili-j;!! (JuinniisHiou Couil -Itob. >i<i)h<:t\tvjn —
rioccodin^'H !ifj;iiitint l;()h. I'miidliii^; -(Jnliiiaiico lor rreuchiri;^ Miiiistcrs
in IG4-0— (lilbcil Rule— VisitiitioiiH iil'tcr tlic I{»;!it<>ratioii— E^clesiastkal
Offoricos— C'liiatoH ApjK.intcd Ijy tlie Foiii-aiuJ-Twcrity of tlie iJorouj^yi —
Bond from (Jliailc.i IStowart in 1G82 --CoriKjration Augiii'.-iitd the Church
Living — AiignH;ntation JJiHcoritiriucd in 17HI — Kndowincnta— Chinch
Four-aiid-'J'woiily — Chinch Uatos— Ucparatious in 17BI. lall, iHtiJ —
lllcmoriul Windows— JMonumonta— Parish Clerk— List of lucumbenta —
Annals — Charities ....... 1^5

CnAPTER VII.

ST. PAUL'S CHURCH 153

CHAPTER VIII.
EARLY NONCONFORMITY, AND POTTERGATE PRESBYTERL\N

CHURCH.

Nonconformists in 1GC2— Spies and Porsocutions from 1C62 to 168fi— Ancient

Burial Ground— Dr. Harle— His iSuccessors— Trust JJoed— Rev. G.

Anderson, A.M — .Soparution from the Northumhorlund Presbytery —

Succeeding iliniaterd ...... l59

CHAPTER IX.

BONDGATE AND SIGN MEETING HOU.^ES.

Bondgate Meeting House Built 1735— Rev. John Savers— Rev. James ilurray
and Bailiflgate Square Z^leetiiig llo\i.-50— Michael Koston— Dr. Simpson —
Vint— lieslon — Hate Sion Cliapid Uuilt^-Trust Deed-Disunion— Pres-
byterian Jliuister Appointed— Independent iliuisters Succeed — State of
the Chui-ch ........ 172

Cn.^PTER X.
UNITED PRE.SBYTER1AN CHURCHES.
Origin of Burgher ]Meeting IIoiiso— Rev. Jolui Marshall— Rev. David Pater-
eon — Fellowship Society — Relief Chundx .... 181

CHAPTER XI.

IMETHODISM.

Early T^Iethodism — Wesley's Visits to Alnwick — Notices of Early Converts —
Chapel Built in 1790 — Dciline of Methodism — Rev. James Everett —
Origin of the ilethodist New Connexion — Hev. Alexander Kilham —
EiU'ly Supporters in Alnsvick — Rev. Jolni Grundell . . 193

CHAPTER XII.
ROMAN CATHOLICS— QUAKERS— UNITARIANS . . 203

CHAPTER XIII.

SCIENTIFIC AND MECHANICAL INSTITUTION . . 207

CHAPTER XIV.

Alnwick Library — Savings' Bank — Intirmary — Duke's, Duchess's, National,
and Ragged Schools— Gas Supply — Relief of the Poor . . 217

CONTENTS. T.

CHArTER XV.

TlIK COKrOKATlON.

Eiirliost Account— Wlio wore liurgcsrt'.s ? Ancient Rights of Frtcholdcrs,
.StHlliiit^trs— Cliiinia of lIobLciliiw, >l. Margaret h, (Janoiigatfe — Admis-
sion to J-'ruclogo, Apjn-cntico Onlcr, Ilonoriiry Freonicn. Lt-ai>ing tho
Well— (iovornmunt of thu iJorou^'li, JJailid, Chauibcrlain.i, Tour-and-
Twonty, Clocks. Wcigli lloiirto, Wine at Amlitd, Sociality, Charities,
Clcrkfi, IIonJ.s, Moor-Groivcs, fSi-rgoanlH, JJclliiian, AMeniu.ii, <iui!<Li . 2^0

CIIAPTEU XVI.

. THE COKl'OKATroN CONTINUED.

Property; tho Moor, JncloHiircs, J-'ar Moor Houko, Freemen Hill, Cawdrna-
crook, liuyden Close, Herd's Cloao, EurHti r'.i Clo.iO, Colliery, Havro
BankH, llcslcyside, the IJog, liutt.s, l'i(d, Kidges, A:c., Tinfold, Town
Hall, J'ottergato Tower — Lo.-sh of the Ereeliold and Royalties of the Moor
in I7()2— r.egal Warfare in 1777 and in IHl J— Cori.oratiofi Reform, I8;J3
— Division and Iniprovement of the iloor, lb4U and Ittt'i — Cultivation
of the Moor — Revenue ..... 27^

CnAPTEll XVII.

THE CORPORATION CONTINUED.

General Character of thu Incoriiorated Trades— Jlerchants — Cordinora —
Olovors— 'J'.iniiers — Wcaver.s— tjniiths— Wiighls — Hutchers — Tailors —
Fullera — Coopers— Taldo of li'uiuljeid and Aduii.s.-jion Fees— Effect of
Corporate Privileges ...... 320

CHArTER XYIU.

BOARD OF HEALTH AND BUIHAL HOARD . . . 3.51

CnAPTER XIX.

TOPOGRAPHY, STATISTICS. E'J'YilOLOGTES.

Local Nonienclaluie — Statintiea of tho Parish and Township.s — Streets of the
Town— Places M-ithin tho Parish in Alpiiabtlical Order, theLi- Etymology,
History, and I'liysjical l-'eatiires ..... yC2

CHArTER x:c. .

FAMILY AND PERSONAL IIISTORV . . . .397

CHAPTER XXI.
BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY.
Flowering Plants and Ferns — Mosses — Molluscs — Reptiles — Lirds — Mam-
mals . . . . . . . . .417

CHAPTER XXII.

GEOLOGY OF THE ALNWICK DISTRICT.
Table of Geological Formations — Stratilied Rocks — I'ala-ozoic Era — Lower
Silurian— Carbonaceous System — Upper Old Red Conglomerate — Tucdian
Foiniution — ilountain Limestone — iJeseriptiun of Rock.'j — Calcareous and
Carbonaceous Groups— Succession of Fiimestono and Coal Beds — Coal
Seams in Alnwiek Moor — Sandstone liuarrics — Ramble down Rugley
and Cawledgc Burn — List of Mountain Limestone Fossils — Physical
Conditii)ns of the Eni — Coal ^Measures — ilillstunc Grit — Magnesian
Limestone — Cainozoic Era — I'lcistocene — Boulder Claj' — Ice Action —
Climate of the Period — Post Pleistocene — I'orphyry of the Cheviots —
Basaltic Whin Sill — Basaltic Dikes — Resume of tlie Succession of
Events ........ 441

VI. CONTENTS.

ADDITIONS AND CORHECTIONa 473

APPENDIX.

I. Charters from tho Do Voscys hj the Tiurgeii.sess of Alnwick i »

II. ChiirtLT l.y \Vult(;i(l(; Q.iittill, l„ Thos. dc CharJ'-tou of a

hoiiHr. in Naiiuw^iiUt, ,il)i<iit Ij'jO .... n

III. Cliarttiiuf Kilwanl J., to JjJiblio]j lidi, of ii Market urid Fair

at Alnwick, V2'.)7 .... . . uj

IV. Grantd of i'onta-u to tho Men of Alnwick by Edward III".

in l''^77 ,1, ,^

V. Liconco to Wall tho Town of Alnwick .... ' iv.

VI. Charter of Henry VI. to tho J5iirj;es.-,f;s of. Vlnwick in 14G4 v vx!

VII. Lcttera VnUnxt to gather a colluctiou for building tho '

'J'own Wall ai,'ain.st tho Scot;*, 1-171: . vii

VIII. Chartersof Alnwick Abbey ...'.'

VIII XXIV.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plat« J.— Frontispiece. St. ilichaol's Cliurch, Alnwick.
II. — T(j Face Ta(/e 40. Alnwick Abbey.
III. — To Face J'ayc G3. Plan of iloln Priorj'
IV.— „ „ llulu I'riory.

Fig. 1.— South Wall of Great Church Avith Sedilia.
,, 2. — Tower and Cha]>ter House.
Y.— Tu Face Fuijc 108. Chancel of St. Michael's Church. Enlarged

Sketch of tho Cajiital of ono of tho Tiers in the Chancel.
Y\.—ToFaccra,ie\\\. St. Michael's Church. Fi-s. 1, 2, 3, 4. Cross

Slab.4.
VII.— To Face Vuijc 112. Fi-. 1. Sopulclual Monument, p. 110.
Fig. 2.— Cross Slab, p. in.
„ 3.— St. Mary Hell, p. 11».
„ 4.— Si. Michael Lcll, p. 112.
,, 5.— Inseiii.lion on St. .Mary ]5oll, p. IIV.
,, (i.-lnscrijilion on St. .Mi.hacl iiell, p. 11?.
YWl.— 'Fo Face Fiujc 41. Figs. .'5 and 1. Seals found about the founda-
tion of Alnwick Abbey bridge, p. 41.
Fig. 5. — Tau Cross, Iloln I'riory, p. til.
IX.— 7() Faccl'aije 288.— Pottergato Tower in 1S12.
X. -Jo Face Fayc 411. General Geological Section of Rock Formations

from the Cheviots to the Mouth of the Coquet.
XI. — To face Fur/e 4GU. Sections of Drift. Figs. 1, 2. 3, 4, 5.
XII.— To Face Fa,jc 372. Prislaw Tower. "Tenantry Co'lvxmn, sea
Vol. I., p. 3G2. ^ '

EXPLANATION OF WOODCUTS.

Page 45.— Fig. 1, Arms sculptured on Helfordlaw Tower.

lOG.— I'ig. 2, Base of a Norman Pillar, St. Michael's' Church.
319. -Fig. 3, llorongh Seal.

456. — Fig. 3, Cribellites carbonarius ; Fossil Sea-Star.
461. — Fig. 4, Sphenopteris llabellata.
„ „ 5, Sphenopteris Johustoniana.

TOE

niSTOPiY OF ALNWICK.

CEAPTEH I.
ALNWICK ABBEY.

PEEMOiS'STATENSIAN MONKS — FOTTXDATIOK OF THE ALBEY IX 11-17 —

CIIAllTERS AND ENDOWMEXTS — LITERATURE OF THE M0XK3

STTFEUSTITIONS llEFRACTOUY M0NK3 — IIOSriTAHTY — VALTJA-

TIONS-^SEALS — SUrniESSION EFFECT IN ALNWICK ABBOTS

SURVEY OF MONASTIC LANT^S — MINISTERS ACCOUNTS OF THE

ABBEY PROPERTY — THE BEDENELLS — T,E.-\..?ES AND GRANTS

FOKSTER, THE BRANDLINGS, AND DOUBLirPAYS — DESCI-^.'T OF

TITHES — REMAIN'S OF THE ABUEY — IIOSPITAL OF ST. LEONARDS

"lIEFFORD L.VW" TOWER.

Though England suffered sadly from the ruthless and cruel
oppressions of the Norman conquerors, yet some gentle influ-
ences mitigated the horrors of these mediaeval times. A
powerful ciiurch often lifted up her voice to Avarn oppressors
of a coining judgment; and, aided hy an imposing ritual
calculated to excite religious feeling among an imperfectly
civilized people, she caused many a baron to pause in his un-
scrupulous career, to seek remission of his sins, and even
sometimes to submit to monastic discipline. Guided by such
influences, Eustace Fit/-John, liaving completed his great
castle of iVlnwick, founded in 1147, Alnwick Abbey, a mon-
astery of Premonstratensian Canons, for the salvation of the
souls of himself, of his father and mother, of Ivo de Yescy,
and of all his ancestors.

VOL. II, n

IIISTOIIY or AI.NWIf.'K.

This order of monks IkuI Ijiit rccoutly been fstublislipd, in ;

1120, by Noibort, Archliislir)]) of Ma^difbmj^b, with iho I

auLhority of Poi)e Calixtii.s. 'J'be bnstliieii foUovvod the nib-s
of .St, vViif^ustiiio, wliich, however, were soinewliiit n-fonnod ;
and licnce, soiiietimcs, they bore tlie name of Aiigii?5liniaiis.
^Vhite Canons they wore also ealled from the colour of tliuir
habit, wliich was a white cassock, with a white rocket and
cajjc over it; they wore a long \vhite cloak and a s(|uare hat
or bonnet of white felt, shoes and breec,h(.'s, but no shii t ; the
abbot had red shoes, a short cloak and a pastoral staff like a
shepherd's crook.

Legends give a miraculous origin to this order. Norbert i

is said to have, in a dream, received from St. Augustine a
Look of rules, curiously bound in cloth ; and to have been
shewn by an angel the site of the first monastery, which was
called 'premonstre, fiom i^re a meadow, and montre ])ointed
out ; and hence the first house of the order was Iniilt in a
meadow, near Laon in Picardy. A different derivation is
given in another legend, which relates that when Ing(dran
the Great was going to kill a lion, which did much harm to
the country, he metliim at this place sooner than he expected,
and exclaimed, Sainct Jean tit, mc Vas de prds montri — St.
John you have shewed him to mc near at hand. Shortly
afterwards, in ll-lo, the first Premonstratensian Abbey in
England was founded at Newhousc, in Lincolnshire ; and
the next was Alnwick Abbey, called the daughter of New-
house.* Prim- to the Ivcformalion there were thirty abbeys
of this ord(;r in I'lngland.

Alnwick Abbey was dedicated to St. iNIary ; and its title
was "The Abbey and Convent of the Blessed Mary of Aln-
"wick." The refining influence of learning on taste was shewn
in the happy choice of sites made by the monks, the learned
men of their times, for the homes in which, secluded from
the world, they professed to pass their lives in study and
devotion. ISIany natural advantages had the site of Alnwick
Abbey, Built on rich haugh land on the north side of the
Aln, and within a convenient distance from the castle of the
great baron, it was sheltered by hills from the keen noithern
blasts ; near to it the river murmured over its rocky channel,
which Avas bounded on'the south by cliffs, while woods clos-
ing round gave a sequestered beauty to the scene.

On its establishment, Alnwick Abbey was richly endowed.

* Cave's MSS., Brit. Mus , No. 4934, Pint, cxviii., A.

AI.NNVICK AHUKY. 9

The ori;»i»al chnrli-iH, liowcvcr, uru lost ; tlie fust, grauttd
by KuMart* Filz-Johii, luid l(»ii^ iip^o (lisappeaied ; hut of this
•iiyI of *t«H*<fn»ciit thiirtirH tlure were copies, in an ttispcxi-
N>M4 of lli'iiry, fho tixtli caH of Nortlnirnbeilaiid, wliicli was
in lb* jiio«j|io»i«in of Sir VranciH Uraiulliiif,' in 1(>.'31); J, W'ar-
lifirtoti, Omp Somc-nt«*t Herald, the man who decked himself
nifli lUo idumc* of (lie prcnt antiquary Ilorsley, liad this
ntrtulArjr in 17i?0, but, since then, it also has (h;>appeared.
'\V> h«vr, howi'vcr, fr<»tn n C()|)y made by Dodsworih, pre-
MTtfd in ihc IJrilisl) Museum, and from other charters in the
Record Office, nnd nt Durham, ])rctty full information of the
v>ndoivinet)ts of the ahboy, and of the names of its benefactor.".
Vuln^ble, nnd intercstinjj^ too, are these charters, as illustia-
tiiig the old topography of the district. Here I shall give full
<Jigtr»t8 of lhcs(f instructive docuuients.

In tho foundation nnd ondoA^Tnoiit of tho Abbey, EustacoFifz-
John, in 1147, gave the churoli of Lesbury, with all its apj)end-
ogoa, and particularly witli iho chapels of Houf,']iton [Lony-
houifhton), aud of St. Waleric, {Almnouth), with all their tithes
of pom, Halt works, and mills; and tho chapel of Alnwick with,
all it« ftpjM'ndn^os ; and all (ho tithes of his dtjniesncs, and of his
milla of Alnwick} and tho whole vill of Iliuelille, with the ser-
viOG of lialf of its men, in moor and plain, as tho way goes from
Alnwick on the loft hand as far as the boundaries of Kock ; ajid
UiO wood of this vill, to wit, from Hindene to the Ahi ; and
two parts of tho tithes of the whole of his demesne of Tiighall, in
Kxww and mill aiul all other things ; and in like manner, two parts
of tho tithes of his dt'iuosno and mill of Nt-wham, and of all other
things of tho sanio demesne ; and all the tithes of his fisheries,
and of deer, wild cattle and boars, whicli his dogs took in hunt-
ing ; and two ]mrts of tho tithes of his mares when they were
beyond tho parish of Alnwick ; and one measure* in the bur"- of
St Waleric {AlnvwutJi) ; and two parts of the tithes of Arnulf|-
in Ilaysand. Besides these ho granted and confirmed to tlie
Abbey, the church of St. Wilfrid of Gysnes {Gui/zance), Avhit-h
Ifichard Tysone gave to it, along -w ith one measure and two ox-
gangs of land in the same vill, willi tho haugh where the church
is, and with Eidlea and IMorrlck-liaugh, as Eichard granted to
those canons. Ho also gave as muck of his woodland as they
woi'O able and wishful to cultivate, and the privilege of grindiu'-^
at his mill, aTid of erecting a mill on his own fee upon tho Coquet
if they (^ould ; and also one salt work in Warkworth. Tho

* About lialf-iin-.Tcre.
f Arnulf He lleyscnl and Rich.iul (!e I'vsone a;e wilipsscs to this cliartcr.

4 IJISTOKY OV .^I.NWlfK.

clironiclc of Aliiwiok Abboy Bays that EuBtaco and Lid wife woro
tho founders, and that tlio ondownionlH woro mado to Ualdwin,
tlieir cleric, to found the abboy ; of which he was tlio fiibt abbot.

These were niuiiificcnt gifts; but tlic I)e Vosoys wore noble-
minded men; iind tlie (h;.scendanlri (^f the founder not only eon-
firmed, but added largely to the en(h>^vnlO]lfs of the abbey,

William do Yoscy, son of tlio founder, by three cliarters, be-
tween tho years 1 157 and 1 181, gi-anted the eliurehos of Chatton,
Cliillinghaui, and Ahihaui, for iho 8aIvalion of Jiiuiholf, of hirt
father Eustace and nu)t]ier ]5eatrix, and of all his ancestors. ]}y
another charter ho gave hisi fi^liery of Lesbury, wliicli Jiad yielded
a yearly rent of £10; and one carucato of land in tho vill of
liugloy, and tho tofts and crofts pertaining to it; one carucato of
land in tho samo vill, with common of pa^turo pertaining to tho
vill; and common of pasture at Swinloy, in wood and plain.

SoiuG little time before liis death, he forsook the world, and
entered the abbey as a monk, and, in 1184, was buried, before
the door of the chapter housi", by the side of his wife Hurga.
{Citron, of Alnwick Ahhcy.)

Eustace do Yoscy, between tho years 1184 and 12 10, gavo one
horse to carry timber from his wood at Alnw ick.

King John, when at Baniburgh, in 12(il, confmned to the
abbey, by charter, tho reasonable gift, -wliich AValdeve, thu son
of Edward, made of one turbar}', between Yerlesset and the
boundaries of Lemmington, and of twenty-four acres of land Avith
appurtenances in Edlingham, and of twenty cart loads of dead
wood yearly out of his wood at Edlingham. EdAvard I., in loOt".,
eonlirmed to tho abboy coninum of pasture in all tho moor and
pasture oi. Edlingham, for all their cattle, as \vell those of tlio
house of Oysnos, as those of tho house of Alnwick, and their
granges. [Cart. 35, i!d. 1., n. 05.)

William do Vescy, son of Eustace, by four charters, between
1110 and 1252, gave certain laud, witli the growing wood, which
lay on the south part of the abbey above the bank of the Aln ; ^
its boundaries extended in length from the Aln, and from tho
Avest part of Poterumburne* to the head of a broad way leading
to Meswie, and by a broad high way as far as Plumptr^ of Sfeswic;
and from tho broader entrance of !Meswic, by a certain httle foot-
path near tho entrance of the said wood, they circle round Plun-
denburnf before descending towards the water of the Aln ; and
so in the length of tho Aln as far as Poterdeburn, Ho gave one

" We have here both Poteninibuine and Poterileburne, variations of the tran-
scriber oi Totter Dean Burn, the ar,c ent name of the Moor or Stocken Burn.

f Fluiideiiburn has its souice from the Huttcry AVell on A'nwick Moor, and
enters the Ahi near ilie wooden biidjje, alout oiie-tliird of a mile, above the
abbey.

AI.NU'ICK AMIti:V. O

a«rt) (if Iniul in tLu UhKI of limxfioM, near tliebouiidurlt.-s oi'Heii-
ninet'jn, Unit tlio canoni miglit nuiko tlioir own hhf;<;p-fold, in
oxriianji^o of ono lufl whi'.li roml'-TtMl to tliom twolvojionco yearly,
Mul tm whidi stcMxl liiKmill of Alnwick ; ho also gave them com-
«Ui<m u( j>««tur«, in nionr and jilain, along witli IiIh men in tlie
AoMv «>I l-Kjtiwitrlr. IIo confirmed the grant rnado by litAthH
Vil»-ilu<ijrB<S of ono of his bewt salt works, boHides tJiat ono
iiM<tL AlXW** who MOB tho wifo of liulph l-'itz-Jornego, IioMh of
fcufio, mkI of cwnraon of jinbturo and of fuel, which aro adjacent
U* tlnm< iwJt works. IIo also gave ono toft in tho vili of Chatton,
OOnJAining forty-four porchefl (each percli containing twenty feet),
and l»oing ooutiguoua on tho eaHt part to thy house of William
iho IJrovror.

To the anmo William de Ve8cy, tlio abbot and convent promised
and granted that thoy would make strong tho river gates on
their lund at llilburhalgh, (now Filberlhanijh), for the enclosure
of his park; but tho soil of tlieir land was preserved to them,
nnd Jioccflsary' ostovors* wcro granted to them, for tlio protection
of thoir corn, to wit, BulTunont woodun jjales out of his wood to
bo carried b}' hia o\vn men, at his own charges, to enclose tho
Miid park, 03itondiug along tho Aln wnlor to tho ditch of an
mieioiil iiali pond j thoy were allowed always to have a fieo
i-ntrtinco and outlot tJuongh a proper gate iu tho hedge of the

{Hxxk, upon the bank of tho water, of which gate they kept the
cojr; and thoy wore to enjoy every advantage there, as well in
Uio wator as on tho land, in cutting trees and branches, in mow-
ing tho gross growing there, and in carrying it away ; the land
botwoon tho hedge and tho water was forty feet in width and
Obtimafod at an aero ; but if damage was done to it by these
gatcH, thou ho and his hoira would muko compensation ; but, if ho
or his iioirs at any timo harass tho abbot and convent before
Justices or otherwise, lot them incur tho wrath of Almighty God
ond of Llio Blessed ^^fary tlio Virgin and of all the Saints.

Simon de Lucker, kuight, bctweeu 121 G and 1252, gave to the
abbey threo oxgangs of land in the vill of Lucker, to maintain a
light at the daily mass of the Blessed Mary in the chapel of tho
Sacred Trinity ; aijd this grant William do Yescy conlirlRied.
Simon also, for tho salvation of tho soul of himself and of hia
wife Juliana, granted a pasture for eight oxen or eight beasts of
burden f in all his demesnes in the vill of Lucker, excei)ting in
corn and meadows, but saving to the canons the common of pas-
ture appurtenant to their own land in the vill.

♦ Estovers, Frencli, to foster or furnish, is similar to the Saxon lote, as Fire-
bote, lledge-bote, riough-bote, House-bote, &c., and includes t}ie right to take
wood for making and repairing.

f Ateria usually hns this meaiiir.g, but the term may include all animals con-
stituting n faimer'.'s stock. See Uoldon Book, p. li.

() IIISIOUY OF AI,NV/n;K.

John do Vescy, son of WiUiuni, g^runtod nix chai-terH to tlio
abboy and oonvorit, botweon 1252 and 1288, and gavo for tlio
pasturago, wliicli they liad of twelve tattlo y<;ar]y in Walsow in
bin foroat of Abiwick, tlio froo pasturo wliiob lios from tho bang-
ing gato of bin park of Walsow l)olow Ilindono, botwoon tho
palisado and tbo Aln, in longtii as far as .Strut(;wr>od, wbioli
belongs to tbein.* JIo gavo a oortain jilaco in }ii.>* wood cal!u<l
MuH.swolb/Hliawo, witliout bis park of Cawly<;bc, arid noar to the
cultivated ground calltsd AlLsauiuHlatto, along wifb tlio wbolo
jiasturo, wliicb thoy niiglit onclo.so, cukivate, and uso for lln.-ir
own advantage as tboy ihougbt fit; yot rosorving to liinistdf and
liis boirs tbo bunting in tbis wood. In 1271, lie granted tbat tho
abboy and convent might oncloso tlioir own Avo(jd .Smallw».ll,t
witb i^art of another wood of theirs noaily adjacent, so that wild
animals might not coino in and go out theio; and tboy might
onelosQ tbeii- liidd of lloci'lillo ' llechln/), as the wa}' goes from
Alnwick towards Ivock, on tbo left band, as far as tbo boundaries
of Rock, and from thenco as far as llindono ; yot so that bis men
or tenants of Alnwick, iJonwick, and Jlougbtou may bavo froo
entrancG and exit to and from tho forest of llolno, for tbo purposo
of carrying timber; and bo gavo to them tbo same lihei-ty in the
water of tbo Aln, wbicb bo and bia predecessors bad, from lion-
den Carres to tbo sea. Wo also gave bis tisberies in tbo Tweed,
to maintain tbo fabric of St. Jtfary's Cburcb of Alnwick. In 128^,
by a cbarter, called an oxcbange, the abbot and convent gavo up
to John de Vescy tbo wbolo common tboy bad in the moor, wbieb
was tbo wood covert of Iloln, and tbo arable bind of the field of
Hecclyf, beginning at tbo gate, in the eastern part of the sbeop-
walk of Hindeno, and so towards tho east by tbe great green
way at tbo bead of tho ridges, ns far a3 tbo western corner of tho
arable field, wbicb Lambert of Holn bold and ploughed ; tbis
moor and pasturo John do Yesey migbt oncloso and bold for
ever, but if tlie animals or sheep of tbo abbey enter into tbem
tbrougb breacbes in tbo enclosure, tbey sball be taken out with-
out bindrance ; for tbis remission bo gavo to tbo abbot and con-
vent in oxcbange all tjie wood and pastui-e witbin tbo wood covert
and beyond it, at tbo extremity of Ilefi'ersido, from tbo great
stone standing on bigb, soutbward of an ancient leaden fountain,
and tbence descending by a sikoij; and from tbo end of tbat siko
tbi'ougb tbe middle of tbo wood covert as far as a petary ; and

• The second William de Vescy, says the Chro licle of Aln«ick .\bbey, gave
us the wood of Sctirlwood.

f Smalhvdl is now corrupted into Smiley, as the Smiley Loaning — the road
connecting the Eglingham and the gieal Noitli turnpikes.

X Sike, a rill or small streamlet; Sic, Sic!', Aug. Sax, a furrow, gutter,
water-course J Sijl-, Isl. a litile hiuok.

AI.NWICK ARUr.Y. '

M lo lh« ikoutli of Diftt 'potnry dowinvnids to Laiiibo}.n(,'C, aiul
thca upwnnl* by a liighwuy to a f..untuiM, accrmlin-ly ub Lord
Julio unt\ llui abh'il linvo inado tlio boun.lurioK; but ho rusoi-vcs
^0 lU kwtU of th« fi.'O Ojo limitiiif? there, find also entranco and
«»il tkrtrMjfJi th# cnoUmir* for his mon of ll.night.jn an<l Lesbuiy
c<iwi«tf b* tlio fbnwiof Holn with carta and wai,'b'""8 to obtain
tiwlMr ««* wood : bnt if nnimals or filieop from any i)art of tho
|r4«<Mttof Ahtvick onlOT this oiuloeMro ihrouf,']! dofcct of tlio fcnco,
Xh'^ whikU IXJ rOihlUMMi witlio\it liindnmco ; all tlio great way,
frvtft ihfti t-nU) of Ilindeno on tho cabt to tho head of tho nd^fs of
lh« iir«l»li» land, romained to the a>)bot and hin Buofossors. John
d« V«Mwy aliW grouted and conlinuod to tho abboy tho fishory of
tho Altt xrulor from tho Kotand Carra to tho sea, as far a.s tho
low lido; and from tho toraiination of tho Aln water at the flux
widrofluxof thoBoaon both sidos ; and on tho north part aa
far M tho black rocks, tho Cynlcornt^o, and on the south part for
the Sfioce of sixty porches of tho said water.

Detweon 1252 and 1288, Genium do FolboiTy f.^ave and con-
finuod to Kalph do Moravia and liia heirs all tho land witli toft
and croft in the vill of Folljorry, wliich Alan, son of Ilugh do
Ftdberry, bold to Jlalph do Moravia, to hold in feo at a rental
of »iri>onco vivirly ; and William, tho son of Ealjih de Moravia,
ft burgoiM oi Honvick, by charter, gavo to God and the Blessed
Marv of Alnwick, and to tho canons serving God there, all tlus
Und'» froo fVom every secular custom or demand, excepting tho
routol of sixpenco ; and the tenants of the abbey were to grind
com, grown on the land, at the mill of Germanus de Folberry,
free of multure.

About tho same period, Walter do Bataill gave to the Abbey
one carucato of land in his doinosno in tho vill of Preston, con-
taining ouo hundred acres of cultivated land, with these bound-
aries ; tivo acres and a half a rood in the cultivated lield called
Potomor ; ono acre and a half and oiio rood in Fuhvay ; half an
acre and half a rood in Eedepetho ; nine acres and a half and
ono rood in WolOatte ; one acre and ono rood in Elle ; two acres
and ono rood and a half in Titemuo ; one acre and a half in the
cultivated field called Tostes ; two acres and one rood in Salt-
crolio ; six acres and one rood and a half in Swetemanflate ; two
acres and half a rood in Crakes ; eighteen acres and three roods
in Alcmundtlatto ; one acre and half a rood in Ohenhill ; twf
acres and one rood and a half near the mill of Newham ; ten
acres and ono rood and a half in Morilate ; four acres and a half
and half a rood in Middilllate ; seven acres and three roods and
a half in Meduosllatte ; seven acres and ono rood in Fullloto ;
twelve acres and a half and ono rood in Hewiche ; excepting
the tofts and crofts of ten acres and ono rood, and excepting five
acres and a half in meadows, viz., three acres in Crumbe Strother,
• and half an acre in Saltcrulco, and half an aero in Thornedike,
and an acre and a half in Ileurby. Besides ho confinued the

8 HlSIOllY OK U,N\VI(J(.

gi'uni; mado by liis father, Tloury IJivttail, of iiiiio iioioH of liuid in
Ilallolliitto, t(j Imy wiiio for tlio colobiatioii of ijius.so.s, uii'l of
tliroo acres in Yaloflutto, for tliO HujiporL of tli*) poor at tho gato
oftlioabboy. TIo cijTilinaorl tho j^ift from Wilbani Hryono, of
ihroo aci'09 in tlio liohlfs of Preston ; and also g'rautud and con-
firmed to ibo abbot and carioiiH, Ibat thoir mun .should have and
liobl a coimuon tavern on tlioir own land in the viil of l^roston.
JJtit if tho abbot and canons cultivat(;d ilio aforesaid lands at
their own expense, then the corn of tlicso lands bhould bo ^n>\iM<l
at his mill of I'roston without multure, after tho lirst man whom
they may find havin<^ corn ground ; but if these lands were
demised ti) farm, tlieir tenants should grind at tho Abbey Mill, if
they 80 ])loase, but if at his mill of Jirunton, they should give
reasonable multure, waiting their turn to grind; it is noted that
the afoi-esaid lands are meaaui-ed with a perch of seven and a
half feet.

Aloxiindor do Illltonne, lord of Ronnington, gave, in 1200, the
wliolo arable land and pasture called WJiitlitddc, and that green
place called the ()xmornke [Oxaicruk in Dijdsworth's co})y), to-
gether with the Mersia-lawes, as they lie in tho territory of Hec-
clitf, according to ancient customary boundaries; viz., by two
crosses standing in tho Icing's way towards Kock ; but he and bis
men of Eeunington shall have common of pasture in tho same
lands.

In accordance with a license given to the abbey, in 1332, by
Ilenry de Percy, Alexander de Uiltone, in 1336, gave to tho
abbot and canons, tho whole of the arable land and meadow,
which he had in the liamlet of Broxileld, in respect of the villen-
ago of the heirs of William de Broxfield, and which at one time
belonged ttt Adam, son of Hugh Kybaud, of liroxUeld ; and also
tho Avlude land in tho same hamlet, which John Tebbe at one
time held for the term of his life ; with all the pasturage to the
said hamlet pertaining, to wit, for two beasts used in husbandry,
six oxen, and two hundred sheep ; these gifts wore free from
feudal services.

Maria, Avifo of Nicholas do Graham"'-' obtained a licence from
Edward II. in 1307 to enable her to give the advowson of Wooler
Church to Alnwick Abbey. {Plac. Ao. Edward II., VI.)

Edward II. by letters patent, in 1311, granted license to the
abbot and convent to acquire lauds, tenements, and rents, of the
value of £10 yearly ; and to Gilbert de Otteleye, chaplain, that
he might assign to them six messuages, ten oxgangs of land, four ^

* Nicholas de Graham held the fourth part of the inheritance of Muschamp
to whom Wooler belonged ; the land was held in capite to the extent of one
hnight's fee, and on this account he Avas distrained to receive knighthood; he
was in the expedition against Lewellyn, prince of Wales, in 1277 ; and again in .
the Welsh wars in 1282. — liccords and Muniments, IF., )•. 610.

ALNWICK AlllJKY. 9

Mit* of mcMidow, nnd tho oi(^lif)i part of a mill in Fallodon ;
fcful In Koliort do 8<>ckr<i>f)Ui, tliat lio might anaij^n to tlioni ono
ofcrtimlv of land wilh a|>purtotiaiu;c« in Alnwick ; und tu riiohaid
l!U ItiMWiid'Ot IKaI h« uuglit utifligii twenty-four acres of land with
MrJMMinuiOM In IUv»and; thoeo wore of tho vuluo of foity-«ix
MuUlvipi taiA oight p<<riC0| and wero to bo liold an p.irt of tho ton

Umary do Voircy, In 1325, granted a license to tho ahhot and
CiMity4it Ui rwdro mnn Kobort Boppotho all tho land of lirox.shaw,
mith lilt Ujo inciwlow and wood, and all bolonging to it, on pay-
xxwt*tot fix nlullinga and oiglit nonco yearly to Henry, for all bor-
Tk»t«» duo to him ; ho alflo confirmed to tho abbot and convent,
ttnd Ibdr Huoco«sors and thoir lieirH of Cluuinowgato ( C'uitont/ate),
all their imatwrngo with all their cattlo in tlio moor of Alnwick
ami Il^ydono, and to tiiko all other profits in the same, viz., in
diit*ffiog turvOB and peata nnd other things needful for fuel, as
thcir priHlecOJWOi-a and tho ancostors of thoir men, as of riglit,
w<»ro acCTiJitomotl to do ; and also to grind at tho Abbot's ^lill.
H« oonfinned to tho abbot and ronvent the liberties and ease-
ttt«titj» tlifiy had in llio water of tho A In, and in tho West I'ark,
•imI In hiii othor vroods. For these ctjiiccssione nnd eonlinualions
Ui* Ai>U4 and convent agreed, for Iheinselves mid tlieir smxussors,
lUi UXTQ a iKolomn ©on-ico yearly, on tho first tif Marcli, for tho
fiMiU of Ilenry Pcn-y, his grandfather, and of his aucestois, and
©fall the faithAil deconaod. By his will, in 1351, ho loft to the
ablMtjr ten marcs, and doairod to bo buried at Salloy, but dying
at Afa\nck, on February 20th, 1352, ho was buried in ^Vlnwick
Abboy. (TV*/. Bbor., /., p. 38.)

John do Clyffortho, lord of Ellingbara, in 1317, relieved the
abl>oy of tho homago and funlty duo to him, on account of one
half carucafo oflnnd in tho vill and territory of l-^llinghani, which
vroA called tho vill of Brontehall field, and -w hich tho abbey pos-
BOti^cd by gift of Adam do EUingham, who foi-merly held it by
homage and fealty to him.

Edward II., by letters patent, granted to tho abbot and con-
vont, that they might acquire lands, tenements, and rents to tho
valno of ten pounds yearly ; and, under this authority, Adam do
Oolererman and Eobert do Emeldon, vicar of the cliurcli of Les-
bnry, were, after an inquisition made at Alnwick, on May 6th,
1321), allowed to give lands and tenoments to the abbot and con-
vent. Adam do Colercrman gavo one toft and tweut^'-four
acres of laud with appurtonances in Aluham, held by service of
two sliillings yearly, of Henry do Feicy, who held of tlio king in
chief, but wliich lands woro of tho addiiional yearl}- value of live
shillings. Eobert do Emelduu gavo one toft and a quarter of an
acre of laud in Alcmutli, held by service of twelve pence, of
Isabella do Voscy, who held of Iloury do Perc}-, by kuighi's ser-
vice, and he of the king in chief; this land was of the a'dditional
vol.. II. r

10 HISTORY OI' ALNWICK.

valno of Bixponco yearly ; ho also gavo ono toft and sovoiity
fWYOH of land in Yotlin^tou and Oalulogh, held hy sorvico of
t.wonly j)0Mcu yearly of William do (Jlavoi'ying, who hold of tho
king in chief; and whicli woro of tho further valuo of thirteen
and four ponco yoaily ; and alao two moBSuagos in tho town of
Nowcastlo-on-Tyno, hold by florvice of two ponoo yearly of
William, tho Hon of (jraUVid, who hold of tho king on burgage
tonuro, and which wore of tlio further yearly valuo often hhil-
lings.

These inquisitions slujw that either the money value of
lands and messuages was very low in the fourteenth century;
or that, more probably, the valuation was ke])t low to enable
abbeys to extend their endowments beyond what the law
technically allowed ; for here we have three tofts, two mes-
suages in an important town, and 9 1 1 acres of land returned
of the value of only 3os. 8d. yearly, including the rents for
service.

Ileury do Percy, in 1373, for tho honor of God the Father
Omnipotent, and of tho Son, and of the Holy Spirit, and of tho
Blessed Mary, always a virgin, and mother of the same God and
our Lord Josus Christ, and for tho salvation of himself, his
children, all his ancestors, and of his lato most dear wdfo Mar-
garet, when ho was about to journey into coimtrios wdiere war was
carried on, confirmed to the abbot and convent their rights and
privileges.

John deRodum, a member of tho old Northumberland family
of Eoddam, left by will, in 1390, forty shillings to tho abbey,
one marc to Walter Herpscottes, the abbot, and six shillings
each to John do Bolam and Henry do Rodum, who were canons
there.

Henry do Percy, earl of Northumberland, and lord of tho
honor of Cockormouth, in 1-127, granted and confirmed to tho
abbey, his hospital of Saint Leonard, near to Alnwick, on tho
north side of tho river Aln ; and the abbot and convent bound
themselves and thoir successors to celebrate, in the chapel of the
hospital, throe masses weekly for ever for the souls of the fouud-
ei*s, and to repair and maintain tho chapel of tho hospital ; tho
earl reserved the payment of live marcs yearly from the abbey to
his chantry, lately founded in his castle of ^V^arkworth.

John AVyndliill, who was rector of Arneclifi', in Craven, to
which ho had boon presented in 1394 by the earl of Northumber-
land, and who, probably, belonging to Alnwick, wished his remains
to repose in his native place, ordered, by his will, in 1431, that
his body should be buried within tho church of the monastery of
the Blessed ^lary, of Alnwick ; and he gave forty pounds of wax
to make tapers to burn aroimd his body at tho solemn fimeral
services and at mass on the day when he was interred; he left

ALNWICK AIJIJKV. 11

tl*0 iiito hundro<l fthilliou-a to bo diutributod among the poor and
n^odjTi on Iho day of hiu f'unural, for tlio houIh of him-iulf, hi.s
CMwnmU, ftiid bexuiDtct'iru ; Ut tho ubl^ot who colobratcl ma-t-j (ju
xhAl «l«jr b4 g«»* two uhillinjji nnd oi^ht ponoo, and to uvory
i}iAi44ian or mottk. CAnon or bn^ihor, Mho uttondud lii.s funorul
KMnfl tlw vatXm mX hit fauoml, twolvo ponrjo. Daring tluoo yoarH
ik'SU't tt«* dAkth r>«0 Qt chnidula had to ctdobrato ma-ss for liin soul,
in |3m <liA|i«4 of Bt> Michatd, in Alnwick, and bo i>ro8ont at all
rp^^ima* i^vnicMM porCbrmod in tlio cluipfd ; to tho abbot and con-
V-Wlfl; W *ijw j(«TO one TO«tinout of rod silk, gilt, with lions upon
t)M> 0irj«luvy«, ftnd to tho high altnr of 8fc. llicliaol, of ^\Jnwick,
«O0 VMtmaut of ruby silk and ono great misaul.'^

U«0i7'» carl of Nortlmmborland, and lord of Cockormouth, with
tlM» eoOA'ant of his oldest aou Uonry, in 1450, released tho abbot
nnd convt-nt of oU cloiina ho had on account of St. Leonard's
U(iw:utAl« oxoonting oid}' tho spiritual service ; and fur tliis
rcmifttion tho nubot and convent guve uj) to him the right of pre-
Mittitatiou of a fit poniOn to tho vicarago of tho church of St. Dun-
•iaa, in tho wo«t of Ijondon ; and for the salvation of tlio souls of
liimiKdf« hit father, mothor, ancestors, hoirs, and successors, and
««jw<.iAlly for tlio »oul of his most o.xcollent priuco and lord Henry
v.. funxiorly king of England, ho gave and oonliiTnod to the
*W)H«jr hnlf an aero of land with appurtenances, being parcel of
lliiut taar.nr of I^wkinllold, together with tho advowsou, the glebe
aXk4 i«ci.»ry of tho iMiriah church of Lockintiold.

Tbdcountotwof Northumborland, his widow. In 1457, confirmed
to 111* abbey tlio advowson of tho parish church of Leckinfiold.

noiury, oarl of Northtunborland, lord of the honor of Cocker-
mouth, and Lord do Poynings, ratified, approved, and conlii-med
to tho abboy tho ndvowson of Leckinfiold, and remitted tho arrears
due, out of tho revenues of tho hospital of St. Leonard, for the
atipond of a priest within the castle of AVoi-kworth. In 1531, he
romitte<l entirely all future claim for this stipend, provided tho
abbot and convent celebrated in their conventual chui-ch yearly
for over, solemn funeral services, on the feast of St. Andrew, being
the last day of November ; and on the morrow a muss for his
floul ; and in like manner, solemn funeral services on tho 27th of
October, and on tho morrow a mass for the soiJ of Elizabeth,
late countess of Sussex; and further, that they should daily pray
for the good estate of himself, and of his neighbours, and o'f

Homy, marquis of Ex and Gertrude his wife, and of Henry,

earl of Cumberland, and of Lady Margaret his wife, and sister of
tliO earl, and of Henry Lord Montague.

• This will is one of the most leuiarkable of the period. All his lands and
tenements he left to Ralph Percy, the hero of Hedgeley Moor; to the eail he
left one cup covered with chased silver; to Henry Percy "unam craterain
coopertam pouiised." J^Iany garments, curiously described, as well as books,
were left to other chuiches and individuals. Test. Hhor. II., p. 32.

^~ ■ HISTORY or A I, ^ WICK.

The a])boy also obtained Uie advowsou of tlie vicara«'cs of
Sin bottle and Al.ibam. Prior to 1 JJ.Jl , these vkura^on ar.d
that of Lesbury had been governed by secnlars, of whom the
canons 0 Alnwiek Abbey had so Imd an opinion, that they
charged them ^ylth being the cause of disor.h-rs and homicides,
nisliop J.ndovicns, however, on the petition of the canons,
grunted to t umi, in that year, the privilege of appointing to
these churches, as they became vacant, some of their own
professed canons, not of less dignity than a deacon.*

Ihus richly endowed, this abbey ranked among the great-
est religious communities in the country. Gleams of its
splendour are occasionally reflected from the public records,
and something of its inner life is seen in the chronicle of the
liouse and m other documents. The abbot was, in 1204
summoned to a council of the clergy, held before the king in
person; and, in the following year, to a parliament held at

linn i'inl'-^'i'o'"''^ ^" ^^^'^^^' P'^-li'^'^ents in the years IL^OG,
1300, 1301, 1305, and 1307. Along with the eail of North-
umberland, he was a))pointcd a commissioner to make terms
with the earl of March. When the great controversy-AVho
was heir to the Scottish throne?— was preparing for trial be-
fore lulward I., the abbot was, in 1301, enjoined to search
the clironicles and archives of his house for historical matter
relating to the kingdom of Scotland, and to transmit liis re-
port to parliament, by the best informed member of the
monastery.

'Hie canons had ample means of enjoying themselves, and,
probably, they did so; hospitable, we know they were; and,
doubtless charitable. Fit place for study was their secluded
home in the vale of the Aln, yet no great or distinguished
man came forth from the abbey. One poem is preserved .

among Cave's manuscripts, in the British Museum, written ]

by a prior of the abbey in 1304. The title is the most inter-
esting part of It, '' Prioris Alnwicensis de bello Scotico apud
Dunbarr; Tempus Regis Edwardi I., dictamcn sive Rithymus
Latinus; qxio de WiUelmo Wallace Scotico iUo Ilohin W'hood,
plura scd mvidiosc Canit." Some modern critics regard
Robin liood as a mythical personage, and the ballads bearing
his name as a cycle, consisting of common popular stories of
outla\v warfare in the green wood, as they were suncr on
1 Iqa ^ ^^^^^'^'^^ °^ t^^^ peasantry. Fordun, writing about
1380, speaks of the songs sung to the people regarding the

• Reg. Eccles. Dunelm. See Hodgson's History of Northd. II., p. 11.5

ALNWICK AIJHKY. 13

most iiifuiiious ns<wi&itin8 Uobiii Ilcnle und Tiittdl Joliu ; in
The Virions of I'irm IMuwinnti, ^vr^tt(•n in tlie rcif^n of
Kdw. III., no ftir lold " I knii ryincs of Jtobyii Hood ;" and
W\i»t»wn. in |ii« Khuning Chronicle, hpi-aks of "J.ytil Jlion
mn\ Mithyti Ilodc" •« existiii;; in \2('),i. The prior'n jioeia
Ki%r# c«iT)tirttMlioii to the rcjilil^* of this i)oi)u1ar licro, and
41 »*f«rt*u< iht} ratlimt rt-cord of Ins name ; so great liad been
ht* Umm ill ihfl north country, to whicli he probal>ly Ijclonged,
ilktt twm ho U jtlaced by our nortliern rhymer on a level Avith
lib* W«>{e WafUcc. This poem is in Latin rhymes, and
rqttlAinii »bity caiUos of four lines each, in -vvliich various
ftttrmit writers are imitated or quoted. Tlie following verses,
moirt of which contain matter relating to tlic district, will
iltu»tratti the literary character of the abbey: —

1. LimIom> Yolontibua ludona i^ars Lirain \

IXj tuiincli Tualicia IJora domonstro mirain f , j.

mX quixl nocot roforo ; liem gestam roquiram i ^^^'
Bcribo aovam batinun, eot sic ne seminot Iram. j

47. I*u^«> nunc Nortlimubria uiniia dosolata, \

FiwcUi ac ut vidua riliis orbata ! / Ovid'

V^n*'*^', Morloy, Suraorvillo, Bertram sunt in fata! ( Omer'.
O (juibos, 0 qtumtia, 0 quulibot es viduata ! j

■48. In to, cum sis vidua cxmei Scotonmi

ltc<h'gimt in cinerom Prodia proborum, / p

Willobnus do AVallia dxix ox Indoctonim, ^ ^^^

Oaudia Stultonim cumulant augmenta doloriun.

49. Ad Augmenta ecolevis actenus patrati, \
Alnowyk dant Ignibus viii scelerati ; r Veritas
Circimiquaque oursitant volut insensati ; ( Evangelica.
Electi pauci sunt, multi voro vocati. j

50. Multi querunt mutuo, qualiter sit actum, N
Quod novum Monasterinm nou sit Iguo tactum, / de
Dona spondent Monachi, set non solvunt pactum ( proserio.
Sicut opus fuerat, sic Ees processit ad Actum. )

51. Hujus Eei Gratia cap tirum duxerunt \
Priorem Cenobii, quern tunc iuvouenmt ( n "^*
Captis rebus vacuas domos reliquerunt, I '-^^'I'^^s.
Munifici pauci ; multi qui muuera querunt. j

Documents, in Kellawe's Register, relating to the union of
the churches of Wooler and Fenton and their appropriation
to the abbey, shew that heavy burdens fell upon it, on account
of its contiguity to the borders, for it sometimes sustained

14 HISTORY OF AI^NWKK.

the brunt of Scottish rnids and was robbed and spoiled ; the
Scots, under Wallace, phmdered the house and took the prior
prisoner; and it had besides to f^ive support to the kin"-'s
armies, and to others coming- to the monastery. 'J'hf; weiglit of
such liabilities induced the mother church of Durham, in IS\3,
to unite and appropriate the churches (jf AVooler and Fenton
to the abbey, but not long afterwards J'^dward JI., inhibited
the Bishop of Durham from admitting to the church of Wooler,
on the presentation of the abbot, until the right was j)roved ;
the abbot, however, ajtpealed to the Icing's own cliarter giving
a license for the appropriation, and the inliibition Avas in
consequence removed. {Placita Ao. T. T. G Hdiv. II.)

Superstitious these canons were; but in this they differed
not from the other religious societies of the period. In the
book of the life and miracles of St. Godric, written in tlie
twelfth century, it is recorded that when the venerable abbot
died, the prior went to a man of God to seek counsel con-
cerning the election of a successor, but the holy man jocundly
said "Why anxiously do you enquire? you yourself will be
abbot." Forthwith the prior departed, and was raised to the
dignity of abbot by the unanimous consent of the canons.

The report on the abbey, made by Taylor and Legh, in the
reign of Henry VIII., states under the head super Hlition,
that the canons held in veneration a foot of Simon de Mont-
ford, and a cup of Saint Thomas of Canterbury. This fi^et
was the most valued relic. Slain at Evesham, fighting it
■was believed on the side of liberty, Simon de Montford was
revered by the people as a martyr and a saint; by his enemies
his corpse was dishonourably mangled, but the broken re-
mains were carefully gathered up and preserved ; and so
strong was the belief in his saintship, that two hundred and
twelve miracles were believed to have been -wrought by these
members. John de Vescy, his friend, who fought with him
at Evesham, where he was taken prisoner, brought to the
abbey, after his liberation, the foot of Montford, mutilated
with many wounds; and marvellous to relate! it was in an
uiicorrupted state. So holy an object was enclosed by the
monks, out of reverence to God the creator, in a shrine of the
purest silver shaped as a shoe ; and one important miracle,
according to the chronicle of Melrose Abbey, was performed
by this foot. A very wealthy burgess of Newcastle-on-Tyne,
became so grievously ill, that he was almost entirely deprived
of the power of motion ; he could not move his foot out of
bed, or raise his hand to his head ; and so painful was his

AI-NWICK AUHliV. 15

mtUdr, that ho would nlhiw no one to touch hiin, preffiring
la dir mlhcr limn In? moved ! One rn;^lit, as ho lay dreaming
in Ki» lw<l, he imaf^incil ho heard a voice cxclaiinin;^, ''Rise
iCHtiV^nr^^inomint^fnnd your inflrniity will he a littb; relieved;

ElKI Alowick Ahl^oy and you will find there the foot of Simon
Manikin, whk*h vvjll work for you a perfect cure." J-'eel-
bm l!lil» infirmity lc#« iii the morning, ho rose, mounted his
hiHWt tinntgh Willi difHculty, and proceeded withotit delay to
ihni •bbey. IIo entered, and made known his ohject to the
mimnk», who, ohwrving that lie was lame and feeble, brought
to hiui Xi-ry reverently from its recess the sacred foot, en-
cl«>»«il Jn It* silver shoe. And such, (so says the legend),
won the cfTcct of its Tvonderful virtue, that the mere sight of
it, rrcn before it wns touched, entirely restored the cripple to
• hir<alth nnd etrcngth. The monk who records the miracle,
«!]i;iirUinii, — What glory vvill there be in this foot, re-UTiited to
ihe body at the rcsurroction, when such healing j)ower went
from i(>a«adead member enclosed in a shoe! Ill it fared
•wilh onn of the canons of the abbi-y, ^ho, before the carl's
fool n^*»he<l the house, liad dispariiged the earl and sworn
by iJotilV even that he was a traitor. On the morning follow-
tni^ftlOt A Pinglo «."ye was left in this wicked monk's head — so
«?iy» lh<e chrouicio— but in each eyehole there was a deep and
gmuitly hollow; and on the same day he suddenly died.

We may rognrd as a greater wonder still, that these marvels
should bo believed ; but such were the superstitions of the
mtddlo ftgcs, by which the monks deceiveil the people, and
even sometimes deceived themselves.

Tho abbots were occasionally troubled with the misconduct
of tho canons. It is recorded in the registry of Durham,
that tho abbot was heard in May 2ord, 1333, when he com-
plained of the repeated contumacy of the brethren William
do Hcpscotes, Henry de Bamburgh, and John Eedenal, so
that they had brought themselves under the arm of the law ;
they were, however, absolved on submission ; and accordingly
Ilcnry de ]h\mburgh, canon, having, on the last day of July,
made his submission, he was received into the church. They
seem, however, to have been refractory, and they are brought
under discipline. Bishop Iludfield in 1378 commissioned
John Hanley, rector ofSedgefield, John iNlaunders, his chan-
cellor, and William de Farnham, his official, to hear the
abbot of Alnwick, respecting the propriety of conferring the
benefit of absolution upon William de Ilepiscotes, Henry de
Bamburgh, John de Bedenhall, canons of Alnw ick, and others

16 HISTORY on ALNWICK.

their accomplices and abettors, all of whom on account of
multiplied contumacies and offences were under the sentence
of the greater excommunication ; but if they wished to return
into the bosom of the church and appeared deserving, they
Avere to be absolved from such sentence.

Of Walter, one of tlie abbots, it is recorded in the chronicle
of the abbey, that the time arriving when he was unwilling
longer to manage the house, Robert succeeded him in loG2;
and harassed by the various and anxious vicissitudes of the
world, the brethren beseeching him and the ]nitron urging
him, he thankfully retired ; and by the license of his superior
succeeding him in ofHce, went to study at Oxford, and for
four years haidably ])assed his time there, till at lengtii by a
raging pestilence he went the way of all flesh.

.Whatever may have been the literary and religious charac-
ter of the abbey, there can be no doubt of its magnificent
hospitality. The chronicle records one great entertainment
given by Abbot Walter de Ilepescotes, who is described a.s a
most wise father, flourishing in religious fame. " Our noble
patron" it continues " Henry, the fifth Lord de Percy, in the
year of the Lord 137fi, on the day of the assumption of the
Blessed Mary, dined in our refectory with thirteen knights,
the names of whom were. Sir William de Aton, Sir Richard
Tcmipest, Sir Walter Rlount, Sir Alan de Ileton, Sir John
Conicrs, Sir John Heron, Sir John de Lilleburun, Sir Thomas
de Ilderton, Sir Thomas de Jjoynton, Sir Ingram de Umfra-
vill, Sir John de Dichaunt, Sir John de Swynton, Sir Ralph
de A'iuers, and many other nobles of the country. The clois-
ter was filled Avith our parishioners and the commonalty of
the country ; and it was computed, that 1020 of all ages Avere
assembled in the cloister at this entertaimnent ; but in the
refectory there Avere L20 men, and at the second entertainment
in the refectory there were 8(5." Notwithstanding this
magnificent display, the abbot, AValter de Ilepescotes, was
entangled with many and varied anxieties of the world, aris-
ing greatly from a scarcity of corn, and more es])ecially from
almost all the oxen and sheep belonging to the abbey perish-
ing by a pestilence, which at that time spread over the coun-
try.

Several of the lordly abbots had been connected with the
baronage of England; and some even of the barons of Aln-
wick became canons. Henry, the first Earl Percy, the
chronicle says, took the brotherliood of the chapter in 1372,
with many other knights and esquires ; and his son Henrv,

ALSrWICK ABUEV. 17

ajcmf wUh lii« two brother*, Thomas and Ralph, did the same
in J5TJI. ^V^lhtn thopreciucuofthenbboy, as on lioly ^ound,
wc»» Uid liw inortn) tomuins of horne of its nohle bi-nefantors.
ImImIU^ wiJfa of KiuiUi:c de Vcscy, rested nithiu the coiivoii-
I»mI chufrb ; ihr body of John do Vcscy was buried in the
t'tnmvUiOPf «iilh Riot honour, In 1288; ITcnry, the second
L«<4 vtfty n( \\n^f^ick^ vra« honourably interred witliin the
itM^tfl ihf trnrnxnt of Mary — a generoufj lady — the first wife
ttfll^wry fie Percy, tlxo third lord, were laid within tlic aljbey
in i3C2; nvA when her husband Henry died, he was buried
try h«r tide.

Thujti arc a few scattered notices of the revenues of the
«bl>cy, prior to the Reformation. In the taxation made in
1)21)2, for the tenths of all ecclesiastical benefices, granted by
lV»po Nicholas IV. to Edward I., towards the expenses of a
cnitade, the temporal goods of the abbey were valued at £30,
iind those of the nunnery of Gyesnes at £3 I4s. Gd. Other
dependencies were valued as follow :— Leccbyr, Avith the
cha{)eU of Ilouton, Alnewyk, and Alnemuth, at £70, the
vicnmgc, at £6 13s. 4d.; the rectory of Schiplinbotcl, at
jCl2 5i«. C<1., the vicarage, at £5 ; Alncham Rectory, at £31,
the vicanige, nt £6 13s. -Id.; Chatton Rectory, at £100, the
vicarage, at £50; .Chevelingham Rectory, at £13 Gs. 8d.,
the vicarage, at £6 13s. 4d. ; Wolover Rectory, at £20; and
Fenton Jflectory, at £6 13s. 4d. Many, however, of the
northern churches being unable, on account of an invasion of
the Scots, to pay this tux, a new taxation was imposed on a
portion of the province of York, by Edward II., in 1318, but
even then the benefices of Lesscbury, with tlie chapels of
Alnewj-k, Houghton, and Alnemouth, and of Alueham and
Shipplmgbotel, were returned as wasted and almost destroyed.
In the Valor Ecclesiasticus, made in 1534, for tenths to
Henry VIII., it is stated that Alnwick Abbey is of the
clear annual value, in spiritualities and temporalities, of
£189 15s. Od.

The monasteries in England becoming too numerous and
too rich, their greatness was partly the cause of their down-
fall ; for, Avhen the spirit of ecclesiastical reform Avas evoked,
kings and nobles looked Avith covetous eyes on their vast pos-
sessions. The smaller monasteries — those having lands not
above £200 yearly value — first fell; and, in 1535, all their pos-
.gessions were given to the king, because, as Avas alleged, "mani-
fest synne, vicious, carnal, and abominable living is dayly used
and committed commonly in such little small abbeys, priories,

VOL. II. D

18 HISTORY 01' ALNWICK.

»&c." Among these, Alnwick Abhey was supjjresseJ ; but
Henry VIII. refounded it, by letters patent, on January 31st,
1536; its dcstruetion, however, was only delayed for a littbj
while, for, on December the 22nd, 1530, tlie al>bot, William
llawton, and the convent surrendered their projxrty to tlie
king, and thereby secured for themselves some small ])ensioiis
out of the wreck of t\nnr possessions. 'J'lie deed of surrender is
a long formal document. A memorandum states that on the
day and year named, the abbot and convent came into their
chapter house, at Alnewyke, and before Richard Layton, one
of the Chancery clerks, acknowledged this deed and all its
contents. (Close liolls 31, lien. V^III., pt. 4., rncrnh. 2.)
There were in the abbey, at the time of the surrender, thir-
teen canons. William Ilalton or JIawton, the hist abbot,
had assigned to him a pension of £50 yearly, which he en-
joyed in 1553; Robert Forster, a pension of £5 Gs. 8d. ;
Roger Spence, of £5 ; John llochinsonne, of £5 ; Robert
Raker, of £5; AVilliam Iludsonne, of £5 ; ^Villiam Sander-
sonne, of £1 ; Richard Alkcley, of £1 ; and Richard Wheteley,
of£l.

The following is a list of the abbots so far as I have been
able to ascertain, but it is not complete : —

1147, Baldwin; he died in 1152, Chron. Melr.

11G7, Robert, elected.

1190, Gilbert, Records of Durliam; died 1208, Chron. Melr.

1208, Adam, deposed ou 5th of Ides of Dec. 1208.

1208, Gaufiidus or Godfrey, elected, Chron. Melr.

1222, Thomas, Cart. Ilolnrrionj.

1250, circa, Richard; occurs in a cliartor endowing the chapel
of St. Egid of Cliarloton -witli ilfty acres of land.

1260, William, Cart. Iloln; occ. 1295,

1283, Thomas de Kirkby, Cart. Alnio. Alley; occ. 1295.

1290, Alaun de Staimfcrd, Cart.de Vescij; died 1319; brethren
in 1304 William do ITerdeley, Adam do Schilton,
canons, Cart Priory Cold.

1320, Thomas, Cart. Iloln.

1334, John do Otteley, Cart. Holn; occ. 1339, 1340, Kellawe's
Itcgister.

1347, John de Alnwick, Oart. Holn; died 1350.

1362, Walter, resigned, Chron. Aln. Walter, lord abbot of
Alnwick, witnessed a charter without a date, by
wliich Ysonda, daughter of Widon, vicar of Aln-
wick, gave the mill of Sepley to Coldstream Abbey ;
Elorarad Teulonicus (probably of Eugley), Walter
Clerk, constable of Alnwick, and Bartholomew, " my
brother," are also witnesses.

ALNWICK ABHEY. 19

IWO, lloWrt do Rothbury, oIocUmI ; oco. 1301, Curt. Iloln.

U7(% Wnllvr d* ntM)po»c<.tcfl, Ohron. yiln.\ occ. 1.'390, mil of
JtiJkm d* fiwittm.

HM, Cliriilopbor. Af($ of Privy Onincil; John Cudbordo was
fMctM liHor and |>a«t«jr of tho church of Alnwick in
UOO, lUj. Durham.

HO(V,' Aaihflojr vpnotaUKl witli Halpli NoviUo, earl of North-
cualxyrland, to treat witli Qoorgo Dunbar, earl of
Uaitib, l^oe, and Ord. of Privy Oouncil.

Wn^ TKoiniMy Baronial Couri Rollt.

N4a, Tltonm* Ainwjko; oco. 1437.

14^7, JToIin; In his cbnrgo "wna tlio liospital Trois Fontaines,
fouiidod by David I., about a niilo from tho nunnory
of Abbey 8t. Bathans, Ohal CuL, II., p. 3-1 B ;
William Marschal wna appointed prior July 3, 1437,
Rey. Durh.

H5«, WilUam; occ. 1457, Carl. AIn.

1478, Ilubort, Cave'B Mi>S., Brit. I^lus.

MSO, Tlioniftfl, in a doed of Tynomouth Priory as trustee of
Nicholas Boston lato prior.

1491, Patrick Onto, wlion there wore twenty-two brethren with-
in tlio liouso.

IftOO, ciVrti, Doctor Alukroll, Ministers' Accounts.

Ift25, Uobort, Minislers' Accounts, and in 1530.

1531, Kop;or Aoton, Ministers^ Accounts.

1$32, William Halton or Ilawton, elected September 7.

I have not met with the seal of the abbey ; the deed of
surrender in the time of Henry YIII. states th;tt it is sealed
with the coniniou seal of the abbot and convent, and subscribed
with their names ; but neither seal nor signatures a])pear.
njc personal seals of three abbots are, however, affixed to
documents preserved among tlic Durluim archives. One, the
seal of Gilbert, about 1190, is attached to a record of proceed-
ings taken against Stephen, canon of Gisburne, by order of
Celcstine, and directed to the abbots of Newmiuster and
Alnwick, and the prior of Tynemouth, to compel him to resign
to the monastery of Durham, the charters connected Avith
Bttckstanesforde, which liad been dissolved. On tliis seal
are f SIGILL GILBRTl ABB K and a figure stand-
ing bareheaded, holding a pastoral staif in his riglit hand.
The second seal gives f SIGILL ABBATIS KCCLIE DE
AliNEWIC, and a tonsured figure standing with the ])astoral
staff turned inwards in the hand, and a])pareutly a book in
the left; this is attached to a note of obligation from Mag.
Roger de Burton, to pay to the convent of Durham 15 marcs
annually, (or the church of Ellinghani, which he farms of

20

HISTORY OK ALNWICK.

them; it is of date ^m or to 1239 when Burton died, 'iho
third seal, appended to a coTninission of" enquiry hy Mag.
Alan, arelideaeon of" Noi-thumborland, dated 12^9, ])y order
of" the archbisliop of York, as to the chureh of Ellingliain,
vacant by the deatli of iMr. lloj^er de JJurlon, gives f SIGILI.

ABBATJS J)E ALNE\ and a hand issuing from the

dexter side liulding a pastoral staff (jutwards.

The dissolution of monasleries and tlie distribution of their
property effected a great social revolution ; the religion of
the coimtry was changed and one-third of the land of the
kingdom was transferred from ecclesiastics to a different class
of owners. From selfish motives and by tyrannical means
were these efi"ects produced ; yet tliere ultimately sprung from
them one of the greatest blessings — civil and religious fref-'dom.
The great possessions which luid been seized by the king, and
which ought to have been devoted to education and other im-
portant objects, were squandered away among greedy nobles,
courtiers, and parasites, to be turned in many cases " to up-
holding dice-playing, masking, and banqueting." For a time
the arts suflered from the ruthless destruction of many noble
buildings adorned with the richest architectural beauty ; our
Alnwick Abbey was overthrown by orders of the king. Even
Bale, who was a virulent enemy of the monks, lamented the
destruction of the monastic libraries, ** Never," says he,
" had we been offended for the loss of our libraries, being so
many in number, and in so desolate places for the more part,
if the chief nu)nvmients and most notable works of our most ex-
cellent writers had been reserved. ]5ut to destroy all without
consideration is and will be unto Englaiul for ever a most terri-
ble infamy among the great seniors of other nations." Num-
bers of helpless monks were thrown homeless on the world, to
spread abroad disaffection and stir up rebellion; and thou-sands
of the poor, the idle, the thriftless, who had been relieved at
the gates of the monasteries, out of a portion of their funds
regarded as belonging to the poor, were suddenly deprived of
support, and dispersed over the land to swell the vast numbers
of beggars and thieves ; for the new owners of the monastic
property ignored the obligation with which it was charged,
and refused to give any portion to charitable ]mrposes ; hence
it soon became necessary to pass a poor law, throwing the
support of the poor on the whole property of the kingdom.
The commonalty were deluded at first with the promise, that
the monastic property would be devoted to state purposes,
and that they would be freed from taxation ; but ere long

ALNWICK AHBKY.

21

thii UluiioQ WM (lit[H:llo(l by tlio imposition of aids, subnidies,
ttiid rclicfii. Far from popular was the fiuppression of monas-
ttrrir* in lh« nortli. The? W(:n of Tloxbam rose against it;
«Xi<l the T*i!^nmagcof GrnCf, and the rebellion k-d by llie earls
of Nortliumborlaiid and WcMlinorcland had for their object the
fc^WMitJOU of tlietdd fiiilh. Some of the people around Aln-
wiK'li wmj ready to join in these risings, but the vigilance of
8ir John Fon»tcr, tho warden, who resided there, repressed
ll»« fir»t attempts, and restored order to tbe town.

Tlic fupprc««ion of monasteries produced a greater change
in ibp ecclCfriaatical organisation of Alnwick than of most
other towns ; for the religious services of the parisli were
dependent on the abbey, to which indeed the church belonged,
tho minister being cither the prior or one of the canons.
Previous to the Reformation, there was a formidable array of
oeclesiastics ; there were between twenty and thirty brethren
in the abbey, some half-a-score friars in Iloln Priory, and
chantry priests, so that upwards of thirty religious men taught
and exein])li{icd to the i)eople of Alnwick the theology of the
period. This imposing structure was overthrown, the mater-
ials were scattered, and the whole of the property by Avhich
it WM maintained was appropriated to other uses, and the
parish church was reduced to beggary. After the Reformation
one poor curate, with a life salary of seven pounds, performed
the whole of the religious duty. Subsequently out of other
funds, an annual endowment of twelve pounds was appro-
priated to the curate of Alnwick.

Surveys and grants, preserved in the Record Office give
important information respecting the possessions of the abbey
at the time of its dissolution. The following is from paper
surveys of monastic lands made on December 23rd, 1539;
the bracketed words in the margin are in Riche's hand-
writing, and shew how these possessions were at first dis-
posed of: —

PAPER SURVEYS OF MONASTIC LAJTOS, VOL. 399, AUO. OIF.

In sxipervisxi super dissolucionem
ibidem xxiij ^"^ dio Decembris,
anno r. R. Henrici xxxj ^° inter
aha continetur, viz.,
Tirst, the Scite of the sade house"^
with Demanez theninto belonging,
and one Graimge ther callyd
Hekeley Graunge with Landes,
Medoos, and Pastors therunto be-
longing, late in the occupacion

Alnewyk

nuper

monastorium.

[pro Ratclyff.]

22

HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

The Demanez
and GraungOH.

[Beserved to tlio
King.]

The Wooddes.

nl.

[pro Eatclyff.]

Bransbawe.

[reservat'.]

[reservat'.]

of the sade late Monastery, withe \-xyjli.
one Towre aud Paslour tliorounto
adjoiiyng callyd LToirord Lawo,
^ wliiclio bo wortli by yoro

Itom, thor is a Gi'aungo witli a""
pastour thorounto hclonging called
Stokorskuglio, rioro KyJaund, con-
tonyng by estimation, M} acroz of
pastour, lyeng noro liiddcsdalo at
vj7< lute by yore, and now lieth
waste and nnoccnpyod, bycauso of
the great Tliofto by the Skottes
and outlaws J

Suninia, xvj/i.
Item, tlior is u tenement with a ^
littell Chap])ell anddemano landes, I
modoos, and pastors tlioreunto bo- I .....
longing, late in tlio huudes of the J^^J *'
sayd Mouastoryo, and is worth by |

Lyei-o J

Summa pz.

Item, thor be corton wooddes"^
callyd the Abbay Wuoddes sett
with Olfo tymbre, contonyng by I ,
estimacion C acrez, the herbage i '
whereof is roservyd for the S^tryng,
and is worth by the yero

Item, ther be dy verse xmder-'
woddos in soverall places growyng
upon the landos of the lute !NIon-
astory, the herbage A^'horof is be-
longing to the Fermer of the
Domanoz and is charged in the
sayd Uemanoz

Item, the sade late house hath~'
of old Graunt of the Ilerez of
Vessez and Persez to have somych
wood in Hull Park and Westpar,
for ther tier spent in the sade
Monastery, as ij horsez wull cary
daly £i-omo Sane \_sic'] Elynmos to
Michelmes, and so muche as one
horse wull cary from Michelmes
to Sanct Elynmes; the same woodd
to be delivered by the Kynges
Forsters ther ; and also ij 13ukes
in Somer and ij Doys in Wynter:
^ which in all be worth by yere J
Summa, xx*.

nl.

>xs.s.

ALNWICK ABBEY.

f jm. iui«i/ffi] r

IHW* ill* tciUk

Piiut«ll«« of

C!»fllt«in

[pro RAtcl^-ff.]

[pro lUtcI^'ffl]

Parwlloa of tlio

pmrjS'Dnago of

BUlbottelL

► lx».

ParcoUes

oftho
parsonage

of
Lesburye.

r [pro
Eatcljff]

titlio

fislio

[pro

EatclyfF]

[pro
EatclvfF]

The

Tounezof

Lesbury

Haukhill

and

Bilton

Itom, tUor is a wafer Come Mill
ooro tho Hnmo Ifito Monastoryo,
Uto dyrojuoU to "Wilb'ani Taylor,
nnd ffinloa !)y yore over and above
ftll Itojiaracious except Groase
Trrobro

Item, Ihor w one Fullyng Afiin
tiisn tho same lato ironaatory, /
in tljo tenure of Ilobert Forstor, ( ^'"
^and rontos by tlie yere j

Siimxna, iiij/i".
r Itom, tlio Tithe WoU' and^
Larabo of all tho parisho of Chat-
ton, belonging unto tho sarao late I ....
Monaatery, lottyn by new dimysion ' ^^J
unto iVlexanndro Sliaftoo, and
routes by tho yore

Sumina, vij/i*.
C Item, tho Titlio Cornez of tho""^
Towneship of .ShilbottoU belong-
ing unto tho Juto Monastery hh
narcoll of the ])nrsonngo of Sliil-
oottoll, lottyn by no'NV dymysion
unto Fercovall Gallon and Uugh
^Gallon, and is worth by tho yore
Summa, liijs. iiijrf.
fTCteni, tlio Tithe Fishe

comyngof tlio Cobelles

goyng upon tlie See at

Alomouth, lato in tho

hatulo.s of tho eado

lato Monaster}^, and is

worth by the yero over

all reprisoz

Item, tho Titho Fishe

of Saluioud gottyn in

the water of Alo, late

in the haudes of the

sad house, and is worth

by tho yore over and

above all reprisoz j

Item, the Tithe Cornez'

of tho To-^Tiosliip of

Lesbury, Hauldiill,

and Bilton, lottyn by

new dymysion to Sir

Cuthbert Eatclyf,

kuyght, and is worth

by the yere

liijs. iiij'c/.

J

yj/j". xiijj. iiij<^.

xij/i. vjs. viijc?.

u

HISTORY OK ALNWICK.

Parcellea

of tlio
parsonage "j

of
Lesburye,

[pro
Eatclyff]

Tho
Tow)io of

Lung-
hougliton

[pro
Eatclyff]

'Item, the Tithe Oomez
of tlio Towuobhip of
LoTighougliton, lottyii
to Joliu Ikidnoll and
John Ilod(jin Ly now
(lymiHion, uud ronto.s
by yor(3 J

'Item, the tytho Cornez
of ilio Towneship of
Alnewyk, xli. and tlio
tytlie of Alnow-yk
niylloa xxvjs. viijt/.,
late in tho handoa of
the sad Monastery j

xli.

-xjVi'. vj«. viiijc/.

,xvi}li. vja. viijV.

Item, the tytho, hay,
The woll', and lambo, with
towne of J lambe, witli all other
Alnewyk I Minute Tithezandob-
lacions of tho same
Towne of Alnewyk,
belonging to the same
house, as parcoll of the
parsonage of Lesbury,
lott_)Ti by new dimysion
unto Sir George Law-
son, knyght, androntes
^by the yore
[pro TThe tyth Cornez of the^
Eatclyff] Towneship of Dennyk,
lottyn by now dimysion
The 4 unto William ]5ednoll, Y Ixviij*. viijrf.
towne- with the Tithe hey
ship of ther, and rentes by
Dennyk tuyere
^ Summa, lx]lt. xij*.

Summa totalis parcellco preedictte Cli. ys. iu]d. ; per me, Jacob um
Eokeby, Auditorem.
At the end occur the follotoijig words in the hand of Biche :—^
Fiat dimissio Cutberto Eatclyil', to begyn at Mychellmasse next,
pro fine Gli. — Eychart Eyche,

We have more full and definite information in the ministers'
accounts of the 31st and o2nd of Henry YIII. -which were
rendered on Alnwick Abbey, by Sir Cuthbert Eatclytf and
Robert Kyllyngworth. The docviment is long; but I shall
endeavour, within a moderate space, to give whatever is im-
portant, especially as it also throws some light on the manner
in which the abbey property was managed prior to the disso-
lution.

ALNWICK ADBRT. 9b

The account of Sir Cmhbcrt Ratclyff contains the Bame
tk«ttkuliir« ai appoar in the preceding paper survey. Of the
iMi«,wr«Kioa« lUcro iiwificd, ho had a lease for twenty-ono
yt«rt, nt A reatal ywrly of JCIOO 5s. 3(1. The king, liowever,
ft««rw4 l^> hiniMilf iho granj^o caHcd Stokcrlujc, and the
p&«mfc atlj*rmt with nppurU'nancej near to Kydhind, con-
iMtMiinz by rtlimation one thousand acres near llyddesdale,
ft»4 Ikil the *rowl« called the Ahhey Woods ; and all ediiices
wjithitt iHc iite of tho monafitcry, which the king had com-
mandod to bo OTcrthrown and taken away; and the advowson
ofallchnrchw.

The account of Hobcrt Kyllyngworth, however, yields the
WiOrtl interesting information. ^Vo find from it, that lifty-
ciifht burfj.igcs or tenements in the town belonged to the
abbey. Il bold most of Canongato, in which two of them
were on bond or copyhold tenure. Edward Coke held
one tenement in Chauongate by suit of court, and by ])ay-
xncnt of -Id., or of two days work in reaping corn in autumn ;
and Hobcrt Storey held', on the same tenure, by payment
yearly of (Jd., or of throe days reaping in autumn. ThirLy-six
other burgages were held at will and paid rents. The fol-
lowing are the names of the tenants in Canongate and Aln-
wick, with their rentals: —

Tho relict of Cuthhort Ilorison, Cs. ; Rol). Forster, fis. ; Edw. Wayke, two
burpagea and ono rood of land, 8a. ; Edw. "Woodinan, 4a. ; Kob. Alnewyke,
ono >>urK'a;m> and ono iW)d of land, 48. ; Leonard Fayily, one bur>!^u:e and ona
rood ot lund, -Is. ; Edmund Chrysteng, ono burt^.i^o and one rood of land,
3». 4<i. ; Jolin lliclvelUon, 3s. ; Juhn Skott, ono burgage and one rood of
Iftod^ fls. ; John Kco, 38. 4d. ; Edw. Watson, ono burgage and ono rood of
land II«. ; Kob. Ton-itt, Gs. ; Thomas Peiiny, ono buri^ago and one rood of
Und', 2«!; (.tcrurd Spurnell, Gs. ; Uswald Staiiley, 4s. ; Thomas Laneroko, 43.;
Thomaa Sklator, 23. ; Robert Aynstay, 3s. ; Thomas Hudson, 5s. ; George
Mayuon, 39. ; Ivoger Herreford, 3s. ; Widow Elder, 3s. ; John Taylor, 3=. ;
John ThoniHon, a waste I'id. ; Widow Doney, 23. ; AVidow :M}lne, one burg-
aco and otio rood of land, 2s. ; John Rubenson, 33. ; Widow Bowman, 2s. ;
Widow Waller, 43. ; Lionell l^un-ell, 43. ; Hob. Forster, two closes, one on
tho est part of tho street and the other on the -west part of the vill, lOs. :
Leonard Fayseloy, 12d. ; John Thomson, 2s. ; Thomas liudson, 23.; Lionel
Bui ell, one cottage, 1 2d.

In Bellygate, William Watson held one tenement and one rood of land at
tho yearly rent of 8s. ; in Narrogate, Kob. Storey, oue burgage, •with arable
land lying "in lez est maynez," lis. ; Will. Robinson, one burgage and ono
rood of arable land, 8s. In Bonegate were twelve burgages ; Geo. Clarkson
at tho rent of rid. ; Lionel Burrell, 10s. ; Thomas Cravost, 7s. ; John Holms,
4a. ; Will. Beduell, 3s. ; Will. Grebe, 2s. ; Rich. Chanler, ono burgage with
arable land, 21a. ; Geo. Watson, three acres of arable land lying in the toun
fields, 38. ; Rich. Tayler, 23. 4d. ; Char, lleslopp, 33. 4d. ; Widow Stanton, 33. ;
Rich. Browell, 4s. In Clayporte were live burgages ; James Skott at tha
rent of 3s. ; John Taylor, 20d. ; James Tyudall, 2s. 8d. ; Edw. Carsley, 23. 4d. ;
Geo. Wynny, 3s.

VOL. II. K

26

HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

Saint Thomas' Fields belonp^od to tho aljboy. By indenture
made January 12t]i, lo.'30, Itol;oit tlio abbc^t lot to farm, for tho
torm of ninety yearn, at a yearly rental of '^Os., to Geor^'o Clarke-
son, of Alnwick, moi-ehant, tho fu)inhol'l and me.s.su.tgo at the
end of Clayporto, called " Seynt Thomas Field, and of late called
Mylnes Fiold ; and also tho tytlio <.f corn and liay of tlie Banio,
and tho tytlio of hay and g-ra.s.s of TIowl} ii;,rrjloyso, Totterg-ayto
CI08S0, Willisy Olossos, Grooniiolds in tho fieldn of Alnwick.''

To Georno Clerk8ono Avas also lot in 1.029, fer tho term of
ninety years, at a rent of Cs. yearly, a wa.sto in Alnwick, near
tho ]\rarkott Placo, abuttinfrupon a vennel called the Strait Com-
nionLane, near tho Kiik House, towards the south, and upon a
waste bolong-iu^^ to tho chantry of tho Blessed Mary there to-
wards tho north; and also two closes in Ileldit'h {Ahdih-:)
abutting on the common bt)f^go {Ranwelhtruther or Boy Mill?) on
the oast, and on tho south " Super palas do Callogat," Avith the
tithes of hay and grass.

A small close, near to Sahit Thomas Close, yielded a yearly
rental of 8d. A close in Ilobberlaw, called Cooks Close, {lez Cokez
Clossa), with tithes and other profits was in the possession of
George Alder, at a rental of 8.^. yearly. Edward Urpeth had
tho farm of tho manor of Saint ]\Iargarcts, at a rent of GGs. bil.
John Mayson had in Donwick one cottage and croft, at 03. ; and
Thomas Gibson one tenement, at Gs. 8d. To George Clerkstono
was demised for forty-one years at a rental of 20s. the third part
of the salmon caught in the Alu, from Alnwick Jlills to tho cast
end of Alnwick Church, and, from tlie west end of this church,
half of all taken in the said water " infra a yare."^-' To George
Carre, of I.osbur}', and l''ll/.abeth Tleroford, of tho Bnrno Yards,
was domisod at nreut of b\U. -Id. tho .salmon caught in the water ;
viz., two parts of tho lisliing from tho west end of Alnmouth
Church to Alnwick Mills, and from the church to the sea-side.
The perquisites of the manor court produced 16s. 2d. yeavlv.
The following ])ossessions of the abbey were beyond tlie
bounds ol the parish of Alnwick : —

In Shilbottle, a tenement ami the titlics of the -west fields Avere in the
tenure of the vicar, at the yearly rcnt-il of 2O3., and land in tenuvo of William
Kirhaz, 10s.; in Kewton-on-the-Moor, one tenement, 2s.; in Alnam, tho
vicar one tenement, Lis., ami two others, Gs. ; Tho. Grey and others' tho
f.mn of a parcel of land called Bmthull, l)ct\vcen Charlton and Xewstcde,
]yin<2: waste ; in Newcastle-npon-Tyne, four l)argat,'es held by five tenantd,'
one in All-hallow-Lank, Gs, three others, IGs, and one close near Pandon ; in
Chatton, two tenements, 8s. ; in Yerdley, one, 5s. ; in Ewarde, one, lOs. ;
Lulckor, one, 10s. ; in Doddington, John Grev, one, 10s. ; in Fleteni, free rent
of land from divers tenants, IOO3. ; Stamforth, Christopher Burrell, ono
tottage witli a Imsbandland of land, 4s. ; Houghton, ono tenement, 10s'. ; in
Leshury, eight tenements, SSs. 4d. ; in Alnmouth, two tenements, Rob. Pig-
don, 10s. ; Will. Anderson, 2Ga. Sd. ; in Bilton, John Shcpherde, Us. ; m

" Yare, or wear, an erectici from the bank of a river to the middle to catch
lish ; ic<er, A.S., a fence, a lishpoml.

ALNWICK AllKKY. 27

PtMlon, rwUi and fann of demcsno land ruid knements 40h. ; in Buston, one
iMMSMOt, 4», ; ia Chillyn^jham, one iiiOMna^'C wDi lands and tomnients,
tJa. 4<!. A wilmon fihlieiy, tho Starto Elstdl and OuUvator Stcll on tLe
«ni,i«r of tho Twood, was demised, in 1.032, to Elizaloth Langton, at £8 Ga. 8d.

Tho fzuTO of LossLury Rectory nmDuntod to £81 Os. -Id., iiifliul-
ing tho tithos of prnin witliin (lio vill of Doniiyk i'3 Gs. 8(1., iu
iho touuro of Sir Cutlibort Jvutcl) ff; tho hay titlio of iJonnyk 2.s.,
hdd by Ooorgo Kidlniid ; and tho Littlolioiif:,ditoii f^iaiii titlio £2,
h*>hl bj John Jtoodom. Tho gr.-iin titliosof .Slirdodylcc, lOs., and
of Wouon, £1 i;}». 'Id., -wore deiuisc'd, in LOIJI, to Goorgo Bod-
tioll, of Ncwcurttlo, for iiii\o(y yoar.s, by Iiogor tlie aljbot, and
tint convent, with " tho -wholo niyndo, consent, and aKsont, of
ihwo cliJiitpter lioufic," and tlioy aro do.sciiljcd " t)io hole tdho
CfimoX nnA nhefres of tho toM no and fields of ITayf-and, witldn
tl»cn»ai"yaKyn)< of Shilbottyll, all cornoz and bliolle.s of tlio tcj'.vno
■kM<l fi>Kb}z of Nowdojio wh(?ro over thoy lyo and bo witliin tho
f«ory»bvDff of I.osbury, and tho tytho cornoz ami tlie titho Khoflos
«:i4 tilhebay of llio Ovorbhtdoz and iNethcrsholez of the pary.shynjj^
of Alljwvko, Willi tho t} tho coruez and hay of ono jiarcole of
^rotittJ vvnytigf of lliu Huid loAvno (ailed .Swynloy Close." Tho
frrmm ami oil mnnU tithes of Alnwick, with'tithes of tho millrj
ffvr^ b*W bjr Sir Cutbbcrt lialclili', by letters i)atent, at a rent
'-■( £.9 l."*. "I*!. ; the j^niin nlhea of lO.itniaynez, jiertaininji; to
l^mhtuy }lt<:U*r}\ woro lot for ()1 yoarH, in 1517, to (Jcorgo Kedc-
Inr»<l, at A rt-.l»t of £1 9s. Od. Ctitbbert, IJattdiU" held the titlics of
'lh« fi»hftnr at A^-lmoutb, at rent of £G lO.s. Gd , tho titlio of tho
•ftlmon fittiifry in tho Alno, at the rent of lOs., the grain titlies
t.f I>t»b«rv', Bylton, Ilakehilj, at a rent of £ 12 Gs. 8d. Tho .«inall
tithc« of J/)linhoughtOJi were in tho tenuio of tho curate, <luinij
•••MVKi) within tho cbni el of L(in<.^lunij4hton. Thorent~£3 G.s. Hd.
— of tho grain tithe, witli all other tithes of tho chn]iel of Ayle-
inoulh, woro in tho tenure of I?oger Spence, curate of A}lrnionth.|
Tho grain titho of LongUoughton was demised Cutlibert Ifatclyff,
Rl rent of £10.

Tlio farm of Shilbottel Eectory amounted to £15 os. Od. To
Cuthbort liatclifi' had been demised tlio grain tillie of t^hilbottell,
at the ront of £2 13s. 4d., and all tho tithes pertaining to the

• The«« were granted by Charles II., in ICOO, to Francis Braddock and
Christ. Kingscote.

\ Wyntujngc. Lucrum, EmolutneiUum. Tio»ip. Farv,

I Alomouth Terrier. — Alnmouth, December I'Sib, ciica 1663. To certifio
wee have no Terrier nor we have no Gleibe Land excepte one Bu'.t of Land which
pnyclh twelve pence by yeare. Tiiere is not a house belonging to the Curat
onely the Easter Reckonings tithe lambe and Woole geese and piggs, and Gthe
h»y in some places, which will not amount above live pounds by yeare.

Thomas Builetson,'*

u--ir \f n 1 O'd Churchwardens.

« illiani >\ alker, )

28

IIISTORY 01' ALNWICK.

cliapol of Bralnsliauf^h, at a rout of £8, Tho grain titho of
Whittoll was (lomisod iu l.O.'J? fur Gl yearrf to Goor;^o Ivedoland,
at a rent of lOs. ; tho grain titho of Ilysandofor 91 yoars in 1.031,
to Oeorgo liedonoll, at a rout of £2 L'Js. 4d. Tlio grain titlio of
No\vton-on-tho-Moor was in tlio tonuro of John Galon, at a rent
of 20ri. Elizalxith Iloi-.slcy and Francis Lassets had for their
lives tho tonuro of tho grain tithe of (iyzens, at a rent of Ch. Hd.

Tlio farm of tho Chatt((n liactovy aniount(;d to £M Cs. 8d.
Tho grain tillio of tho vill of Chatton was in tho tenure of tho
vicar tlioro, and of Henry Koveley, at a rent of £10 ; the grain
tithes of HaHilryg wero held by ITagerstons, at a rent of £2 ;
of Ifetton l>y John Carr, at £1 ; of Lyeni, l>y the relict of Wil-
liam Muschauiice and another, at £ 1 ; of Folberye by John Selby,
at £2 ; of AVetewodo by George AVetewde, at £l I'.in. -id.; of
riorton by Sir Roger (rray, at £1 I.'js. 4d. ; of JJodyngton by
John Burrell, at £8 ; of Eworth, deniiRod to iSir Robert Ellerker
in 1534 for 41 years, at £4 rental and money paid at sealing;
of ITomellon by William Jlradley, at £1 (is. Hd ; of Yerdell by
Hugh Galon, at £1. All tho lithcs of Ihe vills and fields of
Chyllyngham, Newton, and Nesbilt, with all ajipurtenanccj
within the parishes of Chyllyingham and Chatton, were demised
in 1536 for 44 years, to »Sir Robert Ellerker, by AV'illiam, t?ie
last abbot, at a rent of £4 133. 4d., and £20 jjaid down when the
demise was made. Tho tithes of wool and lambs of the whole
parish of Chatton were demised to Ciithbert Ratclyfl', at a rental
of £G.

The Lelcynfeld Rectory was in tho tenure of John Rodam,
John Bedenall, and Doctor Dabell, at £4 rental. The rectory of
tSt. Thnistan, at London, was lot to Richard Williams, at £18.

Pensions wore received of £l Gs. 8d., out of the rectory of
AVocder, and of £1 Gs. 8d. out of tho rectory of Fenton.

Tithes of grain of Aylemouth, Avith titlies of the grain of the
glebe, to tho value of 3s. 4d. yearly, were in the tenuio of George
Clerlvson.

The total receipts appear to have amo\inted to £f256 3s. 4d. ;
but this does not include the produce of the lands in lledesdule
nor of the Abbey Woods, liut the real value of these posses-
sions must, even at that time, have been much more ; for
it Avas customary on entering upon a lease to pay a large
fine.

Rensions and salaries of curates and otliers were payable by the
abbot and convent. To tho Bishop of Duiham £2 13s. 4d.
yearly was paid, out of the churclies of Wooler and Fenton ; to
tho Archdeacon of Northumberland 12s. yearly, out of the church
of Lesbur}'; Cuthbert Dalton, chaplain, curate of the church of
Houghton, received a salary out of the titliee of Houghton (grain

ALNWICK ABHEY. 29

excepted), of £10 annually; and Itogor Spenco, curate within
the cliapol of Aylomoutli, a salary of GGs. 8<1. yearly, out of the
tithos of Ayleniouth, (grain exco[)t(jd;. John Lylljorne, chap-
lain and curate of Brainhhaugho, had his salury eecurcd by letters
patent, from AVilliani, tlio al^bot. I'ohcrt FojHter, curate of the
jMirihli church of Ahnvick, had a salary of £7. Alan SJiafto,

f;onlionjan, was appointed, in 1.0 .'57, by letters patent from Wil-
inni tlio abbot, aa forester or jirincijial keeper of all the wooda
of the mnnabtory, with a Halary of £20 yearly. Eobert Colling-
WOo<i, collector of rents, had a fee of 'IDs yearly. The soneHchal
or steward of all the courts of the monastery, was apj)ointed
by letters patent, under the conventual seal, at a salary of 403.

J early; and Itobert, the abbot, in 1528, ordained to this oflice
ohn Bodonoll, of Leniaton, gentleman, and Edward Ijedenell,
hifl Bon, as heir to the ollice, for the toim of their lives.* There
wua a chief seneschal or steward of the abbey, appointed also by
lettons j)atont, and to this oiflce, William the abbot, in 1.038,
appointed liichard Crumwell, and granted him an annuity dur-
injif life of twenty marks sforling, out of abljey lands,

tjon'ices to the abbot and convent were sometimes rewarded by
grnnla out of the abbey property. Eobert Abbot, in 152.0, let
the com tilhcs of Alnham for the term of 41 years, to " our
bnithcr of our Chaiiiter, fcir Ciithbcrt Uglo, clerk, for the good
«u(l {aillifiil oounfloll lie had given in tymes ])aat and may hereafter
givo;'* and "for tliia grant Cuthbert eliall bind him.self to be
true Jind faithful." In 153G William Abbot gave an annuity of
£4 to John Aylwortlie, gentleman, " on account of many benefits
to UB and to our monastery."

It will 1)0 seen from the preceding abstracts and documents
that the nbbey ])ossessions were for some time retained by the
Crown, and at tirst leased out to tenants for a term of years,
but at low rentals. The chief leaseholders during the
reigns of Henry VIII,, Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth,
were the Radeliffs, Forsters, Gallons, and Greys. As early,
however, as 1542, the Court of Auginentations granted to tlie

• This family appears settled at Lemmington, near Alnwick, in 1407, when
John Bedcnell, of Lemmington, gave lands to Bertram Mitford. John Bedenell
was, in 1.552, steward of the court leet of Mitford j in 15(i8, Edward, his son, was
in possession of Lemmington and Nunriding ; and his son Ralph, who held the
same estates, died August 12th, 157G, leaving a son, Robert, who was 16 years
of age in 1582. George Bednell had Lemmington in 1663, when the rental was
jC230 ; and in 1679 he occurs as a freeholder of the Longhorsley Court Leet.
In 1569 William Bednell was one of the largest owners of properly in Alnwick,
and in 1586 he was bailiff of Alnwick. We have William Bednell as a merchant
in Alnwick in 1584; and one of the same name was chamberlain in 1632, 1633,
U\d 1634, after which this family disappears from the town.

30 HISTORY Ol' ALNWICK.

Cathedral Church of St Paul, London, a tenement in Shere-
burn Lane, London, one of tlic possessions of tlie monastery
of Alnwick ; and about the same period the advowson of
Lekinfield had been f^iven to Lord liatimer; for "in the
accounts of the bailiffs, provosts, farmers, and collectors of
the lands, late of Lord Latimer and formerly of Sir Francis
Bygod, attainted, for one year ending Michaelmas, 5 f^d-
ward VL," tlie rectory of Leckinfield is accounted for, as
parcel of the possessions of the late monastery of Alnwick,
Jobn IJcdncll, John liodham, and Doctor Dabeth being
farmers of it, at the yearly rental of £4.

Tlie site of tbe monastery, with all the demesne lands,
Hcckley Grange, and Ilefford Lawe Tower and pasture,
which had been let on lease to Sir Cuthbcrt Katclific, at the
yearly rent of £16, were, in 1550, granted to Sir Ralph
Sadleyr, to be held in cajntc at a yearly rent of o2s. Not
long afterwards they came into the possession of Sir John
Forstcr, a distinguished border warrior and warden of the
marches. Queen Elizal)eth, in consideration of bis services
to the state in the late rebellion, granted to him and his heirs
for ever, in 1573, along witb otlier estates, the land and
pasture called tbe Abbey Walls, adjacent to Ellyngham Moor,
at a rent of 10s, annually. lie Avas residing at the abbey iu
1585; and, in 1587, he was in possession of ISrainsbaugh
Chapel and lands, which were afterwards held by AViddring-
ton, of Ilauxlcy, from whom they were purchased, in 1750,
by Robert Tate, of IJank IIo\ise, a freeman of Alnwick; and
they arc now in possession of his grandson, Mr. John Tate, of
Rank House. AVlien Clerkson nuide his survey in 1567, there
was no service in the chapel, excepting at Easter ; it is now
a roofless but interesting ruin ; but the grave-yard is still
used as a place of burial for the family of Tate.

Much of the abbey property was granted away or sold in
the time of James I.; and of these grants we obtain definite
information from a rental of them in the deed by which
commissioners, under the authority of parliament, sold various
fee farm rents on September 7th, 1652, to John Sweeting,
citizen and stationer, London. {Deeds of Sale of Fee Farm
Rents. Bmidle S. I., No. 2. Public Records.) The fol-
lowing are the particulars : —

Edward VL, on l5th December, 1550, granted to Ralph Sadler
and Lawrence Wemington the site of the monastery of Alnewike,
Harkley Grange, and a tower and pasture there called Herford
Lawe, to be held m capite, paying a rent of 323.

ALNWICK AIIIJKY. 31

Jftuios T, on Juno 5th IGIO, granted to George Salter and John
Williams, gent., tlieir lioirs and ussigns for over, the cottage
•nd gnrtii in AVost Matfen, Bomotimoa in the tenure of John
Thompson, nt a rent of IGd. yearly, and alflo a tenement called
StockUold Hall and certain lands.

Janios I, February 11th, IGIO, granted to Edward Ferrers, of
London, mercer, and Francis l'lulli])p3, of London, gent , the
water corn niill, with nppmtonaiicos in Alnewicko, sometimes in
Iho tonuro of William Taylor, at a rent of £3 yearly, in free and
oommon Sficago.

James I, on September Ist, 1009, granted to Francis Morrice,
Ettfjuiro, and Francis IMiillipps, gont., fur ever, all and all manner
of tythos of grain yearly, and from time to time arising witliin
the township of Alnwicko, and all tl\o.so tithes of a mill of Alne-
wicko, sometime in the occupation of the late abbot and convent
of AInewiolce, by the yearly rent of £11 Cs. 8d., and those tithes
of bay, woul, and lamb, and other small tithes and oblations,
orising in tho township of Alncwicke, and sometime in the tenure
of Sir George Lawson, knight, at the yearly rent of £17 6s. 8d.,
to bo hold in froo socage.

James I, on May 11th, 1008, granted all the moiety of the
t»lUe« of grain in tho town and fields of Langhaughton, in tho
tonaro of Edward earl of Bedford and Lucie his wife, to George
Johnson, inorchant tailor, London, and John Grimesditch, gent.,
in feo farm ront for ever, at the yearly rent of £5, the same to be
hoM in fruo socage.

The trivial grounds on which such properties were alienated
nrc shown in the reason assigned for this grant, which Avas
made **on tlie lunnble petition of Sir Eoger Ashton in con-
sideration of his good and faithful service as one of his
Majesty's gentlemen of the bed-chambre." "Was a debt, due
by this courtier to his tailor for fine clothes, cancelled by this
grant of abbey property ?

James I, on December 20th, 1 605, granted to Henry Stanley,
of London, gent., and John Standish, London, stationer, in fee farm
for ever, all that other moiety of all the tithes of grain in Lang-
haughton, parcel of Lesbury Eectory, in the tenure of George
Bednall and John Salkeld, senior, to be held in free socage, paying
tlie yearly rent of £5 ; and he granted to the same the tithes of
sheaf, blade, and grain, in the town and fields of Dodyngton, to
be held in socage, at the rent of £8 yearly, in the occupation of
SirEalph Grey, knight, parcel of the rectory of Chatton.

James I., on October 2, 1605, granted to John Halsey and
Eobert Morgan the tenement in Doddington, in the tenure of
John Gray, at the rent of 10s.

82 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

Jamo3 I., on 15th Fobruary, IGll, panted to Francis Morris
and Francis Plielipps, in foe farm for ever, all thoso lessor tithes
and oblations in tho towns of Ouis.sin^s and Borneliill, parcel of
tho lato cell of Brainshaw ; rent, 42.s. 8d. ; in freo 8oca;^o.

James I., on 5th Juno, IGlO, granted to Geo. Salter and John
"Williams certain possessions in Bi-ainshawf ; rent, £l ; etc.

James I., on 25th September, 1G09, granted to Fras. Morrice
and Fras. Fhelipps, in fee farm for ever, all tlio tithes of grain in
tho town of Chatton, in tho tenuro of tho vicar there, and lli^nry
Rovoloy or their assigns, being parcel of tho possessions of tho
monastery of Alnewicke, in freo and common socage; rent, £10.

James I., on 25th May, 1G05, granted to Lawrence iJaskervile,
of London, gent., and William Blake, of the same, scrivener, all
the tithes of grain in the town and holds of Ilorton, and in the
town of Ileslerigge, parcel of the rectory of Chatton.

James I., on 2nd October, 1G05, granted to John Halsey and
Robert Morgan, gent., a tenement in Ewart, otherwise Eworth ;
rent, lOs.

James I., on Gth April, 1G05, granted to Sir Henry Lindley, lent.,
and John Starkey, gent., in fee farm for evei*, all tho tithes of
grain and sheaf of tho town and tields of Chillingham, Newton,
and Nosbett, in the parish[es?] of Chillingham and Chatton,
late let to Rob. EUerker; rent, £4 13s. 4d. ; and all tho tithes
of the town of Hetton, lato in the tenure of the relict of WilUam
Mousechanco and William Pauper, parcel of the rector}' of Chat-
ton, and sometime parcel of the monastery aforesaid ; rent, 40s;
and all tho tithes of grain of Lyem, parcel of the rectory of Chat-
ton, sometime in the tenure of the said relict and W. Pauper ;
rent, 20s. ; and all the tithes of lamb and wool in the wholo
parish of Alneham, lately demised to Cuthbert Ogle, parcel of
the rectory of Alneham, and sometime parcel of the said late
monastery of Alnowicke ; rent, 20s. ; to be held in free socage.

Charles I., on 24th March, 1634, granted to Fras. Morrice and
Fras. Phelipps the tithes of grain, parcel of tho rectory of Les-
buiie, ai'ising in the towns of Lesburie, Haukehill, and Bilton,
sometime in the tenure of Sir Cuthbert RatcHffe, knt. ; rent,
£12 Gs. 8d.

Charles I., on 11th February, 1G36, granted to William
Scrivon and Philip Eden, esquires, five small tenements in the
county of the town of Noweastle-upon-Tine ; rent, 273. 8d.

All the above rents are bargained and sold by the trustees
to the said John Sweeting, in consideration of the sum of
£1873 143. 8d.

The Den wick tithes were in 1614 granted to Whitmore and
Sawyer; and part of Broxfield, the gift made to the abbey by
Alexander de Hilton, was in 1610 granted to Whitmore and
Sawyer.

ALNWICK ABBET. 83

In the beginning of the seventeenth century, the abbey
■ndvftrious lundfiand tithes connected with it were purchased
by Robert Brandling, a descendant of an old Northumbrian
family, who, in the sixteenth century, appear as sheiifPs of
the county, and mayors and members of parliament for New-
CSttlo. According to an inquisition made in 1G41, after the
rfcalli of Sir Francis Brandling, knight, we find that Robert
brandling, liis father, was in ])Osscssion of the Abbey Estate,
on May 18, 1(308, when, on the marriage of Francis with Eliz-
fibcib daughter of Sir Ralph Grey of Chillingham, he made
t settlement of " the Abbey of St. Mary's Alnwick, the two
Abbey Mills, the messuajre called Broxfield, the tithes of
I>ongnougliton, Alnwick West Park, Cawledge Park, and
IIul Pork, and lands in Jesmond and Nunnewode; " and on
February 4th, 1638, Sir Francis Brandling, prior to his
iecoml marriage, settled the tithes of Alnwick, Lesbury,
BlUon, Iluwkhill, and Shilbottle, along with other estates,
in trustees for himself for life, with remainder to his intended
wife KUznbeth Wheeler, widow.*

Ilolx^rt Itrnndling was living at Alnwick Abbey, in 1G33,
when lie was charged with many misdemeanours, which will
bo noticed in our account of the church. This violent tur-
bulent man, who was n plague to the church and a terror to
the ' burgesses of Alnwick, was born in 1575, and died a
little time after 1634. He seemed to have had large posses-
sions, and had been twice, at least, high sheriff of the county.
Ilis son, Sir Francis, the next owner of the abbey property
did not long survive liim ; but a short time before his death,
on August 28lb, 1640, he conveyed, the manor of Alnwick
Abbey, and all his other manors to Sir Nich. Tempest and
Robert Grey, D.D., in trust to receive and apply the rents
in payment of liis debts ; and to raise portions for his five
younger children, Ralph, Robert, Francis, William, and
Thomas. Charles, his eldest son, succeeded to these estates
and entered to £1500 per annum besides the tithes. He
appears in the county rate book of 1663, as holding Alnwick
Abbey demesne, and Hcckley and Denwick tithes, Brock-
shaw, and the tithes of Bilton, Lesbury, Hawkliill, Shilbottle,
and half the tithes of Longhoughton. The Abbey Mills, the
Alnwick tithe corn and petty tithes then belonged to Col.
Brandling. Charles Brandling died about 1665, and the
abbey demesnes descended to his sons, Robert and Ralph ;
and being minors, Robert was placed under the guardianship

• Surtees' Duvhnin p 93.
VOL. IT. F

34 IIIMOKY OF ALNWICK.

of his uncle Francis. Ilobrrt, tlie Sir Fopling, of Kirko,
lived at the abbey, and died there on Sepfembfir 5lh, 1()82.
As neither he nor his brother Ralph left any issue, the heir-
ship of the abbey estate passed to tlieir youii;^est brother
Charles, of Felling, who marrying Marj^aret, daiif;hter of
John Grey of Ilowick, was the jjrogenitor of the liraiidlings
of Gosforth, the last of whom, connected with tliat place, the
Rev. ]ial])h Brandlin*^, is still remembered in Alnwick, from
the prominent part he ])layed in the elections of 1825 and
1826.

Tlie descendants of Robert, the first Brandling who held
Alnwick Abbey, were in course of time vcn-y numerous, and
were settled in various parts of the county — at Alnwick,
Newcastle, Whitehouse, lloppen, Newham, Felling, and
Gosforth ; and hence the abbey property was frequently
regulated by wills, settlements, mortgages, and litigation.

The abbey and the abbey lands having been mortgaged to
John Doubleday, they were pTUchased by him in the early
part of the eighteenth century. He was the son of Robert
Doubleday, of Jarrow, and died on December 15th, 1751, at
tlie advanced age of ninety years.* Being a quaker, he was
interred in the quaker's burying ground, at the foot of Canon-
gate, of which manor he was lord. He left two sons and
several daughters, one of whom, Hannah, was married to
CoUingwood Forster an attorney in Alnwick, -who has achieved
local notoriety. Michael Doubleday the younger son, who
succeeded to the abbey properties, was a majestic man, above
six feet in height and massive in proportion. Like his father
he was a quaker, and adopted the quaker costume and modes
of speech. Eccentric he was too ; sometimes laying aside his
broad brim he crowned himself with a bright red cap, the
top of which hung doAvn behind his head; and as he strode
through the streets, grasping by the middle a silver-headed
pole as high as himself, he was an object of Avondcr and fear
to the juvenile population. When visiting the duke of Nor-
thumberland on some business matter, he, in accordance Avith
his religious principles, went into his grace's presence with

* His will, dated February 6, 1743, thus describes his properties — Alnwick
Ahbey, High House, Heckley West Side and Barns, South North and Middle
Morrellese, Crowhill Close, Shoulder of Mutton Close, Clover Close, White Well
Bank Closes and four Penny well Closes, two water corn mills and ground held
therewith, three closes south of the Alne commonly reported to be one-third of
Storer lands, the haugh west of his house, all coal mines within farmhold of Lane
Head, &o.

1S30G1G

ALNWICK a»jii;y. 35

Ui« hat on his head ; but the lacquey in attendance horrified
»t tln» presumption, took off the broad brim and put it aside.
DuAJnetiS over, i\Ir. Douljleday retired, and barclieaded left
Uie cantle ; but, a little wliilc after, tlie duke discovered the
hat iind becoininf^; aware of tlic lacq\iey's officioustiess,
htirn'cdly exclaimed to him — " liun, run with Mr. Doublo-
day*« hat and place it on his head, or it may be tlie dearest
that ever entered the castle !" Michael Doubleday was
never married and died February 23rd, 1797, aj^ed 73 years ;
(hon^h eccentric he was a benevolent man while livin;^, and
by >vill left £100 to tlie poor of the ])arish.* His will illus-
Iralea his character. His neplicw Middletou Jlewitaon iiad
lent him £500 under circumstances which excited a gi-ate-
fu\ /cf'ling; and though Michael Doubleday had never
seen his nephew's family, he bequeathed to his ^rand-nephews
Miildhnon, Henry, and Joshua £10,000 each. This quuker's
funeral was pompous. There was then only a wooden
f<M)t-bridgc over the Ala near the abbey ; and in con-
•cquMicc of n superstitions feeling against a corpse crossing
tlie tfalrr, llie long funeral procession went round by the
Small Well I<«nc, down the north turnj)ike, and across
th« Won Jtndgio to St. Michael's Church.

Iti arcordnDce with hia will, the abbey estates were offered
for sale in Lomloii, in one lot, on July 3rd, 1798. The ad-
•vertismnent plates that there were near to i^OOO acres of
meadow, pasture, arable, and wood lands, valued at £i3016
5 early ; that the timber was worth £3000; and that the
, whole was tithe free. The whole pro])erty was bought by
.llic Ilewitfons. Part of 15 rox field Avas sold by them for
£3700 to William liolton, of the MouTitain ; and Hcckley
.Fence to lUlph Annett, of Alnwick ; and the remainder AViis
divided among the three brothers. That portion containing
the remains of the abbey was soon afterwards sold by
Middleton, much to the annoyance of his brothers, for
£17,000 to the Duke of Northumberland ; some years later,
Jlenry's portion, including High House farm, was also sold
to the duke ; but Ileckley, Heckley Grange, Broonihouse,
and Brockshaw continued in the family of Hewitson till
.1862, when they too were bought by Algernon, duke of
Northumberland, so that now nearly all the abbey possessions
in Alnwick parish belong to the Percy family.

• Thomas Doubleday of .Vewcastle, the author of the Italian Wife, of a Treatise
•n Population, and other woiks, is <i descendant of Humphrey the secon J son of
Rohert Doiibltdav of Jarruw.

36

inyTOKY 01' AI.NWICK.

Before Doubleday bought Alnwick Abbey, the tithes, ori<^iii-
ally belonging to it, luul been distributed among various
individuals ; it is now difficult to trace their succession, but
«ome information is afforded from conveyances and wilis^of
the Brandlings, and fiom other sources.

Thougli Sir Francis Brandling Tnade, in 16-10, provision
for his younger children, they for thirteen years, during the
time of the civil wars, received nothing; for the trustees of
the conveyance, being regarded as delinquents, were jirevented
from acting. Charles Brandling, however, who enjoyed the
estates, consented, in 1053, that Thomas his youngest brother
should enter to Alnwick, Lesbury, Denwick, and Bilton tithes,
for the maintenance of hims(df and his other hrorliers, till
their portions should be ])aid, amounting with interest to
£4450; and, in 1677, Dr. Grey, the surviving trustee, con-
veyed to him these tithes for the same object. Acting for
the younger children, Thomas kept posses:t,ion of them for
thirty years, though often troubled by actions at law and
equity, raised by the heirs of Sir Francis, which reduced
these younger children to great straits. But Mr. Milbank
having obtained a verdict for an old debt of £500 due by Sir
Francis, he served an ejectment on Thomas Brandling, and
after several law proceedings ejected him out of the Denwick
and Bilton tithes, of which the Mllbanks afterwards retained
possession for twenty years, 'J'homas Brandling died at
Alnwick without issue in April, 1700, and by will left all his
estate to his nephews Ralj))! of Iloppen and Francis of New-
castle, merchant, and to his niece Grace Davison of Alnwick,
a widow, and daughter of Robert Brandling of Whitehouse.
Arrangements, however, wore made in 1717, in consequence
of Avhich Sir Kalph Milbank conveyed the tithes of Denwick,
Bilton, Shilbottlc, and Ilawkhill to "Mr Ilderton, in trust for
Francis Brandling of Newcastle, who it seems ])urchased the
right of the younger children of Sir Francis, lialph Brand-
ling of Hoppen was a party to these arrangements, but he
died before they Avere completed ; by his will, dated 1717, he
devised his share of the tithes to his nephew (son-in-law ?)
Edward Cook of Togston, from whom it passed to his son
John Cook, who by will dated December 13th, 176^, devised
his four-fifteenth parts or share of these tithes to his son
Edward; but Edward dying intestate on November 5th, 1786,
Jane his only daughter succeeded as heir. She married
Isaac Cookson, who in 1824 sold this share to Hugh duke
of Nortlunubsr.land.

ALNWICK ABBEY. 37

Other shares of tlie tithes of Ahnvick, including those of
Canongate, Stoney Tlills, Ifope House, and part of Leshury
passed into the family of Compton of Carhani, on the marri-
ngo of Jane I^'orster of Alnwick, anotlier grand-daughter of
Kalph Brandling, with William Compton in 17-30. They
were offered for sale on INI ay 22nd, 1769, consisting of — Lot 1,
cleven-fiftictli i)arts of the titlios of grain and corn of the
township of Alnwick, let in 17G8 ot tlie clear annual rent of
£7 10s. Od., chargeahle Avith a fee farm rent of £1 17s. fid ;
1/Ot 2, eleven-fiftieth parts of tlie tithes of corn and grain of
the township of Leshury, let in 17G8 at the clear annual
rent of £21 Is. Od., chargeable with a fee farm rent of
£1 Ss. 7d.* They, however, do not appear to have been
sold at this time, but passed to AV'illiam Compton's only
daughter Hannah, who in 1780 married llobert Ogle of
Eglingliam, grand-father of the ])resent representative of this
old and important Northumbrian family. In accordance
vvjlli the will of Robert Ogle made in 1807, this portion of
tho tithes was sold, and became the property of the duke of
Korlbumbc'rland.

Franm Hrnndling in 1725 sold five-twelfth parts of the
tithes of Alnwick and Ix-'sbury to William Coulter of Lesbury,
•nd Ihey ]ki*»c<1 in succession to his son Michael in 1744,
and in 1770 to his grand sou Michael, who sold his share of
the Alnwick tithes to Thomas Adams of Alnwick ; it was
iuhscqnently purchased by the duke of Northumberland.
Michael Coulter's share of tlie Lesbury tithe passed by will
to his son William, who in 1805 conveyed it to Robert Gilson,
by whom it was sold to Isaac Cookson.

One quarter of another fifth of the Alnwick and Lesbury
tithes was in 1712 conveyed by Richard Brandling to Francis
Forstcr j in 1717 it passed to Thomas llderton, who married
on June 13th, 1717, Margaret daughter of Francis Brandling,
and it descended in succession to Thomas llderton, Robert
llderton of Westoe, and Charles llderton, attorney, New-
castle, and.thence to Sanderson llderton of Lemmington, and
afterwards to his second son Sanderson, and from him to his
brother the Rev. Thomas llderton vicar of Felton, who is
also owner of the tithes of Dcnwick and other portions of
those of liCsbury and Shilbottle, which came into possession
of his family in 177G.

The petty tithes of Alnwick were in possession of the
Brandlings. Ralph Brandling of Felling in 1G86 conveyed

• Randall's MSS., Durham.

38 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

to trustees, for payment of liis debts, besides otlier property
"all manner of tithes of corn, f^rain, wool, hay, flax, and
hemp, and all other titlies, oblations, obventions, oft'crin^^s,
and emoluments in tlie parishes and townships of Lonf:^lK)u;^h-
ton, Alnwi(;k, Alnwick Juist ])ark, Alnwick West Kalled^c
park, and Hull i)ark." These and other tithes were sold in
1700 for £1500 to Jolin Lambe, and they passed in 1705 to
his son John, and in 171'^/ to his sou John. In 1731 they
were liehl under lease by John Weatherburn at a yearly rent
of£;206 lis. Od. The Rev. William Lambe of Gateshead,
brother of John, succeeded to them in 17o'J, and in 1759 they
passed to his son Captain John Lambe. After continuinj^ in
this family for upwards of a century these tithes in 1802
came into the possessson of Edward Gallon as mortj^agee, and
he in 1808 conveyed them to William Baird of Alnwick for
£2800, free from incumbrances, excepting five-sixth parts of
the sum of £13 18s. Od. payable yearly for ever to an Abns-
house in Bristol, five-sixths of the land tax of £4 9s. (id.,
five-sixths of the charges of providing bread and wine in the
parish church of Alnwick on four days of sacrament in the
year, and five-sixths of the county rate payable on account of
these tithes. The several charges at this time amounted to
£23 5s. Ad. These tithes at the death of W. Baird in 1821
passed by Avill to his nephew William Forster who took the
name and arms of Baird ; and he on December 1st, 1825, by
agreement with the duke of Northumberland, which was con-
firmed by act of parliament, sold them, excepting those pay-
able out of lauds which had belonged to ^^'illiaJn Baird, for the
sum of £4800. Of these excepted lands there are 98 acres
2 roods 27 poles, including Windyedge Farm, the fShoulder
of Mutton, Allerburn, Low P'reelands, Goose Knowes, Willow
Burn, the Burn and Watch Hill Closes. In the year 1820
these tithes produced £318 18s. Gd., viz., for Easter offerings
£28, lamb and wool £33 12s. 6d., geese 12s., calves
£2 18s.-4d., pigs £6 6s. 4d., hens £1 18s. Gd., gardens
£29 10s. Od., hay £81 3s. Od., potatoes £23 17s. Od., turnips
£87 12s. (3d., Mortuaries £5 8s. 4d., Alndike tithes £18.
As part of these tithes there were formerly collected mortuary
dues of 10s. Gd. on the death of any person possessed of pro-
perty, one penny yearly for reek fsmoke from a chimney) from
every house, and one penny for /lead-nionci/ from every person
in a household; but these unpopular impositions were wisely
discontinued by Algernon duke of Northumberland.

A moiety of the titlies of Shieldykes and Swinley were

ALNWICK AIIHKV. 59

ofTered for sale in January, 1770, the Avhole being then let at
£ilS per annum. Thoy ore now held by Fcnwick and others.*

IJroxficld tliou^h not in the jjarish of Alnwick honnders
upon it on the north-cast. Tliat part of it which belon<^ed to
the abbey was conveyed by Aldred and Whitrnorc to Thomas
OrdeofWest Orde; and he in 1014 sold it to Thomas Grey of
Ilowick, in whose family it remained till 1G13G, when it passed
to Hewit of Newcastle. John Doubleday the younger bought
it, and in 1736 devised it to his father John Doubleday of
Alnwick, who sold it to INIaxwell of JIazon. But it returned
to the Doubleday family again in 17GG, when it was bought
by JMichacl Doubleday of yVlnwick Abbey. After his death
it was ])urchased with the other abbey ])roperty by the Ilewit-
ions. It was subsequently sold to Bolton of the Mountain ;
nnd next to John Carr of Bondgate Hall, Alnwick, from
whom it descended to his daughter and her husband Edward
Clavcringof Callaly, by whom it was sold in 18G0 to Algernon
duke of Northumberland.

The tithes of Alnwick parish were commuted in 1837 as
follows :—

£ 8. d.

Duke of Northumberland for the tithe of Alnwick 270 7 6

Fcnwick nnd others for the tithe of Shieldykes , 78 3 0

Haird nnd Hand for Snipe House and Rugley , 114 10 0

Rev, Thomas Ilderton for the tithe of Denwick , 173 0 0

636 0 6

REMAINS OF THE ABBEY.

Of the original abbey, in which for centuries lordly abbots
dwelt, and barons and knights were sumptuously entertained,
not one stone is recognisable on its site. Nothing is left
save an embattled entrance tower, which, however, had been
erected'as late as the middle of the fifteenth century. After
the Reformation part of the building was overthrown by order
of the king; and the ruins were subsequently used as a quarry,
whence stones were obtained to build houses in the town.
Several carved stones, capitals and portions of pillars and
arches, of the Norman and Early English styles of architecture
— doubtless spoils from the abbey — have recently been taken

• In (he account given of the descent of the tithes, I am indehted partly to
Hodgson's MSS., but cliiefly to information from Mr. John Atkinson Wilson
of Alnwick, who has most liberally given me access to his valuable collections
relating to Alnwick, of which I have made free use in the course of this history.

40 HISTORY OV ALNWICK.

out of a house in Narrowfjate, wliicli formerly belonged to
the Forsters. In the hitter ])art of the eighteenth century,
there were remaining h(.'si<h;s tlie tower, a niiuision house and
several smaller houses, forming ])art of a square ; but all were
taken down, excepting the tower, after the Duke of North-
umberland obtained possession of the site. (Plale II.)

The hist fragment of this great abbey is an oblong tower,
with small proj(!Cting towers at tlie corners. A gateway with
a round arch passes tlirough from nortli to south, and on the
north front above the spring of the arch on each side is a square
recess, now empty, but which had probably been filled with
some device ; above the arch is a figure, now much wasted
and defaced, which seems to have heen an angel with ex-
panded Avings ; a little higher still is a canopied niche which
may have held a figure about five feet in height; and immedi-
ately above that are machiolations projecting from the wall
and supported by corbels. On the merlons of the hattlement
are two shields, one with a plain cross and the other with the
cross patonce, both arms of l)e Vescy the founder of the abbev.
The windows are small with trefoil'tracery. The soutli front
is crenelated but not machiolated, and the same De Vescy
crosses are placed on the battlement. In a niche above a
window with mulHons and transoms stands a figure of a Pre-
monstratensian canon which is much decayed. .Some carvin-^
had been within a panel above the gateway but it is now
entirely effaced. More elaborately finished and ornamented
is the eastern front, through which is another entrance, with
a low ])olnted four-centred arch resting on angels with ex-
tended wings. Over this arch is a shield with the Brabant
lion and three lucies quartered — arms adopted by the Percys
not earlier than 13S5, but which were not generally used by
them till tlie fifteenth century ; above this is a canopied niche
without a figure. The same armorial bearings appear on the
centre merlon of the battlement and also high up on the walls
of the projecting tow^ers. Windows with mullions and tran-
soms are set into a stone frame-work, above which is a rect-
angular label resting on demi-fignres holding shields. This
■well-built tower is a good example of the late ])erpendicular
style of architecture ; but standing alone it affords but a faint
idea of the grandeur of the abbey when in its glory; it <y\\es,
however, historical interest to the beautiful scenery by which
it is surrounded.

When the old Canongate Bridge Avas taken doAvn, forty-six
years ago, a few relics, lost probably by persons connected

H. !l

i2»n.

'tw

> roiri I'tijxoe.raph tiy i"! Poiln

'::(aTF.\VAV Ot\ >fl!iWICK 'JlRHl V

PLATE VIII.

FIG. 3.

FIG. A-.

HHAI, WITH INSCRTl'TIOV,

DliVM TIME ET AM A.

I.OVK Ki:\i. wiru tiikki-; i.scai i.oik

.\.\L) INSCKIr'l ION,

-V- IE .SVSHf.E DEAMVU IJiI.E
Found about the foundation of Alnwick Ahlioy biiilgo. Si^o y-v^k 11.

FIG 5.

\—4.

TAU CROSS, HOLN I'uiouY. Soe page 61.

IIOSI'ITAI- OF ST. LliONAHD. 41

with the abhoy, wore found al)out the foundations oi' tlie
bridge; they are now in the eolleetion of antiquities of Mr.
James J[orslcy of Ahiwiek. There are two silver fihuhe of
fourtccntli century work; around one is inscribed .]IvS\^S

NAZAR, and on the other IIIESVS NA , both uu-.in-

in^ JcsHs of Nazareth ; and also two small brass seals, one;
with the half fif^nre of a monk and the inscri])ti(jn DMVM
TIME ET AMA — Fear and Love God; the other has the
followiiif^ inscription around three escallops: — f IE .SV
SELE Dl'i AiNIVTl LEI^E — / am the seal of leal {i\x true)
looe. This legend is usually found around little Ioko seals
of the fourteenth century, with the device of a pair of heads,
male and female, looking tenderly at each otlier ; but it is
rare to see such seals associated with heraldrv-

HOSPITAL or «T. LEONAPJX

The establishment of this hospital has been noticed in
general terms. Tlui original charter is lost ; l)ut of its found-
ation, between the years 1193 and 1216, we are told in the
chronicle of Alnwick Abbey, which states that Eustace de
Vescy gave to Alnwick Abljey a certain rural ])ortion called
Quarrelflat, in exchange for tlie land on which he founded
the chapel of Saint Leonard for the sonl of Malcolm, kin<-'-
of the Scots ; and AVilliam the Lion, Avhose illegitimate
daughter Eustace had married, gave to him the barony of
Sprouston to found this chapel.

The hospital continued an independent religious cst;\bll;sh-
ment till 187G, when Henry de Percy, the first earl of
Northumberland, obtained from Edward' III. on payment of
one hundred shillings a license for its annexation toAlnwick
Abbey. It then became an obligation on the abbot and
convent of Alnwick to sustain, peiforin, and support the
alms, burdens, charities, -hospitals, and other works of piety
anciently ordained and established in the same hospital.'*
In one of the confirmatory charters of the second Earl of
Northumberland, he imposed a new condition ; that the abbot
and convent should pay five marcs annually to his chantrv
in the castle of Warkw^orth ; but this imposition was removed
in 1-157 by another charter.

This hos])ital was built on a flat piece of high ground, about
three-fourths of a mile northward of Alnwick, and one-fourth
of a mile southward of Malcolm's Cross. Probably it had

* Rot. Paf. 50 Edw. III., p. 1, m. 23.
VOL. II. r;

4^ HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

fallen into decay, oven prior to the Refonnation, for all trace
of buildings had been lost, the foundations being covered Avith
vegetation till 1815, when the field called Itadeliffs Close
was ])louglied over, and the foundations of a chapel and other
buildings, earved stones, a holy water vase, an ancient well,
a burial ground, a stone colFin, and upwards of twenty skele-
tons were exposed. The chapel was small, consisting of a
nave and chancel, the former '■22 feet long by 27 feet wide,
and the latter 15 feet long by Ki feet wide; at the west end
tlune a])])ears to have been a chamber 13 feet long. Founda-
tions of the domestic buildings are traceable near the chapel
on the south side; but they had been of no great extent.
Tiie ancient well, which is about 5 feet deep, is near the
chapel on the north side, probably the very well by the side
of which IMaleolm drew his last breath, after having received
his death wound higher up the hill, where his cross now
stands. lie left, says the chronicle, his name to the same
spring for ever, Avhence it is called in the English tongue
INlaleolm's AVell. What more probable than the removal of
a dying man to a spring, where his parched throat could be
refreshed by the cool water?

All the fragments left of the building are parts of the origi-
nal hospital, raised by Eustace de Yescy, towards the close
of the twelfth century ; for they are of the later style of Nor-
man architecture ; the columns are round and slender, with
cushioned fluted capitals; and the arches are circular with
billet, lozenge, and nail-head ornaments. By direction of
Algernon duke of Northumberland, these fragments have been
skilfully built up by INIr. E. 11. Wilson, architect; thus not
only endeavouring to preserve the relics from further des-
truction, but reproducing, to a certain extent, the character-
istic form and features of the old original structure.

The field in which the hospital stands is called EadclifTs
Close, because belonging to that family subsequently to the
Eeformation. It was in the possession of Erancis Rad-
cliff in 16(33, along with other lands extending to the Aln,
including Barbara's Rank, and also fields on the east side
of the north road between the north demesne and the Rroom-
house. These abbey lands appear to have come into the
possession of this family soon after the Reformation ; for we
find Sir Cuthbert RadclifT lessee in ISoD of several of the
abbey estates. They passed in succession to the unfor-
tunate Earl of Derwentwater, and after his attainder and
execution, they were granted to the Greenwich Hospital;

HEB'FORULAVV 'JOWER. 43

but by an act of parliament, in 1778, llio Duke of Norfhum-
berland obtained llicni and otlier premises at IJiox field and
a house in Waikwortli, in exclian^^e lor lands at and near
Corbridgo.* The following' are the particulars of the ex-
cbajige : —

Tho Commissioners of Groenwioli TTospital gavo "Derwent-
wator lloiiso at the top of tlio Path on the opposite nido of tho
way lo tho Castlo date, liatclillu's two closes in the North
iJomnin, Alnwick, also ground, on tlio nortli side of tho river
above tho bridge, called Barbara's 13aidc, also ground called the
Goose Close in Widoopen iJemaiu in the North Uernain afore
said, also the tithes of corn and of hay with tho stead fields of
IJroxfiold called Fore holds in the i)arish of Enibloton, also the
tilhoa of hay in a Ilaugh aiul in the (Jin field at Gynfon meadow
l)0th in tho township of iJenwick — tho tithes aftn-esaid formerly
belonged to the Monastery of Alnwick — also a burgage and garth
and half an acre of land in tho Ilather leases at AVarkworth "
to tho Duko of Northumberland in exchange for " part of the
lato common fields of Corbridgo called east field containing
46a. 2r. 21p."l

mGnF^VETAW OR nEFFORDLAW TOWER.

On high ground nortlnvard of Alnwick, at tlie distance of
three miles, near to an Ancient British camp, stands IliMi-
farlaw or lIcfFordlaw pelc tower, which belonged to the
Abbey. Early documents do not refer to it; but in the
paper survey of the ])osscssions of the abbey, made in 1540,
It IS cnti'ted as " One 'lower and ])asturo thereunto beluno-.
ing called llefford Law." It is a small, nearly square build-
ing, only 24 feet 4 inches by 28 feet 9 inches; and though
well built in ashlar work of the durable grey sandstone of the
district, it is but a poor s])ecimen of a border pele. It is now
roofless; but it had three low stories — that on the grouiul floor
being six feet in height; the second storey was supported on
beams and ■was7| feet high, being evidently the principal room,
for it had a fireplace, the access being by a narrow windino-
■wooden stair in the south-west corner ; the floor of the upper
storey rested on stone corbels.

• In a report on the Greenwich Hospital in 1806 these premises yielded
rentals as follow : — Radclifle's Closes in 1715 £5 1,'js., in 1770 £13 5s.; Brox-
field in 1715 £i, in 1770 £3; House in Warkworlh iu 1715 Is. j in 1770 10s.;
Alnwick House in 1715 £14 10s., in 1770 £31.

I Mr. C. S. Bell's MSS.

H-<

44

HISTOltY OF A1..\\VI(;K.

Sculptured stones, set witliiu panels in tlie wall.^, inclicate
the age of this pole. Que in the eastern front has on it, in
relief, a locket witliin the horns of a eresc.-nt, beneath whiffi
are two crosiers crossf.'d, ami at the side arc letters supposed
to be 11. II. , These figures are plaiu ; but on tlie south wall
they also ajipear in a more ornate style, for the crescent is
beaded and the crosiers crocketed — Fi(j. 1. 'I'hc crossed cros-
iers point to the abbot ; but the crescent and locket are Percy
badges, which do not appear used conjointly till the time of
Henry the fourth earl Percy; and therefore the building is
not earlier tlian 1400. The same conjoint badge is seen on
the porch of Warkworth Church, on ITedgcley Cross, and
on the north window of Beverly Church.* In the east wall
there is a small niche with a trefoil canopy, suitalde for a
statute ; but it is now empty.

This pole may have been erected on this lofty hill, as a
watch tower and beacon, for it commands an extensive view
of the country around; and it may besides have been the
residence of the tenant, who farmed the Inmls of Ueffersidc
under the abbey.

* Longstalle's Heraldry, p. 197

FIG- I

ARMS SCULPTURED ON ITEPrORDLAW TOWER.

CHAPTER II.

nOLN PRIOEY.

LEGEND OF ITS FOTTNDATION — SITE GIVEN BY WILLIAM BE VE3CT

ABOUT 12-10 CnAIlTBllS AND ENDOWMENTS — SUUVEY IN" 1539

CAttMELITES — KALI'lI rUESBUKN — JOHN BALE LIBUAKY — VEST-
MENTS— SURVEY IN 1587 — llEMAINS OF THE I'KIORY.

Two miles north-westward of Alnwick, tlie remains of Tloln
(or Tlnln) I'riory stand on a hill, on the north bank of the
Aln. According to tradition, this monastery had a romantic
orif^in. "Among the Ihitish liarons," it is said, "who went
to the holy wars in the reign of Henry IH., were William de
Voscy lord of Alnwick and Richard Gray two eminent chief-
tains in the Christian army. Led by curiosity or devotion,
they went to visit the friars of Mount Carmel, and there un-
expectedly found a countryman of their own, one Ralph
Fresborn a Northumberland man who had distinguished him-
self in a former crusade, and, in consequence of a vow, had
afterwards taken upon him the monastic profession in that
solitude. When A'escy and Gray reti'-ned to England, they
strongly importuned the superior of the Carmelites to let
their countryman accompany them ; which Avas at length
granted upon condition that they would found a monastery
for Carmelites in their own country. Soon after their return,
Fresborn, mindful of their engagement, began to look out for
a place for their convent. After examining all tlie circum-
jacent solitudes, he at length hxcd on the present spot, in-
duced, it is said, by the great resemblance which the adjoining
hill bore to INIount Carmel : and indeed whoever looks into
Maundrel's travels Avill find that the draught of that mountain
bears a strange likeness to this before us." (Grose Ant. II.,
p. 98.)

This legend is too attractive to be altogether discarded ;
though historically discrepant, it may have some foundation
in fact, and that part of it which relates to Fresborn maybe

46

HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

substantially true ; but William do Ve.scy, the lord of Alri-
Avick, ap])ears not in any crusade ; one crusade tlicre was in
his time, led by ]<^-ederick IJ. of Germany, aljout l2'.iH, but
Enghslunen do not seem to have joined i(. A William de
yesey,Av]io took part in the defence of Northumberland a^^ainst
the inroad of William the J.ion, and who, probably, Avas an
ille^atimatc son of the first William de Vescy, accompanied
Kichard ]. in the crusade of 1191 ; and John de Vescy was a
distinguished crusader under Prince Edward in l;?70. Neither
of these dates, however, corresponds with the time when the
priory was founded.

Fuller tells a different, and, we think, a truer story. Ralph
Fresborne, he says, who was born in Northumberland, where
he possessed a large estate, and who had been bred a soldier
and scholar, accompanied Ilichard the earl of Cornwall to the
Holy Land, and there became acquainted with tlie friars liv-
ing on IMount Carmel. Pitying their condition, and imjjrcssed
with their piety and morals, he brought them over with him
into England, and built them a house at Ilulne, in a place
not unlike Mount Carmel in Syria ; for Carmel had a hill
with the river Kishon running under it, and a forest beside
it.^ The resemblance, however, must have been more imagin-
ative than real; for Ur. Gregson, Avho had seen both places,
told me when I was with him at Holn, that there was little
similarity between the two places. In a life of Simon Stock,
general of the Carmelite order, it is said, that the following
verse along with others gives the date of its foundation, and
was on a stone tablet above the gate of i loin Priory :—
Anno n; 'ieno ducentuno quadrageno. *
More definite and authentic information Ave gather from the
charters granted to the abbey. These were in the possession
of Lord William Howard of NaAvorth in 1597, and of John
Warburton; but they are noAV knoAvn through a copy, amono-
the Harleian manuscripts, in the British Museum. With the
exception, hoAvever, of the De Vescy charters they are of little
interest, as most of the others consist mcrelv of confirmations
and repetitions.! Appended to them are valuable records
containing a catalogue of the library, and a list of the
sacred vestments Avhich Averc in the abbey. Of all that is
essential and interesting in these documents, I shall oive a
digest. °

* Acta Sanctouun.
t They are printed in IJartshorne's Feudal and Military Antiquities of North-
umberland i and the chief portions in Grose's Antiquities.

ilOLN I'KIOKY. 47

The sito of the abbey was givon by tlie second "Wilb'ara de Vescy
about 1210; the hoiiso, liowevoi-, was most proljal^ly built by
Kalph Froisliurn ; but tlio chief ondowniont oanio fioia JoJui de
Vescy, who (Ijotween 1252 ai)d I'iH'J) f^i-anted and confjiTiiwl to
the brotliron of tlio order of Iho ]51ortsed Mary of Mount C'arniel,
the whole area called Tldln, in his forest of Alnwick-, with the
oratory and houses built ()r about to bo built thereon, which
William do Vescy his father first porinitted them to iidutbit and
possess ; ho granted to them and to others coming to their ])lace
for thopui'pose of devotion, free oiitranco, jiassago, and exit through
all the Avays and paths anciently used in any part of the forest
leading to noiglibouring or distant towns, excepting through his
enclosures; liberty the brethren had to take timber from this
forest to oi-ect buildings, and old M'ood to consume within their
houses, and to burn lime without, and to make charcoal for their
church during winter; timber they might take for t^o years from
beyond the enclosure to make one cart and all utensils necessary
for their houses ; and from Avithiu the enclosure they were to
have hoops for their vessels and twigs for draAving the cart through
thefo]'est; the brethren had, esjieci ally for themselves and the
hiity coming with them, a right of ^vl\y straight thi'ough the mid-
dle of the park by way of Ililburghach to pass to the palisade
and over a stylo of three steps ; but it they could not pass thj'(aigh
llilburghalgh on account of the overflowing of the water, then
they might pass freely as they were accustomed to do on the
other side of the Aln water; a free fishery they wore to have in
the Aln, both within and without the j)ark ; a <juarry of free-
stone; and a mill, built on their own area, in which to grind
their own corn witliout multure, with a watercoui-se made in the
gi-oat water of the Aln thrtpugh a foss which they had dug in the
forest, together with a pond inclosed by themselves to receive
the watorllow ; but their millers were yearly to swear before his
bailiffs not to admit a stranger to grind corn there. The brethren
were to have free pasturage in the forest and park for six oxen,
two horses and two asses, in charge of a keeper, between the
water and the north side of the park, in length from their garden
westward as far as the pond; ho gave to the brethren all the
forest bees, with their honey and wax, found in AValshowe and
in Heine, in the forest and in the park, for the i)orpctual main-
tenance of the light of their church; and to prevent fraudulent
alienation of the honey or wax, the chief forester had yearly to
strictly warn and instruct the other foresters and shepherds, by
taking oath from them, to bo faithful and diligent in applyino- to
the profit of the brethren, whatever bees they might find in the
park and forest. For the support of the brethren, he granted
that they might huj yearly, in the nurrket of his burgh of Aln-
mouth, a last of herrings in the herring season, and also other
fish and things sold in that market ; they were to have out of his
coney warren of Houghton, una7n (ritss'um de beneth (bent?) at

48 lIISTOliy OF Al.NWlCK.

Eastor, and another truss at the assumption of the Blessed Mary ;
rushes tliey miglit have out of liis park thrice a your to cover
thoir liouses, to wit, four }Mindh).s every time ; and twice in the
year four bundles out of tlie forest of lloliio ; and yearly tliey
were to have twolve cart Ljads of wpart (ru.slics) out of the wliolo
length of Lokoiisoubiinio, within liis eiiclusuro, to cover their
houses. This charter is witnessed Ijy Thomas Abbot of Alnewyk,
Sirs liobort do Hilton, Walter do 11 mi (.orcoinbe, Italph Fitz-
Roi;>-or, AValler do (Jauibhowo, John de \Vydurin<;ton, William do
]\riddolton, Knights, John do ]\lidellon (Jlork, Philip de Brokes-
fiold, John Lleryng, Kobei't lleryiig- and others.

Uy four subsequent cliartenj, JTohu de Voscy eonfu-raed his first
benefactions, and in addition gave twelve marks sterling yearly
out of the farm of his Alnwick ]\lills; and he commanded his
baililfs to distrain the farmers, if necessary, for payment to Ihe
brethren; this gift he increased to twenty marks yearly. One of
these charters is dated Alnewyk, at the least of the purification
of the Blessed Virgin Mary, 1277. AVilliam de Vcscy by three
charters, dated Tughall, Juno KJth, 1295, contirmed all the gifts
of his brother, but added nothing to the endowmoit ; and Kdward
II. when at Berwick on December 12tli, lold, gave rtjyal conlir-
mation to these grants.

Walter de Witthill, son and heir of Gilbert de Witlhill, by
charter, about 1 oUO, gave tt; the brethren lialf a marc sterling yearly
for ever, out of that land which Adam, S(ni of Bryan do llcjwyk,
and Leticia, his wife, formerly held. Alexander de Brokesfeld,
about the same iime, gave one qiiarter of whoar, one (juarter of
barley, and two (puarters of oats yearly for ever ; the al)bot and
convent and the whole chapter of Alnwick witnessed this char-
ier, and both those grants were contirmed by ]udward III. at
Berwick, in looC). Thomns lleryrng, of llowyk, gave to the
prior and brethren twenty shillings sterling yearly, payable out
of the fourth of his water mill of IIoAvyk, for ^jroeuring and
maintainiug tlie ornaments of the church of Htdne; this also was
confirmed by King Edward III. John Oliflbrd, heir of his
brotlier Robert OliJibrd, in lo47, gave to the brethren one quar-
ter of wheat, one quarter of barley, and two quarters of oats
yearly for ever, fvum his manor of Neusted.

Confirmations of grants were nuule by the first, second, third,
and sixth Henry Lord Percys ; but these barons added little to
the endowment. Henry the second Percy, who is called "the
wisest of the wise," on September 1st, lo31, ou accoimt of his
special atfection and devotion to the brethren, granted to them
pasturage for two cows in his Avood of IIuluo for ever; and in
lieu of the pasturage of two asses, as granted by John de Vescy,
he allowed it to be for two cows ; so that on the whole they
shoidd have twelve head of cattle depasturing in the wood. By
will, dated 1351, he left forty shillings to ihe brethren of Carme-
lites of Alnwick. (Test Eb.r. f p oH.) Through the influence

llOJ,N I'KIOHV. v.)

of Eol)ort Do ropulton tlio Prior, IFeiiry llio tliird Lord Porc}',
gavo £105 13h. 'Id. to rctof tlio cliur(;li ; and, by eluirler in 1.'501,
granted pasturage for eiglit cows and ono bull, in addition
to wliat tlioy wore provioualy entitled ; lio conceded that the
brethren should enjoy in ihe park of Ifoln all the liberties granted
to them in the forest of Ilolne, which is now vulgarly called the
park of llolno; ho granted that they should freely have, and for
ever take, sj)art, hay, and every kind of grass in the whole of
that wood, now called Lo Freremed(jwo, as it lies in length and
breadth near to Lokonsenburn within his enclosure ; but ho re-
served to himself and his heirs to make clearings of weed, vul-
garly called Ilagges, within Holno Park, and to enclose such
places for a proper time, llcnry Percy, by charter, dated Aln-
wick Castle 137(5, granted to the brethren, iu augmentation of
tlio sustenance of the house, a free fishery iu the Avatcrs of the
■ Aln and of Lokyusenburne, bolJL within and ■without the pari; ;
and he granted besides as muck liberty iu his burg of Alnniontli
as his predecessors had done. Henry Percy the second Earl of
Northumberland, in 1422, gave the pasturage of eight oxen
within his jiark, in addition to the number previously granted.
The last gift to the abbey was made by Ilenry the fourth earl,
who died iu 1489, and by will left £40 to the prior and convent
of the house of the friars in Holu Park.

Compared with other monastic establishments Iloln Priory
was poorly endowed ; but probably no little of its revenue
would arise from the oblations, time after time, offered by
religious people seeking the prayers of the brethren. From
a paper survey in the Augmentation Ollice made in 1530,
the total rental is estinu\lod at only £16 lis. f2d., includiug
the value of the site of the house, of twenty-one acres of land,
of the pasturage of twenty-seven animals, of two water mills,
which yielded indeed more than three-fourths of the whole
revenue, and of tenements in the Peth, Ilowick, Alnmoutli,
and Alnwick. Very erroneous estimates have been made
of the amount of the revenue ; Fuller, whose statement
ITartshorne and other writers have copied, had mistaken Iloln
for some other abbey when he says the revenues were valued
at £194 7s. The following is a copy of the survey : —

Com' Northumbrifo.
The Frears of ) In the sm'vey there is contonyd as hereafter
Hull Parke. ) ensewith.

TnE DEMAYNES.

Firsto, the Scite of the late Howse, with oon Towre within the
same, with Biroz and Howses of othco, oon Gardyno called Kirke-
garthe, a Gardyn called Priom- Garthe, oon Gardyn called Kitchyu
Gai-the, all which conteyn iu quautite oon acre, aa it is inclosed

VOL. II. II

50

HISTORY Ol' AJ^NWICK.

wMii a Hfoiio wall, and is worilio Ly tlio ycro over all cliargoz, v.y.

Itom, tlioro Ib a ('lo.so called Calfe C'Ioho, contonyti}^ vj aoros, a
close called J{]-odo Closf) ooTitalnn^' iiij-^"' acT-os, j Closo callod Swyiio
Close, coDfc' j aero, oon (71oso called Well Close, contenyng ij acres,
wliiclio ill all bo woi-tho by yero, xs.

Item, tlioro is a parcell of ]\rodo llenj^ iippon tho South Sido of
Hull Tritlio called Froars Medo, corit' vij acres, and is wortlio by
tho yere, ijj. yyl.

Item, tho»" is bclon^'ing- to thosamo IIowso of oldo dowtye tho
pasturage of xxiiij" Kyon, oou Bull, ij'^ Mares, ^y^ all theiro
sequelo, and theiro yong- Catell unto tlioy'bo of thago of two yeres,
bofhe in Wyntor and in Sonimer agestyd in tho parke called Hull
Parke, and is worthe yorolyo, as it is valowyd by thothes of iiij'''^
indeferent persones thereuppon swonrn, xxs.

Item, a tenement w<^ thapportenaimces lieng in Poth, whicho
the latp Howso of Hull Parko had by diuiission of tho Castell of
Alnewike, and paith for tho same to Gravo of Charleton vij*. vyi. ;
and is worth above thesamo Eentt, n'-

Summa reddituum dominicalium, xxxvij.?. yjd.

ALNEWICKE BURG US.

Item,^ there is two Wattermylles ffor Coiirnez called Alnewicke
Milles in tho occupacion of two tenaiintes att tho Kinges will,
and is worth to Farmo by tho yore toward reparacions and
charges, xiij/i vjs. viijr/.

Eicherd Forster holdes a Burgage there aud rentes by yero
iiij5.

James Thomson holdith a Burgage there iiijs.

Eicherd Tromele holdith a Burgage there vs.

Eichord Calvord holdith a Burgage thoro iiijs.
Libera Firma ( ^^'i^li'i^'i^ Cloy paith yoroly in Quito rent for j
( ten't in Pottergato, xijr/.

Summa, xiiij/i iiijs. viijr/.

! Thomas Story e holdith a tenement there with
thappurtenaimce and rentes yerely att Martenmas
aud Pouthacosto, vjs. viijr/.

David Scott holdith a tenement w*^ thappurten-
aunce and rentes yerely, xiiijf/.
Aylemouthe. { Williame Smarto holdith a cotage there w*
thappurtenauuco and rentes by the yere att Mar-
tenmas and Pent', xiiijr/.
Summa, ijs. iiiyl.
Summa totalis hujus Eentalis, xvj/i xjs. ijd. Ex^ ot concor-
datur cum originali per Jacobimi Eokeby, Auditorem.

\_In Riche's hand •.~\ Fiat dimissio EadulxAo Elderkar, militi,
junior!. Eychard Eyche.

[^Endorsed : ] Sir Eaull Ellercar.

The brethren, who for more than three centuries dwelt in

IIOLN PKIOllY. 51

their secluded home at llolii, belonged to tlie oi(l(;r of (.'iir-
mclite Friars, who derived tlieir ikudc from Mount (Jannid,
in ralestine, in llMii, where they were first e>>labli.-.hed,
by Albert Patriarch of Jerusalem, but from wjience they
were driven about 1238 by the Saracens. They were also
called Wliite Friars from tlie colour of their vestments, con-
sisting of a white cloak and hood, beneath which was a coat
with a scapulary ; but ])ersecution for a wliile obliged them
to wear ])arty coloured garments, till after the lapse of hulf-
a-ccntury they resumed their oiiginal colour. Tlieir rules
and discipline were rigorous; they chose wild solitudes f<u-
their homes ; each friar had a collin in his cell, and he slept
on straw, rising in winter at five and in summer at six o'clock,
and every morning digging a shovelful of earth for his grave ;
on his knees he crept to his devotions ; he nuiintained long
silence, kept himself much in his cell, continued long at his
prayers, ate but twice a day, never tasted animal food, and
endured long fasts. Innocent the Fourth so far relaxed these
rules, as to permit the friars to taste flesh. The order was
never numerous; only forty houses belonged to it in England
and Wal(!s.

Little indeed do we know of the old history (jf the priory
beyond its endowments. The lordly abbots of Alnwick op-
pressed their humble neighbour by appropriating the wax and
oblations, which rightly belonged to Holn ; but this grievance
was remedied by a deed made by the abbot in 1355. Ralph
Frcsburn was the first prior of 1 loin ; and he rose to be pro-
vincial of the Carmelite order, a dignity enjoyed by him
during fourteen years. He sprung, according to Bale, from
a Northumbrian family of some reputation ; and in early life
attained distinction for valour and learning. Under Richard
the Lion, king of England, he fought against the Saracens iu
the Holy Land; but after this king's return to Enghind, he
abandorunl arms and became one of t\\v. brotherhood in the
monastery of Mount Carmel. M'hile at Iloln, he wrote
learned epistles, pious exhortations, and other books relating
to the worship of God. He died in 1'254, and was buried
within the priory.* Sometime afterwards Ralph Alcman,
who was the principal ruler of all the Carmelites, and a man
distinguished for his learning and purity of manners, lived
for four years in the solitude of liolu, and wrote there some
of his works; he died in L277. Robert de Populton, who
was prior in 13G4, seems to have had literary tastes, for he
* Balei Scrip. Illiis. Miij. Brit. p. 13(3, 21-1, ^c.

52 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

gave several books to tlie library of tlie convcjit. lie died
at Wark worth Castle in K]{)8, and wa.s buried in the priory.
Another Northumbrian, Robert Ledbury, was provineial of
the order in 1511). It is stated by Warton and otliers that
Jolni do Oxcnedos, the Avriter of a historical Chronicle of
some value, Avas a friar of J loin ; but this is incorrect, for he
was a monk of the abbey of St. Uenet Holme. Ifis chronicle
has recently been printed by the treasury.

John Bale, the most celebrated man belonging,' to the order,
is said to have lived and studied in the solitude of Iloln
Abbey ; but of this I cannot find evidence. Born at Cove
in Suffolk on November 21, 1405, he was, when twelve years
of age, placed in the Carmelite convent at Norwich, and
afterwards sent to Jesus College, Cambridge. He Avas an
early convert to Protestantism; and in 1552 was made Bishop
of Ossory. Being persecuted in Queen Mary's time, he at-
tempted to escape into Holland, but the ship in which he
sailed being taken by pirates, he was sold as a slave; he
afterwards found a refuge in Basle. When Elizabeth as-
cended the throne he returned to England; but though dig-
nities were offered to him he preferred private life, and con-
tented himself with being prebend of Canterbury, where he
died in 1563. He was a man of great learning, and wrote
eighty-five books ; but ])ersecution liad embittered his spirit,
and he disfigured his writings with fierce invectives against
Uoman Catholics. Anthony Wood styles him the foul-
mo\ithed Bale. His great work, however, lUnstrium Major is
Britannia) Scriptorum, is a lasting monument of his learning
and a valuable repository of early British biography.

The Carmelites cultivated learning. John Walden, a
learned Carmelite, bequeathed to the library of Grey Friars
in Eondon as many nuinuscripts as were estimated at 2000
pieces of gold ; indeed it exceeded all others for the number
and antiquity of copies.* The friars of Ilohi appear to have
been imbued with a similar spirit. One of the most curious
ami instructive of their documents is a catalogue of the Holn
library, Avhich indeed reflects honour on the convent, for the
list of books is large for the period — larger than the library
of the house of Earne, and much larger than that of the
priory of Eindisfiirne. From such catalogues we gather
what were the favourite studies of the age, and judge some-
what of its intellectual character.

Well provided were the brethron with copies of the Holy Scrip-
tuvG ; there was one groat bibh; couiplcte witli interpretations, in

> ].i.l;iiul.

IIOLN PRIORY. 63

boards with white leather, the gift of the Archdeacon of North-
miibeilaiid ; and anotlior, given ]jy liobert do Populton tJie
in-ior, in rod boards, of tlio value of tliroo rnarcH and a lialf ; and
this Lord do Percy had to tlie end (;f his life. Tliey had the Now
Testament in white boards ; tlie epistles of Paul wei'O in a bag;
the four gospels were in boards with ^vhite leather ; and coinnien-
tarieson the gospels of Mark, Luke, and John, and ou tlio Apoca-
lypse were in red boards. They had also Lernard on the bong of
Solomon, Crisostomus on Matthew, notes on Matthew by brother
Symon Hoton, and commentaries on the Psalms,

Not only had they pious and moral discourses, but some treat-
ises on the profounder questions of mystical theology. There
were the Homilies of the Blessed Gregory, the Meditations of
Bernard, Odo's Tractate on the Four Cardinal Virtues, Anselm's
Meditations and Simihtudes ; Augustine on Clu-istian Docti'ine, on
tlie Flames of Purgatory, on the Prescience of God, on Free Will,
on Heresies, on tlie perfection of Human Justice, and on Nature
and Grace. Beda on the Image of the World, on the Natui-e of
Goodness, and on the Mortality of the Soul were in red boards.

As might be expected there wore copies of the l^Iastor of
Sentences by Peter Lombard, the text book of the theology of
the middle ages ; and besides there were nine works on the
Sentences; one by Fyschakere, which was deficient in the end,
was in a bag ; others called Questions on the Sentences were by
Thomas Aquinas— the Angehc Doctor, the most subtle and acute
of mediaival writers — the dumb ox when a student ; but, as was
predicted by his master, he filled the world with his noise when he
began to bellow.

For guiding the bretlu-en in theu- ritual observances there was
an abundant supply of salters, missals,* manuals of feasts,
gradals, (■ troparinms, X antiphoners, § ordinals, || collects, «]
processionariums, *'* sepultariums, fj- portiforiums, H martyr-
ologies, §§ and legends. ||||

The greater proportion of the library was theological ; but
Canon Law was well represented, for ou this subject there were
twenty-two books, of which the authors were Eaymund, Goydfi-ydy,
and Thomas do Chebyam. Two divisions are named — *' Clu-onicles

* Missal ; the book containing everything for the service of the mass,
t Gradal ; containing those parts of the mass chanted in response by the
clioir, and the oflice for sprinkling lioly wati'r.

I Troparium ; containing responses at the commencement of the mass.
§ Antipbonarium ; containing psalms, dec, one verse of which was chanted by
the priest and the other by the choir.

II Ordinal ; book of daily prayer. ^ Collect ; short prayers.

** Processionarium ; services for solemn processions.

ft Sepultarium; services for the dead.

IX Portiforium ; small book of common prayer ; a breviary.

§§ Martyrologium ; services for the saints. |||| Legends; lessons foi the year.

54 niSTOIlY OF ALNWICK.

and Legends," and " ITistorios or Clironiclefl ; " but Iruo history
scarcely ap])ears ; tlio Maator of lli.slurie.s, the gift (jf Jolin
Swyiihow,*" was in red boards ; and Jifila's Lifo of 8t. (Jutlibert
was the gift of Rob. Popiilton. liosides tlie Golden Legends, a
compilation of <ho Lives of the Saints written about 1*200, tboy
had Iho Life and ^Tirades ol' Jieda, IjOgeuds of the Saints, the
Mirror of JVCary with the Life of (j(nlri(; ; Kob. l'o])ulton had
given them tlio Lifo of Silvester with others ; which Avas of the
value of twenty shillings, and which Lord do Percy hail to the
end of his lifo. There were four treatises on granmuir and logic
by Lruto and Precian ; and only one on moj'iil jihilosophy \)y
Ysidorus.

Such was tlio library whicli directed tlio studies, fiided the
the devotions, fanned the l)iety, or amused the leisure of the
brethren of lloln. In all there were 114 manuscripts — a
large library and indeed of great value — one work alone
being worth twenty shillings or about JC20 of our present
money. Eemarkable it was, however, for what it lacked as
well as for what it liad. Not one tieatise on niathomaties,
physical science, natural history, geography, jurisprudence,
or art Avas there ; not even a single coi)y of any J^atin or
Greek classical author. f As a theological storehouse it has
its value ; but to modern readers it would not in any degree
be entertaining.

Following the catalogue of the library we have a list of
the sacred vestments in the abbey ; and from their number,
variety, and richness, we may imagine how splendid had
been the ritual services of the convent of Tloln.

There was a set of robes consisting of one golden knotted cloth,
interwoven with birds and leopards ; a dalmatic]: of bawdekyu§
of another set, interwoven with birds; a stole |! ; a priest's maid-
ple^l worked in the loom with shields ; two altar cloths with a
frontel^'* of ruby velvet ; two cloths of baAvdckyns, for the great
altar, one of which was embroidered with the arms of the king of

* The Swynliows were in tlie fifteenth century owners of Ilock and .Scremers-
ton ; John Swynhow liad tlieni in 1107 and died in 1401.

f The lihrary of Charles V., in lolJ5, contained 1)00 volumes, four only of
which were classics,

X Dalmatic; a vestment reaching from the neck to the middle of the leg,
principally used hy deacons; it was first used in Dalmatia and hence its name.

§ Bawdekyn ; a rich material f)r robes, with the web of gold and woof of silk;
it came originally Irom Babylon, called in the east Baldacco, and hence the name.

II Stole ; a broad strip of cloth with tliiee crosses on it, fastened on one shoulder
of a priest, and hanging down before and behind.

^ Maniple ; a linen towi.-l suspended over the right arm, generally embroidered
or fringed.

** Frontel ; the part which hung iu front of the altar.

HOJ.N PIIIORY.

55

Seoiland, and Uio olliov with lions biting dofi^s ; ono coiiiorax*
and cliasublo,! wiili tho fi;^iiro of llio criioifi.vion ; oiio wliito Hilk
napkin, I'ov i]\o snlj-doacon to liold tlio patoii and cany tlio clialico ;
ono silver chalice, entirely {^ildod ; one bra/cen tabbi for giving
tho pax, gilded witli tlio Idng-n of Cologne, and iuipres.sod with
tho sabitatiou of Mary; ono taljlet, figiu-ed with tlio form of all
the saints, the gift of ]jady Mai'y do Percy ; a brazen cros.s, gilded,
and ornamented witli gems; one cloth for tho pulj^it, adorned
with black silk, and a ruby cross ; two pulvinaria \ of ruby silk,
and a third of a purple colour with little birds ; a copo§ for the
priest of ono purple ba,wdokyn, interwoven with griffons, and ono
surplice in fair condition, and one amice ;|| two copes for tho
choristers of ono bawdekjni interwovoii with soa-greon griffons,
and two surplices and aniicos ; ono set of robes of white samita *|
for tho priest with embroidered garters, and tlio wholo adorn-
ment of the altar, viz., a frontel and two curtains, and two cloths
for tho superior and inferior parts of tho altar, tho gift of Sir
Henry Percy, son of tho oarl of Northumberland ; a chasuble of
ruby samita with two dalmatics, two altar cloths and i'rontol em-
broidered with arms and roses ; and ono corporax with a chasuble
thi-ico ombroidored with the arms of tho lords; ono silver cup
entirely gilded ; a set of robes of white fustian, embroidered with
ruby roses for tho priest and for tho Tjack of the altar, tho gift of
brother John 'Kok ; a chasublo and dalmatics of one set of green
variegated samita embroidered with gems ; a priest's amico,
adorned with gems and the shields of tho lords; ono altar cloth
with a fi'ontol ; ono corporax with a chasuble of silk cloth, inter-
woven with birds and golden lions ; a good woollen cloth of
Pai'isian work with shields of tho lords, for the frontel of the
altar ; a chasublo of dalmatics of Sidonian ruby ; ono black cloth
to cover tho altar daily ; a chasublo and dahnatics of ono set, and
a silver chalice entirely gilded ; two altar cloths with a frontel
embroidered with the arms of tho lords ; ono corporax with a
green chasublo ornamented around with ruby silk ; two sacerdotal
daily vestments of ono set throughout, excepting the chasubles, of
which ono is of a golden cloth, interwoven with small birds ;
a chasublo with dalmatics of one bawdokjni interwoven with
golden leopards ; others aro of different sets, wanting on the
whole three maniples ; one corporax with a chasublo ; two altar
cloths with ono frontel of woollen loom work ; one set of robes

* Corporax ; a linen napkin to cover the sacramental elements.

f Chasuble; a vestment similar to a dalmatic closely wrapping round, appro-
priated as the Eucharistic robe.

X Pulvinaria; Forte plumaria. De Cange.

§ Cope J resembled a large cloak without sleeves and was worn over other
vestments, it had a stiff standing collar.

II Amice ; an oblong piece of fine linen worn over the shoulders and tied with
strings.

^ Samita ; a rich silk ofien interwoven with gold and silver thread.

56 HISTORY OK AI.NUICK.

of wliito fustiau, entire oxcopting the maniplo ; oiio sot of jJi-ioHi's
rol)08 used bcjiiind tlio altar on feast dayn, vory f,'Ood, of ]ndiun
eamita, and another sot for use Ijuliind uiiothoi- altar ; ono cor-
porax with a chasuble, and two cloths for (jno altar ; and two f jr
another altar.

Five naplvins for tho great altar, throo for the back altar ; six
white cloths niai-lccd with a ruby cross, two of thorn are in tho
new house fn- three altars at lent, a seventh for the pulpit, an
eighth for tlio cross, a nintli for its veil, and the tenth for the
veil of tho same sot ; also ton ells of black fustian.

After the dissolution of mouasfories, Tlciiry YUl. demised
to Robert Ellekcr, knight, for llie term of twenty-one years,
the site of tlie house or late priory, vulgarly called " Icz JUake
freres do Hull Parke" Avitli the land and pasturage and tene-
ments belonging to it, excepting the great trees and woods.
In the 6th of Elizabeth they were granted to William llivet ;
and in this record the title also is, " the house of late priory
of friars preachers commonly called the lilack Friars of Hull
Park." It is strange that in both documents the name
Black Friars is given, when their proper name from tlie
colour of their habits was White Friars. In the same year
these possessions were purchased of Anthony Kone, auditor,
and Mr. Richard Ashtone, Queen's receiver," by Thomas the
seventh earl of Northumberland; but on his attainder they
were given by the Queen to Sir John Forster. In 1618 they
were in the occupation of John Salkeld, gentleman, who must
have became proprietor of part at least of the Iloln property,
for his name appears in connection with the priory in lists of
freeholders for the years 16^38 and 1663. Subsequently,
liowever, tho priory was purchased by the Northumberland
family to whom the whole of its property now belon<Ts.

While the priory was in possession of Thomas the seventh
carl of Northumberland, a survey was made by Clarkson, in
1587, which has been printed both by Grose and Ilartshorne.
Besides telling us somewhat of the later history of the priory,
and shewing its condition twenty-eight years after it had
ceased to be the home of the Carmelite friars, it indicates how
freely the parks around Iloln were enjoyed by others, as well
as by the nominal owners ; Luke Ogle bad fifty head of cattle
depasturing in Iloln Park ; Sir John Forster had firewood
there ; and hunting was no uncommon privilege ; but such
liberties were to be extinguished and the park appropriated
exclusively to the Earl's own cattle ; " Ilulne furth " was to
be well haincd, and the walls about " Ilyndon ^loore well
repaired." " If the abbey were well repaired and the parks

HOl.N PRIORY. 57

brouf^ht into order it wore," lie snys, "a tryine j)lace (dt liis
lordslii]) to lye (liirin;^ tlie sunier quart(!r; and liis tenants
would be eased in f'urni.shin<T Alnwick and Warkwotlh Castles
with provision during the other three-quarters of a year."

On the west side of the priory Sir Robert Ellerker had
made a eloso arable ; and other lands not fit to grow corn
were kept for meadow ground, the wood growing thereon
being oak and alder, which had been planted by hiin.

A wild solitude may have been around I loin Priory in the
time of the friars ; but the resources of art have converted it
into a scene of sylvan beauty. The rugged tops and slopes
of the hills have been clothed with ^vood, and the lower
grounds along the side of the river now present broad pastures
in the midst of plantations. A. walk of not much more than a
mile from Alnwick Abbey leads to Ilolu Priory through varied
picturesque scenery. Taking the footpath, we cross the
verdant haugli on which the abbey stands, and then up the
hill, Avhcre the bank above the Aln is high ; and after des-
cending Breakback down a steep ])athAvay cut out of the hill
and overshadowed Avith trees, and crossing the Small Well
Burn, we wander near the river along a carriage drive ; and
passing by the site of the old fulling mill of the abbey, we
enter a broad pasture studded here and there with trees, among
which is the Trysting Tree, an old decayed gnarled oak, with
two trunks which unite at the height of seven feet, and which
form a narrow arch, through which lovers standing on oppo-
site sides might join hands and ])light their tri)th, as the
descendants of the Norse did through the stone of Odin. Then
we enter a fine avenue overhung with trees, many of which are
noble silver firs towering to a majestic height; here the valley
is contracted, the north being bounded by high rocks, but on
the opposite side of the river are here and there little clear-
ings. Pause we must by the Lady's Well, a bright spring
rising in a round stone basin, behind which was a stone seat
cut out of the rock. Wliat interesting associations have almost
all Alnwick people with this lovely spot! here lovers delighted
to linger ; here ])arents and children rested and sported ; what
pleasing meditations have we indulged in here in the long
summer evenings, Avhen the haw thorns wore in full blossom
on the little haugh at the base of Ilotteral bank ! On we ero
passnig near a petrifying spring, and when inclined to see
botanical rarities we turn aside into the wood to look at the
Toothwort {LathrcBU squamarla), a curious parasite drawing
its sustenance from the roots of trees, or to admire the Cuckoo-

VOI,. II. I

° HISTORY OV ALNWICK.

pint or Wake Robin ^vit,h its halbort shaped leaves which
j^Tows nearer to the river; tlien up a -entl.; slope, we reaeh
tlio priory, standiii^r on a plateau overlooking the yVln and
w neh with Its drhant aspect from defonsive walls and towers
tolls, that holy place thoiioj, it uas, yet it needud stron- mili-
tary works to protect it from the ruthless borderers, who offen-
tinics ravaged the district and spared not even churches ami
abbeys.

But before entering we shall glance at the state of the
priory m 15(J7, as described by Clarkson. " It standeth " he
says/^m a very trim air on the water of the Aln, in the middle
ot lio n and west parks," environed by a curtain wall with
a small battlement and quadrant, the entrance bein^' a tower
or gatehouse of three house height covered with slate and
M'lthni is a small curtain half quadrant. I'last of this curtain
IS the hall, at the west end of which is a pantry of wainscoat
and i)anel work, and at the south end a little wall between
the hall ami garden, in which is a door for passage into tlie
cloister chapel. From this wall was another wall to the o-ate-
house tower, and between it and the curtain walls Avere°two
stables; at the end of this wall was the Farmery, the upi)er
portion of which was a garner for corn. The brewhouse
6tood_ between this and another curtain, behind which was
the kitchen, built with a round roof covered Avith slate. In
the lower part of a cross house was a cistern of stone for water
and above a fair chamber with a chimney. At the north end
of the hall was the buttery and between it and the hall a
passage to the cloisters. There was a broad stair of wood to
the chambers nigh above the passage to the kitchen and to a
loft, above the buttery pantry and passage near the hall,
which was used formerly for the lord or prior's Avalk to see
through the trellises, and as a passage to the lord's great
chamber and tower. The cloister was square, the windows
had been glazed, and the east and west sides covered with
lead, but the windows were in decay and the lead had been
taken away by Sir William Ellerker and his brethren. On
the south side of the cloisters was the dorter (dormitory), and
Avestward of it was the women's house of two chambers ; in
the middle of this end of the cloisters was the chapel, 'but
nothing' was left except the seats and stalls and a little ambre,
in which Avere kept the books and ornaments of the chapel,'
Avhich had been taken away by John llecubye one of the in-
dwellers of the park ; and at the east end of the south side is
a passage to the said dorter. It is to be noted that in the time

IIOLN IMIIOUY. 69

of the friars the chapel that now is was their chapter house.
The cUurclj was all clown and laid into the garden, and the said
dorter chapel was covered Avith shite, hut in f^reat ruin, Ahjnfj
the north side of the cloister was a house of two house height,
in the lo\v(!r of Avhich were two cellars and in tlie \ipper the
lord's great chanil)er, hut in great decay. In the north-east
nook of the cloister was a house of two stories, which had
heen sleei)ing apartments, as in one of the lower rooms was a
fair hed of wainscoat framed work. In the west nook of the
nortlx ])art of the cloister was a conduit of " trymc fresshe
water," Avhich came from Friars Well in leaden ])ipcs and
ran into a leaden cistern set in the wall. A houlting-house
stood hehind the l''armery, with furnaces, oven, and hrew
leads; and northward of this and hehind the kitchen Initlery
and great chamber, were two byres with barn and hayhjt't
covered with lead. At the east end of the curtain was the
lord's tower of three house height covered with lead ; in the
under part was a vault, and in the upper were two fair cliam-
bers ; and " above the leads on the south side tliereof is raised
as it were a garret, m ith like battlement as tlie tower liath,
endlong all the south side of the tower," and in the sa)ne \vas
a house \n ith a ehimneyjCalled the study house. The entrance
into the tower was through the lord's great chamber. Two
gardens were on the east side of the cloister ; and through the
curtain wall was a postern for passage to a close on the east
side of the house, and a stair going up to the battlements, for
u walk upon the wall about the garck'u and orc]iar(k

!So much more ruined is the priory since ('larkson described
it, and so much has it been altered, and there are so much
indistinctness and error in his statements of the relative posi-
tion of the different parts of the building, that we can identify
but few of the remains with his description. Writing thirty
years after the friars had been driven from this home, dur-
ing which interval the convent had been used for secular
purposes, he had lost sight of the ideas which regulated the
builders in the arrangement of the several parts of the ])riory.

The surrounding curtain wall is tolerably complete, though
it has lost the battlements along the top ami most of its corner
turrets, yet some stone stairs remain leading to the top of the
wall. AVe can still enter by the ancient tower on the south,
through a narrow arched gateway; the under storey of which is
vaulted and had been occupied by the porter of the convent;
and above this are two other stories in a ruined condition
reached by winding stone stairs.

60

HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

Though the convent was a religious community it had its
secular as])eeL; for, living apart irom the world, those opera-
tions, necessary to tlie existence or comfort of the hrother-
hood, had lo he provided for within the priory. Hut in the
arrangements there was a distinction hetween the religious
and secular ; cacli was grouped apart — tlic secular being
placed in a kind of outer court, so that the quiet contemjjla-
tive life of the brethren might not be di.sturbed : guests,
strangers, artizans, with tlieir nci-dful a]»])liances, were placed
there. The guest hall is westward of the entrance gateway
and by the side of the curtain wall ; and still further west-
Avard are the bakehouse, brewhouse, and other domestic
oiHces in Avhich a bath and well remain; and beyond these
the farmery with the garner over it, and otlier erections for
agricultural purj)Oses appear to liavt; been placed. Tlie upper
rooms of the domestic buildings had been used to lodge
strangers and artisans. ^sOrlh of the guest hall was the
chapel for religious services, attended by strangers and secu-
lars; but this b\iilding has been much altered, and is now
used as the dwelling house of the kee[)er of tlie ])riory. A
little westward of this are ruins of the mill-house, in which a
quern or hand-mill still remains.

The cloister was the intellectual and religious centre of the
convent, in which the brethren Malked in silence, indulging
in pious meditations, or it may be not unfrequently in vain
regrets at having bid adieu to the activities and enjoyments
of the world ; and around this eiiitre were arranged all
de])endencies, needful tir useful, to carry out their secluded
religious vocation. These cloisters are quadrangular, and
in some ])art of it would be the lavatory, in which the
monks would perform their abluticjns ; for in a nook was " a
condyte of tryme I'reeshe water " brought in leaden pi])es
from the Friars' AVell, which is distant a little more than half-
a-mile. AVhen rubbish was cleared aAvay in 1849, the founda-
tions were discovered of the pillars which supported the
arcade, under which the brethren, protected from inclement
weather, could walk and meditate. Above this arcade on the
east and south sides were sleeping apartments for the friars.
The great church was nortln\ard of the cloisters, from which
the principal entrance is by a door^vay about the middle of
the church. Even in Clarkson's time it was so ruined that
the site was converted into a garden ; but of this interesting
portion of the priory, there still remain most part of the
south wall and some portions of the west and east ends.

IIOLN PRIOHY. 61

Remarkable is this chuicli for its great lengtli in proportion
to its breadth, being 118 feet long and only HO feet wide.
There are five laneet windows with trefoil headings on the
south, and in the west gable is a Hiniiiar vi.-ry long laneet
window; Ijut the cast window, which is destroyed, excepting
the base, was lnrger, b(;ing 10 feet 0 inciies wide, and
apparently divided into three long lancet lights. The sedilia
arc of elegant design and recessed in the south wall within
the chancel ; and near to then) is the piscina. Though
neither highly ornate nor impressive, these remains have the
chastencss and beauty which mark the early lOuglish style of
architecture; and they are remains of the original structure
erected about 1210. Hesides the principal entrance tliere
was a door-way nearly opposite on the north ; and another
entrance from the sacristy into the chancel. The accumu-
lated rubbish was cleared away from the floor of the church
in 1849 ; and sepulchral slabs \verc ex])Oscd, (ju one of which
is deeply incised a cross of the 'I'au form, ha\ing only a trans-
verse beam at the to]), Avithout any prolongation of the shaft
through it. GcMierally in ciosscs representing the wounds
of Our Saviour, there are five nails piercing them, but in this
there are only three, two of them in the position of Our
Lord's arms and one in that of His feet. This type of cross
is very unusual. A mutilated recumbent eIHgy of the Virgin
and Child, now placed in the sedilia, belongs to the latter
part of the fourteenth century. Northward of the church
would bo the ccnu-tiiy.

IJefore leaving this part we may look at the outside of the
western gable, in which is inserted a monumental slab, w hich
had been brought from the old church of Alnmouth. Sculp-
tured on it in relief is tlie trunk of a tree, ou the top of Avhich
is a helmet, and above that is what seems a Avheel ; from
branches hang a horn and a sword, and on each side is a
shield w hicli had been charged with arms ; those of the dexter
shield are obliterated, but ou the other we can trace a plain
bend between three mallets. This monument has erroneously
been attributed to the Forsters ; and Dr. Ferrier in a memoir
on this trojjhy, in the Transactions of the Manchester riiilo-
sophieal Society, has also erred in supposing the arms to
belong to ])e Yescy. Soame, of Sufiulk, has the same arms.
Gules a chevron, bchceen throe inaUets or ; but the nearest
local coat is that of Denom, the old lords of ]Meldon, a Jess
between three mallets.

We j)ass from the church into the sacristy or vestry, which

62 HI8T0UY OF ALNVVICIC.

is 20 feet long and 13 feet broad, and in wliich liad been an
altar and an oven for baking tlie boly Avafer. Tliis was of
two storeys, and probably in tlie upper one bad been tbe library
and tbe scriptorium ; for tbese important offices would be
placed in tbis part of tbe priory. Otber ofbces too woubl
be near to it — tbe vestment room, tbe calefactorium Mbere
tbe friars warmed tlKimsclves after midui<,^ht services, tlie
armariolum wliere tbey ])laced tlicir lecture books. One
buikling- liaving a door directly opposite to tbe main entrance
to tlie cloisters can bere be i(l(!ntified ; it is 39 feet long rind
18 feet wide, and ligbted by a large east window, and four
large lancet windows in tbe soutb wall ; in Clarkson's time it
was nscd as a cbapel, but in tbe tim(j of tbe friars it was tbe
cbaptcr bouse of tbe con\('nt. Soutbward of tbis is a Ion"
narrow building of two storeys, -l-l: feet long and only 10
feet broad, tbe under portion of wbich bad i)robably been tbe
principal kitcben,for in tbis are a large fireplace and a drain ;
and besides, it is near to tbe refectory. Soutbward of tbe clois-
ters, on tbe space now o(cu])ied as an aviary, was placed tbe
refectory, in wbicb tbe friars partook of tbeir meals ; a por-
tion of tbe cast wall, in M'bicb is a small door and tbe remains
of tbe arcb of tbe window, is still standing.

Eastward of tbis range of buildings tberc bad been gardens,
and probably too a fisb ]iond.

In monasteries tbe abbot's lodgings were usually detacbed
from tbe religious buildings, and in a situation a little east-
ward of tbe soutb end of tbe cloisters ; but, from C'larksun's
account, we may infer tbat tbe })rior's tower was at tbe nortb-
west corner of tbe cloisters, near tbe site of a modern tower
wbicb Avas erected about a century ago by tbe duke of Nortb-
umberland, in tbe pseudo-gotbic prevailing at tbe time. Near
to it, bowexer, is an embattled tower of more interest, built by
ITenry tbe fourtb earl of Nortbumberland in HSS, as a place
of refuge lor tbe bretbren wlien bard pressed by Scottish
marauders. It is a plain strong building, like a border pele,
with tbe under storey vaulted ; in tbe nortb-east corner is tbe
study bouse in a small tower rising above tbe rest of tbe
building. Visitors sboubl-go to tbe summit of tbis tower to
enjoy a beautiful and pii'turesque view of tbe narrow valley
of the Aln and of tbe rugged bill of Hrislaw ; for it is bere
tbat the river finds its way through the central bill-land of
Nortbumberland. In the curtain wall a little northward is
the following inscription in old English letters in relief,
though now nnicb decayed : —

TV

.Yr<;iri i^hologi-apfi; Oy GEoUer.

JveitJi iGitb, Li*Ji^ Alerjcen.

icnor Great Qhttivii \\;t.i; ilio .t^^1ili3.

u

m

MM
mm

.b\A\v'''V,>

^ jErr&am.cey Zenker crrt^ J:'&T^^■^ s Hc/f^e ■'.
^ Guf.<itIlaU ■

C Ma7i-e?i(nj..%e., jBreM-/tcitse. arid OVn^Jts .
a. £a/?L cmB Mil .

^'OT-m.er'y .

.Ma7//fi2n .

^^frZZ ITotcse-.
M S.:^€ of If^fec/^T^.

Gro

b

J V Mcdcrn TovreT. en site of Friers Tmr»

O C/trcrcA. J'7oba7>i\- .

P jErtLiafUe:^ TiywTr MS^' .

C Jhscrcpticn en. li'aJ/. .

d Trophy ern. )\'ac7J .

Q J^rmczpaJ C/ciach..

..

dTian 0/J/0//7 A?>hr\:

IIOJ.N I'KlOltY. 68

^ji t^t gm of Crist ^bn in€€€(C'g.^M^i^^^

®fji;{ tutor ixiixa bxDic'ii hi ^h l^tn Pci'^ij

€bt foirrtlj 6rle of ^oxi^nhixhis of 0r£t lion rrnb foorll^

%hid f.i^omth 5)].'anb ne gcrobr I;ibtj fuU of bitiixt anb bffot

g:uTi,3ljt'r to ^h vKxlWixnx im-b\t ricjijt noble unb- Ijariri/

(lErl^ of Ijimbrorlv ImItos iionltri 0obf jiab^

^nbf Jfoitl; ]^ifl ^nta jcojiurb^ ^t b'xlhet of lljis totom

111 the account ofJolui IIarb(jttlc, receiver of the rents of
the earl, Ave are informed of the cost of the erection of this
tower. Robert Cliainbre and Jolm Richardson, as coven-
anters in gross, were paid £17 I'Sa. 4d.; and to tlic prior was
paid JCIO Gs. 4d., as well for part of the work of the new
tower as for carriage of stone and other stuff by contract, for
stones, iron and tlie workmanship of it, for doors and windows,
for locks, keys, latches, carjienters' work, and making the
arch between the great chamber and the tower. The total
expense was £27 19s. 8d.*

It is pleasant to notice that the remains of this interesting
priory are carefully preserved and freely shewn. Few places
in the county are more visited. Its romantic situation, its
historical associations, and the richness and beauty of the
surrounding scenery, all combine not only to delight the
antiquary but also to yield much enjoyment to those who
love nature and have a taste for art.

Plato III. is a plan of the priory, on which the names of
the several parts are given, so far as can be ascertained. In
Plate IV. are views of the ruins.

• Hartshorne's Feudal and Military Antiquities of Northumberland, p. 270.

CHAPTER III.

KNIGHTS or ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM.

From the Rotull Ilundredorum we found, that the knii^hts
templars, in 1291, liehl property and chiimed certain feudal
powers in Alnwick.* The memhers of this military order in
Euf^land were thrown into ])rison on January Stli, 1308, and
their possessions were seized and held hy the crown till 1324.
The Northumhrian possessions were placed, during the pleas-
ure of the king, in the custody of Richard do Ilorsleye, the
sheriff of the county ; and in tlie 2nd of Edw. II., the former
sheriff, Guychard Charon, rendered an account of these ])os-
scssions, from which it appears the rents of 'assize of divers
tenants in the vills of Mildrom, Shottone, Ileddon, Pakkcs-
ton, Kyllum, Langetone, liillehurne, Welloure, Alnewyhe,
and Bamhurgh amounted to GOs. l|d. yearly.

The possessions of the templars were granted by the parlia-
ment, in 132-1, to the Hospitalers of St. John of Jerusalem.
An account of the lands and tenements lield hy this order, in
1338, was discovered in 1839 in Malta, and has been published
by the Camden Society ; but while there are records relating
to Chibbnrn and Temple Thornton, there is no reference to
Alnwick. Perhaps the wasted condition of Northumberland
at this time from Scottish ravages may account for the omis-
sion. Some slight notice, however, we have relating to Aln-
wick, subsequently to the reformation, in the ministers' ac-
counts, in the 4th and 5th of Edward VI., of the possessions
late belonging to the Preceptory of Mount St. John the Bap-
tist in the county of York, viz : —

" Grenefilde. And of 6s. 8d. of rents and farm of three
messuages beyond the \ill of Alnewicke, -with the whole land
on the south side of Alnewicke, paid yearly at the feasts of
St. Martin in winter and of Pentecost, by equal portions.

Alnewicke. And of 12d. of the fiirm of one cottage in

• Vol. I., p. OJ.

KNiailTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM. 65

Bellegate, in the tenure and occupation of Robert Muscrope
at the will of the lord king, paid annually at tlu; feast of St.
Martin."

This account gives also, as belonging to the order, the fol-
lowing rents and farms of land and tenements in the neigh-
bourhood of Alnwick, viz: in Sliilljotlle, 2s. Gd.; Walk^vo^tlle,
5s; Burncwicke, 10s.; iJoltone and Cookedalo, 8s.; Feltonne,
4d,; a grange called Staynforthall, Avith lands, meadows, feed-
ings, and ])astures demised to Clnistopher JJurrell, 40s.; Kd-
lingham, 2s.; liolborne, 18d.; IJuekenielde, 12d.; JJurton, 2s.;
Milborn grange, 12d.; Chibl)ington, 2s.; Morricke, 2s. The
rents of IJolton and Cookcdalc arc deducted, as they avltc
lying waste.*

The next notice of these lands is in the bounder of Aln-
wick Moor, which begins " at the head of Clayport on the
south side at the west nook or corner of the dyke, being
late lands, parcell of the possessions of the late dissolved house
of St. John of Jerusalem." How far these lands extended
from the end of Clayport on the south side Ave cannot now
determine ; but Swansfield is specially mentioned in 1704
as part of them ; and it Avould appear too that some por-
tion of Greensfield had belonged to the order ; there Avere
three different messuages Avhich Avere southward and south-
westward of the tOAvn.

From the baronial court records Ave find SAvansfield was
held by Francis Alder of HobberlaAv, Avho Avas living in 1G36;
it Avas afterAvards in the possession of Alexander Armorer,
Avho died in Fenkle Street in l(i55 ; it next appears held, in
1702, by llichard Leek, in right of his Avife Elizabeth ; and
some time afterwards it was bought by Richard Giieve, Avho
in 1765 left it to his son, Davidson Grieve, by Avhom it Avas
sold to Henry CollingAvood Selby, and after his death it
passed to his nephcAV, Pridcaux Selby, Avho in 1866 sold it,
along AA'ith other lands in this parish, to the Duke of North-
umberland.

• I am indebted to Mr. William Wooilman, of Morpeth, for a copy of this
docum€nt.

VOL, II.

CHAPTER IV.
ALNWICK CASTLE CHANTRY.

AGE OF CHANTHY FOUNDING ENDOWMENT OF CUANTKrES BY IIENRT,

FOUKTir EAllL OF NORTlIUMnEULAND — CKAl'I.AINS — SURVEY OF
1'088E3SIONS — ENDOWMENT OF UOWLING CLOSE.

Most of the abbeys and monasteries were founded before
the close of the twelfth century, and some few in the course
of the next. Such large tracts of land had been devoted to
ecclesiastical purposes, that royal authority interposed ; and
the statutes of mortmain, passed in the reign of I'^dward I.,
materially checked the progress of large endowments. The
baronage and gentry of the later mediieval times were not,
however, altogethei precluded from seeking everlasting fame
by heaping favours on the church, or from buying the ser-
vices of religion in behalf of their souls after they had gone
to the world of s])irits. Tlie age of chantry founding began ;
and it lasted till the Iveformation. To secure a perpetual suc-
cession of nuisses, said or sung for tlie repose of the souls of
the founder and his friends, was the principal object of these
establishments.

New and distinct buildings Avcre not rcq\iired for these
services ; the chantry Avas cither in a cathedral or convent,
or more usually in a parish church or chapel. In some recess
of the church the altar was raised, before which the prayers
were said, in accordance Avith tlie will of the founder ; one or
more priests performed the service and received the endow-
ment; but in some cases a residence was built for these
functionaries. There Avere tAvo chantries in AhiAvick, one iu
AhiAvick Castle, and the other in St. IMicliael's Church.

At an early period chaplains Avcre kept Avithin Ahnvick
castle. According to the pipe roll, 1 Bic. I., thirty shiUings
and five pence Avere paid out of the farm of the honor of
William de Vesci, in livery of one chaplain resident there ;

ALNWICK CASTLK CIIANTKY. 67

80 thai in this rugf^ed period, the soldiers garrisoning this
border fortress would enjoy tlie refining and consoling influ-
ence oi" religious services.

An endownient was made about 1362, by the executors of
ITenry the fourth lord Percy, of four chantry ])riests, out of
the surplus revenues of the church of Kirkby Overhlowes;
one priest had to celebrate mass in York Cathedral, and the
other three in Alnwick Castle, where on Sundays one chap-
lain ceU;l)rated the olhce of the day, another that for the
Trinity, and the third that for the souls of Jlenry and of all the
faithful deceased. There were also services on every day of
the week for the souls of Henry and of all the faithful, and
on particular days additional olhces for the Trijiity, the Holy
Angels, St. John the Kvangelist, for Corpus Christi, the Holy
Cross, and the Holy Virgin.*

The services of this chantry would be pcrfrn-mcd in " the
faire chapel " which stood witliin the inner bailey of the
castle, between the ravine and.the constable's towers; in 1567
it was in good repair, covered with slate and with glazed
windows, the walls being 21 feet high, the length 57 feet,
and the breadth 21 feet; the ruins A\ere swept away in 1780,
when the castle was renovated in the pseudo-gothic style.

In the register of the Archbishop of York there is a reconl
of the appointment of some of the chaplains.

Mai'ch 16, 1429-30, John Irton, priest, instituted to a chantiy
in Almvick Castle by the Avchbisliop of York after tlie death of
Jolm Lang. Oct. 10, 1-1;V2,. Jolm Tcittewortli instituted to a
chantry tlioro nftor the doadi of lv<jburt Taylor; Jolui Tail()r tho
other cliajtlaiu i» ordered to induct him. Jiui. 9, l-J32-;5, Tlios.
Spotford instituted to a chantry tJiero after tho death of John
Sodebour ; John Tettesworth to induct him. Aug. 15, 1-106,
Thos. Eolcesburgh " canonicus regico donius do Alnewyk " | in-
stituted after the death of Tottewortli ; Thos. Spullurd to induct
him. Oct. 25, 1452, Eobert Ivokesbiivgli, chaplain, instituted
after tho death of Thos. Ivokesburg; Spotlbvd to induct liim.
Aug. 1, 1400, AVm. Edgare instituted after the death of S])oflord;
John Ivelon chaplain to induct him. March 25, 1401, Eobert
Alnwick priest instituted alter tho deatli of Edgar. Aug. 11,
1464, Wm. de Be'lo instituted after tlio resignation of Ivubert
Kochyn. April 25, 1482, Jolm Artluu' instituted to the cliantry
ad altare omnium sanctorum, after the death of Wm. Beale. \

According to the Valor Ecclcsiasticus, in 1535, the pension
annually paid to John Rawlynson, Will. Gledeley, and l-iobert

• Clarksoii's Survey quoted by Ilartshorne.

f He was canon of Alnwiok Abliej'.

J Vor these extracts I am iiulebtcil to the Kev. Jaine* Itaine.

()8 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

Jieedenoll, perpetual chaplains within the castle of Alnwick,
was £15.

In the certificate of chantries made by commissioners on
14th Feb., 2 Edw. VI., we find the following return : —

Alnowyko. Tlio Cliauntrys or Stipondaryos founded in ono
chupoll within the OHatoll of Ahiwyko boncho* {heimje) witliin
tho parisli of Aluowyko. William ILiiTyson, Roger Bodnoll, and
liogor liaynoldo Incumbents. All well Learned of lioncst oon-
veraaciou and (j^ualytea. Tho sayd Wylliani. llarryeon having one
pencion of tho kings majostio uf £1 by yero bosyds liis sayd
Chaunti-y ; tho otlior two having no othor ly vingo »S:c. No lands
&c., sold sith &e.; yoroly valowo £15 13s. 4d., reprises 2O3. lAd.;
clore £14 133. 2id. Plato 14.1oz. Oi)ods unprased.

In the Invontoiy of Ornaments and Goodes made at the same
time it is said: —

The Chapell within tho Castlo of Alnewyke ; Item, ono vest-
ment of tauney dumasko, with leves of golde, ono vest of white
damasko and gold throds, one coopo witli deacon and sub-deacon,
ono vest of tauney sylke with deacon and sub-deacon, ono vest
with oldo redo satten, one vest of oldo cliangeablo sylke, ono vest
with barred alx, with hanging for the altar, and one vest of syl-
ver threds, rardros and vaudros for tho hangiTig of the altar,
2 curtens of yellow sarcnet, ono rardros and vaudros f(jr tho alter
of satten bryges, one rardros and vaudros of l}Tinon clothe, 2
candlesticks, 3 corporas cassos, 3 masse bokes, a byble, tho old
crewets and a grett cheste, a porta and a sawter of parchment.

It is stated in the certificate of 1548 that there were no
lands belonging to this chantry ; but fVoiu grants made in the
time of Elizabeth, it appears that Howling Close was part of
the endowment ; for Elizabeth in 1573, in consideration of the
services of Sir John Forster, granted to him, along Avith other
estates, a parcel of concealed land,t parcel of the late chantry
founded within Alnwick Castle, called llowlingc Close with
appurtenances, lying near Alnwick and lately in the tenure
of George Metcalfe, at a rent of los. 4d. This land now
belongs to the Duke of Northumberland.

* Benche is in the original, but it most probably was an error of the transcriber
for heincjc.

f Land concealed or hidden from the king.

CEAPTEn V.

CHANTRY OF ST. MAEY AND ALNWICK GRAMMAE

SCHOOL.

LICENSE TO FOTTND THE CHANTRY rNQUI:^ITION AND ENDOWifENT

SUPniESBION OF CHANTKIE3 — ItEi'OilT IN 1548 ON ALNWICK
OUANTllY — ClIANTliy I'UIEST.S AND SCnoOLMASTEIlS — WAKIIANT
CONTINUING I'AUT OF TUE ENDOWMENT — THOMAS THOMF-SON —

MEMOUIAL OF KENTS — CIIANTUY HOUSE PETITION TO LOIiD

BUIILEIGII — CHjUS'TIIY LANDS SOLD IN 1G53 — COPY OF EENT3

EFFORTS OF THE BURGE3SK3 IN IGll TO PROMOTE EDUCATION

— LETTERS FROM EARLS BEDFORD AJMD NORTHUMBEIiLAND

BTEVENSON's APPOINTMENT HENRY LEVER CORN TOLLS — RE-
FRACTORY SCHOOLMASTERS — SCHOOL IN ALNWICK CASTLE —

r»,UliINEY — BARRING OUT — STOCKDALE REV. WaLLIAM PROCTER

OTHER CORPORATE SCHOOLS — MARK FORSTEr's BEQUEST

barton's legacy — BOROUGH SCHOOL FOUNDED — OIRLs' SCHOOL

GIFT OF SITE BY ALGERNON DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND

FOR NEW SCHOOLS — REORGANISATION OF ALL THE CORPORATE
SCHOOLS — MASTERS.

Most chantries possess no further interest than as ilhistrat-
ing the history of the past ; hut the principal A hi wick
chantry is linked with the present, since it was more an
educational than an ecclesiastical establishment, not only
providing for tlie celebration of mass but also for the instruc-
tion of the youth of the Borough ; and it Avas hence the origin
of the Alnwick Grammar School. To estimate its early im-
portance, we must bear in mind, that as late as 1578, there
were only seven schoolmasters in the county of Northumber-
land, besides those at Newcastle and Berwick ; viz., two at
Alnwick, two at Morpeth, one at Corbridge, one at Alston
Moor, and one at AVoodhoni. Even persons of rank and
wealth were then but partially educated ; for at this period
we find, that out of 146 persons of the higher ranks in the
county, only 54 could sign their names to a public document.

70 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

Henry VI., on July 6th, 1448, gave a license to Henry
earl of Northumberland, to William Hishoj) of Norwich, to
Henry Percy knight. Lord of Poyniiigs, and to John Lema-
ton, skilled in the law, to found a chantry, to the praise and
glory of God and in divine honour of the most blessed, glori-
ous, and immaculate Virgin ^lary, at the altar of the same
virgin, within the chapel of St. Michael of yVlnwick, for two
chaplains, Avho were to sing praises daily there for the good
estate of the king and of tlie fouiulers, and of all who con-
tributed to the sustenance of the chantry while they lived,
and of their souls when they had departed from this light.
One of the chaplains had to instruct poor boys in tlie gram-
matical art gratis, without exacting any money whatever,
and to do other Avorks of piety according to the regulations of
the founders. The chaplains were to be competent in law, by
the name of " The Chaplains of the Chantry of the Blessed
Mary of Alnewik," to prosecute and defend all actions in
courts of law, and to acquire and enjoy lands, tenements, and
rents, to the value of forty pounds yearly, as well for the
maintenance of the chantry as for the exhibition of poor boys
taught grammar there, as aforesaid. The chaplains were to be
named and deputed by the burgesses of Alnewik for the time
being to the earl and his heirs, and by him and his heirs ])re-
sented to the ordinary of that place. {Pat. Rolls, 2G Iltu.
VL, m. 28.)

This license grants liberty to foiuid the chantry, but tells
us nothing of its eiulowment ; two other documents in the
Ixecord Ollicc give this information.

A writ from Henry VI., on 5th April, 1 160, commands his
escheator to inquire, if it would be prejudicial to the king or
to others, if he granted that Henry earl of Northumberland
should give to tlie chaplains of the cliantry of the lilessed
Mary of AluAvick, twenty messuages in Alnwick, and that
Thomas Hunter, clerk, should give five messuages in the same
town, and Emma Asplon widow twenty-two messuages in the
same town, eight messuages in AVarkworth, and two messu-
ages in Ellington. (Luj. ad quod damnum 39 Hen. VI. iSo. o.)

The Ini|uisition was made at Alnwick, on October 20th,
1460, by William Claxton escheator, before the following
jurors : — llobert Alder, llichard Butymont, John Stevynson,
John Davyson, sen., Thomas Hole, llichard Shepart, John
Eland, "William Galon, John Andrewson, William Ivvdcll,
John Nodell, and John Edgar.* The jury found, that neitlier

• Both escheator and jurors were, doulitless, uicu of Aliiv\iek, lor most of them
bear old fainilv naiiK's.

CHANTRY OF ST. MARY AND GRAMMAR SCHOOL. 71

the king nor others would be damaged, if liberty were con-
ceded to make these graiits to the chantry ; tliat the twenty
messuages of the earl were held of the kijig, on free burgage
tenure, and not in capite^ their value being, beyond repairs,
near to five marcs yearly ; that the five messuages of Thomas
Himter were held of the earl by fealty only for all services,
and were worth yearly twenty shillings ; and that the twenty-
two messuages in Alnwick of Emma Asplon and eight in
Warkworth held of the earl by fealty, and the two messuages
in Ellington, were Avorth, beyond repairs, sixty-nine shillings.
The jurors also found that beyond these gifts to the chantry,
the benefactors held other lands and tenements in the county;
the earl having in Alnwick thirty messuages worth ten marcs
yearly, and Thomas Hunter and Emma having in Alnwick
thirty messuages worth six marcs yearly ; and that these were
sufficient to meet all claims upon themselves and upon the
messuages given up, for suit of court, view of franck pledge,
aids, tallages, and other demands.

From these records it appears that the Earl of Northumber-
land Avas not the principal benefactor to the chantry; his
endowments amounted to 6(3s. 8d. yearly, but those of Emma
the widow to 69s. The whole endowment was only £7 los. 8d.
yearly ; and to produce this moderate sum no less than fifty-
seven messuages were granted, presenting an average rental of
^s. 7d. each ; and as this rental would not be equivalent to
more than 40s. at the present time, the dwellings of the bur-
gesses must have been poor indeed — little more than low
thatch-covered cottages. Forty-seven of them "were in Aln-
wick. No additional endowment appears to have been given.
From a survey of the barony made in 1624 and preserved in
Alnwick Castle, we learn that of forty-four burgages in Aln-
wick, which belonged to the chantry, three were in Narrow-
gate, one Avith toft and garth in Eondgatc, one in Common
Lane and ToAvn Wall, two in the Market l^lace, five in Fakes
Hoole, two in Fenkle Street, two in Common Lane, eleven
in Fottergate, four in Bayleygate, and ten having an area of
2 acres and 25 perches in Walkcrgate ; and that the area of
the Avhole was 10 acres, 3 roods, 37 perches.*

A residence for the two chaplains Avas built, probably im-
mediately after 1448, in the ecclesiastical style of that period,
within the borough, in Walkergate, not far fiom the church,

* Not having enjoyed the privilege of seeing tliis clocument. I refer to Dick-
son on Alnwick Chantry in Proceedings of the Berwickshire Is'aturalists' Club,
Vol. III., p. 81.

72 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

to wliich they had access by a church-way, which during the
present century was shut up by Hugh d\ike of Nortli umber-
land. Within this chantry liouso, us it lias been called, the
poor scholars of the burgesses would rec(,'ive their education.
The chantry itself, however, was within St. IMichael's Church,
but in what part cannot be detcnniiu'd with certainty ; for
this church being oblong, has none of the recesses and nooks
in which, in other churches, chantry services were performed.
In such a church, however, the chantry was usually in the
east end ; and as there is a piscina near to the south-east
corner of the chancel, it maybe inferred, that the altar of St.
Mary's chantry stood there ; and this opinion is strengthened
by the south window in the east wall of the chancel being
traditionally called the St. Mary's window.

Monasteries had been dissolved and their property appro-
priated in the reign of Henry VIII. ; but though chantries had
been visited by royal authority, he did not live long enough
to complete their destruction. In the Valor Ecclcsiasticics
made in 1534, it is stated, that " the chantry of the Blessed
Virgin Mary in the chapel of St. Michael is of the clear
annual value of £10 Os. 6d." But in 1547, the first year of
the reign of Edward VI., chantries, chapels, and colleges
were suppressed and their revenues given to the king by act
of parliament. Cranmer opposed this act, hoping that a
favourable opportimity might occur to convert their revenues
to some beneficial religious use. Yet the professed object of
their suppression was to discourage superstition, and convert
the fund arising from them " to godly uses, as in erecting
grammar schools to the education of youth in virtue and good-
ness, the further augmentation of universities and better
provision for the poor and needy." But such wise and good
designs were very partially carried out ; and the Alnwick
Grammar School was stript of most of its property. Thomas
Lever, grandfather of one of the Alnwick Grammar School-
masters, in a sermon preached before the king, said, that this
act had served as a fit instrument to rob learning and to
spoil the poor.

In the certificate of all the chantries within the county of
Northumberland made by commissioners, 14th February, 2
Edw. VI., there is the folloAving report of the Alnwick
Chantry : —

"Landes and possessions belonging to the use and stipend of
two Priests, the one master of a grammer scoole, and thother
master of a synge scoole within iUnowyk afforseyd. WiUiani

CHANTRY OF ST. MAUY AM) ORAMMAU SCHOOL. 78

Hudson and Thomas Thompson botli .54 yoarn of ai^o, well learned,
of honest oonversacion and f[ualylc'S, tlio sayd William Hudson
having ono pencion of Cs. by yoro hesyds lii.s sayd stypoiid, the
other having- no other lyvinf^, but oncly the sarno stypond. And
they kope twoo Sckooles, tliouo for gramor and thothor for synge,
to bring up children according to llior fundacion. There ys of
howslyiig peopl MD vpithin the same parishe. Yoroly valwo of
the soyd Stypondavys as shhall appear by partyclor of the sanio
xii^. iiJ5. iiij'/., whereof in docaye yerely of the same iiij7. ; clere
viij7. iijs. i'ujd. Plate none. Goodes none.

Prior to the Ileformation, both these masters, influenced
by the ])eoplc of the town, wlio were mucli attached to the
Roman Catholic fiiith, said mass daily in the parish cliuich, so
that they were called chantry priests; and at the dissolution of
the chantry William Hudson, the singing master, who had
been a canon in Alnwick Abbey, and enjoyed from its reven-
ues a pension of £5 yearly, abandoned the school and returned
his stipend as parcel of a chantry; but Tiiomas Thompson,
the other master, unwilling that the youth of tiie town should
be left without instruction, continued to teach tlie Grammar
School ; and he received half the sum certified as the value
of the endowment ; and this sum of £4 Is. 8d. has ever since
been'paid to successive masters of the Grammar School.

For the purpose of carrying out the provision for the main-
tenance of schools and preachers out of the chantry revenues.
Sir Walter Mildmay and Robert Keylwey, Esq., were ap-
pointed commissioners under the great seal ; and they issued
a Avarrant assigning and appointing the continuance of the
Alnwick Grammar School, and that Thomas Thompson should
enjoy the room of schoolmaster there, aiul have his wages
yearly of £1: Is. 8d. Tiie following is a copy of this Avarrant,
which also gives valuable information of other schools and
churches in Newcastle, Morpeth, Widdrington, and Ber-
wick : —

" Schools : Enw. VI. — W.uirants by jMildmay & Keylwey.
We, Sir Walter Mj'ldmaye, Knight, and Kobert Keylwey, Esquier, Com-
myssioners appointed by the Kingcs Itaiesties Commyssion under the Great
Seale of Englande, bering date the xxlh day of June last ]>ast, towching order
to bo taken for the meyntenaunce and contynuaunce of Scholes and prechers
and of priestes and Cm-atcs of necessitic for seruyng of Cures and mynistracion
of Saci-amentes, and for money and other thinges to be contj-nued and paide
to the pooro, and for diuerse other thinges a])pointed to be done and executed
by vertuo of the same Comruyssion to Thaudytour and Eecej'A-our of the
revenues of the Court of Thauginentacions and revenues of the Kingea
maiesties Crowiie in the Couutie of North umberlande and the towne of New-
castell uppon Tyire, and to either of them, greating. Forasmoche as it
apperith by the Certificath of the particler Surveyour of landcs of the seida
Coui-t in tlie soido Countio that it is very uedefull aud necessary to haue assist-
VOL. II. L

74 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

iiuntea to be appointed for Beniing of the Cured in the pariHsJic-s of seynt
Nicholas, AH llalowes, woynt John, and Hf:yiit Aiidrowe in the towno of New-
eastell upon Tyno, and tliat a ^lutiuncr 8<.'liolo liath bono WHitynually kepto
in Alnewieko in the Hoido Countio of Nortlmndir' w' the revi.nues of landea
und titneMi(Mil(!s f<rauiited and a]»i>ointi;d to the fyndyng of two (jreestoH there,
(ind that the ScliohniiaHter there hath hadd for Ids Ktijiendo and waj^es yeroly
iiijVt xx(i'.; whiihe Scliolo is very mete and nrieenaary to be eontynued : And
tliat a f^'ranimcr Kclioh; hath bono eontyniially kepte in Morpeth in the seido
Cijiiritie of Niatliiiinbr, wt the i-evcniies of lan(hjs and tonementes frivcn and
ajijiointed to tlio fyndyn;j; of a preest tliere ; and the Behole-mahter there hath
liail for his wa;^i;,s yerely v)7( xijv. xd.: And tliat it i.s vary neee.s.sarj' and nede-
fuU to Ikivo an assistant ai)pointt;d to seme Uie Cure in the Chajijjell of Wid-
dryii^;-ton in tlie parisho of Woodemu in tlie Heid(; Countie of Noi-thumbr ; and
that it is lykewiso very necessary fo have an assistant appointed to seme the
Cure in the Towne of Berwiko. We thorfor, the seide Coruniyssioni/rH, by
vcrtiio and auothoritio of the soido Coinmyssion, have assigned and .appointed
tliat the Boid Grainmor Soholo in Alnewieko aforeseido shall contynue, and
that Thomas Thorai)son, Seholcniastter there, shall have and enioye the
rownio of Bcliolemast(;r there, and shall hauu for liis wa^ces yerely iiij^i. xxrf.:
And that the seiilo yr.iinmur Scholo in Morjx.th aforesoid shall likewise con-
tynue, and that Tlioinas Ilousbande, Bcholernaster there, sluiU have and
enJoye the rowino of Scholemaster there, and shall have for liis waj^es yerely
v'\/i. xij.?. x.'l.: And that William Gierke, Incumbent of the late Chauntery
in the towno of Newcastle, shalhe assistant to the Cure in the Churcheof se-ynt
Nicliolas, in the soid towno of Newcastle, and shall hauo yerely for his wages
V)7/. XV J9. viiji/.: And that Iiobert J?aker, Incumbent of tho late Chauntryo
of our lady in the parisho of seynt Nicholas, in tho seid Towne of Neweastell,
shalbo assistant to tho Cure in tho churchc of Alholowes in Newcastell, aforo-
seid, and shall hauo for his stipcndo and Avagos yerely iiij/i. xvjs. iiij(/.: And
that Sfyles Swoolwele,* Incumbent of the lato Chauutrie of seynt Kather}Ti
in tho Ghurche of Alhalowes, in tho seid t<jwne of Newcastell, shalbo assistuunt
to tho Cure in tho parisho churehe of seyrtt John in Newcastell aforeseid, and
shall liave for his stipende and wages yerely iiij/t. x.v.: And that John Sadler,
Incumbent of tho lato Chauntryo of sojait Thomas in tho Chunho of seynt
Andrew in tho seid towno of Newcastle, shalljo assistante to the Cure in the
sold ])arisho ehurcho of seynt Androwes, and sliall have yerely for liis Awigea
Cv«. V(/.: And that Edward Thompson, one of tho Incumbentes of the two
lato Chauntries of tho Trjniitie in tho CluqipoU of Widdryngton, -w' in the
parisho of Woodherne, in the seide Countio of Northumbr, shalbe assistaunt
to tho Cure in Widdryngton aforeseid, and shall hauo for his stipende and
wages yerely injli. xij.y.: And that Lambert Clerk, Incumbent of tho late
Chauntery of our lord lady in the towne of Bar^dko shalbo assistaunt to the
Cure in the towaio of Barwike, and shall have yeroly for his stipend and wages
Ciiijs. xd. And we, tho said Conmiyssioners, in tho Kinge's maiesties behalf,
by vertuo of tho seide Conunyssion, do require yow, tho seide lieceyvour, that
of suehe the Kinges money and revenues as from tymo to tjTne shalbe and ro-
meyno in yoar handes, you do content and payo yerely fi-om Easter last past
forthward tho seid severall sommes of money and wages before mencioued to
the persones before rehersed, and to suche other person and persones as shall
have and enioyo tho seido rowines and places of the same persons, to bo paide
wekoly, or quarterly, or otherwise, as necessitie shall require, vntill suche
tyme as fiuther or other order shall be taken for the same. And this -wan-aunt
shalbo to yow, the said Receyvour and Audytour, suflicient dischardgo for the
payment and uUowaunce of the san\o accordyngly. Goven the xxth day of
July in the secondo yero of tho reigno of our soveraign lord Edward the sixt,
by the grace of Goddo King of Englando, France, and Irelando, defendour of
the feith, and hi the Chuivho of Englando and also of Irclaude in Ertho the
supreme hedde.

ISigned:] Wa: Jlildmaj-, Robt. Keylwey, Exr. per R. Duke."

* Or Swodwele (?), the name has been corrected.

CHANTRY OF ST. MARY AND GRAMMAR SCHOOL. ( O

Thomas Thompson received this salary till L05o, when,
for some reason not recorded, the receiver-f^eneral of the
revenue refu.sed to pay it ; possibly the <;liange of the reli;^ion
of the country, in Queen Mary's reign, may liave occasioned
this suspension. Thompson, however, again shewed his
attachment to education, and appealed to the law courts, as
mucli for the protection of the interests of the school as for
his own claims. He appeared in person before the barons of
of the Court of Exchequer in the Eastor term of the fifth of
Queen Mary ; and he recited tlie warrant issued by Mild-
may and Keylwey and claimed, not only his arrears, but
the payment of the salary to liimself and to future masters of
the school, lie was successful ; for the barons decreed the
payment of his an-ears, and the continuance of the salary of
£4 Is. 8d. to be paid to him and his successors by equal por-
tions, at the annunciation of the Blessed Mary the Virgin,
and of 8aint IMichael the Archangel.* Honoured be the
name of Tliomas Thompson for his brave and noble defence
of the Alnwick Grannnar School !

Among the corporate muniments are two schedules of the
rents appointed by trustees for payment of salaries to the
minister and schoolmaster of Alnwick ; and one of them,
though undated, appears from a comparison of the names
mentioned there with those in a Borougli roll, to have been
made not long after the issue of Mildemay and Keylwey's
warrant. Rents from the chantry of St. Mary of Wark-
worth are also included in this schedule.

A Copio or Jlomoriall of tlioso rents parccll of tho Chantry of which

aro Hppoynted by tho Trixatues lor the payment of two Salluryea in Ahiewick,
viz.,

To the Minister, £12, to tho Schoolo IMaster, £04 Is. 8d. Total, £16 Is. 8d.

Alnewick — A Tenement late in the tenure of Robert Forster per annum lOs.,
do. Clement Armorer do. 8b., do. Thomas Pearson do. Is. Od., do. "Will Wat-
son do. 8a., do. Cuthbcrt Snuth do. 6d.; Alaiiham Tyth — do. Cuthbcrt Ogle
do. £1. Total, £2 10s.

Parcell of the Chantry of the Castlo of Alnwick belonging to two preaching
fryers and the Gramor Schoolo there in Alnewicke.

A Burgage lato in the tenure of George Clarkson per annum lOs., do.
Thomas Clarkson do. 3s., do. Widdow I*>eedncll do. lOs., do. WiU Patson, do.
IDs., do. Robert Clarke do. 10s., do. Robert Marshall do. 3s. id. Total,
£4 14s. 4d.

A Burgage late in tho tenure of John "Wilson per annum Is., do. "William
Read do. 6s., do. Thomas Clarkson do. 2s. 4d., do. Edward Laidman do. Is 6d.,
do. George Carver do. 3s., do. Nicholas Garrett do. 23. Sd., rent of tive butts
of land late in the tenure of George Alder do. Gd., a burirage late in the
tenure of John Clay do. lOd., do. John WombcU do. Is., do. Widow Claud do.
Is. 6d., do. Cuthbort IMilner do. Is., do. John Dawson do. Gs., do. John Wat-
son do. 6s. 8d., do. Richard Taylor do. 33. 4d., a cottage do. John Anderson

• Pascha Uecorda 4 and 5 Phil, and Mar. Rot. 30.

76 HISTOUV OF ALNWICK,

do. 78., rout of ten acroa of land do. Oswald Stanner do. IOh., a Lurijaye do.
AVilliam IIurriHon do. 1h. 8d., do. \Vm. Gruydo. in., do. TliOH. Gi-iy do. Cm.,
do Edward Atj^ood do. 7h. 8d., do. Joliri C<ilj*jn do. 2a., two wa^jtoH do. tho

hoircH of Wallcs do. ., a biirgago do. Kobtit ilurd do. 3.s. -Id., do. Widow

Clay do. 1h., do. John Cadlaiul do. '26., do. TJioriia.s Stanfortli do. in., do.
Jolia WatHon do. 2h., do. John Scoot do. 4a., do. Edward Bcoot do. 1h., do.
Kidland do. 33 4d., do. Loonard Sayluy do. '2b., do. Gcorf^o Pijxjr do. 28.,
do. Eobert LaHMC do. 23., do. Widdow Thompson do. 4h., do. Widdow Clark-
sou do. 4h., do. Widdow Pumcll do. 48., do. iCichard IJunnett do Cd., do,
Widdow Ijuo do. 33. 4d., do. Leonard ForHtcr do. 'la., do. W'illiarn llud.sondo.
49., do. William Cotter.son do. 2.s. (Jd., do. Widdow Carsoy do. 1h. 4d., do.
Edwanl IJoJyHon do. 2^., do. JIayliulmo do. 28., do. Wicldow Atkiii.son do.
2.S., do. Thoy. Hall H.y. 8d. per aniuim, decay 2.s. — 4h. 4d., do. John Atkinson
pur annum 4s.; ^Varkworth — a hurgaj^o sometime in the tenure of Dawsou
and late in tho tenure of John Hall per annum 2s., a hurgaj^e late in the
tenure of Kobt. H\idson do, 2s., do. Davison do. 3b. 4d., do. Geoijre Bingleton
do. Is. Gd., two burftaf^'cs do. Thomas Finch do. 3s. 4d., a bur;<-age sometime
in the tenure of — lleddell and late in tho tenure of liob. Cowbell and John
Dumount do. 2s., a burij;ago late in the tenure of Widdow Noble do. 2.-5., do.
John Cotts do. Gd., a burgage sometime fL-rme-hold late in tho tenure of
Thomas Ogle, E.sq., per annum 12s. Total of Alnwick, .£10 Ms. bd.
I'arcell of the Chantry of Mary in WurkwDrth.

Warkwoi-th — A tenement late in the tenure of John Wilson per annum 23.,
do. Robt. Munck do. 2s., do. liob. Leighton, do. 58., do. Widdow Watson
do. Is., do. AVm. Finch do. Is., do. Thomas Ersdon do. 3s., do. Wm. Jolin-
eon do. Is. 4d., do. Wm. Hunter do. 2s., do. Widow Caudell do. Is. 8d., do.
Kob. Buringall do. 2s., do. Thomas Witham do. 2s., do. Georgo Ilanisou do.
Is. 8d., do. Will, Todde do. Is., do. Tiiomas Ilautloy do. 2s. Gd., do. Thomas
AVatsou do. 10s., do. Georgo Watson do. 10s., do. George Finch do. 4s.
Total, £2 12s. 2J.

Lands l)elonging to Rood liglit in the parish of Waikwoilh.

Warkworth— A tenement late in the tenure of John AA'itham ])er annum 38.,
do. John llari-ison do. Is, 8d., do. Richard Howe do. 2s., do. Peter Hunter
2s. per annum, 12d. in decay — Is., do. John Tliompaou per annum 28., do.
Anthony Knell do. Is. 8d. Total, lis. 4d.*

ruvt of tlie chantry liouse and all the land attached to it,
of Avhich there was upwards of an acro^were in possession of
my maternal ancestors in the latter part of the seventeeth
century ; hut the eastern part of the house belonged to the
Northumberland family. In one of the court rolls there is
entered, " Walkergate, Frances son of James Turner, a burg-
age wast, called the School house rigg." This passed, prior
to 1709, to his daughter. Widow ►Smitli, who died June ^6th,
1734 ; and then to her son Francis, and next to her grandson
Francis, who sold it to Mr. Taylor, of Christen Bank ; but

* In the Certificate of Chantries made by commissioners 14th February, 2ad
Edward VI., there is the following report: — " Waikworth. — The Chauntry founded
in the Chapell of our Ludy in Warkeworth, within the paryshe of Warkeworke

, , Incumbent of the age of yeies, meanly leriied, of honest conversa-

cion and qualytes, having no other lyving then the same Chauntry. No landes
nor tenements sulde sithe, &c. And there be of liowseling people within the same
paryshe IXc, {y,pycsiiiti)i<j a popiilatioH of 13 JO,) yerely valeue lx.\ij:s. ix(/.
Plate none. Goods none. Moreover there be certen landes and tenemeTts be-
longing to tlie use and sustentatiou of one lyght called tlie Koode Lyght, within
the paiishe Cliurche of Warkwoitlie aflbreseyed, and is \\oi\h by yere xiji. iiiji/.

CHANTRY OF ST. MARY AND GRAMMAR SCFIOOL. 77

Mark, another {^andson, purchased it from one of Mr. Tay-
lor's heirs, and loft it to his son, Mr Mark Srnitli,of Almvick,
who, above thirty yours ago, sold it to tho Duko of North-
umberland. It was then a two storied building, covered
with thatch, and let to several tenants, access being to the
upper rooms by outer stone stairs. A quaint picturesque house
it was, such as an artist loves to sketch. There wore two rooms
below and two above, and traces of other two separate rooms
at the west end. In this house the two masters lived and
kept school, one teaching grammar and the other singing.
The tire-places in the under rooms were large ; and oak
beams remaining are ornamented with carving. The style
of the building is late perpendicular gothic, about the same
nge as the south wall of St. Michael's Church ; the door-way
has a pointed arch; the windows were small, Avith square
heads, excepting one which was larger, divided by mullions
and transoms, and ornamented with tracery. This chantry
house is now a roofless ruin. {Plate VII., Vol. I.,p. 2-i\.)
As only £4 Is. 8d. yearly was saved from the Avreck of
the chantry property, the burgesses and inhabitants of the
town, feeling the inadequacy of this ondoAvmeut for the im-
portant object of educating the youth of the borough, peti-
tioned Lord Burghley to restore the whole stipend of twenty
marcs to the school. This petition derives an additional
interest, because giving us a glimpse of the relation of Aln-
Avick to the surrounding district.

" To tho riyht lionoiuLlo Sr. williaui SiVoll Knt. T3aron of Biirghley, lord high
Trensiin'r of ICiiL'laiul, one of her imitios nuist honoraMu ])ri\ic foiuiscU, wo
tho ]3urgtst50b and Inhahitants of thu 15orough or TowJio of Alnwicke ia
Noitliuuiberland, do wisli health peace and prosperitio in oiir lord god
everlastingo.
Wheras tlie Towne of Alnwicke (right honorable and our especiall good lord)
had a stipend of xx markes by yearo given and graiinted, by tho good devo-
tion of the Towncsmcn therof out of thcr sevcruU Burgages, for the mainten-
anee of tho Gramcr Sclioole and Singinge Schoolo in the said Towne ; which
a longe time continued in tliat estate ; afterward the maisters of theis tow
Schooles (at tho instancie of tho Tov,aies men, beinge greatly addicted to the
religion at tliat tijne established) were contented to saj- mass dailio in ther
parish church ; in so much that in proccsbC of time, they alteringe tlier names
fiom Schooleniaisters were comonly called ehauntrie Priestes. So that at the
suppression of the Abbies and Chauutries, the oiio of them did give in hia
portion of that stipend as parcell of a chauntiie, the other (beinge unwillinge
to frustrate the Towne of so great a benelite) imployed his part to the kepinge
of a iSehoole, accordingo to the first foundation thereof ; of which yearly
stipend of xx marks beinge wholly due to our Schoolmaister, your honor's
most humble suppliantes and dailie Orators doe only receive iiiUi. xxd. at her
majesties Audit houlden, at Newcastell : Theis ar therfore in most humble
maner to beseach your honor to sufer and pemiitt the said Towne, according
to tho first foundation thereof, to imploye the whole stipend of xx markes by
yeare to the Kepinge of a Graninier Scholo : not so much for the education of

78 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

thor children onely, but much moro for Uio infonnation and right bringing
up of tlio youUi of tho wlioltj countyo of Nortliiiiiiborland ; for as tho aaia
liorougU of Abiwick lyotli in tlio niiddcst of tho Haid Countyo (and thc.roforo
of fjreateat rojiuiro and oon(;(jiiino of poojdo) ho hatli it no f^rirrnor Kclioole,
witliiri XX niilrs in conipa.s.s and abovo, oruotod for tho traynini,'o up of tho
childron of that wild and rmhj countrio, in f^ood learning and vortuOMo ox-
COrci.soH. thus hopingo tliat your ho. (with your accu«touicd favour unto tho
oroction of SclioohiH and wontod cicuiuncio to Oranier .Schollom) will conHidor

tho ])romiHm)a wo do nio«t humbly connnittc your honour U> the tliia b day

of JiJy 15S«.

Alnwickc Borough Seal.

This appeal to Lord Bnrghlcy was unsuccessful.

Among other properties, granted hy Queen Elizaheth in
1573 to Sir John Forster, there were two Ijurgage wastes
and four parcels of land and pasture, called riggs of land,
lying in the hank beyond Clayport Tower, on the south side
near to Alnwick, whieli were ])arcels of tlie late cliantry of
St. Mary in Alnwick, and which were given as concealed
lands, at a rent of 3s. His right, however, to hold these
lands was disputed hy John Stainton, one of the .School-
masters ; for in the will of George ilohinson of Alnwick, yeo-
man, made October 28th, 1590, we have the following curious
statement : —

'* Item tuchinge the controversie betwixt Sir John Forster,
knight, and John Stainton, of Alnowiko, for the fewer rigges of
lande on Claiport bancko, wliicho the said Sir John Forster
haith leased of his ma'^" as land concealed, I was collector of tlio
chaunterie rente att that time they were clamed to be concealed
lande ; and for tlie discharge of ray owne conscience and mani-
festeingo of a truth, thus unioh I am to protosto, that I received
then eightono pence yoavlio of Thomas Ladiman, of Ilowicke,
for tlioso rigges as parcell of chauntrio rente of AInewick ; and
tliia I avouche to be good and true before these Avitnesses, James
Carre, M'- of Arte,^*' William Storie, George Barkas, and "Walter
Fawside," — Durham Registry.

Chantry lands continued in the possession of the crown
till the time of the commonwealth, when they were sold.
The crown lands of Alnwick were purchased in 1G53 hy John
Sweeting, of London, merchant; and the trustees, who con-
ducted the business, appointed certain of the fee fiirm rents,
amounting yearly to £16 18s. Od., for the payment of £\\l to
the minister, and £4 Is. 8d to the schoolmaster of the town ;
and these rents were collected and applied by the bailiff and
chamberlains of the borough. The following is a copy of a
document in the corporation archives which records the
transaction : —

* Cane was minister of the parish.

C'lIANTIlY OF ST. MAllY AND OUAMMAK SCHOOF,. 79

A true copy of tho rents appoyntod by the Trustees for the ealo of Fea
farme renin Cur tlio y>ayriient of two Salaries (viz.), to tho minister £12 per
aiiiiiiiii uiiil to till! Sclioohnastcr .£4 la. 8d. of the towno of Alncwieko in the
County of NoitluiniLorluiid : viz.,

Alnvwickc— Edward Vardy for 2 Closes per annum x«., Thomas Paiiuij for a
teueiuont viij.v., Alexander Annorer for another viij«., Jolm (iallon for
another xviij^/., Sir Wm. Feiiwicke pro Ahhy Sydo vk/., yilneham Tithe —
Chris. O^lo .xx.'v.; total, £2 8a. (kniyijulc in Alaewicke — Cuthhert Ches-snian Wd.,
]Iciiry ((()li;4htly iijv., Aloxaiuler i"'or.ster 'X.Vyl., Tho Hame iiijrf., ilichael
Funwicko xijV/., John Atkin.sou xij'^, Kioliard Newhef^in xij^/.; total, 78. Cd.
Walkeryutv — Edwaiil Trotter ij.v., Ai-thur ArrowHiuith iiij«., Henry Ogle, T\ai{.,
ij.v., (jieorgo Chield iiij.'*., John llarwood ij.»., James Turner xviij</., more per
annum vijr/., Alexander Fur.ster iijv. iiijr/.; total, 19.4. Od. JSMij'jatc — 3Iar-
paret Cluikii iiij.v.. Widow Far;^y ilijv., John Swinhoe ijv., Alcxand<;r Annorer
viij(f., Willni. i''ar{j:y iiijs.; total, XI. 2h. JmcIij llowe—'l')iUuvM Yonder v.».,
Cuthhert Tearith iii.j.s.; total, Os. (Uanport — Ahif^ail Forster iij». iiij'/., Tho
saiuc ijv. viijr^., Nicholas Foister ijv. viijV/., John and Alexander Scott
iijs. iiijr/., Jano Adston iiij^ , Henry AVat.son ij?. iiij'/., Charles Watson xijt/.
itugh ArrowsmithxiJ^/., Thomas I'axton xij'/.; total, £1 Is. 4d. Foltergate —
Francis Alder, gentleman, for hutts vjV/., Alexander Armorer xviij*/., Sfar-
garett Cane v*. viiji/., Hugh Arrowsmith xxc/., rieorgc GuflV.rson xvijjV/., John
Gallon xij(?., Anthony Adaton ijv., Alexander Clarke ij«., Itoheit Turner ijs.;
total, 17d. lOd. Narrowfjatc — Henry Johnson iiij*., John Arrowsmith vj».,
Mary Browne iiji. iiij^?., Jolin lirownc iij*. iii.jf^.; total, 16s. 8d. Marktt Mace
— John liidley, gcntlcumn \s. viij*/., Alexander Armorer xs., Widow Holmes
ij«., Nicholas Forster x.>., Jano Duell aliius Duar iij». iiij(/., George Stanton x«.,
Widow Branling xs., Alice Salkeld ijs.; total, £2 13s. Od. liondgate — Alico
Salkold ijj. iiij(/., John (irey ij?., Jolm Alnewicko ij.v., John Bell ij>. vjr/.,
Abigail Forster ij«., liobert Coleman xvj(/., Samuel Alnewicke ij*., Anthony
Eiitlidge xvjf/., Ilobert Strother iiij«., Eoger Mollett iiii»., Alexander Armorer
X*., Thomas Swan iiij.«. viij(/., AVilliara Harrison iijs. liijrf., John Hambleton
iij*. iiijW.; total, £1 lOs. 8d. Warkworth — Katherino Dawson ij«., John Wil-
kinson ijs., Jano Jackson iiji. iiijr/., John Bard xviijrf., EobertCowlexiji., Jano
Dinenxij(^; Newbeyin — Thomas Keye iij«.; Ellington — Thomas Rowland xij.*.;
WarkwortJi, — George Hall iijv., George Warwcke iijs. iiiji/ , William Elder
ijs., Brian Ilodgrson ijs , Thomas Clough xij*/., Thomas Salkeld ij*., John
lliiddon ij.v., William Swan V.S., liobort ^Vibon xijf/., Edmund Finch xijt/.,
Thomas dough iij*-., Thomas IMills xvji/., Thomas Elder ijn., Thomas Hunter
xxrf., Henry Anderson ij*-., Kobert Clarke ijs., Mailin Browne xxrf., Georgo
Cocke xijr/., Mrs. Thompson ij^-. Total, £IC 23. 6d.

To all whom it may concern &c. know yee, that I John Sweeting of London
Marchant doe by these presents constitute ordaine impowcr and appojTit The
Baylille and Chamberlaines of tho To^\^l0 of Alnewicke in tho County of
Northumberland, for the time being and their successors, to collect gather and
receive tho severall rents mencioncd in the foregoing Schedule hall'e yearely,
at Lady day and Michaelmas, to bo collected for the uses herein exprest (viz.
£12 per annum to tho Reading Minister of the said Towne and £0i OIs. 08d.
per annum to the master of tho free Scheie there. The first halfo yeare's rent
being duo at Lady day Last. Giving them the same power and authority for
collecting of the same as fully and Largely as I mysclfe might have, or now
at present have. Witnes my hand and sealo the seventeenth day of May
1654.

The two somes above mcncioned are sixteen pounds and twenty pence.

John Sweeting (L.S).

This is the very booke which Captain John Sweeting delivered unto me for
the uso and benefitt of the free Schoolo of Alnewicke ■witness my hand the 24
day of April 1G56. Tho. Watton.

The said Tho. Watton hath delivered up on oath that this is the same booke
delivered to him by John Sweeting in the presence of us the day and year
above written. John Scott, Thomas Mitcalfe, Clement Forster, Thomas

80 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

Huntor, Alexandor Scott, Rolj. Strothcr, Ciitli. Chi.-sHniun, Tliormia Huntley,
Jlenry Facy, John Hwinhoo, Matthew Aluwickc, John Jlanisou, ltojj(;r
]MoHitt, William Laiiigo, Jolin Iltiinolton.

Creditable it is to the early burgesses of Alnwick tluit they
appreciated education. Failing to obtain tlie restoration
of the original eudowmcnt, they not only made exertions
themselves to increase the means for the efficient instruction
of the young, but also sent petitions seeking help from
wealthy ])ersons. The earl of liecU'ord replied in tlie follow-
ing letter : —

" To my lovcinfj friendcs tho Burgesaos of tho Towno of Alnwick.

I have receaveJ a largo writcing iindor tho wealeof yor horoiigh contoyning
partolie a coiriplainte against John liiitlcrand partclie a peticion forjiiy b<;ne-
volencQ towavdcs your Schole. And f(^r that I am willing in Bom measure to
Batisfio 3'ou in hoth you bliall uiidorHtaud lliat I coidd never yxprea.se that
John Butler did in anio sorto hind(;r your Towno or your re'iue^t to me but
alwayea was more readye to yinjiortune mo on your behalf then I held con-
venient. And concerning your request now I have taken order with John
Butler that out of such arrearages of rentes as are to mo due in Northumber-
land whereof ho hath a perfect note I am content to allowe you twentie
poundcs towardes your Sehole at Alnewyck, which yf you shall thankfuUye
accept I sliall think well bestowed. And su wishing you all good proceeding
in yo\ir good purj)030 for your said Seholo. I bid you furowell.

Bedford house the 30th of Maye, 1609. Your loveing friend

E. Bedfoud."

The reply of the earl of Northumberland, who was then
a prisoner in the Tower, is characteristic, shewing a disposi-
tion to aid learning, but Avisely requiring others, at the same
time, to lend a helping hand.

" To my loving freindes tho Burgesses of the towne of Aln-wick these be dd.
I hauo reccaued your petition of the 12 November, I am very gladde to
deoorno yo\ir forwavdncs in doeing soo good a worko, as to ihaw learning into
your towno, and soo by conswiuont civililio : my luind.s shall not be tyed from
giving helpe to your purj)osos, since it is soo good an ende, but I pray God I
fynd it not with you, as 1 found of them of liothebury for rej)ayring there
churche, whicho when I had condissendod to contribute largely, the rest of
the country would doe iusto nothing : I will hopo for better successe in this,
and that it is the cause why I will sett downe under mjnie owen hand, what I
will give towards this charitable workc, that it may be a witnesso against j'our
selfes if you precede not there in. \Mu\t soo euor it bo that any one man shall
give, towards tho buylding of the Sco\ilo, or hathe given, I will give as much
if not more ; AVhoe soe euer shall bestow any yearly annxiile for the mainten-
ance thereof hereafter bone fide, I will give twice as nmtche. The nominat-
ing of the scoller I expect to have in whiche I know I shall be as carefull as
yourselves to chuse a fitt man. Tho ground plott of the worke intended I
desier to see in a drawght, for soe shall T gesso M'hat will be your charges in
tho building thereof, and mens helps will be drawen on thereafter. Now you
know my mynd I ■will rest, and washo this matter good proceeding
AVlien I shall pcrceave the foundation Noktiiumbekla>d.

of tho worke begunne to bo laid, then

shall my contribution beginno
This 30 of November, 1610."

Application was also made to Lord Haddington ; for in

the account of 1611 there is entered : "for wyne and sugar

»;ilANrU\ i)V ST. MAKY \\'I> OltWrMAIt MlhXjl.. SI

wlioii wo (1yd f>oo to my Lord of irad(liii;,'toii for our sclioolo
vs. vijf/." A survey was tlion mado for tlio inlendod sfdiool,
lli(j buildiufr of whicli, however, was not cani<'d out till JG.JO,
when a school was ereeted in l*ottergate near to the tower,
on the site of a hurgajro which had been purchased by the
corporation.

After Thompson, we find, in 1-577, two schoolmasters,
John Stanton and llalpli Grey, the former ha'xufr also ])arish
clerk, and both appcarinj; in person at the chancellor's visita-
tion of the church. In tlie corporation records we next meet
with Mr. Thomas Vicars as schoolmaster ; he was paid " for
his quarter's waidgosendinfr at ^Michaelmas last past in anno
1611, l6'., for his Christmas quarter, xlvJ5. viij</." The vari-
ous companies or fellowships contributed to the su])port of
the school, in proportion to tlicir capability; and in this year
there were received " of <ill the fellowshipps of the towne,
except the buchcrs, which the towne hath layde out for that is
xs., every trad according to his rat vij/t." Strangely enough
the butchers were equally distinguished in 1852 ; for this
was the only fcllowsliip, that refused to join in a proces-
sion, when the foundation stone of the Corporation new
schools was laid by Algernon the duke of Northumberland.
Mr. Vicars was appointed vicar of Lesbury ; and he figures
subsequently in ecclesiastical proceedings against Robert
Brandling who called him, in Shilbottle Church, " scabt
scounderell, priest or felon." lie appears to have left the
scho(d with no groat honour to himself; for, in IGlo, it was
ordered by the four-and-twenty, that "Letters be written to
the Bishop of Durham and to Mr Auditor Paddon and to the
receiver, to prevent the payment of the schoolmaster's fee and
allowance not to be made hereafter to Mr. Thomas Vicars,
and that one of the burgesses shall before the end of June
next be sent, by warrant under the town scale, to finde out
and bring hether a sufiicient learned sclK.iolmastor, and shall
have his charges borne and paid him by the iiij receavors out
of the towne revenues, for which this shall be theire warrant."
At this period the brightest pages of our corporate history
open out before ns.

We boast much of the efforts made in our own day in
behalf of education; but the four-and-twenty of the borough,
two centuries and a half ago, were also deeply impressed with
its importance. Wise and noble minded men they were ;
and the orders they passed, and the phraseology they used, evi-
dence that they had enlightened and compreheuisive views;
VOL. Ti. ^r

H2 IlISTOUY (Jl' ALNWICK.

nnd it is to be iiotc.'d, that tlu; 1)urf^cs.so.s loo roiKMirixd in tlicsi;

vif'ws, aiul ;i^i(.'('(l to tav 'tlioniJSf.'lvcs to (IcCray tin: fost of ;i

cornprcliousivij educational system. Two niaslei .s, Ijotli learned

and discreet men, were to teucli the scliool, ^vhiell was to be

open to the ebildron of the commonalty as well as of the bur-

{jesses; convinced that literature and school learninj^ promoted

relij^ion and morality, the couisi; of inslriictiou incliidr.'d not

only (jlreek and Tialin, arithmetic, writinf,^ and readinj^ J-^n^-

lish, hut also poetry, or the lilfrature of the ]ieriod. The

master had a salary of £5iO yearly and the usher twenty nobles.*

The following quaint but expressive order gives the particulars

of the scheme : —

Alnowick 1 Att tlio gonornll gild thoro hf;lil the vii day of June 1013. Ill
13iirg-h. j is nrdercnl aiul donrowl hy tho XX 1 1 1 [ with tho f,'CiioriiU cons<!nt of
111] tho Ahlnniifii and Compuiiius of thu towno and of tho Froeinen
and ])iiri^(^.s.si'H of th'i Kamo as folldwutli. Viz.

First to the end and intent tliat tho honor and j^'loiy of almi^'htio God may
bo incrcasi.'d, evill manoirt Kup])laiitod and tlio youth of thia boro\i;^li woU iii-
Htructcd and infunnod in litoaaturo and .si:}io(;hj luaniinyo, Itt 13 ordered
doularod and dccrood hy ono Tiuitnail andpuhliipio consent, lliat thorc BhallX)
with all dtio and oonvoniunt oxpudicion, a SclioolcniaatcT snfli(-iont learned
and HldllfuU in the lat>-no and <j;ii)ok tonj^OM and perfect in tho lcarnlnf,'tj of
poetry, prepared nnd ])rovi<lcd, Leini^ allso a man of solidd witt and discreut
govornniont and jdaced to he the Sehouhneastor of the said Dtirp;he.

And that tliero shall likewise he provided in lilco due tynie a fytt learned
and di.sero;it pers^tnno whoe shalhe placed as nssher to the said Schoolmaster.
And that tho said Schoolomaster for his foe and salary shall have yerelye
payd unto him XX/(. Sterling' hy (luarterly payments viz. XX me'rks att tho
least out of tho townes revenues, whereof 1 1 1 U('. i)er aimmu payd hy his
^Majestic to bo nccomjited pariell, allowinj^ and lehalinj^ the deducts payd
tlicniotitto his ilujestios olliciis. And XX nohhs Sterling, bcins; tho residuo
of tho saiil some of XX/(, Salhiry, shalho eoUrcted by tlio annivcrsario Alder-
men and by thorn payd to tho said Sehoolemaster out of the soms -which tlio
companyes and Freemen of the said toviie have graiinted for that ilso, aa
particuliirlio (insiioth hereafter. Allso itt is ordered and decreed that a yorely
feo and sallary of XX nobles Bterlin;>; shalbo payd to tho said usher: viz. tire
nierks pareoll thereof out of the townes i-ftvenues, and five merles residue out
of tho reymayno of tho said some so f^rauntud liy the said Companies of frcmco,
by quarterly payments and in manor as tho Schoolemaster is to rescavo his
Sallary.

And as touching: the dishnrsinc,' and layeing out of those soms and payments
by tho treasiuers or roecavorsof the Townes revenues, or by tho Aldermen as
the case may requyer to tho said Schoolemaster or Usher for tho tjTno that
shall bo, this shalbo suihcient warrant.

Lastly to thend itt may appcaro what somes tho said companies freemen and
others have j^'raunted to those aforesaid. And for what tyrae, 13y these pre-
sents itt is declared and ordered by thero puhliquo consent allso particulerly
by every of thcym in opeji gild, Th;it tho said soms shalbo payd by the Com-
panyes and personn OS aforesaid, for termo of Vli yeresnext after thinstitution
and installmi Tit of a Schoolemaster, by Companyes porsonncs and yerely pay-
ments as fidloweth, and is hereafter sett downe. And it is moreover ordered
and decreed by f^-enerall consent of tho XX HIT and of tho Aldermen and
Companyes aforesaid of the said fromeii and otliers, That the Alderuiau of

* A lUiMo is of value (5s. 8d.

V IIANTIIY ()!•• ST. MARY AM) MiAMMAK SMIOoL. S-'J

every compaTiy, who for tlio tymoHhullio, shall answorc and ))ayo tho Bomo or
(KtniH gruuiiloff to this imo )>y any of liin (Joriii^any, And Hliitl) havo powro Ut
dy«tiiiyiio (A'tsy wutoli of tiiuyiii na cyt)ii;i' ri.-fiiHO at any tynuj hf.rcaftor Ut
inako payniijiit of Hutcli bonw hh Hijt(;}i porhonnu liatli (jiaiml'^J, or tihalLo 1»y
bin Com])any taxed or inijiosud ii))Oii liiiii. Jo. Jirowiio, Francca Aldor, John
Aider, John tScott, Will. Grono, VVilliii. nunt<.!r, TlioniaH )';irtiH, Kolfo Fryor,
Jolm WilkyjiHonno, (jJawayn Sall;(j](l, Willrn. tJallon, (J<xirt(0 Stanjitru, John
IJutlor, JanirH 'jrcno, Uoorgo Aldur, Fdward Slunucrua, William Grayo, John
Clurku, Wiiliii. Kovohjy.

Under this ariiuii^etncnt, Robert Stephcn.son, B.A.,1)ec;iiiic'
sclHMiliiuister in 1(U4, and Julm Rciioldsoii, an iuiccslor of
tho family of Kciiiiison«, a[t)it'ard to have been usher. liut
the master luul otliev duties to perform, for lie was also
moutlily preacher in Alnwick Church ; and the following
copy of his ap])ointnu3nt gives an additional illustration of
the educational and rclij^ious movements in the town : —

TO ALTj (JIIlilSTIAN ijvjoijlu to wliumo thi.'j jirL-Hont writtingo Indented
shall coino to ho redd hard and aoiio, Wo tho lieo Inirgcs.sf.-.s and whole coni-
TOOJialtio of the Towno of Abiewick within tho County of NorthumherhinJ
Seudetli ideating in our lord •^wl FiVerla.'itingo, KNOWE yo that weo tho
nibresaid liurj^csnes and Ooninionaltie have with our wliule a.'iaontand coiiHent
Lawofully elected and cho.^un our A\ellheloved in Chri.-it, Itohert Steven-
aono Baehelere of Arts to bo our Sclioolmai.iLcr and monthly preacher, within
tho baid Towneand (.ihurehof Alnewiek in the L'ountio afon..-,;iid, T(J ll.VVK
hold nao and oxereiso tho said ronio or place of Teaching of Sehoule and
monthelyo exorcisingo or proaehiny^o upon .Sundaiea yearlyo and every yoiiro,
fromo and after tho day of the daito ol' this present wriUiny^o Indented, for
and induringo tho full and whole tearni of three yearod nowe next enacwin^^o
and foUowingo and fully to l)o conipleat ended and rtino, Yealdingo and pay-
ingo therefore yeaiiyo and every year durinyc the Baid tearnio of TJixee ye:u'cs
ahovesaid nnto the said liohort StevenKon or hie. luwcfull as.'iigTies tho full and
just Bonio of Twenty and threo poundes of lawful! curr.mt English nionic
every yeiiV(nuirtorl}'0, That i.s t<» say li\t! pounds liltivneshiliinm.'S jn-r (pmrter
to ho paid by na tluj above tiaid buri^i-ssed and conionidtio of the .t>;iid Towno or
by fouie sidhoieiit honi at burgesaes, auoh as their ahalbe yearlyo and every
yearo during the aaid teanne of threo yearea aboveaaid uppoyntud nominated
and ehoaen for ns and in our names and by our con.'^eiitc, to jiay the tiaine fuv
us the said burgesaea and comonaltie, but the aaid Uoborl iSteveiiaon or Ida
lawful aaaignea as aboveaaid being Lxwfullydenuinded, that lie tho Rud Kobert
Stevenson for himself covenanteth graunti'lh and promisolh by theae i>reaentd
to and with the aboveaaid burge-as,.a and eoniynaltio and all and every of
them : That ho the said liobert Steveiifcon shall and will duiinge .Jl tho said
tearmo of three yeare above .sjiccilied : will truely and faithfuUye indeavour
and apply hiuiaclf to educate utuI inatnu t learno and Teacli for the yearly
wages above apoeilied all and every the yuulho and elaldnii of the said
Burgesses and coiiumaltyo of the Towne of Alnewiek abovaaid such as are
apte and willinge to learno and understand tho Lattine Tongue arithnu.'tiek
writtingo and reading English and suchlike for the better"^ educating and
bringing ujip of tho said children to the glorio of tied and their ownie ))refer-
inent hoaraftcr, And further he the .said liobert iSt-evensoJi covenanteth ])ro-
mis.aetli and graunteth to and with tho said burgesses and conionalitie : That
he the s;\id Kob(ut St(^;venson shall and ^\ ill use and exercise montldyo luid
overyo monthe oiieo dnringe tlie said tearmc of thro yeares aboveaaid, tho ex-
erei.so of ]ueaching and teaching in the pulpit withhi tho church of AlnexWck
aboveaaid upon Sundaiea monthly; for the more better ediling exhorting uiid
teaching or iiiatructing of tho said buri;iys;ei and roiucnallv ot the Ttuvnc of

81 m.S'lORV OK ALNNVH.K.

Alncwii:lf : Ami hIihII not iibiiont }iiinrj(;lf fronio the Hai'l 8< hooll or t<jach-
iiiy' und i)reac]iiii/^ itljo\'0 Iho Bpaco of eight iliiii.:,i dining tin) tuid tcana,
witliout tho B]j(x;iall licinico or coriwjiit of DiofKiid burgoHtjcs und comonalty or
Homo of them ai){j(;iiit(;il liy tlioiu to give lift iice for thorn luid in thoir name*.
Jii WitneHa whereof tlio particB, that ia tho hiirgoHHea uLoves^id, uh aluo he the
Huid Robert SteveiiHou to oytlier ])ailo of thobo iiideiituroH interchanijeahy
havo Hott to their liandes and HcaloB to theuo preweiits TJjiM Eighth day of
Augubt in tho 'I'vvelveLh year of tlie reigno of our Bovereigne I-ord JumeB hy
llio grace of god Icing of England franco und Irehmd, uud of bcottlaud thy
xlviijth, defeiidur of the faitli ^lOM).

iSealed aigiied und delivered in tho i)rc8e]ico of iiob. Gierke LuUivi ibni.

Kobt. Stevenfaon. (Soul.)

1011. — Francea Alder, Jolin Scott, John (Jrene, Wilhn, Hunter.

Menioranduni it ia agreed before the inaealinge of theae presents by the
parties hereunto, viz.

Mr. Kobt. Stevension on his part and behivlf proraiBScth ftnd covonanteth,
that if he almll bo any v/ay beneficoed duringo tlie tinio of yeeres in these
presents luentioiied in tliia or any other phice in tlu'a County of Northumber-
land, that then tho Haido Mr. liobt. Stevenaon aluill abate of liia aairuj yearely

pcntion aforet«dd to tlio ISurgesi-ea of Aluewicke for live pound ater-

lingo of Ilia aaid yearly pcntion. liob. yteveneon.

We have a record of the quarterly payments made by tlic
fellowships in IGIO to the school ; the fullers gave Is. 8d., the
cordiners 3s, 4d., the weavers 3s. 'Id., the glovers 3s, 4d,, the
tanners 5s , the tailors lOd., the butchers 10d.,the merchauts
4s. 2d., the smiths 2s. Cu\., the wrights 2s. 4d.

llobert Stephenson was appointed curate of Alnwick Church
about IGIG ; and we next find Mr. Falder schoolmaster in
1026 with a salary of .€18 yearly, besides the endowment of
£4 Is. 8d., and an allowance of lUs. yearly for his charges in
going to Newcastle to receive the king's money. He appears
to have been the same person as John Falder >vho succeeded
Thomas Viccars as vicar of Shilbottle, and who was ejected
in 1648, restored in 16G0, appointed to Lesbury in IvGG, and
died in 1G75 ; " a man " it is said, " of good learning and an
unblameable life," Yet like some of the other schoolmasters,
he was troublesome, and dragged the corporation into a law-
suit, which in 1G3G was referred to arbitration; and inconse-
quence we have — " Paid to Jane Adston for the arbitrators
and Chamberlains dynners and others at the meeting in the
tolebooth, between Mr. Falder and the towue xxs. ; More
allowed in Anne Scott's hand for wyne the same day the
Arbitrators mett xiis. vif/." A payment of £3 to Mr. Falder
brought this quarrel to an end.

In 1G37 Mr. Henry Lever, a man of more distinction and
loftier character than any of his predecessors, was a])pointed
schoolmaster and monthly preacher. To him were paid in
1G39 £1 13s. Od. to make his preaching money £G ; and "at
Michaelmas parte of the Schookinaster's wages £1 13s. Od.;"
and in 16 JO £3 lis. 3d., )i> consent of ihc four-nnd-twenty.

CilANTRY OF ST. MARY AND GRAMMAR .SCIIOOL. 85

Tloiiry Lovor waa of hououraljlo daw-ont. Tib f^andfalhor
Thomaa Loavor was cliapluin of Edwur'l VI., and during Mary's
roign waa a i-ofiigoo at I'ranlcfort ; but rotnrning to England in
Elizabotli'a tiiiio lio Ijocamo master of Hlicibuni Ilo.sijital, and an
intimato friond of Bernard GiJpin the Apostlo of the Noitli.
Tlonry Lovor aooms to havo remained in Ahuvick about Koven
years. About HM'l, ho removed to tlio rectory of Branee-
j)otli, as suceoHSor to l)r. Coain ; and tlioro ho officiated till IG.O'J,
when, through the moan.s of Aldonnan Barnes, lio entered to 8t.
John'a Churcli, Newcastle, whore he was minietcr till his ejection,
along Avith oilier NonconforniiHts, in 10G2. After this ho seems
to havo had no settled congregation ; but preached occasionally
aa opportunity oUbred. IIo lived a short time at Shincliffe and
thou returned to Nowcastlo. When in<lulgonco waa granted to
tho persecuted Nonconfunniats in 1G72, ho had a call from a con-
gi-egation in Darlington; but in tho summer of 1073 ho died in
peace, saying — " If God had no more for him to do, ho could as
willingly die, aa go to bed and rest." A good conscientious,
largo-hearted man waa Ilenry Lover ; liis principles woro moder-
ate, and Ilia manners affable and courteous. Ijishop Konnett
says of him — ** IIo was romarlrablo for his generosity and liber-
ality." He had been twice married but loft no family ; an estate
which ho possessed ho left to his nepliow Kobort Lever, another
Nonconformist ministor, who was ejected from Bolam, and after-
wards lived with tho Nonconformist family of Middloton at Bel-
say.*

After the removal of Lever, the school appears to have been
vacant for some time; for in the account of 1G58 wc have
the following entry : — " There is likewise to be accompted
for to the Towno during" tho vacancy of a Sclioolcmaster for
what is settled upon tlie Towne by Mr. Sweeting, tlie pur-
chase of the late king's interest, out of wliich it was paid,
Sixteen pounds thirteen shillings, four pence by ycare for
one yearo and halfe's tyme dnringo tho vacancy." At tliis
period the £13, now paid to the curate of the churcli, was
regarded as a school endowment.

In 1649 the corn tolls of Alnwick ISLarket were appropria-
ted to the school. Tlicy, however, belonged to the town long
before that time; for in the earliest accounts preserved, the
amount produced by them is entered to the credit of the town.
In IGll we have — '' Item received from Thomas Grene and
John Wanles for the Quarters rent of the Corne due to be
paid at Michaelmas last past Is." They were then called
the Cnstome Corncy and were let to three or four of the Ibur-
and-twenty, in succession us farmers of it ; in 16i29they were

• Calaniy's Mcmoiinli<, and Plrplian's Nonconformity in NtMvcastle.

86 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

lei foi £13 yt'iiily, with this order — " the same U to he letteii
yearly to three ol' the xxiiij, an tliey are set down in a hook
hy tlieir order." The rent was tlieii applied to the general
purposes of the town. The fbUowin;; grant from the eurl of
Northuniherland is hut a eonfirniation and regulation of an
existing right : —

Alj,'onioii Eitrl(3 of Northuniltcrluiid Lonl of the Jfoiior of Cockcriiiouth and
I'ctwoi'tli, liord i'urcy Lucy t'oyiiiii^^.H FiL/.jiaiiiu Biiun uiid L;iliini;r, mid
kjiiftlit of tho jhomI iioLlo ordor of llio (jiiitir To all to whoJiio ttio.-ji; pr(;soiitrt
ahiiU conio C»ruutiiig. Wlicioiw tliu fn.olioldcr.s, Bworno upon Inquirioa
witliin my Coiulo called llio Kniglit (Jouitc utt Alucwick, liiivo li<.Ti;t<jf<<ro
uaod to pruMCJit Iho liiconvouioiicc.s li:i[i])cniii{^ from time to time by undue
mcasuruH uficd wiUiiu luy lIiul;i;Lt at Aluowiilc; (iml ■with itll Kctt dounc in
tlicir ])reacnlmento llio mcanos tliut iliuy thou^'lil lilt to 1j<;o iiHud for rofonna-
tion of tlio said Inconvuniciiccs ; Aii<l \vliort an tho frcchoklci 3, awoniij us
iifoiCHuid, att the Knight (,'ourtu iKjldun utt Alncwick tho Eiglit (lay of Octo-
b(!r in tho Scavcntccnth yearc of the lato CiuciiuH MajcMtios Itaij^no and in Die
lifo timo of tlic Earlo my (jrandl'atlior dcccaacd did proHodc, 'J'imt licujicd
niCUBuriiS wuio iii(;onvcniont for tho «aid niaikclt, iiTid tliought it lilt tliat
btrokod moubuio from thcnis(.'foilli Hliould ho used ;. And for tlio jdaycintj and
UHtahliHliing' of tlio .Stroked IMoanuru accoi-diiigly did further thinclc it (itt, that
a place should ho apin^ynted in tho JMarkett i>la<'u thoiv, ^vhcre the mea.iuro
Bhould ho kept, and the Coriio and (Jraiiio hliould boo measured, wliicli pduco
600 appointed nhould bo sett downo utt tho iJiscrecion of tho liaylillb und
lUirgOHbca of tho said Touno ; And the ISfiylille and UurKe.s.seM U) take in ton-
bideration of their charf;;es to bo iniploycd in and about tho preparation of tho
phico and IMoasurc'S anrl tho maintenance thereof, IVom timo to time, accord-
ing to tlio rate and proporcion of a penny for every liowle of Corno or Gruine
that shoud beo sould in tho same ]\Iarkctt ; Whereupon the then iJaylifl'e und
Burgesses became sutors to tho lato Earlo my father to give his cfjiisent and
allowance of tho premises, which he(3 did accord i ugly under hi.-i hand and
eeale, bearing date tho tentli day of Mny in the Thiee aiid Thirtieth yo.u-c of
tho lato Queeno Majesty's raigno according to the tenor of the SJiid presiait-
mont ; And whereas al.-^o tho ju-escnt liaylitl'e and liurgi'Sses have bene sutora
to meo to give my consent and allowuncu of tlie premisses for and towards the
iiiaintoi\ance of a fieo Schoolo in tho said Towue ; These are tlienforo to
signilio unto all men that I tho said Algernon ICaile ul' Xorthumberland, for
what in meo is and soo farr as lawfully I may, Doe freely and fully ratilio
and allow the said premiHc.-i to tho use aforesaid or to anie other iiubliquo use
for tho good and binelitt of fho tsaid To\n\c. Tn witIl(^^so whi-rt of I havo
hereunto si'tt my hand and seal att Amies, this fifteenth day of August Anno
Domini 1049. NouTHVMin.aLANt).

These tolls were, from tliis time till their cxtinetion in 1856,
let for the benefit of the siieecssive grammar-scliool-masters ;
they were collected at the rate of one penny for every old boll
of barley or oats and one halfpenny on every new boll of wheat
or peas delivered in the borough, whether sold openly in the
market, or by sample to millers or merchants. At some
periods they yielded above £20 yearly. But in the present
enlightened century, Avhen so much is said and done i'oi
education, several farmers griulged this small tax, organ-
ised an opposition, and refused to' pay it, unless compelled by
action at law. l''rom many shirking [tayment, the rental of

CIIANTllY OF ST. MAUY ANlJ OKAMMAU S(JH(K>I,. 87

these tolls had sunk to £5 yearly ; and the comTnoii council
fiiidiiip^ that this sinall fsiim could not he enforced ^vitllOlit
expensive la\vsuits, ^vhicdi they were advised tni;^lit cost them
more, even if they were successful, than the entire value of
the toll, did not attempt to compel payment; and in consc-
•luence this endowment is practically extinf^uished.

Mr. John Steward or Stuart was apj)ointed schoolmaster
of the free school, and Gcorj^e Alder under usher, at the
common guild held on June 21st, 1GG5. Again the hurgesses
taxed themselves to maintain the school, for this guild onlered,
" that there be payd out of the Trads, viz. every quarter as
followeth: the Trade of INleichanls per annum £1, the
Glovers £1, the Tanners £l,the Cordwainers £l,the iJutchers
10s., the Taylors 10s., the AVrights aiul Coopers 10s., the
Smiths 10s., the AVeavers 6s. 8d., in all £6 Os. 8d." Stuart
became curate of Alnwick church in 1007, and his appoint-
ment as schoolmaster was revoked, annulled, and made void
on March 12th, 1072 ; and Mr. Lancclott Strother was settled
and authorised to teach the grammar school. Former times
in some respects are not widely difl'erent from tlie present ;
history sometimes repeats herself. Stuart libelled the new
schoolmaster and the inhabitants of the borough, and hence
the following resolution : —

"Juno 22, 1674.— A tt tho Tolo booth it is then ordered, that whereas Ifr.
John Stuart and Mr. Ilowoy have lyhullod and -wTitlen- against Mr. Lancelot
Strother our Hclioolomastor contrary to this our fomier cortilicato and againat
tho Inhabitants of this To\s'no als'uo, That wo tho fewer ami Twenty on tho
hohalfo of tho froenicn of tliis Ijoi-ouyjho sliall maintiino justilie and alluw aa
woU tho said ct;rtilicato as tho said ilr. Ijancelolt Strothrr in all thin>j8 agaimst
the said Mr. Jolin Stuart and Air. Geo. IIowc)^ as well touching oiir free
Bchoolo, as touching tlioir tho said lybelling or wiiting against the s^iid Mr.
Strother and tho inhabitants of this Brough." Signed by 25 names.

Strother had not given satisfaction ; for, in 1677, it was
agreed by the present and late chamberlains, all the eight
being present, that he should " continue Scowle master till
May day next and no longer without a new agreement."
He disappears from our story before INIarch 21st, 1680, when
Mr Cuthbcrt Chessman, of Warkworth, was chosen " our
Schoolemaster of the free School." The corn toll at this
period produced £11 10s. yearly. Chessman's tenure of office
Avas not long; for, in 1686, Mr. Matthew Wood received the
appointment quam diu se horn (jcsserat ; and in the following
year a new school-house was built, having the following
inscription over the door : —

Hjec Schola piinio in usum niunioipiuni
Alauncusiuu» adificata .Anno Doui. 1C87.

Nunc (Icmum instauvntur .Anno Dom. 1741.

88 HtSTORV oi' ALNWlCi:.

A very unfortunate appointment was this; Wood proved to
1)0 n(!gligcnt and insolent, and therefore tlie four-and-twonty
changed the tenure of ofliec.

"_Dcu. 23, 1G89.— Wliorciia" say ihoy " compluinta hfia boon this day rnado
afi;uinat ]\Iiilthcw Wood our Bchoolinaatur, for buiiii^ ii(;f,'lif,'(;iit and circlusd in
Ilia ni;ma^-oiiig llio Freo (S(;liool, na al^io in hi.s indolent and Haucy cxprca^ioua
in sayirif^ Iho Townu of Aln(jwick waij not aWo or in Ihuir ])0\vcr to putt him
out, itiH thoroforo thi.s day unanimously ordorod and agreed, tliat the Ibrnior
oilier made to malvo him Hehoolniaster fjudin di/i so bttie /jcsnurat, shall be voyd
and of none clluet ; And tliat lie uhall only for the future continue fioo acliool-
inatiter duroin^,' the ploaauro of tlie aaid Foui- and Twenty."

^ On Fehruary 1st, 1090, he was discharged, and lie received
six months notice of his dismissal; and on June Ttli, Mr.
Arthur Alinvick, son of Mr. Matthew AhieAviek, Avas ap-
pointed '•' Schoolmaster of our Free School." A very refrac-
tory trouhlcsomc man was this Matthew Wood; he would
not take his dismissal ; and he set the governing hody at
defiance. Great animosity and confusion arose from tliere
being two schoolmasters ; it was Avorse than having two
kings; and to restore peace to the town both Wood and Alii-
Avick were discharged; and a prosecution ordered against
Wood to compel him to leave the school. Matthew Alnwick,
acting for the borough, served upon him an ejectment, and
thereby got rid of him. Thomas Davidson was appointed
master on February J^ud, 1691 ; but though AVood had by
force of law been driven out of the schoolhouse, he was not
altogether conquered ; for he had the aiulacity, as the four-
nnd-twcnty thought, to set up an opposition school, in a
singular place — in Alnwick Castle. This (he four-and-twenty
could not tolerate ; and they put forth all their power to crush
the refractory schoolmaster. Here is their most extraordinary
order : —

" 1 July 1G91. — "Wlicrcaa -woo Chamberlains and four and Twenty doe find
an nnciout order in our ToMTi'a books of Alm\n\k dated the 17th day of July
1057 ^Toiichinj^ any sehoobnaster shall be sent recommended or luipixsud upon
the ToAvne and IJui-rough ■\\athout these and the like authority of tins Towne,
that noo Freeman or Burg'caso shall donuso sett owno to any such schoolmas-
ter any house Burgage or tenement of his within the said Touno and Burrough
to inhabit or teach in upon paino of xxxixs. xi(/., and that for soo many times
and soe often as such freeman or Biu'gcsse shall bo notified to tlie contrary by
the authority of the said Towno and Biu'ough ; and that no fix'Cman or Bur-
gess whatsoever Avithin tho To^vn and Borough ho doo sufler his children or
relations to bo brought u])p or Educated by any other, than what is brought
in and appointed by the Town then aforesaid, upon tho penalty and suino
mentioned aforesaid.

It is unanimously agreed by tho Cliamberlains and four and twenty tho
first day of July KiOl, that whereas tlic Chamberlains and whole consent of
the fom- and twinty have elected and chosen ]\Ir. Davison our present school-
master of our free scholo of Alnwick, and whereas Sir. I\Iatth. Wood be lately
discharged from our free scholo, and out of contempt have sett up scholo in

CIIANTIIY OF ST. MARY AM) 'iUA.M.MAK SCHOOI,. 89

Alnwick (/'istlo woo doo horoby onlor and ii'^ruo, that whatsoever frecmon doe
put iiny cliildicn or friend or ]Jiirj!;.-if<cin:iHtor put iiny children to tho said
Matt. Wooil to bo odiicatoil coritiai-y U) our ordor, tliat Dny whall pay fcjr
evoi-y HUfdi ofronco xxxixv. xi'/., or if any frciiinari or Biirf^a^ .^^.^..it(;r fntortaiu
thb aaiil Matthew Wuud Hliall j)ay for every hiic}i otfenee the lilcu penalty.
Given nnder our lianda tliii ilay and yoaro above written.*

William (Jair, TJionias Cr.i.ster, Jte^'or Hiwton, I/uko Ifindinarsh, lUiht.
(/Olliii;j;woiid, Lmaneo Kor.ster, Wni. Iliintii-, Mark Forrtti;r, John I'.iiiiell
Ua. firiov(j, Wni. Stant(jn, Nicliolas For.ster, Tho. Liml.'iay, David Millaken,
Uob(irt llarableton, Ilich. Shankea, Thomas yandorHon, Matt. Scott, Geo.
Alder.

An unscrupulous man was Wood; for after his dismissal
he contrived to obtain tlie endowmout, to which lie was not
then entitled. Thomas Davison, tlie new .schoolmaster, set
forth, in l(!{)3,tliat he had heen defraud(;d hy Miittliew Wood
of the king's salary the first year, and the ehaniberlains paid
to him four pounds out of the town's revenue'^. Mr. Joseph
llitson was, on March 28t]i, 1702, ^'chosen to be our school-
master, to teach our granmiar scliool, viz., our freemen's
sons ;" but, taught caution by experience, the four-and-twenty
engaged him on the express condition of his leaving peace-
ably if discliarged, after six months notice. Two years after-
wards he was appointed minister of the parish church.

William Wood succeeded and continued master till his
death in 1720. Mr. John Wilson was on May 12th, 1721,
" chosen l^atin Master of our Latin School," and officiated
till July 1736, Avhen he was apjjointed curate of the parish.
Of the schoolmasters subsequent to Lever little is known,
none of them being distinguished ; but of Abram Ilumney,
who was I'lectinl in 1737, we have notices from "Euphemia
the Friend of his age," f and in the autobiography of his pupil
— the eccentric Rev. Percival Stockdale.

Abram Tvumney, born in 1717, was educated at Appleby under
Mr Yates, a master of liigh reputation, along with his youno-er
brother Joseph Ruumey, who was afterwards vicar of Berwick.
After leaving scliool ho was engaged by Dr. Tomlinson of New-
castle, wlio was bhud, to act as amanuensis and to read to him ;
and as Dr. Tomlinson was a scholar of cultivated taste, his com-
ments on what was read tended to form the intellectual character
of Abram Ilumney, and to lead him to a critical study of classical
literature. Such were his qualifications, that when unly 22 yetirs
of age, he carried the election of Master of tlie Alnwick School
over many competitors ; and in this position he remained till his
death, forming the ruinds of the better class of the young of the

* This order has been printed by Hartshorn, from a copy I gave him, as well
as other information, which, however, is not acknowledged.

f Ralpb Hauson Dawson, an amiable good ma-i, who died at Alnwick, Nfarcli
28th, 1848, aged 77 years.

vol.. II. N

90 II IS TORY OK ALNWICK.

town and iioiglibourhood, during tlio long period of lifty-fivo
years.

Euidiemia's production is nioro a oiilo^^y tlian ;i uiiMuoir ; yet
Ave may take liia estimate of Jiunniey's jirolfSMionul uKilify as
correct, fur it is confinaod hy a luir.slicr judge. ** In the dis-
cliai'go of liis duties Mv. Jlumnoy could not well ha exceeded.
His profossional talents wore such as not only procuroil him a
largo number of pupils fro7u tJie town and vicinity, but also
induced most of the lirst I'iuuilios in lliis part of the country to
jdaco their sons under his fiiition." J'Aiplienu'a attiihutes to
Abrani Jiumney most of the virtues whii;h adorn humanity; ho
possessed intogi-ity (jf soul, a natural sweetness of temper, sociality
of disposition and a grateful heart ; unlike others of his ])rofesbion
ho Avas free from dogmatism aiul pedantry, and he had tlie charity
which thiiilcotJi no evil. "In religion as well as in other things
he thought a good deal for himself, independent of any pre-
scribed forms or articles; disturbed b}' neither bigotiy nor ianali-
cisni, ho ahvays maintained a gentle and steady thime, the ti-uest
criterion of lirm religious principles." The picture is llattering
drawn by a professed friend ; but Stockdule, avIio kiujw Euniuey
in his best days before disease enfeeVded his frame, throws in a
few darker shades. "With regard to abilities and learning
Kumno}' was a very good schoolmaster. lie had likewise good
moral qualities, not Avithout a mixture of the selfish and disagree-
able. To his scholars ho Avas peevish, moi'ose, and severe, and
he showed a glaring partiality in favcnir of the rich and |)ower-
ful against the poor and Areak." Stockdale himself, lioAveA'or,
was so vain and peevish and so apt to estimate others through
the medium of his own prejudices, that his ill-natured criticisms
should bo reci'ivod Avith suspicinn.

Tlio rare old days for suludars — the hm-ring out days — haA'O
succumbed before tliis utilitarian ago. The}' Avho acted in such
scenes linger over tho remembrance of them ; boys then played
the part of men and went into heroics, and set authority at
defiance. In this Avild freedom and boisterous rebellion tliere
was abundance of fun ; and Avhen a master was good humoui-ed
and not too much of the pedagogue, little harm, if any, resulted
from the temporary juvenile eruption. As a boy I have taken a
part in such privileged hiAvlessness, and seen a pedagogue come
in a towering jiassion with black scowling looks and thunder
against the door, aiul with the aid of smith and carpenter break
locks and smash windows, after which followed loud bullyings
and severe floggings; tho rebellion Avas quelled but the moral
influence of the master was Aveakeued. These freaks Avere how-
ever, carried to a greater extent a century ago. Stockdale
describes a barring out, Avhich took place a little time before he
left tho school ; it is a record of a custom now almost extinct.

"We had in Alnwick an annual custom of locking the door of
the school against the master ; of shutting him out i^of barring

CHANTItY Ol' ST. MAIIY \S\) OltAMMAH hMlOOl,. 01

lilm out, wiiH Uio toiiii) on Ht. Androw'.s day, about Ihroo wooks
})ui'oro (Jliri.stiuaH. Jt was liloswiso a custom of llio bcliolai-H,
during tlio (ixclu.siou ol" tlio iiiastor, to foria a .set of articles ^ which
tlio ycjung reU'ls toi-uiod ordem) |)roi)osiug a uuinljor of ])lay-dayH,
aud olliur iiidii]{ionc(js for tJio oiisuing yt:ui"; to wliicli, uliile
llioir iiioiiai'cli. did not assent, lio wa.s not to bo readmitted into
his kingdom. IMr, l\umney, as 1 recollect, had niit been barred
out for Bomo year.s ; and I wa.s eager to lenow a spirited and
daring achievement.

_Wo i)i«lantly prepared for the siogo ; and our master Avas re-
ceived, at tlio head of I'ottorgato .Street, with a discliargo of
Bquib.s, cracker.s, lustoLs, and other in.signia of tlie "pomp, jiride,
and glorious circumstance of wai-," AVo kept rousing fires in
the school; -wo passed Ww uiglits in deeds of violence ; in tei-rify-
ing the noighlnnns ; in ro]>bing them of tlieir ducks and fiMvls ;
in ahori we Avero, in epitome, tiie complete heroes of a French
rov(dution. Our Saturnalia lasted f(a- a week ; perhaps the
master enjoyed his ease as much as tlio scholars enjoyed their
riot. The parties at length agreed to a truce ; our orders w eie
subscribed ; and tlio school door wtis opened to receive its lord.
We looked out and keniunl him long before he was near us ; we
observed that he stepjKul into a saddler's shop; this was a
tremendous omen ; it struck jmleness into the troop of insurgents ;
but it was a consolation to determined desertion.

Ho entered the school ; and luanhed up to his throne with a
solemn and awful air. He exposed on his desk a dreadful im-
plement of flagellation. Ilori-or shot through the broken ranks.
It produced not, however, the sanguiiuiry eU'ects which we ex- "
pected. "Charles Ihown, as you are my head scholar, I must
deem you the ringleader of this infamous consjiiracy ; take your
books, and go about your business." I immediately advanced
to my master, and ma<le the following laconick speech. — "Sir, I
promised to Charles ]5rown, that if he was dismissed on this
occasion I would follow^ him ; and I am determined to keep my
word."— "Got you gone," returned my nmster, "you impertineiit
jackanapes."— I obojed, with lightning's speed. All imitation
is contagious; others had deserted and followed us, 1o avoid
the discipline of the saddler's shop. I have forgotten how it
ultimately fared Avith the other culprits; but I remember that
Erutus aiul Cassius, tlie last of tho Eomans, were the last
received into favour. I lingered the latest (for about a fortnight} ;
I signed a paper which had been signed by tho other friends of
the sedition, expressing our peidtence, and promising our future
obedience ; and thus my pardon was obtained and ratified."

Charles Brow^n the leader of this rebellion was afterwards for
several years, an eminent pliysician in Newcastle ; but of him
htockdale has not much good to say. lie tells us that Dr. Brown
shortened his days by intcmporaruo, and that he was a notorious
cock-iijjhter.

92 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

During forty years Mr. Rumnoy had Loon troubled with gout,
an attack of wliich tonuiiuitod ]ii8 life on Doc. 21 ht, 179.'5, aged
77 years. JJo waH ])ui-ied in Alnwick Church, but, a tonibstono
has b(3on orcctod to hiw nionu^ry in Iho church-yard by hirt young-
est duughtor, Ann b'onwick. Ho Avas thrico married; liis firht-
wifo being a daughler of Dr. JIarlo, the I'rcsbyteriun minister
of Alnwick. After his death his widow and two daugiiters lived
at Ilockloyj one daughter died unmariied in iH.'J.j; and the other
who was married to Jolin I'Vjnwick, a Holicilf>r in Newcastle, died
in 18G4. ]\Ir. Kumney's eldest sun John was a surgeon, and
emigrated to America, aiul ior more than twenty years was settled
at Alexandria, in Virginia. He served in the war of independ-
ence as colonel, doctor and surgeon in the army.* lie enji>yed the
friendship of Washington ; and when ho died in 1784 at the ago
of 43 years, Washington, from Mount Vernon, wrote a consola-
tory letter to his father, saying that his son was " an amiable man
in whom his country had lost a worthy citizen."

Long before Mr. llumney's time, the grammar school had
lost its character as a free school lor the commnnitij ; it -was
then only free for the sous of freemen ; and it ceased too,
during his time, to give a comprehensive education to such
pu])ils ; for the instruction to them was confined to the Latin
and Greek languages, other schools having been established
by the corporation to teach English, writing, arithmetic, and
mathematics. As salary he had the king's money, as it was
called, or the old endowment of £4 Is. 8d., the corn tolls,
which then realised about £15 yearly, and £10 additional
from the town revenues. Li 1751), an order of the four-and-
twenty appears " allowing him to depastme his horse on the
town moor;" and another, in 1779, A])ril ^4th, wns passed, to
increase his salary from £10 to £21 ; and this additional sum
was paid till 11th September, 1781, Avlien the order was re-
versed under pressure from without. At that time the cor-
poration was in an uproar; a lawsuit was threatened by the
freemen against the governing body to redress grievances, one
of which they stated to be the advance of salary to the school-
master 1 The freemen had s;ully degenerated since the time
■when they willingly taxed themselves to maintain their
schools. The chief source, however, of income to Mr. Ivum-
ney, was the fees paid by non-freemen's sons for their educa-
tion ; for he had the privilege of taking as many pujjils on
his own account as he pleased. The Craftsman, writing in
1782, says : — " Now this Schoolmaster which had this small
augmentation of £11 made to his salary, has conducted our

• Chastelliix' Travels in .■\iiKiica, I., p. R6.

CIIANTHY OF ST. MAUV AM) OKA.MMAJl SfllOf)!,. 93

(jlniirniutr Sfiliool for tlie spju e of" 40 years with crodit and
rt'jjuhitiou, liii.s all alon^ boi uc an inicxcoptioualjlc cluiractcr,
nay, lias invariably for all Unit tinio su})i)orto(l llic cliaracter of
a scholar and a <^ontlcTnaJi."

Porcivul S(.oc]((lalo being oiio of tho most distiiif^uisliod uluinni
of tliu Alnwick ISclioo] some notice may bo given of his cureor.
Ifo was Ji volnniinons autlior; and, thougli liis works arc now
neglected, ho (nijoyed some re]iutation during tiio last century as
a poet and literary writoi-. His cui-iouB autobiography derives no
littlo interest from tho accounts he gives of ]{urJce, ])r. Johnson,
Garriclc, and Goldsmith, into whose society ho was introduced; but
all tlirouglKAit his work wo see tho disappointed man, gifted with
consideniblo ability and learning, yetfuiling to achieve anything
great, or oven to win ]-espe(t, because of his own imprudence and
irregnlar and dissohito habits. Ho Avas born at J3ranxton on
October 2Gth, 17.'5G, tho oidy son of tho Rev. Thomas Stockdale,
the vicar. He entered tho Ahiwick Grammar School in 1745,
and continued for five years under Abram llumney ; and he
admits that he was there well taught and acr^uired an ardent
love of knowledge. ►Subsequently he was three years at the Ber-
wick Grammar tSchool ; and in 1754 having obtained the AN'ilkie-
bursary ho entered the University of St. Andrews ; but hero, from
his quarrelsome and drunken beliavioin-, ho was reprimanded and
nearly expelled. After lus fathei's duath in 17o5 ho obtained a
commission in the Koyal Welsh Fusileers, and was present at the
naval action with tho French off ^Minorca ; but not wishing to go
with liis regiment to India he resigned his commission in 1757.
He was now in gi-eat dilllculties, biit the Sharjis were kind and
niaintaiiu:!d him in their oAvn houses; and after ho was ordained
deacon in 1 75'J, !Mr. Sharp employed him as his curate in London ;
yet ho satirised those good friends, because when "ho wui, guilty
of gi-eat faults," they witlidrew their support. After this he
■wrote translations for tho booksellers ; but he admits that he was
idle and " advanced fast in folly." In 17G2 he became ciirato to
Mr. Thorp, vicar of Berwick, "waging," ho sajs, "for five
years determined war against his own credit and happiness."
After being in Italy for two years he returned to London veiy
poor ; but through the inlluence of Dr. Hawksworth he obtained
employment fi-om booksellers, and his translation of Tasso's
Arminta gave him reputation and gained the ai)probation of Dr.
Johnson. A life of Waller, his most successful work, was i)ub-
lished in 1772, and in the following year his poem of the Poet
appeared. For several years his life was irregular and unhappy ;
but in 1781 he with some diflkulty and as a favom- to the Duke
of Northumberland, obtained ordination as a priest, and a degree
from the Archbishop of Canterbury. Preferment came at last
in 1784, when he was presented with the vicarages of Lesbury and
Longhoughton. On this occasion his characteristic vanity is dis-

94 IIIS'I'ORY ()!•• ALNWH'IC. I

])]iiyo(l ; fur aftov cJiroiiicliiig lii.s induction in tJio rcgiHter of Los- |

bury lio adds, " Uii grand noin vaTit])luH quo toutuH loHOjiitliotos." !..-,

He waH twico nnu-iiod, but ho novor rofoi.s f.o oilliov of Jh'h wives |p

in liis aiitobiogia]i]iy. Wliilo liis firat wifo wa.s living, iio wont '

to the continoiil mIiIi I^fiss Oliristiana liuck ; whom, Jiowovor, lie v

married af'lor liia first wifo'a d(;atli ; Init fi'oni lioi-, too, Jio 8opar- '

atod. After b(jing Hottlod at Lcsbury, a lioax was idayod u])on ,

him, IIo was inf'oiiuod by letter lliat his wifj liad died, and tliat j

hor remains hud boon sent Ijy a sliip to Alninouth, for burial at *

Lesbury. Ivejoiccid at the news, ho M'Ont on b(jai-d tbe vobsel on <^

its arrival; but to his horror, he met M'itli a living instead of a l

dead wife, Thomas Collingwood, an a])othoeary in Alnwick, •

wroto a fai'co on Iho Bnbjoct enfillod "The Dead Alive again," I

wliicli was acted, ]']von after his ])romotiou to Losbury, tStock- i

dale was still unsettled, and wandered away to (lil)raltfir and tho
coast of Africa in 1787, and did n(it return till 170!', nfter which
ho lived at L(^sbury, a cynical, discontented man, till liis death on
►September 1 '1th, iKll , aged 7H j'ears. lie was buried at Cornhlll,

iStockdale published several poems, sermons, and political tracts, :

few of which are now read, bix of his sermons attem])t to shew
that the practical morality of tho iSciiptiires and (jf tho most
illustriotis philosojihers of Greece and liomo aro essentially tho
same, Tho re2)utation ho gained by the life of AValler induced
the booksellers to ai)])ly to him first to write tho lives of the
English Poets with critiqties on their poems ; btit much to Stock-
dale's chagrin, JJr, Johnson A\as nltimately entrusted with this
important work. While at Lesbtiry, ho, in 1807, jiublished his
lectures on the truly eminent poets, perhaps the best of his works,
and one which may oven now be voad with interest. Ivambling,
tedious, luid egotistical, it yet contains some vigorous writing, but
is chielly roinai'kabh) for the long nccount ho gives of Chatteiton,
for his defonco of IMilton and they against the treatment of John-
son, and for its criticisms, often bitter enough, on Johnson's
estimate of fhe jioets. To north-coimtrymen his autobiography,
published in 1809, will be amusing.

" The Rev. William rvocter late of Lowes in Yorkshire,
•was appointed umstev of the grammar school to teach the
Latin and (heck Languages;" on July 9tli, 1794, the con-
ditions being similar to those under which Mr. liumney held
the appointment. Dtuing forty-iivc years did this amiable
man and able scliolar teach the grammar school, and during
forty years was lie also curate of Alnwick parish ; he is there-
fore entitled to a niche in our gallery of Alnwick worthies,
especially as an example of progressive advancement reward-
ing diligence, faitlifulness, and elHciency in tlic discharge of
duty.

The !Rcv. William Procter, XM., was born at Long Preston,

(JIIANl'ltY OF sr. MAUY AND OIlA.M.MAIi S(,Fff»0/,. [)')

in Oravoii, on Oclolxjr 4lli, IT'i'J. Wliilo but a boy his father
(lied ; and liiH molhor luarrioil a^ain a [)ros[)oniU.s Htock fanner,
livin;^ at Loni^olid'u, in tlio [larish of fiig^lcj.Tuiclc, Ho was sent
to tlio |.';i'iinnnar hchool of <^Ji^^li;.s\\'iclc, llioti undor tlio (diargo of
the llov. William J'aloy, J'atlioi- of J)r. I'uhjy, aullior f)f tlio fam-
ous and usoful works on Natural I'liijfjsrjphy, tlio Evidences of
Cliri.stianliy and Moral i'liiIi)soj)liy. I [ere he inadoHueh jirog'ress
in cla.s.si(;al loarniu}^ that lio hec aine the favoi'ite pujiil of his mas-
ter, who urged liiy woalthy r(dations to aend him to Camhi-idgo ;
for JMr. I'roetor might have had the same exhihitiou from the
Bchool that ])r, Pahjy lield twonty 3'oars beftjre. ]iut as tliis pro-
posal was not agreed to l)y these fiiends, he, at the early ago of
twenty years, accepted the mastorship of tho endow»;d school
of iJowes. On December l.'Jth, 1781, lie married !Mary Ai.slabie,
then oidy 18 years of ago. He was ordained deacon in .Sej)tem-
Ler, 1701, and in the following year jn-iest, as assistant curate to
tlie Eov. J(jseph Parkier, of l>owes. While preparing fur orders
he had the assistance of tho Kov. Dr. Zoucli, an eminont divino.
He was a carididate for the Richmond gi-ammar school when tho
Key, James Tato, one of the most eminent schoolmasters in his
day, w as elected.

Ho removed to Alnwick in 1791 ; and though the endowment
of the Alnwick school was less tlian that of Bowes, yet tho
neighbourhood was better for obtaining pupils, and for bringing
up a family — a serious considui-ation with him, a-s he had thea
five children. For many years he laboured luird in the school,
and his teachings were aj^preciated; for besides many day scholars
his small house was crowded with boarders. He "was an able
classical teacher; I judge from experience, having enjoyed the
benolit of his inalructions. What he taught he taught woU ; not
for shew, as has been too much the modern fasliion ; but care-
fully, it might be slowly, yet elfectually grounding his pupils in
the grammatical structure of language. A kind teacher he -was
too ; we had no floggings, no harsh reproofs, and but few punish-
ments ; he ruled gently, and he was free from favouritism, tho
common vice of schoolmasters. How kindly he treated the poorer
boys ; how he encouraged them in their studies, finding for them
fi'om his own stores books, tattered and torn sometimes, but of
essential importance to thorn as they could procure no better.
He was indeed a master whom all loved and reverenced.

Many of his pupils filled useful and important stations in after
life, and some distinguished themselves. The late John Baird,
an eminent surgeon in Newcastle, and Robert AVeddell, of Ber-
■wick, solicitor, were his scholars ; and it was through his ]>er-
suasions, that the father of the one and the uncle of the other,
who intended to bring them up to tlieir own trades, sent them
into the professions which they adorned by their abilitv. Mr.
Thomas Tate, F.R.A.S., Mathematical Master of Kneller Hall
College, was also one of his pupils.

96 III8T0RY ()!•• Ar.NWICK.

Of a baniiif^ out in Mr. Rumney's tiiiic an account has
boon given, and of tliis custom as it existed at a later ])eriod,
I have been favoured witli the followin;^ deeription by the
Hev, WilliaTii I'rocter : —

"Tho Ancient Saliirniiliaor H.iniiij^-oiit wjis in full Odco in Alnwick Gram-
mar School when Mr. Proctor hccaino iiiantcr. Oncii )i year the hi;.^ hoya
camo earlier than iisnal to the School, and havinij fastened the floors and win-
dowH, rof'ii.s(vl adtnisiion to the mauler till he should have wiifnedthe Artiel(i.<
of I'lay, which they had jjreparijd, eniinieralin'^ all the holidays and lialf-
holiilayH durin-j; the enHiiiny twelve months. The.ie Articles were usually
cai'iied hy a dei)iilation to a noii^hbouriiif^ houseliolder, whom the- hoys eler;t..-d
iis their Bondsiiieii lor the year, and who seldom refused to conciliate their
goodwill, hy takirii^ the Articles to the master, and askinsj him to si^rn them.
If the Articles contained nothinjif uureasonahle, they were si^^ned at once, and
the hoys Jispersml to enjoy that day's play independent of the Article-s, with
hearty cheers for the master; hut if the master refused to si;.;n them, the
Bondsman negotiated Letweiui the two parties, till tlioy came to an a^ee-
meiit, wliic]isomi)times caused tlie Barrim^-(jnt to last the wln^ile day. Next
d;iy and fur the rest of the year the business of the School went on aa iLSual,
without the «light(;st symptom of rehedlion a-^ainst the authority of the mxste-r,
the rinj^-lcaders of the 15ai'ring-out being the foremost in yielding and i)ro-
motiny duo obedience."

So mucli was Mr. Proctor estoomed by tlio inhabitants of Abi-
wiclc, that when tho curacy of Abiwick became vacant by tlie
death of tho Rev. Sanniel Ilall, they presented a strong petition
in his favour to the Bishop of T)urliam, who, in consequence,
conferred on liiin the living in July 1799. Other and more lucra-
tive preferments followed; in 1811, tlie Duke of Northuruborlaud
presented to liim tho vicarage of Loughoughton ; and recom-
mondod him to tlie Lord Chancellor for tho vicarage of Losbux-}',
to Avhich ^[r. Proctor was inducted in August 1812. Attliis time
lie obtained tlio dogroo of Muster of Arts from the Archbishop of
Canterbury ; and was appointed chaplain to Baron Percy. Not-
withstanding these promotions his home and his affections were
at Alnwick, Avhere he still continued to teach the grammar school
and to live in the old house connected with it.

Ebteemed he was as a minister as weW as a schoolmaster. He
was regarded by his people as a "faithful, fervent, and aU'ectiou-
ate expositor of God's word and doctrines." lie belonged to a
class of clergymen of whom we have now too few examples —
clergymen wliowe sympatiues were with the generality of their
jieople, who mingled freely -uTith them as one of themselves, and
who thereby found entrance into their affections. The Rev. L.
S. Orde describes him in his funeral sermon as "seeking access
to youi" hearts by nnostentatioiis simplicity and unfeigned earnest-
ness ; by precept and by example inviting and encouraging yon
to tread those paths of religion and virtue which alone could con-
duct you and him to the mansions of everhicting peace."

That he had gained the allectious of his parishioners was
manifested by their presenting to him a handsome testimonial,
with the following inscription on a tea lu-n : —

f:j|ANTRY ()\-' Si'. MAIiY AND (,ltAM\rAI( .S<;!rOOI.. 97

" Presontod by tliopariHhioiior.s of Alnwick to tlio llov. William

Proctor, A.M., in tok<jn of tlioir r(!.s[)fjct for liirn, and of tlieir
e.stoom foi- lu'n zealous Horvico.s, as incuinbont of tho parinli of
Alnwick, dui'iiig- tho j)oriod of JiG yoai'9, 2'J Maixli, IH'.Uj, alon;^
witli a Silv(3r tSalvoi-, Collbo Pol, Tea Pot, Oroani Jug, and .Sugar
Basin."

In the 8amo year hi.s ohl Bcliolara joined in presenting an
er|ually gratifying testimonial — a handsome Silver Candelabrura
of four liglits, on wliicli is tho following inscrijtti'jn : —

" Viro Rovorondo (jrulieliuo I'roctor, A.M., Schoko Gramrnaticio
AJaunonsis, jam XLIT anncjs Magisti-o, haric columoUam argon-
toani luciforam; monuniontum amoris hand obscure adumbran.s
munora, quibua montc3 litoris humaiiioribu.s illuminavit, animos
caritate acoensit, corda sui'sum diroxitj Di3ci])uli ejus omoriti,
bonignitatis vere paterna) momores, 1). D. L). A. 8.
MDGCCXXXVI.

After spending a long useful life in tho faitiiful performance of
Ilia duties, Mr. Proctor died in tho Old Grammar School IIouso
on the IDtli of March, 1839, agod 77 years, and was buried near
the porch, of St. jNIichael's Oliurch. A monument within tho
cliiirch has boon erected to his memory. Ilia widow died at tho
house of her son, tho vicar of Alwint(jn, on July 8th, 1852, iu
her 8Gth year, and was buried in the grave of her husband. Ili-s
eldest sou George, who had boon a surgeon in the nav}', was
distinguished not only for his medical skill but for various scholarly
attainments. Of hia other eleven children, all of whom reached
maturity, there are still living tho Rev. "\Vm. Procter, incumbent
of Dodtlington, lecturer of Berwick, rural dean of Bamburgh,
and author of a volume of discourses and several theological tracts;
Thomas a rofirod merchant ; tho Rev. Richard Procter, rector of
KouninghaU in Norfolk ; the Rev. Aislabio Procter, vicar of Alu-
winton with Holystone ; and one daughter Martha.

After the death of INIr. Proctor, changes were made in tlie
grammar school, which led to greater changes still some four-
teen years afterwards, so that it is needful now to notice other
efforts made by the corporation to promote education, in addi-
tion to that given in the grammar school. Originally, as we
have seen, the education in that scliool was comprehensive ;
but, as iu grammar schools generally, the range became nar-
rowed, and for freemen's sons it was restricted to Latin and
Greek. As this limited education did not supply Avhat was
required by the freemen, one at least of the corporate trades
employed a teacher of its own. The tanners, headed by
their alderman Matthew Alnwick, engaged Hobert Anderson
to teach their children, in IGTG, at a salary of £4 IDs. Od.
yearly, "every man and woman toward this paying into the

VOL. II. o

98

IIISTOllY i)\' ALNWICK.

tra(l(;, flH-'ir month inoiKjy, and Is. for c\t;iy cliildc at tin*
sclioolo."

Tlio want fif clijirH-'iitaiv ('(Incation liad br-cii soon by ^Tark
Forstcr, mncliaiil ; and hy lii.s Avill, dated f.^Otli Soptombor,
im(),]w f^avc to trustees a rent char;.n.' of £15 yearly, issuing
out of various lands, viz., TjOn;^liaugli, Louf^li close, I'eetimere
close, land in Alndikc, j^reat and little llaw. Sec, l)Ut now
fixed on IiOu;j,l) J[(juso lands, "upon tiiist, as /o£10 tlic.rcof,
to pay the same yearlj into such master as shall, as often as
occasion, be chosen by the clnnnberlains and the four-and-
twcnty, to teach the children of the ])Oor freemen and widows
of freemen in reading the English tongue"; and he also gave
to the same trustees a house in Clay port Street "for the use
ami in trust for such masters, who uuist be; of the coinmunion
of the church of England." Ca])tain IJenjamin I'arton, (jf
South Side, I'^dinburgh, who was a native of Alnwick, left by
will, dated 10th December, 1737, £100 to be i)aid to the
parson of Alnwick; the interest of £50 of which had to be
distributed yearly among the common poor of the town ;
and the interest of the other £50 had to be ])aid for schooling
unfrecmoi's children of the town. Some difliculties had to
be overcome in obtaining this bequest ; and the corporation
spent £4 9s. Id. in recovering it. The executors, however,
paid the legacy to the chamberlains, " so that the interest
thereof may be secured and paid according to Barton's will;
and the chamberlains and common council covenant for them-
selves and smcessors to jiay and distribute to the common
])oor of the town 50s. yearly at AVhitsuntidc, and 50s. yearly
for the schooling of unfreemen's children." Edward Eorster
•was the lirst master ap])ointed, on Ajjiil '22nd, 1727, to teach
the school under the provisions of ]\[ark Forster's bequest,
and the chamberlains noininated the pupils. The school was
held in a room in the house on the north side of Clayport,
next to the old tower ; it was open to all the younger children
of freemen for elementary edxication ; and here, too, were
taught the unfreemen's children, under Barton's bequest, till
the death of the last master, George Young, in 1822, ■when
these functions were attached to the Borough School.

The necessity of more extended means of education forced
itself on the attention of the corporation ; and in 1783 it Avas
agreed to alter the grammar school in Pottergate, to n^ake it
fit for a school to teach writing and arithmetic, and to con-
vert the two rooms above into the gramnuir school.

Then, as now, there was a party in the corporation who
thwarted educational progi-ess ; and it was not till 1700 that

OlAN'l'RY OF SI. MARY AM) OltAMMAX. SCIKXJl,. 0!)

tlio project, was canicd out, uiid Me. li. Spooncr, of \Vins-
coTubc, a])])oiiitc(l inaslci- to t(.'ai;li writing', aiitluiii;tic, and l}i(3
elements of niathcniatics, at a salary of £50, witli an usher to
teacli rcadinf^ at a salary of £,'10. The master had besides,
perquisites for hansel and coal money, not exceedin;^ 2s.
yearly lor each scholar. Under these airan^^emeJits the fol-
lowing masters rapidly succeeded each other: — Mr. Tayhjr of
Lanchester, William h'ovster, Tlioiruis Hart, Kichard Tletcher
Ileslop ot Jlothhury, and Alexander Cam])hi']l.

On June; 2()th, ITO'J, George Dixon, of J)arlington, was
apj)ointed mastctr (jf the free mathematical and English
school, at a salary of £80 and the usual perquisites, with the
obligation of finding an uriher. During his master.>>hip the
school, us\ially called the jjorough fSchool, was largely at-
tcndedj he was a man of ability as a (eacher, and very dili-
gent, too, ill attending to his duties ; but he was harsh, and
a severe and frequent Hogger. lie was succeeded in 1818 by
James Ferguson, of Longhoughton, at a salary of £75, which
in 18125 was advanced to£110, Avilli endowments and per-
quisites, but with an obligation to keep an usher. He was a
respectable mathematician, and ibr -35 years a conscientious and
diligent master, lie died April 21st, 1850. I'or this school
n new building was erected in Inlirnuiry Street in 1828.
Another school was establislicd in 1808 to teach sewing,
knitting, and similar arts to the daughters of iieemen ; the
first mistress was Barl)ara Southern, who belonged to the
Hurgher congregation. As few sons of freemen had been
attending the grammar school while the instruction was con-
fined to the classics, new arrangen.ents were made after the
death of Mr. Procter. It was resolved by the common coun-
cil, that in addition to the classics, modern languages, algebra,
geometry, &c., be taught to thirty of the older scholars taken
from the Borough School. AVilliam I'crguson, who had been
usher in that school, was in 18o0 ap[)oiuted (under the new
arrangements) master of the grainmar school ; the salary
including endoAvments and dwelling house being worth aliout
£48 yearly, but with the privilege also of taking, at first ten,
and afterwards fifteen other pujiils on his own account.

"When the common council, through the operation of the
Commons Inclosure Act, were relieved from the control of
Alnwick Moor, which was placed under trustees, they were
also relieved from the expenses of its management. A grave
question came therefore before them — I low tliey could apply
any surplus revenue so as to yield the best results to the free-

100 HIS'IOKY OF Af.NWIfK.

men and to llic town ? Tlie It-adiiig iiieu of tlie body had
before them the noble conduct of their early predecessors, wlio
valued edncatio)i and made wise provisions for its advance-
ment ; a)id inil)U(;d witli a simihir s])iiit, and consifhnin^ that
the most imi)or(ant ])iivile^e thf; fiecmfin had lu.-rctnfoif.' on-
joyed was IVom tli(.'ir scliools, (hey decid(-d that the wist;st
a])propriation (jf corporate revenin; would be to education.
The state of tlie existing- schools had for some time been
deemed unsatisfactory ; and nf)w came tin; (opportunity of im-
proving them. Tliere were four distinct schools, taught by
three masters and one mistress ; but the school rfjoms were
small and inconvenient. A connuittee examined the whole
sidtject, both as to the revenues of the borough and the state
of the schools; and they reported that the education given
was neither so com})rehensive nor efficient as could be attained
by the proper application of the means now available; and
they advised that new schools be l)uilt, that adequate salaries
he given to competent masters, and that the system of educa-
tion be rearranged, and the Avhole placed niuler the superin-
tendence and diri'ction of a head master; it was recommended
that one master should teach classics and modern languages,
including English grammar and literature and similar sub-
jects ; that another master should teach mathematics, science,
arithmetic, and related subjects; and that a mistress should
give iristruction to the girls in female arts and good manners.

This rej)ort, whicli was drawn \ip by myself, was unani-
mously adoi)ted by the common council. Algernon, duke of
Northumberland, gave a site for the new schools.

Till! ilood of convcyiinco states tlmt tlio duke luivint;: Leen "api>licd to Ly
the Cliaiiilitrliiiris Common Council and Fruoiiun of tlio To\vn and Borough
of Alnwick to ^rant them a piece of friehold land, as a site for a Lorough
Seliool, for the Education of the children of the ]5oroui2:h of Alnwick, and of
the yo\ith of Alnwick and its neighbourhood, their existing Schools Lcint;- too
email and inconvenient" grants "all that piece or parcel of land containing
on the whulo -1337 sipuiro yards being parcel of a held or close called Grey'a
East Close," " parcel of Barndale Estate conveyed to Ilugh, duke of North-
luuberland 15 Feb. 1S3S," ujion the condition " that the same piece or parci 1
of ground and the builiiings now erected or at any future time to be erected
thereon shall for ever hereafter be kept and used fur and appropriated solely
to the purpose of maintaining thereon in good repair and condition School
Houses, Master's House, and oflices for the Education of the cliildren of the
Freemen of the liorough of Alnwick and its neighbourhood, and further that
the same shall not be appropriated to or for any other use or puiiiosc whatso-
ever, without the consent of the Didio of Northumbt-rland his heirs and assigns,
Ly writing under his or theii- hand and seal ; and also that no buildings shall
1)0 erected upon tho said piece or parcel of ground, within tlio spaeo of 70 feet
from the extremity of the ^\ estirn boundary thereof without such consent
aforesaid. And also that tho stone walls built by the said Chamberlains
Common Council and Frcenien of Alnwick, and emlosini;- the said piece or
parcel of ground, shall for ever hereafter be liy thtin and their successors kept
and maintained in good repair and condition."

CHANTllY Ol- ST. MAIIY AM) GRAMMAR SCHOOL. 101

The foundation stone of tlie now schools was laid by tho
Duke of Northuniberland on 15th S(,'i)tenihcr, IS-'/i. Tlie
occasion was considered inipoi tant ; and the eliarnherhiins and
four-and-twcnty, and all tlie cor])orate trades (exceptinfj the
butchers !), the masters of the scliool and the scholars, and a
number of other friends of education walked in procession,
accom])nnied by music and the banners of the fellowships,
from the Town Hall to the casth;, where they met the duke,
and thence coiulucted him to the site. That every freeman
might enjoy In'mself on this auspicious occasion, five shillings
were given to each, out of the corporate funds; and the
chamberlains and common council celebrated tlie event, ac-
cording to the old English fashion, by a dinner.

The new school is a spacious and elegant building, of which
Mr. Thomas Robertson, of Alnwick, was architect. There
arc five rooms intercommunicating ; the head master's room
is 30 feet by 20 feet; the second master's 35 feet by 20 feet;
tlie i)roparatory master's 40 feet by 20 feet; the mistress'
room 35 feet by 20 feet; and a cluss-room 18 feet by 16 feet.
A house also was built near to the school for the head master.
TJie cost of these buildings, with school fittings, amounted to
£1761 2s. lOd. They were opened on August 1st, 1853.

In the selection of masters the common council were at
first not more fort\inate than their predecessors had been in
the olden time. The ])lan originally proposed was not carried
out. The school was divided into upper and under schools ;
and instead of one sihool worked by masters with special
qualifuations, the old sjstem of four distinct establishments
•was, in oflect, continued ; and this evil is not yet reme-
died.

The ajipointment of ahead master was not harmonious;
but, by a majority of one, George Meaby, B.A., was elected
in 1853 to that situation, with a salary of £150 and a free
house and garden, and the privilege of taking boarders; the
master of the grammar school was placed as second master
with a salary of £100 and a free house and garden ; there were
besides a preparatory master, and a mistress for the female
department, each with a salary of £60. Mr. Meaby resigned
his situation in 1856; and the second master was elected his
successor ; but this election also was not harmonious. The
school was after this placed under government inspection ;
but after the inspector gave his first report on the state of the
school, and the common council concurring in his report, the
head master resigned, and Robert Demaus, A.^\., of Edin-

102 HISrOHY OK ALNWICK.

buifrh, was iioxt oloctod. Wc h.ul been a J^'rof; Council I'lr'S-
byteiian, but lio bociimc Episcopalian tliat bo nii;^}it b(; <;li;^il)le
for tbis ajipoiiitinciit ; lor, as it is iif.'fossary tliat one inastr-r
sbould belong to tlio communion of tbc Englisb cburcb, tbe
common council on tbis occasion dctiidcd ibat tlic bead master
sbould be an r]jnsc:opalian. Finding, bo\vover, tbat tbis
cbange in bis jjioffjssion was disapjnoved of by bis Free
Clmrcli friends, and wisbful to return into tbc bosom of tbe
(burcb be bad abandoned, be r(;^i;4iicd bis situation. TIk;
circumstances Avere unfortunate and tbrew tbe common coun-
cil into disorganisation, and evoked ])arty and ^icrsonal ani-
mosities wbicb led to tbe perpetration of follies neither
creditable to tbe body nor advantageous to tbe scbool. JJy
a majority of two, TTenry Maye, wbo bad becTi educated at
a national scbool college, "was a])])ointed licad master in 1858.
lint tbe scbool still did not prt)Sj)er; it was drifting into tbe
cbaracter of a natioiuil scbool. 'J'bis master resigned bis situa-
tion in 18G3. More barmonious was tbe next appointment;
for David Allison, A.INI., of Aberdeen University, was elected
bead master by a large majority on June 5tb, 18G3, The
second master, iMr. Thomas Muxlow, 15. A., was a]i])ointed in
1858. There are also two mistresses, one for tbe older girls
aiul the other for tbe preparatory scbool. Tbc scbool has since
improved in eificiency and risen in public estimation, as is
shewn in the increase in tbe atteiulance of non-freemen's
children.

Tbe school is now attended by 98 boys and 76 girls; their
ages being as I'ollows : —

Under G. t3 to 9. 9 to 12. 12 to 14. Above U.

Boys, 10 23 34 22 9

Girls, G 24 18 17 11

Besides the usual elementary subjects, practical mathematics,
algebra, euclid, French, German, liUtin, and Greek, are
taught. Tlic total expenditure is about £450 yearly, ex-
clusive of the value of the head master's house ; the salaries
of teachers amount to £370, and tbe other expenses on the
average to £80 yearly. But tbe value of the endowments is
about £21, and the school fees paid by non-freemen amounted
in 186G to £132 5s. lOd.; so tbat about £300 yearly is paid
for education out of the borough revenues.

The pupils attending the corporation schools belong to
various religious denominations, and the governors of the
school consist of both Episcopalians and Dissenters ; tbe
education given has therefore been free from sectarianism ;

CHANTRY OF ST. MAUV AM^ GJtAMMAK SCJJOOJ,. 103

and, iiidecd, during llic f^rcatc^r ))art of this ccjitiiry tlifologi-
cul tciicliiiif^ Ibiincd no part of scliool ronline. With the
religious opinions (;f the teacluns tliere luis been no intc-rfer-
ence, some of -whom have hehl Episco])alian, Methodist,
Presbyterian, Unitarian, and even. Tolianna Southcote opinions.
Only one endowment was icstrictive — that left by Mark
Forster, worth about £17 yearly, wliich is payable to a master
in communion with the Church of England; but the oldiga-
tion ex((!nds no further, and this endowment has been ac-
cordingly appropriated, as there is always at least one master
in the school belonging to that church. AVhen the schools
■were placed under government inspection, their nnsectarian
character was made known to and admitted by the inspector ;
but after a graduate of a Scotch university, who was a i*res-
byterian, was elected master, an attempt was made through
this insjiector to question the validity of the appointment.
The four-and-twenty, however, boldly and unanimously resist-
ed thi.^ aggression, and Avould not allow any unauthorised
mlcrferenco with their freedom of action or any change in
the lilwral chnracter of their school. They, on December 8th,
18G3, unanimously passed resolutions affirming that the cor-
jwration schools wore not connected with any religious body,
and that the education imparted in them shall be entirely free
from sectarianism. They also resolved that, in accordance
Mith former orders, two non-freemen's children shall be ad-
mitted and taught in the second school on account of Barton's
bcipu-'St. (iovernment inspection was sought in the hope that
it would have a beneficial stimulating influence on the charac-
ter of both masters and pupils ; but some inspections seemed
80 strangely conducted, that little confidence was placed in
the fairness of the reports ; and when one of the inspectors
and the committee of education stooped to receive and act
upon charges against the school and the managers, sent by
some one whose name they refused to mention — charges
which were proved to be unfounded — the four-and-twenty
refused further inspection, and stated " that they may bring
the case directly before my Lords through a different channel,
to ascertain direct whether they sanction anonymous censures
to be passed on a public establisiiment."

It nuist be admitted that the expectations of those who,
for many years, devoted much time and labour to raise these
schools to such a position as to give to the youth of the
district an education fitting them for any station in life, have
not been fully realised. The original scheme has not been

104 lirSTOKY Ol- AI,N\VI(;|{.

carried out; tlicre are still four (lis(iiir;t schools; and the
teachinf? pOAVcr has heen diiniiiishid : for while a few years
af^o there were three masters, one mistress, and two assistants,
there are now only two masters and two mistresses ; the
superintendence, too, is little more than nominal. An attempt
was lately made to im])rove these arran^M,'ments but without
success. This, like ull other schemes f(jr improvement, has
had to contend with difficulties and obstacles; but these
mi^ht have been overcome if the four-and-twenty had been
xinited, earnest, and perseverin-^ ; but when an anomalous
body is influenced by clamour ami faction, and allows itself to
be swayed by little self-interests and petty jealousies, no rapid
progress can be expected. Though not achieving what was
sought, these schools are still valuabh; to the freemen and
to the town; for the masters are well learned in their profes-
sion, conscientious, and diligent, and a large number of pupils
receive there the benefit of a good elementary education. I
have faith in progress. Even the most stolid bodies must bo
moved onward by our increasing civilization. The earnest
efforts made to raise our educational standard cannot be alto-
gether lost; the seed scattered, it may be in a cold soil, will
doubtless in a generation or two be fertilised by new influences,
and up will spring noble desires and principles, which will
impart to our schools new life, and bring them up to a level
with the better class of educational institutions.

CIIAPTEE VI.

ST. MICHAEL'S CHURCH.

KOUMA-N OnTJnOII — IlEl'AKATIONS IN HtH AXD ISth CEXTURIES

IIERALDUY EAKLY iLOXLTMENTS BELL3 — EFFECT OF HEIOUMA-

TIO.V — VISITATIONS AND .STATE OL' TUE OLEKOY ABOUT 1600 —

AUT3 OE IIIOH COMMI.SaiON COUUT ROD. STEPIIEK-SON mO-

CKElUXa.S A0AIN8TK011. BIMNDLINO — ORDIXANCE EOIt rUEACIIIXO
MIXiaTEUS IM 1015 — GILBEKT UULE — VI.SITATI0X3 AITEU TIIE

JIE.S roiiATlOX — ECCI.EMA.STIOAL OITEN-CES CUUATE3 APTOIXTED

IJV THE lOUU-AXD-TWENTY OF THE BOROUGH BOND FROil

CHAIlLKd STEWART IN 1G82 — COIU'OUATION AUGMENT THE
CUUUCil LIVINU — AUGMENTATION DISCONTINUED IN 1781 —
ENDOWMENTa — CllUUtni FOUR-AND-TWENTY — CIIURClt RATES —
KErAKATIONS IN 1781, 1811, 180,3 — MEMORIAL WINDOWS —
MONtrMENTS — PARISH CLERK — LIST OF INOUMBENTS — ANNALS —
CnAUITIES.

Tho first notice of a church in Alnwick is in the charter
by whicli Eustace Fitz-Juhu endowed Ahnvick Abhcy, and
anionj^ other gifts granted, in 1147, tlie chapel of Ahiwick,
with all the tithes of liis demesnes and mills of Alnwick to
found the Abbey. A chapel was then in existence, and it
may have been so from an early Saxon period; but it was
subordinate to the parish church of Lcsbury* ; and being thus
merely an appendage, either to Lesbury or to the abbey, it
has no separate history till after the lleformation. Before
that event the officiating minister Avas not a parish priest,
but either the prior or one of the brethren of the convent.

This church is dedicated to St. ^Michael, and stands on the
south bank of the Aln, one furlong distant from the castle,
and just beyond the ancient walls of the town. Of the church
co-eval with Eustace Eitz-John there are no recognisable
remains in the present building, excepting a few stones sculp-
tured with the diaper pattern, built into the wall above the
chancel arch; but basements of round pillars with plain

* Vul. I., ji 38.

VOL. II. r

lOG

ins Rill V OF Af.NUIClC.

nioiil(Hii<,^s and u buailed oinaiiicni, wliicli were in \HC>.i ilis-
covcrc'd buried up vvitluM the churcli, ;in; also referiibli; to the
lute Noirnau ntyl(! of architefture nliicli prcviiiled in the iii«t
lialCof the twill'th century.

FIG. 2.

BASE OF A NOUMAN I'lLI-AU.

Old fonndatious, too, were then exposed, \vlii(h proved that
this Norman chapel consisted of a long- narrow nave and a
small apse, tenninating thirty feet beyond the present chancel
archway.

Prior to tlie middle of the fourteentli century the church
had suffered severely, probably from Scottish ravages; for
about tluit time the existing nave u-as built, the earliest por-
tion being tlie ])lain massive octagonal piers and pointed
arches of the south arcade, and a decorated window of poor
design in the west gable which has recently been destroyed.
Soon afterwards a north aisle was added, the foundations of
which were exposed during recent restorations, shewing that
it was of less widtli than the present aisle ; and to this period
also belongs the small cus])ed window at its west end. Some-
what later still, about 1880, this aisle was enlarged to its
present width and the north wall was built, in which are four
short windows of three lights and trefoil heads, with simple
tracery and a segmental arch above, all referable to the time
when the decorated was passing into the perpendicular stylo.
Clerestory windows of the same period, which have been
destroyed during modern restorations, were on the north side
of the nave.

The greater part of the chin-ch, however, belongs to even a
later period ; for the chancel, the south wall, the north arcade
of the nave, and the tower are in the perpendicular style.

ST. M KHAKI, 'h invncii. 107

wliich prevailed in Kii-land /loiii about L^SO to the middle of
the sixteenth eentury. 'I'hen; were six niassive jncrM in this
arcade, all hexagonal with bolder capitals and richer mould-
ings than tliose of the earlier i)enod. The faces of two or
three piers were pannelled by two sefs of deej) lon^it.i.linal
mouldin-:^. 'J'he piers of the tower are sorni-oeta^onal, Ijut
])lain; and all the mouldi/i^s (jf the nave arches are Mmple ajid
flat. Heraldry and some documents enable us to determine
a little more definitely the age of these works. Crescents
and lockets are scul[)lured on one of tlie chancel pillars, on
the dripstones of a wont window and of the jjoreh arch, and on
oxtcrior pinnacles. Though ibese Tcrcy badg.s were adopted
by the fust earl of Northumberland, yet they did not come
into general use till the time of the fourth carl ; and therefore
the works with which tliey are connected can scarcely be re-
ferred to an earlier period than the middle of the fifteenth cen-
ttiry. It has b/?cn fashionable to attribute whatever has been
done to the tluirch to one or other of the lords of Aln\\i(k.
Hart.>hornesay3 "much was evidently done bv the second carl"
Ut the chancel of the church," and tlial ''the armorial bearin^rs
render il 5imply necessary to state the fact." lUit this posi-
tion i« more than questionable; for if these beariiKr.s prove
that n Percy did the work, then it would also folTow that
Vcscy and liek had come forth from their graves to contribute
their aid, aa their nrmorial bearings, too, arc sculptured on
the restorations of this period. Tlie fact sim]dy is, that the
builders, whoever they were, placed these beaVin-'s on the
cluirch ]>eeauso they were the badges of the successive lords
of Alnwick. The only record of a gift to the church from an
early Percy, which I have seen, is in the will of the third
ricnry in 1351, of two pounds to the parisli cluirch of \ln-
uick. Others did the work of repair and restoration. Willi mi
de Alncwyk, Bishop of Norwich, doubtless a native of \ln
Avick left by will in U4'J, ten pounds towards the fabric of
the church ; and also a missal, an antiphonar, vestments, and
a ehahce for the priests officiating there.* The remarkable
charter of Henry VI. in MG4,t not only tells of the ^tatc of
the church, but also by what means it could be restored and
on whom this important duty devolved ; for he granted to the
burgesses of Alnwick a port at Alnmouth, with tolls on ex-
ports from It, and a fair and market at Alnwick, that, besides
doing other works, they might - make and repair iheir
church. Ihis strong phraseology evidences that the church

• Vol. I., p. 275. I V„| i^ J, 238,

108 HISTORY OI' ALNWICK,

■was 80 ruined, as to require extensive reparations ; and,
therefore, it may bo inferred tliat subsequently to 14G4 tlie
greater portion was nibuilt. And so well did tlio burgesses,
aided by the royal grant, perform this duty, that they made
their church one of the finest examples of the perpendicular
8tylc of architecture in tlie north. Since that time it has
not been increased in size, or altered much in its general
arrangements and cliaracter. Tt was an oblong interior of
nearly the saine breadth throughout, and unbroken save by
pillars and arches which divided it into a nave and chancel
both with two aisles ; the length on the north side was 138
feet 6 inches, and on the south side 136 feet 4 inches; the
breadth at the east end was G2 feet 4 inches, and at the west
end 57 feet 3 inches. The chancel was 57 feet long.

We may look a little closer at the chancel arcades. The
shafts of the piers are octagonal, each face being in aijj)earaiice
pannelled by two filleted bowtel mouldings, with cusps at
the head of the shaft. Four of the capitals which are also
octagonal are elaborately sculptured ; and while the design of
the whole is similar in character, yet the details are somewhat
diftcrent in each. On that of the south-west pier twisted
twigs encircle the bell, and from them spring vine leaves
and bundles of grapes ; above the abacus is an angel hold-
ing a shield, on which is the cross muline of liisliop ik'k.
Similar leaves and fruit ornament the next capital on the
east ; but at the base or neck there is a rope pattern, and on
the abacus are branches and foliage. The ornamentation of
the northern arcade is similar ; but the abacus of the eastern
capital, instead of foliage displays a crescent between lockets
on each of the eight faces; above is an angel holding a shield,
on which is a St. Catherine wheel. Very beautiful are all
these capitals both in design and execution; yet they are
marked by the stiffness and flatness of the perpendicular style
of architecture. The mouldings of the pointed arches, though
with more small beading than is usual, have also the flat-
ness which marks the period ; yet are they effective, and har-
monise well Avith the other works. {Plate V.')

A glance we may now take of the exterior. As in most
Northumbrian churches, a tower is attached to the west end
of the south aisle, of three stories, massive, somewhat squat,
embattled and wearing a belligerent aspect. From each corner
rises a crocketed pinnacle. The foundations of this ponder-
ous building penetrate from thirty to foity feet below the
surface. The chief entrance is by a porch at the west end of

CJllAHL'LI. OF j-k jJJjCHAKl.b (.JHUUci;.

/ // /;

rVon_ pi orii'jrff'li^ b/ kr.i

't'^'arjjed skerdi oC (fapita

8T. MirifAEI.'!* cin;Kcii, 109

the iiiive ; and besides tlie crescent and lockots on the drip-
stone, there has been some lieraldic device on a panel above
tlie door wliieh is now illc^ribhi. A small door admits into
the chancel. Six lofty w<!ll-])roportioned windows of fine
designs are in the south wall. Tlnty are similar to eacli other,
■with three lij^hts divided into compartments by transoms and
tracery. Three windows of larger size are in the east wall ;
the centre one is modern, but the other two are restorations
recently made of the ancient windo\vs; the northern fjne has
four and the southern one five li^lits, divided by transoms
and tracery; the latter, called the Mary window, is remark-
ably beautiful in design. In the north wall of the chancel
are three other perpendicular windows, but less elaborately
ornamented ; but the nav(! Avindows in the same wall are of
Into di-corated age ; a small d(jor, now blocked up, anciently
admitted into the chanctl, and another larger door, jnobably
with a j)orcli was at the west end ; but the present doorway
aiul )[Kiich nnd the vestry on this side of the church are
CTodom. {Several o!" the windows had been more or less
filled with Ktained glass heraldry, ilgiires, and inscri])tions.
'Die l»ultre«iM.'« which are thin are terminated by crocketed
pinunclfiK; and un embattled parapet, with the same kind of
moulding* a9 Uioso on the parajjctof the curtain wall of Aln-
Kirk Ca^ttlc northward of the barbican, extends from the tower
to near tho end of the clmncel. The remains of a curious
twrrct, skilfully constructed and unirpie in character, still rise
above the chancel wall on the so\ith-east corner; in this, was
a chamber to which there was access from the chancel by
^rinding stone stairs, and other stone steps led to the summit;
but this peculiar feature in the church has, during recent
reparations, been mutilated, and a window divided by mullions,
and the east wall of the chamber, and a battlemcnted southern
wall have been completely destroyed. Its use and object are
doubtful ; it may have been a Match tower with a beacon on
the top to warn the brethren of the abbey of approaching
danger, of which notice might have been given either by the
castle on the one side, or by lleffordlaw pele on the other ;
or, as Mr. George Shelly has suggested, it probably had been
used as an occasional residence by one of the chantrv priests
who ])er formed services at the altar of Saint Mary. Some-
what of stiflhcss there may be in the ornamentation of this
church ; it may want the elaborate finish of southern build-
ings of the same age; and the critical eye could detect the
roughness of north country worknumship even in the finest

110 niSlOllY f)K AJ,N\VIfK.

window; yet, viewed as a whole;, f'c\v cliiin lies are more
))leasiii^'; genius is shewn in iIk; dc.si;,M), its projiorlions are
grand, its ornanKMitation is heauliCul and well harmonised,
whih; th(! eastern turret .starnjis it with a character of it.s own
{Plate I.)

In the course of tiirie tlie stained glass has been l)roken, or
perhaps some of it may have heen destroye-d, along with
other ornaments of the ehureh, in 1517, \vhen visitors were
a|)])oint(Ml by ])arliamenl to remove all monnments of idolatry
from walls and wind(jws of c;hurelies ; yet since that ])eriod
other memorials have been mutilated and removed. At the
Heraldic Visitation of 1G15, there were a do/en coats of arms
in the church; viz: — of Alder; Rodham; ye Hirdes; Percy
and Lucy ; Vescy plain cross ; Percy uinl Lucy imjialini,'
Nevil; PojningS(iuart(;ring Fitzpayne; IVicy ancient ; Vocy
or Latimer; G. a cross patonce O; \. a bend between three
escutcheons A,, each escutclicon having an engrailed bordure
O. ; Anderson of Alnwick ; O. a bcmd A, I\lost of these coats
have been destroyed; but there still remain the Kciry Crosses
theyj/^fm m\{\. patfuico on the dri])stone of the west wiiuhjw of
the tower; the Cross Molina of Uishop Pek on shields above
the pillars of the south arcade of the chancel ; and tlie Percy
locket and crescent are, as we have already noticed, in several
parts of the church. In the stained glass of one of the south
windows, there are portions of a coat which a])pcars to be
sable cJicvron hetwcoi three birds arijent. A few other muti-
lated designs in cuU)ured glass still remain; but they give
little information ; there are ligures of heads, of llowers, of a
nomlescript bird playing on a luirj), the letters HIS. and 11 IC.
and a few iniperfcct inscriptions in black letter characters, the

longest being, TIlo ejus ac Janete at Esebdla ; but who

they were no one now can tell.

A lew mouinnents within the church belong to the pre-
reformation period. At the east end of the chancel are three
figures now placed in a recumbent position on a modem
base. The oldest and most interesting is that of a female,
five feet three inches in height, beneatli a trefoil canopy of
the decorated style ; an angel, now mntilatid, had been' on
each side of the head smoothing her pillow, and at her feet is
a dog; a coronet is around the head and a wimple under the
chin. The wimple helps to determine the age of this monu-
ment, and to form a supposition as to whom it memorialised;
for the wimple was in use from the reign of Henry II. to that
of Edward III. A lady of distinction she doubtless was; and

ST. MKJII AKI.'s ( III'IU H. . Ill

it is iHjt ini|)i<)})al;lc' lliat fliis inay have nuiikcd iIk; tuirib of
Lady Isabella, wlio was liviiif^ in l;3l 1, the widow of William
\])() last Vcscy baron of Alnwick, anrl wbose placo of scpnl-
ttirc lias liitlif'ito been unknown. ( I'lal'j rJI.,Jif/.\.) Anotlior
lonib lias on it the figure of a layman, four foot fif^bt inrbey
in b( if^bt, witb a fine oval face, under a trefoiled canopy
crocketlcd; attached to bis belt is a purse, indicatinf^, it may
bo, one of the auditors of the barony ; tbe aj^e is aljout 1350.
Another figure of a monk, of somewhat later date, is five feet
four inches in height, and has a broad coarse face, with the
head resting on a kind of pillow called Caraeux, and the
hands joined in the altitude of jirayer ; an animal at the feet,
much broken, may have been a dog or a lion.

Two statues which were found in 1818 buried within
the church, are now placed below the tower. One apjiears
to be that of Henry VI., who, notwithstanding his weak
intellect, was reverenced in tbe north ; it is five feet in height,
l)ut the head is a modern renovation, lie is clothed in a gown
and cloak open in front but crossed over the breast, and these
bad been ])ainted scarlet and crimson; in his right hand is a
sceptre which is broken, in bis left an orb, and from a girdle
around the waist hangs a rosary. This figure staiuls on a
square pedestal, on Avbich arc sculptured in relief two gro-
tesque animals facing each other, the lion and antelope, badges
of the house of Lancaster. The other figure is naked and
probably represents the martyred St. Sebastian, as the neck
and body are pierced witb arrows, and the feet bound with
cords.

Other early sepulchral monuments have been found buried
below the floor of the nave, or beneath rubbish on the north
side of the church, or used as sills to north windows. Symbols
were employed at early periods to indicate sex and occupation;
the sword marked tbe burial-place of a warrior, and the shears
and key that of a female. The incised cross slab — Plate J^IL,
JifjI. 2. — with a sword on the left of the cross memorialises a war-
rior of the thirteenth century; and belonging to the same age
are the fragnxents — Plate VI., Jig. o., and Jig. 1. — with the
shears on the right side. The cross, Jig. 2., is complete with the
key and shears on the right side, and is a fine example of a
fourteenth century sepulchral slab, its age being well deter-
mined by the O G arch at the foot, and the trefoils at the
head, and it doubtless tells of a lady of some distinction.
The fragment, ^<7. 4., is interesting from the bosses forming the
cross, such ornament being seen in Saxon work ; but the style

112 III.STUHY UF ALNWICK.

of the letters and the trefoil would, I thiidc, jjoiiit to a iiiucli
more recent ])erif)d. Douldful iilso is the uj^c of another
fragment, whieh is inscribed VXOIl'SIMuiS, the wife of
Simon ; for while the M is Lomhardie the other h tters are
lioman ; I would not rcifer it to an earlier period than the
fifteenth century, and it may ho later ; for in Scotland Lom-
hardie characters were used on se))ulchres in the sixteenth
century. Besides these is a fiagment with a Maltese cross,
and another with a horse sho(.'.

There are three hells in the tower; all liad heen ancient,
hut the largest, colled TJie lii(j JJcll, was melted down and
recast in 17G1 ; the other two, having ancient inscriptions,
are of more interest. From a careful examination of the hells
thcmstdves, and of casts and rubbings of the letters, the read-
ing of these inscriptions can now bo given Avith accuracy.
The larger of the two, which is two feet three inches in
diameter at the mouth and two feet high, has an inscription
in Lomhardie letters, which vary in height from half-an-inch
to one inch and a half, one part of the inscription heing on
the haunch of the bell and extending about two-thirds of the
circuit, the other part being on the waist and filling the
entire circumference ; and hence it may be inforrcd that the
lower line begins the inscription which is concluded hy the
upper line ; it is as follows : — {Plate VII., fiijs. 4. and 7).
ADIVTOKK) t rorVLO t DEI
MI t CHAEL t ARCTIANGELE f VENI f IN f
Michael the Archangd! Come to the help of the people of
God. The Archangel invoked was the guardian Saint of
Alnwick, to whom the church was dedicated. This is prob-
ably the oldest bell, but not, I think, older than the thir-
teenth century ; for earlier inscriptions only gave the name
of the saint.

The other bell is two feet in diameter at the mouth and one
foot ten inches high; the letters are similar to those on the
St. INlichael bell, but better formed, more regular, more ornate,
and larger, being one inch and three-quarters high. The in-
scription is in two lines, one around the haunch and the
other around the sound bow ; it runs thus : — (Figs. 3 and 6.)

AVE t MARIA t GRACIA f PLENA
ORATE t PRO t AL\ t DE t JOIIANNE f VALKA— ? f
The first N in Johanne is much worn, but still traceable ; but
the final letter after A is completely obliterated. Excepting
the surname the whole is, therefore, intelligible, and may be
rendered. Hail Mary fall of Grace ! rray ye for the soul

Fi,t)G. l!l-,cripi -11 i,M . Srt Mary licit.
7a ?3 T V S O H 1 " i' p op V i:' O * .-O £3| £

#

<■' - , :^ . ^

BT. MICHAEL 8 CHUKCH.

US

of John Valka — ? TiOmbardic characters were fjeiierally used
for iiibcriptions in Eii^laud till about I'JoO, after whif h black
letter a|)])ears, tliou^h in Scotland the use of the former was
continued even in the sixtcentli century, of which examples
arc ^^ivcn in Dr. Stuart's maf^nifieent work on the sculptiiied
stones of Scotland. It is diih"cult to assij^n a ])recise date to
this ludl, which is probably, however, not earlier than the
middle of the fourt((;nth, Jior lat(;r than tlie middle of the
fifteenth century. To refer memorials of unknown ori;^in to
notable families is a favourite fancy; and hence this in-
scription has been strained to link it with John do Vallibusj*
but thon;^h dc Johanne is false T/atin, and bell-founders erred
both in s])elling and grammar, yet we eannot thinlv they wcjuld
blunder in two letters, and besides this omit the df; which
was in mediioval times usually placed before the name of
Vallihns. AVe must, therefore, connect this bell with some
humbler [)erson ; it most ])robably memorialises a wealthy
church-loving buigess of Alnwick who lived there near to
five hundred years ago, but who achieved no distinction ; he
may have been a A'alkar or Valkan ; or as it would be written
in modern times a Walker or AN'alkan — i)u.isibly a fuller, of
>vl)om neither history nor tradition has left a trace.

In the vestry is an ancient large oak chest, the front side
of which is seven feet long and two feet ten inches high, and
curiously carved. A hunting scene is represented in an ujjper
compartment, with stag and doe and hounds, and huntsmen
winding horns; in others arc grotesc^ue animals, cliiefly
winged dragons. The carving, which is rude, had been
executed in the fifteenth century ; but it may not be of native
production, for chests of similar design and workmanship
were imported from Flanders,

Some time in the fourteenth century Widon is described
vicar of Alnwick. John Cudberde was elected pastor of the
church in 1400; and in 14^7 AA'illiam Marschal was ordained
to the same office ; both had been canons and rose to be priors
of the abbey. At a visitation in Alnwick church by Arcli-
bishoj) Savage, of York, in 1502, there appeared Sirf Thomas
lliddell. Sir Robert ILirrison, Sir Thomas Ilatther, Sir

• The family of Vaux or Vallibus was important in tlie iiortli. John de Vaux
witnessed a Molii charter in 1310 ; John de \':illihus was retuiiicd a knight ot the
county in l3U(iaiid 1016. Rajjhe Delavale was a commissioner of tlie Karl of
Noitliuniberlaiid in 159.3; Edward lived at Holn Abbey, ](i-'7; 'Ihom.is, Ed-
ward, and Arthur Delaval were owners of property in Alnwick in l(>(i7, l(j89,
and 161)5 respectively.

f Tiie title of .^t> was frpqncntly given of thin period to pripsts.
VOL. 11. Q

114 III8T0UY 01' ALNWICK.

John Aliiewicke, Sir William Algude, Sir Edward Mack-
SOM, Sir Thfjinas Archer ; it is not stated who was chaplain
of Alnwick, hut Sir Thomas Alnewicko is rocorde*! as vicar
of J>csl)iivy. Sir Thomas ^Vynfield was chaphiin of Ahiwick
church in Octoher, 1531 ; and on the fourth of that month,
he was instituted vicar of l^esbury, Avhore he died in 1556.

liy the reformation the old ecclesiastical arran^^ements of
tin; country were disorganised, and many cliapelries were
almost entirely strip[)ed of llieir (.'ndowmcnts. Ilenry Uriidc-
burn, a morcliant, tells us " wlicre they had always one or
other vicar tliat either preached or hyrerl some to preacli, now
there is no vicar at al but the Former is Vicar and Parson
alto<^ether, and only an old cast away Monke or Frere which
can scarcely say his mattens, is hired for 20 or SO shillings
meate and drinke alone witliout any wages. I know more
than D vicarages and parsonages thus well and gosj)elly
served after the new gospell of England."

Alnwick church being a mere dependency on the abbey was
reduced to poverty; for the alienation of the abbey property
dried up the sources from which the church drew her nour-
isliment. A niggardly endowment of £12 yearly was given
to her from cliantry lands, to which, indeed, she was not
entitled, for these pro])crly belonged to the grammar school.
Probably, liowever, this scanty income was increased by free
will offerings of the burgesses ; for we know that early in the
seventeenth century the four-and-twenty of the borough ap-
pointed the minister, and were not neglectful of the religious
interests of the parish, giving not only a salary to the minister,
but also occasionally ap])ointiug a monthly preacher.

The first incumbent after the reformation was liobcrt Fors-
ter, who had been one of the canons of Alnwick Abbey; and
out of the abbey property he was paid a salary or pension of
seven pounds, which, liowever, appears to have ceased with
his life ; and afterwards, about the year 1547, the £12 endow-
ment was made out of the chantry lands, Thomas Davidson,
•who died prior to 1577, is next recorded as minister.

According to the inquisition of Bishoj) Barnes in 1575,
" Ailiiewicke Avas served by a stipendiary priest ; and so also
were Ailemouth Brinkburu and Haliston." The district
around was then studded Avith chapels, many of wliich have
gone into ruin and been abandoned as places of worship;
there were chapels at Chevington, Alwinton, West Lilburn,
East Lilburn, Bolton, Bewick, Branton, Bennington, Rock,
South Charlton, and North Charlton, At the Chancellor's

8T. Michael's church. 116

visitation held January 29tli, 1577, in Alnwirk chapel, Cuth-
hcrt Anderson clerk, curate, and John Stanton i)ari.sh clerk
were ])resent; and John Stanton and Ralph Grey, school-
niastors, aj)])earcd in person ; but none except John Stantcm
had a license. I'ifteen niiuisters of tlie deanery of Alnwiek
Avere oxoonnnunicated for non-attendance. At the ^:encral
chapter, licld on 31.st of July in the fcjllowiiif^ year, Ijy the
venerable Mr. Henry l)(;thiekc, the gosp(d of Matthew was
the task set to be performed by tiie clergymen "to give proofe
of their ])rogresse in Icarninge and studyinge of the scrip-
tures." (kitiibert Anderson the curate of Alnwick performed
it duly; but it was so imi)erfeftly done by William Ilearon
the vicar of Alnham, Roger Cook vicar of Rranxton, and
Thomas Savage curate of l^owick, tliat they were admonislied
to be prepared with it at the Michaelmas synod. Ninety-nine
'\verc cited to this chapter, and seventy-three appeared ; but
only twenty-three performed the task sufficiently, and twenty-
two in an imperfect manner ; so low was then the literary
condition of the clergy — tlie instructors and guides of tlie
people. Cuthbert Anderson appears again as curate at the
visitation of 1585.

James Carre, M.A., was minister on October f^8th, 1590,
when he Avitnessed the will of Geo. Robinson ; and in his
own will in 1593 he calls himself minister of the word of God
in the parish church of Alnwick, lie was born at Gigles-
Avieke, where one of his family fouiuled a grammar school,
and he gr.uluated at Cambridge; by will he directed that his
body should be buried within the church of St. Micliael the
Archangel on the north side of the chancel.* John Willis
Avas curate in ItJO-l, and Gawen Sulkeld, ^MatthcAv Alnwick,
and Francis Alder Averc churclnvardens ; in 1009 he occurs
as Avitness to a deed by Avhich Francis Alder gave a reserved
rent of 10s. yearly to the church.

Some early visitations shew the condition of the church:
in 1595 "There Bible is rent and torn"; in 1(304 they had
not the new communion book ; in 1606 they Avanted the
paraphrases of Crastinus ; in 1608 they used no perambula-
tions ; they Avanted the book of ?, a bible, two books of

homilies, a covering for the font, a table of the ten com-
mandments, the degrees of matrimony, a seat for the minister

* Northern Wills, II., p. 1.593. lie had property in Craven which he left to
his brother and others; to liis dear inother he gave £20 and a gold ring wliich
was given to him by the King of the Scots ; to nine others he left gold rings, one
to "John Wylls tlie writer heieof"; " to mine host Henry Watson he gave i'lO;
to every one within mine hosts house VZd. ;" besides several other legacies.

116 niSTOUV OF ALNWICK.

and rlotlis for flie (■oinTminiori faljlf ; llie windows of the
clnircli and cliapel were all decayed ; and there was still no
register on parclnnent.

Unlearned tlic)ii;^h tlie clerfry were, yet the church through
her courts exercised f>reat powers, and endeavoured to repress
immorality and enforce attendance on her ceremonial rjljser-
vances. In IGOO Jolni l^awson, Jrjlui Chibhiirne, AVilli;im
Hickabio, Joliii Hall, I\'ter Tlesloj), 'J'homas Moff.itt, lialph
Kanulston, and others of Alnwick were presented for hein"
slow and ne^lii^ent in coming' to the church. In KiOii,
George Fenwick and his wife were brought before the ecclesi-
astical court, held in Alnwick, because they had not received
the communion since Easter last; and George Alnwick and
his Avifc Avere in 1603 tried for the same offence. Anna
Adams of Wallcergatc and her servants and others were pre-
sented for binding beans on a Sunday in time of praycns ;
this seems to have been a troublesome case, for it Avas three
times before the court, the proceedings extending over two
years. George Shepherd and his wife and servants, for shear-
ing corn during evening prayer, were to do penance in the
church, clothed in linen garments; and Thomas Ijriggs, a
burgess, for covering his stack on Sunday daring evening
prayer, had to confess his sin in the church or be excom-
municated.

INI OS t of the cases, however, were for licentious conduct;
and so numerous Avere they and of so aggravated a character
as to give a bad jiicture of the morality of the period. For-
nication, concubinage, adultery, and even incest prevailed.
For such oftenees Robert Walker, in 1599, did penance three
Sundays in the church for suspicion of having been guilty;
John Dnell and INIary Lumsden had to purge themselves by
the testimony of four persons ; and Juliana Howe had to do
penance on two Sundays in the church and in the Market
on the Sabbath.*

From the corporation records we learn that in 1G12 Mr.

• Froin a volume, deposited in the Diocesan Registery at Durham, contai liog
minutes of the practice of the Consistoiy Court in 1590, I am able to give the
*' processas ex officio in causu fornicationis. I. Detectio. II. Citatis quorum
nomina. III. Ifheconfesse the facte accept the confession and inacte it. IV.
Eiijoine him to do penance either in the nexte Market Towne or in the Church
&c. accordinge to tlie Schedule that must conteine tl\e same. V. To hringe cer-
tificate tliat liehathe dooneit by a daye. VI. Otherwise suspende him abingressa
Ecclesite with agravation of censure upon further contempte. If he denie the
facie either upon confession of the same or if you vehementlye suspecte him
jnjoine him liis purgation cum 3'^ "l-i 5n manu suorum compurgatoiuin." I am
indebted for this extract to Mr. Booili of Durham. Canonical purgation was
abolislied by Act of Parliauii-'ut in 1(JC2.

8T. Michael's church. 117

Alder "was preacher. T^obort Stcplienson, B.A., after bcin;^
schoolmaster and monthly preacher was about 1 'JIG appointed
minister of the parisli, uhich officfi he held till he died ia
1638.

From the acts of the IIi;;h Commissio7i Court within the
diocese of Duvham, we may foiTn f^onie idea not only of the
character of this curate but also of the peo])le in xhn town.
lie was far from being a f^ood type of a clergyman ; but he
had learning, and he could ])r(!ach, which some of his neigh-
bouring ministers could not do. I'^or example Thomas Bur-
letson, vicar of Longhoughton, Avas brouglit before the court
charged with sundry misdcnieanours ; he had been drunk
from time to time even during divine service, and he had con-
verted the surplice into shirts and other profane uses; AVilliam
IBurrell, of Seaton House, testified that Burletson had been
vicar for twenty years and yet he was no preacher, for he had
never heard him ])reach, and during the last seven years he
had never preached a sermon — " albeit they had many ser-
mons, which the parishioners themselves procured and some-
times paid for the same, as namely to ^Ir. Ste))henson, Curate
of Alnwiclcc, -whoc often came unto them, wlien he could be
spared from his owne cure."

Thongh Stephenson could preach, yet he was quarrelsome
and low in his habits. He brought, in 1633, C'hristopher
^yalmsley of Rennington into this court for irreverent words
spoken to him in the open street at Alnwick, before a great
concourse of peojile ; and Walmsley was condemned to ac-
knowledge his offence publicly at the Market Cross in Aln-
•wick in his penitential habit. This was a common ecclesias-
tical punishment at that period; and oftentimes were the
breakers of ecclesiastical law seen standing either in the
parish church of Alnwick or at the Market Cross, clothed in
Avhite linen apparel, with bare heads and feet, holding in their
hands a white rod, and making confession of their olTences.

The wedding of John Falder clerk, to Jane Forster on
May 28th, 1635, was followed by proceedings in this court,
which Avere not ended on July 23rd, 1639 ; and yet the case
was nought but a drunken squabble. After the wedding
llobert Stephenson,Thomas Forster, Esq., John Forster,gent.,
"William Carr, gent., and others had adjourned to a tavern
kept by Ann Scott; and Thomas Forster and Robert Stephen-
son were pleasantly drinking wine together and smoking
their pipes ; but they appear to have drunk too much, for
Forster puffed smoke into Stephenson's face, and sharp words

118 HISTORY OP ALNWICK.

were interchanged. Jolin F'orster, brotlier of Thomas, after
danciiif^, took part in llio fray, and with the hack of his
hand struck Stephenson over the face and made his nose and
mouth bleed. Jolui Forster was acquitted, and Stephenson
had to pay £3 taxed costs for his unjust vexation; but
Thomas Forster was condemned to pay u fine of £oO, sen-
tcnc;ed to he excommunicated, and ordcif-d to ackno^vlech^e
the wron;^ before I\Ir. Thomas I'^iulder and Mr. Jolm I"'aul(ler,
chnks, and ]\lr. Facy and the c]iui(]i\var(U;ns of Ahnvick.
The line was afterwards released as lie was a young man ;
the costs, however, were not paid, and Mary Stcplicnson
after her husband's death souf^lit redress at the court.

The most extraordinary of the proceedin;:js relate to Robert
Bramllinjif, a ricli man, tlie owner of vVluwick Abbey, who
was as remarkable for his immoralities as lor his resolute de-
fiance of ecclesiastical authority. A troublesome man he was
to the burf^csses as well as to the church. His career of
annoyance bejj^an as early as 1624 ; and for ten years or more
he was enga^jjed in contests in the church and in the streets,
in the Star Chamber in London, and in the High Commission
Courts in Durham. In the corporation accounts for lOiiO we
have *' charges given at th(; beginninge of Mr. lirandiinges
suite at Durham with the Towne viijs." Successful they had
been there, and Brandling was excommunicated. He had,
however, great wealth, and being also lay impropriator of
the parish he possessed formidable power. He dragged the
burgossi'S before that dreadful and arbitrary court the Star
Cliamber, and so terrified the townspeople that they sought
redress from loyal authority. In November, 1630, the bur-
gesses and townspeople of Alnwick presented a petition to
the Privy Council, and stated that Robert Brandling, a
gentleman of great estate, but exceedingly turbulent and con-
tentious, though bound to good behaviour in the Crown Oilice
and excommunicated at Durham, notwithstanding had made
it his daily practice to abuse the church and churchmen, and
violently assault divers persons with armed troo]is ; they,
therefore, pray for protection against one who has several
times laboured to take the life of his own children, aiul M-ho
at the present has exhibited a bill in the Star Chamber
against sixteen burgesses of Alnwick, intending to deprive
them of their means and livelihood ; and that he might put
in practice his wicked intentions he has procured himself to
be sheriff this year, which will be to the utter undoing of his
majesty's subjects.

BT. MICHAKl's CHUKCH. 119

He was in coiisoqucncf; comniuiwlod to ap])ear at the coun-
cil l)oanl (o answer some iiiforiiiiif,ioii>> for taking' tlie office of
hioli slici iff upon liiui to undo and oppress the county; Imt
the. iusticcs of the peace came to his rescue, and certified to
tip' I)'). n-d thai lie had executed the office forinf-rly with ^'ood
Uj-iMobilion and without puhhe complaint ; and they hay his
absence from the county wouhl be prejudicial to the public
service.*

The burgesses were seeinin^dy glad to escape from his
clutches, for in 10;3I they " Bestowed of Mr. Ruot. brand-
ling in wyneand sugar xxrZ," possibly to mollify his temper;
and then we have " Item given Mr. Itobt. l.randling for our
composition with him in the Star chamber £5."

From depositions before the ArchdeacoTi of Northumber-
land, preserved among the records of the Consistory Court of
Durham, it api)ears, that Robert Hrandling chiimed the pews
on the north side of the chancel of Alnwick CUiurch ; but
George Young, who had been for seventeen years sergeant
to the bailiff of Alnwick, testified that Edward Delavall,
Rohert INIuschampe, and John Facy, who had been success-
ively deputy constables of Alnwick (Jastle, had sat in these
pews where the earls of Northumberland and their officers
had usually sitten. Notwithstanding this, Mr. Robert Hrand-
ling sat in the uppermost seat on the north side of the chancel,
which Avas commonly called the Earl of Northumberland's
seat, and said he " would sit there doe any man wdiat he
could." Determining to maintain his lord's rights, John
Facy, on the 4th Sei)tcml)er, sat in the carl's seat; but
Ilichard, the son of Robert ihandling, finding him there
endeavoured to put him out; but this being resisted, Richard
" did sit before liim in the same scate upon his booke," and
swore divers times, " that the Court of Durham should not trye
it ;" and not content with this outrage Richard Brandling
after the service, as soon as he was over the church style, took
his horn and did blow and sound the same all along the
street of Alnwick. t

Robert Brandling was dragged before the High Commis-
sion Court, on Aug. 9th, IGoo, charged with committing
adultery since March 27th, 1G25 ; for offences prior to that
time he could not be called to answer, as he then received
letters patent from the king pardoning all his otienccs ; ''he
was likewise charged with shutting and locking upp of the

* Cal. of State Papers, 1G29 to 1631, pp. 394 4S2.
f Surtees Durham p, 93.

120 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

chancel doores at Alnwick, to prevent the ecclesiastical
ofRcers to keep their courts tluMc;, wliich they ou^^lit to doe
both by liiw and custoine, and his dis;^racefiil and contempt-
table speeches nnto them, and some other times his leaving
open the chancel doors." To these charj^es lirandliiig on
Se])teniher 5th gave a Avrittcn answer, but, as he would not sign
it, he Avas fined £20. lie was taken int(j custody and .sent to
gaol, IVom which he esca])ed ; and he afterwards treated the
court with contempt. For this iuhufrmable aflVoiit lie was
first fined £500 and again summuned to appear, both by
intimation at his dwelling house and in Alnwick Church ;
and another £500 fine was imposed for contumacy. He was
then excommunicated '' for his manifest contempt of law;"
and another iine of £500 followed; again was he summoned
to aj)pear, on March 4th, 1035; and not appearing on April
1st, he was pronounced contumacious, and anotlier penalty ot
£500 was imposed. After this, in the absence of tlic olfender,
the trial went on and evidence was heard, and strange evi-
dence it was.

The ■witnesses against him were William TTunter of Aliiewick, gent., aged
38, Thomas HoLsom of Fclton, yeoman, ngtd 32, lialph Gibson of Shilhottle,
yeoman, aged 54, Miehael Hunter of Alnwick, yeoman, aged 3.5, Irancia
Greene of Alnwick, glover, aged 28, Huh. Adstonn of Alnwick, yeuman, aged
fiG, John Ilarwood of Alnwick, gentleman, aged •! 1, George Alder of Alnwiek,
gentleman, aged GO, John Falder of Alnwick, clerk, aged 28, Nieliulas Home
of yhilbottle, yeoman, aged 62, "William Watson of Alnwick, yeoman, aged
48, Kobert Emhleton of Sliilhottle, yeoman, aged 30, John Clerk of Alnwick,
yeoman, aged 2-1, Cuthhert Smith of Alnwick, gentleman, aged 51, John Ogle
of Alnwick Abbey, gcntUMnan, aged 2G, Thomas Viccars of Shilbuttlo, clerk,
ngetl 00, I'atrick Jlnkilwyann of Lcibury, agud GG, George Cliftonn of Aln-
wick, gentleman, a';eil 50, John S[)<nco of Alnwick, yeoman, aged 52, Robert
Btcvenson of Alnwick, clerk, aged 44, &c.

"We give a condensed summar}'- of tliis evidence, which fills
thirteen closely printed pages, wlionco it appears that Eobort
Brandling was an immoral man ; for although married ho was
the fatlier of several illegitimate children. lie seems to have
been a bad churchman ; and as lay impropriator of the parish,
he exercised his power in annoying the minister and other church
autliorities.

"When the clnn-ch officials came to hold courts Brandling " fast
locked up the doors leading to the chancel ;" and when Mr. liob-
son the official for Northumberland ordered the chmxhwardena
to break them open, Brandling " bid tliem if they durst meddle
therewith ;" and tlierefore the court was held in the body of tlie
church, Brandling railing against the officers, telling them they
were oppressors of the people — "but, quoth he, if ever I be a
parliament man this shall be amended." The doors were kept
locked up for some time, so that when there was a communion

ST. micmakl'h (;in;ju;n. 121

HOJ'vico iho inini'rttor (uhI coiriinuiii(j;i)il;j woro oljlip^oil to croop
throiig'li a liolo in Iho doors or cliuil) over tliora to roaoli tlio com-
lauiiion ifililo. A Hourvy trick ho plfiyod un Air. Archdoucoii .and
lii.s oflicoi'H, who liad ohtaiiiod acooss to tho chancel and wore hold-
irif^ a court, wlion Iio locked tliom np and kopt thoiu in duraiico
vilo for tliroo or four hours, ** and divci'.-i of tlio poo[)lo wore forcod
to croop tliurrou at opoim places wlioi'O they couM, and thoy whoo
wnro without did cryo and npcako unto the oflicors at their .sovoral
callH."

Lrandlin^!^ had a strong hostility against Stophonson thocurato,
whoso social liahits, douhtlcss, laid liini open to Idanio. "Uponn
divers sonJaiis aiid holydaios, lie said, lio would sue the minister
for tho inan-iages, chrislonings and l)urying03 in that parish,
and alsoo for Iho churchyard, and if lio recovei-r-d thorn of liira
and could got notlung for liis charges, he would lay Iiini in goal
nnd have his bones." ]']arly on a Sumlay morning ho came
into church, boforo prayers, along with one Failoy, a Scotsman,
and informed Sloplienson tliat ho wished Farley to preach; but
this being refused, ho called Stophnns ni "base rascal, idlo
drunken roguo," who " I'oplying in (jviI t(;rms," ho thoro in tho
church did in a very violuut inanuer "jump liim in tho breast
with a little slalf, and struck him over the .shouMer." On another
Sunday J/>randllng' cimo to tho church before prayer and .seated
liiniself with some others on ono side of tho chancel, and on the
other side, where tho earl of Northumberland's oifii.ers usually
eat, ho phuM'd his inferior servants and millers, and caused them
in time of divine service to sit with their blue caps on'thoir heads.
Some time about lG2iJ, after Stephenson had finished his sermon
in Alnwick church, and was proceeding to administer the holy
communion, ho was interrupted by ]jrandling who called him
" roguo, ra.ical, villain, traitor," to tho great disquiet of tho com-
municauta. The streets, too, were tho scene of the violent out-
breaks of those quarrelsome men ; on a working day Brandling
met Stephenson "in the tow no gaito " in Narrowgato, near
Spenco's door, and many ill words passed between them ; and
Brandling called him drunken roguo, baso rascal, and spat upon
him, and endeavoured to thrust out his 03'cs with a horso rod,
and drove him back against tho window in tho street. Another
Alnwick clergjinan, who was afterwards viear of Shilliottlo, John
Falder of Alnwick, and son of Thomas Faldor, clerk, came under
tho lash of Brandling's foul tongue, who called him a drunken
rogue, rascal, hcdgroguo, and the son of a hedgrogue, and en-
deavoured to pull oil' liis hat in tho street, and said ho would draw
both him and his father at horso tails, and banish them the
country. Lesbury and Shilbottlo parishes witnessed similar
scenes. Brandling, it is said, "hath much laboured the subver-
sion of divers ministers' dwellings near him, for he hath by
vexatious courses and causeless suits brought many pleas and

1^!^ HI.SlOltY OK A/,N\VI(;K.

irnultlns ag'aiiiHt Thoiiiiis Vicnjirs of .Sliilljottln, Afr. Mukclwyutj,
]Mi-. Sf(i[>Iionsi)Ti, and Mr. John J'iJdur to joako tlioin coniponud
with Ilim and hctray into lii.'i iiands tho i-);^hls of tlio cliurcli."

Braiidliri;^ conliuuod contumaoioua ami would not appoar be-
fore ilio 1V\<j;h (J(jnxmis.sioii Ooiivt, and on May lltli tho followiiifj
soiitonco was pas.sed upon liim : —

"llrj bhall bu iiii))riHiiii(,-(l tliuiiii^o liin Mrtjesti'-s ]ilc;i.sure, For hi;! aduUorifts
and coiitnini.t, of jniis'liciion, luul ui' ccclcsia.-.tii .il i,iiM,nH:ini\ oHiri-ri, li.;Hh;ill
iiiiikc ])iil)lif; suliiui.s ;i()ii in ]H.')iilriitiall m:inn(;r in Alinrv.-iolc ohiircli .'irnl Kuint
Nycliohw in. Niw M,-itio u]imi 'Vynn on Bc-vcrill Sundiics, itefordin;,'o to a
.S(h(;(hilu. Fur liis lii(;l<in,L';(; oi' tlio (huiKMjll doorod wlion as Uu: Cc.urt wai to
1)0 liold, (ind (or causi in'^u llio same to bo l(;ft ()])'Mn and tbon lockin-^o in the
oflicorn, lio sliall inalco oik'Iim ackrio\v](;d<jrni nt of the b uiio at tho nr:xt opiato-
)iall and avcliiiliarunall vi.sitacion.s, within the 8aid cliurch or clianr.;!! of Ahio-
wii'k, accoriliii:;() to a Hchcdul(\ For his laiuiiigo violent hand'.s niipoii tho
dori^io, ho shallbo (.xcornriiiiTiicato ipso fafto, iji his pari.sh church accordinjj
to tho statnto. J fo shall paic liis .Majc.->lio, for a fine, £3000. Lislli.;, ho was
condoiiincd in co-stcs to bu taxed by oiio or more of tho coinniis-jioncrd."*

Some little time after tlie death (A liobevt Stei)lienson, in
1039, Ave find Henry T<(;ver monthly preaclier as well as
selioolmaster, and lie continned in tliis eapaeity till lO-lLf
An anintelli;.;il»le minute a[)])ears at thi.s time in the corpora-
tion aeeounts — " 1(] 11 paid to Tlioma.s Davison for jjresent-
in<^ for the Town to the Com])any of Gros-sers for mainte-
nance for a Lecturer to the church £o."

The character of the men of the Commonwealili is still
viewed hy some thioui^h tlie haz(! of party spirit; yet many
of them were ^reat men, and earnest in forwardinj,^ the cause
of morality and reli^^ion. Tlie ordinances which were made
in U) 15 for tin; maintenance of some ])reachinjij ministers, so
far as they relate to Northumberland, evince -wisdom and
liberality.

Die Mercurii, 23rd April, 1G15.

"Whereas, there is a great want of a proaeliing able niinistroy
in tho Northonie parts of this Kiugdonio, Avliieli want hatli been in
great part occasioned because iu many places tliero be very small
and inconsiderable Livings, especially in Cities and Towncs of
greatest importance, tho Lords and Commons doe therefore
order That six godly, able, and learned Divines, to bo ap-
l>roved of by tho Eeverend Assembly of Di\dues, shall be sent
into the County of Northumberland, Town and County of New-
castle upon Tyne, and Town of Barwieke upon TAveed ; one of
which Divines shall reside and preach in tho Towne of Alnwick
in the County of Northumberland; another of them iu tho Town
of Newcastle upon Tyne, and another of them shall reside and
preach iu the Town of Barwick upon Tweed, another of them

• Acts of High Couiinission Court, p. 68.
I See pp. St', 85.

ST. MlCHAHI.'s (:U\;H(:}i. 123

shall renido and proacli in tlio Town of Ovinf^almi/i, in tlio County

\h , of Noi'fliiiriil)(;i'lan(l, iinollioi' .shull j-o.sido and pi-i-ai-li in tlio Town

[» of iJollord, aniitlioi- of tlioin shall iv^Hido and pn-ach in tlio Town

of Canani ; oacli of which J.'roachoi'H sliall liavo tho yoarly main-

tuiiaiico of ono liundrod and lii'Ly jxtund.s, t(j btj yoij)<dy paid unto

liiin out of llio ]K»,SHe«Hionn of tho i)ean<j and Cliajitor of Jjuiljam,

Iho fiauio to bo paid at two daion or timos of tlio yooi-o ; that i>j to

Hay, at ov u[)ou tho li'J day of Soplonibor, and tho 26 day of

March, by oven and oquall portions, tho iirst payment thoroof to

I, Ijogin from thu 2'.) of !Si;jit<-'nib(;r IGM."

i

vMler this wo find Jolm Sinitli jniiiister. The OHvnrian
survey luade in 1050 states — '"AIik wieke. Tliat the parish
of Alnewick is a viccarid^e, aiul the- late Kin^- I'atroii ; Mr.
.lolin Smith a ])rcaehin;^ nniiist(jr serveth tlie IMaee, ami tliat
there was paid hy tlu; saino late Iciii^ to the minister twelve
l>ounds per annum."* ]\Ir. Sniitli had not remained long;
for in tlu^ eorporalion aeeouuts of l(j;>0 there i.s entered —
paid to Mr. JJrowu late minister £1 .'Js, "Id. llude treatment
he may have reeeived in these trouhhul times, for troops were
then quartered in the town ; there was paid 15s. to " Mr.
Brandlin*;- and IMr. Columan for goeiiit^- -with a letter to Mr.
Collonell IJrandlin^e in the ministers helialf." oNlr. S^vinhoe
rode witli the haililf to Morpeth ahout jNlr. Urown ; and tlie
minister liimself received " on goeing- to Newea^tle liUs. and
20s. more."

Gilbert Rule, the most notable of all the Alnwick ministers
succeeded ; and, as he was incumhent at an eventful period
and as his career was one of vicissitude and interest, 1 shall
give an abstnict of the life of tliis remarkable man.f

GILUEET liULE was horn in Eli^in, in Octoher, 1628, about
tho period when tho great struggle for constitutional liberty as-
sumed a crisis, by the Commons llmiso of rarliament passing the
petition of right. Little is known of Mr, Eulc's early lifo ; he was
cducatL-d at Aberdeen, and lie must have been a diligent and
successful student, for wo find him at an early ago a regent in
Glasgow University — an oilice similar to that of tutor in the
English Universities. Tho reputation with which ho taught at
Glasgow soon led to the higher appointment, in 1651, of suh-
prineipal of the King's College, Aberdeen.

About {iSb'i he was appointed minister of tho parish church of
Alnwick ; and he laboured in that parish with success, and ap-
parently in peace, till 1660. According to Calamy ho was very
useful there, and much beloved by tho generality of the people.

* Arch. /Eliana, III., p. 7.
t A move extended lite written by myself was printed in ISGu.

124 HIMOltY <)V ai..n\vk;ic.

After tlie death of tbo Protector Oliver Cromwell a mighty change
camo over England. JCingly aulliority \van re-OHtaljlJHhod, K|nH-
copuoy assumed theaHcendant, and Mr. Kide Hoon felt the change,
Llajor Oide, who was one of the clmrcli wardens, and wlio had
proviously heen very friendly to him, began to liaiasH him. Wo
have two accounts of tlda interference ; (me in the bool;8 of the
Alnwick corporatifjn, and the other derived from a letter written
by Mr. liule liimself. As tlie record in the cor2)oratiou books
proBontH a curious and interesting picture of a memorable period,
we give it entire,

" Scptcnili'T thr twflvdli Anno 12 Caroli 1000.
Wliereas irir GillxTt Rowlu u Sr(;l.-(iiiiiri, wlio jiiirtomlH liiiiis<.H' a MiruHt<.T
and 11)0 iiroiichiir of tlii.s i)arisli, did in tliu i)uliiitlof tliis parish ClniK.h to tho
fiico and Audiriioo oi tho uholo conjj.nijiilioji on tho Bocond of Ihi.i instaut,
lieiny llio Luid.s day in tho i'ornoono, dcchiro imhliqnely af^aiiist t!io Look of
Cuniiiiou l'ray(!r liav( iuLj it tlion in hi« hand, allirnicin^ ami abS'^rtiny that it
wuH not owned liy Ciod, nor \s'arranli.d l<y lii.s \Nord, tliat it was ynji<«j^.(;d and
oljtrudfd iijjpoii tho ])Co[ilo, and was ;tl) .ulutdy iinliiwlull, the Eni^lish ilas.'io
taken word l)y word out of tho I'oiiibli JIas.so, with many other a.^ioverationa
tending inuoli to Hudilion and l)rca(:h of tlio jiubliijuo pt.ace and tlic endanger-
ing of tlio siilijecty within this ]iaridli, a.s to tlioir duo allegiance and faitli to
our (jiacioiis 8ouvraign, Ly having thou- affections poiaoned Ijy such factioud
and seditious iwineiijlis. And whereas .-^onii! of ]iaris)iioni;rs in tli<! afternoon
of tlui same d;iy tlujught it not litt, that tho fiaid j\Ir. Jvowlo should any irioro
exercise that jailijit uutill lie liad gi\(ii .salisfu( tiun to Justice for wliat he liud
sopuhliquely ddtme, And thcre\ipi^n did that alli rnoon jirevent liis use of that
puljiitt hy sliutlin;^ the C'hiireh doors and taking away the key, fur whieJi they
are by a party in 1 ho same parisli ceilifyod auainst in order to a punishment if it
shall he I'ound deserving it, wtc tlie lower and twf'ntith of tliis liurrough doo
hereby think litt and soo order, that John .Scott with one more be sent to
attend this next assize, as well for prosi cuting of tho said mr. liowle as what
else shall bo then fouiul necessary touching tho whole business. jMatt. Hun-
ter Bailill", Jolin Srolt Clem. ]''orsterC!uth. C'hes.iiiian Thomas JlitcalfeTliomas
Foratcr Alex. Scott John Swinluio Lancehjt iScolt Henry lacy John Vaidy
John llanudton '1 hos. Hunter John I'lugio L'r.meis Herrott linger ilollitt
Itobi rt Tearett John Harrison l^latthew .Strother Jolin 'J'aylor Tho. Cowerth
Willm. Laingo liobert Strotlier (Jeorgo AV^atsoii Laueelot Strother Thomas
Garo."

This order is in tho handwriting of the bailiff who was also an
attorney and steward of tho manors of Algernon Percy, and
who, on his tombstone in Alnwick Church, is described as most
faitlifid to tho Mother English Church. Evidentl}' " the fewer
and tweutith of this Burrough " had rapidly imbibed the views
and were ready to act on the intolerant puliey of the restored
government, and even to pers.ecute the man whom, doubtless, they
had previously suppcnted and respected. This, however, is no
strange feature of the Corporation.

Mr, Pule's account furnishes additional particulars of this
parish conflict. Major Orde, the zealous churchwarden, when
tho congregation Avas assembled and Mr. Eulu in tho pulpit and
going to begin tho worship, came and presented to him the ser-
vice book, and desired him to read it. Mr. Eule, after some
debate took it and laid it aside, telling Major Orde that he would

ST. MIOIIAEl'^ fllUUCH. 125

eitlicr road it or give reasons to tlie contrary ; he then prayed,
uiul iimtuad of oxponiidin^ a poition of scripturo di.-scoin'.sod for
al)0u1: liulf-ciii-hour agaiuHt tlio .soi-vico book ; and, after anotlior
prayoi', ])rouolii;d as usual. Wiion lio roturned in tho aftonjo'jn
ho fuuiid llio doors sliut and tho couf^rof^ution gathorod without.
Under thrjHO exciting circumtitarico.s, taking fur lii^ pulpit ono of
tho toui1iHL(;noH, lio pi-oacliod in tluj cliurcii^jird to a very niimoroUH
audiouco. A low wuoks uftorwards jMajor Ordo indictod Mr. liulo
at tho Newcastle assizes for "depraving tho Common Prayer,"
and gave in articles against hiui from wliut ho had said in tho
piil])it, which luid ]joen writtoji down from liis own mouth by ono
of tiie Major's associates. A spfcial warrant was obtained from
tho Judge to appreliend Mr. linlo, wlio, wlien ho had notice of
it, went and spoke to tlio Judgu in liis cliamhei-s, gave bond for
his api)eavanco at tlio next assizes, and obtaiiicd a supersedeas to
the warrant. Huch pi(,coedings ]>ioduced, as is usual in religious
contests, mucli excitement in lliu parish, and gave riso to nio-
morials, canvassing, tlireatonings, railings, and luirty feeling. Mr.
Rule Was beloved by tho ]>eoj.l(!, and a memorial was signed by
several liundredu of tho i)arishiojiers certifying liis peaceable
cari-iago amcnigst them; but the hot zeal of Major Ordo led him to
go froju house to house threatening tho people who signed this
memorial, and ho even went so far as to rail at Mr. Eulu in the
public streets.

Eefore, however, tho next assizes Mr. Eule's chief persecutor
luid gone to liis own last assizo ; fur as Major Ordo was returning
homo he fell from his horse near Ovingham and was taken up
dead. Mr. liide appeared at the assizes and was accpiitted ; but
ho links this melancholy death with tho issuo, as if providenco
had inleriored to save him. '1 ho jury agreed that M;ijiu- Ordo
Avas dead before he fell; audit is said "this awful pruvideneo
struck such terror into !Mr. Kule's persecutors that they meddled
no more in tho business." There is moro of presumption than
piety in such reileetious ; yet they wore not uncommon at thia
j^ieriod.

Mr. Eule continued his labours as minister of tho parish of
Alnwick till the dark St. Bartholomew's day 1GG2, when, holding
fast to his principles, ho was one of the two thousand ministers
who were ejected from their livings, because they woidd not
scandalize themselves and their religion by subscribing to a creed
which thiiy did not believe.

Prevented by persecuting laws from preaching tho gospel, Mr.
Eule bravely betook himself to another profession that he might
earn an honest living. Alter his ejection he hrst went to Scot-
land, but soon afterwards proceeded to Pranco and Holland,
where he studied medicine, and took the degree of Doctor at
Leyden University. On his relm-n to England ho settled at Ber-
wick, and practised there for some time as physician and apothe-
cary with much success, and gained the esteem of tho people.

12(5 JIlSTOItV OF Al.NWUK.

Notwitlistanding the force of tlio jjonal laws, truth (.aunot Le
tlrivoii out of tlio world, and no nioiuis wliort of uttor extormina-
tiou can jdto^olhor nilonco lior adhoronts. Tlioro wore Noncou-
forniiBta at Ijorwiclc, Lut tlioy, lilfo iho porHOcutod ciiri.^Aiany of
oa/rly ages, aH,s<jHihltjd uudor tlio Iiiondly .shado of night, and Dr.
liulu mot with tlioni and frofjucnlly preached to tlieni.

Wlion ]icro ho Tiarrowly (^Hcapud boritjus punishniont. TIo
visited as a pliy.sician tlio Laird of lloundwood, who lived in
Scotland Loyond tho lihorties oi' Jjerwick, and liis duties required
liiiu to Htay there all night. 'J'he Laird and his family a.'-.s(.jiiblcd
in tho evening fu- family worship, and I)r. ]iule exjiounded to
them a chapter of tho iJible and prayed with them. Though no
others wore pjisMeut, this in these horrible times was a criminal
act, and information having been given, the Laird was fined 100
miirks, and Dr. Kule too wouhl have Bullercid if ho could have
bee7i seized ; but being aware of tho danger he avoided passing
into Scotland. Jjut to what treachery and violence will not mean
bigots resort, to ontrap those who dare to ditJ'er from them, pre-
tending the while that they are doing God service ? Acting in
tliis spirit, the I'^arl of Homo, who had often sadly worried Non-
conformists with las troop of horse, attempted by a base strata-
gem to seizo Dr. liulo. lie caused a letter to bo drawn up, pur-
porting to come from Mr. Carr of Ninowells, in Ijorwickshiro,
bogging tho Doctor's immediate attondanco with such medicines
as wore tit to relieve him from an extreme attack of cliolic. Tho
letter was despatched by one of Lord Uome's servants disguised
as a couutrynum. Medicines were prepared by tho D<JCtor, his
horso was broiiglit to tho door, and ho Avas about to start on Ids
joiu'ney, but tho messenger had more feeling than his Lord, and
porcoiviug how the Doctor was rusliing into danger, ho was
touched with rtunorso and informed him of tho abominable
plot ; for Lord llumo la^' in ambush with his troop of horse ready
to catch him as soon as ho had crossed tlie Border; and thus for
a time Dr. liule was saved from his relentless persecutors.

Under such discouraging circumstances Dr. Eulo manfully
breasted trials and diillcultios, and maintained hiuiself for several
years bj'^ his labours as a physician in Berwick, waiting fur the
better times wheu ho could return to his vocation as minister of
tho gospel, diaries II. relaxed by his own authority the penal
laws against Dissenters, and by proclamation declared he Avuuld
grant indulgence to Nonconformists and Eecusants to preach and
worship imdor certain conditiims ; but to tho disgrace of many
Presbyterians, these concessions were looked on -with disfavour,
because Ivoman Catholics would be partly beuelitted by the in-
dulgence. Dr. Eule, however, belonged to the more moderate
party, and took advantage of tho proclamation; and in 167G,
became indulged minister of Prestonhaugh, — now Prestunkirk —
in Scotland. AVhilo here he violated, it seems, one of tho con-
ditions of the indulgence. Looking back through tho vista of

ST. Ml('JrAi:i,'s CHUKCH. Iii7

nearly two contuiics into llicso ovil tirnos, wo can HCdrcfjly boliovo
that a {,nx)(l man was tiiod, conviotod, andinipnsonod, Lfjcanso lio
]iad prcfu.licd and Laplizod Ldyoiid an as,Hi{,'no(l district. Yot
siicli is tlio fact! Tlio procftodiiigH a^jainst Dr. Hulo aro prcsoi-ved
in tlio r('ji;iKtor of tho acts of tho Hcottifjli council, and liavo l>ccn
givon l)y Wodrow. Dr. llulo was liliollcd Lcforo tliis council
for Icoopiiin; conventicles and baptizinfr diildron without tlio parish
of ProKtoiiliangh ; ho did, it is stated, upon Ist April, 1G80, take
upon hinisulf to hold and koo[) a convonticlo within tho Old Kirk
of Edinlmigh, called St. Oilos, whoro lio did preach, expound
scripture, and hapti/.o a child of John Kennedy, apothecary, and
another of James Livingstone, merchant, in Edinhurgh. Tho
council found the cha)-go proved by the admission of tlio defender ;
and n(;twitlisfandingthe services wore pcrfoi-med with the consent
of Mr. Turner, Episcopal juinister of tho Kirk, John Kennedy
was fined 100 and James Jjivingstono 200 pouiids Scots. A
heavier penalty fell on Dr. liulo ; ho was suspended from the
benefit of tlio indulgence, and imprisoned first in Edinburgh and
afterwards, during his IMujesty's ])leasure, in tho Lass, a great
rock about throe miles from the East Lothian coast, not above
one-sixth of a mile in diameter, but rising upwards of threo
hundred feet above tho sea. A fortress there was used by tho
Stuarts as a state prison, and hero, amid tho plaintive cries of
solan geese and numberless soa fnwls which tenant tho rock, Dr.
Eulo was incarcerated for three months. His health began to
sullbr not onlj from the lonehness of tho place but from tho humid
sea air which was unsuitod to his constitution. A petition waa
theroforo presented to tho council, reciting facts, and stating his
valetudinary condition, and praying that his caso might be taken
into consideration, lio was in consoquonco released from tliia
inhospitable prison ; but his liberty was gained on the condition
of liis giving a bond under tho penalty of 5000 marks to depart
out of the kingdom in eight days.

Banished from liis native country. Dr. Eule returned once
more to Berwick and practised again as a phj'sician. lie soon,
ho^vover, became minister of a congregation in Dublin, whore he
preached for some time with acceptance.

The changes inti-oduced by tho Eevolution — which restored to
Scotland tho Presbytorianism which she loved and venerated,
wliich Avas an element of her national life, and which was inter-
woven with her traditions, and associated with her great men and
heroes — wero favourable to Dr. Eule, and opened tho way to liis
return to his native land, lie was called by the people on the
8th of December, 1688, to Edinburgh, and became in 1689 a
minister of the Grey Friars Church. Additional honours and
power wore soon conferred upon him, for on September 26th,
1690, ho was appointed principal of EJinbm-gh University; an
oflice of inHuenco and distinction which is now held by Sir David
Brewster, one of the foremost of Natural Philosophers. Dr. Eule

128 inSTOllY OF ALNWICK.

performed tlio (liiiios of principal with (:p:oat reputation, und lio
also look a loading i)art in t.lio diiircli coui'tH, vAw.rn all inoa.suroH
allboLinf^ tlio inlDi-OHtB of tlio I'r(jH}jytor);in body wore di.scuHHod
and (locidod. I To appoavH indood to liavo l)Oon, dni-In;^ tlio latter
part of tho 17i]i cuntiiry, one of tlio mo.st notulilo of the .Scottish
iniiuHtorH. Ilu was sent to London as ono of Iho coininissionera
fro7n Scotland, ii,nd, accoTclin;^ to Calainy, lie was there much
noticed and rcspociod hy Kin;^ William lit.

8[)0ndinp^ a tronldcd lifo, <in/^i[<s,<id froipiontly in tlio exciting
sLrup;'gli).s of unsotllod tiiiioH, ci)iup(!llud rop(jat<;dly to change hia
abodo, porscciilcd and iinpi-isonud, ])r. Jiulo could not have the
loi.suro and coniposnro rotpiiuito for the production of literary or
theological Avorks which would lloat his reputation down to pos-
terity. That, liowoYor, he possessed good abilities, that ho wag
re8i)octahly loarnod, and that his character was excellent may
fairly bo inferred fron^ tho lii.i^h and honourable position he
attained in tho latter part of his lifo. Calamy says ho was a
man of great candour and moderation, and gouorall}'' esteemed
and beloved. Wodrow S])Oriks of him. as the learned and worthy
principal of tho College of J'^dinburgli, whoso memory is savoury
in tlio church. But perhaps a liighor tribute is paid to his abiUty
and power by tho fro(jucnt and bitter attacks made upr)n him by
I'jpiscopalians, who, viewing him as a loailor and authority in his
own party, undervalued his talents and sti'oiuiously endeavoured
to lessen the inlhionce of his writings and character.

Most of his writings were on the coi!tr<Jvt;rsies of tho day;
they have ceased to interest and are now only f(jnnd in the
libraries of the cu)-ious. Ilis principnl works were ''Animadver-
sions on Stillingll^!^'t's Troniuum," "A rational defence of Noncon-
forjuity, in roiily to tSiillingtk^ut's unreasonableness of separation,"
and " The good old Avay defended against a.m. (unro) n.u, in hia
inqnir}' into tho new opinion of tho Scots Presbyterians." So
highly were his abilities and judgment estimated, that some of
these were undort aken at the request of tho General Assembly of
his church. His answer to Stillinglleet i.j written with modera-
tion and is quite as able as the work to which it; replies. An
attempt was made by the Jacobites to satirise and ridicule tho
Scottish Presbyterians in a book ]niblished in the early part of
last century, entitled "Scottish Eloquence displayed;" but tho
work is coarsejy clone, and instead of wit and humoiu- we have
scurrility and abuse. Poolish and profa7ie stories are told of tho
XH'oaching and jirayers of the ministers. Some of them may bo
ti'ue ; most appear the exaggerations of malice or ill-will ; but for
tho truth of few is any evidence adduced. Such methods of
treating opponents may gratify morbid tastes, but cannot refute
error or advance truth. Dr. Ivirlo figures as the leading hero in
this book ; and though nothing is alleged against his character,
his writings are sneered at and ridicnled ; it is objected against
liim that ho admits many Presbyterians are neither moderate nor

ST. michakl's Cm.KCH. 129

sober, and yot ho blames tlio oruol porsocutions thoy sufforod ; lie
is roproiicliod with dcsorfin^ llio old causo, that ho iiii;^ht bo
thou<^1it mudonito and Hohor. Garbliul UKivacta aro given f'rora
his Avntinf.^s, and pln-ases and sonlenceH, detaeliod from tlu.ir con-
text, are .sti-iuif; to^^othor; yet, notwithbtandinj^ tlii.^ Ireatiaent and
various (|iiil»l)]injr and triilin;^ cvificisnis, it is siifliciontly evident
that thon^^h Dr. liiilo was a stron;^ I'res))yteriaii, ho was tlio ad-
vocate of moderate ineasures, and disapproved of the vioh-'nco of
oxtromo j)artio3. "May not," says he, " two nations trado to-
getlior and 1)0 governed by the same laws, and yot I;earwith one
another as to chnrch ways." It must, however, Ijo admitted that
there arc portions of iJr. liiilo's controversial wi'itiiif^s, of which
good taste and fueling must disap[)rove ; ho speaks in no mea-
sured terms of tho characters of " ])rolatical iiiuunibents Avhose
lives are scandalous and unfit to edify the ])Coplo and do rather
harden tlioiu in wickedness." Ilonco, ])robably, the bitterne.s3
with which he was assailed. Unfortunately the evils of persecu-
tion do not end witli bodily suffering; for while it brutalizes the
oppressor, it is apt to sour tho temper, to strengthen the o[)inion9
and prejudices, and to increase the fierceness of tiio spirit of tho
victim.

That Dr. Uulo was a laborious student, oven lato in life, is
shown by a sobriquet which was bestowed upon him. Dr. Camp-
bell, who was professor of Theology, Avas his greatest friend;
and both wore regarded as ornaments of tho university. But
their habits of stutly were difleront ; Dr. liulo continued hig
studies far into tho night ; Dr. Campbell began his early in the
morning. Living in the same street, with tlieir library windows
opposite to each other, tlio candle of tho ouo was often seen sliin-
ing when that of tho other was newly lighted. Ilence Di\ Camp-
bell was called the morning star and Dr. IJulo tho cveninrr
star. In 1702, a short time prior to his doatli, tho salary of
principal of tho university Avas limited to IGOO marks, to wliich
no addition was to be made.

Dr. liulo, having lived to a good old age, and maintained his
principles in good as well as in evil times, was at length stricken
down with mortal sickness, lie bore, it is said, his illness -with
exemplary patience and serenit}' of mind. The ruling passion in
him was stro]ig in death ; not long previous to dissolution, hia
mind began to wander, and ho imagined that he had yot one
more sermon to preach to the people of Edinburgh. His friends
endeavoured to clispel the illusion, but without etiect ; he still in-
sisted on rising from his bed and going to the pulpit to perform
this last duty. At length, however, he agreed to preach in the
house ; he -was raised in bed, his gown was put on him, and the
Bible was brought ; he then went tnrough all tho parts of Pres-
byterian worship ; a psalm was sung, and he prayed ; ho then
read out liis text, explained it and applied it closely ; he prayed
vol,, n. s

] .-JO

IIIS'IOICY Ol AI.NWIIK.

ii^'-.iiii ; fiiHiDi,'!!' psalm was Biiii;^; and nilor ipirjnrmucitif^ tliy
hlos.uiig- — "'I'ln; i^riK'O of tlio Loifl .TosiiH Clii ibt aTid tlio U^vo of
(.Hxl and tlio coiiiinuiiion of Iho Jloly ^Jliotit l<o with you all. —
Anion," ho foil hack and ox].irod. " A ploasaht ofid," says Wod-
]-(>\\',^ "of IhiK {.Croat man, just as it woo at liiii work,"

His (loath look phico v, hen ho was a.h<rtit 7'» yoars of a;^o, a
lilllo prioi-foMay I2fh, l7o;j, -whon William Car.slairs wasolect.;d
Biu.'ccs.'iov lo hr. Jiulo as I'rincipal of lOdiidjur^^h University.

J)r. Ca)n|.l)( II wiis doc[ily alloctod hy his doath, and said with
OTuoliou — "(ho oveninn- siiir has yono down, and tho inornin^^
Ktav will soon disappoar." ] [c too diod in tho auluian of tho
eaiuo yoar.

I>r. liulo M'as married and had at loast thrco ohildron whoii iti
Alnwick; his j'osidonoo was in Oanonp'ato, and hi.s childroii woro
fhristoaod in Alnwick Church and thoir names stand thus on
tho regMster : —

10.58, AnsiiMt 1. ■ (lillx !•(, (,011 of Oillx.il Ilulr, of C;inon.si.^t(c: IC'.O, OrtoU-r
6.— Ann, daiiKlilrr of .Mr. (lillicrt liiilr, of Laiiousgatc :' IGGl, Ajail 21.—
Anilruw, son of .Mr. (iilbciL Kuli;, niirii.stor.

]To had another son, Alexander, a rainistor in the churcli
of kMJolland, avIio is refevrod to in tho sinj:(nlar autobiography
of Elizaholh West. "I roniondjcr ojio Sabbath" she says in
1G98, " as I WiUi in tho college kirk, thoro was one Afr. Aloxandcr
liule who preached. Ho was a son of worthy iJr. Ifulo, and
aUliongli this Alexander proved in a very littlo after io bo a
very naughty and abominable person, yet ho was God's mossengor
to mo that day." lie had been on Feb. 2, 1(59-1, elected i)rofessor
of Ilebrew in the University of Edinburgh; but on bcc. 2C,
1701, ho resigned to tlio coimcil "because ho was resolved to
I'ollow another course of liJ'e, and for other weighty reasons." *
In what rospei'ts ho was naughty wo have no information; but
ho senms to have boon at least improvidc'ut, for on I^fay 13, 1715,
lie was ijuprisoned for a debit of £12 lOs., Scots (£l 10s. Od.
sterling), but a nnnith afterwards he was liberated by consent
of his creditor. In tho aniumu following he was again doomed
to tenant " tho Heart of ]\[id-Luthiau" for a debt duo to Hobert
Gibson, " barber and poriowig-maker, of £S Seot>i, and ho was
not released the 9th of December foIlo^Ying."

With tlic restoration came a revival of the Arclideacou's
visitations, and seemingly a wonderful activity in exercising
clunxh disfi])line. From the records preserved at Durham I
liave ciiUed the following list of sins or sujipo.'^ed sins dragu'cd
before the Archdeacon's courts at Alnwick and in tlic North of
England, exhibiting a troulilesouic iniiuisilion into morals
and habits, and curiously illustrating the manners of the
period : —

• Bower's History of the University of Edinburgh, II., p. 11.

«

KT. .NfK.llAKI,':, f.IIUlUII. 1 .'> 1

For Li.iiiL,' II fornicator — f^)!' iiicoutliierHy — incest — fiiWfii'Mon of uJuU'.Ty—
bui»])0,S(j(l to 1)1) iuiiiiiini<!il — J'i:t';r Liiwwii ;iinl his wifo liviiifj aMiii'li.r --md
not )i( iiif^' !si'ii;ir.ili; l)y iitw ; Hinli cusvh iiit: viiij tuimviOiii; l'>r \ii'\i\j:\w\vi\vA
ticci>r(liu(!; to (iiiiiliiis' lastliioii - not niaiii<;(l iujcordiii^ to tin; Church of Kii(j-
Janil — cliiiiilr^liiicly niarriucl in a. jirivat"! Ikjiiso.

N(!/^ligiiil. conn rs to dnuch— not coniinj^ to chnreli hcforo prayc-r U f:n<l<;<l
— staying rnmi ilivino hi.-rvico ari'l dolawiinj^ otli<;i-.s atthu oanic time— ni,'^^ltct-
inj^ to lic.ir (li\in(i .service and n(jt \i\wiWiv^ at tho nanu; of .JcMUh —for Htnvini^
and inaK'in^;- discord in thi; (.iuiich — riiilmn in tiino of iliviin; S'jrvico — iri'm'fjn.nt
tjpccclu'.s in till! ( Inncli — niolistinj^ .lane aliont her .scat in tliu iliurch -ul»ii.-in}^
th(j cInijcliw.inlcnH in tinKs (d' divino Hirvicij — ]ion]iayniciit of tlcrk'ii wa'^t.i,
I'la.slcr II cknnin^'H, chnicli and niini;iti,i'M dncH ami clnircli .-x.-i.s — not payinij
for ) (.pail. s 111' t hi! c-lniich, and throwing' Hcaldinj^ liot walir iit tho chiireli-
M'arden.s-rclMKin.u; to contiiliiiti: to th<; hnyin;,' of lircad and wino for tlio h<ily
conununiuTi- for H]jcal.-in;.'; cully kA tin; inini.~li v luhind V\t h.'ulc, uhn.-.in^' hin
mother, and f^ivin;^- ikd'yinp; lain;-(i;i;;(; to Ihc mini.stcr — for .snatidiin;.; at tlio
C'oiniiion I'raji.r lioolc in ilr. T.illcntirc.'.s liand v.'h(;n ho wa lahoid to Imry l«i.-r
Bon -Luatiii;^lliOKixlon in tlioclnniliy.ird — .Jolin Can-, !<crdlcnian, Ji.iljih'Carr,
(jiidlcinriii, ;uid Edward iSliciipi.'uid, yi.-onian, of l.i-.shiiry, for taking; away
jMiiiiiuidh ( liiindi Icad.s, tlio l)i,ll.s and .stonc.s i'runi tho same — Maria ..Moor for
falciiiij- down all llio Icail of tho cliaiicul uitii other ornunicni.s of t!iv I^.-ihury
Clinrch.

Fur 8al/L;ith hn alcin^' - jdayiiiL^ on tin; Lord'H Day at nine liolcs, foothali,
cardw, iScc. — koejiing peo]ilu in the house tij.plin;,' on tho Sal. hath iJ.iy — keep-
xw^ disorderly lioiise.s and drinkinLj during ilivino Hervieo— .selliiiL^ ah,- (<r
liccr ill time of evening Hcrvieo on W'Jiit.sanday— saj-ing Iht y might jjIow on
a Snnday a,s well aM on another day — jdoiigliing on a gi.-m-i.il day of humilia-
tion, on I'la.sti r day, on Annuneialion duy — ah.si.nling theniselvebon liolydayj
from ehnrches — \\orking on a holiday — krijiing bhoji upeii on St. Janiea'a Day
— workiiig on St. Matthi;\v's, on St. J'at^iek'^<, on St. J^iike's, and on St.
Miehacl's da}'t5— suH'ering one of his servunto to carry wliins on the King's
hirtliday.

Not .sending children to Lo LiiAizc^d — not coming to clmrch to render
thanlcs lor hafe delivery from child-hud — rcl'iising to come to chnrcli to b«
catecliised — \\'illiam (of AN'uikwoi tli) I'nr carrying Ids cliildron to Alnwi'.-k to
he haptised — Inuying their ih ,id in ilu ii- own yards and refusing to bring
theiii to L'liri.-^tian huil.il.

('onum)i\ r.iiler — conimon drunkard— a sower of discord—an extortionate
peiMiu- 'i'lioniaa Dod of liolhhury for a dehoist conliunaeious jier.son — for
eurtiing and .seuldiug — cur.ser and railer ayain.st his noighhours— for detaining
£1 given hy his father's will to the poor — not proving a -wUI or taking admin-
istration— .Marian O Smolherly for detaining a legacy of £-J0 left by (Jcorgo
Warwicke to the school (d" "NVarkworth, ha\ ing jiaid neither le^o nor prin-
cipal; blie iileaded that she had not sulUcient funils from tho testator, but
that as soon as she receives them she will pay tin- legacy ; and therefore sho
was ahsedved — receiving rent for houses Ibriuerly known to be alms hon-s-.-.s —
an iniliceiiseil school master — for iir.ictisLng chirurgy without license — exer-
cising u midwife's ollice without license.

"For papists — popi.sh resu.sanis — for a Quaker and interring and suflering
to be interred children and other peuple in his yard — a fanatic — a sc tariit —
schismatics— sutl'ering conventicles in his house — for lnilei)endcnts — for an.i-
bai)tists, all of whom ha\e stood exconnnunicato for six nionth.s — a papist for
entertaining in his house a liomish i)riest, to whom verj- many publicly i-oaort —
nonconfiuiuists and ccconuuunicate persons— not coming to climch and sus-
pected of kei'ping private Conventicles — for being lately subverted to popeiy
— anabajitists of Eglingham — iVu- eontenniing of tho cluavh government, anil
will not eoiuiuunicalo with the other inhabitants and parishiouei-s at prayer-a
or preaching.

Clinrlc's Sttiavt was elcclod iiiiaistcr of tiic p;u-i>!; nf Ala-

133 lIISTOltY Ol-' ALNWICK.

wick in IG82, by tin; cliiimberlains and ff)ur-aii(l-tu'ciity of
tli(! Ijoronj^h ; and us they alio a])])oint('d tlu; parisli clerk and
LcllriuiM, they Ijoimd iIk; inini^^tcr not to iiiteribre with thi.s
aj)iiuintrrionl, uiuhT a penally of foily pounds :

"_Wli(;r(!ay " H.iy.i tho Loiul," tlio nh()\(; l,omi(]( n Cliarl'-s Stuart hath
(Jf-sirnd u (;(itifi( ;il(; luiihr the town'- hluII of Aluowidio in or'h.r to chtahlioh
liiiii J\Iiiii.-,tcr of th<; raiisli of Aliicwii ki;, And wlirica.s it hatli alrvayu hi;on tho
CiiHtdiii, tJiat thd I'aiiHh (Jlarlco and JJc.lhiian liavc aUvayw hi-(ii chosen hv the
Clianiberlains and foiir-and-twcidy ot tlie siii.l Jiiinonf,'h of Alncwickf;, Jf
thi'ieCoio tho Baid (JharlcH iStiiart whall not at any time or tinioH Jiujeaf'ter did-
idace tho prcHcnt iKui-di (Jlarku or Bellman, or altf r tlieir dcssoaw) chono elect
01' ajjpoint any other Clarice or lieliiiau, witlioiit the (onsonl of the Chainher-
laiuHand ruiir-aiid-twcnl)' lurtlie tiino hein^; fir^t had aiid oLtaint d in writiufj
niidir their liandn, 'J'liat then this pruscnl obligation to he void and ot nou
ellect or else to Iju in lull force."

lie died on INIay 31st, 1G83; and David Cant was elected
his succcs.sor by the foui-and-twcnty, and entered into a bond
similar to the above. After his d(;ath on December 23rd,
1()8(), James Forster became minister in 1GS7. James (Jlcd-
stains next appears elected by the tbur-and-lwenty in 1G92;
but at tliis time a rival power liad s]iMin<^ up to dispute with
the four-and-twenty of the town the ri^ht to appoint a minister.
It was customary to append to apjjoinlments the borouf^h
seal; but the now authority, to give the ap])earance of validity
to their usurpation, ibrged a seal and attached it to the docu-
ment certifyin<3^ their choice. ] Icnce we liave the following
resohitiou: —

" AVo wlio&o names are horoundcr ^^^■ilten meet and docCcrtific that tlif-Tov^-no
Seal that was setl to l^tr. Ukdstain's t'evtiti( at vas a true Seal, ami hy tho
consent of a fouv-and-Twent) , and tliat thi' jiri tended Seal was i\ot piihliekly
hi tl tu hel'ure the lVMir-and-t\\ ent^' upon ^Ir. I'lillm k's aeeount, nor ncvei n<jo
order naido i'uv to grant any S(al lor Mr. I'olh-i k. "Witness our hands tho
17th day June Anno Doni. I(jii2. Wni. Stanton, Nielulas Furtiler, 'i'ho.
Lind.say, TiO. t'laxton, Tlio. A'ardy, Ed. (iall.n, l.an. Tuster, Luke- Hind-
marsh, 'I'honias Craibtir, John Ivolieson, John Slrother, Roger IJn.'iton, iJalph
Eaj-noldson, Jolm Alnwick, Jon liaynoldison, Mark Foratcr, Geo. Alder."

After this, on October 21st, 1092, the chamberlains and

four-and-twenty order and agree — •

"That the miniiiler shall he consulted to call the four-anJ-twcnty of tho
parish Avith tlie Towno to tho C'hiavh, Thai there f-hall ho a>bcsi Laid one
for tlie r(>paying of the Chaniherlain.s the disliur>5eniei\ts, thai the-y Layd out
ahout hrint^iiiL;- in of oiu- ]Minister, and if thai the pari-^h will not contrih^.to
to tho said chari;c, tliat then the feur-and-twinly shall alloM' and pay tho
said charges to the ehanihcrlaius." Tliis charge amouiitoJ to £G Cs. 2d.

Fourteen sliilling-s were paid by tho corporation in 1003,
for Mr. Gledstain's cow's grass ; and coals too seem to have
been sii])])lied to him. After James Glcdstains' deatli on
April l()th, l()t)-l, two candidates Avere brought forAvard for
the curacy of the parish, INIr. Forster and Mr. Doncan; a poll

ST. mic'hakl's church. 133

of tlio four-and-twcnty -vvas taken, and is recorded in the cor-
poration books : tluis runs tlie record —

"'J'Ik! voloH whiitJier IMv. Foi^tor or 'Mi. Doncan Hh.'tll ho our pars^jn. Fo/-
I'orntui- : Air. Maike VavHU-.v, Jfr. lli< lianl Htrothoi-, Mr. Jon Vardy, Edward
(Jalluii, .luliii Curr, Jtobc-rt Claxlon, Nicliolas Fovrttor, Wni. Hlantoii, Adam
Tlionijj.Moii, l\Ia(tli'.w Swlnlioo, .loins Jlnnli-r, Franc (.'larl.-i;, David Millil.-iri,
lio'^cy JIiiMoii, Nidi. J(uiit<.r, (Ua). ]ii( liardsoii, Ji^n Konolduon, CJoo. Tiinicr,
Joliu lliiiiil.lc, AV'rii. (Jairc, CImm'- Forstcr, W/ii. jruniMoy." I'uf Mr. Lou-
can: J\Ir. 'J'ho. Vanly, 'I'lio. AVoodhou.sc, Jiukfi llindrnaiHli, Joliri Alriwii.kc,
Ifol). Colliii/^wood, Ka. Wcatlicrlninio, T)io. Lirid:iuy, lioLt. Btrothui, Jo" liob-
iiiHun, Tlio. (.'rairtLur, I£u. (jrri(;V(;, ]\Iatt. .S':oU."

Hot strife tliorc was at this election ; and the triMin])hant
majority tnrned in wratli upon Ralph Grieve, who .seems to
have been the leader of the opposite party, and all of tliem
voted, that he should b(; expelled from the fonr-and-twenty,
Mr. Forster, however, did not aece])t the curacy, and the
eccentric Georoe J)uncan became minister of Alnwick, but
he did not stay long.

Notwithstanding- his oddities he b'.'came a favourite with
the four-and-twenty, for they memorialised the duke of Somer-
set to confer on him the living of l^onghoughton; and in 1097
petitioned the bishoj) of Durham to grant him a license <jf
non-residence. lie was too short time in Alnwick to admit
of the develo])ment of his eccentricities ; but S(Jon after hi-s
removal toLonghonghton he began to chronicle in the rcgnstev
books, the characters good, bad, and indilferent, of those who
were married, or had children christened, or who were interred
within his parish. A dogmatic, cynical man he was, strongly
atta(lu>d to his own dune h, and -with little kindly regard to
those Avho dilfi red iVoni him. This ri-gi.^tcr is the njost ex-
traordinary in the north of Kngland ; and for extracts irom
it 1 must refer to a paj)er on the A'ill, !Manor, and Church of
Longhonghton, in the Proceedings of the IJerwickbhire Nat-
uralists' Club, Vol. IV., p. 74.

The old feeling of liostility to Scotland still lingered even

in the minds of the four-and-twenty; but probably some more

advanced townsmen were ready to receive anu)ngst them a

Scotsman of ability and jnety. This, however, could not be

tolerated ; and the following order was passed: —

"S.p. 29, lGii7. It is afiiTcd l.y tlio Balif.-, Chauil ulaiiK s and four-and-
Iweiity, that \\iRicas there was a laivc vote wliL'thoran FiiL;li.--hiiiaii or Scots-
man shall ho chosen our iniiubtcr ; It Ma.s mianiiiiously Ayn id on. tli.it An
Englisliiuun shall ho our iMinistcr, And that the C'lianihi rlains shall vrilt to
IMr. Arthur Ahn\i('ko, that it' he please to a('Ce]it the plate to toint; downo with
all cxjudition that the tow usuicn may hear hinu I'ml if Mr. Ai-thur Aln\\"icke
doth uut aeei pt of the T.iviui;-, that then it is unauinir,usly agreed that none
Lut an Eni,']ishman shall be our minister and that ilr. Brunton shall be him,
a.s -witiKsa our liands. Wm. liOeke, Bailif, Mark Forster, John Yardy, Richard

134 11 1 SI OK Y or A I.N WICK.

Hiiothi;r, 'J'lio. V'linly, Wrii. Rturiton, ^]idt. Alinviclco, I{o. Claxtou, A'lam
'rtiuiiiifsun, lioljcit Iliuri.-Mjii, 1I<mh y Swinlioc, ^l.ilt. Siott, Jolm IIiimLlf, John
Nuiill, FiMii. (.'l.ul.o, \li,iriv liiisloii, l,':i. ]J.)fi,i]i|..,,ii, (J.jor^'c- 'riinicr, Wui,
(Jmiio, Ka. fJiiiv(!, lliivid Milliciiri, jMaik (iiuiiiv.i 11, Jolm lluiil'r, liirli.
ShaiikcH, Will. Jliiiifli'y, John Jtunrll."

Tlui nuiiisl(-r.s (A' llic cliiircli iit I his time wcro iiicti of no
(list.iiicli()ii, iiiid lli('i(! wore (VcqiKMit, (■li;iir_;fs ; but aL this wn
need not woiidrr, Cor tlu; salary was .so jxjor that (ho finaoy
M'ould 1)0 tal.cii (jiily l)y iiif'eiior nioii, or a.s astcj) to sfjniethin;^
bcttcv, Ncccs.sary, it was ihcic lore- lo iMl()])t means to auj^-
nu'ut tlu; livin;^,', that men of ability minht \h: induced to re-
main in till; ])avisli. TJi, clinn h, how(\ci-, was iboa the
fhurcli ol ihc town; tlio patrona,^..' of it Indoii^i.'d to the cor-
poration ; and an interest w<is Iclt in its wilfarc; by tJu; bnv-
g(>sses. llolh th(! ibur-and-twcnty and lh(i corporate trades
lent tbeiv aid. The chambirlains and foni-and-twenly iin;t
on Juno ITtli, 1(507, and " ino<t s;< rionslv considen-fl tin?
smallness of the living- and ajipointed ei^ht of their nnml)er
to inspect the common, and set apart land lo the \a!n«,- of £1;")
yearly for this object." This was not ilone, bnt for what
reason does not appear; it was, liowevcr, agreed in Novem-
ber, l()i)9, to <;ive £11 yearly to "Mr. Alnwick our present
minister as a gratuity to be paid lialf-yearly." 'J'he company
of merchants also contributed from liO.-i. to lOs. yearly out of
their box; the tanners ordered " that ibrty shillings be gi\eu
every year to our parson during our ])leasure ;" and the
skinners, in 1()1).'2, agree to give "■ 20s. yearly for three years
to ]Mr. James Cjlledst(me, ch'rk, our ])resi]it minister."

The living ^vas vacant again in 170:2, when the chamber-
lains consulted with the clergy '"in order to ])vocnie an able
minister for our cure, and also an able schoohuaster." iNlr.
Joseph Kitson, who had been aiipoinlod schoolmaster in 170-J,
was on the !27th of Alarch, 1701,eli!cted minister. After bis
death on April ^JUth, 171:2, Ivichard A\'crgc wa.-. minister, but
he resigned the living on ]\iarch 25lh, 171S, having accepted
preierment in hlssex. John Lamblon \\ as eh-cicd his siu--
cessor, and signed an agreement not to interfere with the
ap])ointment of parish clerk, lie was, in 17:20, allowed to
hold and enjoy the lane that lii-s between Uunti-r's croft and
Walkergate closes at Is. (id. per annum, lie died in 17:':.'.
The following order is inler(>sting a.s shewing llui value of tlu;
living at this time, and the means ado[)ted to obtain an able
minister: —

" April 21), 1722. \\'hii"jas Uioixs iiuw a vaiaiu y lu the Ciinuy »' Alnvirk
by tho death of Ihe l^evtitnd Jilr. IiaiuLtou and Un- tunemiLS uilfiigiiii,' to
the Curacy being only ftljout £10 and there hcini; no }irohal.i]ity of im nble

ST. MKJIAlil.'.'j CHUI'.Cl). ISO

Jiiiriistur DlTi.riii^'; hiinsoliu to hi ivo Dm Haiil euro for tlic Hinall btipc-ml. It id
tliciijlorc fi;<i' I 'I .■mil ordi.iiil Ijy tin; Cour-ainl-twiiity of tin's tov.ii auJ Jliir-
ioii'^li tliat I'lihliij i\otii;o hliall be; itiMi it'd in tliu Nowca.itio f 'oniaiit t'lj^infy-
iii'j; tliat in case any iiiiiii«t(;i', that hliall bo apiirovoil of hy l)i(; foiir-an(|-tw(-iity
oC llii.s t'jwnc, oll'ci' liiiii.scll'i; to bcrvo tliis curacy lie hhall liav<; twouty jKiunrJ.i
jici' ainiuui iiaid liiui yearly out of tlic towiics icvuuucs Ly two lialfo yi.arly
l)ayui(;nls Koii loii^ as such pursou hhall continue inini.ster of thin phicc, ajul
■wlicii as the li(.\(;ri.ii(l Ah'. l>a\VHuii viccarcjf WarlfwuH h hath made a jiropo.val
i'oi' ;i couCi rcnci: witli till' tosvuf,' with rrs])(<t to his hi-rvin^ this cnn;, m-c ai.M>;0
tliattlio I'oui' ( Miainlifilaius tc);j^<;thcr with Mr. .Mark J''oisl<r ,Mi-. Jvlw. drey
.Mr. liiclianl (.<i ieve Mr. W'ui. J''oidter ami w Ikjui else of the fonr-anJ-twcjity
as hhall think lit, sliall eorift;r willi the said .Mr. Law.ion, and he-fore any a;,'-r<:e-
iiient he made shall icjiurl .such eonfeieiiee to the- four-and-tvvt.iity i\jr their
a]ii]r(j1)uLion."

On tlio f()ll()^vill|Jf 7th of jNIay Lcoiiiiid Diirarit was clios'-n
tiiiiiistov, and Ik; sio'iicd (Ik,' usual a;j;rct'mcn.t not to iiiti.'rf'cro
M'itli the ai)|)oin(iucMit of a pari.sh (dcrk. Tlic ik;\v aMtlwjiity
liitd ayaiu to ■\vrcst the ])o\v(;i' out of the hands of tlie ohl
four-and-tweiity of the boron;;!!. " 'Die fouv-and-twcuty of
the pnrisli " so sny.s our record, " pietfrndiiif^ to clioose ]\Ir.

S ;" hut (lie four-aud-lweuty of the to^vu hein;^ uuaui-

inf)U.s iu fav(Mir of Darant, the}' resolved th.it " if the hishop
Avould not ij;raut him a license to be their minister, or ^rant
it to Mr. S. or any other person not to their ^^ood likin;^,
there shall none; of the town's revenues be ^iven to'sueli ])er-
son." The old body triumphed, and bein^^ evidently deli^flired
with the result, they ordered that the £i?0 in augmentation
of the living- should be paid to succeeding curates, recom-
nuMulcd by (he four-an(l-t\venty of the borough.

In 17;j7 (he Kev. John ^\'ilson, who had been master of
the Alnwick graunuar school, Avas api)ointed curate, lie
died in nil; and was succeeded by the liev. William Stod-
dart, A.jNf., who was licensed curate on February 18th, 1745.
]3y petition to the four-and-twenty in 1719 he represented
that the duties of the ]Kirish were grown so large that he
could no longer perform them Avithout endangering his health.
Divers well-meaning persons had entered into a .sid)scription
to eiuible him to hire a curate as assistant, to i>reacli a sermon
every Sunday afternoon from Lady-day to Michaelmas. These
subscriptions amounted to £':12 Qs. Od. from eighty-three
persons in sums from 2s. Od. to £5 5s. Od. each. liichard
Grieve gave £5 5s. Od., Eob. Claxton £2 .'•3s. Od., Chris,
Carr £2 2s. Od., Rol). Carr £1 Is. Od., Tho. Strother
£2 2s. Od., Edw. Gallon £1 Is. Od., Wm. llindmarsh
7s. Gd., Geo. Thew .'2s. Od. For the same object and out of
personal regard to Mr. Stoddart the four-aud-twenty agreed
to pay him yearly out of the revenues of the town £oO, so
long as he kept a curate and was not master of the public

i3C HISTORY OF alnvvi(;k.

gTamtnar scliool, and provided the snhsrription.s wore lod^'cd
ill tlio town's box ; and tliis sum was paid till 17oS when it
was witlidrawti l)ecausc tlio conditions of the t,'rant were not
observed. Tlie order for its withdrawal was, howr-ver, soon
rescinded, and the ^^(•t was eonliniicd till 1781, when the last
payment of" Parson Stoddart's year's Donation of £;30," was
made; and after tliis tlir; elnircli disapi.ears from the corpor-
ate records. _ , , ,

There is nothing' in tliesc records nor in the church books
to shew, why or in what manrKT the four-and-twenty of the
town and horouoh ceased to enjoy the patronage of tlie living,
which they had held for perhaps a couidc of centuries. It
may have readily been given up by them because not worth
having, since they were oblig(!d to grant an augnn-utalion out
of the"town's revenues to induce men of ability to un(lertake
the charge. The corporatiou, however, was revolutionised
in 1701, and important changes were gradually creeping
over its character ; it was losing or rather divesting itself of
its public functions, and dwindling down to a little ])rivate
body, enjoying public property, but shirking i)ul)lie dutie-^
and obligations. The first to feel the change was the general
body of" the freemen, who endeavoured to influence the
four-and-twenty to contract more an<l move the range of their
public action, and to divide the spoil among the exclusive few
who had monopolised corporate privileges. One of the first
things fiercely assailed was the donation to the clergyman; its
legaUty was denied, and in the list of grievances laid before
tlu> four-and-twenty in 1781, by sotne of the freemen headed
by IT. C. Selby, at that time an agent of the duke of North-
iiiube'rland, it is stated as a grievance that " an annuity has
been paid to the minister of Alnwick." Actions at law M-ere
threatened, and ultimately entered into to remedy snch sup-
posed grievances ; and this pressure from without led to the
discontinuance of the annuity. The Craftsman in his critique
on this part of the memorial says —

"That it was begun and contimied with a good inteution ;
namely as a help to a poor curacy (for you know the living of
Alnwick is nothing more) and to induce men of parts and ability
to accept of it ; and there never was a better or worthier object
of generosity or regard than the reverend and respectable gentle-
man who now supplies the cure. However it is certain that the
four-and-twenty in oreler to shew their inclination to please the
Freemen did imniediatel}', upon the said remonstrance being
presented, make an order to discontinue the Donation." This
was but a sorry ground for so important a decision ; probably the

ST. MKMIAF'.I.'s Clfl.-RCH, 137

Four-aml-Twonty fpinili^d IkjCuio llit-ii- forniiduljlo asf«,'iilantfl, open
and couco.'iluil. TIio i);itr(Hiii;^o !i(l<.r 1 his was oxorcittOil by the
lUsliop oi' iJitrljaiii.

Lc'iiviii;^' iho <,nii(l;i)ico of tlio corpoijito rriutii'rnents we
resort to th<; cliurcli b(jnk.s lor f'lirtlicr iiiforinatioii. 'J'lioise
records, lio\\'cv(;r, have hccii rarelcssly kopt ami arc very im-
pel fbct. 'I here are t\vf> bo(jks,oue, the oldest, marked No, 2;
but a book older still was in existence in l'S4(5,* when
extracts were.' made from it, cominencin^r Avith Hj'.iS ; one
extract dated 1703 refers to one old and om; now ciiurcli
account book. The earlii'st entry in the No. it book is 1744,
after which there are a few otliers cliielly ndating to poor
rates down to 17 IS, Avhen a <^ap occurs till 17(J4.

On the death of Mv. Stoddart in 1783, the llcv. Samuel
Hall succeeded as curate; he wa'^ also vi(ar of (^liatton, and
died in 1701). The Rev. ^^'^illianl I'rocter was liccMised curate
on July 18ih, 170i). Durin;^' tlu; hater part of his incum-
bency, in the year 1S3-3 or 1S3(), the ])f.'rj)etnal advowson of
St. jNlicliael's Church was ceded by \^an Mildert bishop of
Durham to the duke of Northnmberhnid, on terms very much
to the udvautuj^-o of the latter. Th(.' liviii;^' at tliat time was
worth £:l:ii) yearly, and the jnlci- paid for this alienation of
the patroiiai^e was tlu; ^ift of a jjarsoiia^jfe house and the ;^i-«jund
connected with it, aniouutiiig to 3 acres 1 rood 1 ])erch. After
the death of iNlr. Proclr-r on March 10th, 1839, the Rev.
Leonard Sliafto Orde was a])pointed incuinbont; and durin"'
his time the new Episcopalian church of St. Paul's was built,
and the pari>li divided into two districts, each undt-r the
char<;e of an indeix-ndiMit minisici-. ]Mr. Orde rcbi^ned the
curacy of St. jMichaeTs in IS-KJ ; and so highly tvcre his ser-
vices valued, that Dissenters as Avell as Ciiurchmeii united in
presentinpf him with a massive silver candelabrum "in recog-
nition of his distinguished ability and unwearied zeal." The
Rev. Conrt Granville succeeded in 184G; bnt he resigned in
1854, and he also received from the parishioners a testimonial
of respect. After tliis th(! curacy was offered to the Rev. L.
S. Orde, and he again became minister of St. Michael's Church
in 1854, but he resigned the incumbencv in lM59, when he
Avas appointed colleague of the liishop of Edinburgh, in the
charge of the Episcopal chapel of St. Paul's, Edinburgh. A
public address was presented to him in the Tcjwn Hall from
the parishioners "expressing their high approbation of his

* If diligent iiiquiiy were now made by tlie cluircli aultioiities suielv this
record miglit be rtcoveied.

VOL. II. T

l.^S

IIIsrollY Ol- Al.NWf^'IC.

zeal, fidelity, atid nihility us a iniiiistcr in Alinvir.k diintif;
fiCU'uii years," The Rev, (/oiiit, (ir.mville a;;aiii .succeeded
as curate iu 1(S5(), and in; still holds the iucuiuheiiey.

After the licCorinalioii the eiidowiueut (d' the church was
very small — only .€!;* jfiirly, as \v(.' h;iv(! seen, out of the
wreck of tlu; chantry — and .so it contiinicd till 171.S, when a
grant of £:20() was ol)laincd in au;fnuiilalion of the li\ in;^ from
Queen Anne's llounty, on the condiliiju of il'.lOi) ni'Mc hein^
raised by suh-Neription ; but tlie suljscriiition amountin;^ to
only £l'.){), "a bond was <^iven by the- parish or some incm-
l)(!rs" to the trustees of the Bounty, to pay the interest of
£10 y(;arly to the miuisler; and accordin;^ly the church-
wardens ha\eevei- siiicfi paid lOs. yearly out of the church
rate, I'iVen with this au^nientalion the i(;\ enut s of ilie clmr<di
in 172;.^ amounted to only £ 10 yearly. Mark l-'orstcr in 17^4
left a house ami gardini in (Jlav])ort Street to the succi'Svive
minist(!rs of the parish, " In 17;kS the Governors (d' (iueeu
Anne's IJouniy ])urchased lor the living- for £-400, 18 acres 0
rood 14 ]). ol' meadow land iu Alnwick in three closes called
the (Joldan Arres.^'* l''rom ])arliamentarv grants and Queen
Anne's JJounty £()0() was oblaincd in 181;^; and in 1M14
Lord ('rewe's trustees gave £:'00, the bishop of Durham £;'0(),
ami from Queen Anne's ISounty another C()()0 \vas granted,
"In ISlf) tiie Uovernors of (iueen Aiuic's iJounty bought for
the living o ac. 2 r. ;.'(; ]>. of meadow land for £-100." This
land is in the Green Ihitt and is cal!( d l]i{'Jicc acre close or
^toncy free land, and aieording to tlio Ordminco Survey con-
tains 4 ac;. 0 r. 10 ]), In 1810 another i'GOO was received
i'rom ]>arlianuMitary grants and Queen Anne's Bounty ; but
from the same source other grants must have been obtained
■which arc not recorded in the church books; for stock is now
invested for the living, in the tliree per cent consols, amount-
ing to £o915 10s. 7d,, which yields yearly to the curate 1'117
9s. 4d.

A few small endoAvments of the church have been lost.
Among the corporate muniments are two deeds relating to an
endoAvment, which are of some interest as shewing the close
connection between the corporation and the church at an
early period —

liolicrt Andyi- of AlnewylvO \\'\\\\ tlic consi^nt of hi;^ son and hoir John
Aiiilyr couveycil on xMr. 3, lla;j, lo lluliert Dausoii of Warkwuilh onu buvi^-
iiou tiiid ci'ofl iu Jiondf^at, lyiu:;- liotwcijii the hiir^aL.'-o of Juhii .Sawor on tlie
Eiist, and lliu hiirgayo of Tlionias C'l.ixtou on llie West, reserving to Robert

* They contain ;iccor(liii<^ to the Onhiaiico Survey 17 ac. 3 r. 2 j). Iu 1S35
they were let for jCcJO yeaily.

ST. MICH Ai;i,*.S CIILIKM. 1'50

Audyr luid IiIm luir.s for ever tlio lumiiiil r<rit of ton «hillinf/3. Tliis ilnfn] in
witiif'Hscil Ly .loliit (Jaitiii;.4oii iStusvard of l.li«! J'aioTiial r<»iirtH, Jdliii liox-
browf^lif I'.iililf, .lohii Aiulyr, — IJuleiiiornl, John lOlanil, 'I'iioMia.i ('li.inil«r«,
ThoriTas Nolili-I,. 'J he other .lecd was mach; Nov. I :j, JCO'J hy I'lniul-, AMcr
do Jlol>1)iTla\ve, kiiisiiiiin iiiul next lu.ir of Jloh'il AMer laU:Iy of Al/iwiik ilc-
ceawcd, who iiiid'-r tliu name Jiolieit Aiidyi' made the foro;<oin<? (.oiiveyantc ;
utid it gives the nserved rent of ten Hliillin^'.'* to the (;liiin-li\vard< ns, .John
J'.iithT, nicrehant, Mattlirw Alnewiekeaml .Jai-oh Orene, tatiiie-i-H, and Willi.nn
];(,velcy, hiitclier, and their Hiieeessors for Iho m;iintenan< e of the i>:irinh
thiinli. The house and eroft out of wliieli tins Hnm was jiiy.ihlo in deni ribeJ
iiH in till! ti^niire of J(din Aliinsoii lo iiostmasti r, and !i.s hein;,' hilniit<j in ]5on<l-
j^ale 1ict\vi.'i;n tlio hui';a^;o of 1'ranei.s Alder on the wist and of Aml-ro.-.o
Moll'att on the west, and as uxtendinj^ from the royal Street on tlio howth to
the Castle iMote on the North. Francis .\lder att;ielie-s liii own .seal; hut tho
(■liiircliwanlons pnifiiveil that the connnon .seal of the hoioirjh nt' Alnwick l-o
put Id this ihred. {.Sii/i//i(iH foji/iiii'KC //ini/i //■■ ^il.iiivlrl: utrtijiic j,aiti litijus /,ic-
nc/i/i.t ncn'j'/i (ijijiciil /ifoc'iiiiriiii/is.) This dei 1 is \vitnes:-,ed liy John Willi;*,
clerk, Tiiini.ili r of llio parish chnich, J<jhn Atkinson, )io.-lii.a.stiT of Alnwick,
and others. In ll'l'.i, An lideacon 'J'l.onias Thoi)!.;, 1).\K, .':l:il. s that .Mr.
William .Stanton eharfj;od liis dwellin.L'; Iiomm: with ten Hhillin'.:.s for the repair
of tho ehiiieh ; find in 17H2 llie chnr.-h warden.s' ar-count Hays — '' Hjient when
received ^Mr. Stanton's Ids. whi< li he xiid was ahv.ays acenstomary .an J wod
not i)ay it without it (id." Dr. John Sharji reeonls its le-nlar paynient in
17(H2. All the.-e jiaynienls .seem lo .arise out of the projeity jcll hy .Mdir;
for in 10G7 William Stiinlon had a hiiri_'-ai;i; in iiondu-ate near to that of Ko;,'tT
IVlodatt. In a terriiiv datt;iL l.SUO th>.r.; is rccoided as cliiiic!i j.roj'cHy a rent
cliarL'i; of IDs. yciirly on houses and garden in JJonJgato .Strct, bclun^/inij to
iSlanti^ii Ni ale, i-hoi;iuaki r.

At lliu Archihjcicon's Vi.sitalion of 17-'i it is rocordid th.it Cs. M. yearly
hud l)een \hi'M[ fiiiw out v/ iitiiui iuwuvd-i i\u- repair of tho church ont of Aln-
dyke Kstale. It was regularly paid in 1702 ; and iti.s monlioiitd m the terrier
oi' 18(J(J.

For tho .same luirposc 2s. Od. yearly was paid from Ciitty'.s Hank in 1702;
it occurs ai;ain in I7'i2; and in the teriii r of lM)(i, there i.s inenfionrd a tharge
of 10s. (id. V arl)', from the Dnlai of NoilluuiiLerland, from C.itheuLih liank.

In till' will of Iviclianl (iiio\i\ of .\ln\vick, f^cntletnan,

in;i(l(; Miirtli, 17()0, 1 lintl the i'olhiwing l)(M|ui'st : —

" 1 RJvo devise and he(iue.ith nnto the minister of the parish church of .-Mn-
•wick for ever the suiii of l'i\e jjounds of lawful money of (Jreat iJrilain to-
wards the auginentaliun of tho living- of Alnwick aforesaid lo he ]iaid yearly
bv two ])aynients in tlui ycai, that is to say, ^Michaelmas ainl Ladyday by two
equal payments; and I do hendiv cliart.'e all tin; s.iid two chjsi s in Alnwick
low lields situate next to a lane called Fi.siu r.'s lane with tho payment thereof,
and with power to distrain for the .same on nonpayment tliereof."

ri()\y have these cndoAvineiU.s been lo.st .** A orave question
for llie cluifcli authorities !

Tho following is an estimate of the total value of the cu-
racy at the present time : —

Old endowment paid liy the woods ami forests £12, loss bv auditor's fees
£0 173. 2d.— £11 2s. lOd.;" I'arliamentary (Jranls' Finid £117' 93. Id.; aver-
iitre rental of house and garden left by ^lark Foi'ster £8 10s. Od.; rent of
Golden Acres £ I j Os. Od.; rent of Five Acres £lo Os. Od.; from churchwar-
dens £0 10s. Od.; average fees £.14 18s. 7d.; Parsonago ifoiise ami grounds
£50 Os. Od.; total, £2G0 lOs. 9d.

One source of revenue has bteii iliied up. l'ri\a((' lii^hts

140 INSTOIIY OK ALNWIf.K.

AvtTG formerly rcco;^iiis(;(l in iho cliuvch, aiul wlieii any of
thorn liij)ne(l, tlu; sitLin^s bcciiino us it were cliurcli property,
and wore let hy the ehnrehwiir(h;nH, tin,* prcjeeeds heinj^ ap-
])h'e(l to chureh ])urposcs. I'orty-two .sittings ^vere let in
17i)l at a rental each of from Us. lo 3s. Od. yeaily, ])roduriiig
jCK) lOs. lOd. "The gentlemen of the J-'our-and-Twenty " in
18o() allowed pew doors to be loeked ; and sixty sittings were
then let at rents varying from iU\ to (Js. 9d. and producing
yearly £V.i .Os. Od. The ineonsisteiiey of individuals having
private rights in ])uhlie properly eamf to h(! seen ; men learned
in canon law ])ron(june('d the claim illegal ; ami, therefore,
daring the ineumhency of Mr. Orde these private locks were
wrenched from the pews, and the system of letting was
abandoned. If, indeed, private individuals can h(dd and do
as they please with sittings in any ))art of the ])ai ish church,
the idea of its national character is tlestroyed, and it bec<;rnes
then a phu'e of worshi[) for ihu favoured few, and not for the
community.

The management of the cliurch is now in the hands of the
minister, churchwaidens, and, as they call themselves, "The
(jlentlemen of the Four-and-T\venty." There arc now four
churchwardens, A\ho arc usually in olPiee for two years, one
yearly being a]t[)oiiited by tlu; minister and the other by the
four-and-tweuty ; but this has not been the invariable })rac-
tiee; in 17i)!), at a i)arish meeting, six churchwardens were
elected, and on May liUth in tin- siime vear a ])arish meeting
examitu'd, allowed, and approved of the churchwardens'
ai'counts. This four-aml-twunly is what is called a self-
elected body ; as one member dii.'S or resigns the- others fill
lip the vac ancy ; but such a body of course in no degree
represents the opinion of the ])arish. The nuinner in which
elections were made is shown in the folhnving very curious
resolution passed April 2ord, 1811: —

It id aRTced upon that Mr. Gerard Sclby Ije rloctedag soon a.s tlin designation
of.lulm yiiell, ^vllo is looked njiuii as no Ioniser cuiujietent to liold that olKce,
shall be ohtaiiit;d : And tliat ]\lr. James Elder Ijo ekctcd to .sii]iidy the next
vaeaney. Ujion rceonsicUring that business it apjiears that F. T.Strother is
in a similar situation with .Mr. John Youuj^hiisliand, and consequently has
vacated his olliee of a four-and-twentyman, Mr. Jamcs Elder is therul'ore at
this lueetiaiy eleeted to that office.

Its origin is unhnoAvn; the earliest reference to it is in the
corporation records of IG^i;.', and the earliest list I have seen
is the following : —

A ti-Hc list of the FoHi--a,id-Twt)itii of tie ('lurch, lt103. — William Archhold,
Jolm Shepherd, Cuthbert Shell, Thomas Sliei.heid, Eobert lV;»s, John Areh-
t(.l<l JohuM Cill.erl.MUiiir, J,,huliall, .Marlu - .Milil ..mh., J.-ir,. .- Vaidv.j.in.,

ST. MlCHAKr.'s CIIL'RdI, 141

Gcorgo iStory, J{fili)h Thcw, William King, Edward fih'.phcrd, Ilalph TTicw,

'J'homaH WurHliuU, Goorgo SuUiy, William Millbourno, TLomaH hitory, William
MoniHon.

Aiitfij^oiiistic was fliis now body lo the ancient autliorilies
of tlii-s town, us may iiuleod he iii('(;n(.-(l tVotn its composition;
its mcmbcis wci(! of an inferior <^ra(lt', few or none of tlicm
liol(lin<.> ])ro])(;r(y in the town, and it did not include a single
n;un(! l)('l()ii;^iii^ to the foiir-and-t\ven(y of tlio bor(ju^li. l"'rom
an early period the latter body, wliich was comj)oscd of the
principal inliabltants of the town, regulated the chnrcli; they
a})pointed minister, clerl<, and sexton, institnted legal ])ro-
ceediiigs affecting' tlie church, and their seal was appended to
church diicunuints ; it therefore seems strange that their
authority sliould ha\e been superceded l)y an inferior sc-t of
men. (hadually, however, the new ecclesiastical body became
a power ; and A\e find in the next list i)reserved, in 1750, that
no less (ban lifti^eu of the number were also members of the
fonv-and-l wenty of tlie borough.

The modern church four-and-1 wenty now lav on church
rates, but tliey have not nniformly exercised this ])Ower ; for
in 1798, a chnrcli rate of one jienny in the jiound was im-
posed at a pullicj)arifih onccti/Kj. I'opular feeling was hostile
to a self-eleclcd body taxing ])ersons for the sup])ort of religious
services they did not attend; and several members of the
four-and-tw enty ]iarticipated in this feeling ; >vhen, therefore,
a churcb rate of one ])eiiny in the pound was proposed at a
lonr-aud-twenty meeting in 18u8,and John Lambert and John
Oarr brought forward an amendment lo call a public vestry
to eoii>l(ler the propiiely (>f laying on a rale, four only voted
for the motion, ami twelve for the amendment, including the
three churchwardens. A public meeting was therefore held
on April i2()th, I808, \\ hen the proposal for a rate was defeated.
Since that time there has been no more appeals to public
vistries ; but "the gentlemen of the four-and-tweiity " have
performed the duty of laying on church rates. ]Much, how-
ever, is it to their credit, that while the rate is usually moder-
ate in amount, it is in effect voluntary, as it is not enforced.
During the last thirty years it has never exceeded I'd. iu
the jiound; some years it was only one half-penny; but the
average has been about one ]ienny. The follo\\ihg abstract
for the year 180'-.^ to I8G0 she\\s the character of the expendi-
ture : —

lialamo, .......

I'lx])ori.'-cfl nt Visitation, ....

litadlo.

£

fl.

d.

0

9

04

2

',»

6

14

10

0

M2

IIISTOUY ()!•• ALiNAVICK.

I!inf,'ing ri(;llH,

Sliitionnry, two yoai'H,

AViiHi iiiid JhuiiiJ, .

Wanliing Sui'iilice,

C!iiimIo,

lUjpnir.s, Cluitiiiii;^, &o.,

il

H.

A.

12

0

0

8

r>

>i

■t

1

I!

3

8

0

0

10

0

13

0

11

Strim<ro anomalies tlicro

68 14 2\
cliurcli late. 'J'he

Totiil
arc in til

al)l)ey lands north (j( tliu river arc not as.sc.ss(;(l. A case for
the ()])ini(tn of connscl Avas drawn up in IHfili to ascertain
their ]ial)ilily ; hut in 1 (S;>2 the order " fov takin;; Ic^^al
measures to cjifoice jiaynient of church rates fVoni the ahhey
lands \vas rcscimled;" so thai e\tensi\c and valuahle lauds
once l»el()n<;'ing' to tlu^ cliurch, l)iit now in tlie hands of lay-
uien, contrihutc nothing to its niainlenamc ; yet other alihey
lands such as 8t. jNlargaret's anil jiortions (jf St. 'J'honuis'
lands are rated. IJut the most extraordinary exception is
that of the North Denicsue or Pasture Avliich never belonged
to the abbey ; ])erhaps it has been regarded as a kind of
commonable laud ONcr Avhich tlu; pnlilic had privileges, and
hence Avas freed from ecclesiastical taxation. A rate of one
penny in the pound amounted to £'.)() ISs. 8d., and of this
£71 7s. 7d. was collected ; three hundred and sixty persons
refused to ])ay their rales, Avhich amounted to jCl','^ lis. Id.

The oif'ertory has recently been introduced ; the collections
for the last year have been as follow: Offertory £G;3 lis. o]d.;
on sacrament dajs for the ])oi)r X" I'J I'Js. old.; for public
])\ir])o.>es, the organistj choir, schools^ infniiiary, C;.'l 7s. 7|il.;
total, jCmo lis. I Id.

We must notice now recent alterations and restorations.
After Hugh, the fust duko of Xorthuinberlaud, had renovated
liis castle, he in 1782 repaired the chauccl of the church.
Italian artists did the work ; a new decorated window was
placed in the middle of the east end ; the ci'iling was ])laster
work, fan-groined A\ith pendants and minute lh)rid ornanu'U-
tation ; oak screens witli elaborate tabcrnaido Avork enclosed
the space where the communion table stood, and where, too,
were placed cano})ied oak stalls for the lord and his family.
Banners torn into shreds, sham coats of mail, and other
appendages of baronial and military rank, which had been
used in the funeral processions of the first and second dukes,
were afterwards hung from the Avails. These reparations
have been called superb, but they did not harmonise Avith
the brave old style.

ST, \[KlIAIiI,'.S CllUKC/1. Hi

At lliis ))cii<>(l, too, litllo gallerios were iii difrerciit ji.'irts of
tl)e cliurcii ; (;ii(; i'or the j;r;u)iin;ir scliolars, and oiio (.-ac-li for
till! f.iiinlics of"(;!r(.'y, I'orslor, and iJrouii. In 171)1 forty-two
sittings were let in tlicse ^allcrius, addiii;^' £0 IGs. lOd. ycurly
to tlu! r(.'\(.'iiii(s of the clinrcli ; the Orey ^alh-ry in ll'J'-i was
])i'on()tni(('d a iiwiMince, hut, it> removal bein<^ rosi.-ted by
soiiio desceuihiiit of the fUiniiy a hiwsuit ^va!< the result, the
expcMises of which and of tlie removal of the gallery cost the
])ari.sh a rate of tliree pence in (he i)oun(l.

'The following inserij)tioii, aec:or(ling to Wallis, was beliiad
tlio royal arms over th(- chancel arch : —

SiniipdljKs ridcdrdi co/zutis co(/nominc Ihd/ord ;
Cu(j/iilu ])r(ccl(iri sunt luce iiHiKiina clarn.

Anno JJnL IGOO.
The arms Imve been riMuoved ainl phieed above the entrance
d(Jor ; but the inscription, whieh has been destroyed, was
})rol)ably ])art only of a longer one, jdaced there by the third
Karl Hedford in memory of his latluir, I.ord l"'rancis liussell,
who was buried in Alnwick (hurch, and who had been inti-
mately connected with Alnwicl'C by his marriage \vith Eleanor,
daughter of Sir .John Forster of Aln\vick Abbey, l-ord
Kussell was eldest son of the second earl, and when attend-
ing a warden meeting at lloxpathgatehead or l\.emmels[)ath,
was slain on Windy-gyle, a mountain ridge among the
Cheviots, by a sudden attack of the Scots led by Sir Thomas
Carr, of l"'crneyhurst, on July SiTth, 15S5, the day before his
father's death.

During the lighteenth century and for some time after-
wards, the attendance at the church appears to liave been
small, the great majority of the ])e()ple of Alnwick being dis-
senters; but there came a gradual revi\al of energy in the
church, produced, it may be in some degree, by rellex intlu-
encc from other religious bodies. As early in this century as
1811 the church four-and-twenty say, that it had been "satis-
factorily ascertained that the accommodation in the cluirch
Avas insuflicient for several of the ])arishioners who wish to
attend divine service, but for want of seats are driven to the
dissenting mec^ting houses." It was not, however, till 1817,
in the time of the third duke, that this complaint Avas in
some measure remedied. On September 8th, 1817, the
following curiously ^vorded resolution was ])ossed by the same
body: "that a committee be apjiointed to anticijiate and ])re-
pare a sclieme to be submitted to the next meeting as i)ro-
jecting the detail which it may be advisable to adopt under

144 HISTORY OK AI.NWKK.

the j)erceptioii of .subscriptions Iju ^iveu to aid tlie work" of
repairing and onlari^iiif; the ufcorriinodiition. Tho churcli
was accordiiii^ly rcpiiircd, altorod, and resfatod in 1818 at a
cost of Cli 180 8s. 10[,d., svliich was dofraycd hy £101>S 8s. Id.
from tlic salii of seals, l)y a dmiation of .C^JOO from tlio Duke
of Northnmlx'rland, and by £871 Os. 0 ' from chnrtli rates.
Seats on tlie floor of the clnivch were; sold at priecs ranj;in"
from £13 to:Col3 eaeli ; seats in the galh;ry from £10 loXoO;
and sinj^de sittings from £;j to £10, accovdin;^ to the supposed
respectability of ])ositi()n.

Considerable changes were made ; tin? aceommodation was
increased t(j 1200 siltings ; the little galh.-i ies were removed
and a great clumsy gallery elected at tin; west end, to make
way for which, alternate ])illars were taken down from the
nave arcade, and instead of pointed got hie arches, wide circu-
lar arches of no style at all were substituted. Slill the church
was decent looking and comfortable, and an ordinary voice
could be heard from the pulpit in any part of the structure.
Antiquaries ind)ne(l with the taste for ])nnj(lothie architecture,
whieli has been growing during the last thirty years, si'died
over the destruction of some oi' the iiiu; old features of the
church.

When Algernon, duke of Norllnnnberland, was enlargiii'T
and adorning his great castle he e.\])res.setl a willingness to
restore St. Michael's Church ; and the inhabitants of the
town in a numerously signed memorial expressed their ap-
proval of this jiroposal. I( was net, however, till 18().J that
the design was carried out, undi-r the direction of Mr. .Vntliony
Salvin, Architect. A^irions portions of the structure were
renovated and strengthened ; the four piers whicli had been
taken from the nave arcade and the pointed arches Avere
restored; windows of the ])erpendicular style were put into
the east and west ends of the church, in place of a modern
decorated one in the east and an ancient decorated one in the
west; two large perpendicular Avindows in the south Avail
and one in the east Avere entirely renewed ; the transition
north Avindows Avere reduced to their original length ; the
gallery Avas removed; the plaster and stucco Avork and oak
screens Avere swept away; the banners and imitation armour
taken down ; and the Avhole of the nave and aisles reseated
Avith open ])ews. The communion table Avas removed hack
to the east Avail, enlarging the chancel to the extent of one-
third, and the chancel aisles a\ ere iilk d Avirh oak ])ews, Avhich
have been appropriated by the duke to his otlieers^ tenants.

ST. MICHAEJ/.S ciiujtcir. 145

and servants, Tho centr.il part (jf tlic cliancel was separated
I'roni the aisles and nave l)y a st(jne wall, along the north and
south sides of which is a row of stalls for the duke and his
family. The reconstruction of the chancel devolved on the
duke, as owner of most of the tithes and ahh(.y ])rf)perty in
the ])arish ; hut the cost of the othf.-r reijarations, which
aiiioMn(( d to £IJ15 l)s. 5d., has h(;en defrayed hy a voluntary
rate and public suhscri|)lion.

In its ])resent state the chnrch whether viewed externally
or int(;nially is a noble tetnj)l(;, harmonious in its parts, grand
in its proportions, and beautiful and varied in its ornamenta-
tion. l)Ut the recent restorations are not faultless; thcfcx])edi-
ency of destroying the old ^vest window, which had a historic
value, is (pustionahle ; the new cast window, a stilf copy of
others, is bad in its ])voi)ortioiis — it is short for its width and
lacks (lie dignity and beauty of the two other eastern windows;
the taste of everyone was offended by the stone wall Avhich
enclosed the inner chancel; for it had no beauty of its own
and it adorned iiothing, Sul)se(piently, lioweser, in 1807,
this wall Avas reduced in height.

In 18G7 the three east windows of the church were filled
with stained glass in memory of Algernon, duke of North-
umberland ; one by public subscri])tion, another by the Percy
family, and the third by his widow. Though the public
subscriptions amounted to £092 only £230 have been devoted
to the production of a memorial window, which is far inferior
to (hat in St. Paul's Chuuli, and which, too, is generally
considered not good enough, either as a decoration of the
church or as a monument to the duke. For this memorial the
large central Avindow, Avhich is 23 feet high and 13 feet
broad, has been selected ; it is in the ]H'rpendirular style and
has five principal lights, divided into compartments by
transoms, witli elaborate tracery al)ove the spring of the
arch. In the centre of (he upper tier is a full length figure
of Christ with his right hand ujilifted, and in the side com-
partments are figures of the I']vangelists. In the lower
tier beneath each Evangelist is his emblem — the angel,
the winged lion, the winged bull, and the eagle, in the
midst of a faint yellowish diaper ])a(tern ; and in the central
compartment is a representation of St. jMichael. the guardian
Saint of Alnwick, killing the dragon. The figures are well
drawn but the colouring is poor ; that of Christ is feeble
indeed. Saint jMichael sadly lacks energy ; and appears more
like a lady's boyish page gaudily tricked out, than a warrior
VOL. II. U

146

HISTORY OF ALNWICK,

bold ; while the olive snake at his feet has little of the for-
midable ])Owc'r of the liorriblo incditevul dra;^on ; the re-
])ve.scutatioii differs f^roatly from tlu; stem stiff figures on the
old borough seal. As there is still a considerable amount of
tlie public subscription unexpended, it is hojied that this
window may be replaced by a work of art ornamental to the
church and fitly memorialising^ the late diihe. The other
two windows ml^lit adorn the vestiltule of a castle or hall,
but they are out of jjlace in a church ; some of the colouriir',
especially in the northern Aviiuhnv, is strong and startling.
The southern window is filled chiefly with decoration, and a
few mottos scattered over a groundwork of a diaper i)attern;
the northerTi one gives in very bri'^ht colours the heraldry of
Percy and Grosvcnor, along with little designs of an anchor
and cable, and a gunboat. At the bottom of the central
window is the following inscription : — Dedicated to Ahjernon,
4.th Duke of NortJnuuhcrland^ lij his friends. A.D. lS(j(].

Few modern monuments in tluj church require particular
notice, as most of them arc tril)utes of affection, to ])ersons in
no Nvay distinguished, paid by relatives, Avho were rich enough
to defray the cost of a memorial. Pretty extensively had the
interior becm used as a graveyard ; and certain families not
only claimed a right of sepulture there for themselves, but even
granted it to others ; " By leave of John Shell here lyeth the
body of Mr, Montague Isaacson, of Fenton, Esq. ; " and
" Dorothy Willis, interred here by consent of Richard Grieve,
Esq,"

AVe shall walk round the church and briefly note the mural
tablets, all of which are marble. Peginning with the west
wall we have an elaborate monument to Henry Colli ngwood
Selby, his wife, and daughter; and one to Eliz. Polton.
On a buttress is one to Cai)tain Pobert Crisp, upwards of ib
years adjutant of the Northumberland Militia, wlio died Sep.
2Tth, 1840, aged 12. On the north wall are tablets to Pobert
Patterson, and to his son, diapers; to John Lambert and his
family; to the llev, Wm. Procter, A,^I. ; to John Kerr, a
solicitor, who died Sep. 24th, 1831, aged 72, and to his wife;
to John Yellowly ; to Sir David "NV. Smith, Part., commis-
sioner of the Percy estates, who died jNIay 9th, ISoT, aged 72,
and to his wife and daughter ; and to Sarah Jenkins. On
the south wall are tablets to William Baird, and to John
Forster, draper; a monument with along latin inscription
to Alexander Bain, professor of civil law, Edinburgh, Avho
died at Alnwick, May 10th, 1737, aged 52; then follow

ST. Michael's ciiuncii. 147

taWets to Edward TIercns Blackburn, commissioner of the

ilukc of NortlmTnlx'rlund, wlio died y\u;(iist 7tli, 18.'30, ar^'cd
«j;j ; to (Jolling\vr)()(l I'Vivstcr ; to Mary irewlt.soii j to lOliz.
Dodds; to JaiKj, Avifc' oC (Jharlcs I-'oistcr (Jliarleton; to Goorj^C
S(dl)y, ^vlio died Jiiuo lOtli, IHIO, aj^cd GO; and to I-iout.
General IJurrcll, tlu; first IJrilish govf.-rnor (jf Ifon;; Koti*^,
\vlio died at Alnwick, Januiiry 4lli, ]H!j'.j, iv^vd 78. A tablet
to Stanton Neale, recording his l)e(jii(bt to the poor, is on tiie
Avail between the nave and .scnitli aislr;.

On tlic floor of the ehureli the most remarkable epitaphs
are on Matthew Jlunler and Doctor Il.irle, which will be
given hereafter ; and in the weslern'part of the north aisle
was the following- quaint memorial, which is now much
worn : — " Wonder !iot Reader, who Soc oI)scured Lies. A
loyall Subject of most unvalued Price. Soe have. We
known such iewels I lid. in M(Mild. And Sweetest. Flowers
the Shadiest Leaves Enfold. Jvnow Reader, in thos Sacred
Ashes, there Lies under Coucrd. A loyallcst of Men. uiz.
Richard (Jhaleton. who departed, the 23 of ^NLirch Anno
])om. l(j() 1." The oldest epitaph discernible is to '' James
Forster, departed to the mercy of God, September 9 Anno
Dni. I(i02;" another of the same family tells ns "Here
lyeth under buried the body of Nicholas Forster, merchant,
departed to the glory of God, the — day of Fabr. 1G59."
Vanity has adorned some of the tombstones ; for those of
Edward Leak, merchant, who died JNLuch 24th, 1699, aged
tS5; Frances IJowi^s; Adam Thompson, an attorney, who died
January iJOth, 1701; M.uk Forster; iMartin Grey, an attor-
^'_ v\ey, who died October 14th, 1743, aged 58; and ^\'illiam

I Ord, display armorial bearings. Other toml)stones record

the burial of members of the following families within the
church : — Alnwick, Anderson, Archbold, Baron, Rowes,
Brandling, Carr, Claxton, Davidson, Dawson, Falder, Far-
quhar. Gallon, Grieve, Guy, Hall, Hindmarsh, Isaacson,
Mercer, INIolibtt, Potts, Punshon, Rand, Salkeld, Scott,
Stanton, Strother, Weatherburn, Willis, and Younger.

Few tombstones in the churchyard are remarkable. On the
oldest, Avhich is now lying on the east side of the porch, was
the following inscription, mostly now obliterated : — " Here
lyeth under buried the body of Edward x^lnwike,who departed
February 12th, 1597."

The churchyard was enlarged on the north side in 1S29,
by the gilt of one quarter of an acre from the didie of North-
\nnberland, who seems, however, to have received an equivalent

148 IlISTOUY Ol-' ALNWICK.

by the olosiiif^ of a very ancient and convenient fotjtpath
— tlie Church Lane from Walker^ate — but wliich tlie " j^en-
lleineu of the four-and-twcnty," nithout either rliyrric* or
reason, de.sii^iialcd " useh.'SH and a nui.-jance." Kven after this,
tlie area was only ivOOO square yard^i. The eliurehyard had,
however, anciently extended further west than at present;
and on that jiart it was adorned by ash trees, six of wliich
were cut down in 17D7, and the proceeds apjilied towards
re[)airing the church. According to a terrier of the church
live more were slandin<^- in ISOO; hut when three of thr;se
were cut down by the churcliAvardeiis in l8o3, the lord of the
manor claimed them and threatened Ic^al proceedin<^s. One
great tree was left — the monarch of all the trees in the parish
— remarkable for its size, venerable for its af;e, and hallowed
by its associations. For centuries it had looked (hnvnou the
thousands of worshippers on tlu'ir way to the old church, and
it had seen thousands more carried past it to their last home.
All loved that tree ; and when as boys we climbed up its huge
trunk we were careful not to harm it. Ijong it had lived, but
a high wind at length blew it down on Ash Wednesday, the
17th of February, ISoG. Jjcfore its fall this ash tree — the
Fraxinus cxcchior — seemed sound ; but it was found that its
heart was decayed and its roots were gone, for the soil was
not disturbed by its fall. The circumference of the trunk
was \o\ feet at the lower part and up to the height of 7 feet,
where it divided into two great branches, one of ^vhicl^ Avas
10 feet 6 in., and the other 9 feet in circumference ; even at
the height ot 40 feet one of them was G feet in girth. Its
enbical contents were estimated at oOO feet. A very old tree
it was ; from the pith to the bark there were iiOO rings ; but
as it had been decaying for a century or more, its age wonld
not be less than 300 years, and even probably nearer to four
centuries. In 17G5 it was called " The Church Yard Tree;"
l)ut its popular name of ]5oome Tree, Avhich is a pleonasm,
Jjoome being the Saxon of tree, tells of its antiquity, and
carrys us back to the time when the Anglo-Saxon of our fore-
fathers was commoixly spoken, the second name having been
added when the older speech was becoming an unknown
tongue. This churchyard was closed against interments on
July 1st, 1855, excepting in the case of husband or wite,
where one of them had been buried therein bei'ore that day.
The follo\ving is a list of the incumbents of St. Michael's
Church : —

"VVydou was vicar of Alnwick chiu-ch in the fom-teentli century.

8T. M1CIIALI.'.S CllUliCJI. 149

Jolin Oudbordo, a caium, ordaiuod prior and pastor of iho Aln-
wick clini'nli in MOO.

WilliaiJi MarB(,Iial, acuiioii, ordained prior andi^astor of Alnwick
cliurcli in M.'J7.

Thoma.s \Vyiifi(;ld occurs as cliai.lain in lo'il ; aftersvard.s vicar
of Lcshury, AvhcM-o ho died in l.O'iO,

Robert J''o]Hlor, was curate, with a sakiry of £7, in 1040.

Thomas l)avid.son died in 1577.

Ciitliljoi't Andoi-son, curato in lo77.

James (Jarro, MA., occurs Octobor 2Blli, 1.000, dlod about lo'J3.

Jolm AVillii:), curato in ICOI— 1G12.

'Mv. Alder, proachor in 1G12.

liobert Slophon.son, B.A., monthly X)roachor in IGM, minister of
tho pariiih about IGIG, diod in 1G.'58.

Henry Lcvor, monllily preacher in lO.'V.) till IGI 1.

John Smith, prcat;hing miniater in IG.OO.

^Ir. lirown, late minister in lGo5.

Gilbert IJulo, minister of tho parish about 1G55, ejected 1G62,
died, priiicijinl of Edinburj^li University, iii 1701.

John Stuart, A.M , cuiato in IGGj, buried in Alnwick, Jan. 13th,
IGHI.

Charles Stuart, elected minister of the parish in 1G82, died, and
buried in Alnwick, May 31st, 1G83.

David Cant, elected 1G83, died, and buried in Alnwick, Decem-
ber 23rd, 168G.

James Foi-stor occurs in 1G87.

James Gledstains, elected in 1G02, died and buried in Aln-wick,
April IGth, 1G94.

Goorj^'o Duncan, elected in IGO-I, loft for Lon^'houghton 1G97.

Arthur Alnwicko, elected iu 1G'J7, occurs 1701.

Joseph liitson, elected in 1701, died and buried in Alnwick, April
29th, 1712.

Richard Woryo, about 1713, resigned in 1718.

John Lambton, elected in 1718, died in 1722.

Leonard Darant, elected in 1722.

John Wilson, elected in 1737, died in 1744.

William Stoddart, A.M., licensed iu 1745, died in 1783.

Samuel Itall, curato, 1783, died in 1799.

William Proctor, curate in 1799, died in 1839.

Leonard Shafto Orde, curate, 1839, resigned in 1846.
Court Granville, curate in 184G, resigned in 1854.

Ijeonard Shafio Orde re-entered in 1854, resigned in 1859.
Court Granville re-entered in 1859, and is now minister of tlie
parochial district of St. Michael.

There are three libraries belonging to the church ; one ob-
tained liom tlie Society of Parochial libraries prior to 17^3,
at a cost of £'■22, raised by subscription ; another containing
about 140 volumes of theology, given by the associates of Dr.

150 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

Bray, for tlio use of the clov^y of lli*; deanery ; aiul a third
s\i])])li(:d hy yVrclideacoii J'owyer, for thr- use of the ])ari.sh-
iouers. These libraries are very little read.

PARTsn cli:rk.

'Vhc, ])arish clerk in the olden time was a])pointfd hy the
fo)ir-aiid-t\veiity of the town. John Staiit(;n, one of the
Grannnar {Sehool masters, filled the office in 1;>77. As the
appointment of ministers also rested u'ith this four-and-
t\v(;nty, they took a bond from the successive incumbents,
hiiidiuf^ them 7iot to interfere with the appointment of either
the ])arish clerk or S('Xton. There was sometimfrs a contest
for the ofhce ; in 1712 there were two candidates, John Lind-
say and William Orde, the former liavin;^ 18 and the latter
15 votes. In 1724 Edward C'lark was ordered by the four-
and-twenty " to be and continue parish clerk so long as he
shall behave himself well." On his death, however, in 17-18,
the four-and-twenty of the church set u|) an opposition claim
to make a new a])i)oiiitTnent ; but the ineumhent carried of!"
the ])rize from both ; and since then the patronage of this
oflice has been exercised by the minister.

In 1712 there is the following entry in the corporation
books : —

List of Fees chic to the Parish Clerk of Alnwick.

" For every marriage as foUowelli (to wit) when tlicir names aro
given iipp to bo piililishcJ Is. and wlien married Is. more

Of nvery peraon n^aniL-d by a License

I'or ovt'iy fhild that shall bo obriatinud . .

l'\>r ovory woman tliat's ohurclu'd

Of every person buried in tlio churcli yard

Of every person Iniriod M'itbin church

Of every household wltliin the jiarish alt Easter

Wc do also aj^Tec that the minister of the parish shall liave the keeping and

profett of the llegister book."

It is stated in the terrier of 1806, that the clerk has six-
pence for every plougli kept in the parish.

A few detached annals from the church books nuiy be of
interest.

" 1713, Jan. 2, paid James Dixono for a fox head Is.; Jan. 19, for a fox
Load Is. ; 17H. Mar. 28, Will Wiu-d lor a fox head Is

1725. To Koger Nesbitt in part of bill of costs of Brandling £1 lis. Od. ;
to Jno. Eeveley fur executing two processes on Mr. Brandling for not paying
church sess 10s. 6d.

1704. The church steeplo was repaired and the large bell recast ; and to
defray the expense a rate of lid. in the ]iound was imposed by the ckiu'ch-
wardens and the genllemou of the four-and-twenty.

17(35. The churchwardens were ordered to jirovido at the expense of the
parishioners proper vestments for the p.uisb clerk and sexton to olliciate in
during the time of diviiio service.

8.

J,

2

0

3

0

0

1

0

1

1

2

1

4

0

4

ST. migiiakl'h chuhch. 151

1793. Tho churcliwfirdon;) to Lo allowed 23. each and no moro wlion they
il'inc Ui'^o.UiCV at visitiitioUH.

MO'.i, Nov. 11. A r.ito of tliiiio fartliiiif^s in tho pound to ho laid iipfjn tho
prut of tho j)iiii.s}i in C'oiiuoldulo ward to piy £.'j Uj ca';h pci-.yjn cho.<j;/i by lot
lo servo tlio iiiililiii.

IT.)'). l':i;.^1it ini;n r(!r|iiirf;d for tlio nrmy, and hountic} arc to he {jivcn and
a rate of fivo jicnco in tlio ])ouiid laid on to pay (,-x[)<;n.'ifH.

17!"J. Twelve men to Ix; laisc d for llio Navy by tho pamh of Alnwick
and iiarocliial cluipolry of l''iaiiiliri;^4oii.

17'J(>. Graves uro to ho duL^ l\ U:(:t doop, and the Sexton have 2<1. more —
in all 8d. ; 1814, tho Hoxton to have 1h. 'id. instead of In. for di^^^jin;^ a f^ravo.

1818, S(!p. 4. 'I'lireo pows in the north (gallery wero ailoled and Wit a«ido
for tho scholars of tlio free (Jraruiiiar Si lioi.l of tho IJoroii^^ii of Alnwiclc.

1812. lietui'n to the Arclidi.'acon ; the l5af>tiHriis conmienco Aiijj. I'J, 1(J15,
tho jMarriaycM March 'Itli, IGIG, tho liiuial.i Auj,'. 5, IGIG."

CHAIilTIES CONNECTED WITH THE CnURCn.

jrii(/h I'liltcr, ■who had hoen Btowurd of tho Baronial Courta of Alnwick,
be(iuoathoil, prior to 1GG9, tlic interest of forty pounds, to ho distrihut^^d
ycaily, on CJood Fiiday, to tiio poor of the parish. 'J'liis money was paid to
tho Clianihcrlains of tlio Borough. Tho tir.st record re^'ai-din;^ it, is in tho
iiiinutes of " tho Common (Juold hold for the ilannor and BiirrouLch January
tho Seavcnlh 1009," whicli say '-It is this day t.rdercd tliat Mr. Thoinaa
IMitcalfe, Mr. Jcdin Vardy, Mr. John Faldcr, and Nicholas Wiildowos is to
tender iiifo tlio hands of the foiirc-and-tw(;jity, in the C'onion Gu< idliall, at
Mayday next linsiicinj^, the fourty pounds whicli was left to the j)oor of tho
parisli, or to j.;ivc security for tho same." Tliis money continued to be lent
out iu sums of £5 to several members of the four-and-twcnty ; but, in 1093,
Jolin iSwinhoo not havin<j^ for several years paid his interest on £0, lie had to
he sued ; and George Turner was ordered to {^ive better secarity for tho
amount in his hands. But in 1090 it was af,'reed that " they shall call in all
the moneys tliat was left by llui^h Bottor E3([., against Lamad day next
ensueiny ;" and wc have next the following record : —

•' November 5, Ao. 1696,

The day and yoaro ubovo wnittcn, tho present Chamberlains with the con-
sent of liie f.iur-and-twcnty, liath purchassed of Mr. JIatt. Alnwick, the
Close called the Bogo Close and Another closse called the Broad hc-po Clo.sa
alios I'j'o closse att the jirico otf lifty pounds, for which the C)iambi:rlains is
to Assigno over tho bonds belonging to Butter's moneys \mto Mr. Alnwicke,
which is thirty five pounds at now years day, and to pay out of the Town's
box five pounds moro utt May day next, which maks up Eiqr. Potter's forty
pounds, aiid to jiay tho other ten pounds out of the Tow^l'3 Bents alt all tits,
day next; and tho said Mr. Alnwicke is to make A good Estate to tho said
Chamberlains for tho use cd" tho Towne as Conssell shall ad\-i30 or devise be-
twixt this and new year's day next, and this is tho full agreement, as -witness
our hands the day aTul yeare above written. Matt. Alnwicke, Mark Forster,
Bichard IStrother, John Vardy, Tliomas Vardy."

Tlie yearly sum of £2 8s. Od. 1ms ever since been paid to
the clmrchAvardeiis on Good Friday, for distribution among
the poor, on account of this bequest.

Mark Forster, in 1733, left by -will £5 yearly to the poor of the parish, now
charged on Lough House estate, in possession of tho Doke of Northumber-
land, and paid yearly at Christmas.

Benjamin Barton, in 1731, left the interest of £50 to the poor of the parish ;
and on this account £2 lOs. Od. are paid at Whitsuntide by the ChamberlainB
to the Churchwai-dons for distribution.

152 HISTORY OF AI.NWICIC.

Mary Taylor, hy V7'\\\, Doo. 3, 1807, loft to t.lia ChurchwardeiM and Over-
Bcors of tlio pJiiiHli £100 in trust to di ttiihiitu tfio interest th<,TC<f, at rhriut-
niiis, iiitiori)^ jioor ])(:rH(jnH rcsiiJiiit^ in tho j).iii.>)}i. 'I'liJH Hum, irivf;»t<^l in
lb'!/) in tho lij pnr ((Mit aiinMitic;H imiounting to £1 12 lOa. lid., was tranafcrred
to tho olliciul tiiiHtiMis of cli;iiit;il)li; fiiniln.

Stuiiloii j\'i(i/r, SI Hliooiri.'iUcr iuid a Motliodist in Alnwick, hy will mado
Fob. 25th, 1811, after Jcavin;^ lo;^a','ic8 (>( .£.50 each to two r<;latioiiH, and
larj^cr l(;;^acioH to Hovoral Mctliodi.it friond.s, Ixiquoathod to Jjuko ilind-
nuusli, son., Inn fourth of tho titlics of f^r.iinand coi-n on rAni^houyhtoo,
and lii.s liousos in Ahiwiclf, and a rid;^(! <>[' land in Loufjli Hoii.ho. I'lio
tithos woro char^cod witli payment of £10 y<;;irly to tho po<jr of ly^n^f-
hou^diton ; and " lio gavo to tlic; curato and rliurcliwaiih.-ns of Alnwick
an annuity of .£10 i.s.suing out of lii.s inos.suaj^(;.s, 1jurg;i^o, or tenomont.'j, and
real estate in tho town of Aln wiclf, to he paid the day hefure (^'hri.-jtinas yearly,
and to ho hv tli(!ni diHtiibute-d among tho [loor of tho township of Alnwick on
Chri.stinaa day, with a power of di.strcs.s to recover the annuity in ca.so of non-
l)ayniont." ])ying on Feb. 28, IKIJ, within a yar and a day after tho will
wa.s made, the.se cliaritahlo legaeics were void hy the statute of mortmain;
but Luko llindmarsli, aiipc;ir.s to have con.sidcred himsolf morally bound
to carry out tlie testator's will, and ho paid tlieso legacit'a to tho 7K»or till
hia death. Tho property on wliieh tliey wero chargeable i»as.s.;d by will
to hiH throe sona, and part of tho properties wero sohl by them; but
neitlier tho fatlier nor Hona took Ligal measure.^ to aeciu-o tho porfietual yiay-
nunit of tho ehaiily. The nhare.s of liia brotliers wero bought by William
llindmarsli, who, liowevor, continued the eharit.ablo paymenta till hia death
in 1812. I'hat jiarL of tho ]pro])crty still nn.sold pas.sed by will to hia four
sons; and, in 18;");!, payment of the Alnwick charily waa refused. Sometime
afler that, tlio shares of tho younger l)rothors wore purehasod by Mr. Luko
Ilindinar.sh, wlio biiu;o then has voluntarily given to the churehwarden.s £10
yearly to be disti ibuted among th(! ]ioor of tho town. The property on wliieh
the charity waa eliarged is now heltl 1/y three ownera, tho Duke of Xorthum-
Lerland, Mrs. I'rudlioc, and TNlr. Taikc llindmarsli.

Barbara Cra<rford, of Alnwick, willow, bcqucatlied £1 2-5 to tlio minister and
churcliwardens ii])On trust, to invest in tho funds, or other sulHcient security,
and to distribute the interest yeaily on new year's day among tho jicmr. This
l)iH[\iest, invested in ISIiG in new 3] jier cents, amounting to £111 Cs. 4d.,
lias been tran^fe^red to the otiici.il tru.'^tecs of charitiililo funds.

Jliiinj ColliiKjuood Sdbij, of Swanslield, lent, in 182S, to the Alnwick Cor-
poration, when building a new school, tho sum of £300, at 4 ])er cent ])er
annum interest. After his death on Feb. Dtli, 1839, the iiderest, amounting
to £12 yearly, has been, in accordance witli his will, distributed among
tho poor of the parish on now year's day, in sums of 3s. or oa. to each
person ; six pounds of the amount aro distributed by the chamberlains and
the other six pounds by the inc\inibcnt and churchwardens.

Captain Hall, 11. X., left by will to tlie minister and churchwardens of St.
Michael's Church of Alnwick, the sum of £1000, tho interest of which was to
be distributed by them among the deserving poor residing within the parish,
every year on now year's day. This bequest was on Juno 1st, 1853, invested
in the 3 per cent consolidated annuities, amounting to £1020 8s. 2d., in the
name of the official trustees of eliaritable funds.

Nichulaa I'or.stir, of Alnwick, merchant, by will, made March 3rd, 1700,
bequeathed to his mother, Katheriuo Forstor, the land bought of William
Archbold in the Town Head, to lie at lur disposing. "Item: I give and
bequeath to tho poor within the townc of Alnwick twenty shillings yc;irly,
to be paid them always upon the Fryday belore Easter, out of the said pur-
chased estate, bought of the said i\Ir. William Archbould." This charity waa
paid regularly till 17G2. It is now lost, perhaps Lecause it would be void by
the law of mortmain, as the testator died ou March 2nd, 1701, less than a
year and a day after making tho will.

CEArTEll YII.

ST. PAUL'S CTIUKCn.

After the Reformation one cliureh ;uid j^enerally one Epis-
copal minister served tlie parish (hiring throe eenturi(;.s, not-
■Nvitlistandin^ tlie population had gradually increased from
2/250 to upwards of 7,0U0. Douhtless the inihience of Gil-
bert llule liad sown the seeds of u vif^orous dissent; and
Alnwick being- on the border land received, time after time,
immigrants from Scotland, who brought with tliem an attacli-
ment to the; religious opinions and forms of their nativ*; land,
which passed down through some generations of tlieir des-
cendants; and hence during the eigiitcenlh and the earlier
part of the nineteenth century, a large proportion of the
people of Alnwick were dissenters. Various causes, however,
produced increased energy and zeal in the clnirch, and the
establishment of day and Sunday schools in connection with
it helped to infuse into the young an attachment to the
Church of England, and to increase tlie attend. ince on her
services. A desire sj^rung up for another church more acces-
sible to residents in the southern part of the ])arish ; and
hence a memorial, headed by the incumbent and church-
wardens, and signed by 800 names, was presented to Hugh,
duke of Northumberland, setting forth the great want of
church accommodation in the ])arish, and requesting him, as
patron of the curacy of Alnwick, to take the matter into his
serious consideration. The duke responded to this memorial
by erecting, at his own cost, the church of St. Paul's in the
Green 15at, on the southern outskirts of the town, just beyond
the old town wall. The foundation stone was laid by him
on October i28th, 1845; and the church was consecrated for
public worship on October 16th, 184l), by George Maltby,
bishop of Durham. T^he cost of the building amounted to
£P2,000.

The act, passed in the 1st and 2nd years of the reign of Wm,
IV., cap. xxxviii., under which St. Paul's Church was built,
VOL. II. ^•

154 HISTORY OF AI.NWICK.

requires, that one tlioiisaTid pounds, at least, by way of
endowment for the church, sliall be secured upon lands or
money in the funds, in addition to pew rents and other profits —
that for llie repairs of the ( hiircli a fund sh.ill in lik(.- maimer
be secured, in amount e(pial to five pounds upon every l»un-
dred of tlie original cost of tlie building, and a furtlier sum
reserved annually out of the pew rents, after the rate of five
pounds for every hundred so provided — and that one-third of
the sittings be free. In accordance with this, the duke of
Northumberland made an endowment of the minimum sums
of £1,000 for the church, and of £()00 i\>v its repair; it is
also obligatory to reserve for repairs £;i0 annually out of
the pew rents.

The duke, who became patron of the living, purposed to
increase the endowment, so that it might yield annually £200
to the minister; and also to erect a dwelling housL- for his
use. The building of the ])arsonage was indeed connnenced
on the site of tlu^ Secession Meeting House, which had been
swept away for this object, and the walls were carried up a
few feet ; but the duke died before the completion of his
ydans ; the additional endowments were not made; and his
successor not carrying forward the scheme, the incom])kte
parsonage was pulled down, and the site was converted into
gardens. Charlotte Florentia, the duchess dowager, resolved,
however, to finish one part of her husband's design ; and on
January 20th, 1849, bought for £2080 Croft House, " as a
residence for, and to augment the stipend of the oiliciating
ministers of St. Paul's Church.'" She also bought a site for
a Sunday school, at a cost of £211 lOs. Od., and presented it
to the church, with an additional donation of £o2. This
school was erected by public subscrijition, the plan being
furnished gratuitously by Mr. F. li. "Wilson, architect.

The church, of which Mr. Anthony Salvin was architect,
is of the decorated style of architecture which prevailed dur-
ing the time of Edward III.; but it possesses no original or
peculiar features. It consists of a nave, aisle, and chancel. The
nave is 95 feet long, 31 1 feet wide, and 62 feet high to the
a])ex of the roof, which is high jjitched and open, having the
timbers stained in imitation of oak, and arched ribs resting
on sculptured stone corbels. There are on each side live
clerestory Avindows of two lights The two nave aisles are
each 14 feet wide and oO feet high, and lighted by four win-
dows at the side and one at the east end. The chancel, which
is 3o feet long ami 53] feet wide, is raised six inches above

ST. I'aul's (iiinicii, 15.5

the nave and is fiagj^eJ witli encaustic tiles ; a reredos ha9
been placed, by public subseripfii^u, to tlie 'uernory of the
llev. Kdwaid Hritui, who while assistant curate was drowned
in 1850 when bathing at Alninoutli. In the north aisle, to
the memory of the fourider is an altar tomb of Caen stone, on
wliieh lies a full hnigth figure of the duke, robed as a JCnight
of the Garter, with a ducal coronet on his luad and a lion
couchant at his feet; shields with the arms of Percy and
their alliances ad(jrn the sides of the tomb, and try to tell to
this ])rosaic generation, by heraldic symbols, the descent of
the family. Jictween the aisles of the nave and chancel are
arcades of lofty pointed arches snp])orted by light and elegant
clustered piers. There is no florid ornamentation, the
mouldijigs being plain, yet the eil'tct of the whole interior is
pleasing.

The most impressive object is, however, the great east
window, which is 22 feet high and 14 feet wide, with five
lights adorned with beautiful flowing tracery. After the
death of the founder, it was resolved to erect by public siib-
scri]ition a memorial window, "in token of the general esteem
in which his inemory was held." Subscriptions were made
amounting to £810 2s. Id.; and in 185G the window was
finished. Mr. Dyce made the cartoon, for which he was paid
£500 ; the execution of this design in glass at Munich, by Max
Ainmiiller cost £790; and oth^r expenses made the total cost
£1,639 6s. Od., the deficiency being paid by Algernon, the
succeeding duke. Hoth in design aiul execution this memo-
rial is probably the finest in England, The colouring is
exceedingly beautiful, soft and well harmonised. Unlike
other windows, which present a different subject in everv
light, this is filled with one subject which is happily arranged',
so that the niullions do not materially break the ])icture ;
and, wisely too, hard niediccval conventionalisms and viola-
tions of i)erspective have been avoided. The story, which
is distinctly ])ortrayed, is taken from Acts chapter xiii. and
verses 44 to 48, where we are told Paul and ]3arnabas, after
speaking the word of God at Antioch among the Jews, turned
to the Gentiles. The scene is ]daced within a gothic recess
pierced with windows, through which the blue sky appears.
In the centre light the apostles stand on the raised step of a
throne or canopied chair of state ; and having turned from
the envious and blaspheming Jews, they are addressino- the
Gentiles, who gladly receive and glorify the word of God.
Over all is a canopy of delicate workmanshi]); and the tracery

150 IIISTOIIY Ol- AI,NWI(;K.

lights arc lilled witli patterns, the colouring of which, how-
ever, Avants tlu; softness and heauty of the principal suhject.
In tlie h)wer ])art tlie various coats of arms worn hy the
Nortluinil)erhm<l f;iniily are given, ah>ng with the following
inscription : " In the year \^-)^'y, l/u'.s window wuh placed by
public subscripliun to the marh culaed memory of lluyh, the
third duke of Northumherlandr Though the work of a
Gennan manufactory, this window is still Knglish ;_{or Mr,
Dyce, in his cartoon, not only gave tlie general dcrsign, but
also the ])recise colour and liiu.' and shade of every part, even
to the minutest details; nothing was left to the -Munich
artislH hut faithfully to execute this Knglish picture in glass;
and this they have done with great skill.

Turning now to the exterior there is less to admire. _ Ihe
design is lumpy— presenting a great mass of building without
much beauty. The tower at the west end, though one huii-
dred feet high, ai)pears clumsy and out of proportion ; for it is
dwarfed by the elfcct of the high nave with a high pitched root.
There are 1000 sittings in the church ; and of these 3oO
have been appropriated to the duke and his tenants ; ;JoO are
free; and the others, which are let at from 2s. Gd. to 7s. (3d.
each, produced in 1807 .€70 Is. Gd. ; the collections, made
morning and evening, amounted to £oG IGs. 5d. ; and dona-
tions to £11 14s. Od. ; making a total of £138 lis. lid.,
which was expended as follows :— in augmentation of the
assistant curate's stipend £15 14s. lOd. ; iu_ salaries to organ-
ist, bell ringer, ])ew opener, and others £55 us. Od. ; lor gas,
by which the church is heated, £20 14s. Od. ; coals £5 9s. Gd. ;
washing surplices £1 18s. Gd. ; sacramental wine, and for
choir, Sunday school, and trademen's bills £oo 4s. 5|_,d. ;
making a total of £lo2 4s. 3U1,

The annual value of the living is given in the clergy list
at £200; but this is exclusive of the value of Croft J^louse
and grounds, which are estimated to be worth yearly £78 10s.
The original endowment, however, only amounts to £oO
yearly ; and it may therefore be inferred that the successors
of the founder have so far respected his intentions as to make
up the difference between £oO and £200, by a voluntary con-
tribution of £170 yearly. Besides this, the patron of the
living has paid £100 yearly to an assistant curate.

The district assigned by the bishop of the diocese is as
follows : —

"All tlial Viut III' tlie i,iai»li of Ahnviok fompriM.l within tli<- tbllowiii!;
lioiiiulaiiii:^ ; ^lial i.- to s:iy) l.ogiiming id that rail ul the i^ritli oi' Alnwi.k

ST. IWVl.'s CJIUUCH. 157

Hitniitout Uio went end of Ifaydon Fon.ht, whcro tho AJnmouth and Jloxhatu
tiiiii[iilco road ontoi'M tlio parijjh of Kdlin<.^h;ari, and proceiAiiif^ ciir.twardu
alorii< the ccritro of tlio tumiiiko road throii;.;h tho said fon.-.-.t of llaydo-n by
and alonf< (j\;iy]t<ji-i )Stn ut, Markot (Street, and part of JJoiidj^ut--! Within,
until tlio Haid hcjundary rfcacTio.i IfotMitui'H Towor, othcrwirfo callwl l5oiid|.'uto
'JViwur, from tlniico aioii^ tlio contio of tho tiiriipikc road on tho soiilJi-cabt
sido of tilt! Haid towor until tho honndary corno8 opiioaito to tho private lano
Icadinjj; to tliu f^'ardonu of Alnwick Castle ; thenco down that lane for T.i yards ;
and from thmico jiroceedin/^ Houth-earttwardrt aloiifj the ^rard«;iiH and yardu of
tho dwellin;,' houriod on the north side of Jiond^^ato without the tower, and
indudin^' Huch hoiiHos, f^'ardenH, and yards, and aLso inchidinf^ the nurri<;ry
gioiind of llu'^'h, duke of Northuinhi;rland, the Hmall field in the ocupalion
<ii' Mrb. Trinf^Jo, and a field called (Joose KnowtH, helont,'i;i^ to Elizabeth
(Jallon, until tho boundary reaches the point wliere the noi-th-eaiit corner of
the Haid la.-it mentioned Held joina the (iueen'h highway leading to IX-nwiok :
a7id from thenco down the (jeiitre of tho baid la.st-nienti<jn(.d (iuoen'u highway
until it reaches the river Aln at Denwick bridge ; and from thence down tho
jildd river until it joins the parish of Leslmry, near to llawl.hill bridg.j ; and
I'rwiii thenco cDntimiing along the unideiit boundaries betw < f-u the jmri-ihc-a of
Alnwick and l/csbmy, until it reaches the boundaries between the baid par-
ish of Alnwiclc and tho parish of 8hilbottIe ; and froju therice continuing along
the same until it reaches the ancient boundaries between the pansh of Alnwick
and tho parish of Edlingham ; and from thence continuing along tho wimc
until it reaches tho jioint of the west ond of tho said forest of llayden whero
tho said boundaries began.

And tho bishop deelured that the said district should bo under tlio uiinister
Mdio might bo duly licensed to servo this church."

Since the erection of St, Paul's Cliurcli, a portion of the
northern i)art of tlie parisli has heen added to the ecclesias-
tical district of Soiitli Charlton ; and in 18G1, the population
of the several ecclesiastical districts was as follows : —
St. Michael's district . . 39G.5

St. Paul's do 3277

South Charlton do., within the parisli
of Alnwick .... 108

7350
After the estahlishment of a public cemetery, Algernon,
duke of Northumberland, undertook to guarantee the fees of
the Church of England ministers and clerks, customarily paid
for burials, so that all deceased parishioners might be interred
free from any ecclesiastical charges; and it was arranged
that the minister of St. Michael's should on this account be
paid annually £7 13s. 4d., and the minister of St. Paul's
iO Is. 8d., each paying to the clerk his proportion, which for
St. Michael's would be £3 Us. 7d. and for St. Paul's
£2 16s. 1 Id.

The area attached to St. Paul's Church is not a parish but
a district. The act under which it was erected defines its
powers and privileges ; the ehin-ch is deemed a perpetual
curacy, and the district assigned to the minister is umler his

158 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

immediate care '* ho far only as rejj^ards the visitation of" the
sic;k and other pastoral duties, and sliall not be deemed a
district for any otlier j)urpo.se;" fees, dues, offerings, and
other endowments, which by right or custom belong to the
incumbent or ch-rk of the parish, shall l)e paid to them, ex-
cept sucli as the bishop, ])alron, and incumbent shall assign
to the minister of the district cliurch ; to hini, howev(;r, has
been assigned fees for marriages in St. Paul's (Jhiirch and for
burials of members of that churcli ; and since 1800 no church
rates have beeii collected by the churchwardens of St.
]Michael's for property within the district of St. Paul's; but
the churchwardins and vestry of that district have no jjower
to lay on church rates, which indeed would be nniUMjcssary,
as the act has provided for the maintenance of St. I'aul's,
from endowment and pew rents. A vestry meets yearly ;
but is composed not of parishioners, but of renters of pews,
who elect one churchwarden, while the incumbent appoints
the other.

The Rev. Charles Charlton, the first curate of St. Paul's,
entered on his public duties on October 18th, 184G, and con-
tinued minister till his death on January U^th, 1868, in the
forty-ninth year of liis age. A good, conscientious, kind, and
charitable man he was, and faithful and diligent in the per-
formance of his ministerial duty, lie won the esteem of all,
and his death was deeply lamented.

criAPTEn Yiii.

EAELY NONCONFOIIAIITY, AND TOTTERaATE PRES-
13YTKIUAN CHURCH.

N0NC0NF0IIMI8TS IN 1GG2 — SPIES XSn I'EIISECUTIONS FROM 1662
TO 1686 — ANCIENT llUItlAL OHOUND — DR. UARLE — 1113 SUC-
CESSORS— TRUST DEED — REV. G. ANOlERSOX, A.M. SEPAUATIOX

PROM THE NORTllUMliERLAND rRESDYTEUY — SUCCEEDI^•G MINIS-
TERS.

A minister so able and earnest as Gilbert Rule must, dur-
in^^ liis incunibeuey, have influenced the theological opinions
and tastes of the ])e()i)le of Alnwick ; and it may be inferred,
that not a few would cling to Presbyterianism even after the
dark Bartholomew day, and despite of persecution would dare
to -worship iu obedience to the voice of conscience. The
records of Durham IVishoprick tell us of a small band
in Alnwick who, immediately after the passing of tlie act
of Uniformity in 1()()2, were presented at the Archdeacon's
court, charged Avith being Nonconformists, " M. IJlount,
Elizabeth Ibandling, Francis IJrandling, Matthew lilount,
Edmund Craster and his wife, John Neall, glover, AVilliam
Neall, butcher, and his wife, John Tate aiul liis wife,
Robert Poswell and his wife, John Watson and his wife,
llichard Leeke and his -wife, Jane Turner, widow^, Andrew
Carr, GaAven Anderson and his wife, AVilliam Anderson and
his wife, and Deborah Stanton," then suffered persecution.

These were dark and evil days ; for over the truth-loving
Alnwick Nonconformists hung spies and informers, fines
and imprisonment. As the early Christians met in some
obscure upper room, so did they meet in secret to worship
God, and receive instruction from some wandeiing perse-
cuted minister, until the penal laws were relaxed, when they
could, without danger, assemble together openly. The county
records of a somewhat later date inform us where these
Nonconformists assembled, and who Avere the wretched spies
that betrayed them. Robert Blount in 16S2 Avas presented

IGO HISTORY OF Af.NWlCK.

■ lor a coiivr!iit,ido in his hoiiso. "In 1686 Thomas Boswell,
of Alnvvif.k, pciitlonian (!) infonucd of Otjorgo Noiill, of IJarrit'
Yards, Natlianiol Salkcld, of Alnwick, and his wife, and
divers other persons, at the house of Gcorjije Neall, in tlie
l^arne Yards, ])arish of Ahiwicke, who assembled themselves
tofTcther, under the colour of (.'xcrcise of religion ia other
manner than according to the Church of England." Anotlicr
information of the same (hite slates, that the same and other
parties from Alnwick J]arne Yards, l>canley, Longhoughtou,
&c., *' at the house of Clement Gourley, in lirocksfield,
assembled." The despicable informers, on this occasion, were
Andrew Donkin, of Alnwick, apothecary,* John Swinhoe, of
Alnwick, IJarbara Reavely, of Ahiwick, and James Elliott,
of Alnwick, -who seems to have taken a list of those pre-
sent, as he gives the names of forty persons and upwards.
Warrants were immediately issued against these Noncon-
formists, many of whom are described as yeomen; and most
of them were bo\nul over in their own recognisances of £40
each and two sureties of £20, to appear " when they shall be
thereunto required by the proclamation of our sovereign lord
the king, or by his majesty's signification of his pleasure to
liis attorney-general for the time being or otherwise, as his
said majesty shall think fit." Even without fines the fees
and expenses would of themselves be a heavy penalty The
magistrates who took an active part in the proceedings,
were Ealph Wi(ldvington,of Cheeseburn Grange, '' a bigotted
Ivoman Catholic," ami Colonel John Salkcld, of Rock; but
the pop\ilar feeling in the district rose against them; Sal-
keld's house was attacked and his Aviudows broken, and other
acts evinced the prevalence of the same feeling.

The number of the prosecutions shews, that Nonconformists
were at this period no inconsiderable body in xUnwick and
in the district around. At the Alnwick Sessions, ()tli Oct.,
1660, 215 persons were indicted for not frequenting their
parish church as required by law. At the sessions of 1682,
" INIrs. Margaret Bell and her son Mr Samuel Bell, of Wooden,
in the parish of Lesbury, were presented to be dissenters —
see reputed; likewise ISlrs. Sarah Forster, of Low Bnston, Jane
Johnson, of the same place, ]\Ir. John Thompson and his
wife, and William Mill, of WarkAvorth, and John Davison,
of Eslington, so reputed." At the Alnwick Sessions, October
1682, 175 persons Avere indicted for not frequenting their
parish church as required by laAV ; many of them had been
* Buried Nov. ?, 170O, Mr. Andrew Duncan, chirurgeon. — Church lie(/iite):

HAIILY NONCONFORM ny. 161

indicted bcforo, so t]i;it tlio expenses and fine of os. for the
first offence and lO.s. for tlie sceond, wonld form a lieavy
])eniilty, suffered in Ixdialf of freedom and the rij^hts of eon-
sf:ieiiee. The ^rand jury at Morpeth, in April, H')H-i, "liumljly
(h'siie ihiit all dissenters he presented und disarmed ])ein;^
daii^^eroustothepiihlir; peace and Government." Two Alnwick
men apj)ear amon<>; these ])ersecutors ; ^Villirlm Arehhold, of
Oalled^e Park, a bailiff of the Noithumheiland estate, and
Matthew Alnwick, of Alnwick, a notable man in the cor[)ora-
tiou ; and besides these we have Liinc(;l(jt Strother, of Xew-
ton-on-the-Moor, Anthony Strother, of IJilton IJanks, Row-
land Archer, of North Seaton, and Edward Adams, of Lon;^-
houghton, who had it seems been an attendant of the Jiarn
Yard conventicle. In accordance with this humble desire,
no less than 52o persons, inale and female, were, at the
October sessions of the same year, held at Alnwick, in-
dicted for non-attendance at their parish church, and pro-
ceedings were taken accordingly.* IIa])pily the glorious
llevolntion in loss put an end to these ])er.-eeutions ; and
soon aftorwai'ds numerous ])laces were licensed for public wor-
ship, amo)i;^- \\hich were Chatton, llarcop, and J)un>.tan iu
this neii^hbourliood.

Of the early nonconformists in Alnwick we know little
beyond their names. " They lived to God and not to fame."
Richard Leek was a merchant, and possessed a considerable
amount of pro])erty ; in 1()71, according to a book of rates,
he had two binL;a;4es in Market ^Vard, where he lived, two iu
RailitfL;ate, freelands iu Ijondi^au,', and a ri^ in the Crofts,
Swansfield. His name is per[)etuated in Alnwick, as his land
is called Leek's field to this day. Ilis son, Edward Leek,
merchant, who died in 1699, lies interred in the chaTicel of
St. JNIichael's Church. Robert ]3oswcll, ^Irs. Elizabeth
Rrandling, and a few other nonconfoimists held ])roperty
in the town. To one of them John Tate, whose widow in
1671 had a house and kill in Potternate, the protestant
dissenters Avorshipping there arc probably indebted for
the church and manse, which have for a long period
been enjoyed by that congregation. The garden adjoining
has been used as a place of sepulture; for in 1816 a
tombstone was dug up, which is now ]nescrved in the
grounds adjoining the meeting house, bearing the following
epitaph : —

* I am indebted to the MSS. of Mr Christopher Seymour Bell, for extracts
from tlie county records.

VOL. 11. X

102 IirSTOIlY Ol' ALNWICK.

JOHN, TAIT. LAID. I Tlllb. I'LABE

Tin: 15. O.VTiY

M'Olt. TUVTJr. AXI)

O -WITNIOSS. OAItTII AND. Ott

IIEUK : JACOB LIKE

1/ia. BLT8SD. DONS. TO. INTEKRE

NO. WKEKE. EL.SE, WOWLlJ

BVT. INS BOWaUT. SErVLCIIEIlE

E : T. irsissiMi. lOAN IS : uxou
1009

TIVIT. rOST. rUNEUA. VIUTV3.

POTTERGATE MEETING HOUSE OR CIIURCn.

Soon after the Reformation the noucoi)fonnists of Alinvick
found a settk-d home in I'ottcr^ate meeting liouse. An old
dish-hke pewter phite is a relic of this early period, and is now
used wlieii puhlic eoUections are made ; hut originally it was
devoted to receive offinings for the ])oor, as round its rim is
the following inscri})tion : — " Heh. xiii. 10, Luke xii. 33.
Rcmemher tlie poor, 1089." There is, however, no record of a
regular minister in this church till 101)3. A memoir of the
first dissenting minister in AlnAviek, of whom Ave have in-
formation, will not he uninteresting to those, who have a
respect for learning, earnestness, and piety.
LIFE OF DR. 1IAKL.11

One hundred and fifty years ago, Dr. riarlo, a middle sized fat
man, with little activity and briskness, hut with a countenance
very comely and pleasant and a soul muth more so, was one of
the most notahlo men in the o\(\ town cf iVJinvick. But, however
usofid and distinguished in liis day, liis name would have been
forgotten long ore this, if it had not boon linked with that of a
much greater man. Ur. Ilarlo is now known to us, because the
Rev. Jolin Horsloy, author of the great work, Britannia Humana,
preached his funeral sermon, sketched his life, and A\Toto his
epitaph. Horsley's memorials uf Harlo, published in 1730, con-
tain a dedication to ]\Irs. Mary Harle, Avhom lio calls his kins-
woman, a life of liarle, and a sermon on his death ; and two
sermons and some hymns and psalms by Ilarle himself.

Jonathan Harle Avas born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; but it is
not known in what year ; probably, however, two or thi-eo years
prior to 1670. Tlie surname seems to have boon of two syllables
— llar-lo — for Horsley in his manuscripts and letters writes it
Harley, one letter from Harlo himself is so signed, and we have
entered in the Alnwick church register of burials — 1712, Mary,
daughter of Mr Junathan Harley.

Of his parents, their character and station in life, we have no
record ; they appear to have been nonconformists, and able to

1,11, K OF \)H. iiAia,i:. 163

givo tlioir Bon a loarnod odiKiation. Jlis family ha'l bolon^^od to
tho East Riding of Yorkshiro ; aiid oiio nisfor, wfio survivod him,
and from wliojri particular.s of lii.s early lifo woro (jhtainod, was
tho wifo of Mr Wilson, a moicliant in Bovorloy. iTo iivod ia
Nuwcastlo fill ]io was Kovcn yoar.s of ago, wlioii lio was romovod
to Hull, and placod undnr tho care and iiistructi'm of Mr. Poll.
With him ho romaiiicd ton years, and inado iinconnnon progress
in classical learning. At this oarly poriod, his temper and be-
haviour woro engaging, so that ho gained tho lovo of ull that
know him. Of Mr. l*oll wo know littlo ; but ho was much at-
tached to his X)upil, and liighly estimated his abilities ; when
young Ilarlo loft, ho wept over him; and some Latin verses,
whicJi Ilarlo had written, woro so much admired, that for a long
time they hung in tho school, as an honour both to tho master
and schohir. llo returned to Newcastle when about soventoon
years of ago, and in tho interval between his leaving school and
becoming a preacher, ho appears to have enjoyed the instructions
of Dr. Gilpin, an eminent minister ii\ Newcastle, on whom Ilorsley
passes a warm oulogium. Mr. TFarlo highly esteemed him, and,
in one of liis poems, thus says of him :

" ITow oft wo with aihiiiralion hnng
On tho angelic, Giliiin's fiowfirul ton,!>-uc,
"NVho in ptiU'clion had tin; iiiii,dity ait
To form tho .soul und captivate tlio lioart."

Mr. Harle -was qualified, by his learning and piety, for the
ministry, at an oarly ago, and when but young began to preach ;
" few," says Ilorsley, " began younger and yet few woro so well
furnished." Ilis first field of labour was at Brig in Lincolnshire,
whoro ho proaehod fur some time, but only as a prubatiuner or
lioiMitiato. Afterwards hu removcil to ^[oi'peth, Avhero there was
a congregation of nonconformists, and here he was ordained by
the other ndnisters living in tho district. Thero seems to have
Ijeon something like the meeting of a Presbytery, for ho had to
give evidence of his qualifications for tho office ; and tho subject
of his thesis was " Do gratifo irresistabilitato." Dr. Gilpin,
who was present at his trials, states that ho managed tlio <[ues-
tion exceedingly well, and to their great satisfaction. Mr Harle
was therefore ordained on the 21st of February, lGt)3.

In the following year, on September lOth, Mr Harle received
a call from the dissenting congregation at Alnwick, which he
accepted, and ho continued to ]ireach on alternate Sundays at
Morjioth and Alnwick, until tlie liev. John Ilorsloy entered on
the charge of the ]\[orpeth congregation.

Not long after ]\[r. ITarle's settlement in Alnwick, lie married
Mary Ledgard, daughter of Thomas Ledgard, a merchant and
alderman of Newcastle ; and this union was a soiu-co of happiness
to both. When settled in a quiet country town, there are few
incidents to diversify the life of a modest dissenting minister,

164 IIISTOHY Ol' AI.NWICK.

unlosswo could connect liiia with tlio iiiRllcctuul an.\ reli^nous
liiBtory of llio poriod. Thi.s, liowovor, svo cannot do with Dr.
]Larlo; for IL^r.sloy'n nioniuir ^nvcsus iu> infoiin.'iti.Mi of tlMjHtato
of the town or of tlio condition of tlio jMjoplo union- wlioiu ho
laboured. Somo extracts are Kivon from Dr. llarle's ijnvato
papers ; but tluiso are pious meditations cnitrein;,' in i.uns<ai, arul
coutuinln.r nothing deliidte respect in;,M ho world }»eyond. Wo
learn from other sources, that in 17 1") there were twenty-iivo
dissenting congregations in Northuinberhmd, and oidy one -that
of I'ottergate, in Alnwick. Dr. Harle passed the ren.an.dor of
his life in the faithrul and unostentatious disehargo ol his <luties ;
and though his rei-utation for learning aiid ability caused attenipta
to bo made to induce him to go to the south, ho prelerred Aln-
wick as the scene of his labour. i • n

Ho had, howev(n-, anf)t]ior means of usefulness and inlluenco
besides preaching. Dike several other n.mconformist ministers
of this period, he combined the duties <d' a physician Avilh tliat ol
a minister. Lomas, who was ejected from Wooler, and laile
from Alnwick, betook themselves to medicine as a means oi living.
Dr. Ilarle acted IVom a dilferent motive. It does not iippear
where he got his medical education. Hodgson was told that ho
bad studied in (lermany, but of this there is no evidence -n- oven
probability, fen- ho never seems to have been out ot his own
country ; his instruction had j.robaVdy bcuu (ddamed ii-;;"i s.';"^';;
nonconformist practitioTier. Tliat, however, ho was well skille.
in medicine is sullicieutly proved, for in 1710 he was examined
by the Edinburgh college of physicians, and they certili.'d that ho
was "a man of good learning and bulULiontly <iualihed lor ob-
tainino- a deo-ree." On their vccommendaliou, he received tlie
do.n-oe of doctor of medicine froni the Edinburgh University on
the ^Sth December, 1710, and his name stands iirst m the new
university register. , . . n

Dr llarlo was highly esteemed as a physician, and ^vas con-
Bulteti by persons of all persuasions ; yet, though ho practised
nearly forty years, so singularly unseltlsh was he that ho would
not accept of remuneration from his patients. After he obtained
his degree, his friends pressed him for the sako of his lamily to
take fees from those who were able and willing to give them ;
but he would not alter the resolution he had formed, <jf making
medicine and everything subservient to his nobler design ot_ doing
good to immortal souls, bebeving that his practising gratuitously
Contributed to his spiritual inlluenco ; and his wife s approval
of this course proves, that she too was amialde and high-minded ;
for from the narrowness of their income, sho was the more con-
strained to manage her household with prudence and economy.
To us, in these modern times, when all appear hastening to
become ricli, and when money-power is a great test ol excellence,
there appears a wonderful simplicity in his self-denial, and the
doctor himself evidently felt that, oven in liis own day, he was

I,IFK OI-' 1)11. HAKLK. 105

oxposiiig himsolf to tlio worM'w Hcorri ; for, says ho — " Blossod
bo thy iiaiiio O Lord, j'or my unac'iuairitodrio.sa with tho
world, for althoiigli I may bo accoiiiilud onfi of the tvorld'a
Juds for it, yot I am fi-oo from tho ,4iiai(!.s in it, and it toa<;li';.s luo
a do|)Oiid(!iico on tliat God, wlio duori all tliinj^s for mf». liut if
Avliea tlifju multi[»liod conoorns thou iucroascst my kri<j\\dodj^o iu
tliom, tlion do thou iuci'oaso my {;raco, that I abu->o not that
kno\vlod;^o, for I \v(nild rathor bo without thorn thaii havo thoiii
with tho ciitaiigli)moiit of my conHoionco." Wo cannot but
adiiiiro and rovoronoo tho man, who in guided by tho exalted
pi'inciplcs which gleam through tho (outpourings of his coiitontod
and liiimblo mind.

JJr. ]Li]'lo was a studious man duiing tlio wholo of liis hfo,
and merited tho estimation iu whicli ho wa« lield for Ixis great
huirning. Not oidy was ho well ac(juainted with I.alin, Greek,
and Hebrew, but he had also a knowledge of tho French, Italian,
and Spanish languages. Some portion t<)0 ho had imbibed of hi.**
friend Ilorsley's antifpuirian ta.stes, as appears from llor.sley's
notes and letters : — " \)\\ Ilarley gave my sou an eaglo stono
■which was found at Stamford, tho outer shell or stuno includes
tho inner as a shell docs the nut. There was not long ago found
upon Coipiet Island, a iionuin coin of tho Emperor Valerian ; it
M'aa fu-st given to JJr. llarloy and then presented by him to i)r.
Mead. The curious entaglio that was found at I'lodden I'ield,
probably had been llomun, and the woman upon it partly clothed
and partly naked was supposetl by JJr. Uarley to be Britain ;
tho clothed re[)i'esenting that part which was conipiered and be-
come provincial, the naked i)art signi lying tho iincun(picrod
barbarian part of the island. Mr. Gordon gives a figure of thia
entaglio, but takes little notice of Dr. Karlu's ox[ilitation of it,
mentioning another, \\hi(.h iu my humblo «.ipiniwn is very im-
probable."

Dr. Hallo maintained an extensive corresi)ondLnco Avith Ilors-
loy and other literary friends. According to Horsley, these
letters were much valued, as they contained somewhat that was
new and entertaining, and often a great number and variety of
beautiful thoughts that were very diverting and instructive. In
early life ho published " A discourse of Infant Baptism by way
of dialogue." " Perhaps," says Ilorsley, "there is no book
extant of so small a compass, in which tho controversy is handled
with more judgment and clearness." Not long before he died,
he published a more important work on a subject which his at-
tainments, both as a theologian and a physician, qualitied him
to illustrate : it is entitled " An historical essay on the state of
physick iu the Old and new Testament, and the apochryphal
interval ; with a partieiilar account of the cases mentioned iu
scripture, and observations upon them. To wliieh is added a
discoiu'so concerning tho duty of consulting a physician in sick-
ness. 1720." This treatise, in Horbloy'e opinion, was not so

166 IIISTOIIY OK ALNWICK.

woll (ligosted and connoctod as mit^Kt liuvo boon wlahod, and yot

ooiitainH a grxjd doal of lourninpj and hIiowa a varioty of rcadirifj.
It liad, liowovoi', (Ikj morit of ()ri;.^iiiallt,y. It \va.s tlio proour.Hor
of l)i'. Moad'H " Modiciiia Sacra," wlii(!li was not piildiMhod till
1718. Tlio hyrniis and psalms ])uldi8}i';(l aftor Dr. TIarlo's doafli
jMi.ssosn no p;r(.'at nioi'It ; Itiit two postlmmous Hormoiifl, ono on tlio
" l<"railty of Man," and tlio otlior on " C'ljnf jrraity to Cluist,"
loavo a favouriil)lo impro.s.sion of hi.s powor as a proaclior. Tlioy
aro in tlio Btylo of tlio pori<jd, tctxtual disoonrHn.s mado up of a
number of divisions and snlj-division.s ari'^in;^ out of tlio pas.sa^u
taken as a tuxt — a raothod whi'^h is sliil followod by Homo, hut
wliicli, under tlio ficmblanno of logical ordur, not unfrLi(]iiontly
covers Buporficial knowludgo and C'lmiuonplaco sontimonls. l)r.
Ifarlo's diseoursofl, however, aro the productions of an oarne.'it
and tliouglitful mind, and contain many judiuions and serious
oL.sorvations and exhortations ; they ovinco gi'oat knowledge of
the Holy Scriptures, the language of which is into]-\vovon with
his thoughts and expositions. The stylo is somowliat quaint,
the sentences aro often long, tedious, and occasionally involved ;
the moaning, however, is generally clear enough, and somo pas-
sagos are vigorous and impressive.

l)r. llarlo, from Bomo constitutional peculiarity could not,
oven from infancy, tasto fermented or spirituous liquors without
suffering injury. Ho was therefore conipoliod to restrict himself
to "Water as a hovorago. Notwithstanding this necessary tem-
perance, his studious and sedentary habits brought on painful
diseases; and gont and gravel were the tortures of his life. At
length gout attacked his stomach and head and terminated his
life on the 24th of December, 172'J. As during tlio course of his lifo
lie had been a pattern of contontmout and meekness, so during
liis illness ho Aviis calm and patient. Ilorsley visited him a few
days before his doatli, and was much afl'ectod by tho exemplary
conduct and last counsels of his dying friend.

Dr. Harle's portrait has been drawn by a fii-iendly pencil ; but
after making allowance for tho partiality of friendship, he was,
if not a great, yot a superior character. IIo was a learned man,
an able and faithful minister, a skilful physician, a kind friend,
and an afToctionate husband and father. He adorned tho doc-
trines ho taught, not more by his integrity, which as " a rich
jewel set in the midst of a great many others shone with redoubled
lustre," than by his meoknoss and benevolence, his candour and
moderation, and by tho cheerfulness and even jdeasantry of his
conversation, Ilis death was universally lamented ; and on tho
day of his interment a tribute of respect was paid to his remains
by all classes and persuasions. He had boon thirty-six years
minister of Alnwick, and ho must have been upwards of sixty
years of ago when he died.

IIo was buried at Alnwick ; and tho following inscription
remains to his memor}- in the chancel of tho church : —

I'OTTKIUiA'J K ClIUllCJI. 167

Jonatliani Ilarlo, M.D., lidoi evangolicu) summo amatoii ot
concionatori, luudico poritis.siino ot omnigoTito litoi;iliii;»! ^(jlifiorifl
scioiitissimo : uiortuo x. caloiiJ. Jan. M.D.COXXIX. Hujus
sopuloliroti (loiiiiiioruin pcnuissu B. M. H. M. V. C* Slaiia
luaostissiina cojijux.

no lolt a widow, throoHons, and adauglitor to mourn las loss.
IHh widow diod Docembor 14th 1700 ; his son Jonathan buc-
coododliiin; ofayijiinf^or Bon Goorge, born in 170.0, T. havo scon no
record ; hut another son Josepli, ontorod as an apjucntico to a
merchant in 1733, and sottlod in this town as a grocer in a liou.se
in Clayport, wliicli belonged to liim; and died January 22nd, 17C5.

The Ivcv. Jonathan Ilarlo was elected his fallicr'.s successor
in 1729; but several of tlie nieinbers dissatisfied with this
a])pointmciit, seceded and formed another church, the origin
of the congregation now assembling in Sioii chapel. Mr.
Ilarle continued minister of tlie i'ottergate congregation
till his dcatli in 1713, lie, like his faflier, had a taste for
antiquities ; and a letter of his, printed in Nichol's Literary
Illustrations, shews tliat lie wasaccjuainted with Ilorsley, Dr.
Mead, and Dr. Stukely, and discussed \vith them antiquarian
subjects. He was succeeded by John Waugh, who left some
little time after 1748 for a church in Scotlaml. Mr. Terrier
followed ; and he too was translated to Scotland in 1758 ;
John Calder was the next minister, but he removed to Lon-
don in 17G*J ; William Burn succeeded, and left in 1774 for
Minto in Scotland; Kobert Kobcrtsou appears next as minis-
ter, and alter having the charge lor twenty-two years, lie
crossed the IJorder and became parish minister of Ednam in
1790. Of these various ministers nothing of interest is
known.

Before Mr. Calder left, he made a conveyance of the meet-
ing house, the manse, garden, and vestry to trustees. la
this deed there is no recital of any previous conveyance.
Calder's conveyance is the charter of the congregation, and
defines the character of the church ; and therefore an abstract
is given.

Tho Eev. John Calder, minister of llio gospel, on Nov. 9, 1 7C9, conveyed
to Collingwood Forster, gent., Hcnr)'' liicliarJson, surgeon and apothecar)',
Nicholas Davison, surgeon and a]iothecary,, John Yelloly, Nathaniel Arthur
Gair, surgeon and apothecary, George Urown, mcrchcuit, Kichard Turner,
butcher, Mattliuw Gihson, harber, John Young of Cannongate, tailor, all of
Abiwick, and AVilliaui Hay of Alemouth, merchant, Ivichard Kobson of Field
Ilouse, William Garrett of Sliilbottle, husbandman, all that edifice now used
as a meeting house of protestunt dissenters, and the little building south of
it commonly used as a vestry ; and also aU that dwelling house, stablt, and

* Bene mcrenti hoc mouuiututum poueu Jam curavit. {IIodgson.)

IGH HISTORY OK ALNWICK.

gardon behind the Haino, on tniat, as n mcetinfj hou«e for the woi-nhip of Ood,

by the church, bocirty, or con^j're^/iition of jirot'-stiint (l'iHmtnii:r», forniorly
ciilli.'d or Iciiown by the nnini; of tliu coii>^rf;^;ition or p(:(>]>]<i b<:loa;^in^ Dr.
Jlialo, iirtcrwuidH to iMr. Wau^li, ;tnd now to Jolin (Jaldi-r. 'J'ho premises
wore to b(! onjoycd liy Jobn (Jiildcr, so lorifj an ho was ininiHter, and by hiic-
coHsoi-H called thoicto and apfjrovcd and (|iiali(i(jd in ojiinion or otberwijjo,
jirovidod the}' bo able and ])n>ti;Htajit niini.itciH of the gOMjjid, who in jud;^ment
and jiractico as to cbiindi discipline shall be jircsbyterian, and j)rovidcd a]i>o
they ui'o apjinjvcd of by not less tlian thicc-fuiirthsof the tnistcci for the lime
licin;^. \Vhon tin; nunihcr of tnistrcs shall be icdiic(;d to ei;<bt or Hcven.then
tli<: remainder sba)! el<:ct others, bc.'in;^ protc^stant disscntera of good credit
and rej)ntation, to make up the niinib(;r to twelvt;.

Tlierc is some obscurity in this deed, for it is not stated
Avlio are to cull the rninislcr ; it gives, however, uide scope
for the exercise of freedom of opinion, for no tlieohj;^ical test
is imposed ; all requirijd from a minister is to he a |)rotest<uit
dissenter, and to practice preshyterian discipline. The call it
maybe assumed mnst come from tlie con;^re<^iitioii; bnt wliether
from members only, or from seat holders as well, is not
defined. Here, however, is introducctl the veto system, thou^^h
in a dilFerent form from that in the Scotch Church; for in
Scotland tlu; veto is <;iven to the i)eoi)le; hut here it rests
with one-tliird and one more of the trustees ; so that four
persons mi[;ht eU'ectually obstruct the appointment of u minis-
ter elected by the ])coi)le.

All the original trustc'cs had died prior to 9th November,
1808, excepting William Hay, of Lesbury, and Nicholas
Davison, of Alnwick; and they then, by two deeds, created
a new body tif trustees, for precisely the same objects as are
specified in the original deed, which is fully recited. The
new trustees were the Rev. AVm. CJoldie, K(d)ert Pringle,
doctor of medicine, Williaui "Wilson, surgeon, George "Wilson,
surgeon, William Leithead, cabinet maker, James Russell,
cabinet maker, William Curry, merchant, John Leithead,
gentleman, all of Abnvick; John Mole, of Embleton, farmer,
and Robert Wintrop, of Alnmouth, weaver. All these trus-
tees were dead prior to June lOth, 1857 ; but it a})pears from
a stamped deed, called a memorandum, made in accordance
with the provisions of an act of 13 and 14 Victoria, that the
following twelve trustees were elected at a meeting, duly
convened, on June 10th, 1857, viz. — Rev. John Walker,
AVilliam Somerville jNlillar, doctor of medicine, Alexander
INlcCleish, wood bailiff, T'homas Short, tailor, Henry Hunter
Blair, bookseller, Josej)h Nicholson Hartridge, Robert Hall,
shoemaker, AVilliam Bell, innkeeper, William Rennison,
painter, Charles Scott, cabinet maker, Thomas Robertson,
roper, all of Alnwick, and Robert Clark, of Broomhouse. In

POTTEKGA'II': CHUKCJI, li')<.)

this metnoraiulimi tin; conf^rogallon are said to \)it " in con-
ncfiliou \vill) the Synod of llie Picsbyterian Chnrcli oC Kri"-
land."

After tlic removal of the Rev. Robert Robertson, William
Goldie, a licentiate of the chnrch of Scotland, was appointed
minister in 179G, and held the cliarf^e till his death iu 18 i4.
During his ministry tlie congregation was small. A few
years prior to his decease, the Rev. George Anderson, A.M.,
was elected and ordained his colleague and successor in \H',IS.
An able earnest man was Mr. Anderson; and tlio congrega-
tion under his ministrati(jns greatly increased. lie had
studied at the feet of Dr. Chalmers, and caught a portion of
his fervid spirit and somewhat of his style of preachin".
After being settled in the town, lie took a considerable inter-
est in its [jublic movements; he sp(;ke witli effect at the im-
])ortant reform meeting iu 1832; lie entered with energy
into the proceedings of the Scientific and Mechanical Insti-
tute, and taught classes and delivered lectures there ;
and by these acts he placed the dissenting minister abreast
of the times, and proved that he could hjok beyond the
narrow range; of sect and l)arty. Of this amiable man I have
pleasant recollections. Domestic misfortune clouded his lat-
ter days in Alnwick. lie resigiunl his charge on 11th June,
1837, and went to Australia; but after the lapse of a few
years he returned to Edinburgh, where he died.

Up to the end of Mr, Anderson's ministry the Pottergate
congregation had been connected with the Northumberland
Presbytery, which embraced most of the dissenting congre
gations in the county, excepting those belonging to the
Secession and Relief Synods. But this Presbytery was rather
a voluntary association than a Presbytery strictly so called ;
for it possessed no power over individual congregations and
ministers ; it could advise but not enforce. A small matter
led to the severance of the Pottergate congregation from it.
Ml. Anderson complained to it, that the Rev. Joseph Rate
and his son Eneas had attempted to entice from him some of
his hearers ; and the Presbytery unanimously passed a resolu-
tion conveying a slight censure on Mr Rate ; but after Mr.
Anderson had left the town, the members at a private meet-
ing, received from the Rates a protest against the decision.
This secret proceeding the Pottergate congregation considered
so unfair and irregular that they condemned it, expressed
approval of Mr. Anderson's conduct, and withdrew from the
Presbytery os then constituted.

VOL. u. Y

170 inyroitY of alnwick.

The Rov. J:imos Seott, .'i licoiitiiito of tho rlmroli of Scof-
laiul, was elected iniiii.ster on September 10th, 1837; and on
I)(;(enih(n- IHtli of the s;niie year, tlie eoii'^'re;^ation resolved
to join a l*i(!.sl)ytiny whieli nii^ht bo formed, in Xorthiimbtr-
land, in aeeordaiie(! willi the ])riiieifdes of the eliiireh of .Scot-
land. Dnringthi; niinistry ofl)oth .Mr. Andcr.son and Mr. Scott
the congro<i;ation increased; and tlic; lonfj narrow meeting
honsc was fonnd too small and inc(Hivenient. Theic was a
flnsh of |)ros|){;rily in tliu clinieh ; and this (dd strnetiire Mas
eiilarf^cd and n\se.'ited. A ]dain l)iiil(liii;j; is this reconstructed
meeliiiff housi^, with no ])retensions to architectural beauty,
yet it is connnodions, and contains 450 sitting's. A del)t was
incurred by these improvements ; but sneli is llie power of
voluntary effort in the sujjport of re li'^ion, that the whole
incumbrance has been removed.

Mr. Scott was a cniious exani])le, sliewiiif^ liow small a
stock of h'arniiif^is necessary to ke(,'p up a po[)iilar ve])U(atiun,
Avhen aided by a confident manner and a \igorous clucntion.
Some half a dozen times 1 have heard him jireach ; yet four
at least of these seimons were essentially tlie same, tliough
preached from different texts; on(; was "Hope in God,"
another "Seek the Lord," another "Trust in the Lord,"
another "Fear the Lord." The introdnctioii was dillerentin
each ; but the body of the s(M-mons, Avas hojje in, trust, or
seek, or f;'ar the Lord, jir&t as your j)rophct, second as your
priest, and third as your Icing ; then came an address to the
young-, to the middle a<j;ed, and to the old, or a description
of the <;ood man's ascent to heaven, and the evil man's descent
to a place of punishment.

The disruption of the Free Church from the Established
Church of Scotland was a great boon to many of the ministers
of the North und)rian presbyterian congregations. ]Most of
them Avere translated to the more genial clime of Scotland, to
fill up the gaps which had been made in the Established Church
by the secession of some of her ablest and best ministers.
The Ilev. James Scott enjoyed this privilege, and removed in
1813 to the parish church of Banchory Terman in Scotland,
from which ho was expelled for misconduct, a few years after-
wards, llis future career is of no interest.

lie was succeeded by the l\ev. George Pittendreigh, who
remained but a short time ; for he Avas presented to an extra
])arochial chapel in Edinburgh in 1845. The next minister,
the Rev. John Thomson was attached to the Free Church of
Scotland; but on receiving from the colonial committee of that

rOTTKUOATK CJlUIlCll.

171

l)()(ly iui ;t|)])()intineii( iti St. Jolm'.s, New Hniiiswirk, ho ro
fsif^ncd tin; cluirj^c of tlic I'ottcrj^iito roii^vo^^Jiliou on October
lOtli, 18 IS, and wus succeeded on July JiOtli, 1810, by tlic
licv. Alcxiindcr Gibson, ulio died ;ii Ahnvick on July tilnt,
1850. 'I'lic Kcv. Jolin Walker was next ordained rninister
on .January iv'Stli, 1801, by llie I'resbytery of Xortliuinljcr-
land, in connection willi the jnesljytciian Synod of l'lri;^land ;
but he left in May, 1808, to become a chaplain to tin; garrison
of Challiani, Avhero he died in 1800.

The Uev. Alexander F. Douglas was induct(;d by the same
Presbytery to be minister of the I'ottergate church on Oct.
20th, 1808. He was educated at the presbytcrian theologi-
cal Colle;;c in liondon, and held for three y'''"'^ the charge
of th(i Presbyterian clunch at ^Vorkington in Cumberland.
Under his ministration the Pottcjrgate (congregation is j)ros-
pering ; there are 854 members belonging to it, and the usual
attendance is about 300. In the Sinulay school there ore 80
childrc>n and l!2 teachers, and a library, \vhich uas instituted
in 180t}, now contains I^OO Aolunies.

The records of this church are very scanty ; of miiuitcs of
the session and congregation none is earlier than l8o7 ;* and
the baptismal register, which has been imperfectly kept, does
not commence till March I'ith, 1700. The largest number,
twenty-nine baptisms, are entered for the years 1701, 1810,
and 1804 ; during the iirst twenty years of the present cen-
tury the average number was iv'O. John Calder says —
*' 1 baptised a vast nnnibcr of childien between Ot'tober 1700
and October 170i) whose names are not insc-rtcd in this
register."

* There is a well written skutoli of the Ili^tl•ry i>f tlie Eiifjlisli I'rtsbyteridii
Cliuroh in xViuwick, liy lleiny Hunter Blair, scbbion cU'ik. l.S'Jl'.

CHAPTER TX.

BONDGATE AND SIGN MEETING HOUSES.

BONLiGATE Mi;ETINa HOUSE BUILT 173G — KEY. JOHN 8AYEUS— ItEV.
JAMEB MUllllAY ANIJ BAILII'i-aATE SQUAllE MEETING HOUSE —

MICHAEL BOSTON HH. SlMl'SON — VINT — KESTON — liATE — SION

CHAPEIi BUILT — TllUST DEED — D18UM0N — I'UE.SllYTEiaAN MINI-
STER APrOINTEI) — INDEPENDENT MINI3TEUS SUCCEED — STATE OF
THE CnUKCU.

The appoinlniciit of Jonathan the son of Dr. IT;irlc, to he
minister of tlu? Pottergate congregation created dissatisfaction
among several of the memhers, who in consequence seceded,
and formed tliemselves into a distinct congregation. Their
first minister -^vas the llev. John Saycrs, Avho, in 17 J 1, came
to Almvick from Cnmberhmd, ulnne lie liad been a minister
for twenty years. The congregation first assembled fur wor-
ship in Bondgate Hall, which then belonged to llobert Wid-
drington, of llanxley, one of the original members; but on
INlarch loth, 17o0, they bought a parcel of ground, part of a
waste burgage on the north side of IJondgate, commonly called
the Burnt ^Valls, Avhich was conveyed by Ivobert AndLrsou, of
Upper Shields, yeoman, to Robert AViihhington, of llauxley,
gentleman, Joseph Yellowly, of North Charlton, husbandman,
John Walker, of Bilton AValk Mill, fuller and dyer, Joseph
Baron, of Alnwick, merchant, Nathaniel Yellowly, of Aln-
wick, linen draper, Henry Kichardson, of the same, apothe-
cary, Andrew iSurn, of the same, gentleman, and Thomas
Kennedy, of the same, nunchant. These, doubtless, were ihe
principal men who had originated the congregation. A
meeting house Avas built on this site in 173G.

iSlr. Sayers continued minister nearly thirty years; but from
blindness and other infirmities incident to age becoming unlit
for pidjlic duty, he had several assistants in succession, the
last of whom, the Pvev. James Murray, was engaged in 1701.
The manners and personal ai)pearance of the new assistant

lU^NDOATK AND SION Mi;K'MNG IIOCSK^. 173

^V('^(.• siii;^iiliir iind far from proposBcssin^ ; for lie was oarcless
in his (Iri'SH, and when ))r('achi/i^ Npoke lourlly, and with a
hroad Scotcli accent, aiid frcfiuonfly paused in the course of
his scinion and took snuff; Init tl)f)U<;h lie irn])roved in man-
ner and f^axc ])roof of ability, he failed to secnre the approval
of the old iiiinister and the more a^/ed mernhers of the con^ro
(^alion ; and he was thereftjre disnii>s(;d. A lurfre nurnher of
the younger members, however, became attached to him ; and
considering' him ill-used, they separated from the IJondgatc
meeting, and called him to be thej; minister, First they
worship])(Kl in the Town Hall, and then in a malt kiln in
l''enkle Street, and at last built for themselves a meeting
house in Ijailifrgate Square, on a lease of forty-one years ;
and h(!re he laboured Avith success till 17(i-l,when he removed
to a dissi'uting congregation in Newcastle,

T/iC Itcv. James Murray, one of the most eminent of the
dissenting ministers in Alnwick, Avas born at l-'auns in liox-
burghshive, about the year 17G2; and he studierl in Edinburgh
University. l»efore coming to Alnwick he was tutor to the
i'amily oi' William AVeddell, of Mouscn, near Ijelfovd, one of
whose daughters, Sarah, he subsequently married. In
early lil'e he was famed for \v\i and Inimour, and had a repu-
tation as a scholar ; but it was not till after his removal to
Newcastle that his peculiar and varied talents were brought
into action. Like the covenanters, from Avhom he was de-
scended, he mingled jjolitics w^ith theology, and entered Avith
keennessiuto ihepolitical warfare of his times; bringingsatire,
ridicule, and humour, as Avell as reason, to his aid, when he
made fierce onslaughts against corru])tion and error. His first
political publication was an answer to John AVesley's pamphlet,
" Taxation no Tyranny," which he treated Avith no mercy,
lie became famous by his sermons to asses, to doctors in
divinity, to ministers of state, and by his lectures to lords
spiritual ; and these are still read. IIcAvas also the author of
the History of Religion; a History of the Churches of England
and Scotland ; a History of the American AA'ar ; Lectures on
the Book of licvclations of John the Divine ; Lectures on the
Patriarchs, &c. He died in NcAvcastle on January l^Sth,
1782, aged 50 years, Thomas licAvick, the celebrated Avood
engraver, says of him ; " he Avas a cheerful, facetious, sensible,
pleasant man, a most agreeable companion, full of anecdote
and information, keen in his remarks, but carefully kept off
hurting the feeling of any in the company." His son. Dr.
ISIurray, Avas one of the founders of the Literary and Lhiloso-
\)hical Institution in NcAvcastle,

174 HISTORY <>V AI>N\VIf:l{.

After tlx; iciiioviil of Mr. .^^lln•;l)■, Micliiujl H()-,!rjii was
ordiiiiicd iniiii.sl(!r of" (lie l5aiIi(rL;.il(; niceliiii^ on Octohcr i^^^tli,
17()5. ]I(; was 801I (li llic Itcv. 'I'liouias Ur^.-stf;!!, of .frdljijr;^!!,
one of tlic! founders of the relief cluneli, of whom Dr. iio^ue
said " ho was next to Whitfield (he most commandiiii^
preacher I have (;ver l)eard;" and grandson of 'Ihonias Bos-
ton, the aiUhor (;f the " l"'(jnrfold Slate," whieh at one time
was to he seen in almost every cottajr,; ju Seolland. The
JJailifl'^ate congregation nourished ; and the aKendance he-
came more than the i)lace could ((mvcniently accommodate ;
it must, however, have been impcrCcfttly seated, us it was the
custom then, for women especi.illy, to take with them
crackefs or stools, on Avliich they sat during divine service.
A better feeling grew u]) between tluj iJailifigate and l>(jndgale
congregations; and at length it was agree-d that tliey should
unite J Mr. Say(!rs resigned his charge, and accepted from
the congregation an annuity during his life; and Mr. Ijoston
became the minister of the luiited congregations. Mr. Saycrs
lived only si.x weeks after the breach was rei)airc(l, ami died
on April 1st, 17G7.

The old 15(>ndgate meeting being now too small, It was in
17G8 taken down and rebuilt on an enlarg(;d plain ; Ijut in
November, 1770, Mr. Ijoston removed to a relief church at
Falkirk in Scotland. On the 'December following, the llev.
Thomas INIonteitli was called from the relief church at Dunse;
and he continued minister till his death i'roui paraly&is on
May 12th, 1780. During his incumbency the congregation
nourished; ,CloO of debt was paid (jll"; and they had still
to pay rent to the duke of Northumberland tor an unoccupied
house in Bailiilgate, as he would not clear them of the lease.
The seat rents then averaged £105 10s. yearly, and an addi-
tional sum arose from collections after every servici-. Thiee
times in the year was the Holy Connnunion administered,
the number of communicants on each occasion being on an
average 350.

This congregation being now the largest in the town was
important, and desired an exjicrienced minister. Most of the
old members, who had called Mr. Boston, were still living ;
and having a favourable recollection of the Kev. Dr. Simpson,
who was his brother-in-law, and who ha<l preached to them,
a correspondence was entered into w 1th him that he might
accept the charge. Mr. Michael Ilindmarsh, on the i)art of
the congregation, conducted the correspondence, which gives
interesting information of the price of food, &c., in 1786.

liDNDOA'J'K AND HIOX MK l.'[ I NO UOUSKS. 175

'i'lio i(!iit of ii cotiV('iii(jiit liouso to fir;comriiO(l;tto ii f.uiiily (>f
L(Mi ])(;isoiis Avas ul)oiit €!) yearly; a rart load of coaU from
.Sliill)ottl(.', wci^liiiif;- 1<) cut., cost o.s. 5cl, ; pure milk was
one penny a quart; the best beef and mutton averaged 3^d.
per pound ; a <fOod liouscniaid's waf^es were from GOs. to 00s,
yearly; and a horse could be kept for £10 a year. Dr. .Simp-
son, ^vllo was tlien a minister in llfjxton, IvOn<lon, seems to
have been a slncwd Scotsman, ami careful about tbe condi-
tions of the .appointment. Terms, liowever, were arranged, and
a call was given to liim to become minister, .signed by upwards
of 500 of the people. The proceedings of llie congregation
at this crisis reflect great credit on their good taste and
liberality; tlu.'y dealt kindly Mith the daughters of their
deceased minister ; and at every step, the managers souglit
to obtain the full and free expression of the opinion and
feeling of tbe people, and to be guided ])y it, W^hen con-
ductiid in siicb a spirit, ])opular election is seen in its most
advantageous as))ect. This body of Christians must have
been then guided by wise and good men.

Dr. Simpson, however, was not the fit man for this church,
and his conduct caused some of the members to leave,
and otliers to complain to the elders, who, by a letter, wliicb
indicates the religious tone of the congregation, remonstrated
"witb tbe doctor, telling bim that bis conduct in attendin<T
and countenancing various iniblic amusements and indul-'inf
in other nn])roprieties is such a conformity to the woild, as
is inconsi.steiit Avitli the ])rt)l'essit)n of any Christian, much
more so a minister of the gospel ; that he had neglected to
visit the sick — a shameful omission of his ministerial duty;
that he had left off annual religious visitation and the annual
diet of catechising ; and that he had departed from a religious
course of lecturing, contrary to the practice of liis ])redecessors
and the Avishes of tlie congregation ; and they offer to co-
operate Avith him in any method " towards revival of relifi'ion
amongst Ihem, of tlie promotion of the Redeemer's kingdom
amongst them in the present state of infidelity and profanity,"
After this he did not stay long in Alnwick ; but removed on
July 10th, 1789, to Pittenweem in Fifeshire. No respect Avas
shewn to him 'when he left ; perliaps his keenness had been
carried too far, for the congregation resolved " that Dr. Simp-
son should be fully paid for the time he had preached among
us, but no further.''^

Repeated changes in ministers are trying to the temper
of a congregation, however good and wise the members may

176 HISTORY Ol'' ALNWICK.

be. Party spirit can hreak out in the reli;,'ions as well as in the
]){)litical worhl ; and unfortunately the 15ondf,'atc congrega-
tion split into fiietions when they eiinie to ehoosc another
minister ; the j.eaeeful ealni oi' this Christian ehureh was
broken by stormy passions, and the nu,(;ling hons*.- was the
scene of angryconfliets. TIk; Rev. John lleston, relief ministe-r
at IJif^ar, was recommended to the elders as a fit successor.
Shrewd men these (dders were ; they sent one of their number
to Hio'^ar to hear him preach, and make intpiiries as to his
character ; but Mr. Reston was fnjin lioine at tlie time, and the
deputy had to return Avitliout aecompli^hinn' his object. Some
delay, in consequence, occurred in arran;,an^ for Mr. Reston to
preach at Alnwick, that the people might jud;,^- of his gifts.
]\leantimc a young man, who was still but a student of Idle
college, which belonged to the congregational denomination,
preaeiied in Rondgatc meetin;^- house, and many of the people
were so pleased with his services, that a strong desire arose
to call him as their minister. This young student, William
Vint, who was born at Thrunton, near Whittingham, Avas the
son of a shepherd, and had been trained nnder the teaching
of the Rev. .James Somerville, of Rranton, a remarkable man,
who was minister of one of the largest dissenting bodies
in Northumberland, and who had sent forth from his church
several ministers of the gospel, some of whom achieved
eminence. In consequence of this movement, Mv. Reston
was withdrawn as a candidate ; and a congregational meeting
decided to call Mr. A'int, by a majority of '^05 members
against 92. Reing, however, still but a student, ^Mr. Vint
could not, in accordance with the college regulations, enter
on the charge, till after the lapse of another year. How curi-
ously is this made use of by tliose opi)osed to the call ; " the
aged," they say, " tottering on the brink of the grave cannot
consent to sign away their privileges which they hope for
from a stated ministry, as they, in all probability, may be
deprived of them, before they can reap any advantage from
them ; " " servants who know not but they may reiiiove from
their place before they can enjoy the privilege of a stated
gospel ministry object to the signing away their privileges,
which they have not the view of enjoying in case of a removal."
Such was the strange logic used in a conilict of religious sec-
tions! Notwithstanding these objections, the call was inesented
to Mr. Vint ; but not being the voice of an undivided church,
he declined to accept the charge. He was afterwards settled
as minister of the Independent Church at Idle in \orkshire;

!

nONDGATE AND SION MKI'/JING IfOUSKS. 177

and havin|^ a reputation for scholarship and theological know-
ledf^e, ho was a]»poiiitc;d tutor of tlio Idle acadc.-iiiy, in which
youii;:^ men Avcrc iiislructcd in l;ui;^uaf(o, pliilosophy, and
llicolop^y, to (lualif'y them as nilnisteis of" the conj^regational
denomination,

Tlie parly feolinj:^ in the con^-egation was now so strong,
that the fViends of Mr. llcston did not l)riiig him forward as
a candidate, \yisely they agreed to hoar otlicr candidates;
and an eflort Avas made to restore peace to the church l)y the
election o( a minister npjiroocd of by all. The choice fell upon
the R(;v. David I'yper, who was 1/Tturer in the West Kirk,
Edinhurgh ; and he was ordained ministrr of the Jiondgatc
congregation on June ?J)\\\, 1701; hut his stay was short,
for he left on Decemher 7ih, 1793, on heing presented to the
parish church of Pencaitland in Scotland. The way wa3
now cleared for the llev. John Ileston ; and he was called
and inducted minister in Decemher, 171)-3, and continued in
Alnwick till October iiOth, 18U0, wlien he removed to Edin-
hurgh.

At this period the Bondgatc congregation had reached the
maximum of its strength; it thcTi consisted of about GOO
members. The meeting house was an odd-looking place, an
unadorned high house of three stories, with oblong windows;
internally there were two galleries, one above the other, so
that the occupants of the upper one looked down from a
giddy height upon the people below. The congregation was
content then to be simply protestant dissenters, bound by no
everlasting tie to any particular sect, but free to choose their
ministers from any nonconformist body. Most of their mini-
sters had been connected with the llelicf Church ; but when
they came to Alnwick, they came to a free congregation claim-
ing the right of independent action. ]\Ir. lleston had told
them on his resignation, that a minister would be sent from
the Relief presbytery to announce the vacancy, and that if
they continued connected with that body their ministerial
connnunion would be confined to it ; but the congregation
would put on no fetters, and they unanimously declared —
" that we will not sacriflco the C'hristian liberty we have so
long enjoyed for the sake of any connexion whatever ;" and
feeling aggrieved by a decision of this presbytery in refer-
ence to the re'-noval of Mr. Reston, they severed their con-
nection with presbyterianism ; and in accordance with the
recommendation of one of the leading members, ]\Iichael
Hindmarsh, became more decidedly an independent society.
VOL. II. - z

178' uisroKY oi' \Ly\Vi(:K.

They applic.d to Mr. IlaldiiiK;, Umj leader of the Scotti.sli con-
gregiitioiialists, to rfteorniiu-'iid to tlieiii n preaelior; and iu
C()iui)liance ^vitll this ref|uehit ]\ii miiI to them Jo.sejdi Jlate,
who was el(;cted miui.ster, and, on the 1st ot April, 1801,
ordalncid " ]);istor of a dissenting t:oii^re;,fation, Alnwick."
The ordination was conducted according to tlu; con^re^^a-
lional nsaye ; j\Ir. .John Aikinan jneachcd the introdiir-tcjry
discourse; and after Mr. liale " related tin; manner in Avhifli
it had j)lease(l (xod to l)i in^' him to tin; knowledge of the truth
and to devote himsell' to the ministry, and made a confession
of his faitli, lu; was solemnly set a])art to the pastoral oflicc
Ly ])raycr and iin]iositioii of the hands of James 1 [aldane and
Greville Plwin;^." JiuL rhc fdeclion was not nnanimons.
]\Ir. Hudson, of llrislee, aiul ofheis (jlijected to Mr. liale, he-
cause he Avas a metliodist and itinerant ])reacher; f(jr he had
been employed by the llaldanes as an itinerant lay ]neacher
and distributor of tracts arnon;^ the " neylecterl hoatliens " in
tluMiorth of Scotland, and in the \illaL;('3 uroiind Edinburgh.
Of slender abilities, meagre h.-aviiiuL;, and a ])oor i)reach<.-r, he
was, however, very dilij^ent in vi^iitin^' his fh)ck.

The moetinj;- house in liondgate bein;^' in bad re])'iir, it was
sold; a site ihr a ne\v one in St, jNliclniel's lane was pur-
chased ; and a ])lace of worship called iSto}i Chapel was
erected, containin*^- abcjut 700 sittings, and having a clumsy
gallery around three sides of the building. It was opened
on .lune tlie I30t]i, 1810, by religious services, Avhich were
conducted by the Kev. VMward Pavsons, of the Indejiendeut
chapel, Leeils, and the Kcv. NVilliam Vint, theological tutor
of the Independent college, idle. The site and building cost
X1072 ; by the sale of the old meeting bouse, by subscriptions
of the members, and collections from other congregations,
£1550 were raised, h-aving a deficiency of £4!i2 ; but, such
has been the liberality of this congregation, that the Avhole of
this debt was gvaduallv paid off, and totally extinguished iu
1849.

Ill tho trust de,',!, dalcd AuLcniil 3Ist, ISlo, Kalph Annctt sells to the olJere
0,11(1 imnibers of tills sociity of protestant disscnti-is, l'(ji- £150, tliat piece of
j^iound lichind a iiiossiiaL^c of l^alijli Annott iu tho ^Market rhuo, upon trust,
to permit a luocliiiL;- house, tVo., to ho hiiilt and occupied as and lor a place of
r(.li;^i()iis worship l-y the society of inotostant disssenteid usually asscmhling
at iJoudgato iiieetiii|< liousc ; and permit elders, nominated hj- the men sub-
fc'CrihcrvS to the said meeting house, or the major part of them, being members
of the said society and communieants thereLii, at any meetinjj for that pur-
pose assembled, to receivo voluntary subscriiilions towards the support of tho
public worship, or support of the minister for the time beuig olheiatingf ; and
permit to officiate such minister as the major part of the subscribers, men or
women, being- members of tho society and communicants therein, at a meeting

BONDOATK AND SIGN M KKII \G HOUSES.

171)

July aHsomLl<;il IVir ilmt jjurpoHo, oliiill IVoin timo to tirrif! elect, to oflfici.ito as
llioir iiiiiiiHti;!' or j);i.stijr in llic Huirl mi:(:l'u\^ lioiiHo, accorJiri;? to tho n.-jiial
uiilcr ami ciiHtoins of tlio Hociotios of ))rol(;:staiit diHSontoiH. l'«j\v»,-r i« (ri v.-n Vi
Uio iriist(;<;H, liy llio awtliority of th<! majority of malfs in<;inbi;rrt at
;i iiioiiUiij^, to iiiorti^afci!, wi'll, or oxcliaii^'i! tlio j)fOji';iiy, aii'l iiiv<it tlus
liioiioy for tlio licnclil of ilu! society ; and if tli(; Hoci'-ly is totally ilissolvcl or
iliH])i;r.s(.(.1, ami piililio worsliip (li.sconliniKMl for two yeara, tin; tnihlc-eH inay
<lis]ioH() of tlii^ ])reiiii.s('H for j-iicli jjiirjKj.si.-^, nillior ruiif^ioii.-i or civil, a»4 two-
lliiiij.s of f ho iiiciuLcrH, wlio liavo boon Hiib.soriln.T.s for oiio year, ^luill atipoint
ill wiiliii;;-. ^Vlll■ll the triihtccj are ri'iliici;rl lo five, tlu; varati(:if;s rtliall bo
sup]ili(;il, to iiialii; tlio iiuiiilx.T twelve, of so many luofLHtnnt rli^Moiit'-i-Nby pro-
fession ; Kiich ii]>poiiitinoiit liciiijj; made by a majority of nn;ii Hiibhcribing
iiicialxaa or eoninniiiicaiitH ; and of siK-li m<.'',tin;.rs ii(d.iee is tu 1)0 (^veii after
divine scrvici; ; but they are not to bo IkIJ carliov than tho "Wednesday alter
mioh mdioo. — Ijiirnllcii in U/mi/ccii/, 'I'Jt^i ^t/'ii/, 1SG2.

As ]\Ir, Kiite advimccil in y avs, lie lust Ill's early fovvid
(Ussciiliiio- spirit, aud devolopod .slron;^ proclivities towards
cslaljlislied cliurchus. Unrurtniiatcly for the (.nii^ircgatiou lie
r'ndoavourcd to (.•lian;^o its (;liaractor and link it with the
rliintli of Scotland ; and hy \vhat were docincd unfair and
irrc'p,ular means li(' snccccdcd in procurin;^ the a])))ointrn('nt
of Thomas Dcwar, a liccnlialo of thatclmrch, as his assistant
and successor. Dewar's call was .signed hy only 1-10 persons;
and so impopulai' was the a])poinlm(Mit, that his ordination
instead of heing niade, as is usual, in tlu; ])resencc of tho
con<^rcoati(m, took place at I'dinhuvoli Ix.'foie a few Scottish
kirk mii\istcrs. By such arhitiary proceedinj^s the peace of
the conj^vcgation was hroken and a fierce controvcnsy raj^ed ;
])ami)hlets appeared on hoth sides, as wv.W as some curious
descriptions of the scenes acted within tlie chapel durin<r the
siruoole. Two ahlt; piimj)hlets written hy tin* late Ralph
INlorlon, one of the most eariuvst and intelligent of the mcin-
hers, aie of value for historical notices of the conj^re^ation.
Many memhers Avere dri\en from the hody at this crisis. The
llev, Thomas Dewar entered on his duties on May 18th, 1839,
hut he resigned on August oOth, 18-l;i, on heing appointed
minister of the south church of Aherdeen.

Freed, hy this time, from the iniluence of priestly tlictation,
the congregation, in accordance with their princ iples, elected
as their miiii:?ter, on November iL'lli, ISd-], (icorgc Ilichards,
a student of the ]nde])eiulcnt college of Airedale. The Rev.
Joseph Rate resigned, on January Tlh, 18^-1, the pasteral
charge of the church, which he had ludd during forty-three
years ; and ho died on iX'cemoer oth, 1840, aged 70 years.
The Rev. tireorge Ricliards contimied minister till Novi'uiber
1st, 1811), Avlu'u he accepted a call from a congregation in
llowden, Yorkshire. Tlie Rev. Robert Greener became pas-
tor on February 10th, 18j0, and laboured diligently as a

180 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

fiiitliful minister till liis death, on January 8tli, IBGo, in the
forty-first year of his age. lie was greatly esteemed as an
anuiihlc, good man, and as an abh; ])reaeh<.'r ; for his sermons
were distinguislicd by originality of tlioiight, and beauty of
stylo. The present minister, the Rev, .J. T. Shawcross, of
Burnley, who h:id been ediieated at Airedale ecjllege, having
been unanimously ealled, became pastor of this church on
October 15th, 18G5.

A return made to the churchwardens in 1829 states, that
there W(;re then H']3 persons belonging to the congregation;
and according to the i-egistrar-general's report, there were on
March oOth, 1851, present at the morning service in the
chapel 273, and at the evening service 132; the average
attendance during the preceding twelve months being in the
morning 300, and in the evening 200, and the total number
of persons belonging to the congregation 518. The l)aptismal
register commences February 17th, 17G2 ; but tliere Avere
earlier records from 1731 to 1702, v/liieh were lost many
years ago.

Tliough not numerous, the members of this church have
been remarkably liberal in the support of religion. IJesides
contributions to missionary and benevolent societies, and
keeping up the iabrie of their chapel, and ])roviding for the
celebration of praise by an organ and choir, and ])aving other
incidental expenses, they give to the minister £170 yearly.
During the year 1800 the chapel was considerably altered
and improved ; the whole of the interior was remodelled, the
elumsy gallery taken away and a smaller one placed in the
south end ; the pulpit has been removi'd to near the north
end, and a gallery for the organ and choir placed behind it.
These alterations cost a"bout £500. A house, too, has been
bought as a residence for the minister, costing with altera-
tions above £600. Such is the power of voluntaryism, where
religious privileges are valued.

CILVrTER X.

UNITED SECESSION CnURCIIES.

OUiaiN OF BUUailER, MEETING HOU-SK — REV. JOil.V >r.VU3nALL — REV.
DAVIIJ TATEUSON — rELLOW.SUU' SOCJETY — RELIEF CIIURCir.

Tlic j)resbytcrian congregation now worshipping in Clay-
port lias been in cxi.ste7ico for 114 y(;ars, and it was originally
conneetcil with the lUirglicr Associate Synod of Sf-otland,
The Scotch church had, in the beginning of the eighteenth
century, lost much of its early attachment to tlie calvinistic
doctrines of her formularies ; she liad become luicewann, and
tolerant of doctrinal errors. Cold moral essays were delivered
from the pulpit, instead of sermons glowing with evangelical
fervour ; and ministers were forcibly intruded into churches
against the will of the ])eople. The Rev. I^benezer Erskine,
of Stirling, in a synod Sermon, preached at I'erth in 1732,
exposed with much zeal the defections of the church in doc-
trine and (lisci])lino ; and for this otfence, he and three other
ministers, \vho held the same views, were expellud from the
established chuich. A few weeks afterwards the four ejected
ministers formed themselves into a distinct church under the
name of the Associate Presbytery. This secession in Scot-
land was in some respects similar to the rise of mcthodism
in England ; it was a resuscitation of the religious life of
Scotland from the lethargy into Avhich it had fallen. Able
earnest men were these seccders ; learned too, and having a
profound reverence for gospel truth ; yet they were but nar-
row-minded ; and while fiercely denouncing intolerance in
others, they Avere far from being guided by a si)irit of toleration
themselves. A dispute in 1744 about a triiling matter — the
taking of the burgess oath — rent the little church into twain ;
one division was designated the Associate Burgher Synod, and
the other the Associate Anti-Burgher Synod. Each called the
other bad names ; one party was stigmatised as schismatics,
and the other as apostates ; uud the anti-burghers went so far

182 UNITKI) SKCICS.SION ClIUUCIIES.

a.s to pvoiiouiicL' against tin; burglicrs tlio liighest ecclesiastical
c(!nsvue.s.

Possibly llu! dccadenco of tlio r(.'li;;if)us Kf)iiit in Alnwick
may hav(! led (o llu; cslablislnncnt of a burgher congn-gation
llicrc, The ])evsons who originated it, wen; nativi-s of Aln-
wick, who for sdTuetirne hail attendi-d the chui-ch of the Rev,
John Fisher, a burgher minister in (Glasgow, and a few resi-
dent Scotchmen in Alnwick, M'ilb some others who had
belonged to tlic church of England, but who had become
dissatislied with its services. Tlieso parties, on October JiOth,
1753 petitioned the Associate Ihirgher Presbytery <A' VaWh-
bnrgh to send preachers to tliem, and to proceed to the eleetioii
of elders, so that they miglit bo formed into a church. The
Key. John Prown, of Haddington, in accordanc(! with the
appointment of the ])rcsbytery, preached at Alnwick 0!i ilie
last Sundays of November, aiul ordained the following ehhrs,
who had been elected by the congregation, viz., Henry
Hichardson, William Scot, and llal])h Taylor. The congre-
gation met i'or worship at iirst in Delav.il's or ])r. Forster's
close at the head of Canongate ; and next in an old house at
the head of Canongatc, now ])art of the gas works. It had
been, it is said, a Roman Catholic religious house ; and belore
it Avas altered, it had some ecclesiastical features in its old
M'indows. In this place the sacrament of the Holy Com-
munion was hrst dispensed by jNir, Prown,and here the con-
gregation continued to assemble till 17GI, when a new
meeting house with about oOO sittiuL^s was built in O'de
ierruce, Clayport Street.

John Marshall, the fu-st miiiistor, was ordained in 17^0. Ho
had been connected -with the burgher congregation of Sliolioll,
near to which, I suppose, lie had been born on September 24t]i,
1740, IIo studied di\-inity under tlio ricv. James Fishor, wlio
was the theological professor of tho Puvgher Associate Church,
Well quahfied was ho for the cliargo of this infant congregation;
for ho was a good scholar, and his mind was stored witli liistorical
Imowledgo ; "A saintly man" ho has been called, arid I believe
with good reason, though, probably, judging from tho character
of those who were moulded under his ministry, ho had somowliat
of the narrow and dogmatic spirit, which" marked the early
seceders. As a father among Ids pooplo he entered warmly into all
their interests ; in times of distress and sorrow especially, lie was
amongst thorn with his kindness, sympathy, and active bouevo-
lenco ; regular ho Avas too in holding what Avero called diets of
examination at the houses of his meiabcrs, for tlie i-urposo of
instructing the young. As a jucacljcr ho was not popular, for

IMSTOKY OV M.SWKli. 183

ho Hpoko nidi hesitation ; Ijiit liis conpp'ogation liij^lily fippreciatod
liis lecture;;; in tlio expo.sitioji of hcri[)(iii'0, wlii';li mado a deep
imprcsHifjii, I'rom tJio riclmo.shi of lii.i liistorical illu.stration.s and
tlio wisdoni of liis piactical maxims. For Bomo linio ai'tor liis
Kottlernont iu Alnwick " lio was jia.ssinf^ ricli on fifty pounds a
year ;" but as lio was inan'icd and had a larf^o i'amily to maintain,
]io taiif^'ht iho classics to a limited nunihor of pupils. John Lam-
hort, an accompli.shcd ma)i, was one of his scholars ; and William
Allcrs rfanhcy, who was aflorwards h(:ad of a fpx-at banking
houso in London, treasurer of the London Missionary Society,
and a leader of bonovoient institutions, lived with him as a nupil
several yt.'ai's.

Under his faithful and affcclionato ministry tho biirghor con;^re-
gatiou prosiiured ; but it was cliiofly comjiosed of tho humbler
classes. On looking over tho register of baptisms from 1785 to
1800 I hud, that of 231 ba[)tisnis, there wore Go children of
labourers, .30 of shoouuilceis, oO <jf weavers and stocking-
makers, 12 of tailors, and oiily -1 of farmers, and 2 of gi-ocers.
There must, however, have been a considerable acct^ssion of
members towards tho close of his niinistry ; for the baptisms
averaged th'.'U 2o yearly. Tho meeting houso in Oglo Terrace
being too small for the incrt'asing congi'ogation, a new meeting
lioUKO was built in I80u, with about 560 sittings, on a ]iiece of
vacant ground in tho Gi'eon ]>at, to which the duke of Northum-
berland laid claim as lord of the manor, and of -which ho granted
a lease at a mmnnal rent for forty years. l\Ir. Maj'shall died on
Febriuiry 21st, 1805, in tho 3'Jth year of his ministry, and 05tli
year of his age. No man's memory has been more cherished
than his ; often, many years after his death, have I heard his
pointed savings (pioted, and his .saintly character described by
those Avho in early life enjoyed his ministrations. Tho Rev.
Percival Stockdale, the eccentric vicar of Ijcsbury, had a high
regard for him, heightened probably, for Stockdale was a vain
man, by Mv. Marshall recommending from the pulpit his pamph-
let on " Cruelty to Animals." " In matters of religion," he says,
" perha]is ^Ir. Marsluill had his unfair prejudices ; and very few
men of tho sacred functions are without them. But he was a
man of great probity and virtue ; and practically and earnestly
attentive to every object which he thought intimately connected
with his duty." The following epitaph was "wi-itten by Stockdale ;

On tho liuv. John SIaushai.i., ;i ]iioas luul most amiable diisouling miuister.
In earth the inoital iVamo ol Jlaisliall lies ;
His God rewards bis virtues in tlic ski(\s ;
Our saint, from iietive youtli to laie.Tiui.1 age,
'J'aiigbt, and exempliilfd tlio sacred page,
(lb ! for tby sake, may heaven preserve the verse
'I'bat joins tho grief wbieli now bedows tby bearse :
^tay I with palms immortal crown tby shade !
For what thy words enforced, thy lite displayed.*'
* Memoirs of Stockdale, II., p. 329.

184 UNITED SECESSION CIIUncIIES,

Mr. Marshall's family consisted of two flau;:jhtors, who diod
unmarriod, and of throo sons ; John, who Avas a Hurj^oon, died ia
Jamaica, and Tliomas and William Hcttlod as tiadoHmou in
]{orwick, -whoro tlioy died ; Tliomas Cllod tho ofllco of mayor
of JUirwick.

The Rev. David Paterson, tho next minister, was ordained in
180G ; and fin- thirty-.sovon years inlluoncod tho tastes and charac-
ter of tho congrof^ation. Ho Asas horn in. iJocomher, 177.0, at
Nowhall, Solkii-kshiro, where liis father occupied a small farm,
and Avas an elder in the hur{^her congregation of Stow. Wliile in
early life tondijig his father's Jlocks amon^j (he lonely hills (W'that
pastoral district, ho nursed the iiuaginalive faculty, which ore
long found expression in plaintive sonnds. llo Avas sent to tho
Selkirk grammar schocd in 17'.<1 ; and in 179;} ho onterod tho
Edinburgh University, Avhero he studied during four sessions. He
attained distinction in tho logic and moral philosophy classes,
then taught by \)y. Finlayson and iJugald JStewart ; and an essay
by him on taste was i)roiiounced by tho professor to bo tho best
ever read in the Ljgic class ; he advised the Avriter to keej) it
the Iloratian period, and then Avheu revised and published, tho
Avorld would, he said, possess abetter philosophical theory of taste
than had been previously given. This essay, ^fr. Paterson told
mo, Avas lent to several persons and Avas ultiniately lost. Whilo
in Edinburgh he AN'as a member of the famous S[ieculative
society of Avhich Erougham, Dr. Thomas EiOAvn, Ilorner, Ley-
den, Murray, and Erskine Avero distinguished ornaments. Dr.
Cairns in his life of Dr. John BroAvn says, that Mr, Paterson
" was supi^osed to have oulstrii)])ed Erougham and Horrior and
other loaders of a debating society to Avhich ho belonged, in meta-
jihysical acutoncss ; " but this is u delusion; for it is very
doubtful AAdiether Mr. Paterson over took part in au}' discussion ;
though I have often heard him refer to his connection with tliis
society, of Avhich indeed he ^^•as proud, ho never referred to any-
thing achieved by him there. AVhile libtoning to the keen
debates, tho burgher student Avas, hoAvever, sometimes startled by
tho daring recklessness of such leaders as Ei'ougham and Brown,
in bringing to the test of reason the principles lying at the basis
of all religion.

After completing his literary and philosophical course in Edin-
burgh, he attended for foiu' sessions, the lectures of Dr. George
LaAVSon, at Selkirk, who Avas professor of diAdnity to tho burgher
body. During tho last year, ho became acquainted with John
Brown, Avho A\^as afterwards professor of exegetical theologj' to
the United Secession church, and one of the ablest of Scottish
theological writers. Brown regarded Paterson A\*ith enthusiastic
affection and admiration ; and indeed expressed the opinion that
of all the burgher students Paterson possessed the greatest genius.
When Brown Avroto versos ho imitated tho stylo of his friend,
whoso poetry ho regarded as so beautiful, that his own additions

UNITED 8ECK8SION CHURCHES. 185

" Boomed to him lilco the Asiatic cruelty of bindin^^ a dead car-
case to a living body." So fjroat was their friendship, that, when
probationorn and preaching week after week to vacant congre-
gations, Brown, who luid lieen liconHcd wlien young and liad a
poor stock of fiorniona to start with, occasionally borrowed a ser-
mon from tlie bettur filled fit()rehr)UHe of his friend ; butunfortu-
nafely one of these borrowed sermons was preached within a fe\^
weeks at Newtown .St. lioswell's both by Mr. Paterson and Mr.
Drown, much to the aniazementof the congregation. "Ah! sir,"
said an acute Bhoemaker to Afr. Patorson, who told tho atory
with great glee, laughing heartily tho while, " wo kenned your
sermon again."

After wandering as a probafionor for about fivo years, Afr.
Patorfe(m received calls from the congregations of North lierwick
and Alnwick ; and ])referriiig tho latter, ho was ordain»-d tli.To
in August, 1806. Ilia reputation as a man of ability had gone
before him, and imder favourable auspices ?io entered on hia
ministry in Alnwick. Ilis preaching, as comiKared with that of
others at tliis ])criod, began a new era there ; his discourses wero
more polished in stylo, more reilned in sentiment ; they wandered
more into tho regions of philosoi'hy, and dwelt less on technical
theology than on the broad principles of Christian truth and
morality. Many thoughtfid persons of various oijiuions were
attracted by his preaching. lie, however, never realised the
high expectations of his friends. Dr. Brown, it is said, considered
that tho praises lavished on his essay on taste spoilt him;
for vain of this achievement, ho made no great effort afterwards
to cultivate his genius. Wandering about from place to place so
long, broke up his habits of study; and soon after ho came to
Alnwick ho was surrounded by friends and ilatterers, Avith whom
he was often around tho social board ; so much so, tliat the hos-
pitality to tlio new minister made the congregation famous ; this
too was inimical to a student's life. Professor Lawson, a man of
very simple manners and tastes, looked with a fatherly eye to
Mr. Paterson, and having heard of these social doings resolved
to administer a rebuke. On tho Monday after the sacrament, the
professor, the minister, and some of tho elders ami managers
were, as was usual at that time, invited to dine with one of the
principal members. Good dinners wero always provided on such
occasions ; but in honour of the professor, the display on the
table was unusually bountiful ; and all save the professor did
justice to it. " Will j'ou allow me to help you to some fine beef,
doctor?" said the host. " Na, thank ye," was the curt reply.
" There's roast turkey and fine ham, will ye take a little of them,
doctor ? " " Na, thank ye," was the perverse response. Delicacy
after delicacy was in like manner ofiered and refused. Disap-
pointed and annoyed tho generous-hearted host anxiously said
" I am eorry there seems nothing to suit you here— what would
you like, doctor?" " Have ye got an egg? awl tak an egg,"
vol. II. 2 a

180 KISTORV OV AI.NWir.K.

was tho rijply. Tlio oj^g was procurofl, and foitnod tho whole of
tlio pi-ofoBsor'H dinner. His rndono.ss ovovrthot the Tnaik, and
croatod disgust ; nover again did ho appear in Alnwick, and tho
feaHling wont on with unabated vigour.

Mv. l'at(;iBon not being nineh of a student after ho Bottled in
Alnwick, his ordinary sermons and lectui-es, as tirno moved on,
changfjd in ehai-acter and stylo, being »irni)ler and freer from
ali'ccted prettiness, but more theological and coniiuonplaco. 8oino
of his unadorned evening discour.ses and addresses at prayer
meetings wore, however, luminous e.\j)ositions of serijituro. His
prayei'H IjotJi in pnblie and in tho hcjuseholda ho visited were
rcmai-laibly imi»rijssivo and beautiful ; fur ev(iry want of humanity,
for every desire of tlio heart, i'or every ascrijition of glory to tho
Su])renio, ho found appropi-iate scri])tural ex[n-esHi()n ; few hearts
could withstand their softening inll nonce, and thr-y left imi)res-
si(nis on tho young which tho rude vubljings of subscipient years
could never entii'(;ly olfaco.

l\Lr. Paterson shono in a conversation. A littlo spare man he
was, and somewhat bent, with gi-oy eyes, linty lucks, a iair com-
plexion, and cynical cxpr(!ssion of eountenanco. As ho walked
or rather tottered slowly along, with his right hand in his breast,
ho had an absent l(;ok as if conning ovei- suine task. But in
company, among gonial friends, his eyes brightened up and his
countenance relaxed into ph-asiiiitry, as ho pointed some moral,
or uttered some maxim, indulging tho while in a hearty laugh
at his own v.'itticisni. lie imitated tho oracular Ltylo of Dr. John-
son and Eobert JIall, and was fond of antitlietical and pointed
payings. At tho annual social gathering of the Fellowship S';ciety,
hoAvns seen to advantage, when tho yoiuig aiid aspiring members
of his congrogaliou listened with rapt attention to his Sj^)arkling
fancies and brilliant renuirks.

]Mr, Paterson never displayed much of tho priestly spirit. Like
others of tho biu-ghor bod}- when it was small, ho disregarded
clerical costume. In the earlier periods of liis mitiistry he would
ascend the ptd[)it in a black ur coloured neckcloth, and with
light coloured trotisers ; and his friend, the more stately and
furmal I3r. John Pro^-n, preached dressed in light coLnu-ed knee
breeches and Ilessian boots. Since, however, tho body has
become formidalde by union, a more clerical costume has been
assumed, and the manners of the state clergy more closely copied.

Pucklo, the philosopher, is pttzzlcd with tho character of the
Scottish people, who while strongly attached to a narrow and in-
tolerant theology, and led by their clergj-, yet are imbued with an
ardent love of civil freedom. Mr. Paterson would alsu have pttzzled
otir theorist ; ho had tho same theology ; and though ho could
introduce into the pitljiit luetaphysical speculations and literary
criticisms, yet ho looked with suspicion on modern seientiho
generalisations a:; lending to inlidelity, and occasionally de-
nounced them as vain philosophy ; but notwithstanding he waa

UNITED SECESSION tllURCllES, 1^7

warmly attached tu tlio caaso ofllbi^rty ; and wlion lie took part
in public movoniOTits, ho was raii;^(;d on tliO Hido of roroim arid
pi-o^j^rOH.s ; ]i() never ti-ucklcd to [lowor, nor BJiirkod tl»o inunly
ox[»rossi(jn of liis opinion ; and in tlii.s ho stood in favourablo
c(jntru8t with bonjo of the Ncn-thunihrian pre.sbyteriaii ijiinistorrf.

Jjivinn- in a BiniiU country town, few ovont« of intoroflt chofjuored
his carour. IIo was honoured u ith the appoinfniOJit of Alodora-
tor of tho AsKociato Synod in 1812. After tho disrupti<jn of tho
Scotch church, ihoro was a disposition on the part of iho Scottish
universities to confer literary honours on dissenters ; and Mr.
Palerson, thi-ou^li the induonco (d' iJr. l^ee, his cousin, received
at that tiinci'roin tho JMinburgh university the h<nio)-ary degree
of Waster of Arts, h'or alow 3'ears hel'oro his dsath ho com-
plained of spasms in his hniast ; imt his attendance at tho funeral
of one of his eldei's had overtasked his strenj^th, and on reachin{2^
home he was stiized with dillicuUy of breathinj^ and other bad
symptoms ; and soon afti;r retirinj^ to I'est, ho bo^an to bre.itho
heavily, and then canio a few more gentlo heavings, till ho
breathed his last, on the 22n<l of Novemljer, 18-l.J, in tho Glth
year of his age and tlio 38tli of his ministry. Dr. Balmer, of
Berwick, preached his funeral sermon, which Avas afterwards
published.

Ml'. Patersori's character Avas strongly marked ; it was not
cast in tho mould of a weak pietism, usually attributed to a good
minister ; but was manly and free from pretence and hypocrisy;
and yet, like all such characters, it was studded over with sharp
angularities. Vain ho doubtless was, and occasionally strongly
prejudiced; like ]Jr. Johnson ho was a good hater, and could
censuro in unmeasured terms; not very tolerant ■was he with his
opponents ; and ]iorhaps too his habits were too social ; uotwitii-
etanding he stands forth as an able, good, conscientious man,
honest and straightforward, truthful und independent, chnritablo
up to the extent of his means, and a warm generous-hearted
fi-iend. Tho intluenco of his teaching and character over his
congregation and over the town was, during thirty-seven years,
very considerable — great indeed as that of any other man in
Lis own generation.

As an author, ]\[r. Paterson never produced anything to main-
tain his early reputation. Sonnets by him were circulated pretty
widely in manuscript, and were admired by liis friends, hut they
contain little originalty or vigour ; and though the rhnnes are
flowing and pretty, they are pervaded by a morbid sentimeutalism.
Aa they have nover been printed, one sonnet may be given.

The howling winds of dark November rise,

And toss the yellow kavcs from shaking- wuoda,

Colli droncliinf^- ruins pour down froui lurid skies,
The led swollen river rolls in foamy floods;

The sullen sj'irit of llic tempest roars

Thioujj'h the ve\'d forest, stoopiny to the blj»t.

188 HISTORY OK ALNWICIf.

The bonding wiUowa dash thoir ouay Hhoron,

Naliu'O piobunts oiio uiolu»ch<jly wajto :
I'hiia iiiari'd i'lviiJ ])li;;i.iuiija witlii.-r and d',-cay,

Hi.s iiioital }ioiioui'.i droop at cv^■ry gust
Of {'hill adv'ur.sily, and Ilro away,

Till all his ^iiory iaoii]<h;r.s in the du.'it ;
Yet thu C(d(l ashes ol'tho wintry gravi;

licst theru in hope : hoiiiynant hoavcii will save.

A volumo of his discourses in 18 M was favouraWy reviewed in tho
ChriatKui Instructor, hy liis fi'iund Jijlm J3ro\v'n, wlio ])lacos thorn
in tho sfimo dass as tlioso of Allison, tho autlior of Essays on
Tasto. ]iut an ill-naturod roviowiu the I'k-lecUc, by ])r. Jamison,
of Slateford, dealt harshly with both stylo and mattor. Many
beautiful passages are scattered throu'j:hout these discourses ; but
thoy, like his pooius, arooftou dislij^'ured by a weak soutimeiitalism
and a roduudaucy of epithets ; into no subject does the author
enter deeply ; lie exhausts nothing, but rather lightly skims over
tho surface, saying pretty things as ho passes almg. Subse-
quently ho published an elaborate discourse on tho Arminiau
controversy, in which occur many acuto metaphysical observa-
tions ; pamphlets on Unitarianism and un Voluntaryism ; dis-
courses to tho young ; but perhaps three discourses on a Future
State furnish tlie most favourable examples of his peculiar
powers. A life of Dr. James Dcattio and essays on Human Im-
provement wi'itten by him appeared in tho Newcastle Mfi(jazi)ie.
The former besides giving a pleasing account of a poet, philoso-
pher, and good man, contains criticisms on poetry and a review
of the Scottish Common Sense philosoph}-. The essays were
originally delivered as sermons on the afternoons of several
eiiccossivo Sundays ; and that they should have been preached to
a burghor congregation proves tho independence of liis mind ;
for they indulged in criticisms on philosophy, on art, on poetry,
on the drama and kindred subjects, which rarely lind their way
into evangelical pulpits. True tho men of the stricter sort
listened with astonishment and then grumbled ; and not a few
were startled Avhen the preacher, in his most self-complacent
manner, boldly said — " Above all read Shakesjieare, the darling
child of Nature."

Mr. Paterson mai-ried when advanced in years, and left a
widow and three children, all of whom are now dead. No descend-
ant of any minister of religion has ever taken root in Alnwick.

Under Mr. Patersou's ministrations the congregation
flourished. In its best days the number of members exceeded
350, and not less than 1000 persons were connected -with it.
There was a debt on the meeting house wlien lie became
minister, but this, before his death, was entirely cleared away.
Besides paying his salary of £146 yearly, and other incidental
expenses, the members maintained a poor fund, and contri-
buted largely to missionary societies ; in some years more
than £100 were rnsed for this object.

UNITED SECESSION CIIUUCHES. 189

Duiiii}^' tho wliolo of Mr. Putorfjon'a rainistry a Fcllownhip
Socivtij tuin[)(^90(l oi' youiii^ iiiea iiu^t wookly, wli'.-u iV(jiJi liftoon
to thirty lo^ulaily asHoiiibliitl. It wui founded ou March 28th,
180'2, and tliuuj^fi ita ubjooLs woro directly relif^ious, it tjtiiuulated
inquiry into otJior brauciioH of knowlcdf^o, which liad an im-
portant inlluonco on thu cliaracter of tlio cougro^atiou. .Siinplo
and unjirotontiouy was thi.s association ; tlio world know littlo of
its niovoniuuts, yet it contributed to help onward tho civibzatiorx
of tho town. A fow men, whoso iiituUeciual lifo was quickoucd
tlioro, deserve a pashing notice. Auion;^ tho earlier lucniberd
were Robert WcdilcU, tho antiquary, of whom an account will bo
given liereafler ; and John Masou, whose essays were admired for
their literary taste and shrewdnosa. After leaving Alnwick ho
Bottled in Kelso, where he cultivated literature and poeti-y, and
became a leader in public movements ; he commenced in 1822
\\\Qi Burd(^r C'oioiir, which, however, in its politics was in advance
of those in tho district ; ho was the author of a Jiorder tour, and
of the Kelso records, published in 18.j9 ; two volumes of tales by
by him were spoken of very favcjurably by Sir Walter Scott.
He died at Kels(^, May ulst, 18-11, aged .07 years.

John DoiKjlas J^oralnc, born at Alnwick, on February 10th,
1799, entered tho society in 1815, while an appi-ontico to a 2>rintor.
Ho subsequently studied at the ludopondent College of Idle,
under J-)r. Bennet ; and about 1(125 becamo minister of a large
and inliuontial ludopondent church, in Wakeiield. Cotempor-
ary with him was Benjamin !SrKjht, Avho some time after
leaving Alnwick, studied under Dr. liogue, of Gosport, and be-
camo minister of an Independent church at Tunbridge Wells.
James Duncan, who was born in Alnwick, on April l8th 18U3,
entered tho socloty in 1819. Subseqiujiitly ho passed through
tho literary and philusujiliioal clusbos of the university uf Edin-
burgh, and tho theological course of the Secession church, with
groat distinction ; in Professor Wilson's class he gained the first
prize for poetry, and his essay on Conscience was pronounced
the best of the session. lie was ordained minister of the United
Secession church, at Warlcworthin 1836; andin 185-lremoved with
his family to Canada, Avhere ho is minister of a presbyterian congre-
gation. A few sermons and poems have been pubhshed by him,
but they afibrd no adequate representation of his mental power.
GeoKje Bell entered tho society a few }'ears later, and afterwards
attended tho Edinburgh university and Secession Divinity hall,
and became minister of Carliol street Secession chmx-h, New-
castle, in 1 834, where he has since laboured, highly esteemed for the
faithful and useful discharge of his duties. At this period, too,
Thomas Tate, F.E.A.S., was for several years a member. Two
more may be noticed of a later date. James Fettes, who was born
in Alnwick, January 9th, 1819, joined the society about 183G ;
and, Avhilo working as a whitesmith, cultivated language, poetiw,
and theology. In 1840 he published Zuleika, a ballatl, and th«j

190 UlSTOKY OK ALNWICK.

])r<)am, a pueiu. flo flubsoquently studied in tho Edinburgh
uuivor.sity and iiitlio Divinity liall of tho Vroo cliurch, and becamfj
a ininiHtor of tliat liody. JIu was for .suvoral years miniBter of tho
Fi'oo clnu'cli of ljadho|)0, Gala.shiul.s ; and in IBG.j took the chargg
of a Presbyterian olinrcli. in tho I.slo of Man. Tie is tlie author
of tho Lad]ioj)o locturcb and oilier fiernujii.s, and of transhitions
from tho Goinian.

T/tomas I'camon, Avho lias attained distinction as tho author of
a prize essay on inhdelity, was born in Ahiwicic in l8lo, tho
yon of a Klioouiaker. After beiiif^ tauf^Iit readin^^, writin;^, and
aiitlunotic at a common Hchool, lio was at an early a^e a[)i)ren-
ticed to a printer and bookbindei*. IIo becaino a naemb(;r of tho
society about 1832; and was tlicn a dull shy lad, with littlo
either of physical or mental vigour ; his essays did mjt rise above
mediocrity. Ma was, however, aml)itious of becoming a minister;
and f(jr that oljjeet he worked hard for many yeai-s, contending
with great dilhcviUies — with poverty, defective education, mechani-
cal employment ; but, helped by some members of the congrega-
tion, he was enabled to attend the Edinburgli university. At
intervals he engaged in teaching ; and througli tho influence of
Mr. Patersou he obtained tho aijpointmont of a teacher in Uer-
iot's hospital, which gave him the means of passing througli tho
theological coiirso of tho Secession church. His college career
was undistinguished. He was in !May, 18-15, ordained nainister of
a small Secession congregation in Eyemouth, whero he continued
till his death, on Juno 10th, 185-1, aged 40 years. A prize of
ono hundred guineas having been olfored by tho Evangelical
Alliance for the best essay on Infidelity, its aspects, causes, and
agencies, Mr. Pearson entered the lists and carried off the jirizo.
His work is very elaborate, and is a remarkable instance of what
diligence can acliieve ; it has a considerable reputation among
what aro called Evangelical Christians, and has been extensively
circulated ; a merchant in Glasgow presented a copy to every
minister and student in tlio United. Secession body ; and of a
people's edition 20,000 copies have been jjriuted. Though de-
clamatory and dill'use as if the writer Avere preaching, this essay
contains much information, of tho 0])inions of many modern
•writers who do not come up to the orthodox standard, with re-
plies to their reasonings from a Calvinistic stand-point ; the tone
is, however, dogmatic and intolerant, and it is difhcidt to say what
may not be included under the stigma of inildelity ; Chambers's
publications have not " the evangelical element ;" and that inno-
cent-looking periodical, the Eamily Herald is latitudinarian;
diluted poiion runs through it, and it gives " tlie teachings of an
inhdel philosophy." Scientific men fare little better — "the
heathen," says he, "daily went his round of religious obser-
vances, but it was merely a round of formalism. Much of the
eame thing constitutes the religion of many of our men of taste
and science."

UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CI1UKCHE». 101

Ahout a year after tlio dcatli of ,Mr. ]';it<ison, fwo faiwli-
(latt's \v(M<; jjroposod as his siicces.sor, John K(r and Mr.
liauclilaiid, (he I'ortiier of whom was clcclud hy a unjorify
of eiglitceii at a congregational meeting. The Kev, John
Jver was tlier(,'f(Me ordained minister in ISl-j. Sf>on afler
this the duke of Northnmherland g^ave notiee to the coiigre-
{^alioii (o quit the rncetin;^ liouse in w lii( h tliey liad worsliipjK'd
for fijity- three years, and he ;^^'lve £o() to defray the exitejise
of removinfj^ the materials of the structure. The site of a nrw
ehurcli was ])urehase(l on the south side of Cl.iyi)ort for £100;
the building eost jCl!:?20 ; and it was opeiu-d for Avorship in
February, 1817. Tlie whole amount has been raised by
subscriptions and colk'ctions, by tlie s;ile of a ])ortiori of tlie
ground, and by a bequest from Geoigi' Olivr^r fif JL'4(J0 ; so
that tlie congregation is free froui del)t. 'J'his ehurcli has
sittings for about 700 pcjrsons. Thougli not in the best taste,
it is nevertheless, in its architecture, greatly in a(l\ ance of the
bam-like erections in Avhich dissenters were content to
worsliip. It has ecclesiastical features, but with its crenel-
ated towers, somewhat of a church-milit;int aspi'et. Some
great advantages it ])cssesscs over many cliuvches of a purer
style and grander appearance ; it is well lighted and ventila-
ted, capable of being heated at a moderate cost, comfortable to
sit in, and free iVom obstructions to sound. After the uiuon
of the Secession ami Kclief bodies in May, 1847, this congre-
gation has been called The First United Prcsbytoian Church
of Alnirivh. j\lr. Iver lei'i tlie coiigngatiun for a larger and
Avealthier eliurch in CJlasgow in 1801.

The Itev. AVilliam Limont was ordained in December,
1851 ; and under his charge the congregation has pro>])ercd.
The numl)er of members in 18(J4 was 3i?-l ; the attendance
varies from 300 to 400; the ordinary yearly income has been
£!x?20 ; and ibr missionary and benevolent objects upwards of
£50 arc raised yearly ; in the Sunday school there are 80
scholars, taught by 13 teachers ; and besides, there is an
advanced class taught by the minister; a library established
about 78 years ago now contains 1000 volumes ; the Sunday
school library numbers 150 volumes. And in.'uUlition to this
the congregation has, with assistance from tlie synod, pur-
chased a house in Percy terrace for £730, as a manse for the
minister.

Tho trust deed, made in 1855, requires tbat a pastor or minister, n lay
elder, and a deaeon of the eongret!;ation slinll Le a ])roteslant diseenter from
the Church of England, and hold tho doctrines of tlio fall and red. nij,tion of
human nature, of justilication through free grace hy faith in our Lord Je6ue

10^3 TIISTOliy (jK AI.NWICJC.

( liiint, . -111(1 i)f tlio ii{;ci;H.sit.y of rof^oncialion ami H.'mctificiitlori Ly Die }Ioly
>Si>iiit, the tliiiil jici-.son of tliu (<oilli<^;((l. Tlu; confri' ;(;ition, cori.sislin;^ of
Ihohio iioixoii.s a(liiiitt<;'l lo llio (ujinrniiriioii of Uio cliunli, may w.-paratij iliclf
fi<iiii il.s present (IcnoiiiiiiiitJijri, anil join sonic otiicr I'u'lv, oillior ]<i(;.sbytorian
or f'07i^ii';i:il ioiial or (/I'llu; nullioilisl pirsiiasion, by 1 1 -oliitiori at a (;on>iTef,'a-
tional iiici'liri;^- (jf tliH i:-romtlif) of Ihi; nienibinH on tin roll; \xlial(V(;r relatc-s
to tho clcrtion oi' ilcprivatioii of a Hiiiii.st'T anil otlni' sjiiritiial odii-ir must ho
clcciilcil aiTonlinL;' to llu: rnli'H of tlio ili iioniiiialii*n v. itii wliich llii;(on'.'ri';.'ation
atlliu tiiiio may bo connijcteil ; but tnistoijs, maiia'^iTs, anil otlir-r oflii < i-suic to
b(! cliortcu at 11 C'on'^ri!jational meeting. Tlio accounts liavo to bo laiil ywirly
berorc a connTOfiatioiial iiitiutinL'', with tlio consent of wliiili tbo ti ii.->1( cs may
inortjja'jc ilio ]>i-o])ci ty ; ami, if llio (•oii<;ii';':iiti>.'ji bo niliiccil ami unablo to
bear Itid ('X)ii;)ihicol maiiilainin!,' jiiiblic worHliii), (:ori;^i'i'!j;ational mielin^ii may
(lulliorisi; tlio tni-ili r.s tu disjiose of the properly ami diroet tlic appliiation of
the jjroeeeds.

Second United Prcshijtiriuii Cliarch.

Tlu! need of :i in.'W c()ii;;r('g;itiou in Alnwick liavlii;^ been
uv;.;('(l on the lAclicl' pvcsb} levy of Ktl.;o, (Imt Ijcjily viewed
the ])ro])osid favourably, and a supply of preachers was sent and
a cha])(!l o])C>ned in Percy street in 18;J7. 'J'ho attendance on
the services was considerable; and a snllicicnt number of mem-
bers united to form a regular church in connection Avith the
llelief Synod of Scotland. Tlieir llr.-it niinister was the liev.
retor Glassibr<l, who was ordained in 18o8. A new chapel was
erected in Lisburn Street in 18-10, containing- aljout 400 sit-
tings, at a cost for the site and building of £G11 lOs. Od,
and all the debt upon it was cleared olfin 18()0.

Tlio trustoca hy (let d, dated INFay 8th, 1810, aie " to permit the meeting*
house to bii used aa a ]da(C for the jjublic ^^or^■hip of (!od Ly proteataut Jis-
seiiter.s iiilli (1 the Ivrlief eonmi'i^iilion of -Muwi'k, at )jHhi-iit in eoniiec-
tioii \\ilh t)ie Kelii I' Synod, mIio hold Chri.^t alone a.s Head of the Chui-eh; "
Mild lliiw is deelaved a liuuhniienlal trust, uhich, lioweAei', caji be alterid, or
the pK^pi-ity sold, ]iro\i(kd two sueee,>si\e uiertinfjs of th'! ron;.aei,'ation,
speeially called, at Mliitdi are present a majority of the mi niberb in j-^eiieral
as of the commuijieants, arc in favour of the ]iro)io.sal. The a]ipointmont of
luinihtoi's, elders, and trustees is vested in a majorily of those who have been
mendiers duriny twelve months.

INIr. Glassford left in l84J^,on rt>ceiving a call from the IioHef
church in Leitholm, in licrwickshire. The Kev. David
Donaldson, the present minister, succeeded him, and was
ordained in February, 18-13. lie was educated at St. An-
drew's university, and is the author of three discourses,
published in 185:.', which are both able and eloquent. This
congregation is now called The Second United J-'reshi/tcrian
Church of Almvick. The number of members is 147; and
connected Avith it are a Sunday school, and libraries for the
conurcffation and the school.

CEiVPTER XI.

METnODISM.

EARLY METTTODISM — "WESLKy's VrsiTS TO ALNWICK — yOTiCXS OF EATILY

CONVIiHTH — CIIAl'EL UIJILT IN 1790 — DECLINE OF METIIODL-iM

REV. JAArES EVEIIETT OUIOIN 01' THE METHODIST NEW CON-
NEXION— REV. ALEXANUEli KILIIAM; — EARLY SUPPORTERS IN
ALNWICK — REV. JOHN ORUNDELL.

The history of mcthodlsm in AlnAvIck is poculiar and
instructive. Originatiiif^ with tlic impressive preacliing of
Whitfield, Wesh;y, and their converts, it rose to be a power
in the town, not only ])r(Hlncing- reh\[^ious reformation, hut
giving also a singnhir development to the intellect ; yet its
sway was transient, for it began to decline after the year
1815. Alnwick, however, could not be considered a genial
soil for the permanent nurture of methodism, as no small
portion of the people were descendants of Scotsmen, who
were attached to the metaphysical system of Calvinism and
to the prosbytoriau form of government. But during the
middle of the eighteenth century, the Episcopal church had
little spiritual life, and to many who were carelessly slum-
bering within its walls, the voice of methodism was a loud
call to re]ientance and amendment of life.

Whitfield visited the town sometime about 1750 ; his mar-
vellous eloquence attracted crowds and awakened religious
feeling. AVhen he preached he stood on the north side of
Boiidgate,o])posite the house of the late Michael Paterson,then
a low thatched house; a vast assemblage was gathered around
him and on the hill side in front ; and his powerful voice
not only reached the whole of his great congregation, but was
even heard, it is said, as far as the Bow alley.

John Wesley first visited Alnwick on July 19th, 1748,

and on his way preached at Morpeth and Widdrington, the

scene of Ilorsley's labours, and then at Alnwick, taking his

stand at the market cross ; the following day he preached at

VOL. II, 2b

194 IIISTOKY OF ALNWrCIC,

lievwick to an iininciise concourse of |>(,'DJ)1(; ; and as he was
Toturninfj to Alnwick ho proacliod at Tu;^^all,and aftor leaving
Alnwick, at L()nj^hor.sl(;y and Newcastle. J lis second visit
to the to\vn was (ju Septi.'nibci- i)l.h, 17 1!), whf-n he preiiched
as hcforc, connecting- with tlie jonniey I'crwiclc, Aliinioulh,
Wi(ldrin*^lon, Moijx-tlj, I'lcs^y, and N<.'wcastl(;. On a iouf,'h
and stormy day ho returned to Ahiwick ; and as on (he for-
mer occasions, pre;ichcd from the market cr(jss. J lis third
visit was on Mon(hiy, April 22nd, 1751, and he preached at
INIorpf.'tli find Alnwick on the same day. Kain prevented
liim takin^^his stand on the cross ; hut some friends procured
for him the Town hall. Alon^^ with (yliristoi)}ier IIoj)j)er, one
of the first conv(n-ts to melhodism in the north, he went north-
■wards as far as Edinburgli, com[)laining of the weather bein'^
plercin«;ly cold, and probably enough feeling it the more,
from his cold rece])tion among tlie Scots. On his return, he
preached on the Sunday at the Alnwick cross morning and
noon, and at Alnmoulh in the evening. lie visited the town
again on May 1 Ith, 175:2, and com[)Iained that after nine
years labour by himself and his precurs(jrs a society could not
be formed ; and in 1753 that the society was harassed by
the prcsbyterians.

The first mothodist preacher settled in Alnwick seems to
have been Mr. Trembath, who, in tlie early part of 17-1-1:,
preached every fortnight standing on a horse block in front
of the old thatched public-house at the bottom of the Market
place J and in the intervals ho itinerated in the country
around, attracting by his preaching large congregations ; one
result was, that a few associated together for prayer and
religious conversation. John Ilaimc was another itinerant
preacher who addressed the people from the market cross.
But soon afterwards the little society found a local habitation,
their first place of worsliip being in a house occupied by Mr.
Dand on the north side of the Market place. The society
removed in 1750 to two other rooms, Avhich they rented from
Thomas Grumble, in a house in Bondgate, a little southward
of the Corn Exchange; and here, like the early christians,
they worshipped in an obscure upper chamber, reached by a
flight of stone steps on the outside. At length, however, the
society built a chapel of their own in the Green Bat, at the
corner of the Correction house yard, on the site of which
now stands the court house for meetings of the petty sessions
and county courts. Very different from this stvlish modern
erection was the humble Methodist chapel, which was built

METllOlJlSM. 195

or brick by James nowrnaknr — ix Kquaro house of no f^eal
licij^ht, of that lowest style of disseiitiuf^ architecture which
lias been stioered at for its b;irii-Hke look ; yet within such
unadorned placo.ihave been ht'ied up the voices of many sin-
cere and (l(.'Vout worsliippers of I liiri, who dwcdls not alone in
tem])les ni.ide with h;ui(ls. Fine names seem to have h,'eii
tmknown in these <hiys ; for this cha])el was called t/ie )ifW
room ; and in it John Wesley jtrcaclicd on the evening of
June; 2()th, 1755, havinj^ in ihe early part of the day preached
in the Market ])lace at Morpeth. This chapel was supplied
according:; to the itiiu^rant plan of methodisin. Amon;,^ the
early c(jnvi'rts were James IJowmaker, Edward Stanley,
William Ilindmarsh, one of an old race of tanners, Thomas
Gibson, George Vardy,, James J tiiidinarhh, and liobert liand.

Thomas (/il/son, a Ijakor, was a pnmiiiiout charaetor in this
group, llo was hotli a class loader and a local preacher ; and
Uiouj^h with eccentric 7ioti(Mis and ha.sty in his teiu[ior, Lo was
strict in liis nioj'als. One of Jiis daughters was married to Col-
iingwood Lindsay, who was lon<^ cleik lo the mai^istratcs ; and
their only daughter becaiuo tiio wilo of Nieiiolas Wuud, aa
oiuinont colliery agent. If wo could rccal Thouuis (iibson to lifo
lie would appear a strange iiguix) to this genciatiun, dressed
in plain drab cloth, his head surmounted by a large bush
wig, and tliat covered by a three-cornered hat. I have been
told of some eccentric passages in his discourses ; ono may
bo given. " My brethren what a useful animal tho sheop is ! its
ilesh fecils us ; its wool deeds us ; the horns of its head make but-
tons fur (lur coats ; and the very .•^liank bones ijiako .snutl' mulls." *
Ju/ii'cird iS/(nilet/, who was born on .September lUlh, 17Jo, and
heard Trenibalh j)reaoh in tho Market place, was a class leader
and local ])reacher ; and of his class James Everett was a i;.. m-
ber in 1803. llo nmriiedu cousin of James liowmaker, an. I v.u^
tho father of a distinguished race of methodists. Ojio of his sons
was a minister in the body, and rose to bo iiresident of the cuu-
feroncG ; and another son was governor of AWjudhouso Grove
school. Air. Everett says "ho was a man of great simplicity of
mind, easy in his habits, and correct in his nuuals." George
Vardy, who was a schoolmaster, was also an asjiirant after
ecclesiastical honoiu's ; and ho was weak enough to express his
wish to George Whitlleld, wlien on a visit to Alnwick, who, how-
ever, was honest enough to tell him, "that the wish itself was
indicative of his luilitness lor oltice, that he was inllated with.
])ridc, and ought to be satisfied to bo kicked about hko a foot-
ball." lie died in 17C9, aged -JO. George Gordon, introduced

* C/<rrf, to elf the, «!(^// or mill, a snuffbox of a ojlindrical form; Voth ara
northern locul words.

196 HISTORY OK ALNWICK.

diviBion, embraced OalviniHm, and loft tlio Hociety with Hixtooo
otliors; but, liowovor, bofbro ho diod Jio lotiiriiod to uif-thodisin
and diod in iiis firist i'liitli. James Ilindinarah took a [trorninont
phice in tho .soi:i()ty ; but lio was uuHtuljlo and (h-iven about by
varioiis Avinds of doctrino, liurnin;^ /uitl marked tho couiruonce-
ment of his roli;^i(ju.s c;i.reer ; but coobnf^ down lio outc-rod tho
" CuHtlo Inn," of Alnwic;k, and afterwards anotlioi- inn at Dun-
bar; but iu botJi lio failed. Ilo rotumod to Alnwick in tho
inidstof his misliirtunos, and Avas ro-adtuittod into tJio Atothodiht
society. AVosloy, satisfied with liis restoration aiid coni])oteiicy
for tho ministerial Avork, up])oiuted liim f^ovorntu- of Kiiij^swood
school ; and ho afterwards beciuuo an itinei-ant proaclier ; but
still changeable, ho veered about to Swedenborgianisni, and
united himself to tho connnunify of New J(;rusalomites. Mary
Johnson^ who Avas a model of christian di'meanour and piety,
desei'vos reraenibrance as tlio luothor of Jii(djert Jcdmson, Avho
was an admirable preacher, and lived and died engaged as an
itinerant niothodist minister. "••'

Such Avcre some of tho early ])r(jducts of mothodi-Mn in
AliiAvick; and oil tho avIioIo thoy sjjeak favourably of this
great religious movement. There may have been iu the
public services of a few somowbat of rudeness and oddity,
approaching indeed to tlie burlesque, sonicAvhat of over-
strained feeling, and it may be, too, a little of pretension
and hypocrisy, iimong some of the members ; yet what great
change in society is altogether free from attendant defects
and lollies ? The plainess of speech used by these men, their
iincoutb phraseology and liguivs,tluj strong, even extravagant,
appeals to the ieelings, impressed rude uneducated minds with
the dread of a judgment to come, and Avith the necessity of
Topentance and amendment of life, Avhich Avould not have been
iniluenced by more refined processes. IMarked too Avas the
effect of methodism in the development of intellect ; Avliile the
great mass were aAvakened to think and rcllect, several, draAvn
from obscurity and taught and moulded by the varied agencies
of the society, became men of talent and rose to stations of
dignity and usefulness.

The society so prospered and increased, that in 17SG a ncAv
chapel and minister's house Avere erected on ground betAveeu
Clayport street and the Green bat, in Avhat is noAV called the
Chapel lane. More refined had the society become as they
increased in Avealth and numbers; and therefore the new
chapel was in a better style than Avas commonly seen in dis-

• I am indebted to Mr. Everett for several of ilic lutices of earlv n.ethodism
in Alnwick.

Mio'i iiojjisM. v.n

senting ])la(.'C'S of woislii|) ; it was thr.-ii tlie lar^^ost and most
tastfinl clia|)(.'l or iiinctiiij^ house in tlio town, and fa[)a!»le of
sitting; at least ()()() pcojjlc. It was (j])(.'iif(l by tliu Rfjv. J<j1iii
(iniiidcll. Wdslcy coiitiiiufMl, in the course of liis evan^^elis-
tif; labours, i're((uently to visit Alnwick down to May lOtli,
1790. On the last visit, only a few months before his d(;ath,
he addressed the youn;^ iVoin the communion table, among
■whom was James Mverett, then only six years of ag(.', who
lias in his ])Oss(!Ssion an interesting; memorial of this visit;
an auloj^ra|)h (hjcument of the venerable AVf.-sley, the heading
ami his si;>nature beinj; wiitlen by himself in a trembling
hand. It is as follows : —

Aliiwiclc, :^ray 10th, 1790.
AVo, whosr Tuuiics arc uiiil( r\viilti,n, (l(-.si^n, with Goil's li'-lj», to siiliscribe
as lollow.s wix.lcly towanls iVio lussuniiii^ of the (li;1jt of the jir. ncliiri'^-lioiihC —
JoliR VVf.ilcy 'Jh. Gcl.,.Julm Slump fiil., Kalidi Annctt Is., LuUt: liin(liiiar.ih Od.,
Jolui riiii:^lij lid., Saimu;l I'uivis '_M., Jaiia-3 tfou^^li 2d., (.Icji-^c W'ils^jii O'l.

Tlio de.scendants of iiuiio of these men, savo tlioso of Samuel
Purvis, ai'O now coiniected "with niolhodisrn in Ainwiik. Two
Bons, liowovor, oiJuhn S/unip, John and William, became regular
metliodist )ninistevs, and W^ilHaiu, ^v]u> is ."jtill Hviii}:^, rose to the
dignity of jirosident of the (Jonl'erunco in lfc)<j2. Ralph Annelt
A\as an iniportaiit tradesman in Alnwick at tliis period ; but ho
Bid)se(|nently left and joined the N(;w Connexion; one of his
daughters inarricd tiio distinguished agriculturist, John Grey,
of Millield hill. jAtke lUndmarsh, a tanner, also joined the New
Connexion, and was one of its local preacliors. Jolin Priivjlc^ a
pious kind-heartod man, was the founder of the large bu&iness
now carried on by his luiphew, under the lirui of Edward Thow
and Sun.

INlctliodism was now a great ])owcr in Alnwick and in the
district around ; many of the leading tradesuKui in the town
and farmers in the country -were among its members, anil its
services in the chapel were well attended. Besides tlic regu-
lar minister sent by Conference, tlnue "were several laymen,
who like evangelists preached in (he \illagcs around the tow^n;
and this system had a marked intluence in develo])in"' local
talent. The A\"esleyan body began to decline in 17i)8, when
a n\mil)cr of the members lett and joined the ^Methodist
New Connexion. Still the Wesleyan services were well
attended, Avhen a minister of ability Avas sent to the circuit.
I can remember being in the chapel when Sykes was
minister, sometime about 1813; and my boyish fancy
was charmed with the splendour of the chapel and the
crowded congregation. But after him came preachers.

198 HI8T0UY OV AT.NWICK.

whoso want of ability and indiscretion, lessened llie congre-
gation. One nall(.'(i Kane was csjjccially noted for liis
absurdities, which are still remembered. On one occasion a
little before the battle of Waterloo, he cried out in prayer —
" Unhorse tlie monster l)0na])artc ; Ijord ! \inhorse him, and
cut down his bloody b'reiicliiiicn like mushrooms in a fo;^;^y
moniiiij:^," 'J'aCt and his wife, both of wIkjui ])r(.'a(;lu.d, came
afterwards, and they helped to scatter the c()ngic;^ati(;n ; but
other causes were at work to produce this result. Tlie leading
members of the body, in accordance with the view of John
Wesley, still hept up a kind of connection with the Church
of Eii<i,land ; their children were bajjlized in that church;
they partook of her communion, and they attended on certain
occasions her services ; so that when a religious S])irit was
revived in the Church, the younger generation of mcthodists,
not feeling the same associations around mcthodism as tlicir
fathers felt, gradually dro])ped away from the connexion, and
became entirely attached to the Church of England. So much
did this once powerful body dwindle down, that the chapel
was divided into two stories, and the up])er one only was used
lor worship. Scarcely twenty attended the morning service,
])ut during the last few years some revival services have
again partially recruited this society.

EEV. JAMES EVERETT.
Of all the men wlio were influenced by niethodism in Alnwick,
the Rev. James Everett was Iho most able and distinguished,
lie was born at Abnvick in a small room with a stone iloor, bo-
bind the lied Lion inn in Bailillgate, on llio ICth of May, 1784.
He was the grandson of James liowmakc]-, one of the lil•^:^t band
of mcthodists in Alnwick, wlioso first wifo was J(janio Keith, a
correspondent of Wesley, and assouiatcd with Grace Murray in
tlio manageniont of Wesley's orphan lionse in Newcastle, as early
as 1744. His mother, the daughter of James IJowmakor by a
Bccond wife, was a remarkable woman, strongly attached to
niethodism, Avitli a kind lieart, genial disposition, and anxious on
all fitting occasions to do good. James Everett's first teacher
was John Bruce, the father of Dr. Bruce, the author of a work
on the "Roman Wall." But though trained by so good and
pious a mother, ho was a somewhat reckless youth ; bold, daring,
I'ond of misthiof, and it may be indulging too nmch in what are
called worldly pleasures, buch marked and vigorous character-
istics fmnisli, hoAvover, the materials out ofv-hich great and good
men are formed, whni their powers are i>roperly directed. He was
at this period fond of liunting and fishing ; but he also eullivated
drawing and music, his favourite instiument being the Geiman

BKV. JAMKS EVERETT. 1 ^'J

fluto, on wlii(;]i ho wouM jday i'<,r liourB on tho summer ovomiiga
in one of tlus towers of Alnwiok Custlo, At tho aj^o of i'uavtcon
liowas up|)roiili(;o(l to a f^Tocer uiid ilax dros.sor ; aii'l wlion about
ninotoon lio was, by iiie i)roachin<< of ona of the motiiodi.st
proacliors, impvcsHod with divine truth, and lie joined liinisclf to
the Methodist c<jnnexion and l)egan to preach in the nei;;}ibouring
villages. After completin}^ hi.s a[»[<r(jnticefjhip he removed to
Buncferhmd wliere ho found employment, and Lecame a clasa
leader and local preacher. He cultivated his mind with such
dilif^oneo and success that, bein^^ roconimended to tiie Conference,
he was in IKOG appointed one of the regular Metho<list ministers,
and preached in various circuits. Besides performing the round
of duty prescribed by the Conference, lie became acquainted with
so)ne of the nuister Bpirils of the towns in which he was located ;
ho read extensively and furnished his mind with a btoro of
general knowledj^o not usually fijund among Dissenting minis-
ters ; ho fonaed a lai-ge lil)rary, and having antiquarian and
esthetic tastes ho collected paintings and relics of tho ])ast.
Though as a preacher he was poj)ular, yet being, in range of iu-
formation, in taste, and in liberality of feeling, greatly in advance
of many of tlie ministei's of his coiinexi(jn, ho was nut honoured
with much oJUcaal distinction, and lie was never president of tho
Conference.

"While stationed at Slieflicld in 1817 ho formed a close and
affectionate friendsliip with the poet James Montgomeiy, with
whom he was associated in writing hymns for Sunday schools,
aud of whom he, in conjunction with John Holland, published a
memoir in 1814. Mr. Everett too was an intimate friend of
another groat man, Dr. Adam Clarke ; with him he travelled
through .Sliotlaud in 181^7 aud through Ii-eland iul8o0; and in
1843 iio puldished an able memoir, entitled "Adam Clarke por-
trayed." As a writer of memoirs ho was very successful; of
*' The Village Blacksmith ; or piety and usefulness exemplified iu
a memoir of Samuel Hick," near to 30,001) copieshave been sold.
He also wrote the lives of William Crister the "Wallsend miner ;
of tho Rev. Daniel Isaac the polemic divine ; and of "William Daw-
son, a [Methodist local preacher, who was remarkable for origin-
ality and fervid though rude eloquence. Many pamphlets were
published by IMr. Everett in defence or illustration of methodism ;
but some larger histories came from his prohfic pen, among which
are " Sketches of methodism in Shelheld," " Wesley an Method-
ism in Manchester," and his latest production, in two volimaes,
1864, " Methodism as it is, with some of its antecedents." The
romantic associations around the Boi-der land called forth his
poetic power, and besides other poems, he produced in 1821
" Edwin, or Northumbria's royal fugitive restored ; " a metrical
poem of Saxon times.

Though strongly attached to the principles of methodism he
was not blind to the defects of its administration ; for the exercise

200 HISTORY OK ALNWICK.

of flupr(3iao powoi- by an oligarcliy of orio huiulrofl ministor«,
"witliout any mixture of lay roprosoritation, caniiut be fnjo from
])artiality and opproswion. For sumo time prior to 1817 those
(lofocLs wore discnB.socl in various paui[)hlet9, espoeialiy in a Hories
called Fly Sheets, whicli were written with g'reat i)(>wer and cut-
tin}^ .sarcasm, and evinced a thoi'<jn}^h knowled<^o of the principles
and history of mothodism. No man was more capable of pro-
ducin<^ iJiom than Mr. Kvorett, and to him most of thorn wore
attributed. Such iiulepondenoe and daring f,%>uld not, however,
bo toiera,ted ; but tlioro being no proof (jf autlior.shi[), this ecclesi-
astical oligarchy, setting at delianco the rule of civil life, whicli
scouts any attem])t to make a man criminate himself, tendered to
every Wosloyan minister for his signature, a declaration repro-
bating the obnoxious Fit/ Sheets and repudiating all connection
with their authorsliip. Mr. Everett and seme othor.s refused to
obey this unreasonable command ; and they in conHoquonco were
Ly the Conference exiiollod from the connexion. Others seceded ;
the Wesleyana lost 100,000 members; and a new body was
f(>rmed whose government was more froo and tolerant, and more
in accordance with the requirements of a voluntary church. It
has since united with another olfshoot of metlujdism, and is now
called " The United Methodist Free Church ;" and of this Mr
Everett is a distinguished ornament. His labours as a Method-
ist minister have been extraordinary; from 1804 to 1864 he had
delivered 12,918 sermons exclusive of numerous public addresses,
and travelled 324,0 II miles. After such labour he was well en-
titled to enjoy repose ; but though he has retired from regular
ministerial work, and is now living at Sunderland, in the eighty-
f(nirth year of his age, ho still occasionally preaches and addresses
public meetings. In 18G3 he preached in his native town with
an earnestness, eloquence, and wisdom, which made a deep im-
pression on his audience. When in the prin\e of his strength I
heard him speak several times ; in his platform addresses he
mingled wit and humour with his graver passages ; but his ser-
mons were dignilied and eloquent, fiJl of sparkling thoughts and
rich imagery.

He married in 1810 Miss Hutchinson, of Sunderland, with
whom he lived happily iifty-five years.

Of Mr. Everett, as a man of remarkable genius, an orator,
poet, and historian, his native town may well feel proud. *••

BETHEL CHAPEL— METHODIST NEW CONNEXION.

Almvick lias been closely connected with two disruptions
in the "NVesleyan INIcthodist body ; in the last we have seen
that our distinguished townsman, the Rev. James Everett,
was the principal leader. But fifty-three years prior to that,

* A sketch of the life of Mr. Everett is in tlie Fulpit Analyst, No. 14, among
the " Remoter Stars in the Sky of the Church," by George GHiillan.

BETHEL CHAPEL. 201

the leadiiif^ spirit of" atiotlier Kcccssioii lived in Alnwick and
wrote tlu'rc the pamphlet which was the proximate origin of
the Methodist New Connexion.

Wesley lujver separated entirely from the Chnrfh of V.nrr-
land, to which he regarded mf-thfidisin as sujjpliMnental ; and
h(!nce, as a rule, its i)reaclun;; was dining uncarionir-.al hours,
and its menihcrs received the saf:rainents from cler"^vnien.
And so it continued during Wesley's lifetime; for lie retained
in his own hands supreme power over the ministers, the
cha])cls, and organisation of methodism. A little prior to
liis death, this monarchy was changed into an oligarchy ; for
Ijy deed he conveyed his ])owers to a crjiiference consisting of
one hundred ministers, who were authorised to fill up vacan-
cies as they occurred ; but in this body there was no lay
clement. Under the fostering influences of methodism there
had, however, sprung up many acute and intelligent minds
capable of judging for themselves; and hence after Wesley's
death these arrangements Avere brought to the test of reason
and scripture ; and it was contended, that the people had a
right of rcj^resentation in the Conference; of having public
worship at the most convenient times, without being restricted
to the intervals of church service ; and to receive baptism and
the Lord's supper from their own ministers. Thellev. Alex.
Kilhara was the most earnest and jirominent advocate of these
views; and for writing a pamphlet in tlieir defence he was tried
and condemned by the jNlethodist Conference held in 1792.
Strange it is, that at this Conference the sacramental question
was dis^josed of by lot ! and stranger still that Mr. Adam
Clarke, afterwards the famous Dr. Adam Clarke, drew tlie lot
which declared — " Ye shall not administer the sacrament
the ensuing year ! " Notwithstanding this oracular response,
the lot was set aside the following year.

Mr. Kilham was minister of the Wesleyan chapel of Aln-
wick in 17i)5 and 1796 ; and his oilences against Weslevanisra
culminated there by the publication of the '* Progress of
Liberty," in which he criticised the movements of the Con-
ference, and sketched a liberal plan for tlie future government
of the body. The leading mi'thodists in Alnwick lield similar
views ; and when he was about to be dragged before a district
meeting two of them, llalph Annett and Luke Mattison, were
members of a committee formed to give him support. In a
long printed address, this committee asserted, that " the
niethodist preachers rule their people without consulting them,
which is contrary to reason, revelation, and the natural order
VOL. II. 2c

202 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

of society.*' Notwlthstandtnpj this, Mr. Kilham on account
ofliis [)iiblic;iliori was ox[j(_'ll(;(l from llio Wi-sleyiri body by
the ('onfrrcnc(; wliicli met in London in July, 1790. Similar
was all this to wliat to(jk j)la(:(! in \H\',) when .Mr. Kverott
shared tlie same fate. A new .Melliodi.st society was therelore
formed based on the principles advocated by Mr. Killiam,
called the Methodist New Connexion, and sometimes Kil-
haniites after the founder. It retains all the doctrines
and ordinances peculiar to in(;thodism, but with a more
liberal church polity. The first (Jonl'ercnce was held at Leeds
in 171)7, when there were ])resent seven ])reachers and ten lay
represcntativ(!s. jNIany of the methodists of Alnwick approv-
in<5 of the movement, formed themselves into a society in
connection with this Conference. Ik-sides the names of Ralph
Anuett and Luke Mattison, we find those of Mofiatt and Ltike
Hindmarsh who were local ])reachers, llcjbert Hudson and
Michael Gardener anion*; the early su[)})orters. At first they
assembled for worship in a house in the Gre(!n bat ; but a new
chapel was built for them in St. Mirdiael's lane, which was
opened in 1804 by the llev. John Grundell, who continued
minister from 1804 till 1808. A remarkable man with a
remarkable history was John Grunchdl. Ihun at Sunderland
in June, 1761, he became blind Avhile a child; and yet by
perseverance he so improved his mind and accumulated
kuoAvledge, as to become an able and acceptable preacher.
His first sermon was preached when he Avas only nineteen
years old, in the INIarket ]ilace of So\ith Shields ; subsequently
he ])reached in various i)laces, sometimes under the direction
of John Wesley ; but on the disruption he joined the New
Connexion. lie had a commandiujj; voice, was mighty in the
scriptures, and Avas highly esteemed in Alnwick, where the
cha])el during his ministrations was crowded with hearers.
He died December 1st, 1815, at North Shields, aged 54 years.
His friend Mr. Kilham, whose life he wrote, died at Notting-
ham, not long after the new society was founded, on Dec.
^Oth, 1798, at the early age of 36 years. The Bethel chapel
has been regularly supplied with preachers, several of whom
have been able and useful ministers. From printed accounts
it appears that in 1861 the Bethel society consisted of 60
members ; it possesses a library containing books on general
literature as well as theology ; and it has a Sunday school
of sixty scholars taught by twelve teachers. A site has
recently been purchased in Rondgate without, on which to
erect a new chapel for this society.

CIIAPTETl XTI.

ROMAN CATnOLTCS— QUAKERS— UNITAHIANS.

Of the Roman Catholics in Alnwick there is little infor-
mation to lie had. They were numerous in the district for
some time after the Reformation ; indeed the old relinion
held dominion over the nortlicrn counties lon;:,rer than over
the southern parts of the island.* The fearful retribution
■which followed the Pilj^rima^re of Grace doubtless lessened
Tnatcu'ially the immher of Roman Catholics ; and if the hor-
rible process of hanging- men by hundreds could teach truth or
ameliorate humanity, the northern counties must have been
puiified and freed fronr error ; but we may blusli for the
Christianity of the Elizabethan period.

The records at Durham supply the following; list of ''Roman
Catholic recusants in l()77 — Robert l>randlin<^ of Alnwick
Abbey Esq., John Smythworth alias Smariitt of Alnwick
gentleman, Edward StrotlierofAlnwickegentleman, Mary wife
ot'Janu>s Ivutherl'ord de eadrm yeoman, Anne wife of Henry
Eacy de eadcm, Robert Aiulcrson do eadem yeoman." An
earlier list, dated June *^Oth, 1G74, headed " Northu'-nbrian
Recusants," may include nonconformists as well as Roman
Catholics: viz., Edward Strother of Alnwick gentleman arid
INIary his wife, Anne wife of Henry Facey, Elizabeth and
Frances Ihandlinge, Mary Sanderson widow, Robert Stephen-
son, Jane ^Vatson widow, Elizabeth Hunter, and Jane wife
of John Scott, all of Alnwick. Living in the neighbourhood
there wore, Rohert Clavering of Calhdey Esq., and his wife,
George Collingwood of Fslington Esq., Robert IJeadncll of
Lemmonton gentleman, Robert liartridge gentleman, and
Robert Tnnnble and bis wife Abberwick, Rilph AN'eddell of
Bolton yeoman, Henry Ogle of Harop gentleman, Robt. ^lilne
of Edlington yeoman, Robt. Smers of Broompark yeoman.

During the eighteenth century the number of Roman
Catholics in Alnwick was small. At one time they assembled

• J-ee Vol. I., p. !280.

204 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

in the old tliatdicd house next the Plouf^h inn in T3on<l^ate;
hut tlieiv numbers jucToasiji;^ the Kcv. William Strickland,
one of'tluiir pric.'ils, Luilt for them a chapel in a yard behind
a liouse on the north side; of nidlift-^'ate. It was a humble
cdidee ; but after eeelesiastieal taste had revived, a n.;w
chu))el was built with a lronla<,^e to Mailiffi^^ate, in tlic early
Knj,dish style, finished with a pediment and a large cross in the
middle of the front wall and high pinnacles at tlic four angles
of the h<iildiiig. The cross and ])innaeles were too slender
for their lieiylit, and one of them having been blown down
by a higli wind, the others were taken down to ))r(Vf;iit
accident; since this mutilation the ext(;rior bus an unfinished
appearunc(;. There are about oOO sittings in this chai»el, and
funds for its erection came fnmi Stony Ilurst college.

Until 1855 this chapel b(dong;.'d to the society of Jesuits
and the ministers were of that order. The following priests
appeared in succession, tlu; earlier names being taken from
the church register: — "1770, January 15th, Mr. George
Parker re])uted Komish priest buried ;" llev. William Strick-
land ; "1790, Uecember 8th, Rev. ^;icholas Thompson
Roman Catholic minister Alnwick buried ; 1793, November
8th, Key. Thomas Nixon lioman Catholic minister buiicid;
1802, died March 9th, the llev. Charles Howard minister of
the Popish c luqxd Alnwick, aged 80 years ; " llev. Peter
Robert Vergie; llev. John IJeaumont; llev. James Pishwick;
Rev. Joseph Sydney Woolet. In 1855 the Rev. Josejih
Gibson, ])riest of the mission under the Roman Catholic
bishops of Hexham and Newcastle, became minister of this
chaptd, which at the same period was transferred from the
society of Jesuits to the IJisliop. During the present century
this body has considerably increased in number ; but almost
exclusively by the innnigration of Irish people. Aneilicientday
school is maintained, partly supported by government grants.

QUAKERS.

A few Quakers were in Alnwick and in the district around
it in the seventeenth century. Ellen Hebron, of Old Bewick,
in 1002 was presented at the archdeacon's court for being a
Quaker ; and Edmund Craster, of Alnwick, was dragged, in
1081-2, before the sessions " for a Quaker meeting at his house
in Alnwick." A Qxudier meeting house Avas in Alnwick Abbey
in 1728, and another at Embleton in 1717. Thomas Story,
in the Journal of his life, says : " On my way to Scotland in
1717 1 staid at Joshua Middleton's, Newcastle, where I lodged

UNITAJaVN (JIIAI'KL. 205

nnd visited 8omc of my old acquaintance and friends till the
foiirlli day nioniinf^ ; and then went to Alnwick Ahljey to
John Douhlcday's, where I lod^fd ; and on tlie 0th was at
their meeting at Knudton, \shi(h consisted of about 8
persons; and yet the Lord's y)romise was in some (\u'^ce
made good to vis ; for wo had a cornfortahle time in his
presence. 20th March, 172<S, T set forward from Berwick
towards Alnwick Ahlj(;y, my old fricnid Samviel Robertson
and his son going along witli me. 'i'hat night we lodgfd at
an inn about 12 miles from iJerwick, and the luixt day went
to the abbey, dining by the way near that ])lacr,', with our
friend John Doubleday, jun., wliere we were kindly received
by him and his wife, she being the daughter of Robert liar-
clay, sen., of Wice, and grandaughter of the famous and
honourable Robert Harclay of the same place. In the after-
noon the said .Jtjhn ])oul)leday, his father being absent,
ordered notice to be given through tlie town of Alnwick (jf a
meeting at his father's house at the abbey next day, where
we lodged ami where liis father had prf)vi(led a mcetiiig
liouse chiefly to suit such occasions, aiul sev(-'ral of the more
respectable sort of inhabitants as ere there ; but the Quarter
Sessions of the Peace sitting in the town that day occasioned
the meeting to be thinner than it otherwise might ; though
a comfortable and very open time was given us." A Quaker
burying place there was by the river side at the foot of
Cant)ngate, in Avhich some of the Doubledays were interred ;
but this grave yard has been ploughed over and is now ])art
of the ])airy grounds. This religious body took no root in
Alnwick, and became c5^tinet many years ago.

UNITARIAN CHAPEL.

Dissensions in the l)ethel jNIethodist New Connexion
chapel, and a change in the religious views of the minister,
the Rev. William Probcrt, and of some of the members caused
the formation of a new religious society in Alnwick. The
dissentients met first on June 3 1st, IS 16, in a school room,
and afterwards in the Town llall till February 2nd, IblT,
when a chapel of their own, which cost £405, was opened,
situated in Coward's or the Correction house yard. It is
called in the trust deed T/te Itulcpendent Armintan MeetiJig
Jlotise ; but the views of the members were generally Arian,
and they gradually developed into Unilarianism. During
several years, this new body attracted considerable popular
attention ; for as in other new sects, the members were

20G IITSTOUY OP ALNWICIC.

imbupd ^vit]l a proselvtising spirit, and uhile keenly (lefendinf?
their own d..-nius, ihoy wero not sparin- in their onslau-hls
upon ortliodoKy. Fierce controvrMsy ram-d and producf-d
noisy dohates and polemical i.amphlefs and volumes, some of
Avhich calle.l forth reiilies from the R.-v. William I'rorjer,
the Rev. Joseph Law, and the Hcv. David Taterson. Ihe
most prominent champion on the side of unitananism was
the Rev J S. llyndman— a man endowe.l with an acute and
metaphysical intellect. Ruhlic d.haf.s in the chaprd created
some interest, and a report of tlu-m hy James Cro/.er, one of
the combatants, gives curious illustrations of the cliaracfer
and results of religious controversy. Mr. Rrobert continued
minister till lSl>2, and while in Alnwick published a trans-
lation of Aneurin's Gododin, and afterwards a translation of
Howell's Welsh Laws, lie was succeeded hy the kr-v J. b.
llyndman, and then followed the Revs. J(din W n-ht, 1.
Stewart, J. T. Cooper, AV. IMcKean, and J. Mitchelson.
During the last thirty years the public religious exercises
have been conducted by Mv. James Stott, to whom the con-
oreo-ation, sometime about LS52, presented a token of their
apinobation, gratitude, and respect; for "although engaged
durin.^- the week in the arduous and laborious duties ot a
gardener, he had yet found time for atlendancc, religious con-
solation, and support to the sick, the infirm, and the aged.

The chapel, a plain building, originally contained near to
400 sittin-s; but, as the society dwindled down, it was reduced
in size ; and, according to the report of the registrar-general,
contained, on March 30th, 1851, J^IO sittings,^ and was
attended in the morning by 38, and in the evening by o8
persons. Ry the trust deed, the management is entrusted
to a majority of the men members, and the election ot a minis-
ter to a majority of the men and women members, Avho have
attended the chapel and paid seat rents during twelve months ;
two-thirds of the members attending a meeting called for the
purpose, can apply the building to any purpose, civil or reli-
gious, they determine upon, if religious worship be discon-
tinued for three calendar months. 'I'hough much diminisheil
in numbers, the members still regularly meet for worship on
Sundays. _ ,

llaiipily, the storms of polemical controversy have passed
away ; each sect worships in peace the Great Father of all,
and the various members of society cany on togetlier the
piactical business of life, without tnmbling themselves with
curious inquiry into the orthodoxy of their neighbours creeds.

CHAPTER XIII.

SCIENTTFIO AND MEOnANICAL INSTITUTION.

Prior to 1S24 tlie workinj^ classes liad access to few books
in this town; and these; H.'W wore chitlly treatises rju tlieology.
Science to them was a sealed book. The establishment of" a
INIechanics' Institute in 1821: therefore began a new era in
Alnwick. ])r, liirkbeck was the father of such institutions ;
but the ])Owerful advocacy of Lord IJrougham brought them
under the consideration of the most secluded nooks in Ijritain,
and led to their formation in Newcastle, Morpeth, and other
places. INIr. T. II. Ikdl issued an address to the inhaljltants
of Alnwick in September, 1824, suggesting the formation of
an institution "for the ])urpose of diffusing a knowledge of
the practical science among artizans and the operative mem-
bers of society generally ; " but the honour of originating the
Alnwick Institute belongs to Matthew T. Johnston,* then an
articled clerk with John Lambert, ami brother of Dr. John-
ston, of Herwick, the distiugui^lu'd IJorder naturalist. Asso-
ciated with him in this work was the liev. John Pears, A.M.,
a schoolmaster in the town ; but the most important help was
given by Mr. Lambert, through whose influence many gen-
tlemen in the district liberally supported the scheme. A
public meeting, numerously attended, and presided over by
Mr. Wears Avas held on November 18th, 1824, when it was
resolved —

" That such institutions for the instruction of mechanics at a cheap rate in
the arts they practice, as ■well as in other hranches of useful knowledge, is a
measure calculated to improve their habits and condition and to add to the
prosperity of the countiy, and that they are mobt likely to be beneficial ■when
supported and managed by mechanics themselves ; that a mechanics' institu-
tion be establislicd in Aln^wick, and that its object shall be to procure infor-
mation for the operative classes by establishing a library consisting of books
entirely confined to science, and in forniing classes for the mutual instruction
of the members, and in obtaining lectuies on the diflcrent branches of science."

" Matthew T. Johnston was a man of considerable ability, but withal speculative
and eccentiic ; he entered into practice as a solicitor in Wooler, and displayed
great acuteuess and research in conducting the important trial regarding the
tithes of Ford; he afterwards resided in Newcastle, and was connecttd with iron
mines near Bishop Auckland ; he emigrated to America where he died in IStiG.

208 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

Tlie duke of NorthumbcrliiiHl l)ecaiii(j palroii, J-^arl Grey
president; and tlicio wore Ix-sidi.'S lourlecn vioe-piesidents,
twelve eoinniittee men, two secietaries, and two tiea-surers —
a formidable aiiay of great names to head the undertaking.
Subscriptions amounting to nearly £300 were obtained, and
ninety names were enrolled as members. A library of 200
volumes was immediately obtained, seientifie ap[)aratus was
bought, and fair seemed the ])r(»sp(,'ets of sueeess.

Three eras may be recognised in its history ; and in this,
the iirst, the library to most membe-rs ])resented a dreary list
— no history, no biograjjliy, no travels nor voyages, no general
literature, no ]>ootry, no fiction. Dr.W. l'M>ow,* one of the first
secretaries, delivered a valuable course of lectures onchemistry.
The llev.W. Telfer, A.I\l.,went through a course on astronomy;
and detached lectures were given by ^Ir. \V. Leithead and
Mv. T. TI. Uell. j\Ir. Robert Castles JMubleton, an able and
accomplished Horder naturalist, one of the Ibunders of the
Berwickshire Naturalists' club, who was secretary in 1827,
•while but a medical student lectured on electricity and gal-
vanism ; and since these early days, he has often aided the
Institute, and time after time delivered lectures, uhich have
tended to diiluse a taste for natural histoiy in the district.
Tho\igh at this period the range of subjects taught was
narrow, let us not blame the founders because they did not
adopt more liberal schemes. They had to struggle with
ditliculties; for some then looked with suspicion on Mechanics'
Institutes as likely to produce insubordination and irrcligion,
and among those was even om.'of the members for the county;
and others yielding somewhat to the spirit of the age, yet put
a ban on politics, moral philosophy, and religion, and among
these was the patron ; and a rule was adopted excluding
books treating on these subjects. The effect of this was not
felt much at first ; but after the gloss of novelty had worn
off", and the Institute had to depend for support mainly on its
own merits and its adaptation to the wants of the connnunity,
it became apparent, that the restrictive rule M'as of itself suffi-
cient to stop its progress ; for in a small town the number of
those who would be content with books only on mathematics
and science could never be great — never sufficient to main-
tain a permanent society. Party feeling, too, crept into the

* Dr. Bow practiced in Alnwick several years, and was one of the physiciaus of
the Dispensary ; he had previously been surgeon in the 27th and 77th regiments.
He was author of a work on Fever. He removed from A Inwick to Musselburgh
on account of his health ; died in Edinburgh, June 2ud, ISoO, aged 56; and was
interred in Alnwick church yard.

BCIENTIFIC AND MECHANICAL INSTITUTION.

209

Institute, porsoualities were iiitrodiicod at meetings, the corn*
mittcc were (lisres])Of.tfully addrosscd, and even the minute
books were disfi^^iirctl with satirif;il and sciinilous (\o'^'j;crnl
rhymes. 1''i()Mi the o])t'iatioTi of tlicso causes it dwindlcJ
down ; its ])ro])f'rty was ill-i;o])t, its finances were in an
unsatisfactory state, anil its (lissolrilion and the division
of its ])roperty ■were even discussed hy some. Sncli was its
disorf^aniscd condition when, in 1S28, f first became connected
Avith its maniij^enient. ("l-javly new life must he infused into
it to presei ve it from total d(>cay. T'l ior to this it had been
governed by a connnittce; hut on Deccmljcr 2iid, 18;i'^, it
was resolved that thenicmhers themselves should, at montlily
meetings, order books and manage its affairs ; and at the first
meeting held, under the new constitution, the restrictive riile
■was so far disregarded that Blackwood's, the New ^Monthly,
and the Newcastle Magazines were ordered. The adherents
of conservative inefficiency pronounced tliis revolution, just
as men now in larger spheres of action stigmatise greater
measures of }n-ogress; but notwithstanding prophecies of great
impending (nils, another special meeting, ■Mr. George Tate
in the chair, determined to abide by the former resolution ;
and then the secretaries resigned and others left the society to
be out of the way of the crash, which they imagined would
follow. Since the time of Agamemnon, as well as before, there
have been brave men ; and a few there were still left in the
Institute to breast the storm ; sixteen agreed to continue mem-
bers for one year at kast — only sixteen ! yet suflicient to
begin a new era; books of general interest Avere added to the
library, among the first of which were Hume's History of
England, Lockart's life of Burns, Gibbon's History of the
decline and fall of the Roman Ein])ire, and Goldsmith's
works. From such beginnings the Institute rose from its
fallen state Avith renovated strength. But another unex-
pected crisis came ; scarcely had the bark passed throui^h
the rocks of Scylla, than it was drifting into the equally
dangerous whirlpo(d of Charyhdis. A lecture controverting
Christianity and the principles of religion Avas delivered
.by one of its olficers ; and a party, not content with the
imsectarian character of the society, justified such prelec-
tions on the plea of free discussion. Obviously, however,
polemical disputations were inconsistent with the objects of a
Mechanics' Institute ; and its best friends thought that if
tolerated, there might follow an unseemly conflict of factions
and the ultimate destruction of the society. Being then a
VOL. II. 2d

210 HISTORY OF ALSWICK.

secretary, and in Kome measurf; responsible for tlie course
pursued by tlie Iiisfilution, I dcetnod it my duty to ]jro|)OHe
resolutions, uhich ^vere adopted l)y the gre.it majority of the
members, in orth.-r to prctvt.Mit tlie rccurrenee of such dis-
or;j^auisin^ ])r(jfeedings. After that llie society, freed from
polemical st|uabblin<^, ])ros])ered ; {gradually it rose in pubHc
estimation, and became an important iiifhience in the town ;
and so it continued duriiij^ the scf;(jnd cia of its history.

At first the lnstitut(i met for a short time in rooms in a yard
leadiiif^ out of I^'fndilc street, and then in larj^e rooms in the
cliapel yard, ]Jut at a si)ecial mcetinj,' ludd on February 1st,
1831, it Avas uiumimously resolved (m the motion of Mr.
George Tate, seconded by Mr. liall Pringle —

"Tliat the room winch tho Inslitutlon now occupiea being inconvenient
and ill-ailaptnd to the increaHin"; pmspority ol' tlic society, this meclinfj deoina
it cxj)ediont tliat a ImiLlin;^' .should he (•leclod lor its u.si; ; and tliat as theieis
an oliyihlc sito for hucIi ii Luildiii^; in tin' '<n .on Lat, in a Held helonf,'iuj^ to
JohTi I;ainl)ert, Ks((., a[)plication ho made lo liiiu to ascertain tlie t.rms in
wliich he would disjioso of it to the institution."

Frankly did this large-hearted benefactor to public institu-
tions, in r(!])ly, off(.'r th(> site as a gift and a conveyance of it
free of expense. Nor did his generosity stop here ; for he so
lielped the scheme, by other donations, and by his personal in-
fluence, that sudicient subscri])tious were obtained to Avarrant
the society proceeding with the erection of a building of their
own, which was designed by William Smith, architect. The
foundation stone was laid on June t.!:,?nd, I80I, by Mr. Lam-
liert, in ])resence of a numerous assemblage j and it was ])ub-
licly opened by him in July ^nd, IS3;J, by an address in which
lie forcibly pointed out the beneficial iniluence of iNIechanics'
Institutions on man as an indivi<luiil, and as a member of
society ; both events were celebrated by an entertainment
in the Town hall. The Institution contains good dwelling
rooms for the librarian on the ground lloor, and on the second
story a room 36 feet long by 20 feet broad, used for library,
classes, reading, and lectures. Ample space there is behind
on wdiich other rooms may be built, wdien additional accom-
modation is required. The erection cost £553 ; subscriptions
were obtained amounting to £278, leaving a deficiency of
£275, which was advanced by Mr. Lambert. Time after
time the members made contributions to clear off this debt,
which by the year 185i) was reduced to £100j but on an
appeal for help being made to the ])ublic in 18G2, the Institu-
tion was entirely freed from incumbrance.

SCIENTIFIC AND MECHANICAL INSTITUTION. 211

By the trust deed, dated Juno 2 Jth, 1831, Jolin Lamtcrt, of Alnwick, E*q.,
*' boinj^ improHSf^d with t}io oonvii lion tluit the difluhion of uHoful kneyvhA'^Q
is coiidiiciv; uliko to individii.il li;)|j|jiric;s.s .'irid riutional pros peri ty, and being
«l<3sirouH of irii)<;;iwiii^ tluj utility and jiroiuotiu;,' tlio welfare of the M>,''di(i;iie.i'
IriKtituLiun iHtahli.slied in Alnwick," couvey<i'l .i jiarcel of ground in (jrr'.-enbat
clos(!, coiitniniu^ .'J7.'i H(|uarc yards, to Juhn Carr, i\[ark Smith, (jeor^c Tate,
^^''illialu Davi.'ion, and Anthony Lainhert, "in tru.st for the u.-je and lienefit of
tlio iii(;jiilji;i-,s of tliii iMrudianics' lu.stilution e.-ttaldi.shed in Alnwirk." (in
DtjccMiber I, lS(i(), William tJfdin ('an-, Hugh Li.sle, and 'I'lioniaa S. JJuddlo
were appointed Uustoc.-i in place of liuhii Carr, William Davison, aud Authouy
Lanilieil, wlio wcru d(,'ccahed.

So viiliiiihlf,' had lieon tlu.' aid ;,nvc'ji by Air. T.aiiibf.'rt to tlie
Institute, lliat tlu; iiicmiIxm'.s, at a sj)C(;ial ineetiii^ held on July
fSid, ]8.j;J, uiuuiiinously rosolved to pix'seiit to him au address,
in which they expressed their esteem tor his private character,
(heir high regard for his generous su])port ot" public institu-
tions— and especially their gratitude for his servic(.-s and gifts
to the Institution — they recognised him as one of its earliest
friends, to whose exertions its first establishment was gieatly
indel)led — he had dauntlessly persevered in promoting its
interests, when coldly looked on by some and traduced by
others, or when borne along in the i'ull tide of public appro-
bation, and they regard the elegant edifice, which througli
ln"s assistance had beeii built, (h.'dieated to science and art, as
giving increased facilities for intellectual imprc^vement and
placing the society on a firm basis. A warm friend he con-
tinued till the close of his life.

Placed now on a firm basis, the career of the Institution
during this second era was somewhat different from that of
similar bodies. Not di'scendiug to se(;k ])opuhirity by means
inconsistent with its leading object, there was nr)twithbtanding
a fair attendance of members, the number ranging generally
from 140 to 179. The income in 185o was £U)[) ; in 185;^
it ivas £87 Os. Gd., when £52 2s. 5d. were spent on books,
and 235 volumes added to the library. IJcoks on all stibjects
excepting on polemical theology were admitted into it. But
the men, who at this period had the principal direction of the
society, earnestly endeavoured to make it a school of science
and the people's college, where an imperfect education could
in son)e measure be remedied, and where students could lind
information in every department of knowledge. The library,
consisting of 4000 volumes, will bear comparison with most
other libraries, in the prop(n'tionately large number of valu-
able works of which it is composed. Various other means,
however, were employed for the same object; scientific
apparatus was procured ; and attempts were made to form a

21^ IIISTOIIY OF ALNWICK.

museum ; classes were establshed, some tauf^ljt by masters,
and olliers for mutual iusfrufliou ; N.cturos were delivered
oreasionally Ijy ])r(>r(«.sioiial lecturers, but cliicfly Ity members
of tbe liistitut(; ; some iu?i familiar style in tlif; Icfture room,
otliers more elaborate iu tbe Town ball to larp^er audiences;
and in Kome years a scries of lectures and addresses were given
in one eveniuf^, at wbat were caUed Soirees, presided over by
sucb men as Earl Grey, Jobn Lambert, tbe II(ui. Admiral
Grey, tbe ]{ev. L. S. Orde, and Prideaux Selby. On December
Sud, 1851, wben tbe institution bad increased iu numljcrs,
tbe manag(;nu'nt Avas entrusted to a committee. iJetter I
cannot sliow its cbaracter durinj^ tbis era tban by f^iving first
a list of the lectures delivered ; Avbicb \\\\\ also tell its own
story as to tbe men wbo bave influenced tbe inttllectual
cbaracter of Almvick ; and then by a few extracts from tbe
annual reports.

IFillinm J.citluud* on Natural History — Elctricity and tliiimlcT storms;
Thonitis 'late on Gravity — Kcjilcr's Luwa — Laws oi' niotiun — I'liyoical astron-
omy— Tho Caileaian syateni of tlio univoise — Conlial Fc/rccs — 'I'ho iStt,am
Kiiyinu — JIt'chanicd and Natiual l'Jiili).so]iliy — ilathuiiialical ovidr-nco — Phy-
Bical Opticb ; Uciufjc Tate on tho fi^iinatiou of jK-w — J'liy.-jical Gcoj,'iai;hy —
Jiincralogy and C'ryatallogiapLy — Kxtiiict oraanisnus — Volcanic action — The
fcucccssiou uflife upon tlie glol;o — Tho IJoulduv f«riiiation of NortliuinLcrland
uiid Glacial action — Causib and ctrocts of liiyh lidus — (Jeijliulopods, rtcciit
and I'ossil— Sturgeons and I'ala'ozoic Fisli— Hlnictiival jjot.-iny — Ancient
British Supulchrcs — Tho Mincialb and Eoclcs of NorthuniLcrland — Tlie jiro-
pics.sand ditl'iisiun of science during the nineteenth century — Tho Geology of
tho iJorders^Tlie Natural Ili.ilory ol' Coal and on l''o.->sil I'lants; h'lltiam J.
C'drr on Ghendstry — Elictricily, electrotype, ami tho laws of Gah'anic actioQ
— Galvaniijna and tho Electric Tclegrapli — Abtrcnomy — Glaciers — The ile-
chanieal and Gheniiial jivoperties of the Air - Optics and tho laws of light and
viai>.in ; Tliomus Itulda {jn tho Cottages of Norlhiiinherland ; Thunuis JJavison
on C)iitiis ; Muhcrt C. Umlhton on Natural lli;>tory — -Tlic Organisation of
liejjtiles — Tho Lihliograjdiy of Eotan}' and the jihyt-iolugy of I'lants — Plantd
and llio Poets — The Circulation of the lUood ; Aitltur 6'. M<iJ)utt on Cheniia-
try ; li'tlliam iiiiiith on Architecture; Williaia 'TJfir, A.M., on the Science
of Music ; ti'iC Juv. Giorrjc Ainlirsuii, A.M., on Co-operative Societies — on
Geography; G. Jr. Tati on Hydrostatics; U'it/iam Jtif/tnun on tho English
language — The Indo-European languages — The early iieopling of Europe ;
Mobcrt'^l)unn on the Oblique Arch ; l)r. Jiansfortl on the Structure and Func-
tions of tho human Lody ; Jht/j)k Lair, of Jhcljttii, on the Composite names in
Northumherland of Anglo-Saxon derivation — The Sports and Pastimes of
the noithenr nations — The aspects of forest vegetation ; Etv. L. S. Ordc on
Eduialion and JMechanics' Institutes ; F. It. U'l/soii on Gothic Architecture ;
t/ic ]'tii. Aichdiaco)! Co.rc on the minor poets of the Elizabethan age — Bishop
Hall's Mttiidas a/tcr it idiin : 2'ridiuii.v Hcibi/ on Sidney Smith's charueter and
writings — On Addison; irni. iSidnctj Oidsou on I'oetry and the Fine Arts,
their uOinitics and ]iOwer; the Inc. Jonn C. JJiuce, L.L.JJ., on the Komaa
Wall — George Stephenson.

* "William Leithead, a native of Ahnsick, is the author of a treatise on Electri-
city; and of another work on Cosmical Force, iu which are ingenious specula-
tions which liave been \ued by tlie-aui'ior of " T;.e Vestiges of Creation " in
support of the iransnuitaiion theory.

SCIENTTIIC AND MIXHANICAL liSSllI U'l ION. 213

The following extracts will indicate the objects aimed at
by the society, and its tone, character, and influence : —

183G. — 'I'lio cxporionce of twelve yoni-.s in this town has proL'ibly ino'lerated
Iho H;uii;iiiiio exiH-ctatioiiH oinunio iiml ullnyod tlio aiJi)r(:lifHBion of othon* us
tu Uii; (^ijciiilion of j\h;chmii(M' JiihtitulioiiM on tlie woikin;/ cIuhsc). if their
iiilliicnco has not been ho dccidi!(l and oxtonsivc as wsih antitii/atod hy tho
former, thoy coHuinly liavo not had tliat disorganizinj? oflVct whi^-h woB
foarcd ])y the hitler. 'Dm iier.sons attending these 80( ieiir-H have, Uj hay tlio
least, heiii aa ^■ood niembera of civil soeiety as any other chiba. A (greater
c.\tenHiou of knowledge than hu« taki-n jihiee, could beareely witli reacon
have been e.xpLcted, wlien the amount of llie nieanH employed in conhidere<i in
reference to the many obHtaiJcH coiintfraetinj^ their operation. The tranbition
from a t-tate of intellectual apathy, in which many yet remain, to that of
active iiu|uiiy and scientific kno\vlcdj:e, the result d'.sideiated by the advo-
cates of the unlimited e.\tension of education, is so great, tliat it can only be
the ellect of jirogres.sivij advances, \shi<h e.in neither he rapid nor violent.
Such in.stilutioiiH aa this are calcul.ited to carry on tho progres.sion — their
tenden( ies are manifested not ko much in the creation of erudite thinkers
and urij^inal experimentalisls, as in the didusion among all cJasBes of an
acquaintance with the various branches of philosoiihy and science ; and
accordingly, while this society can jioint to a few individuals who have
attained a degree of proficiiMicy in mrithciuatics and science, Irotn the impulse
originally derived here and through the means here su])plied, it can refer to
a much laiger number, who luive acipiireil through its assistance a ta.ite for
reading, and a desire for general knowledge, which have been of essential
service in Mtrengthening the mind and furnishing it with information — in
forming correct habits — and in giving an aptitude for tho successful exercise
of mechanical and business talents.

18;i9.— The members of this In^tituto who have lasted tho pleaHurcs and
experienced tho advantages of scientific study, need no arguments to urge
tliem to persevere in the course, which they, wisely for themselves and bene-
ficially ftn- society, have adojited. Jt is, however, to be regretted, that there
arc still some, who, swayed by political fears, or mislead by religious jneju-
dices, hesitate to support tho cxten.sion of knowledge, but, at the present
period, when tho minds of tho industrial popuhitioii are deeply agitated by
political speculation, the iieace-])romoting inllu<ncc of Mechanics' Institutes
cannot safely bo neglected. 'I'he dejiartments of science — undisturbed by
elornis which ctmvulso other regions— are calm and serene ; and the pure
atmas]iheie, which circulates around them, tranquillizes and biaces the intel-
lectual and moral systsni. If, therefore, the studies, pursued in this Institute,
do not altogether allay the undue excitement, v.hich may be produced by
other causes, they will at least give that knowledge of principles and those
liabits of thought, which will qualify the members to judge for themselves,
and preserve them from becoming the victims of rash and dangerous schemes.
Science is as much tho friend of religion as of social order. In expounding
the laws and phenomena of ^«ature it ^i\es proofs of the exi-stence and illus-
trations of the character of the Supreme Iking, which i)reparc tho mind for
the admission of the highest truths of religion. As Nature, to use the lan-
guage of Uacon, is " another re\elation," and comes from the same source aa
revealed religion, she cannot deliver oppo.sing sentiments or produce a differ-
ent sjjirit. To say that science is an obstruction and hindrance to religion is,
therefore, in effect to represent tho Deity contradicting himself. Humbled
by the boundlct-s and wondeiful manifi stations of Divinity — fried from pre-
judices— open to the receiition of all truth — and awakened bj- the illimitable
progression of knowledge to the hope of a higher destination— tlie ardent
student of science can neither be pufled with pride and conceit, nor duped by
irrational enthusiasm ; but he will in general bo the sincere and devout
•worshipper of the Great Source of all power and goodness. " By the love of

gl4 IllSTOKY OF ALNWICK.

delitrhlful conternpliition of Uio works of creation, for their own sake only,'
eaya Uio acror/iplirthol iiii'l i)iol'ouii(i iMra. Somorvillo, "t)io rnin<l of mania
rais.-d iVoni low u.kI |.. ri.l.iil.h; ob.j<;.;t«, aii.l iii.'|,;.p;rl iWr thoso }ji;.;h .Jostmic-s
■wliicli arc ai>i)oinUa lor all tlioso who aro cai.i.l.l.; of Ui.;m.''

181',) — Oiiti iiuarlor of a cciiliiry lias i»a.s:i(i(l away HiiicutliiH InbtitiiUon wa*
founded- -a new ^encralioii lias Hi)nln^' up to niaiiliood wlio knows not, from
exT.cTicn.'O, tlio diaicullio.s wliieh f(n-.ncily V-sct tho path of th<; hl.ider.t.
Twcntv-iivo yeaiH a-o, tho indiistiial idassows had access it> fow hooks, and
tlusc few were alnio.st exeliisivol V on reli-ion ; nor did any p.ihlie library m
this town contain works on sciene.-. Mark how -■•••'t ll''= >''•' ""'';! ^ »"■»
privilc"-es ofthis Institution are wilhin tlie nMch of all; and in its library,
which now ninuh. i.s 2 100 voIuim.'s, inai>y of the h-st treatises on every depart-
nientofhun.au iiupiiry may '"^ fonml, ..-xc.-ptin- only the ex(diid.:d H.ihject*
of 1.111 ty politics and polemical theolo-y. Iiidicd the library nsjI bear a
conmarison, in tho character of its works, with any otlier public library of
similar extent ; fur in the ehoico .d' bouks, whil<; eo.-n the li-ht.'r branches of
literature have not been ne-lected, it has been the -reat obje't of the n.eni.
bers at their meetings, to provide if possible for any proved want, and to
keel)' pace with the progress of kiiowl.d-e by proeiinn- the best, even though
tho most expensive, treatises on philosophy, hihtory, art, and science. \\ illi
sucli advantages, if the rising generation be not wiser and better than their
predecessors, they must sadly neglect the means of iuiprovement which aro

here supplied. ,. - ,, i i

ISriO --ThiB simple record of tlie ]iroceeding3 for the year gone by shews,
that the society lias been neitlier inai live nor inelHcieiit; but whatever thero
may have been of energy in aelion or good in result is attnbutaldo to the
meinbers themselves since they have tlie ivgulati<.n of their own adairs, and on
them during the last twenty-two years, the management has entirely devoiveU;
and it is a subject of reasonable gratulatioii tliat, \\ hile some In.stitutes liave
heen rent hy internal faction, aii.l others diverted from their original purposo
—while some have become enfeebled and olh.rs extinct, this ln..l.tuli.m ha.s
moved steadily forward, imjiroving its i)osition, and inereasing its '''^^'ns ot
usefuhie.ss. 'J'his result is due, in no small degree, to the care with which tho
Bociety has avoided intermeddling with subjeets, which would be ol doubtiul
advantage to the members, but which might introduco among them the ele-
ments of strife and division. No i-oUlieal p.irty-no religious sect lias had
nnv dominancy. Undisturbed by the passing controvei-sies of H';-;'")'. tho
mombers have not been tempted to withdraw trom tho.se studies ot litLiaturo,
art, and science, which it is the ].e<uliav duty of an Institute to promote.
But tho freedom from sttctarian bias, which has hitherto been enjoyed by this
society, has also involved freedom from all attempts, whether direct or insi-
dious to sap the foundations of ivligious belief. Science, as expounded here,
has been shewn in connection uith the great truths which form the basis ot
morality and jurisprudence, and which are essential to man s present as welt
as future happiness. It is indc.;d a miserable, a heartless, and a lalse philo-
Bonhy, which would represent nature as casting a dark shadow athwart tho
path of humanity; but rightly interpreted, as has been done by the master
minds of all ages, nature is seen shedding a radiance over that path ; tor truo
science by disclosing the providential government oi the Almighty Creator,
and by revealing arrangements and laws, as good as they are Nvue, imbues
the mind with the love of truth and virtue, inspires it with the hope ot im-
mortality, and impels it onward to the attainment of a higher excellence.

During part of this ova, from LS30 to 1S41, Mr. Thomas
Dodds, sur-^con, was associated with myself as secretary ; and
he heartily'co-operated in all schemes to promote the efh-
ciency of the society. In his lecture on the Cottages of
Northumberland, he was the first to direct the public attcu-

SCIENTIFIC AM) MECHANICAL IX6TITUTI0X. 215

tion to their deficient Sfmitary (;oii(litioii ; and in tliis lie was
the prtH-msor of Di. (Jilly. ills ejuly dcutli on February
Gth, 1811, at thea^f; of -11 years, was (lee[)ly lamented.

This .second era catne to a close in l'8;38. Doubtless
Mechanics' Institutes have not rc-aliscd the expectations of
their founders, and have not transformed workin;:^ men into
l)hil()soplH>rs. Nevertheless they are iiot failures : for other
hcneficicnL results have been aehieved. Probably the Aln-
Avick Institute has done as nuicli as most of such societies in
fosterin^^ a laste for scientific research ; some men, who liave
attained a scientific reputation, there received their first
impulses to study, and anion^ not a few a taste for natural his-
tory lias been created; but uu)re important still, because
embracing- a larger number, has ])een tlie elevatinj; influence
on the intelleetual character of successive ^generations of
youno- men. vVlnwIck is a nursery to larger towns; and
nuuiy of the members, occupying in various parts of the
■world resi)ectable and useful stations in society, attribute, in
no small degree, their success in life and the formation of
their characters to the influence of this Institution.

The third era began in 18;M). A marked town is Alnwick
in its social arrangements, which might well " point a moral
or adorn a tale." There was The News room for a select
few, held by permission of the duke of Northumberland in
the Assembly rooms— so exclusive, that three black balls keep
out any candidate ; and there was also a news room for
tradesmen, who, however, eould not maintain it, and so
they sought to attach one to the ^Mechanics' Institute. A
•majority of the members concurred in this project ; and iu
January, 1859, a news room was opened in this Institute.
Several of the older members liked not the change ; never-
theless it was in accordance with the prevailing fancy fur
popularising such societies; and, by amusements, draw-
ing towards them a larger number of members. It has,
however, led to the introduction of playing games of chess
and draughts in the reading room and of quoits in the garden
behind— -a proceeding inconsistent with the objects of the
Institution. The news room is well supplied with papers
and periodicals, and is well atteiuled both by tradesmen and
mechanics.^ Changed somewhat, however, is the character
of the Institute ; there is less hard reading and study than
formerly ; and the lighter literature of the day is more in
demand. The lectures, which are chiefly paid for, have been on
popular literary subjects, the most attractive being theatrical

21G HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

Teadinnfs and musical ])orforinaticos. Tlio Institute prospers ;
in ]<Sf)() tlio ninubfr of mr'nibors was 210; tlic incf)rno trotn
suh.s(il])ti()ns and fines, £!)l lis, 4(1., and 8s. lOd. fioin Icc-
ttiros; 1 12 volnnu's liad been bon^lit and !';i voliinif.'sprcs(Mit(.'d;
for books and binding tlio cx])eiHlitiiro was £;^J -Is. 3d., for
newspapers £17 lOs. 5d., for fjas, coals, Sec, £38 Os. 5d.,
and for repairs £15 13s, 5',d. The amount devoted to books
is, however, disproportioned to tlic other expenditure.

Till; libi-ury is well (.Iissificd and arranj/od ; Uk.to arc tliu fallowing number
of volumes in tlio n;.s|)i'ilivf) cImshi'h: —

1. ^Mutlu;niati(;a, Natural Pliilosopliy, Kiii^inecring, irochanicul

Art's &<: . . ' . . . 3.31

2. Chcniisli'v, F.lcctrioity, Galvanism, and Natural History,

including,' i'hy.siology, I\rcdi(:ino, Agriculture , . 32G

3. Architecture, Drawing, Anti(|ui(ie3, iS:c. . . . 309

4. Cieography, Voyagea and Tiavcld, County History, See. . 03
6. History, I'iography, Cliron(dogy, &n. . . . 042

6. Intellectual I'liilosophy, Ethics, Education, Belles Lettrea,

aud MibCellancoua . , . . o-jj

7. Poetry . , . , . .273

8. Encyclopedias, Picticnarics, &c. . . , 223

9. JMaga/.incs, llcvicws, iS:c. . , , . 806
10. Novels and Koniancea . , . . 313

o02G
Twelve monthly and two quarterly prTiodicals arc talccn in ; and the newa
room is supplied with nine daily and eleven weekly papers.

The encr<^elic secretaries of 18GG, Mr. F. R. Wilson and
]\Ir, Edward Allen, made a successful effort to collect and
place in the library books either relating to Alnwick and the
surrounding district or written by ])crs()ns connected with the
district ; and it is gratifying to notice that during the present
year another movement has been made in the right direction ;
for through the influence of a lecture delivered by Mr. Buck-
master two classes have been formed, in accordance Avith the
conditions of the Science and Ait Department of the Com-
mittee of Council on Education ; one for drawing, with 53
pupils, and tlie other for mathematics, Avith !28 pujjils. An
effort is now in progress to obtain subscriptions to add new
rooms to the building belonging to the society.

My own official connection Avitli this Institution ceased on
November 1st, 1859, when after serving as secretary upwards
of thirty years, and devoting the best energies of my life to
forAvard its objects, I retired from office, leaving the men
of a new geneiation to develo])e the society so as to meet the
Avandi of tlif; prt-sent ;ige ; and most earnestly do I say — God
sp'jcd — 1(^ every effort. ;n;i(h' thereto raise the Intellectual and
moral character of jnv native town.

CnAPTER xiy.

ALNWICrCT,II!UAUY — SAVIXOs' n.VXK — INl■IIl^rATiY — DrKE's, DUCireSs's,
NATIONAL, ANU KAOGKU fiClIOOLa — GAb SUl'i'LY — iiZLlKL' OF

TUK roou.

Alnio'ick Library. — About tlio yr;;ir 1783, a proprietary
library was establisbed with 75 .sbarcliolder.s, each r.'ontri-
biitiu^ £1 4s. 0(1. and payiiifj annually 10s; and readinpj
HKirnbers wcro admitted each payinj^- 14s. yearly. Well
sn])por(ed it must have been for .several years; for a con-
sideral)le library of ^jjood standard books was formed; but
i)i the eourse of the ])resent century it lost its vi;^our ; readers
diminished, especially alter the eommcncement of tlic .Me-
chanics' Institute, shares were abandoned, and in 18oJ there
were only 59 i)roprietors, and 4 readers ; and an income
of£3;3Gs., which was nearly absorbed by rent, salary of
librarian, and the purchase of a few i)erio(licals. Under such
circumstances, it stood in the Avay of somethin;:: better ; and
after an unsuccessful attempt to transfer the books to tlie
]\lechanics' Institute, this library was dissolved in 18J4, and
the books Avere divided amon<T the proprietors.

At a public meetinpj held February ;21st, 1834, it was re-
solved, that a new public library be founded, that the property
and the manaj>ement be vested in a patron, ])resident, vice-
presidents, secretary, treasurer, and a committee, and tliat;
eacli member pay one guinea ainiually or a domuiou of ten
guineas. In the first year there were 78 members, and a
library of 275 vohnnes was at once formed ; so successful was
the sc'heme, that in the year ISoO, (500 vohimes were added,
among which weie the publications of the Record (Commission.
During the earlier period of its history, the committee endea-
voured to obtain by purchasr^ or ]n-esentation standard books
of history, biography, science, and general reference. In the
year 18GG there Avere 4411 volumes in this library, consisting
of 395 volumes of history, antiquities, «S:c,, 448 of biography,
571 of voyages and travels, 24G of science and natural
vol.. II. 2e

218 niSTOUY or alnwicic.

history, 1531 of novels, 100 of po(?try, r>31 f)f rnisccllanooti?
literature, S^i of Tna^a/iiifs, rcviown, rf;|)Oits, &c., 71 of
encyclopcdius and diclionarifs, and 121 of the ])iil)lic reeords.
Tlie averaj^c yearly income lias been .C12 Is. 1 n,d. ; the
average number of subscribers during the first ten years was
8(), but during the last ton years only 47; the number of
subscribers for the year ending May, 18(50, was 41, and the
receipts for (hat year was £li 13s. 3d. Tlie library is open
daily from 1 1 a.m. till !■> p.m., as a reading rotjm and f(n- giving
out and receiving books.

The present state of this library is scarcrdy creditable to
the literary character of the town; for though starting with
fair prospects and at first prosperous, the number of members
is STuall, and the additions to the library in recent years,
consisting chiefly of novels and light^ litera(ure, shew a de-
generacy of taste. The rooms ftccnpicd by it arc small and
inconvenient, Mr. TaiIcc llindinarisb has been treasurer
since its establishment ; the late Mr. Ivobcrt Busby was secre-
tary till his decease, and tliat ulliee is now filled by his son
Mr. George liusby.

Sai-i/if/s' Bank. — The savings' bank Avas founded in 1810,
chiefly through the exertions of \Villiam 15urrtdl of Broom-
park and John Lambert of Alnwick. Ivirl Grey ])resided at
a public meeting held on October IDih, when resolutions were
adopted for its establishment ; and it was opened for the
receipt of deposits on December '•i3rd, 1810. Forty-eight
gentlemen were ap])(dnted as a connnittee, fourteen of them
being called managers ; of the original number only one sur-
vives— our respected townsman Mr. Mark .Smith. M.magcd
by so many of the principal inhabitants of the district, this
hank has always been regarded as a safe place for the invest-
ment of the savings of the industrial classes ; and hence the
number of de])Ositors has been considerable, evidencing also
the thrifty habits of the people in the district. In the first
year 359 deposits were made amounting, to £4374 14s. Od. ;
and afterwards the numbers and the amount went on increas-
ing. In the year 1807 996 deposits Avere made, amounting
to £7357 3s. Od. ; the repayments were 072, amounting to
£12,820 10s. lid.; the total number having deposits Avas
1880, and the total amount deposited £85, 3(52 13s. 5d. This
money is invested in the bank of England in the names of
the commissioners for the reduction of the national debt ; but
the interest received being S\ per cent, per annum, and 3 per
cent, being paid to depositors, a fund is created out of which

A1,N\VICIC IMIli.MAllY. 219

the expenses of rnana^oineiit are paid. The secretary receives
a yc.'irly siihiiy of £\\H) ; an auditor is jiaid £J^0 yearly ; in
18()7 otlu^r (jxpensos ainoiuited to JC87 l^js. lid., inakin;^ the
total cost of uianaj^cincnt foi- that year £!i.JO I'Js. lid.

^Vith part of the surplus fnud a small old house with a
frontage into Narrow^ate and l-'cukle Street was bought, in
18o5, for the nse of tlic hank. It was i)ulled down and an
oruanicntal huildin^- with fine carved \\ork — after a design by
AV^illiani Smith, architect — was erected, the whole coslin"
about £\'-M){) ; but, notwiilistandini^ this ]ar;^(,' outlay, the
promise's pr()viii<,' too small and inconvenient for the business
of tlie bank, the line now buildin;^ was sold in 1801 for jC;i70;
and, the sur[)lns fund havinj.^ increased, s])acious and well
built premises in St. IMichael's lane were purchased for £700;
alterations and iini)rovements cost nearly an additional £,«00.
Amj)le accommodation there is here both for the Ijusincss of
the bank and residence of the secretary. The sur])lus fund
now anujunts to £;J78 l()s. lid.

A post oHice savings' bank was opened in Alnwick on
November 11th, 18G1.

AlnivicJc InjWmary. — Noinstituti(tn lias boon of more bene-
fit to the i)oor of the town than the Alnwick Infirmary, whicb
was founded on June Dth, 1815, at a i)ublic moeiin;,' of the
inhabitants of the town and district, A\'illiam Iknrell, Esq.,
in the chair, as a dispensary " to administer advice and HK-di-
cino to the ]H)or, to promote \accine inoculation and to ati'ord
aid in cases rc(piirini;- the {^neater apj)lications of surgery."
William Burrell of l5room])ark, and John Landjert of Aln-
wick, may be regarded as its principal founders ; both as ere
energetic in its support ; and the latter was an elHcicMit secre-
tary and treasurer from its establishment to his decease in
1849. Liberal supp(nt at the outset was given to the scheme ;
the donations and subscriptions during the first year amounted
to £52081 5s. Od. ; and of this sum £1037 uere invested in
the public Auuls. A house in Fenkle street was used as the
dispensary till 1819, when a large new and somewhat elegant
building was bought lor this purjiose from the trustees of
William Bolton, at a cost of £900; and at this time a fever
ward was added to the establishment.

This building is in a convenient and hcaltliy situation,
standing detached, on the western outskirts of the town, with
a frontage to Infirmary street. On the ground iloor in the
front are the dispensing and committee rooms, and behind
are rooms for the resident surgeon, the matron, kitchens, iJcc;

220

HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

and on the floor above are surgical, rncdical, and fever wards
for indoor patients, witli otiier coiiviniiouces. Airi[jle is tlio
accommodation for tlie ordijiary Avanis of the district ; but it
lias been found inadequate when there are outbreaks of epi-
demic disease. In 18 11) the name was clianj^ed from Disjjou-
sary to Infirmary, whicli, indeed, it had been ahn<;st fioiu its
first establiyhmeut ; and at this time tlie rnhjs wcie reviscvl
60 as to increase its usefulness. The subscrijjtions and dona-
tions continued to be in excess of (he ex|)enditur<; up to
1839, when £1900 were invested in J J, jxir cent consols. The
institution having then the reputation of being a rich body,
donations were seldom made aiul the snl)Scri[)tions were les-
sened ; so that debt acciunnlated and it becauu.' necessary to
sell stock funds and to seek additional jiublie aid to (dear olf
the incumbrance, Tlie iinaneial position ui' the Inlinnary is
now, however, greatly im])roved ; and nnich credit is due to
the energy and aliility of the honorary secretary and treasurer,
INIr, John Atkinson \V'ilson, lor this giatifying result. The
income for J 807 amounted to £'119 llis. lid., and th<; cxpen-
diluic to £410 7s. 5d.

The regulations are similar to tliose of other infirmaries ;
governors are constituted by a yearly suhscri[)tion of one
guinea or a donation often guineas, and ihey have the privi-
lege of recommending patients, who are attended to by two
honorary ])liysieians, two honorary surgeons, ami by a house
surgeon who resides at the Inliiinaiy, The billowing table
of the number of ])atients who have hccu admitted into the
Inlirmary in each year since its establishment, shews the ex-
tent of its usefulness : —

Years.

Patinits.

Yenrs,

ralictits.

Yoars.

Taticnts

1810

25!)

1831

503

1851

. 655

1817

313

183o

. GOG

1852

. 827

1818

. 270

1.-3G

. 582

1853

994

1819

40(5

1837

. 781

1851

. 12S9

1820 ,

o,")2

1838

550

1855

lHo5

1821 .

621

1839

(iOO

185G .

. ISiG

1822 .

134

1810 .

. 1053

1857 .

, 2291

182;j .

l'J9

1811 .

. 727

1858 .

. 15G1

1821 ,

fAM)

1812 .

901

1859 .

. nil

1820 .

. 432

1813 .

7^G

ISGO .

. 1152

182(i .

4 20

1811 .

79G

18UI .

. 1103

18-J7 .

112

1815 .

850

18C2 .

. 1119

1828 .

488

181G .

. 757

1SG3 .

. 1(<5 1

1821) .

(is, 5

1S17 .

757

]8G1 .

. 921

1830 .

731

1848 ,

. 12GS

18G5 .

. 1038

1831 .

7oO

1819 .

. 1018

18GG .

. 1134

1832 .

. 1078

1850 .

. 1085

1867 .

. 1003

1833 .

719

ruE ddkk's school. 221

T^e honorary mrgcom have boon Jiimos Ifjiswell from 1816 to IS 10, Gc-orga
Wilson from I8I0 to 18.00, I'liilip DcniiiH from I8i0 to 1852, Jolm Iiavivjn
from 18n2 to Imoo, ]''r';il<.ri(;lc Eastori, J\J.l)., from 18;3C to 18.08, Thomas
Fumlor aiipointoil IHO.O, Hoiiry (Jiiudliiih, il.l)., from 1804 to 1800, Alf;xaiider
JIain, M J)., appoirit(;.i 1807.

Thi: hoiioraiji pln/sirlaiiH hfivo Leon Dr. Wiprhtman from 181.5 to 1817, Dr.
Coi)o from ISJH till 1K2.0, Willi:iiii Ji'orro.stor How, M.l)., from 1S21 to 18n,
Charles Doiiiii.s M.l)., f'roin IH'J.O to 1828, William Wilyjn, M.J.)., from 18:58 to
1H.)2, (JiMn-o Wil.son, ]\I.D., fjoin 18-M to 1801, Edward llodluy, M.D., from
ISOi to 1SG7, I'^odfjiick Ea.iton, M.D., appointed ise^l, Uemy Candlirth, il.D.,
Rpljointcd I8O7.

The house Kiiiiieoua havo hoon AVilliam Rohort.son, from 181.0 to 1S2I, Geo.
r.usliy from 1821 to 18_''i, Tliomas Head from 182:5 to I82'J, Thoma.i l''..ndcr
from I8:t0 to 18:i9, A. Fulton from 1S3'J to 18!(), IMward Sniilos Irom 18 U to
185 J, (ieorj^o Kalpli 'L'ab', 'S\.\)., iv»m 18.J.3 to I8.')8, Tliomas Call 1H.J8,
Fran'(;ia (irccii 18.J0 to I81IO, Jfonry C.iiidli.sh, M.Ji , from 1800 to 1863,
Alcxiindcr Main, M.l)., from lbO;i to IbOO, David C. M'Vail appointed in
Oclohor KSdO.'-

By ^vill dated Marcli I Itli, 1857, George Hall of Clive
Cotfago, Almvick, I'^quiro, a coimnaudiT in tliu royal navy
made a beque.st a.s follows : —

"I oivo to my cxfcutor.s the sum of five hinuliod i.o-.;ncId upon trust to in-
vest the same in novci-nmont or in real .'^ucMirily and to pay the interest theicof
to the conuniltce of tlic jiresent Kai;-e!l .School at Ahiwieh for the hi;nefit of
that inbtilulion ; hut if it .should ho ^iven up and di.>eouliiniod f(.r si.x eahm-
der nKjntlis then I direct Ihu caiiitil to he tran.-sfcrred to Die trustees of tliO
Alnwick Inlirmary to ho added to the hequcst next hereinafter mentioned.
I give to the tr\istees of the Alnwick Jnlirmary the .sunr of live lumdred
pounds npon trunt to invest the same on i;overnnient or real becurity and to
pay the interest thereof t^tho treasurer of that institution ; anil in eubO tho
said UaLTL-ed School shall he discontinued in manner aforesaid, then I reipiest
the said trustees of the said inhrmary to re<eive the le;,'aey of live hundred
pounds so hciiueathcd hy me for tlie lieneht of t!ie Itau'i^ed .Schoul afonisaid,
and to pay the interest "thereof to tho treasurer of the s..id infirniary, making
in that event the sum of one tliousniid jpounds trust money."

The Dukes Scliool — Ilu^li the .second duke of Northum-
berland, on October 25th, 1810, laid the foundation stone of
a school in tlie Green bat, for the education of two hujidred
poor boys, in comnienioratioit of the jubilee of George III.
It -was opened on August l;2th, 1811, and ever since has been
maintained by the successive dukes of Northumberland. At
first it Mas conducted on the Lancastrian system of education ;
and its first master, Mr. Jtdin lieilby, who Avas an able
teacher, had been trained at the IJorough Road School.
Since the establishment of National Schools in Alnwick, the
school arrangeinents have been altered ; and it now gives an
advanced education to eiglity boys, Avhose ages on admission
arc not less than nine years. At present there are in the
gchool 31 boys between 9 and 12 years of age, 36 between 12

• Dr. M'Vail has recently invented an ingenious instrument called the
5piro/7>-a/)/(, which is moved by clock-work, and rtcords in writing the move-
ments of respiration ; an account of it appeared iu the Lancet of March 7th, 1868.

222 HISTOliy OF ALNWICK.

and 14, and 13 above 14 year.s (jf iv^a. Tlio avcraj^e attend-
ance is 75. Pu])ils are adniilted to the school hy au order from
Miijor Francis Holland, who is nianaj^er. Keadin;^, writin^j,
arithmetic, geometry, iiavi;^ation, grammar, geo^rapliy, his-
toiy, chenu.stry, mechanical drawing, vocal music and occa-
sionally latin are taught; and the pupils attend St. I'aul's
C/hinch on Sundays. Sin;ill plots (d' gardf.'u gruund arc
allotted to meritorious scholars, to encouragt; industrial habits ;
and lectures on natural history, and occasional excursions to
the sea-side and \voods and fiedds hav(^ f(jrmed in some a taste
for scientific observation. Mr. Thomas (/ollinson has been
miistcr of this school since August l^ird, 1801, and under his
able teaching nund)ers of good scholars have been i)re[iared
for the duties of life.

27te jDuchcss's ScJiool, now held in a house within the
Dairy grounds, was founded by the second duchess of North-
umberland for the instruction of girls, ehielly in reading,
sewing, knitting, and domestic work ; writing and arithmetic
are now also taught. It is suitportcd partly by the ])roduce
of the industry of the pupils, but chieliy by the successive
duchesses of Northumberland. The ])Upils are marked, by
Avearing a kind of livery of green, black, and white, the
firshion of a bye-gone age. They attend the morning and
afternoon service on Sundays at St. Michael's Church.

Natkmal Schools Averc established in Alnwick in connec-
tion Avith the Church of I'Jigland, " Avith the intention of
bringing sound religious and secular education Avithin the
reacli of all classes, and to Impart it at the cheapest rate under
trained teachers and Avitb the best methods." School rooms
and dwelling rooms for a master and a mistress Avere erected
on a site in l]arndale near Fottcrgatc to^ver, at a cost of
£1408, Avhich was defrayed by public subscriptions and
government aid. The schools Avcre opened on November
2Gth, 1849, Avith an attendance of 95 boys and l'o,l girls,
each pupil in the junior classes paying 2d. and in the senior
classes od. Aveekly. In 1854 two class-rooms Avere added ;
and in 1860 an Infant School in connection Avitli these schools
Avas opened; but the funds proving inadequate lor its sup-
port, it was closed in 18G5. The education is given by a
master, a mistress, and two pupil teachers ; and in 18G7 there
Avere 125 boys and 95 girls on the school roll, the ordinary
attendance being 110 boys and 75 girls. The income for the
year 186G Avas £276 lis. 9d., arising from voluntary contii-
butions amounting to £85 lis. 7d., school-pence £8J 15s. 8d.,

nAGOED SCHOOL.

223

nnd government gnmt £107 4s. Cd. ; tlie expenditure was
£254 Oj, 7,]

'^Jlaijijed AV//00/.— Tlii.s school was originated in 18 18/' with
the view of ])i()vi(Iiiig destitute children with the elements of
a sccuhir and religions education, and of assisting them to
enter on a course of honest industry." Inslruetion is given
l)y three paid teachers ; one is master of the school; a tailor
instructs a class of hoys in his art ; and a female, assisted hy a
committee of ladies, teaches sewing and knitting to the girls.
The religious instruction is according to the rules, " unscc-
tarian in its character, foundc.d siin]dy on the hihle, and
emhracing the great truths of faith and duty on which all
evangelical christians are agreed." 'JMiere are a day school,
an evening school for those who are at work during the day,
and a Sunday school; in 1807 the day school had an average
attendance of 80, the numher on the hooks heing \)\l ; tlio
evening sclio(d hiid an average attendance of 90, out of a roll
of 150'^ hoys and adults ; and the Sunday school had an
average attendance of 50, out of a roll of 90. Connected
with the school are a library and a penny savings hank. The
expenditure for 18G7 was £100 17s. 7d. ; and the income
£124 12s. 4id.; of which sum £22 10s. Od. was a legacy from
the late Captain George Selby, Il.N. ; £10 a legacy from
AVilliam Ilorsley ; and £15 Gs. Od., the annual interest on a
bequest left by Captain George llall, Il.N.

This school supplies the Avants of a class not provided for
by other cduoatimuil societies; "out of 253 scholars attending
it, 47 are fatherless, 13 are motherless, 4 are or])hans, 22 are
illegitimate, 40 have one or both parents drunken and dis-
sipiUed, and the remaining 127 have parents so poor that
they are muible to pay the smallest school fee." The average
attendance of such scholars is about four years. "Compara-
tively few," it is reported, "have turned out badly; many
are doing well ; some young men as mechanics and labourers,
and some young women as wives or domestic servants. A few
have attained higher positions in society, but the great
majority are met Avith in the ranks of industry."

This school is now held in a large building in Lisburn
street, erected in 1838, for an Infant School, which had been
establ'ished by the decision of a public meeting to commemor-
ate Queen Victoria's coronation, and which was hence called
The Alnwick Victoria Infant School. The site of the
building was given by John Lambert ; bnt the scheme had to
struggle with difficulties, arising out of sectarian feeling; for

524 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

a p.'irty claiined that the Church of Enghiud fonruiliriei
sliould be tiuiglit in the school, and, as this was not done,
refused to give «u])))ort. Novcrtlioless tlie scliool 8trugt,ded
on fov fourteen years, tanirht hy mistresses wlio liad l)een
educated at Normal 'rrainiu^ colle;r(;.s ; l)iit as funds could
not he raised for its permanent ellieient mainlenancf;, it was
discontinued in \H')'.]. 'I"he trustees of tliehuildiii;;a;(i(.'ed, in
Fehvuary, 1854, to allow it to he used as a Ilaf;;^ed Seluxd.

Gas Supphj. — An Oil Gas company was formed in XH^lb,
witl) fifty sliares at £25 (.'aeh ; and a lease of f^round at the
head of (Janon^^ate, on which (o eiect the necessary works,
Avas obtained ibr lurty-one years from the duke of Northum-
berland, at a rent of sixpence a year. The hjase was extended
in 1852 to thirty years at a rental of £5. In 1850 the com-
pany, at a cost of £05(5, bo\i,i;ht ])roj)erty adjoininj^ tlie works,
whicli were then considerably extended.

The manufacture of gas I'rom oil proved unremuuerativc ;
and the company soun bej^an to make it from coal ; but so
unskilful had been tlie management, that for several yeais no
dividend was paid; and the shares fell so low in the market,
that some were sold for £5. The company was registered as
a Joint Stock Company on Se])tember 11th, 18-19; and it
obtained a certificate of incorporalion, unth.'r the Joint Stock
Companies' Act, on November 5th, lS5(), with a capital of
£oOUO in 50 shares. In accordance \vilh this certificate, it
is managed by seven directors, all (»f whom must live within one
niile of Alnwick ; they meet yearly four times, and according
to a byo-law each is paid 10s. for attendance at every meet-
ing; another bye-law determines that every sharehohlor must
be a consumer of gas, and that no one can hold moie than
three shares. The original number of shares has never been
increased, and there are now only thirty-three shareholders ;
but the original amount of £25 for each share has time
after time been nominally increased, by, it is understood,
sometimes adding to the original amount imaginary dividends
which had not been realised — first to £40, next to £G0 ;
and on February olst, 18G7, to £100. A dividend oflO per
cent, has for several years been ])aid on the nominal amount.
"When the nominal value of a share was £60, as much as
£120 was paid for one ; and since raised to£l00j a share has
brought £140 in the market.

The supply of gas is a monopoly in the hands of this com-
pany ; and during many years while the dividends were large,
the gas was bad and the price high ; so much so, that, urged

RELIEF OF THE POOH. 225

on by t]\e complaints of tlie public, tlic Hoirrl of Iffalth in
18G0 appointed a committee of intpiiry ; and tlicy reported
., that the gas was hij^h in j)riee and impure, and of a low

I illuminating' ])ower, not exceeding the ratio of 11, while that

of Berwick was 1^0 ; "in largi; towns comj)etitive ccjmpanies
are useful in remedying the (nil ; but in such t(jwiis as Aln-
I wick, the committee ai-e decidedly of opinion that the suj)|)ly

ff of gas should not be at the mercy of a i)rivat.e body, but

should devolve on the Hoard of Jfcalth. Water is thus sup-
plied ; and gas, now a necessity of modern civilization, and
directly connected with the functions of the Hoard as a means
of lighting the strtM'ts, should also be regulat(.-d by a body
; under j)opular control." Since tliat time, however, and after

the extension fif the gas works, the ])ricc has lieen reduced
to 4s. od. per thousand cubic feet, and the (juality so improved
that the illuminating ])ower is now usually a little more than
20. Tlujrc arc now about 410 gas consumers in the town,
and an annual consumption of 10,000,000 cubic teet of gas.
R'licf of the Poor. — Our early records respecting the
relief of the poor, though brief, are of some interest. Prior
to the Ktftjrination tlie poor were partly supported by the
charity of well-disposed christians, but chiefly by the monas-
teries and religious houses, at whose gates alms were daily
distributed, thereby relieving distress, but doubtless also en-
couraging improvidence anil idleness. After the monasteries
had been dissolved, and their enormous revenues seized by an
unscrupulous king, and ]);utlY distributed among hungry
courtiers, the principal source for the relief of poverty was
dried up, and the land was overrun Aviili Ijeggars. Partial
measures failed to remedy this evil ; but the comprehensive
poor law, Avhich M'as passed in the 4'jrd year of Klizibeth's
reign, provided relief for the impotent poor, and employment
for sucli as were able to work. This act, how.*ver, does not
seem to have been in full operation in Alnwick till the close of
the seventeenth century ; beggars still went from door to door
seeking charity; and even in 1(507, instead of a compulsory
poor rate, voluntary contributions Avere sought for by the
churchwardens or sydemen, and paid by them to the bailiflf
or chamberlains of the borough. The following order made
by the court leet shews, what means Avere then adopted to
prevent begging and to relieve the poor : —

1697. — Whereas the poor doe dayly and weokl}' goe about
from house to liouso within tho Towue and Burrougk of Alnwick
to receive alms, fur the preventing of which we do order that the
VOL. II. 2f

226 HisTouy oi' ai.nuick.

Churchwarclons or Sydomon shall goo fi-oin lioiwo to Louso and
talco iiiidor liin, lior, or Ihoir hand or liaridH, wliat tlioy or ovory
ono in ])uriicu]ar i.s wiliin^- to ^^ivo i'vocly weekly or luonthly for
tho rolioi'ortlio said 1/ai'isli, and for tlio ]»rovont.inf^ of tho said
poor from f^ouinf^ abont to soolc ahno.s wiliiin tho said iJorou^h,
hotwixi tlii.s and tho Ih-Ht day of January noxt to tho iJaililf or
Chaniberlaina, u|)(jn jiaino to forfeit, tho ftuni of (Ja. 8d. for overy
negloct of tho Oliundjorhiins or Sidcsmon.

Tlic onii)loyiiioiit of tlu; ahlo-boilicd jjoor appears, at this
tiiiK,', to luivc been in (liobaiid.s (d' tin.' wtjr.sbipfiil magistrate's
of tlic county ; for, as wo hav(; S(M'Ii, a (.'orroctiou house for
criminals ami a Woikbousc for tho j)oor were, in 10.^(5, con-
nectod together; thereby stamping ])overty with a disgrace
ivliich did not belong to it, and shewing that these men had
but a feeble perce])ti(jn of moral distinetions.

From the church books we loam tint, in 17 U, there were
two overseers of the poor for the towna/ii/) of Alnwick, Wm.
Coward and George Walker, who then passed their accounts
and returned c£lo (5s. l^d., the balance, to William Jlind-
marsh and Alexander Nicholson, the new overseers. Few
paupers Avere then in Alnwi(k — only hjrty-onc, thirty of
•whom were women and childiiMi, the weekly allowance
i-anging from 4 d. to Is. Gd., giving an average of 8|d. each,
and an aggregate weekly y)a)ment of only £1 Gs. J2d. No
encouragement was then ludd out to improvidence and idle-
ness ; and tradition says that there was a nnmly feeling of
inde])cndence among the people of Alnwick, wdiich led them
to be industrious and frugal, and mutually helpful of each
other. The expenditure for the poor was very moderate in
amount as appears from the following accounts : —
Scci'jjts.

17 It
171.5
1716
1717
1718

These, however, refer to the toionsliip of Alnwick alone ; for
prior to 17G8,* every township in the parish separately
maintained its own poor ; and hence there were twelve

* From the Paiisli Book we obtain the pi ice of inovibions ; in 1708, one dozen
horn spoons cost is. ; Georj,'e C'ockbiun .■•iipiilicd one liusliel of wlieat for 5s. ;
Eilwavd Hudson 2111>s. of mutton ut 'l\iX. per It) ; George Thew Silhs. of veal at
2d. per lb. i in 1759. John Thew 2'ilbs. of beef at l:|d. per lb. ; a load of coals
cost 2s. Did. ; in 1771 Maitlia Grey tj.5 {gallons of beer at 2d. per f^allon ; S
dozen fish cost 2s. 4d. ; in 177S, 8 collins cost £'1 ; a chaise to Rotlil)ury 7s. ;
John Dand (i paiisof brteches for 36.s. ; 1783, John Horsley a pair of clogs la. 2d.

£

s.

d.

82

11

n

sr,

10

3|

71

IS

83

7

O.l

8G

12

3i

Disburse

neitts

£ s.

d.

G7 10

2

80 17

h

82 10

11^

83 6

8^

iu:iii;f ok the poor. 227

overseers in tlie parisli. Tn 1705 wo find tlio followiiif^ election

of ovovscers lor tlie to\viisliii)S of

Alriwicif, i\rr. Tlioina.s (JiliHoii, tlio youn^fir ; ]kTr. Gawen Scott;
Soiitli SifJu, ]\h-. Jolm (iil).-on, Mr. J{(^. Sinuit ;
N(;rtli iSiili;, Will. Ap|>li:l)y, 'J'licma.s J'l-y.'ion ;
Dcnwicli 'I'owii, .Mr. .(dIhi I'litt.s, Mr, Tlioiiias Thow ;
Al)boy J.iinils, Will. Aiiiioll, Th.-.s. 'J^iylor ;
Ciirio^^ato, John J\l:ir.sli.ill, It-'ilpli 'J'aylor.

But in 17<)S four ovorsoors, i\[r. John Ycllo'.vly, "Mr. John
Dorcs, Mr. Ko])crf. Smart, and Mr. Ivlward (Jrozior, were
a]i])()in(cd for lh(; loJioIe pdvisli; and tlioncefoith tin- distinction
<)['to\vnsliij)s ('{'iisc'd, .so fur as rcliitcs to ilie .supjX)!! of the poor.

" The fTontlenuMi of tlie fom-and-twcnty," as they called
themselves, had till 1787 done for the pari.shioners what the
])ari,shioners had a right to do for themselves, and appointed
overseers of the ])oor as well as ehinehwardens, and prohahly,
too, imposed \wm' rates, as they still continue to impose
chuvcli rates. V,\\i in 1 787 the overseers were elected at u
puhlic meeting; and on March 2()th, 1798, the interference
of this four-and-twenty with the relief of the poor was
brouglit to an einl ; for it was tlien determined *'ata meeting
of tlie churchwardens, overseers, and ])aris]iioners, and iu-
hahitants of the parish that a rate of twopence in the pound
be hiid on towards tlie necessary relief and em})loyn\ont of the
poor ; " and it was also ordered " that in future all meetings
relating to the poor he called for the churchwardens, over-
seers, and iidialntants of the ]);irish." The ohl connection,
liowevev, between the church and ])Oor was kc])t nj) during
the eigliteentli century ; and much of the business relating
to the poor was done at meetings within the church. In
1791 the chnrchwardens, overseers, and four-and-twenty met
weekly after divine service " to take steps relating to the
poor as to them shall seem meet."

The first notice in llie chuuli books of a workhouse is
in 1785, when the parishioncn-s agreed " to })ui-chase a house
or houses to maintain tlu^ pour and employ such poor persons
and take the benefit of their work and service." After tliis
the workhouse was in the square in Clayport street, near to
^vhich now stands the United Presl)yterian church ; it had
been but a poor structure, for in Vt'do it was thatched with
heath. Contracts Averc entered into to keep and em])loy
paupers in the workhouse; and the price paid for each pauper
during the last seven years of the eighteenth century, ranged
from i.^s. Gd. to 2s. 9d. ]ier week.

Pauperism increased in Alnwick. In 1787, when \vc have

228

HISTORY OF ALNWICK,

the first record of tlio rates for the whole parisli, the amount
raised was JCHoS .3s. l)d. ; but in 171)0 the amount increased
to £1203 12s. 0(1. In 1803 the rate was 3s. in the pound,
and the total amount £2!i8S IDs. -lid, Hut tlic most oppres-
sive times were sliortly after the termination of the j^reat
EurO])(;au war ; in 1810 tin; rato' was 4s. Id. in tlie pound,
and the total assessment £1002 Os. lid. ; in 1H17, 4s. Od. in
the pound and the amount £4:U7 4s. Od. ; but the year 1818
was the saddest and most oppressive of all; the season had
been inclement, and the corn, scanty in quantity, was also
bad in quality, so much so, that when ])al(.ed into bread, to
use the ])hrase of the time, '* it was so mawtent that it might
be supped willi a spoon;" in tliat sad year, tlie rate was
5s. od. in the pound, and tlie total amount £4884 10s. 3d.
The following table gives the amount yearly of rates till
1820:—

Amount.

£ a. d.

2'JH 16 0

2077 8 6

4002 0 11

4217 4 9

4884 16 3

3102 2 2

3-231 9 8J

Subsequently to 1820 the relief of the poor was adminis-
tered by a Select Vestry, consisting of tlie overseers, church-
wardens, and twenty ratepayers, elected yearly at a parish
meeting; but since November 15lh,lS;>(), all that relates to
this relief has been under the direction of the lioard of
Guardians of the Alnwick Poor Law Union. The following
table gives the yearly amount paid to the treasurer of the
union out of the poor rates of Alnwick parish since 1837 : —

Ytara,

Rato.

Amount.

Years.

Bates.

B. d.

£ H. d.

H. d.

1787 .

. 858 3 9

1814 .

. 3 0

1796 .

. 12G3 12 0

1S15 .

. 3 0

1798 .

. 1275 19 111

181G .

. 4 4

1803 .

! 3

. 2288 19 4}

1817 .

. 4 6

1808 .

2

. 1813 19 6

181S .

. 5 3

1812 .

! 2 9 !

. 2712 13 4J

1S19 .

. 3 9

1813 .

.39.

, 3602 16 11

1820 .

. 3 6

Years.

Amoi

lit.

Y'eiU-s.

Amount.

Years.

Amount.

£

s.

£ 3.

£ 8.

1838 .

. 2608

2

1848 .

. 3552 10

1858 .

. 3794 19

1839 .

. 2024

4

1849 .

. 3163 11

1859 .

. 3476 2

1840 .

. 2109

13

1850 .

. 3533 9

1860 .

. 3169 9

1841 .

. 2421

1

1851 .

. 2508 18

1861 .

. 32S9 10

1842 .

. 2356

2

1852 .

. 2783 9

1862 .

. 3389 15

1843 .

. 2410

3

1853 .

. 2774 17

1863 .

. 2967 0

1844 .

. 2432

8

1854 .

. 3321 0

1864 .

. 2538 5

1845 .

. 2458

10

1855 .

. 3424 19

1865 .

. 3003 17

1846 .

. 2663

7

1856 .

, 2925 14

1866 .

. 2843 4

1847 .

. 2452

14

1857 .

. 3422 15

1867 ,

. 2210 14

The Alnwick Union consists of 62 townships and parishes,
and has an area of 98,935 acres, property of the rateable value
of £120,075, and a population of 21,053. The area of Aln-
wick parish is 10,749 acres, the rateable value £26,013, and

KELIKK OK THK I'OOU. 229

the population 7350, In 1864 the expenditure of the ^vhole
Union -was £9001) 14s. 4(1. or Is. 5|,(1. in tlie pf^iiid ; and that
of Alriwiok parisli was £lv047 or Js. 11 -.d. in tlic pound.
There were then 83 guardians, elected and ofFifial ; but Aln-
Aviek elected only seven oi- one-twelfth of tlie number, while
its rateable value was more than one-fifth, its expeiiditure
three-elevenths, and its population one-tliird of that of the
whole UnioTi. Such are the anoinalics of our lc<^ishition ; as
f|. a result of which not ojily has Alnwick been debarred from

having its fair share of guardians; but even the choice of
representatives has been narrowed ; as the lioard has fixed
the day of meetings to be on Saturdays — the most incon-
venient time for -hose who are usually entrusted with the
management of the town's business, ^lef^tings are held on
the second and last Saturdays of every month at 11 a.m.*

A large workhouse "was built in 1810, "for the better
accommodation of the poor," on the north side of Greenbat ;
but this was sold after the erection of a workhouse for the
whole Union in 1841, on land south of the town near to the
Railway Station.

* Since 18G2, when tlie irremovable or union poor began to be charged on the
rateable value of tlie several townsliips, the ex])en<liture of .Mnwick parish lias
been diininislied ; and it ha.s been further decreased by ilie operation ol the union
chatgt-alfility act, of 18G.5, which apjjortions the cost of all paupers dcording to
the rateable value of the several townsMps. Hence we find tlie expenditure of
18()7 was only jC2U8i, out of which £01') lis. 4d. were paid foi county and
police rates.

CirArTER XV.

THE CORPORATION.

EAni.TKST ACCOUNT — WHO WKKE IIUUOli.SSKS ? AXCTKXT ItlOIITi OF
rilKEIIOIJJKUS, STALLING KUS, CLAIMS Ol' HOUllKltLAW, ST. MAU-
QAUEt's, CANONOATE — ADMISSION TO FUEKI/EOE, AI'I'UENTICE
OIIDEU, nONOIlAUY FIIEEMEN, LEAI'INO THE WELL — OOVEUN-
MENT OP TITE BOKOUGII, UAILIFF, CHAMUEKLAIN3, FOUft-AND-
TWENTY, CLOCKS, WEIGH HOUSE, WINE AT AUDITS, SOCIALITY,
CHARITIES, CLEUK3, IIEllDS, MOOR OKIEVK.-J, SERGEANTS, IIELL-
UAN, ALDERMICN, GUILDS.

Many illustrations we have already {j;leaned from the
borough records of historical incidents and old customs; but
■vve shall now endeavour to unfold the history and character
of the corporation itself, which, until the middle of the
eighteenth century, Avas in effect a municipal body, exercis-
ing, by prescriptive authority, most of the functions and [)0wer3
of other municipal corporations. As we follow its move-
ments and changes some not uninteresting information may
be elicited of the play of passions and interests, of former
usages and customs, and ot the inlluences, which have changed
the character of the town.

The muniments of the borough consist of the charters al-
ready set forth,* of conveyances, bonds, leases, agreements,
cases and legal opinions, and of orders and accounts. The
bulkiest documents are the orders and accounts, which com-
mence in 1594 ; those earlier than 1G58 are in loose sheets and
very imperfect, many having been lost or destroyed ; but the
evidencesof the town were pretty numerous in 16il,wheu they
were contained in four boxes. There had been an older book,
■which is referred to in the following account, the earliest
now existing : — •

The account of Henry Watsonne, baylif, for ono year ended at Michaelmas
Ia«t past in anno domini lo94.
Money by him received of revenues and prolitls of tlio To-s\-ne the sumo
off xxix^. xs. id.

* See Vol. I., pp. 96-98, 237-241.

WHO VVHKK TFIE liUUOESSES. 231

To monoy ))y him di8LuiH(;il for the use of tho Towno xxxiiij/. ij». xjrf.

And HO tho 'Jowm; is indcbtuil to me, Henry WatHonno, the »mno of
liij/. xij*. \d.

And HO the 'J'owno is indebted to Edward Alnwick at that tyme the Buma
of v.».

And 80 the Towno is indebted to John Scott at the tymc tho game of v*.

The Towno is indebted to Itaipho Chiy as ;ipi)eiireth by (he oiild book xxx«.

From iui early Noriiiau period tlie hurgesses of Alnwick
were an incorjjorated body, having a common seal, and hold-
ing, in tlic'ir corporate character, a large extent of land in the
tliirtccnth century. l>ut as the fr(.'enien now are a narrow
exclusive class, widely diffcrr'nt from the burgesses of the
olden time, we shall first inquire
WHO WEIIE THE BURGESSES Olt FIlEEJIEJf OF ALNWICK?

Anciently tlioy wero those wlio held or occupi'jd burgage
houses. The luuno of bororujh itself is a relic of the Aiiglo-Saxoa
age, coming from hyri;/ or hurJi, whi(;h was applied to both large
and small pUices fortiliud by inouuds or walls and governed by
an elective l)urg]i reeve. Madox says that "they were deemed
townsuK^n, who had a settled dwelling in a town, who merchan-
dised there, who were all of tho lians or guild, who were in scot
or lot, and wlio used and enjoyed tho free liberties of the town."
Whoever in fact resided in a town and contributed to the local
burdens were burgesses. The corpurato name of The liiiryesses
of Almvick, whicli appears in tlio Do Vescy and other charters,
continued in use till the middle of the seventeenth century. The
francliise was therefore originally partly a property and partly a
personal right; residents in a town eillier i)ossessing or occupying
a burgage enjoyed it ; but when population began to iluctuato
and strangers came to towns, tho franchise gradually diverged
from its original free course ; in most of the smaller boroughs
it took tho direction of property, and tho enjo}Tnent of
commons passed along with the burgage, as at Alnmouth,
Warkwortli, and Eothbury ; but in larger towns it became
a personal right ; and this course it took in Alnwick, and was
handed down by descent or by appi'onticeship, irrespective of it3
early property basis ; so that the usage was at length established
of confining the franchise to tlie sons and apprentices of free-
men ; yet while stallingers * or foreigners were excluded from

* Slallii)s:er, a curious north country word used in tlie corporate records as
early as 1613, seems to be derived from utalluge or stullinije, the money paid
by tliose who were not burgesses, for setting up a stall or booth in the market or
fair. I find it applied, in the conliners' records in IfiSS. to those who came
into the trade by composition, and who enjoyed a few trading ])rivi'.eges, such as
selling wares at market, wiiile they were not allowed to do so in shops. In other
towns, as at Dumfries and Sunderland, it is ajiplied to an intermediate class
between the comniunity and the freemen. Jamieson gives the following quotation
— " Ilk Stallenger sail either agree with the Provost of the burgh in tlie best
forme as he may, or ilk niereat day sail pay \\\n\ ane halfepennie." In Alnwick,
however, the word acquired even at an early period a more extended signitication,
and stallinyir tjr foreigner designates all persons who are not freemen.

232 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

corporate privilogos, tlioy wore Htill cornpollod to bear tlieir full
share of local taxation. These oIkuikos wore not acliiovcd at
oiico, hut were the work of tinio. Jn tlio rocords of tlio haroriial
courts and of Iho coi-poration wo fiiul ovidonce^i in the fifteenth
and sixteenth eenturi(!H, not only of bur^^agoa adniittinj^ V) tlio
fi-oedoiu of tlie t(nvn, hut also of a trannitional state between the
old freer fraiichiHO and the narrow modoi-a monopoly. Connected
aa the freehjj,n3 was witU a ])\iy^:i<^u, the adniiKsion.s were nuule
at tlie hur^-h courts. The foUowini^ extract.'^ from these recordii
show the ancient custom.

lOth October, M7't--Tli(Ji)iaH (Jiitk;)! cam'; into court ami took of the lord
two burgiif^c wiihtus sidiatcd in Alnwick, l-ttwccii tlio biirKa;,'o of 'I'liomaJ!
Boys on tlui west part and tlio buij.';a;.aj of John iJarker on the eaht jiart, und
also one otliur place called C'oclieriall, lyin^' in a certain wtreet called Walker-
galo, to liave and U> hold to the ^;uid 'riioma.s, hi.-i heirn, and aHsiyns forever,
rend'erin<^' thenco to tlie lord and hi.s hiirs lor tlie two bur(,'ai<e.s lOd. and 2d.
yearly according to the cimtoni of the manor there; and further jjerfonning
to the lord all bervices thence due and aceuMtonied by right ; and tlien ha
made fealty and gave a fine of lOd., and was admitted to t/ie f,;,(lum of the
toivii, his surety being liob(;rt Ixe^'d ; by grant made by John Cartyngtoo,
Btoward to the lord. 10th Oct(jb<'r, 1171 — Uobert Kede and Robert Tailior
came into court and petitioiu'd for Ihc J'rndoin of Ihc town there, and it was
granted to thoin for money a.s in the margin [3s. 4d.] ; pledges, Thomas
Jaxson and William Naddell. . 7th April, 1177 -Ueorge Monton petitioned
for the freedom of the town and it w:tb granted for money [lOd.] ; pledge,
Robert Ellesden. John Strother jjetitioned I'.r the freedom of the town and it

^vas granted for money [20d.] ; pledge, William . 1501— Robert

Atkinson was admitted to his lands and to the freedom of the Lorouf/h, in as
large a der/ree as other bitr(/es.ses have ; and he pevlbrmed fealty. Another per.
Bon is also admitted to this froedoin on the same day, though it is not said ha
was admitted to a burgage.

Freeholders continued to enjoy the right of common till, at
least, the time of Henry VIII.; for in the follo^^ing curious
ngreomont, made in 152,), it is admitted that Kichard Alder, of
Ilobberlaw, had a right to pasturage ou Aluwick Moor as o. free-
holder and commoner : —

Thys Indeiitcr mayd the third day of Auguste In the xviith yere of the
reigne of our Sovcrii;n Lord kynge herro the Vlllth, botwone the ryghte
noble herro thcrle of Northumberland And bys Tenniats and Femurs within
the lordshyp of Alnowyke in Northumberland olf that oone partie and Rycherd
Alder of hobberlawegentylman of that other partie, witnesscthe, that whereas
debate and stryfe hath bene hertofore betwene the said tennints and fermei-a
aforesaid and the sayd Ryeherd Alder afor and upon a pareell of ground on
Ahiewyke More whyebe the sayd Rycherd Alder liath lately inclosed part of
ytt Tylled and manered as his awno propre severall growndo, eontrare to
righte and usage ther used wythout tyme of mynde, for that the sayd Tenninta
of the righte noble Erie, by the sayd space, have evermore hertofore have had
Bitt of Mowthe with their Bests and Cattail all tymes of the yere at there
libertie and pleasur as wyth in ther Common and the lord's wasts, yet yt ya
considered for certain considerations that the sayd Rycherd Alder for thys
yere next ensuynge shall and may sawe the forsade pareell of grownde that
now is tylled and to fence the same oonly for the savegarde of hys corne, and
no more grownde, nor in no other wyse and that to be devysed doone and
ordered by iiii indiferent persons suche as Sir William Lyle knyghte
sball apoynte and name within the lordshyp unto suclie tymo that the sayd

WHO WERE THE BURGESSES. 233

crope of conio l}ii;r for tli:it oonly zcto f,TOwinge bo carry<;'l ;iriil h.-i away
after corsfi of tho /i;rc, ilotli rciiuin; and thrit 'lunc Dm k.i\(1 lls'lurd \hl>sr
covuiiitiilelh Jind jiioiniMSi.l h uiid Lfraiirits unto tlio suyd lOrl'; of Xm tlimnber-
land iind liy.s fi;iiin;i'.s and Tcniiiiil.-i afori.sriyd in Alnwyke ttiat n';itlior h<; hys
licr.s noi' as.ii^'Mi'.i at no tyiiio tli;uaft<,r sliall oi;(;iii)y tyllo Incloso and rnanowr
tilt! Hiiyd paicuU of <^io\vndi), nor no ])art th(;r of, nor othorwyso u.^c nor
occupy tho sauio Init as a frcoliolilL-r and coirimonor unto Huclio tyino that
the Hayd Kycliord Aldi;r niako a Hu))rttantiall ami di;w provoaforo the Councoll
lernod off tlic Hayd rig'hto nol>lo Hilc, tliat th'; parcoU of yrownde ii tho
ryghto liilnritanci) and HijVerall growudt; of tho s.'iyd Rychord Ald.T, and that
to bo ti.'sl3'iy(;d find wytiicHSf I uiid^jr tlie .sayd Couiiccdl'H s<;all and Hyno
maiiuuU, 111 wyLii'.'.si whurcof oitlicr jiartio to other partio of thi'j pre.sent iii-
donLor enturcliaiij,'ualjly lialli putt tlior .S'jall.s tho day and yore abovowritten.

Owners of proporly, liowovor, did not give up their old privi-
leges witliout a 8tni;^<^lo. Tiio riglit of cojnm<)ii on Alini'ick
moor was claimed by tlio toiiaiits of St. Mar^arot'.s, and so
doubtful was iho quo.stion in HilO, that tlio Earl of Ncjrthumbor-
land adviyed tlio burgesses to ni;ilco!Mr. Paschall, the tenant, ono
of their fraternity, on account of the controversy as to right.
Tliis had not been done; for we find that Thomas Collingwood,
the owner of 8t, ^Margaret's, sent sheep and cattle on the moor ia
1611 ; but the corporation resistod this supposed encroachment;
and tho following extracts from the accounts tell the story of tho
dispute, and furnish an interesting example of tho manner ia
which tlie early accounts were kept : —

IGll — Payd tho chari^os ahoiit 7)yndin2r and dyrccting of aomo fremen
touLheiny thf! iinpouiiduinLfuf Jlr. (^ollinj^wood'a Cathj of St. Margate the 17th
and '24th of Juno and for di'inkoin;^- sylvcr gyvea to them at ij oi- iij sovci-all
tynie.s, x'\\'L

Ituiu to William Watson and Charles Watson tho 25th of June for gocing
to St. .M;irfj;uto's to see ^Ir. (Jullin^wood's sheepo was in thi.' More, becuiuw
they wore t.ikeu out of the fold when wo kni;vv not 2Jth of June, iiji/.

Item to William Forster for kepeiir^ the sheep in tlio fdd by tho dyrection
of lis Aldermen the xi of July IGll the shopo that was taken from St. i£ar-
gato's gyvcii to William Forster by huller, iij v.

Item bestowed upon the AVutsous of L'layiiot when they did goo willinglie
dyvers tymos to Impoaudo Mr. CoUingwood's Oatle at oar house of the more
at ^Ir. OJreni-s, xiyl.

Item to William Forster and to Geo. Stunners for kepeing the Shopo in the
fold, i\j(L

Item tlio 4 day of September to Charles "Watson for going to Mr. CoUing-
wood's with a warrant, xici.

The dispute was carried by l\rr. Collingwood to the asssizes for
trial; for there is entered " to Genuan IStanton for a Coppy of
Thos. Collingwood answai-e to Yorke 2s. 6d. ; " and then comes
law charges at York amounting to £5 los. Id. Tho judgment
was, however, in favour of the corporation, and after tliis we hear
no more of I\[r. CVillingwood in the corporation reconls.

The tenants of Abberwick also attempted to share in the com-
mon ; but at tlie Burgh court, held 6lh of November, 1618, they
were amerced in sums from os. 4d. to 6s. 8d. each " fur de-
pasturinge with their sheape one Aluewick Moare."

VOL. II. 2q

234 HISTORY OF ALNWICIC.

According to an extract from a castlo document " TInydon forest woa all
alonfj enjoyed by the freemen of Alnsviek, and Hoveral intenommorier.H ; viz ,
II(jl)7.eiliiw, GreenMliclil, Si,. Miir.'.^irefrt, (Janon^'iito, and by i:ii^l';yanl HfiifMj
IJoiise f.iriiioirt ; vi/., itii;.';ley h;id a rake or rif,'ht of eoiiiinon iijion Alnwiclc
Moor for all cattle which they bound up to stobb and Htal;e iti winter; and
Snij)eho\i.se had a rako or rij,'ht of common upon [•■roeinen hill, iJlakelaw hill,
Ile-sley closes, and other ^'rounds iidjueent." — llndj^on' » MiS.

Although tlio (listi notion l)ot\vooTi froeinoii and fttallingors lia'l
by tlio boj^iniiiiijj; of tho Kovontooiitli ccntiirv boon protty well
e.stablishod, tho IVooinon woro not so rc.slricLivM} ns tlioir bucccs-
80r3; for thoy still allowed to others modified privllc;,'Os in tho
town common, in 1G18 tho followiii;^ order was mado by tlio
court Icct : —

KUS— Whereas ther i.s siieheintrudingc in the fore-st and common of Aydon
by tlic Slalh'ii^TiH within tlio broiii,'ht {Horoii'/h), we think it most needful
and convenient, for the itvoydin^c of .such intruders, that they sh.'ill payo yearly
for every horso, mearo, and folic or colto, for every one of the afun.-said hors-!,
colt, f,niildin<,', or mare or folic the sum of 2h. jier annum paid ; and also for
eveiy"kyno, oxe, quye, or stotte, to jjayc for every one of these, I2d. per
annum; for every live shep or ft>ur j,'aits 12d. jicr annum, to be i)ai<l and
levyed to tho use and good of the conuuon purse and IJurgesscs of the lirough
of Alnwycko yearly.

One mig-ht expect that as civilization advanced, tho minds of tho
frecmi n would become more liberalised; but exporionco fihcws
that privileged orders aro tho last who aro influenced l)y the im-
pulses from increasing knowledge. Tluiy had mado tho claims of
property and of tho stallingcrs to succumb to thorn, and they
next attached tho rights of the Canongato freeluddurs. From
time immemorial, probably from tho period when tho .Sax'ons first
settled on tho banks of tho Aln, tho people of Canongato had
ri'1-hts over Alnwick ^foor ; for wo find that in lolG lionry^ do
Turcy coufirmcd by charter to tho abbot and convent of Alnwick,
for Chnnnnicyate, common of pasture for all their cattle on tho
moor of Alnwick and llaydeno, and to take in tho same, all other
profits in globes, in turbaries, in pits, and other things suitable
for fuel. This, it will bo observed, was not a new grant but a
co?;//-mrt.'io?i of an existing right. But in 1G20 tho big town of
Alnwick boldly asserted its exclusive rights to the moor, and
trampled on the claims of tlio little town of Canongato.

" Tho 6 day of Juno, 1G20— Received of Patrick Tlowhournc of Cannigato by
us Gawon Salkcild Nicholas forster Robert frier and John Gray bein;jc Addi-
tors for the towno tho summc of live shillings lawful Enp-lish money for tres-
passins^c in the forest of Aden which belonpcth to the free burgpcessos of
Alncwnce and no man els." Thomas Swan of Canongato at the same time
paid 2s. Gd. for trespassing with three sheep ; and another inhabitant of
Canongato paid " one penny for ono bay meare trespassing."

The claims of Canongate woro not finally extinguished, how-
ever, till April 17th, llVod, when at the court leet and court baron
of the borough the following order was made : —

" It is at the same Cort presonlod, that divers of tho Inhabitant? of Canno^r-
gate, adjoining on this Burro\igh, uro willing to submit to the priveledgo-s of

wuo wi;Rii iiiE nuuoiissi'.s. 235

tlio aald Bun'ow, and pfiy the urnerciarnents imposed on thorn at laat Court
for their truspussiiii^ with t)iuir floods in tlio coinmon of Alnwick, anciently
culled tho foi'n;-it (jf M li;ii, and Jiro williii-^ t'^ p.iy fn* evijry Htint • '.in. 4d.,
which .sliiill jj;<>(; iind di:p:i!tiir(; for tlio futuni on the said Coniinoii, and to
coino fiijin tyiiuj to tynio at Mayd;iy to tlic f/'liainljorbiins, for the tynic lacing
to hoolc their Hliiits, a.s tiicy mIki!) putt in to (h;pastiirc thcrc:jn. And thore-
foro oidcrcd, Hint not only tin; Iiihahitants of (Jano;^ato, hut those wilhin
this l)iii'ii)iiL;h that aio nut I'"iei,iiifTi, ruay have Hiich convenient htints as
Hhall be thoii;;ht (ILL and approved on hy this Cort, paying Hiich rate; and
bdokcinj^ thi;iii us afu^o^,aid, ]>rovided no particular person he udiiiitlcd to
mure than lour stints, and tiiat all there other goods which hhall be found
deijasturinuf, and not boO hooked, shall he from tyino to tyino Lrouj^ht to tho
Common pound and tliere detuyned, till they shall bo released by duo order
of lawo or good batibt'.iceon i^lven to tho Burroujjh for thc-iro trespass and
duiiiago."

This bi'ouf^lit lo an oiid tlio cluiuis of tho Canongato freeholders,
and phicod tlit'in on tho saiuo levul with foroignurs and .stalliu-
gors ; Lut it is said in unoLlior extract fVoin tlio casllo records —
*' that tho townsiiiou had forced Canongato inlial/itants to take a
httlo parcel of <;rouud at AVake's ■well or loiintaiu in full consi-
doration fen- their demands on Alnwick Moor." — Ilodjs. MSS.

Encroachincnta notwilhstandinj^ wore often made on tho com-
mon ; for Iho jniblic eonld not reconcihi them.selve.s to tho belief,
that they had bcoJi entirely robbed of tlieir ancient rights.

In IG'i-l lini s of I'id. W(;re inipos(;d for ciittinfj and carrying away " Rham-
1103 anylico wliiiine.s " from Iho forest of ]']deii. Benjamin Jiarton, a turbu-
lotit man, often brought before tho Court, was fined 3s. -Id. — "quod Villificavit
villipcndoro priveledgiuin Burgensiuiu do Alnewilco in forcsta de Eidcn."
In 1G90 James Elliott was amerced Gd. " for digging in the Marsh or limited
place in Alnwick common or Jloor ; " anil Charles Wilson and James Wat-
son tarf casters were each amerced 3s 4d. " for setting the Towne Moore on
firo to the groat loss of the inhabitants and freemen of the towne of Alnwick."

Aa time j);i:i.sod on more strinL^ont roLjulations wore adopted for
restricting to froonion tlio advantiigi^s of tho town common ; and
on May 2nd, 1G71, tho Four-and-Twcnty made tho following
order : —

1071, IMuy second — It is then concluded and agreed upon, by the consent
of the foure-aud-twontie, tli.it irom this day forwarde shall noc chamherlayne
or Jloor (Jrciive rccei\(i ortaki! any i'orranirrs stallcdgors or Incommcrs goods
that shall inliubit ^\■ithin this Manor and lUirrough of Alnwicke, to ha\e any
I'jatage Stinteing or depastureing wilhin Alnwicke Moor, otherwise called
Aydou forest, and that by this order we doe consent and agree, that it may be
lawful for our JMoor Greases or JMoorc herds to drive and impound the goods
of any forrayiar for cateing or tresspassing in Iho said ^loore or Forrctt, and
for their security we doe all joyncto keepe thorn indemnilied."

Notwithstanding this, several stallingers trespassed on the

* A stint or stent, from stiiifni, A.-S., to limit, is a bound or limit, and detines
either the amount ol an assessment or of pasuiiage. In .Aberdeen, in 1581. " the
whole committie all in aiie voce grantit and consentit to inak ^ne olklie stent and
coiuribution " — and persons were chosen " to stent ami set the said contrirution."
— AbcfiLin records. For jiasturage in Alnwick Moor, one horse, or one cow, or
one ox, or five sheep, or five goats, was reckoned one stint, or stent as it is commonly
pronounced.

S36 IIISTOKY OF ALNWICK.

moor, reluctant to yield up ]ju1>lic li^^hts to a flomiiiant Ijody ;
1)UL in 1072 tlio CMiainborlaiiis drove uli' tlio f,'oodHof John Mill of
^iiipo llouso (jut of tho coiiiiaoM, and ini|)<)Uinl'!d tho hheej* of
(jMW.'ild (Jlai'ko and otiiora Avhiuli liad 1ro.sj»ass<;d ; and in coiihc-
(|ii(!iico (). (!iarko of Snipo Ilousn, T]if)nias ilotcalfo of Alnwick,
J. Vai-dy of fSt. Mar;,^arot'9, J. Aldui* ui' Uoldjorlaw, and J. For-
stor of JiugJuy, woi-o oljlij^nd to si^^n a dood, aclaio\vlcd;^iM;^ that
thoy had no just ri;^iit, (d' any liborty of tho coinraoii of Alnwick,
but oidy an fruuniuu of tlio town. Tho la.st claim to a ri;,dit of
common on account of pV(jporty was made by llonry Forslor of
An<^-ortoTi, tho owner of llubborlaw in 1712 ; hut tho disi>uto was
decided in favour tjf tho corporation, and Forstor released his
claim and paid £20 costs ; and Hince that time the freemen have
enjoyed a monopoly of coi'porato ijrivilo}_';os. Freemen livnif/ out of
the town exorcised a riyht to tho common up to 10«9 ; when tho
followin*^ order was made : —

1G80, July 1 — Whereas our To^s'no moor or forest of Ay<loii is over-stocked
by several of the freemen that lives out of the towne of Alnewicko, to tho
great damage of tho freemen wlio inliahil tlie saiil towno and {llunoifih), and
lett thorn ; for tlie iirevcntliiK of any dama^'O ln.'reafler, It is this day unani-
mously ordered hy the (Jhamlierhiiiis and foiir-.ind-twenty, tliat nuo person
or persons, tliat is fie of tlio said towne and do h not iidiahit within the said
towno slrill have any manner of priveled^e to dcinisliire or feeii his or their
cattle or heasts in tlio said moor or forest of ay ien, aeeordini^ to our ancient
grants and tho cn.stDiiie of the tcnviie of NeweasUe and liarwicke-uiion-Tweod ;
And it is fnrtluir inianimously ordered, that every freeman tliat hereafter shall
be made fro shall imruediatoly upon adinilt.ince suhscriljo tliis order.

Tho stint order passed by tho Oliamberlains and Four-and-
Twenty in 17.">7 extends tho privilege to freemen living within the
parish of Alnwick ; and this bye-law still regulates tho enjoy-
ment of privileges on tho moor by froeuion, even since its iudusure
\imler the Commons Inclosure Act.

Ivostrictod as tho corporation had become to a fractional part
of the inhabitanis of the town, the old name burgesses -s^-as not
applicable; and hence, sometime before 1G87, the privileged body
were called frconoi.

ADMISSION TO THE FREELEGE.
Admission to the freclcge was attained by birthright, or by
apprenticeship to a freeman, or by election by tho Four-and-
Twenty. All tho legitimate sons of a freeman are now entitled to
be made free, wheresoever born or whether before or after their
father's admission to tho freelege ; and this has been tho usage
during at least the last two centuries. Every freeman can take
apprentices to his own trade, who at the expiration of seven years
servitinle are entitled to become free ; and this privilege was also
enjoyed formerly by freemen's widows ; "•'•' but the exercise of

* IC64' Robert Shanckes was taken apprentice to Jane Il.idston, widow. 1685
Robert Lesly was taken apprentice to Mrs. Kath Foister. ItiOtl Charles Mat-
thewson was' taken apprentice to Mary Craster. 1715 Joseph Thompson was
taken apprentice to Eliz. CoUingwood.

ADMISSION TO Tllli litKKLKOK. 237

these rights has hooii regulated, time after time, by bye-laws
mndo by Iho Four-uiid-'J'wenty. The earliest ordf^r in referenco to

npproiiticoH is tlio fo]](j\viiig : —

K'tTl, ,Ui\y '.i. — rt i.4 ordf'ied by consent of tho foiir-and-twenty, th.'it every
a]^l)n[itiijo Hiiall Ld oljli^;i;(l, after ono y'.''"'': of liiw entnincc into his appreu-
tio'Mliip, to n!(i.ticj to tho coinon piiild,* wlion.soever as.ii.-rnldfjd, and Uicro
ahall uncord lii.s limo of ontraiicc and the date <jf his indenturo in tho towno
book'o l)y tho eliainljorlunos, and tliat al'lerwardrt hu shall Hervo within his
mawter'n hf)iisi) at in(:iit, diinico, and liA'^jw^ for Hoven years coinjdete, ufKin
])aino of ovoiy(! one that tiilceth any such appri.Titiee contrary to this order
which hatli h(!en made, as appears to us by our predecessors in tlio year Ifi28,
and now confiririod by us tho d,iy and ye.ire aliovcsaid. .Several abuses hath
been fcrmerly eoniiiiilted by those that doth live in the country in takein^
jirentices and oU'eririLj tliein to be made fiec'iuen in the towne of Alnwick
therefon; it is aLCi'c(;rl, that lor ever hen.-.ifter noe man shall take an aj/prentice
without the saiil a]3])i-i,iitice shall servo his ina.--tcr lawfully in his ov/iic house
for thij tei'iuc cd' five years.

Tills order liad tlio offeet of excluding any freemen living in
Bailillgato or Oanongato from taking ap[)rentice.s, because though
part of the town, they wore not witliin tho borough. The follow-
ing ordoi', revi.sedin 1813, nowregiilatu's thu ud]ui.i:3lou of appren-
tices to the corpoi-atiou : —

In conformity witli the ancient iisaire of tho boroufjh, no apprentice shall
be entitled to his lieedi;m unless ho lias served, //o/iajir/f, ]>y iridonturo, for
sevoii y(!ai's, to a IVeeiuan rcsidin;^ and carryi'ij^ on trade within this town
and borout:;h on his own account, and for his own benetit ; or, in casii such
iria.slor sliall die, l(!avo the town, or di.--continuo his trade before tho term
expires — unless such apprentice has Ijcimi rei^ularly and lef^ally assijjne<l V),
and has completed his aj)pi-enticeship with another resident freeman carrying
on trade in manner as alun.said ; and if there shall be no freeman of the sanio
trade then resident in the borougli, then the free trade or company in which
the indentures arc eiuolled, may meet and decide in what nianner, and with
whcMu, the ajipn-nlice sliall ciimi)lcte his servitude, and such free trade or
company hliail ri'|)i)rt their iKcision to tlio chambulains and conuuon council,
to be conliruu^d or di.s.innulcd.

Though tho connection between a burgage and the franchise
had boon severed sometime in the sixteenth century, admissions
to the freolege continued to be made, at least occasionally, at tho
courts loot down to the year 1G76. Tho earliest entry in the
records of this court, under tho changed conditions, are as
follow: — ,

Freemen made the 6th November, 160S— Ilenry Youni^er is mad fre as his
father's eldest son. Thomas Cawart is made free as an ajjjirentice and to pay
53. tho 29th ilaye of November, William AVatson, uicrcliaunt suretie and
William Watson the weaver.

The following are among the earliest admissions recorded in
the corporation boolcs : —

Kill — Thomas Hunter for his frclel^o money os., Jacob Bccbe for his
freeledj^c money 5s.; 1613 — John I'olts for his freIay;o money os.. John
Clcarke for his frelaidgo os. ; 1617 — King wood Alder for his freeledge, pledge
Itobert Fryer 20s.

* In a similar order made April 20th, 1692, the apprentice is required to
" leparo to the privet guild."

S38

TIISIOKY or ALNWICK.

Tho I9th d ly of Doueinbcr, 1030— Froomeii's money mayd at Eiator Coart«
VIZ., EJwdr.l Yuuii','ur anl Willi.iin Ltitub 10.i. If" freoirjon'u money m.iyj
at Michac iiia.i C.jaiLo, vi/t., Uoj^or .Syni]..io.i M. If., of Jo!ia Swiiihoo f..r
Ilia iro(jl()(lL;i) iiiDiu y ijh.

Tho a(liius.,i.,iis Ayoro ])r(;tty iimn.;i-<ju.4 in flio sovonteontU
coiilury; in IGIJ "tlireo u'cro iiitulo" at thu Kastor Court,
and suvou at ]\Iichacliiias ; and si.x at tho Micljaolina.', Court in
1016. Tho records of iGol tolls us of tho court iuos — "John
Cray-stor is adiuittod a froeuiau as oldest son to liis falher l:ohort
Craistur, Llacksiuith, aiul lialli j.iiid -Id. to tlio lialillb, to tho
Btowavd 'Jd., to tJio foruinan -Id., and -Jd. to oach sort^oant, and a
potMo pf burnt Avino to tho jury." 'J'horo aro, howovor, other
admissions to tho froolo^-o M'hioh Avoro Ui>t mado by tlio court loot
— " Octobor 2;3, IGoo, Edward iioavoloy is adiuittod as ho avu.9
ano appruiilioo to John fSwinhoo and hath paid to tho ohambt-r-
luins 5s. liobort Adston is adniittod as eldost sou of liis fathor
llobert Adston and hath paid his dutios." " IG.JG— Jaiiios Faldor
is admitted as freemau as ano appreutico to Nich.das Forstor and
liath payd to tho towuo 5s., and a iiotflo of Aviuo." " 'J'ho 30
Octobor, 107-1— Joliu Iluiitloy approntico to Kdward lluiubloton,
Bhoemalior, Avas admiiled freeman of tho brou<rli of Alnwick
and paid tho t.Mvno os. ; tho bailille, Mr J.ocko, 8d., tho tAvo
Borgeants 8d., and tho foreman of tho then court -Id., in all
6s. 8d, and a pottol of Avino and taken bis oath ; this lOs. Ava.s
given to Isabella Lind.say to help to sulior a child Avhich Avaa
found in Iho liigbway." Subse.jnontly to the year IG76, all
admissions to tho freeloge liavo been mado by tho Four-und-
TAventy. In that year Thomas Partico Ayas " a<bnitted a freeman
of the tOATue and broiigh having taken bis oath and ])aid a potlle
of AVino by and before tho four-attd-fuHfufi/." Ijut a di^^tinct la\y
Avas mado on tho subject, on "Ibo 7th August, 1G77— it is then
ordered by ibis fouer-and-twentio, that the order being made in
tbis booko in 1G7-J, being tbon loft to furtbcr con.sidT'ration, is
noAV iirmly established and confirmed, And that noe freeman's
Bonnes, apprentices, or other person shall be mado free of this
brougb, but by the good-Avill and consent of tho foucr-and-twenty
of this toAvn and to bo sworno."

Tho form of tho freemen's oath has varied ; in the earlier part
of tho seventeenth century when tho admissions Avero made at
the courts leet, it appears to have included fealty to tho lord of
the manor ; but subsequently it was as folloAVs : —

You shall fiiitli andtruo allo-ianco bear to our sovordi^u lor.l tlio kmrr
Bhall swoare that yuu .shall lauintaino fiuui time to time and att all times'
horoatlcr as m^ed sliall rciuiro all tlio imianiuiics, fivcloms, ri-lu.s and privi-
Io-.;.s of this tou-no and burrou-h, and in all lliin-s bli.iU buliavc yourself as a
good and laitlilul f'roeinai\ of this townc.

But AA'hen articles were proposed to bring to an end the "reat laAv-
Buit betAveen the earl of Northumberland and the corporation,
tho Four-and-TATonty agreed in 1759, " that for the future, fealty

ADMISSION TO 'IHR FREELEGE. 239

sliall bo a'ldod to anrl continuod in thooath, if his lordsliip insists
tliorooii ; " liin lonltiliip did iiisi.st, and this absurd aiid UH'-less
clause was ad(h;d to iho oath.

'I'ho lufs of admission Avoro from iGll to 1077, -Id. and a pottlo
of burnt wino from tlio oldoKt son of a freeman ; On. and a j;ottlo
of burnt wino from younger sons and apiirenticos, in addition to
tlio court foes ; in l(i77 tlio fjo of tho second son of a fre(;man
wns reduced to 2s. Gd. ; and in 1G87 tho pottlo of wino was con-
verted inlo a money pa3'meut of 2s. Cd. In lOHl tho fees wero,
for tho eldest son 5s. to tho t(j\vn, and for youn;^or sons and
apprentices Ts. Gd. ; but in 1700, 9s. Averc added to all theso fees,
on account of tlio expense incurrci] by tho cor[)oration in makinfj
and upliolding some <^reat dikes or fences across tlio moor ; and
theso amounts continue to bo paid at tlio present time, out of
which, howevci', Is. is returned to each young freeman to drink
tho heaUh of tho Chamberlains. Notwithstanding^ the entire
disconnexion of tho freelo^^c froni tho eifeto court lee^., an official
from tlio custlo makes ap[ilication for 8il. to tho bailiff, and 8d.
to tho sei'f^eants for every admission. Freemen are now admitted
at tho a;^o of si.xteeu years; but this custom has varied; unmar-
ried persons wero not so favourably treated ; for on April 20th,
1753, it was "ordered that no person or persons whatsoever shall
bo adnu'tted a freeman of tlio Toavu under tho ago of nineteen,
unless ho or thov bo married ; " but this bye-law was rescinded
on April 2lth, 1775.

Admissions to the frcelcgo have boon made during the last
century, usually on the 24 th day of April ; but tho ancient custom
was not confined to that day. iJuring tho seventeenth eenturj',
wo find admissions in every month of tho year; as for example,
in IGSD ono was admitti'tl on Marcli 2'Jtli. three on April 2 1th,
ono on July 1st, two on October ISth, and one on November Gth.

Tho l'\>ur-and-Twenty are tho solo judges of the eligibility of a
candidate for tho froolego ; they must bo satisliod as to his birth
or sutricient servitude.. 8omo time early in the seventeenth cen-
tury, the steward of tho lord of tho manor attempted to admit a
person to tho freedom Avithout his having been made free by tho
jm-y of tho court leet, Avho wero then the Four-and-Twenty ;* but
they resisted this usurpation of power, and Avould not stay ia
the court, while the steward " did administer tho oath to him he
would have made a freeman without their consent." For this
boldness tho steward endeavoured to punish them; but "as the
fynes which Avore sett upon their heads Avere unlaAvful and un-
reasonable," they could not bo enforced ; and the steward was
defeated in his unwarrantable attempt to create freemen. Claim-
ants to tho freelege on insufReient grounds were sometimes
rejected. Sparingly, hoAvever, Avas this power used, for it was

* " The freeincu exclude all freeholders who are not freemen from Juries."

Extract fiO))i MSS. Alnwick Castle, Hodgson.

240 HISTORY OF ALNWICIC.

BubJGot to llio controlof tho courts of til 0 roalrn ; ho tliat if oithf^r
the Four-aiid-Twonty or tlio rouipunii;:-! woro to rrffiiso ailmissioa
wlion tliui-o wa.s a lo^al n\'lit, tli<)y iiii^^ht bo involvod in horious
law oxpciisos. On two occasions tho Fuiir-and-Twonty woro ic-no-
miniouHly dufoatod ; tlioy vojoctcd Oooi-;^o Griovo in 1770, and
Jolm iJoJton in 177(3; but b(jtli nou;^lit a lo<^al romody, and, by
command of tlio jud;^09 of tho land, tho corporation was comi)f;ll(;d
to admit both, and to pay besidos Jieavy lo;^al cliar(^os. If the
increasijif^ civilization of the a^o do not teach both tho four-and
twenty and tho companies a liijcral interjiretation of their laws
and usages, such cases slujuld warn tlieni against a narrow and
selfish oxercisG of power.

Tho Alnwick corporation, lilce similar bodies, occasionally
honoured men Avhom tlioy rospected, by admitting them to their
persomd freedom ; but this harmless exorcise was j)ut an end to by
the articles of 1700. I fear, however, that tho corpoi-ation woro
then as not a few are now, worsliip^jors of rank; in l'J77 an
order was passed limiting such elections to [lersons having tho
dignity of esquire ; bumblo worth or genius found no pluco of
lionour in tho Alnwick corpr^rution. Probably enougli the Fuur-
and-Twonty had a, keen regard to their own inttuests ; and,
doubtless, favours wore oitlier received or oxjjected from tho men
they delighted to honour. Thoso elections wei-e, howovor, not
very numerous ; tho following is a list of them : —

1G71, Oct. 25— John Gierke, Esq. ; 1C73, IMay 9— Roljort Brandling, Esq. ;
1688, July 10 — It is unanimously a.L,'reeil by the Chanil)(;rl.iind and fowcr-
and-tweuty, that out of their Intire IjOVo and Af('ctioii3 to ]ilr. William
Locke Balife of tho Towne of Aluwicko have admitted him to ho A freeman ia
tho Towno of Alnwick. Att tho Kequcst of his ( rrace the Duke of .Somerset,
George Clarke hy tlic; consent of the fowcr-an l-twenty have admittc 1 him to
bo a fret'uiau in tho Towno of .Mnwicko for his inrsonal freedom. IbS'.t, Jun.
17— William Slrutlu.a- of Hahnliro K,si[., Jolm Hiekerst^itf of Chirlon Esq.,
liogor Feuwick of SliDroslou E.si|. ; KSDO April 1'> — Thomas Forster of Elder-
stou Es(i., John I'^orster of IJamhroni^h I'^sci., liichard Furster Esq. ; 1G97 —
Oswald Clarke at tho recjucst of Thonuis lieaeh auditor ; 1C07, Oct. 5 — Charlea
Howard Esq., Cajitain George Fletcher; 1700, Oct. 11 — Thomas Forster
Esq., Ferdiuando Furslir Esij., Thomas Collingwood JCsq., Robert Lisle Esq. ;
1701, Jan. 17 — Elward Hag^erstou l^sj., ]\lr. Juhn (^layering, Captain John
Strother, (,'a])tain l'liili]w, I\Ir. Thomas I'roricr, Edward Cork E.iq., ilr.
Ralph Brandling; 1707, Oct. 9-Sir John Dclavall, Sir Francis Blake, William
Loraine Es(|., Eilward Dclavall Esq., Richard MitforJ Esq., Mr. John Bock-
ton, Bartram Scott Esq.

rreemon were in proportion to the population of the town more
numei'ous formerly than at the present time. In the middle of
the seventeenth century there was about 250 freemen ; in 1750
about 300 ; at the jubilee in 1821, 270 received one guinea each;
in 1835 there were 247 freemen and 30 widows; in 1851 there
were on the freemen's roll 285 freemen and 43 widows ; and on
this roll in January 1868, 24G freemen and 41 widows ; the non-
resident freemen are estimated at 126. From 1741 to 1762 the
3'early admissions averaged 10A-; fi'om 1792 to 1812 nearly 13;
and during the last thirty years nearly 11^.

I.EAPrNO 'llIK WLLL. 241

, It may roliovo iho t(;(liurri of ilry dotailH to reprint here a
desf;rii)tion of Uio closing; conMiiony by wliidi tlio youn;^ froornoa
w<3i'0 oiifi'iiiicliiHod, fr<jiii tiiiio out of iiioiiioiy, till tlio year 1864.
[riii.s (loscription Wii.s writlmi l)y mysi.'lf Jiiid ])riiit'.'il fis Ion;,' sv^o
as IHI.1 in i\ui Proiinrial Souvenir, edited l>y my friend lli'i Into
\V. AValliico l''yf(j. It is no fancy Kketcli ; hut a ]ii(;turo drawn
fi'om iioisonal obsorvatioii and oxpo-iionoo. iJelongin;^ to a family
of froLMuon, I was inil)iicd witU tho Kpirit of the old traditions
and usa'^os; and I dosci-ibo <lio custom as seen niidftlt bj a free-
man. Tho old spirit, ]iowovi;r, is now laid for ever.
LEATMNG THE WELL, 181.5.

In tho north of I'hii^land are some Utile nooks, quiet ser^uestered
spots, yot nninvaded by railroads, and but littlo troubled with
fitfid and fovui'i.sh oxcitcnifint, whoro tho broarl mummeries of
oldon times still Ihnirish fresh and vigorous. Alnwiek, an ancient
town, ])l(uisan(ly situated on tho Ijanks of the Aln, amidst beauti-
ful and romantic sceiiery, is one (d' these tranquil retreats, famous
for its noblo Castle, tho seat of tho I'ercys, and f,inf,ailarly curious
on account of tho ludicrous ceremony which annually initiates
theyounj.^,- freemen to its corporate |)rivile<;;es.

Alnwick, thouj^h not a munici[)al, is an incor])orated boroug-h,
with its constituted anthorilies, its chamberlains, fuur-and-twenty,
aldermen, stewards, moor-;^rieves, &c. IJelon^in;^ t<j tho body is
a largo tract of land, nearly 301)0 acres of which are uninclosod
and uncultivated, to a great extent overgrown with whins, heather,
and ferns, and broken up by quarries, coal-pits, kilns and bogs.
Alnwick Moor, in consequence, wears tho aspect of a dreary and
neglected waste, retlecting, in these boastful days of agricultural
in\iirovonu'nt, disgrace on every party whoso conllicting interests
retard im]»rovoment, and allow so wide a tract td' marjihy un-
drained land in tho immediate neighbourhood of tho town to
dolisrioralo its cliuuito.-'"

About ;300 resident freemen have the privilege of depasturing
cattle on this common, besides having educational and other
advantages. These rigbts are attained by birth or servitude.
Annually on St. INlark's eve, tho 26tli of April, tho town bell
sounds a notice to tho members of tho corporation ; f the town
hall is thrown open ; tho foiir-and-twenty, or common council,
presided over by tho chamberlains, are assembled to receive
candidates for the freelcge ; and numbers of freemen and of
stallingei's, as the non-freemen are called, crowd into the Ilall.
Quiet though the town generally is, the freemen are not always
peaceable ; these annual meetings are sometimes a scene of uproar
and confusion ; ever and anon grievances, real or supposed, aro
occurring, which rouse popular anger, and cause a condemnation,
loud and severe, to be pas^^cd on tlie governing body. Such of

* An act for its inclosure was passed in 1852.

f Itik*), Given to the bellman for warning them to go to tlie moor, 2J.

Vt)L. II. iiH

2i2 mSTOKY <>l- ALNWICK.

of Ihu daimaritb as ostaLlifili llio ri^-ht to lliuir frfiodoiii, to the
(satisfuction of tlio lAjui'-aiid-TwDiity, pay lun-tnin foes, bwear
loyally to tlio (iuooii, fcall.y to tliu loi'd ot tlio manor, and
obcdionco to tlio (Common (Joiiiicil, and aro tlion onr«>llud in tho
Lovou<^h books. '\'\io nuinl)or of yomi;^' frocniou annually admitted
varies; in oiio year only two, and in aiiotlicr as niariy as tliirty
wero " made fi-co ; " jjorhaps tun may lio (ho avoi-aj^o niimhor,
llero, in oilier towuH, initiation would end ; Lutliyro, in Alnwick,
tho ceremonies commenco, which aro rygardod a.s moro enfranchift-
iu{^ than tho loj^al preliminarie.H.

Marshalled in order, the oldest freemen'^ oldest sons walking
first, tho }oiinj^ freemen leave the hall; and i»roced>'d by tho
t')Wii's waits playiiij:^ on vi(dins,''-' by tho mi>or-;^rievos and the herd
"who are gaily ornamented with crimson and bluu cockades, and
followed by a ci'owd of noisy urchins, tlu.-y march thnju;^li the
town. Economical retrenchments have shorn tho ])rocession of
Bome of its 8[)l(mduur, f(jr until thu last duzen years tho town's
waits Avero decked out in a f^audy liv(;ry — bkio turned up with
yellow, trimmed willi silver hice, and silver buttons, havin;^ as a
crest St. ]\Iichael, tho guardian saint of Alnwick, killing the
dragon. Each young freenum in successi(ui lakes his follows to
an inn or public-house, where they enjoy themselves over punch
and music. The company is joyous, if uothap[)y ; and after two
or iliree hoiises have been visited, tlieir spirits Wax warm, high
enthusiasm is excited, and llie daring and glorious feats, which
each will achiuvo on the folhjwing day, are described in vaunting
terms. All, pretty comfortable, separate late in tho evening, to
dream of the morrow.

St. AFark's nu)rn, long anxiously looked forward to, is at length
ushered in. l!y early dawn, Iho friomls of each young freemau
havG planted before his dw elling a holly tree, marking out to
others, in a highly picturesque stylo, his residence, and emblem-
atic of tho unallerublo truth and lidelily he will maintain to his
" brother freemen." Early in tho morning the town's waits go
through the town, and by their music -warn the freemen to pre-
pare for tho feats of tho day; and at half-past eight o'clock tho
toll of the town bell again summoua them together, to ride the
boundaries and go through tho well.f

* l(3t,5— GivMi to the wayts t'le last Si. Mark's il:iy, Is. ICGC— pd Jon
bone for playinir licfote the fiefnen on St. Maik's tlay, Is.

f Formerly every freeman, old as well as new fleiljicd, were bound to ride the
Imunilary of the moor; on Aiiril 21lh. 1G88, " It is unanimously a^rreed by the
Chauiherla'us ar.d Four-and-Twenty, that upon the Town's waits giving warning
about the 'J'own every St. ^Mark's day in the inorning, that cvtrv Freeman shall
iijjon penalty, ])ay Is. )ier man, to he levied upon their j;oods and chattels, tlie
ovcrjjlus paid hack to the owner, that duth not alleud the Chamherlaiiis at the
Tolbooth, and from thence accompany tiiein to ride the bounder of our moor
around, except they sliall give a lawful excuse." The ancient custom, however,
had been, as appears from the court leet records, for Freeholders to perambulate
the bounders. On April 23, ICG7, -'Nalhar.iel Salkeld, John SalkelJ, aud

LRATIN'O 'IIIK \Vi;f,T,. 243

Mounted on horseback, and witli drawn swords in tlieir hands,

the young froomen aHsouiblo in tho Market place, and jjrocedod
b}' nniHic, and acconipaniiid by llio borough uutb'jritios, by tho
uiulor-biiiliflM of tho caHth.', carrying anci<;nt ai'inour, and by a
iiunHnoMS cavahjafln of friends, (lioy rido towards tho niooi-. (Jn
ariiving at tho place wlxiro (Jlayport 'Jowor onco .stood, tho
8W01'(1h ar<3 Hhoulliod and given ui> to Honio friond. In times of
bordoi- warfare weapons would bo nofv-ssary to defoiid tlio froe-
inen against Scolli«h uiai.;iii<b'rH ,• yet ko strong is tho attaohniont
to anoi(!nt usages, tliat cvon ui " tlicso pijjing times of peace,"
the ciiHtom has long outlived tho circunib!anc«s which runderod it
nocossaiy. Arrived at (lio moor, away lly tho now-Hedged freo-
inoAi, guided by tho oxpeiiencetl uioor-giicvos and accom[)anied
by a non-freeman as a witness,-' along tho boundai-y lino, from
which they divergo int(j Ibdibcilaw estate and eiiter into a field
called tlu^ Iluiulki rclnef, where evei-y ono dismounts and turns a
Btono. AVlien iibout two miles from tho well, tho uioro daring riders
break away from their leading-strings, and recklessly gallop
along tho broken ground, xjp hill and down hill, thi-ough whin
bushes, over ditcho.s and d\kos. Ileavon pi-eservo (ho riders!
Tailors, cobblers, shopkoepors, men who were seldom if ever before
on hor.sebncic dash onwai'd, fearless of conscfpiences, incited by
exanjplo, dreading the laugh of scorn, and determined for unco
to sliow their courage. It is niany 3'cars since I rode tho bound-
aries ; I was young and inexi)erionce(l ; intuition had not informed
mo of tho dill'erenco between tho sides of a horse, and as people
rarely go right by clianco, a hearty laugh my friends enjo3-ed at
my ex])on.so, when I attempted on that nujrning to mount on tho
■wrong side. iSagely cautioned by my friends, I was determined
to keep my courage cool; but Iliad eoiinuMl without my host,
for after tasting tho cusloniary glass at St. i\fargar(;t's Cfreen, my
brethi-eu set oil' at full gallop ; my horso, wcdl bred, in good ciHidi-
tion, and more ambitious than myself, starte*! olf too, and iu
spito of all my oil'orts careered along with the f(n'emost. I shall
never forgot my sensations when dashing down a steep liill near
the Moor IFouso, whore a few years before one of my predoces-
Bors had his shoulder dislocated, I rollod to and fro on tho saddle
like a ship in distress, expecting evciy minute to be throAvn olf and
trampled on by tho horses which were near me. I clung on
with desperation, but while ascending- the next hill breathed more

Edward Gallon, for not perambulating ilie lii'undar'es on t!ie day of Saint
(Mark ?) according to ihe ciiston\ of lIic msnor'' were each liiicd us. 4d. ; and iu
1711, foi'ty-lwo freiliolders were presented as delaulters on St. Mark's day,
among whom were Henry Ilarlo, Mr. John Doubleday, and the heirs of Henry
Collinjifwoud.

* 171)3 — I 'id was paid to Peter Common and Mark Paterson to ride the
bounders, arid they attested they saw the Chamberlains and freemen of Alnwick
ride the boundaries of the common and moor called the forest of Ayiien, exactly
as the metes and bounds. 1734, April 25 — paid Wardell for guiding the Free-
men from tiie NVell to I'winleys Is.

244 insroiiY oi' alnwicic.

freely, and even entered info the Hpirit of the race. On we wore
Bwccping at a fo.'iif'iil puoo — the well was but a wliort diHtance —
tlie honour of ])oin;^ iiint there was almost within my reiich, hut
BOmo awkward dilchoH and dykes were in my way ; over one or
two I pasHod fiaibly, hut on leaping a d^ke which h.d into a
7)lou<^]u;d liold, I wiiH Bddly .shiiken, nearly pitdn-d over tho
Jioiso'h iiead, and T lowt my RtirrupH. }iy a dcsitorato ofl'ort I
pulled M\t to ro-adjUHt my icet, hut, ahiH ! another rider liad
fciueee.sslully passed the ^ap, and was ]a[)idly ailvaneiug; my
spirited henst again blarled off, and ], jx^or wight ! fi-U on my
mother earili. IS(;mo danger I I'aii ol' In-ing fiam]ilud on by ono
of my " hrelliren," but foitunut(!ly the gnmnd being soft, I,
nothing tho worse, started up, and on foot aii'ived safcdy ut tho
■we]! amo]ig tho foronujst riduis. The aAvful gap whidi was the
cause of my downfall unhorses irumy a freeman ; on the day on
"which I fell, Home four or five were sprawling about in dilleront
parts of the iield.

Tiie famous Freeman Well is four miles south-west of Alnwick,
and is situated on tlie declivity of a high hill, called tho " Free-
man Hill ; " it is fed by a powerful spring, and is properly
dammed up, sometime before tho 2;jth day of April, by rustics
employed by tho eoi'porato authorities.*' When tilled with Avater
it is about one hundred feet long, from six to lifteen feet broad,
and from three to five feet deep. To impede tho progress of the
freemen in plunging through tho Avell, turf dykes are built across,
and straw ropes lixed from side to side ; and that these traj'S to
catch the unwary may not bo visible, the vuslics take care to stir
up the mud J'rom the bottom, so that the "water is rendered a
disagreeable puddle. Hundreds of spectators are cr(A\ded about
tho well, on dvkos, on rising ground, eagerly, and some anxiously
•U'atching the aji])roach of the young freemen. Many friends of
each freeman aro there to cheer him up. Fatliers are there, not
mothers — they stay at home to cook the dinner ; brothers, sisters,
aye and sweethearts, strangers from distant places allured by
curiosity, and many of the townspcoplo aro there. Loud cheers
welcome " the Avinner of the boundary to tho well;" laughter
and sarcasm greet those who come creeping in last. All arrived,
each freeman, as best he can, strips oil" his ordinary garments,
and clothes himself in Avhite ; on liis head is a white cap, pro-
fusely, and more or less elegantly, according to the taste of his
female friends, decorated with ribbons of various colours. The
more wealthy have chaises into which they retire, but, as no
liotiso is sulliciently near, tho humbler classes find a dressing
room at some "dyke back."

Marshalled in order at the east end of the well by the Cham-
berlains of the boroiigh, tho young freemen present a gay and

* iVlT—Paitl for dnniniinf^ Freemen's well Is. 1733— Paid to Snipe House
servants for ihunmins; tlio well Is.

LKAiMNo 11 1 r; wii.i,, 24.5

fj^allaiit appoarttiioo. On tlio w<ji(1 of commaiul boiiig givoii by
ttio ?jii.nill", fliu wuilH coiiiiuonce pliiyin;^, tlio slioiit is raisi;'! by
tli(3 crowil cIuHtoi'od r<jimcl llio woll, and tlio oldoht son of tho
oldest fnjoiiiiui first loajj.s into tho jtiuldlo, and the otiior 3'(jUiij^
frconiun rtjirin}^ al'tor him. Eacli liiin-ios tiirouj^h, cheered on by
his friends. lUit " p]uj>iio lake tho boors," exehiims one wlio,
in the enthnsiasiu of tho moin(;nt, lias forgotten the hidden trajja
— a dyko has trij)[)od him ovt;i-, and (hj\vn ho jdaJihes over head
and ears. Anotiior immediately behind stumbles over him. No
mai'k(!d courtesy i.s sliewn to eaeh (jther — one will dni^ hi.s
noi<^'hbour back and ])hin!^o over him ; all llonnder on im[)oding
eaeh other's progress, and besmeared with mud. Tho spectators
enjoy tho fun. "Had alang Airehbould," shouts one, "Wed
dun, (Jeordio," erica (mother. "Ah, ah! lleimars, ye liavc cateli'd
it there,'' exclaims a third. All aro expected to go, honourably,
Btraight forward throuyh tho well ;'•" but Home, afraid of a duck-
ing, run along tho bide, and jump in as near to tho (opposite end
of tho well as they can. When 1 was standing waiting for tho
order to leaji, I observed one of my oompanioiis shoving himself
along tho odgo of tho well. "Ah, Cuddy, that'a lujt fail-," I
paid. Cuddy tlmok Ids head and muttered. I liad leajied in
lirst, and was successfully wending my way, wlien my neighbour
sprung from the side upon my back, and down we both went
over head several times, yet both struggling desperately to ad-
vance onward. Ah! my beautiful cu]) tastefully trimmed by
fairy hands was lost in tho puddle. !Many on a cold day sob
and sigh wdieu they first plunge into tho well ; but only one
instance is known of a ireenuiu refusing " to take the water."
This poor felhjw's fears were so great that ho swore he would
not leaj) in, and that tho bailiil wanted to drown him. l\r»ua-
sion, iaughler, scorn luid no eiiect, till one of his "biother
freemen" seized him by tho waist and threw him in, and thus
compelled him to wado through. Ocrasiunally tho weatlicr 13
cold and stormy, and then tiio poor freemen aro to bo pitied.
Forty-eight years ago, nine or ten had prepared to tako up their
freelege ; but bitter, biting, stormy weather came on a few days
before tho 25th of April, and cooled the courage of most of them;
for only two ventured to go through tho well that year. Tho
snow was deep on tho ground, the well was frozen over and these

• '" 1G9'2 — Paid to John Reed fur diink at the Freemen's Well, 10s." — Cor-
poration accounts. The ceretnoijial w;is llie same more than a century ago ; it is
thus describe 1 in \loii; " The Cliambeil.iins, and i» person not a burgess and
the new nuule frcemeii, each witli a sword at his side aiuinally on t>t. Mark's day
ride the bounders of the Borough or I'own ; ar.d a vast concourse of jieople came
from the neighbouring ))arts of the country to see the ceremony of leaping the
well as it is called ; for all the new made freemen are oi)liged when they are riding
the lioundary and come to a certain IJogg or Quagguiire in .-Mnwick Moor to dis-
mount and to put on a White NN'aistcoat, Britches, Night Cap, &c., (which are
generally made of linnen), and then they wade or waller through this Oog or
Quagmire, from the one end of it to tlie oilier." — Lorporalion M!i.

J^-in HISTORY OK A1,N\VM;K.

two bol'l youths could not ])ass throiij^li until the i(!e wnshrokun.
'J'ho wostcin end of Iho wuU h<;inf,' sffcp and Hlippery, tho fiioiidii
of tho frocniou uru waitiii*^' thovo to i»ull th(.iii out us thoy airivo
at, tlio blink. (Jh, uhat a contraHt to tlu-ir f-niucr ^ray and
chcerl'ul apiicaranco ! Now they aro diipi Jn^', ooM, nils(;ra|<|.j-
lookin;^', and ludicrously hcsincaixd with ix-d clay mud ! K;u-h
rcliios again to his vcdiing room undoi' tho o]»oii sicy, flian{^r;H his
olothoK, takes a drop of "8om(;thin;^ (■< in i furl able," and all is
onco nioro lif;ht-lieart(.d, joyous, and i-von cnthu.Haslic.''

Tlio cntiro ' boundarii.'s " may bo about f(Hnt<fn miles round;
tho well not boin^-- nearly halfway, the youn;^ freenu-n havo a
long journey to ]ierform after their a([uatif feats. Tho boundary
lin(! is hero moro wild and rugged than tin,' way to tlio well, pans-
iiig for several milos over the summits id'high hills to tho west of
Ahnviek, -whick in souU3 places rise to monj than SOO feet abov<3
tho sea level. IMounted again, tho nioor-grieve/i t:iko t!io lead.
For somo distance tho freemen's property is divirh^l from that of
others by cairns or heaps (jf stones. On arriving at these primi-
tivG landmarks, tho freemen dismount and cast a stone on eacli
lieap. At tho last of them, called "the three huz/a cairn," all
dismovint and give throe hearty cheers. This has boi.-u iinnio-
inorhdly the custom ; it may bo to commeuiorato somo victory
obtained at this spot over border freebooters. On one of the pro-
iiiinentheights stanOs "Twin-hnvCairn." Theroadto it is danger-
ous, being both marshy and rocky. .Several large stones have
been dugout of tho surface soil to erect a boundary wall, and as
the ludes thereby made are concealed by the L-ng heather growing
around them, tlu^y form traps fur the horse's feet. Tho yoUTig
man who was first to tho well, when T "went through," was
lutuinted on a capital horso, which had " win tho boundaries"
Ki'veral years in succession ; and being a ]n-actiscd rider, he was
determined to carry olf all tho honours, lie was galloping reck-
lessly up Twin-law hill, when his horse's feet sunk into ouo of
tbeso treacherous holes, and both horso and rider fell. I was
but a little distance behind, and on reaching the spot I found my
friend stunned and bleeding on the head, lie soon recovered
his senses ; but he had narrowly csca])od from a fatal accident ;
for when tho horse had sprung up its lux.f had obliquely struck
his head, cut tho tlesh and grazed the skull. Tho spirited youth,
chagrined at having lost the Twin-law race, gallantly mounted
again, despite loss of blood and sickness, to take his chauco for
the chief honour of the day.

* Tlie Boiou!;li Sergeants formerly were present to see that the custom was
fully perfbniieil ; but one of tlicm sullbred iVoni his oHicinusi.ess ; tlie court rolls
tell us :— " 1732, May 1 — Henry Johnson one ol' the IViroui,'li t^er'jennts. who att
the leaping of the rieemn\rs well was ordered by the I'.iiylitf of the Town of Aln-
wick to see and inspect John ^Yallance and oiheis to goe taiily ihorow the said
well, according to Ancient Cust(niie, 'he said John Wallas catcheJ liold of tbe
said Henry Johnson and assaulted him and pulled liim into the said well and
abused all his Cloaths to his loss and damage of, presented by Henry Johnson
aforesaid.''

LLAiMNr; -rm-: \vi;li„ 247

On tlie Twin-law a liuid';! lifjiirfo furmorly stood, wlicro tfio
youiij^ frociiiori, ulunj^ with tlio Ijoroiif^fi aullioritios, rogalcl
tliuni.4(0vo.s, and wIkuo tliu IjaililF culled over u i-oll of tho Aln-
wicli ('ro(;h(d(Ior8 ; uLsoii (,(;';« ]iaid au esxion jtonny. Not a vf,-Mfi"'0
oClhohou.so now runiainH, tko Hocial {^lass is discontinued, but
Btill tlio useless Ibi'nialily is gono through.

Away again start Iho freemen — the great object of desiro is
hoforo them — " to win the boundaries" as it is specially called.
Very Jimbilious men hero take a i'rcsli horso ; but this is not
doomed fair. For a whilo the mo(jr-grieve8 talco tho lea<l, and
all lido leisurely; but as Ixxlies in descending ineroaso in velocity,
60 as the freemen are ai)|n'oaching the goal, there spirits becomo
more ar(h;nt — tlieir ell'orts to move onward more oagor and im-
p(!tuous. l''irst one breaks into a gallop, then aufithor leaves
his guardians; and soon all are speeding their way over ditch,
through morass, up preci[)itous hills, down rodcy steeps. I)anfer
scares none now ; oven the timid and cowardly are impelled on-
Avard by a borrowed courage.

Thousands, on a fine day, are assembled at tho end of the
boundary, clustered on tho Stouy-peth and Cowloan hills, eagerly
straining their eyes to catch tho first glimpse of the freemen.
"Yonder they are," many shout at onco, as several horsemen
are seen riding cm the heights in the distance. "It isn't them,
it's somebody talcing the cut," exclaim others. After ropeateJ
mistakes, at length horseman after horseman is seen for a
minuto or tAvo ra[>idly mtjving along the summit of the hill. A
shout resounds from all (piarters, and many a conilicting opinion
is given as to the first lider; but tho young freemen aio soon
hiddiu by tho irrt^gularily of the ground.

l''r(im " Tom .Shadi'ord's ^Lduument," nearly the highest ground
in tho Mour, there is a contiiuujus declivity to the ^Nfoor i!urn;
yet down this steep tho freemen ride furiouslj', hero amou"* bofs
and heather, there tlirough whin bushes ; sometimes anions
quarries, at others near to sand-pits. The danger is considerable,
especially to unpractised riders. Providence must surely watch
over tho young freemen as carefully as it does over children, for
no fatal accident has ever thrown a dark shade over tho jn-oceed-
ings of this day. Often, it is triie, severe falls occur ; six horses
and their riders wei'e, on one occasion, stretched, at a short dis-
tance from each other, on the bare crags, or jdunged into tho
bogs of tlio "Horse Close." One reckless boasting freeman has
immortalised himself by giving birth to a proverb — "Neck or
nought, as Johnny Wardle said," is applied to any desperate
imdertaking ; for Johnny, mounted on a blood horse, after having
cleared the "Freemen's Gap," was galloping heedlessly down
the hill, and repeatedly crying out "neck or nought, neck or
nought," when lo ! horso and rider dashed over into Paul's Pest
quarry, whore, though ho escaped with life, the horse's neck was
broken.

248 IIISTOICY OF AI.NWK K.

After a tedious susponso, a liorsoman appoara {,'allopirij,' at, a
feai'ful rato, l)y l.lio hI.Io of tlio park wall, down tho d'=divity
towards mundoii Burn; oili.ir.s aro cl<i.s<! u|)Oii liiH hooU. iho
assoHiljlcd Hpoclators wat.oli tlio dailng rid.T.s with bioatl. oss in-
torcst, and oven paini'ul anxiety. Until Uio Moor l.urn la
passed, dani-er is not over; one youll., nioru unfortiu.ato lliaa
Tiini O'Sluinler's inaro Me--, who .^nly lost her tail before roaeli-
in- tho "kevsliine o' the bii-," was thrown ofl' befure pUH:.n.{,'
the middle of the stream, and had his colhu-ljono broken This
critical point turned, all is pi'otty safV< ; ui- Stony-peth, and along
the Cowloan— bad riders and j,n,od ri(hn-s Hi)aro neither whi]) nor
smir Tlie interest of the scene is now at its hei<rlit ; cheered ou
by tho favourite cry of "had ahni- Aiichbould," or " had alang
Cuddy " Iho riders redouble their efforts. lUit, monstrous : wliat
horsemanshi]) ! bodies roekin- to and fro, and legs and arms see-
BawiuT in all directions! KottenruW reached, the vict<,ry ^is won,
and a hearty liu/.za rewards the successful competitor. 'Ihe in-
terest felt in the foremost riders is too deep to admit of much
levity; but on the laggards, tho craven-hearted, the lads whoso
" fai'thers tako care of them," are lavished coiitemptaous rebukes,
and jeerin.- ueinmcndations. I'oor souls ! tliey are to bo pitied ;
they blink away into tlie crowd, sheepish-faced, and cowed down.
I fear that the days of tho farce-making moor grieves are over.
These ollieials new rido horses too respectablo-looking. Harry
and ]':iliek— jully boys they wore, but not remarkable for "bro-
therly ailection,'"— are now off the stage; they formerly rode
galloways, which had bone and skin and abundance of shaggy
hair but little of llesh and blood. Oh ! the scono was glorious
when these worthies had cleared tho burn; ono would .sometimes
Boi/o hold of his colleague's bridle or his horse's tail— each Avould
run in tho way of tho other ; Ixjfh would be furiou.sly lashing
their steods, which, unused to such extraordinary inUictions, and
bein<' moreover cross-grained, would shy olf tho road, and occa-
Bionally, after tho manner of jackasses, wheel round and round.
The indescribable gallop of tho galluways, tho mettle of the
men, tho "had alang Ellick," and "had alang Harry," the
laughter and tho shouting, presented a scene rich enough to
drive away melancholy for an entire month.

At tho iiorth-westorn entrance into the town, near the old
church, the young freemen resume their drawn swords, and
marshalled in order, preceded by tho waits, followed by a caval-
cade of friends and accompanied by a mixed midtitude, they
ride around all the pants and tho market-place, where they again
deliver up their swords. Afterwards, ^ Idle tho waits are playing
the ancient tune of "Chevy Chase," tho freemen enter luto tho
noble castlo of tho Percys ; and on tho castle green they and
their friends are regaled with strong ale by the representatives
of His Grace the duko of Northumberland. After leaving tho

LKAl'INO TllJi WKLL.

249

castlo tho house of eacTi youn^ freeman is visiter! in Buccession ;
niul, around iho liolly treos, tliey plodj^o oacli otlior'.s Jiealth in a
gliiHH of -wiiio or spirits. Tlie scone is Jivo-ly and i)icfni'(!Sf|Uo, and
embodies Ijofore the mind somo of tlie nU'iM-y cliaracteristif.sof iho
oldon time. The [)ul)lie ,iro(;oedin;^.s are chjsed in tlio market-
place over a crown huwl of 2)uncli, after \v]ii(;li, each freeman
retires to liis own liomo.

" Wlicii w IIP Tom and 'wiir Bill f^-an throuj^h the -well, the pot
bhall boil," is tlio expressive lan;^ua^e of the warm-hearted
mother, years bijlnre the day arrives. And does not the pot boil
that day ! A liLllu hoard is saved, and tlio best that can be com-
manded is ])re])ared. Assomblod with his i'riends around tlio
festive board, this is, peiha[)S, the most joyoiis day in a freeman's
oxiatcnee. How proud is tlie father «;f his son! the tear of
exquisite dolif^'ht starts into tlio mother's eye! how hearty the
congratulalions of relatives and acquaintances! all the incidents
of the day are talked over and over a^jain — hoAV well ho rode —
what dan;.:;er9 ho esca^ied — what accidimts befell him. and liow
famously he came in. No freeman of any soul would blot that
day out of his memory.

This day, with all its adventures, i-olliching, and enjoyment,
does not ond the ceremony. On tho aitornoon of the following
day the younji,- freemen ai^aiii meet together, and, preceded by
the waits and luoor-grieves, ])erambulate the town, visiting in
succession each otlior's hous(>s, where they enjoy themselves over
punch, cake, and music. The last scene of this singularly wild
and ludicrous drama is acted in the nuirket-place, where, amid
the cheers of tho populace, they ]iartake of a parting glass, and
Avilh many a warm and hearty shako of the hand they bid each
other farowell.

Of the original iustitutit)n of " going through the well," there
is no record in history, nor aviy docuuientary reference eai-lier
than 1615. Tradition luis uniformly stated that Iving John,
when hunting in Alnwick !Moor, or Ayden r(n"est as simio part
of it was anciently called, was laired in a bog or (piagmire where
the well now is, and was in consequence so enraged, that, as a
punishment to the inhabitants of the town for their slovenliness,
ho took from the borough its charter, but Avas prevailed on to
grant a now charter, with the condition that every burgess ou
his admission to tho freedom, should plunge tliro\igh the same
bog ou the anniversary of the da}' when Koyalty stuck fast in the
mire. The absurdity of the enactment accords with the character
of a capricious and stupid tyrant; and the tradition is incidentally
conhrmed by the itinerary of King Jolin, which states that he
was at Alnwick in the year 1200, on the 24th day of April. As
the freemen have from time immemorial "gone through the well "
on tho 25th of April, it is, therefore, extremely probable that the
ceremony was instituted during this royal visit.

VOL. II. 2i

250 iiisTuuY 01' ai,n\vi(;k.

Stninf^ors luiinjli at tlio luflicrous custoin, and woridor wliv. in
11i(!H0 diry of Iiif(;lli^(!ii(:o, it is Htill coritiimod ; Home fow of Uio
iVeoinoii, who coiiHiiler tli<aiisf;lvos doi>ositario.s of modern illu-
mliiallon, Hix^ak of it as a l.;irl);ii-oiis n-Vu- of Oolliic a^'cs, winch
oii^-lit to hp utt(;ilv (h!stmv<;d. i'crha|i.s this BWecpiuf? condumna-
liou r(!«ultH iVoiii ii sliallo'w view of tlio case, and fVumovf.T-look-
in^^ tlio sentimiMit and UmYiiv^ (d' whii-h IIkj ceremony iH_ but tho
occasion and visihh) (!X].reHsion. AncicMit cu.sto)ns may, it is true,
ontlivo circum.stunces whicli ronihncd ihc^n nseful, Jiiid the tone
of society to uliicli they were aihij.tcd ; aiul hence, the revival of
old harbarouH Hports, not in kuei.iii<r with an advanced eivdiza-
liun, seems irrational and incon;^nu<)ns, and tends n(jt to di^Miify,
Imt'to de^-rade hnmanity. But " i^nanj^r ihnm-h the well" has
lived in iinimi)aired vi^nnir for more than six centuries, throuf.dx
many i)olitieal and social chan^n-s ; and notwithstanding the cold
rationalism of thu present time, and desi-it.* of the outward
absurdity of the ceremony, it harmonisi.'s wiih tlie (-entinnnits and
luelino: of those concerned, and presents to them a scene of as deep
interest now as at any former period. _ ^

" Groin"- thrm^di tho well" is an important era m a freeman 3
life. It publicly marks the period when tho youUi shoots into
the inde]>endence of manhood ; it is, theref(n-o, looked f.-rward to
Avith hii;]! ex])ec!ati(ni by every Iree-born son and_ freeman's
ap])renth;o. Amon'^ the earliest subjoets of conversation of deep
and thrilling? interest between tho fond motlier and her boy is
this aetieipated event. All tlie scene is vividly ]Mctured— the
Indly-troo— tho well— tho ridin<i; the boundarieb— tho diTiner —
the company assembled ; and forthwith tho little fellow mounts
u stick for a horse, and in mimic spurt "p:oes lhrou--li the well,"
by plashini^ into some muddy po(d. Visions arc induii,'ed in
which miiy'^never be realised, l)ut which, for tho time, are never-
theless delightful. As tho day when the youn<r Roman assumed
tho to(ja viri/iii, tlio manly robe, was spent in feastina^ and re-
joicin<i: in thu family, so is tho day of a young- freeman's
enfranchisement imo "of inex])ressiblo enjoyment; easting aside
for a while the cares of life, ho and his friends s[)ort like spirits
free from mortal incumbrances. That day is indeed a green spot
in a man's life, refreshing to look back upon ; and none but _a
freeman can estimate its influence over the current of kis
thoughts.

" Old Ned Grey" was as cheerful and kind-hearted a soul as
ever lived ; the liierry twinklo of his eye and the broad smilo
ever on kis countenance were but tho beamings of tho constant
sunshine Avithin ; kis huaiorous jokes and droll " auld langsyne"
stories gave life to every company ; yet he was wont to declare,
even in his joyous moments, " Two supremely happy days I have
spent— aye, the happiest of my life were those wkeu I waa
married, "and wkeu I went tkrougk tko well."

LEAPING THK WELL. 201

Annually on Micliaolmas day tlio various trafles or companies
into wliicli tlio freoinen uro dividt^d uioet for Hocial enjuyinont.
On lhf'80 fostivo occasiDiis, uiiuiy a loiifj story 14 Itoj^iiri with
" WIu'ii I wont t}irou;i;li tlio wiAi ; " oui.'li. bi-otlior frooman nar-
rates liJH advoiitiux'H, what Ix-fid him, what ti'iuin)ihs lio won ;
ho livfH thu day over ngain. " Ooinf^ thrmi;/]! tho w<dl "
togothin- (.iiiisos liotinoii to rc;;ard each othorwitli iriucli intorest;
it .scc'iiis a ilianii— an iiivi.siblo lio— hindiiij^ toj^cth'-r jKjrsons of
dili'ei'eiit hal)il.s and rtlafioiis. Tlio tVciiiaii who, after years of
absence, vi.sitn liis nalivo tnwn, in stiro to find out .sonio one of
his M(dl a.ssocialfs. r)l'((.'ii do f lind myself iiuiuiiiiig after thohfj
^vho phiiiged thvduc^li tlio well with me; aiul few occurrences
gave uiu an intenser sorrowful feiding than tho laidanclioly and
premature deatli of ouo of my compeers, tho victor of the day —
a noble-hearted young man who, a few years afterwards, was
drowned wlion bathing in tlio sea at Alnmoutli. Men tliero arc
BO selfisli and so comphjtely wrapt in themselves as to caro for
none of these associations ; but all who have a sjiark of generous
6}mpathy bindlo into enlhu.siasm vvlieii tliey Tiieet with an}' wlio
braved tho dange^-s, gatheied the honours, and shared tlw; enjoy-
ment of going with theja through llio freeman avoH .Until this
ceremony loses its sjiirit and becomes a niero form, devoid of
sentiment and feeling, 1 w(juld hesitate to dry up an abundant
source of pleasing association ; and with all its ludicrousness — ■
with even some of the small evils occasionally arising out of it —
I would venlure to hope that tlio revolutionaiy waves which are
sweeping away tho customs of olden times, may still spare to
*' Canny Annick and its ten miles roond " the picturesijue and
joyous Sjiectaclo uf "going through the well." — Iblo.

Though tho boundary of the moor had been ridden round by
Buccessivo gencrati(jns of burgesses from time immemorial, no
ancient lord of the manor appears to havo sought to snatch a
portion of the common from tlie people, from any imperfect per-
formance of this usage ; it was reserved for the first of a new
family to take advantage of an accidental mistake, some little
time prior to 1702. His agents were sent to catch the freemen
tripping on St. Mark's day when the boundary was ridden.
The morning was mist}', and the j'oung freemen mistook their
way ; and through this Idundering not less than 5(J acr-'s, tradition
says 120 acres, were appropriated by the lord. Of this strange
transaction tliero can bo little doubt; ft)r in tho ]a-oposals made
to the duke by the Four-and-Twenty for the improvement of the
moor, some lit'leen or sixteen years after iho appropriation, the
following clause occurs : —

" That about fifty acres of that part of the moor that adjoins Brislee Hills
■were inclused and planted by ]\[r Cull or some other of las Grace's agents
8e^•e^al years ayo, without any muuner assigned, notice yiven, or applicatioa

252 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

mado to tho frccmon for or about the same ; tho freemen in riding tho boundary
that yo;ir liaviiig Ijy a more acoidoiit lolt out tlio Baid quantity, owin;^ to
a ^;;re.it haziness in tlio air, whicii ii:n<h:c(:l it imi)'jSiiWe t'^r tlicii V) dis-
tiiiyiii.sh the boundary ; which niistalio was i(iniir;diatcly t ikc-ri advauta'^o of
by his (hiujc'tt said ai^onts, and tho said ground has boon ever ainco held and
cnjoyod by hid Graco."

Tlii.s land ooTi.si.slcid of parts of tlio Tlorso close, tlio Far TJoacon
hill, uikI JJritsluw hill as far as iho I'aiU wall; it lias buon
tli!si<4iiai.od Nabotli's Viiiei/ard, becauso taken by a rieh man,
the ownor of tliousaiuls of acix's ; and tliat iiaino it bt-ars to tliia
day, many of tho freemen indeed beliovinj^ that a curho rests
ii[)on it. A racy acconnt of lliis a])pr(;[irialion was j^iveii in tho
Cidjhnian in 1781. Extraordinaiy itmayseetn that the (Jounnou
Council did not resist this a^gn.'ssion ; Init probably their powers
were then fully taxed to maintain the great law suit with tlio
Eaui., which struck at tho very existence of tho corporation;
and besides they had as a hjadinj^ spirit anioii}^st (hem, tho
iiotovions Col. Forster; mystery hanj^s over tho transaction.
'J'ho land too on b(jtli sides of tho west road from Clayport to
Ilowlinjjj lano or Town head was part of tho moor; it was liddcn
round by tho freemen; and oven solateas 1772 we find £ i IGs. 7d.
paid by tho corpcn'ation for paving from Clayport head to tho
To^vn head ; way-leaves wcro granted over it by tho Four-and-
Twenty in 17GG and 1798; and GalUni Avas allowed to enclohO
pai't of the bank as a footpath, on condition of his making it and
keejjing it in repair.

THE (;ovekn:ment of the lokoucjii.

At the present tinao tho governing body of tho corporation
nro tho Chamberlains and Fonr-and-Twonty, or the Common
Council; and tho corporate name now is "Tho Chamberlains,
Common Council, and Freemen of tho lioroiigh of Alnwick."
This titlo is comjnirativoly modern, liecauso in the olden time
it was simply the hurjcHses of Alnicick, it lias been argued,
Btupidly enough, that thoro was then no governing body, and
that all business was done by tho w hole nf the burgesses at noisy
guild meetings. Under the sini[)lcst general name may, how-
ever, bo comprehended all tho cump.oncut parts cd' a corpuratinu —
tho bailills, tho Chambejdains, the Four-and-Twenty, the alder-
men, and indeed every iunctionary necessary or expedient for
thy proper management of a town. All such otficurs may not
have existed fi'om tho beginning of its history ; lor, doubtless,
officers woidd be created as the public wants recpiired ; and
time would give stability to such aiii)ointmints. Cno thing,
however, is distinctly recognisable in tlio early records of Aln-
wick— the public character of the corporation — its identity with
the town — its comprehensiveness, as including tho holders ar.d
occupants of burgages, the settled inhabittmts who paid scwt ami
lot. If there bo tlierefore any force in the argument from tho

Tin-; GOVKUNMKNT Of THi; HOKOUOII. 253

nnnio hurgrsr.fs, to provo tliut tlio inaiiagoment of corporato busi-
ness blioiiM ho taken from llio siiiiill Ijody of Cliaiitborlaiiis and
Four-aiid-Twoiity and given to tlio fioonion, wlio aio n'>u' luit a
fractional part of the conununity, then it wunld nioi-e f.-onchisivt-ly
f'ulhiw thai- tlio hni"g(;.ss(.'.s, thoownei's <ir projjerty, ami tho house-
]io](k;r8 ol' tho town .sh(nihl ho entrusted with tiio inaiia;^eiiiout of
tlio jiuhhc pi'opoity, which in (ilden time helcfUf^ed to iho com-
muiiily. ' 'ur existin;^ corporation is, doubtless, n(jt in acecn-danco
with tho sjiirit of the aj^e ; nor if wo j^o bade to modiicval times
will we fiml j^ood .syBtems of i^ovornment ; theso indeed arc tlio
I'osult of ail improved civilizatiiui, wiach unfortunately lias not
materially intliieneod tho Alnwick (;(ir[toration, as pecuhar i-i;pies-
eivo powers havo checked tho devdoiiment of its old institutions
into i'oi-ms a(la[ited to the wants of tho present ago.

BailiJ/'s were in early times tho head ollicers in the town. Tho
royal chaiter for pontage is, in loll, addressed to bailiffs and
good men of tho town of Alnewyk. Their oi-igin and name aro
Norman ; '■'' and they wero at first more tho ollicers of the lord of
tho manor to watcli his interests, tlian tho heads of a cmnmunity
and tho guardians ofiiublic rights. In tho red book of Alnwick
there is moTition of a/;/tt7yo57V«.vof Alnwick in 1-17-1, a name equiva-
lent to a reeve, provost, or may(n'; and J(din Grey was jtrupusitus
in 1511. From 1.3;5o down to 1(J'J7 there is evidence of a bailiff
ajipoariiig as a member of tho corporato bod)'. In tho earliest
account J lenry Watson, bailiif, as we havo seen, was one of the
four auditors or Chamberlains. After this we find no reference to
this ollicer till 10 II, whoa tho corn tolls wero granted to him and
the burgesses. ]\I;itthow Hunter attended tho meetings of tho
Chambcilains in KJCi'), when, with tho consent of a common guild,
lleshyside was let to t1onu>nt lM)r:>ter. He luul advanced money
on the town's behalf in IGlll, and " at a t.iuild and Meeting of
tho Towno and Ibirrough of Alnwick, it is agreed, that tho rents
bo paid tho bailiile, Mv. Matt. Hunter, to reimburse him £;}0 ho
had paid on the Towne's behalf." If "we aro to credit his
epitai)h,f one of tho most remarkablo in Alnwick church, ho was
a nuin of great learning and ability; ho could speak Italian, Latin,
French, and S[)ani3h as well as tho natives ; ho was faithful to
his king and most obedient to tho mother church, lie was au

* From tlie I'^reiich laiUi, derive i from the Latin bajidia, a governor or tutor,
f \\o give this curi..us ei)itai)h at leiigtli : — inc. iaci.t. Matthias iiv.sthi.

LEGVM. Al TOKNATUS VIU. DIGNISSIM. DOCTISSIM U. KEUI. FIULLISSIM. MATUI
ECCLlSIAi;. ANGLICANAE. OliUIt.NTISSIM. QVONUAM. SENESCALLVS SI.NGULORV.
MANKlildUVM. AD PUAENOUlLnM. ALGKUN'OOVN. I'LUCY. I'EKTIN ENTV. QVON DAM
BALIVVS. DE. ALNI.WICK SI'AIIO 15. ANNCiUV. ODIITfJ. l.N CASlllO IBID.
VIl.MO. DE. IVNII. AN.NOQ DOM iGCio. WE BIUATIID ITALIA.N. LATIN FKKNCII.
AND. SPANISH. ALL WITH. ONE. liKEATH. AS.. IF THKY. MEAND. TO. BAMSH.
THEMStl.VtS FKOM. HOME. TO LIVE. AND DWELL. WITH HIM AS. IF. TliAT.
HE. THElll COV.NTIlIE. MAN. HAD. BhES. UUNA. TE.\ tT. Cl.NEKtS. .MtNTKVI
DLUS Al.TllhllA. FaMA.M. liV.NTtR. A M IS . . . . LUCTl S, CUIv). BO.NuS.

254 HISTORY OK ALNWICIC.

attorney, and liold the oflioo.s of ntoward of all manors of tho
barony, and of liailiU' of Alnwicl: for 15 yoar.H, and diod at Aln-
wiolc (JaKtlo in HU',~). Miclui'd llnntor »j)|ifar.s as l^ailiff from
IGG!) U) \C,7'2; William ]iOf;ko fi-oni 1072 to 1700; Franria
Andcr.^on hi^iis an onlor a.s haililf ro;^ardin}^ tlio Sfrliools in I70;j;
and aflor tliattlu! Ijuilill' of Alnwick is seen no inoro. Ai;cordin}^
to Hull anil llninljorston'.s snrvoy in io07 tlioro waio tliroo
bailill's, caf'li ■\villi a salary of OO.s. 8d. yearly; one tho forfji;.^!
liailiir, anijtiior hailill" or jirovost of the cafetlo, and llie third
bailiU'of Aliiwiclv. Tlio following- list of huuli ofiicor.s i.s dorivoJ
from tho court rolls and tho corj^orato records : —

Tlionias Aiulur castlo gnivo of Anowicko 1413 ; Thornas Col:c castle g^vo
of Ancwirlco Ml.'; Jf)lm ]iOxlji<;\v;.']it li.iilill', I-l.O.j; Matthow I'l.ll jiroimsituj
of till) l$oi-oiiL;h uf Alnwick 1 171 ; KoIk it Sri,ttoii hailill' 1471 ; Joliii (Jailr-ton
liailiir £!(>(•« 1,000 ; ^VilJiaui Natliloll hailill' LJlKi ; John l!jou-n haililfof Aln-
wiclc lou.J ; John (!roy jiiopositiia 1.3-11; William Salki M 1.011; 'William
Groy piopositn.s of Ukj ca.stlo l.Ofi'J ; AVilliani Bcilncll hailiff of Alnwiclc 1580;
Henry Watson haililfof Alnwick l.JOl ; INjhnt Ch.-rkc; hailliviis ihi-l.-m 1014;
liohcit Watson haylilh) huriod KiOO; .AIattlu,w Hunter haililf lfi.03 died
1074 ; William Locko hailiO' 1G77 died 1700 ; I'runei.s Anderson 1703.

Chamhcrlaiiis. — Four Chamberlain.s are now the chief ofTicera
of tlio corporation ; and in tho name we havo an allusion to tho
Cai/icrariits, -who in Anglo-Saxon times Icept llie king's treasures.
Kuch olficers, under one name or othor, existed from an early
jieriod in AliiMick ; they appear in tlie oldest account in 1594;
but down to the year IG'iO they boro tlio name of auditors or
collectors ; and in tho following record of 15U9 wo havo a distinct
notice of tlie authority by wlioni they were appointed ; " auditors
and collectors of the town of Allanwick lor this year beaing
appointed by tho xxiiij, the 11 of Jantiary, 1509, bo thes follow-
ing ; — Henry ^VatS()n, Willm. Hunter, Thouuis Gren, John Ran-
iU)ld.son." In tho account of tho di.sbursemontsof Gawan Salkeild,
Nichs.Forstor, Ivobert Hunter, and John Grey, they arc said to
have been " appointed as Chambt-rlanes of tho towne of Alnewick,
by Mr. Thonuis Fotherley, his lo learned steward ; " and tliey in
1620 acknowledge the receipt of live shilling.^, " beinge Additors
for tho towne." Tho steward of tlio court, however, only swore
them into oilice ; the election and appointment were made by tho
Fotir-and-Twenty according to ft?/ci'e/i/ ;7/-rtf^/re, as it is called in
1701 ; but a definite law was passed on the 12th October, 1G29,
by which

"The common puild and Twenty-four ordered, lliat every yenrc at tho
Jliehaelmas courle, heforo tho eo\irtc houlde one day or two at least, Tho
C'haml)erlyne:s then in Leiny shall call tho xxiiij for the Towno together at
the Towlo honth, and there elect the 4 ehamlierlynes for the sneseadingycaro
then next fuUowini;-, and the .same so eleettd lo jiive there names to the
foi-eman of the jury, And there to he swonie at the said Michaelmas Court,
And tho Chamberlyncs offending against thi.s order shall pay for every defalta
Gti. 8d. Todts qiiotiis : To the good of the hutch."

The swearing in at the courts leet does not seem to havo

THK OOVEUNMENT 01' THE bOKOUCH.

255

l)coii Tiiaiiitaiiioa; fur f.lio olc-ctioii:,, bubsequont to this bye-law,
■vvoro inado id tiinos difl'TtMit Uoin tlioso whori finch courts were
huM; OIL Dccoinbor lOlli, IGii.'}, iho Chainhoiluins wore elected
Hiid chdsoii ; oji March .'iOth, l(i7 1, Hobort A(l.^t(;n was 8\v(>ru ono
of llio Chiimborhiiiis; and on Nov.Miibor I2lh, UiHG, arwl in sub-
Boquont yfurH, tho Cliamborhiins wcro ohjcled and cliOsoii m
Novombor. An u^i^nTSsioii was inado on tho ancient custom
by tho articles of 17G2, which say that " cit,'ht i)Or.sonH out of
tho Cunanon Council ouf^ht to bo annually volurnod to tlio lord a
court at or s(jon after Michaelmas, and four of th<;m api-omted
Chanibcrhiins by tho lord's steward at tho Micliaelma.-, court

lent." , ,„

111 tho palmy days of tho corjioratlon, tho Four-and- Twenty
appointed as Chamberlains tho men wlio possessed ability and
business talent, irrespective of routine ; but modern uaa;^o gives
tho ofRco to members of tho Four-and-Twenty in succession.
Usuallv tho tenure of ofllce was for ono year; but tho same
Chamborlains held oflico for tlireo years, from 1G55 to 1G58 ;
and I^fatthew Alnwick and John .Salkold enjoyed tho dignity for
six years, fromlG71 to 1G77, probably, however, on account of
l)endiiig lawsuits. " On October 17th, IGOO, it was ordered by the
imaninrous consent of tlie Four-and-Twonty tliat tho i>resent
Chamberlains, vizt., ^Ir. IMattheu- Alnwicke, Mr. Henry Swiidioo,
Mr. Kob Tlarryson, Mr. Adaiu Thompson, doe continue Cham-
berlaines for tho year next ensueing, thoy haveing disbursed
sevorall sumes of money which is in arreare and due to them, and
they are hereby imi)owerod and elected and chosen for Chamber-
laines." Tho primary duty of thu Chamberlains was to collect
and disburse tho rovenues of tho town, subject to thec-ontrol and
diro.cliou of tho Four-aud-Twenty ; they called meetings of the
rour-and-Twenty and inesided over them, and they carried into
effect tho orders passed by that body. Thoy besides did the
work and sustiiined the dignity of the town. Though not magis-
trates, thoy sometimes exercised a kind of magisterial authority.
The I'ith (lay of October, 1629— It is orJcrcd by tho comon piiild and
Twenty-four, That if thrru be any fauUa or wrongcs done in or amonLCst any
of tlio Trades of tlic Towne in their severall coini>anyos or b'twcnc Trade and
Trade or one paitye and anotlicr of Trade soc that if the Ahk-rmen ur Alder-
man of that Trade cannot agree and poverne them according to the orders of
tbe Townci and Trade, then they shall appoale to thu Foure Chainbcrlj-nea
and to none other olliuer or magistrate whatsouver ; and the said 4 Chaniber-
lyncs shall punish tho same accordingly to their dcscretions ; And whoboevero
that oll'cndetli against the savd order, And doth not Abyde the s.iyd end of
the sd. Chamberlynes shall pay for every default 6d. Sd. Toties quolits to the
good of the Comon Hutch.

Important public officers they were, for at least a century and
a half, till the articles of 1766 stripped them of their authority
and reduced them to comparative insignificance.

TIte Four-and-Ticenly or Common Council was tho supreme
authority of tho town and borough of Aluwick. Other olEcers

256 HISTORY OF AJ.NVVICK.

were luider thoir coiitnjl ; und cvon tho bailiff, when ho busied
hinisolf willi tlio iiH'iiirfj of tlio town, actod in accordaiico with
tlniir dccisioMS. How Ihoy first f:ani(j into possession of j)owor is
not cortainly known ; })ut of tlioir anliijiiity fhoro can bo no
doubt ; in ono of tho earliest f;ovi)orato ri'coi-ds of \ ')'.)'.), tliov up-
I'Kiarful as tlio xxiiij ; and ever aflerwards until 17(j() they had tho
chi'jf directicni of the affairs of tho town. At an early pf.-riod tho
court leet jury of tho burp^hof Alnwick and tho Four-and-Twenty
may have been tho Banie body ; and when tho number of the
lattov was extended indeiinitely, tho jury very probably was
chosen out of it. Tho connoctioii, however, between tho two ia
shewn in a corporate record which says — " a note of tho xxiiij,
ns tho addition is ))utt to thoin for making up tho number at the
court houlden tho 27th day of April, IG 17 ; " and this is followed
by twenty-eight names, Kveu in tho eighteenth century an
extract from a castlo record states " that tho freemen exclude all
freeholders who aro not freemen from tho juries."

'J'hough designated (lie Fuitr-nnd-Ticenlij, tho number consti-
tuting tho Ijody was indefinite till tho early [)art of the eighteenth
century. At a mooting in l()2u twenty-lour were present; in
1(M7 twenty-eight ; " a truo account of the names of the Foure-
nnd-'J'wenty taken tho thirteenth day of January, 1GG7," gives
fifty seven mimes ; in Ki'JO forty-three names aro signed to an
order; at the election of a minister (d' tho ])arish in IGDl, thirty-
five voted ; and in 1709 tliere a])peared thirty-eight members.
Th(Mr number was ilrst limited on October -1th, 1717, when it was
"ordered by tho Chamberlains and Four-and-Twenty, that noo
man be adnutted a Four-and-Twenty man for tho future, till tho
death of another, and that \\\w\\ tho driith of any of the present
Fiiur-and-Twcnty soo numynew ones shall bo chosen in the Koom
or stead of such dying ; " signed by thirty names, isomotime
about 1731 tlio number Avas reduced to twenty-four, and so it has
continued till the jjrosent time. Tho election to vacancies has
invariably been made by tho Four-and-Twenty out of the freemen
of tho borough. There is no evidenco of a choice ever having
been made by tho suffrage of the inhabitants c)f tho town or by
tho privileged freemen ; but when the electing body was so
numerous as fifty and more, in a population not exceeding 3000,
there was somewhat of a popular element in tho electiim ; and
tho result would indeed, in the seventeeth century, more ade-
quately represent ])ublic opinion and feeling, than an election at
tho present time by tiio freemen, who aro noAV relatively less
numerous and important. "Tho Four-and-Twenty" was the
solo designation of tho governing body till 1710, when on the 26th
of ISfarch an order was made " Att a Common Council or Four-
and-Twenty." AVliy this new title was adopted does not api)ear ;
but probably, as tho Jews desired a king to be like other nations,
so may tho Four-and-Twenty have dubbed themselves a Common
Council to be liku other corporate towns.

TIIK OOVEllNMKNT Ol-' JIIK IUjIIOUOU. 257

Tho Four-nnd-Twonty as a body oxorcisod a coutnil over each
mombor and dvoj- tho freoinon. An order iriado Au;^ii.st 7th,
1G77, oiifi)io(j(l u iiiio of Is. on tlioso who did not hp\u:iir at (ho
T(jllbo()l,h lit and ii[)()n tlio rin<^iti^ of tlio bull throe tiiiio.s, boiM;j^
lawl'ully Huminoricd;'"' and on .S(*ptoinbor 2'Jlli, 1007, th*; I'dlowin;;
oxtraordinary j'OHubiLion was passod, at a tinio whon llioro was
niiicli disKontion, ari.sing ont of tho election of a ininihtor for tho
pavisli cliuvcli : —

It i.s ua.uiiinoiiHly this diiy a'^TOoil hy tlio I'lailiM", f;li;iinl)orlains, and Tour-
aiul-Tvvoitty, that wIiohdovov uliall disidoso any thiii-^ discniii-.sed of in tho
f<)ur-aiid-twi!iity liuroaRijr .shall b(j uxpcUcd and iiovi-r afU.T liav<; any vote in
tho Tdwii.s comui i)h. Si(jitcd IKiii. L. Jl't/L, th>; U/iii'iiicrlaiiin, unU Four-a/ul-
TwcH tij.

Mombor.s 8H[)posod to liavo Ijoeii guilty of corjjorato olfoncoa
were sometimes expelled from tho body. Kalph (irievo for hi.s
"misdemeanours, abuses, an<l ill-behavour to the town" was
driven out of the Four-and-Twonty in lG9i ; and in 1711 llobort
Hamilton was " oxi)elled as ho had done several things contrary
to and in bi'oach of liis oath as a freeman." IJotli ho and lialph
Griovo in 1712 "made their submission and were readniiUed
paying (id. a p)ioce." Hamilton, liowever, was quarrelsome and
irroclaimablo ; aiul so in tiio following year ho ■was " expelled
out of the number of the Four-and-Twenty and never again to bo
warned fm' abusing Mr. Mark l'\n'ster, one of the Ohamherlains,
and reflecting upon all tho Cliamberlains and Four-and-Twenty."
Thirty-six years after this, l\ichard (irieve, on account of his
political conduct, shared tho fate of his father.

Freemen too wore punished by tho governing body in propor-
tion to tho magnitude of tlu'ir tiil'uncos ; throe of them in 1G70
wore lined lO.s. ouch " fur abuse in tho presonco of the Four-and-
Twenty." Jjrulo f(jrce, a favourite argument Avith froomen,
seems in 1G87 to have been brought to bear on this body; for
they ordered that if any apjn-entice or other person should come
to their meeting place to disturb or threaten the Four-and-Twenty,
he should be lined 10s. ; and '^X'hen in tho fiJlowing year " thir-
teen men did come and disturb tho Four-and-Twenty and did
break down the stair head, they shall each pay 40s. before being
made free." The higher penalty of corporate execution was
sometimes inflicted ; and tho spirit of such a proceeding was
curiously exliibited in 1700. AVilliam kStanton, of .'^toncy liill,
a freemen, had, contrary to his oath and to order, coloured goods
belonging to his servants and others, and in his name depastured
them on tlie moor, and afterwards had taken them out of the com-
mon piufold ; ho had impounded freomou's beasts and put them
to unnecessary charges ; ho had refused to contribute to the
expense of an inclosure dyke and endeavoured to disclose tho

* The town bell is still rung twice, bet'cire every meeting of the Four-and
Twenty — an echo of the [last reminding the town of the departed greatness of this
ancient body.

vol.. II, J^K

258 iiiHTOiiY 01' ai,nwh;k.

rights of tho town to freolifildorH iulj(iining the moor, [)riiton<]iiij^
thoy liad a right of iritoroomiiioiiiiig u[)()U it; and lio hud also
Loon guilty ofothor ii'roguhir and vexatious [traoticos, toudiug tu
ruin tho town and its anoiont riglits ; and, tlioroforo, on Juno
18th, tlio OhanihoHairiB and b'our-and-Twonty (h;(darod hutli liiui
and liiH hoii-H (iJHfi-ancliiKod for ovor, unh^H.s within sovon days Iju
gavo Bubniission and jiaid Huch fine as they iniglit iniposo. IStau-
ton, liowovor, "jjorbislod in liishtigious hninouragainsl iho town'a
froodoni ; " and on July l2th anotlna- disi'rarKjhi^onient, holt was
fulminated, which mado liini suljuiit and sign a bfjiid to [lay ail
recogni.sanco.s and finos ; still ho was contumacious; but tho
Four-and-Twonfy, dotoi'inined to conqiuir, mot in groat foico —
thirty-KOvon (jf them assembled — and (udereil that ho should pay
" a lino of £12, and £.'> jiailicular being occasioned by his vexa-
tions suits and unadvised proceedings." fStanton finally yields,
and on October 8tli pays a lino of £h ; and on April 20th, 1701,
it is declared that " AVm. Stanton and tho Four-and-Twenty is
fully agreed concerning all former dilleroiices that have been
doponding, soo that all things whatsoever is void."

Tho corporation act passed in IGGl recpiired all pei'Sons hold-
ing ollico in a municipal corporation to take the sacrament in the
church, and to subscribe declarations abjuring tho solemn league
and covenant, and tho lawfulness of taking up ai'ms on any pre-
text against tiio king. With this intolerant law the Alnwick
Common Council were not troubled till 177o, when they were
compelled to qualify, thereby bringing a pretty heavy tax on the
corporate funds. This qualification, which in that 3ear wag
comidetcd at Alnwick by an adjournment of tho sessions to that
place, cost £1 lOs. -lid. ; in sui)se(iuent years the Chamberlains
were obliged to go to M(U-poth with their witnesses; and tho
following account for 17G0 has an interest as not only shewing
tho steps in the process, but also tho nujdo and expense of
travelling : —

1759, Due. 13— raid for the cevtifiratea and statn])3 for chamliorlains to
qnalilyatthe Sessions, Gs. 8d. ; 1700, Jan. 6— Paid .•xpcn.scs at Warkw.irtli
with ]Mr, Forstor receiving tlu; sacranu'iit to nualily at tlio St s.sions ; 17th —
Paid Mr. Forstcr for Mr Dixon's trouble at tlio cuinniission £■> 'Js. 0. ;
expenses at Morpeth when the cliaTiiberlains qualiliL-d l"Js. 0. ; Court lees and
Turnpikes for the Tost Chaises \'2s. Od. ; the witnesses expenses at Morpelli
(is. Gd. ; JMatthew Eohinson one of the witnesses for his trouhlo 2s. Os. ; f-ir
his Ilorse-luro and Turnpikes home 3s. 3d. ; Jlrs. Grey for her post ehaise
£1 Is. Od. ; the Driver Is. Od. and Is. Od. spent at Mrs. Groy hy ilr. Carr
and Mr. John Riehardson on their return homo ; ]Mr. James Kuhertson lV«r
the other post chaiso Its. Gd. ; the Driver Is. Od. ; sum total £G 7s. Gd.

After 1760 tho qualiticaticm was made at Alnwick and the
expense was lessened ; but the corporation sup^died tho sacra-
mental elements — " 177-1, October 20th, paid for broad and wine
for tlio sacrament to be received to-mt)rrow liy tho Chamberlains
for the purpose of their qualif) ing at the sessions next week
is. (kl." This ceremony was continued till 17S'2, when Sergeant

THE fiOVRRNMENT OK 'HI K MOROi;OH.

2o9

Addair's oitinion was taken, " in wliich it wa« mado clear, that
noiLlior tluj (JlianiLorliiiriH nor Ooiiim«)n Ooiincilrntjii oloct woro by
law to rocoivo tlio Hacramoiit affor tlioir oloction, or Vi qualify at
the nesHioriH." Notwitlinfandiii^ llii.s, dissonlorH woro oxdrjd'jd
from the Alnwick Ooninion Council till IMOG, whon Micliaol llind-
marsli, a coiiji^roj,^at,ioiiali.st, was oloclod a morubor. Now thoro
are nine profbsnod (lis«oiit.ors in thisi sobjct body.

The fuiiofions of the I'Viur-aiid-Tweiity, of whom tlio Chamber-
lains are a (;omj)onont part, were, i»i-ior to tlio articles of 170G,
numerous and important, licsidos admitting memljors to their
own body, and fi'oumen into the cori>oration, makin;^ bye-laws,
callinj^ ^'uilds, and oxercisiiij,' tlie power to disfVanclii.so ; besides
generally nnuiaging tlie corporate jn-operty and directing the
application (jf tlie revenues, they bought, exchanged, sold, and
mortgaged lands and otiior i)ro[)erty ; l)orrowed monoy on bond
and by way of annuity ; lent money ; let lands fnnu year to year
and on lease ; regulated the stintage of the common ; lot stints
to etallingers ; worked eoal mines and quarries on Alnwick ^fi^or ;
inclosed lands from this mo(jr and cultivated them ; became
trustees of chai-itablo bequests ; appointed the master of the
Grammar School and maintained schools ; appointed tlie minister,
clerk, and sexton of the parish, and market keeper; paid a
salary to the minister ; a])pointed corporate olficers ; appointed
highway surveyors ; ■* made extraordinary provision to keep the
parish free from paupers; f provided the town with water;
cleansed the streets ; paved and kept in repair the ^Market place
and some of the streets of the town ; ]; maintained highwavs and
helped to make turnpikes ; § made and kept in repair the Bow

• IG?/), April D — Mr. Ralph Giieve, Nicholas Wooilhonse. Matthew Ches-
luan, and John llunlfr aro thou tlLCtod ami chosen by the tower and twenty to
he surveyors of the highways lor this present yeare; whoe to that purpose have
taken their oathes to operate and pertbrni tlie same.

f July 1, 1()(JI)— Ordered unanimously by the Chamberlains and Four-and-
Twenty, that the constables sumniis all and every such person and persons as are
come to live witliin the town and ])arish of Ahiewicke within one year last past
that they and every of them upon fryday next shall enter into bond to the Cham-
berlain or Churchwarden, that neither they nor their family shall be tronhlesome
to the parish, and that all such as hereatter shall come to live within llie parish
shall also give suHlcient bond that neither they nor their family shall be burden-
some or chargeable to the towne as aforesaid

t 1(J30— Paid for laying the powle or gutter round about the Towne 8s. 6d.,
for flagg stones to it KJd., foi leading sclatcs to it 13s., for bringing fog"- to it
18d, to the pavers for repayring the Cawsycs £1 10s. (Jd. 1726— Bondgate
Causeway. 1747 — Paid Newcastle Pavers for work done to the town £S I6s.%d.
1753 — For stone channell made in Clayport bank £9 19s. 8.^d.

§ ](ii2 0— For burvaing of Ilakell brigge lOs. Iti22— Me'nding the Cawsey at
the gaily hill [>s. lOd. ; 1(j4-1— IMaking the kasy at gallo hill I'Js. lOd. 1679—
Mending Stoney peih 'iOs. I(i87 — Spent in a treat with Mr. Clavering and Mr
Salkeld about the lligliways -Is. 3d. 17l.'f— Paid iur iiaving the HiErhway U

„ - - . o - --ighv

Aledick £'2G 7s. 2d. The corporate levenues weie IrKjiiently applied to the
highways till 1753, when the Foiu-and-Twcnty shufiled oil' tliis public obi
tion.

y to

the

iga-

2(l0 Jfl.STOKY OF ALNWICK.

lDi'i(l;^e, * tlio Afarket cross, llio jjilloi-y, tho blocks, tho fiharables,
tho piiif(jl(ls ; inaiiiluiiiod a j^iuird houso, clocks, woi;^!! )iou30,
firo orij^iuo,! aTollboolU or hall for tho town ; inado and colloctcd
assossiaents Cor ti-ain Ijaiul-moii, j: for tho jtaiits, jjinfold, ami
liighways; § hustowud charity ; bouj^ht corn and sold it again at
a rod need prico to i'rocmou; f^rautud cortilicatos under tlio borough
isoal;|| |)roinoti)(l public aniusonionts ; gavo ontortainuiciits to
important personages; colobrated public events and festivals;
treated tho lord's auditors with wino ; took tlie lead in public
movenieuts, and while abundantly enjoying themselves generally
acted on behalf (j1' the town. ^1 This Huunnary bhows the public

* KiJO — 'l"he Hi'Hiiiaii for tlic liriiyj^i; end Is.; lO'JO" — Meiidiiifr t!ie brige of
tlic l)i)W boriiL- (is., tor hliuliii^u of lliu iiiyre from llie liow liri^c fiil. ; IG^.'i — For
cisting and diL'.-i.siii^r tht how Ixirii lis Od ; Hii'l — I'aid fur 22 dayes for the
biiildiiig of the l)(nv biid^^u jt'l l.'Js , for 'J daycs 3d. pur day for driiike, 6d. for
(Iriiike at ihe bargain, to James Winnow for iriakinjr two centres lor the bridge
2s., to Georj^e Lud^^'L-rlon for Ijboiiiin^j thre d.tyes 2s. 'Id., for leading of slouea
to tlie bridge 13s. 1 (i iG — For the Turnstile of the I'ow bridge 2s. 8d. ; iT'tH —
Wori< at the IJow liiidge £5 18s. 4d. ; 17111 — I'aving High Street near BoW
Burn Bridge 18.s lOd.

f 1750 — Unaiiiiiiouisly ordered to purchase one fire engine witli 80 yards of
leather pi[)e and oO good leather l)uei<eti. to be paid for out of the 'I'o'.vn's revenues.
For this engiu'!, ^c., £(>[) 1 Is. (Jd were paid. Another engine waa subseiiuently
added, a keeper (if tlie engines ai)pointed, and a neat house huilt in 1811 on the
Freeman rig, wliereiu to keep the engines and a))pendages. Tlie diflerence of
sjiiril between the old Four-and-Twenty and their successors is shewn in the
reeeiit conversion of tlie Fire I'-ngine house into a dwelling house, and in giving
the lire engine to the Hoard of Health.

X July 31, lU'JI — It is unanimously Agreed by the Chamberlains and four and
Twenty ihata sess of 3Us. {■mc) of the jiound be collected and Leveyed lor paying
of our Traine band men whoe were Summoned to ajiaer by thedebity Lieutenants
of this County with six dayes jiay &c. to beat Morjieth upon munday the Twenty
Sevei\th of this liLslant, which accordingly they ilid ; and wheieas there wants
two muiketts and two swords, it is ordered that the same be forthwith bought and
the Chamberlains to be countable for the same, and if the same sissinentfall
shoili that then the Chamberlains shall be jiaid by the Towne ; or if the old
mnsketls will serve that they shall be mended or new Locks b'Hight.

§ In 17-!' a highway rate was laid on b) ilie Four-nnd-Twent) , to be collected
Ly the constables.

II lUl 1 — Keeeived of James Speare 2s., and of llaijdie Felby 2s. 6d. for the
towne seal. A certificate under the borough seal was deemed iniporiaut, and one
was forged in HJ!)2

11 Kill — To them that carried away the jirisoners Is 8d ; 1 CI 0 —Calling the
burgesses to bring in their keniiiiigs dd ; 11J20 — Wine and Sugar for my Lord
lii!~liop 'Is. Gd. ; IGJO — Two severall tymes bestowed oil' Sir William Muschamp
in Wyne 4s. ; lGo3 — Bestowed on Sir John Fenwick os. ; 1633— For my voyage
(William Greiie) to Callalie to Sir John Clavering in the Great Storm for calling
up the market lOd. ; IGoS — Paid for one pottell of burnt wyne and one quart of
sack bestowed on Sir John Clavering 3s. ; IGJS — Bestowed of the high Sherife
in wine and bear £1 ; ItiGl — I'or carrying Ratlef to Morpeth gail lUs.; 1G72 —
To carry one Bolter a madman to Felton 2s. 4d. ; IGof) — Disbursed for the use of
the Town for coals and candles lor the guards £1 los. lid. ; IGG-i — For horses
going to Charlton with a Ca])tain 2s-, for the same Captain, quarters having the
kings pass 4s. €d. ; IGSl — For can-ying water and lor watchers when the houses
in SVaikergate was burnt 3s. ; 1G38— Layd out for buying of Anias £2 Is. Sd. ;
1G88, Ap. 11— F"or candles and expenses in quartering soldiers Is. 6d, for candles

Tin: aoVKRNMKNT OV THK DOROL'OH.

«61

clmvaufor of tlio corporation, and liow it.s anciont importance
coiifi-antH willi it.s niodorii dwarfed coiulitiori ; yot wliilo the IVoe-
jiion luivo inoiioj)olisod tliat ])art of llio corjtr^rato jiroporty which
tho lord of tho manor lias loft untoiichod, tlioy have contrivi'd to
cast from their sliouldors those obligations with which this public
])rop()rty wiis formerly eharg(niblo.

'T]\o folI(j\viii<^ list of tho Four-aiid-Twority, with tho year of
their admisHion or first occurroncci in tlio corporation, as far as
existing records give evidence, will furnish materials for family
histoiy and ho of intcn'ost, as shewing who, for at least three
lonturies, woro tho jirincipal iidiahitants (jf tho town. Most of
them attained tho dignity of cliamberlain ; but tho names of
those who do not appear to havo held that ofPice aio marked
with •'• : —

John Scoft, 1.57S.

(.'Itambcrlnin in 151)1.

*Uirliiird Clav, 1578.

*WilIiiUM Shi'll,

*J<jhii Brown, „ *

Georyu Aldur, 158.5.

Vhambcrluin in 1C13.
Ralph Clay,', 1585.

Cliuiitbiii<tin in 1591.
John Al(h'r, 15H5.

Chninbn liiiii in 1G12.
Henry \Viitson, 1585.t

(.'liiuiihrrliiiii in 1501.
Eilward Alnwick, 1591.
Thonia.s Uivn, 1599.
Jolm Kainu'ld.son, ,,
William llduiitiT, ,,
Goorj^c Staiinors, ,,
Janifs Gvciiu', ,,

•J. Wilkin-M.no, Uil3.

l-'rancis Altler, ,,

•Kicluud A\'al.son, ,,
*Williain liovok'y, „

Williarn (iKjiiiw, 1G13.

(iawaj'ii SalkcM, ,,

'rinjinas Partis, ,,

♦Joliri Cl.uko,
♦John lUitlor,

Jolm (Jrciirn;, ,,

*Johri Hall,
*William Gallon, „

Edw'.-ii-d iStannL-r.s, ,,

* liOf^rr Hothcrl'ijrd ,,
John AV'ankd, 1G18.
Kohoit Fryor, 1G19.
Nychol.'i.i l<'or.ster, ,,
(!oor<^e S.tlki Id, ,,

*John Scott of lowno

Head, 1G23.

*John Arrowsiuith, ,,

* Henry Youni^er, ,,
Lueke Alder,'^

*N\'ni. NN'atson, jnn , ,,

♦.lohnSeott, vintner, „

luiliert Aikston, ,,

John i\oLinson, „

Willi.irn Hunter, 1023.
•Ciilhh.it fJlarke, „
♦(,'liaih;.s WatHon, ,,
♦\Villi.iin.Sh,.ll,
Jolm Seott, jun., ,,
William Wat.son,
nureliant, ,,

•CutliLert Law.son, ,,
Tlionias Seott, „

Tlioinas Hunter, „
Lyon, liohinson, 1G29.
:\Iiclia( 1 Hunter, 1631.
W.AVatson, weaver, ,,
\Vm Wyddoud, 1632.
^^'illianl .Scott, ,,

William Beadnell, ,,
Gawen Swann, 1634.
Hu^'-li Ai-iowsmith ,,
William Carr, „

John S.dkrld, 1G35.
M'illiain .SalkelJ, „
•Ivohert Hodstone, „
*Charlcs Watson, ,,

to the guard and for ale spent in quaiteiing of Solders and to tlie Ccnstaples for
ale at tiie Tolbooth 3s. Gd , for straw to the guards in the fields Is 6d. About
this period the expense incurred by soldiers was considerable. 1G93 — To Esq.
Fenwick botlc of sack for his couiisell about the soldiers abuses 2s. Gd. In 1704
the Chambeilains were allowed X'4 -Is. yearly lor soldiers' passes. 1706 — Laid
out ah )iit the iire 30s. !)d. ; IGGl — Paid to Jan AVilson for Ashett to cover the
body of the corps that did in Bongat tower 3s. 4d. ; 1745, Nov. 12 — Paid Rob.
lleiuvick for whipping a woman for stealing a quarter of mutton from Tho. Fen-
wick by order of Mr. Blown 2s.; 172G — Newspapers lor one yearGos ; apprehending
a vagrant sent to gaol Sd. ; Mar. 31 — For a I'arr Barrell to Burn Measuld Pork
Is. ; 1723, A)). 13 — To Soldiers to goe out of the town to Ciiarlton for Quarters
in the time of the election 5s. ; 1727 — Five lialf guineas given the five companies
of soldiers when tlie king was proclaimed £2 12s. 6d. ; 1718, July 1 — Wm.
Coward for illuminating the Townhall 13s.; 1794 — The Chamberlains and Four-
and-Twenty agreed that the town should be lighted with lamps and proposed for
this purpose to give £10 the first year and £5 afterwards, the inhabitants also
contributing ; all the corporate trades approved of this scheme.

* Judgment Roll. f Conveyance of ToUbooth.

262

HISTOHY <)V AI.NWICK

Ifiimy Midcjiir.:,

\r,

i'.K

I'ldwil. Ifarnhleton

lOO.O.

John (JnHi)ri,

•John (Jliristyne,

Aitlmr Ad.ilono,

k;

ID.

( )liv(i- l,;i\v(i,

,,

r.ruii'.'Iott Scott

Nichol.iM ]''orslf,r,

j^

'J'lioiiiaH Siilki'ld,

•I,.iwi( rice {'"(Ji.stei

j^

Jtdhoil StroUicr,

l(i

I '2.

•William Ad.ston,

.lolin C'iiiht(;r,

•Anlh. Jtutled-e,

i(il;7.

A. AiTowHiiiitli,

ifi

1 f> .

•ThoH. Uicliardsnn,

L'irliunl Wiild.Hi.H

J(din Stroth. r,

*i\Ii(;li;ii;iyiHin^(;r,

l(i

17.

John Salkcld,

,,

*.Ii)li)i l'';uxy,

•Jolm iJarKcr,

,,

•()c()rf:;() W'at.sdii,

"lojLCci' Smil li,

jj

*Jolni ( (icy, laiiiM'

•Ko'hcii Shanlv.s,

,_

AiiUi(Jiiy A(l.s(,i)ii,

•iialph (hicvc.

,_

Jolui Wai.lcll,

"(ieoi-c Aider,

j^

(iO(jrj^(', Stanton,

'John r.i.riell,

,,

AloxandorSi'ott,

•John Alnwicke,

,^

Th<mvAii lluutloy,

•'i'homas (.'raster.

j^

*Hrnry JolinKlon,

•William Jluntcr,

,j

*'J'honia8 C-'owanl,

•Ivlward Kevclcy,

j>

*Jolin (Imy, jnor-

lioliert Cla.xton,

))

cliant,

•Jani<8 Ileslerif^-t,',

))

Tliomas Younger,

Hi

18.

'J'homas Hiryson,

Thomas llodeallu.

1G53.

ThoHKiH Lindsay,

1,

Cl(Mn. Foi-Htor,

Jtohert Ander.-jon,

„

Cutli. Chcjasniiin,

10

).5.

Kolurt Adslon,

IGiiO.

II(niiy Facyc,

•Ralph Konald.son,

1071.

John Scott,

'J'homas Vardy,

1070.

J(jhn Bwiniioo,

]\Iark Forstir,

jj

Joliii T[ani.son,

liichurd Sfiotlier,

>)

•William Layn^'C,

l(')

')(').

Thomas J<'alder

n

John Vardy,

l(i

38.

.F(;hn ( 'arre.

1077.

]\rat. Ainwickc,

*John Ivaynoldson,

,j

Thoniaa Foristor,

John Nealo,

J,

* Francis Hearrct,

*Arthiir Strotlier.

,,

lioKcr jrollatt,

^\'illiam Stanton,

ij

Koluil ri'iirn-t,

»John Duer,

,,

♦'J'honias Cair,

* Ihnr\ Swinhoc,

,j

•John Taylor,

*DavidI\lilliken,

„

•John Davison,

(Jeorj^'o 'J'nrner,

,,

•John (hey, glovei

•, ,

John 'I'alor,

J,

•John ( hey, wright, ,

John Gilison,

J,

L;incelot "Strotlier

liolu'rt Ilerryson,

J,

*Wm. Iluntky,

JMatlhias Scott,

,^

•John Ilanihleton,

Adam Thomp.son,

lOfSG.

John I'alder,

•Thomas Alinvick,

,,

•lyancelott Scott,

10

JO.

liuke ]I\aners,

loss.

•John ^Yalker,

Thos. 'Woodhouse

,,

"John Gibson,

William Gair,

1089.

"IMatthow Strotlier

•John Hunter,

•John Ilamelton,

*Kol)t.Gollinp,-\vood, ,, |

•Thomas Gare,

♦John luihinson.

))

"Thomas llunler.

*Thos. Sanderson,

Edward Gallon,

1(3

;3.

*l\oiier Buston,

ij

"James ('raster,

J

Nicholas Forotcr,

1690.

Nieh. Woodlious,

16()4.

•John Faldcr,

^^

Nathan Salkcld,

Hi

i5.

•Llatthew SwirdiOL

> )'

•Francis Alder,

,

•IVancis Clarke,

jj

•John Forster,

•Nicholas Ilnnter,

„

* Iial|Ji Andi-rt'.on,
•John Ifurnhl..-,

' Kiiliaid ShankN,
< lem. For«t(,T,

* lia. Weathi-rljurn,
•kol.ert Ktrother,

Joliii Strotlier,

.lohn Vardy,
'l;.,l.t. Ilariiid.ton,
'William ]|ijnll.;y,

I laiii.iha.s l''alder,

* -Mark (Jnimwcdi,
John iJiirn-ll,
I'M ward (h-.y,
U'iehard (h'ies'e,

* .Matthew l''oi.-.te-r,
*J'Mwaid Wat on,

Ivlward Standlcy,
*Thoiifas (Jra.it'jr,
*.lohn Tiiiinr,

* Wm. Hoswell,
*Thomas Lindsay,
•John S\vinh<)e,
*ThoinaH Vardy,
*Thos. (-'lenienson,

* JaiiK s Standli v,
Arthur Strothe-r,

♦Thomas (lair,
*Thfirnas liickiihie,

* Win. Uimter, jiin.
Molm Wood,
•John War.l,
•Ileniy IL^rryHon,
•John Aiidirson,
♦Fianids Anderson

luihi rt Claxton,
•William Did,

Iv'oht. i;ichard.-,on,
•Henry Wil.ron,

(ieor;i;e iMilliken,
*James Anderson,

William Gallon,

William Forster,

Ailhiir Gair,
♦Jolm Nicholson,
*Nith. WoodlioUbC

David Scott,

John Kichardson,

* Thomas Tiuston,
William Stanton,
Ixoht. Ilindniaish,

*Jio;^er LJuston,

\\'illiam iJrowii,
•John ^^'oodhollsO,
•John Strother,
Thomas Strotlier,
(Jhristo)iher L'arr,
*lleniy Forstei-,
•William Shanks,

I COO.

1091.

1097.
1700.

1 707.

09.

712.

1713.

1718.
1723.

1727.
1730.

•JUK (;oVKRNMKNT OK T H K HOI<Oi;OH.

2(i.'i

1711,

1712.
1711.
1710.

17-1»,

•Jolin Kaldiir, 17:)0.

UxAiuvi CA.nki:, „

Edwiud (iiillon, 17;i'3.
•Juliii (.'air, ,,

Julin I>ai'<jii, ,,

]{()l>(jrl, (,'iirr, ,,

John Sc.otl, ,,

John l''ijr.sl,('r, ,,

Win. llindniarHh, 17;i7.
•John (iih.siin, ,,

•Georgo .Shrphiail, „
RoliL Kicli.Mril.soii, ,,
•TluiiiiuH llutlrr, 17:J9.
John (iallmi,
Edward Kiiton,

Thomas Mills,

llobcii Ui(.l;aby,

Edward llrll,

Colli Hf?. Korslcr,

John Grey,

Ni<du)laH ]!ruwn, ,,

Goorgo Si'lby, >>

llichardStrolhcr, 1752.
*T. \Vi;aUirrl)nrn, „

Thoa.Woddhouso, 1701.

Thonia.s LiudHay, ,,
♦JoliiiGalh.u.jiui., 17(i3.

Edward lirown, 1701.
*John Walswn, 17G0.

Joseph Faldcr, ,,

Jobu|)]i r)ro(dva, ,,

JlUlu.S (irri'V,
Ijnkc lliiidniurdli,

Jolui ATldlTriOU, ,,

•Thomas .lamosoii, 17l>!t.
Julin Cin y, Jan., ,,
Ivuht. Kirliiirdflon, 1770.
Thomas Kirkaby, ,,
Thomas jMull'att,
Kalph Eldrr,
Thomas Hardy,
Joliu Ealdrr,
Edward (iallon, ,,
Arthur (iair, ,,

^^''illianl l'i;aeock, ,,
Mark Taylor, 1779

Thomas Ifardy,

17G8.

1773.
1775.

'John SiiiiUi, 17«0.

'J'homa.H SUoUi«;r, 178:j.
\Villi.iin )5aird, „

Will. Ilindiii.ir.-)li, ,,
Josi|.h I!:. roll, 17«5.
Italjih Alill':U, „

.lolin (JilMon, „

William Wilvm, 17K0.
John Sandirsoii, „
Kalpli lIond(;rsoii, 17^7.
John For.-,!!;!-, 17H'.).

Edward Staniis 1701.
Jamos(iladslains, 179^'.
llciirv <'. .Solliv,
Edward Moor, U'.'.'J.
Liiko iMaltison, 1791.
(icor-o Hnnvll, 1795.

ViiHTiit Shi'plKrd, ,,

Kaljih Smith, 179(1.

(!uoi>i,(; Embii.ioii, 1797.

E. T. strothcr, 1798.

J. AVcatlioihurn, 1801.

Jos. Eahh:r,

Will, llindiiiai.sh, 1S1I2.

M. Uindmar.sli, ISOO.

J [amp, M(jrrison, ,,

William Tan.Uay, 1H()9.

E<lward Stami., 181 1.

Edward Th(!w, ,,

Thos. Andor.soii, 181"i,

Guor^u Turnor, ,,

'J'luis. ^Ioll'alt,jun., ,,

Mark Siiiitli, 1815

John Ath..\',

Coll A. Uiihardson,,,

'I'hnmas Kaiikin, IMO.

Tliomas I.ind^.iv, ISl 7.

William Tluw," 1818.

William Strotlur, 1819.

John l.inds.iy, 1821.
Lulcu llindinarsh, „
William l$aiid,
Jo.sci.h Atlii.y, 1823.
(Jog. Itindmaish, „
Iknry (iibb, 1821.

William Ciibb, 1825
Audrow lioltun, 18_'7.
Jolui Dickiuan, „

Jti.;h;.i J C;irr, IH28.

M. llindiiiat-iih, „

Jolm l'oA,-ii.>vju, l»:iO,

iU.U. Jo.s. EaidcT, IH:52.

Jiihn Ai-thiir, l»:t:i.

Mos.;lJi Da-lixh, 1«37.

.lohii Morriii**!!, ,,

J'Mwd. Tli-:w,jiiri., ,,
H<;my Eairbaini, 1838.
'J'liomas \'i.riion „
William SUolhrr, 18;J'J.
J.Jiii U. 11, 1840.

iJoht. Stran^^luin, „
LukLlIindiiiarsh, 18H.

( M-orj,'.; Tail-, „

Tlios. l{obi;it.Hon, „
Mark Smith, Jnn., 1842.
Mich. IWiiiiksloii, ,,
(ii.(jrg(; 'l'hi;W, „

John Loikuv, 1813.

William Thcw, 1845.
Will. Dickiiiaii, „
Win. liioliurJnon, ,,
John llolton, 18 K^.

•Kobi-rl Eald,;r,
Will. Iliiini.soii, 1847.
Sam. 'IMiompsoii, 1850.
John (,). Staiii|i, „

Uobril Hunter, ,,
John Dii;kniaii, 1851.
Hubert (i.irdmr, „

Charh.s Arthur, 1853.
'John Tate,

John W. Uowoy, „

Win. TnrnbuU, 185?.

Kalldi lu unison, 1858.

Jos. Archbold,

Jolm Dry.^dalo, „

Geori,'.; Dickman, 18G0.

Mieh. lliuduiaibli,
jim., 18G2.

George Skelly, 18G3.

John Fairbairn, 1 864.

(rco. Thoini>.son, 1SG.5.

Win. Kobert-son, ISGtn

W^illiuiu Wri-ht, „

Thmuas Gibson, 1780.

Of some of the functions of the Four-and-Twenty examples
have been given either in the course of this liistory or in the
notes; hut others require additional iUustnition.

A clock had been maintained by the tt)wn from an early yioriod.
In 1611 it was under the charo-e of the clerk of the iiaribh, to
vphom was paid " for the cloche keapinge iijs. vi(/." In 1093 John
Hunter had " Havre Banks for keeping the town clock carefully
and in right order." A good clock was ordered in 1717 " to bo
set up in place of the old one ; " Mr. Ogden was paid for clock

264 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

and bollH, and we find "besides " givun to Mr. Ogdoii and in all
to loaru Sluuiks to riii;^ tlio boll 1h." This clock in 1771 was
removed to Poltoi'gato Tower, and was ]-oi»lacod by that whioli
now tolls tlio hour of tho day to tho poofdo (jf Alnwick. David
ILastings — a man famous in tho town iur his in<^rjuuity — BUpiiliod
tliis clock at a cost of JCI21 2s. Od. Jjittlo at that time could be
done without drink ; on IHth October, 1771, thero were paid 13.s.
" for rockoninf^ at Ann Watson's with tho Chaniboi-lairis and
others to ivet the clock, which was this da}' oponod ; " and to Mr.
T. Itickaby £l IGs. 2d. "his bill for drinks, whots, and choarors,
given to tho workmen and laljourors, &c., for making altcriitions
in the clock house and sotting up tho now clock, tiio weather
being very cold." Until tho last few years two iiublio clocks
have boon maintained by the Four-aud-Twenty ; but tlie Totter-
gate Tower clock, old and M'orn out, has ceased to tell the hour
of the day ; it is still within the tower and presents its gilded face,
with the pointer always standing at G o'clock, burles([uing, as it
woi'o, the wisdoui of the corporation. To a clock keeper a salary
of £10 lOs. 0(1. is paid.

A ivcujh house for the use of tho town has boon niaintainorl,
weights and measures provided, and a keeper appointed by tho
corporation. For the measures in 1659, £l 'Is. Gd. wore j^aid
and 4s. for bringing them home ; and in 1084 the weigh house
was demised at the yearly rent of 203. to William 1 luntley, who
was authorised to charge for every hiJe weiglied Id., and for
every stone of wool or otlior commodity (uio halfponny. A stand-
ard brass measure of one bushel was supidicd by the Exchecjuer
in 1685 to " IMatthew Alnowicke and Jolni .Salkold, clerks of the
!Markett fur tho Towne and ilarkott of Alnewicko, to bo kept
and used within tho towne and Market t for tho commonwealtli's
profit and ease of all his majostie's subjects there inhabiting and
thither resorting." At this weigh liouso the li-oemen have the
privilege of weighing any goods free from charge; but others pay
the ancient fees.

Wine at the audits. — At the present period the Chamberlains for
the year are honoured with an in-\dtation to dine with the steward
and jury of the Michaelmas court leet ; but in the days of cor-
porate independence, the Four-and-Twenty treated tlio olficors of
the lord of the manor, even in Alnwick Castle itself, with no
meagre supply of wine and other spirituous liquors. Besides
being curious in themselves, the accounts show what kind of
wines wore used and wliat their jjrice. Among the earliest
records the custom appears.

Item in wyno ;ind sugar tho 24 September 1611 when Mr. ConstaLle and
Jlr. Fotherlyo ciime to the ciistlo 2y., fur a pottle of linint sack at the
Baylife voyuf^e 2s. 4d. ; 1G18 — ^Vyiie and sugar lo tlie Aiulilurs -Is. ; 1033 —
On tho oflleers at tho Audit 4s. ; 1G35 — For a gallon of burnt wj-nc bestowed
on the Lord's commissioners 4s. ; 1G39 — A gallon of wyne and sugar bestowed
on Mr. Peary 48., for 2 pottles of burnt wyne bestowed on the officers at
Michaelmas 4.^.

TiiK govi:hn.\ii:nt oy the noiioLoif. 265

Wino at this period \v;is four Hhilliiif^-s per f^allon, and eack
Is. 2d. j)or quart; Ijut in 1 GUI wino had advanco-d to fivo
filiillings ; IVoin 1U.')8 to 1G!)1 it was bIx Hhillings ; tlio bcbt brandy
in 16'Jl wa.s 2.s. per qnart.

10/58— WiiK! Ijcstowed oti my LonlVs oilicc^M Oh. ; 1072 — A gallon of Claret
to tho Ailil'/ii ()H., (itH) f^alloii of liuiiit f;i;iicll att ^licliauliiuiH Aii'litt C.i. ;
1080-3 boUlcs of (jInMjko wiiic H.s. ixnd I of dar.-t -Is. «(1. ; 1081—8 Ijottlcs of
Ilodd Porto y.s. -Id., 2 of H:ivk oh. ; 1080— Wino at tho Addilta £1 I'^s. Od.,
The Porter at the Jddits 2.H. Gd. ; 1091— For C quai-ta of wino at tlio Aditt
98. 4d., 1 l)ottl(! of S;ick 2h. hd., carrii-r 8d, one bottle hrule at the Cattle 4d,
given to till' jioi-tc^r la. ; 1097, Oct. — At tlio Aiiditt {nr 1 bottlo of Canary
28. Gd., 2 l)ottli:.i of Cliauipano wino -l.s. 8d. ; 17M- — 'A IfOttlcs of Canary 7h. 6d.,

2 bottles of Rod wine -Is. 'Id., to lilr. Coles man 2m. Cd.

Tlio trout to tlio auditor.s f^radually increa.so.s in liberality ;
and before tlio custom wa.s discf>iitimiod, tlio expouditure for it
had sprung up to the yearly .sum of £9 I'Js. Gd,

1718 — To tlio Castlo 'i (jnaits Canary 7s. Cd., 3 (juarts ^\^lito wine Gs. Gd.,

3 bottlos Clarot 78. Od., to l\rr. ('olo.s Serv.uit 2s. Gd., to his Grooiiie 2h. Gd., to
the I'orter l.s., to tho mii.sic at Arthur Gair 2s. ; 1728 — Sent down to the
Castle G hotdcs oi Arrack I'dnch 18s., 1 bottles of French wine 10s., 2 bottles
of \An)itc wino 4s., Win. I'otter Is., Rob. War.le Is.; 1748—1 dozen of
French Clarctt .£2 .'jh. Od. paid to sorvaiit.s at tlin (lastle 1 Is. ; 17-51 — 3 dozen
Claret XG (is. Od., 0 bolllcs I'cut 10s., 3 botths H.'/.-or 7s. Gd., Mr Seymour's
servant 10s., Andiow Walki^r 10s., 'J'lie Porter 3s., Mr ScDlts Si-rvant os.,
Spent at I\Ir iMarkhtnd 20s. Gd.

It had been customary too for the principal inhahitants of the
town to accompany the ChamherJains to tlio ca.stlo and to par-
take of tho good cheer pi'ovided by them within its walls. In
the last account wo have a roforenco to this usage ; " 17o3, 15
June — Paid the reckoning at Geo. "Walker's when the Chamber-
lains met with the (.ie'iitlruicu of tho Town, to go to the ('ar^tloat
tho Audit Is., paid tho Oommi.ssionor's servants Id.s., paid Mr.
!MillH for wine at both Audits d'is." After this the custom
ceased ; tho now baron had commoiicod war against the town,
which disturbed the friendly relation hetween the auditors and
the Four-aiid-Twonty.

Of the iSocialitij of the corporation, of its extraordinary diligence
in seizing on every event which might furnish an apology for
jollification, some illustrations have already been given in Vol I.,
pp. 321, o22 ; hut in tho middle of the eighteenth century tho
love of enjoyment at the public expense became intense ; and the
expenditure for drink and feasting seems proiligate and extrava-
gant to the sobcr-mmded and economical burgessesof the present
time ; some examples of this luay be given : —

1758 — Reckoning s]icnt at tlie Angell on 20 Jlay on nccoiint of the
victory gainile by the King of I'russia over the Anstriaiis 2Gs. 8d. 1758,
Aug. 23 — Paid 1 guinea for to treat Cajitain Daniel's soldiers on account
of the news of tho taking of Lewisburgli by Admiral Boscawen the 26 July
last £1 Is. od. Sep. 5 — Paid Mr. Robertson at tho Angell for the treat on
account of the taking of Lewisburgli £2 17s. 5d. 1759, June — I'aid the
Sergeant of Captain Daniels compnuy to treat the soldiers firing on the Piinoe
vol.. 11. 2l

^66 HISTORY OF ALNWICIC

«

of Walo.i coniiii;^ of (i;^o this day XI 1h ()<l. ]':di\ troiit yiven by tho Cham-
lierldinH on Hid smrio ocfrision '.i'.'iH. M., riii'^iiit? IjcIIh 1m , Tar barrolH Cm. C'l.
mhlitioriiil niukoriiiii,' lO.s. M.'i'.f, Nuv. 20 -Tn.-at at Ui<i Aiif.;oll by order of
the Uliainbciliiiiisoii tliu rif-'WHol' (lucliec boiii^j takiii;^ 'Ma., for tar barrtds lOi.
1700, Dec. (i — II;ill' tho tri;at at tlio iiroclaiii.ilion of liii jircscrit Majthty
£2 Kis, lid. anil i'nr th<: ti{;at given l>y tin: (.■liaiid<i.'iiiin:4 on tlio n<;w» of tho
K'ini^ of I'liiSHia's victory over iMaidiall Dannlast niontli t"2 'J.i. Od. and tar
barrels 1h. 1701 — Paid tlie town's tiuat on bis Majesty'tj iiirtli ,ind corona-
tion days £15 3s. Od., Jliisick, tar banxUs AlC. £2 3s. Gd.

Tho tavovii o.xpon.scs in 1702 wero £'28. Alto;^otlior this was
a (link poiiod ill llio luHlory of tiio coijKjrulioii ; tho town hhould
huvo boon diapcd in bhiok, i'oi- in this .sail 3'oar its indepondouco
was dostvoj'od ; aiul yot as Noiu liddlud wdieu lioiuo was in
flaino.H, 81) did tho corporation i-iot and f'uast whun its glory
departed.

17(!2, .\n'y;. M— ^^;joieings at biith of Prince of AVaics £S 7s. Id.; Jos.
TiiniliuU's bill to tlio (,'haniberhuiis is curious— to II bottles I'oi't £1 2a.,
I'uneli .Co Is., Hiiinhn llis,, I'ortcr and Ale l.'ls 2d., 2 puneb bowids bnyik
fis. fid., IJ doz. Wine (Jlasses 'Js., }, doz. Ale Ola-.ses 2s., servants os., 1 pint
I'ort Is. ; J'lHinbo ocimivs aL;ain in [IH'6. 170;!, April o — At the- jirochimation
ofpeace XlT) 19s. 'Id, ; 1703, Aul,'. 20 — Treat at Lord Warkwortb's majority,
for music los. ; I'lack Swan .£.) 7s. -Id-, Ciunpowdar on. td , 'J'boH. I'atterson
rineing tbo Jidls 2s. (id.; 1701 — 'i'reat mi fiOid Warkworlli's mariiai^o
£0 i;js. (id. 170(;, Oct. .3— I'aid Jos. 'i'nrnbidl lor tbe treat given by tho
Town to C/'oloni I Dixcja and tbe ollicers belonging to tbo Nortbuinberbtnd
Jlilitia (witii 3 musicians at os. e-aeli) .£32 Is 'Jd. ; 1770 — To tbe s;inie ollicers
u treat given by tbe town .til 5 lis. 7d.

Tlie Chamberlains were in tho habit of transactinfj corporate
business at taverns, where tlieir wits were bri;^litened by good
cheer; in 1771 thirty such meetinj^s W'ore hold, costin<^ the corpora-
tion £20 28. 2d. This practice was continued till tho year 1842,
since which time there have seldnni been any charges for tavern
exi>on.ses.

(^harit'j tlio corporation soino', lutes exorcised, it uuiy bo, to
cover tho niulliludo of their sins in eating- and drinlcin^. Soino
cases are ctirious : —

1637 — Given to Edward Atliio in bread tbo Sundaj' before St. Bartholomew
day 8d. IG12 — ( liven for a winding sheet to a women who dyed in the ilar-
ket place 3s. 1093 — Ciiven to a ])oor womaji lo bury her child Od., and to a
poor woman by recommendation (id. 1097 — I'aid to 20 poor men by Mr,
Loi.lce's orders to get them beds and sometliing to relieve tbeni .'is. 4d. Ellen
Strotlier lor a poor sick man 3 days Is. lOd. 172 1, Oct. 0 — Paid to a Gentle-
man passenger that wns sliip wreekt when the ov(.'r.-.eeis of tbe poor bad no
money in their bands 5s. 1730, May 1 — CHven to tbe Indian Prince Is.
1732, June 15 — (iiven to tbe Governor of Paniasous, or procurator of tbo
ebureb of Danuiscus 20s. 17-10, Oct. 27 -To John liapisto Bayetto for tho
relief of his brother and family wbo are slaves iu Barbary 5s. 1711 — Collin
for a jjoor man 2s. (id. 1712, Jan. 1 — Given to some very great sullerers by
an inundation of water in the County of Candiridge, for M'bieb they could not
obtain a brief Is. 17( 5 — I'aid for a present lo Latori Josepbo Abias;u Prince
of Palestine, a Christian who bad been expelled his country deprived of all
bis eilectsby the Turks 123.

;More largely was charity dispensed by the Fovu--and-Twenty
among poor freenten and widows, chiotly by buying corn about

TiiK aovEKNMKNT OF I n i: iK^Houon; y07

OhriBtmas, and Hollinjj if, uj^'uin ut, a low rate, PVoni 1707 to
178.0 about Sl'Ii woro yc^arly ox[)oii'lt,'(l on this diaiitaljle objoct.
"What is now done for tho po(jr gonrjmlly by public bub.soiiption,
was tlion done by tho coi-poratioii for tho ]»uoi- frocmen, whoii
liard wintnrs prossod houvily ; and yot wlion dolinj,' out oharity,
tho Clianiborlains must havo fionio indulj,'onco ; for in 17SJthoy
spent 108. nd. at llio (iuoon's lload, whou thoy mot with tlio
aldovincn of tho trades *' to consider about buying uoni to sell it
again at a low rate to tho poor fVuenien and wi(hjws,"

''f;/cr/o.—'J'lie oldest records bear ovidenco of a lawyer liavin<5
kept thd covporato Imoks ; and Tolin IianoMsoii seoms to have
acted as clL-rk in tho early pait of tlio soventecnfh c«-'ntury. .Sub-
eequontlv, howovei-, tho accounts were kept by tho Chamberlains
each of whom had a salary of £l, with additional alh^wances
when the ilutios were more ou(;rous than ubual. A Clerk lirst
appears by name in 1G"J3 when " JJalph Grieve was [)aid for writ-
ings, ord(;rs, and other business for the town as cl';rk us. 4d." In
1752 llobert liichardsou was regularly ap[)oint.Ml '/'own Clerk,
with a salary of ten guineas, to roueivo the rents and luako dis-
bursements as ordoi'ccl by the (Jhambcrhiins, and also to billet
soldiers and l)ay tho passongf-rs JJy Van aiticles of 17(J2 tho
title of town clerk was abolished, ;ind the ollicer n.-clucud to chjrk
of tho Ohambt'i'laiurt and Common Coun(;il. liubert Kichardsou
Kucceedcd his lather in 17GB ; but falling into dishivour with tho
Eour-and-Twenty, ho was discluirged in 1787 ; au ovui-chargo
in his accounts was disallowed and a balance was duo from
him; Lut being contumacious, lio would not deliver uj) tho
town's muniments until law i)roceudings wure threatened. While
in disgrace he had his revenge; for John Bolton having uiisuc-
cesbfuUy sought admission to tho frech-ge, IJichardson took up
his casu, and so skilfully maiuiged it, that tho Four-and-Twent}',
his tbrmur em]ilo}urs, were iguominiously beaten, and comjielled
to admit IJoltou to the freidege. .John Lindsay for a hhort time
was clerk ; but on his death Kubcrt liichardsou was re-api'ointed
iu 1791 ; and being now "master of the situation" ho dictated
terms to his employers ; and took otlico on tho condition that he
should be discharged only when thirtCLMi of tlie Four-and-Twonty
declared themselves dissatisiied at any meeting.^ lie died iu
17'J2 ; both ho and his father during their term of oilice received
large sums from tho corporation for law charges. William Furs-
tor succeeded to tho oilice on November Uth 1702 ; the Kev.
William Procter, on February 10th, 17'JG ; luilph Smith, un Nov.
ord, 1812 ; John Lindsay, on December 28th, 182G; Coll. A. H.
liichardson, on December 5th, 18o6 ; George Tate, on December
10th, 1850; and James Archbold, on April '20th, 185s. ISinco
the deoadeuco of the public character oi^ the corjiorution, and tho
tho severance of the moor from the authority of the Four-aud-
Twenty, the office has become unimportant.

268 • HISTORY OI' AI,N\V|(;K.

Of Herds (ioiiuj ucccjimt may ho ^;ivi}ii, as tlio Unmn of their
eni^aj^oiuoiits bring' ljof'or(3 us old comlitioris and usiig08. In
Kill tlioro wort) a nent lujrd and a lujnl aj the Moorcnftouse, wliich
was on tlio top of Twinlaw. In 1 (JMG wo liavo tlio fur imxir herd-
ship^ tho hiijh moor hfrdsliip, and tlio loiv moor he dnhip. To
Andrew Bl^'lli in 1087 tlio liij^li moor ]i(;rdsliii) was lotton, and
lio had fivu .shillings and ton stints, and tho lower parts of Cluy-
])ort towtM', and tho butt and tw(j ballcsin tho li>w field. William
]jird had tho hjw moor liord.ship, and anion;^ other coTiditions, ho
had to keep tho shoop all tho year and " j^ivo skin and liirue *
to ovoiy Olio accordiiif:^ to tho custom of tho Country."

Tho liords w'oro paid partly by salary from tho Four-and-
Twuiity, by stints ami by paymonts from individual froeraea
having- stock upon tho moor, till 182.'), a\ hen tho freomtMi were
relieved from fees, and tho salary of tho Avhtdo herdshij) waa
raised to £'J() yearly, with tho privilege of depasturing four cow.s
ontlio moor. Ho discontoiited and ([uavrolsome, however, wore tho
froomon, that this inollensivo arrangement was made tho occasion
of uproar and litigation. William Ilitrdy, a nailor, was leader
of the malcontents ; and under his guidance fort li they wont, and
seized two of the herd's cows, which were graziiig on tho moor,
and drove tliem to tho pinfold. Nothing could be achieved by
this foolish enterprisi?, save annoyance to tho Four-and-Twenty,
wlio, however, defended their authiivity ; and tho case was tried
at tho conrt of comnuni pleas, where Hardy was defeated and
charged with taxed costs ; and as tliese wero not paiil, lie was
consigned to prison. A niajorit}' of tho Omnmon Ctjuncii in
1825 consented to liis lilioration, on comlitioii of his giving
security for ])ayment of half tho nmnunt, "being sati>tied that
bettor cnnnot bo dom»." Tho issue (cnchcs tho folly of being led
by thoughtless, turbulent men ; for tho money wasted on this
trial would have formed a fund suiticlent to have paid for ever
half tho salary of the herd; tho law expenses of the corporation
amoimted to £880 7s. 2d.

Moor- Grieves were ancient oflicers, appointed by the Four-and-
Twenty, to see that no cattle or sheep depastured on tho moor
but such as had a right thereto, and to impound all trespassers ;
and as they Avore su])posed to kjiow the ancient boundary, they
guided tho freemen in their annual perambulation. From the
court leet records we lind there were in 1618 four moor-grieves
and two keepers of Hosleyside and the Bog ; in 1614 they are
Curatores Forcste de Eadtn. In more recent times there were two
moor-grieves ; but the oillco was discontinued when tho moor
was inclosed.

Th6 Bellman or Boroiujh Servant, an ancient officer, formerly
wore tho town's livery ; " 163'J — Item at our first entry given out
for acoate and the making of it to the bellman 8s ; " he appears
* Hirne, a mark b\nnt on tlie noses of sheep, froin A -S ^yv', Hurning.

THK fJOVEKNMKNT OV TIIJ'. ni)H()\(iU. 269

also to liJivo boon dosigtiatod ser//ea/if, who in I'Jll received 4d.
i'or " f')i\vuniin^ tlio xxiiij ; " .m iij)pijiiitiiioiit jniulu in 1^375
dofineh lii.s (]uti(;s: —

It in </iii(;r(;il tliiit Jiuljcit 'I'hotiijison lio the coriiiiKjii liollinan fur tliis
Towiii; (luring- tlio iij\vi:f iiml twciiticM iili.iiiuii) iind thiit lo hliall <ii<fully
nii'l (liicciilly Hwi(!]) ;iim1 ii((i» uml cliMii.-'! tlio (!)iiii(:)i iiri'l tlie li.nln thtrexf
luguthcr willi till! clmiiih ^(;aiUi iiml dilii-M tlKjiiuf, tin; 'I'owric'M l)iiil:^o aii'l
market pliK.o and eiliall ub.scrve th(; just coiiiiiiiinds of tlio (-hmiiliciluiiiH and
fowor and twenty in ill! other tliirit^s towelling the good and uHual cimt^jnio
of this tmvne; ami tliat he rihall have all the uMnal jjrofit ex<ei)tin;^ bLx ittalla
to John Gnsy. — ]5y an order passed in l(J8l none but .i freuuian can he
ai)])ointed to thi.s odice.

Aldcnncn.—' Otliur Jiutlioritios llicio wero in tlie boroufrli bosidoB
the C'liiunburlaiiis and I'our-iiml-Twcnt y, Ijut po.-.st'.ssfMl of loss
(lijj^iiily and power ; ovov every f'e'llowhliip or trade prc-iidi-d an
aldoiinan, wlio boro a rtiniihir ndalion to liis comjian}', tliat tho
Chauibei'lains did to tho whole c<ir[)orati()ii ; and tliey perlornied
sumo importtmt fnuctiun^ at an early ]ieiiod. In IGl.'J tliey
levied, by authoiily of iho l''our-aiii]-'l'weTity, t^^oI)r.nt•e from
every iVceniaii to^\ ards the repair of tho'Mart IJoUrfC and inaluny
a fold tliero ; and jjaid tho anionnt to the coUeetcjr.s of tho town'b
revenne. In the saine year it was ordered by the Four-aiid-
Tweuty,

That the ^\''ardens of tho sioverall eonipaiiio.s, 2 and 2 wardens joininge
together, shall weeldy as their tymes fall seaieh and view the inure'and bring
away the eat lie of iStalhiiM-erH and forrcners there unil take order tliat non
be kept there by tlie lie'rd or otherwise ; And for this i)Ui])ose the AMonnon
to hold their i)laeea and \vyne liercin as followoth ; viz., the mereliants and
(ilovers, Item the Cordwainer.s and 'J'aiiners, Item the bniitlisand taylras, tho
walkers and weavers, Item the wriglits and bul(heis, And the merehants and
glovers to heginne this weelce, the ivsidiie in tiirne at suj-ra, Upon paync of
diich ii> maki' default to I'oit'ail \.v. to the townes use.

lt(Mii it is (liderud that the' like \ ii'W and weakly seareh lie ir^aiie for the
wynning, iiseing, ami providing of the eole.s by the towncd fanners tlicivof,
this to be done weekly in this ri'speet by tlie ald(;nnen in their turnes, as ia
before onlered touehing the mure upon the like for future.

The functions of aldermen are now merel}' foiiual and iiiiini-
portant.

Guilds. — "When faction ran high, and tliere were bitter cou-
llicts between a party of tho freemen and the Onnmon Council,
it was vehemently ar;j,ued, that becauso guild meetings had been
held long ago, the management of the cor})orate ]>roperty should
be given to the whole body of the freemen. This la-gumeut,
however, from ancient usage, was four-d to have no force ; for
such guild meetings had been in disuse upAvards of a century.
The question as to the character of the ancient guilds is now
therefore simply historical, and the decision of it involves no
practical result.

Until inclosures were made from tho moor to increase the
reventies of the town, the income of the corporation was small
and insuflicient ; and hence it was necessary to impose taxes both

270 HISTORY 01' AJ.NWICK,

on tho freemori and on tlio inhiiMtiuits. Mootings of the freemoa
woro ocwisionally liold, tli.'it llioy nii^dit concur in a tax uuoa
tliomHolvoH, and in ollior s(di(?iiu;H iov tlioir own or for t!io public
good. Soiiio jicr.son.s, by att;if:Iiii)^ a lijiiitod nicanin;^ to the word
guild, Imvo rej)rL'.sonlod fiuch jii<:i:tiiig:i as moro iniuiorous than
tlioy rouUy were.

Guilds woi-o of Saxon institutiijii, and Wf-ro oi-igitial]y asaocia-
tions for reci[)r«jcal aid anddufonco, and mutual suretjHJiip ; tlicy
woro called i/cf/i/ldan, follows or hnjlliors (d' tho guild, tho root
gyld''^' moaning ono who bliarcs with ichors in paying or in wor-
bliip ; and, thoroforo, though most yy/^/i ■\vero of a sfjcular charac-
ter, sonio wore religious associations. Every memlx-r of a (ji/ld
contributed liis share to tho common land nocossary fur tlio
maintenance of its ijrivilegos ; and hence c/i/ld acquired tho mean-
ing of a tax, as for example, tho /^a«e-yt'/f/or Dauo-tax. AngKj-
Saxou gylds wore originally small bodies similar to if not tho
same as tithings; larger associations made up of ton guilds or
tithinga formed tho hundred.

Every incorj)orated trade in tlio town was a guild ; t'lie whole
community united as a corpoi'ation was a guild ; tho Foui-and-
Twenty acting for tho t(jwn was a guild ; and io the meetings of
these various bodies the t(;rm (ji/ld or guild was indiscriminately
aj)pliod, so that it is needful to examine tho incident of each
recorded guild before determining in what sense the term is used.
Tlio corpoiatiou records s])eak of guilds, general guilds, common
guilds, private guilds, public guilds, and a common guild-hall.

Tho earliest notices in tho borough accouiits shew tho connec-
tion between guilds and taxation; IGll — "received in guild
money and guild grots .£.'J 7s. 'Id. ; 1G13 — received guild money
£2 63. -id.; lt)17 — leceived tho guihl mom-y at !May-day last
£2 Gs. Gd." In 1G13, at a meeting called a (/t/ld, orders were raa<lo
by tho Eoiir-and-Twenty taxing tho freemen iuv the repair of the
Mart House, letting lands, &c. ; and another order was made "'by
general consent of tho Four-and-Twenty and of the aldermen and
companies and of tho ireeinen ajid olhers," authorising the alder-
men to distrainfor paymentofthetaxesimposcd; "a general guild"
made orders for the maintenance of the schools " by tho Four-
and-Twenty, with the general consent of all the aldermen and
companies of the town and of tho freemen and burgesses of the
same." During tho seventeenth century tho term ijuild was
applied to the more important meetings of the Four-and-Twenty,
when tho whole would be expected to attend ; and it seems that
Bomo of these meetings were opeidy held in the Common Guild
Hall, in tho i>roseneo of the freemen, burgusses. and inhabitants
of the town, just in the same way as magistrates and other bodies

• Mr. Wedgewood derives this word from tlie Danish gilde, a feast, Welsh
gwyl, Breton ffoel, gouil, a feast or holiday. Ccilainly feasting was au important
function of the old guilds.

TIIL; GOVKllNMK.NT OV TUK hOKOUfiil. 271

ftctirif^ f<ji' llio ooniruuiiity, liol'l thoir iiiootlnga openly ; and no
doubt tlio concun'ouco of t.lio IVeonicn and of otliors was Kouj^lit
on iiM[)orUuit questions alloclitif^ tlioir iiitoro.sfs. iJiit then at tlii«
puriod llio Four-and-Twoiity profossod io oxorci.so tlioir j/u\ver
i'or tlio (/o(j(l (tj' Ihe town. Would tlios'j who advocato tho revival
of guilils, at tho saiuo tiino revive llio old public sjiirit of tho
coijiovation ? To show the ciiaractor of those (dd guilds u fow
iiliistiiilions from the cor[)oratioii records are added: —

"Attlui (.'uiiK'U i]ii,(j(inj^- " licld Nov. '21, 1G2;{, tho ( hamljcTlairiij with the
('On.sont of tli(j l''oiu-ari(l-'r\v(iit,y lit Ifi-.'iloyhidu ami the l$otr. In 1G29 "tho
cu.stoino (.'oriK; is lull liy tin; coiisiint oC tin; ( Uianiherlairi.s and Coiuon Guild;"
and "till! fomuri (Jiiild and Four and Twenty " niadu rugulutiona lor iicttliog
di5jputi;.s l)i;Lwi'rn didc'ioiit coinijanie.i.

The fijllowing record of "agonorall gildo " is of interest; it will
bo observed that tho eouduet of tho (jhamboriains is described to
bo " to tlio great contenipt of tho tvhole loioiiG : " —

'"I'he 2!) (if Di'ccnihor 1G3I Wlioicas at tlio t?rnoral gyldo tliis d.'iy, llie
owldo clianilii'iljncH (or tin; yi;;ir liyc jiast, vi/t. John Scott, Thoin^s I'aitois,
William AVatsou and Miuliacll lliintor wan ready and iittondini; to ;:ivo an
acooiii])t ol' tliuri) vccc'iiit.s and di.sliiii.-ioin(iit5i for tho yf;aro by; Jia.st to tho now
ones that is swoiiie lor tlic yi- in; to come, vizt. to William J'ladnell, \\'iliiani
Wydoiis, John Waides, and W'illinni Scott. They tho Baid AViihii IJcadncU,
AVillm WydouH, and William Scott haith ohstinatrly rLfii.«od to leccivo the
samo to the great conteiuiit of the wlioli- Towne and coniou {rvMo. There-
fore we whcjso names are heari; under written of the C'oinun fryide and I'ljure
and 'J'wenty Doc; order, that Jolm Scott, Thomas I'arteis, William Watson
and j\lichael iliinter, the last C'haniheilynis, shall cuTilinue lur one yeare
now ue.vt comin;,' and all other thin^es shall ho and continur-, as tliey did in
tho eustodyes who had any tiling of the 'I'ownc tho last yeare, and under tho
same lent, and tho new C'hamheilynes thro of thorn, vizt., AVillin iJeadncll,
M^illm Scott and Willia Wydous to ]iay to the owld Chamberlynes for tho
Ciiiiteiniit and refusing to doe and \ierfurme, as Tlu y wire sworne, lor the use
nnd luman guud ottlui T.iwne llu seme ef Twenty .sliillini;es ever} oflhoin to
ho lined at the Ijuid's ne\l Master t'omte, hy way ot action in the owlde
Chaiuherlyes names."

In 1G33, "the Chamberlains, tlio 24, and the Comen Guild"
agree that every frceuian pay 4d. yearly to repair Pottergate and
Clayport towers, and that " the wood wliich groweth in the
bogge and Hesloysidc is by the consent of the 24 and the conieu
guild tiuld " for £10. In'lG49, "granted then by the Chamber-
laynes with the consent of tho Four-and-Twenty, upon voato
then passed in publique guild," a lease of Hesleyside for seven
years, the terms being £5 in hand and £5 yearly rent; btit in
1655 wo have " granted by the Chamberlains icilh tie consent of
the toione " a lease of the lime pitts for 21 years, the terms being
iGs. in hand and 4s. yearly. lu 1G55 "the Balille and Cham-
berlains of this Town and Burrough of Alnwick agreed and con-
descended unto, and they with the consent of tho common guild
doe hereliy demise " Hesleyside. Three guild meetings were
held in 1G58 to compiel contumacious Chamberlains to account
for the town's revenues ; but no freeman seems to have been

272 IllSTOKY OK AI.NWICK.

pi'oseiit. Tlio accounts woro .somotiino.s jjnjduced at puMic ^iiilJa ;
iu 1662, it in waid, " tlio formor Cliitml>oilaiM8' accornpt was
received and allowed in [)uhli»|iie guild."

Guilds woro hold in KUJ.O uikI lOO'.) ; Ijut, tlioy appear to havo
boon inorrly niootinj^s of tlio govornin;^ l^ody ; but from 1687 to
1712 t^^uild niocstiiif^H (;f tlio \vh(do of tlio fioomon woro hold by
authority of tlio hVnir-and-Twonty ; not, howovor, fur the gonorul
buslnoss of tho town, but to Hatiction iuolosuros from tho moor
to tax frooiaon to diko tho iiiclosuro, and to ro^ulato tho Htinta;^o
under such changod conditions. Aftoi- this time tho iarm f/uild
coasod to bo ii[)plio(l to tho meotin<^.s of tho Four-and-Twonty ;
and during tho next ono hundred and twenly-eight years no
guild of tho froonien wassuniinoncd ; nor till ISIO, when proposals
lor tho division and improvoinent of tho moor wore submitted by
tho Four-and-Twenty to tho consideration of tho freemen.

Why, it may bo asked, tho long disuso of guilds? Probably
because tlie increased revenue from tho inclosed lamls rendered
taxation no lunger necessary. Other causes were operating. A
gradual change had crept over tho fVcomon of tho eighteenth
century ; thoy were losing the character of a public body, and
seeking to absorb the whole of Uie corporate property; but
though the Common Council were to a certain extent similarly
influenced, yet some of the more sagacious and far-seeing men
were averse to tho conversion of all the town's rights intopi'ivate
pi'operty. Thoy looked too with su.s[ticion on tho movements of
the lord of the manor, and entertained tho belief that by throwing
more power into the hands of the freemen, thoy would cndaTiger
tho remaining rights and privileges of the borough. Quiet men
disliked guilds, which tradition said ])resented scenes of uproar
and confiusion ; and thoy doubted wluther wise and ju.st measures
would bo a(lo])tod by nioetiugs swayed by passion and i)rejudice;
the appeal thoy thought might be from Philip sober to Philip
drunk. Experience had shewn that those who had appeared at
similar meetings and had advocated views not accordant with
a narrow and selilsh policy, had to cnduro tho abuse of evil
and imbridled tongues. So bad a fiimo indeed did guilds enjoy
as to become proverbial ; often when boys were engaged in noisy,
uproarious play have I heard the exclamation — Bairns tvhal a
guild ye are making !

i

CHAPTER XVI.

THE CORPORATION CONTINUED.

PEOPERTY ; THE MOOR, IXCL0.SURE3, TAR MOOR HOUSE, FREEMAV
niT.L, CAWDSrACROOK, IIAYDEN CLOSE, HERD's CI/jSE, l-ORfeTER's
CLOSE, COLLIERY, HAVRE BAMCS, HESLEYSIOE, THE bOO, BUTTS,
PITS, RIDGES, &C , PINEOLD, TOWN JIALL, POTTERGATE TOWER —
LOSS 01' THE FREEHOLD AND ROYALTIES OF THE MOOR IN
17G2 — LEGAL WARFARE IN 1777 AND IN 1815 — CORPORATION
REFORM, 1833 — DIVISION AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE MOOR,
1840 AND 1848 — CULTIVATION OF THE MOOR — REVENUE.

TKOPERTY.
Alnwick Moor, IJai/dcn, llaydsn Forest or Moor, the Biotes and
bounds of wliicli aru sot fovtli in tlio old bounder, j)i'intGd in Vol.
I., |). loo, bflougod to tlio town from an early Saxon period;
and from 1594, when the town records commence, till 1762, the
corporation exercised over it powors of ownership. Prior to 1087,
when the wliole was a common pasture, it contained about 3,550
acres; and till 1093, it seems that cvrry freeman liad an unlimited
right of pastnraj^e, for wo lind that in that year a i)ublic guild
was summoned ** to the purposo and reall intent to concord for
equal stinting," becauso "the common was sadly abiLsed by
great oppressions of stock." But this evil was not remedied till
May 3rd, 1711, when a common guild ordered that —

" Wliereas tiiiiG out of mind tho freemrn or 13iirq;cs.scs of the To'w-n and
Burroiiuli of Alii\vi(.k have liad and now have the froehohl and Inheritance
of Ahiwick Moor or the forest of Aidun, and whereas scverall of tho freemea
or Burgesses do ]Mitt and depasture on the Moor great luunber of stints,
■while others of tho freemen or Burgesses have noe stints lliere, wliicli ine-
quality is contrary to reason and justice, — it is ordered that henceforth
every freeman and freeman's widow shall and may have to goe and depasture
upon the moor two stints and noe more, and that it shall be lawful for such
as have noo stints to de])astuve on tho mooi", to let their two stints to other
freemen or freemen's widows."

The privilege was extended in 1723 to three stints orbeastgates;
and in 1725 to four; bul every freeman who had that number
paid 2s. 6d. to the Chamberlains, to enable them to give 2s. 6d.
to every poor freeman or widow who had no stock on tlie moor.
Freemen were deprived of their power to let their stints in 1747 ;

VOL. 11. i^M

274 7I1ST()KY OF ALNWICK.

but in IT^.^, and from tliat iinio till tlio f^onoral inclo.sure of the
moor in 1851, ovorv frofiuiiin and Avid'MV could dopasturo thoreon
four stints or bf.'ast^ates.

'IMio town's revenues wore, liowevor, increased by lottIn<];Htint9
to non-froeinon. InlGlt Ktallin^^erH eould liavo fi.ur stints on
l)ayniont ofoH. 4d. eaoli ; and in 1070 th»n-o were .07 Htints, wliich
wore elinrf,^od from Is. iJd. to 'is. eaoli. In 1702 Snipo House
paid .£1 and oilier farms £'i lO.s. Gd. When, liowever, in 1710,
tliG Four-and-Twenty ordei-ed Ihat two stints uuj,^ht be let to
every stallin^'er, a liorso beinj,' eharf,'ed Gm. yearly and a cow -Is.,
60mo of the i'reenien rose a;^^ainst auth(;rily and drove away from
the moor tlio stallingcr.s' eatllo, and consi^aied them to the pin-
fold ; but the Four-and-Twenfy ci-ushed tlio rebellion, uud
imposed a fmo of SC's. lid. on any freeman impounding such
stints. Af-ain in 1712 tlio Chamberlains were authorised to let
thirty stints for t/te benefit of the town. Oeca.sifjnal deviations wo
find from ordinary usaj^o : "On Jan. 2Gtli, 1G8 1, Mr Thomas
Barker, auditor of tho tluke of Somer.set, requested that Ivlward
Vardy his tenant of Eu^loy have liberty for tho cattle of him and
noo othfirs to f?oo and depasture in the forest of Iladon belonging
to tho Burgesses under tho yearly payment of 2s. Cd. to the
Ohamborhiins ; " and tho Four-and-Twenty "for this and more
especially for tliat tho said Edward hath three sons liurgcssos"
granted tho request. A touch of kindly folding appears when it
it was on "Mar. 13, 1702, ordered that K<dj. Dixon .shall have
I;ydia CJair of ]3ondgato two stints, always provided that he keep
and maintain t)no of her children."

Liclosures from tlie Muor. — Foundations of very ohl dikes shew
that portii)ns of the moor had at an aTuiont period been inclosed,
ti-adilion sa} t<, for tho protection of cattle from Scottish marauders ;
but pornninont inclosures Avoro not made till tho seventeenth
century ; tho lirst being the division of tho moor into two parts,
in 1G87, when a general guild ordered as much of tho moor to be
inclosed as Avould feed two stints for every resident freeman, who
contributed his full proportion to tho building of a hedge for tho
inclosuro. A moro important resolution Avas passed on June 2ith,
1G98, which assigns as tho reason of tho inclosure, that the
revenues of the town should be aitginentcd fur the good of the town,
for the muiutenance of its rights and privileges, and for other good
iises : —

^^^le^eas the Kevenues Lelonging to our Townc arc very small and incon-
siderable, aiul wee lieino- minded to augment :iud Increase tlie siime, tor
the good of our .said Towne, and for tho maintaining and upholding of its
rights and prevelidges, and for other good uses, it is this day unanimously
agreed, that whearas A former order was made, that wee shouhl Inclose our
Common, and it is now agreed, that soe much of the said Common shall be
Inclosed and lett to farme, as foUoweth, (that is to say), that two hmyhed Acara
of our said moor next adjoining to our moor house or freeman's hill whieh ifl
thought most convenient, and alsoe that a dike or hedge be drawne from the
Towne head close as far as the Standing Ston or further if thought convenient,

I'KOPEIClY. 275

and from then CO ovor to tlio i'lcijiriiiiis (lajio, for to keep ovory frecinttu or
fruoiiian'H widilow uh nmny HtoritH aw may (bi) fiurcuftc-r alhoo a^^^rood upon, and
in caH(3 Hiiuh fiuciiiaii or iicoman'M widdow liavo noo httjntH of thfcie owno,
that ovuiy I'lccMiiiii oi' l'i(;i:iii(:n'tj widdow hliall luivc tlie lihi.ity or advan-
tage to Ijott lluii'(; Ht(jiilH, ab llioy can agioo for tlnj Hume, to a brother frf.oinau
or frounian's widdow and to noi; other pcrMon wliatsoevur, provided that noo
freeman or fi(;Linan'ci wiildow Hhall ]iav'j any hunelilt of thu Maid Iii'.Iosod
^^roiind, (jxco])t tliey contiibuti! and jjay tiicir jtroportion lowardH the building
or liedgoinfj; of tlio ulorusaid JJilic, luovidud alway.i that every buch Ireoinan
or freeinan'rt witldow aliali live witliin the Towno of Alnwieko. tiijjntdlij SiJ
niiiacs.

A dike across the inoor, dividiiig it into an iiinor or lower moor
and an outer or upper nii>or, was liiiisliod before April 22iid,
1700. Tlie moor was now an inclosed pasture; and could in no
sense bo called a waste ; and besides ether two jjortions were
totally separated from the common — tlie Moor House farm and
Hayden close, botli of wldcli were let to incroaso the revenues
of the town.

Far Moor House Farm is on tlio soutli part of tlio moor, about
throe miles fj'om the town. At first it ccjnlained about 200 acres
and was conjoined with the hoi'dship of the uiour ; in 1710 it was
lot for 7 years at a rental of £112, llie tenant bein;^ allowed to
depasture 12 stints on tlie far moor. A\ ith an additional -10
acres it was let in 1744 for l!i years, at a rent of £;j-'j for the two
lirst years and £oG for the remainder of the term, tho tenant
liaviTig- also the privilege of depasturing 20 stints of horses and
black cattle and 10 stints of sheep on tho Town Moor. This
farm in 1772 contained 250 acres 2r. 22p., and was let at a rent
of £110, to Thomas Uorsley, gentleman, of St Margaret's.

JIaydan Close, or llawden's Close, as it is improperly called,
adjoins liugley !Moor and iSt. Margaret's Green, and contains
14 acres Ir. -Mp. ; it was valued in 17o7 at £4 os. Od. yearly;
and in 1772 at £7 Ms lid. ; it is now let at £22 yearly.

HeriVs ('lose was inclosed in 1705 under authority of tho fol-
lowing order : —

Jan. 4, 170o — Ordered and agreed by the Cliamberhiins and Four and
Twenty that tlii:re Mhall bo a liouse built in the .Stoliby moor, where tho
present Chainberlains think convenient, for a House for a hurd : And that
tho herd bliall have lil)eity to Inclo.so n Close, from the SliIIi corner oi tho
townehead high lield Close downe by the highway as far as the north corner
of the said close.

This close contains loac. Ir. lOp., and was enjoyed by the
herd as part of his salary till 17G2, when it was lot by the Four-
and-Twenty at a rental of £9 ; the rent is now £40 yearly.

Freeman Hill and Cadmacrook were inclosed in accordance with
the following resolution : —

The Cth day of December, 1710 — It is agr( ud by tlie Chamberlnins and
Four and Twenty of this Town and Huvrough ed' Alnwick, that the Chamber-
lains shall kit to fainie, lo such persons as they thiid^e Convenient, such
reasonable parcels of Alnwick Moor on the south and west side of the fan
moor house, us tho said Chanibeilains together with Jlr. iJark Foister, Mr

27(3

HlS'lOllY or ALNWICK.

IhoimiH Wooflhous'j, ]\rr. Win. ytariton, .Matt. Scott, E.lw. Rtandloy, Henry
Harriscu and Johti Strothur Hhall tliinke convonic-rit, find shall also Lott to
farmo a paicol! of frrouiid on tl.o .v.utli cast si-lo of lhM,uihi.w p-rocn, t//fcurh
porson or poiHon.s as ttio (JliarnlxTlaiii.s with tho hai.l .Mark For,il('r, ice. or any
of tluiiii Hhall think fitt ; h.'foru tho proiuisoH ho i,ott to fairno another Four
and Twenty i.s tu ho oaliod.

Freeman Hill inclosure, containiiif^ about 400 aoros, was in
1711 lot to Joliti Archbokl, of Cuwlod^o Purlc, one (»f' tlio hailids
of tlio loicl of (lio manor, lor 15 years, at a ront of £10 tho first
yuar and £'20 aflorwardM, tlio Chaniborlains fionsontinj^ to Ijiiild
" a good and Kii(Ii(;iont .Sitthouso and iJyar ; " Ijut Andibold had
to l(3ad all inat(;rial.s, and also inclof-.o tho promi.sus. "Win. Mor-
rison and otliors in 1757 took thin farm for liftoon yoar.s, paying
£400 as considoration of tho loasn, a [)0[)por coi-n rent lor 0 years^
and £80 yearly during- tho romaindor (;f tho torm. Freeman
Hill and Far Moor llouso along Avith i)2ae. ;52p. of heather land
eet olf from ^Mnwiclc M(jor, purchased in iMo.'J by the corporation
from tho Inclosuro commissioners and in all 701 acres, are now
lot as one farm at tho yearly rent of £2«0.

Cddinacrouh or Intake, on the south-east of Hobborlaw Green
and containing 42 acres 2r. 2.jp., was lot on July 10th, 1711 to
llobert l\Ioo<ly for nine years, at tho yearly rent of £'J ; but in
1713 it Avas lot at the siune rent for twenty years, tho tenant
consenting to Iniihl a houso. The rent is now £105 yearly.

These inclosures raised in 1711 a storm among some of the
freemen whicii threatened to overwhelm tho corporation. John
Weatherburu was tho leader of the nuilcontonts ; and John
Wilson, Wm. Clarko, ]{ob. Shanks, cooper, and Henry Clark
"did on Tluirsday, tho 29th of IMarch, assemble themselves
togothov with Jno. Weatherburu at .Mnwick Castle, and swear
to stand by and assist him against the Towno to obstruct tho late
inclosure lot to ^locnly." Tho scones of tho old times of border
warfare seemod again enacted ; there wore midnight afgressiona,
pulling down dikes, midnight watching, powtfer and shot to
resist tho enemy, and ale and liread to sustain the martial spirit.
" Idle and disorderly persons," say our records, " enemies to the
well-being and good government of our Town and ]»urrough, on
two several times in the night privately pulled down great part
of the Inclosures." Tho accounts toll souifthing of tho "history of
this rebellion: —

1710— Given lioh. Moody in all when he told that R. Shanks and Wm.
Clarke threatiied to pull down the Town's dikes at Hohhcrlaw Green 'lA
Given David Kin^-liorno the same 2d; given Jno AVainisley's maid for tell-
ing nic that Caiitain Wilson and his sons swore many solemn oatlis in John
Smith's house that they wonld pull ihiwn tin; 'I'owm-'s ^Moor dikiis Is; paid
for wateliing- tho dikis 2s. and ale Sd ; fur our lur.l Kinkhorn and Sta'ndk-y
for watehing the hfdues 2s., for ale and hread Pd ; Aul;-. 17, \ lli. of Gun-
powder Id., shot Id., tliat ^Moody's Brother aott when 'I'lio WeatherhiuTi was
taken at the dikes, for ale to Standley when Moody went to the Ju.stice.s bd.,
for three warrants 3s. ; Geo Alder watching the Intake dikes 7s. Cd. 1711—
Justice Burrell for 6 wniTants Ss. ; man 3 days ntt Moor dikes Is. 6d., Hutson

moiMKiY. 277

for 2 (lays Ih. 2d. ; I^Iay 1, John Watson for watching tho Dike 69. 6d., eerv-
ing 2 warrants 8d. ; Aug. HI, two men 2 Jaya at Dikes in. Id., constables and
horses Is. 'id. ; Ki-.p. 2, (Jilbert Jlandlcy lor wutcliiri;; llooclys for I night
lOd. ; Ilorso and ( 'on.staljlc to Jiistiuo J5urn;ll lOd. I7I-J, .May 10, to Wrn
Enibloton lor watcliing 1 ni^'lit.s tlio dikf;s 2h. ; I'ail ."^landliy tor th<; drink
sovcrall liiiii.s in wafching dikes 2s. lOd. ; iMay 2, Jann.-s Slundlcy and others
for watching tho dikes 7s. (id. ; Aug. 22, Powder and JSJiot for Htundluy la. 2<1.

Enoi'g-otic moasuros tlie Four-and-Twently took to put down
those violout |n-uceo<liiig.s ; llioy mot 011 28tli A[)ril, 1711, in
gieat I'orco ; lliiity wcro present, aiul by resoliilion, e.xi)re.'j.sod
" tlioir abliorronco of koo villainjus an act," arid " soleniiily pro-
tested and declared that none of them liad directly or indirectly
assisted or liad Ijoeii in any ^\•ay privy to the puUinj^ down of tho
inclosuro, and that tliey will endeavour t(j di.scover tho ollendora,
and hy purso and per.son contribute to their prosecution." They
oven went so far a.s to threaten to disfrancliiso tho.so who would
not sign Ihis protestation or declaraliou. Two days afterwards
they summoned a meeting of tho freemen, and obtained 1'22
signatures to a declaration a[i})r(n'ing (d'( ho orders for "Inclosing
and letting to farme a parcel! of ground beyond the farr Moor
house."

Weathevburn was at lengtli caught in the act of demolition;
the reign (jf physical force ended, and tho strong arm of the law
interposed to restore order. Weather burn was pr(j.secutcd; and ho
brought an indictment against INfoody, who, however, was de-
fended by the lour-and-Twenty. The cases were in-otracted till
1713, when AVeatherburn made his submission, and gave a bond
to pay expenses according to a\\ard ; ho was mulcted to pay
£1G 9s ."<!.; but at tho as.sizes he coidd only produce 2I3. Gd.
Like all bimilar reckless proceedings among tho freemen, this
caused for a time much turmoil and annoyance, money was
wasted in law expenses, all parties suil'ered more or less, but tho
chief punishment fell on tho head of the lawless aggressor.

The Qucurij Hills, containing 4 acres, on tho north-east sido of
tho moor, and near tho spot where William tho Lion was taken
prisoner, were jiart of tho common, but of their inclosuro there is
no record. They, however, belonged to tho town, and wore let
in 1709 for thirteen years at 30s. yearly to Thomas Lindsay.
Along with 3 roods ami 10 ])erchcs, taken from tho mour next
tho iStocken and Iloln Park, they were given to the earl of
Northumberland in 17G2, in exchange for 4 acres 2r. Ip. of
ground near to Snipo House. This transfer of valuable land, close
upon the town, for a less quantity among the moor lands, four
miles distant from it, has given the Four-and-Twenty of that
period a great repiitation for Gotham-like wisdom. " Out of the
Quarry Hills it is thought the castle stones were wrought on
the north sido of west demesne." — Cas/le AJS^S.

Other exchanges were subsequently effected with the dukes of
Northumberland; one in 1770 gave coi'poration lands near the

278 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

Froemen Well, liaving an aroa of 7 aoios .'Jr. ('>[>., for land at
Hill (!I()HG and Wurocnii^, containing 3 a(;r<!H •iv. Gp. ; and arutthc-r
in IHI I gav(j to tlio dnko 1 aero Ir. 1.0[i. of (ground adjoiniiif:^ tbo
Sto(;kon, for an oijual (jnantity of land iVom iiolJs south-west of
Katton liaw towor.

J''ur.slcr's Closii. — Gollingwfjod For.stor, tlio cliiof in.slruniont in
efrocling- tlio coin|ironii,so of 17G2, had his rowaid fi'<nii tlio lord
of tlio manor ; hut tho Four-and-Twonly al.so paid iiini in a vory
iiT(ij.';ular niannor lor ]ii,4 achiovoinont ; thoy guvo b) hiin and his
heirs " as a coiH/jlimoit all oslato ri;^ht and inturoht oi' th<j <Jliam-
horhiins ConniKjii (J(nincil and l''rooinon of this Jiurtju^^'li in a part
of Ahnvick Moor (;ontainin<^ .'J acres and I'J, porches a<ijoinini^
tho (J reonsfiold and Intake." Tliey g'ave, howovor, what they had
neither tho h^<^'al nor moral right to alienate ; yot this land was
enjoyed by .F(n'.ster and his descondanls during sixteen years.
Ccjllingwood Forster was a member of tho Four-and-Twonty that
disfranehisod liichard Qrievo in 1718 ; and when George (jriievo
applied for his freedom in 1709, the wrath against the father
BOoms to have been nursed dux'ing twenty years, and was dis-
charged on tho son ; lor on the plea that his father hail been
disfranchised ho was refused admission to the freelege ; thus
visitiTig tho supposed inicj^uity of tho father upon tho child.
George Grieve was as brave as ho was able, and he sought legal
redress ; and though ono counsellor had given an opinion to the
F"'our-and-Twenty favourable to Grieve's claim, yet these vindic-
tive men determined to go on ; they ran short of funds and
resolved — "■ whereas there is at present a groat demand for money
to carry on the mandamus case between the corporation and Mr.
George Grieve, the Ohamberlains bo authorised to borrow £60
on bond." As might, have bi'on oxjiectcd, tho decision was
against thorn ; and they had to l»ay, besides their own expenses,
£101 7s. od., Ilio taxed costs of their o])ponent ; £*2l)() more they
were obliged to borrow. CoUingwood h'orster had oi)pused both
father and sou. But the timo camo when George Grieve had his
revenge ; for Avlieu ho took up his freedom in 1772, and rode tho
boundary of the moor on St, Mark's day, ho along with other
young freemen broke gaps in Forster's Close, and rode round it
as parcel of the common. Tho fence, however, still reuuiined ;
but on Oct. 21st, 1778, he invited the freemen to meet him in
tho Town Hall ; and it was then resolved to removo the fenco
entirely ; and on the following day George Grieve, aided by
numbers of tho freemen, effectm^lly pulled it down, mid restored
this land to tho common. To aid in paying the expenses of the
inclosure, tliis land was sold in 18J3 to Air IJobert Straughan
for £230.

Colliery and Quarries. — Great beds of excellent building stones
crop out in the moor ; there are two beds of limestones, one of
which produces the best limo in tho county ; and several coal

I'KOPKKTY. 279

Beams, sucli an aro worked with profit in tlio uoighbourhood of
liorwick, in tlio lowor ]);t.rt ijf tlio Afoiiiitiiin Limostono foima*ion,
laii^o across Alnwick AToor. i'lior to 1.>7G tlio l>urjjesso.s worked
coal 8oani3 thoro ; and in IGl.'J weokly irispoctioii was inado by
tlio aMoruion of tlie winninj^' of tlio cual Ly tho town's farniors ;
in IGl 1 thoro was paid " for tho colo liont for ono half yor Is. ; "
and rocoivod *' from James tho Coyllior for tho rent of the coals
iv/." Tho colliery was worked on a more extensive scale from.
1(')')S to 1G72 liy tho corporation; in 10.08 £10 123. Id. are entered
as dishui'sed for tho collieiy, tho wages of colliers lioing then
Is. 4d. and of labourers Gd. per day. To procure coals for the
town tho incorjioratcd trades lent tlioir aid ; " Defra^'cd out of
tho l)(jx," say tho mor(thanls, " tlio Uth of Oct. IGGI, tho sume
of iiIj/«. for tho uso of tho colpit ; " and in 16G2 £ I 2s. 8d. This
object, so im])orlant to tlio jiocjr of tlio town, could not bo carried
out witliout a struggle, for tho eluventli carl of Northumberland,
who ])robal)ly never visited tho town, caused tho colliers to bo
arrested in KiGO ; but the Four-and-Twenty of that day had tho
spirit to deibnd tho town's riglits; wo have enteroil, paid "for
the dofeneo of a suit at the suit of tho crle for the towne more
coles 22s." A case was snbmittod to S. riawlinsrui, who was
afterwards Lord Chancellor ; and he gave the following opinion :
Upon pnrii.siil of this case an<l the two iinui(;nt deeds rclatin;^ thereto I do
conceive tliiit the iJurgessoa of Ahiwiek have not only tjooJ riirht of common,
hut also to dii4' and sink pits for tlie winniri!^ of coals, limestone, freestone,
and otlior stoiio and for tmf and the lilce, and, iu case of any action brought,
may defend themselves at law.

The suit was not prosecuted ; and tho colliery continued to be
worked by tlio corporation, much to tho advantage of tlie town,
though with little profit to tho corporation itself, till 17G2. On
Soiileniber Vlh, IGG'.I, tho Chamberlains " let for two yo;irs to
.lolui of Mglingham t/oloburu Colyer all that Colyore or Colmine
opened or not opened in tho common of Alnwieko " at the
yearly rent of twelvepence ; he bad to use his best skill and
witbin two years sink to tho best or main coal, and at tho end
of tho to]-m " he shnll have the- first oiler or prolfur at a rent of
£5 Y)(iY annum ebcaper than any other man shall really prolfer or
would give." Tlio corporate comjianies continued to aid the
colliery when new sinkings wore made ; and contributed £8 3s. 4d.
in 1G80, when tmder tho direction of John Natrix, the borer,
more than £10 were expended. Being for the benefit of the
town generally as well as of the freemen, the Eoiir-and-Twenty
passed a stringent order on May 22nd, 1G93; " ^^^lereas by a
former order," tlioj' say, " every severall trads of the Towne was
to pay out of their respective trads moneys for carrieing one of
the winning A coolerr}' in our comon, it is therefore agreed ; tbat
every respective Trad that have not paid in such moneys, then
upon refussall of sucli Trads, the Chamberlains shall sue every
such alderman for such ofleuce in tho sum of xxxviiijs. by way of

280 IJIbTOllY OK ALNWI(;K.

action." A curious paymont was inado thiH yunv for tlie colliery —
" {rivon Esqr. lioddaiu for tlio Laiiio of hin liollors and liopo 1
boUlo of boat Ijfandy 2y. Od." At, thin liuio too Armstrong and
Thompson had loavo to sink and di^ for coals at tho yearly rout
of Gs. ; but " tlio}' aro to adbrd to tho froouion as {^ood nicasuro
as Sir John Clavcring's Coolior.s j^ivGs at Loniiuontou, and not
to exceed six workmen at tho wall." Tho famous Mark Forster
entered on tlio colliery in 1710, and received £8 8s. Od. for sink-
ing the upper pit ; and to tho colliers was given when tliey coUe
the pitt \s. To K(djort and George Thompson were let in 1712
tho mines, jiits, and veins of coal of Alnwick moor, except that
part lying north-east of Tleigham Craggs, f(n' 12 years at a rent
of Is. for the first year, and jCo yearly afterwards, they being
required " to keep the colliery going to serve Iho inhabitants of
the town and to sell them a suflicient bu.shel of coals for ono
penny." Edward (Irey, who had a lease in 1725, for twenty-one
years, at a rent of £') yearly, oTigagcd to sujjply the freemen at
the rate of Id. for four pocks (of (he measure (jf a peck used in
Alnwick Market), and the freemen in preference of other persons.
The price charged in 1747 was tho same, and 10 bolls were car-
ried to the houses of freemen for 4d., tho colliery and limekilns
being then l(!t for 21 years at the yearly rent of £-1. Above £30
were expended in 17o2, " for siidcing tho secojid new pit at tlie
town head and a drift between tho two new staple pits." Over
various parts of the moor pits had boon sunk; as man)- had been
filled in as seventy in one year ; and in 17o3 one was fdled in at
tho town head o\\ tho liighway, and another at tho bottom of
Clayport bank.

By tho articles of agreement in 17G2 tho coal mines of Alnwick
Moor Avoro taken from tho town and given to tho earl of North-
umborhind. They aro now Avorkod to a limited extent by a
tenant of tho duke of Northumberland, to burn lime at Iloblier-
law ; but nono is now sold for domestic use. Though not of the
best quality^ some of the seams were extensively used for domestic
purposes when they belonged to the town; and being supjdied at
a moderate cost, they were the means of diffusing light and
warmth in many a poor dwelling. !Much of this coal was brought
into the town in pokes or sacks on the backs of asses and gallo-
ways.

Sandstone and Limestone Quarries. — Prior to 1762, not only
were the freemen entitled to work stones of any kind on the moor,
but the Common Council granted the same privilege to the public
generally on liberal terras. A small revenue was derived from
this source. In 1068, 30s. were received for the town's quarries ;
the limestone qiiarries produced 7as. in 1715, and £10 in 1741.
Two freestone quarries on the moor, called tho Town head and
Stoney peth, were let in 1747 to Mattliew !Mills and others for
21 years, at a rent for the first three years of a pepper corn, and

rjioi'KR'i y. UHl

afleiwardH at £2 yearly ; tlio fVooirii;U wore to bo supplied with
waUiiij^ stono.s at 11(1. lor twolvo cait loads, and with «plit hlatoa
ut Ss. for " o no I'othor or waiiiload tlioroof; " it was ro.S'jrvod,
however, that any rreoman luij^ht woik Htone.s for his own uso.
Viewing tlioinsolvos as pnhlic odicers, tho Common Council
charged moderate sums to non-iV(;omen for liberty to have build-
ing stones, iho iu;knowledgmont given genorally ranging from
ono penny to sixpence. I'Jrc/i to Iht duke oj H nncrHHl, lord of the
manor, they ij ranted a licence, or Itbertif to tje.l frtestone on tUe tn<jor.
Tho articles uf 17()'2, while i'o(;ognising tho rights of froemon to
stones, took away from the Common Couneii tiio power of giant-
in;- tho pri\'ilege to non-fit^em'-n.

Slottefiililhalch and Ii(inivell-sirol/icr, ])arcoIs of land in the field
of liondgato, wore, as we have teen (Vol. ], p. *.)7), gianted by
William do Vescy to tlie burgesses in 1290; but undur those
nanuis tiny <1(j not app(.'ar in subsequent records, tlnnii^h duuljt-
less tlioy are the sanni lands as havo .-ince been designated Havre
Banks, I le.sleysido, Bug, and Ih-oadhcaps. Thuy were on tho
south side of the Aln, extoiuling from near the castle wall down
the river, which boumlored tlnin on the noith, for ab(<ut a mile.
As tho larger [)oi'tion of thesu lands has pasi^d away from the
town, I cannot state their exact ai-ea ; butl calculate it to have
boon not less than iil'ly aci-es.

Jlavre'--- Banks, liio western ])(>rlion of these lamls, nearly
adjoined the castle, and first appear in tho cor[)orafe records in
l()2'.), when a rent of 10s. was paid lor them. In 16-18 they were
let for seven years, at a nut nt 1 .'Js. -id., with a tine of '2(is. 8d.
Matthew Alnwick had thnn in 1(178 for 25s., •'which he was
allowed for keeping tho cluck ; " in 1705 " Havre Bank next
Leak's lield" was let for 2 1s. (.'no of tho mo^t discreditable
acts of tho Chamberlains and Common Council was the salo of
those lands to the eai-l of Northumberland; thus runs tho cou-
demnatory record: — " 1701, Sep. 29 — Keed. of Mr. Maddison,
tho considoratiou money for tho salo of the cast aiul west Havre-
banks, tlie Town's rigdo in the mill cloiso, and a small piece of
tho west end of Uesloyside to tho earl of Northumberland
£108 15s. Od." ^lischievous influence without and treachery
within led to the alienation, for over, of this valuable public land,
near the town, which had been in possession of the btirgessea
nearly livo centuries.

Ileslei/side f extended eastward from Havre Banks down the
river. In early times it had been partly covered with bushes
and trees, for tlie wood upon it was sold in 101 3 for £20. From
the farmers of Hesleyside £1 los. 3d. was received in 1611. • It
was let for seven years in 1023 at a rent of £4 ; in 1622 the rent
was only £6 ; in 1679 it reached £10, and halted there till 1722,

• Havre may be from ILcfer, Anglo-Saxon, Unfr, Isl., a goat — ilic goat bank,
f From liicsl, A. S., the hazel which iiad grown ou tliis land.
Vol.. 11. i.*N

ZS2 HISIOICY Ol' AI.NWK'IC.

"vvlioii if, iii(>v<,'(l iijiwurd to £12 — ho tAow \va« tho pro^-ess ; but
in 1700 it was JL'Jl ; itud in 177G, wlion Ilosloybido pusaed awuy
from tho corpoiulion, tho ruiihil was £.'JG,

Tills iiiicioiit town h'liid, aloii}^ with a bniull lidj^o at its east
end, cnllod Jjon<4' ifuiigh, and uiiotli(.r hiiiali ridgo at tlio Bouth
Kidu of it, containing in all an area of o.'3 acres 5 perchoH, wero
on Sepionibor oOlli, 1770, giv(.-u to tho diilce and ducheB.s of
Norlhuniborliind in o.vohango for a p<nfi(jn of Stanley Flats,
which contained LT) acres 2r. (jj). Tlie ]iolIcy of this exchange
lias been iniicli doubled by Ihoso who wihiiud tbat the town should
economise iia natural resources; for lIcHleysiilo being boundered
by tho liver, it was thongiit that the water jiower might, with
great advantage to tho comniunit}', have been applied to manu-
facturing purposes.

'I7ie l>()(j, the m(jdorii name of one of the corporation farms,
is a translation of part of its old name, Ranwcll SlroUier^ for
StrutJicr signilics a marsh or bog. As early as 10 13 it is in the
eor[)oration accounts called "tho boege ; " on November 2.'3rd
'■'the i?(jgg is demised and letten to (Jawen 8alkeld for one whole
year at the rent of lift.y-three sliillings and f jurpeneo ; " and in
10o3 the Bogg nii<] J5roadliea])S W(.'ro let i>\\ lease at u rental of
£I5 Os. 8d. ; tho value gradually rises, and in 1002 tho vent was
£G, and in 107:3 £8 yearly. The clerk of tho corp(jration in 1G'J4
had not been a profound mathematician ; for lie chronicles tho
following order, making a unit to consist of a unit and a half: —
■■'.luTi ol, 109 1 — The C'hambcilaiiis and Four-and-Twent}' demised
tllJ JutlJ'e of tho J>ogg and 13roap heps unto ilr. Mark Forster, on
halfc unto ^fr. Faeliard Strother, on Quarlcr ifr. ^fatt. Alnwicko
and A\'"m liair on (Jtuirh'r betwixt them paying tho yearly rents
of £8." To these lands two closes wrre added by purchase of
Matlhew Alnwick in 1090, tor tho sum of I'oO, partly for the pur-
pose of investing £J0, which had been leit to the poor of tho town
by llugh Potter. Tho conveyance of thos^ closes "to the
■jiresont Chamberlains, their lieirs, and assigns for ever," written
by ]ialph (Irievo, cost tho corporation 8s. ; tliey are described
" as lying wiiliin the 'Town lieldes of Alnwicke; tho one withia
tho Town's 13ogs, known by the name cd' ]>oge close; the othor,
•within tho said Toavu's fields, called tho Broad Heap Close or
Vyo Crude Close, next Stanley Flat on tho south-east."

With this addition the Bog and Broad Heaps, containing 38
acres 1 rood So porches, ■uere let in 1690 at £11 yearly, the rent
of tho two closes being £3 ; so that at this time land was
purchased at 10| of its yearly rental, about one half of its
])resent value. In tho course of half a century the rental
"was doubled, for in 1741 the rent was £22 15&. Od. ; at Avliich it
stood still for thirty-eight years. Stanley Flats Avere added to
this farm in 1700 ; but since then 2ae. Ir. -Ip. -were taken from it
and conveyed by tho corporation to the North-Eastern Eailway

ri:oi'i;itTV. 28-5

Company for £438 IOh. This (arru containing Olac. Ir. 9p.
is now lot for £1G0 yearly.

The Town Jjiilts, I'ltls, and Ui(I(j':t, (ind the CJreenhnt. — TliO
town wall iiolonfj^od to llio town, as woll as a strip of land alon;^
tlio Hido (»f it. Various iKiirios aro ^ivon to this raii;^o — tlu: hutta,
the tuion piln^ the tdtnicrs^ pita, the lime pits, the t'xcii' s rilijn. I he
Greenhat, a corru[)tioii of Groouhtitt, o.xtondoil fi-oiii JJoii'li^ato to
Claypt)rt Towor, and tlio ArroiobuttH ran ,soulhwai-(l from 1'ot.for-
gato Towor ; and both had hoou opon puhlic {^rounds for tho
praotico of archory. TIio followiri;^ soinowhat oh.scuro orders
bIigw tliat authority was oxercisud over it by tho corporation : —

" 1710— llitl). irunilton lias inil()H(,il ;i jiart of Green Ratt into a closo,
whicli ho I',uiii(;.i of io\vn C'atlor and lii.s wife lor tho conveiiienoe of water,
I promibc to p:iy yearly to tlu; Town oC Alii\vi(;k sixpeiici; fur the Liberty
thereof, soo lonj^ an he fariiies the saiil eioHO arul doe jiromise to putt >lo(viie tho
same iiielo.siiri; .soosoon as 1 ceaso to be Tenant of tho (Jloie. — liob. Ilamilton."
" 1741— John Dores is to have and enjoy the intake in tfie (Jreenbat for 21
years, paying- Gd. ycaily and lis. foi' arrears." 17o3— 'J'lie Chaiiiberlain.s
and ('onunoii (Jouneil ^rant to IMr. Thomas Strolher liberty to oreet a ahedJ
in the Green Halt i'or layiiij^ wood ami Timber thereon of the brc.ulth of
ci.i,^ht yards and thirty yards in length, i)aying yearly to tho Chamberlaind
for the time heiny for the tsame."

Early references tliero aro to corporate jjroperty along tlio lino
of the wall ; "in IGll received of Janios Grene of CJlayport for
his pit 6d ; '' in 1G50 tlio lime pits were let fur 21 years, tho
terms being 16s. in hand and 'Is. yearly. "Tanners' pits" were
let in 16.38 at 6d. yearly. In 1673 "Two liuio pits and ono
water pitt aro let for 7 years at 6d. ^yearl}' to John IJaonaldson."
It was agreed by tlio Four-and-Twonty in 1721 that ^fr. Nicholas
Woodhousc sluill have and enjoy llio Town pits and also the land
belonging \o tho town bi'twoi-n Claypm-t ami Pottergate Tower,
at a yearly rtmt of 17s. 8d. ; and he agreed to build u dike
between tho town's ground thore and ^[r. Mark Forstor's crofts,
liberty being reserved for all freemen to pass and repass with
horse or carriage along the beaten road or pale between Potter-
gate and Clayport towers. After the surrender of corporate
rights in 17G2, tho indopendenco of the Common Council was
shaken, and they became reckless in their treatment of tho
borough property, I\rost nnjustiliablo was their sale of these
Town pits on April 24th, 1766, when it was ordered : —

" That the Chamberlains do execute a conveyance umkr the Town's .Se.il
to Mr. Thos. Woodhouse his heirs and assii^-ns of the Lime jiitts and irroiinda
iiscd therewith extending' from rott"r-a to Close on the north to a road or
Gateway liMding into a Tan Yard heloniiinL,' to Mr. \\''oodhou.-e and Mr.
Gibson on the south, on ilr. llindmarsli's Tanyard on tho west ami the
ToAvni's ri;^- on the cast (exeept the well and way leave for the use of tho
Town and way leave to Jlr. Hindmarsh'.s Tan Yard) in consideration of 15
purchase money agreed upon."

llie 2ou-n Well and the tcay to the U'cll, which are close to the
lino of tho town wall, still belong tho corporation ; and ilicv uii

284 ins'IOKY OK AI.WVKK.

Novninboi- 1 Ith, 185;'), woi'd li;t <>ii a luuso of 'J'J ycaiH, at a yearly
roiil: of lOs., to Mr. Tlioiriis Arclibold, tlio owiiorof tlio adjoining
[iropei'ty. 77ie 'J'oifj/c\s Iii(/(/c, now oallcil tho I'runneiCH riyrj^ also
roinainH in ])n.ssos8ion of tlio oorpoi-ation. A noat bnildin;^ for
tlio liro oiif^iiios was built on it in iHl 1 ; but in lH5o it was con-
v(!it(!il into a (lw(;llin^ liouso, and alon;^ with llio ridgo wliioh in
now a fj^ardon, is lot at a yoarly rout of £f).

fl'al/in-(;a/f; Ilditijli, Dijc llnuse, and Ldiia. — In tlio ftovontecntli
conlury tho corixjration had projiort^' in and noav Walk<;r;.jato,
ami liauf^li Innd oxlondinj^ alonj^ tho I'ivov. TIn;i-o was on So|i.
Kith, 1071), " l(;tt unto Madln.w Alnwieko fuller and dyor all that
wast dy house in Walkoigiitlhnu;^h" for 21 years, at tho yoarly
rent of 2s. Od. Tho dyohouso htiu^li is thus dosoril«;d in 17<)(i;
" fi'Om Cano^ii1<i burno on the west, tiio vivor Alo on iho north,
AValkergaJo hinds on tho south, and tlu! liiver Aylo on tho oast; "
it was lot for (Js. 8d yoarly, and in 1720 at lO.s. For tho laiio
near Walkurf^alo, ^fatthow lA)rstor promised to ])ay 2s. (Jd. yearly ;
and in 171;i "tlio lano above W'alkei-gato was let to 'J'hojiia.s
Lindsay at Is. Od. ycarl}'. N(»ne of these proporfies now b'dong.s
to the corporation ; but how they liave been lo.st I havo not btjon
able to traeo Theie were also town pit.s near liatteu L'aw, which
in 1710 woro lot to Luke llindmarsb at os. yearly. J-'uirbnim's
Field, too, wliicli was O[)posito Ainwiek Abbey, lias passi:d
away from the corporation without a locord of it.s alieiiation.
Tho castle JM.S. says "there is a piece of waste grouml near Aln-
wick mills joining to Cauongate and Potterdoan burn, wdiich
was formerly onjuyed by his (iraco's millers by feeding their
mill horses there and casting Hags there for covering the mills as
oi'ten ns there was occasion. Now the Chambfilains let it to
farm for 2()s. yearly." At the JiV.sY hitni there wati alsD an intake
lot in 1721) to John Woodhouse and William Ord for eight years
at Is. yearly.

77/c /V/i/ciA/ has from time immemorial belnnged to the town.
In iGll there is " ]>aid out for redding of tho pinfold iiijf/." The
Chamberlains in 1075 were authorised by a meeting of the Four-
and-Twenty " to ass(^ss the free Laiuh^s and farm Landus of the
Towne for the repair of tho Pinlold, and to distraino refusers'
goods." The old pinfold was outside of the \vallt-, near l^ondgate
Tower; it was removed to the end of tho street; ond after the
tenantry column was built it was i-emoved, at the request of the
duke of Northuniberlanil, to tho Cheenbat ; it is still the property
of the corporation, by whom a pinfold keeper is appointed, who
besides his salary is entitled to fees on account of animals im-
pounded.

The Toivn Hull, which is conveniently situated in tho Market
place, caniG into tho possession of the corporation on Maj' 24,
1585. It rejoices in having four names ; in medifcval times here
Btood the lord's brewhouse, where the burgesses, on paying

I'RoiM.itr Y. 285

cfrfain f'ooH, livowod tlioir ulo ainl hcor ; tho recfjijit for (piit rout
Htill cuUf it a hreioIiouHc ; wlioii it hociime piil)lic j)ii>)»Mty it boio
tlio luiiiio of llio b(,'or lioutio.s ; uf'tui' tlii.s it was tlu; 'J'olliootli, and
on buin;^ robiiilL in 17.'50 it loso fo tlio <liL;iiity (jf IImj 'I'ouii Ilall.
It wiiH ia Ihi) jiKSHiiH.sion of Koboit I'rown ia l'>2S ; .iiid, oa flu; '1\\\\ of
.laiuiitiy, lit) fiad lii.f wilo Cnstaas (lail liis (liin^'liIrT iiiul la.'ir Mar;.';ir<t< ';iiti-,
alon^ willi licr liiiMlmail, ooavcycd it to Kdwnril 'l'onl^i()a ii'J'arMu.T in Alawick
(or. CIO. 'Did (liaiciihioaM ai-o Htati.'d to Im 60 fi:i;t ia l(n;.'lh and GO /i< t in
lircadth, lK»aiid(;M'd (in Dk) Houtli liy Jolia Aadi.iHoa's liiir^^aj-'i', and f>n flu
noitli Ly a l)ui'^'at^i! of Alnwick Aldir-y, abnlliaf^ oa the Marl;i;t oa tl.i; r.-.i,t,
and oa iho I'oyal way oa tlio W(;sL. l*'itly-K(;\ iii yoai^i al'lirward.s, tlio AbLey
liiirij;af^(i was a wasl«i and in iio.sscsnioa (..C Jaim s Casti II, wliilf- llif; oilier wan
in till) liaadH ol' Williaai Slnll. Tlio Iki'i- lionKO.s jia.NScd to J^a1)<.•lla, wife of
J'idwaid Tlionijison, and hIio by will Icfttlioai to bor frjaad-daMgbtc r Jlaipaict
tliii wil'o of l']dw;iid 15( lly<; ; aad tlicy on tlas 1 Itli of 0< tobcr, 1077, «old lln-ni
Jor £27 to William (Jrayo of Alawiilc jcoaiaa, wlio, on JI..y 2llb, 1")8.0,
(•i.avcyed tlinn lo VVilliaia l!i^;idiull IJaililf, and (ji'Or(j(; Aldi r of J lobbi rlaw,
Italpb Clayii, .loini Abler and lli lu)' Walxon biii-;^i-.-s(;s of Ainu irk and llnir
lu-ir.s, lor tbii use and iR-boof of tin; wbolc buij.M .->(.-! of Alawitk and tbi;ir
Biux'OHsors.

Tlicse bccrlujuses wero, as llio ToUaolli, aiipropriatod tu ](ublic
purposes, for liolding- nKiOliiiirs and lor a i^iiard liouso. At the
(jonoral Qaailuv 8(.\ssions hold al Alnw i(-];, Oct. 1^1, 1<J81, ibo
grand jury presented "Tlio Toll boollic, going to ruine, iniicli
onto ol' ropairo, and that it may bo siioedily auiendod. being tho
public mecflng place for hohling sessions and keeping tho
Countyo (Jourts." ■'•■ Thoro Avero two stories and a cellar; and
part of tlio lower storey was let out as shops. In IGGS John
l*\ildor paid for liis sho]) 20s., and Mr. !Metcidl'o Ids. ; " the backo
of the Tolbooth " yiehlod a rent of lOs. In 1(39.3 ''two shops
and ono cellar under Ahnvicko Tooll both were let for 7 }ear8
for £10 in hand, and oOs. yoai'ly for ihuo Vi ajs." Hifiiio bi-ing
taken down in l7l.'S, tho ronlal of iho shojis was X'l and of the
collar oUs. 'i"Jui old Tollbooth was doomed on Oct. -i, 17-M, when
tho following order was passed : —

At a inictinn- of tbc Fonr and Twenty of ibis Tuwa aad riuiioui;b of Alr-
viik, tt'.s aj^r((.d tbat tbc Tollbootb or to\\a bontcl o takin tlowa aail ri bnilt
at tbc cxiiciK-o of tbc town and Ibat jMr. Edw. Uicy Ificbard (iiicve J\Ir. \\n\.
Forstcr and Jlr. ]i(jb. C'laxton tbc ( banibtrlaia.s ol' tbc said llunuaub, fur tbe
j'car Lusniiii;', do contract and agioc ■\\itb Moiknicii lor rtdjidldiiiLC tlio s-nnc in
tbc most licantiiul c</niodions way, tbat ftball l.c jiaL-cd ui.on, and tbat ibcy
yball be i( imbiii.vcd ont of tbc licvciUK.s of tin; town wbat sliall be ixjx iid( il
tbiiiabout villi Interest alt o j.cr cent, for !so nincli as tbcy .--ball l.ty out,
after all tbc aioneys belon^inj;' to tbc tcwa vbicb sliall bo ia tbcir bands
sliall be laid ont; and for tbat purpose tbcy t-ball ttate accounts cvciy three
aiontbs witb tbc funr and twenty.

The erection of this new Town luill co.'^t £7oO ; the clock spire
was raised in 17C7; the yraijd lean iii/i<icji> for tlio south shop
was made in 1770, and in 1771 "tho small spires were ]ut on
the tower " alter a design by IMr George Hastings. In the under
floor are sliops and dwelling rooms, and tho public weigh house,
* Sessions records, C. S. Ikll's MSS.

28()

IIIS'IOIIY OK ALNWICK,

witli a vault bolow ; and on th'3 socond floor are tho public hall
and two rooms adjoininf^, in which aro liold moctiii^^s of tho
(juartor Bossions, of tlio (Uuiinv)n (Jouncil, of tho frooinon, and of
tho ])uhlio. Tho public liall which is roachod Ijy an f-xtcnml
flij^ht of stoiio Htair.s in .00 foot by 30 fci^t, and is Mcli a<la[itcil for
public inooliiigs. Tiio clock tower lias four vanes ono at each
corner, and i'nua it rises a donio 8Ui)portiii;^ a larf^or vano in the
coiitri;.

PotlercjaUt lower, ono of tlio ancient ^ates of tho town orima
into possession of tho corporation in Ifj.'iO, when it was convoyed
for a sum of money to tho (jhamljorlains of tho ])orouc^!i. It w.-is
extensively i'(j[iaired immediately al'Lorwards ; and fourpenco \wt
head per annum was imposi'il on the fr(Hjmen for tho maintenaucp
of tins and of (Jlayport towiii-. Other claimants to tiiis ))roporty,
however, sprung up; and it became u source <d' dispute and
litigation for many years. To satisfy tho claims of j\Ir .Stevenson
money was piiid in Ki.jO ; and on (he 28th of ^lay in that year,
Ann Clark and j\Iary Stevenson conveyed to tho Chamberlains
all the interest thoy liad in the tower. Tho troubles of tho town
woro, however, not yet at an end ; John Bell and liarhara his
wife who, according to the baronial court records, was a fierce
teruiagaTit, rose in rebellion ; and the ])ower of the; sheriff had to
be oxcrcisod in 16G5 to give the bca-ongh ])Ossession of tho tower.
This, however, did not conquer tho Bells — their acjuiesccnco
liad still to bo bought; and " C)U luth January, 1GG7, John Boll
and Barbara his wife, for a competent suni of Jiioney, release to
Thomas Fovster, Edward Galhm, Laucelott Strother, Jolin Fal-
dor, John Pearitt, and to all tho other freemen of the Burrough
of Alnwick and to their heires," their interest " in all that port
or tower situate in Alnwicko called I'ottergato Towt-r" ; and tiiey
gave a bond to Michael Hunter and Thonuis Forster to deliver
peaceably to them Pottorgato tower, and to make a conveyance
on the 1st of INfa}' next. This, however, the Bolls would not do ;
and there was more law; in 1G70 IMatthew Alnwick was paid
£2 10s. -Id. "for answering the suit about Pottergato Tower."
At length a conveyance was made by them on tho 3rd of July,
1G71 ; and John Bell, of Alnwick, Clover, and Barbara his wife,
for a comiH'tijnt sum of money, convo\'ed to Thomas ^Metcalfe and
his heirs their tenement of Pottergnto. On tho back of this deed,
Thomas Metcalfe declares, \inder his hand and seal, that the pur-
chase of the tower is mnde by him of ' mecr and socciall trust
and confidence, And to and for tho only proper use and behoofo
of tlio Chamberlines and the Burgesses of the liurrough aud.
Towne of Abnvicke and their successm's, ajid to and for no©
other use intent or purpose Avhatsoever."

Property adjoining tho tower on the south was also, on the
24th of November, 1672, conveyed by John and Barbara Bell, to
Matthew Alnwick, of Alnwick, tanner, fur money paid ; and lie

I'KOl'LICl y.

am

ill 1 69 1 convnyod it to tiio (Jliaiiiljcrluiim of tlio town for tho uao
of tlio froonicii. 'i'liis property is de»cnbed —

All that llurj'a^^o and wast liiirgaf^f: next thereunto adjoiiiirij,', on tho woht,
Biliiat.) oil till) Huiilli Hiilij ot I'ultcrgatc, witli uin; ^ailli or yard in tho Lack
Bido thui.Mil', and haviiif,' Tlionia;. J(;llVi>un'« biir;,'aKO on tlio oa^t, and Iho
'lower oil thu wi:st ; and also all that Thornoy In.'d^o conin.only called tho
doiiblu dilio, luj^uthcr with the Arrow I'.titts liound'.rinf,' on Rol.oii roanth on
tho cast, Thni; Srdiyoii.s or hiitLs of land, h.donj^iiip^ to Slatlliow Alnwiek on
Uiu west, and lliroo liinopit.-J on tho south ; and also all tliat Stono Wall
adjoinin;,^ i'ulli;r^ato 'I'owor, with all tho ground tho wall litandi on.

iSurcly all llieso logal proceedings hliould have laid tlio ghost
■wliidi had so long liauntud tlio corpoiatiori. Tho liclifi knew not,
liowever, when they wore Leateii — still there was law — warrant*
wore in 1(372 lakoii out and served upon John Jjoll, at a cost of
l.'Js. 5d. Tlii.s wearisome contrnliou lasted fur nearly half a cen-
tury. Ihirbara fought on al<jne evou alter the dt-ath of John ;
niid in 1677, at tho last assi/es Ihero is paid 27b. 6d. "to tho
jmlgo's clerko of tho assizes, fi?r takeing of our Indictment
against nie (Matthew Alnwicko), -which was for defending tho
Town's rights of the fro Scoulo against IJarbara the wife of John
I'xill." The (juarrelsoino l^.arbara at length leaves this troubled
world ; ior we find that in l(i85, Matthew Alnwicke was allowed
£.') out of his growing rent, " for convoying a house iu Pottergate,
late ill the possession of Barbara Bell, deceased.^'' And so sh©
departs out of our story.

Of tho appearances of tho old Pottergato Tower we know
nothing ; but in 1767 arrangements were made for rebuilding it ;
]\rr. Bell, who had been architect of the Town hall spire, Urst
made a plain plan, which Joseph Brook engaged to complete for
£270 ; then the i>lan ^vas made ornamental Avhieh involved aa
additional cost of i'6l; and at last tho tower was surmounted
by a s|)ire, which added £94 more to the expense. The architect
was ])aid £3 os. for his plan, and £10 lOs. for his inspecting tho
building; and tho whole when completed cost about £580. On
April 28th, 1768, the foundation stone was laid, Mdien there were
" music and drink, wine and punch to treat the company." The
old clock was removed from the Town hall to this tower iu 1772.

This tower which was sixty feet high, was in tho pseudo-Gothic
style of tho period ; but its grand peculiarity was tho spire— a
lanthorn, resembling that of St. Nicholas' Church in Newcastle.
Doubtless, purists in architecture could find abundance of fault
with the work ; yet the men of Alnwick, belonging to the gener-
ation now passing away, regarded this tower as the chief orna-
ment and wonder of the town. IIow, when a boy winding my
way to school up the steep of Pottergate, did I gaze with allection
and admiration on this beautiful tower crowning tho crest of the
hill ! and I cannot help denouncing the ruthless men who robbed
it of its glory. There were high winJs in the winter of lbl2,
which, say the Common Council, damaged tho tower and mado

UHS HISKJKV or AI.NUHJK.

llio uppor part utiHJifo ; and tliorofui'u tlioy ordorod tliat tho 8pire
]j(3 tul((!ii down and llio upper part iini.sliod with an open battlo-
iiK^nt as buf'oro, and fuiir (.-(jiiKn- lurrols and vanos. Jiiit tljfs loa-
Kon fi)r llio duinolilion was insudiciont, as tho daina;.^o couhl have
hi'cii conipli'ddy i(jp;iii'i;d ; and jdrniH woro hiid buloro tlio b'xly
liotli Ijy Ml'. Ilitiii'v lliintoi- and my fal!n;r. shcwin;^ tliat it <;ould
Ihj (lono ; liut johlKjry mmjiiis fu havo bi/un in tho ascondant ; and
tliis bcauliliil Bpiro was palled down Ly order. From an anhi-
h.ictnral draw in;^', mailo Ijy m}' f'alhm-, I am aljhj (o ])re.sent a view
of this fdwer, as it was l)efoi'e it was di;stroyed in 1812. {I'lale
JX., Fuj. 1.)

NINE yK.\l;,S' LIXI.AL WAli - lONDIXO J N 'rilH I.O^S OF IJIK
FUKI^IlOhl) ANiJ U(JYAr;riK.S ()!-' 'rilE 'J'OW'N'S M001£.

Prior to 1750, tlio Ijoruiij^h of Alnwiclc had to a eonsidurahlo
extent fi'(;ed itself from feudal honda;^e ; and, diirin{^ at least
a eentury and a half, oxercit-ed tho rights of ]»ro])rietor.ship over
Aluwiek ]\roor. No donbt thono freedoms from baronial oppres-
sions had been gained {^raduall}', just fis tho ji^reat barons them-
selves had aehieved deliverance from the arbitrary exactions of
royalty. The only ])rivilego the earls of Northumberland enjoyed
from tho moor, during that eentury and a half, was the ri;:ht to
waifs and cstrays; but they could not tiiko even building htouea
from the moor, without a license from the Chamberlains.

AVhen Hugh Smithson became eai'l of Northumberland and
fixed ou Alnwick Castle as his northern seat, the town, as we havo
Boeu, -was a recognised eoipoiatiou, and its ]iublii; all'airs were to
a great extent governed and influenced by the Four-and-Twenty,
who were thou its principal inhabitants. Tho baron had littlo
property in the town itself, and no great extent of laud in the
jiurish, beyond his demesne and parks; there was then therefore
a number of lauded proprietors in and around Alnwick. To the
now baron, a keen, shrewd, business man, an independent cor-
poration close to his castlo would seem an intolerable nuisance,
•which must bo abated, if not entirely put doAVU. Having
none of that traditional kindly feeling, -which many of the old
Percy Lovaines entertained towards tho town, with which they
had for centuries been connected ; ho could set to work with
less reluctance to destroy the corporation or lessen its importance.
Possibly among the intricate not-work of feudal law there might
be meshes to catch part at least of what was sought ; still there
was no chivahy, no conservatism, no reverence for the order nnd
well-being of society' in trying to overtiu*n institutions to which
time had given a sanction, and to wrest proj)erty from a public
body who had enjoyed it for a long period.

The first notice of the coming stornx a])pears in the corporation
accounts; August 28 1753 — Paid the Peckoning at Air. Hind-
marsh's when the Chamberlains were inspecting the papers
relating to the Town Moor 5s. 6d;" and the storm raged

'\.\U' 1

■\

f

mm:

•■%. \ .:■' ii -b l'-j> 'r.rt'ic

NINE YEAlls' J,liGAL WAR. 289

on for nine years, and swept away in its course some of the
valuable ])ilvilej^'OH of the town. lJef(jro entering into law the
Common Council took tiio opinion oi' eminent counsellors ; and
anxious to avoid expensive liti^^ation they submitted their' caso
for an opiiii(jn to the earl. This, however, was useless. A com-
promise was attempted in 17.05 ; fur on INIay 1st we liavo "paid
tlie Reckoning at the AngoU at a meeting of the Cliamlerluina
and Mr. Tiiynue about proposals fu- an accommodation with
the earl 8h. 6d." T)u"s also failed to lull tlie storm.

Tiie grounds, in which tlio earl based this aggression on the
town, are stated in a case submitted by him to counsel.

He claims tho soil and royalties of Alnwick Jloor, Localise a grant, in the
reif,-ii of Juincs I., mulcr wliicli tlio Percy family liold the barony aji<l'nianor,
included all royaltiiis and mines, and o.xpres.slv tlic coal mine's within iho
Boronfj:h of Alnwick— hecanso a lease in (iueen Elizaheth's time was -ranted,
at tlie will of the lord, to Koger Smith un<l tlio lUujfcsses of Alnwick of tho
coal mines ui/ra villain et cantpo^ de Alnwick, within the township and fields
of Alnwick, at tho yearly rent of £(3 lo.s. Sd.-lx'cunse maikets and fairs,
tolls and wastes of the town, and all other ruyallics helon;,' to him— hotauso
Alnwiek Moor is a large waste around, in which common of pasture and
firehoot worn ^raiilod by the Do Vescys Hiil)j''ct to tho pavm.-ntof 2s. yearly
for depasturint,' diainf,' the fence month— In'-canse courts are held hy him in
Alnwick, and one at Twinlaw on tho boundary of the moor, which tho
bormif>h men attend as a. jury, wlicn tho boundary is rode by them with tho
bailiff" of the lord of tho manor and new made freemen— beca'usc the freemen
have no charter nor jurisdiction— because that at two courts of survey held
by comnn'ssion from the earl, in 28 Eliz. and 12 James I., the jurv, who
were 15orou^hmcn of Alnwiek, found that tho Burgesses liad comiiion of
pasture and turbary only within the waste; ground or forest of Aydon—
because the duke of Somerset, who mnrrii'd the heiress of the ear' of North-
umberland, was only tenant for life, and during his possession of 66 years, it
is apprehended, many great omissions happened in respect of tho care of tho
rights of the l.ud, tho Ixirough em Uising part of tho Moor, and letting the
samo to tenants, aTid giving license s to work coal mines and dig quarnes of
stone, and insisting they had a right to do so— because the herdsmen of tho
moor, who is connnonly sworn at the lord's court, gave notice to the bailiff
of waifs and estrays— and because the burgesses petitioned King James I., in
the naino of the Bailiff and Burgesses of Alnwiek, praying to be incorporated
under the name of the Bailiff and Burgesscss.

In reply to this, the Common Council state : —

That the Burgesses are a Corporation by prescription, and long before 1670
were in possession of tho soil, herbane, &c., of Alnwick Moor— they plead the
act of limitations of 32 Henry YIII., and tho act of 21 James I. limiting
actions— they have a Common Seal, which has been set to leases, and was used
in the time of Edward IV.— they are strangers to the demise of the coalmines
to Roger Smith and the Burgesses, but, if any such lease was made, they
apprehend it would extend only to coal mines o'n or under the enclosed lands
within the manor, and not to any part of Alnwiedc Jloor, for the word campus
means an enclosed field, which would be contradictory to calling the moor a
waste ; there were other collieries besides those in Alnwick Moor, and it can
be proved, tluit coal mines have been worked within the fi'lla of Alnwick by
tho respective owners of freeholds—they deny that the baiUff rode the bound-
ary with the freemen, or that a court was held at TwjTilaw, but the bailiff
met the bui-gesses at TwjTilaw, the boundary of the mo'or and of the barony
VOL. II. Oq

290 HISTORY OK AI.NWICIC,

towards the wesft, and moroly called over tlio names of some of tlif? fre^holdert
within tlio L!oroiit,-h— and they aHMort that thuy uHed no ;^reiit';r lihei-ti';!i than
they did hofdn; tlie death of .iDscidine the cloventh Kurl.

Only tho fust Btu<^o (jI' this cti.^o wont Lofure a court; tlio first
bill of till) carl Houi^lita lYiintovcry of dtjcd.s, ith f^reat ohjoct boinjj
ti) CDiiipt;! flio pi'odiiction of tlio throe {^laiifs of tlio Dd VcscvbIo
lliG ImrgcysoB ; and tlii.s quo.siion was tried in July, 17.07. Tho
Common Council had folt tho imp(»rtan(:y of tho crisin, and thty
on^aticd a ^reat array of lo;j;al talent on behalf of tho town ; thoy
had tho Attonicy-goncral, Mr. IN.rrott, Mr. Wilhrahain, and Mr,
lloalcyns. (Jn tiio aide (;f thu carl appoarod tho tSolicilor-fjonoj-ul.
Tho (iefenoo Ava.stliat tho corporaLion had possession of their ]tro-
])orty inoro than GO years, and it vas plcndcd that tlio statuoof32
Henry Vlll. only alhjws (50 years to writs of rif,dit. Tho Altornoy-
goncu'al remarked — "At tho samo time when tho f^raiits M-iiro
made, groat lords acted as princes and like thoni set forth do-
minion, as tho kill},'' did in his grant to his bni-gesses (d'Nowcastlo.
Tho ])rerogativo tlien ran high, and every coqjoration was theu
forced to renew their grants, and gicjat lords iollowed the samo
course. These bills would greatly allect tho northern estates and
counties, and would bo thuigeruiis, bi.'cause as thoy have takoa
confirmations out of gi'cafcr ctiutiou, tho in-ipectiou of their titles
for Haws in order to have them set aside in a court of equity,
would be veryunjust and unreasonable." Tho judges, however,
set aside tho plea of tho corporation and granted an injunction,
on the ground that the corporation had not pleaded that tlioy
wore seized in fee, and because it is admitted that tho corporation
holds under a rent, and that tho earl was lord ui tho manor, and
therefore no adverse possession. "All this, however," it is re-
marked, "was merely techniial, and did n(jt touch the real question
at issue." — S<jinrc^s MS. notes.

Tho case now became more complliated ; tho charters had to
be produced and subjected to legal criticism. "With wdiat keen-
ness tho earl piu'sued his object may be seen from the trivial
character and inconsistency of some of his own pleas, and from the
inaccuracy of others ; but the decree had gone forth — Carthago
ddcnda fi<— and no stone was left unturned to accomplish it. The
public records were searched, and a document discovered, which
operated favourably for the earl, as it gave a plausible argument
to his emissaries within tho Common Council, and frightened the
more timid.

An amended liill was produced hy tlio carl on Slh :March, 17o8, which
besides reiterating- his former arguments and setting- forth the Do Xmcy
charters, adduces the verdict of a jury, at the Northumherland Assizes on
tho '20lh of Queen Elizabeth, finding that there had not, from time imme-
morial, heen a custom for the 13urgesses to dig and take away coals from
Alnwick .Moor; he says " it is pretended that the borough is an ancient
Borough, by name tlie Chamberlains and Common Council of Alnwick,
whereas" they presented to his ancestors successive petitions, wherein "tha
Burffosses were desirous to acknowledge and allow their dependence, and to

NINK YEARS LLOAL "VVAU.

S91

Bcck proloclion of llie Ioi'Ih of the manor fnid l;orouf.'h, as llioy arc now to
bhako oil' cvciy mark of dcfionrloncc on urid KuLordination to the fcaid wfijfDJ-
ory; " in a jxjtition on "20 Ainil, l.j'J'i, " tlioy sty)'; thn,rnsdvc.s liii Loidhliif/a
poor IJiir/^csHcs ; and in luuiihuc nndrr tlnii- T'oininori iStnl t>i<;y d^M-j-ibo
tlionisolvo.s, IIS tho now liiir;^'osHoa of liis lordsliiji'H (own of Alnwick, and
coinjilain tiiat tiny liad Ikjcii (radiicod and wroli^fnlly accn.sf d of not jiold-
inf^' lii.s liii(l,i]ii|) to 1)0 cliiif lord of tlio luwn of Aliiwi<-k, nor tli'.-iiiholvos
lii.s lordsliiji's J!iir)^r,'.sKcH ; " }io clainiM fioni f;iunls of tho crown and adiiiii-
bIoh of tlio iliirf^csbi.s, tliat liis Lailiff "oii^^lit to h<; tlio chief ollici.r and tlio
jjcrBon of f.",r<:it<st ])rch(.'iiiiiu ncc and authority in tlic (.'ovcminont of tho
Town and J'orough."

TIio clovon foot niov(3 fully ajipenvod in llii« amondofl Lill ;
tlio dcsli'iiclioii of (lio corpoiatioii was aimed at. In tlioir furtlic-r
answoi" tho Common (Joviucil vindicalo tlic claim of tlio town to
bo a corp(;ra(o body; tlio Chamberlains, thoy shf'W, liavo from
timo to time been named as comnii.s.sionors, togotlicr with tho
mayor, recorder, aldermen, and sluMill' of Newcasllo-ujion-Tyno,
and the bailill's of !Morjjotli, in Acts of I'ailiament foi" roads;
thoy know notiiing of tho address to James I., and remark in
reference to huniiliatinfic expressions said to have been used by
the burgesses in former times — " ]f an}' such peliticjus wei'O so
presented, wherein tho corporation or the inhabitants represented
themselves in such abject or dejicndcnt state, such representation
was owin}!!^ to tho arbitrary behaviour of tho ancestors of Iho
earl." 'J'hey might have shewn, however, that juoro dcgiading
expressions still had been used by earls themselves at a later date,
wlien seeking favours from the king and from men in power.
The earl had lately claimed the streets of tho town as waste
ground, but the Common Council say, that they belong to tho
owners of (lio adjoining houses, who had repaired Iheir fronts to
tho crown of tho causeway ; tho niuor Mas never wji.-te land ; and
they adil "there neither is nor ^^as (since tho time of tho L>e
A'escy grants) any waste grounds or cciuumn behingijig to the
manor exco|)t, there biding several p-ublick roads Mithin tho
manor, there is on each side of most of such roads between tho
roads and tho adjacent inclosures some void ground lying opoi,
which may bo sometimes used as couimoji ; and the}' apprehend
that tho same was formerly the pro]ierty of the owners of the
adjacent lands now inclosed, and was by such persons (m inclosing
their lands many years ago, Avhen land Avas of small value, and
tlie roads were very bad, left ojieu for tho convenience of travel-
lers, in order that they might have llie opimrtuniiy, hy tho width
of the roads, to avoid sloughs and holes therein, but which width
is not become necessary by reason of great improvements made
therein under several Acts of Parliauu-nt." They rej. resent that
tho IMarket place was rodo rdund by tlie freemen yearly, and
that tho soil and ground belong to the town ; tho IShambles were
kept in repair by them, and tho old and new cro.'-ses built by
them ; they shew that the stewards and auditors of former earls
were cognisant of and consenting to the letting of stints on the

292 HISTORY OK AI,N\VICK.

moor, the dij^f^in^ of lirnostones, &c., and that even the duko of
Soniorsot rocoivnd from thoiii a licenso to got frooKtono on the
moor; bofuro the death of JoHCeliiiD, thoy lot tlio collieries; they
incloHed land from the moor in ICi'J'.i, and let Biieh land in 1711
to one (jf tho duke of tSomersot's ballill's on a lease ; they shew,
moreover, that the duko of Somerset was careful of his rif^hts,
and entered ujion expensive huits to defend them. In reply to
the verdict in 1;J77 they say, tliey know nothing of it ; but if such
verdict wa.s given, " it might bo by I'cason, that the judge might
bo of 0])inion, that the d(;fundantH could not pi-eseribe furor claim
any oaHoment or prolit appendant of the said land in the soil, in
which they claimed a riglit or interest, or for other reasons which
do not at this distance (jf time appear."

Arguments hjr and against the earl's claims wore raised from
diflerent constructions of tlio Do Ycscy cliarters ; tlie first grants
communam pasiuram, which is false Latin, and ought to have been
communem pasluruDi or conumoiium paaturcc ; the earl contended
for the latter reading, which woulcl mean common of pasture,
but the corporation for the former, a common pasture, which they
say is descriptive of tlio lands themselves intended to bo passed,
rat.her than of ccmmion pasture on any lands ; and they reason
" that these grants, as they are deeds of ancient times, ought
rather to bo construed, as they and their predecessors have from
time to time enjoyed such rights and privileges, and as the cor-
poration of Newcastle referred to in these Avritings, now enjoy the
soil and ground, as well as the herbage of their moor." Already
it has been explained that this moor was the common property
of the Saxon population of Alnwick ; and that the grants of the
De Vescys should tlioreforo bo regarded more as confirmatory of
niunont than as giving now rights ; and viewed in this light,
this moor Avas the propert}' of the town, and the common feeding
place of the cattle of the inliabitauts.

The chief argument, however, in favour of the earl's claims
was derived from the third grant, Avhich "for the liberty they
are to have in Ilaydene in the forbidden month with their animals
they shall give to us and our heirs yearl}- two shillings ; " imply-
ing, as was supposed, that prior to this period, the burgesses
were restrained from using their right of common during the
fence month, and that therefore thay were not owners of the soil.
Two shillings annually have from time immemorial been paid to
the baron ; but this was fcjrmerly regarded and collected as a
Quit rent ; and doubts might be raised as to whether this rent
was the same as that imposed by William De Yescy, since it
was paid yearly, while that for the fence month was i^ay-
able half-yearly. Another and more forcible objection was
taken to the earl's argument ; there is a distinction made in the
two first grants between Haydene and the Moor of Haydene ;
obviously they were different places, and very probabl}* that part,

NINE years' lkgal wau. 203

wliich is called iraydeiio, had Leon, at tlio penod whon tho last
cliartor was granted, still in tlio stato of a forobt ; and U) tliis
portion only would tlio rent apply. Tlio corporation in tljc-ir ansux-r
Bay " tliat a small j)art oi' tlio said moor, now callod Ilawdon
(jrnngo, may probably bo tlio tract of land intcndud by tho wood
of Jlaydciiie in tho two grants; " so that if tho earl could have
idontiiled ITajdono, his claims of royalty could apply only to that
portion of tho moor. It may bo horo noticed that in tho charter
of Tlonry do I'oroy in l32o, tho. distinction is kopt up ; for wo
liavo thoro montionod " tho jVfixn' of Alnwick anfl JFoydono ; " ^*
even at tluit early timo Iloydcno itself had lost its ohl character
of a forest. In tho literal construction of tho grants, it might
also liave boon ui'god that, as in tho third charter, fi jiart of tho
moor oidy, from lioulton-streto to Coliergate, was reserved as a
joint common for tho lord and tlio bui'gesses, in which cultiva-
tion could not bo made, excepting by mutual consent ; therefore
it was implied that all Iho other portions fif tho moor belonged
to tho burgesses exclusively, and couM by Iheni be cultivated.

Tho following opinion presents tho legal aspect of tho jx^ints
at issue : —

1. The right to the soil and mines of tlic moor is much stronger for tho
Corporation tlian tlie Karl.

2. Ccniiumiiain ])asturam and commnnem pasturam convey soil and inliori-
tanco, and wlicii the I'orco of all tin; operative words in those grants is duly
considered they cleaily imjiart in true and natural construction, tho pluco
itself and not coniinon of ])asture.

3. Ancient grants are liljcrally and favourably construed where long enjoy-
ment have gone -with thcni.

4. Tho old. grant does not abridge the former. The rule of law is that
every grant is most strongly construed against the grantor.

o. It was viry ccinuHon in ancient tinus, for Tenints to take confirmations
of their titles from tho Lords or the heirs uf gr.mtors rather than to inter
into disputes with men in power, though they needed no such conlirmationa.
I look upon the 2b. a year as tho same in the 3rd. gi'ant, and a rcdemi)tion
from power.

The disabilities will bo answered by the Duke of Somerset always contest-
ing tho rights of the estate when he thought them invaded. Tlie inquisition
is slender evidence especially against ])ersuiis who did not traverse it — tho
moor is not a waste, aa it has been a separate enjoyment from time immemo-
rial— tho lease in Eliz. timo does not ap]i(\>r to be with TIaydcne or llaydene
Jloor or Alnwick Moor.— It is no new thing for Lords of ]\[anors to hold
their Courts at any place within the iManor though not the I.tu-d's demesne
or in their own iVf ehold. ]\Iost Courts of the Iviugdom are luld in Lins or
other public places, where the Lord has not so much as a freehold or jieihaps
even a small rent, and 'tis no wonder if the liurge.sscs concurred with the
Lord in holding a Court at tliis memorable earn, a remaikable bounder both
of his manor and his property. John Cuastei!, Sep. 20, 17o7.

After a huge amount of preliminary law proceedings, the case
was set doAvn to bo heard before tho Lord Chancellor ; btit it
never went to trial. Other influences besides that of law were

• Vol. IL, p. 9. — Ilayden, from hrpff, A. S., a hedge, /lata, mediaeval Latin, a
minor park in the forest for taking deer, and den, see Vol. L, p. 37.

g94 HISTOUY OF ALNWICK.

Bumrnoiiod to drive the Ooinmon Cuuncil to Burronder the
town's rii^lits. Some of tlio fVoomon wore induced to raise tlioir
voices ill I'uvour oCtho oarl. Wo know tliis from tradition, wliicli
is confirnKHl hy " a parchment docMiniont" of 17M1, wliereiu a
l)arty of tho fVeonieii state as a f,nievance, tliat " tlie (Jomnion
Council had sfjuandored hirge sinns of money in fruitless and
vexatious suits in ]'>|uity." Treachery too liad crept into liio
Coiinnon Council; ajid one luemhcr lias ^^'lined an unenviable
notoriety for his cx(ulions on behalf of llie carl. In .Sej.ternbcr,
17o0, tho Chamberlains met uith Mr. Green and Mr. J'orslcr to
consider proposals of accommodation ; and in November tho
Common Council agreed to a series of propositions, bubstantially
tho same as those ultinuitoly adopted : on i^Iay 8th, 1700 " furtlier
proposals were a])i)roved of, and CoUhujicood J-'orater ^vas sent to
wait upon Lord Northumberland, and authorised to settle and
adjust with his Lord.sliip tlio seveial ].oints, wliich niny lu-qjjjen
to be in dilferenco hetwixt his Lordship and the r.oroujrh."
Tierce contention there "was in the h'our-and-Twenty at tliis
crisis, and so excited was Thomas tStrother af,'uinst Cid, Foreter
that ho seized him in his arms and attonijited to toss him over tho
Town Tlall stairs; hut on the Gth of Warch, 1762— one of the
black days in the calendar of Alnwick — Articles of af,a-eement
were signed by Loth parties ; and thus after a warfare of nine
years, the puhlic rights were surrendered and a hollow peace was
concluded. Col. Fors/cr had his reward ; ho became steward of
the Baronial Courts, chief electioneering agent of tho lord,
and clerk of tlie peace for the county.

'The following are the princi]ial articles of This agreement, tem-
porary provisions being omitted: —

TlmLthc Fniimii iiro n Hody Corin'iiito l.y ]'n'Srripti..ii, l.y tlio luinie of
the L'hiiiuliorlains, I'uuuuon Coiiiuil, aiul Fret iii-n ol" Alinvii-k. That Ei-ht
I'tTsons oul of tliu (\>iimu>u Council (which coiiMst of twenty-four of tho
Biiid Freemen, ineliulint;- tho four Chaniherlains), oii^ht to be annually ruturned
to the Lord'ti Coiiit at'ov soon after ISIicluielnias, and four of theiu ajipointed
Chaniheilains hy the Lord's Steward at the :Mieliachuas Courl Lcut. That the
Chaniherlains aie aiul oiij^ht to he sworn at tho Lord's Court Lect, before the
Stowaid of tho Court, before they enter into the execution of their ofliee ; and^
that all oHie(Ts of the Jhuior ami ]jorou;;h of Alnwick, and of the Forest of
llaydon or Alnwick Woor, ought to Ijc sworn at the Lord's Court. Thiit upon
thedoath or amotion of any of tho Common Council, tho reTuainii\g or sur-
viving Conunon Council have a riuht to elect another or others out of tho
body°of the Freenu'n, in the room of the I'erson or Tci-bons so dead or
amoved ; and to administer tho oalh of oUiee to s\ich new-elected Commoa
Council I\fan or Council jNIen. That the Common Council hath tho power to
judge of tho riyht of persons applying- for their I'rcedoni, whether they liave u
title thereto, or not; and to admit them then to, or reject them; and to
administer the oath to such jjcrsons so admitted ; but that no person, except
the sons of a person being a Freiman, or dying a Fiecnian, is entitle«l to
freedom, hut hy servitude^ unless llr&t recomn,ended by the Connnon Council
at the liOrd's Court, and approved by the Lord's t?tcward. That the Freen.en
of Alnwick are entitled to commonoirasture upon the said Forest of llaydon,
or Alnwick I^Ioor, upon payment of the rent of Two Shillings per annum for

TEN YKAUS CONFLICT.

29;3

tl.o lil.erty of a.^imst.iiinfe' thoir Ciittle thereon in Iho f.;nce month : And that
the FiL.,ni'ii of Alr.widv, una Fioe.nerrH \Vi.low«, luivo i-. n-.^ht to di- u»
^voU ab cut urM\^, imvA-A, tiirvH, nnd hiiihh.-i -lowin- thorcon, for thtir own
u«o; and that tlio Lord and la.ly of tho .ir.id Manor and IJorou^'h h»vc no
riu'htto -riuittho llfrl)a-(j or Vcsturo of Iho Huid I'c.rest or Moor to their
tr.mnts liol.lin- hy hin-;.-.>tcn.ire, or any other i..;i .^-n or i..,r.sonH whatsoever.
'J'hat the li-lit of tlio (JhambmlaiiiH, ('oininon Conned, or !■ reein.n ot Alnuielc,
t„ lay uipe-s for .•onvcyin- water lo tlio present I'ants, W'-dls and .Si.nnys
MOW us.'l in and ahoiit the Town of Ahiwielc, from Alnwielc. door and
tlin.u.'h the streets in the Town, and all the void-ronnd-. within the .AFanor ;
and, for that i.urj.o.se lo hreak the boil of the baid stree-tn and void^-rouiids (as
herelof.ne done fur repairin- the same) he estahlislied 1 hat no 1- . eehfdder.
unh^s. he he also a Fieen.an of AlMwiek,halh any ri-lit or pnv.h-o whatever
in Alnwiek Moor: And that all I'uenM.n of Alnwi.k, and I'lrenien h WidowH
ho e.Nen.pted from all Toll and Stallage as w. 11 on theMu.ket Davs and
Fair Days, as on other Days, aeeordin- to their immemorial n-ht ami pnvi-
le-e. That tlu^ invsent inVlosnves, as deserih.-l in the plan hereM.nlo annexed
(heiiifc part of the Forest of llaydon or Alnwiek Moor) shall he- <;.>^tahl.shed to
the said Corporation, and continue to ho hi hy and for the h.-netit of the «aid
Curpo.alion ; hut thai no mw inelosures shall he >nado without the consent of
the Lonl and Lady of the Manor. Thai the soil and royalti-. m the lorest
of llaydon or Alnwiek ^^loor, and in the ineloMues made therefrom, .shall bo
veste(i ill tlu. i;,ul and C.a.nless and her li.irs. That tho I reen.en of Aln-
wiek and Fivrnun's Widows shall have liherty at all times to f,'et Limestones,
SiatoH, and Fie^slones, in any of tho pres.'nt (inarnes, lor the use 'd .them-
ficlvps, or the nse of any other Freemen of Alnwiek, or 1' •<•'■.'";" ^-t ^^ "1'^^^ '
and also in such other parts of tin. Forest .;f llaydon or Alnwuk Moor, as tho
Lord's r.ailillof the said ]5oron,i;h and the ( 'lunuV rlains, for th-; time b.^in-,
or a majorily of them, shall think lit, without puyin- any sati-lae ion 1 hat
tlio Freemen of Alnwiek, and Freemen's Widows, shall have hhertv at aU
times lo di'v Clav and hurn iirieks in sneh ].art.s of the lorest ot n-;iydon, or
Alnwiek Jtoor, as the Lord's Hailiif of the said ]5uiou-h and the said tham-
horlains, or a majority of them, shall think (it, for the use ot themselves or of
anyotherFreemenofAbnviek, or Freeiiun's Widows; and ,n like manner
to take awaytarves,fla-s, whins, and wattlrs ; and in like manner to tako
away sand, 'iiiavel, eluv, and marie for th, ir own use; and that the Heemen
of Alnwiek, shall he allowed to sel np touts ..r hnls upon tin- said A'oiv.t ot
]lavdun or Alnwiek Moor, at the Uorso-raees ; and that the Lord s Bailill of
the" said l!orou-h and the Chaniherlains, or any two or more ot them, shuU
have power to j^ivo the like liberty to Non-frecmcn.

Thougli tlie oavl acUleyed much, he did not obtain all he
Bought r the corporation was not entirely destroyed.^ yet Us
character was changed and reduced to feehleness and msignifi-
canco ; and obstructive powers were gained wliich prevented the
town from enjoying tho privilege of self-government, and retarded
for a century the improvement of the moor.

TEN YEARS' CONFLICT TOITC^^N(^ THE CONSTITUTION OF
THE COlirOKATiON AND l.MPLOVEMENT OF THE MOUR.
A more exciting but less important conflict folloA\-ed, not long
after the hollow peace patched up in 17G2. Two dillerent ques-
tions were at issue— a change in tho constitution of the borough
and an improvement of the moor ; but the origin of the warfare
may be traced to the same influences, which led to the loss of the
ancient rights of tho town. Tho lord of the manor had acquired
a power to obstruct improvement ; and it was soon brought into

S96 HISTORY OP ALNWICK.

play. On Auf^ufit 15tli, 1708, tlio Chamberlains and Comraon
Council politiouud tlio duko and duclio.s.s of Northuiuljoiland U)
grant (lioni a liconso lo inijirovo [iortioiiH of tho moor, particularly
that part lyin^ oast of iho wtono ^vall, ■\vliicli wan ho obstructod
with wliin.s, that liltlo a(lvanf!i<.^o had boon dcnvod from booing
them ; but as tho nioHt efl'ootual way to cxtirimto them, thoypro-
jjoaed to ])louyli out 20 aci-os yoarly, wliich, after undergoing a
regular eourho (jf husbandry for four yea)'s, were again to bo laid
down to gniss ; and all tliey asked for was liberty to fenco thoao
temporary inelosures. Such reasoiuiblo, nay modest piopohitions,
could injure nobody, and took nothing away from the h>rd ; yet
this luirudes.s scheme to increase tho food of tlio people was
rejected by tlio duke, who, however, proposed that be and his
baililf should have a concurrent power with the Comm(jn Council
over tho improvements, and in the ai>j)lication of the money
arising therefrom. iJut this extraordinary demand was unani-
mously refused by tho Common Council. The notorious Coll.
Forster, agent to the duke, started other schemes for the improve-
ment of tlio moor; but tliis artful man died before bo could
achieve any further mischief.

Tho subjei.t was taken up by Henry Collingwood Solby, the
duke's steward, who in 1777 wrote to the Chamberlains, propos-
ing that they should afjjdy to the duke for an improvement of
the moor, and stated "the duke would be content with a little
matter for his share." This opened the lloodgates of contention ;
and war raged iov ten years, during which " unnumbered woes "
afflicted the borough. Tlio Common Council, responding in 1778
to Mr. Selby's application, proposed that a given number of
acres (including fifty acres which had been taken by his Grace's
ngonis from tlio moor adjoining tho Ihislee Hills) bliould be
accepted by him as his full share, leaving to them the freehold
estate of tho remainder ; but to this the duke did not deign to
reply. Finding that the Common Council were not disposed to
make further sacrifices of public property, the duke's agents
called together the several companies of freemen, and made to
them proposals for the improvement of the moor, but '* on condi-
tions which were thought so completely shabby," that they were
rejected by all, " not without expressions of contempt and indig-
nation."

Another scheme was now resorted to ; the cry was raised
that the Common Council had misapplied the freemen's money,
and that the freemen ought to have the disposal of the borough
revenue. Artful was the scheme ; it brought into play the pas-
sions of a prejudiced class, who ignoring the claims of tho public,
assumed that the whole corporate property was applicable to
their own private use. Still, however, among the Common Council
there were men who, hokliug by the traditions of the borough,
regarded themselves as conservators of its rights and privileges,

TICN YKAK.s' CON KLIC I'. ^07

arid foarod, if ilioir powor woio dfHfroyod, furtlior aggTOHHioiis
might bo iiifido on tlio Iowii'h binds.

" tSoino liUlo timo after tlii.s," tliii.s H\toa.]iH tlio Cra/'untan,
"3'ou luiiy r(^ci)]](.-(;t tliat Hovorul oi'ycMi Wui-u wont fur iii a private
mannor, at dilloroiit tiiao.s, and in small parties, by soino agents
of tlio groat man to a certain pulili(; Ikmiso in tlio tr)u-n ; and then
and there your minds wore poisoned with artful iiisitmations
tending to exeito you to seditious and tumultuary nioa.sure.s ; — and
in short nothing was loft unsaid or undono to set your hearts
against your old friends the Four-and-Twenty, with divers hints
and insinuations about a])j)lying to tho groat man at the head of
the J'oth, aTid that ho wi>iil(l uudorluko your eausoaiul fight your
battles for you against the (Jommon Council. Nay, so far did
these gentry go, as to tell some of you, that tho dul(o wanted only
iwelvfi of the freenitn to j(nn liim, and ho would overthrow
tho Fouv-and-Twonty — well did those gentry know— for tlio
dovil never wants journoymon and tools to work Avitli — that the
only Avay to succecjd in their designs was to set one part of tho
freemen against tho other." With such innuences at W(irk, a com-
mittoo was foi'med, and a petition was got up from tho freemen
to tho duko of Northumboilaiid, praying for his assistance in the
speedy and oHeclual attainment of their just rights and privi-
leges. One hundred and thirteen "rospectaljlo freemen," as thoy
call themselves, signed this petition. " !Somo, however," con-
tinues tho Craftsman, " would not sign it until they were made
drunk for tho purpose ; others were prevailed upon by strong
persuasion and vehement entreaty to act contrary to what they
believed to bo right ; some wore induced by bribes, promises, and
other undue means ; and five or six of tho pai-ish poor were
brought out of tho workhouso to sign it." On tho 3()th of Aug.,
1781, tho petitioners marched down to tho castlo in great array,
preceded by one, ■who carried a bag adorned with the castle arms,
and containing this important petition, which they presented to the
duke. Acting on his Grace's advice, the leaders of tho move-
ment drew up a statement (jf their grievances, called the ji^rch-
vient tvritinr/, and presented it to tho Chamberlains on September
8th. In this document,

Tlioy compluin thnt the rents from ancient estates ami from inclosiircs have
not been aceounted fur j'early, iiur ai)plieil to tln'ir iniiiu'diuto l/en<lit, Lut
oi'ton niisapplied to iinjirojicr uses; a very substantial giievaneo, they sav, i.s
their liavinj; hi en deprived of tlie lierha^'c and rii;ht of common iii the in-
eh)sures, wliiih have been k't \\ithoiit tlie tioemeii's eonsciit, and for which
they have leeeived no eqnivaleut ; they comiilain tliat tln.y li.ivo lieen refused
a sight of tht: ueeounts of their property, exeeptini,' in one instance, when
they were reduced to the neces.^ity of reciuesliuL;- it a.s a favour; tliey com-
phiin that tlie most indif>ent freemen derive no benefit from their freJk-dffe ;
that hu'^'o sums, it is said amounting to i'loOO, have been squaudeietl without
tlicir leave in fniitles.s and vexatious suits at law and in equity, -without the
smallest probability of success ; that hirge sums have been borrowed and
repaid ; that an annuity has been paid to the minister of tho parish, and £8
vm,. IT. 2p

2^8 HI STORY (;!•■ AI.NWiC'K,

yearly a<3do(l to Ujo salary of tho Grammar School rnaHter; that £500 and
moro Imvo hwn Hpont in biiildiii!,' I'ottorgatij t-jwcr wliich is uikAcha, but
wliicli the (Joiiiiiion Council omlouvoiir to \)i:imiiflirdful (littler the poor frc-men
inn f^rcut l/i:at<l>/ und oniftMi:^!/ to llio town; th'it £100 have h.;.;n Bpcnt in
niakino- a race f/roiind ; that larf^o hiuhh )iuvu hc<;n di.^JJO.-;..•<J of to soldienj, militia
men, uiid othiuri, hy way (d' ni.jny niakiri;^' and rejoicing; tliat tho officii of
J'own C'lurlc ia an innovation, hut the potitioncrd Hay " they pas.s over in bileut
contonijit tho very iniproiior and inMultin;:,' lan^'^na^'o mado uho of to the fr«jo-
mon, l)y tho inMij^iiififaiil u.surper of that oflicfj ;" and thoy demand an irispoo
tion of all cliartcis, grantH, hook'H, ]m\>vvh, and accounts. Thi.i wa.shigiitd by
Hctny (Jo]liii;^\vood .Selhy, Lulce Matti.son, 'i'homas Jamioson, Hdw. Stamp,
J\Iatth(;\v Uiinlniir.sh, liohert i\looi-, VAw. 'J'h.nv, Kohcrt KiekMhy, Thoma«
I5ell, Jolni (;iM)ison, 'J'honias Nesl/if, jun., John Thew, jiin., 'i'homas Youiif,',
1'honia.s For.ster, Jidin Greenhead.

A formiciiil)lo attack was lliis, countenancofl ami aided by
groat iiiduonco; oxtrciiies met lioro, tlio groat lord witli tlie
poorest ol'tlu) community. The imiiKjdiato object was obviously
to devote more of tho public property to the private use of the
freemen ; but tho ulterior result may have been to bi-ing under
the dominion of tlie lord additional portions of the corporate
lands. A number of tho Oummon Council quailed under this
attack; and it was agreed, in order to terjuinale the dispute
amicably, that a case bo projiarcd by both i)arti«;3, or cases by
each party, and sul)mitted to counsel for a legal opinion; but
none of the title deeds of tho corporation had to bo in.spoctedby
any jjorsons employed by tho renKjnstrants. liecovering, however,
ina few days from their fit of fear, tlio Common Council cancelled
this order. Such vacillation roused tho ire of tho committee,
and forth came a pamphlet froiu them, expressing their astonish-
mont at conduct which, lliey say, is "certainly marked with a
most extraordinary duplicity;" and they threaten an immediate
application to tho Court of t'hancory. 'it si>enis, however, that
tho committee insisted that all docuiuonts whatbocver should be
submitted to thoir solicitt)r ; "less they would reject 's\ith disdain
as an irisult to their understanding, and an atiront to common
sense ; " and hence arose a suspicion among tho Four-and-Twenty,
that more was sought tluau a redress of grievances, and no less
than the overturn of tho constitution of the borough.

The Chamberlains in a printed folio replied to the catalogue of
grievances ; some, they say, are trilling, and some imaginary ;
but others relating to abuses in tho expenditure of the public
revenue are of a very serious nature ; and though they do not
look upon the remonstrants as tho most respectable part of the
freemen, yet, desirous of doing impartial justice to all, and of pre-
venting similar abuses, they have siibmitted the remonstrance to
gentlemen learned in the law for their opinion From this period
we may date the beginning of that wonderful propensity the
freemen have shown to scribble and circulate anonymous, abusive,
satirical broadsides, verses, and pamphlets, which has continued
down to tho present day. During this ten years' contlict, the
press WRS kept bu.'^y with offensive find defensive letter.s, folios,

TEN yi:au.s conflict, 209

and pamplilots; aiifl oven ballads, lu(2pibriou8ly bewailing tho
sorrows of Mio poor f'reomon, woi-o siin<^ in tlio public .streets. But
tliore caiiio forth orio lilor.'iiy kiiif^lit with a clo.sed vi.sor, who did
more execution than all the rest. U'luler tho Hobri<|uet (i£ An
Old Crajhuian, there appeared a sorie.'i of seven lottcis addressed
to the IVoenien, in which ho freely criticised the jtrocoedinj^s of tho
castle and of tho coiniuittee of tlio freemen. Ijoinj^ well acquainted
with the history of IIkj btjnHif^h, and with tho ciiaracters of tho
parties, bolh secret aiido|)en, en^aj^ed in tho coidlict, he laid baro
tho hidden plots, and exp jsed tlio hollow pretences by which, the
freemen wore misled; in a rouj^h but trenchant stylo, now sar-
castic and ncnv denunciatory, and then in aealiner but still vigor-
ous maniuir, lie e.\amined the ^rievanciis set forth in the parchment
writirifj^. He had been denounced by tho committee as " tho
insignificant iisurper of oflice;" but he now had his revenge;
and his accusers must have smarted beneath his sarcasms. Tho
writer was Ktjbort Ivicluirdson, an attorney, the clerk of the cor-
poration ; and he had been engaged to perform this work by tlie
Chamberlains; for in the accounts for 1701, wo have

Paid for ]iriiiling JIO copies of a letter bif;nu'l An Old Craftiman addressed
to tlie frewiK.ii, Lcing written by tho order ol' the Clumiljurluins, and with tho
privily of .sovuiiil of tho Connuoii Couiifil for the purpose ol" quieting the
minds of tli(; discontented frocnien and tlierehy preventinj^ a threutoncJ suit
in chaneery, Ly exjihuninf^ Kevernl mattur.s complained of hy them and en-
deavouring^' to hiot theni ri^lit in others of which they had conceived false
notions or in which tliey had hocn misled.

The printing of these letters cost in all £18 9s. ; and the author
seems to have received £ 10 for his literary labour. This curious
book is now rare ; but it is one of the most remarkable of the
literary ]n(nluctions of Alnwick.

This formidable combination, having failed to achieve their
object by threats or by compromi.se, iilud a bill in chancery
on May 'J7th, 178*2, against the Coinmon Council, in which were
reproduced the charges in the parchment writincj, with this addi-
tion, that the Common Council had given a large subscription to
the making of a public road. The insurgents were fully pre-
pared for war, as tliey had a year before this time retained ilve of
the most eminent counsellors to conduct their case. But after
stibpoonas were served on the Common Council and others,
another attempt was made for an accommodation, coupled this
time with schemes for the improvement of the moor. The suit
was therefore susijended. A letter from H. C. Selby, dated
September 17th, 1782, informs us that a deputation from the
Four-aud-Twenty and the committee were appointed to wait on
the didvO and lord Percy for their consent to this improvement ;
and he concludes in the following grandiloquent words : — " Tliis
being done I will venture to say will operate very considerably
in promoting an immediate cessation of hostiUties between the
Belegeront powers and in all humanprobablity may be the happy

300 HISTORY OK af,n\vh;k.

j)rc8ago of u IVioiidly uiid lasting rocoriciliation between tlie
li.'iu^lily Piivont of our littlo Htato and hor frooboru goiiorouH but
allbclioiialo sons." J.*'i)io wrilor.s tlioy woro in those dayH !

Many luooting.s woi-o lioW by both paitieH, and after much
8([iiab})liiig, proposals woro at longth agrood to for a roform of
tho conslitutioii. IT. C tSolby, as agoiit of tlio dnlco, sent on
November illi, 1782, his Grarjo's pn^po.sals for tho im])rovorQOnt
of the moor ; and those, by order of a majority of tlio Four-and-
Twonty, woro siibmittnd by tho Ciiauiberlains to tho trades or
companies for tho opinion of tlioir momburs. A poll was taken
OH Novoinbor 22nd, 17H2; and tho votes were, for tlie propohuh
139, against tli(jni (58. Somewhat nn^ro tiian one half of tho
froeniGn thus sanctioned tho duko's scheme. We have seen how
wretchedly in some cases tho (jommon Council woro misled ; wo
may now judge with what aniount of wisdom or folly the mass
of frccmou would dispose of corporate i)ro[(orly. It is, however,
creditable to tho Cordincrs that a majority of them were against
tho proposals. Let us therefore see what they were : —

Tho dnlco oiYavi propositions as an outliin; towards the cultivation of that
largo and valiialile tract of wuitc i/roiind, wliich in tlio wliolo (.oiitains iipwarda
of .'i.'500 acres. Tiio two farms, the Frioiacn Hill and Far ilo'.r IIoiiso, aro
to coiitiiiuo inclosed, and to bo let by the Foiir-anil-Tweiily and Aldemien
or deputies IVuiu i,-a(;h coia))any, fi'i' the cx(jbisivc beni;fit of tho burgesses;
they CDUtain U.jO acres. A part of tlie iuiiur moor of ^iHO aeres is first to be
cuUivatcd, from tiim: to time, and as it is improved to be laid down again to
])astino ; 50 yeais will be re(|iiired to cultivate tlio wliolo of tliis ]iortion of
GoO acres. The Intake and Herd's Close containing 54 acres t<j be laid down
to gra.ss and eajoyed in comiiion by tho freemen. Tho land west of the
iSloelv(in Burn and vontignous to the Duke's Park, about 215 acres arc to re-
main in thoir pi eseiit state for the lord and tlic fruemcn. The duke is to have
87 urics of Ihi' iuui'i- moor, wliiih lio will plant with trees to beautify the ]d;ico
and alVonl shflti r ; and \w also resfrvi, s tlu' right to plant 10 ai r>-s in clumps,
which are again li) be thrown ojun to tho moor when tlio trees arc suilicieutly
grown. The remainder of the moor is to be riijoycd in common.

Such is the substance of these famous proposals ; wonder it is
that they Avere ever made, as they are stam])ed more with
(iuixotism thait chivalry. For a IrijUmj considcralion a yreat bo'.n
was to be conferred — so said the authors of them ; but Avas it a
trilling consideration ? First, at one fell swoop, away went from
tho corporation for ever 87 acres of the best land they had ; then
215 acres more of the best laud were to remain iu their present
state — to grow whins for ever ; aird then again the lord would
acquire some new powers over these 215 acres, for they were to
remain for (he lord as well as the freemen. A stej) backward
had to be taken ; and 5-1 acres of inclosed, improved, and free
laud had to be made common and brought under the power of
tho lord ; nor must it be overlooked tlmt these proposals pro-
nounce the whole of the farms inclosed from the moor waste
groxind ; was all this a tritle ?

Well, for these trilling considerations, what was the boon ?
The lord gave up his right tu depasture his cattle on the moor,

TEN Y^;\I^s (;om'mct,

:30l

(111(1 tho inclosed lands with (lo<;)' ! Marvollous generosity U) j^ive
ui> Avluit lio did not jjossohs ! Tlio hoon itself was tlio trijle ;
consiHtiiij:^ of notliiii^^ inijro than tiie liberty of spending lifty
years in cultivating .050 acres of the mooi-, or on an average often
acres and a lialf yearly ; and even this witli the condition of re-
storing the wliolo again to tho coninion. No claim to the soil
was given by the loi'd ; ho still kept his hold of minerals; and
oven tlie freehold of tho ooO acres, which had to he cultivat.:d,
was not restoi-ed to tlie freemen ! fSuch proposals couhl not have
been accepted by men free to tliink and act ; but " tlie tub was
thrown to tlie whale," for ingeniously enough they wore Con-
nected with otlier pi'oposals of a moru popular character.

A hill wan to liii bnjiif.-;lit iiilo I'ai liiuiK.iil to confirm the aHif,lf,-9 of a^T-ee-
merit, the aalcs, ami (;x(:h;iii;,'<;.M iiiaili; \>y tli<; corporation, and tho division and
iniprovoniciit of tho moor, a.-i set forth in tho diiko'.s jnopo.-ritions ; to ro;,'iilato
tho incloHiiroft) ; to let lamls hy yjuLUc auction ; to increase tlie salary of tho
Graniiriar School master to CoO yearly ; to build a now free luii^'liwli Mathe-
matical School, anil pay ma.stcrd' salaries not execodirif,' £10U yearly; to
examine yearly the Cliiimberlaiiis' accounts hy the l''oiu--and-'i'\venty and
tho Aldermen "of the tradea ; to distrihuti' .suridus revenue among the lie<:men
not havin^^yoodaon tlie common; and toikctT'ommon Councilmen, aa vacan-
cies occur by votea, taken by tht^ Aldi'rmen of llie aeveral trailed, rc'tunied to
the Connnon (.'ouncil. — A glorious vision was conjured up to the view of the
poorer class of freemen, of enjoyin-^- amongst them an annual division of the
public revenue, which at that time an\ountcd to about £^95, with an esti-
mated expenditure of XHO, leavin>^ a surplus of about £255.

A petition to the Ilouso of Commons was got up in favour of
this bill, and was signed by tho duke of Northumberland, Hugh
baron Percy, called eavl Percy, and lord Algernon Percy, and
by the four ( Hiamberlains, nine members of the Pour-and-Twenty,
sixty-thvoo froemon, and three froomeu's widows. The eyes of
Ihefroomi-n had buon oponod to tho hollownoss of tho proposals,
and not one-fourth of their niimber could be induced to accede
to them ; the bill was slitlod. Still tho projectors clung to their
scheme; meeting after meeting was held to promote it till Jan.,
1784, Avhen a reference was again made to the companies;^ but they
condemned it. Attempts were made to obtain a moditication of
the duke's propositions ; but this too failed ; and then the pre-
tensions but delusive scheme vanished into thin air. Legal war,
however, Avas renewed on November 28th, 1785, when ** subpceuas
out of chancery were served on the Chamberlains and Four-and-
Twenty at the suit of U. G. Selby and others; " an answer was
given by the Common Council ; but on August 18th, 1787, the bill
was ordered by the court to be dismissed Avith costs, which
amounting to £51 Is. dd., were in 17'Jl paid by II. C. Selby and
others.

Thus ended the famous ten years' war ; the attempt to alienate
more of the corporate property signally failed; but in the course of
the struggle much evil was done, in disturbing friendly relations, in
wasting time, energy, and money, and in retarding improvement.

S02 HISTORY OK ALNWICK,

No one was bonofittod, save Rohort Richardson the clork. The
cost to the corpoi-ation was noar to £•'500, and ])roLahly a lar^^er
Biim Avas spoilt Ijy tlio opi)09ito party ; and tlius laoro fhitn £1000
was cast info (ho l>ott(jiido,ss pit of hiw, without achiovinj^ tlie
sh'j^htcst g()(;d to tlio town.

SECOND TMN YEARS' WAR, F(')R 'IlfE REFORM OF THE
CONS'IITIJTIOX.

The corporation is liko a volcanic mountain, boneath which a
firo is always burning ; volumes of smoko frequently issue from
its siininiit or fiom cones on its sido ; but at distant and uncer-
tain intervals, tlio whole mountain is in active eruption, sending
forth fire, smoke, .ishes, and hiva streams. One such eruption
in 17G2 dcstroj'ed for over fair fields and vineyards ; another in
1785 was oven more violent, shaking- the mountain t(j its base,
but effecting loss mischief. During the subserpient quarter of a
contuiy, there was comparative repose ; but in lb 1.3 the smouldor-
ing fire broke out again and raged for another ten years. In
this new conflict there was less com})lication ; the lord of the
manor took no ]iart in it; nov did the question of iho division
and improvement of the moor enter as an element of strife. The
leaders wore a diUerent class of men from those who figured in
1785; but more of Frencii philosophy and brute force were
brought into the struggle.

The first heaving of the mountain was seen at the meetings of
the companies at IMichaelmas, 1815, when an anonymous letter
was read, urging the freomen to take law proceedings against
"their servants, the Four-and-Twcnty." "Is it not," asks the
"wa-iter, " an immutable truth that all political power resides in
and arises from the ]iPoplo ; " but ho makes no attempt to show
that the two hundred and thirty or forty froomon of Alnwick
were the people. This is something liko an imitation of " we
the people of England, the three tailors of Tooley street." A
committee appointed by the freemen sent on November 7th,

1815, a letter to the Common Council, complaining that the free-
naon derive little advantage from the lauds in tillage belonging
to Alnwick Moor, and demanding information on the state of
their affairs. So far was this complied with, that the clerk of

■ the corporation, by authority of the Chamberlains, met the
aldermen of the several companies, and submitted to them the
accoimts of the three preceding years. But this did not satisfy
the committee, who were highly indignant that "they, the re-
presentatives of the freemen, were treated with contempt."
The committee rose in their demands ; and on February 28th,

1816, submitted to the Common Council a new constitution,
which, permitted the existing members to retain their ofiices dur-
ing their lives, and provided that vacancies as they occurred
shotild be filled \i]) by the votes of a majority of the freemen ;
but the powers of this body were to be controlled by meetings of

SECOND 'ij;n yrak^' wak. 303

tho freomon, without \vlio«o Banctiou Huits at law o-mlfl not bo
coininoiicod, now buildiiif^s erectod, pro[>orty purcliahC'd, eold, or
oxcliarif^od, nor moiioy {^ivon in donations; tlio aocountH woro to
bo audited hy tlio ]'\)Ui'-aiid-Twority and tlio aIdorriH;n ; and the
burplus I'ovfMiuo distiibiitod yearly among fho pooi* frooincn and
frounu^n's wi<low8 rosidin}^ in Alnwick. Tlio tonstitution was
mibstantially tlio sanio as tliat produced in 1785. Tlio Common
(Jouricil ropliod that, as guardiaiib of tlio rights and pi-iviloges of
tho froomcu, thoy could not adniit of any oncroachniont on tho
established (;oii,stitution of tho borough ; and rocornniondod tho
coiiiinitLoo not thoughtlessly to cause fhouito expend the revenues
of tho borough in suits of law.

Khetorie and oratory flourished among the freemen at this time;
epeeclies were made and paui[ihle(s printed to enlighten the
public as to llie merits of tho struggle and to cast odium on the
Coumiou Council ; but the writeis and speakers displayed littlo
knowledge of tho subject. None of tlio prtjdiictions on either
side was nuirked by Iho ability and iiif>rmalion which give a
value to the Old Crafls>nan even at the present day. We niay,
however^ cull a few of tho Ihjwors of rlietoric with which those
productions were adorned, to shew the temper and taste of tho
loaders of tho froenion. They tell tho freemen they have been led
hoodwinked into captivity ; their rulers are tyrannical and venal,
and have assumed the tone and deportment of tyrants — tho Four-
and-Tweuty are self-constituted, their government intolerant and
arbitrary, directly opposed to justice and humanity, and produc-
tive of tho greatest abuses, their administration is pernicious and
improvident, they have exercised a i)rescriptivo tyranny and in-
justice*, ihev are a littlo junto miserable in i)oint of talent, their
luisap)>ropriution of ])ropL'rty is cruel, tluir total dctrntion of it
villanous, their sophistry puerile, and their inhunumity cold-
blooded. Yet tho men thus liercely stigmatised wore generally
honourable men, and as resjiectable in character and intelligence
as tho "body of the bvirgesses could then produce. Concientious
too they were in their resistance of popular clamour, for they
were guided by tho opinions of men learned in tho law. From
the experience of the past, they had a salutary fear of aggressions ;
and they were unwilling to break in u^jon prescriptive usage lest
tho power of tho corporation should bo weakened and the re-
maining privileges of the town thoreb}- endangered ; no high
appreciation had they of tho leaders of tho movement, and while
believing that the general management of tho borough affairs
would not be improved b}'- men elected at uproarious meetings,
they feared that so anomalous a body as the freemen, when en-
trusted with power, might eventually barter away tho propert)'
and privileges of the town. The subsequent conduct of the
malcontents lent some force to those objections.

Not long after this, a favourite method among the freemen fur

304 irisroKY ok ai.nwk.k.

redressing {grievances — hnitf3 force — was brought into play. On
tlio 8tli of J)o<;oin]jor, 1817, ilioy assembled in a tiiniultiiouH man-
ner in ilie Town Hall, find forcibly turned out tlio borou;^h
servant who had it in (.liarge, broku (ji)on the belfr}', and rung
the town bell, " contrary to the oxpi-css orders of the Chamhcr-
lains." In like manner lliey assiniililnd on thelOth; and after
again brealcing open Iho boHVy and i-inging the town bell, they
lield a meeting. Ne.xt day lh(;y procecfled lo other acts of violence ;
they broke oj)on the Tmvn Ifall vault and jiut on another lock ;
tlioy issued a haniljjill informing iho public that the vault was
to bo lot by thorn ; and on the iollowing day thoy let it to one of
the fruemon. Through pi-etcnce of hohling a meeting, they
obtained possession of the Town Hall key, and refused to return
it; and tlie Chamberlains were obliged lo cause the d(jor to be
forced open. These insurgents ai>poinled ollicers of their own
and forged the borough seal ; and on the 0th JJeceinber issued
mandates to the Cliamberlains to deliver up to them the town's
papers, books, aiid cash ; on the 13th they .sent a dismissal in
"Writing, sealed with the forged seal, ti> oveiy indivifbial member
of the Four-and-Twenty. The spirit of wanton miscliief seized
some of these lawless men; and at night they assembled in great
numbers on the moor, and persisted in setting dve ti> the wliins
and perpetrating other evils. All this seems liko a burlesrpie, or
materials gatlicrod for a chapter in a sensational novel ; yet tiie
leaders were loud in their vauntings regarding freedom, enlight-
enment, reason, and philosophy.

Before commencing law proceedings the committee of tlio
freemen took counsel's opinion ; but portions of that opinion,
tinfavo\irable to their cause, wore by the select committee
concealed from the general commit tee of the freemen, who,
thus misled, plunged into law; and early in 18iH tiled a
bill in chancery, charging the Common Council Avith misapplying
and wasting the revenues of the borough and mismanaging its
affairs, and calling upon them to give an account of the property
in their custody. To this the Common Council re])lied, and
furnished a copy of their accounts for the preceding fifty years.
Besides this, the Common Council brought an action against
John Allison for the recovery of the Town Hall vault, of which
forcible possession had been talcen.

After a great waste of money, the freemen wero defeated in
both actions, which wero dismissed with costs. They had no chance
of success; the same questions wore tried in 17So, under more
favourable circumstances. Time had strengthened the ])osition of
the Common Council ; for their management, tliough far from being
faultless, yet when judged from the stand-point of the freemen,
bad improved during the preceding quarter of a century. There
still remained the anomaly of a body of Twenty-Four, who origin-
ally acted for the whole conmiunity, tilling up by their own votes,

llliFOUM OK THE COKI'OltA'l ION. 305

vacancioa in thoir body; but thoro was also remaining the
anomaly oi' wnna 210 or 2.00 frcomon enjoying privilogcj Avhich
formorly btilongfjd to tlio wliolo town.

Tlio tuxod cost.s of tlio cliaiioory suit ainountod to £2.'J0 Gh. ;
hut tlio real loaders had .'ikuUaid away from tho ro.si)on.silnlity of
tlicir own deed.s ; and men who had comparatively little to do
Avilh tho proceedini;s, but whoso names ajjpeared in the bill, were
called upon to pay these co.sts. No nKjvement was made by these
loaders t(,i hol[) tho victims of th(-ir folly; and, in const-fpienco,
William INIatlison and J(jhu Youn;^, two of the jilaintiffs, were
arrested and sent to ])rison. Tho Cummon Council were not tho
inhunuiiie, eol'l-blooded tyrants their oppcnients depicted :

" 18iio, July 12 — At a riu;utiii^ of tlio ^'hauilicrluins and l-'oiir-anJ-Twenty
of tlie llorouj^h of Ahiwick, tliO liaid.ship of Mr. "William l^Ialti.son and Jlr.
John Youii'4 was taken into con.-jiduiation, thi.-y bciti^' now in jirison for tha
taxod costy of thu lato suit in chancory, and dcs(;rt(;il by tVic othov fnomen,
who were ciif^aj^i'il in tho said suit, and hoin:^ convincod tliat tho wlioh; of
the Haid co-std cannot ho como at, have (;onio to tho hiitiiano determination to
remit ono moiety of the taxed co.its, the .>aid AVilliam IMattison and John
Youn;^' jjayin;;- the whole exiionses incurred since." There wtie fifteen at this
mcetin'i;, ton of whom si^'iied the order ; hut tho minoiity entered tho follow-
ing;; protest : — ■" ^V''e tho undi r.siqneil cannot allow the i'urc^oin'^ order to
stand on record in the hook without most solemnly protesting,' a;^ainst it, as
bein;^- in our opinion eontniry to the established eon.slitution of the JJoroui^h
and also unjust. J. Clladslains, John tiibson, Italph Smith, 'J'hos. Limlsay,
John Lindsay."

A public subscription was made to enable the victims to pay
the other half; members of tho Common Council out of their
private funds p,-ave £22 lOs. 6d., two members giving £3 each.
Ono of tho most prominent and violent leaders of tho freemen
gave 2s, lid. !

JiKt'OUM or THE C'OKl^OKATIOX.

Fortunatus Dwnvris, as commissioner under the Queen's war-
rant, on tho 2ytli of October, 1833, examined into the alfairs of
the corporation at a public meeting in tlie T(jwn Hall. No little
astonishnuiut and amusement wore excited when John Lindsay, the
corporation clerk, disputed with tho commissioner tho authority
of tho Queen to make such inquiry ; but tho fun Avas stopped
by the interference of the Chamberlains, who stated that the
Common Council were ready to atlbrd every facility to tho inquiry.

A dark day it was to tho freemeu when tho news came that
Alnwick was placed in- schedule li of the Corporation lleform
Bill ; it fell liko a thunderbolt amongst them, frightening out
of their propriety for a while, lord of the manor, Chamber-
lains, Common Council, and most of tho freemen. Long and
loud had been tho cr}' of the freemen for relbrm, and now
when it came they shrunk from it with horror. Alnwick would,
according to this bill, havo enjoyed that important element of
modern civilization, the jjowor of self-government ; the anomaly
of what is called seK-electiou would havo been swept away, and
VOL. 11. Jv'q

50G HISTORY OK ALNWICK.

roplaccd by a triio roprcsontation lliroiip^li tlio sufTra^^o of tho
cuiiiiiiuiiity ; llio town, to(;, would liavo li.'i'l a inaf^istracy of its
own; a ropi'o.soutativo body, consistiiij^ of mayor, aldorraon,
uiid coiniuoii c<mii(jiliiii!ii would havo l»ooii croatod, Avho would
have iiiaiifigod tlio all'aiiH and proporty ff tlio t(jwn, doH-nded itg
li^^hls and privilego.s, and j^ivou f-irci;Uv'o oxpro.s.sion to public
o])Jni()ii. l*uldi(; ]ni;otin;i:.s ■woro hold, at Avliich i)f;tition8 wore
adopttid to Lolii. Ilousos oi' I'arlianiont in favour of tliis important
Lill ; John Lamljort, IJobort liusby, and 'i'lionias ])odds apjioared
as cnli;j;htonod advocates of tho nujastivo ; and alonj^ with a few
othor fi-fonien 1 had tho honour of sup[>ortin{^ it. liut those who
clung to monopidios and anti(piatod alnisos wero activo and urgent
in fccoking thu withdrawal of Alnwick from tho bill. ^Mooting
after meeting was held among tho fi-comen for this objoet. A
sense of common danger reconciled bitter enemies. Cordially
did the freemen unito Avith tlie Four-and-Twcnty Avhom they
formerly abused; for a while tho lambs lay down with tho
wolves, llapjiy family ! if this peace had continued. Petitions
wero sent by thorn to Parliament, ])vaying that Alnwick should
bo struck out of tho bill ; they could not understand tho reason
why it should bo there ; they sent no members to Parliament
and never interfered wltli p(ditlcs ; they had no duties to perform
excepting managing their own fvmds for tho benelit of tlio free-
men ; and yet they say they were a corporate body before Norman
times and aro a corporation of Anglo-Saxon origin ; and they
view their being pmt in tho bill as a punishment, and they jdead
they have committed no crime. Tho wailings, however, of the
distressed freemen would have commanded little sympathy or
respect from our legislators ; but there was one moro bitterly
lu>st iio tlian oven they woro to a reform of tho corporation. Hugh
diiko of Northumberland, brought all his power to bear against it;
and it was even assorted that tifteeuth-sixteenths of tho borough
belonged to him! Lawyers ho employed to appear against it
before tho bar of the Houso of Lords ; and through his influence
Alnwick was struck out of tho bill by our hereditary legis-
lators. For this thero was no snlUcient reason, since Alnwick
•was as much entitled to enjoy the benefits of reformed coi'-
porato government as Morpeth, Berwick, and similar boroughs.
Tho Ilonso of Commons took the same view ; and when the
amended bill was sent down from tho Lords to the Commons,
Alnwick was again inserted in tho bill ; but it was a second
time struck out by tlio lords ; and such was tho inlluence of
tlio duke, that it was supposed tho -wholo bill would have been
overthrown if Alnwick had been retained in it. The minish-y
yielded tho point ; and Alnwick, the little Jonah, was cast into
the sea to save the ship. The historyof the transaction fui-nishes
a striking illustration of class legislation.

About five-and-twenty freemen stood firm in tho advocacy of

YM VISION AND 1 M 1' 1((;V IvM I.N I OF lllK MO'iH. 307

onliglitened coi'iKnuto rofoi in, iiotwithstandirif^ abuso and perso-
culiuu from tlio m(moi)()li.s(.s, who indeod went so fur an to \tiviH
votOH of ccnHUio on thoso fiionds of fioodoni and improvement,
and even to tlircuton tlieuiwitli dislVunehi.sement.

Wild with ji»y on tlioii- tnunij>h the frofMiion mot and vcsolvod
to proHont un iuhliosa (jf tlniidcs to llio diiko ; and on liis arrival
at Alnwick on ,Siii)toinbor Uitli, iH.J.j, thoy marclwid in pnK.cs.sion,
uccompaiiiod l)y niu.sic ami li.innors to tlio South gato, and thoro
pruhiontud thoif addic^H, .vliwli was grudouisly rocuived. It was
u groat occasion for iho ir(-,;nion, and thuy woro niado jolly.
llefroBliinont.s were furnished out of tlio corporate funds, "the
freemen," it is naively said, "being very desirous about it."*

DIVISION AND IMI'IiOVE.MKNT OF THE ilOOfl.
Tho revolution in I7'j'2 doomed Alnwick Jfoor to grow whins,
to be cut up \v'ith (quarries, pit heaps, and clay pits, to bo marshy
in Borno parts, and to produce useless weeds in others, lor nearly
ninety years ; because power was yielded up to the lord of tho
manor, whieli enabled him to obstruct ini[)rovement. liepeafedly
was a propos^ul made for improvement ; but always with the same
veply — the Ireenien must buy tlie privilege at a large price. Tho
lord's real interest in tho moor, beyond tho claims ho had to
part of the minerals, w^as however small, and its value scarcely
appreciable ; ho could put no cattle thereon ; ho had no forest
there for tho chase, no park for his deer ; he might dig turves
and cut whins for his own use ; and there ended the rights
acquired by these articles. Yet tho moor was cruelly treated ;
eorvants of tho lord might be seen mercilessly paring off tho turf
and carrying away soil from tho moor, and cutting up the sur-
face by carts and traversing it where no roads were; illegal acts
Buroly since they destroyed tho vesture which belonged, even
aceoi'ding to the articles, to the freenuni. hi 18 lo when com-
plaints wero inade by tho Chamberlains against such aggressions,
Sir D. AV. Smith, the duke's chief commissioner, sent a threaten-
ing reply — "If you oblige," says ho, " his Grace to revive the
latent chancery suit upon which tho agreement was projected you
must abide by tho consequences; as ho has been advised never
to compromise the matter should it be reagitated, but to await
tho decision of that court for the restoration of his rights and of
the lands taken from his Forest of Aydun by the corporation of
Alnwick ; " but though tlio Chamberlains, Kalph Annctt, George
Embletou, and Eilward Thew sent a manly remonstrance, the
ag"-ression3 were continued. Legal remedies sometimes prove

* John Lindsay, the clerk, was intensely vtlieineijt ai^ainst the corporation le-
form bill, and curiously enough was lor a tirief jKiiud tiansl'orined by the I'reenien
into a hero ; by his will dated July 'JGth, 1S3(J, he i)eqneathed " a silver teapot,
su^ar basin, aiid cream ewer, subsurihed tor and presented to me by the freemen
for what they considered service done by me," upon trust, to permit the beiiior
Chamberlain for the time being to have the use of them.

308 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

worse llian tlio diHoaso, bo expensive and doubtful in result is our
Fiiif^liHU law ; uiid licrujo weallhy nion can HomoUia<;s trans^^ros*
■\vitli impunity. As tlio IoiiI'h ri^^lits wore horKjrary ratlior ihuii
profitable, equity and eoiniiiou soiiso deiaanded tliat whoa
tin iiicreaHing population madu it needl'ul tliat every i)art of Eng-
land hiliould l)o econoiui/.iMl and g-row I'ood fur tlio people, mere
powoi'H of oljritruotiou tiliould bo s\s'ept away, and tlie real jirufita
enjoyed by lords on eonimons shoulil bo valued and paid for
aceordingly. In 1803 llio (Jonmion Council Bought perujis^iiun
from the dulio to improve the m(;or in cerlain pnjportionn, and
lay these down again to eonimon — a ])lau which in no way injured
tlio lord — yet this was rel'used. Again in 181 0 the same object was
Bought — but the lord would abow ini|rovemi!nt only on llie condi-
tions contained in the bill of 178 1. Ciui.\ijli.-3ni had not entirely
Buccumbcd before the genius of Cervantes.

This question was more fully gone into in 1820, when the
Common Council, at tlio request of tlie freemen, ai)plied to the
lord for a division and improvement of tlie mo(n- ; aiid on a reply
being given that tho duke would refer the terms offered to his
law oilicers, the Common Council consulted liicbard Preston and
Iloppor Williamson, eminent counsellors, as to tho proportion of
the moor they should offer t(j the Itird. IJichard Preston said,
" as tho rights of the duke are rather hon(n-ary than productivo
of profit, inchiding among tliem the ]>ower of giving to the free-
men the privilege (d' having the full and com[)lete ownership, &c.,
I cannot form an accurate opinion of the (Mjuivalent, which ought
to be given for a releaso of his rights." Hopper Williamson
said, " ]n the coiu'so of -10 years exi>eiience 1 never knew moro
than ono-sixtcentli gi\en to tho lord lor his rights. There is uo
ground on whicli tho lord can claim moro tlum tlie usual quantity
in tho case of Alnwick. The matter is ono of bargain. The
difference between a forest and a common or waste seems tinder
tho circumstances rather nominal than substantial ; it rests with
the lord bimself to ajipreciate this valueless /r.uckisf." After a
due consideration of theso opinions and a roforenco to tho cor-
porate companies, tho Common Council offered to tho duko ono-
eixteenth of the moor as his share — the price to bo paid to him
for giving up his power of obstructing im})rovement. His auswer
is historically important as shewing, under what pretences lords
of manors endeavoured to absorb into their own estates portions
of the ancient lands of the people : —

Alnwick, Gtli :May, lS2i).
Gentlemin, — The duke of Noitliunilierland has rctiirncilto mc your letter
of tlio '2Sth ult., and desires me to express his rei;ret that he cannot agree to
the measure ja-oposed to liiin by the iMnir-and-Tweuty in your Utter, as His
Grace has oiten been advised on authority ho cannot douht tliat whenever he
consents to tlie enclosure of Aydon Forest he has, as lord, a right to and
mi"ht claim one third part thereof. — I have the honour to he, Gentlemen,
your most obedient servant, D. W. Smitu.

George Turner, John t^ind.say, William Baird, Andrew Bolton, Esquires,
Ohamborlains (if the Borough of .Alnwick.

DivisroN AM) imi'Uovi-.mi;nt of the mooh. 300

To tin's monstrous pro[)osal no reply was given ! but on tho
IGth Juno, 1829, a lottor wu.s rf.ceived by the Chamberlains
signed by IJ. W. Hmitli, Tliomas IJu.ston, and Wm. TiUU'tf, cora-
nuHsionoiH of tho dulco, in wliinh another prO[MjHal wub made,
viz., that tho duke wouUl take one-HrUi of tho moor for hishharo,
but cloggcil with tlii.s Cfjndition — (hat if a jtortion of grouu'l had
to bo sold to pay the cxixjiiscs of tho inolosuru, ho hhould bo
enabled to buy us much of it as to complete his p'Utiou of one-
third of tlio moor. ISuch pnjposals wore unaniuujusly rejected.

Another attempt was nuulo in IH 10 to acliievo the improvement
of tho m(K)r — luipofully and quietly in its earlier stages ; but it
had not gone far before tho explosive elements in the corporation
were ignited, and tlie mountain was again in violent eruption.
^Ir. Luke llindmarsh originated this altemjit ; and in a letter to
the Common Council on November 'Jlh, 1810, urged tlieni to
negotiate with tho lord of the maiuu- fur a eettlemont of his
claims in a spirit of concession, consistently with their views of
tho substantial rights and interests of tho freemen. Ajtproving
of this oltject, tho Couuniui Council sought thi'ough the aldermen
of tiio companies tho concurrence of tho freemcru. iJelegate.-i by
these trades were ajtpoiuted to act in conjunction witli tho Com-
mon Council in laying before tho duke tho ■wishes of the fi-oemeu;
and Bomo companies agreed that if an act were ajjpliod for to
improve tho moor, tho reforui of tho constitution shuuld bo in-
cluded. Tho Common Council, anxious to promote improvement
and if possible secure harmonious action, unanimou.sly, on L>ec.
8th, 1810, ])assed this resolution: — "That tho opportunity bo
embraced of having a clause embodied (in the Act of Parliament
fuv tho division of tho uu)ot) enabling tho freemen at largo to
till \i\) future vucancios in tho Common Council as they shall
occur."

Tlio Cliamborlalns and tho freemen's delegates met with tho
duke's commissioner to discuss tlie terms of the division ; and on
tho 8th of December this commissioner proposed on behalf of tho
duke,

That 83 arrcs of tlio inner moor ami 1 ')4 acres of the outer moor, or about
onc-tcnlli of tlic wliole lie given to the loiil of tlie manor in lieu of bis cluinx
to tlie soil of tlic remainder; that royalties ami manorial rights Lclong to tho
lord, as reservcil Ly tho aureement of 17(J-, he paying surl'aee daTnages, and
that tho 1 rivilogcs of the fieemeu in these royalties under that agreement bo
preserved to them in their shaic ; freestc.ne and limestone (piarries, nut
exceeding on the whole 10 acres, are to he set out for tlie use of the kud and
the freemen, for working •which no surfaee damage sliall ho paid ; tiio rent
of '2s. is to cease ; and the freemen are to liavc a lease for 20 yeai-s to work
coals to hum lime, bricks, and tiles for the improvement. Tlieso proposals
were clogged with other unM'ise and unmce.-^.sary tondilioriS ; for the purchase
of thelitlies irom the duke, and to pay the exjienses of imjjrovcment, it was
recpiircd tliat there should he sold to the duke, or exchanged withliim for other
lands of equivalent value, 374 acres of tho outer moor and 205 acres of tlie
inner moor.

This scheme was submitted to a guild meeting of the freemen ;

810

HIS'l'OKY (JF AJ.NWICK,

and tlif3 proposal to jrivo to llio duko 237 acres in liou of his
claim t(j tho Hoil of tho moor was aj^nccd to ; but tlio propotjitious
for tho Hule and exchanpro of .079 acro.s moro wore oxceodi/ij^ly
unpopular. Tlio oxporionco of tho j.ast led many to look Anth
fc!UHpici(jn on any salu or oxclianj^^o willi tiio diiko; othorn lia<l
oxaj^^goratod oxpoctatirms and would not bo cr)ntont with Icsn
tliau " aero for aero " (jf hi.s cultivated land f«r thoir uncultivatd
laud ; all dislilvcd tho pro[)osal as oncumboriug what mij^ht Jiuvo
been a niuiplo traji.sactiou ; and somo indoud vory un\villin;,dy
acceded to any part of tho nchomo as ^ivlii'^ too much ti; tho hTrd
of tho manor in liou of his valueless franchise; but tired of wailin"
for tho bettor time cominj^ wlien righttjousness w«.uld re^Vn on the
earth, they ondeavoured to make tho Ijcst of their unfortunate posi-
tion, that the moor mij^lit Udt any lonj^tn- bo doomed to compara-
tive sterility. Tho guild meeting had no faith in valuations, and
passed a res(dution " that a tlxed nuiuber of acres bo sj.ecitied ua
tho value of tlio tithes as well as of tho land to bo exchanged."

One important condition tho Common Council insisted should
be included in tho agreement— that the clay should be regardr-d
as part of tho soil and not as a royalty ; fur they considered it
would be a serious evil to have their huuls destroyed bvextonsivo
clay pits; and in this they were guided not only by their sense of
right, but by tho opinion of an emineut hnvyor, Sir Frederick
Pollock, who told them

Tlie word royalties do s not include a rif^ht to dijr for clay or Lriek-carth in
order to inako Ijrieka, or any oilier right of a similar kind as -ravel lur n.ads,
bmo for manure, i:c. ; if a division take place, the lord could not tlieiefoio
claim to dig for clay in tlie ])ait as.si-ned to tlie J'.urgesues, and the clay pita
would ])asa to theiu ; ho Ihinkfj indeed that tho lord is limited to what is
rerpiired for his own use, and has not power and is not entitled to kt or leaso
tho hriek kilns, \e,, to non-fiveium for -meral use; but ho advi.MS the ficc-
inou to seltio these points by previous avran.nemeut, and n..t to k-avu tlieni us
n inatttr of dispute. Aceonling to amended proposals both the cluy und the
brick kilns would have passed to the freemen.

After tliis, valuations wore made, by both parties, of those por-
tions of the moor wliich it waa proposed to exchange; and the wido
dillcrenco in tho results shews hoAV partial and uncertain are tho
methods by which tho value of lands in such cases is estimated.
Mr. William Nelson, ono of tho duke's agents, valued the 679
acres of tho moor, at £9G34 7s. Gd. ; Mr. William Laws, another
of his agents, at £8,591 17s. 6d. ; but Messrs. Thomas Forster
and Thomas Scott, the freemen's valuers, at £15,295 Us. Od.

To meet the changed aspects of tho (juostion, proposals were
madeby tho duke's commissioner on November 9th, 1841, which
contained tho following proposals in reference to the sale and
exchange of tho freemen's land : —

" That 205 acres of the inner moor and 375 acres of the outer moor be civon
up to His Grace, in exchange for all that part of tho llohberlaw estate" with
the newly-erected farm house and l)\iildings, situated on the west side of the
lane leading' to Rugley ; also all the timber growing thereon ; also all the

DIVISION AND I.MPItOVFMKN'r OT I'llI-; MOOU. 311

tithes tlioroof; (ilno sill tlio titlics uriHiiitf tVorn Aydon Forest or Alnwick
]\I.oor jiropoHod to liu ^ivcn U) tho froornori !iM their Hharo thereof; al»o the
hriek mid tile wliedH on tho moor, ex(e|)tin;< only one field on the llobherlaw
CHLat(!, contiuniiif^ <Jii. 1 r. '.iOp., wliere the lini(;.stoiie <iuariie.-) are now work'id,
with right of w.iy tlieroto alonjif tho pn-'Hent road."

Tlio anioiidod projio.sals woro fli.scussecl jit conjoint meotinj^.s of
tho Common Cy'oiincil and dolo^-ates ; but tho ohl feoliii;^ of onniity
had boon conjured up, and all prospo-cl of Iiai'inonious af;tion liad
vanished away. It was, lio\vov<;r, rosolvod to roqu(;Mt yiv. Win.
Lowroy, of Barmoiir, an ablo and diHlin^^ui.sliod land valuer, who
was indepoiidont of botli ])artioB, " to value tho subjects of ex-
chanf^o on botli sidosand to I'oporthis impartial o[)iiii<jn thereon "
IJut tho iro ol'tho more violent deh;}^a(o." rose n{^ainst tliis moderate
treatment of tlio (picstion ; they withdrew from conjoint action,
and sought by noisy moeiings and abusive bnjad sheets, jiara-
graphs, and pamphlets, to luisropresent tlie conduct of tho Com-
mon Council and to thwart tho schonio. Mr. Lowrey, on Juno
13th, 1812, sent tho Chamberlains and delegates tho following
valuation : —

Tho TFolihorlaw estate, including the titlies tlicroof and the wood thereon,
and the tithoi^ of that ])art of the moor still to he reserved to the freemen, the
erection at the biick and tile work, and tho annual rent of two Hhillin.g.s, at
the sum of ilSSa'i ItJs. Od. ; and the four lots of the moor, proposed to be •^iven
up to His Grace in oxehanyc, viz.,

No. 1, 100 iicii's, and No. 2, 10 j acres— 200 acres at - £0184 Os. Od.

No. li and '1, Ii71 acres of outer moor ... £18'J8 los. Oi.

£11082 los. Od.

Tho time had gono by when tlio Common Council could co-
operato with tho delegates, or trust to uproarious meetings ; they
therefore in a pamphlet, calm and moderate in its tone, laid their
views before tho freemen ; and con>-idering Air. Lowroy's report
entitled to coniidenco, they ailvised the freemen "that a distinct
oiler of a settlement of tho proposed exchanges be mado to the
lord of tho manor ; " and to enable tho freemen and freemen's
widows, who coincided in this view, to express their opinion, the
following memorial was prepared for their signatures : —

To the Chanihorlains and Common Council of the Borough of Alnwick.

"We the luidcrsigned, being frccmt-ii and freemen's widows of the Borough of
Alnwick, and fiu.ding anxious for tlic division and improvement of tlie moor,
are of opinion tliat tlic Chamberlains and Council ought to submit to tho lord
of the manor an oiler for a settlement of the exchanges (speciried in the 2nd
Proposition made by His Grace's conmiissioner on the 9th Nov. 18-11,) upon
tlie terms of Mv. Lowrey's report, and if such offer be acecjUed, to accede to
tho other I'ropo.sitions of tlie same date, with such modilications as they can
oTitaiu for the ad\antage of tlie fieemen. That, in the event of an agreement
biMng made with tho lord of the manor, the Chamberlains and ^ommoa
Council ought to apjjly for rarlianientary Authority, to abolish the ancient
usage of self-election in tho Common Council, and to establish such improve-
ments in the constitution of the corporation as time and circumstances may
have rendered expedient. We therefore request the Chamberlaius and Com-
mon Council to carry these objects into etieet accordinirlv.— Alnwick. 5th
May, 1842.

312 11I.S'I'01{Y or AI.NWICK.

'J'ho iiiiiriljor of Hif^riaturoH, liowovor, was iiotBufficiont to induce
tlio C'oiiimoii Council to f)rocoo(l liirllior witli the nof^otiation,
nrid llio piop^ross of iinprov<Miioiit was vcttinldd ariotlior docado.
Doulifloss tho t(3nns iJi-oposod hy tlio loi-d weivjHliabby onou^li; hut
all (;<)7Kliti(jiis oflurod woi-o inaikod with a hard barj^aiii-iiiukiuff
tharactor ; yot in oiio important ros[)(;ct tho propcj.salH of 1810
wcro inoro lihoral tlian tho.so afterward.s a;^roed to by tho frec-
mon, for tlio clay as part of tho soil would have passod to them.

Tho loii^ di.si)utod question was rovivud aj^ain in 18^8, and
before it was Bottlod tho cor[)oration ajj^ain was in a state of vio-
lont eruption. Tho now impulse impartod to it is supposed to
have come from tho castle. Mr. I'liomas Jlickaby took tho lead
in rc-oponing tho f[uostion. Mectinf^s of tho companies were in
consoquonco hold, and they requested the Common Council to
ap[)ly to the duke for a division and inq)r(jvomont (jf the moor;
and this was accordingly done on INfan-h lOlh, 18 11. jSIr. Ilu^h
Taylor, comrai.ssionor of tiio duke, in rojily, requested tho Com-
mon Council to state their view with regard to a division, and
very pro])erly o])sorved, " that it was desirable to leave a certain
extent of unenclosed ground for the recreation of tho inhabitants
and for such other benelicial purposes as niay hei-eafter arise."
lioforonco was again made to the several companies to ascertain
their opinion as to tlio share which ought to bo ofiered to the lord
of tho manor. ]Jelcgatos were appointed by the conqjanios to act
for them; and they, besides adojjting the same proportion fur the
lord, as was agreed to in 1840, [a-eparod an elaborate scheme of
constitutional reform; the old system was to be entirely swept
away; and instead thereof, they proposed a new government,
consisting of a president, two vice-presidents, and twenty-one
other freemen, forming a court of aldermen, M-ho were to bo elected
annually at guilds ; and eoveral other guilds of the Avliole body
of tho freemen Avero to bo held to control and direct the manage-
ment ; evcri/ aldcnncm moreover had to receive a salari/. A great
time this was fur constitution-mongering amon"* tho freemen •
they had caught tho sjjirit of tho Abbe Sieves.

Tho Common Council entered once more earnestly on the task
of achieving improvement, and appointed a committee of their
body to prepare a scheme. Tho report of this committee,
which was unanimously adopted by the Common Council, con-
tained proposals for tho division of the moor similar to those of
1840, but without any conditions for tho sale or exchan-^e of
lands ; and they distinctly provided, " that tho right of the'' lord
to take sand, gravel, or clay from any of the corporation land
should cease ; " as to tho future constitution of tho governing
body, they proposed that tho number of the Common Council
bo twenty-four, that they be elected fn- three years by freemen
resident in the parish, at and above 21 years o£ age,' by votin"-
papers ; that one-third of the number retire annually ; that four

iJiNisioN AM) i.mi'UOvi'..\ii;ni 01' '1II1-; .Moult. ;jl.j

(JliaiuLorlains l;o elected annually by Die Common Council out of
tlioii' own body ; tliat scliools, not fbwor in nunibor nor less offi-
ciont lliaii IIioho flion in oxi.stonco, bo maintained fur tlio educa-
tion of tlio IVoonion's cliildi'cn ; tliat tlio imblic jjant.s and wolls
bo efliciontly maintained ; and that tlioso cliango.s bo obtained by
Act of Parliament or ro^al charter. In the regulation of tho
moor, they projiosed that li'jO allolmonts of half an aero each bo
Bot oil from tho inner moor, and that every freeman and freeman'H
widow should have one of fhoni; that 100 acres of iho inner
moor bo let f)n improveablo leases not exceeding eight years, and
at tho end of tlio tei-ra laid down to common jjasturo ; that por-
tioiiH of tho outor moor bo let, and other portion.s planted ; that
land for oxorciwo and public recreation bo set olf in accoidanco
M'ith tho usual rules of ].'ai'liamont ; and tliat tho remainder of
tlio moor bo improved as a common ])asturo.

KoasoTiablo proposals were these, but the delegates denounced
them ; tlioy were not their own ; and tho government under
thom would have boon too quiet and orderly ; annual elections,
frequent guilds, and tho payment of tho new councillors wore
demanded. A guild mooting of tho freemen was held on
28tli November, 1848, when the proposals resiiecling tho division
of tho moor Avith the lord of tho manor wore carried har-
moniously ; but tho scheme of tho delegates for the future govern-
ment of the borough was brought fjrward in opposition to that
of tho Common Council ; and on a voto being taken, whether tho
Common Councilmen should bo elected for one or for three years,
70 freemen voted for ono and G8 for tlireo years. Yiewin"- this
decision as e((uivalont to a voto of ^\^a\\t oi confidence, tho Com-
n\on Council withdrew from tho negotiation, and considered that
they would best perform their duty i)y carefully watching further
proceedings, with tho view of preventing thu alienation of cor-
porate proi)erty, or tho adoption of plans injurious to the burgesses
or to the town.

Eeadily did the agents of tho lord enter into negotiations witli
these delegates ; obviously, better terms could bo had from them
than from tho Common Council ; but the business became nar-
rowed, and constitution-uiongering had to be abandoned, for the
dulio would havo nothing to do with now charters or special acts;
tlio division must bo carried out under tho in-ovisions of the
Commons Inclosui-o Act ; and lienco there could bo no inter-
meddling with corporate reform. Tho provision, that clay, marl,
sand, and gravel should not be taken by the lord from the free-
men's share, was struck out; and tho delegates meekly acquiesced.
Tho consent of 234 freemen and freemen's widows having been
obtained for the division of tho moor under these conditions, tho
completion of it passed into the hands of an inclosure commissioner.
At a meeting held by him of persons interested in it, Mr. Thos.
liell, of Newcastle, was appointed valuer ; and when the question
VOT,. II. ■ 2m

314 IllSTOKV OF AI.NWICIC.

of roads was discussed, Mr. Robert Busby stood forward nobly in
dofonco of public ri<,'hts, and stroufrly objoctod to tbo blockin;^ up
of ancient roads and jiatlnvay.s. The coirirnisHionor dotorininod |

that tho freoinon's share of tlie moor shouM be allotted to lifteou j

trusioos, twelve Creenieii and tliree non-froenien, to bo elected by f

tho freemen. No less than !)0 freemen and 80 non-freemen wero
nominated; and of (hose first elected, fu\ir freemen and all tho
iion-freeme'U declined liie honour of tho appointment.

Though the Cmnmon Council made no attempt to retain power
over tho moor or take any part in its future nuinagement, they
carefully scrutinised the instructions {^iveu to the valuer. Tho
delegates attempted to invest Ihe trustees and guilds with author-
ity to test and regulate the (pualihcatiou to the freelege; and with
unlimited powers of borrowing money, of selling, exchanging and
purchasing lands and dividing the proceeds, of granting dona-
tions, gifts, and charities, and of entering suits of law. But to
such claims objection was made by tho Common Council, and tho
powers wero so modilied, that tho partleswhoobtained tho manage-
ment of tho allotment could not interfere with tho corporation, ' ;
or alienate lands, or distribute money among themselves under
any i^retenco, or enter into law save for tho protection of the
allotment. There was ono extraordinary deviation by tho com-
missioner from tho usual course. According to tho Inclosure f^
Act, tlio Eecreation Ground set apart for tho public, should have ;;
been allotted to the churchwardens and overseers ; but it was ^
m-o-ed that the Local Board of Jlealth could most efficiently ,^
tako charge of this land; much, however, to the surprise of
the public, tho trustees of the freemen's allotment wore appointed
also as trustees of this Recreation Ground. By what singular
inlluonco thisclmngo was made is not known ; but tho result has
been to render this Grouml of but littlo advantage to the
public. In some respects tho character of the freemen was not
cbanrrod. Chagrined at not achieving the transference of corporate
powe'r to themselves by legal means, brute force was again
brou-^'ht into play. Great masses of freemen became wild witli
excitement and broke into a meeting of tho Common Council,
lield April 24th, 1850, and by violent threats and denunciations,
T)revented tho Common Council from proceeding with the admis-
sion of yoimg freemen. A similar riotous scene was enacted in
the following year ; but the Common Council afterwards adopted
means to prevent the recurrence of such disreputable exhibitions.
Though onerous was the work of the improvement of the
moor, the leaders of the freemen wore not deterred from inter-
medciling with other matters; for in the full flush of their
new authority, they attempted to control the action of the Com-
nion Council, but without success. Before, however, the
division was completed, the new rulers felt how precarious
■woidd be their power if held at tho will of the freemen. _ Loudly
had they denounced those who would not bow to that will. The

DIVISION AND IMI'ltOVKMKNT 01' '1 111'; MOUK. 31.0

popular tido liiniod agninfit tlienriHoIvos, and gavo them an oppor-
tunity of oxorriplifyin^ tlioir jn-iiiciplo.s. Tho instructions to tho
valuer had tliis ])i-ovi,si()ii : "Jntlio event of tho ]»ro80nt I'onr-
and-Twenty Loin^ elected by tlie Hufl'rages of tho freemen, that
l)()dy Hhall bo .substiluted f(n' tlio then tru.stoo.s." Obscurely is tliis
worded ; but tlio fro'jnion uiider.stiKjd its meaning to bo that
if ilio ])resont ]<\)ur-and -Twenty -were elected to be trustees by
tlieir siilb'a^^os, tliat then tliuy nliould take the place of tho
trustees rucc.'iilly a])i)ointed. ])issalislicd with tlio new rulers they
had placed over them, tliey held a g<,'iieral meeting on JJecember
15t.li, 1851, and passed a i-esolution " tJiat tho Chamberlains and
Common (Jouncil of tlie borough of Alnwick bo rofjuested to
become trustees of tho freemen's allotment ; " 55 voted for it and
18 against it. A petition was therefore sent to tho Inclosuro
Commissioners, signed by 200 freemen and freemen's widows,
declaring their opiiu'ou that tho improvement of tho moor cannot
bo carried out satisfactorily or advantageously by the persons
nominated as trustees, that they consider the Clmmberlains and
Common Council of tho borougli tho i)roper authorities to repre-
sent thorn, either as trustees, or in any business connected with tho
borough, and thoy therefore beg tho commissioners to call a
meeting of tho freemen to annul tho nominations, and to nomi-
nate in their stead the Chamberlains and Conmion Council. To
tho voice of two hiindred freemen tho new candidates for power
turned u deaf ear ; they clung to their prospective offices ; and
the commissioners refused to attend to tho freemen's wishes. It
then becanio apparent that some of tho abstract notions of the
freemen could not be realised ; they could not dismiss their now
riders, who wore practically as much in otlico for life as any of
tho your-and-Twonty. Tho incidents, however, aro chiefly
remarkable as exhibiting the tickle wayward character of the
freemen — a characteiistic which sometimes even marks tho
movements of the Four-and-Twenty. The hero of to-day may bo
tho victim of to-morrow, "when ignorance, caprice, or jobbery is
in tlio ascendant.

Little interest was taken after this in the progress of tho
measure. The award of tho valuer was confirmed on 2nd June,
1851, according to which,

A. 11. 1'.

237 0 0 wove allottuil tu tlio Jiilco of NortliumbcrLiiul uiid his heii-d iu
lull ooiuiiciisatiou for the aiinuul rent of 2s., antl for his right
on tho soil of tho moor.

8 0 0 as a pLico of oxerciso and recreation for the inhuLitants of the
parish and neighbourhood.

8 0 0 as a freestone ([iiarry.

2 0 0 as a limestone quarry ; Loth quarries to Lc- for tlio use of the duke

and his heirs or for sale by them, and for th.' use of fieemen.
92 0 32 sohl to tho corporation for £260.

3 10 sold to Eobt. ytraughan.

2362 3 28 award.xl to trustees for (he freemen.

2713 1 20

S\(i IIISI'OKY Ol'" Al.NWlCIC.

Afluv tho <li vision was completed, improvemoiit.s Avero com-
monccd on llio fi'ocmon's allotment; and for tliis purposo £.0000
wore boiTowod, ropayablo in 22 years by yoai-ly iiistalmotits of
£325 ; G50 acres of tho inner moor ■\vovo drained, cleared, and
fenced, and '105 of tlioso acres liave been converted into arable
land. There were fitill left of pasture land 313 acres in the inner
and 1585 acres in tho outer moor. Eveiy freeman and eveiy
freeman's widow are entitled to enjoy during their lives and whilst
resident in tho itarish, one acre of arable land which is reckoned
as one stint, and tho pasturage of otlier two stints ; all of which,
liowover, they may let to any pci'son, whether freeman or stal-
liiigor; but these privileges are burdened with tho charge of
14s. (id. yearly for each stinc, so tliat when tho whole privilege is
enjoyed £2 3s. Gd. yearly has to be paid by a freeman. The amount
•for Buck stintage, paid in 18G7, was £194 3s. Ud , whicli was
applied to defray interest of money borrowed and towards tho
expense of management. On January 31, 1HG8, 284 acre allot-
ments were held by freemen and freemen's widows, of which
abo\it 124 were cultivated by tho holders ; and about IGO let to
other persons at an average rental of about £3 53., leaving a profit
of about £2 lOs. to the freeman after his paying tlio stintage
rate. Otlier lands amounting to 121 acres are let by tho trustees
at tho yearly rental of £208 8s. 3id., which is applied to
defra}' the expenses of management. Twenty dwelling houses
were then on the moor, sixteen of which had been erected by
men on their allotments. In tho summer of 18G7 there were free-
depasturing on tho moor, 1419 sheep, 41 cows, 23 young cattle,
and 50 horses, the whole being equivalent to 398 stints or a little
moro than \} stint for ouch freeman. When lot a stint produces
only 53. yearly to a freeman ; but thero is now, as Avould have
boon said in former times "a great oppression of stock," which
is thoroforo in but poor condition ; and it is necessar}' for the
owners to provide hay and other support for their stock usually
every winter. ••"

Other improvements have been commenced in the present year
18C8, for which £G000 have been borrowed to be cleared olT with
interest in twenty-live years, by an annual payment of £402 os. Od.
This is applied to the drainage, clearing, and fencing of 780
acres of tho outer and 144 acres of the inner moor ; "nhich will
be divided so as to give an additional allotment of three acres
to every freeman and freeman's widow.

Much of the outer moor, being high ground, attaining in one
part 819i feet above the sea level, resembles the central moor-
lands of Northumberland ; the climate bleak, the surface rocky
and bare of soil, or boggy and peat}-, or growiiig heatlicr. Scmo

* In 1851 when the whole moor was a ]ui,<luie there were on it 1 !"21 shfO]i,
105 goats, 53 lioises, l'25l cows, nr 481 stints, liclon;iipp; tn lO.j I'lcon-.en ar.>! i.';5
fVccnieii's widows.

Ki;vi';NUK AM) I',xi'j;m<i'i (.)(!,. ^^ 317

good liiTid capaljlo of cultivation oxtondH soutliwaid of the Moor
(iato to 8t. Margavot'H Grcoii ; l>ut iiiOht of tlio othor ];orlion can bo
■[)r(;fltaljly occui)iod only by jiasturaj^o. Thougli tho iiiiior rnoor
vaiii'H in its quality, yot ^oncrally tlioro is a },'ood clay hub-soil ;
and land.i on tho St(jbby Moor, and near tho brick Jiilns, and in
JJrankHpotli lloul liavo produced good crops of oats and
turnips. Other i)ortionH, naturally infoiior, have, from Iho fresh-
ness of tlio soil, yielded fair crops; but after tho virf^in soU
lias been exhausted, it will bo necessary to aj>ply manure moro
freely than has liithorto boon done. The cultivated land wan in
1867 cropped in tho following manner: — 27.'j.i acres of oats, 8
acres of wheat, 2 acres of bailey, G^ acres of vetches, &c., 70
acres of turnips, 2GA acres of potatoes, and 45.^ acres of ^ass ;
and tho value of tho produce has been estimated at £3oOO. Such
are some of the results of the division of the moor ; doubtless tho
community will be benefitted by tho increased amount of food
raised, and by tho amelioration of climate from tho drainage of
marshy grounds ; but more experience must bo gained before its
influence on the freemen themselves, in conducing to their physical
comforts, to their success in life, and to their improved civiliza-
tiou, can be fairly estimated.

EEVENUE AND EXPENDITURE OF THE CORPOEATION.

The revenue of the town, small in early periods, was derived
chiolly from the rents of Ilesleyside, of tho Bog, of ^a^Te Banks,
and of shops and pits, from admission fees to the freolege, and
from stint money. In 1591 it was £2'J lOs. Id., and in 162U,
£34 9s. ; but it was increased considerably in some years by the
rents of mills and of colliery, by guild groats, and by assessments
of tho fellowships for schools; in IGll it was £loS Is. od., in
1G12 £142 8s. Id. ; but in 1G13 it was only £13 Gs., and in 161G
£7G 7s. Ch\. After that time till tho end of the eighteenth century-
it ranged froiii £20 to £41 yearly.

Tho following statement shews the estimated revenue of 1709 ;
tho actual receipts of which year amounted to £G0 lOs. : —

]?o^o and Lrod hoops
Anderson's farr moor
And allowed him
Snipliouse stints
ATiatcd 12y. Rughry -Jls., AVintor 12s.

Ye pitls 4s., (r.iUoii's 2d.
ilrs. Facy house .
JMv. Tho. Fonwicke shop
Tho. Fenwiiko's liatt'r shop
The RitT"' ....

Jlr. Strothcr, seller

Ilesleyside
Ye renters in Heifer R-anlvS for the Clocke keeping

Y^ Hfnigh.

12

0

0

10

10

0

1

10

0

6

0

0

I

IG

0

0

6

0

1

0

0

1

5

0

1

2

6

0

10

0

3-5

19

6

1

0

0

10

0

0

1

0

8

318 HISTORY OF A I.N WICK.

% 0

Yi! jiili.H iiniir ALerwick .... 2 >^0

];atl(;n Kiiw. r

'I'ho. Aihcy'H StuLli! IIuLorkw . . . . 1 10 0

at (-'lityiioit Tower.

Fiicy ]'.iikr; to ii;iy f'/r thero Hlonts to

■[.adyday, 1710 . . . 0 12 0

Jn. Wood and Jo. 'riini<;r for tlio liau;,'li V

lM,.sid<;M Canogato . . . 0 r, H

Tho. I.iiiilKay for (iiiany hills . 1 10 0

l\Ii(;li!u.'ll F(nwi(;k(; usually i)ay« for liL-

urty of whinnf.s . . .020

■J'ho. 1-iiidHay i.s to P-'iy Ihu Town jior
iiim. iit Micliai ])iia.i for tlic Jjiino
luiartlio (Jlunrh . . . 0 10

Jolin 'J'lieakf.r Gd. ])tr unriiim for hi.s
h(i\iso every year, near llio Towno
jjiltH, near liutteii Itaw. Luke Iliiid-
iiiarsli and 'l'(jwnes liidiju . .060

Wlion tho lands enclosed from the moor began to yield a rental
tlio revenue incrcnsed, and anio\inte(l in 1715 to £03 158.; in
1724 to £129 Da. 2d.; and in 1752 to £217 17.s. SuL.sequently
to tho capitulation Avitli tlie lord of the manor, an additional
income was derived from leases of a colliery, of the hrick kilns,
and of butchers' shojis ; and in 1780 tho revenue am(Ainted to
£'l23 2,s. Cd. ; but when these leases terminated it lessoned, and
in 1791 was £393 13s. 6d. Tho cori)oration had, however, by
this time saved money, which yielded interest, and raised tho
• revenue in 1800 to £406 8s. ; from tho increased value of land
it sprung- to £071 iCs. 2d. in 1810. From 1830 to 1849 it
averaged £500, and from 1850 to 1800, £023.

In the last account fi-om November 7th, 1800, to November Cth,
1807, tho rovonuo amounts to £G8l \2s. 2d., wliich includes tho
following particulars : —

Ivcnts of lands .....

licnts of lunises and acknowledgments

Admission feed to tho frcelege

Fine from a freeman .....

For tho ube of tlio Town Hall

i'GSl 12 2
This, however, is but the gross revenue, which is subject to
many charges, as is shewn in the particulars of expenditure : —

Paid for charitable endowments
llopaiis and impruvomcnts on farm .

„ ,, of lionses, ineludim:;- (ho con-

version of old Bchool rooms into a dwelling hou.-ie .
Salary of clerk .....

„ borough servant ....

„ cdock keeper ....

Quit rents ......

Interest on money borrowed ....

Schools .......

£ 8

d.

5PG 17

5

73 7

2

o 17

6

2

6

7 7

7

£

8.

.1.

16

18

0

47

10

0

212

0

G

20

(1

0

13

0

0

10

10

0

0

14

G

-12

10

0

an

IS

;{

ukvknul; and kxi-knoitukk.

(yi;lel)ralioii ol' f/oid Wiulcwoiiirn iiiajiaity
UiitfH, Stationery, &c. ....

3 1 'J

Via

13^6 U

£718 G 2
Thoro was a balniico in liand i;f £92 8.s. 4d. ; but tlio corpora-
tion is in doljt JCIOOO, wliicli was borrowed wlion tho now schools
wore built ; this, Jiowovoi*, will ore lon;^ bo [tuid off, as ribt only
is tho oxpoudituro frcod from charges it was subject to prior to
the inclosuro oCtho nu)or, but also increased rentals will hereafter
bo obtained fi'uni tho iiuproveinents made in various properties;
and wo nuiy wish, if wo cannot hope, tliat this enlar^^ed revonuo
may bo wisely devoted to objects which will conduce to tho
welfare of tho whole town.

FIG.

<4\ '^.v.^*''''*!^''''''''''''HXa'''''

BOROUGH SE.\L.

CHAPTER XVn.

THE CORrORATION CONTINUED.

GENERAL CHAUACTEU OF THE INCOUl'OIlATED TRAUES — MEItClIANT9 —
CulUMNEUS— GLOVERS— TANNEU8--WEAVEU.S—MMITn3 — WltlOUTS
liUTOIlERS — 'J'AILOR.S — i'LTLLER.S — (JOOl'EU.S — TAULE OK NUM-
BERS AND ADMISSION I'EKS — EEFEOT OE CORI'OKATE I'RIVILEOES,

Thouglx at tho presont time every freeman of the Lorou;,'li is
free of some ti'aJo, yet tliero is no necessary connection Ijutween
tlio two francluses. Formerly some were free of tho borou;j^h who
belonged to no incorporated trade ; fov we ilnd tliat in 1013, tho
rates imposed on freemen wore levied by tho constables of tho
respective wards on such freemen as aro of no company. Trado
associations or guilds sprnng up in England not long after tho
Conquest ; mechanics and traders being held in contempt by
tho Norman conquerors, combined to enable them to resist
feudal oppression. One company only, that of tho saddlers in
London, is known to have existed in Anglo-Saxon times. But
other objects besides that of defence were souj^htby these fellow-
ships; they created monopolies, and assumed tho ])()wer of charg-
ing what they pleased for work done and goods sold, and of fixing
a price for goods bought; competition they quashed; nolbreigner,
— and all wore foreigners who wore not members of one of these
fellowsliips — could sell goods or work in the borough, or district
around witlioiit their permission. They were brotherhoods, too,
recognising the duty of each, being his brother's keeper, and of
jealously watching each other, so that the skilled or diligent
should have no advantage over the duUarel or sluggard ; no one
must catch custom by offering labour or goods cheaper than tho
price frxod ; no qno must be up early in the morning to make liis
purchases or sales ; tho early bird must not pick up the first
worm ; none coidd begin trading till the corn bell rang ; no
room was left open for tho jda}' of commercial genius, nor could
gigantic establishments exist in those days, for every one was
restricted in the nimiber of his apprentices and hiremen, so that
tho labour market could not bo overstocked, and tho monopoly
profits lessened. Sociality, however, was combined with business
at their meetings, which all were compelled under penalties to
attend.

INCORPORATED TRADES. 321

Iti nil tho corapanios tlio general rcgnlationfl woro much alike —

Iho Hpirit wiis ilio Baino. Knch wuh fr„vcrnod by an aklorrnan or
ward.Ti and two Htowavds, oloctod yearly; but IjOHidos tho'.o tlio
niorchantH had proctors, tiio butchevH llcsli loidfor.s, llio cordiuora
Roarcliors and HoalerH id' loallicr, and tho tannors fjuartonnastors.
Tlio sons of frocnion wcno adiniH.sil)lo by l)irthri^'lit into tlioir
lathers' trades ; and every master 7ni;;ht have two apprentices
•who, on tho expiration of tlioir servitude, would bo entitled ^
1o tlieir freedom on payin;^ admission foes, and taking an oath
of obodionco to tho orders of tho trade. .Someiimes persons,
wlio had served an ap])renticeship but were not freemen,
were admitted as Agreed Bruthcrs, on paying; a composition fee,
amountiuf^- in some cases to £20, but tho ].rivilefrc tlius confuiTcd
was restricted, for it could not bo transmitted either to tho son or
apprentice of an Jyrccd JOrot/ier. Monthly ])enco were paid
by tho memi)ers for tho support of tho fellowship ; and all in-
dul^^ed in that eminently Knj^iisli insfituti(jn, ati annual dinner,
which in some trades was supidied by tlio alderman, who had
thus to pay for his lionours. in 1C13 tliere were eleven com-
panies—tlu) merchants, cordiners, {^lovers, tanners, weavers,
smiths, wrij^lits, butchers, tailors, fullers, and coopers ; and more
do not ap]iear at any time. Two of these companies have become
extinct ; tho /tillers or ivalkers ended their days prior to IGOo ;
and tho last of tho coopers died in 1811. The wriyhts still Ciist,
but under tho name of carpenters and joiner 4.

Merchants. — As tho general rcgidations of the companies are
much tho same in all, 1 shall give a piett/ full account of _ the
merchants, and extract from the records of other comiianies chiefly
such orders as havo some peculiarity. Tliis fellowship is one of
tho oldest ; its records, which are contained in three folio volumes,
commence in 1582, and are continued in an unbroken series dowa
to the present time. It had never been large; in_ 1582 there
were sixteen members, but the number gi-adually increased to
thirty-two in 1789, since which time tho company has decHnod,
and now thero are only nine resident members, none of Avhom is
cither a tradesman or merchant. In bye-past limes, however,
tho company ranked foremost, on account of the importance of
the men connected with it; hero we hnd tho families of Clay,
Shell, Alder, Watson, Forster, Beadnell, Salkeld, Medcalf, Gallon,
Woodhouso, Vardy, Falder, Facy, Brandling, Lcelc, Grieve,
Solby, Annott, and Baird. Quiet, dignitied men they seem to
havo been, attending to their own business, rarely troubling tho
corporation ; tliere were few quarrels amongst them ; no abusing
of aldermen, or fines for intemperate behaviour ; and hence their
records aro not so interesting as those of other companies.^ Still,
however, they were fond of their dinners and of their wine and
sugar ; music they loved too ; pypers and fidlers they patronised ;
they paid in 1(308 " to the pyper at our meetings iiijf/." ; and in
VOL. II. "^

^22 HISTORY OF AI.NWICK.

1711 tlioy would pay to "Jolin wlio lirul a^rood to come and
rosido as ono of our waits, lOs. Cd., over and abovo wliat i»
usually f^ivoii on our Tnootin;:^ days, lowai-ds making up tlio Burn
of livo j^-uinoas, wliicli is to }>'j paid by tho town and otlior f radus."
Tho oldest oi-dors roviHin"^ othor ordurs oldor .still, aro dated l'J20,
and avo as follow : —

Tlio orilc;r.i iiiiuli) CDinluliifl coriiliscornloil anil ai^roo'l upon hy the Ancient
Company of .Ml;l■l■lluIltl•^) for Llio biui-oiijrli of AInwicki; for ii.s and our po.itt-rity,
wo lliinkinL( thuin biilittinL;- i'oi- tin; Htruni^thoniri;^ of unr fonni;r oi-il«;i"s, mado
Ijy our pruilocossor.i, liavo .sett ilioiii unil<;r our harulos iui'l soalos to rcmayno
in tli(; l>ox for (!V(!r, anno doniini Ki'iO. linprimU, that oviiry luurcliantij cidost
MOM boiiiq; l('i;iltiino 1)i^l;-oI ton wh.ilhn frf:i! of thi; Hanio (;oinpany, ])aviti'< at \\\i
ineoniin;^- to tho common liutcli ol' tlio said (•omi)any fivo Hhillin;^.s Htorlinjj and
a ))otlo of svyno. Item, lliat a mirchant.s scoond srm Hhall lio free, jjayinfj to
tho said company forty Hliillini^M Kturlin^•, to ho paid x<. ))cr i|uailor until it bo
payd, and noii'j othor Hhall como t<j bo irco of tho said company but by sorvico.
Item, that noo man of tho baid company shall take an approntico-, but lio shall
tak-(! him bound by in Icnturo to s<;rv(! for tlio sjiaro of soavon yian.-s and an
oi^'ht ycaro to be as hired servant of the same society, and that his master
shall onco within twelve nutiithes after onrowle his name in tho merclianta
booke, and pay for tho samo iij»'. iiijf/., and every masti.T ne;.deetinj{ tho Siimo
ciirovvlement shall pay to tho common hutch afor-.-said foity shilliiii^s sterlinge.
Item, that noo apprentyco shalbo free of the company untill he haith served
seavcn years, and at tho end of tho ycaies shall pay to tho hutch of the coin-
]iany five shillinys, and make the said company a free diruier or xx*. Item,
that noo mercliant shall take an apprentice to any othia' intent Imt to !:<-'rve
him as an ajiprentioo in his house, and to have meat drinke and lodging for
the sjiaco of live yeares at least, and to t.ike noo maryed man to be an appren-
tice. Item, that if any apprentice doe niavy a wife, befoi-o he have served out
his yeares, he shall pay to the company at the end of lii.s yearcs ten poundea
sterling, before he shalbo adniitted to bo free of the saiil com])any. Item, that
who of tho comjjany refuseth, (b('inii;- lawfully warned according to the usuall
cuhtomo to our meatinns') without sulUrieiit i-xruso made to the alderm.'in of
the said comjiany, .shall pay for I'veiy dcf.uilt t'> the hutch of the said COin-
l^any thro sliillinus tour i)>'nco totie.-i ijiudes. Item, that tiio procters for tho
yearo shall at o\ tn-y month day, when lluno shalbe a locating of the said com-
jiany, bring and present all faults and trespa-sses done by any jjci-son in
niarkett or out of markett, contrary to the former order of the fellowship, and
in willing or witting defaidte made by the said procters for the time being
shall pay to the hutcli of the comininy thre shillings four pence .sterling totia
QHolics. Item, that none of the fellow.shipp shall take a jprentice till his fjTst
tluec yeares bo expyred, and non to take an ajiprcntice but fiom three yeare
to three years, unless the prentice dye, and then yt sh.all and maye bo lawfull
for the master for to take a prentice. To these were added in 1G8-5 ; Ittm,
that upon any meating, if any person of the said fellowsliip shall oiler any
vilence either by word or assalt in the meeting hall of the s.;iid hutch, he shall
pay for the said offence done the smne of iijv. iiij'i'., totics qiioties. I/tni, that
after the 30 day November KiS.j, that after too meating dayes the trad being
lawfully warned wlioe doth not appearo upon the summons, that it is agreed
niion, that they shall not anymore bo warned to meat with the said conipany
till he shall come and make his composition ^\■ith the said trad for the said
ofrencG.

The earliest list of members is as follows: — 15S2 — Eaiphe Clay, Henry
Watson, Kobert C'larke, John Sjience, "Will. Shell, John Alder, Tho. Scott,
Hob. Stanner.s, Edw. ^\^lnles, Geo. Carsley, Fvaiphe Watson, Tiro. Armorer,
Eob. Harrison, John Chanter, Thomas Forster. Will. IJcadnell an important
man first appeal's " On Nov. IG, l.'J84, when he paj's xxJ. and all his arrcages

IKCOHl'OllAl i;i> JIlAUKS, 323

]mi<l." Tlio eurliiist ticcoimt Himjily shvm : " I08I — IJcf;<,-iv»;d xix</., Jwiyd
fortho xrl., romuytK; \\il." Tlio (ir.-,t n'i;f»i<Ii;il :i<Iiiii.i«ion is on Oct. 11. l.OM.'l' —
"Jolm 8(;olt (.r Alnwiclcc in frroid with tli(; fi;llo\vrthii) of M.'inhaimtcjj and
H<;rv(;(l lii.s i))(;iitis!ir;fii! iirnl HhiJl ii:iyo proxr-ntly llifj Hiiino of v*. Vj bo <J. il. to

Ifriiplic — ■ lo fjlaso wyinlow.-i." 'I'ho inlrnission fcf.s \v«io in ty.rii"; (.•:'<«.-«

liigh — " Joliri Clay i.s iiiliiiitt(;il l>y tlio coii.^f.-iit of tlio folio wnliipp to \f an ii
InotliPi' uinoii^'Ht us for 40(1.," and lioiieo iii(;iioy aoouinulatcd in iJio l»ox ; f-ir
" till! layiioof tlio l)o.\o money" '2h. in tlic pound intoi^st \vu« Jiiid, arul ia I'j'JH
tliu Hum lent on bond amounted to X"J(). 'J'li.; fclloWMliip at t.'iis j'Ciiod i)out'ht
cnlaiii liiiid.s of mi.Tcliaiidi.so for I'lo nu;inl)crfj. loO.'J — l';iyd to lioyer Sndth
luid John (JardiK.'i- for hoi)]j.s and .sij])i;o, tlio fsumo of \'\L xvn. xj. l.'/JJ —
Koceavod of Ifaljdio Clayo and Jidui (,'layo in paito of payomont of thoir
liojipcs -X.vvij'*. \il. ; icc;f,MVoil mor of him l'»v -i lirhin.s of «oi"p'; .x.xviij*. ; whi'ho
iiionoy for hopper) and Hoo])po i.s pa>do t<j Jfr iJronno for livo (•allevci-s the huiii
of iij/. xvs. \/L Oeorj,'o Ahh^r hath ono of them, Johti flay hath ono of thoin,
Kogcr Sinitho hatho towo of thciii, li(;nry Wat.sonno hath ono of them."

Aldornioii liad to puy for thuir dipjiiity hy givirij.^ a fico' dinner
to tlio company ; and upprciiticofs when admitted liad to do tlio
eamo or pny twenty sliillings. On St. Andrew's day, or the
morning alter it, tliis dinner Avas held, "at which tyme," it i.s
said in 1G29, "the new olocted alderman i.s to male 0 hi.s dinner
according to our order." Earlier than this, however, money was
paid out of the Lox for social onjuymont ; and it seem.s .too that
strangers, even the bailiff of the town, enjoyed the hosjtitality of
these merchants. A dinner then co.st sixpence for each guest!

IGIO — Diblmrsed the 30 day of Xovomhcr for wyno and sii.i,Mr vj»., nior'for
xi f^etits dyuor.s 5s. Gd., Juor lo Willin liood 6d., morpayd for wino and siij^ar

in John Is. Gd., mor jiayd the same day foi- ^^ineand sui,'ar to !Mr.

Lrowu and the company 2s. Sd., mor payd to John Slytcalfo and his wyfe for
20 weeks at lid. a W(!ek Gs. Gd., luor payd for on ho.\o to tho conipany 3s.,
mor payd the 'lo of Septemher for 12 f^c-ifs at denncr Gs., nior on pottcll of
■\vino and sugar sent to the hallylf to denner Is. 8d., mor to tieorn; Gallon in
sugar Gd,, mor payd to John Kobsoii, for on wholl year and on weeke 13s. 3d.
IGIU — Ciiveii nut for wine and sugar vis. 8d., for Jlr. Delavell and the rest of
tliere eompanie, fur there dyet iiij*., viiji/., given to the niinstrles iiiji/. lit.,
layd out for ij tobacko jnpes ij(/.

Some aldermen shirked the duty of providing a free dinner •
in 10-15 " we fyno Geo. Alder for neglecting aud not doein" the
office of ane alderman BUs. 1 Id. ; " iu IG70 John Davison, chosen
alderman, did not appear and Avas fined 39s. lid. Some alder-
men having prepared their dinners iu places beyond the town,
the fellowship ordered — " IGDO, Oct. 2ud, no alderman shall
malce any dinner but shall be in the town, or else suffer sen.ser of
the fellowship, which shall be five pounds, (oiics (jnona." In
1725 William Forster did not make his alderman's dinner, and
lie Avas lined £o, Avhicli Avas paid. Mr. William Peacock, in 1772
refusing to be alderman, Avas fined £0, Avhich Avas spent in a
dinner and supper, supplied by Mr. EdAvard BroAvn ; 20s. Avere
paid for tho dinner, 2Us. for drink, 20s. for supper, and 20s. for
a supper to apprentices. Several other tines Avero paid subse-
quently to this ; for the expense of tbe dinner Avas larger than
the fine imposed ; and lience in 178G the fine was laised to £10 •

324 HISTORY OK ALNWICK.

Gcori^o AVurdlo paid llii.s fliio in 1787; Oeorfjo Embloton in
1791 ; Tlionius iJainl in 17').0; and William lOmldolon in 1790.
Tho fino wa.s icduoed in IHOG to .to; and it was ugrocd tliat
llio flinnor for oach person nlionld not cxoc-ed 5fl.

AVhen n. C. Sull)y, as alderman, {^avo liis frco dinner to the
compan}', tho fcslal day Avas colobratod at liis own private rohi-
donco ; and, as it Avas cust(jmary to make tho lioarts of tho
npjii'ontices glad Avith a supper, tliey too Avoro invited to enjoy
themselves in tho eveninj^, at Swanslitdd. It was a glorious
occasion for tho hudding moi'chants ; royally wcro they enter-
tained ; and passing heyond tho hounds of discretion they waxed
lioroic, and ■would not " go homo at morning;" but calling for
their night caps, a littlo before daybreah, betook themselves to
bods which were kindly jjrovided for them. lUit how could these
victims of wino and puiicli rise betimes in tho jnoi-ning to attend
to tho dull routine of business ! [Jnopencd for long after the
jiroper timo wero their masters' shops, and fears were entertained
that death had been busy among the merchants. At length,
however, tho masters were summoned fiom their warm beds, and
had to humble themselves by taking down their bliuttors, sweep-
ing their sho])s, and dressing their windows. Dreadful thrcaten-
ings wero uttered against the pleasure-loving apprentices; but
the alderman interposed, and procured a jiardon for tho repentant
youths, who under peculiar temptation had been, at least once
in their lifetime, a littlo too jovial.

Littlo tho felloA\ship did iu self-regulation. The members
met monthly and paid their month's money; "Thomas 1'arti.s,
on December 5th, 1G53, for his month's money gives a pound of
tobacho." Tho only articles subject to spCLial regulatioiis wero
bkins ; it was ordered in IGO;! that "none of tho fcllowshipp
nhiiW buy skinnes, unless it bo with tho alderman's liceUbO, bofore
tho tymo of tho yearo that tliey ought to be sold at ujion paine of
xx.s." Tlioy sent searchers in IGO'J " for shepeskynnes and goate
skynnes, to goo unto the couutrye upon the charges of tho IcUow-
bliipp." Once the law seems to have been broken in this loyal
company; but the delinquent was penitent — " iGOli, Ajiril loth,
John (Scott tho elder hath confessed that ho sold she]'e skynnes
contrary to tho orders and payno of the company by wJiich he is
to pay xxs. by the order ; " but the company was generous
and forgave him tho fine.

Tho hours of business were long ; shops were pi-obably kept
open till ten o'clock at night; and it was not till 1730 that the
merchants agreed to close at nine o'clock, under a penalty of
twenty shillings to the trade ; the town bell then rang calling
people to their day's work at 5 o'clock in the morning, and to
ond their labours at 9 o'clock at night. It has been rrserved
for the era of steam, railroads, and telegraphs, to achieve by energy
greater business results, in a short time, than languid inditiVrente

INCOltl'OltA'IJlI) TKADKS. S'i-J

could alluin in moro Iciigthoncd periodfl. Good cliurclinion
Iho fellow.ship Inul Ijcoii, giving 208. and 40h. yearly [to " our
iriinihler ; " inifriolic iiiid loyul ion, iriiiiulaiiiiii}^ bix voliiiitoyra
<l\(iiii^ Iho rubollioii of IT'l.O ; and in 17!)S, \vliCTi^tcnifi<jd by.tlio
Fi(;iicli i(;v()luti<jii, tlioy i)ui(l into tlio ijuIjIi'c (roasury £'J'J Hh. '2d.,
a voluntriry contribution to tlio d(;ibnco of tlio counti-y ; in ll'iiil
i]u'\ giivo out of tlio b<j.\.£l} for tho nso of llio coal pits'; and in
ItUlB JC ! '2.S. 8(1. Ciuic't, polite, di}.;ni[icd, ea.sc-Iovin}^ men, tlit-HO
old nKurlumtH had littlo dilliculty in kcojtinf^ tlicni.-,elv<;.s ordt;ily
nnd witliin tho hounds of di.scnstion at thcii- own nic(;tin;^s ; but
llioy oi'tcn fought with othor.s av1k» entered into rivalry Avith liieni,
unci Hought to broak in upon tiieir nionop(d3' of trade. How
grandihii^uGJitly do they express their determination to maintain
their exelusivo privileges !

Anno i)riiiio, die July, 10 IC. — "Whereas yt h;itli pleaseil Allmyghtie God
to R'yvc niiui iiitelligeuco to jjiovydc and to proeiu-c for tlie Letter e.stab-
lisluiient of laws and statiitr.-J to tlie iiiairitaiiianeo and contyniiaiice of tJiO
■\vcalcpul)li(iiio and therefor wo tho fellowHliipi) an'l bretlireu of tho mer-
chaiit.s of llii.s boroiif^he of Alnwick lia\(; witli our f^enirall consenti under
our liaiid.s doe avoydc and al>ol_v.-io all fornn;!- oiders hy U3 or i)re<lece.-»oi-3
have or had niaile eontrarye to llii.s order, viz., vo the Lrethrcu and
uierehaiits do ratify and eonfyrme tliat no foreincr alien ih-nyoon or
ttranger or otlier pcraoii or persons whatsoever iiowe or iitt any^- tynie
either hereafter shall nott come into tho fellowshipp of merchants and
hrelhrcn to ho free, or to he; niado a free Lrotlier anion^jo xia, unices lie- conio
in parentage or l)y hyrtherif^ht or l)y his servine beavcri yearcs and liis indeu-
tureri to ho showed to the alderman and tlie fellowshipp att th>; end of his
seaven yrares servin. And for tho more .strerif;lliei;in^'- of fin's our perjjetuall
order to he irreversahle havt; hereunto .'■et our hands the day and yore uhovo-
saiil.

Against intruders and especially pedlars they waged a constlint
Avar.

'J'he 1 day of NoMiiihcr, li'.:i.j— It is oiileicd and airrei d that the alderman
and two of the lompany shall forhiil tin- ]iidleres ami petty e}ia]inien to sell
or .Sett toitli or show, to he s(dd any sort of f^rosserk-s or mayn ehe>t(,'r ( Ma.i-
chcitcfj waics, upon any Slarkett dayo or any other daye, either in the
IMarhctt or house in tho town, and yf they shall refus so to doe, IT is agreed
by the whole com]iany to take distress or distresses from every offender fur
every default or ollenee hy any of them eommiltod contrary to older; and
that the conipaiij' shall ^\arraI.t or mayntain the alderman andi)roeters whieh
bhall do so.

Tiobert Boswell, William Boswell, AValter Hogg, and Thomas
BroAvu " Avho dayly sells all sorts of Jlarchandise iji tho oppen
marlvot," M'cro iu lGo7 prosecuted; and in IGGl the company
resolved, " to answer both iu purse and person, againat all
opposition of the Chepmcu and Pedlars, and all others that seekea
to wrong tho fellowship." So often were the company's restric-
tions set at defiance, that in KuO, £83 iGs. 8d. were spent in
jn-osecuting tho pedlars, who, however, like smugglers, returned
again and again to their free trading, despite of hea\*;N" lines ;
evidencing that merchants' profits were at this time very large.
And bO tiio struggle continued to go on; nimibors were in 1G73,

320 IIISTORV OI' AI,N\VI(JIC.

and af^uin in iGBfi, guilty of Holliiig and retailing grocery and inor-
(jory uarcs ; and llio uicrcliantH contributed largely again to put '
down tlie podlarn ut the BcssionH,

At tlio RoiK-ral (iiiaitcr iSesnioriH hdil in tho town in Oct. 1082 — Jamod
Davison, Kubcrt Dixon, and 'I'lionniH Jlriidy, ull of AInwii.lc, wert; indittwl
for oxi'icisinH: tlie nijMtci-y and calliii;^ of a tri<.T(;liant witliiii llic boiou};li, rot
1)(;in;j; IVutnicii, or liavinj^ Hervcd an ajijjrtnticu.sliii) for so von yoars. At thu
]\Ior])(:tli Sessions, 10 Jan., 1(3815— John I'liiniblo of I'linblelon, Artliiir
'J'liiMihlo of Ivock, and Jane (Jlurkc- widow of Alnwick", wlic* iiidictol for cxcr-
(■isin;^thi! nivstorv or ncciiiiation of iiK.rcoi.'i in Ihc Inii;^ of Alnwick contrary
to thu Statue of .0 I'Jiz. At Alnwick S.-.s.-=ioris, 8 ()(.t. l(i« l-Ucor-c- Fairo of
Cjldslicani, and tliiily others were indicted i'or ey.ei-ci.sin'.f tlie art or niyatcry
of skinnera or glovers ; and Jame.-i Davison and 10 oilier.-! for oxerci.sinj,' tlio
art or mystery of nurcms, kc. 7 Oct., IOKd— Tlioina.s JIardy of Alnwick, and
12 others were indicted for exercising' tho art of j/roccr ; and Janie^ Davidon
on two indictments fortiading both aa mercer and grocer.*

l.icenKC.s "wovo occasiunally granted by tlie company to ])erson8
not of Iho trade, to keep a shop or attentl the market, but on
jiayment of money aud under restrictive conditions.

Wo are contented tlie 8 of April, 1591, that hartraine hoclier .sh;ill occiijiio
oil' tlie Marlcett daye for ij.v. \']iL in tlie ([uarter so lonuf as we do lyke .'ind no
longer. 1G07 — NVidow Vorater liatli coined until our company jiayinj,' uh
iiJA. ijf/. fur ij yeares hy p;'st and paying- for cvei-y ycare xiij^'i'., and not to
liurt us in our trade, hut only for her own provision. She was the widow of
Thomas Fortter a nierehant.

Hi\2 — No alderman whatf-oovcr nor any other of tho fellowshipp in par-
ticular, unless tho whole fellowship]) he consulted theie unto, shall tryve any
lycenee aud Iea^■c to any foryners aud &tran!j;ers to sett out on the ilarkett
dayea, which is ])redjueiall to the wliole fellow shipp td' the l>ayne and j'cnaltio
for every such oflcnce xb.

The ])rinciples and powers of tho company are curiously
cxein]»iiliud in the caso of I[enry Julmson, Avho in llitl was
uilmitti'd <() the I'ullow.sliip, with tho privilege of exorcising the
trade of jnorchandiso on paying £3 Cs. Hd., and 2()3. yearly
besides ; but tho boon M'as to bo enjoyed only during his own
life and the widowhood of liis wife ; aud neither was allowed to
take an apprentice. Johnson may have been too successful in
trade; for Ids privilege was brought to an end in IG-lo. Two
])0werful men, however, used their influence in his behalf; and
in 1648 he was allowed again to trade — "for the favor and
earnest motion of the liight Worshipful Sir John Fenwick, Knight
and l3arronet, and Hugh Potter, Esq., in the said Henry's behalf,
thereunto moving the fellowship, and in respect Henry doth
promise to stand to and undergoe such censure by fines as the
company unanimously shall award." Jol.nson, liowever, must
not do too much trade, " for he shall not keep servants in his
shoppe but upon !Markett days and other needful tymes." Per-
haps every day was a needful tiine ; and Eobert Mow, wlio was
a treemau of the towu, was constantly employed to keep his shop.

* rrom County Sessiuns Book. — MSS., C. S. Bell

JNCOKPORATKI) TRADKS, .'J27

Tikis, howovor, ilio coin[)aiiy woul>l not tolorato ; and their jjroc-
tors woro oiiloiod to HUiiunoii Itobort M(j\v — " iiovor to koi)o
eliopp or soli coiniiioditics in tlio inui'chunt'M ti-.i'lo lu.-roufLci" ; und
if tlio 8ai(l llorii-y sliall ko[)0 or coiintoriarico liiui in tlio sarno, }io
BJiall bo (li.slranuhisod of liio privil«);^o lio liatli by onler to oxer-
oiao for liis lifu and lii.s wifo'h." Not b)n;^ af'r,or tlii.s Jolin.soii
diod, and Jiin wiCo inarriod Thomas lU-andlinr^, who oxpocto-l in
ri^ht of his wifo to bocomo a merchant ; but tho company ri;^idly
adlioring to tho letter of tho bond, decided that the wifo of
Johnson luid tho privilof^o of tradinj^ only durin;^ her widow-
hood; they allowed Brandling', however, to sell all such com-
modities as were then in his shop; but neither he nor his wifo
wero tooi'dcr any more ; and JUandling bound himself to observe
these conditions in a penally of £10, and agreed at tho end of
six months to ])ay tho folhiwship a pottle of wine.

Those who had broken the morcliants' orders sometimes escaped
prosecution, by binding theniselves like repentant sinners to do
HO no moi'o, or by agreeing to tei-ius favourable to the compan\'.
Jlenry Wilson, of lionninglon, bound himself in 1G8C, " not to
sell any grosser goods or mercery go(jds, in what kind soever,
towbacoor pi])Os, brandy or watters, or any other merchant goods
but what ho sliall buy of Jos. Falder or othor merchants belonging
to tho fellowship of merchants in Alnwick." Edward Grey in
1G9-1 acknowledged ho had coumiitted au offence by setting up
shop to exercise tho trade of merchant contrary to the trade's
orders ; and bound himself to pay a iine to the trade of £10, and
to deposit £5 "in the mercy of tho trade when ho shall be made
free ; " he was therefore allowed " to keep his shop in manner
as ho doth now and no otherwise ; " and ho was admitted a free-
man in IGDO. James Calhoun bound himself in 1718 "not to
sell grocery goods or any broad cloths, di-uggets, buttons, mow-
hairs, buckram, canvas, stay tape, or sewing silk ; " and iu 1717
Mark JJounell bound himself in a penalty of £10, " not to exer-
cise the trade of mercer or grocer, not having served his appren-
ticeship to it (excepting thread, laces, inkles, tapes, forrotyngs,
garters, and caduces) unless ho hereafter serve his time." He
violated his engagement and was dragged before the sessions.
The last attempts to enforce their monopoly were made by this
company in 1771, when George Selby, as solicitor, Avas paid £20
towards prosecuting I)avid Cunningham,"^'' Gawin Scott, | and
others for exercising the art or mystery of grocer ; and tho com-
pany had been successful, for ten guineas were recovered iu costs
from Cunningham and Scott.

This fellowship assumed the power of controlling the operations
of trado iu other towns as well as iu Alnwick. " Tlie merchants

* David Cunningham was a niathematiciaa ; and his contributions to the
Ladies' Diary from 1773 to 1777 gave pioof of considerable mathematical
knowledge. \ See Vol. I., p. -177.

SfiH Til. STORY Ol' Al.xNWICIC.

of Warkveorth liatli puido into tlio followsliipo of tlio moroliarites
of Alnwick tho xxiij of April, 1587, tlio suino of iiij». iiij^/. for
thoir^roornoiit irioiiyo dowo for two years at Whitsunday last."
So lato as AEaicIi 5tli, l7ll,tliGy ordorod " prosocntions to bo
ci)ininonc(id at noxt ([iiartor.su.s.sionM a;^aiii.st sncli poPHonsas oxor-
ci.so tlio trado of niorchant in this town, Woohn; Ilothbiirv,
AVarlcworUi, or l>()lL(jn, and havo not 3f3ivod an appronticcsliip."

'riiis {'(dlow8hi[) has fallen into decay; in .fan. 1808 tlit-re wcro
only iiiiio resident members, seven of whom wuro Forhtors ; Binco
18.)4 there havo boon no montiily mootin^H, nor monthly ponco
paid ; and Iho annu;il dinners have boon diseontinuod.

Cordiners. — The iShooniakor's C(jmpany is ancient ; its earliest
dooumont is dulod 1535, and its earliest ordoi's wore written
down ill 1(3'15 from rec(dlection of moro ancient orders, which
were destroyed durinj^ the civil "war. It was then called The
Fralcrnitij of (Jordiners, of which the moro modern name cord-
waincr is a corruption, but is nevertheless rep^arderl as moro
genteel than shoemaker. Under the guardianship of St. Crispin,
who was a sboemaker, there existed in France, in the sixteenth
century, a society of Freres Cordonniers — the name being derived
from cordovan, tho soft leather used fm- tho upper part of boots
and shoes, formerly brought from Cordova or Gordona in Spain.
A distinction was made between a cordiner and a shoemaker by
the burgesses of Hawick, whoro tho cordiners in 1772 petitioned
the council to be incorporated and separated from the shoemakers,
or those ivho viade siiujle-soled shoes, and their ])Otitiou was granted ;
but this distinction does not appear in Alnwick.

The Alnwick fraternity had an alderman, two stewards, and
four searchers and sealers of loatlior. According to an order
nuulo in U)21 tho members mot four times in tho year — "at St.

Thomas daye in Christmas, iEoonedayo after Soondaye,

at St James dayo, and ]\[ichaelmas ^toouedayo ; " the regulations
of lG-15 required monthly meetings in " their publique meeting
chamber in Clayport Tower, upon a penalty of os. 4d. for any
default;" but the chief meeting day was on tho feast of St.
Thomas tho archbishoj), absence from which incurred the higher
penalty of 6s. 8d. ; and at this great meeting " none m\ist appear
in a blew or any other bonnett, but in such hatts as are usually
and constantly -worn in tho borrough for the tyme, uppon the
payne of forfeiture of one shilling." The eldest sou of a member
was then entitled, by birthright, to the freedoms of tho fraternity;
others could obtain them by apprenticeship to a member of the
company ; ancient usage, however, appears to have restricted the
taking of apprentices to those only who exercised the trado of shoe-
maker ; but this restriction was repealed on December 29th, 1 7-lS,
and since then the apprentice of any member, be his trade what
it may, has tho privilege of being admitted to the freedom of tho
company. Like other companies the cordiners fettered the

INCOUPOllATED TRADES. 3/J9

movements of trade ; and cuiious indeed are tLo reasona they

put forth in dol'enco of their interforeneo,

" Ah wi.'ll for the !ivoy(liiif.f(; .'uiil iir<;vi;iitoiri,i(<; of all Hiidi inconvcniencei! afl
niifjflit Hiicccicdu to this fraternity, by tin; inurt-asc- and rniilti|ili'ity of Oh incm-
1)(:rn, !is tlio ])icjii(lic(, imd inJtiMticu wliich nii;:;)it redound to tin; Hubjctc by
its unsliilfiil and uncxpcriinrfd artf.hnians and jirofchhora ;" tliat, liowovcr,
"tin; niailci.tt of tlii! l)iiiroii;;li niaj' Ijc \v< 11 (ittid and Korvod, and this wjci<;ty
and fraternity hi ill Hii])])lii;d and for over cnntinned, it Mliall btill lit- l<fl to tho
!iil)ilrariicnt, ])o\vii-, jii<l;^inent, and dihcri;tion of the aldonnan and hirt asi;>iijt-
aiitij with th(^ ei)ii.seiit oi' Iho rest of llio nieinbeiH, to adniitt and rocc-ivo oa
coni])Osition into their fraternity and hrotheihood, all and ovory hik-Ii other
jter.son.s as arc ahio and Huflicii-Tit aitcsnian, tlioii^^h their ap])i(ntictship were
Hurved to men (;.\eni]i1«d I'nnn this fratornity ; jx-t none hoc come nor any
ai^jirentico of theirea siiall Lt; jjei-niit teil to belt up shojip or workc within the
freeiloino and lihe'rty of the Inniouf^h, hut only to exereis-o and enjoy the
privxlcdges of the weekly marlcets and fayres 'i'hat all and every meniher
may oiijoy in 0(|uall Leiiolilt tlio fi-eedonus and juiviledi^es thereof and that
none may assume a privelcdgo or authorityo ahovc his fellowo member, either
bccuuso more able in ]>urs(; or bett(!r customed in the sale of liis couiodityes,
we doo liereby institute, order, and decree that noe man after bis lii-st becom-
ing a fre member (jf this frati.rnity, shall i'ur the si>aco of one whole yeare then
next followeiiiLC lake any one lor bis ajiprentiee, nor kepe above twoe jorney-
men, and thai at fiie end of (be first yeare, be shall f>n]y take one aj>prentico
and not more until the end of other thre'c yiares ; and noc free member of the
fraternity yhall at any tyme take more than two ap))rentices tof,'ether." Even
in their purchases these cordiners were subject to restriction, they could Ttot
clioose the best market, but they muht buy of " none olhe-r but a skilfull ex-
perienced curryer, and •wboe shall by this fraternity be approved to be such
to cuirey or dresse any lether ; on pain of forfeiture of boots and shoes made
of leather bo\ij^bt elsi-wbiae, and .subject to other lines at the will of the
fraternity." One good object was sought ; '• fur the avoidance and prevention
of frivolous and nnn(cessary suits and the prrservalion of unity and concord,
they decree, tliat befoio going to law — brother against brother — the cause of
disimle shall be liist submitted to the .society for arbitrament;" and breach
of this decree involveil a jienalty of forty shillings.

Of the powers of the fraternity to control tlie sale of shoes and
boots, wo luivo ilhistralions in some ohl documents. One dated
February, 1535, tells ns that John liell, of Felton, " aboTVte
fower years was lawfullie ^wssessed, as of his own propre goodes
and chattells, of and upon xs. in money, fyve paire of boots price
xxxs., fyve dossins of showcs price live markes, being standing
at his booth or stall at Warhworth," Eobort 'iailor and Geor"-o
Stanwixe, tlie searchers and sealers of leather of the Alnwick
Fraternity, "with force and arms of theire extort, myghte, and
powers did carry away the said goods and deliver them to John
Browne (bailiif of the town of Alnwick) who ever synce doth,
deteyn and ciepe the said goodes and money." The searchers in
1582 seized on 32 pairs of new shoes from George Eeade and
George Davis^on while they were " standing with the same within
the towne gaite of Anwicko ; " and at a court, held by the head
bailifl' or officer of the town, six men, a2:»pointed as triers, de-
clared on their oath that the shoes were insufficiently cured, and
unlawfully and insufficiently wrought. Others in Canongate,
Wai-kworth, Felton, and Eothbui-y attempted to break in upon the
VOL. II. 2t

3,30

lUSTOUY OK A],N\VI< K.

m(mo]y.)\y hi l.YJf,, but thoy woro obli^rod to bind tbomsolvos •.'

undor a poiialty of £4, not to repair witliiu twolvo iuiIo3 of Aln-
Avick to Moll fcilioes or practice tlio mystoi-y of a cordynor. Tho '^J

Alnwick BoardiorH, not content with taking shoos from lioger
I->avlo, of Morpotli, boat and wounded liiin in 1G02. AVilliara
(Jiirrio, of Duiiso, made a raid across the iJordors ; but in 1055
lie b(nind hlni.solf under a penalty of JC'20 iK^t to buy any " tanno
leatlior in llnobind."

Tho ohlest book, tho wreck of a larger (Hie, contains a series of
records from 1020 to 1G38. Tho nuiubor of members was small,
only nine or ten ; f.n- in 1G3G, " Every man hath payd this day Gd.
in moTith money, which is in all -Is. Gd., and linger liutherforth
owe.s tluit day Gd. in month money ; " Imt they form a brave
resolution — "avo doe order that from henceforth every brother
in tho company sliall pay ijr/. a mouth day for there monlh money
to get us out of debt and to keapo soo, and wc can." Scotsmen
they Avould not tolerate, and aggres.sors on the mtirkctshad their
shoes taken and themselves fined. These old Cordiuers are tho
true ])rogenitor3 of thu present race, whom wu must therefore but
gently blame; as i]uarrelling and abusive tont^ues are an inherit-
ance from tho past. In 1 G2 1 IMichael Young .-nnised the alderman
and was fined 20d. ; and ho also slandurod licjger liutherforth, '
and ho was fined Gs. 8d. A very troublesome man was Michael,
and ho was deprived of the benefit of the markets, and threatened
with expulsion. Difficult it was indeed to keep um-uly members
obedient to tho law.

1G22— roi-.st(jr Fynch fyned for setting forth Lcfore tlio hourc vj(/. 1G29,
Isov. 9 — l{olicrt I.ayii^ is i'omid to liiivc btolLii .sliocs from liis mastur
Michael] Ifimtcr ami is l'XIuiImcI fioia Ihc coiniMny for ever. I(i31, October
— .MieliaiU llunler, ('uthlieit Law.-oii, ami Mich^i.ll Y.hil,' an; to ho icnsiiro<i
llu' lu'xl moatiiiu: ilay lor bitiiiiy; liohert I/iyiiu of work iil'ler liis expulsion,
unless Uwy ean clear tliem.selvt ,s. 1(522— Ciitlibert Lawsoii lor setting,' a blall
Of Thomas Ivemaynes U) the ]ireju.licc of Thoiiuis Salkeihl fynoil for the same;
•'nid -whoever shall reheall or sjicike of this fync again, after our oiit;,'oinij in
the towne, .shall jiay a line to the hox of vj-v viijf/. " lOaS— Itoi;er Watson for
hiiyinn- leather of lioh. AJslon out of the hands of IMichacU Young fined
vjs iiiy!.

After a silence of eighteen years, the records of the cordiners
begin again to speak, and to tell us they start their new lifo
invigorated with sack, burnt wine, and music. Still, however,
the fraternity was small ; in 1G73 there were only nine freemen,
and seven who came in by composition. Of these members there
seem to be now no descendants in Ainwiek. The existing old
families do not ai^pear till a few years afterwards. John Turner
wo find in 1G73, Thomas Eickabi'e in 1G81, John Gibson in 16S7,
James Stanley in 1G90, John Tate in 17U9, George Shepherd in
1710, James Greenhup in 1715, and James Hunter in 1739.
The fraternity in 1718 numbered 32 members and 1 agreed
brother— tho last of his class. After 1748, when members, who
did not practise tho art of shoemaking, were allowed to take

INfOItroKAriil) JltADKS. 331

nppronticoH, tlio comi)ajiy rapidly inrji-oased ; in 17o0 tlioro woro
about 50 mombors ; in 1782, 71 votoil ; and no'.v in IbGS it is
tlio largest cijmj)aiiy, havinj^ 107 inonibors and 21 widows rosidont
in Alnwiclc ; only, howovoi-, about ono-tliird jtraotico tlio art of
Hliootnakiiif^. Tlio prodominant mimes aro .Skoily, of whom thoro
aio 9, (jlibwon 9, Hall 7, Lof;koy 7, and 8iiophord G.

TIio tVatornity, as long as tlioy could, endoavoured to retain
to thonis'jlvos tlio inono^ioly of suooinaking. fa 1701 William
Johnson, oCThirston, a yootsnian, inathj and mdd slioos; but they
corn])ullo(l hiiu to outer into a bond to confine his craft to making
shoos for himself and liis family; Jeremiah Feugues, of Ksling-
ton, was bound under a penalty of £20 not to take an aitprentico,
nor to come nigher to Alnwick to make or sell shoes than tho
place ho n<jw lives at, excepting f(n' two families within thi«
borough. And so it was with mauy other victims of theso
monopolists, till 1785, when aftm- taking a counsel's opinion the
monopoly ceased. Still, howev(n', the fraturnity squabbled and
fought with each olhor, as they continue to do till this day.
Eighty-two years ago an attempt was made to introduce order
into their meetings; and it was enacted tliat "no freeman at a
meeting speak until he has asked the consent of the alderman,
and no one to speak or make a disturbance when a pei;son is
speaking, who has the consent of the alderman, on pain of Gs. 8d."
Accordingly Wm. Bolam and some others in 178G were fined for
breach of this order. Might not this law be revived with advan-
tage to tlie respectability of the fraternity ?

l)own to the beginning of the present century boots and shoes
were exposed in quantities in the markets and fairs of Alnwick.
The stalls ranged along the hill side from near the Grass cross or
liigli pant towards the horse market ; but in the earlier poriod.s
all were to start alike; oven in 1737 the law was that " none of
the trade shall on any market or fair day in Alnwick open out or
sell or expose for public sale in the public market or fair any
boots, shoes, or slippers before 12 o'clock in the forenoon, on tho
penalty of JJs. 4d."

The searchers and sealers of leatlior were important ofTicers ;
it was their duty to examine leather, whether it was properly
tanned; and boots and shoes whether they were properl}- made
of suilicient leather. For stamping goods examined by them
they had a seal cut on the face of a steel hammer ; on one face
was a rude arrow which was stamped on good leather, and on
the other a figure of Q — D stamped on leather, which was con-
demned. The whole district around Alnwick was subject to the
visitations of these functionaries. In 1774 the account shews
the frec^uency and extent of their search — " 1774, searching
doggers lOs. Od. ; Nov. 1, searching l?othbury fair os., Lucy fair
Is., Palmson fair Is. ; searching Dan. Sandwich for making and
vending leather soles Is. ; April 22, searching Eothbury fair 5s. ;

332 HISTORY OF A I.N WICK.

May 12, Alnwick fair Is. ; Juno 5, Jlothhury fair Os. ; July 5,
Alnwick, 8t. Swithin Is.; Juao 5, soarohiii^ the clo;;:^er.s !». ;
8opfc. 4, AVhitLiu^rham fair .O.s. ; Oct. 2'.), Itotlihury fair 'j-j. ; Oct.
^tichaolmas fair Is." TIioso who rnaflo inferior shofts endcavourofl
to oludo llio .scrutiny. Our rospoctod town servant was in tho liahit
of attondin^ liothbury fair alon^ with liis master, Mattliew Hud-
son, to sell cheap shoes, which differed chiefly from standard shoos
by being lined witli sheepskin instead of calf leather. A few
regular goods wore taken with them and e.x[)osed on the btall ;
but the slioos with shoep.skin lining were carefully concealed in
boxes till the searchers had gone the round of the fair. As soon,
however, ns this was done, the irregular shoes were brought out
of the boxes and a lively sale coiunienced ; for the ])ublic wero
as ready to Iniy, as the free tradeis wore to sell, these cheap com-
modities. Those visitations were discontinued in IHO.'J.

Creditable it is to the fraternity that in 1761 they gave three
guineas as a benefaction and two guineas yearly to the public
Infirmary of Newcastle. Surely the Alnwick Inlirmary has now
a greater claim upon them. In 1778 they presented to Lord
Algernon Percy the certificate of the freedom of tlie trade in a
silver bo.x, because he took the command of the Northumberland
Militia, "at this critical time, when the kingdom is threatened,
"with an invasion by their nalaral enemies tite J'rencli.^^

Being a numei-ous company the shoemakers have, during the
last century, taken a lead in the stormy commotions of the
borough. AVild they were with fury when threatened with the
Corporation iJeform Bill; and as wild were they with joy when
Alnwick was withdrawn from the bill; three guinca.s out of the
box wero ex]>endod on beer and other fxciting drinks to celebrate
the event. To my honour or dishonour a vote of censure is
recorded against mo in their book — " A mark," say they, ** of tlie
disapprobation of the company for having signed petitions of
non-freemen to the serious prejudice of the 15oro." ( 'n the other
hand John Lindsay received a token of respect •' for his exertions
in the late struggle " — preventing Alnwick from having the bene-
fit of self-government. How many generations were these men
behind the age?

The monopoly of shoemaking has been taken from them ; but
now they and another trade are attempting to create another
monopoly. Tho ancient fees of admission into the fraternity were
4d. for the eldest son of a member, and os. for others ; and until
recently 7s. (5d. for every son, and 21s. for an apprentice ; but on
October 9th, 1860, this fraternity imposed a fee of £5 on the
eni-olment of an apprentice, which will have the effect of excluding
many of the sons of tho labouring class from the freelege. Such
a bye-law being entirely unnecessary for the purposes of the
company, unreasonable in amount, and conceived in a narrow,
exclusive spirit, is also I apprehend illegal ; and would be tipset
in a court of law.

INCOKroKATKI) 'IKAnKS. 333

Tho fratoniity forrnorly liad a lovo for Bocial meetings. The
AUlorinan at aji oarly period was bound to providfj a fVeo dinner
on St. Tlioiiias'day ; but fliis was coiupoundfjd i'or, on Dficomhor
20tli, \C)'i2, wlioii " I{o<j^(M- Watson liatli paid for liis froo dinner
xs., and wo Inivo ^Ivttn him 2s. of it a^ain." Ah all wore obli;;ed
to attend, (Jiithbort Law.son was in loao " fynod for contein[)t-
uonsly rofusinj^ to conio to our groat mooting on St. Thomas' day
VJ5. viijr/." In 1708 the number of social meetings was reduced
to two yearly — one on Michaohnas m(;nday and tho other on St.
Thomas' day; and for these entertainments money was taken out
of tho box. Other cliangos foUowed.

1735, Oct. 7— Every froomon t<j iiic<;t at tho meeting house to perfect their
busincHS, and thf:n ficconiijany the aldeniiiin to his hou.se on 2-jth OctoVjer
every year luid Hpend Uhti! is. On JFichaelrnas Monday Gd. only shall Le
spent by cacli at tlie alderiiian'H and 2d. on every meeting' day in tho morn-
ing before goini,' to their chamhro. IJrcaeh of the.sc rule.s involved a penalty
of 03. 8d. 1701, Dec. 31— Every freeman Hliall every Michaelmas Monday
and Saint Thomas' Day at (Jhiistmas H[)eiid or send to tlie alderman Is. for
his providiiig a dinner ; and s)iall meet at llie aldeiTiian's house before they
go to the 'Vi)\\n Hall and .speiul 2'[. witli the aMernian each dinner; and
every man tliat wants to be admit ted a freeman shall the niglit before liia
adnii.ssion accjuaint tlie alderman and b]t<-ud (id. with him on the occasion.
172G— Two-and-six-pence to bu .spent at tho Uhri.stma.s dinm i-.

For coUops — salted meat fried — tlie cordiners liad an affection;
and Collop ntonday, tho day before Shrovetide, was a regular
meeting day till 1708. Jolm Turner, sen., in IG'J'J was "lined
OS. 8d. for not appearing on Collop nionday, being steward."
But colloj^s continued to be enjoyed by these shoemakers on tho
Saturday prior to tho ]\Iiehaelmas dinner, till 1818, when tho
allowance out of the box for collops was discontinued. Leaving
the patronage of St. Tliontas for St, Michael, a ^reat annual
dinner ikmritihed on tlio ]\Iicliaelmas niouday. All were com-
pelled to atlond or send each a contribution of l!s. Cd. ; and pleasant
enough were these social gatherings, when sometimes more than
a hundred enjoyed tliemselves over a good substantial dinner,
washed down witli abundance of punch and enlivened by music ;
but some thirty years ago tho conteutit)tis spirit, evoked among
the freemen, broke out, even at these social entertainments, and
drove from them many of the respectable members, so that tlieso
meetings have gradually dwindled down and lost their ancient
character.

Gluvers. — The Felloics/iip of Glovos was tho name of this com-
pany till 1715, when it was changed into Skimicr-i and Glovers.
It was one of tho most ancient and important of the incorporated
trades, its records commencing in loiH), when it was composed of
the following seventeen members : — John Wilson, alderman,
lloh. Bennett, Edw. Frayvlye, Tlio. Greay, Ant. Towtophe,
iSicholas Smales, John Watson, Eapho Greay, John Craster,
Charles Loyghton, John Woodcock, William Green, Thomas
Stampe, and Tho. Pearson. A prcsperous trade it was in Old

3Si IIlS'lOllY OF ALNWICIC.

Alnwick ; for in tlioso duys loatlioi- garments, jorltinu, and
broochos clothed many a burgess. Jri 1010 tlioro were 2t lOfiin-
boi's ; ill 1017, 12; in HiS7, 00; in 17().'>, wlion if, reaeliod ita
maximum 7.k Mo.st of t,liu members were in the earlier perioiU
ongag(;(l in tlio aits of skinning and glovo-making; but now wliorx
there are oidy twonty-oiglit n(jt one lolhnvs tlie.-ie ooeuijationa ;
Josiah IJandly, tlio last skinner, died about a quarter of a century
ago, and Tii'-mas l)and, who died a few years ago, was tlio last
glover. Imporlant (iimilies wore eoniieeted witli this comi)aiiv ;
here a[ipoar . Stamp and Ci'aster in l.jiJO, liaynoldson, Alnwick,
AVoodliouso, Aldor, and 8\vinhoo in lOlO, 8alkold in 1022, 8fan-
ton in 1025, Gallon and .Strothor in 1020, Gair in l'"ilO, Peacock
in 1018, Cla\ton in 1057, Lindsay in 105'J, Tiiew, Wcatherhuni,
Egdell, and Hardy in 1078, 8taidey in 1080, Dand in lOS'J,
Tato in 1091, Nicholas Brown in 1702, Fairbairn in 1772, Avllmr
in 1770. Of the ancient orders a copy was newly engrossed and
confirmed in 102'J. They breathe tlio same spirit as that of
other trades.

No glover couM net up sliop witliout ugrociiif^ witli tlie fdlow.sliip under a

penalty of 'lO.s. noiio ol" tin; coiniumy coiiM liuy tikiud oi- peltd in any

jilace liefore tlioy were jiresunti.d in the market under a penally (^f 20m.

no lnollu T nliall call au}' one I'roui u brother'^ .'^tuU until he or she shall coin^

away voluntarily u]ion pain of (id. bd. all must meet in the meeting

chamber when lawfully warned under a penalty of Gs. Sd. Nono must

outrny or reveal any thinjj spoken or done at the meetings, or utter idle
speeches one to aiujther, or abuse one another, upon pain of lOs. for every

default no brother must take a less aiiprcnlice fee than £3, nor a second

apprentice until after the lapse of live; yeai's no Scotsman shall be set to

■work williout the cDuscnt of a majority of the trade no brother shall .set

to sale any Marcs before eleven o'clock upon pain of a noble to the box, nor
shall sell any sheep skins without altering the property, on pain of 10s.

A iVngmont of un old folio book contains a broken series of
orders and accounts from 15U0 to 1000, a few extracts from which
are given, as they are interesting in themselves, in their expression,
or in their spelling : —

1590 it is orde'ied by the ocpation he that byes a sken befor meghelmasday
befor a leven of clok shall pay ijv. he that geves mor nor viiji/. R.r a skcan
befor nugheluuiH. ho that speekes a word of the tor * shall pay a iiobell.
lo'Jl he tliat speakcs a wourd out of the torr of tlie occupation sliall pay ten
grotes. John AVeddread grcado In-other to the oeupaeion the xxv day of
Maroh for i'ortho shcuillens whartolly to be paid vs. wbartoly to be ]iaid. l-jO'J
he that byes a shepskin bci'or it be taken of the shepes back bef'ir Michellines
sbal i)ay xii pence for evcro skin, he that is on tlio feellawship that byes any
skinikcs from John Smeth or Gorde totovp shall pay a noble tver\' skeyn
before jMicheluuis. the xii day of January loiU Itm. itt is orilcrcd be the
oecoiiatyon thate no brother shall by anye whyett deygbtt slup]) leather of
any other man with out the consentt of all the roast of tin; ocupatyon under
the paync of vjv. viijf^. 1593 It is seat down by the Ealdear man of the
ocui>ation and the consant of thame he that gcaves above iijf/. for a sherkn
befor Jletsomer. he that beieas a shcap sken befor ^Jlealtmeas on the Sc-atear
day befor alleavean of the klok shaU pay ten grotcs for eavciry sutch. loDS
Anthony Kutlisho grath {aij)et(l) brother to the occupation the second day i.f
* Clayport Tower, ]ilace of mceOug.

INCOIiI'ORATJ.I) JKAUKS. 33«5

Jfay ftcconliii^' to Imh (oriiicr covotiunt.s to pay ovory rinnilor ho long as it id
liiiliind x.v. M(:i:onliiif< to lii.-i lontiur covciiiuil.-i that lio hliaiit Holl no rnari(;r of
wliit wair but lii:s tartil war what ho ii\U:v In; cati make, for i:\i<:vy fait tln.T of
X ^lotns Li till) consent oC tlu; lioU occiipatioii. Tlioma.s hi-idj;*;.'* foi-H'-lari'Iiiritj
till! ociipacioiu; a iiobeall lyiit,'. 'I'lionia.i .Staiii)ii: for tlio belainlriiij,' tlio AM<;r-
iiK^ri toil fj;r()ltH. I.VJ9 lie tliat (.mv-s iiion; iioi- '.iti. foi- a Hiiij^oll aliuilino before
Wallore.S * day Hliall jjay lor every default xii'/.

Whon tlio tnulo wan in its glory llioio Avas an imposing array
of officers; in 1034 tUoro woro an alJoruian, two .stoward.s, a
Warner, and two market lookers. To keep up a monopoly of
tlio trade for tlieinsolves, thoy liarassed intruders Ly .siiitti at law.
Edward Forstor was glad, it neenis, to escape legal i)rosecutioii, Ly
affixing liis mark to an agreement; for in lGiO"lt is agreed
between the trade of Glovers and Edward Forstcr tliat ho shall
not Ly (buy) anio shoop skinnes in their markets to the hurt
of thorn tiie said Okjvors for the fearo of seaung monthly."
P>onds woro taken to keep up tho monopoly; ono of those will
show tlioir stringent cluua(;tcr. In 1G91 James Tlntherford, of
" YeatlingloTi," liinds himself under a penalty of fifty pounds
"to tlio Alderman of tho Skinners to forLeare, surcease, and
give over tho practise and exercise of tradeingin Luyeing, selling,
kouping, or exchanging of any .skinn Lelongengo to slieppo,
weather, ewo, hogg, or lambe, or goato whatsoever, bolongeing
to tlio trade of Skinner and Glover within tho county of North-
umberland." Penalties for breach of such agreements were
enforced in tho Bovontecnth century ; but tho time at length camo
whon these monstrous assumptions were at length resisted, and
the company, in 1701, were told by Edward Cuoke, a counsellor,
that " tho bonds aro void in laAv, as tending to tho restraint of
trade, and being mado without any consideration." A vigilant
survoillanco was nnido over their own members; even a law was
passed, in 1()78, authorising tho alderman and stewards, with so
many assistants as they think ht to enter into every glovers'
house suspected of drying and preparing skins for sale without
altering tlieir property. William Gallon's house was searched
in 1705 with a powerful force of six assistants, and skins were
seized upon, wdiich had been dried contrary to order; and as ho
abused ono of tho alderman's assistants, he Avas fined thirt3--nino
shillings, lliehard Turner in 16G-1 was " fyued by consent of
the company for buyinge skins out of his brethren's hands before
they had done with them, by the orders of the trade." "Ordered by
the trade of Glovers that whosoever doth sell any white leather to
Arthur Rowland after this day of vi April, 1617, shall pay to tho
box 39s. lid. or to his wife o9s. lid."; and in 1668 it was
ordered that no leether be sold to Thomas Milliken until he agrees
with the trade on penalty of 203. This company did indeed some-
times act liko a court of justice, and punished misdemeanours
and felonies. "George Green in 1668 was disannulled from
* To St. "Waleiic Alnmouth Chapel was dedicated; Vol. I., p. 153,

336 m.SlV^KY OF ALNWICK.

coiiirninge to moot, oinfiiif^Ht tlio Irado for wronj^^fully taltinjij his
noif^lihour'H kIuii.s oaf, of lii.s i;itt.s." And in 170.'5 liobort Yf;llo\v-
loy for Kiciilinpj lealhur and jxdt.s, a folony, was not all<j\ved
nflorwanls to moot with tlio liado or enjoy its ])riviIo;^o.s.

J^'roui tho ^liU'crs' roc(M'ds, it is vory^vidont that Iiuinari naturo
was no Ijtjttov, l^otwoon two and tliioo liundrod yoavH ago, than it
is now; tho guilds wero tlicu noisy and qiiarrolsoino, and fre-
quently heavy fines wero imposed for not attending dinners and
meetings, and for niisconduet ; Lut even extreme ])Uiiihliinents
failed to roforni unruly members. As early as 1010 Thomas
'J'aylov was fined *'for abusingo tho trade and th(3 aMermane, in
tho lower lino lOs." In IGGI " J(jhu Duer fynd for abusinge his
brethren in tho IMoatoinge (Jhamer Gs. Hd." A heavier punish-
ment was inllicted in 1G87, Oct. lOth, and tho ehronielo of tho
event is couched in such strong Saxon jihraso as to bo unfit for
oars polite. " William Harrison by the consent of the alder-
man and tho trade is this (biy Ihied ;31)s. 1 Id. for reflecting upon

tho town most disgracefully, and saying he cared not for tho

town and trade ;" and so strenuous Avas the company in ])unishing
tho ollonder, that they confirmed tho order at tho alderman's
feast in the following November.

Though noisy and quarrelsome, tho ghn'si's wore jolly fellows,
fond of rare drinks aiul of music. " Francis Greno, ahlerman (jf
tho glovers of Alnwicko, for the present year of our Lord God
IGIO, disburst for this year — Item for ^Ir. Alder's dinner Gd.,
item for the pypors at tho Alderman's diimer -id., item for tho
pypers in Wanloss Gd., item for the })ypors last monthly meeting
but one Gd., item for 2 <{uarts of liososalas 2s. 8d." Tho Rusosulas,
Avhicli appeared on their table, was a fureigu agreeable spirituous
li(pior, nuido of buint brandy, sugar, cinnamon, milk, water, and
porfunu'd with musk. On other occasions aqua vita, burnt iciiie,
burnt claret, and brandy warmed tho hearts and quickened the
tempers of tho glovers. Pipers blew their Avild strains at the
monthly meetings till 1G39; after yfh.\<S[\ Jiddlers enlivened the
company. They had rejoicings at May-day, when in 1G20, iCd.
was paid for powder. Staunch church and state men, loyal and
true, wero the old glovers. Each member appears, at one period,
to have contributed to the maintenance of tho minister; for in
1600, twopence is paid by several of the members ybr the preacher.
They ordered in 1G92 " Twenty shillings per annum for 3 years
to be paid to Mr. James Gledstone, clerk, our present minister of
the parish ; " and they made the same payment to the succeeding
ministers, IVfr. Doncan and Arthur Alnwick. Believers in the
" divine right " and in the virtue of the royal touch, they gave
in the reign of Charles II., " On JMay 8th, 1683, to Magdelen
Pearson to convey her to London to be touched for the evell 10s."
Many besides the glovers had faith in this absurd supei-stition ;
even a service to be said at the healing was in tho Book of

INCORPOIIATEIJ TK.VDLS. 337

Common Prayov, and appoarod in an edition as lato as 1722 ; but
tlio virtue was not boliovod to l»o iiilioront in tlio Ilanovorian
dynasty, Tlio nioro inodorn skinnors and glovor.s displayed their
patriotism by oontributiii}^ livo guineas, in 17'J8, "towards frus-
trating the enemy "—the French. They in lfj82"paid for a
largo ni'iuriiing clotli lyiied, and seven scuehonH of the compaiiy'.s
armos, £.'5 ir> Gd." ; tliey gave in 1G87 a guinea to bo run for by
liorsos on St. ^fark's <lay ; and for Ah'ce Duer's burial, 20.s, In
1()88 thoy i)aid to Alice L)uer to buy her Kon a biblo, '.in. Gd. ;
and "fur John Lamb's coilin and windyshoet, 98. 'Jd.'_' Goorgo
Greon, an ancient brother, often rcceiv(j<l charity, and in ICB'J ho
got Gs. 8d. to buy a new coat, and in IG'Jl " to buy a now cout and
britches, lOs., and a pair of shoes, 2s. Gd."

These records furnish evidence of the doprcciatod condition of
the coinage in the latter part of the soventoonth century. On
January, lGi)G-7, Thomas Watson was paid £1 1 Is of monoy, by
weight, to clear olf £l Is. Gd. ; llobort Claxton received £l Os. Gd.,
by weight, fur lOs. Gd. ; and there being in tho purse left of short
monet/ £1 2s., and of suspicious short monoy £ I 23. Gd., it wa.9
ordered that this £l 2$. Gd. of bad, being of value, by weight,
only 12s., " bo sold by tho alderman for what ho can gott for it
for tho nso of tho trade."

Though tho numbers of this company have dwindled down
from 75 to 28, yet tho modern skinners and glovers, following in
tho wake of tho shoemakers, raised in 18G2 the enrolment feo
of an apprentice to five pounds, which is " to bo deposited in
tho box as tho property of the company, to bo appropriated as
tlio company may hereafter determine." A book containing tho
records of tlio company from about 1705 to 1798 lias disappeared
sometime during tho present generation.

Tanners. — Though, perhaps, not so ancient as some others, tho
tanners' fellowship was one of tho most in^portant in Alnwick ;
its contribution of 203. to the school in IG I G evidences that it
w^as then a leading company. Many impoitant old families
belonged to this trade ; liero we have those of Alnwick, Stanton,
Arrowsmitli, Gair, Adston, Woodhouse, IJichardson, Mollatt,
Eaynoldson or Kennison, Hyndmers or Hindmarsh ; but all savo
tho two last are now extinct in the town. The orders of the
•fellowship sot down and agreed upon in writing in tho time of
John Eaynoldson, warden and alderman, on April 23rd, lG27,_aro
similar in their restrictive character to those of other companies.
The yearly laortini? was to be hold " at the f'oaste of St. Mic-hacl the Arck-
nii,i;l(i," when an alderman had to Le elioscii, " whkh pn-.soim sliall boof i:;ooJ
and )ioncst name and lame so reputed and talcon ;" it was s^peiially ordered
that " none shall procuro or buy or caaise to be liought or g-elt into his h:uid3
or possession any manner of barke, within the county of Xorthumbcrlandout
of the hands of him or them, that before wa.s chapeman and had barg;\incd
and boui^lit bnrlio of the same person, except such persons had used to buy
tho barlvo befoie, to i^ivo his consent and is not wishing to buy the same, on
penalty of 20s., and imprisonnieut at discretion."

VOL. IT. 2u

3:]H insTOFiY of alnwick,

Evory iannor, at (liis timo, appoars i,o liavo boii;^lit liis own
bark, subject ti> tlio condition of liis not intorfuring witli tlio
bari;;uiii9 of a brollior tunnor ; but inl'')l'j aiK^tlior Hystoin was
in ()[)oratioTi, f'uuiulod on tlio principle of a brotborhooil ; so that
ono nionibor nii}i;lit havo no advautaj^o ovor anothor. Wood and
baric woi'o tliovoforo bougfit foi* tho ivhule company, by olILcors
calbul (piai'Luviua.'itors, who aUottod to oar;li tanner a j)rop(jrtional
sliaro of ovoi-y pui'cliaso. As tlio i-ccord.s of those transactions
show tho Importanco of tho trade, tho nniubor of tanneries in Aln-
wick, and tho woods whonco bark was obtained, I shall quoto
thorn at somo loni^th. Tho company in IGIO consisted of thirty-
fivo lnon^bor3, and in Alnwick there were twenty tanneries, four
of which wcro carried on by women ; indeed tho hirgest of them
bolonj:^cd to Phillis Stanton, whoso share of bark an^ountod to
£30, whilo none of tho othoi-s exceeded £20. In lOj? thero wero
twenty-eight tannovies, and at least forty-six members. Ono
tannery only is in Alnwick at tho present timo.

" itarcli 10, l(i 1;) — It iy ordorod, if any bargaiiics of woodo and bai-ko he this
yoaro boundit, that John Strotluu-, TlKJiiia.-i Yoim;?Lr, Jidm Walker, and Robert
Stroth(;r shall bo liuycii; thereof, and for every dayc'.s jcirni;y thoy aic allowed
2s, a man daly, and hliall jjioiiortion to overy man Hiu-h shares, as tliey bhall
thinko fitt, and noo man shall Iniy barko but they .shall acquaint the 4 men
npon paino of lOs , and expulsion out of the Ijarjjainc. 2(tth April, 1015 —
]5ou^ht of Mr. liobrirt Brandling and Jtr. Itobert lAinberton Drainsliaw Wood
at tlu; rate of foweisi;oro ami live pound to be jiaid at tlic fair day of Alnwick
no.xt. IJ'juf^ht of \\^ilhn. IMillir in lJr(.'nboiirniy Wood twenty pounde worth
ofbarke lobe jKiid fur, 23tli Jay of June, IGIG." (This tvas divided into
ttvoihf sliares.J

" None Ai)rilis 1010— Bought of Jtr. Jamcsj Ogle of Cawscj' Parlcc a bar-
gaino of woodc and bavlcc for which tho company is to pay two hundred and
f(jrtie ]iound, Antlio. Adslon, John Strother, Thomas Younger, and Robert
Htnitlur, and em^aged for payment (d" ttuau at tliest; daves following, viz., at
^\'hiisuTulay m;.\t £100, at St Nirliolas ilay £ 10, ul ^liehaelmas 1100 ; and
as ([uartermaisti>rs doe allot every iiiiarter or iiroijortioiiable sliaro as followeth,
it is agreed that none of the wood shall bo sould but with the consent of tho
four qiiartermaislora, tho partiiers aro to pay upon the 7th of Aprill theu- first
payment to the quartermaistros." The shares allotted to each tannery were
from £5 up to .£30 each. "John Gibson alderman and liii-hard Steward
bought of Mr. Fenwicke at Brinkehourne 2ord Mav, 107S, twentv oakc trees
of barko at £0 ; G trees of iMr. Lauib 13s. Gd. ; pefiling £3 1 Is. Od. ; at Heb-
bourn O trees IBs., pealinge Os. 3d. ; at ShawJon \Vood 7 trees 13s. 6d., pealing
lis., 9 yeares bark; at Cawsey Parle 2 trees 9s.; the same at Ilebberlaw
Is. Gd. ; at Brinlcburno 7 trees 30s. ; at Edlingham 30 trees 50 yeares ofbarke
G8s. Gd., for pealeing -IGs. ; at Hebburn IG ti-ees 4G years 56s., pealing 3Ss. Gd. ;"
others at Helm on tho Hill and Ellinghiun. " 1G79 — 10 score of (jake trees
at Widdxington for .£30 ; 11 score of oak trees at Edlingham for £2G os. Od. ;"
and others at Swarlaud, Hobburn, and Shawdon. On May 1, 1G33 — "A
Felton bargin of £200" -was divided by the quaitormastcra into twenty
shares, each from Co to £15. In 1G85, 24 score of trees were bought at New-
ham for £45 ; and .030 were paid for tho Abbey bark. In tho account for
bark on April 1, 1700, John IStrother, Tho. Woodhouso, Luke Ilindmarsh,
and llalph Bajaioldson Avero quartermasters ; there were " bought at Low
Framlington of tho Ilawlcesscs bark, £15 12s. Gd. ; John (Jrey, Esq., bark £1 ;
at Shawdon of tho Haggerstons' bark £3 IGs. Gd. ; att Hebbron David ilof-
fatts bark £20 ; Brinkburno Roger Fenwickcs £25 ; Trebton G. Morrison and
]v. Newbiggou ; at Nimmer house and the Iluntlev liark £5 143. lOd. ; att
the Brickbugh Uv. II. ColHngwood £3, in all £82 Is'. Od."

iN(.'oi{i'ouAi i:i) TicAi)r;s. 339

Tho last iKjlico of bark buying is iii 1721, wlion 2l8. woro
lakoii out of tlio box to clofray tlio cliargo of goirif^ to York to
look for bai'lf ; nbowiiig tJiat oak woo(Ih in iNorthuijiboi-land wero
<lisapi)earing. With tlio oxcojttiou of £.^50 worth of trees from
flie Abboy giouiids and two trees from Ilubberlaw, tlio dibtrict
around Abnvick yiolded no bark trees to the tanners; its forests
and woods liad been almost entirely destro^-ed. When a bar-
gain was bought, oaeh tanner was f;(jm|)ulled to f alee liis share ;
in 168.'5 " Jiulph Jv03'nold.son was fined for refusing his j)arto of
Jlayson barlv forty shillings bating a penny," Keen, vigorous
bai-gain-niak'oi-B could, however, scarcely bo expected to submit
entirely to the restrictive regulations of the comi)any ; and avo
find even the ofhciuls STiatching ut a bargain for their own oxclu-
fiive advantage ; in "IHID Sam. Alnwick was fyned Gs. 8d. for
liis abuse being alderman in wronging brethren in barko buying."
One load of bark a member miglit buy in 1G.j7 on his own
account; but buying more would subject liiin to a fine of 39s. lid.,
and exptdsion from all bargains. In 1GG7 tlie j-egulation was
sadly tiunsgressed, and many wore fined ; and in 1G70 the old
orders wer<j re-enacted and made moro stringent, imposing
for a breach of them not only a penalty of .'3'Js. lid., but
also imprisonment during ideasuro. "Abuses crept in," restric-
tive orders wore repeated, and transgressors were lined ; btill
there was no reformation ; wilful tanners would buy their ov.'u
bark. The following marvellous order was passed Ma}' 27th,
1700 : "It is this day ordered aud agreed upon by the alderman
and most part of the company, that noo man shall goe or enter
into any wood with a cart at any time by day or by night, except
the major party of owner or carter bo there, upon payne of every
such oIIlmko to pay 13s. -Id."

Like all other companies, tho fanners endeavoured to keep up
a monopoly for their own advaiitago ; none but a tanner could
buy rough hides; in 1731 John Weatherburn was ordered to be
prosecuted for pretending to buj' them on commission fi-om a
tanner. The power of tho company ^\-as even put forth in -Vlu-
mouth, Wooler, and Berwick; in 1G70 Luke Stevenson, of Wooler,
was obliged to bind himself under a penalty of £50 not to buy
rough hides and skins in tlio hair, in any part of England ; and
in 1G61 the alderman and steward were despatched to Mnmouth
" about Luke "Watson to discover his buying rough Icatlier ; " and
ho was prosecuted aud obliged to pa}- a line of 3'Js. Agreed
brothers were admitted on payment of £20. Thomas Yardy, of
Etthell, agreed brother, was admitted on condition of his not
sotting up or erecting a Tan House within nine miles of Alnwick,
of his having only ono apprentice every seven years, and of paying
to tho company £10 by instalments. And keen the company was
to liave payment ; he liad only paid £G 5s. up to April L'2nd,
1717, and when teased and threatened, he pleaded inability to
pay more, and begged for time, telling this hard-heai'ted com-
pany— " I am euro tho trade has broken mo."

310

(irSTOKV 01- Al.NWHK,

A iuw illuHtnLii(jii3 of oUior Hpoclal viilfjs, uud oi' tlio way iu
wliioli Mioy wcvo onfon.od may Lo quoted.

" l(i27— None Hhall rit any titiio ^'oo ii> in';i,t(: unv liydo or wkyno on<; the
iMi'^'^'ti Ijiickc; or iikiii'h Ij.iuUo ov iiiiy oUii;r.s hm-.k': whatmAjvcr cofiiririj^ to tho
maiK-ct, nor hhiill not tako llnrm out of any jioko or Ma<;k<; or othorwi.i*;, )i<.foro
tho 1)111 tics or owners tlioruol' doo layo tin; Haid hydcs or HkynJios ilowno in tho
market thoniHclvcM, hiil lor ovory default a<jo maid Hliall i^M.-suntly I'orlitt und
])ay thixM) HhiUin'^H and Cnwor jiuiKi; to tlio hoxc. Hjlj — Noo UiujkA IcatlK.T
hhall ho Hould hy any of th(i couqiany to any sliooniakcr or othor chapman,
untill tho aldtiiuan or Htuward inaku .siardi ol' tho Bullicionco of thi; tanniny
tlieroof, and givo a^iprohation of its Ijoinj^ niarkt;tahlo wainc upon paia
of Ca. 4d, 1G57 — Nou hrothor whall buy any hydo or otiior k'th'.r in tlio
inurkott jdaco or ishall Hto[) any at any otIi<;r place, witliout or witliin tliu
townc to iii,!^i'OS.so the nanio to liis handc, (except the .sanio come to liid ownu
l\ou.se) hofore the hell rin^^e upon Siitt iday, and no brother nor hi.-i acrvanLi
fcliall hoy ar.y liido or other lether on the J''iidayo or Saterdaycs in tho
butchora ishopcs by weight or other till the time aforesaid under a jKinalty
of Cm. 8d."

" 1GG5 — Agreed that John Rcynoldson bo fined for takeing away of a bhoc-
makcr, Avhilo he was a byeing lellier from Thomas llai-rison, und hindorcJ
tho said Thomas of the Kailu of his stock for which he is hued 3s. -Id."

"1073 — Lancelot Strother is lined Is. for byeing of a hoi.se skin out of
Thomas Learmouth's hand, and not haveing ton' tied or handled the skin bc-
foro ho bought the saiiu.^, whicih was done when Thomas Learmouth had tho
money in his hand and standing near tho skin." " Will Alnwiiko present
alderman is lined according to order for taking a liide out of a poke lis. 4d."

1G7G — John (lihson lined 10s. fur having bought three neat hides before
they were takc.n of IVoni tho beasts backs, which h(; liath confessed, and sub-
mitted himself to the mercy of the trade. 1G77— John Ifarri.son lined Is. for
iutiseing a man IVom 'J'homas Learmouth while he was a byeing a hide.

" IGiSii — No tanner of tho fellowship shall buy any hido lit for a tanner on
pain of Gs. Sd. for each skin, except at tho usual iihico called the waic side
ne.\t the corn market, at the toll of the bell, or at Wooler, before the toll of
tho bell, next tho ero-sc." " 1G71.'— John Shnnks lined o9s. lid for buying
and selling leather he did not tan." " 1701!- Will. Stanton fined Gs. 8d. for
buying hiihs above Claypert Tower or 'I honias \'ai(ly's door." "Dec. ) 4,
17u;!— None of our society shall buy any halher if foreners or strangers or
other hut anujngst ourselves shall forfeit 3'Js. lis." " 17o'J — Several peifiona
having of lato bought up calf skins and hides, and sent them abroad and sell
them in the hair to tho great dolriment of the trade," they are to be prose-
cuted.

" 1644 — It is ordered that if any of the company liiic any jonicyman for
day labouring jiay 4d. a dav meat and drink, or 7d. in money shall forfeitt
for every day l2d. ; and any joineymau that is a free brother shall refuse to
worke at tlicse rates shall forleitl Gs. 8d. for every default." In 1G49
laiko Wyddous apprentice to I'hlllis fSlanton av;is lined 40s. for his ollencc to
/(/a- ilaiiic, and ordeied to be Icept in tho tower till ]'aid ; lu;, however, jiaid on
2'Jth April, IGoO, twenty shillings " in full satisfaction of all forniir faults and
otleneos eonnnitled by him 1o his said dame and the rest of the coinpan}-, fi-om
the beginning of the woild to the date heieof."

1CG9 — "Miiho. AVydous is lined Is. for running out of the meeting chamber
nt tho election of aldenuan and not giving his vote." "1G80, Apiil 12 —
lioger Moftatt tho younger is fined Is. for strikeing a iray of wine out of
Luke Ilindn\eres bands. Thos. Gaire is lined one shilling for jiutheing at
Ivoger SlolVatt's breast with a state in the meeteing chamber, not to depart out
of this chamber n]ion paino of 3ys. IIJ. Jloger iloilelt is lined one .-^hilling
for strikeing at Thomas Ciaire the younger in the meeteing chamber and not
to depart ont of this meeting chamber till these iino ;ue paid upon paine of
39s. lid."

INCOId'OItAI Kl) I KADKS, .'j4l

'J'Ijo 'J'iuiiioiH liu 1 (Uith in llio lioaling influence of a loving cup;
and with it (|ii!iri-(j]fi wcro Hoiuotinios sottlod. In IGHl tljoro Iiad
Ijoon fui al)Uso {^ivoii by Will. iStiuil.uii and Thoiaas Alinviijko, in
jiroHonco of t ho wliolo company in Iho mooting chamber, to tho
ovil oxamplo of othovH ; but at tho ic([UOHt of tlio trade, each of
those (piui'rolsDino Ijrothrun bound liiui.self tu tlio other, l>y tho
oxcliange of a sixiionco, in tlie .sum of G'J.s. lid., to abido by tlio
decision of tho ■vvholo trade. And tlii.s \vas tho awai-d :

"Wo tho wliolo titiod iintl coinpnny oi' tiiiinors hiivo con.siiloreil the ahouftc-s
on Loth .sides iiinl wc doo order and award, tlial Tlioina.s Ahiwi'iko «h;ill froc
to AVilliam iStaiiton'H hoiiso ami drinko lo liiiii, and that William iSt.inton
bliall goo tu Tiiomas Aluvviclco'M hoiiB(j and driiilcu lo liiin." In 1082 anotJior
(|uarrc) was coinjio.scd in a similar njanni.'r ; Jolui (iib.son wont Vj tho houhoof
tho aldorman, and, in ])ro.sonco of tho trado, drunk tu Jolin iCaynoldsoii and
dosirod him to for^vo him.

Tlio fees of admission in 1G15 wore 12d. to tho company, 6d.
to the alderman, 4d. to tho clerk, a pottle of wine to thocompanj",
and a froo dinner to the company, or instead of it lOs. Fellow-
ships were jovial in those days ; and l}C.'5idos tho jollifications
after admissions, there appear to have been regularly recurring
days in which tho tanners made themselves merry. AVe have in

IGIO — Di.sLursod by Ealjili Itaynoldson aldonnan ; TnipriTnis Mioli. Mon-
day Is., at tho aldci-man's dinner 3s., Thomas Gairos dinner Is. Gd., another
day (Jd., tho morning after alderman's dinner Is , eoUo]) monday Gd., Eastor
monday Is., trinitio monday Is., hist Mieliaolmas monday 3d., tho day after
Is. Gd.

The modern proceedings of tho tanners are devoid of interest.
They spent 8s. to celebrate wliat they call i\\(i joyful event of tho
removal of Aluwiclc from the Corporation Eeform Bill, and cen-
sured those fi'eomon avUo entertained a diflerentojanion. IIap]ty
days these when narrow-minded intolerance may bark but cannot
bite ! There woro iu January, 18G8, 29 members and one
widow ; &eveu bear tlie name of Eennison, and six that of Hind-
mar si i.

Weavers. — Tho Gilila Tellariorum, or guild of woollen cloth
weavers, was one of tlie oldest fellowships in England, its exist-
once being traceable, among tho London guild.s, to the time of
Henry I. Tho orders of tho Alnwick weavers' company, which
iu 1G19 are called ancient, "had been by their predecessors kept
mind out of memory of man." Old though it be, it has never
been large ; in 162'J there were 14 members; iu IGSG, 20; iu
1778, 2U ; btit the number has dwindled down, and now there
are only seven members, none of whom practises tho . craft of
Aveaving. To this company belongs tlie aTicient family of Stamp,
whoso lirst entry into it is thus recorded: — "James "Watson
alderman September ye 30 day John Stamp maid freyman of the
wevfer traid of Alnwick September the oO day 1G99."

Their general orders are similar to those of other trades ; but
thcro woro special regulations :

S42 HISTOliy OP ALNWICK.

" Noo broUi(;r of tlio (■oriipany bliall fjtcli any worko from any Lody'g
hoiiHo, but Hiicli iiH Hhiill bo liroiijrlit to liii/i ; no foiroyner sliall come to break
any privelc(l;j;(;.s of Uio trad, to cary away out of the townc any work ; if any
laiin or woman Hball havu tJieir wolib.s or cloath Hpoyb.d in dufault of any
worko man of tin; trad," tlio mcmlier conimiltin^ the fault hliall bi; i)uniHb<;il
uccordin;;- to tho (juality of tlio fault, and according to tho discretion of iho
coni])any ; aim*; cither in the tower or out of it in i>re«eiico of the aldennan
waH iineabli! Ga. Hd. ; Scotsmen weic not to be set to work nnder a penalty of
2().s. ; Htuir exposed for Hale in the inarket, that is unlawful or not well wrou;,'ht,
bad to be Koizoil by tho aldenaan or Mtewards; " no weaver hhall work any
harden eloath under a threty except bo take li haypen.s for every yar<l work-
ing-, and under ^G, 2 pens, under a 10, 2 ])ens baperiy and under il, 3 jicns,
and to 48, -1 pens per yard ; for huu-;,aibak napkins bo wliall tak from a thirty
to a six and thiity 2 piius per yard, and for 11 there shall be taken J pens th.^
yard ; no {^ro^icn yhall be worked under 3 pence p(;r yard ; " breach of tLcw
I'ugulations in\olveJ a iienalty of Gs. 8d.

" HJH'J— William Jaferson is lined six 8liillinf.^s and 8 ponce for wcavan
six (piarter broid lor three' baipence a yard. 1711— Josepli Snowball i.s fined
for spoiling a lining eloath. 171!), April 27— 'J'bomas Ward. 11 lined for
fi;ching work from liis house to the sho])C, and for teling ley of George
I'atterson and speaking for work (is. 8d. t<j be paid to the box."

Agreed brothers were admitted on paying a comiiosition from
303. to 50s. to the box, but they were nc^t allowed to take appren-
tices. Tntrudiiig foreigners Avero prosecuted ; John Stankloy of
AVarkworth, in 1039, presumed to carry and take woollen yarn
out of tho town; but the yarn Avas taken from him and ho was
plunged into law, and obliged at length to submit to tho com-
pany's orders ; ho was allowed to take yarn out of the borough
sent to his host house out of the country ; but if he ventured to
take any from tho inhabitants within thu "precinckcs," ho for-
feited 43. for every stone of yarn.

"In the year of our Lord God one thousand six hundreth fifty
and five, John Alder of Alnwiko fuller and dyor is received and
admitted into tho trade of weavers to be agreed brother for him-
selfu and his use ;" but "ho promised to full all the weavers'
cloth for a penny a yard, that is for their owno proper wear, so
long as he had a fulling milno of his owiio ;" and when Matthew
Alnwick, tho yoxmger, was admitted a free brother he was bound
" not to taik no yarno into weav wliich may be pregedetiell to
tho traid." Not very literate men were these weavers us tho
following resolution, made about 1700, shews: —

" Wo bearc mIioiu is consarned in the traid and company of wearers -with
the Avholo consent uf tho traid all together that thay subserib as under wTiten
if it be wc fall under any troubell about any lay bcsnes about any forrnora
that intruds iipon us that taks any work thayaro to bo sueid upon si'-ht so we
are to subserib to get every num in tlie traid to pay every man in the traiJ
five shillings a peas or if it be put further i'ur every man whom is Lousarnej
to pay ten shiling a jjcas."

The ancient admission fees were for an apprentice 5s. to the
box, for a second son 3s. 4d. to tho box ; and both besides must
give a free dinner to the company. The present admission fe-es
aro 6s. 8d. for the eldest son of a freeman, and lOs. Gd. for other
sons and ajipronticcs. There have been only fuurteen admissions

INCOIIPOIIATKI) TIIAOKS, S4S

(luring tlio last tliirty-eiglit years, IKllo moro than ono on tlio
nvojag(3 iit three years. The annual dinner is fliseontinuerl ; but
in the box is still kept the silver eup bought before 17o0,
and a crystal tanhard, on bolhof'whicli are engraved the weavers'
arms and motto — ivcave Irulh and trust.

Smiths. — Tliis coni])any is mentioned in the corporate reconbi
in 1013; and in 1017 contributed .Os. to the school. It has
always boon a small feliowsliip ; in IVi-O there were ton mem-
bers; from 17.'3,0 to I8O0, a period of 100 years, only ;}3 persons
have boon admitted; in Jan., 1808, there wore only five resident
members, ono of wliom is IMr. Thomas Henry Bell, wlioso ances-
tor Ilemy ] Jell was admitted in 1721. Tlie family of Theaker
first appeared in 1092, and ilio last of them died a few years ago.
The orders of their ancient predecessors were set down in writing
in the time of Edward Lindsey, warden and alderman of tho
fellowship of blacksmiths and -whitesmiths, on Sept. 29th, IGoG.

Tho company h;ul to meet annually on Juno 2'A\\ to elect an alderman — a
month ])Oiui}' liad to he ]iaid to niiiintaiii t)ie Luruiif^h aiid theiiisilvcs—
npjirentice.s were not to be admitted till twenty-four yt;aid of ago — alderman
had to make diligent search of all unlawful ware coming into tlio marki;t,
and to seize it for tho uso of the lord of the manor and the n.st of the trade.
In 1G83 there are arliclea of agreement amongst the fellowship for the regu-
lation of tlicir trade.

None ahall make use of any horse shewca to sett ono of any man's horso
whatsoever, (^xjjo.sing the said sliowes to saile, Ijut what they make up of their
owno hand, or theii' apprentice or hired servant ; none of them shall cutt any
iron or steel to any one merchant within the borrow or any other ironmonger
within the said liljorty, under paying to par.son soe imployed, from such mer-
chant or iron monger £1 and a i a £ for ev<;ry years worko ; fur making a
shoe and setting it on 2d. mubt be charged ; none shall bindo any waine
whells under payment of 12d. every waine; or any cart wliellos under paying
7d. for eaeli earto and for tuiubhr whelles til. pi r par(> ; any breach of these
rules incurred a penalty of los. td. On 2>3lli Juiio, 17-'3, it is agreed by us
wlio here subscribed our luimes, who ever makod a shoo lor a happeny shall be
fined ten groats.

Like other companies the smiths prosecuted all intruders; Ealph
Gibson, in IGGI, bound himself under a penalty of £20 not to
tako work within one mile of Anwicke ; in 1074 Henry Thomp-
son signed an agreement that ho would not exercise tho art or
mystery of a smitb in Eailiifgate, not being a freeman. Tho
company seems to have been quiet and orderly ; the breaches of
orders are very few. " November the ord, 1G93, Thomas Cras-
ter hath committed a fait contrary to our orders by shoeing of
James Nickles horse, which is a customer to John Hunter; he did
desire him himself not to meddle in such a case ; -we doe here by tine
him G shillings 8 pence." " Oct. 27th, 1706, the alderman and tho
rest of the trade does fine David Craister for abuseing tho alder-
man being present John Theaker the fine 6s. 8d.

Very singular is tho oath administered on the admission of a
member: " Tlio same oath as your elder brethren hath taken,
you are to fulfil and keep." No one knows what that oath was,

344 IIISTOIIY OF AI-NWICK.

and yot it lius boon taken by Hiicco.SHivo ftmlths for at loast a
coiituvy and a lialf. A[)])roiiti(;oH on admis.si(jn pai<l lO.s. for a
froo dinner, .Oh. to tlio box, 2h. (Jd. for ^vino, Is. to tlio aldorman,
and ollior dues tf) tlio htcwaid and clerk ; the eldest son of a freo-
inan ])aid only IO3. for his fi'oo dinner, and the duos. Thi.i coin-
])any luul so strong an atlacliment to the old institution of waitH,
that the nionibers strongly remonstrated on the di soon tin uanco of
tlie livqry of iliOHo offic(!i-s. Somewhat in advance of the other
froomon they had boon in 1835, when ihoy w^uld " not subscribo
out of tho box to purchaso a memorial fur John Lindsay" — tlio
lioro of oxclusivo corporations.

IVriyhts. — Tho carpenters and j(jinor.s formed an ancient com-
pany nndor tho name of wriijJds. To tho town's fund tlio
Wrights [laid, in IGll, 19s. lOd. ; and in 1017 tlioy contributed to
tho scho<d us. 'Id. From a doca5'od document, among the muni-
ments of tho trade, it ai)pear3 tho fellowshi[) liad been in exiat-
onco in Queen ]"]li/abelh's time, when I'atrick Vonus was brought
before a court for exercising the art, mystery, or manual occupa-
tion of a carpenter without right. Tlu; old records of tho fellow-
sliip are lost; but thero aro copies of orders made in 1082 and
1707, similar in tlioir provisions to those of tlie other trades.

None of tho Lrolliron shall sett any foroi,n-ner to work ■without leave of tho
■wliolo fellowship, ii]>()n paiiie of every ilay'.s work Ss. 4J. ; none sliall seek
any work within (ho town unle.sa thoy ho .scut fur to their hou.-ii.-.s iimler the
same penalty ; and whosoever (li.snoinniondH liis hrfilher'H work at any tiino
withoiit cause shall pay for such a trespass coninnlteil 12(1. ; a jioltlc of wino
rnnst be paid to the fellowsliip when an apprentico was enndhxl ; every
hrother in eoniinjj; into the trade paid a jjoUlu of wine and os. to tho hox and
Gd. to the clerk; an apprcntieij on his adnii.ssion jnade u free diimi;r unto the
fellowshi]), paid 'js. to tho hox, Gd. to the cIitI:, and a pottle of wino ; a free
horn hrotlur only paid a iintllo of wine to thr f^Mowsliip, lid. tu the box, and
Cd. to the clerk ; llioy would allow no Scotaiuen to be cuii>loyed, nor the son
of a Scotsman to bo taken ajipvontico.

The follows'nip fined thoir members for non-attendanco at
meetings and breacli of b3'e-laws ; but in tho olden time they
were a (piiet, well-behaved body ; thoy paid thoir month money,
and admitted agreed brothers ; but with the exception of the free
dinners and pottles of Avino on admission of new members, no
jollifications aro recorded. There is little of interest in their
proceedings ; but a few extracts may bo given.

" 1G87 — llalph Young-husband is fined for not conicin!^ to Clayport tower
accordeu to oider, third day of September, 3s. 4d. 1G94, July 17 — Ivobcrt
Ward fined for setting- a furrncr to woi-k 3s. 4d. : it is a_2:reed by the fellow-
ship that Matthew Forster is to have the liberty to take in Jlattliew Forstcr
of Oliarlton to work as a jiu'ney man, from this day till ]\Iich(dmise first, and
ho is to give 10s. satisfaction to the box. IG'.tG, Ap. G — Ifobcrt Ward is fined
for Avorkinpf for tinder wadgoa the youscall fin fur such an ofi'ence, wliich is
Ss. 'Id. 1707 — No hrother is to pay less than 10s. for his ti-eo dinner. 1708
• — The old alderman is to prcpai-e his dinner for the ti-adi.^ on Michaelmas day.
I7IG— No widow is to take an apprentice. 171G — I, "William Shepherd, of
Warkworth, doe aclcnowii.dge and own mysidfe to have tri\>pa.ssed aiJain^t tho
freedom and privilcdge of the carpenters and jojTiers of Alnwick, by working

INCORPORATED TIIADES. 345

onro within this lihoity of tlus HaiM lown.aii.l for tli'j future doo promUo totho
Buid trailo iiovcr to oiroii-l aoo aijain. 1720— Alcxan.icr and William two
Scot.siii(;ii, now at thin tiino workirii,' with .Mr. Grey, bhall bo jnoaccuto'l ac-
cordiiif< to law. 1751— Aiiplication in to l,<; made to tho alilcrman of t)io
trade, if workuH-.n i,i tho trade cainiot tlicn bo got on rcasoriablo tc-niiM, thon
foroiu^ncrd may be oiniiloycd."

In 1722 llio frsllowsliip took hi-^h '^v(nxu(\ in enforcing thoir
monopoly, AVilli.'uii fiiin-clt ]iii(I sot a foroig'nor to work, and an
onlor was mado not only finiii^r but " disCrancIii.siMi,' him ont of
tho trado for bi'oakin<^ their orders; " but Garrot tlnx-utenod to
bring a maiuhunus for restoration to hi.s freedom. George Grey,
couiiHoller, was consulted by tlio tratlo ; and ho told thlm tlioy
cannot disfranchise for breach of a bye-law, and that Garret
coidd still exorcise his trade and enjoy the common, even though
, the trade disfranchised him. ISonie time about 1770 the coui-
pany presented a ])etition to tlie Cliainberlains and Common
Council, signed by 21 names, complaining " that some person,
not a freeman, owner of a burgage, intends soon to rebuild the
same, and to employ or let the (:ai-[)enler work thereof to some
persons not freemen ; if any indulgence," say they, " should bo
allowed to such stallingers, It would bo a great discouragemfufc
to persons serving tlu^ir apprenticeship to freemen, and the v pray
that no liberty or indulgence bo given to such persons fjr any
stones or other things necessary for such buildings." The wrightS
displayed their loyalty during tho rebellion of 1745, and" set
forth two volunteers to defend their country. Again, in 1708,
they were patriotic and tmanimously subscribed the wholo of
their funds, four guineas, towards the defenco of their countrv at
tho present ei isis ; the amount was paid to tho Chamberlains to
bo by them forwarded to tlio government. On January 25th,
18M, (hoy distributed th^ir funds, i'8, among tho brethren, to
celebrate tliu Trinco of AN'ales' ehrislening.

A bonedt socioly was established by this'^fellowship on 8th June,
1751, for the support of members incapacitated by sickness or
lameness. Tho subscription from each member was 53. yearly,
unci 4d. to tho clerk ; all tho funds of the trade were to bo appro-
priated to this object ; no one, however, could have any benefit
from it, until ho had been three years a member ; a sick member
received 4s. weekly, but this was reduced, after six months
illness, to 2s. weekly; old, infirm members woro allowed Is. Gd.
weekly; whoever fomented a quarrel, challenged another to
fight, or under- valued him as to understanding his business, or
cursed, swore, gambled during tho time of meeting, or got drunk
on Sunday forfeited Gd. for each offence. This society tlouvished
for a whilo; in 1754 tho funds Avero £31 Is., and in 1777 they
had accumulated to £110; but in 1778 the society was entirely
broken up, and tho money divided among tho subscribers ; but
for what reason does not appear.

The fellowship possesses a silver cup holding about half a "-ill
VOL. II. 2x "

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oU) IIISTOIIY OF Al.NUlCK.

bouj^rht in IGOS, wlion MatUiow Forntor ^vus uldorrnan, at tliocost
of £2 18.4. ; and also a ikjw flag ainl tho l'ra;,Miujnt.s of an old one,
on which aro blazoiK.'il tho armn of liio couipany. In U/Jl,wlion
J(jhii Stanipo was aldoniian, this Hag was madu according to the
following account : —

Keiii paiil to I\Ir. l'\>r,st(.T for 2 yiinls aii'l a lialf and
hall' ii {[Uiuter of Iniclciaiii ......

J\Ioio when i Lai'i^aiiijil witli llio i>aiitt(.r

JIoio to tho iiiusik oil .Michilliiii.s day

]\r(;rc to tlio iini.sik nt tlif; aldimiaii'.s dimiur .

l^lui'o paid to tlic iiaulcr fur tho t>(;iu;liOTi.i

01 . 07 . 08i
In 18G1 tlio admission fees were— for tlio eldest son of a free-
man r)s., the younger son 5s., for a]-»prentice8 15s. This fraternity
iiuniljeved few members in early times ; in 1G82 there "wero only
11; in 17.'3G there were 2G ; during tho present century tho
numbers have increased, and tliere aro now, in 18G8, 38 members
and 7 widows. The predominant names firo Foi-stor, of Avhom
thoro aro 10, Diclcman, of whom tliero aro G, and Straughan, of
whom thoro aro 4. There aro few <dd families in tlio trade ; a
branch of tho Forstor's ai^pears in 1 G82, Matthew Forster, from
whom is doscemhid IMr. AVilliam iJaird (formerly Forster". ; Atho
and Dickman appear in 1720, and Andnnv llindmar.sli, from
■whom is descended ]\Ir. INliihafl Ilindmar.sli, in 1751. To this
company also boh^ngs my old friend ilr. Thomas Eobert.sou, wlio
entered it in 1828.

Butchers. — Tho society and fraternity of butchers-' struggled
into existence in tho early part of tho seventeenth century ; even
in IGll their claim to bo a company Avas doubted; for in that
year it is entered " paid for the bouchers i/f ijuue allotce thtm h be a
coi)ipiiii;/e out of tho town purse xs." Tiioir claim, however, was
alloAved, and wo iind them in 1G13 recognised as a trade; in 1G17
contributing lOd., their quarterly contribution to the school, and
in 1GG5 lOd. for the same object. Tho ancient orders which
■were "by reason of tho lato distractions imbezzled and lost,"
Avore in iG47 re-established and conlirmed. In these orders it is
instituted —

" That noo man whatsoever shall kill, dresse, or put to sale any kind of
sheopo or cattle of what kynd or sorts soever be they young or old which they
shall have liouf^ht either in the niarlcett or clscwliere, UTitill they shall have
ki ])t Iheui in their own custody and possession for tho space of forty eight
liourcs together, after tho tyiue that they shall have hought them ; and shall
then present them to publique sale with the wool on theirc face and the skins
hanging on their backs, upon paino of forfeiteing tho same as aforesaid ; " they
alio wed foreigners or aliens, sulUeiently skilled in the profession of butcher, to
be ineorjiorated into their society on iiaying a composition ; but to keep up a
just ami due dirt'crence and distinction between these favoured foreignei-s and
the true freemen, it was instituted, that the eldest son of tho latter be admit-
ted on giving a free dinner to tho whole company and paying tive slriUings to

• A slaughterer of goats, from French buiic, a goat

l^-coR^oK VTi:i) tii\i)k<}. 347

tlio common purso, 1jii1 Ifio Hon.s of llio fonner inuKt Bcn'o an apprcnticctihip
of Buvoii y(:arM to ii fioo iiii:i/ilifr, anil t-^ivii a fi-co (liniior to tlio wjiolo wjcUdy
UD'l p;iy ''ill. ■i<]. to tlio (.0111111011 juir.sc, hiAun: tlioii- u'liiiinaion; tliuy ';ri'l'-avour<,d
to ]((•(;]) tij) liiollicily lovo aiiil i:(|iial rcspi'ct by fiiiiiij^ ihoic I'oity hhillin^a
wlio attoni])tijil to lalto a l)arf,Miii out of a U:\\o\v m(3inhir'n li.iml, ati'l \>y liiiiiis»
othovH twi'iity Hliillint,'H wlio taKo lioiiso or Hliop <i(i;ii]ii(;'l 1»y a ifKriiibor, lj<;furo
lio has giv(;ri it up ; towaiilH llio support of tho ti-aric, a tax wa'* iinjiostd in
17CG of oik; fartliiiig for ovory h1i(;(;J) and laiiil*, oiio lialfpciiriy for e\<.-ry calf
ttnd awiiiu .slaufflitereil weclcly by any iiicnibor.

(iroat effort Avas inado by this conipany to liorp up its rnono-

{)oly. Aiiioii}^ tho last piHJ.suciitoil was Edward J Wd ton in 17G0;
mt lio was oldi^^od to «uccuiab and ])ay £H as a comjiromiso for
tho penalty lio had incurred. ]jut their jiowor canio to an end
prior t(j l78o ; for tliey f'aih;d in an action a;^Minst John Miirdy, of
liothLury, and. John Tijdd, of Alnwick, for exeicisinf^ tlio trado
ofabutelier. Formerly tho company ajipointed llcsli lookers.
In 1842 tliey resolved to divido their funds; and each member
and widow of a member received seven sliillin^'s and sixpence,
and a division has subsequently taken placo every threo years ;
in 1862 ono shilling- and teiipeuco each was paid to 18 members.
Tho modern cluiracter of tho fraternity may bo estimated fruiu
tho following extracts : —

1821, Oct. 8— " Tho company of free Lutclicrs by a majority has af^eed to
give ,C4 out of tho box to assist tho freeman's cause now pending in clianctry
wliich is foiiuJnd on the principles of justice and a tlioroiip;li ben.>>c of ri;^lit,
hoping tliat wo may tryumijli over the usur])atioii and injustice of a self elected
four and twenty." 1840, ISuv. 20 — In reference to a division of the inoor,
"His Grace ought to vacate the royally of that ))art assigned to tho freemen,
who will not otherwise be benelitted by the change." They however sup-
ported the plans of the delegates in 1818 ; but the most extraordinary exliibi-
tion of cluiracter is soon in the following resolution : — " 1S.V2, .Sep. i:j — It was
I'csolved uu the motion of W'm. IJurn seconded by llohert lUll, that the in-
vitiitiun of till) chamlierlaiiis he declined on the ground that the buti.hcr's
company and tho freemen generally nut having been consulted in regard to
tho erection of tho schools, and that the erection liaving been made without
their consent and against their oxprossod wishes, they (loeline joining in tho
procession intended to grace tho laying the foundation stone."

Fortunately for tho character of tlio corporation, Ibis self-
important faction of tho butchers Mas left aloiio in all if3
glory. Some men avo born too soon, breathing tho thoughta
and aspirations of a more advanced ago. ]3acou left his wurka
and famo to tho ages that were to follow ; but theso butchers
dropt upon tho world somo ages too late, and are Hving studies
of a bye-past generation.

This fraternity has never been numerous ; in IG -17 there were
only seven members; in 17G8 there were 28 members, and since
thou tho numbers have decreased ; in January 1803 there were
22 members and one w'idow. Tho annual dinner was discon-
tinued in 1846. To this company belongs a branch of the ancient
family of Thew, who for centuries had property at Denwick.
In 1750 the admission fees were for the eldest son lOs. Gd., for
the second son 15s., and for an apprentice 21 g.

348 IIl^iTOKY OF ALNWK.K.

The Tai'/ors are a Kin fiH but ancient company; in IGIG tlioy
paid for llio sfjliool Is. 8d , boinf^ a[)paroiilly at llio )ato of 39. 4rJ.
yearly. "Tlieir orders, made and collected out of divers ancient
orders of tlio Fellowsliip and J''reo ]irotliei'li(jod of tlio .Societyo
and Couipany of Taylors," aro dated lltli of ifay, 10 17.

According to tlifsc, lliey nu.t yearly on tlio (ir.it Jlonduy after ilichaelma-i
day, to elect an aldoiiiiitu and two btewardn. 'I'iic wliole company niiiht go
to the aldcrnian't) dinner or each lorf'eit Cs. Rd. — no one could exercise tiio
iiivblery or i)i'(jft;,ssion of u tailor unle.^.s he liad (served seven years as aa
ni)proiil,icc and one as a liiieiuan — ai^if.ed Lrotlieis wf.io adniitt(;d on jiayinij
a coiiiposilion — ikj fieo ni(!inhi:r was allcwud at any lime V) desert the town
nnd lioroiiyli to vmvk in the country witliout licen.si; of thu uldernian — norm
was allowed to ])uli]i.ih aLroad or reveal any of tin; arts (<f the fellowship
touching the government and exercise of tiie trade or mystery, nor anything
done in their meeting chamher — misconiluct in word or deed •within tho
meeting chamher incuncil the penalty of Gs. 8d. — the fees paid on julinission
to the trade were for tho eldest son of every fieeman 4d., ami every freeman's
apprentice 5s. and a free dinner to the company— no foreign tailor niiLst bo
employed unch-r a penalty of (j's. 8d. — and all iidmitted were to ho swomo
u])on tho llolj' Evangeli.st to give a true and perfect obedience to the ordei'S
and to every particulars thereof.

Liilfo Ditcliburn, in tlio early part of tlio sovonteonth century,
gave a bond not to exercise the trade of tailor within AlnA\'ick,
nor cut out any cloth within Alnwick, nor take measure of any
person in xUnwick for cloih. The free tailors and the agreed
brethren quarrelled in 1691, and, in accordance with tho ancient
custom of thotoAvn, the dis]iuto was referred for settlement to tho
Chamberlains and Four-and-Twenty ; and this was the sentence
passed :

Oi't. 2, tt.iU — ^\^u•roa.s their hath a lireat ditlenncc happened ht twoen the

fne taylors of this hurrougli and the !;read hrillmii of the tr.ulo, for the

determining of whieh according to ihi' ancitiit cu.--lome of tlu' town the frtO

taylors have appealed to the C'hamherlaiiis and 21, whereupon a full luaring of

tho fine taylors and tho gread hicLhren, It isthisilay unanimously ordered by

the Chamberlains and 24, that tlie box orders and other -writings belonging

to the said comjiany bo forthwith delivered to the froc taylors and shall from

henceforth be ever hcjit by the freemen and their successors, and •wee doo

hereby oi'der that ]Mr. Thomas Lindsaj' having tho said ho.x, the said ThomiiS

Lmdsay shall deliver the box to tho free taylors.

CLl•.^r. FoKSTrii, liicir. Fousteu, ) ^,, i i •
ir o 'p T . Chamberlains.

Hex. Staxtox, iiio. Lixus.vy, )

The earliest alderman on record is George Alder, in 1G02.
Tho company Avas never large ; iu 1715 there wero 20 free tailors
and agreed brethren ; since then tho company has declined ; in
tho course of one hundred years, from 1700 to 1800, there were
only twenty-three admissions; and fi'om 1800 to Ibti.'], the
admissions, for which no feo is now paid, have been eleven,
all either of tho family of Young or Carr. James Young, tho
first of his family, entered in 172 1, and William C^arr in 175(>.
There are now in tho company only three members nnd one
widow.

INCORI'OUATKI) 1 HAJ)KS,

.310

Extinct Companies.— The Fullers nr Walkers* who ehrunk
clotli after it carao from tlio lianfls of llio weavers, lived in tlieir
own street, Wulkorguto, by tlio .side of the river. A fulling mill
was in Lowllier's liauj^h in 1G82; another helongin;^ to ILoln
Priory was i'liithor up tlio Aln, and another was within Canon-
gato township, near to tho jimction of the ]\Ioor burn with tlio
liver. In hilir times there was a fullinj^ mill in I>enwick town-
bhip. Tho fulleis' and walkers' erjmpany were in existence in
IGl 1 ; they contrihnted to tho school in IGIG at tho rate of Cs. 8d.
yearly; but they became extinct jnior to iGGo, leavinjj n(;t a
wreck of tiieir records bohin<l them.

Of the Coopers, the first notice is in 1 GG5, wlion they contributed
53. to tho supi)ort of tlio sclu^ds ; tlio bast member of tho com-
pany, John Sandylands, who was admitted October 12th, 1778,
died at Embleton on August 29th, 1811. I have seen a few
of the records of this company in a small folio book ; but they
are imperfect and of little interest. Tho rules and orders wero
made and af^reed upon on October 7th, 17.31, and fci;^ned by nino
members; but in IGOo thero wero sixteen members. The lirst
admissions are the following: "Burg Alnwick, April ye 1 1th,
1715 — George Anderson was ihen admitted a free bro of tho
Society of G'owpers. Richd. Urring made free of ye company
above. 173G, October 4th — Edward Shotton paid 5s. to tho box,
6d. to the clerk, and 10a. for his free dinner." One order may bo
given to shew tho literary ability of tho company.

" It iH fully agread by tlio whol consent of coupcrs in tr.iid to stand true to
ono another iipon the afairo airainst this man "Walter Cunningham for in
crohing npon ns or any other that brings unsufl'ent giuls to this niarkit.
Agreed by us thre shillings anil fuurpenco lino leved by the alderman to bo
oason bv tho town court as -witnes all ouv hands tho 'JUth of March, 174\.
AVilliaui Ibini, Juliu Shotton, Kdwaid Shotton, tlcn-go (ilahohno, Aaron
Shanks, ^lattluw Anderson, John IMiUs, his mark X, Luko llodgson, ICicharJ
Urring, his mark X-"

The admission fees in 175-1 wore for tho eldest son of a cooper
53., for other sons 7s., and for apprentices 15s.

These companies are now entirely useless ; as trade combina-
tions their " occupation is gone;" they have ceased to furnish
occasions for rational social enjoyment ; and their recent attempts
to create a new monopoly tell strongly in favour of their complete
abolition.

The following table shows the date of the earliest reference to
each company, their numbers as far as can be ascertained at
dill'eront periods, and tho amount of tho fees of admission, imme-
diately prior to the extraordinary imposition by tho cordiners and
skinners of five pounds on the enrolment of an apprentice. From
the freemen's roll, it appears that there were in January, 1 868,
246 resident freemen and 41 freemen's widows ; non-resident
freemen were in 1835 estimated at 126.

* Both names have the same meaning; clotli was shrunk by treading upon it
with the feet in water; and hence icalkfr nn<\ /i<//ir, from Fr. fouler, to tread or
triuni>!e on.

350

IIIS'IOIIY OK ALNWICK.

Compunicg.

;RIerchants
Conliiieis
Wri-lita .
Tanners .
(JlovL'id . .
"Weavcra .
'J'ailois , .
hjiuiths . .
ljiitchci-3 .

Fullers . .

Coopers ,

ir>82
I5;j.5

Kill
lGi:i|

1(J10
l(il3
IGI3!
1G13
1011

1G13

161G

h

63

1G20

I(iS2
1021
Hi2'J
lOl'J
1047
10.50
1G17

1751

10 in
10 „

!•« .,
;i.'j „
10 „
21 „

10 „
7„

C J

1000 32 in 1780
1073 in „ 1S21

108.'
lOKi
151)0
1029
171.3
171.5
1017

I']xtinet
before
1005.

•11 ,.
-1(J „
75 „

■21) „
13 „

28

180-2
1057
1098
102!)
1715
1782
17G8

16 „ 1095

9

.3

07 21

70

3S

7

20

29

1

10

28

0

12

7

1

12

3

1

2

5

13

22

1

8
5

15
111

11

IC

Ailininsion Ktf*.

03. 0(1.

The privileges now en joyed by a freeman, succinctly stated, are
— the education of his children at the grammar and otlier cor-
poration schools free of charge — freedom fi-om tolls, stallage, and
pickage in Alnwick IMarkot — tho use of the Town Hall and
WciglL Tlouse free of charge, subject to to the regulations of tho
Eour-and-Twenty — the right to take limestones, building stones,
sand, gravel, clay, marl, turvca, llag.*, whins, and wattles, fur his
OAMi uso out *U' Alnwick !Moor, subjc^rt to reguhitions made by tho
trustees of tlio freemen's allotment ; and whilst raic/vnt in the
parish to have the occupancy uf ono aero of tillage land, and tho
depasturage of two stints on Alnwick ■Moor, subject to the pay-
ment of £2 3s. Gd. yearly, and to have tho right of taking two
apprentices to sciwo for tho freolego. AVidoAvs of freemeu enjoy
the same privileges excepting that of taking a^jprentices.

Tho history of the corporation, viewed as a whole during tho
last hundred and ten years, speaks unfavourably of a privileged
class in tho midst of a community ; the moral effect is bad,
exciting jealousy and envy on tho ono sido and self-conceit and
arrogance on tho other; and creating disunion and contention.
No doubt some have been benefitted by the material advantages
arising from the frcelege; but how many, tempted by the exclusive
privileges looming lai'gely in the distance, have hung about tho
toAvn in a semi-pauperised state, wasting their time and talents,
when, if depending on their own energies they had gone into other
more profitable fields of labour, they might have risen to statiun.s
of usefulness and respectability.

CITAPTER XVITI.

BOAIID OF HEALTH AND BURIAL BOATID.

BoAUD OP IlEALTrr. — After tlio corponition liad been deprived of
its ancioiit authority, tlio town was left almost entirely without
tho power of s(jlf-^'ovonunent, which, however, would have Leen.
bestowed u]>ou it by tho Coritoratitju IJelorm ]3ill of l8;iG. An
aet obtainod iu 1822 " for lii^iiting', pavinir, cleausiiiLT, watchin|^,
and otherwise iinproving tho town " created a now body called
cominissloners, consistiny of tho curate, bailiff, chamberlains,
churcliwardons, overseers, and inhabitants who were ])ussessed
of real and })ersonal property of tho value of £000 ; and for tlieso
purposes, they could borrow money not exceeding £1000, and
levy rates not exceeding Is. in tho pound yearly ; but tho func-
tions of this unpo})ular body wero brought to an end iu 1850,
wlion the Local Board of Hoaltli was established.

A serious visitation of cholera prepared men's minds for
remedial measures. Tho disastrous news that cholera bad brolcen
out fell liko a thunder bolt over tho town, on Sunday morning',
Sc]itember 23rd, 1819. Tho lirst case appeared on the north side
of Olayport Street, but otliers soon followed in the same locality,
and within 2-1 hours of its first attack, twelve persons fell victims
to the disease. Early on ]\Ionday the town was excited and
alarmed, and meetings wero bold to devise means of staying
the plaguo. So rapid was tho spread of tho disease, and so
numerous the cases, that medical aid had to bo brought from a
distance. Some timid men lied from tho town ; but most of the
tradesmen remained at tho post of duty, ready to devoto their
energies to help tho helpless. Miserable indeed was tho aspect
of the town ; nearly all were suffering from functional derange-
ment, arising, it may be, partly from anxiet}' and fear, as well
as from general morbid conditions ; deserted wero tho streets,
save by those who Avere hurrying along to arrest tho disease.
Country people avoided the plagiie-striclcen town ; and all but
necessary business was suspended. Old fashioned as well as
more rational methods were adopted to drive away tbe evil ; tar
barrels wore blazing in the. streets to burn it out, and the streets
themselves and tho watercourses were plentifully strewed with
lime, all tending to give a ghastliness to tho scene ; lanes, yards,

S62 HISTORY 01' ALNWICK.

and all receptacles of filth wore cleansed and white-washed ; and

almost ovory liouso was daily fumi^atod with Horno disinfoctarit ;
the d(*ail woru romovod irainodialuly from crowded localities to a
dead Ikjuso oi-octod in a (iuld ; and the u.so of ])all and cloaks
and the tolliiif^ of the doad bell w(;ro di.scoiitiauod. Peo[»lo wore
on tlio alort and watchful, as in the days of yoro when besieged
Ly an enemy ; liow to ward off and coiujner disease wan the
main business of life. Of all days tlnrinj^ the visitation the most
dismal waa Sunday tiie ^Oth, when fogs, cold rains, and a cliil-
!^ing north east Avind dnpressed tlio vital 2>ou'crs, and enabled the
I'avaj^'er to come down with a fell Hwoo[)and lay prostrate twenty-
four new victims. l''indin<i;, when the calamity was at its Jieight,
that even the increased medical staff could not attend to all the
cases, a number of tradesmen I'ormed themselves, on Sept. 28tli,
into committees, and daily visited from house to house, endeav-
ouring to arrest the disease in its first stages, to provide promptly
medical aid, to remove the dead, and to give pecuniary and
other help to the poor. Diligent too were the ministers of reli-
gion in adininisteriiig consolation to the bereaved and the dying.
Providence aeoms to enc(nirage deeds of charity, or perhaps the mind
actuated by a sense of duty in the midst of peril, is Ijraced to
resist pestilential influences ; for not one of the visiting com-
mittee, though all coming daily into intercourse with the diseased,
suffered from the pestilence. After October 1st, the disease
began to decline ; there was no fresli case after October 10th;
and on October 23rd the last victim fell. In this visitation 136
perished — nearly a whole year's mortality in thirty days. The
deaths daily were as follow: —

Oct. 5—8 Oct. 11—3

„ 0-6 „ 12—1

„ 7—4 „ 13-3

., >^— 1 „ 15—2

„ 1^-3 „ 16-2

„ 11'— 9 „ 18—1

„ 23-2

Total, 136
The ages were as follow : —

From infancy to 10 years — 17 From 50 yeara to 60 years — 27

60 „ 70 „ 10
70 „ 60 „ 13
80 ., ^ 90 „ 3
Not known, 2 *

The mortality was greatest among those in the prime of life ;
three-fifths were between 20 and CO years of age. The poor
chietly suflered — they whose means were scanty, and who dwelt
in crowded and confined places. More than one half lived in
Clayport Street, where the fall of the ground is on both sides
towards the roadway, and the drainage from populated yards ia
• llawlinson's report on the sanitary condition of Alnwick.

Sept.

23—12

Sept.

29—17

M

21—6

,,

30—13

)>

25—3

Oct.

1—8

26—12

jj

2—4

J»

27—5

,,

3-0

28—13

)i

4—3

]0 years „ 20

>)

9

20 „ 30

,,

23

30 „ 40

)>

17

40 „ 60

))

15

BOAIUJ OF ID.M'IU. iiO-j

throiif^li tho front Iiousoh ; but tlio lowor part of tlio town was
littlo ufloctofl ; C;in(iii;^Jilo outiruly e.so.'ijiocl ; uti'l in Wulkorguto
only Olio poi'HOiL diod, Aviio liad heon ho iuiprudcnt a.s to tako thy
clothes of a (;h(jlora ])atioiit.

Litflo appoarod in Alinviok to tlirow li;^lit on tho ohscuro
ovi<'in of iliis discaso. Jjuforo Iho outl»roak tlio wuatlior had heori
foo-rry^ with a provalonco of cold, raw, fsastorly winds, tho torn-
pcratuvo avora;^iiij^ 54" and nov(;r holow 12", and tlio haromolor
ranging from 28"'yi to 30"'ll; and siniilur weather provailod till
October 17t]i, when tho wind vcorod round to the south-west.
Uoubtloss tho town was not in a good Kanitary state; many
nuisances existed, tho unwholesomoness of which was intonsilied
by tho iingenial weather. Very scanty was tho water supply ;
Bomo of which contained organic impurities, and much of wliich
was loaded Aviih inorganic matter. From all tho pants and wells
tho supply of water in winter was G1,0'J0 gallons per day, but in
summer only 1G,;J80 gallons. An analysis by Dr. Uichardson of
tho water of 8t. ^Michael's pant, tho priiici])al siipjily, gave the
following ingredients in an imperial gallon ; and to sliew the
dill'uronco between this and a couqiaratively pure water, tho
analysis of tho Thorn Tree AV'ell in Alnwick Moor is annexed : —

St Mieh:iel's Tiint. Thorn Trte Well.
Chloride! of soduim
Chloride of potassium
Carhonalo of soda
Sulphato of hmo
Curbonato of Hmo
Carboiuito of magnesia .
Carbonate of iron
Oxide of iron
Aluihiua and silica
Oriifaiiii- luattiT
Chloi'idi) of (.'akiinn

Total tixcd constituents .

Carbonic acid

Specific gravity . . 1001 1-00019

Dr. Lyon riayfair estimated tlio hardness of St. Micliacrs wafer at 34°,
■which, being jirincipally caused by sulpluite of lime, could not but very
slightly ho lessened by boiling.

Tho cholera passed awa}-; but on its departure tho entire
calamity, did not cease ; many homes were made desolate !
many widows and orphans wero left destitute ! Tradesmen lost
heavily, and it was long before commerce flowed again towards
tho town ; yet, to the task of relieving all tho misery left in the
track of tho destroyer the town had to brace itself, and subsciip-
tions wero generously given from all who could spare them ; ncr
yet alone did it bear the burden, for the neighbourhood looked,
on with sympathy, and liberal help camo from the surrounding
villages and towns.

VOL. n. 2y

6()G

2-lU

trace.

traco.

I'Ja

31-99

•70

1-1. J

•49

11.51

•«8

trace.

trace.

112

•IG

•l-Oli

1 If,

-.3-1

GO-7-2

G-13

3-S7

3.12

354 1I1.ST<JRY OK AI.NWICK.

Tho Tfiisory produood by lliis visitaUori iiulucod all to look
favounil)ly on moasiiros of sanitary rd'orni ; for tliou^li tlio value
of liuinan lifo liad considerably iiicroasod from tho gonorul ])ro-
{^I'cs.s of civilization, from tho improved habits of tho p'^ojilo, and
from a bettor mode of living, y«,*t tlio death-rato yeaily in Enj^-
land was 22 in the tlionsand, while it was believed, if ftaiiittuy
lau'H wore bettor observed, it would not exceed II. At Woolor
and at J toll lb ury it was only 1 5 ; but in Alnwick, tho avora;:^o
yearly rate for fen years frum 1811 to 1850 wa.s2ri5. A numbor
of tho inhabilaiits therefore memorialised tho (ienoral I'oard <»f
Health to Bend an inspector to exainine the town ;'and this was
done by Eobort liawliuhon, 0.1']., on (October 2'Jth, IBI'J, In
accordance witli his report, and with Iho jesolutions of a public
mooting, rarliamcnt, oii Au;:;ust loth, 18.;(), eonhrmed a provi-
sional order of tho Ooneral iJoard of ILoaltli, and established a
Local Board of JTcalth for tho townshij)3 of Alnwick and Canon- ~
gate. This lioard consists of eighteen persons each with a
qualification of being rated to tho relief of tho poor upon tho
annual value of not less than £l8, or being possessed of real or
personal estate, or of both, of not loss valuo than £500; all rate-
jtayers and owners of property are entitled to vote in tho election
of members ; six of tho number retire annually, but they are
eligible for ro-eloction. Tho lii'st election, Avhicli took place
on (September 28th, 1850, created considerable interest, and as
many as eighty-three caiulidates were lujuiinated. Tho following
are tho names of thoso elected with tho number of tho votes : —

Jaiiica IJowmalcer, 112. ]\Iirhii(.>l niinlinitish, '.)\'2. i\Iieliaf;l ratorsoii, 21.5.

.haiiius Alluii, J07. I'liileaux Sill-y, li'J'). A\'illi:iiii Jlnrn, 239.

IKiuy Alkiii.-,cn, .".j). T.\ilct: Ilimlmai.-h, 'J^l. L'oli.rl lli; :Ly, 'I'M.

Chilli" Siuiili. ;;.:!. (.ii>>i-.> 'I'.itr, ■l'.\. .lalius I.ill.l.lb, -111.

(i,-i)ri;(V('.H'kliuni, Ji'Ji. .Ii.lm" l!i.lt,ni, '^.I. Josrpli Fm-tir, 217.

"William Diok.M)!!, oil. Tliuinas C:. Wilson, 210. Kilwaul Th.w, -JDo.

This body is not simply a JJoard of Ilealtli ; but to a certain
extent a rcpresentativo body fur tho goverinneut of the toAvii ;
for by incor])orating with tlio act various sections of tho police
and town's im]nx)vement acts, it can not only abate nuisances,
provide a sup[)ly of waUr, and make sewerage wui-ks, but
also it can im[)rovo and luaintaiu streets and higliways, remove
obstructions, mako regulations respecting new buildings, supply
gas to liglit the town, and maintain police.

Determined to be guided by the highest skill in tlio country,
the Board appointed liobert Uawlinson, C.E., to prepare and
carry out plans for a sullicient water supply and tho tliorough
sowerago of tho town. A grave qnesliou was tho supply of
"water; as not only should it bo pure and soft for domestic use,
bnt also in sullieient quautity to llush water-closets and sowers.
All the suiuces around Alnwick, their levels, the quantity of
water each yielded and its quality were carefully exauiined l)y a
committeo of tho Board, and the results were given in an elaborate

liOARIJ OF iii;Ai,Tir.

-i:jO

report. On tho cliff sido of tlio Alnwif;k Moor range of liills aro
Huvcnil pou'orful si)ring.s of wator wliicli, liaviii;^ been filtored
tlirouj^U [^roat Hanil-itoiio rock.s, is vciuarkahly piiro, tlio lianl-
nosrt being about .0", and tlio Hiipply amounting to nearly TiOO
gallons per niiniito; but being distant from tho town nioro than
iivo miles, pumping apparatus would havg boon rofjuirod to raiso
tho water over tlio hill, which intorvones between these H2»ring.s and
tho town. fc5[)ringhi, howovo)', of .similar qu.ality, yielding upwards
of 200 gallons ]ier niinuto, break out nearer tho town in Iloln
Park, M'horo tlio livor cuts through tho .sandstonG liill. It was
expected that Iho supply for tho town would have been obtained
Irom this source ; and that as the level was low, tlio water
M'ould have lieon brought, to near tho Abbey cauld, and then
foi'ccd \l]^, by water ])ower, to a di.sfiibuiing reservoir at a liigher
level. Tho ex])enso of pumping app.'tvalus w.as assigned as tho
reason Avhy this ])lan was not adopted ; yet it seems that tho
purity and abund;inco of tlie water would have moro than com-
pensated for this exitcnse. Illlim;itoly it was determined to
obtain tho su])ply from tho district snutiiward of iho town ; tlio
principal S))ring tliero being Tnlly's A\'ell, distant from tho town
two and a half miles, andyi(!(ling 2 1 gallons of water per minuto
of about 7" of hardness. This water along with that from oihcr
neigliljouring springs, fiom iho l'"irlli burn, from a strong spring of
ratiierhard water in l\ugley Wood, and occasionally fitim'liugley
burn, is brought in i)i])e3 to a di.>tributing reservoir, which
will contain 210,81-1 gallons, and which is 300 feet above the
sea lov(d, 12 feet above tho highest and 107 ab(jvo tho lowest
house in tho town, and about 100 feet above its general level.
In case of lire, water can bo sent into almost every house; and
lor this imrposu li;> hydrants luivo been distributed over tho
town in ci>nviiuent plaet'.s, and o7C> feet uf hoso jiipcs liavo been
provided to attach to these hydrants.

Tho water supply has varied, according to seasons and to
tliG state of tho weather, from 70 to 301 gallons per minute.
Even when at tho lowest, taking the population of tho district
at 6,500, fifteen and a half gallons aro supplied daily to eveiy
person; but as the average (juantity passing daily into tho
reservoir has been 1G7,7G0 gallons, the supply yields 25.^ gallons
daily to every inhabitant. Though there is a wide dillerenco
between 70 gallons per minute on one day and 301 gallons on
another, yet the averago monthly variation is not great, as
a])pears from tho ftillowing table, wliich gives the average number
of gallons ]}cv minute for each month in 18i5G and 1SG7 :
ISGG. lSr.7. 1SG6. 18C7.

Jan., 128 131 July, Od 112

118 Aiii^-., 105 llo

118 Suf.t., lis 114

112 Oct. HI 113

113 Nov., 116 100
111 Dec, 110 UG

124
120

Mar.,

April, 121

Mav, 110

Juiio, 1 1 1

350 insTOKY 01' AI.NWICK.

For maimfuctuiinf^ ])uil)f)8c,s r>40f^;illonH aro daily consumed, whioli
yioM a i-(;vfiimo i<> tlio Ijoaid of £10 2s. 2d. yeai'ly. Tho wliolo
of this water s\ii>|)ly ia additional to wliat tlio town [jos.sossod
prior to tlio oslablislimunt of tlio Ji(;ard of Iloalth ; for all tlio
old pants, ])Uini)S, and wcIIh arc still maintained. Tiiougli thi»
now Avatcr is n(;ithcr no Hoft nor »o pure na that which h])v'ui'^9
out of the hills westward of tho town, 3'et it i.s supci-ior fur all
pur])oses to that fioia tho old pants and ])unip3. It was tystod
by JJr. Miller in Au;^ust, 18(15, and tho vesnlt wa.s —
No t:iHi(! or smell wlicii wariuoil , of ii nliL-flit yf-llowisli blown colour in a two
foot tiilio ;Mi;inliic.s.s on (.'lailiu'si .soiilo 1'2"-G, and afUr boilin;;; onu hour C"-l ;
spocific gravity 1000 2 >. In an iriiporial gallon, total wjlid contont.i 20 g^raiiis,
consisting ot iixod .salts, lO'll ; volatile conilmslihlo niattcrs, O'oO; nitric acid,
l-OCJ ; amnio; 'a, OOO'^; total (jiiantity of ga.s ]Kjr frallon aO'lB cubic
indii.'.s, coiisiblirg of carbonic acid, G fJ3, oxygen, ',i-\i'\, nitrogen, 10-32;
ratio of oxygen to nitrogen, 1 : 3. JIu report.s that lh<- (|iiantity of organic
matter and of nitrates i.s Kniall, and tho jiiojuution of anini()nia in.'^igriificant ;
it is fairly aerated, antl contains but little saline matter, consi-s^ting chiefly of
carl>onato and suljihati! of lime, with a little magjicsia, with a small ])ropor-
tion of chlorides and alkaline salts. ft is a veiy goijd water; and analysis
could detect nothing tliat would bo injurious to health; it is not hard and
softens appreciably on boiling.

A complete system of sewerage lias boon laid down for the
whole town ; and the sewage matter is cariied oil' by cylindri-
cal eartlienwaro pipes, M'hich, at tho outlet aro 18 inches in
diameter, and laid at an inclination of 1 in .019; tho sub-mains
through the town are 15 and 12 inches in diameter, and before
leaving tho town have a fall of 1 in 71. Tho sewage is dis-
charged at tho rate of from 180 to 200 gallon.s per minute into
tho Ala in Hesloysido, about one milo eastward of the centre of
tho town. A separato system of drains takes away tho storm
Avater. Tho various water, sewerage, and private improvement
works wore carried out Avith great ability and zeal, under the
direction of Mr. liawlinson, by tho resident engineer Mr. Hugh
McKie ; and tho toAvn surveyor too, Mr. T. Thompson, gave efficient
aid in ex.^cuting tho private improvement works. The public
water works and sewerage cost nearly £11,000, to defray which
£10,070 were borrowed, repayable by yearly instalments in thirty
years, with interest at tho rate of 4?. per cent, per annum. Tho
rates levied by tho Board, during the year ending March 25th,
1868, amounted in all to 2s. lOd. in tho pound.

£ s. d.

The general district rate of Is. 5d. in the poimd produced 95G 19 2

Tho special district rate of Is. 3d, ,, Too 4 11

The water rate of 2d. „ 95 0 3

Water for manufacturing purposes „ 49 2 2

£l8oG 6 6
As the result of these public and private works, every house in
the town, excepting two, lias a water supply ; privies have been
abolished and wuter-cloisets substituted ; middens generally are

iiO.MM) Ol HI, A I.I II. 357

dinuBoJ, as carts go round diiily to tulco away aslioH and refuso ;
ill Alnwick and (Jaiioiigato 1302 tciiomciits liavo hoth wator
Hupjjly and sowciago, but 10 nioro Jiavo only tlio water suiJid}'.
Perhaps in no town in tho kingdom has this systorn Ijcon carried
out 8o fully as in Alnwick. " The present condition of Alnwick,"
says Dr. Uuchanan, " appears as regards the offlciency of drain-
ago, perfect; the drains are flushed once a day, they are alwayo
free iVom deposit, the soil is removed vei-y rajddly, so rapidly that
at niglit tho conlonts of the outfall, are little else than simple
water coming from Avasto of houses, and from some springs inter-
cepted by tho sower. Tho water-closets aro clean, and almost
everywhere act cfiiciently. No ofUuvia was observed to arise
from tho sowers, scarcely any, wliero <he manholes were opened.
There is no evidence of dolicient ventilation of tho ])ipes or of
escape of sewer gases into lujusos." ••'■ IJesidos a regular inspec-
tion of tho wliolo town montlily by the surveyor, committees of
tho Board, onco at least in the year, inspect oveiy part of the
town, ami tho rec(nnmendations made by them are, as far as
practicable, carried out by the Jioard,

The Board has been in operation eighteen years ; and what
good, it may bo asked, has it achieved ? Apart from tho fjuestion
as to i)ublic health, other important advantages have been gained.
During that iieriod tho town has enjoyed to a certain extent,
througli tho IJoard, tho power of self-government, which is no
email priviU^go in itself; tho town jias been greatly improved in
its pavements, ilagging, and liighways, and by tlio widening of
streets and ]'emoval of (jbstructions ; it is bettor lighted, for now
there are 101 public lamps in tho streets, whilo previously there
wore only GO ; tho water supply by pressure into every house is a
soiireo both of comfort and economy, and tho provisions for extin-
guishing tires have lessened tho destruction of property and added
to tho safety of life; a groat boon has been the water-closet system,
especially in confmed situations ; moro cleanly aro tho streets,
and great aro now tho facilities for tho removal of nuisances and
refuse ; it is something too, that there is a public body on whom
devolves tho duty of looking after tho sanitary state of tho town,
of promptly abating whatever is injurious to health, and of, it may
be, educating public opinion ; nor must we omit to notice that
the facilities afforded for cleanliness and comfort act favourably
on tho morals, habits, and tastes of tho community.

Still, however, the ([uestion recurs, what has been the effect
on tho death-rate ? Ilavo the expectations of sanitary reformers
been realized ? and have tho results been proportionate to tho
expenditure ? The following table shews the number of burials
within the parish, and tho death-rate annually per thousand of
the population, from 1851 when tho Boai'd of Health was estab-
lished, till the end of 18G7 :—

* Ninth report of tlie medical officer of the Privy Council, p. 184. lSd7.

358

lllsroilY OI' AI.NWHK.

No. of

I)i;iith-rnt«

No. of

Dcutli-r.iU)

Year.

Jiiiii.iU

]).T lOIIO.

Year.

liiiriuU.

liei- liMJO,

l«.3l

1 10

1!J-|0

18(50

1.01

20-.04

18;52

i;}8

1882

ISCl

1.07

21 -.'iS

18/) 3

IfiO

22-iy.i

18(52

2-21

30i;j

18,11

ir,r,

21-10

1 h]V,:i

22.)

30 -.O?

1 85,5

I HO

'2i:y2

isdl

182

21-71

ibr>G

1.0 :j

20-8:i

1 .s(..-.

157

2i:J0

18r,7

1(51

2 1 -'J I

ly.M

\y.'.

20-81

18.18

m

18-78

18(57

ii'j

20-27

1850

11 1

lOlJG

Tlio liigh m9rtalily of U;G2 luid 1HG.3 wufi partly camail by
opiduiiiics; in LSOU .scarlaliria can-icd off 3 1 porsous ; and in 18G.3
12 di(Ml of measles and .j1 of .small pi).\'. Thoso i-uttinis, however,
ii|)])ly to tliO ivhde par lull ^ and include burials of per.soiiH fruin a
dislanco and of paupers from tlio woridiou.se, but not beli>n{;ing
to Alnwick. Dr. liucltaiuin, who inspeetcd the town in 18(5.5,
made a careful analysi.s of the registers, willi the view of .-shewinfj
the dealh-rato of the local district of Alnwiclv aTid Canon;^ato, in
dilFerent ]ieriod.s, and the mortalily from particular disea.ses ; and
from Ilia report it appears, that tlie death-rate of the local district
from 181.5 to IS.jl, a period of seven year.s, prior to tho estab-
lishment of tho Loard of IJeallh, was 2G-2 in tlie thousand ; but
lliat from 1852 to IBG'l, a jioriod uf tiiirt(;L-n years subsequent to
that cstablishuicnt, it was 21-5 in (lie thousand. So that during
tlio latter period there had been a saving of eleven lives yeai-ly.
Ty})hoid fever and diarrhoi^a had been reduced two-tliirds ; but
small pox had been moro than doubled, nn aslcs and scarlatina
bad not been lessened, and consunipliou and lung diseases had
increased. ''"•■ The inspector has faihd to account fur tho apparent
insiiHicieney of result consideiing tho amount of sanitary nuana
employed, or to suggest measures of improvement dilferent
from those systematically followed out by the IJoard. Obstruc-
tions to sanitary progress still remain, which our present
legal power cannot remove ; overcrowding is in some i)arts ;
piggeries and slaughter houses are near t(j human dwellings ;
manure heaps are piled up in yards, chiefl}' for tho use of the
Alnwick ]\Ioor allotments. Against evils arising from such
sources the Board, time after time, has waged war; but from
want of power and the seeming indisposition of the magistracy
to aid these efforts, the Board has had to depend more on moral
suasion than legal force to abate and remove such nuisances.

Since Dr. Buchanan's analysis was made, wo have had three
years and eight months more experience ; and the statistics for that
period present moro favourable and encouraging results. During
the years 18G5, 186G, and 18G7, tho average yearly death-rato
for the whole parish lias been 20-81 in tlie the thousand; and
when we strike oif the burials of persons living beyond the local

* Ninth report ot'mcJical oflicer, p. 187.

IJUIIIAI, lUiAKI). 359

(liHti'lut of Alnwick aiifl Oaiiongulo, and of paupor.s from tlio
wovkliou.so not biilongirif^ to it, tlio return is still i/ioro favourable,
as it sliewa that tlio doatii-rato, for that district, wa.s 20-77 in tlio
thouaand, or a Haviiifj of thirty-oif^ht livcrf yearly as compared
with tho dcath-rato for tlio poriod of sovoii years prior to 18.02.
The diseases whieli liavo been lessoned are those over whicli
sanitary moasuron are ex])ected to liavo the ^rcatewt control.
Deaths from luni^ diseases have increased from oGA- to G'i in the
10,000; but dual lis from ejtidomics have decreased from 08 to
31 i ; from Hmall pox, measles, and scarlatina from 18 to 6J ;
infantile! inoi-tality, or that below two years of a^e, had
fallen from TjO to 45 ; aiid deaths from fevers, which formerly
Avero seldom away from tlio town, have been reduce<l from I'd^
to 3 in ton thousand. It may therefoio bo reasonably concluded,
that the dimunition of the death-rate of the district has chiefly
been caused by our improved sanitary condition.

Time has brought about several clianges in the composition of
the Uoard ; only three of the original members remain — ^Er.
George CVnikbuni, l\lr. CJeorge Tate, and Mr. James Laiidolls ; but
but little change has taken place in the policy pursued. Though
there have been diilerenccs of opinion in the Board, and the
majority have always strongly advocated thorough sanitary
reforms and endeavoured to carry them out, yet the business of
the Board has, on the whole, been conducted with order, discre-
tion, and good taste.

BuiiiAL ])OAiiD. — The graveyard attached to St. !Michael'.s
Church, Avith an area of only 2000 sqxuiro yards, was too small
for the rc([uirement3 of the parish ; and hence it was crowded
with the remains of the dead. A government inspector recom-
mended in is 10 that it be (.hi.-^rd; and b}' order of the Privy
Council it was closed against further interments, from and after
J^eptember 2()lh, iHoO, excepting in the case of husband or wife,
where one of them had been inturred therein before the pronud-
gation of that order. A new cemetery had to be provided ; and
a Burial Board, consisting of seven members, Avas elected at a
vestry meeting, two of Avhom retire annually, subject, however,
to re-eleclion. By an arrangement at the iirst A'estry meeting,
four of the Board had to be churchmen and three dissenters — a
somewhat objectionable coin^iaet, tending to introduce a sectarian
spirit into the body. As most of the property around the towu
belonged to the Duke of Northumberland, the site of the ceme-
tery was in a great measure dependent on his pleasure ; and
after applications for what were deemed the more eligible situa-
tions had failed, the site fixed on was a field belonging to
Algernon, diiko of Northumberland, one mile southward of the
town, containing six acres, for which the sum of £1200 had to
be paid, being at the rate of 667V years purchase on the rental of
£3 i)er acre. Great dissatisfaction was expressed by the public

360 HIS'IOJIY or ALNWICK.

gonovally at this arranf^oiaont, wliidi indeod caused others to fool
ropugimrico at any groat charigo at that time, cspooially after
BO iniioh inoiioy had just jii'oviously Ijoon oxpondod on fianitary
measures; and a broatliing tinio was thorofuro considorod oxjio-
diout. A moiuoriul to tliu .Soci-olary of State was accordin;,'ly
almost uiiiuiiniously adopted at a public mootiT.g, pr.-iying that
tlio intordicf, figainst tlio use of (ho diurcliyard might ho
romovod, and that an cfCui't bo made to extend its aix-a; inr tliis
course, they say, " woidd fully laoot all reasonable 'sanitary
requirements, save the inhabitants from au opjiressivo expendi-
ture ami many incouveniouces, ami leave undisturbed salutary
feelings and associations." This remonstrance was disregarded;
the ground was purchased, laid out as a cemetoiy, and "divided
into two equal portions — one for clmrclimen and the other fur
dissenters; two chapels, one for churchmen and the other for
dissenters, and a house for tho grave-cliggoi-, and a boundary wall
were built, at a cost of £1000, after tho designs of Jfr. F. li.
AVilsou, architect. Tho money for tlio land and fen- these works,
amounting to £2,200, was obtained from tho Public Works Loan
Commissioners, and is reiiayablo wth iutercst in 30 years out of
the poor rates of tho parish.

New schemes, hoAvever good iu themselves, -when thrust upon
a community against tlieir will, seldom find at once their
equilibrium ; they must be subjoct to a few oscillations before
they settle down to rest. One struggle had been gone through ;
but another of a fiercer character \\as impending, arising' in
some degree from the vicious composition of the Boai'd of hif^h
toned churchmen and dissenters. Tho parish was thrown into
nn uproar, aj^parontly for no higher object than the payment
of the sextcui'a Iocs. Tho law as to tho payment of old ecclesias-
tical dues on interments was then indeiinilo; dissenters contended
they were not payable on intormonts within the dissenters'
ground, while churchmen asserted they wero payable on all
interments. The question had been raised in other jdaces ;
and conflicting legal opinions liad been given. It aroused '-reat
contention in tho iJoard ; and it became the subject of discussion
at public meetings. IModerate men wished tho determination
should be delayed until some definite legal enactment removed
any doubt ; and accordingly a resolution to that etfect was moved
at one of the public meetings, and readily acceded to by church-
men and moderate dissenters; but others took high ground and
would have no delay ; and on a vote being takoTi, 51 voted for
it and 57 for immediate action. As this decision could not bo
taken as tho voice of the public, a poll of the parish was
demanded ; and the town for a few davs exhibited all the excite-
ment of a contested election. Tho original question was lost
sight of, and the contest became a struggle between dissent and
tho church ; both parties were in earnest ; speeches were made

IIL'IIIAI, l)0\l:l). Pj(')\

broad blioefs olrciilatod, and koon canvassing? wont on. Aflor
two days p(dliiig in tlio Town JFall, llio rosnlt was — for d<day,
410 votos, and a;^ain.st this, 220 votes; f^'iviiif^ a Tnajoi-ity to tlio
clini'cli pavty and in favour of dolay, ol' 190. All (his turmoil
nii[^lit liavo boon avoiilod, if, at tlio lirst tlicro liad l>oon a littlo
I'orboaranco on bolli siilos; for in tho onsnlng nos.sion of I'arlia-
iiiont, tlio ]hiiial IJoard act was amondod, anil distinct ])rovi-
sions wove niado to cxcludo all occlosiastio.d foes from cliar;?C3
niado hy tho JJoard f(jr intci-nionts. It wouhl have been as asx'11 too
if the squabblo had ondod horo ; but four weeks after tho polling',
it was rciHiWod by paniphlols containing e\[iImi;itions and do-
fonccs, and criminations and recriminations — all toniling to widen
tho sectarian breach. Looking back calmly througli tlio vista <jf
somo eleven years, ono cannot but Avonder ho\y so small a matter
fchonld have jiroduced so mighty an afl'ray— such vehement
oratory — su('h keen doLato — such slashing writing. It may,
however, havo liad its good intluonco in teaching a lesson of
charity and foi'bearanco. After these storms had been lulled,
tho ]?oard moved on in smoother water.

Tho cliurch portion of tho ground was consecrated on December
lUli, 1850; but tho cemetery was opened for interments on Oct.
7th, 1856; and sinco that tiino to December 01st, 1807, tho
interments liavc boon — in tho consecrated ground, 102'J; in tho
■unconsecratcd gronnd, 591 ; nnd in .St. ^Michael's Churchyard, 198.'^'-
Tho acconnts, for tho year ending March 1 808, show that tlio yearly
instalment out of the poor rtites, in repayment of money borrowed
with tho interest, was I'loo Is. 2d. ; that ihero had been received
diu'ing tho year for iho .-^nle of grave spaces, JCoO 5s., for burial
l(H<s .I'liO ir«s., i'lir monumcnls and im-losuros .1^21 lis. Oil., fur
vo.sorvod gravii spaces los., ami lor the t^ale of gi'ass i! 1 1 2s. Od. —
in all £ 120 lOs. ; that there had been paid for salaries £05,
for other expenses £i55 4s., and that there was a balance of
£25 10s. l.Ul. in the hands of tho treasurer.

The ]3nrial IJoard charges do not indudo ecclesiastical fees,
yet by law tho incumbents and clerks of the parish could claim
their customary fees for every interment within tho consecrated
ground ; but as tho jiaymont of theso iocs would have made the
cost of interment so much liiglior in tho consecrated ground than
it is in tho unconsecratcd portion, Algernon duko of Northum-
berland provided a fund, out of Avhich an ainuuil sum is paid to
tho olUcials of St. ^Michael's and St. Paid's Churches, erjuivalent
to the value of theso foes ; so that now, througk this liberality, tho
cost of interment is tho samo over both portions of tlie cemetor}'.

This ceinctery lias been laid oiit with taste and adorned with
shrubs and llowers ; and it is now studded over with tombstones
and monuments, some of Avliich are pretentious enough ; but
many aro both elegant in design and good in execution.

* Tlic avcvnuc age oltlio'e l)uiicil dining tins peiioil in St. ilicliael's Churcli-
y;iiil it. 7 \\ years. Aim Graham, iiilcncil iu islt, was 102 years old.
\o\.. 1. Ha

CirAI'TER XIX.

TOrOGRAPnY, STATISTICS, JlTY^rOLOGIKS.

LOCAL NOMKNCLATUUE — STATi STICS OF Tlin VAUIrlU A^D TOWN'S/IIPS —
STUKKTS 01' 'JJIK TOWN — 1T,A0E.S ■\\Tnil.V THK I'AltlSlI I.V AM'ILl-
IJRTICAL OUUKK, TJIEtU KTVMOLOGY, lIlSTOltY, AM> rilYSICAL
I'DATUllES.

** Local names," says Taylor, " arc in 710 case arLitrarj' sounds.
They arc always ancient words, or fragmerils of ancient ■words —
each of tlieni in short constituting^ thu eai-liest cha](ter iu tlio
local history nf places." ••• AVitli much learning and ingenuity
Mr. Iialph Curr, of riodgeloy, has cxjionndod the nio;ining of
composite names of places, in Nortlumibfrlanil ; and he suggests
that something similar should ho dono for single parishes. | I
liavo made somo attempt to do this for Alnwick ; for, in this
chapter, besides giving the general statistics of tho pari.sh and
notices of the several streets of tho towii, I havo gathered all the
old names of places within tho parish, from cliarters, deeds, and
records, and investigated their meaning, so that^vo may infer by
wluit races the ilistrict was peopled and wliat its condition when
thcso names woro lirst imposed. Witli few exceptions these
names aro of Anglo-Saxon origin ; theie arc a few traces of tho
I'ancs and Norse-men, and a shght sprinkling has been left of
the older Celtic race. Tho Anglo-Saxon names havo usually
two members ; tho latter designating tlio general character of
tho place, tho former as an adjectivo detining somo special or
local feature ; tho one may bo called speciiic, the other generic ;
thus Broclm/uiw — tho badger's ■wood — contains the general suh-
etantivo member shaw, a shady -^'ood, and tho definitive or
adjective member brock, a badger. Tho second members aro
taken from prominent features in tho country ; and hence they
are similar, though with local variation, in every part ■where the
Anglo-Saxons formed settlements. In our parish somo tei-ms
designate relative elevation ; law from Idaw, and its modern
G(2uivalont hill ap])ly to higli grounds more or less conical ; know
is a gently rounded small hill ; eilgc (elsewhere shelf) is an
elongated height or ridgo ; Jlait is often \ised for level lands;

* Words aiul jilaccs, p. 47l>. \- Tynciidc lians., Vols. I., II.

TOPOGUAPirY, STATISTICS, KTYMOLOOIES. 3G3

howl or how mark.s tlio hollow ; side points to portions of wlopin;^
frrouml ; and pclh is applioil to Htu(![) roads. Othor physical
luatnres aro indicated by hf.wjh (wliicli booonio.s //ow (^r hoe at tlio
ond of nanios liico Swinhoc), " ru'^'^od outljroaks of roidc jiartiully
covorod with fj;i'oon swunl ; " hmujlis aro tho alluvial land.s skiit-
iii;^ our stroains; (Idle h ii valloy; and dene a wooded ravine.
(Jtlior iiaincs loll us of tho agricultural aspect of tho district ; wo
liavo tvooil, /oreaf, Jiurst, and shaiv ; Jiclds woro patches of yi7/c(/ or
cloarod lands ; and Icjs woro arable lands left to lio at rest, and
open forest glades whero cattlo were ])astured. Lako and
marshy grounds aro inarlccd by mere, a lough, slrother, a bog,
and letch, a long iiarroAV runnel through a swamp. .Such defini-
tive terms as J'cn, a marsh, ]>cnt, vio^s, and sparly tell of wot
undrained lands. Plants sujiply definitive names to several places,
as tho alder, birch, hazel, hroum, whin, saiVfjJies, loilloiv, roican,
and ca/j. Animals too help to give a character to localities, as
tho raven, snipe, (jjose, (jowl:, deer, stir!:, slot, ox, sheep, (joat, sicinc,
bran or ivild boar, cat, fox, and hudijer.

Parish. — Tho area of tho Avholo parish, according to tho Ord-
nanco Survey, is as follows : — •

Land
Piililic roadd

Aoru3.
lG,o()3

ItoodH.
2
0

Pontiles
30

28

Kiiilways, .
^\'ater

20
70

1

1

3
G

Total . . 1G,71'J 1 27

Nearly one tenth of this area, or 1510 acres, is covered with
woods, tho p]incii)al part of which aro in Ifolii Park and Aln-
wick Soulh-sido townships, Avliero tho old parks were; but tho
existing woods aro almost all comparatively modern, tho growth
of tho last hundred years. In a survey made in 1(322 it is stated,
that " tho three parks had been for thirty years disparted and
demised at divors rates ; and that tho timber of tho parks and of
]-)enwick, Snipo IIouso, Pugloy, and Shieldyke Avas utterly
Avasted, and nothing then remaining but ramel Avood, aller
bushes, and old oaks, most fit for lire." Such had been tho
destruction Avrought by Border Avarfaro.

The population in 1801 Avas -171'J ; in 1811,5120; in 1821,
5927; in 1831, G788; in 18-H, G62G ; in 1851, 701'J ; in IKOl,
7;550 ; sheA\ing an increase of 50 per cent, for the whole period of
sixty years, or of 43;} persons yearly ; but tho rate of iucreaso
has been inconsiderable since 18ol, and during tho ten 3-ear3
between 1851 to 1801 it was only at tho rate of three persons
yearly.

Townships. — Tho parish is composed of six toAvnships. 1.
Ahiwick Township includes the toAvn, tho lands westward of it,
and AluAvick IMoor with its inclosures, SAvansfiold, Stoney Ilills,
IIopo IIouso, lands extending southward about one mile and a

3G4

JHSTOItY 01' AL.WVK'K.

([uarter, Windy Etlj,'o, Jlo<r Mill, Ale<lil:o, Louj^h Uouw, siwl
lands norUi-Oiistwurd as fur us tho n'vor. 2. Cdnowjatc Town-
ship is snmll, coiitaini)i^' (Janongalo .StruoL and land In' tlio iiv«;r
bido. .3. Alnivick South-side Toimshij) includes llobhoilaw,
]iugloy, St. IMargarol'.s, Hnipo ilouMt, Sliiuldykos, Quarry Hoiiso,
Oi'uonsncld, (Jrecnsfiold IVIoor, and (,'a\vlod^Mj J/ark. 4. Dnnviik
Township includos Deinviijlc, \Valor;iid(j Jlimso, Silver Moor,
(joldon Moor, irarUuv Hill, N(jilli JJeniesno or J/asturo, &o.
5. Ahbci/ ImikU Tuwnshi/) includes tlio nortli-oast jiortion of tlio
7)uko'H J.'ark, a slrip of land on tlio south-sido of (lio Aln, iligli
Jlouso, llecldty, llccldoy J'\jn(jo and (Jranj^e, Ijiockslniw, I'njom-
Jiouso, Loanin^^ llead, JJarn Yards, I'unnyw'olU aiid tlio ^ilill.
0. IJoln Purh Towiiship includes llio (.--roator ]iortiou of the
.Dukb's Park, AVhilcliuuse, AVhitohouso lolly, Holywell, llollbr-
luw, ll.inuljlulieui^'h.

Tho following tablo sliows llio area of tlieso several townslii[»3,
their population, and Die number of houses in iSol and lW,\ : —

HOUMVN, I

llousos, 1

Area
ill

IK.'il.

iN(;i.

IVipul.ili .11.

ti

"7

-i

Townsliijid.

Acres.

1
a

.a

n

'2
3G

a 1

i)

IS

n

.a

2
20

■A

rcrion.s.

:sj.ucs.

Icinalci.

ISjl.

.77.

IHGI.
.39. J S

1851.

2G8;;

ISCI.

2S2G

IbSI.Iuci.

j\linviclc . . .

■i7;i8',

7 Of.

87(i

.•;oon.'ji32

Ciinoii^ate . .

o\n

1-i

70

Gil

i33G

282

2GG

3;{2I 270

Soulli siilo , .

[>(yi:\ \

5!)

0

5:j

<)

278

2GS

110

i;{2

1:JS 1-61]

J)onwiclc . . .

l.lSlil

:i8

z\\

2

187

1S;5

8S

!)G

W, 87

Aliliey Lands .

17CI-2,'

G!)

il'.\

1

UIJ

2SS

IGG

132

17'.'! \r,r,

llulii Turk . .

;ii;o;!;;

•1\

-II

110

117

...

02

•31 ub

T.ifal . .

u;7i!i;!

loriG

;!s

'.)

nil

2S

•'>

br..

7;Joo

3I-..1

.T.Il

is;»s38:jG

The toivn of Alnwick was aiRicntly divided info dilferent
wards ; IM.arkot, Bondgato, Clay])orl, Narnjwgato, and A\'alker-
gato wore within tho borough, while ]3allillgate and Canoiigate
were beyond it ; but tho now p(dieo arraugemonl.s and other
causes have made thoso old divisions useless. Tho town f-tands
on liilly groimd, generally about 2(J0 feet abovo the sea level
and more than 100 feet above tho Aln. Tho Eailway Station is
195-6 foot above tho sea level; tho base of Bondgato Tower
lS0-;5, of Clayport Tower 217-1, of Tottergato Tuwer 2lI-()0, of
St. Michael's Pant lOy^r., of iho INlarkot Cro.s3 18S-G, of tho
r.arbican of tho Castle ISO, and of St. rani's Clnirch 2.-M ; at
tho junction of Nan-owgate with T5ondgato the level is 180-G, and
at tho Bow Alley leading out of Narrowgalo IGO-l ; at the head
of Canongate it is lol--l, whence tho ground slopes to tho river,
and Walkergato running ixvrallel wiiii it is IH-T ; tho highest
house conuccted with tho town in Clivo Terrace is .291-9, but

'H)\'o(:n.wiiY, siATisi I' s, i,TV.Mor,oGii;.s. 'J'j5

l^ullo Vuo, Avliicli is u lilllo iipiuf, is ol2 IVjot abovo lliOHOu l<;vol.
Tlio old Htiuols ,'uo llio Maikol,, J'aik(,-s Hlioc-t, lioiul^^ato, Nar-
rowf^iito, J'>.iilifrj^-;i(.(j, WaikorgJito, I'ollcrf^ato, i''i;iiklo Slioot,
CJaypurt, and (j;ui(»iij^at.(j.

^'At Market I'lucc — called Marlcot 8todo iu l.Or/) — is nciily in
llio confro of tlio t(Mvii, and whs ui-i;^iiially a iioldo .s'luaro, but i»
now daikoii(;d by a lar^u inodorii buildiii;^ calbjd ibo Anstmhli/
liooms. Tlio IMarkot (Jros.s, u poor fitiucture, liaviiig' a hlial't
BUvmonTitud by a ball and resting on a lligbtof oij^lit fjtonc stc'iis,
is in the nmth-cast c(ynor ; and on llio wo.st .sido arc llio Tuwii
JTall and clock. A lionso on Ihu iiorlU wido was befuro llio
liolbrmatiou used as a cliapol. Pailccs street, a (iliort narrow
street, leads from tho !^^arkot to J'ondgato. In tlio court rolls it
is called Peikcs IIolo in l(j 15, and I'aikcs lloolo in 108.'] and
1709, hold iu Goniian being a narrow pass or gorge, i'ye'i or
llunter^n Lane iu 1770, and subscfiueiitly K<jdeW h — names from
the principal occupanls— is another narruw lane fiom tlio Market
to Dondgato.

lioiuhjatc — the street of tlio bond-men in 1290 — is wide and
oxiond.s nor(ln\'ard from tlio south entranco of the town. In
Uondtjnla IVitliout, which is outside tho old walls, is the I'lougli
lun with its bay or outshot window, and tho following quaint
inscription over its entrance — " That which your Father nld hath
purehasod and Left you to possess do you dearly Hold to show
his AVorlhiness. — M.W., 17M." Tho initials appear t«j bo those
of Matthew ^Villoby, who was owner of tho huuso prior to 17GG;
but though tho erection was not earlier than the dato upon it,
tho insci'iiition belongs to tho family of Forster ; for iu tho
heraldic visitation of l.JSo it is said — ''Tlieso verses wore sett
nbotit their armes :

L( 1 us dc ailii' (liein liold

tu iiiyiuli' their wiiilliyiio.-j
That wliich ouv iKiriiit.-j ohl

luith loll us Iu posse.-55>."

After passing througli tho tower, Londyate WltJiin widens, and
a fmo view of tho town, and especially of tho Market ITaco is
obtained. On tho north sido is tho old "White S\\'an Inn, called
Mrs. Grey's in 1729 ; a thatched one-storied liouso remains to toll
what kind of residences tho burgesses had iu the fifteenth cen-
tury; and an older house still has over it a stone panel sculptured
with heialdry. See Vol. I., p. 2-18.

Narrou'f/aie — a narrow street, as its namo imports — extends
fi'om Bondgato nortlnvards, and is mentioned iu 1290. In this
are tho Half ]\loon Inn, A\hich is referred to iu 1G71, and a house
into whick is built an old l)o Vescy Cross. Tho Bow buru, now
tunnelled over, Avas crossed by a bridge ; and at the northern
extremity of tho street was one of tho defensive gates of tho towu.
One houso at least iu it Vjolougs to the manor of (Stamford.

Bailij/'i/utc, properly JJaili'iiijatc — iho street of tho bailey —

3G0 IIISTOIIY OF ALNWICIC.

oxtonds wcstu'ard from llio casllo, ami was Loyond tlio walla of
tli(3 town. Wo Jiavo J5ollyjz;ato in IG.O'}, and so tlio narno is now
liopuliirly pi'oiiouiicod ; J5aylygato ai)pearH in 1GC8 and 1G83;
juid ]'»ayliir^:tlo in IGHO, IG'.H, and 17()!J. In t'lio last century a
row of old lioii.sos crossed this Htroot, at a littlo distance from tho
castlo ; a cros.s stood in front of tlio wquaro, around it was
hold a market for country pi-oduco, hucIi as butter and eg'fjs,
and attached to it woro sloclcs, which tho inliahitaiits Avero
compelled to mainiain. Tho lied Lion Inn, which btiU exists,
i,s referred to iu 17'J0. On tho norlh sido.of fho street is tho
Catholic C]ia])el, and at tlio end of it is St. Michaers Church.
In this street woro tho ]\luto Hall, tho earl of JJerwentwater's
Slato House, and Fardie's walls, ^vliich belonged to tho samo
earl, and ucar to it Salisbury land.

Wulkerc/alc — tho street of tho walkers or fullers — thouf^h beyond
tho walls, was within tho burough. Jt iiins parallel with tlio
Aln, to whicli. tho lauds of tho burgage huldei'S extended, and on
which they had their fulling mills ; tho haugh land ou tho river
sido appears indeed to have been enjoyed as a jiublio common.
This street was probably iu oxistcuco in 12'J0, when there was a
fuller iu tho borough ; but it is meutioued in tho survey of lofi'J ;
and iu 1709 there were twenty burgages in it, belonging to
fourteen diirorent owners ; now, all save one belong to tho duko
of Northumberland ; most of them have been pulled down, but
the remains of St. Mary's Chantry are carefully preserved.

Pottergate — 1G71, n. it.--' — is tho steep street rising from tho
Bow burn to tho toAver ; but its ancieiit name iu tho survey of
15G7 was Barrcsdalo Street. The present name may have been
derived from potters living and practising their art there ; for
tliough wo havo no potters now, yet, a few centuries ago, when
manulaeturing was less centralised, small makers of divers things
dwelt in such towns as Alnwick. Tho old Gi'ammar School was
close to tho tower, and the oldest Presbyterian Church is on the
north side of tho street.

Fenkle Street, the corner or angular street, forms an angle
with both Clayport and Narrowgato ; wo have Fenkell in loG7j
Foucklo in IGo i, and Fiuklo iu 1G90. Tho Town Uall and clock
have a frontage into this street ; and hero are tho old hosteliies
of the Angel, which is referred to in 1708 ; and the older I^aifs
Head, called tho Gi'iffin, in 1598 and 17G8, portions of which
may bo from two to three centuries old ; its projecting bay
window, its stone seat and mount by the sido of tho outer door,
ai)pear much tho samo as they wore some century and a half
ago. Behind this inn is the Theatre. Tho notorious Coll. Fors-
lor lived iu tho house uoxt to it, and his rival, Eichard Grieve,

* In this chapter the following abbreviations are used : — Cart. A. A., charter
of Alnwick Abbey; Cart. II. P., charter of IIolu Priory ; C. 11. for Court Leet
llolls ; B. Ri for Borough Recoids ; A. S, for Anglo-Sa.Kon ; Dan. for Danish.

'lOl'OOllAI'JlV, S'I'.Vl ISTir:^, l,IVM(jLOf;l Ks. .OGT

ill a hoiiso, wliicli lias boon convorloil into Uio Star Inn. The
8olby,s, 8iiulc(3!(lH, Fuldor.s, Look.-*, and otlior notahlo men dwolt
in tliiH atrcot.

Clayport cxtonds f'njni St. IMioliaol's Pant to tlio western
oxtroniity (jT llio town. ]\Ir. lial^ili Carr, ono of our ablest
etyniologiHis, i.s inclined to think that it liad boon called Olivoport
by onr ancfJsfoi'H, on account of its .sfoopnos.s; fi'oni clijf, A. «., a
stcop or didicnlt path. Old cvidonces do not, howover, snpport
thia view. In ])iirhain thcro is a .street called Cla3'[)\vortlio in
1282, Clayportho in IS.'JG, Clayport in 1372. Tho earliest foiiu
of tho Alnwick fjtreot i.s CJa[)ott in 1171 and I'jll, Claport in
1018, Cla])()rt extra porta in 1G1'.>, Clayporth in UJfj3, and Clay-
port in 170i». iJnring tho last half c(;ntnry, at least, tho namo
Las boon populai'ly pronounced Chiypfth, whicli "vvas, I BU.Sjject,
originally a]i[)llcd to tho st(;op hill beyond tho street. Pcth, iu
tho north, is a steep road, but used generally Avith some delinito
to mark its special character ; wo have tlie pcth, with tho emi>hatic
article to denoto its great steepness ; tho Far Petli, Stoney Pctli,
and Branks]jotli ; and as btonoy indicates a rocky so clay
expresses a clayey or muddy charncter. Cla}pctU jn-obably Avas
tho name till the erection of tho tower, when Avith the genteel it
was changed into Clayport, Avbilo ordinary people still preserved
its old designation. INlidway up tho street tho site of tho old
tower is marked by oblong, squared paving stones ; on tho south
side is an old house, with mullioncd Avindows and a worn and
defaced heraldic device, Avhich Avas given by Mark Forster to tho
church; and fui'thor doAvn is tho United Secession Church,
opposite to which is another quaint old inn, carrying us back, Avith
its iiriijccting bay a\ indow, some century and a half.

Canuiujato or Cdiionsi/dfc, UiJH — tho street of tlio canons — is
beyond both tho old town wall and tho borough, and is a di:>tinct
manor and township, Avhich formerly belonged to Ahnvick Abbey.
Eoferenccs to it in old records aro not numerous; but iu 1316
Henry Do Percy contu'med to tho abbey, for Channoicgatc, com-
mon of pasture in the Moor of Ahnvick and Uaydene. In 1510,
tATO copyhold and thirty-six burgages in it were held under tho
abbey at an aggregate rental of £G 10s. >Sd. Canongato tradi-
tions say that tho freeholders had a right of depasturing their
cattlo over Ahnvick Moor as far as Mossy Ford ; and that con-
nected Avith this right Avas an j-carly collection, made hy the
constable, from every freeholder of a moor Jntlf-penny ; Avhieh
indeed Avas not discontinued till 1811. Ih-lng beyond tho borough,
the artizans of Canongato Avero subject to persecution by tho
Alnwick felloAvships. The company of.cordiners seized upon
shoes exposed by them for sale in Alnwick Market ; but tho
aggression Avas resisted, and tho dispute Avas decided by arbiti-a-
tion, according to tho folloAving aAvard, made by John Scott,
Anthony Adston, John Pydley, and John Salkcld : —

308 TIIS'IOIIV f)l' AI.NWH'K.

'I'liat Davi'l AFyllikiiri, Williiiin Kwyiilioi!, .fulin Aiiilcr.son, Jolin Wau^^lio,
mill Joliii Aioli', tho Hliooiiiiilcir.s of ('.iri(jiij^:ilij, hJiall have Iho hamo freo
liborly on tlio Rliirknt ilay to m^ll Uir^ir bliocs in an hiv^a and amjdo a in:innr:r
as tlio eor(lin(;r,s of Aliiwiclc ; lliat tlioir uiiiircritiic.-J Hhall onjuy Iho »;tiii<!
lidiiclilH an till! AInwii-lc apprcntiiMjs; l)iit tJiai tlioy hliall oljticrvc tho ordf-rMuf
tlio Mliooinalcii's in Alnwiulc in all iioinls ; an<l foe tlioso jirivil<;.'is Dny «)iall
jiay 1'17 I'li. I'y iiislalini;nlH lo tlii! omiiaiiy of .--liocnialii.'ri* of AliiwiLk. 'I'lii}
hIiou.s which had hoi^n tsci/i(l wm; to ]>•: ii;.itur('il.

Caiiongato Manor was in possession of .Major Isaac Allfjood in
1710 and 17o(), and in tliat of Sir Tjanccdot Allo;ood from 17;J.j to
17G5, wlion JL ^s■as sold to llio carl (d' Norllniinborland. Manorial
Courts wcro hold by tlio All^^Oods, tln.ir steward bi.-iiif^ Jiobijrt
Claxton, an Alnwick attorn(;y. Call ndls of tJicso conrfs, from
1710 to HoO, I have seon aiuoiic? (liu niniiimouls at Alnwicl:
Castlo. That for 1721 gives tho fullest information, and kIiows
that suit and sorvico wore duo not oidy from tho frcoholdors in
Canongato, but also fnmi free and other tenants at ])en\vielc,
ILdjberhnv, iSt. Margaret's, Togston, Hadstoii, iJrandon, and
lloveloy ; there were then seventy-eight burgages in r'anongute,
lield by hfty-nino dilforont proprietors. ]\rany of the burgages
have since bocomo the property of the duho of Norfhumberiand,
and several havo been pulled down, so that now there are only
twenty owners of burgages. In this vill there is but ono street,
•\vhieh extends from tho ehurch to iho Aln. Near to the bottom
of it Avero tho iMarket, the cross, the slocks, fulling mills, and
n brewer}'' ; and, early in this centur}-, an iron foundry on the
river, which was carried on by the ingenious family of lirown ;
but all those evidences of active life have been destroyed. Like
other vills, Canongate had a common of its own, containing an avcti
of more thait five acres, extending along the side <d'tho Alu from
the AVash or Canongate burn to beyon I the niotilh of the Potter-
deno or Stockon burn ; and from this lomnuju tho fn-ohoMors
took stones to build their houses and obtained coals. These
freeholders, liowever, following in tho Avako of tho Alnwick
l^nir-and-TwcntA'-, indulged in tho luxufy of exchanging portions
of it Avilh the buds of tho manor; and by exchanges in 1811,
1821, and 1821, gave up tlioir lands along tho river bide for a less
qtiantity of laud from I'orster's Close. As these exchanges took
UAvay their ancient rights to the river, tho duke of Nortliumber-
land boimd himself to nuiko a bath or bathing place for the
freeholders, to provide for them a good supply of drinking Avater,
and to mako a Avatering place on tho river. They still retain
their right to take building stones out of their common. Tho
tithes of tho toAvnship had become the property of tho duke;
but on I^Farch 12th, 1838, ho merged in his freehold inheritance,
for the sum cd' £10, " all the tithes as a\c11 great as snuiU and all
Easter oiVerings."

ToAvarJs tho close of tho last century most of the houses in
Canongate Avero loAV-thatched, tumble-doAvn places, a foAV of
Avhlch still remain; quaint idijecls, but scarcely lit for human

ToroOUAPUV, STATISTICS, DTYMOLOOIES. oG9

fhvollingH. Tlioy woro llinn or;cu[ji'''I cliiofly Ijy tlio labouring
class; and liy iini;^^'-(;i'H, tiiilcorH, {,^ipsie.s, and jjoaoliorH, Hunio of
■whom pracfisod poUy tliioviii<^ ; but amongst tlnnn livf^d about
eighty yearn ago Andiow Lowroy, « i^jjac 7»an, or ono wlio, it was
boliovcd, conhl seo into futurity. IIo Avas a hclioolmastor, teach-
ing tho siniidf'.st (dcmunt.s to littlo childron, liiit ho ]iOf»'ly roinu-
noralod tliat lio luiglit liavo htarvod, if lio liad not okod out his
scanty living iVoni other .sources. A little, thin, ]ialc-faeod man
ho was, moio like a ghost i'roni tho dead tlian a living entity of
ilesli and l)l()(id ; but his unearthly aspect Btrongthcned tho
belief of his bedding iTitoi'courso 'witli invisiblo powers, by wlioso
aid ]io could I'oveal mystei'ies, foretell futiii'O events, and raise
winds and storms to uproot trec-s and blow down cliimnies.
Those therefore who lost property resorted to Andrew, and after
im}'ing him a fee besought liim to tell Avho the thief was or wlioro
tho stolon go(jds might bo found ; tho wise vin7i put on hid Avisest
look and responded that if tho projierly was not restored within
a specilled time he would denounce tho thief; and sucli Avas tho
faith in his mystei'ious poAvor, oven among thieves, that the lost
property generally found its way back to tho rightful owners.
Darker superstitions liave been chased aAvay by education ; but
belief in tho regular beneficent operation of natural laws is far
from universal ; some still have a fear of ghosts and a faith in
fori une-telling, in spirit-ra}>ping, clairvoyance, and table-turning.

A few streets during tho pretiont century have been added to
tho toAvn ; chielly southward of tho Old AVall, AA'hero land
belonged to several proprietors Avho were willing to sell sites ;
Percy Terrace, HoAvick Street, Lisburn Street, South Street,
Hope Terrace, Ilotspur Street, Groy ITaeo, and Ih-lvodere Terraco
are all nu)doru creations, as might bo inferred from tho tasto
shewn in tho choice of mimes. There are fcw villa residences
around tlio town.

Tho trade of tho town has no peculiarity, and differs but littlo
from that of other towns in the midst of an agricultural popula-
tion ; but AluAvick being distant nearly thirty miles from any
larger town, it supplies a large district ; and hence while there
are in it several good retail businesses, there are also a few larfo
Avholesale establishments. Its manufactories aro few ; there aro
tAVO large ones for tobacco, ono largo ono for furniture and
nidiolstery, two for coach buiiding, three for candlemaking, ono
tannery, two skinueries, one steam and two water corn mills, and
one iron foundry-.

Places icithin Almcich jnirish, Icijond the totcn, arranged in
alphabetical order.
Ahcr enth, 1678, in AVindy Edge farm, from cccer, a. s., a
field ; end of cultivated ground — " Thanue tAveyne scluden be in
an akcr, one schal bo take, and another left." T^fatt. c. xxiv.,
WychlilFo's version, (quoted by Wright.

^•oI . IT. 3_.v

S70 inSTOICY OF ALNWICK.

AltHanndJlatt, circa 1200, Curt. A. A., cultivnted groimrl bryornl
Cinvlyclie ; liere is a dioico out of IheHO conjecturea — citlior frora
nhjfcnd, pai'lici[)lo of alyson, A. H., rodoomod — tlio redooincd flat
ground ; or from Aliaoii or Alice, a perHonal name ; or, as Mr.
Carr Biiggosts, it may bo Ellio-.sand-llat, from an aldor thickot
on aaudy soil.

Alndike, a farm, coutaininnj iHGac. Or. 32p. of good arable soil
valued at .£270 IOh. yearly,- ia mado up of parcels of land in tlio
town fiolda, ■\vliicli formorly belonged to several ownor.s. " IGII,
item bestowed of Wm. Grono Avlion lie did goo to lierwick about
Jleldijch closes, wlier ho had the promises of Mistress Gaston to
liavo tlio first offer of the samo to (ho Towno of Alinvike os." —
It. K. Clement ]'\)rster, an Alnwiclc merchant, in 10G3 held
Alodlke, valued at £20 yearly ; ]jo\v Ileldiko close belonged iu
1 676 to John Forstor ; Edward and Maiy Strother held Low
Alediko grounds iu 1676 ; and iu 1709 wo have Kenold Forster,
of Alewater dike.

AiKjerjlatt and Ilaljlalt, containing 30 acres in 15GD, were held
by Metcalfe ; the former the IVfeadowllatt, is from emj, A. 8., eity,
iJan., any, Gor., a meadow; the latter may bo tho Uat ground,
8ofo or healthy for cattle, as hal, a. s., means whole, sound, or
healthy. There is a nursery south of tho town now called
Aggcrjlnt.

Arroiv liitts, 1662, southward of Pottergato tower and Green
hat or hut on tho south side of tho town wall, were public grounds
whereon archery was practised; hout in French means end, object
before us, point of aim.

Allerhnrn, 1677, o. K., runs by tho "Workhouse and Denwick
road, and enters tho Aln at the Havre banks ; it is named from
tho aldor bushes which had grown by its side, but in 17o3 and
17-M it was also called Kilne hum. Alhrhurn closes are on the
south sido of the burn northward of Fisher's lane ; on the north
close the late Dr. George Wilson built in 1862 a beautiful man-
sion, from designs by Mr. F. R. Wilson. The south closes,
containing 8ac. 2r. 30p., are principally nurseries, and belong to
]\Ir. Wm. Spours, of Alnwick and .Shejipcrdon ; they were in
1773 in possession of John Cotes and Miles Stapleton ; and in
the early part of this century wore sold by Stapleton to !Mr.
Sjiours' father.

Banks was held in 1569 with Wayke's knolls by George Alder.
J5a?<Z-s in Bondgate, 1584, is now part of Lough House farm.
JBan/c close, 1671, belonged in 1724 to INIark Forster, who
devised it to his niece Eli/,. Grey ; subserj^ucntly it belonged to
Gallon, Willoughby, and Selb}', and was sold along with the
Swantield estate in 1866 to the duke of Northumberland.

lUirhara's hauks, formerly abbey property, are on tho north side
of the Aln in the Dairy grounds.

Barresdale, 1569, land west of the town wall near Pottergate

TDPOaUAPUY, STATISTICS, E1TM0L0GIE8. 371

towor; Bamusdalo, 1G89, u. u., Tiarrosdalo, 1702, c. i:. ; Barne-
dalo rif^jij.s in 1701 boloiigod to Marie VornUn: A bat race or
barres wim a d(jlf)iisivo outwork of foiled trees; po.s.sibly there
may liavo boon outworks to I'otloi-^ato towor.

liarnclsi/de, 1509, land udjoiniii;^' the castlo on tlio east, was
held by (joor^o ^Motcalfo ; hariiard.sido, l.jfSG; Little liornard-
sido, 1G77; probably fiom I'oriiard or Barney, a personal name.

Ham yards, 1(J55, forniorly abbey proi)erty, ou the nortli side
of tlio river; hero a oouventiclo was held in 1G80.

Ji'jdmjile hill, 1581, bcjunderod on Stotland iiioadows.

B'lrkif hill in Alnwick moor; from the birk or birch, Belula
alba, which is frequent by the sides of our streanis.

BishniPs a tables in Alnwick moor; mshoiPs pastures in Ilola
Park.

Blacl-bog-hirn and f/e«e ; tlic burn flows from tlio north into
the Aln in the Bishop's pastures.

lUacklee close, 1G51, o. u., Blahclcy lands, or black that is
heath}' pastures, adjoin Stonoy hills, and contain 15 acres and a
cottage, let at £28 yearly; they were sold in 18GG by Prideaux
8elby to the duke of Northumberland.

The Black L(mgh, though the largest lake in North Northum-
berland, is litllo more than half a mile in circumference, in the
Avild moorlands, 700 feet above the level of the sea, and partly
in the parish of Alnwick, but chiefly in Edlingham. It is but
the fragment of a larger lake, whose margin is still traceable,
but the greater part of wliich has been filled up by the growth,
of mosses and marsh ]ilants, and the formation of peat, Avhich ia
some parts is fifteen feet deep. Overthrown trcMJs, chiefly birch,
are in this peat ; a few broken trees remain rooted, none exceed-
ing three feet in lieight, but partly covered Avith Avater, and
denuded of leaves and bark. The peat rests on the boulder
clay, which here overlies sandstones. Subsequently then to the
boulder era, when the climate was arctic, this bit of upland
ground had been covered with bircb and similar trees and brush
wood ; but from some cause or other, they had been overthrown,
and the whole area covered with water, which, however, was
drained away through the gradual deepening of the outlet, leaving
a small lough with swampy ground around. Ilere were the con-
ditions of cold and moisture favourable to Iho growth of mosses ;
and hence there went on a vertical accumulation of vegetable
niatter ; for as one generation of mosses decayed, another sprung
over its remains ; and this jn-ocess continuing for centunes, the
site of the greater portion of the lake became filled up with ^^eat.
Some illustration this gives how a coal bed might be formed ;
for if this peat were covered with, detritus, other changes would
go on, till the whole was converted into mineral coal. The
mosses growing in the swamp, and which have helped to form
tliis peat, are Sfhat/nuvi obtusifolium, acuti/olium, and cusjjidaium,

872 HlSTOllY OK ALNWICK,

Jlypnum pnlustre, Polytricum communn, juniperum^ uluitlcn, Leuco-
Irytim i/laucuin, Dicruimin scopariuui, hcliruiii.ulliun, ami Ceralodon
purpuricns.

JJlac/istunc closes, "wostward (if tlio (jM waggon way, aro in tlio
Look of rates, 17.'iO, callotl JJlakcHtuno'H doiuoHiio ; thoro aro now
oigjit closes, with an aica of 40ac. Ir. 27p., of tlio yoai-ly valuo
of £l.'JO 'Ja. Od. John JJlakoston, llio hou of ouo of the regicides,
was steward of tho Alnwick Court Loot from 1GG7 to \C>H-i, and
liold tlicso cloHOS, and tlioy woro in po.s.sosioa of his lioir.s in 1701.

Jilacklre nigh lloffurhiwo, IGOI, c. u.

Blahewcll bults in llugloy, high exposed but good land, so
nanaed from its Lloak situation ; tho wator of tliis woll, coming
out of tho basalt, is remarkably pure. BiUts woro short ridges,
running in a direction contrary to others, fi'oui hut, Celtic, a
termination or boundary; hutun-riy, A. s., was an out-ridgo,
exceptional ridge.

Hkody Havers or Ilalvers contains about iwo roods, adjoining
Windy Edgo farm house ; havers from luivre, Danish, is tho old
name for oats.

Blyndiocll JIatt, hold in iTjO'.* by William Bcadnoll, called
lUaid loell Jhilt in 1580, is a field soutli of tho town, next to tho
S})ring gardens ; may not a well supposed to bo curativo of
blindness have given the name? It contains Gac. 'ir. lOp., and
is valued at £2o las. yearly.

Jioidlon-sircte, 1290, Bowton strete, 10 17, is a road or track-
way along the west boundary of Alnwick moor leading to Bolton.

JBradlcy green is in Alnwick moor ; from brad broad, ley, A. s.,
a pasture — tlio broad green pasture.

Uranhspeth houl, 1752, in Alnwick moor, is the Boar's peth
and hollow ; brawn is a boar, and conncited with l>rancepeth in
Durham, is a legend of tlio destruction of a formidable brawn by
llodgo, of Ferrey ; in Northumberland wo have also Branxtou,
where the battle of Flodden Avas fought.

Breakbavh, a vorj^ steep iiathway in Iloln Park.

JBrede close, 1537, near lloln Abbey, is now Broadfield.

Brislaic, "vulgarly called Brisley," says Mr. Carr, "as if it
wore mero ordinai\y lea land," is the high hill in lloln Park, on
whicli stands Brislaw tower or tho Duke's Mount, a highly
ornamental tower in the pseudogothic stylo, erected in 17SI by
Hugh duke of Northumberland. The height, including an iron
grate on the top, is ninety feet ; a winding stair inside leads
nearly to tho summit ; and standing on ground, 583 feet above
the sea, an extensive view is obtained. Sir James South made
his observations on the annular eclipse on iEay Ctli, 183G, from
tho top of this hill ; and a trace of his presence remains in the
meridian line marked npou it. A cavern in the sandstone,
called tho Nine Year And Hole, is frequently visited by the
curious. Some portions of the Old Park Wall may be seen on

v.im yiioroHianhf t)\ Gl-ous

T i N A N 1 rt I Column

S L A .-. T 0 rt £ R

TOl'OOHAVnY, S'lATISTICS, KTYMOLOOIES.

373

tlio west HiMo. Tliin liill, now clothed with wood, wliidi, how-
over, i.s of iiKjdtjin growth, is a proiiiiiiont und jtloturosquo objf;ct
in tho bcoriory anjiiiid Aliiwldc; and from tliu charrninj? walka
and drives t'hroiit^li avomio.s (^f trees, and from tho beautiful
viows obtained from soveral i)oints, tlioro i.s much to attract
tourLsts and tho lovorw of iiaturo. Llacborrics— tho fruit of
tho Vaccimim niyrtillus—ixvo abundant lioro in tlio month of
.]\ray ; and in Juno tlio upjmr i)art of tho liill i;* adorned with tho
beautiful white ilowur of tho 'JVicntalis J'Jurapmts ; aijd hero too
the lihudodrndron ponlimm finds tho ctdd and liuniid tempera-
ture, combined with peaty Hoil, tliat enables it to propagate itself
al)undanily by seed; and here, it is said, that woodcocks breed
and rear their young almost every year.

Jjroch/iaic, in loG'J held by Sir John Forster, is on the north-
east extremity of tho parish, and belonged to Alnwick Abbey;
it has an area of 87 acres ; from Lroo, A. s., a ba<lger, and ihaw,
a shady wood or woodod bank ; Jjroeksfiohl adjoijis it ; tho ono
being the badger's lield and tho other tho badger's wood.

23roomhousc,\n 1G78, when the "bonnie broom " may havo
flourished upon it; but prior to that time it belonged to Alnwick
Abbey. (.See p. 39). Tho modern farm, including Brockshaw,
Ginfin, and Ileckloy Grange, as well as Broomhouse, has an area
of -ISGac. 3r. 7p., lot at a rental of £000. Stobrig, Soap well, and
Jiutlev's well are names of some of the fields. Tho soil is mostly
light and loamy, but in some parts gravelly ; and the sub-soil
partly clay, resting on sandstone. In the Tit close a thin bed of
limestone appears ; and in Butler's well field, coal has bcca
worked.

liutUry well, in Alnwick moor, may havo its name from tho
elder, Snntlucus nlijer, tho bourtree, which is pronounced Lotiee
in this district. Fine old thorn trees are growing near tho well.
Cadmacrcuk, 1G47, or Caldmaerook, is a field now in Hobber-
law farm; from ccdd, A. s., cold, Icroy, Dan., corner or bend— the
cold corner.

Camp sike is a runlet of water near the Camp on AlmArick
moor ; in tho western parts of Northumberland sike is commonly
applied to a stream less than a burn, running down the hill
sides ; from sic, sich, A. s., a furro\N', a watercourse ; siki, Isl.,
lacuna aquosa.

Carshy piece, 1054, c. it.,; William Carsley held a burgage
in 1509.

Cat Cray, on White Houso farm ; Cat heuyh near tho camps
on Brislaw ; in these wo have tho traces of tho wild cat's abode
in the crag and heugh.

Cawlyche, circa 1200, Cart., A. A., Callege, 1051 ; Cawlodge,
1608 ; now in-onounced Callish ; was a large park of the earls of
Northumberland, stocked in 1512 with 580 fallow deer, and, in
1569, described to bo seven miles in circumference. It waa on

374 HISTORY 01' ALNWICK.

tliG south boundttTy of tlie pavisli, and near to Rugley. Some

Itortious of the (;ld wall aro still staiidiiif?. On tho wont hldo of it
was a road, wJiicli coiitiiiuud ucvohh Alnwick Tiioor to Alnwick
Abboy ; and on tliis road Hovoral lior.so hIioos bavo boon fuund,
loft by tlio Jlobbolor.s, tho Bniall bor.sos of tho county. In tlio
old form of tho naino wo may havo tho Coltio word f<jr water, uiny,
Iri.sh, loysfjy ^V^cl.sh. Aftor thu park had boon brokon u[), and
pareols of it hold by sovoi'al porsons, namos worogivon to various
T)artn from tho (ddor tonants ; Gruinblcs I'last Pnrk was hold by
Tliomas (Jrumblo in IGIG; Farcij^s or Wost I'ai'k by Henry
I'Vicy in KJl? ; Arrlthold's Houth en- Far Park by AV^illiani Arch-
bold in 1G;')0. Milburii's Park, hold by Ilonry Milbnrn in 1700,
Avas tho Firih, which in 171') was h(dd by \Vin. ^Lilburno at a
I'ontal o£ £36. Tlio valloy through which tlio Cawlycho Hows is
doep, the banks aro hij^h and steoi), and tho limostonos, sandstones,
bhales, and coals of tlio Mountain Limostono formati<jn are well
exposed in tho channel of tho burn and in cliifs in its banks.
(Sovoral instances of faults and breaks in the strata may be seen;
and in the channel whoro tho footpath crosses to Shilbottle, tho
limestones ap]_)ear like a pavement, formed of scpiaro slabs.
Many of tho inoro interesting^* land sliolls and plants may bo
gathered in this valley ; and hero too the scenery is wild and
picturesque, composed of rock and cliif, wood and water. Accord-
ing to a survey in 1G22, "there is within tlio Tark of Cawlodgo
ouo coal mine which is doniisod to AVilliam Watson, and also a
slate fpiarr}'." In 17-15 Cawlodgo Park and Shilbottlo colliery
■were held by ^fr. Edward Archbold at a rental of £76 lOs. Hast
Cawledyc Park farm contains 273ac. 3r. 2p., of which 9.5ac. are
in grass; tho rout in 16o0, on a lease, was £35 and a bushel of
oats ; it was tho sumu in 171."), though a line woidd most probably
be paid on the renewal of tho loaso ; tho present rent is £207 lOs.
The soil is a clayey loam of a fair quality ; among the holds are
tho Stanley flats and bank and the Cobbler's knowes. " Petri-
f3'ing springs," water charged with carbonate of lime, come out
of tho brae side below the house. Middle Cawhdgc Park, with cot-
tages andland, contains 280ac. 2r., tho rental being £1-16 -Is. 6d. ;
the soil is but a poor clay, part of which has been di-ained, making
it fair wheat land.

Ohlldrcn groves, 1682, Childer's graves, 1689, B. r., Child
graves, 1726; a field at the head of Clayport, through which, on
the north side, a footi)ath ran to tho Stottle meadows ; it was
mortgaged in 1677 by John Forster, of Eugley, to Wm. Hunter,
but was redeemed by Ifark Forster, who left it to his widow.

ClarkollhiKjhe, near Barnetside, was in 1569 held by Edward
Metcalfe; it is Clerkwcll heucjh in 1689, o. R. As Clerkenwell
■was the -well of tlio clergy, may there not, as Mr. Carr suggests,
have been here a baptismal well ? which is not improbable, as
the locality -was but a short distance from the castle chapel.

TOrOGRAPlIY, STATISTICS, KTYMOLOGIES. 375

Goal pit dose, 1G89, it. n., in Clayport ward, held by Edward
Gallon, hIiowh tliut oouls had })0(!ii worlced closo to tlio town.

GockeriaU'in lOCJ was in AVidkoi'i^'uto ; porliapH a placo for
coclc-nj^litiii^-.

Colirnjalr, 1200 Vcscy charier, K. 17 h under of (he moor, was
an ancient road on llio north wost part of tho moor, h.-ading to tiio
Freomon's (iap ; gutc is iioro u.sod in tho Ecnso of a road.

Ooldraw, 1C."j5, in Cawlodgo Park.

Cowpper hill \n 1(37H bcdongcd t(j AFark Fur.stor, and afterwards
to lii.s nioeo, hllizaboth Oroy, and in 1771 to John Tato ; Groat
Cowpor hill in 172G ; it is forniod of gi-avol and sand and includes
tho Column field and Kailwuy station; tho bonth road cuts

through it. , _ . , y -L. L

Cotvs-law-hill, 1728, parish register, is inDonwick township, but
is now corru])tcd into Cowslip-hill; originally it would bo Coicslaw,
tho cow's liiU ; but after this Saxon laiv or hlaw ceased to bo
understood, hill Avould be added.

Oroivnjlats, a field west of tho old waggon way, formerly
belonged to Gallon, but now to ISfr. George Cockburn.
Croio hole close, 1713, Donbleday's hill.
Cuihhert hewjh, in Holn I'ark.

DdavuVs dose, 1(569, Dr. Forster's 17G8, now Canongate close.
Delves, 15G9, in Bondgate fields, held by Mr. Geo, Metcalfe;
from delfan, A. s., to dig, land that had been dug up.

Denwich, one of the ancient vills of tho barony, formerly in
connection with Bondgato, had a manorial court of its o^vn.
Like other vills it had in the olden time its free tenants, its bond-
men and cotmen, and its moor or common. Among its copyholders
in 15G9 wevo IJalph and Ilobort Thew, members of a family
located there from an early period. They had ono of tho^oldost
Burnamos in the c(ninty ; in the gi-cat pipe roll of l_197^William
Thew is charged 12d. for anincloauro from a forest in Northum-
berland. Derived from theaiv, A. s., manner or condition, and
also in a secondary souse a servant, it is significant of tho original
servile state of the Anglo-Saxons under tho Normans. For not
■ less than four centuries has this family held lands in Den-
wick, as owners or occupiers. John Thew, the last of them
resident at Donwick as a former, died there on January 23rd,
1837, ao-cd 98 years ; but branches of this family still llourish
in Alnwick ; INIr. Edward Thew, an extensive merchant, and the
owner of Shortridge estate, is a descendant of this venerable race.
The famous Thomas Percy, the conspirator, was, as ono of the
commissioners of tho earl of Northumberland, at Alnwick, on
October 5th, 1595, investigating a dispute as to the heirship of
two tenements in Denwick left by William Grey ; but tho com-
missioners were so puzzled, that they referred "the further
determination of the case to his lordship's pleasure." The copy-
holders have entirely disappeared ; tho common was enclosed in

37G IIIRTOUY OF ALNWICK.

1735 ; and tlio wliolo vill b(;lori;^.H now to llio diilco of Nortlium-
Lorliintl, oxf;()[)<iii{^ tlio corn titlios wliicli aro in tlio possoHHion of
tlio Jiov. 'J'hoinas lldoitoii. l)on\vick is now a jiietfy vilIii;jo,
conHislinj:jof (iixtoon cottages, most of tliorn built in an f>rnani(;ntal
Btylo ; and cacli having a garden ]dot in IVont, an'l land of rnoro
llian lialf an aero attached. At Ariciiaclrnas time AInwiek feasted
and Dunwick phiyod ; and on tho Monchiy tlio youtlifnl population
of AInwiek wont to onjoy thoso games ; tho distinction appears
in tho old po[)ular rhyrao —

Alnwick ft.iist ami Dcnwick play,

Uonnio Iussoh Imd iiway*

Demesne Nor(h, 170G; Me Pasture, contains 175ac. Or. lip.,

nnd is valued at JC230 yearly ; hero tho inhabitants onjoy them-
selves at holiday times.

JJove cole crofts 1(371, Dovo coto close 1702; a cote was a
mnd cottage, and tho croft was a small inolosuro (^f pasture or
tillago land attacliod ; small buildings for pigeons aro dovo cotes,
locally pronounced duJckcts.

Dimtcrton hills, 170-1; noAV pronounced Duntsnis ; tho hilly
fields southward of (Jreen JJat. Tho origin of this c\irious word
is very doubtful ; perhaps wo havo hero (hot, which both in tho
Celtic and Tuetonic languages means a hill; tyrnan, A. s., tiirna,
Isl., and tur)i, Welyh, aio to turn or bond.

Earlcs liill, near Brislaw, and another near the Black Lough,
appear in Armstrong's map, 17(39.

Jihjhurn, oast of Brizlaw, is perhaps so named from ellie, tho
aldei'.

Extremity, lG-18, in IIolu Park; a jocular name as Necessity is
not far from it.

Firth, IGIC, in Cawledgo Park; lloln Frithe, l.jo7 ; from
Jiridil, "Welsh, a forest or park.

Fis/ter lane closes, which woro in Alnwick low fields, and
held by Ivichard Grievo in 17(30, are now in Windy Edgo farm,
and belong to INIr. John Baird.

Foul causcK-ay was in Alnwick moor, of wliicli there are now
no traces. Fox Holes in Alnwick moor.

Frericede le, the Friar's wood, and Friar^s well were in Tloln
Park.

Gaily lull, 1G22, n n., Gallowsficld in Lane Head farm is
one milo north of Alnwick. See Yol I., p. 130.

Glass hill, west of Iloln Abbey, on which wero ancient British
graves; slag or vitrified stone, from early smelting of iron, may
havo given this name.

Golden Acres, 1768, belong to St. Michael's church, and are
so named because they were let sonietime last century at a guinea
an acre, which was considered a largo price ; ihuy contain
17ac. 3r. 2p. of superior arable land, having a good t:lay sub-soil,
aud aro now let at £45 yearly. See page loS.

* Jfdit airai/ is an Alinvickisni mciinin'X, conic away.

'I'Ol'OOUAlMIY, SI'AI ISTICS, K lYMOI.Of; 1 KS. 377

Oolden moor fann^ (;oiilitim'ii|^ Hlfj.'u;. 1 )•. .'i'Jp., and now lot at a
roiilal of i!'J0.'5 IGh. Od., wa.s jiart of J)oii\v'ick coinnirHi. On tho
(jocklioiiso iidld \v(j)"G a Ii'juho and (.^loiiiid oaolo.-jod l>y a lii^^ii
wall, diivolod i(j llio Urocdiii^ of f^aiuo cock.i ; otlior li»dds uro
callud tho Jlarvors; tlio Ab'uoy Loom; tlio J}(m;^lit kriowos, from
cnoll, A. s., a small roiuidud liill, and bocht, Tout., an inclohure,
usod iu lUo north for u pun in wliicli owoa wore uiilkod.

At l/(iii<j;lits in tho iiioniiii;^

Nuu Ijjyth lads waro hconiiiig. — Flowcn of iJic forest.

Tho sub-strata aro fsandstono, Blialu, coal, and limestone ; in tho
Kiln field, half a century a;^o, a coal scam six feet thick was
woi'ked — ono of tho thicko.st ill the !^[ountai^ Limestone forma-
tion ; and a limcstoiio, too, which contains many fo.s.sils. The soil
varies much, .somo parts being light and sandy, others gravelly
and clayey, and olhors a light moor land, il/ciiy field aud /^ouy/i
field iiidicato an ancient lake.

Goose Jiiiou'c, near tho end of B(;ndgato on tho north side, in
1773 belongod to Stapleton, aftorwardb to Gallon, and then to
]\Lr. J. A. AVilson, who sold it in 1869 to the duke of Northum-
berland.

Gowk stone — the cuchoo stone — in the south-west boundai'y of
tlie pjarish, is 859 foot above tho sea level, being the highest
ground in it.

Green hat, Qrirne butts, 1GG4, c. i:., on the west side of tho
town Avail where archery was practised. Green bat close was sold
by tho earl of Lisburno to John Lambert in 1829, and since thou
portions of it have been sold for building sites, which now form
I'erc}'' terrace, Howick and Lisburn streets.

Greensfnld \ iu I.jGO A\'m. r>cdiioll, Guorge !Motc;ilfo, and Wm.
Croon held SO acres of arable land in tiroenslield ; Mark Porster,
in 1709 hold Ureonslleld, which before belonged to liobt. Green;
in tho old bounder of tho moor we have both Robert Green's
land and Greenslield (See 'Vol. I., p. 100) ; Greensland in 1709
was held by Timothy Punshon. The modern farm of Greensfiold,
containing 2-lOac. of arable and 208ac. of pasture laud, includes
parcels of land formerly held by various owners, with a consider-
able area from the ancient Cawledge Park. The basaltic whin
fcill crosses it iu the western and higher parts ; aiul where it is
quarried tho metamorphosing inlluence of this volcanic rock may
be seen on tho subjacent shale, which is converted into porce.'-
lanite. On these higher grounds the soil over gravel is of a gocd
quality ; but in the lower grounds towards the east, where thoro
aro clay and sand, it is infisrior, though now much improved by
drainage. Perney beds, Foxes holes, and Strawberry beds ar/d
other names of fields are probabl)' modern ; but there are also
the Firth, and the Hurst, which is from hriostr old Norse, a
thicket or wood iiroducing fodder for cattle.

Greensjicld vioor /aim, formerly part of Cawledge Park,

VOL. II. OB

378 HISTOIIY OK AI.NWfCK,

contains 229ac. Or. Op., iiiid i.s lot at a rontal of£2G7 17.s, Gd. ; tlio
fioll in a wot loam, Aviiich lia.s boon improvo'l by draiiiaj^o. In a
iiold on tlio Boiith-oa.st corner of it, wlioro it slopoa toward.s tlio
Cawlodf^o burn, an ancient UritiHli sopulchro was diHCovert;d in
Juno, 1HG8. This gravo wa.s aciHt-vaon, similar to that doHcribr-d
in Vol. I., p. 10, but bettor formed than i.s usual in siu^h early
intormontM, of rouj^li limetstono slab.s Het on cd;^o, with (lirj joiiit-i
of tho cornoi'.s hlled up witli clay. Tho loufrtli from W.S. \V. to
E.N.E. was 1 foot 2 inches, tho breadth 2 foot 1 inch, and tho
do])th 1 foot 10 inclies ; tho bottom was llaj^'^ed with ilat stones,
and tho wholo was covered by a larfj^e, thick, ron^h limestouo
hdab. Tiicso liniostonos had been taken i'r(un tho limestone beds
■which oro.ss tho burn. Ju this cist was a Hkeleton of a yomi^j
person, for tho bonos were small and tho toeth unworn ; unfortu-
nately tho skull was broken and wont to decay on ex[)OSure. A
lino urn accompanied this interment ; this too was broken, but a
Bufficiont number of frag'ments was found to .show its size, shape,
and ornamentation. Its fV)rm was of tho drinking cup type,
Kimilar to that represented in Vol. I., plato IT., fig 1 ; but tho
Bcorings were of a somewhat diU'orcnt pattern ; it; was G inches
high and 3 inches in diameter at tho bottom. An interesting
little flint implement of a rare form was also found, bearing
evidences of having been Lurnt, as it is white and cracked, TGo
inch long, ■'! in tho widest part, and "2 near tho end, whicli was
oLtuso or rounded, probably from use ; in section it is triangular,
"with ono face broad, and tho other two sides joining and forming
a sharpish ridgo. It dilfers from most otlicr flint implements, in
having its sides ground down and smoothed ; it probably was a
Bort of awl used in piercing leather.

(i rumhh'' s bank or Hanging bank cluso, near Fisher's lane,
bounded on tho west by Kiln burn, belonged in 1774 to "William
Grumble, grocer, Alnwick.

Grey's Jiaiitjh, 1G82, o. K. See Vol. I., p. 347.

Grinde stone letch close, containing 21 acres, on the south side of
Alnmouth turnpike, belonged in 1773 to John Stapleton ; hereon
stood a cross in 1G83, c. u.

Guttergate hum, 1712, c. ii., tho Bow b\irn.

Gi/n/cn, 1289, Luj, Q-yufenlegh 1741, c. k., Gvnfield 1560, now
corrupted into Giliius, is boggy ground, containing 20 acres, in
Denwick township ; from (/in, A. s., open, Jcnn, a. s., a marsh,
tho open marsh ; le</h, lenh, A. s., land lying in grass for a time,
indicating also an open place in a wood.

Harlow hill, from here, A. s., Jia-r, L)an., an army, and hlato,
tho army hill, on which an army may have been statit-Hied or a
battle fought, gives a name to a farm, part of which is in Long-
houghton parish. The portion in Alnwick contains 1 93ac. Ir. 20p.,
let at a rental of £14G l4s. Gd. Ono field is called tho Brakes,
another the Keelson ford. Sandstone is the chief sub-stratum ;

TOI'OOUAPirY, STATISTICS, KTYMOLOOIES. 379

in iho nortliorn part allmogtono crops out; coal was worked near
tlio liousG, and tlio basaltic whin .sill la its ran;^o from Oullornoso,
SDuth-westwurd, crosses tlio Tjoiij^houglitori part of the faria and
toiiclios tlio boundary of tlio Ahnvick portion. The soil is of a
middle fpialily, soino of it on a inocn- band, but fjonerally li;^lit
and iit for the gi'owth of turnips.

Hare cray^ on iSnipo liouso i'ai'ni, is basalt — tlio rosort of tlio
liaro.

IJuiveii' closes, southward of the town, wore in 1G7G hold by
John I'^aldcr, o. u. ; f^reat and litthj Haw closes belonged in 172G
to ]\rark Forster, and afterwards to Eliz. Grey. Leo derives the
iiamo from haive, A. s., a view, Taylor from gehaw, German, a
place where troos have been hewn.

JhclUrj or llinclifl", on lii^h ground two miles north of Alnwick,
was in 11 17 a vlU or township, with at least ten free owners of
houses and lands, and witli its niof)r or common ; one house of
the vill remains, but fouiulationsof others are traceable along the
hill side. Jlinclijf, its orif;inal name, has its first element the
same as in llindeno, which is derivable from Itlnde, a. s., and
ox])resses the laud's or female stag's done ; clijfe indicates tho
rock which crops on tho liill or tho steepness of tho situation.
The name in 12G0 and 1290 was IleccUffe ; in loG'J wo have
Ilokeloy grange, and in 1G4G Hcckley. The whole was abbey
pro])erty ; tho Grange is now part of Uroomhouso farm.

Ilcchlci/ fence farm contains 407ac., let at a rental of £277.
It was abbey property (see p. 35) ; it was bought from Ralph
Annett's assignees by John Carr, (jf Bundgate Hall, and descended
to his daughter and her husband, by whom it was sold in 18G0
to tho dulcu of Nortluuuborland, at more than twice tho price it
bi'i>ught in iho uuirkot half a century before that time. The
sub-strala are chielly sandstones ; but one of the lower limestones
of the Mountain Limestone formation and a coal seam have been
worked. The soil is sandy, on a moor band, and of but a poor
quality.

On Heffcrlaxo hanh, 1709, or Higlifarlaw, which is three miles
north of Aln^\■ick, and 514 feet above tlio sea level, are remains
of ancient l.hitish camps, hut circles and sepulchres, and a
moditoval tower. The earliest forms of the name are HefforcUaicc,
134G, Inq; He Forthlawe, 13G8 ; and Ilellbrd lawe, 1539; law
is the hill, and tho definitive element may be hcvfer, a. s., a goat,
denoting tho hill of the goats, llcfferside occurs in a charter,
1283 ; and tho suffix side points to the slopes of the law. Tho
modern farm llefferlaiv hank, on the northern slopes of the hill,
contains l38ae. 3r. 4p. of the yearly value of £52 17s. Od. ; the
soil is light, sandy, and poor, principall}' on sandstone ; a lime-
stone about ten feet thick, which was formerly quarried, comes
out from beneath the sandstone on the bank side, northward of
the Traveller's Rest. Dial field and Blaw-weary are names of
fields. A i\no yellow sand used for ornainental walks is obtained
from the hill side.

380 insiOllY OF AI.N WK'K.

JTeldwjfke, M70, o. ii., witliiri ITf^ln Park. Ih-nsted.

Jl'tsletjhurn, ho named froiii tlio IuizoIh f^iowinj^ at its sidos, lioH
if,H 80urco in tlio ]>hick loii^'-h, and fbnv.s along tlio Houtlioni
boundary of Alnwick nioor and joins tho Nowtou Lurri, wliich
enters tlio (J()(|uot at J'raiii.s]iau;j^Ii ; in tlio lower part of its courso
it is tho iJainiKjth burn, which has worked out for itscdf a deep
ohannol across a i^rcat basaltic diko IGO f.-ot -wide, and risint' on
each sidu of Iho burn in ])illarH near to (JO foot in lioi-dit.

IJ'ujh Jiorisc Jhnii, formerly abboy property, contains I7'lac. 3r.
3-lp., with a rental of £o IG ; most of tho soil is a fair loam, but
u ])f)rtion is a poor cbiy. Among names of fields are Nunwood,
Cumberland, Cross shots, and Chcsters in Avhich is a camp.

irUbcvhahjh, circa 1220, cart. A. A. ; lUlhur<ihuhjh, nUburharh,
circa 12G0, cart. Iloln, is on tho west side oi' the Aln iu IIolu
Park; now corrupted into I'ilheitlunujh.

ILohherlaw or licrtewdl, in 1280, is a hamlet containing about
200 acres, one and a half miles south-eastward of tho town, on a
high ridge sloping from Aluwick n^oor to liugley bui'U. Its old
name, moaning tho hriyht tvcll, is from bcor/U, Oir/ila, a. s., bright,
and wyl, tvcll, a. s., a well or spi'ing. One field is still caTled
Botty's well close, a corruption of tho' original luirao. Ilobberlaw
or Uborlaw, or as it appears on the church register I GIG Upper-
law, does not occur before the fifteenth century, and comes from
h-.a/er, A. s., a swelling, n/era, higher, aiid /tiaiv, a. s., a hill— tho
upper hill. Other archaic names iu this hamlet are Pye close
and Cadmacrook. Piior to 1289 Bertewell had been granted by
the baron of Alnwick to Philip Filz :Martin, by service of one-
eighth of a fee and a yearly rent of twenty- threepence, its yearly
value being twenty shillings. Early in the next century it was
iu possession of Eobcrt do Sokpethj who iu loll was ai>pointed
by Bishop Kellawe receiver-gonoral for Norham, and iu 1314
was one of tho keepers of Norham Castle. To Alnwick Abbey
he gave in 1311 a carucate of land, including, most probably,
Ooke's close in. Hobberlaw, which in 1.J10, after the dissolution of
tho monaster}', was in the possession of George Alder, of Hob-
law. Thomas de Sokpoth held tho hamlet iu 13J0 bv service of
one quarter of a fee and 23. 9cl. yearly for Castle ^Vim\, tho yearly
value being one hundred shillings. John de Sokpeth appears as
the next owner in loG8. Sometime about 1-1.36 this estate had
passed to Pobort Alder, in possession of whose descendants it
continued nearly three centuries. The early descent of tho family
is given in the Iloraldic Visitation of iGlo, from which and from
court and corporate records and church registers, tho followin"-
pedigree has been compiled.— iZrt;7. MS^i'., 1153, 5853.

yUdi )■ Armfi—Azm-o onu bend ari^oit, three Lilluts salilc. r/cs/— Saltiro
OTIC limb argent :uid tl>o other sablu. These were in Abiwick Cluirch in
IGlo ; tlioy are still to he scun, Init with a dillerent crest, in the churchyard,
on the tombstone of ISlr. Robert ^Ider, -who was a land atrent and o-\\-ner of a
burgage in Alnwick, and who died in 179G.

TOI'OOUAI'IIY, STATISTICS, KTYMOLOOI KS.

381

HoLort AMor, of Alnwick K.q., 31 Hon. VI. (1 W,). VUil UM,ci-t Au-lyr.
of AlucwyU.-, Miiich 3i(l, 115.0, convcy.-l a burgage in Alnwick to lU.bcrt
Dawson, of Warkwortli, ii. ic. ; jun;r, 1 \1'>, <;. u.

John Aiulyr, son and heir Rohcil Aldor, of lloljcrlaw, in tho=a ^'"■»'>\ «»r

cons(;iiii;d to llic (iIjovo
coiiveyaiui;, M.ircli 3r(l,
1455. Made biiit
court, 1474, c. it.

I'

of

Co. of >iortl.d.,g(,nt., lOKdw. IV.
niT'J). Visit; upix/ais at the-
Baronial court, 1474. Comt
rec.

lUlpli

Fcnwi'.k, of

Slauton.

Kichaid Aldor, of Alnwick, E.sn., 21 Hen. VII. (1505).=A dau. of llf^ron, of
Vinit ; party to a dood in 1525 relating to hi.saggrcs- I Jiok.-nlicld.
flion on Alnwick moor. ' ""^-

Georgo Aldor, of Alnwick, Esri., temp. Ilcn.:
VIII. Visit; CJcdig'; Auldcr, 15:v.) (Jump, of
Almvick Abbey ; held Huhhcrlaw, llyrlwc-ll,
or Uhcrlaw, and Bondgato ILill, kc, in 150'J,
llnU's aiirvcif ; \\\\\ ]irovcd' 157-J^

lane, d.iii. of Sir Richard.
\\'u\. Lc.ilo, I

of I'olton. John.

Geolg.) Al.hr, of Alnwick, Visit-, of Huh-^Mnrgarct Olary?) dau. ofNich.

bcrlawc, 157D, as juror at assizes, Now
castle ; frcu merchant of Alnwick, 1503;
cfl'octs administered 1C17.

Foritcr, of Ncwhain, Viiit.
]^Iary Alder, of Upperlawe,
died" 1 CIS. Chtoch reij.

Francis Aider, of=

llohherlaw,
party to a deed in
158G; free mer-
chant of Alnwick,
1611, lC.;i3;
ChaiuLcrlaiir
of Alnwick, 1611;
as kinsman ami
no\t heir ol' IJoht.

Audyr, \w by
deed gave a rent
charge of 10s. to

the church in
1G09 ; efl'ects ad-
ministered 1()38

Agnes, dau.
of AVm.
Slicll, mer-
chant,
Alnwick.
=;\Irs. Ann

Alder,

latc! -wife of

:*Ir.

Franci.s

Alder of

llohbcrlaw ;

bur.
]\Iarch 6th,

166G.
Church rcg

Cutlibert=Eliz.
ofAln- dau.

l\am.

\Vill
proved

1G38.

of

Kich.
Tay-
lor.

Robert

admin.

1622.

Richard:

admin.

1G36.

:Mary,
dau. of
(ierd.
AVid-
dring-
ton.

Francis
1 year old
in lol5.

I
Mary.

Francis the elder and Francis the yonngcr demised honse and close in 1636.

Francis Alder, of=Barbnra.*
Ilobberlaw ; i=Ann, Inir.

freeman of Aln-

v,'ick, 1G41, bur.

Dec. Gth, 1GS8.

Cliurch rctj.

Nov. 17th,
1GS2.
Chtoc/i reg.

George of

Prendwick,

1G5G.

Court rcc.

I

Geoi-gc

1077.

Edward of

Shelvington ;

Avill ]uoved

1G74.

Edward
adm. 169S.

John of Bond-
gate, Alnwick,

mar. Cuth.

bur. 1702.

Sarah
born
1659.

Tabitha=:Mr. Alex. Forstcr Grace Francis Jlary Katcrmo
occurs mar. Fob. 14th, clu-. chr. died died

1G63. IGGG. 1649. 1651, 1656. 1G57.

Court rec. Church rcg. Ch. rcg. died 1656. Ch. rcg.

* Francis Abler and Barbara, his wife, held a house, circa 1633, called a

little old parlour, and one half of a ligge in Fcnkle Street, from the gooseberry

b\ish down tu tlie burn.

382 insTOKY OK ALNWICK.

Qcorpo Forstor hnld Ifonry Forstcr and William ForHtor hold TToUxjrIdir
iroiiborli'iw jirior in 1701. Ilonry on miitior i<j11 of Canontfato, 1710

to 1701. and 1713, fuf laii.l-i in lIolihoiLiw.

llcniy and William Forstor, l;it,r; Mr. (jcji'^d For-Mtcr their brotlior, and

boforo Mr. Fianci.s Alder, liold liohLcriiiw. Court roll.

ifonry Forstcr, of Anj^^erton, held I lobl)(;rIaw in 1713. Corp. rcc. Ho hnd

died ])ri(jr to 1721, as in tho (Janonyatu Court call roll of tluat y<;ar there are

entered "heirH of Jlenry Forster." (ieojj^o Forster, of Angcrton, voted fur

llohherlaw at tho eleetion.s in 17.'il and 17-1 8.

With tlio Dxcoption of the I'orcy fninily, tliat of Alder Ava-s tho
riiost iinpoifunt connected witli Ahnviclc ; besides Ilohborlau',
Ijoiidguto IfiiU and 01 aure.s of land in liondfjato, tho Banks,
Wyko'h knowes, Swiirisliold, and several burgfiiijo.s Ijolonf^ed to
tho Aiders ; but belbro the death of tlio last (jf them, Nathaniel
Salkeld had become owner of tho lands in iJondf^jato, and Alex.
Armorer ownt;r of Swansfiold. Ilobberlaw, howevei*, secmsi to
have descended to Tabitha, the daugliier of Francis. \lde-r, and tlieu
to her offsprinp;' ; for wo find in tlio roll of tlio Knight's Court
of 1704, that llobberlaw was in tho possession of Henry and
AVilliam Forstcr, as brothers of tho late Mr. Georgo Forster, who
had succeeded Francis Alder. Henry, accordinf^ to tho Canon-
gato roll, held it in 1710, and lie is described in 1710 of Augerton
in tho corporation records; but ho died prior to 1723, and was
succeeded by Georgo Forster, of Angorton, who voted fi^r Hoh-
berlaw at tho elections for tho county in 1 73 I and 17}S. Ilranchea
of tliis Alder family settled at Alnham, Prcndwick, Framlington,
and Hornclifl' ; but wo have no spaco to give their alliances and
descents.

Other Alders, who were in Alnwick from an early period,
were probably originally connected with the Hobborlaw family ;
Bomo of them were merchants, others cordwaiuors, fuller, school-
master, preacher, tailor, butcher, malthtor, grocoi-, and herd;
and a few of them tilled tho oilico of Chamberlains and were
members of tho Fonr-and-Twonty. There seems to have been
amongst them a strong alTection for scriptural names ; Luke Alder
was a Chamberlain in 1G2(J; John a fuller in 1G(35, Joshua a
shoemaker in 171o ; and belonging to tho same trade were Jacob
in 172d, Joseph in 1732, Caleb in 171 J, Thomas in 1770; and
eubsecjuently there were other Calebs and Joshuas ; the last
Joshua died in 1762, and the last Caleb, who was a grocer and
cheesemonger, in 1799. From ono or other of these, but pro-
bably from Caleb, sprung Joshua Ahler, tho distinguished
naturalist, who died at Newcastle, on January 21st, 1867, at
the ago of seventy-four years, and who is especially known
for his researches among zoophytes and mullusks, and as the
author, in conjunction with Mr. Albany Hancock, another eminent
Newcastle naturalist, of a magniticent work on British Kudi-
branchiate Mullusks.

Uobborlaw in 1755 was in possession of Kobert Smart, who
was connected with the Smarts of Trewitt, and w^ho about

'roj'ofiKAiMiv, s'lA'i isiics, rrrvMor.ofJii'.s. 383

tlio saino tiirio iriuii idd Francos, a (\nn'^]\U;r of tlio Kov. "William
iJunoll, vicar of Chatton and owner of JJroompark. A trouble-
Komo man lio wuh to tlio frooinon and to tlio jjuri.sli ; lio made
(if^grossionH on Alnwick moor ; lio foiit^ht tlio l*'(jur and-Twonty
for a road across tlio moor and ho obtained it ; Lo claimed
cxem[)tioii from cliurch rates but was unsuccessful ; and thus ho
involved both tho corjjoration and parish in lawsuits. An
ingenious mail ho waslnnvever — amafhematician, an astronomer,
"willi, it is siiid, tho I'r incijji a a.t his linger ends, a mechanist and
a musician ; but of ccccntiic tastes and habits. Jlis estate ho
divided in fields having geometrical ioi-rns and enclosed them "with
double hedges ; ho mado an organ for lielford church ; and ho
invented a thrasliing maehino about the 3'ear 1778, wlien also a
Mr. Elderton near Alnwick mado another. " These machines,"
it is said in liec's Cyclo])!! dia, " wcro so constructed as to act by
rubbing instead of beating out tho grain ; but they were f<jund
defective, as along 'witli its doing xcyy little work in a given timo
it bruised tho grain." One of Iiob(!rt Siuart'.s daughters, who
lived in Alnwick, related that ho, after successfully trying tho
machine, broke it xi]), fearing its ado[)tion would injure tho
agricultural labourer ; but that after Jiis decease it was patented
liy his servant Kastrick, Avhoso machine, it is reported in the
Cyclopredia, had novelties of construction, and was seen to thrash
forty-three sheaves in ten minutes and to dress thorn at the same
time. To ono strange purpo.^o Smart ajiplied his genius ; for
believing that man could like a bird lly llirough the air if pro-
vided with suitable mechanical apparatus, he constructed for
himself a pair of wings mado of leatlier and feathers, and attached
them to his arms Avith somo mechanism to aid their movement.
Ilia fiiond^i and servants ho summoned to witness his lirst flight ;
and aftor ascending the granary stairs at llobberlaw, he waved
for a while his Avings, and tlien sprung from tho stair head,
expecting to soar upwards ; but, alas ! all the elforts he made
with his apparatus could not overcome the laws of gravity, and
clown he ignominiously fell into a gooseberry bush ! Fortunately,
though tho wings did not enable him to rise they lessened tho
force of the descent, so that, though mortified in spirit, he was
little hurt in body by tho ludicrous end of his experiment.
Others, however, in tho earlier part of the last century made
similar attempts ; and oven ono philosopher said that in time it
Avould bo as common to ask for ymir wings as for your boots.
Modern seienco has achieved greater wonders ; and the lime
may come when a gentleman instead of asking for his carriage
shall ask for his balloon. Besides being owner of llobberlaw,
Ivobert Smart Avas an extensive farmer, and tenanted both Wark
and Spindlestoiae. Ho died on December 19th, 17S7, aged 71
years, and by his will dated December 17th, 1783, left llob-
berlaw to his son William, but charged Aviih annuities to hia

384

IllSlOKY OK ALNWICK.

widow and youngor Hon.s. His widow Hulj.sofiuoutly lived in
Alnwiclf, wiioro hIio diod in 1812 ; llioir dau<,'Iitor .Suruh uifirrioJ
Williuia Spoiirs, of Alnwick, from whom h do.s<;ondod Mr. Win.
Spoiii\s_ of Alnwick and .Slicppci-don ITall. Suinotimo, 1 undor-
Hland, in tlio lattei- jiart of la.st century Jlobborlaw, was bold to
tlio diiko of No)-tlinnil)oi'land, to whom it now bolon^^s.

Jjiku all the lu.sidunco.s of tho f^ontry in tho ]5o)d.jr land, tlio
Louso inhabitfid for oenturios by Wic military tenants of JJortowell
Avas a polo of considcrablo strenf^th, ca[iablo of re-sifting tho
attacks of Scottish niaramlorH. It stood on high ground at
tho northorn oxtromity of tho estate, adj<.iningto Alnwick moor;
part of tho walls, whicli wore of great thickness, wore standing
Ronao thirty yeai's ago. Tho modern farm, which contains
ISlac. ;}]•. 17p., is lot at a rental of £211 Ms.; and there aro
besides two cottages with their half acres, and another liold
in which is f^uarried and burnt a limestone, ono of tho be.-jt in tho
kingdom.

J/oUis acres or AlljoocVs close, in tlio town fields, belonged in
17U2 to Wm Hunter.

Iluln forest, 12«3, cart. A. A., from holv'ujn, A. s., tho holly treo.
Some of tho old ]iark wall is still standing on tho llumblehouo-h
AVhito houso folly, and Heirerlaw gr(junds.

Holywell farm ; JLolhj-fur-law, IGGO, li. n. ; tho name is derived
from fi Mell which was deemed holy and jjossesscd of healinf
qualities. It C(jntains 2G7ac. Or. 27p., and is let at a rental of
£178 Gs. A cottago with 5ae. 2r. 31p. is held by a cottager at
a rental of £8. INIucli of tho land is on high ground, but°with a
elope to the southward. 'J'ho sub-stratum is sandstone ; the sub-
soil varies from saiul to a bad clay ; and tho soil in liko manner
varies from a light saiul to a clay. ]\[ost of it will grow turnips.
Ono of tho lowest limestones in tho Mountain Limestone forma-
tion has been worked on this farm.

Hope loning, lGo4, c. ii. ; IIo])p lane, 1G98, c. R. ; Hope houses,
hamlet, or Stead place, 1705. Ifopes aro numerous in Northum-
berland, being sliort -valleys among hills with gently sloping
sides ; from hop, Isl., a recess, or from hvapp, an opening or small
valley. The modern farm has an area of 48ac. 2r. Mp., let at a
rental of £111. Sandstone was (piarried in the held cluse to the
town half a century ago, and the basaltic whin sill crosses the
fields southward of tho house. Tho ancient name was Dunterton
closes. They were in 1702 in possession of Thos. Wood liurton;
in 1705 Wm. Stanton sold two-thirds of them to George Potts ;
Ann Grey held them in 17Go, subsequently to which tliey were
sold to 11. C. Selby, whose nephew, I'rideaux Selby, sold them in
18G6 to the duke of Northumbeiland.

Jlotteral hank, on the Ain, op]ios;ito the Lady's well.

Howling closes and lane; or Hoolimj lane in 1G77, c. R.

Ktoyibleheuyh farm, 1715, in Iloln Park township, is on the

TorOGRAlMIY, STATISTICS, KT V.MOLOO I KS. 385

nortli-wost oxtroinity of tlio parish, fiiul contains lOOao. rjr. 7p.,
lot at a rontiil of i''.)7 I'Js. Od. ; in 1717 tho rental wa.s only
£10 Gs. 0(1. Tho Hub-stratiiin issandstono ; tho Hoil is poor, on
a moor IkuuI, iKjrioatli wlii(;h is a poor clay ; sonuj of tho lowor
grouiuls liavo a soil clayey, mixoil with v<';,n;tablo matter, while
oil tho hi|^her [jfrounds it is .sandy and freer, and lit for tho ^^^rovvtli
of turnips. Coal was foriuorly worked in I Undone, near Lsluford
bridge. The Salter's field dorives its name from an old trackway
crosainfj it, whicli was used by smugglers carrying salt, gin, and
brandy from Uoulmer to Charlton and places further westward.
]\rr. Charles I'.rewis, tho presi;nt tenant, is the descendant of a
family who have occupied tliis farm upwards of a century.

hlnford brii/i/e\HiicvoHS llindeiie burn, at the boundary between
Alnwick and North Charlton ; hero wo may have the Celtic nis^/e,
Avater, and l/a, clear; tho clear water ford. Isla was most likely
tho old Celtic iiamo of the rivulet.

Kniyhts furloncj, in BoTidgato fields, was held by Mary Clark-
sou in 150'.), and'by iratthew Alnwick, in 1070, c. ii. ; //</-is A. s., a
furrow, and J'urlony, tho lino of direction of ploughed lands ; a
division of an iininclosed held,

Ji./ll pot or pit hollc was in Bondgate fields, and was left iii
158i by Bichard Greene, glover, to his son llobert ; in 102s it
belonged to Wm. lieaduell, and afterwards to Nicholas Forster ;
it is now in Windy ]''dgo farm.

Lainhehriije, Vlk^, Cart., A. A., was in ILdn Park.
Lavij) hill, on Alnwi(;k moor. As. another lamp hill is also
called Watuh hill, this also may have been a station of the L;(jrder
watch ; and there may have been a beacon here to give warning
of a raid ; lamp is originally from a Greek word, and meant any
kind of light ^^'<X with oil or pitch.

Lvehe's land is named after the owner, liichard Leek, an Aln-
wick merchant ; it was held by Eiehard Grieve in lO'JO, and now
belongs to the duke of Northumberland. Tart of Lech' a hdl is
within the Castlo grounds, and Leek's field is now allotted as
gardens, of one tenth of an aero each.

Lin letch, is in tho south-west part of Alnwick moor; lin is Celtic
for pool, but now signihes a waterfall; letch is tho northern name
for a long, narrow swamp with slow running water; from leccany
A. s., to moi.stcn, irrigate ; leac.inc leaking.

Lohensenburnc, circa 1200, Cart., u. A., Lokenfenburne, 1405,
is the burn ilowing through Ilindene and entering the Aln iiear
to Iloln Abbey ; the old name is but little altered, for wo iiave
still Lokenburn and Lokendeno ; tho name may be as Mr. CaiT
suggests, from the locken-gowan— the globe flower or Trullnis
Europceus, which grows plentifully l)y tho bide of this burn._

Lyne-hHrn-lands, " so called in ancient records," consisting of
12 burgages or viggs, at the head of Clayport, on tho south side,
were held in 1709 by widow Gallou ; fi'om lin, iiax, the bui'U in
which flax was steeped.

VOL. II. ^^

^SC) inSTOUY OK AI.NWTCK,

Loaninf) Jimrl, 1 051, 1 080 ; now Lano Iload farm, ono milo north
of Alinvii;lc. coritaiiis 1 OiJau. .'5r. 22p., lot at a roiital of ii'l'A) 17b;
in this i'unii is tlio (}all(j\v.s iiold.

Louyh liousf, 1720, a farm bordi-riiii:^ on tlio Alri contains
lo;kio. Ir. 22p., at a roiifal of £-217 4.S. nd. Tho l.asaltiowhin
sill, in i(M raii{.70 H0utli-\v(;3tward, a|i[tf;ar8 on tho Lank of tlio
rivor near tho Iiouso. Tho luu^h i.s now draintid away.

Maudlin hills, noar Doiiwick ; a con-iiptioii of Magdahjn ; but
I liavo soen no old rofereiices to tho naino.

Mcdcalfcfidds, 10r>l, c. u., woro hold by Goo. I'otts in 1709,
and soem to bo tho land, in tho north part (jf tho Cawledgo Park,
held in 150!) by Goorgo ]\[edcalfo.

Mersia laws, 1290, (Jart., A. A., in tho territory of Ilecchfr;
from mcrse, A. s., a niiirsh — tho niai'.shy hills.

Alcsrcic, circa 1290, Cart., A. A., was in Iloln Paik. Wic, as
a torniitiation, has several nioaiiiiig-s licsides tho primary one;
and Loo shows that one socondai'y meaning was related to loac,
A, 8., Soft, a morass or soft yielding soil, as "Mari.-cus fpiod
dicitur Biseojios — wic ; " and this corresp(jnds with onr namo, for
with tho prolix virs, mcos, A. s., moss, wo have tho mossy moi-ass.

Middiufj hill, 805 feet above tho sea level, on tho south-west
boundary of the parish.

Mossy furd, on Aluwiek moor, called also Strathwoll ford;
strath is h(;ro probably a form oi stra-t or road.

Muswellcshaw, 1220, Cart., A. A., " without Cawlyehe Park,"
is tho shady wood with tho mossy well.

Oa/cci/ baulks are fields southward of tho town ; from tho oak
and baulks oi- bawks ; hale, a. s., is a strip of land left unploughod.

Oakcy law is in Iloln township.

0.veiihvuijh, 1G17, was near the Avost boundary of the moor.

Oxinoriike, 1290, Cart., A. A., or Oxnirruk, was in tho territory
of ITecclill'e — tho oxou's corner, from uxna, a. s., of tho oxen.

Pabn-slrothcr-liauyh is westward of Iloln Abboy, on the north
feido of the Aln ; branches of the saugh tree {Salix caprea) loaded
"with bursting calkins are called palm.s, and are still gathered by
children bel'oro Palm Sunday, in commemoration of Christ's
triumphant entry into Jerusalem. Tlio name denotes tho boggy
liaugh on which tho saughs grew.

Pauls rest, where there is a quarry of hard sandstone adapted
for flagging, is in Alnwick moor, near tho Freemen's gap.
Peat kuowc, on Shieldykcs, is 800 feet above the sea level.
Pectimere, 172C, was a closo near Lough house; the peaty
lough or marsh ; from mere, a. s., a lake or marsh ; tho Kimmere
lough is in Eglingham parish.

l^etenimlunie and Poterdchunie circa 1220, Cart., A. A., Potter-
deneburn, 1700 ; now the Moor and Stocken buru.

Plundenhurnc, circa 1220, Cart., A. a., has its source from the
Buttery well iu Alnwick moor, and enters tho Aln a little above
Alnwick Abboy ; and it still retains its name.

TOl'Of.UAI'IIV, .S'1A1[ST/(S, KIYMOI.OOIKS.

387

Pi/c criick close, IfiTO; l)i-. OJiaiiiock dorivcs pio or pyo from
the Wolsli 11,'uno Pii^-li or A])liii;,'li, tlio hou of Hugh.

Quarrel 1,111s, ]G17, or duarry hills, at Uio licad of iiotten Kow,
forinorly hoi'oii;^-li proporty, now boh)iijr.s to tlio duko of Norfh-'
uiiibudand ; wlioiico, truditioii says, Htoiies wovo taken to build
Alnwick Ca.stlo in Mio fourLoenth century.

Itaidivcj ham Ihjws at tho haso of JJrcakback in TToIn Park, tho
scone pr(;bably of ,somo Jiordor raid or hostilo incui-sion.

llatlen row, 1 G 17, Eatteu raw, lO'j.l, 1083; <jUariio.s worked in
Patton rawe joaiiinjv, 1(j7b, c. it. ; Kalton law or l.ady row lane,
177.'3. Cold harbour and liattou law have boon standin;^ pu/.zle.s
for etymolo^i.stH, and much lcaniin;,r J^^ XniKiW e.vpuiided in
atLoni])ta to explain thcin. Fortunah.'ly, wo need not trouble
ourselves with (Jold harb(nir; for alth(nig-li thoro i.s ono in tho
neighbourlKJod (jf Fallodcn, ^vo havo iiuno in this parish ; fi'oru
Kottcn row, liowever, wo cannot escape. As this name is widely
spread over fho country, it lias been imagined to possess a pro-
found siynilication ; in Scotland it is found near Jodburgli, at
GlasgH)w,^ HunfMjiulino, aiid in 1 orfai'shirc ; tho Aberdeen record.i
speak of tho tovns pcce rayst (jroinid in Ratloivii, raw in lol2 ;
in Jjondon there is the famous iiottou row ; and others are in'
Norfolk and olsewliere in tho south. In tho north of England
thoro are several; wo have Eattou rawo in Durham, in f:jOG ;
Eatton raw in Tynedalo, in 1257 ; Katton raw in Langley barony,'
in I;3(i7 ; liatleu raw in Itodesdalo and lillsdou ; and Katon raw
in Bamburgh, in M;i(). A probable derivation is from rolte, a
troop, rotiraii, to muster, (Tout.), and ruw, denoting a place of
military muster or exorcise in feudal times ; other derivations
aro from tho lottonnoss of tho road or of th-i buildings beside it,
from the immoral character of the inhabitants, or from bciii"- in-
fested with rats, or rattens, as they aro called. An Amoncau
authoress derives it from tho VvQ\\iA\~Rotitc deroi, the mad along
which tlio royal carriage passed; similar to this, but giving a higher
ancestry to tlio name, is the ingenious exposition of my frTend
Mr. John Hilson, of Jedburgh, and he thus speaks contidently :
'J There is no occasion for mystery about its meaning. It *is
simply tlio king's way, Rathad'n vhjh, (Gaelic,) pronounced Eatten-
roigh by those who still use tho term in evei-y day speech, api-h ing
to good or made roads as against uneven mountain tracks." 'AIi°
Carr of lledgeley proposes a new explanation : —

Rotene row, vuln-arly Pvotten row, h;i.s not Ihcii t'lilly (;.\|.hiiica, Iwaiiso otv-
molo-ists liavo not iicrccivca tliat it involvcb nut oiilv a Saxon w..r.l, but the
goveninicntal inlluctiou o/a, fonniny tlie genitive plural. J!,;f, j rJnoiuKoa
Ion-, meant clusTful, gay, lightsonK-, iind also a.lorno.l, well tlrossud. ii'.;/,„.v>^
wa.s chcortnlncfis. U;,ruf, sonowful, loiro/ms.sr, sadncsss. Jiotciia si-vnilied of
the cliccrtul, hghtsonio, well-diusswl. TuUciu nuai, in An-lo-Saxon, could
incan nollung clsi; than oitlar line or proccs.sion of holiday folic, or of btat.ly
loJk; or else a row of liouaes tVecjucnted by well-attii-ed or stately folk I
think it ineant tho former ; that is juocessiun or promenade, or habiUial vrAk
or ndo of persons out for recreation. And if such a name be found applied

388

niSTOKY f)l" ALNWICK.

to any yiioco of roud on tin; iiioom, I hliould conrioivo it mrjant that rcliViom
or iiiilitaiy j.roccs.sioiiH liail ni(;ai.ii«;(l fh(.r.;, or liw|iif;nt)y j.ii«,s«;rl. Itu'te a
iMiIitaiy Miuslir, lo wlii.li \U,{ciu: yi,\v lia.s liccri r(;C.;n<;<l, aiioiif,'li, I think
Jiol (luilii ar,Mra1(ly), i.-t piohal.Jy . f,(.n.:..l.;.l with this Hamo orif,'in. '\\'»
w.rm;t Hi.olliii;^' lor picsciit ii.-,o uouLl u.;itainly bo tho oM EnL'li«h one— •
Jtolciiv roir.

Whoii, liowfvor, wo Iwolc ;il llio (Pii-iri;il application of llio torm
in Alnwick and its local Kiiii'Odndiiij^^s, wo niust, I d«iubt, \,i: con-
tent Avilli a linmijlor oxpo.sifiun. Tiio prcsont Jiotl.;n row is not
Iho old ]iatl(;n raw, tlioii^^li near to it. Sonio still rcnicniW
" tho Claily loaiiiiif,^," wliicli led from lIo(ding lano to tlio liead of
Canongalo ; and from tliid loaninjr, ahont fifty yanls westward of
tlio ]ircs(3nt Itotton row, tho old JJatton raw lano i.roccoded
onward to Alnwick moor. A royal road it may have been, for
it was tho chiof way to the norlh-wcst country, oy Bri.slaw. ds
shewn in Armstrono's map in 1 707. Tho narao, however, was not
originally applied to this road ; hut to a row of houses which
extended from near Canongato to tho lano from east to Avest. They
are first referred to in tho old bounder of the moor; "and soo
along the Stockon diko to Canogato longing, and from thenco
southward to tho head of the said diko, and from thonce down the
dike to tho went end of Ivatton row t<j the Jiorth end of iho house,
which standeth south-west and north-west in ]{att(,-u row, and
fioni thenco to the b<jorne." Here tho name is exclusively a]iplied
to the row of houses standing on tho north side of (.'anongate
burn ; and tho lane seems to have Leen then called Canogato
Line. In 1G89 Lord Delaval had houses in Patten raw; 'and
in 1G95 Thomas Younger died seized of a burgage in Eatten
raw. r.y old inhabitants, full of the traditions of tlie past, this
row has been described to mo as a range of " jioor, tumble-
down houses.'' Tho term rattou was descriptive of this row of
houses ; which, from their detached i)osition, nuiy soon after their
erection have become dilapidated enough to earn for them tho
derisive term of rotten or ratten.

lliKjlci/, or Ruglcia as it is named in the earliest record about
llGO, was a vill two miles southward of Alnwick; tho name,
being derived irom riuj, a. s., rugged, and Icah, a. s., pastures,
lands amid woods, is descriptive of its ancient condition. St.
Margarets was part of this vill, l)ut was given to Alnwick Abbey,
According to tho Testa do Neville, Itugley was held in the
thirteeutli century by Keynerus Teutonicus, by service of one-
fourth of a knight's fee; iVano le Toyes had in \11C\ a graut of
a free warren in Ixuggeley manor ; llichard de Kmelton held
lauds and tenements in Jiuggloy in 1300 ; and in lo-lG and loG8
Guide Tyas held it by service of ono fee and a payment of os.
yearly, the value being then £20. According to tho royal survey
of 15G9, there were nine copyholders " in tho town of liuglee,"
each possessing a tenement and from fifreeu to eightv acres of
laud, with the addition of a common pasture called' Palgley wood

TOrOOIlAIMIV, STATISriCS, KTYMOrOOIKS, 380

and TTnll r^loso, wliioli Trni.st, Imvo liful nn area of aLout 200 acros,
as L'Jh. Jd. woro ]iai(l as a <|iiit ronf. In l(il7, tlwio who twolvo
copy]K)l<l(r.s, ono oi' wliom, futlihoit J^'orstor, Ik.M IuimI called
Mastorfiold. In lO'vJ, Nicholas Foistor, llio oldo.st s'-n of George
For.stoi-, vicar of iJtdaui, soltled in l.u;;loy. Tlio lafhor was
do])rivod of lii.s livinj^ dnring tlio comiuoiiwoallli, and was suc-
C0(;d(;(l by I{(jbcrt IiOuv(;r. A now parsonafj^o was buildin;^ by
Lc'av(;r, when FovHtcr givin|^ a sliillin^ to the workmen to drink
fciuid, " work on my bonny lads, I'll bo back a;;aln by and bye ;"
and back again lio did ci»mo after the restoration. The present
farm of liugloy, with tlio I'irth, lias an area of uJlae. Or. l'2p.,
let a rental of jClOO; it is tenanted by Afr. 'J'liomas Cbrisj), wlioso
family have farmed in this ])ari.sh about a century and a lialf.*
There are besides six otlior holdings in the vill, each consisting
of a cottage and land, having an aggregate area of -i lac. .Or. 11]).,
lot at a rental of £-19 lis. As names of fields, there ai-e liattle
hills, Jvowling baulks, Hall cl(ih>o, Fox IkjIcs, ]\Io.'-.sy ford. Willow
close, tStone close, Sec. Sandstone ciops out near the farm hou.so;
the basaltic whin .sill crosses the farm in a south-west direction,
and in the channel and biinks of the burn are exposed a senes
of limestones, slndes, .sandstones, and coals. The .sub-soil is
clay, and the soil generally a free h-am, Avhich has been much
improved by drainage ; but triwards the south-west there is a
stiif clay. Several interesting plants grow in Kugley wood.

Ixavoislatc, 1(354, c. li. — the Eaven's hill — is laud near the
Eailway station, and was held in IG7C by Uichard "Woodhouse,
afterwards by James Huntley ; in 17G0 by IJichard Giiove, and
then by his son George. Eavenslaw nursery belonging to Airs,
Taylor (tf iJeadnell, contains 7ac. or. 30p., and is lot at £30 yearly.

Yuci />/(/(■, U)17, or IJedsido, is on the we>teru boundary' of
Alnwick moor ; Keedsido road from Abberwick crosses it ; the
uanae may bo from the red colour, pronounced in t'ho north reed,
or from the jilant the reed (^I'hnujmitcs cuni/ntmis') growing in.
marshy ground.

liciyliam qiiafry of sandstone is in Alnwick moor. liihem house,
1055, Church reg. ; Iiani is A. s., for dwelling; and the definite
may be from rig or ridge — the house on the ridge.

li(wlands close, near Bondgato hall, was held in 1701 bv Jfarv
Salkeld.

Howling hanlls, in llugley ; Uotrling green, plantation near
Brislaw; probably a corruption of Rnw-leg, from the ran an or
mountain ash, and leg, a pasture; or from row ////y, rough ling, or
heather.

Si. Mary ford, IGll, B. K., appears to have been near Alnwick
Abbey ; and another of the same name was probably the same
as thnt at IJcnwick mill.

* To IMr. Jolin Clirisp, f'oiineily of Rugley, an estecmea tVieiul during more
than loity years, I have been indebted for varied infoniialioii regarding Alnwick

and the neiLrhbourhood.

590

UlSlOltY Ol' AI.NWICIC.

S(. Afurf/arfiis, ;i manor o?- f,'ianj^f», tliioo rniloH soutli-wofit of
llio town, udjoiiiiiig JJtij^Ioy ainl Alnwick moor, find containing
an uroa of IIH acio.s, bi)l(Jiij;^(.(I to Alnwick WAjc.y. It appours
to liavo boon f!,ivou Ijy Win. do A'cscy, wlio Hoinotirno botwoou
llo7 and 1 18o j^i-antod to tlio ahboy (jno carucalo of land in tlio
vill of J^u<,^loy, and tlio toil and croft poilainirij^ to it, with i-i^^hts
of cununon in tlio pasturo boloiif^iiif^ to tlio vill of liuj^loy, aiul
in the ]ia^turo of .Swynloy. ]ii lolO ono manor called .'ui/nl
Marijaralls was in tlio tonuro of Kdniuml Uriiotli, at tlio yearly
rent of GOh. Hd. at tlio will of tlio king, (iueon I'^li/abotli granted
it on January 2'2nd, 1.582, to (<o(n-go Onniining.sbyo for tlio term
of forty-ono yoar.s ; and in IfiUi) it was in [)o.s.so.S'iioii (jf Mr. Pas-
cliall, gontleman, as tenant, in behalf of whom the following'
curious letter was written by the oarl uf i>rortliumborland : —

To iny s(irv;iii((! iind ofTiccv Kolicit Dclaiiiilc, l''sfiuii(.r, ;it Ahiwick (■.'iibtlu.

DdaiKilo tlaii- is ono .Air. I'li^clLall l)(;i,oiin:(l iLiniaMlo to St. !M:ir^'arito'8
necao Aliiwickt, hu hatli cutioatuJ my luttcr in liis Ijf.liall' to riiy ]5iii>,cb.-f3 of
Ahiwiikc t(j iiiako liim one of their liut(;iiiityo unto wlioin r)iavo written
aecordhi^lye. 'J'lu ir liath 1jc:i-mo a.s I reincinlirr .s'>me contioii(.i.sitd Li-t^coiio
tlio farmois of St. JlaiHarottis and tlu; Townc of Aliiewitk for inaltiT of
Coiuoii on Alne\\i(;k niooie." Thoiolnro it would lio c-on.sidtn d of aiiionj,'fst
till: townsoiiiLii and you, whutlwr it Ik; coiivfnii.iit for him to bo a liur^^'-.isc or
not lit_roiu tlioy iwcavi; him, If it ho not juiiiidi. iall to mo or tliom 1 woujil
have tlu;m ewluhli.sliu him amon^M.st them, if not li It thi;m niako btay tlit-rcof
and advortisu nic the reasons iaL..onlIy. 'I'hi.-, i.-, all for this pcr.-iont but that 1
doi; ro.sto.

'J'hi.s 8 of May, 1010. NoKTHr.MiiEUL.\Mi.

Pascliall in January, IGll, aold hiskahu to Thomas Collingwf.od,
of llylo village. This grange was not alienated from the crown
till 1GI3, when James I. granted to Wm. Whitmore, Esc^., and
Edwai'd Sawyer, of London, gentleman,

♦'All thai Manor oi liran-o callod Si. :Maii;ar,t8 Cianf,^. in ihe County of
NoithnmlKTlaiid, ami all tlus tidies ufijraiii and liay annually irvowing aiishig
iind rciiowinj;- in Kiii;lo oth(■r\vi^-(■ h'u-lo hall and 'in Shci>lRrd house in the
said County of Nortluimhoiland, vith their ri^ht.s, niemliers, and ai>i>mten-
anecs, now or fornuily in the tenure or oceuiiation of Georjre Doniaii in- his
t<ssiyn3 and snp])osed or mentioned to be of the ainuial value of four ]iound3,
and were formerly pareel of the lands possebsions of the niomislcry of Alnwick
in the County of Northumberland."

Whitmore and Sawyer, on February lOth, ICIG, sold tho grange
and tithes to Tlumias Cullingwood, of Eeaveley, to hold under
the king as ol' his manor of East (jireoin\ich in"^ free socage and
not in lapile or knight's service ; and in this family St. Margarets
continued till 1G55, when Edward Collingwood, of little liyle,
Bold it to Edward Yardy of lloln Abbey, who bequeathed it in
1GG5 to his second sou Edward, then a minor, but who afterwards
became a merchant in Alnwick ; and it descended in 170G to his
eldest son James, who had married Ann, the daughter of Edward
Laingo, of Upper Shield. Uaving no issue, James left St.

* See ^'ol. II., j>. I'So.

TOrOOIiAlMIY, SI A'l ISTICS, E T V MOLOO IF-S.

301

Margarets in 1710 to liiw two eistors, tliio older of whom was tho
wif'o of 'J'horn.'isAVardoll, of FraiiilingtoTi, and tho yr>unf,'(5r, was
Avifu of 'J'lioiiias Trorsl(!y, of }.h)V\\'ii:k. Ono undivi<lod moiirty was
iiihovitcd by Thomas Wavdoll, son of tljo (•hlor bi.stor ; tho other
by Tlonry J [ovshiy, grandson of tlio yoiingtir sUtor. Tlioiiias
Wardidl's luoioty jiassud in KU(:cossi(;n to Jiicliard Waid'll and
tlion to his sislor, Mrs. Tait, who dovisod it to Mary Jiand, of
rramUngtfjn, widow, a daughter of iJichai'd WarchjU, for her
lifo, and }H;niaiu(h)r to lior son William. ]\rrs. llaml is also
tenant for lifo of tho tithos of liuglcy and Snipo house. I[onry
Horsloy's 7noioty was .sold by auction on Nov. 7th, 17 lU, to
liiohai'd .Sii-ollior, an Alnwick merchant; it was next in posses-
sion of AVilliam liaird, anolhor Alinvifk merchant, from whom it
l)assod by demise to his noi)huw John Forstcr, surgeon, of New-
casflo, who took tho surname of l]aird, and then at his death to
his oldest son IMr. John Forster IJaird; it was purchased by Mr.
John Atkinson AVilson, of Alnwick, solicitor, in 18G1. This
grange or manor was in 18G2 divided into two separate estates
by authority of tho inclosure commissioners; to one owner were
allotted 89 acres, and to the other, ifrs. Pvand, were allotted 59
acres and tho farm buildings. A. thick- bed of good limestone —
tho same as that at llobborlaw— crops out on this estate.

St. Thomas lands, at the top of Clayport baiik", and extending
fr*nn tho west road ncjrthward as far probably as tho A\'ash burn,
beloJiged to Alnwick Abbey, and appear to have been granted to it
in 1311, l)y Robert do tfuckeiiolh the owner of ITobberlaw hamlet.
" Soynt Thomas feyld and of late ^lylnes feld " with the corn and
hay tithe, was let in lo'29, by Ilobert the Abbot, to George Clark-
son, a menhant (d' Alnwick, for ninety years. Uialer tho namo
of the Town Head these lands were held, in \C,'lo, by John t<eett,
a member of tho four-and-lwenty, and by ]\rr. (.Jeorgo Li.sle, iu
IGGG, when tlioy were valued in the book of rates at £20 yearly.
For a century or more they were iu iiossession of the family of
Archbold of L'awledge Park. Eichard Grieve, a notable Aln^^•ick
solicitor, bought them ; but, by his second son, George, one part
of them was sold, in 1770, to Thomas Call, surveyor, by whose
descendants this portion is still held; it is described as " the two
several closes in Alnwick Town head on the west side of Howling
lane, containing 11 acres M'ith all tithes, having been sometimes
called tho middle alias Archbold's closes alias Howling closes
alias a part of St. Thomas the Apostle's closes." The larger
portion, containing 19 acres 3 perches, was bought by Henry
Collingwood Selby, and after his decease it passed to his nephew
Mr. Prideaux Selby, who sold it to the duke of Northumberland
in 18G6. Tradition says that a chapel stood on these lands, that
some of its stones form"^ part of a wall by the road-side, aud that
human bones have been turned up by the plough. It is there-
fore not improbable that a burial-place belonging to the abbey
was on this land, with a small chapel, in which services for the
dead wouhl be celebrated.

3*JS II LSI 0 It V OV AI.NWIfK.

SalkehVs park, wliovo Joliii Sulkold re^ii\l<;d in iCol aiifl 1G8!»,
■\vfis ])arfc of IIcilii ]iark.

iSait(/hes (IV Saivi//u\s, in Oi'fM'n.srifild, l.vin<^ in CiiUod;^*; jifirk, on
tho north, and liidd in litii'.), hy 'j!oor;^o Motcalf'o, was nanit-d fVoni
tli(3 saiigli-troo or willow, Salix cinerca^ &c. ".Salwho troo, Hulix,"
Proinp. I'arv.

Shieldi/hcs, a larj^o finm in tho soutli-wo.st ])art of tlie parish
among Iho hill hindrt, has conipai-atively aiuodoin name; in loG!),
wo have 8holdyko ; in 1G17, Nofhor and OvorrfhieldH. Stvijnleia
was, accoi'ding to a chavtoi- about 1 HiO, tho oai-ly nanio ; in \'1'/J
it is called Swinloys; and in 1310 and l;308 iSwyidcsohoJCH, in
■which Avo liavo tho Wheals or Hliiolds, tho loinporary lints of moor-
land Bhopherds; a toi'ni a])])liod also to tho fishormon's huts,
which were tliu orij^in of tho important towns of North and South
Shields. The other elements Ici/, the clearcid g-round in the forest,
and swyne, enable us to interpret tho name as theShealsor shep-
herd's huts on tho swine pasture. Swinh^y hills in tho northern
part of tho farm still prcservo tho origiinil name. At an early
period there had been a Saxon population hero; for in 1100 they
had a common to which a ri^ht of [tasturage was granted to Alu-
M'iulc abbey for the land held by the niomistory in Kugley. In
1G17 there wore six copylioldoi's in Nelhcr Shields and live in
Over Shields, each having a messuage and about thirty acres of
cultivated laml, along with Swynloes common pasture from Ilaro
Crag, containing 54 acres. Of this ancient race I have seen no
subsequent records; tlieir dwellings are hvclled with the ground,
save one called Avershicl ; tiie fences dividing the hohlings have
been nearly obliterated, and lieatlu-r now Ljrows over thc.-e ancient
cultivated lands. At a suliscquont period tliere wt-re several farms ;
and the site of one farm-stead called Paddock hill * is traceable
on the hill northward from Shiehlykes house. Late were the
harvests there a century ago ; an old lady who was born at Over-
shiels remembered of harvesting going on in winter. A cottage
and land called Lesbury moor belonged to Lesbury church ; but
these a few years ago were exchanged for laud in Lesbury. The
present farm has an area of 12l5ac. 3r. let at a rental of £llllj 8s. Od.;
the tithes which belong to Fenwick and others were eomnuited
at tho rate of £G7 annually. Tho soil in the low-lyiug land is
mostly a blue clay, so thick that sixty-four feet were bored through
without change, when a small supply of bad water was got from a
thin bed of running sand. On the higher grounds, tho soil is some-
what better, but they ate so exposed to the autumnal storms that
corn is frequently injured before it ripens. The poor soil of the
lower grounds is so ictentive of moisture, even after drainage, that
they too are generally not suitable for coru growing. Prior to
1834, half of the farm was in tillage ; but as only about one crop
in live or six could be secured without much damage from the

* Patlcloc meant not only the Irogbut the kite and the buzzard. lu this seuse
written also puttoc. Mr. M. Can's MS.

TOl'OGH.VIMI y, .STATIsriCi, i;TYMOl,OG I KS. 303

cliinato, iioai'ly tlio wliolu liai Looa l.iiil dow/i to f^rass. Tlio
hasallifj \vli!ii .sill appourri on (ho iiill iiortli of'tho liouso ; firul near
tlio soutli-oast houuilary, tlio SliilNoltlo coal Hoarn was fonnorly
W(jrkod ; otlior buaais ]io b'jlow it — tho JJoadiiolI .soam at tlio
doptli of 2()G loot.

kihlpleii wood iidjoiiis tlio towiisliii) of Shiploj- or Shoploy, from
scrap and Inj A. h., — iJio slKiOj) [lasturo. .Siinoii do Moutford, in
12o(.J, by cliai'lor, enclosed tlio wood of .Siiipluy, which was within
tho fon^st of Norlliunibeilaiid.

IShuulder of mullon close, 1713, uofir Alodiko ; a curioug troo in
tlio "sliapo of a Bhouldor of mutton grows iu tho hodj^o hide.

AV/iv/r moor, a farm in Denwick township, containing IGOac.
\x. oDp., lot at a rental of ^\W Is. (id., ha.s generally a strong
clay soil, with some portions adapted to tho growtli of turniiis.

Stubby or K)tobbij moor is a tract of gi^od land near tlio 1 ford's
house, on tho north-oast boundary of Alnwick moor. AVhins on
tho moor wore timo afier timo stubbed or grubbed up (from
sttihhiij, Swedish, cut off); and as this land near the town would
oarly undergo this process, it would earn tho name of tho Stubbed
or Stobby muor.

Snab Icazas, a farm chiefly in Longhoughton, but liaving fom*
fields in Alnwick parish. Las, a. s., a pasture, lesowcs, pastures.

Snipe hrntac, held in 15G'J b}' John Forstor, at a rental of 40s.,
is named from tho Snipo which fref|uents moor lands. The
modcn farm, including a portion of Itu •^•loy, cintains 1030ac. Ir.
29p., let a rental of £105. 'J'ho sub-soil is generally a stilf clay,
and tho soil a clayey loam; but the loam is lighter and better
whore the basalt crosses tho farm in tho north-west part. There
are besides six cottages, each with house and land, tho aggregate
area being I lac. Ir. lip., let a rental of i'40 lis. A pole ti.wor
formerly stood hero.

Sparty close, IGS'2, c. K., in 1720 belonged to ^fark Forster.
Spart, the Northumbrian name for bog hay, which consists
ju'inci pally of a small rush, J uncus acutijloriis, is iu Scotland
called sprat, from Isl. sprotl, a reed, Jamiesou. A sparty close is
one with rushes growing hero and there.

SqyarreU, 15G9, in Bondgato fields, containing H aero, held by
George Metcalfe.

Slirk hill on Alnwick moor ; .S///7: Jiill on Snipe house farm —
the ox hill, from alyrc, A. s. A stirk is an yearling ox, of A\hich
the feminine slirhe is a heifer. " In Scotland a stirk of a man
is a sturdy, obstinate, stupid fellow. When a young child is
succeeded by a younger in tlio mother's solicitude and has left
his daddy's knee, it is said — lie lias ia'cn tlie slirk's sfa, or has
betaken himself to the stall of tho male parent." — JJr. Corr's ?iotes.

S(oc/;cn, lGi7, 1709, formerly Polterdeiie.

Stanley Jlatts, part of which is now cox'porate property, are tho
flat stoney pastiu'os, from stan, a. s., stono and ley.

VOL. II. 3d

SVi iriSTKltY OV AI.NWJCK.

S(nn(o?i's (/}iar(f:rs, fi'Dni n, poi'Honal riarno.

tSftinrh clone, l(il7, in J^(jii\vi(;k ; froui ulanh, Dan , slanc, A. H,
Btiiil<in<^,

iSlonrii hills, Ki.'i.'j, clnircli ro^., a fiinri coiifainiii^ fiSac. .'Jr. 2lp.
of good land, let at u. n.-nlal of £201 (J.s. Tlioy lj<!loii;r(,.d to Tliori.
]Mo(call'o, inoi'cliant, in l(i!)2; to Wni. Stanton in \('>'.)^), wlio sold
liis two-tliirds to (iuorj^o Polls; ]\Iattliow Alnwick liad po.s.-ic.ssioii
ofthom in 1708; siibscfjnenlly llioy bolongod to Mi.s.s Groy,
ariorwards to Thos Adains, an Alnwick attorney, next to 11. 0.
►Sclhy, and afterwards to I*ridoaiix iSolhy vlio .soM tlic-m in
18GG to (ho Duko of Nortliuial)orland. Tlio basaltic whin bill
jiassos tliroiigh them. An ornamonfal towor, built by Thomaa
Adams, stands upon thorn ; and at a littlo distance from this, on
liii-hor ground, and within an Anciont British camp, Jl. C. Selby
erected an elegant cohimn to commemorate the policy of I'itt,
tliG victories of Nelson and ^Vellin|Jton over the Frouch, and tho
restoration of peace \n 181 1.

6'/orer^s land, 1700 ; in 17'l.'j three closes south of tlus Aln, near
to Oanongato common, formed one-third of .Storer's lands.

Stdiift liill on Alnwick iimer moor; a stouji is a post fastoneJ
in tlie oartli, {nnw stolpe, L)an., a post, a stake.

Stottle meadows, KiHl, (;. ];., through which was a way to tho
Children groves, were left in 172() by Mark Forstor to his wife.
Slot is a two-year-old ox, and ley, a pasture — the alot ley;
meadows is a pleonasm.

Stotland meadows, in 1581, boundorod on Ikdsyde liill.
Strotlier, 15G0, i]i Grcenstield lying in Cawledge Park on the
south was Loggy ground.

Suinp/t, a boggy plantation and ground on tho north side of
tho Aln, below .i)cnwick bridge; from sumj/, lh\i\., a pool, amarsh;
sunipiy, marshy, boggy.

Swarrcll, 15G9, 2 acres in ]>ondgato, hold by Vi'm. Beadnell.
Swine dose, 1537, belonged to lloln Abbey.
'ihatch meadows on Alnwick outer moor, where heather and
rushes would bo obtained to cover tho old burgages.

Thorney knowc on the south bounder of Alnwick moor, G'J9 feet
above tho sea level.

Vertir well in Mossy ford, on Alnwick moor; or the nv/wewell
£i"0m its supposed medicinal quality, being a stroug chalybeate ;
probably the ancient St rath well.

Vittry^s cross is on the Avest boundary of Alnwick moor by the
Bide of an ancient drove road.

Waterside Itoiise farm, on the north side of the Aln, eastward of
Deuwick road, has an area of 2l0ae. Or. 7p., of which lloac. are
iu old grass, 17ao. 3v. 20p. have been in grass since 18G1, and
the remainder is in tillage ; the rental is £282 10s. On tho north
are tho Maudhu and Cows-law hills ; but the principal area is
flat ground along tho river side. The soil generally is light and

noVOGUAl'JlV, STATISrif S, I/iVMOI 00 IKS.

3!)5

Handy, soiii- (if wliicli iH^ood; a ]nivt in loamy; and about 50
woros lira poaly. A lak(j hud foiiiiorjy covor(;d tlioso ll.it grouiida,
yxtondinp^ iVoia near ]J<jii\vick liiidj^o down to I)oii\vi(;k mill, and
i'vom tlio haso of tlio Afaudlin hills tr> the hilly ground ckiiting
AVindy odgo and Alndiko, hoing about a inilo long and fiomcuhat
more than a milo bi'oad, but coutraoting in widdi, wUoro tlio
(!o\V3-la\v and Alndiko closo in, and foim a iiaiiow gorgo an
tlio outlet of Ihorivor; it had been about 50 loot above tho pre-
sent lovol (d' flio river. According to an old maji, a small lake,
stocked with fish, M'aw near to Wator.sido hou.so about 2.j0 yeura
ngo. Tho Hub-soil does not givo tho Hamo soot ion ovor tho wholo;
but gonorally wo liave a peaty, saiuly soil of IG inches, and then
peal from two to moro than ibur foot iri wluch aro largo oak trees
and smaller stems and bi'anclios of aldoi-, marl of a fow incJies
very calcareous, but ia which I C(juld detect no orgaiusms, and
then gravel and running saml. Tho rock bolow i.s sandstone ;
and the hilly grouiuls uro gravel and sand. On tlio north-west
corner a iield, now tho Pol Held, is in au ancient survey called
Iho Church closo.

Wulsow, circa 12G0, A. A., Curt., in tlio forest of Alnwick ; Wal-
sliow, AValshowo, 11. c, from 1200 to 12'J7. The second member
hotv is a rounded hill.

IVaijkcs kuowlas 1(509, hold by Croo. Alder; Watch know and
Watts know 1071 ; Watch cross hill hold by Edward Grey 1709 ;
AVatch hill or Lamp hill 1821. Know or Knoll from a. s., cnoli,
is a gently rounded hill, of which theroaro many in Nortliumber-
huid. Tiio earliest deiinito U'aykm im tho sanio as watch, from
woecce A, s., loake Plat Dut. ; and on this knowo during tho
Border warfare one of tho watches was set. Watch hill and
uiiothor closo both belong to Mr. AN'illiam Porstor P.aird, andcou-
laiii (iac. and aro let at a rental of i'2S.

West bum 1069, tho Wash burn, or Canongate burn.

]l hitc well 1743, near Alnwick Abboy, on tlio slope of tho hill.
White well bank closes 174o.

W/n'tc house, occupied by Pobort Brandling in 1GC4, is a farm
which was formerly within Lloln park, but "is now beyond the
modern park wall. The house is on tho southern slope of a high
sandstone hill, which presents cliif escarpments to tho west, and ou
whose truncated summit are several remains of the Ancient British
period. There are three round camps near to each other, each
having traces of a single rampier ; one is 160 yards, another 180
yards, and tho third 200 yards, in circumference. Some fifty
years ago several sepulchral cists were discovered on the same
hill top. On the nortliorn slope has lain for many centuries a
liuge detached sandstone rock, with its ftices dee]dy guttered by
time, and bearing tho odd name of 'lom and Jolh/ ! Tho farm
has an area of 33 lac. 2r. lOp. at a rental of £227 17s. Gd. Some
portions are fair turnip soil, and about the third of the whole is

390

lirS'lOJiY OF ALWVICIC.

Bocoiid-ralo Liml, but tlio ollior part i.s inf'uiiur. TJio iiaim^s of the
flolds avo iiuidorii and oflittlo inturcst ; tlioi-o aro tho Loii;^li-cl<)be,
J)aii;^cr-fjeld, tlio K:i\wH, and Cui-CitL'^^. Jiu.sidos tin.- fiiiTu, tlioro
aio i'our otlior tonaiioitjs, oacli willi a coltago and half acio «C land
valufd at a rental of jC 1.

White hull se folli/, a farm fonnoily within tho old Iloln j.arlr,
but now outaido of tho niodorn park wall, has an arr-a of i>''.Oiic.
Or. 37p. lot at a rental of JLHil 7.s, Od. Tho land in .similar in
character to that of Whito hou.so.

Whitfu.hh 1290, A. A,, Cart., granlud to the Abbey by Hilton,
Lord (;f liijiinino;ton.

'lVi:l<jv) Luiu closes, "Willey clo;-,e 107 1 '■. i:., 1080 ; ono belongs to
Mr. J. F. IJiiird containing' -Jac. -Jr., and another 2;ic. or. Jp., to tho
dulfo of Norlhumborland. Wo have William Archbold as owner
in 107G; l^icli. Uriovo in 17(;0 ; and afterwards Oeorgo Grieve;
Ann Gray in 17Go; and tliou in 177;{ John Cotes and :\Iilo3
iSta])loton ; and rnoro recently George \\'ilsoii, iM.l).

M'tnil viiU hill 1705. Wo have no wind mills now.

Wind;/ c<l(je farm, havin^i^ an area of 70ac. Ir. 12p , lot at a
rental of i'208, has a superior soil resting on gravel and partly on
clay. It is niado up of a number of parcels of land, which had
long ago boon held by various owners. Tho "wbole now belongs
to ]\[r. J. F. Baird, barrister. Tho early deed j are interesting as
showing tho minute divisions of the.so town lields, and tho names
by which the.so divisions were called; wo have acres, half-acres,
riggs, sollions, and butts. In Warkworlh, such di\'isions are
do.signatcd half-acres, scribes, butts, and tens. Tho fii-.st deed,
dated October IGth, 1021, is a foolfment made between AVilliam
Boadnell of .Mnwick and his wife on tho llr.st part, and Nicholas
Forstor of Alnwick, merchant. Jn a marriage settlement, dated
February Hth, 1G70, between John Foi'ster and Edward Euddam,
they aro described as tho Aero ends, Uall meadows, Corney edge,
]Bogg side, I^ong haugh, Fislier butts. Kill pitts hole, Fox holes,
Five acres, and Low Uoldiko closes.

Wydestjd, probably the same asAVythope; Wyndesvde adjoined
Gynfonlogh in 1471.

Wydrcpp, 1569, arable and meadow land, held by AVm. Fiead-
noll, Goorgo Browell, and AVm Groy; Wydopo' mill, 1G13;
AVydonopp; hole of Wythopp ; Whythopp, 1702; Wideopon,
1709 ; such aro tho various transmutations of the name.

Wijkes tvcll, 1617, on tho boundary between tho moor and
Canongato common, llero again we^appear to have the AVake
well, Avhero tho Canongato men watched during Border warfiire.

Windij (jijh', or Gut Throat letch, on Alnwick far moor. Gill,
Isl., hiatus montis ; a narrow glon.

Whinney knoue on Alnwick inner moor.

C1IAVT]-:U XX.
PA^riLY AND PEr.SONAL niSTOUY.

Ill the account of tlie various public institutions lliore
a])])oar bioniapliics of the leading; nit'u conncctod wifli tlicin ;
and in tliis cliaijlcr 1 sliall '^wc, in alphabetical order, brief
sketches of the lives and servicers of other remarkable men
who ha\e been b..rii in Alnwiil; or connected with it; and
also notices ol' a few o! the old i'aiuilies which have flourished
in till! town.

Geougk iJiDDKLf. A IKY, Astronomer lioyal, one of tho most
distiii<^-nished of modern ].liilusoph(;i-s, is a native of Alinvick,
and his birth is thus recorded in iSt. ]\Iichaer.s clinrch —

" 1801, born Juno, 27th, bap July 1st, Geor},-G liiddoll Airy,
1st son of Wm. Airy, collector (d' excise, native of Lnddinj^'ton,
lincolnshive, by his wife Ana iJiddulI, native of Jji-aidlicld,
Sutfolk."

A few years only of his childhood were spent in AlnM'ick ; for,
some time about 180S ho was ri'iaoved to Ileri'flird and aftor-
M'ards 1') C'dhhe^iur.. In ISll) ho cnlored Trinity college, Cam-
biid^o, ;ind in l8'2o j^radnated as Hachclor of Arts, with thelugh
distinction of Seuiuv Wran^^ler. lie Mas elected a Fellow of Ids
college in 1824, and in 182G was appointed Lucasiau professor of
^lathematics, which had fornicvly been held by Newton and
Burrow. He was chosen I'lumian professor of Astronomy in
1828, appointed i\strunomer Eoyal in l83o, elected president of
the Astroiiumical society in IS-'];?, and Fellow of the Eoyal society
in 183G. His cinitribulions to science have been nrmierous and
valnable, ranking among tho highest prodnctions of intellect.
]\Iany of ihem appeared in tho Ti'ansactions of Pliilosophical
societies. His " ]\Jalhematical Tracts" have gone through several
editions ; and his treatise on " Gravitation," originally printed in
the Penny CyclopaHlia, "Tho Theory of Errors of Observations,"
and "Ipswich Lectures on Astronomy," are models of scieutitic
exposition. A Herculean task he has achieved — in the reduction
of all the observations of tho moon and jdanels made at Green-
wich since l7ot). Ho lias also contributed to archa'ology some
remarkable essays on the invasion of l^iitain by Caesar, Plautus,

398 IIISTOKY OK AI.NWKJK,

iiTid (Jliiudius, on the early Military Policy of tlio Komans iti
Jiritain, and on tlio Ikittlo of Ifastirij^H. J'"rom tlio Astronoinicul
Hocidly Iio rof'oivod two meduls — othj for his " J'hiiiotary Ohi(;r-
vatioiLS," and tho otiior for hi.s " 1 )i,s<,ovory of llio iiiOfjuality of
Voiius and tlio hliutli." llo lias also roi;oiv('(l tlio C'^iih-y arid
]'.(jyal m(!(lalH of tho Royal Hociuty, and tho Lalando modal of tli«j
]''i'(incii Academy of Scionccs Lon<^ niay ho live to enjoy hi-j
honours, and to advance Bcionco !

Alnwick. — Of this ancient family some notices aro {^iven in
Vol. I., ]). 27 I. A]ipoarinf^ as early as l.'J'iK, it continued to
llourish till 1711, aflcr wliich tho namo is seen no more in our
local records. .Several of this family were, prior to tho Reforma-
tion, monies, chaplains of chantries, and priests. In 15(15 .Sir
Thomas Alnewicko was vicar of Lcshury, and .Sir.Tolui Alnewicko
Avas a ])riest. Tho oldest tondjstono in tho churchyard is that of
I'dward Alnwick, who appears to have held in 158G three mo.-isuages
and tlu'co hushandlunds, on cojiyhold ienuro, in I'ilton vill ; and
ho or his son was a chumherlain or auditor of the borough of Aln-
wick in 159^1. Tho Alnwicks belonged to tho important Company
of Tanners, and wero numerous in the .seventeenth centui-y.
There was a succession of four Afatthew Alnwicks, the most
notable of whom was an atttn-ncy, who, dui-iu'^ half a century,
was a busy man in tho allairs of the town, often acting prof. -s-
sionally for tho coiptjration and tho Tanuors' comiiaiiy, when
engaged in legal warfare. IIo died on January 11 th, IGDH.
rie had several sons, ono of whom, Arthur, was first ma.ster of
the Granmiar School, and tlien curate of tho ])arish. His older
son, Matthew, married in 1G78 ^Mury ^fetcalfe, througii whoia
Stoney hills came into liis jxissession, as ho held them in 1712; ho
died uboiit 17.']l). Tho last record of this family is in 1711, when
A\''illiam, tho son of Arthur Alnwick, was admitted into the
Fellowship of Glovers. There are, however, still living in Aln-
wick, a few descendants of this family, through the h-male line;
Edward jMarr, a free tanner, is a grandson of Xanny Alnwick.

The Akciii!0li)S, with their pretentious tombstones in Abnvick
church, loom largely in the distance. For more than a century
they were bailills to tho earls of Northumberland and tenants of
Cawledgo Park. William was at South Park in IGoU, and Jtdin,
tho last of them, died in 1805. St. Thomas' lands, Willey close,
and a bui'gage in Narrowgate, above which aro scul[itured the
Archbold arms, belonged to this family.

John Biujce, son of Edward Bruce, was born at Alnwick in
1795, and along with his brother taught a school there for a fen-
years. He removed to Newcastle, aud till the time of his death
conducted one of the largest and best schools in tho North of
England. He died on October T.lst, l8o-l. He was an able
man, a good teacher, an active promoter of benevolent and
litorai-y institutions, aud the author of popular workson geogi-aphy

FAMILY AM) I'liltSCJ.NAL MI SI OUT. li'J'J

and astronomy. Ho wan tlio fViond iind bio;,Map]ior of I)i-. lliitton,
Alnwick, llu-oujj^li liini, Ih liiik(;(l willi his nuii'O .li.-,lifi;^uihliOfl «on,
tlio liov. Joliii (Joliin(j;wito<l I'nico, LL, I)., autlior of an ahlo and
exliauslivo work on tho Roman Wall, llio thir'I edition of wliich,
niaf^-iiilicontly illti.stratod, was jjuljll^siiod in 1HG7.

John I i,i>i;ii'roN I'uiin, hdii of .lamos ]'»urn, a liafJor, was Ijorn
in tho old house in ]ion(l;.';a1o with th(( heraldic panel above tho
enti'ance. lie was articled to a soli(;itor in Alnwick; and in
171)0 f()und(Mla Literary society there, whicli flourished for neveral
years, and was tho model of anotlnn- society afterwards estahlishod.-
in Newcastle. Originiil essays and poems wero read and criticised
at tho moetinpjs. Somewhat f(jrnial and pretentious it was ; for
it granted (li[)lomas of memberslup, and certificates of diaraotor
to members leaving the town, to wliicli was attached tho seal of
tho society. 1 li.-ivo seen tho names of eighteen members, among
whom were ]{. H. Dawson, Jose])li Hardy, Luke Jlindmarsli,
jun., and J), and T. AVilkinson, Some of tho essays and poem.s
of Mr liurn, read at the meetings, aro now in tlio library of tho
]\[echanics' IiiHtiluto, and they show tho literary culture of that
period. INIr lUirn left Alnwick in 1791, and afterwards chiefly
resided and practised in London. Of a versatile mind, ho was
not only lawyer, essayist, and poet, but also an artist, a collector
of antiipiitics, a sanatory reformer, an advi^cato of cottage improve-
ment, and of tho reclamation of waste lands. In \H'-'j2 lie pub-
lished a volunio of essays on Population, Emigration, &c. ; and
in tho latter years of his life, ho was a leading member of a
society for improving the c(jnditiou of tho labouring class. lie
was a great friend of tho Ahnvick ^[ochanics' Institute ; besi<les
giving pecuniary aid, ho presented rare books, antiquities, aud
plants. Ho died in tho year IS-JS.

IvoiiKUT Bushy, born at Alnwick, on May 3flth, 1803, was tho
descendant of a family who lield proijort}' at Stamford for several
generations, which passed to his uncle, whose son James, as the
first British llesident of New Zealand, represented tho Queen of
Britain. AVhilo articled to a solicitor ho, along with his elder
brother George, and Eobort Dunn, originated a Philalethical
society in Alnwick, composed of a remarkable band of intellectual
and assuring youths, among whom were Charles "Wilson, Matthew
Johnson, AVilliam Leithead, and Henry AVilkin. It flourished,
however, only a short time, llobert Busby commenced practice
in Alnwick in 1829 ; and being an able lawyer and elorjuent
jtleader ho soon took high rank in his profession. Public-spirited
and bold in tho advocacy of what ho deemed right, he was the
friend of tho oppressed, and a zealous supporter of progressive
movements ; he greatly distinguished himself by his powerful
speeches in support of Alnwdck being included in the Corporatiou
Eeform bill. His bus}' professional life left him little leisure ;
but when young he wrote several beaiitifid poems, which were

400 iiisioKY OK ai,nu'I(;k.

publislioJ, aluiig witli pooiiis by olhor authors, in 1827, in a
voliiiiio calloil Fraymenls of the Lyre. IIo was ouo of tliu f.^utiflors
unci tho HocroLavy oftlio Alnwick lilji-ary, and a membor of tlio
]5(>aid of Guardians and of tho Local iJoard of Hoalth. IIo died
at Alnwick on Sopionibor lltli, 18G2, a;^od o'J years, and was
iutoiTod in his family burial place, in Jtonnin;rt<>n ciiurchyard.

Joiix Caiui, of lioiid,L,^ato ball, a iiativo of Alnwick, was born
in tho yoar 1708. IIo bocanio an oiUcor of tho Inland Ucvonuo ;
and being active and onui-gutic, Avas fi'oquontly cntrustod with
iniportan't and rcsponslblo duties, tho succossful ])orf.jrnianco of
which procured for hiui substantial rewards, as avoU as ])r.jniotion
in the service. Ho settled in Alnwick s,.nietiino about 1810;
and built for hiuisolf, as a residence, the beautiful mansion,
]5ondgate hall. He obtained by purchase Jleckloy l'\,-nco estate.
Por many years he took a pr(jminent part in tho public move-
ments of tho town; and being liber.il in politics and a fluent and
vigorous speaker, he was an iniluential advocate of reform and
improvomeut. To charitable and educational institutions he gave
generous support. His contributions to the Newcastle Magazine
niai'k him as a man of great ability and varied knowledge ; he
a])pears there as a poet, a biographer, an essayist, and a pliiloso-
])lier. IIo Avroto a theoi-y on Old Ago, on the Structure of tho
Earth, on tho Natural Ilistory of Birds, notices of .Scenes and
Events of local interest, and other subjects ; but tho m-.st rcmai-k-
nblo of his productions is entitled ConJ'isslonsof a Whisky Drinker,
in which are told, in a graphic stylo, smuggling scenes and ad-
ventures among the Cheviots, lie died on September 1 1th, 1851,
a"'ed 93 years ; it is truly said on his touibstono— " Ilis long,
usuful, and lumouvablo life was characterised by many virtues,
and his momory \\\\\ bo hold in sincere esteem and veneration by
all who knew him." After his return to Alnwick, ho married las
second wife, JanoNichol, and by her left ono daughter, Jane, who
married Edward Glavering of Callaly, Esquire.

James Catnacu, who, as " tho high priest of tho literature of
tho poor," has gained a wide celebrity, was born in Alnwick, ou
December 18th, 1792. IIo Avas apprenticed to liis lather, Avho
was a printer in the tOAvn ; but having a taste for pastoral poetry,
he became a shepherd at Ilagden. IIo soon tired, however, of
rough rural life and returned to AlnA\ii:k. His father removed
to London, and began to print literature for tho poor ; but Avhen
ho died, in 1813, James Avent to London, and iiuding bailiffs in
possession of his father's stock, ho made an arrangement with the
creditors, and commenced to publish halfpenny songs. Ono or two
bards ho kei)t in his employment ; but when they were too tipsy
to invoke tho muses he composed ballads himself, and Avhilo
doing so set them into type. A ready rhymer he must have
been, for he sometimes composed and set into type songs to suit
favourite Scotch airs, as they wore sung tu him in tho printing

I'AMII.Y AND PERSONAL HISTORY. 401

ofTico, by hJB youn{^ fiiond Mr Thomas Robortson. IIo was

iridustrioiis and Having, und consequently prosporous. IIo waa
in Uio lieif^lit ol' bis f'amo in ^foinnoutli Court, .Sovon Dials, in
1H21, wlion lio l)roufi^lit out lii.s uio.st olaborato production — "An
attempt to E.\liil;it tlio loadin;^ events of the Queen's life in cuts
and verse, pri(;o 2d.," jjrinted on a folio slieot. Lost dying
8j)eoclies and confessions wore circulated in enormous numbers ;
of Kusli's execution ballad two and a half milbons were sold.
More, however, like ancient bistoi-ians than modern shorthand
writers, lie gave what ihijhl luavo been said rather than ^vhat
was said; and sometimes the last dying speech was ready for
being hawked about before the last penalty wag paid. Ilis
ballads wore sometimes mischievous ; and one referring to sau-
sages made out of dead men's llosh, was stuck on the walls near
a sausage maker's house, and raised a inob around it, and caused
Catnach to bo sent to prison, from which ho was released by two
Alnwick friends becoming bound for him, and by his engaging
to print and circulate an apology ; but in offect ho evaded tho
condition, by printing the apt)logy in small pica and sticking it
high up on the wall, so that it could not be read without tho aid
of a tolcscopo. He had a groat alfection for Almvick folk, and
treated them in London M'ith much hospitality ; ho dung to tho
patois of his native tongue and stuck to tlio Northumbrian burr.
Eccentric he was in habits — living on his i)rinting premises —
seldom wearing a coat — and usually sitting at dinner " in his
shirt sleeves,'' with a white apron on having a bib coming closo
np to Ids neck. IIo realised about £20,000, and bought a small
estate, to which ho retired about a year before his death, which
took place in 18-10, aged -ID years.

Tho C'l.AXToxs, probably an offshoot of the Claxtons of Dm-ham,
appear curly in Alnwick. A\'illiam Claxton, Esq., of Alnwick,
was osoheator when the inquisillou Mas made in relation to tho
chantry in 1-lGO. They were holders of burgages in loG9 ; and
thero was a succession of them till 1767, when Robert, tho last of
them, an attorney and steward of the Canongate courts leet, died,
aged 77 years.

TuoMAs CoLLiNGWooD practised in Alnwick as a sui-geon and
apothecary, in the latter part of tho eighteenth century, and was
descended from Daniel Collingwood of Brandon. Possessed of
some Avit and humour, mingled with a spico of mischief, he wrote
two farces in 1786 — IJie Dead Alive Again, and The Pleasant
Separation, in which tho frailties of the l\ev. Porcival Stockdale,
were coarsely satirised. Ilis son, Eob. G. A. Collixgwood, !M.D.,
was born at Ahiwick, on March 5th, 1783, gi-aduatcd at Edin-
bui'gh in 1813, and died at Sunderland in 18G6. He was eminent
as a physician, and was author of an Essay on Dropsy, and of
Lectiu-es on tho Theory and Practice of Medicine, published in
1816.

VOL, II. 3e

402 HISTORY Ol'- AI.NWICK.

lloiiKRT Dunn, V.ll.G.S., spont hIx of tho most important yoara
of his lifo, from 1815 to 1821, in Alinviolc, whilo an a].pnjritif;.j to
fin ajjotliocary. llo was tlioii an ardorit Htudoiit, tlio ai.sociato of
Oooi},^o and l{(jborL J3ii8by, and a loailin;^ inembur of tlio I'liila-
luthiu Hocioty. In Alnwiolc tlioHO ro.sourchcs wore bo;,n.ni, tlio
roHnlts of wliicli in matnro lilb liavo givon liim distinction. IIo in
a lineal do.scor.dantof liiHlioi) liidloy, and liis ancostors, for many
g-onoratioMH, woro lairds of Matfen. At East Ihunt.jn, noar Now-
castlo, ho was born on Augu.st 21s(, \l\i\) ; uiwl ono of lii.s .school-
mastors was lluiuy Atkinson, a inatliematician of tonsidorablo
rui)utation. After loavini,^ Alnwick, ho prosecuted his medical
Htudiosin Guy's and St. TJionias' ho.spitals, Jvondun ; and became,
in duo course of time, a licentiate uf tho Apotliccaries' society
and a ineral>or of thelioyal College of -Surgeons, of which body ho
was made a Fellow in 1852. As a general ja'actitioner ho settled
in St. Clements' Danes, London, and soon obtained a large prac-
tice. Notwithstanding his busy professional life, he has contri-
buted many important pai)ers to tho Koyal Medico-chirurgical,
tho Obstetrical, and the Ethnological societies, to tho British
Medical Association, and to tho Jiritish Association for tho Diffu-
sion of Science, lie was ono of tho founders of the Ethnological
society, of -which he ia a vice-president. His more important
scientific contributions rehite to Cerebral Physiology; the titles
of the following books and memoirs show tlio character of his
researches : —

On the varyirio- forms of tho Iluniau Craiiiimi, viewed in oonnoction with
tlio outward cnruinstances, social states, ami int.'lk'ctual condition of man-
on tlio I'byBiolo-ir.il and I'sycliolo-iial ovidrnco in .support of tlio Unity of
tho Human Spt-Cios— on rhytiiolo-icul I'.sycholo-v, on ilcdical rsyohuro^'y
ni lSl)3— Civili/ation iiiul C:i'vol.ral DLVcloimiont in ISOJ — on tlir'ro-iiimiit.ay
dillVrinois amoii-;- Iho Kacis of JIan, lS,y.)— on I'syi-h.-louiial ditronncos
iimony tho Typical Kaols of Man, 1.SG2— Auliaxdojry and Ethnolo-y, ISGG.
In a recent notice of his woi-ka in rhutogtaphs of eminent men
it is said—" Those who think most deeply of that inner and
royal life whicli links earth to heaven, and\vho believe that no
labour which ilhistratcs the union of organised Avith intellectual
power is in vain, will appreciate and value most highly tho
lengthened devotion to scientific inquiry Avhich has characterised
tho career of Ivobert Dunn."

John and Thomas Faluer, who first appear in Alnwick in
1G33, wero clergymen; tho former succeeded tho Eev. Mr.
Viccars, as vicnr of Shilbottle, but in 1G4S ho was oiected, "robbed
abroad and plundered at home ; " he was restored in 16C0, and
m IGGG was appointed vicar of Lesbury, where he died in 1673—
" a man of good learning and unblam'ablo life." From Thomas
the Alnwick Falders had tlieir origin ; his two sons, Thomas and
John, were admitted merchants in iGoo and IGoS, and subse-
quently became members of the Foiu--and-Twentv and Chamber-
lains of tho borough. John had several sons, one of whom was

FAMILY AM) TKIlSONAr, IlIS'lOKY. 40-3

Barnabas, wlioso Hon John, a Hiivfjoon and apothocary, married
Mary lio(l(lani, and diod on Junnary 2Jnd, 1780. Josoph, tho
Hou of Jolm, followed lii.s f'athor'.s profossion, and ontorod tlio
navy a.s a suri^oon ; and at ono poriod sailod in tho wliip com-
man<lod l»y Admiral lioddain. AfLor rolirin^ fVoni tho service,
]io pracli.sud in Alnwiclc, and lato in lifo niarrioil as his soooiid
wifo i'llizahnth Laiii;^-, o[' l-^hdon, a doscondant of tho Jtood.s of
Tr(in;^Hiond; and luj died in ISIO, leaving tliroo sous and ono
dau^Titoi". Cullin<,nvood T. Faldor, tho youn;jest son, was a
solicitcn- in Alnwick, and Cliamborlain in 18;j:j, ami Robert, tho
second, practised as a aur^^eon in Alnwick for a fow years, and
tlion oniigratod to Australia, lloddam Jolin Faldur, tho oldo.st
son, who was burn in ]:)ccomber, 18()0, caniointo possession of the
lloddam estates in 18G1 in accordance with tlio -will of Admiral
Koddam. By tlie autliority of tlio (pioeu he has assumed the
name and arms of this important Northumbrian family — one of
tlio most ancient in tlie kingdonr, tracing its ancestry into Saxon
times, when the estates were granted by charter, whicli according to
John ]\[ajor ran tlius— ** I, king Atlielstano gifhs Jieir to Pau-
lano, Odam, and liodam, als gud and als fair, als evir tlia myn
-war ; and yair to Avitnos Maid my wifo." Itoddam Jolm Faldor
Roddam had three sons, wlio are all dead ; and the Iicir apparent
to this ancient namo is his grandson, Roddam John Koddam,
now eleven years of ago.

FousTEu or FouuESTER, a namo derived from tho occupation
of the founder of the family, was widely spread over Northum-
berland. Gilbert do Buckton appears in l.'3-12 as Gilbert Forster
or Forrester, because he was tho bishop of Durham's gamekeeper;
and he probably was tho progenitor of tho Forsters of Adderstone;
thou"h llio I'aniily name may have had several distinct origins
fi'om other gamekceiiora in other parts of the country. Tlio
Forsters had possession of Adderstono as early as l;58I), for in
the rolls of Lindisfarne, Robert Forester do J'^derstone owes lOs.
for a cow to tho prior. Extraordinarily prolific was this family,
and remarkable too for the number of illegitimate issue, of which
evidence is given in the strange will of Thomas Forster of Eder-
stono, in 15S9, prhited by the Surtees' society. The grandfather
of Sir John Forster, tho warden, had no less than twenty sons.
It is not wonderful, therefore, that tho name should have abounded
in Bambiirghshiro and the neighbourhood. Sir John Fwster,
Id., who was a younger son of iSir Thomas Forster, Marshal of
Berwick, lived many years at Alnwick Abbey. For thirty-nino
years he was warden of the Middle marches and a distinguished
warrior; ho was sherilf of Northumberland in 1549 ; ho obtained
Bamburgh castlo by grant from the crown; and was also rewarded
by gifts or ]u'olitable leases of a considerable extent of Abbey
lands and of tithes. ITo married Jane, daughter of Cutlibcit
Radclille, Esq., by whonr ho had tlireo daughters, Eleanor

40t HISTORY OF AI,N'\VI(;K.

mamod to Sii- FmnciH KusmoU, kt., Oraco to Sir Wm. Fonwick,
kt., of WallIn<^ton, and jMai-y to lluiiry, son and hoir of Sir
Robert tSLa[)l()Loii. JIo liad, liowovor, illo^^itimato r;!iildi-on, to
QUO of wIkhu, NiclioUihi, lio loft tlio [Ji-iiicipal part of liis cstutos.
Dorothy, tlio groat-{^roat-;^rand-duu;^'lit(!r of tliis Nicliolas, was
tlio wifo of Lord Orowo, wlio loft tho iJaraburf^h ostatos for
cliarifablo piirposos. fSir John diod in 1G02, and was buriod at
liauiburgli, Iu'h magnificent funeral costing £154 lis. 7d., a largo
sum in tlujso day.s.

Soino of llu) liailiculrir.s arc cuiiouH ; thf-TO liful Ijcon a f»Toat fcaat, for wlii'li
two cows Were Ijoiif^lit, coslint^ 71ri. -Id., Iwcnty-foiir wotln.rH iit 7.i. each,
throo veal calvu.s 30a., twoiily-ori(! jiii^s cjiL only ITa. Hil. ; llu to W(;rc capoiw,
diickcna, wild I'owl, "I'ur iuwU; w)ii(;li cainu furtlio of lliu Fariiu, 10s.," then
cstoomod a dainty ; tiirlvoya and f^ucso, tho f(jrriier co-ilin;; In. Od. and tho
latter l.s. each ; for Lioad, twcnty-tlin.cl^ollH of whi;at co.it £17 IB.s., and four
boUa of oats 2Gs. 8d., for iriakiri^ alo there were twenty-two holls of malt U.S.,
and " 40 fothcr of whinnes to hnio witli 40.s.;" spice and lianquettinfj btuff
wcro brought from Newcastle costin;^ XIS IH.s. Cd. ; besides ale there wcro
iliroo liof^-slieads of wine XK! lOd., and twelve f!;.illon.s of na(k40d.; to tho
poor waa yivon £8 19a. Gd., hut " to the hanolde £.37 M.s. 8d." "

TiioiiAs FoESTKu, before Sir John's time appears at tlio court
lectin 1171; but cotemporary -witli tho warden were Nicholas
Forster, who iu 15G9 was constable of Alinvick castle, and TUomas,
who had a burgage in tlio I\[arket, -with a .stall but no shop, and
who was a member of tho Morehants' fellowship in l.jSl. After
him there is a succos.sion of many Forstors among tlio merchants
down to the present time, all probably de.scondanta of Nicholas,
one of the sons of Thomas Forster of ^Uldorstono. Forsters too
entered into other trades — into the skinners, joiners, and shoe-
makers. Mark Forster, younger sou of Thomas, a merchaut, was
boru in 1G59, and was a notable man in his day, taking a very
prominent part in corporate all'airs. Ho diod on Scptouiber 22ud,
17*2G, aged G7 years. lie was prosperous and accumulated
property ; to the church he left a house, and to the school a house
and £10 yearly ; but most of his possessions he bequeathed to his
uiece, Elizabeth Potts, who man-ied Ford Grey, an attorney, in
Alnwick, and died iu 1724, leaving two daughters. Ford Grey
died iu 1763 ; and all his wile's property passed to their daughters,
Xatherine and Aune, as co-heirs ; the former became wife of
Captain George Farquhai*, Avho left liis property to liis daughter
Margaret, wdio married Halph Hanson Dawson, of Alnwick ; and
the latter died unmarried on January 21st, 1805, and devised her
lands to " her worthy friend, Palfrey George Burrell," whose son
sold Barndalo riggs and Pottergate close iu 1837 to the duko of
K or thumb er 1 and .

The G.u^LOXs flourished nearly fonr centuries iu iUnwick and
died out in 1811. AVilliam Galon was a juror, when tho inquisi-
tion was made in 14C0, relating to the Alnwick chanti'y ; and

• Raine's North Durham, p. 300,

I-AMILY AM) IM.USONAI, IIHIOHV. 100

otliors Hubaofiuontly woro cliapluitis and monks in Aln\viok. From
an curly poriod this I'iinilly wa.s coiinectod with tlio corporation ;
and tlioro appear to havo boon two principal branches, ono bo-
longing tho skinners' and tho other to tho nxorchanls' companies.
Edward was a morcliant in 1G3G; and John his sou was Cham-
borlain in 1(J10; ai'tor whom follow in succession, Pvlward,
Avho diod in 1G'J5; John his son, wlio was admitted a merchant
in UVJ'o] lOdward who diod iu 170.3; and Edward the last of thorn,
usually called Justice Gallon, who died on July 12, 1811, aged 73
years. Tho later members of ihis family Avoro attorneys, and
many of thorn Avore Avealthy, holding land and houses iu and
around Alnwick. Tho lust Edward left to a daughter several
fields and houses in tho toAvn, ajid valuable property at Alnmouth
and clsowhoro. llor imbecile stuto of mind gave rise to an extra-
ordinary trial, the result of which declared, that she was unfit to
manage her ju-operty, tho Avreck of wliich, after her decease,
passed to her heirs at law.

The (jAUKs or Qaiks woro tanners, and first appear in 1041,
after which there is a succession of them till 1788 ; of Arthur, ono
of them, Avho died iu 178G, it is said on his tomb-stono — "His
memory will never perish." Alas for local fame I ho has been
long forgotton.

The Kov. IIeniiY Grey, D.D., Avasborn in AlnAvick on February
11th, 1778, the son of an apothecary, avIio soon after his maiTiago
deserted his AA'ifo and removed to Moi-peth. Ho was therefore
brought up by his mother. After completing his theological
education iu Edinburgh University, ho became minister of Stonton
parish church iu Scotlaiul iu 18U1 j and aa hilo thci-e married his
cousin, a daughter of George Grey of West Ord, and sister of tho
didtinguisliod agriculturalist John Grey of ililfiold. He was
apjiointed miuistor of St. Cuthborl's chapel, Edinburgh, in 1813,
and of tho iigav North church iu 1 820 ; and was translated to St.
Mary's church in 1827. llo took part in the Apocraphy contro-
versy, Avliich raged fiercely in Scotland, and ho defended the con-
duct of the Bible society in circidating the Apocraphy along Avith
the canonical books ; but he Avas not Avell qualified for such work ;
for his 02i]ionent, l)r. Andrew Thompson, gave to his pamphlet a
severe and crushing reply. Dr. Grey belonged to the evangelic
section of tho Scottish church ; and avus a folloAver of Ur. Chalmers
in endeaA'oiuing to niaiutainits independent spiritual action. At
the disruption iu 18-13, when verging on three score and ten, he
had tho maidincss to leave the establishment and become a
minister iu Edinburgh of tho Free church. Ho was Moderator
of tho Free church Assembly in 1 811, and he died in January, 1 859,
in the 8 1 st year of his age. I have heard him preach in Alnwick.
He was a fair man, Avith a fiorid pleasant countenance, but some-
what feminine in look and manner; Avhen a young man he Avas
called "the bonnio elder." "With a gentle and amiable spirit

406 IILSIORY OF Ar.NU'fClf.

lio was a lovor of poaco, and in liis proaoliing 'hvolt on tlirjse
Hubjoets wliicli woro ooriH(;lafory and sootliiii;^. IJ.i.s puljlioatioria,
coiisiHliiii^ ul' discourses and sormMHH, thuu;;jli tastoful in Hlylo,
Jiavo littio vij^our or ori^^inalily.

(litiicvK, an iia[)ortaiit tliouyh not Tiurncrous fauiily, flourisliod
in Alnwick about a coiituvy. A[o.st of th<jir story hag beoti told.
Ralph Grieve, tho first of tliom, was adniittod into tlio fi/llownhip
of Morcbants in 1GG7. Sovoral sons bo bad, ono of wliom,
Jiichard, Avas an attornoy, and a notaljlo and infbiontial man in
tlio town, boiiiy cliief agent (jf tbo Wbigs, and takin;^ an active
part in oloctions. ITo livud in tliat hirgo liouso in Fonklo streot,
wbicli is now tbo Star imi. Ito was owner of .Swansfiebl and of
St. Tbomas' binds, and of liouso^ in Alnwick, and of Swarland
estate. 11.0 nuirried I'^lizabetb ])avids'in, and died in 17(i.3, aj^od
84 ycai'S. His eldest son, Davidaon Richard, to wboni lio left
Swarland, Swanstleld, and otber property, resided at Swarland,
and died tbero in 1793. George-, tbo youn;^or son, wbo was bom
at Alnwick, I\[arcb 9th, 1718, inherited part of tbo Alnwick
property left by bis fatlior, and lived lor sonieliuio at Swanslield;
and as wo have seen was a prouiinent actoi' both in corporation
and in county ail'airs. IIo sold bis share of tbo Alnwick lands ;
and sbortl}^ after 1780, falling into ])ecuniary difficult ios, and
being an ardent republican, bo went to Paris. IIo was residing at
Alexandria, in Virginia, Nortb America, in 1796; and be trans-
lated Cbastellux' travels in America, a work of interest, giving
information of that coimtry during tbo lievolutionary Avar. Ko
died in obscurity.

ITiNDirAitsn is one of tbo few old families still having repre-
sentatives in Alnwick. With us tbo name first appears as
llyndmors in 1183, and Tliniers in 1G33; but according to
Brockie— " it was originally llymucr and Hymnei's, and subse-
quently goutoelilied into nindnuirsb." Pircival IJi/mers was
owuer of a burgage in Clayport in 1G33; and bis s<in, Luke
Ilimcrs, was admitted into the Tanners' company on October 3rd,
1G7G ; and from that time till 18G3 tbero was an unbroken line
of tanners of this family in Alnwick. Isabella Ilindniar.sh,
daughter of Wm. Ilindmarsb, tanner, was born at Alnwick on
INovcmber 13th, 1798, and educated at tbo Fulneck Moravian
school. At an early age she began to write verses ; but her
temperament seems to have been melancholy, for most of her
poems are tinged with sombre hues. Siio died on December .5th,
1823, aged 2o years. A volume of her poems was ]>ublisbed at
Alnwick in 1818; the longest of them is entitled tho Cave of
Iloonga, and is foiuulod on a story in Mariners' Tonga Islands.
Some of her minor pieces, especially one on Burns, display con-
siderable poetic genius.

Henry IIuxter appears as a Diarian from 1797 to 1802. lie
was born at Framlington in 1772; served bis apprcnticcthip in

FAMILY AM) I"i;i{S()NAI, insTouv. 407

All! wide, and sotllod tlioro as u cariioiitor uiid builder, liis matlio-
inatical knowlodj^o giviiirj liiiri pro-oiuitiorico in liis profession.
IIh \vas a man of vij^onjun intellect, and indeiteudent ihoui^ht ;
Init, actinfjf accordin^^ to his own convictions, and talciiifj a part
Avitli Ilia fellow townsmen in .supi)ort of ref<jrm in 18.'^, lie suffered
that kind of porsecutifju which territcnial lords indict on those
who bond Jiot to their will, lie was held iu high esteem, and
died July Gtli, 1810, aged G8 years.

John Lam hkj^t was born at Tweodnioulh or Berwick on Sept.
loth, 178.'J, the son of Anthony Lamboi't, who settled in Alnwick
as a solicitor, and died there on May 2oth, 1821, aged G;J years.
Ho followed the profession of his father in Alnwick, and during
many y(!ars had one of the largest ])]'actices in the county. In
politics he was a Whig. Acute and learned as a lawyer, with a
cultured mind, and e]o(piont as a speaker, ho exercised consider-
able inlluence over the public movements of the town and
district, lie was always tlie advocate and friend of progi-ess ;
and his eulighleucd and liberal support of public institutions
claims that his memory should be lioKl in grateful remembrance,
lie, along with Wn\. liurrell, of l!room[)ark, originated tho
Alnwick Infirmary ; he was the founder of tho Savings' Bank ; lio
was a leading sup2)orter of tho IMechanics' Institute, to -which and
to tho Infant (now tho Uaggcd school) ho gave sites for buildings.
After a useful and honourable career ho died on if ay 12th, 18 19,
aged Go years ; and wdien this amiable and uoble-niinded man
was interred, tho members of tho Institute, and many of tho
inhabitants of the town and neighbourhood followed his remains
to their resting place in St. Michael's cliurchyard ; tlius, as was
well said at the time, " paying a graceful and touching tribute to
tho memory of one whose patriotism was illustriited by public
beneiits, and his CJuistianity by deeds of charity." Ho married
on January 7th, 1812, Julia IVIounsey, of Castleton, Avho died on
May 12tli, 1819, Anthony, their eldest son, succeeded his father
as a solicitor, but died on May 2Gth, 1856, aged 39 years. John,
a lieutenant in the Bengal army, after a distinguished career in
India, died of wounds received at the battle of Sobraon, on ^larch
4th, 1818, aged 2-1 years; Captuiti Williani Lambert, R. E., tho
fifth son, another biave officer, was mortally wounded at tho
storming of Naniton in China, and died August 12th, 1858, aged
30 years ; and Captaiti Robert died abroad on March 10th, 1856,
aged 33 years. Two sous still siu'vive, Charles, who resides in
Canada, and Major George Lambert. This important family is
now extinct in Alnwick ; but the youngest daughter, Cicihj, the
wife of Ivoger Buston, Esq., of Buston, still Kvcs in oui- neigh-
bourhood.

IMexcalie appears at an early period. In 1569, George held the
important oflices of feodary and receiver of the barony of Alnwick,
and of an overseer of the Border Watches ; he was owner of

408 IIISTOIIY OK AlA'WUK.

lliiitoon Lurf^u^'OH, and (ii\u'.v I.'ukIs in llio iiarisli, Ifonry was a
fi'Gcliold votor in lO'.iH, and Chaniborlaiu in lO.'JO; and Thomas
wiio lived in Navrow^ato, waa ropoatcdly chamberlain botwoon
1G53 and 1G70 ; ho was ownor of Stonoy Jfills, and died in 1G73.
IVFary, who sooms to havo boon hi.s (lau;^litor was married U)
MatUiow Alnwick in 1078. Tho last record of tliis family is ia
1702, when 'J'lionias hold two buvga;^os in Narrowgato.

OuLK and Commox must como linkod togothor into our history,
humble names it may bo, yoi entitled to some distinction, because
connected with the invention of tho reaper, one of tho most im-
portant additions to agricultural machinery. Ilcnry Oijla, a des-
cendant of tho Ogles of Cawsoy Park, Avas born in 17G1, in tho
old polo tower of VVhittingham. Always occupying a lowly
station in society, his caroor was ono life-long struggle with
poverty ; and many little parts ho played in tho world's drama ;
at one time he Avas at sea, but falling down fi-ora tho mast ho was
Lamed ; at AVhittlo, ho was omployud in pits and quarries ; ho had
n good knowledge of navigation and could survey land well ;
music ho know and he could sing; and somewhat of a poet, ho
could write verses. After knocking about from j»lace to place,
he settled down as a schoolmaster, first at Nowham and then at
Eennington, where ho eked out his scanty income by acting as
jmrish clerk and teaching a singing class and a night school ; by
singing his own funeral hymns before the dead on their way to
the place of sepulture ; by working iu tho harvest field and stack-
ing hay or corn, at whicli ho was proficient ; by cobbling old
shoes ; and selling a nostrum of his own for cut fingers ; and yet
with all these accomplishments and this labour his emoluments
seldom exceeded £40 a year. He had a speculative east of mind,
and among other sehomos devised a cure for smoky chimneys, and
laboured liard to discover perpotiml motion ; like William Martin
lio opposed tho Newtonian system of the universe. After spend-
ing twenty-four years iu such unromunerativo drudgery at Jicn-
nington, ho I'emoved to Alnwick, where he taught for a while a
poor school ; but iu his latter days he received relief out of the
poor rates; and on February 10, 1848, one of the inventors of
the reaper died there a x)auper, iu the 8-lth year of liis age.

John Common, his associate, lived at Donwick, where he was a
maker of machines and agricultural implements. He was born
at Buston on January 25tli, 1778, the son of Robert Common, a
cartwright. Tradition tells a wonderfiJ tale of the longevity,
strength, and cleverness of this family. One of them farmed
Three Stone Burn on the flanks of the Cheviots, in tho time of
James I., and boldly fought against a party of moss-ti-oopers,
who had stolen his cattle. The great-gr-andfuther of John Com-
mon died at Dunsheugh when above 110 years of age, and some
time before his death got a new set of teeth ; John, his brother,
lived till ho was 115 years old ; and Peter, another brother, died

FAMILY AND I'KU.SONAF, HISTORY. 409

at Uuf^loy, sorno timo about IGOo, in tlio l.'52n<l yoar of his age.
Tho father and iiuolo of John wero botli ingenious rnochanicH and
noted ])u;^ih'.4t,s. John (Jornraon, in \HlH, roooivod tho silvor
moilal ami ton guineas from tho Souioty of ArtH, for an improved
doublo-drill tiirni[) sower ; and thirty g\iinea.s, from tho Ifi^^liland
Society, for tho uamo invention, lie rlied at J)en\vioIc, in 1 808.

Such wore tlio two Ahiwiclc men connected with tlio inventioa
of a roapiuf^ machine, essentially tlio Hamo as that now in U30.
As early as October, 1802, Ogle, when at Nowham, having seen
a notice, in tho [)aj)er8, of tho trial of a reaping niachino in the
south of England, doviflcd a machine, which cut -with a plain
straight blade ; and of thid a model was ma(lo by Edward Gates,
a country joiner. Some time afterwards ho became acfjtuiinted
with Common ; and from another improved model, nmde in 1822,
Thomas and Jose[)h Brown, iron founders, in Alnwick, con-
structed a reaper of iron, whicli was exhibited in Aluwiclc market,
and afterwards tried at Jlioomhouso, where tho projectors were
nearly molilM'd by tho work-people. After improvements, it wag
tried again on a field of wheat at Southside, and " there cut to
perfection. " Other trials followed ; and in tho beginning of
1832 tho BroAvns advertised that they would supply .such reapers;
but agriculturalists slumbering then under the spell of pi'otection
were behind tho ago, and not one was sold. A drawing and des-
cription of this machine aro given in tho Mechanics' ]\[agazine for
I82G (Vol. v., p. 50), which says — "that of Mc Cm'mack's is so
much the samo that the same description ought to do for both."
It appears tiuit this production of Northumbrian ingenuity had
heen sold to tho acute Yankees, by whom it has been extensively
and ])ro(itably utilised. Common, too, constructed machines, one
about 1811 ; and an^lluM", by request of tho duke of xNorthum-
borlaud, was sent to tho Society of Arts. But though Common
may have aided with his practical skill, yet to the humble school-
master, Ilcinij 0(jlc, belongs the chief honour of this important
invention.

Adam Oliver, tho most notable mathematician in Alnwick
above sixty yeaj's ago, was a schoolmaster, but in a humble
station. In addition to his labours during the day, he taught
mathematics at a night school to grown-np young men, especially
mechanics. Jlenry Hunter and u\y own father were among his
pupils. lie attended tho ministry of the Eev. John Marshall,
and was fond of metaphysical as well as mathematical inquiry.
A tombotone in Alnwick churchyard endeavours to do honour to
his memory —

" Ailam Oliver, schoohiiaster, and a matliematician of first-rate aLilities,
died July 17th, 180-3, ag«.:d ,31.

Oliver deeply sldllcd in raatheniatic lore,
IIo physics know with pure religious mind,
And metaphysics, too, which few ex]ilore,
TvuveHlcd a Ciud, the eovereisn of mankind."
Vol,. II. 3f

410 . Hi>jT(Hiy 01' AIA'WICK.

John I^uown Pxttkuhos, n son of Robert Patterson, a draper,
and ii proniiiiout momljor oi'tlio C'onf^rogutiojial c'lapol, was born
at Alnwick on Jiuiii;iry 2'Jtli, 1801, lii.s niothor ]j»;iiij< a daii;^litf;r
of the Kov. Joliu Biowii, of lIuddin^Hon. JIo resided there till
liis sovoTilli year, Avlicn his mollicr, aloii^ witk her two hoiih and
u diuif^hter, reiiiDVed into .Scotland, lie was educat(;d at Had-
dinf^loii and lOdiidjurgh ]Ii;^Ii schools, and afterwards at the
Edinburgh University, lli.s career as a student was brilliant,
and ho attained great distinclion by an I'lssay on the Character of
the Athenians, whi(;h gained for him a prize of one hundred
guineas, and better .siill, ihe ])ati-<)nage uf Itobert I'eel, who
presented him to the church of Falkirk in iSJiO. Although ho
was a desceiulant of dissenters, and had boon brought up amongat
them, and had sat at the feet of Dr. John lirown, the eminent
Secession professor, yot ho joined the kirk of .Scotland, influenced
mainly, it is said, by I'rofessor Tillans. In an elaborate and
sophistical lutter ho assigns the reasons of this change, the gist
of which is — that the dissenters were not educated enough to
appreciate the services of one so learned as himself. Tie attached
liimsolf, however, to the evangelical section of the kirk ; and as
a ]iarish minister M-as diligent and held in high respect. "While
attending the (General Assembly at Edinburgh, he caught a fever,
of Avhich ho died on Juno lUlh, 1835. I have heard him preach
in AluANick. lie was a little man, peculiar looking, with dark
hair, sallow complexion, and rounded owl-liko eyes, which
appeared the more singular from his wearing spectacles. His
discotirses were highly ornate, and read in a measured, rhetorical,
and somewhat ailected manner. Two volumes of his remains,
with a long and tedious memoir, appeared in ISoT ; but his fame
rests on his l■■'.s:^ay, which displays considerable scholarship, and
is written wiih elegance and force, ilo married a daughter of
the liev. Georgo Atkin, a dissenting minister, at ^lorputh.

Of PosTMAsiKUs and Posx-oiriCEs a low scraps from Caleudarr
of Stale Papers may bo of interest. In the sixteenth century great
men sent their letters by special messengers. Sir Henry Eercy
sent one to Cecil in 1559, written by John Hudson, clerk ; it was
delivered at Alnwick {dale torn) last of May at 8 of the clock of
the forenoon, received at Stanforth at -1 of June at 9 of the clock
at night, and at Tuxfortho at 12 of the clock. AVe have in 1609
John Athynson, le postmaster. Until the time of Charles I.,
letters were conveyed by carriers, but so slowly that an answer
to one from Londcni to Edinburgh was achieved in not less than
two months. AVithering in that reign established a running i^ost
by relays of horses, which reduced the time to one week. Alex.
Aimorcr, postmaster of Alnwick, received by warrant, on July
4th, 11337, £jO in part of his wages; and payment up to Sept.
27th, at the rate of 3s. per diem, the same amount being paid to
Newcastle and Morpeth, but only 2s to York. "In It367 Mr.

FAMILY AND rr.IlSONAI, HISTORY. 411

Scott bogs thai bnforo Lord Ailington makes out a nevr grant of
offico to Edward Snnlh, tliiit £10 yoarly out of tlio salary bo
secui'od to Iiiia till Bafisfiod of a debt of £.'5.3 duo to liirn."
Jicnjamin liurton was postmu.stor, wliori lio died on Novoiriber
17tii, 1()H2 ; James ScJl occurs in iGOl, and lio died in 1007;
Edivard Ii()hso7i iWoA in 170H ; Martin Oroij occurs in 172S, and
died Octoljor l-ltli, 1713, agod .08 years; Joseph Tumhull \n \112
charged one liall'peiiny extra for every letter delivered in tho
town; but against this tho Ciiamberlains ])Otitioned Lord lo
])ispenser, tho Postiuastor-gencral ; Mary Philadelphia Hodrjion,
sister of tho Vicar of Kglinghain, was postmistress for many
years, tho oillco being in I'ottergato ; she died December 10th,
182G, aged 82 years ; William Carr held tho ofRco till his death
on June 1 Uh, 1833, aged 73 )'ears ; lioLert Anderson followed,
and resigned in 1847 ; in his tinio tho penny postage was intro-
duced on Janiiary lOth, 1810; Gconje Tate, succeeded on March
6th, 1818.

IIaynoldson, Henoldson, or Hen'xisox, from liainhold, is ono
of tho very few old families still nourishing in tho town. Of
NorsG origin, and descendants of tho ^'ihings, who ravaged tho
British coasts, tho Tiaynoldsons settled in the Orkney Islands,
whenco probably tho first Avho came to Alnwick had migrated.
Ono of them, liobert lianalldson, was owner of copyhold land of
sixty acres extent or more, when, on account of this property, ho
appeared at tho armed muster on Abberwick moor in 1538. In
the earliest corporation records tho name appears. John Kan-
noldson was an auditor or chamberlain in lo99 ; and John
Eaynoldson in 1G18 acted as cleik of tho corporation and of tho
Tanners' company. John Raynoldson was '' warden and alder-
nu\u of Iho l\'ll()wshi])po Craft and ^Mysterie of Tanners in 1021 ;"
and from that time to the pi'csontday there has been an unbroken
lino of tanners in this family in Alnwick ; tho only master tanners
now in tho town are Ralph and Kobt.Reimisou, descendants of Juhn
tho warden and alderman. Tho present spelling of the name is
comparatively modern, and a corruption of the grand old Norso
name ; it was not adopted till 1707, when John liennoldson first
si^ns tho corporation books as John Eennison. Two of this
ancient family are members of tho Pour-and-Twenty, William
mul llalph — let tliem add Raynoldson.

Salkeid, Salkoild, or Saukeld was an important family at an
early period. Gawin Saukeld was in 1509 bailitt' uf Alnwick.
In the Heraldic visitation of 1015 the pedigrees of two branches
ore given — one sprung from Lorbottlo and the other from Cum-
berland. Thomas ISalkeld, of Bassington, younger brother of the
house in Cumberland, was succeeded by John JSalkeld, who was
22 years of ago, in 1615, and had children, Mary and John.
John Salkeld, of Lorbottle, was followed iu succession by Gawin
— John of Hull Abbey — and John of Hull Abbey, who in 1615,

4\^l TIISTOKY or ALNWICK,

luul four sons, John, William, Thomas, and Raffo. Early roconlu
coiiiujct lliiii branch wiUi tho Ahiwick corporation, for Gau-in
Salkold was ouu of tho Fonr-and-Twciily in I0l;i, and '''hanihor-
lain in IGlU and 1G22; and othor .Salkold.s hold fiiniilar official
pu.siLionH in llio sovonluonth contury. ^r'oino of thoia continued
nl; Hull Abbey till 1711, whon KiizaboLli Salkold died. John
Salkold was an attornoy livin;j: in Funklo Btrcot whon lio died in
1088, and his son John, who followcnl tho Haino priifossion, died
thoro in 1G91. NaLhaniul, whodind in 1710, was owner of IJond-
gato hall. This family has bcua extinct abovo a contury and a

half.

The Selhys lived nearly ono hundred and thwty year.s in
Alnwick, and Avoro imi)ortant mou in thoiv day. They were
doscondauts of liof;-er feJelby, owner of Grindou ridr^o in 1.512,
whose }^-randson, Oliver, purchased lioal in loBB. Oliver's [^und-
Bon, AVilliam Solby, had two sons— AVilliam, who inherited Beal,
the'ancostur of tho naturalist, Prldeaux J. tSclby ; and Jiichard
of Holy Island, who died October Gth, IG'JO, and whoso eon
Georo-o, described of Holy Island, merchant, was bai)ti3ed in
IGSGlind buried in 1739. Georye Sclby, tho son of this George,
put hinisolf an apprentice to Kichard Grieve, of Alnwick, on
July 12th, 1737, and was admitted to tho freedom of the borough
on April 21st, 1712. lie practised as an attornoy in Alnwick
for upwards of sixty years. IIo became a membor of tho Four-
and-Twonty, and repeatedly filled the olhco of Chamberlain of
tho borough. Jio died on March 1st, 180G, aged 8G years.
Three sims ho had ; George, who died at Alnwick in 1815, with-
out issue; rridectux, who LnN-i'id tho army, rose to be Captain,
and died at Toronto. Tho ihird son, Ilennj Cllingicood, was a
notable u\au in Alnwick, and at ono period, ns we have seen,
took a keen interest in corporate alfairs ; he was a solicitor,
and became an agent of the duke of Northmmberlaud, and
steward of his Baronial courts. lie was also Clerk of the Peace
for the county of Middlesex. He acrumulated property, and
bonght Swanslield, where ho lived ; St. Thomas' lands, Stoney
hills^ and other lands in tho parish, Paston estate near Cornhill,
and ' in-operty in Holy Island. He died on February 9th,
1839, aged 90 years. While living he was charitable, and
to the poor of the parish ho left £12 yearly. The bulk of his
property passed by sottleniont to his two nephews. John
Stranyewinis Dumthhon, who obtained tliu Holy Island property,
was the "tson of his sister, and was born at Alnwick on
December iOth, 1794, and partly educated at the Alnwick Gram-
mar scliool. lie became a barrister, and lived sometime at
Chiswick, his paternal inheritance ; but he died at Jersey in 1860.
He was the anthor of pamphlets on agricultural and economical
subjects; he was president of tho Berwickshire :N"atural History
Club iu 1848, and contributed a few papers to its proceedings.

FAMILY ANU I'l^KSONAL JIISIOIIY. 413

I'ridcnux Sdlnj, llio soTi of I'lidoaiix S(,lby oi Loiulon, grandson
of (Jiiptiiiii Fridoaiix 8(jlby, canio iiit(j poasoKsiou of PaHton ostnto,
SwanHfieltl, IFopo Jiousf), .St(^iioy liills, utkI otlior Alnwick pro-
\)iiviy. ]Iu lived for sovoral yoai-.i at Huaiisfiold, and took an
active ])art in tlio public laovoinonts of tlio town and in its
charitablo and odncati<jnal instilulion.s. IIo, howcvoi-, Hold in
lSG(i, to the diilco of Noithuinboi'land, .Swan.sfiold and liis other
Alnwick ])0,ssession.s ; and tlion ono of our iinijorfant fauiilies
bccanio extinct in tlio town. 'J'lio arniH of tlic fauiily aio —
]5arry of ]']i;j^lit or and sablo ; crest — a saracen's lioad jjrojior,
■with a wreath around tho teinples, knotted behind or and sable.
Pridcaiix John Selby, great grandson f<f William Selby of iJeal,
Avaa born iu ]'>ondgate, Alnwick, on July 1 3tli, 1783. Ho was
educated at ])urluini Grammar school, and had as fellow-pupils,
lioderick !Murchison, tho geologist, and ])r. Graham, who became
.Bishop of Chester. lie afterwards .studied at University College,
Oxibrd. In 1810 ho married Lewis Tabitha, daughter of Bertram
Mitford of Mitford castle ; and not long aftor began to reside at
Twizell house. At an early ago ho liad acr[uired a taste for
Natural histcny ; and "while in his teens wrote on birds. Tho
first number of his work, "Illustrations of British Ornithology,"
appeared in 1821, and it was completed in 1834. All the illustra-
tions, amounting to 228 folio plates, excepting 38, ■\vero tho pjro-
ductions of his own hand, from specimens in his own pios.session.
This magnificont work placed tho author in tho foremost rank of
British Ornithologists. Other branches of Natural histoiy ho
cultivated, esiiecially Eutymology ; and a volume by him on Forest
Trees has a high reputation. IIo wroto tho volume on Pigeons
and Parrots in tho Naturalists' library; and in conjunction with
] h'. Johnson and 8ir AVilliam Jardine, Bart., he ^vas editor of the
Annals of Natural IJisttny. Ho joined tho Berwickshire Natural-
ists' Club in l8o3, and took great delight in the field meetings ;
lie was twice president, and many papers b}' him enrich the pro-
ceedings of the club. Occasionally he took a leading p^art in
county jwlitics on the side of liberalism ; and once he was an
unf5uccessful candidate for the roi^resentation of Berwick. As a
magistrate and land-owner he was held in high, esteem. He did
not mix much with what are called county families ; but his
house was frequently visited by scientific men ; and his valuable
museums were freely opened to any scientific inquirer. IIo was
ahvays ready to help the educational and charitable institutions
of his native town. Ago brought on frailties, and the death of
his wife on INlay 2-lth, 18o9, was a serious atllictiou ; yet he con-
tinued till tho close of his life to take an interest in his favourite
pursuits. On !March 28th, 1867, this amiable and distinguished
man died in p)eace in tho 79th year of his age. He left throe
daughters — Lewis Marianne married to Major Luard Selby, li. A.,
Frances Margaret married to tho Bev. Edmund Antrobus, and
Jane manied to Sir Thomas Tancred, Bart.

414 lllSlOltY OF AI.NWICK.

Captain Gcorr/e Sel/jij, R.N., LroUiov of tlio naturalist, was born
at Alnwick on Novomljer .0th, 17H(), and lie cnterofl the navy in
1801. Ho r(;tuni(Ml to l<jio|-in(I in 1810, and was made retired
conunaiido]- in 1850. ITo inaniod in Octc^bor, 1840, Mary Anno,
oUlLi.st daiightor of the ]lov. Charles TJioins'>n, of Ilowick. Alter
retiring,' froju nctivo sorvico, ho lived at iJollo Vuo, Alnwick,
di.sehar}:^inf^ with zoal and fidolity tho duties of a magistrate, and
nidin;^ by his bonevolonco and active suit^tort tho bchooLs, tho
cliaiiticH, and roli<^-i()H,s Hociofies of tho town. To the])Oor ho waa
a kind and liberal iViond. After th(! loss of his wife in N(jvernber,
18GG he doclin<;d in hf!alth, and died on January 2;3rd, 1807.*

Tjiom.\h T. Tatk was born at Alnwick on Februaiy 28th,
1 807. lie was (jne of tho f irat members (jf tho Scientific Institute ;
and through its inMuence he was led to devote himself to the study
of mathematics and Natural philosophy. IIo taught and lectured
on thoHO subjects in Newcastle, and subsequently in York ; and
in 1835 was appointed lecturer on chemistry to the York Medical
Bchool, one of his colleagues being Dr. Laycock, now professor of
medicine in Edinburgh University. In 1 8-10 ho entered as master
of tho Mathematical and Scientific Department of Battersea
Training College ; and ^lion Jvneller Hall College was fi^mdcd
in 18-1'J, ho Avas appointed to tho mastershiji of tho Mathematical
and Scientific Department, Dr. Tornado, now tho distinguished
master of Rugby, being the Principal. Here ho continued till
the college was broken up in 185G, after which ho retired into
private life. Tho following ai'O the iirincipal works he has pub-
lished, most of which have been widely circulated : —

Pest'ilozzian Arithmetic, published b}' Christian K jiowloJt^o socirty ; Exer-
cises in jMcchariics anil En^iiuiriii^-, and tliu liist I'rinciplis (if Ai-ithmetic,
ju-(MUMini'td hy Iho Juiv. ("anon ^loM-iy to tio tho lirsl Maciasl'ul attomiit in
j'lu^lantl " to niako arithnn'tif tho J.oijic of tin- l\oj)lc ;" and of thi'.si.' moro
than 100,000 ci)i)ii'd liuvo heon sold; troatisos on Goonictry, Eiulid, Algrhra,
JMathcniatics iVn- working men, tho Calculus, Elonients of Mechanism,
Clioniistry, EL.ineiitarj'- courses of Natural and Experimental Philosopliy;
some of these have been reprinted in Ameiica, and two of lluin translated
into Ilindostanee. lii suits of various original matliematical and experimental
researches have time after time been j)uhlislied ; ^onut on Steam, and twenty
other papers on different scientific suhjects in the I'hilosojihioal ]ila'''azine •
Treatises on Ea( toiial Analysis, tho Principles of Mechanical rhUosci'hy,
and on tho Strength of j\Iateiials ; recently, partly in conjunction with Dr.
Tairbairn, menious read at the British Associatit)n and Koyal Society, on the
Specific Gravity of Vapour, on tho liaw of Expansion of Siiper-hcated
Vapours, on the Strenj^th of Jlatorials in relation to tho construction of Iron
Ships, on the Elasticity of the Vapours of Suljihuric Acid, ice. Several
philosphical instruments have been invented or improved by Mr. T. Tate, the
most important of which is " Tate's double piston air pump."

His son, Ealpli Tate, A.L.S., F.Ct.S., who was born and partly
educated in Alnwick, is tho author of

Floras of Eelfast and of the Shetland Islands ; a treatise on tho British Land
and Freshwater Mollusks ; a supplement to Woodward's Conehology ; and
• See obituaries by R. C. Emblcton, Proc. Ber. Nat. Club, Vol. V., p. 33iJ-340.

FAMILY AND I'KRSONAI. HI-iTOKV. 41,j

of tho fnllowiii;^' iiicinoira read at tho Goolojrical Society— On Liaiwic fitrata,
iJoltiiHt, IHGl ; on tliu Corn-lulion of tlio ('ivin cc.ov.i Foi m.-itioii of the North-
east of Jiclaixl, Ihf.! ; OM .Sccoiid.iiy K.^ssils from South Africa, 1807; on tJio
Lower Liiin of tin; Norlli-cast of liulaml, iHijJ ; on the Fo.s-.ili for oum Dcvtlop-
uicnt of the Zone .liiiinuKilcn anijn/ata, in f.ircat Britain, 1807.

John Vint was a iiativo of Alinvick, and wliilo a y)iinter and
l)ook.sollor tliero " iii a umall way," printed and jjuldished " Tho
Myml (jf Moiiiu.s," contaiiiini^ liis own i)ooticaI jirodnctions, alon^
with pioces by otlier writors, LIo was vejijardod as a " clever but
luiHtcady man." Ho did not remain in Alnwick ; ami after boin^
in London lie settled iu tho Isle of Man, whore ho edited a weekly
iio\v8pa])cr. ITo died tlioro in 1811. Among his poems is one
071 tho i'Vcemon's AVell, and several songs which were sung at
Vauxliall Gardens. Somo of tho pieces in this volume aro far
from being decent; others aro witty and humorous ; but none of
any groat merit.

liojiKitT Wkddell, tho son of Ptulert AVeddell, a ti-adesman,
AVUH bornat Alnwick on April 18th, 17'J1. IIo was etlucated at
the Alnwick Cirammar school ; and after serving his articles to a
solicitor, ho commenced practice iu JJerwick, whero ho was suc-
cessful and attained reputation as an able lawyer. lIo had
acrpiired a taste for tho study of antifpiitics and local liistory;
his collection of coins, begun iu early life, was largo and valuable ;
but tho chief A\'ork of his life was the accumulation of materials
for tho History of Berwick, in tho ])rosecution of which ho ran-
sacked tho public records and tho arcliives of tho town. For many
years ho regularly betook himself, afL(U- Ids own olPice hours wero
over, to the Council Chamber, and remained there oftentimes be-
yond midnight poring over and copying documents. This incessant
labour broke down his nu:n(al system; ho was arrested in his
course, and died on J\[ay olh l8o(), ag. d 5G years, without haviuj^
acliioved tho "w ork on which his heart was set. Ilis plan seems
to have been too largo for any single life t(j have executed, con-
templating, I understand, tho history of almost every house in
Berwick ; and it may be doubted whether a history so minute and
extended would interest this age of railways, daily newspapers,
and telegrams. Ilis reputation as an anti(piary stood high among
his contemporaries; Dr. IJaiue speaks uf 'liim in eulogistic
terms ; but tho realised results of his studies are small, consisting
of articles on Berwick and Berwickshire in the Penny Cyclopa:dia°
and a paper in tho Archrcologia ^T^liana on some lisheries on tho
Tweed.

William Wilkin, who was born at Alnwick in 1753, and was
a schoolmaster there, <' acqnirrd," so his epitaph savs, " a most
extensive knowledge of mathematics, but ere his genius reached
its meiidian, the tmall pox, as if envious of his growing lustre,
extinguished this lamp of science on the 15th day of January,
1777, and 2-ith year of his age."

Geouge AA'ilsoi^, surgeon, and his sou, Geoffe U'tlsov, M.D.,

410 lIlsroKV OF AI.NWICIC.

doeervo IioTiourable ]u»(,I(;o I'l-om tlioir loii;^ ptibllo sorvicos in tlio
Alnwick JiiliniKiry, Tlio iuriiu;!-, tlio Hon oi" Ooor;^o Wilson of
Alnwick, was born July Otli, 1781. Aft or ap))roiilice.shii> with
Josoiih F.ildcr, .surgeon, ami 8tu(lyin<^ in ]'>Jiiibui-;,'Ii, lio st-ttleJ
in Alnwick, fiiul Boon obtainoil u liii';^o pnictico. ilo had a'^niiuq
lor luH prolbssion, which ho ))iir.suo(l wilh hucIi wondorfuj c-ni:v^y
and success, that ho bocamo tlio most oniiriont cou.sultinf^ [ihyf-iciaa
and surgoou in tho district. Hcj died on Aufjust 2'Jth, l8.jG,
a^cd 7o yours. Ilo married in July, 1812, Mary, daughter of
Adam Atkinson, of Lorbottlo houso, Esq., and thoy had two .sons,
(loorgo and John Atkinson Wilson, and tliroo (biui^htors— Isabella
Atkinson married to Captain Charles li. Ildorton, ^5arah Castles
married to (ieorgo Brnmell, solicitor, Morpetli, and Anno ]\Iav-
ehall married to tho liov. W. 8. !Maro.

Gkoroe \Vir.soN, M.D., his eldest son, was born at Alnwick on
Juno 30th 1813, and studied at Edinbur<^h and Paris. After takin^'
his degree lie commenced his jirofessional career in connection
with his father and was esteemed for his sound judgment, ekill,
attention, and kindness. Ilo liboi-ally supported public and
charitable institutions. He died on November 12th, KSG.'J, at the
ago of 50 years ; his wife, Ivobina, danghter of Saiulorsonllderton,
Esq., died two days afterwards, and botli were interred in ono
grave. Out of respect to this good ])hysician, places of business
were closed on the day rd' Lis burial, and many of tho inhabi-
tants followed his remains to tho place of interment. Ilo left one
daiighter, Eosa Eobina, who was married to Lewis AViUett, Esq.,
of Drybridge houso, nercfordshiro.

Joirx Yki.loly, M.I)., was tho third son of John Yelloly, a
inorchant in Alnwick, and a member of tho rottergato Prosby-
ti^rian oongiogation, wliero this son was baptized ^lay 12, 1771.
Joseph Yolloly, tho grandfather, was a linen draper in Alnwick,
and appears as one of the trustees of Bondgato Meeting houso in
17o5. Of John Yelloly's earl}' history I have no information;
but we find that when in the prime of life ho attained distinction
as a x^hysician and a man of science. He was one of tho founders
of the Medico-chirurgical society; and Sir Eoderick Murchison
ej^eaks of him as one of tho originators of the Geological society
of London, and of tho British association for the advancement of
science. When this latter body met at Birmingham in 1830, Dr.
Yelloly was president of the ]\Iedical section. Ilo was living in
1833 at AVoodton hall, Norfolk, and ho died in 1841. I have
seen two volumes by him entitled Conversations on Animal
Economy, which wore published in 1827.

CUAPTER XXI.
DOTANY AND ZOOLOGY.

fLOWEUINQ J'l.ANTS

AND I'KRNS — MOSSKS — MOLLl'.SCS — UEI'TII.IIS —
llIKD.S — MAMMALS.

Tlio botanical (Hwfvict of Aln\\ iolc, to wliich tlio folh.wing list
applies, cxtoiids Iroin tlio town four niilos to tho castwartl aa fur
as the BOa, and sovon miles in other directions. Witliiu this area
7G1 species and varieties of flowerinjj plants and ferns and tlieir
allies have been observed. Tliey are arranged in tlio following
table as native, the aboriginal possessors of tho soil — colonists, well
established ag-ricnlfural wccAs—drnir.rns, plants well established,
"which appear to have been introduced by liorticnlture, &o. — and
aliens, plants clearly introduced but not yet firmly established.

Niitive.
001

Colonist.
~"Tl
1
3.2

Doiiizcii.
•_'0

1

AVk-u. 1

77

I
^--78" 1

Total.

Spoeio.H . . . .
\'iirii-'lic.s . .

1 «>-

'i'otnls . .

•21

7ol

Considering the limited area, this is a rich I'lora, including more

than one half of tho ontiro Flora of Britain ; but the ditferonces in

elevation, in the sub-strata and soil, and in mnisturo over tho

district are favourable to a varied Flora. From the sea shore tho

ground reaches an altitude of 900 feet. Iksidcs great beds of

sandstone, yielding a freo and dry soil, and thick deposits of shalo

producing a soil retentive of moistui'e, there are limestone and

basaltic rocks contributing tlieir own peculiar ingredients; and

there are too, irregular deposits of clay, gravel, and sand over the

lower grounds, giving additional variety to the surlace covering

of tho district. Ilonco there are plants peculiar to tlie sea side,

to marshes, bogs, pools, and streams, to Avastes and to cultivated

fields, to sheltered denes and to high exposed hills. Though

tlioro are a few stich plants as tho Tricuialis lutropaa and

J'acciniuni Vitis-idcra, which ilourisli on high grounds, yet there

is only ono sub-aljiine plant, the Cornus suecica, which appears

on Eimsido at an elevation of 900 feet. Scshria caniha, Ccrasliuni

arvensc, and ^-isjilcntum rxita-muraria grow on limestone; Manchia

VOL ;i. . or.

418 TIISIORY OV ALNWICK.

erecta, f'u'/iita subidnlu, Vicia lulhyroides, Scilla verna, A$tragalui
hi/poyhltis, and D'uinthuH dcUoidas avo poculiav to tho ba.salt.
Tlioro ai'o in tlio distiioL a fuw other plants ofcuiisidorablo rarity,
KUcli a.s (.'rcjjis sur.cisw'oUa, Rosasi/ali/UnuuX li. inicraulhit^Liijuslicuni
Scoticaiii, yirundu CdUiinnf/rostis, Blysinus rufus and (Jarjca lalca.
Our local I^'lora is ruruiirkablo lor tho hir;^u numboi- of introduced
plants found in IJoln parks, oithor on tho walls of tho old ubhoys
oi" in tho woods around thoni ; and wo may rcastuably rofur
thoir intnjductioii to tho moiilis of Alnwick abboy and tho friars of
Holn prinry, who ap[ioar to havo lal>ourod iu thoir {pardons, and
liko tliu liurbalists, cultivated plants supposed to possess modicinal
virtues.

FLORA OF ALWVrCK.

FLOWERING TLANTS, TERNS, AND THEIR ALLIES.
By GKoiKiK Uaumi Tale, INI.l)., Royal Autillkiiy.

Species aro i>riiit<j 1 in It;ilics and Varieties insm.iU capitals. The following
coiiti'iictioiis ;uc iisoil — Col. fur ("olonist ; I)i-n. for Doriiz'.ii ; Al. for Alien.
All tho iith(;r |(lant-j are rogunlod as ri.itivc or iiidigcnoua to liiitain, and no

distinyiiialaiK^ iiiark Is attached to tliem.

CLASS L— DICOTYLEDONS OF EXOGENS.
Divisioa I— Tlialamillorac.

Thalictntm minni, L. Sandy links; Alniriouth, Boulmcr, &c.

T. Jlc.ruosuDi, Reich. Basaltic clitic ; lluwick.

Anemone uemtrosa, L. Woud.s and upland heaths ; frequent.

luiitHncitlui (ii'i ttilli, L. Poiidd, sti-eann, and ditclic-i ; frequent.

1\. TiueuuruM i.i s ; near .Miiniuuth.

li. circiiiittus^ Sihth. I'omls on Alnwick moor.

li. jliiitaiis,\.\\.\n. Streams; Aln and (.\'iiuct.

Jl. hcderactits, L. I'ondd and ilitehes ; frequent.

li. Fiearia, L. Pastiu-es, woods, aud hedyo banks; common.

R. Flamiiiiila, Li. Ditches and wet ]daces ; froiiiient.

R. Li)iiju<T, L. llarc. Fosse at DunsUin1jar;^h castle.

J?, aiiricomits, L. Damp woods ; Kugley, licc.

li. aeris, L. Pastures; common.

li. repei/s, L. Pastiu'os ; common.

li. hulbosns, L. Pa&tiiros ; common.

li. hirsiitiin, Ciu-t. Col. Rare. Field near Longhougliton.

li. sce'crcdtia, L. Ditches ; Alnmouth.

Ji. aicctisis, L. Col. Cultivated tields ; frequent.

Calf fin pal/<.st )•!.■!, L. Jlarshy places ; freipient.

TroUiKs eiiropaius, L. Damp woods near streams ; Kugloy, Holn, CawledgO.

FrMithis hijeiunlis, Salisb. Al. Iloln woods.

JIdhbonts viriilia, L. Den. Banks of Aln, near Alnwick abbey.

Aquile<jia vttl(jaris, L, Al. Plantation near Malcolm's cross.

Bcrbcris ritlijaiis, L. Al. Holn woods.

NyinphMa a'bii, L. Al. Aln iu the Dairy grounds ; llowick pond.

It'iip/iay liitca, rim. Kemmere loui;h.

P. Ar()imoite,\,. Col. Cultivated tields ; Alnmouth ; Lcsbury, &C.

T. (lubiiun, L. Col. Cultivated lields ; fretpient.

P. lihocus, T;. Col. Cultivated tields ; lix-quent.

[

UOTANV AM) /OOl.fjOV. 419

/'. t'mnifcnim, L. A I. BulliiMt huftps (it Amhlo.

Vhdedonium niiijiis, L. Dcii. ]l(;rlf(f;-hankH nojircottagCH ; Leshiiry ; Denwi/;k.

Conjdali-i dai^i('.nlat(t,\). (j. Upland houth« ; Alnwick uioor ; bri.ilaw ; near

Kdimnoro lou^^li.
Corijdatis liitiu, D. (J. Al. Old walls ; IFoln aliljoy ; noar Enildcton.
FiiiiKiria cannolala, L. (Jul. (.'iiHivalcd f^'i'nnid ; l'ri.(|iif;nt.
J'lnjiaria o//iciini/i>t, L. Col. Ciiltivatod f^roiind ; common.
(!(iki!(i inarilinta, Srop. Sandy sea .sliorc ; Alnfiioulh, «kc.
Cdfuitojxi^ Riicllii, Uaiii-t. WaHlo f-roimd near tho H<;a ; Alnmoutli, &c.
Tlila.siii (irrc)iHi', L. Col. liotwocn TiOsl)ury and Warkwoilh. it. EmiiLETOX
t.'((psclla liurfia-piislofiK, T>. C. Wa.ste ;jfroiind and cultivated fioldrt ; comrnoa,
Tii.\(lalia inulicaiilis, 11. lir. Near ICmLleton. It Emisleton,
J/hris amara, L. Al. Waste f^romid ; Alnmouth.
Lipidiitm Smit/iii, Hook. Cultivated fieMs ; near AVarkworth.
/.. cauijHstrc, lir. Cidtivated ficMs ; near Katclieui^li.
Coclikaria ojliciiialls, L. Sea coast ; Alnmouth ; Ilowiek.
C. danica, Ji. Maritime roeks ; IJowick.

ArMoracia rH.s/icd/ia, lki.\un<^. Al. Waste ground ; ncarDenwick.
iJraba vcnia, L. Old walls and dry hanlcs; frequont.
Camclina saliva, Crantz. Al. Ciiltivatcid fiell.s ; Ileckley Fence.
yl/i/s.sitm culijcinitiii, L. Al. On the railway near Warkworth. J. CiiuiSF.
Curda/niiie amara, L. Ruj,4cy and lloln and Sumph woods.
C. pratciisis, L. Damp ])a.stures ; conmion.
C. /limtcta, Jj. Damp places ; frotiuent.

C. sylculica, Linlc. Damp shady places ; Tluglcy and Iloln wooda, &c.
Arabiii thaliana, L. Dry hanks and old walls ; Katcheugh ; ]Iowick, &c.
A. /urs)i/a,llT. Basaltic clifis and old walls; llatcheugh ; ilowiek; Iloln

aljhey.
Barlarca vidf/an's, Br. Damp places ; frequent.
Jh AiicuATA. Near Dcnwick. ]\Ir. IJouheu.
Nastartiani ojlirinalr, Br. Ditches and strcam.s ; common.
N. terrestrc, \'>r. Karo. Old ([uarry at Stamford.
•^ini/inbriion ojlichiah. Scop. Way sides and waste i^round ; common.
A'. Sophia, V,. Waste ground ; Boulmer and llmhleton.
J\ri/siiiuiin ^ll.'i(i/-ia, L. Way sides and w.l^tl:• i,'i\nind ; t'reqvi-nit.
L'luiranthiis Clniri,li. Al. Old walls ; llolnahhey ; Warkwoilh castlo, &C.
JffsjM'ri.i inalruiudis, L. Al. Karo. Wood near Holn ahbey.
Jlratisica campcsfris, L. Cultivated tields ; oeccasionally.
i/. Hai'a. In similar situations ; but it has Loen established at least moro

than half a century on the Coquet Island.
7?. Napas, L. Col. Cultivated fields ; occasionally.
iSi/iapis ari'oisis, L. Col. Cultivated fields ; common.
S. alba, L. Col. Cultivated fields ; occasionally.
S. tenuifolia, Br. Al. Ballast lieaps at Amble.
(S'. muralis, Br. Al. Ballast heaps at Amide.
Jiap/iamis llaphanistruin, L. Col. Culti\ated fieldjS and 'wasto ground;

common.
licscda littiola,'h. Waste places and road sides ; Alnmouth; Dcnwick; &c.
E. latea, L. Al. Ballast heaps ; Alnmouth ; Amble.
Ililiauthemum vuhjarc, Gaert. Dry banks and basaltic cliCTa ; liatchcughi

Ilowiek, &c.
Viola palastris, L. Bogs ; Alnwick moor ; Brislaw, _&c
Jl'ola odurata, L. Den. Holn woods.
V. hiria, L. On limestone at Kateheugh and Embleton.
V. si/lratica, Trios. Woods and hedge-banks ; coumion.
V. caniiia, L. Upland heaths ; Alnwick moor.
V. tricolor, L. Cultivated lielda and way sides ; frequent.
V. AuvENsis ; not uncommon,

420 II IS! OK Y OI- A I.N \V I CK.

]>r()sirti idtHiiilifutia, \,. I'.i'^.t ; (Vi'ipuiit.

l'olij(jata rii/'/(Uit, Jj. Jfi;,illi.-4 aiiil I>.■l.■^llm.^; roniiu.jii.

J)iuiil/iiii (!ari/ojjlii/lltiH, L. Al. Ilolri ;iljl»oy.

J), ddluidrx, ii. O/i tlic li.is.iU ill, Katchdi-Ji tm.l Hi^wi./k.

iSilciic iiij/dlu, Hu\. AV.'iy .sidc.i ; f'i(;(|ii(!iit.

*S'. iiiusL'TA. AlumouLK mid IloliKciIuw.

/V iita/itiiiiK, With. I'xisiiltic clill'.i ill llowick.

itl. iwctijlorn, li. Ci)l. (Julliv;it. (I lii,l(l.<; jic.ir llowidc.

I,ychiiis i'lus-ciicnli, L. IMui.iL iiiisluie.-i iirul h(J;.^'j ; euiniiiuii.

i. <//iO//ff, iSiliUi. ]I(;(I^(;-l);mks, i*v:c. ; coininon.

I,, vi'fipciiiiiii, Sibtii JIimI^o-IiiuiIch, \(;. ; ikA imooiimioii.

J,. GUIt(i(/u,\j\\in. Cul. Culliviitoil lielil.-i ; tn.'r|ii(;iit.

Mocjic/iiu vncid, Srn. Kuro. On lliO lia.s.ilt at liat<-li(;ii^li ami J lowit.k-. (J. Tatk,

iSugiiui procHiiibfus, 1,, Ijoad .sidi-^i and waslu (.n-oiiiid ; cuiiiiiioii.

Satjiiin )nai itiina, i)\jn. iSi.-a coast ; Aliiiiioiit:i ; Howiidc.

i). (tpclala, Ii. Near tlio Forest lodi,'c on AliiwiL-k iiiuor.

A', siibiddlii, W'mun. Karc. (.)n tho Ijatialt at Iialidioii'^li ; IFowiulc, &c.

8. nodu.sa, iMuy. Bog.-i and \V(,t .sandy jdace.-i ; Alnwick umoi; Alnmoiitls, &c.

Spcrf/u/a (in'c/tniK, L. Way sitlcd and ciiUi\atcd i,'round; ficiiiuint.

Hoiiclciiuja peploidi;fs, Elirli. Scu coa.st ; comwiioti.

JSpcrytdaria jiiuruia, C'anili. .Sua cuast ; Aiiiinuiilh,

S. NicuLECTA id I'ound in tlio t.aiiio rjituatiuii.

S. rubra, at. llil. ]Jry .sandy ^lound ; Alnwick niuur in a rinany.

Arenaria scrpi/llifolia, L. Ivoad .side.s ami wa.sto jdaccs ; cmnnion.

A. tri'/urvis, L. WooiLs and tshady hi;d'.';c-roWd ; l'r(.'i(iieiit.

StcUaria iicmorum, L. Damp woods; lloln and iUiglcy woodd.

*S'. nu'itia, With, lioad sides, fields, licc. ; connnon.

S. Hulustca, L. IIodge-Lanks, \vo(jds, &e. ; connnon.

a. fframiiu'iiflj. Dry heaths and iiastiires ; IVuqucnt.

S. uli(/inosa, M\m. Wet jdaees ; lre{|iicnl.

Ccrastium (jlomcratttm, Thiiil. lioul sides and (ield.s ; ucca.sionally.

C. irivialc, Link, lload sido.s and lields ; connnon.

C. semidicaudrum, L. Dry hanks and walls ; fre((uont.

C. tetrundruiH, Curl. Dry hanks near th.- ^ra ; Alunioudi and Huwiek.

C arniixi', L. Jvaro. On limestone ne ir K,itclieiii;h ; &.indy link.-j near

Boulmor.
Zinuin iisUalinuinKm, L. Al. Cultivated li.lds, oeca.sion.'illy ; Denwick ;

llowick.
Z. cailiariiciiDi, L. Dry pastures ; commciu.
Malva mosc/idta, L. lioad si^lu hetween Leshuiy ami Lonqhouiihton ; ne.ir

Iloln ahhey.
M. sylvcutris, Ti. Waste places ;md road sides ; most froqiient near the sea.
J/". rotuiidifoUa, L. Wa.sto places and road sides'; moat frdiueut nuiU- the sea.
Tilia intermedia, D C. Al. lloln woods.
Hypericum Androsicmum, L. Al. Iloln woods.
//. perforatiDii, L. AVooJs and Avay sides ; fretpxcnt.
1[. qudilraiiyulum, L. IMoist places ; fn^qnent.
II. huniifusuin, L. Dry heaths ; Alnwielc moor, ie.
H. pulchrum, L. Heaths and woods ; iVeiiuent.
]{. hirsutunili. Woods; frequent.
JI. cdiyciiiujii, L Al. Iloln ahhey.

Acer cdmpextre,L. Den. Woods and hedices ; Iloln woods, &c.
A. FMudo-jdaldiius,!,. Don. Woods and hedy:e-ro\vs ; li-e(|i;ent.
Brodium cicutarium, Sm. Sandy hanks on tlic coast ; common.
Gerduium sylvdticitm, L. Iloln,' liuyley, and Cawledye woods, vV:e.
G. pratcnsc, L. Pastiues ; frequent.

G. pusillum, L. AVastc ground at IJouhiKr ; Birling road to ttation.
G. f)wlle,Jj, lioad sides and wufte places; frequent.

ItOTANY.

421

O. diaticclidn, \,. I'oitd biJos, &C. ; fi(;(iui;nt.

(K luciilinn, \i. Ilaio. OM wiilI at Uakliough.

O. llubcitianiiiii, \j. fCoud hiili:,s, <S:(;. ; (•oiiiiiioii.

A'. i,aiii/i(iiui(tii, \j. Sandy links on tliu coast uiid Laaaltic clifl'd ; ltut<;lji.U(/l)
II<j\vick; Alriiauiilli, &c.

JmjM/ii/tn iiu/i-ini/(i)if/iir, L. Al. J loin woods ; now extinct.

().i-aliH Acdomtla, L. Woods and liodgc-lMnkH ; fre(iiiont.

Stuphijlca 2)iiiii(it(i,lu Al. llolii woods. JL Kmiilktox.

I^Ko/ii/inua tiiropiciiK, L. Jiat(;licugli crai^s ; J>ori(^hydike.

Sixutiiiin 6Copiii iioii, Ti. llcatlis and bii.sliy idaccs ; IVequcnt.

Uh-x fiiropaii.s, L, Jfoiitlis, iScc. ; coiiiinon.

(Jiitisla aiiijlica. \j. Jlcatlis; Alnwick irioor ; near Kemmero lough.

OnoiiiH nvveiisifi, L. Sandy bunks lu.ar tlio boa ; coininon.

ylnllnjUis vuliicraria, L. On litiKslono and sandy link's near tlic aea ; frequent.

Ma/icai/o aalicd, Jj. Al. C'ullivatod fields ; near liilton, A:c.

M. iKjiiiliiia, \i. Wav sides and waste {ground ; common.

MdilitlHn olHci'ialis, Willd. Al. IJallast li.-.iiis at AmLle.

M. uili/aris, Willd. Al. liaLlast lieaj-s at And-le.

Ti ijulhun rvpviis, L. I'astures and way sides ; eonimon.

T. pnitc/ise, Jj. J'astures; conunon.

'J', incdiion, L. Way sides and bushy placss ; Kuf^ley, kc.

T. arriii.sc, Ij. (Iravelly and sandy iilaccs ; Ilowiik, iScc.

T. striatum, L. Jjasaltic clill's ; llowick .and Dunst;tnbiirgli.

T. 2>>'ocam/>ciifi, L. I'aatures find way bides ; connnon.

T. iiu'iiHs, Umii'li. Dry pastures ; frequent; Alnmuuth, &c.

T. fdifurmc, L. Dry i)astures ; Ifowick and Alnmouth.

Lotus coDiiculaius, L. I'astures and road sides ; common.

L. tenuis; limestone at Denwick (juany.

L. Mdjor, iicuit. Sides of ditches and streams ; Rugley and Iloln wooda.

Axtraf/alas f/ti/fi/p/ii///o.s, L. Earc. Easaltic cliffs ; liatchcugh and Craistor.

A. hypo(/luttis, \j. On basalt and sandy links near tho sea; Howick ; Aln-
mouth; 15o\ilmer; Kutcheuf^h.

Vicia sijlvutica, L. Hare. Cuwledge woods.

J''. Cnicca, L. Hedges and bushy places ; common.

,v(i^(i(, L. I'ullivatid fields ; ocea^
ANcasruoMA. I'ly gravelly pkui

iUv.

llowick aTid Ratchough.

lathijroiiliS, L. On thu basalt at IJateheugh and llowick.

sepiiun, L. Woods and way sides ; conunon.

hirsuta, Koch. Cultivated ground and way sides ; common.
Lathijras prattnsis, L. Pastures and hedge-rows ; frequent.
Orobus tubcrosHs, L. Woods and heathy places ; frequent.
0. TExuiroLius ; Alnwick moor, &c.
TruHHs spinosa, Ij. Hedges and thieketa ; frequent.
P. ixsiTiTiA ; lloln woods.
r. DOMESTiCA, Uen. Grcensfield.
i*. J'uitiis, L. Ivugley and lloln woods, &c.
7*. avium, L. Den. lloln woods.

F. Cerasus, L, Al. Near Embkton. E. E.\n!i.ETOX.
Spirwa Ulmaria, L. Damp meadows and woods; common.
S. salicifolia, L. Al. lloln woods.

Gcum tirbaiiiim, L. Woods and hedge-banks ; frequent.
O. iNTEUMEUiuM ; Eugley and lloln woods.

G. rivalc, L* Woods and damp places ; frequent.

Agrimonia Eupatoria, L. ^\'ay sides and borders of fields ; frequent.

PutoUilla fniticosa, L. Al. lloln woods.

P. anserina, L. lload sides and waste ground ; common.

P. rt'ptans, L. I'astures and way sides ; frequent.

P. Tormchti/la, Nesl. Heaths and dry banks ; conunon.

VOL. II. 3h

4'2'i lIlSl'ijltY (jK a I.NMVICK.

/'. I''iaf/ttrii(itiiiin, Rlirh. IIt:(l<^i;-1i.iiil<s .iml wooil.-i ; coiiiiiion.
t.'ontiiiHin pdliiilrr, 1j. lio;.^.-) ; Alriwicl: nioof ; Alriiiiowtli, Acc.
Fray arid vi-kci, L. WoO'Ih ;iii'J li<;di^o-b;i!i!krt ; C'^iiiiiioii.
7''. itatior, I'^liih. Al. Jlolri woods.
Jiiibiis naxulili.-t, I J. Kan;. Cawli;dgo v/ooJ.s.
Ji. It/cnit, L. Woods ; (Voc]u(:iil.

Ji. /riitioi'iiis, Ij. Jli;d;ji;s, woods, &(:. ; eoinriioii. A vc-ry variaWc plant,
out of wliich a vast luiiiibof of Ho-<;alI(;d >i]i(,(Ai:.-i liavc lieori maniifii<.turcd
Ly Ijotanisl.i. 'J'lio c.vtieiiio forms may Itu riri;ofj;(ii.si:d ; hut these liavt- no
chiim to l)f cou.iitliJiod yood .'ipcciod, as th(,y i>a.si impcrcoplildy into each
otlior.
Ji. cmum, Jj. Iludi^-cs and thirlcuts ; Tlatchou-^h, Lcshury, &c.
J{osa ciiiHtiiiiomca. ^j. Al. l[olii woods.
li. npinosi.s.siinci, 1 1. Lasiiltic clill's aiil ijuidy links on the coast; Katchcugli ;

llowick ; Ahimoiith, &c.
Ji. lo/iiontosa, H'MiUi. Woods; liodgcs ; frcfjiiciit.
Ji. iuici-a/il/iii, .Smith. JJaro. nudyo-sidus, m.ar lillton ; its most noilhom

station. Joll^f Ciiuisi'.
Ji. riili(jiiio.^a,'ij. Den. ilodgcs; near Dcnwick ; Ellinghaui.
JI. caiiii/a, li. Jledgis and woods ; connrion.
Ji. sijuti/la, Woods. Holn -woods. AV. Kichaldsox.
Ji. villosa, L. lfcilj:;es neai- 15uston. J. Cniusi*.

J^utcriuiii SaiKjuisorba, L. On liasalt aiidllnn'slonc ; Tlatchcugh ; llowick, &C.
Alchc»iiltii viili/arib-, L. Meadows and iiasture.-s ; coniiuon.
A. (ivviHsis,LiVMi Cultivated p;iound and way sides ; conunon.
Cratccijus Oxi/caut/ia, L. llidi,'es and woods ; comni(jn.
J^ijrus iiiid/ix, L. Wo(-ds and lied^es ; Uiigley and lloln voods, i:c.
J\ Aria, i6in. Al. Holn woods; Kateheiitrh cray.
J". I'ENNICA, Al. Near Holn uLljey.
P. torminalis, Sm. Al. Plantations near Denwick.
7'. Aucuparia, Gacit. Woods ; tV(;i|Uiut.
J'ljilubiioii aiKjUftifoUttin, Ij. Al. ^Voods at llowick.
Ji. hirnK/uin, h. lij' ditches and streams ; frcquiMit.
Ji'. parv'/luniiii, iSchrel). Dogs and wet places ; lixqiicnt.
Jv. muiitiiKiim, L. Wi>ods and liedL^e-hauks ; coimnun.
J-,', ptilii-stir, L. ^\'^'t placi'.s ; rioiiuent.
Ji', tt'lra(/oiii<in,^j. ^^'et places; Denwick; Aliunoulh.
C'itCiCa lutetiana, \i. ^^'ood3 ; frequent.
ifi/riophi/ltiiin spica/KDi, L. Ponds and ditthes ; li-eipieut.
M. aUcDtiJlorum, D. G. Sliipley. John yioitiiY.
Callitrichc vcnui, L. D/tches and ponds ; couimon.
C. plati/carpa, Kntz. Ditches and ponds ; frequent.
Ji/t/intiii, Salicarid, L. Banks of Aln in Holn ■woods.
Montia J'untuua, li. Brooks and damp places ; frequent.
Schranthus aniiuiis, L. Fields and road sides; frequent.
Jiibcs nignim, L Den. Banks of Aln below Denwick hriJgo.
Ji. rubnim, h. Den. Banks of Aln Lelow Denwick bridge.
Ji. alpiiiiim, L. Den. Holn woods ; Eatchcugh, ice.
Ji. Grossithiria, L. Den. Woods and hedges , Longhonghton, kc.
St'dioii Tih'pltitim, L. Al. Plantation at Greeii-slicld ; Holn abbey.
S. album, L. Al. Old wall at Embleton.
S. acre, L. Ivoeks and walls ; iVequent.

Scmpervivum tictoritiii, L. Al. Planted on honsc tops at Losbuiy ; Alnmouth.
Saxifraja Gtiim, L. Al. Howick woods.
S. uiiibrosa, L. Al. llowick woods.

/S. ffra>ti(l(ita, L. Dry gravelly places and meadows ; Iloln woods ; Howick.
S. tridactylitta, L. Hare. On limestone at luitcheugh crags.
Chrysos^hnittiii oppositi/oliion,!,. Damp situations; liequent.

IKVIANV. 4^Z6

C. altui-nlfuliniu, \.. ])a'\\\\i \\-»»\f.; ltii«li.-y ; IJkIii, ici;.

I'nniaiisia jHtliishi-^, l>. Hu^rs ; Aliiuioulli ; Aliiwiclc moor ; Mo\vi.;k, it;.

Aduxci moncliudilui'i, \,. Wuuili mid «li:iily linl^'c-row.s ; II'jlii ; l(iiy;lfy

woods, iV.!'.
Ilidcra Iltltx, L. JJ'rdcM, old w.ill.n, tri'CM, \i:. ; <oiniiioii.
CiniiHS saiiijiiiiiat, ]j. ])i;ii. Ilidii \V(Jod.<, A;i;.
r.'. sHvcicu, li. liiiiihiili; iiiooi-. J;i:V. J. !■'. \'>i<i(.L.
J[i/(lroc(>tijlc riil'j<(i'i\, Ij. I'u^^h ; I'li :i|\ii.iil.
lS((uiciiUi cnrdpiiit, L. Woods; I'jctjucut.
Uuniuin inaciildtiiin, L. Wiislc t'i"""d ; lau.it l're(nicnt near tlic st-.i, a.-, at

Alnmoiitli, Loiilinor, kv.
Cicitta virusd, [,. ('hiuUuii moor. 11. I'Immllion.
yl/HKiu f/ravci/h/ii, L. Salt miU':ili(.'s; Alnmunlh.
J'ctro/iiliicuin butiritiii, llod'iii. A), llolu iildpcy.
Ifcloscidiliimi iiof/ij/untiii, Koch. \\'at(,Ty plai.t s ; Aliinioulb, &i--.
7/. i/t/<iii/a/ian, Koi-h. I'oiid at Diiiistaiilmr^h.
yEi/vjwi/inin I'm/a^iiduii, Ij. Woodrt and way siiij.j ; Common.
JSuidumJIexiiostiin, With. Sloaduw.s niid wood.s ; common.
I'iiuphivlla SnxiJ'rcKja, L. \hy ])a.slui'cs ; fi-f(iu<'nt ; Ilatcliouyli, &c.
tHain latifijIiidH, L. Ditches nt.ar JMiihloton. K. E.mhleton.
<S'. aiKjustifuliidu, L. Dit(;hi.s ; IVoquent.

O'nantlic LuclniKdii, ixM^\. Salt marsh ; Ahimotith ; Ilowi'.k.
0. crocata, L. Wet places ; Donwick ; Alnmontii, Lc.
Acthitna L'y)ui[HUm, L. Way aidi.s and holds ; lix'(|ni;ut.
Litjiisticum Hcuticam, L. Near Duubtaubiuyh castlo; its mo.-^t doiilh'.rri linLi-

lat — now (.'radicated.
&Uaus iiratiiitiis, ]]ess. Dry pastures ; Eatchough, &c.
Angelica si/ltcstris, L. Damj) W(.)ods ; ftvHinont
Taatiiiaca saliva, L. Al. Cultivated field at Denwick.
Ileradiiiin Splioiidi/liiiin, L. Woods aiid w ay bides ; cummon.
//. ANUUBTii'OLir.M ; Uenwick.

Daucus Carota, L. FieULs and way sides ; frequent.
Torilis AiiDiriscits, Gaert. Way sides uiul waste ^.Tound ; frequent.
T. nodosa, Gaert. AV'asto {;rouud iieai tlie sea ; Liuulmer.
iScaiidix Pivtt/i-ctihi-is, Ij. Why sides and waste ^ruuml; common.
Antfirisciix ru/i/iiris, IVrs. Koad .sides and waste Lcroinul ; fiequent.
A, si/lrtstris, llotl'm. NVoods and way sides ; Cuunuun.
ChxrophyUam tvmitltim, L. Way sides and waste yround ; frequent.
Mi/rr/iis odoruta, Scop, liaro. Eaiiks of Ala lielow Deuwck Lridgi;.

Division 3.— Corolliflorto.

Samhucus )iiijra, L. Uedgcs and woods; common.

Vil/iinium Oj/nla.i, L. Woods and Lcdyes ; frequent.

V. Laittniui, 1.. Pen. Eare. Iledye near ShilLottlc 'I'ile sheds,

Loniccra Pcrivlyntcnuni, L. Woods and liednes ; common.

L. Xi/lostciiiit,lj. Al. lloln Avoods ; ])lantations near Alnwick.

Galium rcruiit, L. Dry hiuiks and i)astures ; frecpient.

G. cn<cia(t'.)u, AVith. Way sides and woods ; frequent.

G. palusti-f, Ij. Wet places ; freq\ieut.

G. uliginosiDii, L. Wet places ; frequent.

G. Apurinc, L. Hedge-rows, ice. ; conunon.

C. saxatilc, L. Heaths and di-y pastiu'es ; fi equent.

tSherardia arrcitsis, L. AVay sides and cultivated ground ; fixqucnt.

Aspcrula odorata, L. AVoods ; freciucnt. •

CiutrantJiiis rtilir, D. G. Al. lloln ahhcy.

Valeriana dioiia, Ij. Wet meadows and bogs ; Alnwick moor; lloln woods ;

Alnmouth, ..Vc.
V. ojjiciitalis, L. Woods and meadows ; frequent.

424 HISTORY OF Al,N\VI(;iC.

Fcilia oUtoria, Vulil. Abovo Dun wick IjriM.i^'; ; Alnrnouth ; W'arkworth.

F. dcHtala,\V\i-?i). Col. (Jultivatuil (icMs ; Duiiwiolc ; Howiek, &c.

Dipsacus ni/li'cfitri.i, Tj. A1. li.iil.iHt lii!!ii».i nt Araljlo.

Scabiosa succisa, Tj. PaHtiircs iiml h(;uthM ; coiiniion.

*S'. coliiinburia, ij. RatclKjiij^h cnif^s ; IJoiilim.r linkn.

Knanliu (irvcimiH, Coiilt, Ciiltivati.'il gi'Oiui"! and way hIJos ; froqucnt.

Tragoijoijvu pnilitisi.i, [j. I''ii;l(l3 and way Hidi-s ; occaMioiially ; Aliimouth, &c.

T. MiNoit; Hinvick; liuHtoii.

IMmiitlhia cchiuidci, Gacri. Rare. Soa liarik.s at Ilowick burn mouth.

jlpar(jia hinpiila, Willd. MoadowH and way hid'.-s ; l'nji|u(;iit.

A. aulu»i>iiiiis, Wilhl. rasturcs and way Hid<;H ; fn;(|in;nt.

Jfi/poc/ueris radicala, L. ftfiadowu and way Hides ; fru'iuont.

Ldcluca virvsu, L lianka of llio Co(|ui;t at Warkwoilli. W. R(cnAUi>sor<.

Sonchus arvexais, L Way sidu.s and iii;lil.-j ; fiijr(iieiit.

iS', aspcr, Ilon'm. Way sidua and waste t^rciund ; ficqnont.

A'. olvraccuH, L. Way sidos and waste frround ; fn.'queiit.

Cn'pis virens, L lioad Hides and pastures ; cuinmon.

C. succime/olia, Tauseh. Very rare. Jlugley and Ilindenc.

C. pcdudosa, McOAich. Damp woods and Ijoj,'^ ; Alnwick moor ; Ruglcy wood.

Ilivracium pilosdla, L. Dry hanks and paatiires ; li-e(pient.

//. auraii/iacuin, L. Al. JJolu woods.

//, murorum, L. llocks^and walls ; Katchcuf^'h ; Ilowick.

IT. vuhjatum, Fries. Itiigloy and Uoln wooils, ifco.

II. boreule, Fries. Rugluy and Tloln woods, kc.

Barkhamia sctusa, D. C. Al. Iialch(;ugh. W. Ricir.xiinsoN.

Taraxacum oj/iuiualc, AVipg. Road sidii and pa.'stures ; cominou.

T. L.iivio.VTUM ; sandy hanks, Alnrnouth.

T. PALUSTUE ; ])Ogs ; Alnwick moor.

lapsana coDimunis, L. W'astc ground and way sides ; common.

Cichoriuiii I)itijbus, L. Col. Cultivated lields ; Renninjjton ; Grecnafiold.

Arctium Lappa, L. Road sides and waste ground ; common.

Serratula tincturia,, L. Very rare. Coast l)etweon Ilowick and Craster.

Carduus cn'spus, L. Waste ground near tlie soa ; Alnmouth, ie.

C. tctiuijlorus, Ciu't. Waste ground near the sea ; Alnmouth, i;c.

C. mariaiius, L. Al. Ballast heaps id AuiMc

C. litiu'iolatiK, Li. Fields and road sidis ; eoiamon.

C. paltistris, 1j, Bogs and wot meadows ; common.

C. arvcitsis, Curt. Fields and road aiders ; common.

C. hctcrophi/UuSjIj. Ruglcy and II indene woods ; Buston.

OnojwrJum Aca)ithium, L. Al. Ballast heaps at Amhlo.

Carliiia ruhjan's, L. Near Amhle— old mouth of the Coquet.

Coitaurca nigra, L. Road sides and pastures ; common.

C. Scabiosa, L. Warkworth dene. J. Cnuisi'.

C. Ci/anus, L. Col. Cultivated fields ; Leshm-y ; Ilowick, &c.

Eupatorium cannabi)ium, L. Banks of streams and damp places in woods ;

frequent.
Tanaceium rulgarc, L. Pastiu-es and road sides ; frequent.
Artemisia Absi)Ultlum, L. Waste ground near the sea; Erablcton, &:c.
A. vulgaris. L, Waste ground and hedge-hanks ; frequent.
GiiapltaliiMi dioicum, L. Alnwick moor ; Dunatanhurgh.
O. sylvaticnm, L. Aln\vick moor ; Brislaw.
O. uliginoftum, L. Damp places ; Alnwick n\oor, ite.
Filago miuima, Fries. Dry pastmos ; Ahiwick moor ; Ilowick.
F. germanica, L. Dry pastiu-es ; fiequent.
Petasites vtdgaris, Desf. Wet ground near streams ; frequent.
Tussilago Farfara, L. Fields and way sides; common.
Aster Tripolium, L, Salt marshes ; Aliimouth.
SoUdago virgawra,, L. Dry situations iu woods ; Ruglcy and Holn woods, ic.

liOTANV. 42-5

Svnccui vahjariii, [,. (JuUivatoil gvoiiii'l :iri<l v/ay Mtdcs ; common.

S. Hjlvaticns, I,. Dry i>:nturc.s iiri'l wasti; i,'ri-mnil ; AlriwicK- moor; RaWu.-ujjh.

/V. vi.saisut,^. Al. I'.alliisl. lii/:ii..s :it Atnljlf.

,V. JacolnM, li. I'aiitiiri;.s ami way y.u\w ; atmrnou.

S. ((qualicu'<,\\w\'A. VVt.l sitiiatioiiH; Alnwirk moor, &c;.

S. IcHuifuUus, >Siii, llijiljiu-l.aiik.'i; l£ii;fl(,y hirif; aii.l Slii'bottlo. J. Onnisr,

DoroniiuHi I'anlallanchcn, L. Al. Uoad Hiil<! ni.ar Went JJoIton,

I'i'Ucaria di/seiilcrica, Gajrt. llaro. Damp panturci ; near CawloJijo woods ;

EiriL](;toii.
JhUits pcnniiis, Ti. Eveiy whore in f^'rassy placo.s.
C7/n/sniit/icmnin M'f/ctnm, Ij. Col. (JiiltivattKl fioldH ; Warkworlh.
^■7. Lnicanthcmuiu, L. l'at,tururt and way Hidus ; common.
Piircthinm rurtlicninm, Siii. Den. Old walls and waste ground; Holn

aljhoy, &c.
P. inoiloniiii, iSm. Fiold.t and way sides ; common.
/'. mari((i)tnm, Sm. jMaritiiric rocks ; I)iuihlan>iiirf^h.
Achillea Vturtnica, L. Dainp meadows and licatliH ; frequent.
A. uUillcJ'olaiiu, L. Fields and wa.ito ground ; fri.«iii(.nt.
Oamjiaiii'da ruliou/i folia, L. Paslimis ami way sid(;s ; common.
C. lalifulid, L. Damp, shady woods ; Ilolri, Uu-ley, and Cawlodge woods.
JUrica Titvalix, L. lV);^gy heaths ; f Vo'iuont.
E. ci?icna, L. I leaths ; frequent.
Catluna vttlyaris, Salisb. Heaths ; common.
VacciitiioH iiiijrtiHus, li. Heaths and woods ; common.
V. Vilis-Ichva, \j. Upland heaths ; Abiwiekmoor; Bri.skw.
V. Oxycoccos, L. Upland hogs; Alnwick moor; near the Kemmcro and

lilack loughs.
Pyrola minor, L. Riiglcy, Oawledgo, Iloln, and White House woods.
ILx AqnifoHuiii, L. AVood.s and ln;dge-i-ows ; < Dinmon.
Liynstruin vuhjare, L. Al. Hi dg's and plantations; Holn woods, (ic.
Ju-axinm excelsior, L. W^ods nml luHl!';e-rows ; i.uiumon.
Vi)tca minor, Tj. Al. Stonc^y hills ; Holn and Howick woods.
V. major, L. Al. Holn ahlioy.
Cintiaiia Amanlhi,lj, Pastures and sandy links; Haidow hill; Brialaw ;

Alnraoulh, &c.
0. caiiipf'tris, L. Pastiive^ ; lT(.)\\ii 1;.

F.ri/thr:vii Cciitourium, L\is. I'a.-tun -i and sandy ground ; frccinent.
Miiiijaiinits trifoliata, L. Hogs; Ahiwick moor ; Alnmouth, «i:c.
I'olfinoiiiian ca-ri'liiiiii, 1j, Al- Holn ahliry.

Convolvulus urrc/isis, L. Fields and way .sided ; Dimshcugh ; near Boiilmer.
Cuseufa JEpiliuHiHfWcihc. Al. Flax:"lield near Windy edge ; Hawkhill.
IIi/oscyaniHS niijer, L. Wasto ground near tbe sea ; jVlnmouth.
Sola/iam nigrum, L. Col. Waste ground ; EmLleton.
iS. Dulcamara, \ J. Bauks of Aln holow Den wick bridge.
Vcrl/u'icum T/uijj^ut, iu. Al. Waste ground ; Alumouth.
V. itiijrum, Al. Holn abbey.

Verojiica arvmsis, L. Fields and old walls; common.
V. nerpyllifulia, ij. "Waste ground and way sides ; frequent.
V. sculcllala, L, 15ogs aiid sides of ditches; Aluwielc moor ; Alnmouth, &c.
V. Aiiayallis, h. i:>ides of ponds and ditches ; Denwick; Emblcton, &c.
V. Bcccabunya, L. Ditches and Wct places ; i'reipicnt.
V. oj/icinalis, L. Dry pastiues ; Imiuent.
/''. jiio/itai/a,Jj. Shady woods ; HoLi and Iluglc)' woods, (S:c.
V. Cliamxdrys, L. Paslui'cs and way sides ; conuaon.
V. licdcrifolia, L. Fields and way sides ; conmioii.
V. agrti.t(S, D. Fields and old walls ; coiiimoii.
r. polifa, Fries. Fields and waj- bides; Howie!;.
V. B'.ixbuuiu'.i, 'iVri. Col It-ir-. Field n-ai L'v.lt.in mill.

VOL. II. 3l

426 HISTORY OF ALNWrCK.

Jiartsia Oihntlles, TIikIh. FioldH and wawto places ; common.

IJuphrania ojiciiialin, !>. PaHtiir(;H and hoatlm ; common.

Jtltinanlhtts Cristu-ijalli, L. I'aHturoH ; common.

Melampynm pralense, L. Woods ; iluglcy and Holn woodn, &c.

M. MONTANUM, Alnwick moor.

J'f(liculari8 paluslris, L. IJo^'h and wet places ; frequent.

1'. tylpalica^lu raatui-CH and hcutlis ; I'riKjiient.

dcrophularia nodosa, L. WoodH and damj) placcH ; frequent.

Dujitalis purpurea, L. IleatliH and wf^oda ; frequent.

Antirrhhium majus, L. Al. Jloln aLbey.

Linaria Cymhalaria, JMill. Al. Holn abbey.

L. vulgaris, W\\\. Drybankw; Tx;.sbnry ; Abimouth.

Z. minor, DoHf. Col. Embbjton. R. Emui.eto.v.

Orobanche major, An^\. Iturc. I'arawitic on broom ; Elb'ngham.

O. minor, Qnii. Col. In a clover field ; Ilipsljum ; Warkworth. J. Cimiihp,

Lathrxa aquamaria, L. Rare, raru.sitic on tbo hazel ; Holn wood.y.

Verbena oj/icinali.i, L. Way sides and wante f-T-oiind ; Littlehouyhton.

Mentha hirsuta, I,. Banks of atroamH and wet places ; frequent.

M. piperita, L. Swinecloso wood near Ellin^'ham. R. Emju.kton.

M. sativa, L. Banks of streams and wot places ; frequent.

M. RUBUA. Rugloy wood.

M. arvcnsis, L. Fields and waste ground ; fi-oquent.

Thyimis Serpyllum, L. Heaths and dry pastures ; coininon.

T. cnAMJinuYS. On basalt at Craster. J. Storey.

Origanum vuhjare, L. Banks of Aln below Dcnwick bridge ; Warkworth.

Calamintha Acinos,G\a.\vv. Dry fields; Baniiamoor near Eglingham.

C, Clinopodium, Spenn. Woods and bushy places; Rugley and Iloln

woods, &c.
Tcucrium Scorodonia, L. Woods and heaths ; frequent.
Ajuga reptans, L. Meadows and woods ; frequent.
liallota nigra, L. Waste ground and road sides ; frequent.
Lamium album, L. Way sides and fields ; common.

Z. amplexicaule, L. ^V'■aste ground and way sides ; Dcnwick ; Ratchough.
X. mcisum, Willd. Fields and waste ground ; Longhoughton ; Alamouth.
i. purpureum, L. Fields and waste ground ; common.
OdUopsis Ladanum,!,. Cul. Near Emblotun. li. E.mhleton-.
O. Te(rahit,lj. Waste ground and cultivated fields ; frequent.
Staehgs lietonica, Benth. Rugloy, Iloln, and Cawledge woods, &c.
8. palustris, L. Wot places and banks of streams ; frequent.
S. AMBiGUA. Embleton. R. Embletox.
S. sylvatica, L. Woods ; frequent.

8. ai-vensis, L. Waste ground and cultivated fields ; Lesbury ; Ilowick, &c.
Olechoma hederacea, L, Woods and hedge-banks ; common.
Marrubitm vulgare, L. Rare. Links at Alnmouth.
Frunella vulgaris, L. Pastures and heaths ; common.
Myosotis palustris, With. Ditches and stream sides ; frequent.
M. cmpitosa, Schultz. Watery places ; frequent.

M. sylvatica, Ehrh. Shady woods ; Holn, Rugley, and Cawled"-o woods.
M. arvensis, Hotfm. Way sides and fields ; common. °

M. collina, Iloffm. Sandy banks on the coast ; Aliunouth ; Boulmer &c.
M. versicolor, Lchm. Dry pastures ; Brislaw ; Uowick ; Ainmouth, &c.
Ltthospermwn officinale, L. Al. Holn abbey.
L. arvense, L. Cidtivated ground and way sides ; frequent.
Lycopsis arvensis, L. Fields and banks ; most frequent near tho sea • Aln-

mouth, &c.
Anckma sempervirens, L. Al. Waste ground and way sides : Denwick ;

West Bolton ; Holn abbey.
Cynoglosmn officinale, L. Waste ground near tho sea; AJnmouth ; Boulmer.

BOTANY. 427

2'uhnonana offlcinaVm, L. Al. Iloln und Ilowick wooda.

Echiuni vuli/ure, L. Links, Sec, noar tho Hca ; Alnmouth, &c.

riiKjuicnla vulyariH, Jj. Uors ; I'rf^quent.

Utriciilaria vidi/uri.i, Ij. liuio. l)it(h<;H; Alnmouth.

V. minur, L. \Soiith Oiarllon inour. K. Kmiu.eton.

Primula vitlyarin, Jfiidn. Wood.H find )i(,dgo-row8 ; common.

r. Ei,ATioii. liof-^H ; Howick ; Alnmouth.

r. veris, L. TaHturcs, diiofly near tho soa ; Katchough ; Alnmouth, &c.

TritntalLi lurojxfa, Ij. Heaths and woods ; ahundant on tho higher parts of

Brittlaw and Alnwick moor; Jioar Kommcro and lilaok,lougliB; llugley.
Li/simachia ncMonn/i, Jj. Woods; froqnont.
Amyallis arveiisis, Ij. Way sides and fields; frequent.
A. c-icuui.EA. ]5(.llon wood hall ; Kugley. J. Ciikihi-.
A. te>n:lla,]j. iJogs; Alnwick moor ; Alnmouth, &c.
Samulus Valcratidi, L. Wet places near the eea ; Alnmouth ; Ilowick.
Glaux man'lima,Jj. Salt marshes ; Alnmouth; Howick, i:c.
Armcria maritima, AVilld. Sea coast ; iVlmnouth ; Ilowick, &c.
ricDttago major, L. Fields and way sides ; common.

P. media, L. Dry pastures on the limestone ; llatcheugh ; Hobberlaw, &o.
P. lanciola(a,'h. Pastures and way sides ; common.

/'. maritima, L. Sea coast and u]dand situations ; Alnmouth, Aln%^'ick moor.
P. Coro)iopus, L, Dry sandy places usually near tho s'ja; xlLomouth;

Ilowick, &e.
Littorelia lacmtria, L. Kommcro lough.

DiYision 4.— MonocUamydesB,

CJwnopodium rulrum, L. Wasto ground near tho sea ; near Dunatan etcada.
C. urhicum, L. Col. Ballast heaps at Amhlc ; near Ilowick ; Bhilbottle.
C. album, L. Wasto ground and fields ; conimon.

C. lionus-IIcnricus, L. Wasto ground and way sides ; ne^ar Lesbury ; Aln-
mouth, &c.
Atriplcx Babi>if/tonii, Woods. Sea coast; Alnmouth, &c.
A. hasiata, L. Wasto ground and fields ; frequent.
A. patula, L. Wasto ground and fields ; frequent.
A. littorali.i, Ti. Sea coast; Almnouth ; Amble.

Pfta maritima, L. Mouth of Ilowick biun and of Coquet. J. CiiRisr.
Salsola Kali, L. Sea coast ; Alnmouth, &c.
Scfiuberia maritima, Moy. Sea coast ; AlnmoTith.
Saliconiia herhacea, L. Jluddy eea shores ; iVlnmouth.
Polygonum Bistorta, L. Earo. Holn Woods.
P. amphihium, L. Abont ditches and ponds ; frequent.
P. lapathifolium, L. Waste ground ; Alnmouth, &c.
P. Persicaria, L. Wasto ground and fields ; frequent.
P. Hydropiper, L. Wet places ; Alnvj-ick moor.
P. aviculare, L. Waste ground and way sides ; common.
P. iffliV, Bab. Rare. Sandy sea shore ; Alnmouth.
P. Convolvulus, L. Fields and way sides ; coimnon.
Pwnex crispus, L. Wasto ground and fields; common.
R. obtusifolius, L. Waste ground and way sides ; common.
J2. sanguineus, L. Holn and Ho^ack woods.
M. VIH1UI3. Holn woods.

Eunux eonglonwaius, Mur. Watery places ; frequent.
Ji, Acetosa, L. Pastures ; common.
P. Acetosella, L. Dry pastures ; common.
Hippojihie rhamnoides, L. Den. Sea banks ; Howick.
Daphne laureola, L. Holn and Cawledgo woods ; Shilbottlo.
Empetrum nigrum, L. Upland heaths, frequent ; Aln-ndck moor, &c.
Euphorbia hdioscopia, L. Waste ground and cultivated fields ; frequent.

428 IIISTOUY 01' ALNWICK.

E. Esuln,\,. Al. Ontho wMll.iof I[oln iilWjoy.

li. cxi(jHti,\i. r-'ullivalud (ii;M.s :iriil w.imId i^roiin'l ; frwjuorit.

E. Pcplioi, L. Wiiiilc <^n-()iiii'l itinl cultivalcd fiijMa ; Irctiuuiit,

lIuxuH scmiHri'ivoiM, L. Al. Wouds.

McrcnriiiliH pireiiniK, \j. Wuo'ls ; comrnori.

Urtica urvns, \,. \\'.\.y aiiliH, wasti! jjimihhI, ic. ; common.

U. dioicd, fi. Wiiy Hid(;.s, w:i.sto t<roiiiiil-i, kr.. ; f:oiiiiium.

rarUtarUi ojliciiialis ]j. OM \v;ill.-j iiiid rocks ; II(^lii abhcy ; ri.»ti;liCii)[^h, &c.

JfiintulH.i LKjJulttfi, li. Al. l!od;^<; iiu.'tr Alnwick.

Ulmiis muntara, Sin. Wood.n (uid licdLjc rowii ; coriiinon.

U. suhcrosa, l!]iirh. Don. I loin woodn, &c.

Qncrciis Itolur, L. Wuodrt ; cummon.

FayuH mjlcativa, Ti. D(!n. Wood,", &(;. ; coinnion.

CurpiitHfi Jltliilus, Jj. Den. Jhdii wood.s.

Cunjlas Ai'dkna, li. Woodn (u\d hcilrjttiows; common.
Alnat> (jltiliHU!<a, L, River IkihIcm iind wet ]il;icc.s ; common.

Jktulualb(i,1i. Wooda ; common.

Jt. (iLTiTiNo.sA. lloln wooda,

Gasta)iea vid(jaris, Lam. Al. Iloln and Ilowick woodtj.

ropulus alba, Ij. Al. Iloln voods.

1\ trcniula, L. Iloln and C'awlcdgo wood.s.

r. niyra, L. Al. Holn woods.

Salix pcnlandra, L. Banks of Aln, Lolow Donwick })ridijc.

S. fragllis, Ti. W(!t place s, hank.s of Aln, liclow Dcn\vick bridge.

S. lluSSELI.JAXA. Iloln woodd.

S, alba, L. Wtt ]dace3 ; lian!c.-i of Aln, in Iloln woods

S. purpurea, 1j. Vav. Ilti.ix, L. liank.s oi i\lii, liclow Dcnwick bridge.

S, vimuialii, L. I5ankH of Aln below Dt Jiwick brid;^o &c.

S, SmUhiana, Willd. Iloln woods.

S. acuminata, Hm. Banks of Aln bidow Donwick bridj,'C.

S. cbtcrea, L. Banks of Aln below Dunwirk bridge, &e.

8 aurita, L. lluf^jley and Iloln wuods.

S caprca, L. Iluglcy and Iloln woods, &c.

S repots, L. Heaths, Alnwirlc n\oor, ka.

MyricaGalc,^!. Cogs; Alnmouth ; nc.ir Kemmcro and Black loughs ; ^\^^itc-

houso wood.
Pinus ni/lvtstrts, \j. Woods; Inuiueut.
Junipcrus cuminninsyli. ll(^atlis ; Alnwick moor ; Brislaw.
Tuxua baccata, L, Banks of Aln ojiijo,-)ito .Unwick abbey.

CLASS 2.— MONOCTYLEDONS OR ENDOGENS.

Division 1.— Florida).

Ncottia Nidus-avis, liich. Have. Clawledgi: woods.

Lifitcra cordatu, Br. Upland heaths ; x\ln wick moor.

Z. ovata, Br. Woods and bogs ; lloln woods ; Alnmouth, kc.

Epipacth latifuUa, Sw. lloln, li\igloy, and Cawlodgo woods.

E. paluntris, Ww. Bogs near Alnmouth.

Orchis mascaht, L. W'oods and pastures; liequent.

O. Morio, L. Iloln and Uatclieiigh woods.

0. pi/ramiduUs, L. Field near Enddeton. W. Armstuoxc;.

0, latij'ulia, L. Bogs and Wtt i)lacos ; frei|Ueat.

0. maculata, L. I'astures and bcaths ; frei^ucnt.

Gi/iiumdenia conopsui, lii. llcalha and bogs ; Aluwick moor ; Alnmouth.

llabcitaria bifolia, Br. Meadows ; near Uugley.

JI, chlorantha, l>r. Woods aud heaths; Cawlodge; Alnwick moor; Ilin-

deue.
//. L'iridisjVjv. Pastures ami heath;-; Aluwi. k mojr ; Kugloy ; Batcbough.

HO'IANV,

429

IrU PavU'Uicuntu, Ti. Biilua of Htn;Jiiii8 uri<l bogn ; frwiuciit.

(,'rocus fciiiui, L. Al. l'"i<-;lil near All! wide.

NarcinsuH bijlmui, (Jiiil Al. Fiold b<;l<>\v Windy o'lgo, near Alnwick.

N. J'.siwi(j-/ian:i.i.'.ui, L- Al. Iloln w.jo.lrf ; near Wuikw^rlh mill, whero it

may lio nativo. J. C'Einrsi',
Galiuitlim nirulis, \a. Dim. \Vi,1I ostahlirtliiiil and abiimliiiit on tho Lanka of

llio Kirtaiii aliDVu Jlawkliill 'J'ilc mIimIh
J.iliiiin tniirtdi/oii, li, Al. Jloln an<l llowick wooda.
AUiuin oleiiiciuiii, L On tlio lia.salt at llalcliiMiirh iiiid llowick.
y/. viiualr, 1. J'a.stiiii.'S anil rivor Ijank.s ; .Siimidi ; near Le.ibury.
A. umiiiuin, L iJaiiii) wooils anil sliaily ))la<:i;.s; common.
(liKjrahtlat, \\iv Karo Kugley wuud. First dibcuveicd thoro more tlian 30

years a^u hy John Ciuujir.
t'iciUa vviiKi, WwiXh. Jiaro On tin; ba.vilt near llowick, Cra.itcr, and Dun-

Htanburj^h.
lfijactiill,u-i iioiiscfipttci, L. WooiIh ami lii-allis ; fie(iueut.
JlusvuH ucutiulus, L. Al. lloln ami Ifowiik wood.-t.
Cii>n-u!/(iyia iiiui/a/ix, ], Al. lluln and Iluwick woods.
(.' bil'i>U(t,\,. Al. Ilowirk plaiitatiun.>j It Emiii.etos.
J'ufin (jutuli-ifuUii, L. Iluln and Kii^li;y wuud.-j.
A/iuc/iari.s A/\iji(r^lriuii, I'liih. Ai. Jn tlio Aln above Denwick.
Alimna I'litiilKijo, L. (Side.s ol' pond.s and ditches ; Uenwiek; Alnmouth, &c.
A. rKHUKciiluiilcs, L. Boga and «idi/3 of ditched; Alnwick moor; Aln-

nioutli.
Jtiiioiniis tinibcllatnsj Ij. Al. llowick jioiid.
Triijluchiii Muri/iininu, L. Salt nuuxhe.s ; AIninoiilh; llowick.
'J', piiiu.stiv, L. IJoya and bide of ditcliCfi ; freiiiicnt.
I'-otdiiUKjcloii pusillas, Li. A'n ; llowiclc iiond ; Kenimcrc longh.
I*, crisjnts, h. Streams and ditclie.s ; frciiuent.
P. per/ul/d/us, L. Coquet, above Warkwurth.
J', luccim, h. Aln and ponda near Alnwick. 11. E-miiletcn'.
J\ rii/tscois, Schrad. I'onds on Alnwick moor. J. Davidson.
]'. iiiittti(H,li. Ditclie.s, ponds, and streams; frequent.
/■'. oblon(jHs,\\.\. Ditclies ; Alnwick mour.

P. plaiitaijiittiis, Duer. Ditches at Alnmouth ; jiond, Dunstanborj^h.
Jtiippia muiitiina, L. Coquet, mar Warkworth.
y.vsliia tiiaiiuii, Ti. Muddy sea sliores ; Alnmouth.
Jjiinmi mi'iinr, Ij. I'onds and ilitclies ; common.
Anon iiiih'iili(f mil, L. Den. Iluln woods; Cirocnsiield.
iSpitri/aiuKiit tiiinph'x, lliids. Denwick burn ; Aln in lloln woods.
A'. raiHOsi<)n,\\w\s. Ditches and ponda ; frequent.
Tijpha lutifolia, L. Aln, near iJilton mill.
Jidicus conijloiniratus, L. Marshy ground ; common.
/. ijl'ii^u.i, I/. ^larshy ground ; common.
/. (jlaiicu^, Sibth. Damp pastures and lieaths ; common.
/. maritiiniis, Sm. Salt marshes ; Alnmouth ; Embleton.
J. acHliJIont^, Ehrh. Buj^s and damp pastures ; common.
J. laiupruciirpus, 1<^hvh. Bogs and diunp pastures ; common.
J. iupiin/x, Moench. Bo^s and wet places ; common.
J. coiiipn.iiK.i, Jacq. Var. coiNosis, Bich. Salt marsliea ; ALuinoutli ;

llowick.
/. biifuiiius, L. Damp jdaccs ; conunon.
J !ifj!(afroi,iis, L. Heaths ; common.
Luzula sijlfiitica, Bich. Woods ; frequent.
L. piluaa, AN'Uld. Woods ; frequent.
L. campcstria, Br. Pastures and heaths ; common.
L. multijloru, Lej. Upland heaths ; Alnwick moor.
A'arthecium ossij'iagtim, iixxiia. Boga ; frequent. Alnwick moor, &c.
VOL. ir. OK

430 IIISIOHV ol VI.VWKK.

Division 2.— Gluiniferae.

SchcenuH ni(jricanii,\i. Bof^s ; AlumouUi ; Ifowidr.

JJli/nmun rii/us, Tj\n]c. Hull iiiurslics ; Aliiiixditli ; llowick.

Scirpns lacHatri.1, f.iiili. AIn, liclrr.v l.irAnwy.

A', nctacoiis, ]j. Wot ijlaf(;,s ; f'roi|iii'iit

*S'. inariliinns, \,. S.ilt in.ii-h'hc.s ; Aliiriioiitli.

A'. sylntticHs, \, H.uiKs of Alii, W^ulijijiiilo liouHi?, Ilolri woocIh.

t>. palnstrit, \i. iM;irntiy jiIiiccH ; IVwiiKjiit.

'S'. unifjlumin, \.'ui\i. Coast at DiniHtiinhiiri^h. I'lofcs.sor Olivkh.

/9. cwspilosns,'\,. Ilcatlm; ficquniit.

«S'. acicnUirin, L. Pond (now diaiiiod) near Alnwick. Ji. Kmui.kto.v.

>S'. Jlnituiif, 1j. Pond near Alnwick, il. Kmulkton.

Eriophnrum I'lKjiiKitum, \,. J'ol^.s ; ficinicnt.

U. pu/i/sl(ic/ii'i/i, 1.. ]iogn; tri.(|U(,'nt.

Canx tlioica, \,. i5ogs; f'ro(ni(.;nt. Alnwick in.)Or ; Alnmouth, .tc.

C. jiuUcarin, h. Bug.s ; fn;<iiii;nt. Alnwick- UMor, Jcc.

C. ntdlalata, Good. Jiogw ; fViMjucnt.

C. ovalis, (Jooil. PogH and damp paNtiircs ; frequent.

C. renwta, L. A\''oodH ; lloln and Kugluy wood.s, &c.

C. i)ihrmt(li(t, GoDiX, Marshy pLiccH ; tVuiiucnt. Alninonth, ic.

C. arenaria, L. Handy LanJis on lliu coa.st ; Alnin()uUi, \:i-.

C. mHricata,\u On the lianalt at Uatclictigli and ilowick.

C. vnlpiria. lu JIarHliy places ; Ahuuuutli ; Ilowick.

C. paniculala, L. Bogs ; Alninuutli.

C. vulijarin, Yi'u-A. Bogs and wet [lastiiroa ; freipiont.

C. acuta, L. Wvi places ; frequent.

C. Jiava, L. Bogs and wot pasturoa ; frequent.

C. (KDEUi. Alnwick moor.

C. exlviisa, Good. Salt niar.sho3 ; Alnmoutli and Ilowick.

C. pallencens, L. Iloln, Kugloy, and L'awledge woodn.

G. ftdt-a, Good. I">anip pastures ; Aln^vick moor.

C. distaiis, 1j. Saltmarshca; Alnmouth and ilowick.

C. biiicri'is, Sm. Heaths; frcq\ient.

C panict'a, 1j. Bogs; frtHpicnt.

C. sylvatica, lluds. Woods ; frequent.

C. ;)f;(i/(i/(i, Ihid^;. P.iTe. Cawledgo woodd ; near Wark worth.

C. i/liiiuui, i^co\y. Wit pastures ; frequent.

C. prmcux, duct[. I'ry pastures ; froipient.

C. piluli/tra, 1/. Heaths; Brislaw, ire.

C. hirta, I;. "Wet ]dace3 ; frequent.

C. ampullacea, iioDii. Bogs and sides of streams ; frequent.

C. paludosa, Good "Wet places ; woods.

C. riparia,Gnii\A. AVet places ; Pugloy woods.

riialaris ayKiidiiiaira, L. lianks of streams and ponds; frequent.

P. caitariensis, L. Al. Cultivated lields ; occasionally. Alnmouth, &c.

Aiithoxaitthum odoratum, L. I'astures and heaths ; common.

riileum pratotsc, L. Meadows and pastuacs ; common.

F, arcnarium, L. Sandy banks on the coast ; Almuoutli; Boulmer.

Alopecurus pratc)tsis,lj. Pastures; eomuion.

A. goiiculatHs, L. Ditches and wet jdaics ; frequent.

Milium cjftisiim, L. Rare. Pugley woud.

Agrostis canitia, Ij. Pastures ; frequent.

A, vulgaris, With. Heaths and pastui-es ; common.

A. alba, L. Swamps ; frequent.

Ammophila anoidiiiacca, Host. Sand liills on the coast; common.

Arundo Phragmitis. L. Banks of streams and ditches; common,

A, Cakmegrostis, L, Eavo. White House wood,

IIOIANY. IJl

AiiinJo Epiyijos, \u IJiiii,-. Wliit'; Ilouae wtxA.

Svaleria ctcniliff, Si;oi). II;ir<;. On tli': liiiifstori'; at KatcliciiL^h.

Aira cieipitosa, L. \V(joils and ])M!il,iin;8 ; comiiiioii.

A. Jlixiwsa, L. IIcatliH; commoJi.

A. caryophi/llia, \i. llrittliH ami dry pasturort ; tic.([nvA\i.

A. priecox, Ij. ]_)i-y i).'i.stur(;H ; (•oiniiion.

AvoiufulKd, T/. Col. Coi-n fichlH ; conimoii.

A. a^iV/o.sY/, iSchrc'b. Col. Corn liclda ; occii.sidiially. Near Alnwick.

A pratoiHiii,!^. Dry pastures ; Katchtni'jh ; JJowick.

A. pitbescv)i!i,\>. 1 )iy pastures ; Katch'nr.jh ; Ilowiuk.
A- JldViscivs, [j. J'asturcs; coniiiidn.

Arr/ii'tial/icrinn n»t/i(ini(in, liuauv. I'asturos and way siJcH ; common.

IlolcHH lunaliis, ij. J'astiuca ; coininon.

JI. mollin, L. Woods and hodf^o Lanlcs ; ficqiiont.

Triodia decmnbc/is, Beauv. I'asturus and way bid(;.s ; common.

Koilli'iia cristatd, ViiTS. Dry pastures; Katchiuyh ; Ilowick.

Mtiica U)iijlufa, iJetz. Woods; froiiuent.

Mulinia tienilcd, IMoonch. Wet jiastuns and hoatlis ; common.

Ciitalironu (i/jU(itic(i, Vn;i^\. P(jnds and ditrlics ; Ahnnouth; Denwiclc, &c.

Oli/Cfriajluilaiis, Br. 'NVet jdaecs and ditilies ; Iruciuerit.

0. plicatn, Fries. AVet places ; Le.slniry, &c.

O. maritiina, i\[. and K. Salt inarshes ; Alnmouth ; Ilowiek.

G. distans, Wahl. Rare. Sea coast ; Alninoulli.

O. rii/ida, 8m. On the Lasalt at Katcheuyh.

Poa annua, Ij. Pastures, waj' sides, kc. ; common.

1'. pratrimis, L. Pastures ; eqinmnu.

i-*. trivialis, L. Pastures ; common,

P. iiemoralis, L. Iloln, Kuglej', and Cawled;i;e woods.

Briza media, L. I'astures and heaths ; common.

CytiosuruH ciiatatus, L. I'astures and lieaths ; coitmion.

JJacti/lis glomcrala, L. Meadows and way sides ; cominon.

Fcstuca bromoidcs, L. Dry hanks ; Ahuviek mour, kc.

F. oi'uia,'L. I'astures and heaths ; commun.

/'. duriitscidn, Tj. Pastures ; frequent.

F. rubra, L. Sand hills on the coast; Alnnujuth, kf..

/'. (7«/i'cr, lluds. Sides of str(,'a!ns ; frequent.

/■'. jw/7(/(«i(\s', lluds. Pastures; cummon.

F. i.0Li.\CEA Leshnry.

Uromi/s (/iyauttus, 1^. Woods; frequent.

11. asper, L. Woods ; frequent.

2?. sterili.^, L. AA'ay sides and waste ^TDund ; frequent.

Ji. commufatiis, Schrad. Cultivatt;d Holds ; near Bilton.

£. mollis, L. Pastiu-es and way bides ; frequent.

B. K.\CEM0SL's ; frequent.

Brach'jpodium aijloaticuui, Beauv. AVoods ;frLqucnt.

Triticum caniinim, Iluds. Woods and hedge hanks ; frequent.

2\ rcpens, L. Cultivated fields and waste i;) ound ; common.

T.junccum, L. Sand hanks near the sea ; Alnmouth, &o.

Zoliuin pcrouit; L. Pastures and way sides ; conunon.

Z. italicum, Braun. Cul. Cultivated tlelds ; common.

FlyniHs arenarius, L. Rare. On the coast, Euihleton'.

Uordeitm muri?itim, L. Waste ground and way sides ; Alnmouth, Sec,

Nardus stricta, L. Heaths ; frequent.

Lvpturus Jilifurmis, Trin. Salt marshes ; Alumouth.

II.— Elowerless Plants.

GuDEu.— FILICES.
Ceterach cfficinarvm, Willd. Den, Holn ahhey, (now eradicated).
Foli/podittm vidf/an, L. Hocks, walls, and cdd trees; common.

432

HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

P. PkrpopUrh,!^ Dampwoo'is; Ras-lcT ; Ciwle]^ ; Holn.

J'. LyojUriy,\.. I>'in;i> trc»oi» ; l;.ii.ky i liolii ; knd Ca vloi^ ; CuAy'i

I'rtnk ; W; ' '/. m-ooi1.

T,-Iufiu-';u..i a: .1 llcln and Cjwlod^t: woods; Iloaadene, Ac.

/*. LONtHlTIDlOIliES.

P. a«(iid£ut, Xvwm. _ woods. J. Catisr.

Lthtrt^ Oyr<y..V/-i«, PnaL Ipiaiid heaths and vooda; freqoest; Alnvick

moor; llnln and Ru»ley v<iods; kv.
X. Tilii-mah, PivsL M'oods, heJgt; bonlu, ic. ; oonumoo.
X. iNCiSA. Alnu-ick moor. Arc,
L. tpiuuluss, I'rtsiL Lrizlav W. RicuAursos.
X. dil^tata, 1*11*1. Wot'Js; conunon
L. «<i»Mj«, iJraci. l:ui;K V wjod. R MniMXifAS.
Atljfu'uM Filn'frtmit.a, lloth. WcickIs and Lt^tLa ; froquc-at
^. KUinciM. iJu^ley and Holn ■w^uods.
Ai^Ujuuhi TririiUMautf., L. HaUhc-ugh crag; very spaiin^-ly. Holnablfey;

Uoundine Lum at the Cciquet.
A. waririuui, 1^ Maritime i\"ks; Ilowirt.
.4. Ad,a„ti!i,i.,.;nru„t^ L. On the basalt at Uritcbi-ngh, IIonndeQe.

Ilowitk ; Warkwortli ht-rinitafff.
A. J^ma-Mhtertg, L. On the limestone at Eatohciigh.

Scdopt^.drium ml^sre, Sym. L>amp woi>di and walls ; lloln aT V- v : TlounJene.
McchnttM bixvolf. Sw. if f-atlis and woods ; fix-quent.
J'lrn't a(^u,li,.a, L. IIc;jlh», woods, A:c ; ct.majon.
Hotrt/rlmm l.nnuin, Sw. rastures; liatclicturh ; Huglcy; .Vj.-u:ck moor;

Alnmoulh ; SLiplev. "

Ophit><fltfSSH,.i rulffAtHm,!^ Pastures; Ix^lury; Shipley; Uoln.*

Oraira LYC\">PODLVCE-E.

lAfimpUimm elaralum, Upland heaths , Alnwick moor ; Il^.ln.

X. aday», L. Upland he^tlis ; Aln'wiok moor.

L. sdofitHfiJcs, L, Bogs ; Alnwack moor ; Alnmouth.

Oiuȣu EQUISETACE-E.

Sfnltttum TiimtUU, Ehrh. S«-.unpy w.ods and l.<.nts of stre.ims ; fn-qnent.

Kui,'li>y, lloln, und Cn wlivl^o WiH»ds.
E. arcttisc, I^ Ciiltivatoii fiil is .ind wa:St*> pl.i<vs ; common.
X ttflnticuM. L. l>imp woods; Uujjley, Uulu, and Oawledje wo>..ds, io-
£. prnJustir, L. Boins ; ftvqui-nt-
£. It'mostim, L, Ponds and ditches ; fro.piont-
£. Ayr-wa/f, L. Eare, W;irkworth and Oawlcds* woods.

* The feJlowing Fims occur in Xoi-tli Xorthumberland, but l-erciid cur
disinel : —

AUosorus erisvtt^, Bemh In^rram cline-rs on pcri^yry.

Cvstopi^is f, ,1 7iJU^ Bemh. Cheviots un porphry,

Zastt-fiti TJ.ii,.j>unf, Presl. LoArmouih Ih.->-.

AsplcMimm riridr, Hnds. Bizzlc ; Chc\-iot5 on por}Vhvry.

A, permam'niin, AVtiss. Very rare, Kyloe on basalu '

A. «e>fe»/rfV)<,fl.V, Hall. Kyloe on has.'dt,

MymenopAjfiium TrUs^nt, UJk^V. On sandstone, Simonside, Kothbunr.

H. I^miri^fatse, Sm. On s-indsione, nonh-wesi of Old Bewick.

Osmmmig rpf«liSf L, On sandstone, Kothbury forest, north of Coqnct.

433

MUSCI AND IIEPATICyE.
By Robert ISIiddlkmas.

MUSCI OR MOSSES.

PliaHcum cusiiulalum. Garden walliH
and McMh.

Cawlcd-^o.
Gurdcn walka; sand

Moist LanJiS ; Moor

P. wiiLiilatuin

]'. HIJlTutlim.

baiilcs.
I', jiiuticum.

burn.
Si)luif,niii7n cyinbifuliuin. Alnwick

moor ; common.
S. aciitifoliiiiri Llack lough; common.
S. sqiiarro,s.sum. Black loujjli ; not

coninion.
S. cuspidatum. Black lough ; not

conimon.
Gymnoatomum curvirostrum. C'aw-

ludgc ; abundant.
G. rupcblro. On rocks, Cawlcdge.
G. microatomuni. Alnwick moor ;

rare.
Pottia cavifolia. Eai-th capped dykes ;

not comnion,
P. truncata. Hope House; Grecns-

ficM Moor.
P. minitala. Var. conJca. Garden

walks ; common.
Physcondtrium pyriformo. Ditch

sidea ; Alnwick Moor.
Iledwigia ciliala. Walla on Alnwick

Jlour ; not abundant.
Tetnipliia prlliicida. Lady's well ;

L'awledge ; nut connuon.
Splachnum spluvricum. llill near

Black lough ; rare.
Encalypta vulgaiis. Stoney hilla ;

sparingly.
"NVeisaiacoutraversa. Stocken; abun-
dant.
W. cin-ata. Near Brislaw.
W. veiticillata. Cawledge; rare,

especially in limit.
Anacalypta lanccolata. Stoney hills.

11. Emiilktox.
Schistidium apocaiimm. A very

variable moss ; abundant on walls,

bridges, rocks.
S. maritimum, Near Ho'W'ick ; on

rocks.
Grimmia pulvinata. Hope House;

common.
G. tricophylla. Alnwick moor. "Winch
Ceratodon pui-purcus. Very vaiiablc ;
common.

VOL. II.

Tricho.stomum rigidulum, Stocken ;

Iicjt ll(;t|UOnt.

T. homomalhim. Stocken ; common.
T. toph.'icouiii. Grecn.sfield old fjnany.
Itaconiitrium lanuginoHimi. .^Vluwick

moor ; Brislaw ; on rocks,
li. canesccn.'j. Stoney liills.
Jl. hcterofttichum. Jiatclieugh; com-
mon.
II. microcarjjum. Hocks at Katcheugh ;

not common.
II. aciculare. Cawledgo.
11. faacicularc. Stoney liiUa ; Rat-

clii;ugh ; abimdant.
Ptychomitrium polyphyllum. Bridgo

ill Stocken.
Didymodoii rubellus. "Wall, Alnwick

moor.
Fissidens bryoides. Jlungo Park's

moss ; Stocken ; ahundant.
F. taxil'olius. Cawledge.
Beucobryum glaucum. Black lough.
Dicranum jK-llucidum. Stockeu ;

common.
D. var. seiTatum. Cawledge park ;

not common.
D heteromallum. Ratcheugh ; com-
mon.
D. scoparium. "Woods ; Cawledge ;

llidn J Common.
D. varium. Sloist hank near Uoln

ahbcy.
D. undulatimi. Black lough ; not

frequent.
Campylopus flexuosua. Peaty bog,

Black lough.
Turlula miu alia. Reservoir wall ;

comjnoii.
T. rigida. Stoney hills ; rare.
T. subulata. Greenstield ; not fre-
quent.
T. miguiculata. Stoney hills ; earth

to]ipcd wall.
T. i'allux. Stocken ; common.
T. convoluta. Near Iloln abbey ;

rare.
T. revoluta. Near Iloln abbey high

road.
Cindidotus fontinaloides. Cawledge

park ; abundant.
Atrichum undulatum. Iloliie ; com-
mon.

434

HISTORY or ALNWICK.

Polytriclium commiino. Alnwick
moor; coiiinu>u.

P. pilil'uniiii. Siuno locality.

1*. jiiiii])cririuiii. l'l;uit;ilioa wall
Stoniiy hilln ; coitiiiioii.

Pogoruitum ;il])iiuiia Alnwiclc moor.

P. aloidcs. Katcliuiif^h ; (Jiiwlodf^o.

P. urnigoruni. Sandy [)liicea ; Aln-
wick moor ; riiiu.

Fifriiiria hy^roinctrica. Common ;
giU'don walJH, Liinlcs, and whuro
wood han L(;i;n hinnt, I

Orthotrichum cnijiiliituni. On .stones;
Jiugloy luirn ; rocks in (/'awlcdf^o.

0. anomaluiii. On roulcs ; Uatih(;uf^h.

O Dj'iimniondii. On trci;.s , Slockcii ;
nut froquen*.

0. airmo. Oji trees j Cawlcdgo ;
comniun.

O. criMpum. On trees ; Cawledyc ;
common.

O. XHilchcllum. On trees, Ilatcheugh ;
not common.

G. diaiilianum. On trees ; Uolnc ;
common,

0. Btramineum. On trees ; Cawlodgo ;
rare.

Aulacomiiion androgynum. Caw-
lodge; sparingly on damp rocks.

A. palustre. Alnwick moor.
Bryum carneum. On the road side,

Greensfield moor, Hope terrace

B. argenteum. Wall behind bion
Cha])el ; common.

B. capillarc. Variable ; common on

walls.
]i. ca^siiititium. Similar jdaces ; not

so connnon.
B. tin-binatinn. Black lough ; not

common.
B. nutans, near Black lough ; not

common.
B. alpinum. Alnwick moor, near

Lemmington Branch.
B- roseinn. Banks of Cawledgc burn.
Leptobryum pyrifonno. Damp rocks ;

Cawledge ; common on flower-pots.
Mnium undulatum. Stocken and

Cawledge ; abundant.
M. punctatum. t-tocken ; abundant.
M. rostratimi. In Cawledge ; not

common.
M. hornum. Stocken ; Holn woods ;

common,
M. cuspidatnm. "Woods near Aln-
wick. 11. Emuleton.
Bartratnia pomiformis. Old quarry

near Abbey bridge.
B. fontana. Black lough.

Buxbanrnia aphylla. Vfiry rare;
Alnwick moor. Profe.nsor Dickib.
Founl also in Ibo Cheviots by
.)oM\ and \Vm. Boyi). Pro. Ber.
Club, v., p. 421.

Antitrichia cnrtip'-ndnla. Brialaw,

Anomodon viticulosua. Cawlc-dgo ;
not coininon.

Foiitinalis itntipyrctica. Moor bum ;
Cawledge Inirn.

Ilypnnm trichomanoidcs. Cawlodgo;
C(.inimon.

ILrijiarinm. Cawledge; not frequent.

II. undiilatuiii. Cawledge; common.

U. dentlculatum. Holn; Stoncy hills;
C'Miniion.

IT. Heri)eTis. Cawledge; not common.

II. poj-ulemn. Same locality; common.

II niuralc. Holn abbey; not common.

II. purum. Cawledge and Holn

H. Schreberi. Cawledgc ; Alnwick
mo< >r.

11. plumosum. Iloln ; Cawledge;
common.

11. lutescens. Cawledge ; not com-
mon

11. splenden.s. Alnwick moor.

H. prajloiig\nn. Cawledge ; Stocken.

II. rutabulum. Cawledge ; common.

II. vclulinuux. Same locality.

II. ruscil'olium. Rugley and C iwkdgo.

H. striatum. Holn and Cawledge;
common.

II. confertum. Gair'a hedge ; Caw-
ledg.'.

II. cuspidatum. Alnwick moor ; com-
mon.

H. loreum. Batcheugh.

II. triciuetrum. Banks ; Cawledge ;
common.

H. bruvirostro. Cawledge ; not com-
mon.

II. palnstro. Black lough.

II. stcllatum. Alnwick rnoor.

II, lilicinum. ^loor bum.

H. aduncum. Paigley and Cawledge ;
not conmion.

H. uncinatum. Damp rocks ; Caw-
ledge ; not common.

H. commutatum. Damp rocks ; Caw-
ledge ; common.

H. cuprcsbiformo. Common ; verj-
variable.

n. var. tonue. Cawledge.

IT. var. compressum. Cawledge.

H. moUuscum. Cawledge ; not com-
mon.

H. tamariscinum. Yery common ia
all woods.

IlErATlCVli (JR LIVhH\V0KT3.

435

laotliociuin aloiioniirurn. Cawlodgo.
]. iiiyosuroiiJus Ticch, Cawlwl;^!!.
I. iiiyurum. Troos arid rocltH, Caw-

(/'limaciurri d-jri'lroMcH. liatchouj^h.
I-(,vil<i;a*;MV;o;i. Storicy )iilLj; (/jrnirion.
Nwkcra coinplanatu. Wall nf;ar Hola
abboy ; common.

irEI'ATKJyK Oil LTVERWOKTS.

JIarclianliapolymoritha. ifoi.st woods;
t.'Oinirion. Stoukcn.

M. bciiiisphiurica. Moist banks ;
Oawlcdf^i;.

JI. coiiicu. iStocken ; common.

Juiii^cniinnnia asplonioidos. Abun-
dant ill woods.

J. cordifolia. Bogs; Black lough.
IMIhh M Tate.

J. liicaHi>idata. I loin woods ; common.

J. eriiaiginata. I'Mlingliam bum ; near
liridf^e on Jiotblniiy road.

J. albicans. Alnwick moor, below
llcrd's house.

Mosses
Liverworts

J. complanata. Trees near I loin

abliey.
J. rej)tariH. EJIingham bum.
J. platyphylla. Itoeks and trees;

Oawleilgo and Rugley woods.
J. Hphagni. Boggy places; Alnwick

moor.
J. cpiphylla. Cawledgc ; common
J. fureala. Trees and rocks ; Kuglcy

and Alnwick moors.
Anthoceros punetatus. Cawledgo ;

not common.
Riccia crystallina. Greensfield ; rare.

135 Species.
10

lol

LAND AND FRESH AVATER SHELLS.*

From the vaiied character of the country, the district is, on the
•whole, favourable to the production of land shells. Large tracts
of ATOod, watered by swift flowing- streams, and i^resenting a
beautiful alternation of hill and vale, aiford a congenial habitat
for the sholtor-loving species.

The richest localities are those where limestone occurs, ns this
rode furnishes the lime of which the external covering of the
mollusca is for the most part composed. Particular plants afibrd
a resting place to many species ; equisetums and grasses, especi-
ally those containing a largo per-centage of earthy salts, are much
frequented by land shells. The geological pecuharity of a dis-
trict influences the distribution of land shells much more, in
England at least, than geographical position. All of the forms
found near Alnwick are, with one exception, {Helix lameUata),
observed in Ilamjjshire, at the opposite extremity of the country.
Those peculiar to this southern part of England, and which are
not observed in the north, flourish on a cretaceous soil ; among
those may be enumerated, CyclostomaElegans, Buliinus acutus,
and Helix candima.

Vitrina pellucida, JIull. Common.
Zonites ccllarius, Mull. Common.

Ratchough ; Holn; Kugley.
Eatcheui-h, Sec.

• Mollusca of Alnwick, by G. R. Tate, M.D,
p.p. 110, 118.

Proc. of Der. Xat. Chib, IV

436 HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

Z. alllariuB, JIull. Ratchough, &c.

Z. nitiduliiH, Dili]), ]{;if,oh(;u^'h ; Holn, &c.

Z. riuliutuliiH, Aldi.T. lt;itc)i<;ii;<li ; IIcjIii, &c.

Z. jjuiuM, A1i1(j1'. Kntcliuiif,'h ; Jloln; Itiiglcy, &c.

Z. crybtiilliiuiH, Mull. ]i.it<,h(;ii;.5h ; IIolii, ^c.

Z. (,'xcavutiiH, liuiiii. Very impo. Iloln wouil.s.

]f(;lix ii,si)(;ia, Mull. Vt,ry coiiiirion.

II. uiljiistorun, I.iun. lime. IIolii ; Alninoutli.

II. iiciiioiali.s, Linn. Common. AV-ry iilonliful near the aca.

II. var. liDiicTiHis.

JI. cajjciata, Mont, riatclicii^'h ; T)<:nw\(■^i ; Alnmoutli.

II. oiicitoruin, Mull. Uunwiclc ; Alnwick irioor ; Itatclicugh, &c.

II. liispida, Linn. Common, lialchouyh ; Holn.

II. var. conciiina. Katdiouf^h.

H. Horicea, Drnp. llolu and Cau'lcdgo, on Equi.seta.

II. aculeata, I\Iull. Sparingly at Ifatchiu^'li and CawlcJge.

II. lamellata, Jeff. Yrry rare. iiu;<lcy.

XL fulva, Mull. Katclieuyli ; I)t;n\vick; Iloln.

II. i'usea, Mont. On equiseta ; Iloln and Cawlodgo.

II. virgata, Da Costa. Very abundant at Alnmouth.

II. pulc'hella, ^lull, Tvathi.T rare. Iloln abbey.

II. var. costata. Jloln abbey.

II. rotundata, l\Iull. Hjln; llatebougb, &c.

II. ]iy^-m;ea, Drap. Sliortrid^o link;<.

liuliinna ob.seurud, T»Iull. Not abundant. Iloln; iJatcliongh ; Embleton, &c.

Pupa unibilicata, Diap. Common. Katehcui^li, ice.

P. niuscoruni, Linn, iynmoutb ; Dunstiinbur^b,

P. odentula, Drap. Piins. Pm^ley ; llatebcuL^'h.

1'. pypnuea, Di ap. Alnwick moor ; IiatclicuLili ; Dunstauburgli,

Claubilia biminala, Mont. Very iiir(\ Holn.

C. nigricans, Hat. and Ivack. Not common. Cawlcdgc ; lloln ; Dunstan-

burgh.
C. nigricans var. dubia. Pare. Englcy.
Zua lubricn, Mull. Iloln abbey ; PatcLeugb, iS:e.
Sueeinea imtris, Linn. Common.

S. var. gracilis. Alnwick moor ; Alnmoutb ; Dunstanburgh.
I'bysa i'ontiualis, Linn. Alu ; JKn\ ii Ic pond.
I'lanorbis albus, Mull. ]I(Avitk jiond.
P. glabcr, Jctr. Dunstanbur^k fosse.

P. spirorbis, Linn. Dunstanbiirgb I'usso ; Kimmcrc lough.
Lymneus pereger, IMuU. Common in jtonds, kc. Alnwick moor, &c.
L. var. ovatus. In a small jiond D\msta7iburt;li.

L truncatulus. Mull. Frequent in ditchi>s and bogs. Alnwick moor, &.C.
Ancylus iluviatilis, Mull. Aln ; Eunley burn, Jcc.
A. lacnstris, l\lull. Pare. Kinmure lough.
Conovulua dentic\ilatus, l^Iont. Very rare. Alnmouth,
Carychium mininmm, LIull. Eatcheugh, &c.

Cyclas cornea, Linn. Common. The ^Un ; ponds in Alnwick moor,
Pisiduim obtusale, Pfeiff. Ditches in Alnwick moor.
P. pusillum, Turt. Ponds and ditches ; Alnmouth ; Dunstanbnrgh.
P. pulchellum, Jenyna. Ponds ; Dunstanbnrgh ; Kimmcre lou'>-h.
Anodonta cygnea, Linn. Aln ; Howick pond. °

Dead shells of Paludina vivipara, Bithinia tentaculata, Neritina fluviatali"
and Unio pictorum are occasionally met with at Alnmouth, where they have
teen brought by ballast.

437

VERTEIiRATE ANIMALS.

I'y IloiJKin' (Jas'ii-i:s Ivmui.kion.

In tlin fo]lo^ving ciilalof^iio I liavo inserted tlioso spoeiofl only
Avliich liiivo oilliov conio uiidor my own observation or from tho
obsorvations of (jtlicrs u[)oii wliosc Jciiowlodjjo I can dopc-nd.*
Many of tho Hpocio.s cnumuratcd aro now ho rarely met with as
to bo almost extinct; in somo cases, chielly owing tu tho war of
extermination carried on by n-unio presca-vcrs against what they
call vermin ; a)id in others to the drainage of our ponds, bogs,
and lielda. Tho following mimmary of tho number of species in
each class, recognised by tho Naturalists of Great JJritain and
Ireland, not including domesticated species, compared with those
in tho district will at once show its resources : —

Croat Britain aiid Iruland 2SG 7

Alnwick ili.strici GJ 3

mjihibia.

Birds.

Murnuialia.

8

'6.',7

G.5

4

181

.■;i)

CLASS riSUES.

Acantliopterygii.

Porca flnviatilis, Porch.
Trai'liinuB Draco, Groator Weaver.
T. Viprra, i,c.ss(>r Weaver.
Trivia I'iui, Iteil Gurnard; very rare.
T. CJiiriianlns, Grey Gurnard.
Coitus Scorpius, Sea Scorpion.
Gasterosteus aciilcatu.s, Sli(;klcl)aelc.
G. spiniiachia, Fil'tceii-spincd Stickle-
back.
ScondnT scoinlior, Jfackcrcl.
Caranx tracluuus, Hoim' Mackerel.
I\In^cl cajiito, (ircy ^liilli't ; rare.
Ijlciinius pUolis, Smooth Shanny.
Atiarrhicas Lupus, Wolf Fish
Callionynuslyra,Geniiacou.sDragouut.
Loi)liius pi.scatorius. Angler.
Labrus inaculatus, Ballan Wrasse.

Malacopterygii Abdom males.

Cyprinus (iobio, (ludyeon.
C. PhoxiTiiis, ^Minnow.
Gobitia barbatula, Loach.
Eso.x Lucius, riko.
Bclono vulgaris, Gar Fish.

B. saurus, Sauiy.
(Salmo salar, Salmon,
y. Eriox, Bull Trout.
S. Trutta, Sea Trout.

S. Tario, Common Trout.

S. Balmiilus, I'arr,

Clupca Ilarengus, Herring.

C. I'ilchardus, Pilchard.

* A few otlier species are added, for

Malasopierygii Subracliiales.

Gadus ^^orrhua, Cod.
Ci. ylvgkliuus. Haddock,
j\fcrlaiigus vulgaris. Whiting.
M. Pollachius, Pollack.
J\L carbonarlus, Coa! Fish.
Mcrliuciu.s vidgaris, Hake
Lola luolva, 1-ing.

^Motclla mubtella, Five-bearded Rock-
ling.
Plati ssa vulir;iris. Plaice.
1'. I'll sus, Flounder.
P. liniand.i, l)ab.

Ifipjioglossus vulgaris. Halibut. •
Plcuronoctes nia.\imus, Turbot.
P liliombus. Brill.
Sulca vulgaris. Sole.
Cycloplcrus lumpus. Lump Fish.

Malacopterygii Apodes.

Anguilla acutirostris, Sharji-iiosed EcL
A. latirostris, Broad-nosed Eel.
A. Conger, Conger Eel.
Ammod}-tes lancea, Sand Eel.

Osteodermi.

Syngnathus acus. Great Pipe Fish.
Orthagoriseus Mola, Short Sun Fish.

Eleutlieroponii.

\ccipenser Sturio, Sturgeon. G. Tate.

Plagiostouii.

I Squalus canicula, Spotted Dog Fish,
which tlio authority is acnexed. 0. T.

438

HISl'fJllY UK AI-NWICK.

S. cornuliicus, Purljfia^lo Kliark.

H. iicaiitluMH, l)(>'^ Fiwh.

Caroliiiii.'iM VulpiH, J-oni^-tailod or Fox

Sliaik, IHG.S. a. Tatk.
liaia Halis, Skato.
It. inaciil.ita, Si)olt,o(l Ray.
It. clavuta, Tlioriiback.

Cydostomi.

Pctiomyzon rnarirms, Set Lamprey, ia
th<; Alri, 1HG8. d. Tate.

Jfy.xiiio glutiriosa. Glutirioim Ilacf.

Gyiiiri'.triJ.s IJaiikhii, Bank's Oar l-'iih ;
very rare; oiio Htrando*! on A!rx-
iiiouth sliorc, 1815.

CLASS KKl'TII.IA.

Zootoca viviparri, (,'ornmon Lizard I Viiicra coiiiinuniH, Adder.
Aii^-iiis fra/^'ilis, I'.liiul W'uria. I

CLASS AMrilllilA.
Eana Ti;iupora)ia, Froy. I Triton cri.statti.s, Common Warty Ncvrt.

Bulb vulgaris, Toad. , I Lissotriton piinclatua, Common Eft.

CLASS AVES.

Puiptores.

A(]uila Uhrysa'lus, Golden Eajjlo ; a

vury raro visitant.
TIaliautuH Albicilla, Sea E.iglo ; rare.
Pandiou JLiliaetus, Oaprey ; rare.
Accipiter Nisu.s, Sparrow J lawk.
Faleo pcrogrinii.s, J'eroyriiio Falcon.
F. Subbiiteo, Ilubliy.
F. nilipcs, Orange-legged Falcon ;
one of tbe rarest visitants ; a
female obtained at ILauxley, Oct.
18G8. G. Tati;.
F. ^E.salon, IMorliu.
F. Tinnunculus, Kestrel.
Circus rufiis, Llar.sb Harrier.
C. eineraceus, Asti-coloured ITavrier.
Pernis apivonis, Honey Buzzard; rare.
I'utco vulgaris, Common Buzzard.
1?. logopus, iiougU-legged Buzzard.
1>. palumbarius, Goshawk; a i'lnnab;
was trajiped a few years ago near
• Holn abbey.
IMilvus v\ilgaris, Kite ; now rarely
seen ; but forty years ago I often
watched its llight across Alnwick
moor.
Noctua Tengmalmi, Tcngmalm's 0 \vl ;

very rare.
Otua vulgoxis, Long-eared Owl.
0. Brachyotus, Short-eared Owl.
Syrninm Aluca, the Howlct.
Strix flanmiea, Barn Owl.
Cypselus apus. Swift.
Hirundo rusticn, Swallow.
H. urbica, Martin.
IL riparia, Sand JMartin.
Caprimulgus Eurojnens, Goat Sucker.
Alcedo Ispida, King(i.sher.
Musicapa grisola, Sputtcd Fly-catcher.
M. atricnpilla, Pied Fly-catcher,
l.aniusj Excubitor, Ciicater Butcher

Bird.
Turdiis viscivorus, 3Iissel Thrush.

Tardus pilaris, Fieldfare.
'I', nnisieus, Song Thruah.
T. Jliacus, Bidwing.
T. IMcrula, I'.lackbird.
T. torcjuatus, Iting Ouzel.
Cinclus a([uaticus, Hipper.
Accentor inodularis, Hedge Sparrow.
Salicaria loeustella, Grasslioppor

^\^lrbler.
S. PhragmitfS, Sedge "Warbler.
(."aiTuca atricajjilla, Jilackcap.
C. hortensis, Pi;tty'.haps.
C. cinerea, AVhitethro.it.
Kuticilla I'huMiicuris, Ked.start.
Sylvia rubccula, Redbreast.
S. trochilus. Yellow Willow Wren.
S. sitnliatiix, AVood Wren.
.'^. Hippolais, Lesser Pettychapa.
IJcgubis auricapillus, Criddcrost.
Triglr>d\l>'.-) l''uri>pa;us, Con nnon Wren.
Mutiuilia alba, Red Wa-t.iil.
]\[. Boarul.i, Grey Wairbiil.
I\I. llava, Yellow Wagtail.
Bombycilla garrula, Buhemian Wax-

M'ing.
Anthus aquaticus, Rock Pipit.
A. prateusis, ^Icadow Pipit.
A. arboreus, Tree Pii>it.
Saxicola Oenanlhc, \\lieatear.
S. rubetra, Wliinchat.
S. rubicola, Stonechat.
Par us major, Great Titmouse.
P. ecerulcus, lUue Titmouse.
P. atei-, Cole Titmouse.
V. ])alustris, iLir.sh Titmouse.
P. caudatus, Long-tailed Titmouse.

Conirostres.

Emheriza miliaria. Corn Bunting.
E. citronella, Yellow Bunting.
E. scha'niculus, Red Bunting.
I'loctrophancs nivalis, Snow Bunting.
Alanda arveusis, Sky Lark.
Carduelis clegans, Goldfinch.

Vli: KTli 1) RATK A N I M A I.S.

430

UanliioliH H])irniH, Sinkiii.

Friii-ill;i(;(..I.,lH, (;iiiilliii(:h.

F. iii<)iitihiiij/;ill,i, i\louiit;iiii Fincli.

PasHor d<jiiic.sLii:n.s, IFoiisu Spui-iow.

I.inariii caMiialiiiiii, liiowii l.iiiiKjt.

Jj. iii(;(itiuiii, Twite,

Tj. llavirohLiis, Les.scr Hodpolo Linnet.

Fynliiila vulujariH, I'ulKiricli.'

Kturniis viilj,Mii.s, (;(jiiiiiiou Starling.

l'ast(jr rci.siMiH, liLo.si;-toluLU(;il Uusrl ; a

rare visitant.
Cora'Mas garnila, I{(jllcr ; vory rar(;.
I'ica (;ijiiiiiiuniH, Maijjiiu.
(liaiTulus ylanilariiia, Jay ; formerly

jjloiitilLil, but now raruly Hocn.
Corvurt Oorax, iva\en ; now rarely

Keen.
C. Corone, Carrion Crow.
C cornix, Iloodeil Crow.
C frujiilegiis, ittiuk.
C nioncdula, Jaelcdaw.
Loxia ciirvirosti'a, Cro.ssLill.
L. CoecothraiibteH, Common GrosLeak.
I., ehlori.s, (Irocn (irosbeak.
Ficus viridis, (Jroen ^Vool)ecker.
P. major, Great .S[)otted Woodpecker.
P. minor, Les.ser Spotted Woodpecker.
Certliia lamiliaris, Common Creeper.
Upu])a Fjiops, Hoopoe; very rare.
Cueulua eanoru.s, Lhiekoo.

Rasorcs.

Columba palumbus, Ping Dovo.

C. Turtur, Turtle Dovl; ; a rare visi-
tant.

Phasiaiuid Coleliio\id, Conuuou I'hcas-
ant.

Cotuinax vulgaris, Common Quail.

Perdix cinerea. Common Partridge.

Tetrao Tctiix, Black Cock.

Logopua ScoticHS, Red Gronso.

Syrrhaptes paradoxus, I'alla.s' Sand
Grouse ; a very rare visitant.

Grallatores.

Ardea cinerea, Common Heron.

Botaurus stullaris. Bittern.

Nunienin.s anpuitus, Common Curlew.

N. Phieopus, Whimbrel.

Tetanus calidris, Pedshank Sandpiper.

T. oehropus. Green Sandpiper.

T. h)'poleucu.s. Common Sandpiper.

Limosa rnfa, Common Godart.

Scolopax rusticola. Woodcock.

S. major. Solitary Snipe.

S. Gatlinula, Jack Snipe.

Matchetes pugnax. Puff; very rare,

Tringa variabilis, Dunlin.

T. maritima, Pock Tringa.

Tringa lobatns, Grey Plialeropo ; rare.

V. Giiui.
I.obijji H liy|)(;rboreuH, Hod Cootfoot ;

very rare.
Pallus a'piaticiw, Water Hail.
It. Crex, Corn Crake.
It. |)or/.ana, Ki)ttt>;d Crake,
(.ralliniila chloropua, Common Gal-

linule.
FnJica atra, Common Coot.
lla'matopuHOstraleguH.OystcrCatcher.
Sti-epsiliis int(ri)re.-«, Turnstone.
Vaindlua crifttatns, Laj<wijig.
Sipiaterola cinorea, Grey I'lover.
Arenaria vulgaris, Common Sundor-

ling.
CharadriuH pluvialis, Golden Plover.
C. nioriTifdlus, Dottrel.
C. liiaticula, Ping Dottrel.

Natatores.

Anser ffrns, (In.-y Lag Goose.

A. segetum, Bean Goose.

A. Frythropus, White-lxontod Goo.se";

rather rare.
Bornicla ]?renta. Brent Goose.
Cygrius ferus, Wliooping Swan-
Anas Bosehas, Wild Duck.
A. Penelope, Common Widgeon.
A. ereeea, Teal.

A. Tadorna, Sheldrake. T. Gibb.
A. acuta. Pintail Duck. T. Giisii.
A. nigra. Black Scoter. T. Guui.
A. Fuligula, Tufted Duck. T. Gibb.
Clangula chrysoi»hthalma, Golden Eye,
Mcrgiisalbellus, Smcw; iirc T. GibB.
>L siirator, Ked-brcajtcd ^lerganser.

T. Gimi.
]M. Castor, Gooseander. T. Gibb.
Harelda glaeialis, Long-tailed Duck.
Fuligula Tirina, Ped-headcd Pochai-d.
F. ]Marila, Scaup Duck.
Somateria niollissima. Eider Duck,
Podicei)s auritus. Eared Grebe.
P. minor, Little Grebe.
Colymbus glaeialis, Xorthcm Diver;

not uncoumion in its young state.
C. septentrionalis, Red-throated I)iver.
C. arcticus. Black-throated Diver.

T. GlDB.

Uria Troile, Foolish Guillemot.
Alca Torda, Razorbill.
A. ^Ule, Little Auk. T. Gibb.
Fratercula arctica, Pullin.
Phalacrocorax carbo, Connorant.
P. Graeulus, Green Cormorant.
Sterna Cantiaca, Sandwich Tern.
S. DougaPi, Roseate Tern.
S. arctica, Arctic Tern.

410

HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

Slorna TlirumJo, Common Tom. T,

(jiiiii
LaniBridi])Uii(lii8, r$l;ick-lioii(li;J Gull.
L. (tiiniiH, (Joiiiiiion Gull.
1j. i'lisciiH, Ijisscr lUiick-li.ickcd Gull.
L. ar^-cnliitiis, Ifcrriug (JuU.
li. J{i.ss;i, K'itliwiiko
1/. gliiucus, Gluucou.s Gull ; raru. 1'.

(iiiiii.

L maririus, Great Black-backed Gull.
T. Giiiii.

Lcsliis parasitica, Arctic Skua ; very
laro. T. GiiiB.

L. Gatarract'.H, Skua. T. Giiui.

TlialaHsiiiioiiia iicl.-njica, Stonjiy Pet-
ri;! ; rare.

T. iJullocki, Fork-taiIc<I Petrel ; very
laro ; ono obtained at Glanton,
1SG7. F. AV. Coi.LiNtiW<joi>.

CLASS ]\rAMMAIJA.

Vcspertilio ])i|iistrellu3, Coiumun I'at.

Pleclua aurilu.s, liong-ciii'cil l!;it.

ErinactHi.s iMiiupieuH, llcdi^c Jloj;-

Soiex araiK.ii.s, (Joumiuii Shrow.

S. fodicns, AN'ater Klircw.

Sciurus vulgaris, iSquirri;! ; at Old

15e\vick, lS(i8. J. C- Langlamjs.
Talpa vulgaris, (Jdminoii JIolo.
iMclcb 'J'axus, llio liadgcr
Latra vulgaris, llio (Jltc-r.
IMustela vulgaris, the \V'i.asel.
]\r. Ermiuca, tin; Sloat.
]\1. ])utoriu.s, tjio Foumart.
I\I. Marte.s, I'inc Martin ; very rare*
Vuli)(b vulgaris, the l''o.x.
l''eliH Catis, AVild Cat ; now extinct,

but many yeais ago in llobnvoods.

G. Tatk.
IIalicha;rus gri.seus, tlio Great Seal.

I J'lioca viliilina, tbo Seal.
[ Mu:i .s)lvaticu.i, AVood Mou.so.
j j\r. musculuH, Common Moukc.
M. H.ittuH, JJlack liat; e.tibled a few

yearij ago at Lemmington Jlall.
M. di;eumanuri, Mrown iiat.
Arvieola am|)bibi;i. Water Ilat.
A. agnnti.-j. Short-tailed Field Mouse.
Ijepus timidua, the Hare.
; L. cuniculus, the liabbit.
; Dtlphinu.s del])hiH, tin; Dolphin.
I l'hoi.a;na communis, the Porpoise.
1'. melas, Caaing \\'hali:.
J5alenopt(;ra JJoop.s, the Xortbem Ror-

(|ual.
Calodon macroccphalus. "A spermaceti
Whale," says Wallia in 17G9,
" was east on shore twenty years
ago at Llauxley.

* One captured about twenty years ago in Cawledge wood ; and one obtained
by Mr. Embktua from Soulh Chiirllon in 18(1 J. 0. T.

//■

/ //

^r.

-VC

CHAPTER XXII.

GEOLOGY OF THE ALNWICK iJlSTRICT.

TABLE OF GEOLOOIUAti FOUMATIONS — STJIATIIIKI) ROCKS — rAL.T;OZOI0
EllA — LOWr.ll SILUHIAN — CAUHONIFEllOUS SYSTEM — Ul'l'ER OLD
llED CONULOMEUATE — TUEUIAN I'OKMATIOX — MOUNTAI.V LIME-
STONE— DESCmi'TION OF IIOCICS — CALCAllEOL'S AND CAlinoX-

ACEOUS GJIOUI'S — SUCCESSION OF LIMESTOMJ AND COAL UEDS

COAL SEAMS IN ALNWICK MOOR — hiANDSTONFJ QL'AUiaES —
RAMBLE DOWN ItUGLEY AND CAWLEDOE BURN — LIST OF MOUN-
TAIN LIMESTONE FOSSILS — I'lIVSICAL CONl^ITIONS OF THE ERA

COAL MEASURES — MILLSTONE GRIT — JtAONESIAN LIJILSTONE —
CAINOZOIC ERA — PLEISTOCENE — BOULDER CLAY — ICE ACTION —
CLIMATE OF THE PERIOD — I'OST PLEISTOCENE — IGNEOUS llOCKa
— PORPHYRY OF THE CHEVIOTS — BASALTIC WHIN SILL— BA-
SALTIC DIKES— RESUME OF THE SUCCESSION OF EVENTS.

Wo must now enter upon the liistory of eras older tlian any
which lias yet come under our review — a history whose records
are impressed on rocks hen oath the surface of tlie earth, iu
(.harai'tcH's h*j>ibUj to the eye of science. As popular scientilic
expositions avo now easily arccssilde, 1 shfill assuuio, that tlio
readers of this oha])tor are Kiiilioiontly instructed iu the geueral
principles, classiiication, and nonienclaturo of geology.

All the solid stratitied rocks within the parish of Alnwick
belong- to the IMountain Limestone lormatiun ; but intruded
amongst them aro other rocdcsof a dilferent origin, age, structure,
and exteriuil form, and which, at one period, had like lava been
in a molten state ; and this hard I'ock}' frame-work is covered
over, in most parts, by softer deposits of clay, sand, gravel, or
peat. As other rock f()rmations appear just a little beyond the
boundaries of the parish, it is desirable to extend our survey, so
as to shew the relation of these several formations to each other,
and to enable us to unfold the successive changes, which in by-
past ages took place in our district. By taking a section from
the Cheviots to Rnddam, and thence across Alnwick moor to
Ilobborlaw, and onward by Shilbottle to the mouth of the Coquet
{See Plate X.), we shall obtain a view of all the formations iu
Northumberland, excepting the Magnesian Limestone, which,
VOL. IT. 3m

442 TIISTOUY 01.' ALNWICK,

howovor, appears in patclios at Cullorcotos and Tynomouth. TIkj
wliolo aro arraii^jjod in tlio following taljlo, b(j;;iniiiii;^ with tho
oLloHt Kodiniontai-y Htnita, and tlion npwaid thr>u^li Huccessivo
foruiations to rocont dopositb : — -

AQUEOUS ROCKS.

rAL/KO/OrC KRA,

I. — LOWER SILUiaAiV SYSTEM.

II. — CAItUONIFEKOUS HYSTE.\r, IN FIVE FORMATIONS J

1. UPPER OLD RED SANDSTONE CONGLOMERATE;

2. TUEDIAN ;

3. MOUNTAIN LIMESTONE IN TWO OROLTS ;

a. CAlCliONACEOUS;
h. CALCAREOUS ;

4. MILLSTONE GRIT ;

5. COAL MEASURES.

III. — PERMIAN SYSTEM — MAONESIAN LIMESTONE FORMATION.

CAINOZOIC ERA.

IV. PLEISTOCENE — BOULDER CLAY, GRAVEL, SAND.

V. POST PLEISTOCENE — GRAVELS, PEAT.

IGNEOUS HOCKS.

1. FELSPATniC — POPIIRYRY, SYENITE. 2. AUOITIC — BASALT.

I.— LOAVER SILURIAN SYSTEM.
Lower Silurian strata, consisting of grits and shales, usually
called Greywacke and Groywacke slate, appear higlily tilted up
fij^^ainst the I'orphyry of the Cheviots, iii the channel and banks
of tho Cuijuet, abtJYO I'hilip and at Makendon, and across tho
l5orders ; and also in tho bed uf tho IJecd at Wliito l.ee and up
tho Carter fell. They aro a prolongation into Northumberland
of the same system, Avhich runs across UerAvickshire from Siccar
Point and Burnmouth in a uest-south-Mest direction, and which
occupies about one-third of Eoxburglishire Avith rolling hills of
moderate elevation. Originally the) had, for the most I'art, been
mud beds, quietly deposited, at the bottom of a deep sea, in a
nenrly horizontal position, at a time >vhen all Northumberland
was beneath the waters ; and although a very long period elapsed,
while these strata — thousands of feet in thickness — wei-e deposited,
yet there are to bo seen but few traces cf organic life, and these
few belong to the lower order of animals. Fussils 1 have nut
detected in Northumberland ; but Mr. AVm. Stevenson was tho
first to discover on the Dye Avater in Berwickshire a Graptolite^-
a curious zoophyte — and tracks of an annelid ; and more recently
the Ordnance (Surveyors have found Gtaptuhthus priotljn at
Siccar Point. These beds, though indurated, crushed, highl}--
inclined, and folded over each other, have no slaty cleavage.

GEOLOGY. 443

Thoy havo boon llftod up hy forces from bolow and subjoctod to
frroat, liitoral prossiiro ; and wliilo Uio dip is irro;jular, both in
diroc'lioii and amount, tlio gonoral striico of tho bods is, on the
(Joquot from nortli-oast to soiitli-wi-'.st, and on tho lioed from east
to wost. To account for thoir present oh^vatod afid crushod con-
dition, itsooms to ino unnocossary (o ovoko great cosmical ehan^^es;
fur Kubscfpienfly to tlieir doposition, tho Clieviots and otlier
rang(3H of i;,ni(.'ous and por[jhyritic rocks on tho JJordors wero
upheaved in sucli great masses, as to bo suflicient to lift up and
crush tlie Greywacko strata Tluiugli not cropjiing out in tho
lino of our section, it may bo inforrod, that these liowor Silurian
roclis aro lying below tho ]ied Couglomerate in ltodd;uu deno ;
for they are on Iho Koed overlaid by Mountain Limestone, and
in Berwickahiro and Ivoxburghshiro, generally by Ked Con-
glomerates. Tho correlation of these beds has been doubtful ;
tliey havo boon ranged both with thu Cambi'iau and Silurian
systems; until dofinito ovidenco was afforded by fossils, I called
them Cambro Silurian ; but the occurrence of GtaptoUlhiis priodon
at Siccar Point leads us now to refer thorn to tho Lower Silurian
formation.

IT.— CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEil.

Between the Lower Silurian and tho Carboniferous systems
there is a great gap in the rocky records of Northumberland
and the Borders ; neither U])per Silurian nor true Devonian strata
appear ; so that wo have indications, that during Ion"- a"-e3 after
the deposition and elevation of the Lower Silurian beds. North-
umberland had been \yA\i of some continent or island. The Car-
l)onif(!rou3 system lies uncoiitoi'mably on the upturned ed'^es of
the Lower Silurian borls, and jn-eseiits a gn-at variety of strata
Imving an aggregate thickness of about 7,000 {Kiol ; and thou-'-h.
there are uiauy great faults, and frequent and considerable
changes in mineral and organic character, yet no physical break
is apparent between the several formations of which it is com-
posed. It may be conveniently arranged in live formations — the

Upper Old l\ed Sandstone Conglomerate — tho Tuedian tho

Mountain Limestone — tho ^lillgtone Grit — aud the Coal Measures.
In the fair uppermost we lind tho >S/ii/inan'a Jicoides, the root of
the Sigillaria — a plant which contributed largely to make a coal
seam ; and it may yet be also found in tho lowermost formation
as I have seen decorticated stems of trees allied to Sigillaria, in
that formation in Eoxburglishire. It has been usual to link the
Eed Conglomerate beds with the Devonian system ; but— as
observed by me in 1853 — uo distinct lino marks the divisiou
between these beds and the beds of the Carboniferous system •
there is no pliysical break between them, and theone is conformable
to and graduates into tho other ; and it has also been shewn
by Mr Geikie, that between the Lower Old lied Saudjstone and

444

IILS'IOIIY t>l AI..N\VICK.

tlio Uppov 01(1 Rod thoi-0 is a physical brouk on tho Pentlan J
Hills.* It i.s Uioi-oforo a movo natural arran;^oiiiorit to phioo
tlio.so Kod (Ji)iif^l()irioi-alo,s (jf tho Jioi-doi-.s, as a i'nviiniiiim ia tho
Oai'bonil'orou.s systoiii, than as a mornborof tho Duvoiiiari. Siuil-
lai- views I lind oxproHsod by Mw I). Miliio II<jiao iu his ablo
moinoir on tho Goolo^y of lioxbui-^^-hnhiro.

1. Upper Old Rnd >Sati(lstone (.'oiujlomerale fr/rmalion. — In tho
deep, narrow, picturo.sijuo Uoddaiu dono, rod fiatid.stono con-
gloiuorates aro exposed on tho Hanks of tho Cheviots upwards of
a mile, composed of rounded pebbles of Cheviot P'irplujrtf, from
tho sizo of a ])(;a to that of'tlie luimau h<;ad, scattered throuj^h ured
clay and sand, coloured and loosely bound tof^ether by red oxido
of iron. InterstratiQed with these aro thin beds of harder con-
glomerates, made up of smaller pebbles, and thin lx;ds of <p-eeni.sli,
choloi'itic, calciferous sandstones, some of which contain as much
as fm-ty per cent, of carbonate of limo. Above the con^^lomei'ates
are harder red sandstones with lar;^o and distinct ripple marks on
the plaTxes of stratification. Tho thickness of tho whole is not
less than 500 feet ; and tho dip of the sti'uta is generally E.8.E.
lo'*, but occasionally as much as oO". Similar beds are seen in
]}iddlestono burn, close upon the Cheviot por[)hyry, a'ld overlaid
by strata of the Tuedian formati(m. Though organic remains
luxve not yet been found in these beds, yet as their mineral
character and relative position correspond with thcso of tho Old
lied Conglomerate of Berwickshire and Roxburghshire, they
jnay without doubt bo grouped with that formation. Iloloptychius
Nobilissimns, Ptcric/ii/ii/s major and other ganoid fish, characteristic
of the formation, appear both in Berwickshire and Roxburgh-hire ;
the fern Adlnndioidts Jlibemicus has been found in Berwickshire,
and stems of trees, probably t>igillaria>, in Roxburghshire. \Vhen
theso strata were in course of deposition, the tumultuous waves
of a shallow estuary broke over tlie lower portions of the Cheviot
hills, and detached from them blocks of porphyry, and rolled
and heaped up them in irregular beds; while fishes, covered with
enamelled scales, swam in the waters, and trees allied in structure
to conifers and C3'cads, with a few ferns grew ou the slopes of
the hills and on the lower grounds.

2. Tuediah fonnalion. — Strata of tliis formation which inter-
calates between the Red Conglomerates and the Mountain Lime-
stone, are brought up by a great fault at Garmitage bank, only
one mile westward of tho boundary of this parish, and are also
exposed in a clili' in Crawley dene. To this group of rocks I
applied the distinctive name THcdiun, in l8oG, because they are
largely deveL.}ied on the Tweed, and because the general condi-
tions of the period, as indicated b}' the mineral character of the
strata and by the organic remains found in them, are different
from those of the Mountain Limestone, with which tliey had been

* Geological Journal, XYI., p. 321.

GF.OI.OfJY. 445

proviou.sly gr.)iipe(l. Tliis formation lias an arjgroi^ato thicknoss
of about, 1,01)0 foot, and coTiHists of f^roy, groonirth, and bluo
Hliales, thin Ijud.i of cliorty and av|.alliicoou8 liniostonos, a fow bulf
raaf^ncaian limostoiios ; and fiandstones, eoino of ■which are rod,
and sonio iioar tlio bottom of tho sorios arc of considorablo tliiok-
iies.s and suitablo f<jr buildin}^. Hovoral of tho hIuiIos and sand-
stones aro calcarooTis ; so that, altlr)iigh tlio limestones are both
thin and inijiuro, thero is yet a considerable quantity of calcareous
matter diU'usod throughout tho formation. Tho limestones aro
too impure to bo burnt int.) lime, excepting a curious bed of
buH'magnoKian limestone at Knotty Loes near Carliam ; in which
ai'O rod and groy cliert nodules, analogous to flints in chalks.
Lopidodendi'a, Stlij^nnria ficoides, coniferous trees, the ferns
iSphenopteris and Cycloptoris, ruod-liko stems on which is attached
Spirorhis carhonarius, and other Carboniferous plants occur in tho
sandstones and shales ; but there aro no beds of coal. The Fauna
consists of lihizodus llibberti, tho flsh-spino Gyracauthus, and
scales and bones of other ganoid fishes, the raro crustacean
I'Atrypteriis Scouleri, tho eiitumostracaiia Lvperditiu Scotoburdijalen-
sis and Cythcre Jones'tana, and moUusks allied to ^Modiola. Such
remains indicate that tlio deposits liad generally been made in
freshwater lakes or estuaries of the sea ; for few distinct marine
organisms appear, and where found are accompanied by plants ia
a fragmentary condition, which seem to havo been swept into a
shallow estuary. One bed of shalo contains broken trunks of
Finns primceva and 7*. anliqua sliewing internal structure, and
associated with OrtJtoceras /millisephim (^n.s.), Murchisoida J'erneu-
liana, I'leurotomaria and a fow other marine forms. Brachiopods
and Encrinitos, which aro abundant in the Mountain Limestone,
aro almost oiitiroly absent; I havo seen only a few crushed
lihtjurhontlhe m a shalo bed at Garmitngo bank. This formation
spreads over a considorablo area in the Morse of Berwickshire ;
it occupies the valley of the Tweed from near the mouth of the
AVhitadder to Makerston ; it appears in the vale of the Till ; and
on tho flanks of Chovi')t in Akeld burn, where one hundred feet
of characteristic beds aro tilted u]) against the Porphyry at an
angle of 85° ; in the lUddleston burn, in Eidlecs bum, and at
Linn brig on the Coquet, Avhere they aro in direct junction with the
Porphyry, and highly elevated, disturbed, and shattered. Their
relation to other formations is best seen, however, on the Berwick-
shire coast, especially at Cockburnsijath, where they are inter-
calated conformably between the Ked Sandstone Conglomerate
and tho Mountain Limestone.

3. Ihe Mountain Liinesione formation, which occupies about
three-fifths of Northumberland, extends over the whole of Aln-
wick parish ; and it is remarkable that most of the beds of the
formation run across tho parish in a south-south-west direction,
owing probably to the Porphja-y of tho Cheviots being protruded

440 HISTORY 01' AI,NWI(K.

further eastward opposite Alnwick, than in any other part of tliat
iil)]i(;!iv()(l iiioiuitairi i'an;^o. l\Iaiiy of tho sti-ata can bo Hoen hy
Hiartiiig from Luitimini^lou bank atid follou'inj^ tho couiso of tlio
L'n^^luy and (Ja\vltMl;^o bniii It is Iidwovci-, only by an examination
of tho nioio important bdrln at di.slant [loint.s, and by a Hurvoy of
tho lon;^ consecutivo and cloaror Hootioos exposed on tho soa coast,
from tlio month of tlio Aln in Novthnmljtaland to Lamnicrt(»n
Shoal in lJur\vi(;kshiru, and l)y collatiiij^ tho observations rnudtt,
■with sections of strata sunk thrai^h in coliiorios, tliat iho hucccs-
sion, tho ranj^o, and thiukiKiss of tiio sovoral beds can bo mado
out in any do;^roo ai)i)roa(:liing' to accuracy."^ After carefully
considerinfi; tho whole ovidonce, I calculate tho total thickness of
the formation in North Nurthumboi-hmd tu bo about 'JfJOO {i:ht.
Sandstone is tho predominant rock of which thoro are ah ut 1400
feet ; of shales there are 000 feet ; of limestone 2.'}0 feet and of
coal about 70 foot. Tho Sandstonea are generally free grit stones
mado up of giains of quartz and felspar with a little mica, and
when in solid bods furnish durable building stones 'iho tSltales
are mud beds, in which alumina ].rodominate3 ; SMmo are headed
•with carboiiaccoUH, and others with calcareous matter; but thoro
is no hard lino between a sandstone and a shale, for beddy sand-
stones by a larger admixture of argillaceous matter pass into a
kind (if shale ; and even some shales are so carbonaceous as to bo
combustible. Tho Lim'jstoius are mostly tdorably pure carbonate
of lime ; but s(jmo beds become magnesian, especially when near
to faults and to basaltic dikes. Jiut tho limestones alone, how-
ever, do not give the full measure of carbonate of lime distributed
throughout tiiis formation, for many of the shales are highly
calfureous antl abound in marine organisms ; one such shale at
Huwick is lil'tcfu feet in thickness,

Tho name, IMountain Limestone, is not physically descriptive of
tho Northumbrian series, fur they contain no thick beds of lime-
stone— none exceeding thirty feot ; they farm no great cliifs, nor
rise to high elevations. In the Lowick district, Avhere most of
them crop out, they ascend to a height of only 300 or 400 feet
above tho sea level. Some of tho lowei- beds are seen, on the higher
moorlands, at an elevation of COO feet ; and one bed appears,
above tho Plashets coal, in North Tynedale, at a height of nearly
1000 feet. Eut even in these loftier positions they have little
intliienco on the features of the countr}'-, which are determined by
the thick dominating sandstones, which crest and form the bulk
of all the loftier hills, such as Alnwick moor and Hefferlaw in
this parish, lioss Castle, Old Bewick hill, Thrunton crags, and

• Pit sections I liave from Lammerton. Berw'ck, Screinerston, Lowick. Gieen-
law walls, Dryburn, LinJisf.irne, North Sunderland, Beadnell. Eglingham,
H outers law, Slulbottle, Alnwick moor, Lemmington, Little mill, Overstoi.e, Ac.
For some of these I am indebted to Mr Win. AN'ilson, ut Shilbotie, to Mr O.-wjld
Baird, to the late Mr Lowrey of Barmoor, to Mr George Bailes, aud lo Mr D.
Milne Home.

OF.oi.oOY. 447

iSimoTisHlo, nnd which, alon^ with iho aHHOciatod fthales, give
cliaructor to llio hij^li bloak moorlaiulH, nui'^'m'^ llirm^ii tho
coiitro of Northiiiiiljoi'Iaiul, and Bproadiiig towards tho soutli-
Wfstovii hordoi'H of tho county.

'J'lioBO ]\rou!iiaiu Liiuo.stoiio sti-ata may bo Bopavated into two
groups, both bavinf^ curtain (irj^anic forms in coininon, yot cacli
ijiarkcd by differences, ])arlly (jrj^anic, and partly minoi-al. TJio
n])por group, whicli I have designated (Calcareous, iiickides all
tliu IjoiIh, from the ba.so of tlio Mi]l^>tone Grit, down to thy ba-SO
of tlio J)u)i Limestone, tho lowest limestone of any value in the
formation ; it has an aggregate thickness of about 1700 foot, and
is chiefly distinguishable by its good workable limestones, inter-
stratilied among alternations of sandstone, shale, and coal, and
by tho largo number of marine organiams connected with the
calcareous strata. Of limestones there are upwards of twenty
different beds from one to thirty foot tliick, and having anaggregato
tliicknesa of more than 20U feet. A little below each limestone
is a coal seam, or traces (jf coal, of which there are thirtuea
workable, with an aggregate thickness of about twenty-five feet.
Some seams are of fair quality' — twt>, tho Shiibottle and the
Licker coals, are very gord, and one, tho Beaduell coal, is in
Homo parts five feet thick ; yet most of tho others are poor in
quality. This Calcareous group is on the same zoological horizon
as tho Lower or Scar Limostone of Yorkshire ; and it j'ielda a
similar assemblage of organic forms as occur in tlio ilountain
Limostone of Ireland, and also in strata of tho same ago in Fife-
ehire and elsewhere in Scotland.

Tho Lo\ver or Carbonaceous group, from the base of tho Dun
Limestone to tho top of tho Tuodian formation, has a thickness of
about <Jl)0 feet, nnd is especially marked b}' tho thickness and
richer quality of its coal seams. In this there are ton seams of
workable coal, having an aggregate thickness of about thirty-two
feet, Thero are a few limestones i\\ this division, but they are
thin and generally impure, and their aggregrato thickness is only
about twenty feet. Some of the marine organisms of tho calcare .lus
group appear here, but in fewer numbers. In s mo shale beds
remins of ganoid fish aro abundant, accmpanied by Myophoria
carbonaria, Anthrccomya, Aviculi;-pccten, LAii/jula sguam-furmis,
organisms generally associated with ct al seams. This gruup is
intermediate in its characters between the calcareous group of the
Mountain Liracsti.iie and the Coal Measures ; and taking the mass,
it is moro allied to tho latter than to the former. Some thick
sandstones near the bottom ol the gr<-up are red, and might, if
coLair were a test, bo mistaken for Did Ked Sandstone,

In tho fjllowing table aro set d 'wn, in descending order, the
succesfcion, tiie range, and the thickness of the several beds, with
a note hero and there of the moro characteristic fossils of the
principal strata. Though tho succession is generally similar

418 IllSIOKV OV AI.NWICK.

lluouf^hout, tlio raii;^u, yot llioro aro coii.-iidoriiblij local variations.
(Sund.stoiics and shiiloH tliiii out and ropluco oucii otliur. More
poi'rti.stont aro lliae.stoJies ; yot tlio Kitjht Yard stone, which is
twoiity-oight foot thick at Boadnoll, is only lifteon foot at Low
Dono. Coal Hoams, too, chaii<^o in thiclniOhss and quality ; that
■which at tSiiilbottlo i.s oxcoodin;^ly ^ood and thirty-two inchcH
thiclc, is at lioadncll OTily twolvo inches, and doterioratod in
quality. And this thinning out of particular strata alters materi-
ally tho rolativo distanco of coal soanis from each other, in ditloront
])arts of thoir range ; tho Craw coal at J']glinghani is forty-eight
ibot above tho Main coal, but further north wai'd tho distanco is
increased to 108 foot. In uiauy j)arts tlio rocks aro concealed by
.suporllcial detritus ; and wo have tjiereforo to infer what is
Loiieath, by comparing tlie.se obscure regions with thjso which
aro better known. ]<^aults often break tho continuity of tho
strata; aiid wo not uufref(uent,ly have to recover tho ti-ack by the
uso (jf palfoont(jlogical evidence. All such variations and obstacles
add (lilliculty to the task of dotermining tlio succession of strata
in an extended and disturbed district. For tho sake of convenient
roferonco, I have attaclied a number and distinctive namo to the
principal liuaestoucs.

SUCCESSION OV LIJIESTONE AND COAL BEDS IN THE :\IOUN-
TAIN LIMESTONE FOUMATION OF NOUTllU.MBEKLAND.

CALCAEDOUS GrvOUX*.

Thickness.
I'ctt. lu.

1. llarloiu mil limrsfonc — tho apponnost oLsirvcil — is .sc(;n on tho
liiKj of tlio Itoman Wall, and contuins l)raflii()])u(ls and coials, the
jnost reiaailcaljl(; of which iti LitJumlioliun rortlncLii, in laryo k'Uti-
I'ular nias.-ics attaclud hy thoir ha.so, in tho saiiio position, as this
ronipoiind coral stood when it lived in tho (.'arliDnifoinus sou ; it
raiims towards Staiiii'ordhani and lielsa)', mid tlionco nai'th-cahtward
towards tho Ala . . . . . . . 20 0

Saiidstono and shales 21 ft. C</«/ofagood household quality 1-1 in. 25 2

2. NclhtTwitlun liiHrstn)n\ ran,!j;iiif>' south-westward to Angerton

and ntnlh-castward to Longhorsley and Todlnirn . . .60

Codl (> in. Saiidstono and shalo '2-1 ft., Cual with lj;ind in tlio
middle 2 ft., sandstone and shale oO ft., Cual with band in the middle
2 ft., 1 in., at Eongwitton 3 ft. . . . . . 79 6

Sandstones and shales ahoiit . . . . , 120 0

3. China liiiu.s/diio. 14 ft ; at tho Shilliottlo Ikacon plantation
there aro 12 feet divided by two shalo beds, Avhich are respectively

4i ft. and 3A ft. thick . . , . ' . . . 14 0

Coal worhed at the Chirm from 20 in. to . . . .20

17ic Licktr dial of tho I. o wick di.strict sooins to be in this position,
for if lies from 20 ft. to 78 11 above the Drybum limestone ; it is a
gooil household cual, but does not cake; above thi.-^, within a distanco
ot 30 ft. are two other seams — the Ruiif/h coal and thei/i*/(*/c;/((' coal —
both of which are 2 ft thick. Tho Lickcr litiun/oiii is 6 ft in thick-
ness, and above it aro 120 feet of sandstones and shales.

Sandstones and shales — at Shilb(,ittIo . . . . 70 0

4. Ebb's Nook or Tin l'«/(/ ////(('.s7()//t is more readily recognised than
any other, from its peculiar nssomblago of ovgani^ms; besides other

OBOLOOY.

449

0 6

120 0

T>ilcka«M.
Feet In,

fossils it contains Chcetelci neptosiiH, Lithostrotion haialtiformc, and
Hj/riiiffopora raiHulu.ui , in tlio ovoi-lyiri;^ sliiilo is the rir'; ooral,
jiijdiiopora ri/cl'it/uina. \>y folluwiii^' this In;!, wo can Ir.infj Iho
ran^o of'Uio ('iiwndum tliroii)^!i tin; ;,'ii;rilfr lait of N'orthnniLeriuMd,
and obtain a (.niiili; tu tlio i(;lati\(; position ol' (Aiior .strata. It is on
tho coast noar (Jlif:swi<k, ;it DryLiiin near Lowick, on th<; north
elioro at Ij'iidisranio, on tlio slioro noar IJoal, at Ebb's Nook near
l!i;a(lii(;ll, aiul tlionco it ranges to Newton-on-tho-Sfja. Sjiiltalforfl,
Duiistan, Crastui- ; on tlio south siilo of tho Aln it is on liif^li ground
at .Shilliotlli', and tlienco it trcmls in a south-west direction to
AV^hillli!, Ncwton-on-lhc-J\loor, ( (veixi'iss, l'"niinlin;;ton, and on tlio
south side of the (Jo(iuet to Waid's Hill and Green Leitjhton . 30 0

Shul(!s and ripiilc-niarked sand.stonea . . . .^0 0

Coui varying lioin 11 in to 3 ft. (> in , connected with which is a
remarkable carbonaceous shale at .Shilbottli;, G ft in thickness, mado
up, to a considerable extent, of a mass of Sligmaria roots and rootlets,
and so carbonaceous as to bo used in burning lime

Flaggy sandstones with lalse bedding, rijiple mark.s, and liorings,
casts and tracks of uiariiuj worms, C'iosioj>0'/ifi Einblctonia, C. nuUia,
Nemeritites uiithdnta ; and shales .....

5. Boiu-icic Lane or luyht Yard liincatone varies in thickness from
15 ft. to 28 ft. ; it is very fossiliferous, containing large Orlhocerata,
six feet long, but its mo.st cliaractrri.-tie organism is the annelid,
Hcrpulifcn carboimrius ; it is at Sandbank near Screinerstone,
IjOW DcMio near Lowiclc, at lieailriell, at (,'ullemo.so near Ilowick,
at Dcnwiek- liane; in pit sections at Shilboltle, Newton-on-lhe-^Ioor,
Framlington, &e. Tart of tliis bed nuikes exceedingly g.^od limo,
very white, and well suited to land. .....

Shalo 6 in., Coal 6 in. ; and llaggy sandstones, containing at
ITowick and Sandbank Eionc nwnilifunnis, which occurs also at Ilalt-
whistlo, and near to Rielnnond in Yorkslure; at Ilowick, too, in
the sandstone, are iiTCgular layers of impure limestone, containing the
mai'ino s\\iA\ti—licUcropho)i xavimla, luiumphalus carboiiariti:i, Mt'.rchi-
toiiiii ani/ii'ata, and Pit arotiDiinria ijHiidriciiriiiata . .

Shales with iron.stimo nodules lo ft. ; eahareonssluilps very fossili-
ferous, containing several s[)ecios of A\ ieulo-jiL-ctcn, the nuc CluJo-
c/io)iiis bacilluriits, Olaiicohunw j)i<!i','urrinia and otlier ljr3'ozoa, loft.
G. Zittk Mill or Six Yard linifntonv is from Lj ft. to 22 ft. tliick ; it
is also seen at Salt Pan 1 low near ScremerstoTic, at Acre near Lowick,
at Beadnell cut through by tlie liasaltie dike, at Newton Barns, at
Ilowick on tho coast, at Shilbottle, \-c. ; it contains the rare Cepha-
lopod, PoUrioct'ras cortiu-racciiiian, nud large specimens of I'rodiicltts
giga)ittus ; in a calcareous shale underlying it are jjlates and spined
oi Arehaioeidaris Urii aniX A, 2<crti . . . . .22

Coal G in., shale 2 ft G in., and sandstone, in which is the Sea-Star
Cribtllitescarboiiariiis, 10 ft. ; shales 10 ft. ; liipestone 2 ft. ; shaks 13 ft. 33

Shilbottle Coal is variable in quality and thickness ; it has been
worked atTuggallIIall,Newton-on-tlie-^loor, Framlington, i:c. ; but
at Shilbottle it is the best coal in the JNlountain Limestone formation,
being a clean caking coal, valuable for domestic use. (The Shil-
bottle Colliery extends over an area of 2221 acres, out of 921 acres of
which the coal has been extracted, which yielded 3,500,000 tons, so
that there still remain 1300 acres unworked, which will yield
6,000,000 tons of coal. Mr. W. Wilson s MS. uotcs. Fib. \bth, l^Q-J.) 2

Beddy sandstones and shales ; tho sandstone crossed by a vein of
Galena at Beadnell . . . . . " . .06

7. Limestone dark 8ft., and grey flaggy sandstones and shales 27 ft. 35
VOL. II. 3.V

23 0

30 0

30 0

6

0

18

5

130

0

39

6

450 IIISTOKY OK ALNWICK,

Tblcknrw.
I'cct. In.
Calnareous Hhuloa fillcl wiDi rrodaclui Fleniiuyii and Spirifer
bisnlcatun . , . . . . , .30

8. Main, Sunihiliind, or Nine Yard liim'slone i.s on tlio coadt near
Scromcr.stono, .Sundcilanil, and Bcadric-ll, at EalwcU and Ilolton near
liOwick, Swiiilioo Imiiii, SliilhoUlo tilo sliadi,M in HcL-lion ; it KOi.-ins
also to 1)0 tliat at, Sliittlolnii^fli in Id ilosdalc, at Jiittlo CIiohI'-tb and
Bnintcjn near tlio lii^niaii \V''al] ; mo-it layci'd make fjood liino ; it
contaiiiH many lo.s.sil.s, csiiociajly Uracliiojjod.s, and alrfo HangitinolitiS
Iridinoidcs, Solinii/u prinneva, GrijHlliidcs Fa))tni!iiH,^c. . . 27 0

Coal, V> in. at Boadnoll, willi (i nn-io j)aitiny of wlialo Letwfon it
and tlic iimostono, ; Lnt at Eaiwoll 20 in., witli waiidstono 8 It. inti.T-
voiiinj^', Shalf.-i and nand.stono.s 50 It., Liitiestone, dun and iniiiuro,
2 ft. to 1 ft., an<i slialfs lU ft. . . . . . CO 0

Jifad/n/l coal, one of the thickest in the forniali()n,1)ut vaiiahle, iaat
Ikadnoll G ft, at Ealwull 2 ft., at iSilvcr moor 4 ft., at Shilboltio
tilo shades 3 ft. 2 in. Over a large ana this coal lies still unworkod ;
it is of u fair qiialily, wlien burnt leavinj^ a white ash

Sandstone with fsifjillaria ori/aiium 17 ft. ; 6'o«/infi;rior 17 in.

l''laggy sandstones and shales .....

Liniistuiic 2 ft. 0 in., Haggy sand.stoin'-s and shales 37 ft. .

Coat of good cpiality worked near iieiidncU IG in. ; flaggy sand-
stones and .shales lli ft. . . . . . . 44 4

9. iStoiic Close, or Five Yard liiiies/onc is on the shore near Scrcmer-
ston, at Ancroft, 0.x ford and (licenses, ypindle.stori, Euclcer, liead-
iiell, Cawledge ; c(>]iln'u\s I'lodac/iis (jiijanUus, P. Martini, C/iatiUa
incn/s/aus, Grijilhidis Fariiciisis, ^^c.

Coal -1 in., sandstones 21 ft., Linu-slunc f) ft.

iSwiii/ioe coal of ^oud quality ; worked al.so at l!i

Sandstones and i^liales 85 ft., inipine limestone G ft
shales 25 ft. . . . . . . . i IIG 9

Fhrthani coal, of good quality, is at "Weedcide, Helton, Chatton,
Beadnell, Swinhoe, Hceklcy Fence, Kiigley. This seems to he tho
same as the Miicklc UowijiUe coal ; the tlnckness varies from 18 in. to 3 0

'J^hick sandstones and .shaks . . . . . 176 0

Coal is seen at St. Margarets, uhovo the next limestone, divided
by shale. This coal varies in rel.itive ])osition ; hut it seems the sanie as 3 0
tho Little llowgate, which is worked at Allenlcne for burning lime,
and is 6G ft. above tho Wooderidliniest(ine. Above the same limestone
288 ft., is a carhonaceous shale, resembling the Torhane coal or shale,
and yielding gas and oil abundantly and being combustible like a
cannelcoal ; plants, scales of fishes, and numbers of the entomostracan,
Bctiricltia midtiloba, are scattered through it.

Shales in whicli are masses of Z/7/(c;r/('Wf7/-o« y?^;;^fH)rt . . 16 0

10. Ilohbcrlaw or Four Yard linientom; Aarying in thickness from
10 ft. to 15 ft., is traceablo through a long range, from tlie shore
near Spiltal to Woodend, Allerdene, Belford niuor, Twizell, C'liil-
lingham Barns, Ileckley Fence, Alnwick moor, St. Margarets ; and
those at Eothhury, Tosson, Cartington, and Debdon, are probably
the same. At Ilobberlaw it makes one of tho best limes in the
kingdom for building purposes, and is composed of carbonate of lime
9G 98G, carbonate of magnesia FOOG, iron and alumina -590, silica
1-209, loss •209=;100000. .....

Coal 4 in., sandstones and .shales Gl ft, Coal in Beadnell section
10 in. but at Bitcabout 2 ft. 2 in , shales and sandstones 49 ft.

11. Dint or Tiro Yard limestone, on the coast near Spittal, and
ranging vrith the Ilobberlaw stone. .....

16

0

26

4

idnell '.

1

4

J ft , Coal 9 in.,

15

0

112

6

G

0

GKOI.OOV. 401

CARBONACEOUS CJIIOUP.

TllickTl<!M.

¥ttt la.

134

0

2

0

7d

0

12. Coa? iinJor the Dun lirnohtoiio . . . .13

iSandHtones and slialoa at yci'enierHton 131 ft., but only AH ft. at
Alnwiclt moor .......

Jtabi/'s coal at Rrncniorston 17 in., at Alnwiolc moor

Shalusand .sand.stom!, at Alnwick irioor 48 It., ;d Scrcmorrtton

I'awcet or (.'alilsiih: coal, worked at KiM(;inor.ston, on tlic Elal and
Ford estates, Olmlton, Jjitcabont, Doddin-^ton, Alnwii;k ninor, vaii'^
from 1(3 in. to 3 It. thick; the quality is but middling; it u.'jually
lies 210 ft. hclow (ho j'unr Yard liiiustuuv . . , .30

Shalc.s and wand.stonos, with 21 tliin coal eoams, in tho agfjrcgate
11 ft. thick, and 1 In.-d.s of liincstomj 3 ft. G in. . , . 310 0

Scrcmerato/i Mitin or Craw coal from 30 in. to 5 ft. thick, divided by
a metal band ; a Htrong coal, but aftorburnin;^ leaving a con.sidcrablo
rosiduo ; aomo iioition.s cako and wcio formerly used at umit/iita,
■when sea-borne coal wa.y taxed ; •worked at Felkington, (Jhatton,
Eglingham, JJoughtevBlaw, Lemmington, and formerly at Alnwick
moor . . . . .

Shale and sandstone, with 2 bed.s of Coal, 10 in.

Ilanlif or sloiioj coal Avitli a metal band, \a from l.'j in. to 3 ft.
thick; worked at Greenlaw AValld, .Slain.-jfield, Ford; it ib at Ilough-
torslaw and Lemmington 3 ft.

Shales, witli a limestone l.'i in. .

Diamond coal in Jack Tai- i)it f-eclion, with metal baml, 8 in.

Shales and sand.stoncswith 4 coal rieama 12 in., and limestone 20 in.

liulinaii or Cancer coal, or Main coal, the thickest and most ex-
tensively worked, varying in thickness fiom 2 it. to 6 ft. 2 in. ; it
has been worked at IJerwick Hill, 'I'hornton, Shoreswood, Greenlaw
Walls, Etal, Ford l[os.s, T)odilini^)n, Barmoor, Chatton, lloughters-
law, EgUngham, and Lemmington ; it id a good coal for s-team
engines ........

Sandstones and shales, with 7 coal seams, 3 ft. 4 in., and 5 lime-
stones 8 ft. 4 in.

TItrir-t/i<((rf(r coal of inferior quality, worked at Berwick Hill,
Etui, Felkin-ton, .>s:o., from 2 ft. to . "

Shiilos, tandslones, with 2 coal Reams 7 in., and 2 liuiostoncs 2 ft.
10 in. ........

Cooper I^i/c coal, the best for domestic nso in the group ; 3 ft thick,
viz., top coal splinty 14 in.; IMacker, which, after burning, leaves a
ffhaist or skeleton, but which is changed into a band stone at Scre-
merston, 4 in. ; coarse ground coal 18 in. ; worked at Berwick Hill,
Shoreswood, Jlurton, Ford Moss, bored through at Lemmington . 3 0

Shales and sandstones, with 0 coal seams, 2 ft. 7 in , and 6 lime-
stones 8 ft. 8 in. . . . . . . . 70 0

Water co'il the lowest workable in the formation. Worked at
Shoreswood, Etal, Ford, &c ; sunk through at Fi>lkington and bored
through at l.emmington ; a coarse and pour coal from 3 ft. lo . 4 0

Shales and saodstoues about . ' . . . . 122 3

.5

0

IS

0

3

0

G

0

2

0

GO

0

6

2

150

0

3

0

IS

0

2690 0

Both groups are in Alu-wiclv parish. An irregular line south-
Eouth-westAYord from Islalord bridge on the north, to near
Glantlecs on the soutli, nearly marks the division ; the strata on
the west of it belong to the Carhonnceous, and those on the east to
the Calcareous grotip. In Alnwick moor three at least of the

46/? II I STOIC Y or ALNWICK.

coal seams of llio former liavo boon workod ; ono, a slaty coul,
3G foot bolow tlio J)uii limoHfono, 1h tliii-l.y itu;h(;.s thick, witli a
niotiil band of variablo tbickiics.s in tbo luiddlo, but which,
whilo not of a good quality, i.s exponsivo to work ; tho wmm wliich
is '17 foot lowor fstili, is twunty-l'our inches thick, and of a botter
quality, ono half of it boing fit for donioslic una ; anothor doepcr
Boam has been worked near tho IJrick Kilns and West Gate ; and
from tho sixteenth to tho middle of tho eighteenth century,
when these minerals belonged to the burgesses, tho town was
cbielly Bujqdied with coal from Alnwick moor. Other collieries,
too, wero in operation formerly near the town — in tho Town fields,
and in the Stocken; and also in tho Abbey grounds, f<ji' it is recorded
in 1775 that a piece of meadow ground, ono hundred yards long
and fourteen yards broad, near to Alnwick Abbey, in tho vicinity
of some coal pid; sunk above f)urtoen feet.--' Ijelow tho coal now
■worked in Alnwick moor lie more valuable seams — tho Screnierston
il/azVi should bo at tho doopth of 300 feet ; and below that tlio
C'a/zcer co«^ at about lOO feet, and next the Cooper Eye — tho best
of all — some 80 feet deeper, and then tho Wester coal, tho lowest
workable scam in tho formation. The lime will como— it may bo
a few centuries lienco — when this mineral wealth will be drawn
from its dark recess ; and then our wild western moorlands will
present busy scenes of industry, to help Britain to keep up bor
commercial and marmfacturing greatness.

Sandstones are tho predominating rocks in tho parish, and form
tlio bulk of the hills and high grounds ; and, as building stones,
many of them are valuable. iVom quarries in Alnwick moor,
tho castle and most of tho houses in tho town have been built.
The liace Ground guarri/, which is in the Calcareous group,
yields a gritty sandstone, Avhiih, when first extracted, is soft
and works easily -with tho chisel or hammer ; but after exposure
to atmospheric intluenccs, it acquires on its surface a kind
of skin which resists the absoi'ption of moisture, liloeks of large
size can be obtained ; but the grittiness of tho stone unfits it for
fine mouldings. In tho lleham quarry are two kinds of sandstone
— an upper bed is hard and suitable for fiagging, and under beds
of great thickness yield a somewhat softer building stono than
that on the Eaco ground ; at Paul's Eest and along tho hill side
is a hard eandbtone most eligible for fiags and steps ; but from
Stoncy Ptth quarry one of the best of building stones — fine, hard,
and durable — is obtained ; these sandstones are below the Dun
Limestone and belong to tho Carbonaceous group. In Eeham
are casts of large Sigillaria and Lepidodendrou, and fine speci-
mens of Ulodcndron oruatissimum, with large fruit scars, both on
the main stem and on the bifurcating branches ; in this quarry,
too, specimens have been found of Oyracautlnis .■Ihciccnsis ; and
in Stoney Peth Gyracanthus ohliquus, another similar fish spino.

• Gillesjiiu's Colkclion*, quoted from the Table Book.

[■ GiioLooy. 453

Other quarrios of building Btoiios aro at Brislaw, Cawledgo,

Ilockley, and Eugloy ; and at Donwick thoro in a itoculiar fiao-

graiiiud sandritono, wull ada[)lo(l i'nr oruatiiuutij.! work, not expensed

f to tlio woatlior. A vast storeJiouso Ihoro is thoroforo in this

I parisli, capablo of aupplyiiig building stonca to the district during

thonsandH of yoar«,
f Among tho shales aro fii'G clajH wliicli may hereafter ho utilised.

f I wa.s ])uu/lud for Homo timo ti; know whence was d^.-rived the

' largo (juantity of sulphate of lime in tho water of 8t. Michael's

pant and in ollior Avators coming from Alnwick moor ; but on
BpliLting Binno ahalos from tho moor, I f jund the planes of strati-
fication studded over with beautiful stars, fjrmed by the arrange-
ment of solonitu or crystals of sulpliato of lime. Other shales
are ferruginous, and have lujdulcs of ironstone scattered through
them. In old times they had been smelted ; for there is a heap
of iron slag — tho refuse of an ancient Bloomenj on Bishop's Stables
in the moor; diggings into it, however, did not bring to light
relics to show its ago ; but pi-obcibly it may belong to the Ancient
British period, as similar heaps aro seen in the lonely moorlands,
in tho neighbt)urhood of ancient forts, dwellings, and sepulchres.
The Aln, after entering the parish, cuts through great sand-
stones of tho Carbonaceous group at ]Jrislaw, Lady's well, and
Alnwick Abbey, and in the channel of tho river at the Abbey
mill, one of the coals of that group cr^ps out ; but there are few
other exposures of rock in its course till we reach Denwick mill,
where the river llows over sandstones, shales, and a limestone
twelve feet in thickness. The !^[oor or Stocken burn cuts through
rocks of the Carbonaceous group, and shows their faulted condi-
tion. But the most extended and instructive section across both
grouj>s or divisions is exposed in the Kugley and Cawledge burn.
Wo Avill take a ramble down it, and mai-k, as we pass along, the
character of the strata, the frefj[uent faults which break their
continuity, tho intrusion of the Ikisallic \vhin sill, and pick up, hero
and there, tho characteristic orgaiiisms of the formation.

Starting then in one of its higher sources in the moor we find
a low section of sandstones and shales disturbed b}' a fault, tho
beds dipping on one side N.N. W from 40" to 60", and on the other
S.W. from 1J0° to 30" ; and fiuther down we pass over thin coals,
fire clays, and sandstone, the dip veering about to south-east.
Below the Freemen Hill road the strata again are very much
broken and faulted, and present a complicated section. Beyond
this is a sandstone of some thickness, with a small southerly dip,
and then we come to the flat Mossy Ford, where the rocks are
obscured, but where a strong chalybeate water springs out of
ferruginous strata connected with coal seams. Thus far wo have
wandered over beds of the Carbonaceous group ; but on reaching
Eugley grounds wo enter on the Calcareous group, for, on the
hill side the Dun limestone, which is sunk through in Alnwick

454 llISrOKY OF AIAU'ICK.

moor pits, crops out. OjtpoHilo ]?(i<^Ioy moor liouso, tho best
limoatono of tlio I'oi-matiou cnjs.se.s tlio Imrji, ranj^in^ from llob-
boi'liiw onward to tSt. Mai-f^arots. 'J'hougk not iiuiuorous in
H[)Ocio8, tlio foH.sils in it aro uf somo iriLorost; tho upjjor portion
liad boon a {^foat coral reef, for irnmon.so multitudes of tho stony
(iwullin^'s of /oo[)liyto.s aro crowded toj^otlior, eonsiHtiuf^ chiolly of
LiiliOilcndroii Jnncciun alon;^ with L. irrvjulare, and ClusUdea
tiimida ; in tlio linuistono itsulf, besides a small varioty of /Vo-
ductc.s (j'ujiudcm, thoir uro roniuins of Archcvocidurin Xerei, which
Ih allii.'d to tliu sea hodgolio;^'', and J'snm>/toduH porosu.s, tho ilut
])alatal tooth of a ii^h allied t> a Hhark. Alter thi.s wo [tas-s ovor
thick sandstones, whicli foi'in hij^li dill's, and ferruginous and
other tjliales; and tlien indnralcd sliale.sas wo approach tho basaltic
AVhin (Sill, which crosses tho burn near tho end of llugloy wood,
and which appears also in tlio hij^h baidcs, trending away south-
westward to rfwiuJeo. For some distance the rocks aro a"-aiu
obscured by a thick covering of IJoulder Clay, till wo reach tho
junction of tho Frith ajid lliigloy burns ; and on tho former aro
a thin limestone and fossiliforuus shales, containing Produdus
scmirdicnhdus, liynchonella ■pleiirodon, Slrcblopleria pulchilln, &c.
Entering now into Cawledgo wood, wo pass over sandstones,
clays, shales, and thin limestones ; and in beddy sandstones wo
observe tracks, borings, and casts of annelids, on tho surfaces of
dilferent strata, accompanied by distinct ri^iplo marks; sliewing
that marine ^vorms crawled over and bored into an ancient bi.:u h,
over which br iko the waves of a sea. Anollier large limestouo,
fourteen feet in tliickness, tlio equivalent to tlio >Sto)te Close lime-
stone, next a])pcar8 dipping I'i.S.E., and containing tho common
Froducius (jiyantms. A thick bed of shale fallows, and then
a considerable fault scon in a high clitf, with shales on the west
highly tilted up, and overlaid by a limostono nine feet thick,
Avhich is covered by another slialo containing tho remarkable
shell — Posidonia Bccheri ; on tho east side aro thick beds of sand-
stone and shale; and in the channel of tho burn, a limestone
divided into rhomboidal blocks, like an artificial pavement, the
principal joints running from E. GO'" N. to W. 6U'' S., and the
cross joints from east to west.

We may pause on the little rustic bridge, which here spans the
burn, that we may enjoy for a while the beautiful and picturesque
scenery in this narrow, deep, and wooded dene. "\Vo look duwn
on the tesselatod pavement mado by Nature, distinctly seen
through the bright water of tho burn, which hero lingers beneath,
in a shallow pool, and then runs brawling away among loose
blocks strewn in its course, till it is checked again by a high cliff
of sandstone and shale, the ledges of which are adorned by trees,
bushes, and llowers, and bright green mosses, and the surface
varied in its colouring by patches of grey and golden lichens.
N early the wdiolo of the valley is covered with wood, the deep

OEOLoav. 455

eliadowB of whose loafy brancho.s uro Iioro and tliore rolioved by
tlio BUii-li^lit f^linting tlii-ijugli opciiirifj.s, and rovoalincj tho boau-
lil'ul foriiiH and coloiu'S of llio plants, which (^row abundantly on
tho bank sidoH. .But whilo charmed with tho Hcono, othor
thou^liis aro suj^-f^^Gstcd. Wo aro in a narrow valley, tho banks
of which riso Klco[)ly fifty f'oet al)ovo tho lovol of tho burn, whicli
has found its way across a hilly ridgo, throe milos in breadth,
i'roni tho bordm-s of Alnwick moor to tho Aln. AVlion it enters
that lidgo, it is lOO foot abovo tho level of tho sea, and yet tho
banks aro lOO fuot higher; but where it joins tho Aln it is only
38 foot abovo tho sea level ; so that in i)u; .s|ii!(;<; i>\' fiii-ee miles,
it has a descent of 3G2 fef;t. AVo ask by wliur agency has tho
bairier been cut through? Jlas eomo convulsion of Nature
wrenched tho i-ucks asunder and cleft, as it were, a passage for
tho stream ? ]iut wo seo no fault — no break of tho strata — in the
lino of descent ; for Ave observe that the strata distinctly cross
the burn, and that tho rocks in tho opposite banks cnTOspojid
with each othor. Tho barrier has therefore not been broken by
tho action of internal ftn'ccs ; and the time was, long ages ag'»,
when tho streamlets from the moor were deflected by it, most
probably to tho northward, and found their way through tlio
Mossy Ford and Brankspeth IIoMd to tho valley (f the ^loor
burn. Gradually therefore has tho stream itself worked its way
through this barrier, its ordinurj' action being aided by floods,
until it had scooped out of tho roclcs a direct deep passage to tho
Aln ; thereby evidencing how much can bo achieved by ajipareutly
small fcjrces acting during a course of lung ages, and at tlio samo
time favoui-ing tho opinion, that tho agencies, which in by-g^no
eras have modified the earth's surface, aro the samo in kind and
similar in force to those now in operation.

Long enough have we meditated, and on wo must go with our
survey. After passing ferruginous shales and sandstones, somo
fifty feet in thickness, and another fault, where the beds are
highly inclined towards the north-west, and another thin lime-
stone, and flaggy sandstones thirty feet in thickness, we come to
interesting beds of limestone and shale below tho Shilbottle Coal
bridge ; and here wo find several fossils — Protluctus Martini,
P. sc7nircticnlatus, P. yirjanteus, P. Fleminjii, Orthis Michelitii, O. re-
supiita/a, and species of Spiriftr, Linr/idn, Chonetes, Avicula, &c. ;
and again the remarkable Posidonia Becheri. From this point to the
Aln, the beds are so faulted, that it becomes difficult to make out
distinctly their succession ; many beddy sandstones are covered
with annelid tracks and lijiple marks, several thin coal seams
appear, and thin limestones, containing fossils common in the
formation. A few of the u])per beds of the Mountain Limestone
do not appear in this section. One of them, the Eight Yard
Limestone, crops out, however, eastward of Denwick lane, and
is remarkable both for tho number and for the variety of

450

HISTORY OP ALNWICK.

organisms which it contains. A higher limestone, the Ten Yard or

Ebb's Nook Limestone, tbo tliickost in the formation, crops out
ut Sliilbottio, and above this, two moi-o are to Ijo scon, one at the
Beacon plantation, and tlio ollior on JJuston grounds near Aln-
mouth granary. Overlying Iho lonnor is a sandstone, i)eculiar
on account of the combination of organisms; scattered through
it are remains of plants— (Jalamito.s, Lopid xlendra, Knorria, })Utla
the middle of it is a thiu bod containing numbers of .Strepto-
rhynchm crcnisiria, a marine shell ; and the same association
appears in anr.ther sandstone twenty fi.-et above the .Shilb>ttlo
coal -with a Soa-Star — Crihcllitcs curbotiarius—tho only one as
yet discovered in the formation.*-

FIG- 3.

CKIBELLITE3 CARBON AEITJS.

And here I may place on record the following list of fossils
found by myself in the IStountain Limestone of ]Sorthumberland,
excepting a few fishes -which are marked by an *. Though not
complete, it is sufficient to shew the character of the organisms of
the formation. To eacli species I have annexed numbers cor-
responding with those in the section of strata in pages 448-451,
to shew the distribution of the several organisms in the various
beds of the formation. One number only, the number 12, is used
for the whole of the Carbonaceous group': —

• Proc. of Berw. Club V., p. 71.

OEOLOQY.

457

FISHES.
Mfigalichtliyn llil'l)'--i-ti- Ag. 12.
Khizoduh) llihhorti. A^^ C.
ChoiiiiitoiJii.s (.iiictus. Ajj. 1.
Cliuloihis Htriiitus. Ag. . 4-
CoclilioiliiH niii;5;rius. Ag. 4.
•(;. Htriiitus. A'^. Lowick.
Gyr.i(.aiitlHis Alwiconsis. Ag. 12.
(i. oljli(iuu.s. ]McCoy. 12.
*IIc;]u(lua i)l:inuh. Ag. Lowick.
•Lcptai-aiithud Jcnkinsoui. M(;Coy,
Lowi'k.
PetiiUxluH aruminatus. Ag. 1.
*P. Ilaslingsii. Ow. I-owick.
*P. loctuH. Ag. Lowick.

Pdaiuiiioilus porosua. Ag. 10.
"P. cormitus. Ag. Lowick. C.
•]'. riigoius. Ag. Lowick.
*roecilodus Joncsii. Ag. Lowick.
CEPHALOPODA.
NautihiH ingcns. Mart. 5.
N. globatus. Sow. 5, 8.
N. Liloljatiis. How. 5.
N. coslato-corouatus. l^rcCoy. 5.
N. Hubsulcatus. I'h. 5, 6.
N. biangulutus. Sow. 6, G.
N. sulcatus. Sow. 5, 6, 8.
N- peridanatiis. Port. 5, 6, 8.
Gonialitea rtplicricua. SLirt. 8, 10.
G. atratiis. Goldf. 0.
G. striolatufl. Ph. 8.
G. stenolobus. Pli. 10.
G. Looneyi. Ph. 10.
Orthoccraa cylindraceum. Flem. 6, 8.
O. ineqiiiseptum. Ph. 4, 5.
O. pyniniiiUile. Flem. 5, 8.
0. CioliUiiS'.^iaiuiin. Po Kon. 6, 8.
O. iittciuiatuui. Fh>in. T), cS,
O. siilcatimi. FIciii. 4, 6, G, 8, 10.
O. undulatum. Sow. 6, 8.
O. laterale. Ph. 8.
Poterioccras cornu-vaccimim. McCoy

6.
Actinoceras giganteum. Sow. 5, 6, 8.

NUCLEUBRANCIIIATA.
Bellerophoii Urii. Flem. 4, 5, 8.
13. striatiis. Flem. 4, 5, 8.
B. dccussatus. Flem. 4, 5, G; 8.
B. costatua. Sow. 8.
B. navicula. Sow. 5.
B. apertua. Sow. 8.
B. hiuk-us. Jlart. 12.

PECTINIBPANCHIATA.
Capulus trilobatua. Ph. 5, G.
Plevirotomaria atomaria. Ph. 4, 5, 8.
P. altavitta. ]\IcCoy. 4.
P. decipens. McCoy. 4, 5, 8.
P. sulcatula. Ph. 12.
VOL. II.

P. helicinoides. McCoy. 8.
P. moiiilifera. Ph. 0.
Murchiaonia angulata. Ph. 6.
M. rpiadrjcarinata. McCoy. 6, 6.
Platy.schyama liclicoid'.-.i. rfow. 11.
Kuoiiiplialiia catillii."!. Mart. 4, 0.
11 caibonariua. Sow. 6, C, 8, 9.
E. cost'.-llatua. McCoy. 5.
K. Dionyaii. Goldf. 0, 9.
E. t ibulatiifl. Ph. 4, <■>, 8.
Naticoi)si3 pliciatria. Ph. 6, G, 8.
N. ampliata. Ph. 9.
N. variata. Ph. 8.
N. .spirata. Ph. G, 9.
D. d.;iitaloidcum. Ph. G.
Loxom-marugiicra. Ph. 4, 6, 6, 8.
L. tuiiiida. Ph. 6, 6, 8.
Ij. aulculoaa. Ph. G.
L elorigata. De Kon. 5.
Macroclioilus acutus. Sow. 6.
I\I. limmcformia. 5IcCoy. 5.
]\L ilichotianiLS. L)o Kon. 8.
5L .sigmilineua. I'h. G.
jSL bpiratus. ilcCoy. 5, G,
M. ovalia. ]\IcCoy. 5, 8.
DcritaUum pri.scum. Goldf. 10.

PTEROPODA.^
Conularia cjuadriaulcata. Sow. 5, 10.

LAMELLIBKAXCHIATA.
Pectcn iiinbriatua. Ph. 8.
P. sub-elongalua. McCoy. 5, 8.
Amii.sium deomatuni. Ph. 5, 6.

A. Sowcrbyii. McCoy. 5, 8.

Ptcrinca ]a;vigata. McCoy. 8.

Ptcronites persulcatua. McCoy. 6.

P. angustatiis. McCoy. 12.

SU\l.Uiptoiia hfvigata. ilcCoy. 6.

S. piilchclla. McCoy. 4, G.

Aviculoi>Lcten cojlatus. ilcCoy. 4, 6.

A. canccUalua. McCoy. 6.

A. couceutrico-striatus. McCoy. 6.

A. conoidoa. McCoy. 8.

A. intorstitialis. Ph. 5, 6.

A. diiplicoatatus. McCoy. 5, 8, 12.

A. docons. McCoy. 8, 9, 12.

A. pera. McCoy. 10.

A. aegregatus. jMcCoy. 12.

A. microptcris. McCoy. 6, 8.

A labulatiis. McCoy. 6.

A. variabilis. !McCoy. 6.

Posidonia Bechcvi. Bronn. 9.

Pimia llabclliformis. Mart. 1, 6.

P. flcxicostata. McCoy. 4, 5.

P. spatula. McCoy. 8.

P. membranacea. De Kon. 5, 8.

Myalina Verneulii. McCoy. 12.

^1. pcrnoidea. Port. 8.

Anthmcoptera quadrata. Sow. 2.

So

458

HISTOKY <jy AI.NWICK.

Anthiacomya Hubcontnilia. Suit 12.

A. i)iiinilLi. Salt. 12.

A H(;n.,'x. Salt. 8.

liiLhodoiiiuM Jactyloiilos. McfJoy. 6.

1j- Ji;rikcnsoni. I\Ic(Joy. 8.

■J\ryr)i)li.)ria c.irljoiiaria. Sow. 9,12.

jr. (IcprasHii. VM. C>, 8.

M. axinif(nniiH. J'h. 'J.

M. dultoidoa, ^'uvL 8.

M. obliquii. IMcOuy. 12.

Edmondia oLloriLia. Mo( 'oy. 5, 6, 8.

E. sulcata. ]'li." 1, /j, «, 8.

E iinioinConnis. i'li. G.

E J'l^'iiflDiii. "Mi-f/oy. 10.

]'!. HCalaris. ]\[c(;oy". 8.

E. urcuata. I'll. 10.

E. riidi.s. jNIcCoy. C.

Sanj^Miiiiolitos variabilis. JFcCoy.

'-i, 5 6, 8.
S. Iiidinoidcs. ]\I(:Coy. .5, 8.
S. tiiikatu.s. Fleiii. -1, 0, 11.
S. IraiLsveiaus. Port. 6, 8.
S xindatus. Port. 8
S. anrcu.statiiH. I'h. G.
S. trioostatiis i'ort. 10.
S conytrii;tii8. King. 5, 8.
S. striato-lamcllo.siis. Do iCon. 5.
S. Kubcarinatua McCoy. 8.
Loi>tudoiiiu.s costollatua. lAfcCoy. o, 8.
(.'ardioinoriilia striata. Do Koii. 8.
Nuciila fi-ibbosa. Eluiu. ■! 6, G.
N. undulata. Ph. G.
Leda attcnuala. Fb.'in. 5, G.
Area cauccllata. IMart. 5. 6.
Antlu-aeosia acuta. Sow. Near 8.

A uiiuiliua. Sow. Near 8

Ooiiocardiiini oloiiL;iitmu Sow. 8.

Solciaya priiiiana. I'h. 5, G, 8.

Astarto Ircimila. Do Kyck. G.
PKAXCIUOPODA

Tercbratiila Kacculua. Mart. 1.

T. ha.stata. Sow. 8.

Atliyris plauo-sulcata. Ph. G.

A. aml)igua. Sow. 4, G, 8

Spirifur striatiis. ]\Tart. 12.

S. diiplicostatus. Ph. 4.

S. triy,-onali3. IFart. 4, 5, G.

S, bisulcatus Sow. 4, 5, 6, 8, 10.

S. so.x-radialia. Ph. 5.

S. R-labcr. IMart. 4, 5, 6, 8.

S. Urii Flcin 5, 8.

S. linoatus. Mart. 4,5,6,8,9.

S. attenuatus. Sow. 12.

S. pinguis. Sow. G.

Spiriferina laniiuosa. McCoy. 5, 11.

S. octoplicata. Sow 5, 8.

Eynchonella pleurodon. Ph. 4, 5, 6.

Camerophoria crumona. Mart. 8,

0, laticliva. McCoy. 8,

Stropliomena analoga. Ph. 0.

Strcptorliyru^ii.s cn.-ni.stti;!. Ph. 1-9.

S. ara< hiu.i.b .1. p)i. J, 'j.

Orthis rr.tiii.inata. .M.irt. 1, fj, (I, H.

(>. .Micliflidi. L«)V. 5, 0, H.

Pn.diictii.s (^'i'^'antoiLS. 3I.irt. 1-1 1.

P lalisiiiimx. Sow. 1. .0, G, 8.

P. (Jora. D'Orb i G, 8.

]'. sfiiiin.-ticulatii.'j. .M.-irt. 1, 5, C, 8.

P. M.irtirii .Sow. o, G, 8.

P. co'.latiis Sow. 1, 1.

P. I'lciiiiii;,'!! S.)W 1. '), G, 8.

P. i)H.stiiIi).siis. J'h. 1 1.

P s<rMl)iculii3. .Mart. .3, 8.

P. npiniilcj.-Jiia. Sow. 8.

P. ])UfictatiiH. :Mai-t. 1, 5, 6, 8.

J', finibriatu.s. Sow. 6, G.

(.'homto.s HardrorL-jia. Ph. 4, o, 6,

8 II.
C. Dabiianiaiia. Dc Kuu. 8.
C polita. McCov. y, 8.
Di,-(iua nitida J'h. 6, G, 9, 11.
T.inj,Mila.V|iiaiiiifoniii3. I'll. 5. G, 8, 12.
1.. uiyliloidca. Sow. C, 0. 12.

POLYOZOA.
Coriojiora intcrporo.sa. i'li. 12.
C. rhonibifora. Ph. 8.
('. .spiciilaris. Ph 8.
•Fciii .-.li.lJ.i uioinbranacca. I'll. 6.
F. ]il.jbi;ia. McCoy, o, 8.
V. undidata. Ph. 8.
F. cra.s.^a IMcCoy. 8.
(Jlaucouuiiio phinia. I'h. 6, 8.
ii. puhdurriiua. McCoy. 5, 6, 8.
Siikorctcpora paraklla. Ph. 8.

F.CIIINUDKKMATA.
Potoi i.ici inns cia.-sus. Mill. G.
P. lui.ilMniiis. JLcCoy. 4, G, 8.
Actino-criiuia frlobo-sna. Ph. 8.
Cribi'llitis carbonarius. Tate. Near 6.
ArclKcocidari.s Urii. Floni. 5, 6.
A. Ncrci. IMiinstcr. 6,11.

AKTICULATA.
Cro.ssopodia Enibletonia. Tate. In

sandstouc near to G.
C. media Tate. Near to G.
Nemcrititcs imdulata. Tate. Near

to 4.
Eiono monilifomiis, Tate. Near to

4. G.
Spirorbis carbonarius. ^furch. 8.
Serpulitcs carbonarius. !McCoy, 5.
Sabdla auliqua. JlcCoy, 5.
Lcjicrditia Tatei. Junes. 8,
L. Scoto-burdigalensis. Uibb. 5, 12.
Cytboivlla Tatei. Jones. 11.'
Ivirkbya costata. Jones, 12.
Bevrichia crinuta. Jones. 12.

GKor.ooy.

4n{f

Stif.'ni;ui.'i ficoifJoB. Bronjj.
Si^Mlliii i,-i or;,'arium. Btcm-
Ii(|(irlo(lri](Jroji Ifarcourtii.

f;. ohoViltmil. StflTl.

]j. uculealiiin. Stern.
I.. Stftrrib(;ri.M'i. iJiorij/.
L. .Sf.)!i;,'irioiilf:.s. ]Aii<U.
li. frr.K.ilij I'rorifj.
L. uiiL^Iiciim. Stern,
h. fiisiloMfio. Tato.
fi. oMonf^iim. Tate.
IJloili mlnjii omatih.simum.
Jvriorii.i iinbricata. Storn.
IC. taxina Liiidl.
fJalaiiiitcs Riiflcowii. Hrongf
(.'. carina-ibniiis. Sclilotii-
('. (liatand Stem.
<'. Iricarinatus. Tato
I'oaf-iti.s nervosa. Tato.
( 'ririitis laiiceolata. Tate.
S[)lierirji)((ri.-i Johii.stoniana.
S. flaLillata Tato.
l''i]iiit<s ijtriata. Tato.
i''. iiitcrcosl.'ita. T;itc.
Jiccliera siniiilox. I'ato.
15. verliiilhitu.-s. Tato.
Carpulithus ovatus Tate.

1-12.
With.

Stem.

Tate.

Boyrichia miiltiloT).", JoneH, Near 'J.
(Jytlioru labiiliiia. Jone.s. 8,
('aiiiloiiH 'J'at(;i. Joni.'H. 11.
l'].stheri;i, Htriata, var. 'i'atiii. Jones. 11.
(Jriditliide.'j l''arneiisis. 'J'ate. 1-10.

ZOOl'JIYT.V.
Fnvosites paraaitiea. I'll. 4, 5, 10.
llydiiojiora cyclo.stoin.a. Pli. 4, 10.
Aul(.i])Oia gi;4as. i\Ie("(^y. 10.
rnKnIete.s Ke[)t(isii,s. KJi-m. 4.
C. tiiiniiliiH. I'll. -I, 10.
Cladi^choTuis liaeiilaiis. I\[('/'oy. 0.
l.itliodijndrou juneeuia. I'lciu 1,8,

10, 11.
T.. iiruf^ularo. Vh. 1, 8 10, 11.
Tj. f',i.si;i(.'iilatinu Floin. 1, II.
Lilho.strelion l)a.s;illil'ornio. I'li. i.
I. I'urUac.lii. IJronn. 1, 10.
A\ilci]iliylliuii funj^iu.'.'J. Fl<.-i]i. 4, .G,

G, H.
Zaphrcriti.s Enninkellini. M. Edw, 8.
li. i'billipfii. M., J'ldw, 4.
(/yatliaxonia costata. McCoy. 4, 0.
iSyringoi)ora raniulowa. Gold. 4.

PLANTiE.

Arancari(o3 carbonaceus. "With.

A general view of tlioso organi.sms will enablo it.s to obtain a
gliinpso of tlio CDuditioii i both of llio water and of tlio land durinn'
tho ]\lountain Linaostono era. Tliero arc evidences of deep Eeas,
of shores on which tho soa-waves bruko, and of shallow estuaries
and lagoons; and tlieso waters mnst have boon little iliflbrent in
their character from those now existing ; fur they had beon pure
and transparent, as eyes were used then the same in struoturo as
those of animals now living iu tho sea; but perhaps the tem-
poratuvo had l)eou higher, as corals abimndcil, allied to those now
llourishing iu Avarm climates. Corals were numerous, some
forming great reefs— Encrinites with lily-like heads on a lono-
jointed stem were attached in numbers to the sea bottom — tho
Sea-Star was there, and other Echinoderms allied to the Sea-
XJrchin — worms crawled over the sea-beach, and tube-bearing
annelids woio in deeper wafer — entomostracans, minute bivalved
crustaceans, are crowded in some beds where fish remains occur ;
and a trilobite with its compound eye was widely distributed —
bryozoa like modern fluslra s])read their net-like forms over the
rocks — almost every family of shell-bearing molluscs lived, either
in shallow or deep waters— brachiopods were the most abundant —
and cephalopods tho most remarkable for size. Fish remains occur,
rarely in tho limestones, but abundantly in some shales connected
with coal seams, though usually in detached portions, consisting of
teeth, scales, spines, rnys, and bones, some belonging to the
Ganoidea or fishes with bright enamelled scales, allied to the
Bony Piko and the Sturgeon, and others to Plagiostoma or car-
tiliginous fishes allied to the Shark.

^GO HISTOUY OF AJ.NWICK,

Plants, 80 far as has yot been ascertained, are the only
relics of land organisms which have boon discovered witliin the
district. Tlioy chiofly occur in siuidstones, in a fraj,'uientary
condition, as if they had boon drifted frc^m a bhort "distance.
Kven in coal itself they can be dctoctod ; f(jr when thin slices or
tho nshos of coal aro examined under tlio microscope, llioy exhibit
vegetable tissues ; and in tho Abnviclc moor and Leminingt^^n
coals distinct impressions of Lepidodendra and Htujmaria ficoidea
aro soon by tho unassisted oyo. Indeed coal is a metanK.rpliosod
vegetable derived from phuits, Avliich had grown on tho site of
the coal seam ; for under almost evoiy coal there is a shale
or fire clay, the ancient soil of tlio Sigillaria, whose fossil roots,
the Stigmaria ficoidcs, penetrate it in all directions. Varied had
been tho conditions and repeated the oscillations of level. Viewing
the coals in connection with tho limestones, there is evidence of
not less than thirteen alternations of level during tho period when
the Calcareous group was deposited ; as many times was the
district aUernatoly clothed with an abundant vegetation, and
changed into lakes, lagoons, estuaries, or seas, sometimes pro-
found, but generally of a moderate deptli. Slow had been the
process ; for in the larger limestones tliero are successive genera-
tions of organisms of all ages, whieli had been born, lived, and
died whore they are now entombed— so r^uietlv, that the fine
hair-like spines and tubes of shells are preserved unbroken.
Long ages, too, would be required for the growth of the vast
amount of metamorphosed vegetable matter laid up in successive
coal seams. Though the vegetatiun was rank, the Flora was not
varied ; only a few orders llourished, and none of the lowest
appears, nor any forest trees similar to those adorninf^ our woods
excepting Couil'ora> ; but acrugenous plants wore devidopod in
enormous niimbers. Tho scenery of those ancient lands, though
not glowing Avith beauty nor radiant with light, had charms from
the strangeness and vast proportions of some of its vegetable
forms. Lofty and picturesque cone-bearing trees adorned the
elopes of the hills and mountains ; on extended swamps,
dense forests of Lepidodendra allied to club-mosses Nourished,
their huge arms flung wildly out, covered with scaly leaves
and terminated with cones ; Sigillarirc, fluted trees allied
to the Cycas, stood erect on widely spreading roots, their long
narrow leaves forming a series of drooping curves rising from the
summit and sides of the stem and throwing a sepulcln'al solemnity
over the scene ; Calamites like tall straight reeds sprung upward
with slender leaves or branches in whorls around the stem ; but
stranger still was the Ulodendron, in the form of the Lepidoden-
dron, but with masses of inflorescence arranged verticallv on
opposite sides of the stems and branches. The foliage of the
■whole was sombre, but it may have been a little relieved by a
few, and but a few, bright green herbaceous ferns growing in

f)i:oi,onY,

401

the ehado. As forns aro raro in this formation, fjj;uro9 are here
j(iven of two Bpocies — Ijotli foiind in tlie Posodonia Slialo at
niudle, and Fig. O also occurring at Nowton-on-tlio-Moor.*

FIG. ^. FIG. 5.

BPHENOPTEEIS FLABELLATA.

SPnEXCPTEHIS JOnNSTOKIANA.

The 31iUs/o7ie Grit, "u-hich overlies the Mountain Limestone,
crops out boyoml tho parish of Alnwick in the township of Buston ;
and differs but littlo from tho Coal ^Measure?, excojiting in its
feeblo development of coal. It is composed of sandstones and
shales similar to those in the Coal IMcasvu-es, and like them, too,
it has no limestones or calcareous beds, and but few and doubtful
indications of any marine conditioi\s. In this group we include
all the beds from tho top of tho highest limestone with marine
fossils, to the base of the Brockwell Coal, tho lowest workable
seam in the Coal Measures. Tlio thickness in Northimiberland
is about 500 feet ; and this corres2)onds pretty nearly with Fors-
ter's section of tho formation southward of the Stublick Dike.
The characteristic beds are thick gritty sandstones, which some-
times have supplied millstones, and lienco the name Millstone
Grit. Such beds are made up chielly of rounded pebbles of quartz
and felspar bound together by a siliceous cement ; some pebbles
in the rock are as large as nuts, and some few an inch in diameter.

* Mountain Limestone Flora of the Eastern Border, in connection with the
Natural History of Coal, by the author; in Dr. Johnson's Nat. HisL of the
East. Bor.

402 HISTORY OK A J.N WICK.

At Warkworth this rock, in somo parts, is bmnd by a calcareous

coinont, and lioro aiid thero u[)i)oar pjrains of pr.jtoxid'j of iron
and ^iirnots. In boiin;^,s mado uL .SlioiLiid;^o, two coal Kf^ams,
each nix iiicliOH thick, wcro jni.ssod tlirouj^li. Tlio iJi'o[)ortiori of
Hiliceoiis rocks to tho argillaceous in this fjroup is alxjut six to
four. 8igillaria, Stigmai'ia, Jvivularia, and other Carboniferous
plants, occur in tho sandstones ; and at JJirling Cai-r there aro
trucks and casts of annelids in slaty sandstones, one of which is
Craaaopodia J'lmhlcluniu. Tlieso beds in Northumberland ranjjo
Bouth-south-^vest^vards in a narrow zone, from two to a])out five
inilos wide, in tho same direction as the IMountain Limestone, on
•which they rest conformably, from near tho mouth of tlie Aln to
the Tyno ; but beyond tho Tyno they are, throuf^h tlio influence
of the Stublick Dike, detlected westward, parallel with that dike,
to tho Jiordors of tho county.

5. The Coal Measurtu which overlie the l^rillstone Grit, occupy in
Northumberland, tho trian<?ular area, havinj^ tho Tyno us a base
fourteen miles in length ; its eastern side is tho coast from the
mouth of tho Coquet to Tynemouth, and its Avostern side is a wavy
lino from tho Cofjuet mouth to near Wylam on tho Tyno. From
thii? base lino they extend into tho central jioi'tion of tho county
of Durham; and by a fault called the Stublick JJiko they aro
prcdonged, in a narrow band, up tho valley of tho Tyno to tho
cxti'emit}' of the county of Northumbeilaml, and into Cumberland,
a distance of twenty-sovcn miles. The coals worked at Amble,
Togston, and Acklington, belong to this formation.

In these Coal Measures there is almost a repetition of the samo
characters avo hud in tho Carbonaceous group of the Mountain
Limestone, with this exception, that Avhilo there were muiine
relics and a few thin liuu'stoiiis in tho earlier period, limestone3
aro altogelhor absent from tho Coal JMcasuies, and there aro
scarcely any indications of marine conditions. Tho sandstones,
shales, and ironstones are similar in both ; but in tho more recent
period tho coals aro thicker, richer, and more bituminous. From
the variable thickness of the coal seams in diOeront parts of the
field, and from seams being .';plit into two by tho intervention of
ehales, of greater or less thickness, it is dilUcult to correlate the
seams iu distant parts of tho field. There appear, however, to
be in all Ilfty-soveu seams having an aggregate thickness of about
eighty feet ; but as several are thin, only twelve are workable,
yielding about fifty feet of good coal."'-'

Though S()nu3 of tho posts or sandstones aro thick, one beinty
eighty-four feet, yet tho proportion of shales is greater in the
Coal I^leasures than in the Mountain Limestone. Assuming the
total thickness of these measures to bo 2000 feet, then we have
yo feet of coal, 9C0 feet of sandstone, and 9G0 feet of shale ;

• Buddie's Synopsis of the Newcastle Coal Field ; Trans. North. Nat Hist.
Soc. 1., p. 215.

GEOI.OOY. -1')^

aiul from iJiis largo amount of arfjillacooiis maf,tor, tho soil of tlio
Coal Aroatmrcs is luoru moist and olayny than that ovor oithor tlio
]\IillHtoii(3 (irit or tlio Mouiilaiii Linio-it )no, an'l tho Hoonory, t'.o,
is of a tamoi- charactor, ^^■ith fi'\s'(;r bold cdilfs and Jiigh liills.
Tho low poi'tioiLS of tho undulatinf^ (ground aro mostly valloys of
donudation ; f>r whoro tho thick ar;^ilhicoous strata have croj)p<;d
out tlio soil luatorial has bcjon 8\Vf![)t away, and tho surfaco liol-
lowod by doiuidiiiy; agoneies, loaving tho harder saiidstonos ua
low loundod liills.

No undoubLiid marine organisms aii])oar in these Coal treasures,
ex(;()])ting ouo snuill liraoliiopod ( Linr/ula mytiloides ), which was
found in a bod of shalo, at I\yhopo oolliory ; but this genus sooms
to have had tho capacity of living in brackish water, probably iu
an estuary, for wo find it also in tho ^[ountain Limostono asso-
ciated with coal soams, along with Anthracosia and fish remains.
Of iish several species liavo boon found iu diU'oront zones, such
as Gryraccndhus Jorrnosus and tubircidatus, McijaliclJiys Uihbefti,
Dijiludus (jilbotsus, Clcnoptijchlas pcc'.inatua and (/en/icnluius, and
Bpociesof Falceoiiiscus, Flafi/sonius, Rhizotiiis, .Imh'i/pterns, Orlhu-
cnnthns, Leptacanlhus, &c. Mr. Atthoj', j\[r. Hancock, and Mr.
Kirkby have recently added to our kn Mwledge of tho Ichthyol jgy
of tho Coal ]\[uasuves ; iind from sections of jaws and teeth, pro-
pared by ^Ir. Craggs, and fnund by him in the shales and coal
of the Low INfaiu Seam, Professor Owen has described eleven new
genera of fish about tho size of tho minnow, ono of which is of
tho ISauroid typo ; and along with them are remains of what he
considers a minuto air-breathing ]3atrachian, with teeth liko
those of Dendrorpoton and tho frog, and whick lio lias named
Gnstrodus pru-positus.'^'- Associated with fish-remains are usually
numbers of ontomostraca. ivomains of insect?, nearly allied to tho
genus Blattn, have boon described by Mr. Ivirby from an iroa-
stono band, near tho top of tho Coal Afeasures, on tho north bank
of tho Wear, opposite Claxheugh. Plants, however, are the
distinguishing organisms of the Coal !N[easures. A lew coniferous
trees flourished at this era ; but the most abundant plants "were
Sigillariii>, of which thirteen species have been noticed ; of Lepido-
deridra there aro eleven fipccies, and of Calamites seven. Fronds
of ferns wore in great profusion, and of theso fifty species have
been recorded, though jirobably not a few have been determined
from difl'erent parts of the same plant.

The Carboniferous system has been uplifted and dislocated at
dift'erent periods. The lust upheaval of tho Cheviots tilted up
the lower strata ; and the basaltic protrusions of a later time pro-
duced considerable disturbance. But the effects of the greatest

* Trans, of Odontological Society, 1S67. Mr. .^Uhey and Mr. Hancock, in a,-
paper in the Annals of Nat. Hist, for 18li8, dispute the validity of these ne*
genera.

4Gi 1II8T0IIY 01' ALNWICK,

elevating force affecting Northumberland are Bconin the Penning
cliain, oxteiiding from Tiiidalo Foil southward about GO miles;
for along' this b'lio of )hi;^hty fracture the Mountain I-imostotio
beds on the east side liavo hoen thrust upward in soiu'i parts,
near to 3000 foot — and this stupendous mountain wall rises .some
2f)()[) foot above the Now Jiod Sand.stono plain lyirig on the west.
The .Stubliek and the Ninoty-fithoiu iJikos aro ])robably secondary
offect.s of tliis disruption, lly the Ninoty-Aithom iJilco, wliicli
extends westward frcjm (Jullo'reoats, the ('oal Measures have
boon thrown down on the north side fi'om 500 foot to lUOO foet.
Probably, too, the cd'oct of the I'enniuo upheaval lias extended
further northward into Northumberland, thou;^h without i>ro-
ducing any groat break in tlio strata in the direct line of action ;
for the goneral direction of tliu strata is from northward to south-
ward. There aro many other smaller displacements of the Coal
treasures, but the Mtjuntain Limestono strata aro oven moro
disturbed by faults ; one seen in the .Shilbottlo collier}', rang-
ing from east to west, throws down the beds on tlie south side
120 feet ; another great fault near to Annstead, going westward,
throws the strata down on the north side about 1000 feet.

III.— rEHMIAN rOKMATIOX.

Of this formation only one member, the Magnesian Limestone,
occurs in Northumberland in three small patches ovcrlvin'^' the
Coal Measures ; one at Tyncmouth f nins the top of tlio cliff
and the others at Cullercoats and Whitley, liavo been pre-
served by the Ninety-fathom Dike, which has thrown down
the strata on the north. It occupies in Durham a largo space,
somewhat triangular in shape, one side extending fronx South
Shields along the coast to Hartlepool, the other having a wavy
line from the same ])oint to Pierce bridge on the Tees ; the base
lino is obsourcd by drift, but seems to curve away from Hartle-
pool westward to Chilton, and thence southward to near ConisclifF.
it occupies an area of about 2o0 square miles, and has a thick-
ness of about GOO feet. The strata rise to the westward and
south-west, and their outcrop over the Coal iVfeasures is seen
marked, in the features of the country, by a pretty bold escarp-
ment running in a broken line of eminences of moderate elevation,
but nearly on the same level throughout the range. To the west
is the wide and tame region of the Coal IMoasures, but eastward
aro low undulating hills, intersected by picturesque and beautiful
denes and ravines.

The organisms of the l^fagnesian Limestone bring it into close
relationship with the Carboniferous system, of which it properly
ranks as a group or formation. Sedgwick, in 1828, pointed out
this alliance, and further researches have conlirmed liis view. Mr,
Kirkby has shown that fifteen species of animals were common to
the Mountain Limestone and the Magnesian Limestone formation.

GEOLOGY, 465

Oouorally, tho MagneHiaii Limostono was a polagic doposit, with,
liowovei', ovidoiicos of shallow Avutor at iutorvals, and alterualiuua
from a doep Boa to au oaUiary.'-''

IV.— CAIXOZOIO ERA.

ATiothoi' f^roat gap ocouis in our rooky j-ocords ; f^r no liard
Btratifiud rock appoars in siiu iii Nortliumborland, jiioro rocont
tlian tho JMiigrio.-iian Jjinicstono, nor in tho pari.sh of Alnwick
inoro rocoiit than tho Muiuitaiu Limo.stoiio poriofls ; and as no
fVap;inoiits ovon aro Hceii of roclcs bijhjiij^inj^ to tho Soc'jiidary or
Turtiary fi)riuatIori8, wo cannot siipposo tliat any such had boca
dopositod and afLorwards I'oniovud by denudation. It may
thoruforo bo inforrod, that durinpf tho lonj^ aj^cs subsoquont
to tho I'akoozoic ora, Noithumberland was above tho waters,
j)robably as ])art of a conlinont. Other groat climatic and geo-
graphical changes foll(jwcd ; tho land becamo partly ice-covored, •
and partly submerged beneath au Arctic sea ; and of sueli
changes, cvidenco is furnished by tho irregular accumulations of
clay, gravel, and sand, which cover over a great portion of tho
county, especially in the lower grounds. Tiio exact serjuence of
these superlicial deposits is notalwa^ys detorminablo ; but wo may
recognise two groups of diU'erent ages.

1. I'hc rieislocetie, tho oldest of theso deposits, includes tho
boulder clay, which is usually tougli, red or blue, and sometimes
nbovo eighty feet in thickness, but either unstratilied, or with au
irregular and imperfect kind of stratification. Throu"-h this aro
irregularly distributed fragments of rock, botli small and largo,
many of them Aveighing several tons; and S(jme, which are au'-^ular
or but slightly rounded, aro polislied and striated. Generally,
those blocks have boon derived from rocks in situ in or near to
our district; but a ^cw, such as granite, have travelled a cou-
siderablo distance. A block of grey granite, like that at Aber-
deen, was found at Abberwick, four miles westward of Alnwick.
Tho surface of the rocks on which this clay rests lias also been
found polished liko marble, striated, and grooved, tho striiO and
grooves liaving tho same general direction, and evidenciu"- tho
movement of a powerful abrading agent, in a southoily direction.
These dressed sui'faces havo been (observed on tho limestone at
Middleton near Belford, on the basalt of the I'arno Islands, ou
limestones at SM'inhoe, Uunstanburgh, Little ]\Iiil, IIa\Akhill
Eelsay, and on sandstones at Birling Car, south of Alnmouth
and on the banks of the Irthing.f The Boulder Clay, however'
is not a simple deposit ; for in some localities, 5: was pointed out

* The physical characters of this tbrniafion have heeii expounded by Sedo-wick >
in the Trans, of Geo. Soc Vol. III., Tart 1.. IS.'t) ; and the organisnis°have X
been desciihed by my friend Professor King, in his valuable monograph of Permiaa '
Fossils, 184S. Other papers illustrating this formation have been printed in f\e
Tyneside Club Transactions,
t Pro. Ber. Nat. CMub. V., pp. 236, 288, 372. % Trans. Tyn. Club I., pp. 34S-35S.

VOL. II, 3p

466 iii.sroitY 01' ai-nwick.

Ly mo, ill IH 18, it is (;oni[)licuto(l by tlio iiitorcalatioii of irro^jular
liiyur.s of Hand, }j^ravel, mid lainiruitod clay. A railway cuttini^
lioar to JJiltou oxliibitod tho following Hoction, beginning at tiio
basG :— {Plate X/., Fiy. 3.)

I'cct In.
e. Four <listiiic(ly Hfratifiod j^'ravol boils conHi.stiritj chiufly of rollo'l,

siiio()tli poijihyiirH, liincwtoiiort. iiriil saiidstoiiuM, iihout tlio si^i; of

orditKiry paviii;^' stuiics.
f/. . Still' (jliiy willioiit Ix.uMor.s . . , . . R 0

a. t'liiy with Lugo glaciated boulders . , , .80

And in this, as woll aa in several otlior Hootions of graved bods,
tho layers wore arched, dipping away cni both sides from a central
axis. On tho banks of Alnwielc ni(jor burn tho iJoiilder Clay it*
divided by strutifn'd sands ; a'ld in b »tli the elay above, and in
that below the sand, there are 8ubanp;ular glaciated bhjclcs. Near
to Alnmouth on the bank of the river is a similar com[dicated
Boction. Beginning at the base wo have : — (/'Vy. 2.)

Feet In.

a. Red tough clay, with glaciated l)lockH of limcstonu, basalt, and
Handstono ; only a few feet vinibli;,

b. Sand iri(,'gulaily .stratified ; in same parts, which are clayey, are
S(?alti;ri'd aiiiall .siiliaiigular and rounded blocks ; tlio thickiic-ss

in Olio part is about , , . . , . .30 0

a. lu.'d tough clay, with largo glaciatctd blocks, some 3 feet long;

tho thicknoHS varies, but in s^juio parts , , , 12 0

b. Stultified saiid , , . , , , . 1.3 0

The most irregular sections, however, m tlie district, •were
exposed in tho railway cutting througli liaven^slaw near tho Aln-
wick station ; tin ir complieatioii will be better under.stootl by au
examinaticm of Figs. 4 and 5, tlian by anj' description. "NVhero
tho solid rock was reached tlio Boulder Clay was foui;d to rest
on btraliliod sand.-itono and slmlo. In section, Fig. -1, there were

fl. Txod tough clay, with glaciatcil boulders, 8 feet,

b. Fine sand with lines of stratification marked by bits of coal and carbona-
ceous .shale.

d. Fino chiy in thin layers.

c. Gravel, water worn, irregular in thickness and stratification. One larga
glaciated limestone (/) was resting on and penetrating sands, and extend-
ing through the overlying clay into tho gravel beds. In section. Fig. 5.
another largo glaciated limestone was partly iu tho Boulder Clay and partly
in the gravel.

The stratification of the whole was greatly disturbed ; tho
sequence being changed or broken as if some external foi-co had
deranged tho layers after they had been heaped up or deposited ;
but all these bods are so associated together, as to indicate
changes of physical conditions during tiie Boulder Clay era.

Organisms I havo not been able to find, either iu tho Boulder
Clay itself or in tlio associated beds, although I have, during
many years, sought for them in many parts of ISlorthuinberland
and iu the neighbouring counties. Nor do marine organisms
appear to liave beeu discovered elsewhere iu tlie Boulder Clay

i ^-;

\ 0.

'V'o •.■l■

•Oo^

^iii!Fi;;';;i:!W?

:;,;;//0O-

iiii ' ^

0 0

\\\

a ^ ^

CKor.ooY. 467

i1n(!li', ox(;f!i)flri<^ at Cailh'ins.s, wlioi-o nurtiboi's of lipokon mariiin
kIu'IIh avo ill a clay iilon;^ with f;la(;iatr;d blocks and rock
Hiiil'acoH ; but according to ^^l■. .Jairiif-son, tliis clay is of a Hoino-
M'lial, lator ajj;o than tho JJould'.r ('lay oi' tho Kouth "f .Scotland,
and tho shells .scuni to havo buoii df rivcil from i)ro-r;xiHtin^^inaririo
bcils, M'hich ico, drifting- from tho jnjrth-\v'f;.st, ]i;id torn up and
inixcul with othor dijbris.^'" Marino or;^'-anisin'<, however, havo
boon found in clay and fiand bt'ds overlying tho IJoiildor Clay in
the noij^hl*iairh(ji d of (Jlasj^ow, in Abcfiib'on.shiro, and ol.sowhoro
in Scotland. All tho species aro such us now live within the
Arctic ciiclo; and Bonio of them d) not rarigo into teinjiora'e
zones. Viewinj^ thou thoso organisms in conuectiim with the
{glaciated rock suvfaces, there is strong ovidenco to show, tliat,
diiriiif^the iJoulder Clay era, our district, as well a.s other ])ait8
of J5ritain, was sul)j(!ct to an Arctic climate, and was covered by
a sheet oi ico of grout tliiekness, and that the glaciations were due
to tho slow passage of this ice over tho land. S » far as is known,
no natural agent excfVpting moving ico produces such striations,
poliuhings, and smooth littlo roun(ied hillocks — rochcs-mn'ilonnees
— such as aro seen on tho limestone at JIawkhill and on the
basalt at tlie Fame. Tho glaciers of tho Alps, of Iceland, and of
other snow-covered mountain regions dress in like manner the
surfaces over which they pass ; and tlio same olfects result from
tho slow movement of tho ico-coveriug of extensive areas, such
as Greenland, over a gontlo slope down to tho sea.f Great ice-
bergs, t>)0, breaking off from tho mass protruded into the eea,
and then grounding and moving along the sea bottom, wouM not
oidy glaciate tho surface, but might also disturb and pile up
loose di'posits, and produce such cjiitorted strata as appeared on
liavenslaw.

Tho story of tho supcrlicial deposits tell us that, first there wag
a povi'd of groat cold, when snow and ico of great depth covered
the land, and moving generally in a southerly directimi, carried
onward the rocks and debris of the district, ami abraded and
dressed the rock surfaces; afterwards there had been partial de-
pressions of the land below the waters, so that tho Boulder Clay in
some jiurts became covered by stratified sands and gravels, which
again were covered by clay and glaciated boulders, either pushed
onward from tho land into the sea, or deposited from tho melting
of a debris-laden iceberg; next tho mass of land sunk gradually,
probably till the whole sheet of lioidder Clay was beneath the
waters, and the land of this district about 800 feet below its
present level. Then came the period of re-emergence, with a
temperate climate, when the physical features of our district pretty
nearly attained their present form.

• Jamieson on the Glacial Phenomena of Caithness. Geo. Jour. XXII.. p. 261
\ Where this ice-sheet protuides into the sea, it has, accorclinp: to L)r ^iutherland
a height or depth of 1200 nr 1500 feet. Geo. Jonr. IX., p. ."JOl.

468 iiisrouY of alnvvick,

2. I'ust J 'leisforctie.— >i\nco tlio I'ouldor Clay ovn, ffioro lias not
boon luucli clijirigo in tlio f^oiioi'iil contour of tlio diHli-ict ; sorno
vulloyn liavo Loon dfutponod, tionio sli;illo\v lakcH and inarslios
di-iiinod; but alon;^ tlio const can bo found traces of 8li;^'lit oscil-
lations of level, (jiravcil, very much rollod and rounded, and
beds of sand, cliiefly seen in river valleyn, accompanied with
terraces on tho rivor baidcs, belong to a later period than tlio
15ouklor Clay. ]\Ioro recent, still, aro accumulations of peat,
which is formed at all levels from tho sea coast to the sunrimit
of our highest hills, under tho condilions of moisture and cold.
A depression of the land is indicated by jieat and overthrown
trees (sub-marino forests) seen in some parts of tho const, below
tho lino of the lowest tides ; a marked case of this character is
near to Ifowick. FrGquently Ijelow tlio peat is a deposit ot marl,
which, in Homo instanc(!s, is hlled with fresh-water ali<dls, all of
recent species; and besides these there have been foxind remains
of tho Ived Deer — (Jervus Elaphns ; tlio horn of tho gigantic YAk —
Alegaccros JliLernicus near to Cawlcdgo saw mill ; tho skull of
tho Bon primiyerdus at Adderstono; ••• tho Wild Jioar at Middleton
near AVooler; and tho lieaver — Castor Fiber — in tho ntig]ib(juring
County of Iir)xburghshiro.f No remains of man or of his works
liavo been discovered in tho iindistxu'bed clays, sands, or gravels
of tho district.

ia^;EO[fs ROCKS.

There aro two groiips of igneous rocks in tin's district, of
different age and mineral comjiosition — the felspathic and the
augitic ; or tlio porphyries and tlio basalts; tho former being of
a much greater ago than the hitter.

1 . Porphi/ry. — The Cheviots, a range of hills, protruding through,
and rising liigli above, tlio stratilliHl rucks in tho north-western
part of Norlhnmberland, ami extending iiito lioxburghshiro,
aro composed of porphyry', which, however, varies in its charac-
ter. Usually, the rock is a porphyrito, with a red felspathic
base, in which aro scattered crystals of felspar. In some parts
it is a dark coloured dolerite, composed of labradorite and augite ;
and near to Yethohu it is a pitchstone porphyry. Not unfre-
quently it passes into a syenite, a crystalline compound of felspar,
hornblende, and mica ; and in some few cases it becomes a granite,
formed of felspar, quarts, mica, and a little hornblende. On the
north side of the Cheviot, in the Diamond burn, there are masses
of quartz roclc in which appear crystals of quartz, some white or
translucent, and a few others brown or amethystine. On the
I\idlces burn, where stratiiied rocks abut against it, the porphyry
is amygdaloidal with gei des, in wldch are developed tine quartz
crystals, or which aro filled with agates and calcedonies. Tho
great mass, however, is felspathic.

* Selby, in Froc. Berw Clul) III,, p. 4,5.
t Dr. Wilson, ibid iV., p. 76.

GEOLOGY. 40'J

Tlio Cheviot porpliyry in niKloubtodly tlio oMest igneous rock
in our dlHtrict,. It wiiH ])i'otru(lod HiihHOfiuontly to tlio Lower
Bilurian ora, (oi- ilio (h-oywacke licds ;ii-o liip^lily indirind a^^ainst
it; l)ut prior to the dopo.sitioii (jT tlio Uppoi- (Jld Ited Sandhtone
Conj^loni(!ralt!.s, as tlio.so conj^lonioratt'S urn ])artly coniposod of
rolhid Cheviot porphyrias. Tlio Cheviots, liowovor, liad been
furtlior olovatod Hiibseqiioiifly to tlio Tiiodian poriod, iuv beds of
that ago aro highly inclined against llio porphyry on the Coquet
and in Alkeld burn."'-'

2. Basalt. — Tho Whin Sill is the most vemarkablo rock in the
North of England on account of its long and tortuous range, and
of its relation to, and edect upon, the Hti-ata it traverses, and
among Avhich it has been intruded. A sill it has been called,
because Bometimea seen, like a stratum, intercalated among stra-
tified rocks. It is not, however, a truo stratum, fi>r its thickness
varies very much, from two feet to more than 200 feet, and the
parallelism of its upper and under surface is preserved only for a
short distance; so that, though its extension in the lino of direc-
tion is great, yet its extension in tho lino of tho dip is inconsi-
derable It is traceable through Northumberland, with breaks
here and tliero, from Kyloo to Olenwhelt ; and the same kind of
roclc extends southward into Durham, Cumberland, and \ork-
shire. After leaving tho coast, it trends away s uth-As-eslward by
Howick and Longhoughton ; tmd at Ivatcheugh thero aro evi-
dences of two, if not three, overtlows or injections, two being
distinctly seen in a section at ])unsheugh, wliere tlio limestone
above as well as the shale below is metamorphosed ; tho former
being converted into a ciwstallino marble, and the latter into
porccllanito. It crosses tho Aln near to Deuwick mill, and is
next S(!en southward of Alnwick at Hope house, whence it runs
by Stonoy hills and Eugley to iShieldykes among the lowest beds
of tho Calcareous division of tho IMountain Limestone.

Throughout its long range the rock is essentially the same,
being composed of felspar and ougito ; the iron entering into its
composition is in the state of protoxide, and indeed, occasionally,
as at the Fame, it possesses polarity. At Budle it is amvgda-
loidal ; and at Uatcheugh some portions are porpln-ritic, having
large felspar crystals scattered through it. "NVhere in great mass
tho rock has a pillared structure, tho columns being rude jirisms,
irregularly jointed ; and some even approach the hexagonal forms
seen in I'ingal's cave. They are grand and impressive objects,
massive, though rude; ami, towering majestically to a great
height, we could imagine they had been piled up by the fabulous
giants of tho olden time.

The metamorphic action of the basalt on tho strata above, as
well as on those below it, is favourable to tho view, that the
Basaltic Sill is a lateral dike intiiuled among the strata after
* Geology of tlie Cheviots by tlie nutlior ; Proc. of Berw. Nat. Club. V., p. 359.

470 HISTORY OF AI.NWICK.

tlioir (Injxisllion ; and llio (lisplfioomoiitH of Btrata ofTocto'l by the
oriiption load (o tlio Haino CdiicluHifii. At llio Furiio Ihlaiidsninoty
foot of liinoHtorics, slialos, and sandstonoH liuvo l)Oon torn i'roin
tlio mass Avitli which thoy weio oii^^inally oonnr-ctod, and are
lilled up and nllorod in strnotiiro. At llowiclc, too, tlioro aro
evidonoos of violont moehanioal action ; and near to Littlo Mill
tlioro is a inarkod instanco of tlio Hanio charactor ; fr>r on tho
"\v(;sto)'n or bassot sido of tho basalt, liine.stono and shales are
liif^hly inclined against it; their dip is to tho south-west from
00" to '!;>", and tho upper shalo bods aro bont and thrown over;
bloclvs of linioslono, too, aio onvolo{)od in tho basalt, and melu-
iiior])hosed and ])onetral(3d with voins of tlio igno(nis rock, the
wholo being iinnly ■wcldud, as it Avoro, into ono mass. Though
in Nortliunib(j]land tho sill iicvnr appoars anywlioro, excepting
in tho Calcaroi'us division (jf tho R[ouiitain Liinostono, and gone-
rally among its up])or beds, yet its position varies conr;idoiably
in diiroroiit parts of its course; indeed it cuts across tho strata
in sumo i)laces, and its rolativo vortical position is altered to tho
extent of 1000 foot.

There appears, liowovcr, to liavo Ix.'on more than one eruption,
though probably succooding each other at no groat intervals of
time — Stanhopo, Ivirkwholi)ington, and iJafcheugh give evidence
of this. At Ikatchengii, ■whole two pseudo-strata are distinctly
Been, one is wcdgo-shaped, and, in the course of oOO yards, dwin-
dles down fi'om 90 feet to 30 inches in thicknohs, while tho
second mass overlaps the other and is separated fron\ it by 22 feet
of intervening limostono and shalo. In a pit-sinking at Long
Dike, in search of tho Shilbottlo coal, two la^'ors of basalt wcro
passed through ; one, 15 feet thick, is between metamorphosed
nronaooous bods ; and tho other, C3 foot lower down, and 2J feet
thick, ponotratos, metamorphoses, and partly replaces a seam of
coal.

Besides tho groat lateral dike or dikes, a considerable number
of basaltic dikes cut through tho Carboniferous strata nearly' per-
pendicularly, most of them having a direction from eastward to
westward. Tho character of the rock of nearly all of them is
similar to that of tho \Vhin Sill, but generally ilner in iho grain,
and with the structure more altered by contact with stratitiod
recks ; for at such points there is a mutual transference of cha-
racter, the basalt itself imbibing, as it were, a portion of the
mineral ingredients of the adjoining stratitied rocks.

We may give a passing notice of those in our neighbourhood.
The Beadhell Dike, which rises like a Cyclopean wall through the
strata and metamorphoses them, is 2o feet wide, and has a direction
West 85" south ; the Jlowick c/ikc, though only four feet wide,
is remarkablo for its wall-like appearance and nearness to the
Whin Sill, which, however, it is not seen to join ; it has a direction
Avest 80° north J tho Bonlmcr dike is 100 feet wide, and ranges

OKOl.OOY.

471

west 80*» south, Trohe's dene dike is soon in tho oastorn part of
tihilbottlo colliery, having; a width of 33 foot, a dirootioii of wont
Hr;" HDUtli, and in(jt!Uiior[»liof-j'ii<^ tho wtrata on both nidos; llio
IJampvth (like iH 150 foot wido, has a dii'ootiou of wo.-it 80" south,
uud pa-Hin<^ through tho Shilhuttlo colliory convort.s tho coal
near to it into coko ; tho ylcklinr/lun dike has a fronoral direct ion
of west >)y north, and is tracoablo from tho coast at liundicar to
Clonnoll, a distance of about twenty miles.

Wo know net tlie vomitories ol' the au<^itic igneous rocks Alonrr
tho whole ninye of tho Whin .Sill no crateriforni hollows or ones
ai)pear ; tlio molt(jn matt(;r, thcrcfuro, had probaldy been ojoctod
throu<;-h h)n;^ linos opened by deeply-seated forces acting in tlio
gonei-al direction of north-nurlh-oast to south-south-west. Tho
vertical dikes of basalt liavo a diroction transverse t<j that of tho
Whin Will; and though, as riiillips remarks, "geograpliically
related to it," aro noversuenin junction with it. They are too
small to have been the vomitories of the Whin .Sill ; ami supposing
tliey aro of tlio same agu, tiiey do not help us much to deferniino
the period of eruption. Tho Whin .Sill, liowever, fis I'hillips has
shown, is anterior to tho oast and west veins of Tyuedalo, for it is
divided by these veins of iissure, and, as these veins have resulted
fi-om the rennine fault, thoWhin Sill is olderthan tlio Triassic beds.
Subsecpiently, then to the Carboniferous, and prior to the Triassic
ei-a, tliis district was convulsed and rent by volcanic forces, most
probably when beneath tho sea; and at remitting intervals,
molten lava was poured out of lissuros generally in a line from
north-north-east to south-south-west, partly over tlio sea-bed, and
partly thrust in among the stratified rocks which it metamorphosed ;
and cooling slowly, under the influenco of considerablu pressure,
this hiva assumed tho stony crysfallino cluiracter of basalt. Mr.
Hopkins has shown how minor tissuros aro formed transverse to
tho chief lino of fracture, and therefore it is highly probable that
tho transverse basaltic- dikes aro duo to tho same causes which
produced the Whin Sill.-''

A brief resume of tho succession of events must now conclude
our geological survey. Tho long era of the Lower Silurian system
had passed away, leaving its records along tho llanks of tho
Cheviots; tho porpliyry of tliat mountain range had been pro-
truded from tho depths of tho earth, and a tumultuous sea had
ceased to surge against its sides, and heap up Old lied Sandst jne
Conglomerates, when the district became the scene of repeated,
oscillations of level. At one period it presented extensive swamps,
and low-lying grounds, covered with a dense and sombre vegeta-
tion, and at another, the land had sunk beneath a sea teeming
with animal life, into which, from distant lands, now partly

* In Dr. Bruce's Roman Wall, 3rd Ed., I8G7 — Geology by the author,
p. 447-450 ; and Geology of Northumberlaiul and Durham by the author, Traus,
of Nat. Hist. Soc. of Novth'd. and Durham II., p.2(J-35.

412 HisioiiY OP Ar.NwrcK.

covered by the Atlantic ocean, sodiment was carried, and deposited
over tlio vog'otablo matter, as bfids of mud and sand, aloiifj witb
otlior layers oi" calcarooiis matLor ]»rooi|»iLatfjd out of Uie wator.s.
Aftur tlio lapse of a lon;^ |)oi-ii)il, tlio soa bottom was Ilftori up
and Ijocamo dry land, on \vhi(;li a;^aiii thoro was an abundant
vo[(otaLiou. Anotlior change Bucceoded — the land sunk a^uin,
and was oovorud by tbo Hoa ; and tlieso clianfjes often recurred
durin;; tliid era, but in the latter ])'irtion of it tlie vegetation
was enormously abundant, and tlio district was coven-d
witli oxtonsivo la^^^oons and frosli-wator lakes. Materials f^r
aU'urdln;^ lioat and li^-lit to later eras wore tlitui stored up ; pres-
sure consoli(lal.(!d, and vari^jus clieiaieal actions transmuted, the
wreck of anciunt ftjrests into liji^nito, and afterwai-ds intj bitumi-
nous coal, whicli remained in its dark recess till the skill and
daring of man drew it f jrtli to add to his comfort and jtower — to
enable him successfully to l)attle with the winds and waves —
to annihilate, as it Avore, distance — to s(;t in motion his num-
berless mechanical contrivances — and to bring witliin the reach
of millions the blessings and refinements of civilization. iJuriiii'
the era which succeeds, volcanic power rends the whdo district;
and a powerful strain, in a line from north to south, lifts up
masses to the height of o(J()() feet. Tuiuultuous action and ununtain
upheavals cease for a while. Northunibei'land becomes dry land,
and continues so for many ages. But after these had run their
course, wo have evidences of an Arctic climate; ice covered
the whole land, and icebergs floated on the seas. This glacial
era, too, comes to an end, and the distri(;t emerges, slowly it may
bo, until hill and vale, mountain and plain, appear as we have
them at present. All these successive revolutions seem prepara-
tory for the advent of man. C'^al had been stored up fur him in
the depths of the earth — minerals in the bosom of the mountains
— repeated changes had broken and pulverised the hard and stub-
born rocks to form a soil to yield for him an increase. lie is the
last of a series of great events ; but, in his origin, he cannot bo
linked with any of the creatures which preceded ; for, whatever
modiQcations of bodily form may be made b}- physical cmditions,
natural selection, or any secondary law, such is the great gulf
between the highest brute and man, that we can refer the intro-
duction of an intellectual and moral being, capable of general-
ising, and of indefinite progression, and endowed with a sense of
responsibility to no other than to the divine Sovereignty,

ADJ)IT10NS AND CORPtECTIOXS.

In pai^o 370 il; is statod, tli;i(; tlio duko of Athol's rovor.sionai-y
iuterost ia, wliat aro called, tlio reiuii''j baronies was purchiiKcrl,
so tliat tlio Nordminborlaiid osl.alos ini;.Hit dosf;oiid without diriii-
nutioii to tlio suoooodiri;^ loids. I find, however, tiirit tho diilco
of Athol was not a party to this chaii;;'o ; init that Al^^oruon, tlio
fourth duko of Northniiiborlaiid, and his sister, Laily A^nea
]Uiller, out (;U' tho entail in 181^; tho offeet of which was to
disinherit tho Athol family, who aro descendants of nu;rh, tho
BGCond duko of Northumberland. {Sinclair^ s More Verct/ Anecdotes).

Pa;^o 371. — ClicouoF., tiik I'lrrii ijukf-: or NoRTjii:.\raEULAVD,
died at Alnwick oastlo on An^^iist 21st, 18G7, a;jcd 8!) years. His
body lay in state in tho castle during two days ; and it \vas after-
wards conducted througli tho town, and buri(3d in Westminslor
Abbey with stat(dy coreniouies, similar tj those by which tho
remains of preceding dukes were hoiDurod. lie was but a short
time — only two years and a half — lord of Alnwick, yet lie was
deeply venerated and estconed there for his kiiulnoss, benevo-
lence, and generosity. Whoa his grandson — tho prosonc oarl
Percy — attained his majority on May 2'Jth, 18G7, lio gave, in
celebration of tho ovent, inagnilicent entertaiiunents in Almvick
castle to all his tenantry, both low and high; about 1(300 diued
in tho Guest hall ; and on tho folluwing evening about 2000 were
present at a ball in the Great Ijanquetling hall. Alnwick has
seen no entertainment so great sin(;e tho time when tho 1 irdly
Abbot Ilepescotes gave a dinner in tho refectory and cloisters of
Alnwiik Abbi'V, in 1370, to the nobles, parishioners, andcommou-
alty of tho iMuntry.

Ai.GEKN(i\ trEOiiGK, his oldest son, who was born on May 2nd,
1810, succeeded to the dukedom and to the famil}' estates. Ilia
eldest son, Henry George earl Pei-cy, who was born on May 20th,
1846, was elected Member of Parliament for North Northumber-
land on November 18th, 18GS ; and he was married in London on
December 23rd, 18G8, to Lady Edith Campbell, eldest daughter
of the duke of Argylo.

VOL. II.

Page 1-15. — Of tho balance remaining from tho Memorial
Bubscriptions, £-110 have, in 18 GO, been api)lied to tho production
of four additional stained glass momoriid windows ; three of
which are in the south aislo of the chancel, and one in the west
end of the nave. 8ix of the principal events in tho life of Christ
are represented in the various compartments of iheso chancel
windows ; in the east one are the Ad .ration and Haptism ; in tho
middle one the Last Supper and Crueiti.vion ; and in tho west ono
the Kesurrectiou and Ascension. The subjects of tho uavo

VOL. II. OQ

474 iiisroKY oi-* af.nwicic.

•window fivo talfoii from tlio Tc Dcum — tho ProplK.'ts — tlio Majesty
— tli(i Apostles — tlio "Marlyrs — St. l^Iiohael — and (ho Ohiaroli. In
St. Michaol's Cliurcli tlioro aro now soven .stained f^Iass windowH,
dodic:il;od to tlio iriemoiy of Algernon, tho fourth duke of N'-rth-
xuuborland.

I'ago 1 ')9. — Tho Kov. TIenrv MAHTm Oauu, third son of Ralph
Carr, of Ilodfjeley, Esq., f?ueeGedod tho Rev. (jliarles Charlton us
incumbent of St. Paul's Church. A bright and useful career
soemod boforo him ; for liaving previ msly boon curate of thi.s
church, ho had, by his ability as a preacher, his kind attention to
liis congrog-ation, and his gonial and liijoral tone f)f mind, won
the respect and good fooling of all. ]jut alas ! his career was
cut short by an attack of gastric fever, of which ho died on Sept.
18th, 1868, at tho early ago of 33 years. Ilis death was lamented
as a great loss botli by his congregation and the town. Tho liev.
Henry Murray Oswald, M.A., Oxon, the present Vicar of St,
Paul's Church, -was licensed by the Ijishop of Durham to tho
living on January' 12th, ISG'J.

Pago 359. — In tho list of members of Local Board insert the
name of Mr. AVm. Dickson after Mr. George Cockburn.

Pago 435. — Additions to Mosses. Vty Kour. Middlemas.

Phasciun sossilo. Alnwicl: moor. Cawliiljio

Ortliotiiclium rivularo. On rocks;

Qawlcil^M}
Bryuni aiiiiotinum. Near Greensfield.
Miiiiua allinc. Stoncy hill.-^.
liartraniia ithyphylki. Near Lough

House.
Ilypnuin sylvaticum. Stocken.

Corrected total of !\r(i.sses, IIG sjiciios.

Pottia Wilsoni. .Sandy hcilyo-Laiik

near South road.
Dicranura ccrviculatum. Near Jloor

burn.
Tortula ruralis. Alnwick moor.
T. huvipila. Near Swansfield.
Orthotrichum Bruchii. On trees ;

CORRECTIONS— ADDITIONAL TO VOL. I.

Page 25, lino 16, for Am bheil tlni dol rca-l Am blicil thu dol do'n chlachain;
p. 30, 1. 23,/&;- r.eweloy read liewckiy ; p. 38, 1. 19, for agressors rfrtr/a^rrt-res-
Bors ; p. 5S, 1. 'JO, fur at read to; p. 1()4, 1. \A, for Ik'wirk read Berwick-
p. 3?8, 1. 21, for 1452 read UGl; p. '27S, 1. 29,7o,- vaccilatin;? /vrr,^ vacil-
lating ; p. 317, 1. ^.for Carlile read Callaly ; p. 32'j, 1. 40, fur parenthesis read
parentheses; p. 338. 1. 33, for I4l(i to M.iU re^id 1474 to 1180 : p. 347. 1. 34,
/or Edward IV. read Edward VI. ; p. 350,1. C, for 14-56 read l48i); p. 371'
1. 11, for Jfay G read May 2 ; p. 371, 1. 14 for May 20 read Jlay 29 ; p. 419*,
1. 1, by misplacement of tho brackets in the pedigree, Joslyn "is connected
with Sir Thos. Percy instead of with Charles of Cambridge, whose son he was ;
p. 421, 1. 8, for May '20 read May 2 ; p. 421. 1. 13, for May 20 read May 29 ;
p. 421, 1. 2, for Lord Murray rf«(^ Lord James Muri-ay.

VOL. II.

Page 19, lino 14, for cul read cal ; p. 54, I. 36, for 1461 read 1464 ; p. l4l,
1. 33. for has read have ; p. 162, 1. 13. for Reformation read Revolution ;
p. 181, 1. 2, for Secession read Presbyterian; p. 199, 1. 23, for 1S14 read 1854 ;
p. 254, 1. 20, for 1G74 read 16G5. and add— Michael Hunter, bailili', 1662 tc>
1G92 ; p. 312, 1. 16,/or 1841 read 1848.

INDEX.

Tbe numbers not procoded l)y a Koman numeral refer to Vol. I. ;
the numerals ii., prcccdo the references to Vol. II.

Dedcnels, ii, 20, 271.

13c(liunl, K;ul of, ii. 80.

]'.c'<, liisliop, 105-108, -410-412.

licKord. ^20.

iJoll, C.ijo., ii. 189.

]'...lliii:ni. ii, '207. 2G8.

Hull.s oCtlic (Jhurch, ii, 112, 11.3.

li.ntewcll, 90, 91,139,202; ii, 3*0.

iJerwicli talcoii, 13'.

Liethul Cliaiiul, ii, 200-202.

Birds, list of. ii 13^-440.

I'.lntk I.ouf;;li, ii, 370.

r.oanl of Jlwillh, ii, 351-353.

lio--, ii, 282.

iJond-.ito, 97, 98, 215, 2')2 ; ii, 305 ;

JIcL'tiii;^ house, ii, 172-130; i, tower,

211, 212.
Bond tuniires, 92.
lioonie tret', ii, 118.
Border.s stato of, 210, 217-235.
r.ordci- Watch, 20S-221.
liiii.i\iu'h levcmiu and expenditure, ii.,

;Jl(i-;>19; sial, i. 99.
Boston, Midi., ii, 171.
Bosworth battle. 190.
Botany, ii, 117-435.
Bounder of the moor, 100, 101 ; ii, 251.
Bow, ^y. F., ii. 208.
Jiowmakers, 157, 159, 400 ; ii. 320.
Brainshauyh. 32; ii, 28-30. 32.
Urandlin^s, 247, 320, 329. 331, 338,

343, 450, 457; ii, 33-38, 81. 118-

122, 157, 247, 320, 327, 338, 343,

450. 457.
Brercton in Alnwick in 1G46, 313.
Brewhousc, 449 ; ii. 373.
liridges. 150. 402. 463.
Brisiaw, 9 ; ii, 253, 372, 373.
Brokesfields, ii, 48.
Broekshaw. 334 ; ii, 373.
Broonihoiise, ii, 373.
Brown, Dr. John, ii. 184.- 185.
Bro.xfield, 45, 89, 147, 219, 249, 351 ;

ii, 33, 35, 39.

Airey, Goo. B., ii, 397.

Alhini, Nii,n;l do, 45.

Alcnian, Kaljili, ii 51.

Alders, 232, 217, 345 319; 11,65,70,

l:i8, 380-3^2.
Aldermen, ii, 209.
Al^ood, 473, 4 74 ; ii, 308.
Alnham. 73, 88. 138, 139, 2^5 349;

ii, ;'.2.
Alndike, 329, 334.; ii, 2G, 329, 370.
Alnniouth, 30-40, 71-73, 77. 88, 94,

95, 137, 138, 147. 152, 153,219. 250-

254. 301. 337, 422, 432, 45(1 ; ii, 9,

17, 23, 20-29, 47, 50 97.
Alnwick Abbey, ii, 1-44, charters,

1-11. Appendix, ]'I11~XXIV.
Alnwick Castle, 49, 53. 83-SO, 131-130,

171, 253-250, 357, 35S, 307, 372-;;87.
Alnwick, Will, do, 240, 274, his will,

275, Alnwicks, 344, 348 ; ii, 88,

114 101. 231.
Anderson, Cro., ii, 109.
Anj;lo-Saxon Imiii-is, vills, &c., 37-40.
ArchboUh-, ii, 101, 340, 34-7.
Assembly Itoonis, 452.
Atons, 10, 107-109, 392-395, 406-410;

ii. 16.
Bailitl-ate, 135 244, 343, 317, 348 ;

ii, 25 343, 344 347, 348.
Bailills, ii, 253 254.
Bairds, ii, 38, 391. 390.
Bakehouses, 14 0, 144 448.
Bale, John, ii, 20, 52.
Bamburgh, 45, 47,52-55, 57, 146, 189.

191-191, 425.
Bark buying, ii, 338, 339.
Baronial Courts, 258, 335-352. Barony

of Alnwick, 87-91, 130-144, 250-

258. 301.
Barring Out, ii, 90, 91, 96.
Bartons. 330, 331. 341 ; ii, 90, 98,

151, 235.
Battail, Will. do. ii, 7.
Eeanley, 118, 188, 351.

476

IIISTOllY Of ALNWICK.

Tivwcc, .I'lliii, ii, '1!)H.

]{ruc.; Kin- liol... 1 Ki, 110, 121, 115.

■jluU-lKiilin;'-, r.'.i, l.i.J.

l'>nr-;.;h(r.-i, ii. iMl.

jliii'^li (■(Hills, ^ i7.

I5iii-a-(;.s ■2r)'.)-'l(;i>, XiO-WM.

]3iu';;os.st:s, ii. <!iU-2oi), ■uliui,sai(jii of,

l?iinnl IJoanl, ii, :j'/J-;j(;i.

liiim. J. I., ii, :i'M.

15u.sby, Itob., ii, .'iOG, ol 1. ;t!3',),

IJulcl'iur.s, ii, HI, 87. 15 Hi, ;J'17.

(';iiliii;i(;io(jl;, 100; ii, 270, LJ73.

Ciiiivp.s, 7-10; ii, .•i'J').

Canong"il(.s 101. 'J.l!} ; ii, 9, 25, 2;]1,

2:ij, 202, ;3G7-3()'J.
Capon tr(;ii, 437.

Cuiiin-s, ■i;i8, •i;;o.

C'ainiolitC's, ii, 4'>, ol, 52.
Can', Jaiufs, i\I.A., ii l\'> ; Jolm,
478; ii, 400; \UiY. H. IM., ii, 471,

iviiiiih. 5, ii, ao:5, ;'.>^;7.

Ca,-,tlo Wind. Ml, 2(J7.

Caliia(.li, JaiiKjs, ii, 100.

Cawloilyo, ii, 'M'^i, .'J7 I.

C(^Uic raco and lan!;-uagc. 9, 17, 1!^.

Cliambcflaius, ii, 2J4, 25'5, lial of,

2t;i-2ti;5.

Clumtiy in Alnwick Castle, ii,fi('--GS;
ol' ^t. ]\lury's, ii, G'J-7'J ; rents, ii,
75, 70, T9.
Cliaiiticy. ii. 151, 152, 2(ii5.
C'liarlton, Cluw., ii, lo8.
Cliait(;is or 1).; Vtwy. Ofi-98 ; ii,
202, 2i»3; i, olllcn. \'l., 2;fS-24i>, lor
I'uiita!;-!', l.')ii, l-'il ; to Alnwitk
Alilioy. ii, :!-12; to 1 1. .In i'liory,
47-1'J; to Ciiautry. 70, 71.
C'lR'vy clia.sc, 1112, 170.
Chok'i'a, ii, ;{.'') 1, ."l.Vi.
Chronicle ol' Ahnviek Ahhcy, 32, 33.
Churches in the (li^trict, 152, l-JJ.
Chui eh rates, ii, 141, 142.
Church Yard, ii, 147, l-t=t.
Civil War, Ki.'iO to 1640, 1513-318.
Clayiiort, lOi), 340; ii, 3G7 ; tower, i.

2-12-240, :}4';.
Claxtons, ii, 474.
Clerk ol the (\jrporation, ii, 22G, of

the I'arish, ii, 150.
Clill'orth..-, John do, 126 ; ii, lO, 48.
Cloekb, ii, 203, 20 K
Co;ils, 2."vO ; ii, 270, 280-443
Cockbiu-ns, ioO.
Cock lighting;-. 431.
('oleronian, Adam do, ii, 9.
Collieries, ii, 27S-2S0.
Colliiigwoods, ii, 233. 349, 401.
Collop Jlonday, ii, 232.

CoHiiii';ii J., ii, 408.
ronstabje.s a)(j>oiiite'l, .318.
Cimveyanci? ol a ludim; in 1290, 3.
(,'oo))(;i.s, ii, 87, 30 1.
Coi.vholder.s, 202-20!, 207-272.
Conliiirj-.s, 210, 327, 328; ii, 84, 87,

3_;.S-:!!.3.
C.HMa-c, 2(;7. 2.';7.
Com j;x(diaii;<-e, 452.
CVnpor.itioii, ii, 230-2-50 ;

of, ii, 273-228; reforiu.

projH^rty
3O.0-3')7,

''oircrtioii ilmiso, 471. 478.
''ou|dand, Jolin do, 121-120.

c.nirt.s Icct. •.y:r,.3',2.

("owaid tlio wait, 129.
Crania, 12, 21, 22.
Ciawlord, iiarbara, ii, 152.
<'i(;;;,es, 4 18-151.
' 'iini:iii';liuiii, David, ii, "27.
Cuiate.s ot'ril. .Michael, ii, MS, 149.
llaiii.ih j.criod, 40-12.
Davis, Dr. i;.irnard, 21.
Daw.sou. ii. U . ii. 80.
Dealh rate, ii, 357-359.
Drer in jiaik.s, 258.
1)( ine.-srn; land, 85.

Dciiwick, II, 30, 37, 73, 88, 137, 219,

225, 257, 201^, 270, .'VU, 310,337,

340. 351, 441, 448, 419, 457,462;

ii, 5, 24, 27, 32, 30, 375, 37G.

iKrwentwatcr, E;irl, 323, 324, 333,

318; ii, 4 3.
Devil'.s Caii:seway, 20, 30.
Division and Improvenient of tho

.Moor, ii, ;U)rt-3l7.
Dodd.s'l'lio.>i.,ii, 211, 215.
l)(Mia!d.-.ni, D., ii, 102.
I )uncan, ( ico., ii, 133.
Duuhhdays, 331. 474; ii, 34, 35, 205.
Dou-his, Earl, 159, 185.
Doaylas, Ah.x., ii, 191.
Dren-a^o and Tluinai;v, 93, 94.
l»iiclie:^s' and Duke's Schools, ii,

221, 223.
Duncan, Jas., ii, ISO.
Dunn, Uob,, ii, 402.
Duiistanbiir-h Castle, 180-191, 103.
Duplin batllo, 121.
l".rclo.-;ia.^tical punishments, ii, 116-

118.
i: Iward Tir. at Alnwick, 123, 105.
i:hction.s, 473-470, 480.
IJaeldoii, r.ieh. de, 147; Kob. de,

ii, 0.
Emldeton, Eoh. C, ii, 20.^ list of

Vertibrato Animals, 4 37-440.
Espec, A\''alter, 52, 54, '^o,
Estovci's, ii, 5.

INDKX.

477

Etymologies, 5, 9, 17, 18, 30, 36, .'JO,
41, .07, 0(1, !)1, 0:i-'.)r,,'J7, '.>H, 101,
118, lit, 2(17, 421, 440, 4o7, 4(iS ;
ii, i,, (>, ■>(•), 'M, 270, 2H1, 2'J3, ;528,
3 |9, ;jG2-a'J().
Evorett, JiuiKj.s, 4.59 J ii, I93-200.
Evcsli.'tiii Imltle, 70.
]"^iiiie.s, \'.\'.)
FaiiH unil iMiirkets, 119, 239, 210, 110-

4.13.
Eiihb'is, ii, 84, 117, 119, 121, 402.
ViW Moor llou.si^, ii, 27'5.
I'Y'llow.shii) Society, ii, 189-191.
Fonlclo Str<;i;t, 2'1.'3 ; ii, ariO.
Fetlis, .laiiics, ii, is 9.
Eoiidal ulaiiiw, 9l-9t>, 143, 14J, 2GG-

2(J8.
Fishes, list of, ii, 437, 438.
Filz-Joiiri, ]Oiibtacu, 51-;')i; ; ii, .3.
Fitz-Koy, (iro., diikc of .NoilhM, ;!00.
Flodde.ii battle, 205.
Fooagiuin, 144.
Folberry, (ieriuan do, ii, 7.
Fol(/-land, 3(i, 101.
Fool, 121..
Football, 435.
Forestaliint;-, 4(j(i.
Forest baililf appointed, 149.
Foi-j;c, 80.

Forster, Coll., 4.50, 47.3 ; ii, 294.
Forster, Sir .lohn, 221, -^iX, 2G1, 2(!3-
3(3.'), 280, '2s I, 329, 3.')1 ; ii, 30 6(i,
«8, 78, 403, 40i.
For.ster, Mark, 319, 332, 331, 4G2, 472;
ii, 99, 103, 132, 133, 13.1, 138, liJl,
2r)7, 28.'), t'l
Forsler, Ii. lu ral Tiios., 322, 32:1, 430,

471.
Forster'a Close, ii, 27S.
Fossils, list ol, ii, 4..57-4.')9.
I'our-and-Twenty, of the Town, 310,
470 ; ii 2.5(5-203, list of, 2GI-2G3, of
the Chimh, 1 111, 141.
Freolo.!>e, admission to, ii, 23G-210.
Freeman Hill, ii, 27o, li7<) ; M'ell, ii,

102, 241-ii-jl.
Freemen, talilo of number, coni[ianies,

and fees, ii, 'i'AO, honorary, 240.
Fresburn, Kal])h, ii, 46, 4o, 51.
Fullers, ii, 81, 319.
Fulling- Mills, 2G4.
Furnaj^e, Ml.
Ciairs, ii, 455.
Gallons, ii, 404..
Gallow Held, 136.
Gas Sup[dy, ii, 224, 225.
Genealogy of the founders of Alnwick

Abbey, 32, 33.
Geology of Iho di.slriot, ii, 441-472.

Gibflon, Thos., ii, 19.5.

J^llanville, liandolph, CO-hl.

Gloverrt, ii, 84, h7, .'J33-337.

Gold. M Acres, ii, 1.3H, 370.

(iol.lun .Moor, ii, 377.

Gobi oiiiam'nl.s, l.j-17.

Goveniinent of the IJorough, ii, 2.52-

272.
Graham, Xicholas, ii, 8,
<;ramnH-r S.liool, ii, G9-I0t.
Gran\ illc, (J , ii. n?, 13-J.
Gic:tv<;s Ash Ojn.idmn, 18, 19.
Gn;onba(, ii, 283.
Greensliol.l, ii, 04, 377, 378.
(ire.nwell, Wni , 16, 2.5.
Gr.^y, earl, nd.Ire.ss t.), 178, 479 ; Sir
Kali)b, 221, -.^46, ^51, 472; ii, 31 ;
Henir, ii, 4".3.
Greys, "i;;9, 2tfi, 2.59-361, 278, 282,
.;ll,3i?, j:;0-3'.3, :i4'J-.3ol, i2(i, 450,
i(;B, ISO; ii, 20, 28, 31, 33, 31, 39,
70, 81, fiS, 115,
Grieves, 332, 474-476 ; ii, 6.'>, 1.33, 135,

139, 2.57, 259, 278, 2S3, 391, 406.
Gnind.ll, .lohn, ii, 202.
Guil.ls, ii, 'jt;n-272.
Gysnes Xnnnory, 3j, 33, 45, 73, 139.

3(11, 319; ii, ."j, 17, 28, 32.
H.i!id.-n battle, 122.
Hall, G.'orge, ii, 152, 221.
llarl.;, .Jonathan, ii, 1G2-167.
!lau;;b, lb.-, 4G1.
llavi.j Ll inks, ii, 2ol.
Ilayden, 37, 96-100, 137, 138, 143,
152, 219, 334, .349-.351 : ii, 273, 293,
Tl.ivilen Close, ii, 275.
Ifa.-..n, 45, 73, I. 30, 319, 350 ; ii, 27.
Hec.liiii, ii, 6, 9 !.
lle.kley-, 329, 324; ii, 30, 33, 35,

379.
iI..dgiloy:\roorb.attle, 191; cross, 192.
Ilc^ilcrsi.le, ii, C.
Ilell'erLuv or Iliivhfarlaw, 334-, 351 ;

ii, 190, 379 ; t.)\Mr, ii, 30, 43, 44.
Ilep.'seotes, Abbot, ii, KJ.
ll.r.ls, ii, 2G7 ; cdo.-;.., 27-5.
Ileryng, Thomas, ii, 4S.
Ili'sleysidi', ii, 2SI.
Il.'xhani (.'liurcli, 39.
lli-li Commission Couit, ii, 117-122.
Hindeno, ii, 5, 6.
Ililtons, ;;3, 34, 45; ii, 8.
IIiiuln,ar.-~h, James, ii, 196 ; Is.ih., 4-06.
llobberlaw, 232, 261, 262, 3.31, 33S,
S.j9 ; ii, 26, luO, 262, 3S0-3S4, 4o7.
Hobelars, lis.
Ifoln Priorv, ii. 45-63.
II.. ly Will, ii, 384.
Hon'iildon battle, 164, 165.

478

IIISTOIIY OF AI.NWICIC.

llooling Well, ^U; IIowHiif,' Closo,

ii, 6H.
Ili)p(; Houso, ii, 384.
lIoiMlcy, John, thu antiquary, ii, 102,

l(i;j, IG.O.
Ifonso racing', 4.29-432.
Kotspiir, 1.07-170.

1Ioii(,'1iUhi, {l.nn'r and Little), 74, 83,

Hi), 91, 12«, i:i7, i:.9, ^14, \ir,7, 270,

301, .'J.i7, 350,441 ; ii, 1 7, 20-2!:*, ".11 ,

33, 47, 133.

IlowsfUnj? lieoph;, 245, 2'1().

Ilowiclc, 74, 8.0, 130, 152, 220, 210,

2.'i7, ;).l9-3-)l ; ii. 50.
IlumljlcliciP^h, ii, 3fi4, 485.
lluulor, Henry, ii, 'iDO.
Hunter, Matt, 3:58,34:1 ; ii,251.
lldtTtous, ii, .'-7.
Inljuryh iuid IlutLurph, 118.
luclosurc of Aliiwicli Moor.ii, 315-117.
liul(;poiidont Cluipcl, ii, 178-180
Infiingthiefiind ( )ut--unytliiet', 0.5.
Iniiruuiry, ii, 2l9-2.il.
Inj^rossin;^, 440.
Inscribcariiocks, 25, 28.
lutiikc, ii, 'J76, L'77.
John, Kinf,', at Alnwick, fC, (iO. 102;

at ]5amhurgh, ii, 4.
Johnston, M T., ii, 237.
Jurors ot C'ourt.s, 388, 318.
Kcppy Ball, 430.
Kuldo Monastiry, 71.
Kiltuim, Ale\'.,i'i, 201, 202.
Kirke on Aluwitk, iu 1077, 320.
Knights' Couit. 3;>7.
Knighttt of >St. John of Jorus.ihin, ii,

Oi, 05.
Lambert. John, ii, 207, 210, 211, 218,

219, 223, 300, 407.
Lawson. ]'rot'esaor, ii, 183.
Lawsuits regarding- royalties of the
moor, ii, 288-205 ; constitution of
the liorough, 29j-:jo5.
Leaping the Well, ii, 241-2-52.
Leeks, 334, 330 ; 11,05,150,161.
Leithead, Wm., Ii, 212.
Leckintiold, 1 14-, 182, 193, 199, 200,

210, 257; ii, 11, 2H, 31.
LcsLury, 2!, 36, 38. 04, 73, 77. 88, 94
93,;r37, 138, 142, 148, 153, 219, 257,
264,270,301, 351, 441,450; ii, 0,
17, 23. 24, 27, 31-38, 1 14. 121, 160.
Lover, Henry, ii, 84. 85, 122.
Library, Alnwick, Ii, 210,218; of Holn,

ii, 6-.: 51'.
Librateofland, 77, 78.
Limont, Wm , ii, 191.
Lisle, Sir Wm., 227-230.
Longstafle, W. H. D., 35, 112, 388.

I/oraino, J. 1)., ii, 189.

Lovaino, hLs dcflcont 1 13, rnarriago to

Agnes Tercy 111.
Lowrey. Andrew, ii, 309.
Lucre. iJavid, I'l9, Simon 74; ii, .5.
.'\Iaeklewyan, Patrick, 3hl, 3.52 ii, 122,
Malcfdiii'ri laid.s into England. 40, 47 ;

HJaiii. 4H ; cro.^.^ and well, 49-51.
Malton. 33, 5;, .'iO.Ol.
M.iuimal.s, li.->t of. ii, 440,
-March law.s, 217-225
.Margaret Tudor's progrc.^.'J, 201, 202.
i\l;irket house, 4.51.
.Market i)laee, 24.3; ii 305.
.Markiti and Fairs, 95, ll9, 239, 210,

4J0-14S.
j\lark-lanils, ."G.
Marshall, John, ii, 100.
Mason, John, ii. lf-9.
Melville James, 273.
:\leichrm(.R, 320 ; ii, 32I-3?8.
:detealfc, 210, 221, 257, U^50-2G5, 323,

It.O, ii, 08, 78. 2h0. 407.
JletlKjilisuj, ii, I93--J02.
Miildlumas, iJob. li.st of moi.se.", ii, 433-

4:!5, 474.
IMiddletoii.s, 08, 140-148, 3-2G, 170.
Mill.s, liJi. 204, 270,453-461 ; ii. 26,

31, 33, 17, .50.
]\Iiraclc at Alnwick Abbey, ii, 15.
J^ILsrule, lord of, 422-4?4
Molluscs, list of. ii, 435, 436.
.Moor-(ireives, ii, 208.
Morel. 47. 48.
Mcjrtaiitv, ii, 352, 357-159.
Mo.^.ms, ii,>t uf, ii, 4:{3-435, 474.
Mowbray, 4 4, 45, 1-7.
Murrav, James, ii 1 73.
ISlusler in Abbcrwick Moor, 223-225.
Names of I'orson.s, 25-28, 07, 73 75,
70,79, bO. 83. 120, lii, 132, HO,
147, 110, 2I9-2-J5 210 2 KS, 2. = 9-2 06,
.';30-3H,3o8-:552, 4 23, 4-10, 455, 456,
400; Ii, 73, 74-, 89. 90, 97, 08, 139,
137, 144, UO.
Names of riaces, 73, 18-^1, 139-142,
218-221, 234., 246, 21-7, 261. 262,
317-351 ; ii, 26-29, 32. 31-, 3S, 369-
396.
Narrowgatc, 101, 245 ; ii, 3C5.
National .Schools, ii, 222.
Neal; Stanton, ii, 152.
Neville, oarlof North'd., 189.
Neville's cross battle, 123-I2o.
Newcastle mysteries, 423
Nonconformity, ii, 159-102.
Norman conquest, eflect of, 43, 102-

104.
Northumberland, dukes of, 232, Ist

INUKX.

479

Hugh, 3.5f;-3f)0, 2nd Mw^h, 300-303,
476, ."iiJ 1Iul;]i, nfi^i/AiH, AlKOinon,
3<I4-37n, Cioorgo, ;)7(), 371 ; ii, 173.
Alf^ernon (Joorpo, ii, 473.

NoisiuKTis, .•M'{-3I0. 351.

OrIo, Henry, ii, -liiS.

Old 1h)1ih(i3,"213 24.0.

Oliver. Ailiiiii, ii, i09.'

Oido. L S.. ii, I. '57.

OUurhnrn, b iMhs, 1. 08- 102.

Owncrsol'J'ropcrty, '2'j<)-'lCG, 329-331,
319.

Paikos Street, 245.

Pannage, 89.

I'ants, 4(J8-17l.

Patorson, David, ii, 181-188.

Paterson, .J. B . ii, 408

Pearson, Tlunnas, ii, 190.

Pido towcr.s, 2iJ.

Penances, ii, 1 l(j.

Pennant on Alnwick, in 1709, ."iSS.

Percy goneuln-y, 1 10-111, 308, 390,
41'2-4-iI.

Percy Ilenrj', 1st lord of Alnwick.
115-118, 2iul Henry, 118-130, 3rd
Henry, 130-153, Ist carl Henry,
15»-r7.5, 2nd E. Henry, 17G-J83,
3rd E Henry, 183-189, 4tli E
Henry. 193-109, .'■.th K Henry, 200-
208, 6th E. Henry. 208-2 IG.Thos.,
7th earl, 27G-284, Henry, 8th earl,
28,5-287, Hi'nry, 8th eail, 287-298,
Alfrornon, 10th earl, 291-298, Jos-
celinc, 11th earl, 298

Percy, Alan 53, Arnald, lOS. Eliz.,
30(i-3l)S, Kranei.s, his descent, :^01,
302, Sir Ingram, 212, .lames, llio
trunkniakcr, 3i)2-3i)(>, Sir Ralph,
158, IGl, 191, 198; ii, 11, IC, Thos ,
the conspirator,!, 228-290, Sir Thos ,
212.

Percy Heraldry, 111, 112, IIB, 129,
131-133, 15J, 170, 171, 17.5, 18i,
182, 183, 187. 188, 198, 203, 207,
208, 21J-2.6, 275, 2S4, 298, 310,
412-421.

Percy-Lovaincs, their character, 298,
2'j'9.

Persecutions, ii, 159-l(il.

Pctworth, lh8, 213, 294, 293, 301, 357.

Pie-powder Court, 415.

Pilprimaso of Grace, 212, 213.

Pinfold, 334, 345 ; ii, 284.

Pil)er. Allan, 427, 428.

Plague, 127, l43, 342.

Pontage grant, 150.

Poor, relief of, ii, 225-229.
Population of the parish, 245,246 ; ii,
364

Populton, lUAi., ii. 49, 51, 52, 54.

I'o.stmastcrH, ii 408.

l'(jlt.rgutc, 245; ji, 3GG ; Srcttin^

lioM.io, ii, 162-171 J tower, i, 2l3,

345; ii, 28G-2S8.
Potter. Hugh, 2 Hi, 326 ; ii, 151.
I'oyning.s, Eit/pavne and llryan, 184,

3.; 1 .
PraposituH, .'112; ii, 2.73.
Pn.'iiion.sliaten.sian.':', ii, 1,2.
Preston, 74, 89. 257, 265, 337 ; ii, 7,

27.
Price of food, ii, 175, 22G,
] Visage, 88.

I'roctf r, Wm., ii, 24-97, 137.
Priidlioe castle, 69.
Public niovcinents, 473-480.
Public rejoicings. 321, 322, 328.
(Quakers,' 204. 205.
(Quarries, ii, 280-282.
(Quarry Hills, ii, 277.
<^^clns, 143.
(iuit rents, 2GG.

Kadcliffes, ii, 21-25, 30, 42. 43.
K'agged School, ii. 223, 224.
Inline, Key .Tames. 27.').
lianwellstrolher. 98 ; ii, 2S1.
Kawdon on Alnwick, in 1GG4, 319, 320.
IJay on Alnwick, in \f,G\. 319,
Kebellion in l5G8. 278-283 ; in 1715,

322-324 ; in 1745. 324-323.
Recreation ground, ii, 314, 315.
Uefonn meeting, 479, 480.
liegT.ating, 446.
Relief Church, ii, 192.
Pennington, 30, 45, 73. 139, 220, 257,

270. 301. 334.337,340-351, 156.
Pennisons. ii, 411.

Rental of Borough in 1709, 329-334.
Riding the Pair, 411. 44 2.
Roads, 30, 241. 345. 462-4G3.
Robin Hood, ii 12, 13.
Robinson, Gi orge. his will, ii, 73.
lioek. 73, e9, 139, 225, 257, 3J3, 349 ;

ii. 32().
Rod.lams, 128, 137. 139, 148, 149,171,

225. 234, 235, 319-351 ; ii, 10, 77,

280.
Roman Catholics, ii. 203, 204.
Romano-British period, 21-31.
Eothburj". 3G. 33. 128. 140, 142, 152,

182.247. 301 ; ii. 328.
Rotten Row. lol, 135, 348, 463, 467;

ii, 387. 3SS.
Rotuli Ilundredorum in 1291, 94.
Eugky, 9. 11. 30. 64. 73, 100, 134,

218, 225, 2.57. 2G3. 301, 329, 350,

456 ; ii, 4, 39. 234. 388, 389.
Rule, Gilbert, ii, 123-130.

480

HISTORY OF ALNWICK.

liiiinnoy, Al)rain, ii. 89-92.

]lu.ss()ll, lord l'')im(;i.s, ii. 143.

St. ])iiiistaiiH, Ijoiidoii, ii, 11

St. L(;oriiir.rH Jlojjpitiil, 48, 71 ; ii, 10,

11, 4l-ii
St. I\r;ni!:;uct'H (!ian;,'o, 329; ii. 26,

2:i'j, ;iO(), :;;)i.
St. Mark'adav. ii. 241.
St Michiiol's (.'hiircli, 152, 210; ii, 11,

29. l().5-l.-)2. 47,}.
St. I'huI'h Cimifli, ii l.';.T-!.08, ill.
St 'I'luim.'is'.s ficlils, ii. '1C>
St. Wall trie's (!liurcli ami ]>[n-^h, 15,3,

2.")3; ii 3, :\ir>
Ra]ki;l(l, ii. 30, iG, 411.
Salt. 448
RarlcLattlo, 180.
SavitiRb Rank, ii, 218, 219.
Saxon porioil, .'i2-10, Cbiirr'ho.'j and

Cro3Si;s, .S.)-10.
Sayor.s, .Tolm, ii, 173.
Scliools, ii, (iD-lOl, 221-224.
Scicntid.; and Mccli In.^t., ii, 207-21G.
Scold.s, :?11.
Scott, .Tallied ii, 170.
Scntaq-e, .^7-

SelW, IT. C , 4 78; ii. Go, l.?r., 1.'52,

296, 298-r{01. ;!?!; J. S. Douald.soii,

412; J. Piideaux, ii, 413; Capt

Geo., ii, 411.

Sepulclircs, Ancient, 10-12; ii, 378,

395.
Seymours, 307-31O.
Scworaf^c, ii, .'J.")l). ;i">7.
Simpson, l)r , ii, I7i>.
Slianildcs, 421-42(i.
ShioKlvkoH, -M;. 3S, 2;il, 225, 2G.% 349,

3.51 \ ii, 27, 30 >, 393.
Shilbottlo, 33, 36, 4.3, 4.5. 73, 89, 139,
l.r2, 218, 231, 2(i9, 301, 337, 349,
351 ; ii, 17 •-'() 27. 33, 121.
SlirowsLury Latlle. 168, 1G9.
Shrovdide. 424-42().
Simon do :\Ionttur(l, 75. 70 ; ii, It.
Sion Chapel, ii. 178-180.
Slif^'ht, Benj , ii 189.
Smart, lloh., ii, 227, 382-384, tried to

ilv. 283
Smiths, ii. 77. 78. 3l3, 311..
Smithsons. 352-371, descent and ftrant
ofarm.s. 354-3oG. Sir f I ugh marries
the T^ercy lieircss, 357, pediLjrco,
419-421.
Snip(3 TIouso, 218, 2Gi, 329, 45G ; ii,

39. 303.
Socap-e tenure, fl2. 93.
Sociality, 321, 322, ii, 265, 2GG.
Sockpetli, Ivoh. do , ii, 9.

SomorHct, dukes of, Edwd, 307, .JO-I

Ak^ernon. .30^-310.
S(Mlla'ni. 437.
S|M,(roid, 188.
Sport.!, 4 22-439.
S[)Oiir.i, NVni., ii, 384.
Sproiist'in, 71.
S|iiii-,.<, h.ittle of 202,
SLa]iin;,'or, ii, 231. 231.
Staiiipi, ii. 197, 341.
SLaiidaiil, hattio oT .03-56.
Sl.iiidifi'.;- .Stones, 17.
Stanley. Klv/ . ii, 195
Stanton, Ji>hn, ii. 7», 81,
Stali.-iti.s, ii. 363,
Slint, ii 23.5.

Sl.jckdalo, IV-rciv.il, ^I'lJ, ii 93, 9 J.
Stodd.irt. \Vm . ii. 135. '
Stone Cirelo, 2l. 25, relied, 13.
Stoek.s, 4 4H.
Slonev Jlills, 9, 348, 329; ii 257,

:y) 1.

Stotlaldliaeh, 37. 97, 281 ; ii 2il.

Stult. Jame.s, ii. 200

Striet.i ol'theto«n, 93, 101, 219, 215,
26'0, ;il9, 330-334. ii, 3d4-3i<'J.

Stuart, .Jolin, 48.

S\van;jlield, .UG, 3'Zi, ii, 65.

Swinlioes, ii, 5 I

Swin'ey, 88, 100, 137, 2G3, 301,ii, 27.

Tailms, ii, 87. 348.

Tainiers, 328, ii, 84, 87, 338-341.

Tate, ])r. G, ]l , lis' ul jdants, ii
417-432; of ,"\rolliis(s. 4;5, 43G
Juilpli, 414 ; Jiob and John, 30
'JJiomasT, 212. 111.

'r.in (,'ross. ii 67.

'Jhiylur. -Mary, ii, 152.

'JVinplars ami Ilo.-jpilallers, 95, 96.

Tenantiy Colinnn, 362

Testa de Neville. 73.

The \vs. 2;;5. 248 2;4. 270. 330, 332,
ii 135, 141. 297, 307, 336. 347, 375.
'I'humpson. Tliuma.s. ii, 74 75.
'I'horesLv in Alnwick iu IGSl, 320.
Threj Magi, 293 294.
Tithes, 329, ii, 23, 21, 27, 28, 31-33,

36-:i9.
Tolbooth, 285.
Toll.s 263, 443, 4 14.
Topelillb 188.
Topograjdiy.ii. 362-396.
Town butts and pits, ii, 233, 231, well,

283.
Townhall. ii 284-286.
Townhead. 329.
Townships, ii, 363, 3G4,
Towtou battle, 187.

INDKX,

481

Trado in ir>th Cont., 241-251, in 17tli

Corit , .112.
Ti;u1i:h irHDrjioialud, ii, 32O-350.
I'niinbiiiulH, .'5iH, .ilO.
I'ryHtirif^ tii;o ii, .I?
Tii-f<;dl, 3G, 73, 94, 149, 337, 349-311,

ill.
Tj'Hons, 32-35, 4 1', 45, pcJif-reo, 401,

402.
TlniliiiiiuiH, ii, 20,"), 206.
llniloil I'rcsl.ytcnian.i ii, 181-19?.
Urns, Sc-iiulclual, 8, 10, 11, l2, iiO, 21;

ii, 378.
Vardy. Goo, ii, 195.
Yaiix or Vallilms 1 13.
Vortebralc aniiiiaLs, liat of, ii, 437-410
Vescy, Yvo, .00, 51; VVillm , .')(;-()4 ;

Eii,stnco, i.48, fi 1-7 1 ; Willm., 72-74 ;

John, 75-78 ; Willin., 78-8 >; Will

of Kild.iro, 10)- 107 ; Willin., 59-7-' ;

Isab, lis ii. 9. 17 ; seal. 7+ ; ber-

aldrv and pedigree, 38S-398, 400,

402-400.
Vcstnicnts of Iloln Priory, ii, 54-5G.
Vicars, Tlios , ii 81.
Vint, John ii, 4K5; Willin., 17 tj, 178.
AVaits 4'4-4.'!t.
Wakefield baUlo, 18B.
AValkergate 101. 2i5, 31(3; ii, 330;

haiigh. ii 2K4.
Walkers, ii ;!19.
W^iU of the town, 237-244.
Wallaee, Sir Wni , 81 ; ii 13
Walpole on tlie carl of North'd., 3'J9.
Ward(>n courts 225 2i5.
Wark caslle, 65. 5S 5'J. 70. 22G, 227.
Warwick, carl of 2^1
Wurkworlh, 25, 30, 68, 123, l40, l-l2,

152, 171, 172, 188-190, 198, 199,
•JlC. 20'». 219,230-232. '2S0 .101. .'Ml,
337. 34?, 3>l..)57. 45<; KJl; ii 3,
10. 11, 11, 71, 7'i. Tf), 17 >. ;;-.'8.

Warkwoith JIf'rniitaj;.; 1 (2-133,

Wiil.h ufthe Dordcr.s, 218 J.M.

Wal.i.side House ii, .iWt ZJj.

Water nM|iply, ii, .•«.''>3-:i.JG,

Wayla.s Knowe.s, ii .'»').'>.

Weav. ,rs ii. 81, 87, 34(J-:il3.

Wcdd.ll, Uob, ii, 189 415.

W.,i^-li lloiiHO, ii, 2(.4.

Woblcy, John, ii, 193-19.5, 197.

While. Uobt, l-.'5. ICI, iU5

\Vliit(r lIoii.se, 11 ; ii. 395, 39G.

Whillicld, (leo., ii, 193

Wliittinnhani .Sa.xon Church, 39.

Wilkin Will , ii. 415.

A\'illiaiii the liion, 5S-01.

Wilson, V. It, on Alnwick ca.stle,
372-379 ; ii, 42

\\'il.>(>n (loo.ii 415, Dr Geo. 416;
.folin Atkinson, ii. 39. 1-23, 391. 416.

Windy K iKe', ii, 3!M, .)95.

AViijc'at Audild ii, 264, 2G5.

Witthills ii, 48.

WuodLii 39, 14S

^VolnlIllan, Win., C5.

Woolcr .IG, 8S 95, 140, 301, 32G, 443 ;
ii, 17, 2H. 3i8

Workliouae, 2i7, 229.

WrcsMl, 19S, 199 20G, 216, 357

NVri-hts .-128; ii, 84 S7 314-:4C.

Wsiulbill, John, ii 10 II

W'vndhain SirOlias., '''j'-i.

W'lluly John, M,D., ii 416,

VivciiiiL;, aiiliijuilics of, 19.

Zoology, li, 435-4 lu.

THE END.

APPENDIX.

CHAETERS FROM THE DE VEHCYS TO THE BURGESSES OF
ALNWICK.

Froin the orlii'iiiah in iht Archiics of the Borourjh of jll/iutek.

1. ClIAHTEK FROM "WlLLTAM DE Ve8CY, CHANTED nETAVEEN THE YeAES 1157

AND 1185. Soo page 9G.

Notum sit omniLiia hominihus prcscntilma ct futuris Lane cartam visxiris
vel aiiditurid, quod Ego "VVillelmus do Yesty concessi et hac iiiea carta con-
firinavi lioiiiiiiiLiia mcia l)urgcnsil)us do Alnowic, tcnero do nic ct de heredibua
meis, illi ct licrcJea sui tarn libeie ct quictc, sicut burgcnses de Novo Castro
tencnt do doinino Rego Aiiglitc, ct cciaui lialicre commiinam pasturam in
haidenc, ct in mora do haydeiie. Iliis tcbtibua AYaltero de Lolcbcc, Rogero
de Stutovillu, Johanno Vicomite, Raiuuldo do KyncLcl, ct inultia aliis.

A seal Ns'as utlixcd, but it is now broken.

2. CirARTEU ritOM ^YILLIAM DE YeSCI, GllANTED BETWEEN THE TeARS 122G

AND 1253. Seo page 97, and Tlate IV. lig 1.

Sciant pi-cscntoa et futm-i, quod Ego Willolmua do Ycsci filius ct hcres
Domini Eustachii do Ycsci concessi ct hac present! carta mca, confirmavi
Burgensibus meis do Alnewic, omncs liliertates ct liberas consuetudinca de
mo et do hercdibus meis sibi et heredibus suis quictc ct pacifice in periietuum,
tencndas et liabendas quas domin.us Hex Anglic concessit Burgcnsibua suis
do novo castro et quibus libcrc utuntur. Et ctiam communcra pastiu-am de
Ilaydene ct in mora do Haydenc doccndendo ct ascendcndo per Colieregate,
adeo libcro (luiote et pacitico in omnibus, sicut carta Domini "\Yillclmi de
Ycsci avi mei quam indo habcnt testatur. In oujus rci testimonium prtsenti
scripto sigillum meuni apposui. Iliia testibua Domino II. Abbiito de Alnc-
\ric," Willelmo do Vesci fratre mco, "Willclmo do Fm-nival, "\YiUelmo Ic
Latimer, Rogero filio Radulpbi, Willelmo do Bosc, Eudone le Lalimcr,
Simono do Ilorscley, ct aliis.

Tlic Yescy seal still remains attached to this chai-tor.

A

11 APPENDIX.

3. CiiAUTi',11 OF WiM.iAM i)K Vkscy, cuANTP.r) IN 1200. Scc pagc 97.

Sciant prcsontos ct futiiri, quod Nos Willclmus <lo VcHcy, fiatcr ct hcrcs
JohuTiius do Voacy, dodiiniis ct conocdimu.s ac piuaenti carta nohtra confir-
maviju.ua, Burgicnsibus nostria do AhtcwyUc, (jidiioh libcrtatca c't libcras con-
Buotudinos in omnibus, siout carta Willi.lnii do Wacy patrifi nostri, quani indo
habont idcnios tu.-jtatur, dciliiiiua eciaiu ot conccssimus oisdoiu Hurg'icii.sDnis
nostria quaadam ])uciaa torrc in canipo do Boiidcf^alo ([uo vocantur hUjtlofald-
halch fct Ilaiiwellostrothor cum oinuiljua Biiia pertiricntiia cum comnmna in
Hcydone ct cum oumibua ayaianicntia in llaydenmoro in .Mariscis, pascuis
ot paaturis, jietariis, turbariis, ct Ijruorii.s, ct cum omriibua aliia ijcrtincntiid
euia libcrtatibua ct uyaiamcutia quibua uti sol(;)»ant lomporibtia antccessoriirn
nostrorum, tain in mcnao vctilo quam extra. I'li acicndum est, quod in boreali
parte vie do Boulton quo voralur Boultonstrccto uaquo ad acmitam quo
vocatur CoHergato, manuum ojjua minimo fict per aliqucm priusquam pro-
vidoatur per nos ct dictos Burgonacs, quod manuum opua infra prodictaa
bondas fieri dcbcat ad commodum nostrum, ot ad commodimi ijisorum Bur-
gicnsium per junctum aasensum. Et pastura tota ibidem nolus ct ipais
Burgcnsibus junctim romaneat in comm\uii. In cui rci testimonium huic
Scripto iSigillum nostrum a]ii)osuimuH, V.t altero scripto hujua si,ricm continenti
reaidcnti p(;nos noa dicti Burgonsoa Sigillum suum commune aj)p03uerunt, Et
sciendum est, quod eidcm Burgonsea et hcredes sui, jiro libortato habonda in
Ilayden in miiuso vetito cum auia animal ibus, dabunt nobia et hcrcdi-
bufl noslris iinnuatim duos solidos, mcdietatcm ad ftstum Sancti ilartini
ot alteram nu,dietatem ad peiiticosten inp(;rpctuum. Tcstibua fratro
Alano do St;iunford tunc Abbato do Alnewyckc, Dominia Iladulplio
filio Ilogori, Roberto do Hilton, Alcxandro tilio ejua, Waltcro do Camhou
tunc Sencscallo, Jlilitlbua Nii hole do llaucbille, Ilerveo de Bilton, Roberto
llai'ungo, Tliuuui do Hole, Jobanno do Middolton, AVillelmo lo Messagcr ct
ftliia. Datum apud Cattborj) die Dominica proxima ante featum Sancti
MiohaoLia Anuo Domini millesimo duccntiaimo nouagcsimo.

II.

CUARTEII OF WaLTEU PE QwYTTILL TO ThOMAS DE ClIAULETON OF A. IIoVSE

IN Naukowgate, chanted about 12'J0. See page 93.

Omnibus ad quoa presens scriptimi pervenerit Walterus do Quyttill Balutcm
in Domino, Noveritis mo dedissc concessisso ct carta niea prescnti confirmassi
Thomio do Charleton fulloni illud mcbsuagium cum pertincntiis in .\lnewyk,
quod ab codcm Thoma quondam cnii, sicut jacct in le Xarugato inter ttrram
WiUelmi Batman ex utraquo parte, habendum et tenendum eidcm Thomai
hcrotlibus et assignatis auia do capitali domino fcodi, adeo hbere quieto integro
bono et in pace, sicut ego dictum mcssuagium aliquando teniu vol tenere potiii,
itaqxiod nee ego noc heredea raei nee aliquia nomine nostro in dicto mussuagio
cum pertinentiis, jus vol chimium in pcrpetuum vindicarc possijniia ; in cujua
rei testimonium prcsenti scripto sigillum meum apposui. Iliia testibua
Domino Abbato do Alno^\')'kc, AVillclmo de Gosewick, Benedicto Constabul;\rio
do Alnowyke, Johauno del Gren, AVillelmo Batman, ct dliia.

ATI' KM) IX. Ill

III.

CnARTER 01' EowAUD T. TO BiSHoi> Bek 01' A Makkrt amj Faiu at Alnwick,
GKANTKU IN I'l'JT . Churti.T Koll, 2'j, EdwaiJ 1. Sec pilJJC li'j.

Pro Epi.sco]io Dunolinia).
Rex Arthifpiscopis, Ei)isfopis, &c. Sciutis quod nos conccssisso et liac
carta nostra conlirrnasso vcncraljili patri Aiittmio Jjck, Ej>i.s(opo DiiTiclincniji,
quod ipso ct lu^rodna Bui iiripor]H;tuiiiii liahcaiit uiimn iiiorcaliim biii^uli-s scj/ti-
maiiia pei- diotii SaLLali apiid inarifjiiun Kuuin dc Alin;\s'ylc in coiniUita
Nortliumliria;, (;t nnam feriam ibidtiu siiigiiliri aniiis per HCptciu die-s dura-
turain, videlicet in vigilia et in die Sancti I'atrieii ct per quinquc dies
Bequcntca, nisi mereatum illiid et I'l-ria ilia sint ad nocuuientum ^i>.ino^llIa
mereatornin et vicinarum I'eriaruni : et (piod LaLeat liberain warennain in
orrmiLuH doniijiicia suis do Alnewyk, Alm.'liain et Tiif.;hale, in coinitata prai-
dieto ; dum tanicn tcn-to ill;u non sint iiifia ineta.s fore.-it;e noatnc ; ila quod
nullus inirct terras illas ad fuf^andiiin in eis, vel ad ali(iiud capienduni quod
ad warennain portineat, sine licentia et voliiiitatc ejusdem Antunii vol hercdum
auorum, super forisfacturam nostram dceeni librarum. (iuaro volumus ct
firmitor praxipimus, pro nobis et lioredibus nostrin, quod pradietus Autoniua
ct heredcs siii inipeipetuuni liabeunt pradicla mereatum et fcriam apud man-
criuni suum pnedietum, cuni omnibus libertatibus et liberis consuetudinibus
ad hujusmodi nioreatum et feriam pertinent ibus ; nisi mereatum illml et feria
ilia siiit ad nociimentuni vicinorum minatcirum ct vicinarum fcriarum : et
quod liabcant liberain warennain in omnibus ti.'iris suis prajdietis ; dum tamcn
terra) ilUu non sint infra metas forestu; nostra;; ita quod nullus intret tcirad
illas ad fugandum in cis, vol ad aliquid eaiiiondum (pjod ad warennain perti-
neat, Bine licentia ct voluntate i[)sius Antonii vol hercdum suoriun, super
forisfav'turaui nnstram de(em librarum, siuut pra-dietum est. lliis tcstibus,
vonerabililius patribus, ^V. Jll vi iisi tt K. Londiiiensi Episcopis, llugone le
DespuusiT, tiallVido do (ioyiuivill, Tlioiua do lierkleyc, Widtcro de bello
Camjio, senescallo Lospieii nostri, Johannc JJuteturtc, Jolianne de Jlcrk, ct
aliis. Datum per manum nostrum apud Wynchelsc, viecaiuio die Aujusti,
anno rogni nostri vicesinio quiuto.

IV.

OUANT 01' PoNTAOE TO THE JIeN OF Al.NWICK ItY EdWAUP III., IK 1377. Iw-'t.

Tat. 51, Edw. III., m. 19. Sou pai^'o 160.
De ponta^io.

Eox ballivis et probis lioniinibus ^ilLe do Alnewyk in comitatu Xorthum-
briie, saluteni. Sciatis quod in auxilium tam pontis vilho pnedictio qui
diiiitus est et eonfractus ad grave dampnuni hominum per pontem ilium
transountium, quam vilbu vestr;o pi\edict;e paviandie, concessimus vobis quod
a die cont'eetionis pntsentium, usque ad tinem trium annorum proxinic so^juen-
tium plenario completorum, eapiatis per manus illorum de quibus contiditia,
ct pro quibus respondero volueritis, de rebus venalibus ad dietam villam
vonientibus et per pontem ilium transeimtibus consuctudines subscriptiis, &c.,
ut supra.* Testi Kejje apud Westmonasteriiuu, xviii die Ajirilis.

* Videlicet, do quolibet summagio bladi vcnalis, uniun quaJrantcm, ds

IV APrENDIX.

fiu.'ililiot cuvoaXh Llail! vonallH uti\iiii olioliim ; do qiiolibct oquo, f;qua, V>vo,
v<j1 vaccii vf;ii:ili; iiiiuiii quiidrantciii ; do qnoliljot coiio oqui ot oqiKO vonalo
unuin quadriiiiti III ; di; qiiitlihct <:(;ntoiiii iiolliiim cai)rariini, corvoreiin, Linsa-
riiiii dmiKjnim vciialiiiiii iinimi olioliuii ; do qiialihot I'Ciitona ]i('11iiiiii afjnoriim,
caiiii(jloniiii, Icponiin, (;mii<adoriiiii, vul]iimn, calfjniiri, ot wjiiirclluniiii vcnali-
uiii iimmi (iiiadiaulciri ; do ([iKjlilict Kiiiiiiiia;^ir< jianiioruin virialiiint uTiiim
oladtun ; do fiiioliliot panrio iiili.f^io vonalo luiiiin qiiadraiitf in ; do qualibot
coiit(;iiii liriCii", t(;]a!, fanovacii, pa/inoriuu Hiboinia!, Oal.swocli, tt "Worstado
vonaliiiui imuiu oIpoIujh ; do qiiulibil doliu vini vol ccivifii vi.nalia iinum
denarimn ; do (|nalibot oai'0( la iiiollis veiialia iimini oboluni ; do quolibot
triiMsoDo i)aniioruiu vcnaliiiin diujlo f>or carcctaiii duos dciiarioa ; do qualibct
caroola iilmubi \inali.s \niiun (liniiriiim ; ih; avcrio do pondoie, scilicet Jo
COiitona, iiniiin (Iciiarium ; du qualilicl jn.iba coiii ot iiiicti voiialis iinam qiiad-
rantem ; do (judlibct quartoiio waida; venalis, umim oLolurn ; de qualibct
centona do alum, coporosaj, ai'^^ail, ot vortcj^'Css:t! vonalis iinura donarium ; do
duoljus miliaribua ocparum venal iuin ununi quadrantom ; do docoin sliavis alloi
venalis unuiu quadrantom ; do quolibot niiliari allocis vcnalid unum quadrari-
tcin ; do qualibot carectata jiiscis luaiiiii venalis uinun quadrantom ; do qiuili-
Lot centona bordi vonalis nnuni quadrantom ; do qualibot mola vonalo unum
quadrantom ; de quolibot miliar! faj^ottorum vonaliiuu nnura donarium ; do
quolibot quarterio sails venalis unum ((uadrantom ; do rjualibot jioisa casci vol
Lutiri venalis nnnm (luadrantom ; do qualibot caroctata busc;u ct carbonum
vonalium per obdoniadam imum obulum ; do (piolibot (juartcrio tanni vcruilia
unum ([luidi-antom ; do qualibot centona stanni, a^ris, ot cujiri venalis unum
obolum ; do quolibot trussollo nioroimonii cujuscuniquo generis venalis; ct
qualibct alia ro vonalo valoris (piimiuo solidoruin hie non spcciticata vinicnti-
bus ad dictam villam ot per villam illam transeuntibus, lana, pollibus lamitis,
coriis bovinis et vaccarum, no forro oxceptis, unimi quadrantera.

V.

LiciiNsi; TO AVai.i, ami Emii.vtti.k tui; Town of Alnwick. Tatent Rolls.
Homy \'l., p. 1, n. G. (H31). 800 pa-e 237.

Pro includondo murando ot battollando villam de Alncwyk.
Rox oninib\is ad quoa, kc, salutom. Sciatis quod nos considoracione, quod
villa do Alncwyk in coniitatu Northurabriiu buper marchias et frontera3
Scotio aperta jaeet et ita pcric\ilose, quod magna pars ejusdem villo per Scotod
inimicos nostros nuporime combusta extitit, de avisamonto et assensu consilii
nostri, concessimus licentiam carissimo consanguinoo nostro Henrico Comiti
Korthimibriic, domino dicto villo ot Castri ibidem, ao Biu-gcusibus ejusdem
villo horedilius et succcssoribus suis, quod pnodicti dictam ^•illam de Alnewyk
logitimo includero murare circa totam villam pncdictam, ac muros ejusdem
AaUe battellaro et macclioculare, necnon alias res defcnsabilos quascumquo
circa ct super cosdom muros faccre et ordinare valcant, aljsque impeticiono
quaeunquo erga pra- latum comitom sou Burgenses heredos vol exccutorcs suos,
per nos horcdes nostros aut aliquos ministroriun sou ofiiciariorum nostrorum
impostorum lacienda : In cujus, ^^-c. H. K. apud "Westmonstcrium, primo
die Junii.

Per breve de privato Sigillo.

APPENDIX. V

VI.

C}iAUTEit i>v IIenuv VI. To THE l5uitOEbHE« uv Alnwick (April 9, 1464).

Fiotn the oritjiitdt in the Archiven of the liinijuijh of Alnwick. Seo Vol. I., p. 228.

Henricus del gratia Rox Anglif; et Fiaticio ot DominuH Ifibemo, Omnibiuj

ad quos ])r(;.sonteH litero porvenerint Hiiliitcni. Sciatis fjiiod cum hiimuli et
fidolcs li^oi nostri liurgenHOs do Alnewyk nobis nionHtravcrunt, qualitcr ipfei,
infra troH aimos proximo ola])HOH, per robi'lea no.stro.s divurjiia vicibufl de omni-
biiH bonis Hiii.s ni(jbilibus dejjredati et spoliati, ac domiifl et rnanaionos 8uo
combuHto confiacto et vastato fuerunt, in Buam finalem defitrucionem, niai per
noH Buccurantur, ut noB privelogia licentias et franohesias snbscripta in eorum
rolevamen eis concodoro dij^naromua. Nos premisBfi coiisideranteH, ac aup»pli-
cacioni huo pncdicto in hac parte favorabiliter inclinati, de grtitia nostra
speciali, conccssiniua prefatis Burgcnsibua et succesaorilms euis liberum
portum, hiijusmodi loco sivo locis in Alnemouthe in coniitatu Northumbria;,
prout eis et cuilibet eorum maf^is exj)editn3 fuerit availabile, faciendum et
Btabiliendum in jjei-pctuum ; Et (juod dictiis poilus eisdem et cuilibet eorum
adoo libere oxistere possit in omnibus conditionibua regulia et gubemacioni-
bus, prout aliquis alius portua infra regnum nostrum Anglie existat; Et
ultoi'ius dicti Burgcnses et successorca aui, tenore presencium, licenciam
habeant onmibus temporibua convenientibus et concordantibus, in dicto porta
de AInomoutho, lanas pelles lanataa et coria do crcscencia inter Blitho et Twede
ac carbones et pisccs, Eskippandi oncraiidi et exonerandi, et aic dictaa lanas
pollea lanataa coria carbones et pisces ibidem eskippatum et oneratum, dicti
Burgenaea vel eorum ali(iui8 ecu succesaorea aui factores vol attomati extra
dictum portum do Alnemouthe ad hujuamodi portum, aive portua in Itegionem,
sive regionea patriam aive patrias extraneaa vel aliquam aliam terram seu
pftti'iam extra Regnvnn nostrum, tarn extra obedienciam quam infra, traducere,
ot ciun dictis lania i>ellibus lanalia coriis carbonibus et piseibus, ab:ique aliquo
reatrictu areato vexacione sivo inipodimeuto nostri aut aliorumofficiariorum nos-
trorum quorimicimquo, tranameare poasint, proviso semper, quod Burgenaea et
successores aui factorea vel attomati aliquaa itercandisaa extra dictum portum
aliquibua Rebellium vel inimicorum nostrorum aine licencia nostra non tradu-
cent, sub poena foriafacturo eorundem ; Et Insuper, de gratia nostra speciali,
concessimus prefatis Burgensibus et auccessoribua suia, pro termino Triginta
annorum proximo sequentiurn, ad solvcndum tantimi pro customa et eubsidiia
uniua saoci lane in dicto portu Eskippati tresdecem solidoa ct quatuor denarioa
Sterlingorum, et centum pallium lanatarum ibidem eskippatorum sex eolidos et
octo denarioa aterlingorum, Et uniua lasti corioram de dicta crescentia ibidem
aic eskippati aex solidoa et octo denarioa sterlingorum ; Et quod dicti
Burgenses et auccessorea aui, tenore presentium, infra dictum portum annuatim
Eskippare et onerare A-aleant, tantum lanaa pelles lanataa coria carbones et
piacea quantimi custume et subsidia inde ad summam •snginti librarum
attingent, absque aliquo nobis vel heredibus nostris inde solvcndo durante
dicto tennino triginta annorum, in relovando depredatorum dictorum Bur-
gensiiun et ville do Alnewyk superius specificatorum, et ad cuatagia facturam

B

VI AI'PKNDIX.

ft

dicti p<;rtufl, ct (uuracioncs ojusdcin villo, ac ud fucturain ot roparationeiii
Ecclcaio iKirocliiali.s ibidem ; UltoriuH quo, do f,'ratia nodlra Hpooiali, concf^i-
mils dictiH JJur-onHibuH, fj.iod ipsi ct Hii(;oo.s.sorf;H «ui }ia},cn; poshint, infra
dictum villam do Ahicwik, cu.stomarioH <:orilrarotiilaloroH wnitatorcM et
TronalorcH, ad ojiiis nostrum ot portiis prodicti, ibidoin continuo comjuoranteu
oibdom modo ot forma, proiit villa ot l!ur','onHos I'.orwici Hupor Twodam niipcr
concesHiono nostra luibuonuit ; Kt ultorius, do f-ratia nostra spociali, conctssi-
mu8 profatis BiirgenMibus ot siiccossoribus sui« impoijiotuum diias forias
annuatim tcnondaw (it ciiHtodicndas in dicta villa do Alnowik, ad duas diversaa
vices in anno, videlicet, pi-ima de dictis duabuH foriia incii)ionda in foHto
Banctorum Philiju ot Jacobi, et sic duiare ct continiiaro per oclo dioa tunc
proximo Boqncntea, et alia do dictis duabus foriiH inoipienda in fcsto Saneto
Luce cxtune proximo soquonto, ot sic duraro ot continuare ])or octo dies tunc
proximo Bcquoiites, Ita quod ferio illo non bint ad nocunientum vicinaruin
foriarum, Et quod omniinodi ligci nostri cujuhcuikjuo condicionis sive
quorumcnmquo conditionum cxistunt, sou eorum alifpiia exiatit, utnque feri-
anim prodictanun liboro venire valeant, et ibidem oxpectarc durante tennino
suporius spocifitato utrarumquo foiiarum prcdictarum, ot quod dicti ligei noatri
ct (juilibet oorum liberum rotornatum ot passa^'ium habere valeant, ad hujus-
modi locum aivo loca patriam sivo putria, ]jrout iji.si ire vol eqiiitaro intcnduTit
et proponunt, absquo alicpio aredto impriHamento vol perturbacione, impedi-
mcnto vol voxaciono erga vol super . . , ipsos vol eorum aliquem, per majores
vicccomitos Escaetoros constabularios ballivos vol aliquem eorimi, vel aliquos
alios oirieiariorum sive ofliciaros faciendo, pro omnimodis aotionibus aeu
dcmandis cujuscimiquo nature aut condicionia fuorint, bellatoribua et pei-tiir-
batoribus dictarum duarum foriarum, vel alicujua pcrsono aivo aliqiiarum
personariim ad ferias illas veniencium ibidem niorancium, et ab utrafjuc
earundom retumantium oxceptia ; Et Insuper, do gratia nostra spociali, coii-
cessinuis profatis Burgcnslbus et successoribus puis in j^Tpttuum, libcnmi
mercutun\ in dicta villa do Alnewyk, dio Menurii soptimaniiliiii t.iu-ndum ct
tustodiondum pro onminiudis ligeis nostris, ud liabiiidtiin ilbic et cavian.lum
omnimoda Morcandisaa et victualia, socundum luuduin et cunsueludinom
alicujus optimi et libcrrimi ]\Iorcati infra C'omitatum lSorthiunhri;c usitiiti vcl
incepti, ita quod mcrcatum illud non sit ad nocumentum viemorum niercato-
rum ; Ultorius quo de habundanti gratia nostra, concossimus prefalis Burgen-
Bibus et Successoribus siiis ct ciiilibot eorum, in perpetuum, ipsos qnietos et
libcros esse de solucione omnimodarum tolneatarum vel aliquorimi aliorum
[mancriorumi'] usitatonmi, in aliquo mercato feria passagio vel aliquo aUo loco
infra Rognum nostrum Angliai, tam infra Ubertatcs et franchisias quam extni ;
In cujus rci Testimonium has litoras nostras fieri fecimus patcntes. Teste me
ipso apud Castrum nostrum de Bamburgh nono dio AprHis anno rcgni nostri
quadi-ageaimo Bccundo

Xaylor.

Per ipsum Regem et do data prcdiota

auctoritate parliamenti.

Thviircat Seal of Hct.r,/ ]'l. !s shil allth-hr.tlo il,!s ('h,t,h,\

APPENDIX. VII

VII.

Letters patent to gather a Coi.r.KCTio.v for Bt'ri,DiNO the Tot^-xe

Wall against tiik Hcoith. (Feb. 1, 1474).

Fioni the original in the Archives of the Dorowjh of Almciclc. fico Vol. I., p. 210.

UniverHis sancfo inatriH Eccli^sic filiiH ail quo.s f.t f|uornm notir.-iarn prcBCntca
litoro pervonerint, liiirgonHcs ct comitiis villo do Alnw^-kc in Coniitatu
NorlhumLriic .Sahitrim in co per quoin Ref^o.s R(:f:fnant ct prinf:ipoH(Jominaritur;
Cum provincia Nortliuinbriic, p(;r ami.s.sioiiom villo B(;r\vici Hupor Twcdam et
Cabtii do Rolcesljiiry dcpauperata inngiiaiiiiriLl(^i- ol dolnlilata oxi.stat, ac nulla
villa no(iuo Burgua iriurata a villa Novi Caslri super Tynani iisquo Scociain,
pro salva cuatodia ot defonoione proviiicie pn^dicte jam remanct ncc cxiatit,
Excollentissimus et ChristianisBimus princopa Edwardus, dei gratia Kox Anglio
fct Francio et Doiainus ililiernie, in conaidcraciunc i)remisHorum j^ro commodo
regiii sui Anglic et conaorvacioiie provincie predictc et salva gardia et tuicione
inlialjitancium ojiiadcm, dodit ct conces.sit lici-nciam muranduia furtifieandum
et imbattclandum ilictam ViDam de Alncwyk, quod quidum ojius jam inccptum
oxiatit, et quod absque magius ct notabilibus summia confirmari nequid quaa
quidom aummaa nos pref'ati Burgenaoa ct cumitas portare non possumus noc
valenius, iiiai a Chi-iali fidulibua et dco dovotia do donia auia caritatinia noLia
subvcniatur in bac parte, Novcritis noa igitnr jirefatoa Burgcnaca ct comilatcm,
unanimi asacnau et conaensu, ordinaaao conatituisso ct in loco noatro jwauiase,
Dileetoa iiobia in (Jhi-iato Jolianncni I'atcraon ct Tbomara Ciracwell, noatros
veros et logitinios procuratorcs et luincioa spccialcs conjunctim et diviaim, ad
colligendum et recipiendum Cbriati fidcliuin elLnioainaa aubsidia et alia dona
caritatinii, per totum rognuni Anglic, pro bono publico ejuadcm et conaerva-
cioiio provinuie predicte eideni opcri, Data vol danda, Icgata scu loganda,
assignata vel aasignanda, in locia cxemptis ot non cxemptis, ct omnia alia
faeionda ii\ hac parte, pront nos faceromiis ai personaliter intcresaemus,
liatuni ilruiuiu ot gratum babontca ct luiliituros totuin, ct quicquid dicti
Johannes Palei-son et Thonuia iiomino nostro fcccrint, sou coruni alter fcocrit
ill prcmiasia. In cujus rci testimonium Sigillum commune Villo de Alnex\-j-k
predicte presontibua est aiqienaum ; Datum prinio Die monsis Fcbruarii Anno
rogni predict! Domini liogis Edwardi quarti jiost conquestxmi Anglio Tercio-
decimo.

Vlll APPENDIX.

VTIl.

CHAKTEUS OF ALNWICK ABliEY.

{The mere for )nal port ionn of theae charters are omitted. Other charters are
given from the public recordx, which xuill he distiiKjuiiihed by the refereitcei.)

In custodia FnmciHci f An exomplilicution under tho hand and aoalo of
Branlingo, JMilitia Ilcnry Erlo of Koilhumliorland of sundry docd'.-s and
Domini Ablmti;c du Grauntcs of Iho Ancient Lordes of Alnowyk touching
Alnewyko21oAug- I tho Foundation and Endowment of the Abhcy there,
usti, 1G39. dat. 20th Murcy 23. H. 8. {La/isdown M.SS. 320.

^Dod.iworth).

1.
Eustachiua filius Johannis, Willolino episcoiio Dunolmcnsi ct capitulo, et
arehidiacono, et omiii clericatui episcopalua Dunelriii, et omnibus suia clerieiu
ot laicia, Francia et Anjjlicia totiua terne auiu do Northumberland, omnibu9(iuo
fiUiis sanctas Doi ecclosia;, aaluteni. Scitote nie dediase, concesaisse, et liac
mea carta confirmaaae, Deo ct canonicia de Alnewic, qui Bunt do ordino Pre-
nionatratensia cccleaia), pro aaluto animaj mea;, ct rernisaiono peccatorum
rneorum ; nee non pro salute animaj patria et matris mea3, et pro anima Ivoniu
de Veacy, ot omnium unteceaaorum rneorum, ct pro aalute Willelmi de Vescy
filii mei, ot omnium puerorum mcoruin, ecclesiam do Lcsbury, cum omnibun
appondiciis suis, et nominatim ciun capella de Ilowghton, et cura capella do
Sancto Walerico, et omnibus decimia ad illud pertinentibus ; et nominatim
cura omnibus decimia do domiiiiia meis do Lesscburgh et Iloghton. Scilicet,
de bladia, et salinis, et do molendinis meis, et capellam do Alnewic, cum omni-
bus appondiciis suis, ad abbatiam fundandam, cum omnibus decimis domini-
orum moorum de Alnewic ; et totam villam de Ilincllf, cum medietato hominum
ojusdera villa) iji mora ; et in piano, sicut via vadit de Alnewic versus Roke,
in manu sinistra, usquo ad divisas de Rok, cum bosco pertinenti ad eandem
villam ; scilicet, ub Ilindcno usqxio in Alnam ; ct cum his, duas partes do de-
cimis totiua dominii mei do Tughahi, in blado ot in molondino, ct cunctia aliis
rebus ejusdom douiinii. Et similiter duas partes do decimia de dominio meo,
et molondino do Newham, ct do omnibus aliia rebus ejusdcm dominii. Et
omnes decimas do piscariis meis, et de corvis, bissis, et porcis, quos canes mei
capient de motu meo. Et duas partes do decima equarum niearum, diun extra
parochiam, do Alnewic fuerint. Et unam mensuram in burgo do Sancto
Walerico, et de Ilegsend do decimis Amulfi duas partes.

Et pneteroa concedimus, ot carta nostra confirmavimua ecclesiam Sancti
Wilfridi de Gysnes, quam Richardus Tysone eisdem canonicia dedit in per-
petuam elomosinam, cum mensura \ma et duabus bovatis terras in eadem villa ;
et cum Halghe, nbi eat ecclesia, cum RidJeia, et ciuu ^Slors-ick-halghe sicut
Ricardus eia concessit. Et do bosco suo quantum potuerint, et voluerint ex-
artare, et molere ad molendinum suum, sicut multura ; et facere molendinum
in feodo bug super Cochet, si potuerint. Et uuam salinam in Wertwordia.
Testibus, Hugone sacerdoto do Tughala, et Patric Willolmo capellauo, et
Archill sacerdote, Bernardo clerico, Stephano de Dunelm, Ricardo Tysone,
Papady, Rogero Malcall, Richardo de Rok, Ada Jfurdack, Ada vicecomite,
Eadulfo do Tung, AVillelmo Tysone, Waltero lilio :.Iayn, Ivone Je Yescy,
Arnulpho do IMorwic, Roberto Pucro, Amulpho do Ueysendo.

APPENDIX, IX

2.

BciaiiH mo Willdmum do Vcsoy dodiwHo, confio.iMissc, ct hao mcu f;arta
confirmasHO 1)o(j, f-i occlcHiiu HanctiD I^Iaii.i) dc Alncwle, ot canonicin
ordiniH riemonslnitdnsis, ilndoni !)<;<) Horviontibiis, occl'.-.iiam do Cliotton, cum
omniljiis poiiiiionliis Huis, in liljorarn ot porpotuam olonnohinam, pro ualuto
iinimso ino;o, ot patn's mci Eii.stacliii, ot rnatris inon; I}<;atrici8, (.'t antoccw^rum
moorura. His testibua, Galfrido capcsllano do Aliiowio, Matlioo ot Galfiiilo.
capeUania cnstolli do Alncwio, Johaiino vioocomito, Ilngono do Moi-^ic,
Willolmo Tysono, Waltoro Batail, liichardo JIautrdcnt, Geniiuno Tysono,
Syinono do Lucre, Radulfo TJiunno,* Ilelia iJriinno, Waltoro do ]\Ianor8, Eogcro
do Estington, "Williobiio do Muschamps, Itadulfo do Roccs, Rcginaldo.

3.

Notum voLifl omniLus nos Willolmura do Vosoy dodisso ot conccsBisso
abhati.'o do Aluowic, ct canoriicis iLidoniDoo sorviontibuH, ccclcsiam do Chaul-
ingliara in pcrpetuam olomofiinam. TestibuH hiin, Bcilioet, Alano tdorico do
Ilosobrugia, Tlionia do Manors, Ilugono saccrdoto do Chotton, Galfrido do
Valoincs, ct Aniulpho dapiforo.

4.

Sciatis mc Willclmum do Vcacy salutom conccssisso ct hac pra-sonti carta
nostra conflrmasso occlosiam do Alnchain, cum omni1)U8 pcrtincntiis suis, in
libcram ot pcqiotiiani olonioainam, pro saluto anim;e nostra), ct patiis noHtri
Eustacbii, ct niati-is nostnu Bcatriois, nccnon ct omniuni antocossorura nos-
troriun. Iliis tcstibus, Pctro do Iloos, Waltoro do Uolbce, Thoma do llus-
campcs, Willebno do Vescy, Ada do Carl, Radulfo filio MajTio, Randulfo
Brunno, Thoma do Bolcsdone, Simon do llanscU, Rogero do RombcU.

5.
Sciatis nos (Willclmum do Vescy) dcdisse, ot concossissc, &c. Deo ot
Cunonitis do Alnowic, piscaturani nostram do Lcsbory, qu:o eolet nobis reddcre
per singulos aiinos x*. ConcodimuH ctiam ct coufirmanius oid candora libcrtu-
tem habere in aqua do Alno, ad predictam piscaturam portincntom, quam ct
nos habiiimus ; Et prxtcr hajc unam oarucatam terra) in villa do Rugloia, ct
tofta ot crofta qurc pertinent ad unam carucatam terwe in cadem villa, ciun oi'
{sic, probably a mistake for coi', commuui) pastura cidcm viUte peilinente, et
ad Swynleiam communcm pastnram in bosco ot in piano, ct cum certis aysia-
mentis cjusdcra vilho. His tcstibus, Rogero Prioro do Whiltringham, Robto
Monacho do TJlncton, Bencdieto clcrico, Dcnilfo capcllano, l^hillippo clerico,
Willclmo Tysono, Widono Tysono, Waltoro filiu mapic, Radulfo Masculo,
Richardo do Rocccs, Ada Rybauld, Richardo filio Nicholai, Amaldo de Ilcy-
8cnd.

6.

Eustachius do Vescj', Salutem. Sciatis nos dcdisso Deo ct Ecclesia; beatas
Maria) do Ahiowic, et canonicis ibidem Poo scrvicntibus, qui sunt do ordine
Prcmonstratcnsi, uniuii cqumn ad portandum boscum do ncmoi'o nostro apud

* In the contirmatory charter of II. bishop of Piuhaui, this name is Grim.
Put. Roll, 5 Edw. II., p. '.', m. 23.

C

X Al'I'MNDIX.

AliKnvic, ml HUfltciitucionoiii oorimilciri onnoniconim oinnil)Ufl (li<jLii3 imper-
]i(;tiiaiii, ill libcniiri ot jjcrpotnani I'llcinoHiiirtiii, jiro H.'iliitc :inii/i;r! uonlrns c-t
HpoiiHJo nostra) Miirf^iircjla;, ol Willclini )i;i;roiliH ii<>stii ; ct i)ro aiiirii;t p;ttriH
iio.stri Willulnii do Vcscy, ot iiifitri.s nontnu i')\iT,r;r,, <.t pro (inimalMis onuiiiirri
AiitecoaHonini iioHlrorimi ct HULco.SHonirn. His toHtilniH, Joliaimo V^icocomit^;
(Ji'.niiiiiiu TyKono, "Willelino do 'riiiLvill, Ivonodo ('iirl, "NVillehno /ilio Iio"f;ri
Wultoro Cniford, Joliiuiiio iilio Joliaiiiiis Vicocoiiiiti.s, iMidiaolo lluukill<,',
yiniuiio do Lucro, WiJlolmo do J5ilton, Ada Ca])f.lJaiio do AIneliarn, IJugono
do Jloyscndo, Waltcro do Onwortli (Mwortli '(), 'Wiiltoro Albola.storio,

7.
Carta do Ajino Ivogni Ilof,M8 Johannis Socundo, m. 11.
Confirinatio Canonicis r JoIkhiiics Uoi Cinitia kc, Sciatis iioa concos.sisso, et
de Alnowio. \ liac cai-ta nostra confirina.sso, Doo, et Sanctc JIarie do

Alnwic, ot canonicis ordinis PrcmoustratcnHis ibidem Domino Deo servienti-
bus, rationabilem Uonacoonom, ([iiam Waldovus Filius Edwardi ei.i fecit do
una Tiu-baria inter Yerlessot et Diviaas do Lcinoctono, Et do vijpnli quatiior
acria tciTio cum portirunitiia in I'^delviiiyliain, Et de vi;^nti Quadrif^atis do
m[ortii]o Bosco, habundis singub's aniiia in J^oaco i))siu8 Waldovi in Edlvintj-
ham, habendum et tenendum in omnibus llobua et locis libere, et quiete, et
intej^a-c, aicut carltc ipaiiia Waldovi rationabiliter testant. EtijrohibemiiH, no
ipsi injuste voxentarab aliquo ad (hicenihun Eocale siium do prodicta Tarbaria
ad Abbatiam suani. Testibus, llajj. iJard., Williebno do Stutevillc, lloh.
Filio Rogeris, liob do llos, Eustaeio de Vescy. Datum per manum S. Will,
Arcbid. apud IJanbur;,', xiiijo dio Februarii anno reyui noslri seeuiido.

8.
Willolmus do Vescy, salutem. Noveritia nos j)ro saluto ani'mio nostno et
pro anima laabeUto uxoris nostraj, et pro animabua omnium Antccessorum
nnstrovuin dediaae v\:i'., L'unvontui A:c., (iuaudum drram cum bosculo suj>en:roa-
conto ipiaj jaeot ex Aualrali i)arto Abbati.u supi.r ripam Alna-, per luuj divis;ia,
Bcilieut, al) Alna in lonyitudine, et occidentali parte de Poteruinl>urne, ustpio
ad caput latio viiu, qua) ducit ad Jleswic, ct per latam viam altam ustjua
riuTutr' do Meswic, ct ab introitu planitiori do Sleswic 60(iuitur in folio
liroximo per quendara parvulam somitem, quie jacens juxta cram pradicti
Bosculi circuit unto descondendo in aquam Ahue circa riundenburne, et ita in
lougitudine Alna) usque in Poterdebiirnc ; Habendum et tenendum ipsis et
Hucceaboribus suis de mo et heredil)us nieis adeo libere ct quiete Ac. His tes-
tibus, Hugone de Bolebck, Ilugonc de IMorwik et Alexandre de llihonej
Gerai-do de Fiu-nivall, Tliouia do Warendeluim, lieinero Teutoniio, Riehai-do
do llawkill, Jobanne llarang, Willelrao do Turberville, Eubcrto do.EworlLo
tunc Seneschallo, Tbillippu lUbaudi;, et niultia allia.

D.
Sciatis me (Willelraum do Vescy) conccssisse kc, unam acram torr;p in
campo Broxfeilde juxla divi.vas de lienyngtone, ad faciendum suiim ovilo pro
eomutationo unius tofti, quod reddidit illis duodccim nummos singulis Annis
juxta molendinum meum do AbiCNvyke; et in eodem tofto stat molendinum
mourn. Et concede predietis canonicis et confirmo emu predicta acni ternu

APPENDIX. XI

cornm\iruiiii paHtnriiTH in nioro ct in ])l;mo cmn lioiniiiibuH moia in canipiM do
Dcriwiko, in liboriini ct puqictuiini J'il(;uio«in;iin. IIi» t«;«til>iJM, iJemanlo par-
Hona ilo {JhcttoiKi, liic. iM;ill,i;ll;inilo I (apif'.TO, Willclino 'J'vM'jnc;, Gt;nnano
TyHuno, Jfaduliilio ]3runno, Jiicanlo Tyhonc, Hog< to do Knlinj^tonu, Ilclixt
Briinnc, Willidnio do iMii.H<;liani])o, {iiltj(;rto do Kugornondo, WalU^ro Veil-
clionc, Jioginaldo do Aljbathia, iiirlio I'incnn Hioher {-lic).

10.
Sciatis mo AVillelmurn d(; Vcsccio conccHsi.sso ot contcslari illam Salinam
(]uain Kob<;rtiiH (iliiw iJudyuo dodit ot conocrtwit cauonicis do ^Vlnowyko, in
porjiotuaiM Klcino.sinain, Hcilioot, luiani do niuliuribua salinia i»ru'lor illainquajj
liabot, quain Agrioa, quic fuit uxor Jtadiilidii (ilii Jornogo, do iUo ton(;t, ft
conunuucni jiaaturani ot f'ooalo qiiaj adjaccnl illis salinirt. TostibuH, Willoluio
Tysono, Lyulfo do Fordu, Ernulphy do Morwyke, Wydono Tyw^ne, Ada
Mordac, llugoro rricsljitoro I'aiiadiu, Jiioardo Tysono, Val[oto].

11.

Novcritia mo AVillolinnrn do Voscy liliiini ot haTodoni Domini Eustachii de
Vosoy pro saluto uninuu et Agnetis uxoria moa;, ot ]iro animabua omnium
antoocssorum ot succcssorum meorum, concossisse unuin Toftum in Villa de
Chcttono, quod oontinct in ambitu por so totum quadraginta quatuor porticaa,
quarum (luudibot porlica continot viginti podos, contiguc in oriontali parte
Willolini ihaciatoris domus. IJi.s toatibus, dominis Willolmo do Voscy fmtro
moo, Willolmo do Turborvill, llonnco Haltailo, liarnardo do C;impo li<.'migii,
Magiatro Jvoborto Bataill tuno vicario do C'liotlono, Simonc do Iloi-bley tunc
Sonoaoallo, liadulpho Viciuio do Cbovclingham, iiogoro et .iVudrca Clorioifi de
Chcttono ot uliia.

12.

Willelmus do Vcsoy iiliua ct h;ui-oa Eustachii domini de Vescy Balutem.
Novoritia quod cum ad prtitionom moam Abbaa ot convcntua do Alncwyk
proniibcrunt et eonceasennit luihi iiruiaro portas lluvii auper ten-am suam
apud liildburlialgh ad claudendum pareum moum, Salvu illis .solo pro2>ria; ti-n-ae
i>a;o, conoessi eia, ostoveria mx^cssaria pro delenaiono bhidi biii, seilieet jialos
ligueoa sullioientea d<3 nemore moo p<.'r mcoa homines et meum euatiun pro-
prium illuc curiandoa ad claudendum dictum pareum super tcrram suam in
longitudijio a<puo do Alno quousquo porvoniant iid fossatuni veteris viviirii.
Ita viz. quod liceat eia semper liaboro liberum introitum et oxitum jier quau-
dam poitam propriam elavi sibi euatoditam infra illam scpiiu parei super rijiam
dicta) aqua^ ad onmimoda eommoda sua ibidem I'aeiendum tam in a(iua quain
ill ton-a, socando Arbores et vergas, ot m*;tendo horbam ibidem cresccntom et
asportando sine impodimeuto mei vol ha^redmu meorum aut L;illivorum
nostrorum imperpotuum. Et sciendum est tunc teraporis quod provisa fuit
inter sepciui ot aquam latitude quadi-aginta pedum, qiuu terra iix universo luit
estimata pro una acra ternc. Et si aliquod damjjnum ijicuiTcret do tciTU
sua per pra;dictas portaa lluvii, Ego AVilhlmus de Vcscy et hieredes mei
tencbimur imperpotuum ad dictimi danq}num eisdem Abbati ct con vent ui
corrigendiuu. Ko igitur do cctero occasiono istiua clausunu quam mild ct
hterodibus nieis siq)or tcrram suam ex mora libertatosua Lenigiie eouccsserunt

XU APPENDIX.

a mo vol hn^rndilxiH inois poHHiiit (ilifiiiatcnuH coram .fiiHticiariis vol ali1)i im-
placitari imiKjulorurn, vol alitiiio rtuxlo voxari, ohligarniia rioH jior cartam
prcHOTitcm Deo, Luatns nuiiia!, et onmilmB mmc.t'iH, ot dictis Aljbnti ot c<»nvontiu
do Ahiowico Hub hac forma, quod hi aliciuo ti.niywro propter caiiHaM pradicUta
oondoin impla(;itan vol voxari f'ooorimiiH, rpiod absit, indiVnaciono T)oi ornnipo-
tontia ct boata; ISfariie Virginia vi omiiiuiu Kanctorum inciirramiis. In (aijuH
rei tostimoniuiu itraidicto Kciipto Kit,'illiiiri mourn ap])OHui. Ilia Tcstilaia,
Dojniiio Hugo do Bollioko, Domino Willclmo do Ilaynin tunc vioo comito
Norlliumliriiu, Domino Willi;lmo du Turhorvill tunc fionoscallo moo, Domino
Eo^'oro (ilio Iia(lnl])bi, Domino liiululplio di; Taufro, {.lie, mintiikc for Caui/i ?),
Domino Simono do Lucre, Tiadul|.lio dc ]\rii.s;.'ra(ro, Tfaduljdio do fjliykoll,
.lohanno do Traucostria, Ada liyb.uid, NiLliul.ao do Kaukill, Willolmo do
Valoby ot multis aliia.

13.

Ego ■VVillelmuH do Vescy concosai, ct confinnavi, Deo &o., trcs bovatas ton-ac
in villa do Lucre, cimi omnibuH portiuentiia aui.s, qwaa Simon do Lucre eisdem
canonicis carit;itiv(! coiitalit, in liboram Elomo.sinam. Tenendum ct baben-
d\im in onmibua oisdem Canonicia et eorum aueceaaoribus impcrfiotuuni, ad
Bualentacionom Luminis ad missam eolidianam beata; Marirc in Capellu
Sanctx' Trinital in, aicut carta dicti Simonis, ([uaTU inde babunt, plcnius testatur.
His testibus, Willolmo do Voscy fratro nieo, Willelmo do Ncmor', Siinonc do
Iloraoley, liieardo do V<^3oy fratro meo, Waltoro do Trcndcwyke, Jobumio do
Tugball, Kanulpho do Musgraflb, et aliis.

14.

Simon do Lucre, miles, Salutem in Domino. Novorit mo concccissc, jiro
Baluto anima3 meoc ct Jidiana; iixoris mca>, &o, pasturam ad octo bovcs vcl
octa averia in omnibus dominicis, ct dofensia mois in villa do Lucre, Exceptis
bladia ct pratia, in purara ot ]tcrpctuam Ekino.-jinam t<L-c. balva tanan pr;udicti3
canonicis connminia {sir) ])astura, qua) nd torram suam in cadom ^^lla pei-tinct
i^i^e. His teatiluis, domino Ivaduliibo do Caugi, liicavdo Mantalont, ITuponodo
Iloyscndo, liadulpbo fillo Ivogeri IMiliti.s, Jobannc dc Cranccstro, Kadulpho
do Musgralib, AValloro do Witbill, Jobannc do Nc\\-tona, Willclmo do cadom,
Henrico do Mulsonc, Jobanno do Ibadofordo, Eobcrto do Dox fordo, Eobcrto
do Falladono, Eogero Carbonell, et aliis. Datum apnd Alncwiko die A'enerLj
proximo post fcstimi Sancta Trinitatis. Amio domini l^IoCCoLYIIIo.

15.
Jobannes do Vescy salutem in Domino. Pro pastura quam Abbas ct Conven-
tus do Alnewj'k babuerunt in Walsowo in Forosta no.stra do Alnc-w-j-ke, ad
duodocim bovcs auos pasoendos anuuatim, concessimus pro nobis et ba^rodibua
nostris, oisdom Abbati ot conventui, liboram pasturam, qu;c jacct a porta
pendente nostri Paici do Walsowo subtus llcndene inter r<\latiu7n ct Aquam
do Alne, in lonf^itudine usque ad boscum ijisius Abbatis ot Convcntus do
Strutcwode. llabendimi ct Tonendtmi ipsis, Abliati et conventui et succossori-
bus suis, in suo soparali imperpctuum. Et si quod scriptum do pastura do
AValsowo ad bovos ipsius Abbatis invoniatur impostorum, pro nullo b;ibcatur
omnino. In cujua rei Testimonium sigillum nostrum apposuimus buic scriptu.

APPKNDIX. XUl

FliH 'J'cslibuH, Dornino Kohcrto do Hiltoru!, Doinino Il.ifliilpho filio Riti^ari,
iJoiniiio lio^cio ilo CainhowoH, Ooiiii/io liolnulo lU: liUcro, Ja'oliO IJiit'iill tunc
SoiiusuuUo do Aluuwyk, Joliaiiao iliJdiltuiiiK;, Maiiino Clcrito, ct aliw.

16.

E^^o .Tohfinnns do Vcsci dcdi f)UHiidain placinm Ijohci moi f.xtra parcura
ineiim do (Jiiwlyi^lio, (lu.o vuiatur i\luHSWi:lli.'.^liawo jiixta ciilturarii (jii;!; vocatur
Alisauiiddalto. llab(indurii ot ioiioiidum ])r;odicli.s oaiionifjih ot Hucccssoribiis
Huis, cum tola pastura ad C'laudeiiduni ot Colpaiidimi otomriiiiiodiim coiiK^ixm
Huiiiii indo I'acioiuluin, pi'Diit vidoiint Hil)i oxijodiio; Halva iiiihi ot ha.-rodibua
iiiois vonatiorio in prijoditto borico. His tosUbiiH, Domino Kobtnto do Jlilt^jno,
Waltoro do Camhowe, Domino Franco do Tya.s, JoliannodoMiddilton cluhco,
Phillippo do Ihoxfoilde, Nicholao do llauckyll et aliis.

17.

Kovciitis nos (Johanncm do Vcscy) conccssisso Abbati ot Convcntui do
Alnowyk cpiod po-ssiul iiicliiduio bos(;um .suum do .Smallwcll (•um aliipia parto
bosci Bui cidom loco propo adjacento ; ita tamon f[iiod for;o nou pos.sint illuo
intraro, ncc indo cxire, et campum siuun do lloccliHb, aicut via vadit do Alne-
wyko versus lloko in manu sinistra usquo aJ divisas dc Kokc ot a divisis do
Roko usque llondene ; Ita tamon qiiod homines no&tri, sou Tonciitcs do
Alne\vyko, Dcnwyko et Iloiijjlitono haboant liborum iiitroitum ad Ibrostam do
llolno, ot indo exituni, sine mora ot damno ibidem iaciendo, ad mercmium
asportandiun. Conccdiinus otiam eia et loiifirmamus eandem lilKilatoni in
iiqiui do Ahio, quam nos vol pr;edocossoros noslri in ea aliquo tomporo habui-
nms, \ l1 halicro dubenius, do lioiidon Carrus u.s([iio maro. In c-iijua roi Testi-
monium liuic scripto si-^illum iiu.stnim iLciiuus apponi. Datum apud Alne-
wyko in festo Ciroumsionis Doniiui, Anno MoUGo soptuagesimo primo.

18.

Novcritis nos Jobannom do Vcscy conccssissc piscaturns nostras in Twcda
cum omnibus pertincntiis et omnibus lilicrlatibus, quas nos in eis liabuiinua
vol habere debuinuis ad sustentandmu opus Ecclosiio t>anctiu ilari;u do ^Vlne-
wyk. His tostibus, Domino Johanne do ri(;isot tmic Sencscallo, Domino
l-ioboi-to do riiltona, Domino Kadulpho lilio llo^^crio, Johamio do Middiltoimc,
Phillippo do liroxl'oild, ot aliLs.

19.

Thomas do Kirkby Abbas do Alnowic et ejusdomloci Convcntus remiserunt
et quietc clamaverunt domini Julianni do W'scy commiuiem totam, quum
habuerunt in mora, quio est cooportum do llolno, et tei-ram arabikiu oainpi de
Ilocclyf, iucipiondo ad portam in orientali parte 15arcari;e do IljTicdone, tt
sic versus oriontom per magnam viam viridem ad capita solionum usipio ad
corneiam occidontalem canqii arrabilis, quam I.amboitus do Ilolno aliquando
tenuit et arruvit. Ita quod lice'at ipsi Domino Johanni I't ha-rodibus suia
dictani niuram ot pastiuam elaudoro pro sua voluntato, et ui dotlnso tcnere
iinpurjjotiuim per cosdom limitcs ot nielas, quos privdiotus douiiiuis Johannes
ct pra^dictus I'rater Thomas, tunc Abbas, ex mutuo assensu, per ambvdationem
feceruiit. Ita eliam quod si auimalia et pecora ipaorum Abbatia et Conventufl

D

XIV ai')'i:ni)I.\.

vol Hiiormii pi.idiitaiii muiaiii ot ijii-itiiniiii iiit ni\ .;i iiit, pro il«.-r<jctu clauhunw
doliboreutur, sinu occa^'umu quaiuunqiio vfjl impo'liiuonto. Et pro hat romiji-
biono ct quictu, Clamucioiio, pricilictu.s Johaim(,'M i)ro He et hairedibiiH »ui» ili.-ilit
et coucossit pruidictis Abbuti et cuiivontiii (in) Exeamhiuni totuiii illu-l
Gruiidix), boaci, ut pasturiu infra cooportiiin et extia in extremitale do Ileffor-
sydo, a mugno lapidc staiito in alto in aiistrali vcteris fontoriiplunibi, desteiwl-
ondo per aikectmn et de cxtreinitate illiua HJkecti per medium coopeili uwjuo
ad (iiioddani petariiiin, et aic in Australi illiua I'etarii deorsuni usque ad quendara
rontcni, quio vucatur Lambebrige, et hIo aursuin pia- altam viani u«que ad
quundaiu fontein, aiout praidictua f'rater Tlioniaa Abba.i liniitea fe<erunt. Salva
tamen Doniinirj I'eodi voiuicione ibidem. Homines autoui de II>juf,'lit(m et Lcs-
bery, venientcs ad f'oi'estam de llulnccum carria et earrectia, ad meremium vel
buseuni qutcrendain, habebunt intruitum et exitum lieiti;, sine iniiiedimeiit<j
alieujus, per lui.dium dieli elausi, eum neeosae liabuerint, abatpie mora et damno
faeiendo ibidem. Sciendimi eat antem qiiod animalia et i)eeoi-a quieeunujue
venienlia do qnibuacunique partil)ua fureata; (]<> Alnewie, ai ])riediotum clauaum
intraveriiit pro defeiiu (Jlauaura.!, rocasiabuntur sine oecasione. In ciijua rei
teafimoiiium parti preaentia acripti ciro;,n-al'ati r(.',ideiiti ))eiieadietiim Doiuinum
iSigillum Commune donuis do Alnewie (-sL ajipi iisiim, ct alleri jtarti residcnti
penes procdietoa Abbatcm ct conventum ai^illum ip^iua domini Johannia est
nppoaitum. Actum apud Alnewieura, die Dominica proximo poat Purifica-
tionnm beatie Mari.'C, Anno Grati;e 5I"CC'o,LXXXIiro. Et sciendum est
quod tota via magna do Porta de llennedenc veraua orientcm in capite seliouuni
terr:e arrabilis rcJiiauot dicto Aljbati ct aueceasoriliua extra eUuibum.

20.

Novcritia noa Ilcnricura comitcm Xorthumbria,- Dominum Ilonoi-is de
Cookcrmoutli, inspexi.>>se eartam Johannia do Veacy (jua- sequitur in ha-c verLa.
Conciidiuui.s .\libali ct C'uiivcntui do Alncwico, vi coiitirmamua ei^dcm piaca-
turam iu\nui de Alne eum omnibua pi.'rtini'Titiia et libertatibua ad candem jier-
tinentibua, de Itotando CaiTca usque; in mare; et hoe volumua aic intelligi de
Kotando Carres uacjue lo Granda; Ebho, et in fine aqvuu de Alne, in fluxu et
refluxu maris, ex utracjue parte aqua; pra'dictie, vizt., ex parte Loreali usque
ad nigros laj)id(;>s, bcilieot, lo Cynkeragc, et ex parte australi })or spacium
sexaginta perticarum aquaj pradicla;. In cujus rei Tostimonimn has littraa
nostras fieri fecimus patentes. Datum sub sigillo nostro apud Werlrwoi'th,
quarto decimo die mensia Soptembris, anno P. 11. Henrici sexti post conqua^s-
tum Anglitu XXo.

21.

Germanus de Folbery, salutem. Sciatia me dedisse et concessissc, et hac
mea carta confirmasso Radulpho do Moravia et lia'redibua suis totiun illam
terram cum tofto et crofto quam Alanus et haeredes sui pra'dicto Radulpho de
Moi-avia A'endiderunt et quiote olamaverunt. Tenendum sibi ct heredibus sui3
de me et h;erodibu3 meia in feodo et hereditate libere et quiete, honorifice, sine
multura, Reddendo inde annuatim mihi et hxredibus meis sex denarios, id
est, tres denarios ad festum Sancti Jlichaelis et tres denarioa ad Pascha. Et
Buper hoc prjodictus Radulpbus ot haeredes sui facient forinsecum servitiuin

AJ'l'KNDIX. XV

«i( ul AlanuH i'rc'd. His testibuB, Willflino de Turbcn'ill t-t Willebno filio
cjiiH, Thonia lilio HiiuiujiJi, lie^iriiildo do Caldoinurt/jno, RoLoito Pcratll,
Joliannf! Viliir, Will(;hn(> filio (Jlkill, Jacobo Waluho, Thoiiia licabilrige,
Siinono IIcHiii'igu ot iiiiiltid aliin.

22.

WillelniuH filiuH ItaJtilphi do Moravia, BnrgonsiH dclicrwico, Salutorn in
Domino. Novuiit univci'Mitas vcatia me, pro Haluto animie mcuj et animarum
patris et malri.s meaj et anto(;essorum ot Hiiccessonim mforiim, dodisho con-
cesaitiso et liac ])ra!Sonli charta conlinnasso Deo et beatae Slaria; de Alnewyke
et canonicis doo ibidem Borvicntibua unum toftiun ct croftum cum iota mea
terra, q\iam Iladulphus Pater meus Emit ab Alano filio IIug<jnin de Folbery in
Villa do Folbciy ; * Reddendo indo annuatim domino feodi «ex denarios pro
omnibus Bervitiis ad oam apectantibud, Hcilicet, tres denarios ad f'j.->t>im sancti
Michaelis et tres denarios ad I'uscha, et faeiendo Ibrinsecmn .srrvilitim domini
quantum ]>ertinot ad tantam terram in eadem villa. Et inxfali Canonici et
eonmi tenentos mulent bladuni sunm quud in pr;edicta terra fuit excullum
absque miiltura ad molendinum dicti domini Genuani de Folbery et h.eredum
suorum. His testibus, Ilugone do ilorwik, Kadulplio Taugc, Rogero
filio Itadulpld, Alexandre Uiltone, AVillclmo de Tuibervill, Radulpbo Cltrico
tunc Ballivo, Willelmo do Voscy, Germano do Foberie, Simono de Lucre do

Westwode, Maurieio JJrunno, Roberto , Eustachio do Manner', et

niidtia ixUia.

23.

Noverit me "Walterum do Bataill dedissc dec &c., carucatam terrtc de Do-
minic moo in villa do Prestonn, continentem quinquies viginti acraa terras
cultaj per lias divisas ; In cultura qu;u dicitur Petcmer qiiinque acras et dimi-
diun\ ci \inam rudam ; In Fuhvay unani acrum et dimidiam et unam rodam ;
In Podepotho dimidiam acram ot dimidiam rodam ; In Wold.itte novcm acras
et diinidiam ct imam rodam ; In Elle unam acram et iinam i-odam ; In Titeume
duas acras et unam rodam et dimidiam ; In Cidtirra qu;o dicitur TostcS, unam
acram et dimidiam; In Saltcroke duas acras it unam rodam ; In Sweteman-
flato sex acras et imam rodam el dimidiam ; In Crakes duas acras in {sic
mistake fur et) dimidian\ rodam ; In Alcmundellatte dccem et octo acraa et
tres rodas ; In Chenliill unam acram et dimidiam rodam; juxta molendiiumi
de Newhame, duas acras et unam rodam ct dimidiam ; In Moriiate decern
acras et unam rodam et dimidiam ; In Middilllate quatuor acras et diinidi;an
rod* ; In jMcducsllatte septcm acras et Ires rodas et dimidiam ; In FuMote
septem acras et unam rodam ; In Ilewiche duodecim acras et dimidiam et unam
rodam; Exceptis toftis et croftis deeem acrarimi et unius rodic, et exceptis
quinque acris et dimidia in pratis, scilicet tribus airia in Crumbe Strother, et
dimidia acra in tSalte Cruke, et dimidia acra in Thornedike, et aci-a et dimidia
in Ueurby. Prteterea concedo et confirmo pra?dictis Abbati sciHcet et Can-
onicis novem acris ten-iB in Ilalleflate, quas Ilonricus Bataill pater meus dedit
Abbatia> do Alnewiko, ad vinum enundum in celebracionc nmsarum ; et tre.s
acras in Yateflate, quas idem Hem-icus dedit port;B ejusdem Abbatix ad sus-
tcntacionom pauperum. Confirmo etiam eisdem canonicis tres acraa terrae,

XVI AIM'KNDIX.

f(iiiw Will'ilimiM I'lyorid (li;ilit illin in f.-imiii.-) di; J'r'^sloiia, hi'ut onrta i]>iniia
Will<:liiu toHlatur. Do otiuin, coiicoilo, ct confirino priMJictis Al<}<ati H'ilifiijt
ot cuiionn^iM, ul lioiniriuH siii coiniiiiincin talxirnuiii Hiipor torrriiri nuaiii in villa
do l'n:Htoii;i lil)i;ri) h.ilioiiiit et toiicaiit. ScIimkIiuii o.-st aulcm (jiiofl, hi A]ih:t»
(l(j Alnowio f.t Oiiiioriici lias pra-dictaH I'ra.s {xt'c oiror for Inian) proiinin
Hiin)ijtil)iiH cxciiliicriiit, iiioloiit Ijlailiiiii illariirn tr-iraritin ad inolciidiniiiri iiicum
do liriuitona Kino miiUura, poHt iiriitiiiiii honiiiioiii (\n(:m invenurint iiiol';ntom.
(iuaro si, diiriiscriiit ilhis l(;rraa liomiriibus siiis ad /iriiiain, hoiiiiiicHHni iiioiont
ail Tnoloiidinum do Aliiusvic Abb[at]ia', si Ahltati ])lacu<;iit ot CanoniciH : Hui
luilom inolont ad uiolciidinuiii iiiotiin di; 15iuiitoiia locuiii suuni expwtaiitfrt ot
rutioualiilcm dabiint imiltiiruin. Sciendum olL oeiam (jiiod, oo tr-iiiitore quo
Carta iula fiiit facia, onuu.'s lenas (sic) pra.-nuniinata.'i ciiiii )iiatisjsiiis iira-iliclia
incHHiiratu) (.s/V') f'ucviint cum pi rtica doccm ot Bcptom pudum ct dimidiie.
(iiiiiio Volo ct concotlo ut priodicti Ablias (it Coiivciitus do Alnowio pia.-dic-
tam carucatam tcnaj per di visas pramominatas et tofta et croftu et i>ntta
pra;di(ia ct cetera omnia pra^nominata, cum omnibus libertalibus ot aisia-
mentis infra villain et extra iiuantum portimt ad tantam terrain in eadem
villa do I'restona, libero quii;lo et paeiliio liabeant leneant et po».iidi;ant
impeipetuum ab omni Hor\itio ot exacciuiio seciilari ot vexaciono mei vol
ineorum, sieut aliipia Eleia in Episcopatu do Dunclmo liberius et (piietiua
tenetur et i)ossidetur. Ilis testilms, llohcrto filio lioberti, lluj^one do ^lor-
wyko, Ilogero iilio Itadulplii, Waltcro do Bwrowdono, Davide Cratro ejus,
Johanno vico-comito, Willcluio do Turberbill, Willclmo do lioke, Simono do
liMcro, Thoma do "Waraiitbuin, l\tro llcranj^o, Willclmo do Wlcbeslro,
{Oatchcslcr), John Iilio AVaLleni, ct multi.s aliis.

24.
Alex.doIIiltoniioDoniinus dcEcnyngton. . . .cum per fide— dit,'no3 vires in-
tolloxerim, (piod lota ilia placca terra; arabilis et paslune, qiue vocatur A\l»it-
lUlde, et ilia viriilis pLuea, ipix' vocatur lo Oxmoruke, {OxnUruk Uodsworth),
Bimul ciun lea INI ersialawes, sieut jaceiit in territoriodo llecclill", inlongitudine
ct latitudine, infia divisas do Ileccliil' ex omni parte, per antiquas consuetaa
divisas, scilicet, ])er duas cruces staiites in via liegiu versus Ikuke, sint totaliter
do libero tenemento Abbatis et Conventus do Alu\vie,ad habendum et tenendum
in puram liberam ct pcrpetuam Elcmobinani Domini sui do Alnwick in
Boijuruli, licet ego et homines mei do Ilenynytou communam in cisdein terrid
ot pasturis vindicaverimus et habiierimus per aliquod tempus, les;i semper
conscieutia, libertatem et jus ipsorum Abbatis et Conventus contra saluteni
animarum nostrarum damnabiliter ij\friiig« lulum, no, {[uod abait, eu;o Alex.
vel aliquis per mo in periculo aninue maneat amplius pro mala consuetuduio mea
ct clameo tarn injusto, volo, ooncedo, rcddo, remitto et quicte clamo do mo
horcdibus mois, liominibus sou tenciitibus meis quibuscunquo in Ixcnyni^'tone pro
emendationc ct salute aninue suaj et pro animabus omnium anteccssorum ot
successormn meorum prcfatis Abbati et Conventui et eorum successoribua
totum jusmcnm. * * Concedo etium, pro me et heredibus meis, dietis Abbati
ct Conventui, quod licito possiut totam predictam teiTam et pastnranr ox umni
parte pro voluntato sua includere et in clauso teuero ad oonnnoduni suum
indo faciondiuu modia omnibus quibua sibi ct domui suoc vidcrint magis ex-

APPENDIX. XVU

l)0(llro u]jBquo irnpcdimorito horedum ineoruin, &c. • ♦ Uub Uutibiu,
Doiiiinis Willolrno do Vodcy, Iludulpho filio KOgori, KoLcrto do llUtono,
Waltoro do Cumhou, itioyiardo do Ciuucostro, niilitiljuH, Joluinno do Mid-
dlttouo clerico, VViilelmo do Nowtoii, Kicholiio do IJuuckill, 'ITioma do
Kookc, .Willoluio do Uoaowicko, bcucdicto Coiihlabulario ct aliw rjiultia.
Datum apiid Alnowic dio Sabbati iu ftslo Lijipliaiiix- Doiuini, Anno Gratia
m" duconlo uouogoaimo. {ICa/idaU'a M>^i>.)

25.

Rex omnibua ad quos, &c., salutom. Sciutis quod, cum nuptr per literaa
noalrab piilunloa concob.scTimua ot licciitiuiu dcdciiinus, pro nobis ct ho,Tcdibua
nobtrirf, quantum in nobia oat, diloclis uobia in Ohriato Abbati ct Convontui do
Ainowyk, quod ipsi torras, tencmenta ct rcdditus, usquo ad valorem decern
libnu-um per annum, juxta verum valorem eorundem, tarn do I'eodo suo proprio,
quam aliono, oxceptia terria, tenementis et redditibua quo; do nobia teneutur in
capito, ad(purero poasent hubendiuu et tenendum aibi ct sueceaaoribua Buia im-
pcrpetuuui, fctatuto do tenia et tenementia ad mauum mortuamnon pononduin
edito non obalanto, prout in Uteris noatria pru;'Iictia pleniua continetur : Noa,
volentes coneessionem nostram praidictam debito elleetui mancipari, conccshi-
raua et licenciam dedimus pro nobia et bieic.libua noatria, quantum in nobia
cat, Gilberto de Otteleye, Capellauo, quod ipao aex measuajia, decern bovataa
teiTiE, quatuor acras prati, et octavam partem uniua moleudini, cumpertincn-
tiis, in l'"alou(lono ; lloberto de ttockepetli, quod ipse unam carucatam temc,
cum pcrtineutiia, iu Alnewyk ; et lUtardo de Emeldon, quod ipso viginti ct
quatuor acraa terra), cum pertinentiia, iu Hay sand, quie de nobia non tenentur
in capito, ct valeut per annum quadragiuta et acx aolidoa et oeto denarioa, juita
verum valorem eorundem, eicut per inquiaicionem per dilectum clerieum nos-
trum, Tliomam do Burgo, cacaetorcm nostrum citra Trentam, do mandato
uostro inde factum, et in canccllariam noatram retornatam, cat compertum,
dure pDssiut ct aaaignia'O pr;ct'alia Abbati ct Conventui : habendum et teucn-
duju Bibi,ct aucceaaoribus auia iiupeiiietuinu, in partem aatialactiunia dcccm
librarum terrarimi, teuenientorum ct rcddituum pnedietorum, atatuto pricdieto
uou obstante. Et eiadem Abbati ct Cunvcntui, quod ijjsi prxdieta mesuagia,
terraa, pratum et octavam partem, cum pertinentiia, a pra-datia GUberto,
lioberto et liicardo recipcre poaaint, et tenero sibi et bucceaaoribu^ auia imper-
petuum, in partem aatiat'actiouis decern librariun tcrrarum teneuicntorum et
rcddituum pnedietorum, ut pr;edictum eat, tenure prL-seutium, aimiliter liccn-
tiam dediuuia speciulem Nolcntes quyd iidtiu Gilbertua, Kobertua et Eicardus
vel lueredea aui, aut prieiati Abbaa et Cuuvcntua, aut auecessorea aui, ratiouo
Btatuti pnedicli, per hoa vel lueredea neatroa iudo occaaiouLutur, u.uleatentur
in aliquo, seu gravcntui-. Salvia tamcn capilalibus dominia i'eodi illius scrviliLj
indo debitia ct couauetia. In cujus, &c. Tcate Kcgo apud Eboracum, tertici
die Julii. {Record Office, Fat. 16, Hilw. II., p. 2, hi. 1.)

Ilajc Indoutm-a Tcstatur quod Dominua Hemieus de Percy, dominus de
Alnewyk, coucesait et licentiam dedit dilecto aibi in L'luiato Abbati et Con-
ventui de Alnewyk, (juod ipai pussiut perqvdiore ct recipcre de Koberto Sop-

E

XVm AIM'KNIJIX.

ixdlio l(;taui tcnuiii de Uroxwhawo cum toto pnto el bortco, lA omnibus aliU
poiiinontiiH ft :ii.sianii:ntii8 ad prajdictani torram quoquomoilo peiiinontibuB,
ot quod idom HoLurtus do Gonnano do r.roxloild priuH pf-rf|iiiiiiit : • • Salvo
cidem Domiuo Tfonrico ot hiorcdibus Buis icrlditu hox solidorum ot octo dc-
iiai'ionun : oidoiu Domino Ilonrioo ot IlicroilibimsuiB indo annuatim Reddendo
ad fcsla Sanoli TNIartirii in hyomo ct Pontor^ontos per tt;qualo.s porcionf;8, pro
omnibus Borvitii.s suis, consnctudinilmfl, ot domandiM, prius do prcdictis tene-
mcntis dobiti.H, moitificnndi.s, impcrpotuum, I'nctorea idem DominuH Ilenricufl
confirinat ct ratifleavit pijjidictiw Abbali et Convontui et oorum successoribiw
ot hinrodibua suis do Cliannowgato, ti)Lam piisturam fiuam cum omnibus averiis
huis in mora do Alnowyk et Iloydono, et in eisdcra omnia alia proficua capi-
onda scilicet in f^^lobis et cespitibu.s fodiondis, et ceteris ad i^iiem requisitis,
])rout nocOHSo expostulat siout prfcdeccasores sui et anlccessorcs liominum
suorum ub alio do jiiro prius habuenint vol ccpernnt. Eteciam ad inolendum
aino impodimonto ad molendiinun dicti Abbati.s pro volnntate sua in forma
])ra)dicta, sicut in omni tempore priua feoeiunt et do jure consuevenint. Et
etiam quod pnedicli Abbas et Conventus et successores aui habeant omnea
Buas proprias libertatcs et aysiamonta in aqua do Alne, ct in west parco, et
aliia boscia dicti domini Ilcnrici, sicut do jui'O prius habuerunt vol perciperc
consuovcrunt. Pro his antom concessionibua et confirmationibus pra;dicti
Abbas ct Conventus conccssorunt pro so et successoribus suis, bolcmno servi-
lium primo die mensis martii pro animabus nobilis ^iri domini II onrici Percy,
avi dicti domini Ilcnrici Percy nunc, et sui et antcccsaorcm suorum ot omnium
fidelium defunctorum annuatim eolempniter iacero ct celebrarc imporioetuum,
&c. His tcstibus Domino Radulpbo do Novell, Johanne do Arsy, Willelmo
llydell, Thoma do Grey, Roberto do Ealjiigtone, Roberto do Lucre, MUitibus,
AVillobno do Foltuiie, Edmundo do Crauccstie, Thoraa do Ilotono et uliis.
Datum npud Alncwyk vigcsimo quarto die Octubris anno regiii Regis Edvrardi
lilii IvOgis Edwardi dccuuo nouo.

27.

Ilenricus do Percy do Alnowikc, salutcm in Domino scpitcmam. Novcritifl
nos pro nobis et h;oredibus nostris concossisse ct licentiam dedisse, quantum
in nobis est, Abbati ct Conventui do Alnowyko, ordinLs Premonstratensia, ad-
quirere ct impt;traro do Domino Alexandro lliltone totam illani torram quie
quondam fuit Ad:e filii Ilugonis Ivybaude de Lroxleild et totam Ulam terram,
qnce Johannes Tebbe quondam tenuit ad teniiinimi vita; sua; in hamcletto de
Broxfeild. Habendam et Tonendam predicto Abbati et Conventui et eorum
successoribus, in liberam puram et perpotuam Elemosinam, ab omni onero vel
servitio inde faciendo, prout in carta fcoffamonti, quam Dominu3 Alexander de
Hiltone pra-dictia Abbati et Conventui indo leoit plenius continetur, &c.
Datum apud Alnewyko soptimo die martii Ajino Domini MoCCC^XXXil.

28.

Ego Alex, de Hiltone dedi, pro salute animse mea>, et AJiciiu uxoris meaj,
Conventui de Alnewyke, Ac., totam illam ti.iTam arabUcm et pratiim quam
habni in Hameletto do Broxfeilde ratione \illcn.igii hrLredum WiUelmi de
Broxfeild. Quaj quidem terra fuit quondam Adx iilu Ilugonis Rybaud de

APPENDIX, XIX

Ilroxf'uild, ot totaiii illam iMTfiin in Hamcli.tlo oi^ilom, qiiarn .Tohannts Tf.bbe
quondam tciiiiit Jul tonniniim vitiu huso ; ciini (jmni pawtura ad diotiun Ifarno-
loltnm de JJroxfcild Hiioctanlo, viz., ad hox Ijovoh ot dnoH affrr^H ol duccnt bidont,
(•Aim liboro iiitroitu ot oxitu ad m.'inoriinn diotorum AD^atis <:t Convcntus de
Jlocclyf. * * In ciijiis rei tostinioniuin huic cartoe Hif^'llum moum appoUui.
Iliatobtibxifl, Johanno do Lucro, }ioLerto do Tufjhall, Joyiaimc do Rodhamo
Juiiioro, lloniico do Rwynnow, Adam Allongham, ot aliis. Datum apud
Aliiowikc Boptiiiio die mcnHis martii, Anno Domini MoCCC'jXXXVI.

2'J.
Novoritis mo Johannem do ClylTortho, Dominum do Allon^liam, romiiiLBao
rola.saan.so, et oninino pro mo ot hyjicdibua moia imporpotuum quiotum cla-
masHO Abbati ot convontui do Alnuwico ot oorum HnccOHSoribiiH imptrijotuum
liomagium ot fidulitatom, qu!o niilii dobontur do una diniidia carucata tonaj cxun
portinontiia in villa ot tenitorio de AUongliamo, qiuo vocatiir villa do lircnUi-
hallfuildo, quaiii ciuidi.^m Icrram pr;t;dictiiH Abbaa ot Convontu^i habuonint ox
dono ot concossicino Ada; du Akiigliam ; Qui dictu.s Adam dictam tcrram do
mo (|uondam tenuit per homagium ot fulelitatcm Ita quod ncc <,go, jinodictus
Johannes, neo h;crcdo3 moi, nee aliquia por no.s, bou nomine noBlro, in pro-dicto
homagio ot fidelitate de cotero aliquid Jm-ia vol olamei exigcro vel vendicarc
potorinius in future, aed me et hoeredes mcos de praidicto homagio ot fidolitato
ponitus exclud[i?] imporpotuum. His tcstibus, Johanne de Lucre, Roberto de
Tughallo, Henrico de S\vinnowe, Alexandro de Prestona, Johanne Loll de
cadom, Ilugono Taylor do Doxforthe, l{og< ro FajTpage do Alengehame et
nuiltis aliis. Datum apud Alengeham die Mercurii proximo post fostum'
Sancti Johannis Baptistto Anno Domini MoCCCoXLAnio.

30.
Inquisition, 3 Euw. III., No. 114.
Edwardus, Dei gratia, Rex Anglirn, Dominus Ilibernice ct Dux Aquitania?,
dilocti sibi Jolianni do Bolyngbrok, csoactori ouo ultra Tivntam, tnlutom.
IMandiunufi vobis quod per sacramcntum pioborum et logalium hominum de
balliva vestra, per quos lei \'critas melius sciri potorit, diligentcr inquiratis si
eit ad dampnuin vel prffijudicium nostrum aiit aliorum, si concodamus Adai le
Celererman, quod ipso unum toftum et viginti et qiiatuor acras terras cum por-
tinentiis in Alneham, ot Roberto du Emcldon, vicario ecck-bite do Lcscebury,
quod ipse duo mesuagia, duo tofta, ct soxaginta ct quatuordccim acras terraj
cum pertuientiis in villa Novi Castri super Tynam, Alcmuth, Yetlyugton et
Calulegh, daro possint et assignare dilectis nobis in Christo Abbati et Convontui
do Alnewyk, habenda et tenenda eisdem Abbati ct Conventui et successoribud
suis imperpetuum, in partem satisfactionis dcccm libratarum ternu-uni, tene-
mentorum ot redilituum per aunmn, juxta vcram vtdorem eonmdem, quae
Dominus E., nuper Rex Anglia^, pater noster, per litcras suas patcntos eisdem
Abbati et Convcutui, tam do foodo sue proprio quam alieno, exccptis torris et
tenementis qua) de dicto patrc nostio tonebantur in capite, concessit adquirenda;
nocue : et si sit ad dampnimi vel pra?judieiimi nostrum aut aliorum, tunc ad
quod dampmmi et quod prtLJu^licium nostrum, ct ad quod dampnimi et quoJ
pratjudicium alionmi, et quonma et qualiter ct quo modo, et de quo vel de

XX APPENDIX.

quibus prsodicta meauugia, tofta of toira tonoantur, ot por quod servicium ot
qualitor ot .juo inodo, ot quantum valcunt p.;r annuiii in onmibus oxitibu^ \uxU
vorura valorem oorimdem, (;L qui ot .luot .iUiit modii inter noa ct prx-fut-^aAdam
ot Kohortum do moa«uagiiH, toftia ot terra prjodictia, qua, tcrno ot quoi t^-no-
nicnta priolatin Adx- ot Jioberto, ultra donaeionem ot asai^aiacionera pra:dicta«
romaneant, ot ubi, ot do quo vol do quibus tei.oantur, ot por quod aerviciuin ct
qmditor ot quo modo, ot (luantum valoant per anniun in omnibus cxitibu« ct
til terras ot tenemonta oibdcm Ada; et Koborto, ultra donacionom ot a*,iLaiix.
ciouom pnudictua ronumoncia, aumciant ad consuetudiaos ot Herviria tarn do
pruidictia meauayuH, tollia ct terra bic datia, quam do uliia torris ot ton-montiu
bibi retontiH, dubilu, Ikcienda, ot ad omnia alia onera qu;jo suatinucrunt ot aus-
tinerocoubuoverunt, ut in Boctia, viaibusiranoiployu, auxiliia, tullaj^iLi, vifjiliia.

limbua,rodompaombua,amerciamontia,oontribucionibua,otaUidquibuacumquo
onenbufl omoryontibus, auatincuda, ot quod ideiu Adam et La;rcd.-d ipaiua
iioborti m aaaiaia, juratia, ot aliia rocogmcioaibu^ quibutoumque poni poaaiut,
prout pra3diclua Adam ot autocoaaoroa ip.iua JloborU ante donaeionem ot
aaaiguaeiouom pra^dietaa poni conauoverunt. ita quod patria per donaeionem ct
aasignacionom pnedietaa, in ipaiusAdicet hatred imipraidieti Koberti delictum,
magia solito nou oneretur aeu gravetui-. Ll inquioitionom indo diatLncto ct
aperto factum nubia aub aigillo veatro, et ai-iUia eorum per quoa laeU luerit
smo dUacioue mittatia, et hoc brovo. Teate me ipao apud EUkim, aeeondo die
Martii, anno r. u. tcreio.

[Umlorsed :] Per U. do Clif quod liabent liecnciiun adquir'.

Inquiaitio cupta upud Alucwik coram Joiiamio do G Escaetore

Domini Kogia eitra Trcntam, sexto die Mali anno rcgni Kegi^Ldw^di tercii a

ConquaDbtu torcio, per aacramontum U . . . . do , lleurici do La . . .

Kicardi do Goteleaton (i^), Johauuia do Eiuo (r), del Lrren, Kicardido

Neuton, H .... do liauyngtoa, ^Vll^eluu Tiioma; do Gotclo.tou (>;,

O.... do iSroxtVld, Luurencii .t J.-luumia do AJnomuth, juratorum;

qui dioiuit per aaeramuutimi auum quod uvn eot ad dampnuiuuec pra;judieium
.Domini Kegia nee alleriua cujuacumque, ai idem Domiiius Kex eouccdat Adte
lo Colororniaii quod ipao luiiim toltimi et \ igiuti et quatuor uciiia terra; cum
pcrtinontiis in AlnoLam, ct lioberto do Emeldou, viciuio eeeleaiLe do Lescc-
buiy, qnod ipao duo mcauagio; duo tofta, ot aoxaginta et quatuoidecim ucroa
toiTae cum pertinentiis iu villa Xovi Caatri aupor Tynam, ^Uemuth, iL-tlyug-
ton ot Calulegh, dai-o posaint et asaignaro Aljbati ct Couventui de ALie-wik,
habenda ct teiionda oiadem Abbati ot Couventui et auceeaaoribus aula imper-
petuiim, in partem aatiafaccionia decern librataruni terrarum, tenementorum per
annum, juxta verum valorem eorundem, (pue Dominua E. uuper Kox AngliiC,
pater Domini Kegia nunc, per literaa auaa putontea eiadom Abbati et C'onveutui,
tam de feodo auo proprio quam alieno, exceptia terria et teuemeutis qua do pne-
dicto liego patre teuebantur iu capite, conceaait adquirenda. Etdicunt quod pne-
dicta toltiun et terra in Alneham tenentui' de iiem-ieo do Percy jicr servicium
'js. per amium pro omni aorvicio ; ct idem Uciuicua ea tenet do Domino liege
iu capite, ot quod valent per annum, ultra tUetum 6er\'icium inde resolutum vs-
Item; dicunt quod unum toftum ct quatuor acraj terr^ in Akmuth tenontur
de laabolla dc Vcscy per servicium x"j'^- per annum pro omni aervicio, et cadem

AI'l'KNDIX. XXI

iHahclla ua tenet An llciirioo do JV-rcy j)or Hcrvii.imii inilitaio. et i'loju JI»;nii-
ciiH (!!i toiiot <lo I{< ^'i! ill '■.'ipito, ot v;ilf,nt per anniiiii, ultra dicturit Hcrviciuiii
\]d. Itom (liciiiit 'luuil iiiimn toftmn ct Ixx uiitv tcirac in Yotlyii^cton ot
(;aliilcp;li toriuntiir (h; Wiiliclino ilc Clavr;ry[n}.':l jv;r «crvi»;iiiin xx'/, per annum
7JI0 oiiinio Horvii'io, nt iilorii WillicliiiiiH o;i tonct (1<; Dijjnirio ICe^'; in '.ajiitf-, r;t
viilcnt pcii' aiinimi, tiltia dictiini Hcrviriinn, xiij*. iiiy/. Item dicunt (|iJod duo
inosiiiif^ia in villa Movi ('a.stri Hiijicr 'i'ynain triK-ntiir ilc \ViIli<Iii.o filii) (!a!-
fridi i)i!r Hiirviciiini ijV/. por annum pro onini M.Tviciij ct idctn WilliL-iinns <ii
tfTK t (li! Ivc^i; in iMpitc!, in Imrgaj^io, et valont p<;r annum, ultra dii.tnni wr-
viciiiiii XV. I'll, sii; valont iivaidicta iruisua^ia, tolta, ot tena in AIn<diam, villa
Novi Cii.stii su])or Tynam, Aleinutli, Yotlyngton et C'alule;j)i ]<cr annum, in
OMinlliUS exitibiis, juxta vorum valorem eorundem, ultra pra::dicta st-rvicia indo
I'fHoluta, xxviijv. x//., ut BU]ira patet per parcolla.s. Item dicunt quod null:o
ttrr;c sou tcucnienla icinanent i)ra;fatia Ada; et IJoberto ultra d«nai;ioii<iii ot
assif^naeionom pr;edi(:t;is. In cujus rei testimonium pra;dicti juiati hiiio iu-
(|uisi(ioiu wigilla sua a]iposuurunt.

31.

Nos autoni dictus doininus Ilcnricua de Pi.TCy ad honorem Di.-i I'atriaonini-
potontia, et Filii et Spiritud Sancti, ot beataj Maria: Bcmpcr virgini.s, Crcnitricia
ejusdem Dei et Domini iiustri Jlicsii Clui.sti, respieiontes, et ncces-iarium
obeeijuium ii)Soruni quod in presenti itinoio ncstro vcr3U3 partes guerrivas,
no3 oportcat consideiare et reipiirere cum eil'ectu pro nobi.s et eomplieibus
nostris iu pnedictu ilinere noatro, ac pro salute nostra ut liliororuni nostrorum,
qiiamdiii vixerimus, ot animarum nostrarum cum at) hac lueo mi^'raverimus,
nocnon pro animabus omnium antccossorum nostrorum, ac anima JIar;^areta)
iiuper consortia nostra) cliaris.simu;, cum dicti.s Abb.ite et Convcntu {.'i^'itiose
agero volontos, omnes douaciones, conoossiuncs, confirmationos (^t ratiliiatioiiea
ipsis iu dictis scriptis pernos, ut ])i-;udictum est, insj)ectis, laolas in omnibus
ot jior omnia in imini vi et virtuto in vis (die) content' ac .'ieisina ipsorum
Abbatis ot Couventus, virtuto oonim scripturum liucusiiuo liabitorum, pro
iiobia ot hieredibua nostris ijisis Abbati et Conventui ot suecessoribus suis hoc
Bcripto nostro Ratiticamus ct eoneodimus et approbamus a niodo fieri impor-
petuum, absque contradictiono nostra vel hiercdum no.strorum in future :
Nolontea quod prajdicti Abbas et convontus, sou successorcs sui, nut eorum
Tenontes per nos aut ha'rcdes nostroa sou ministros nostroa quoscumquo, aut
miniatros hereduni nostror\im in I'uturo de possessionibus in dictia scrijitia
contentis et seisitis aut eorum aliqua parte vel eorum quibubeunipie pertinen-
tiis, a modo spolientur et dissoisiantur aut quoviamodo imiieiliantur arte vol
ingcnio laicali, sod per ipsoa foveantur manuteneantur, quatenus in nobis est
dcfendautur, imporiiotuum, &c. Datum in oastro nostro de AVarkworthc,
nono-dccimo die Junii, Amio Domini iluL'OC'o septuagesinio tertio. His
tcstibua, Domiuis Willelmo de Albroughe, Kieardo Tempest, Ingramo L'm-
fravill, lioberto Olaveringo, Johanne Herone, Willelmo de Claxtoune, Militi-
1)U8, Dominis Johanne de Acun, I'etro de Wellum, et Johanne de Mrthelev,
C'apellanis, Henrico Percy, Thoma de Modirby, Willelmo de Atone, Xicholao
de Jlorunno, Johanne de Rodham, Willelmo do Findemcr, Thonia de Burton

F

XX 11 ACi'i;.Ni>ix.

(!l(!ii('o, 'I'lionia ili,- Walloiio Clirif-o, et 'J'Ikiiuji Galoiinf; tunc temporis
iSeiiCHcthullo.

32.

Nuviuilits noa Ifcnriciiin I'cicy, Cuiiiitom NorlliiniihriM', ot (li>iiiiii'iiii Ili.ri-
oris do Cfikiriiiciutli, conc(j.s.si.-io ol (Iwlisso, hae ]ii;L-bcriti Hcrijito iiu.ilru coji-
fhiiias.sc!, Duo et L(;alii) Muiia; el Aljbati oL Coiivuutui Jloiiahtorii ])i:uUii llaiifu
do Alnowico ordiiiia pioriioiislratoiiMi.s iluduTn duo hi-rvieiitilm.s, IIoHpitalu
norftniiii Saiicti Lf.oiiardi juxlu Aliiowicuni ex ])arto JJoieali ui\\i:i: de Alno-
wico, in liburaiii, piuain ot peipotujiin Elomosiiuiiri ; hahoriduru et tenendum
dirtum TT()Si)itali- dicli.s Abbali et Convontui ot eoriim succcssoribus in jierpe-
tiiaiii Mldiiiosinaiii, ut praifortur, cum omnibus .suis portint-ntiis libortalibud et
ixisiamontis, ot cum omnibim bis, (pi;u dictum lio.spilalo possidet in prusonti ,
sou aliad do jure vol consuetudino obtinoro dobciet ; ot dicti Abbas ot (,'on-
vontiis obliyavit se ot auccosaorcB sues cclobraio, sou faccTo celobrari, in
Oupella Ilospitalis priodicti (pialibcL bi.-ptimana imjiorpotunm trc^ missas, vizt.
die Dominica quarla icria ot ;i(;\ta, pro auimabiia I'undatonim huorum, et ]ti(j
quibud dictum hospitale constat osso fuiidatum. Et nos dictu.s Ilenrieuri, do
concossu dicti Abbatis ct Conventus, rcscrvamus nobis, lia-icdibus et succen-
soribus nostris, do I'lovcutibus juuil'ati ho.siiitali.'-, cpiinquo marcas lej^alis
luonotso Augliae, per eosdcm Abbatum ot Convcntum Solvendas cju'ilibot anno
imperpotuum, per duos Anui tcrmiuo.s, Pcntccobtcd vizt, ot San.ti .Martini in
liyemo, icquis povciouibus, Cantariaj nostra* nuper fundutas in Castello nostro
de Warkwortho. Item pra;dicti Abbas et Conventus, et qui pro teniporo
fuerint, Capellam dicti Hospitalia roparaliuut sumptibus suis propriis et sus-
tentabiint imperpotuum. Volumus eciara ot pra^cipimus quatenu.s pr:ndicti
ALbas et ConvoiituM ct eorum succcssores dictum Ilospitalo, cum omnibus
hupcriuspncnominatis, babcant do nobis, horcdibus, ct successoribus uostris,
tonoant cL i)ossidcuut bono et in pace libcro et quicto in pcrpctuam Klcmosinam.
In cujus rci tostnaoniura \ini parti luijus cartx indontatai, penes praifatos
Abbatam ct Convcntum remanenti, Siyilbmi Armorum nostrorum est appon-
8um ; iVlleri voro parti, penes nos et lucrcdes nostros remanenti sigillum com-
mune dicti Abbatis et Conventus est appeusum. Datun\ in Castello nostro do
Warkworthe, xjsvit'^ die uitiisis Fcbniarii, Anno Doiuiui jruCCCC>^XXYIJo.

33.

Hajc indcntura tostatur quod Henricus Comes Northumbnfe, Dominns
Honoris do Cokyrmouthe, ac ex asscnsu et consensu Hcmici primo Goniti sui,
dimisit, ri'laxavit, et onmino pro so et han-edibus suis per pra:scnto3 imper-
potuum quietum clamavit, AVillelmo, Abbati ^Slonasterii Lcat* Marias do
Alnowico, et ejusdem loci Conventui et Buccessoribus suis, totum jus et
clameum quod liabot dc et in Ilospitalo Sancti Lconardi juxta ALnewicum bx
comitatu Northunibria^ necnon in omnibus tern's et tencmentis, redditibua et
Bervitiis aisiamentis et comoditatibus, cum omnibus suis pertinontiis, ad
pradictum hospitale expectantibus seu pertincntibus, salvo semper servitio
spiiituali. Et praxlictus Comes et hajrodes sui omnia prajdicta hospitale,
terras, et teuementa, redditus ot servitia, aisiamenta, et coinoditates, cum

AI'TENDIX. XXlll

oiiiiiiljiiH HiiiH jJiTtinciitiiri, wilvd Hi.iiii.ti- [irx-di'-to Hcrvitio, pra-fatia Ahbati et
Conveiitui at MiicccssoribuH Hiiin contra oinne.i geritoH warrantizahunt acquie-
iabiint ot (IcfcmUjnt iiiipciiHilmirii. Kt Jdo Ii.'k; reiiiiH.siono, ri:l;ix:i':i')nn et
qiiietii I'.liuMiiciorio pvii.-dicti AW.aa ct f!onv<.iilii» voliiiit pro K^fpie {sic, p<rhap8
I'lror for so ijj.si.i) ct Hiicccs.soribuM siiiw conccilnrit per prajsontcH quod (piotics-
< utu|iio Kcclcsiiim Sancti Diinslaiii in Ic \Vc«to London, qiiam prsedicti Abbaa
ct (JoiivniituH liabcnt ot tnriciit in proprios usii.s, do vicario vacaverit, et ad
prcsontacioiHiii ]ir<XMli(ti Abbatis (.'t ConvoiituH 8i)cctavci-it, praidiclim Cornea
bicrcidcs sui nomini't bcii noiniiiciit ])r.i-(ati.s Abbati ct f'onvf-ntui Iduiicam
porsonani proiiiovendain uil vacaiiani Ecclcsiic prjudicti. Et pncdicti Abbaa
ot Conventurt ct aucci;ssore8 wui praidictam ](ci-«onHm ad ordinariarn pra-dictm
Eeclc.si:n pra;sentabiint, et facicnt iiuantum in so est, pncdictam personam in
vicariam priedictam institui et indiici jicr pncscntcs. Troviso Hcmpcr quod
])ra'dif;iiis Coiucs et liajrcilfs mii iioniiiu.'t kcu noiiiincnt pra-dirtam pcr.sonara
pra'fatis Abbati ct Conventui (|iujtic.scun(iiio Eccb-.sia prailicta de vicario
vacaverit infra ([luituor menses po.st(iiiani yirailicta Ecclcsia do vicario con-
tigcrit vacare rcalitcr prajdictus Comes ot ha^redcs sui pordct vd p'-rdcnt
nominacionem pnedictam ilia vice per prx'sentes. In Cujus rci Testimonium
partibus bujus Indenturee sigillum x^i'iedicti comitis ac sigillum commune
pr.'odicti Abbalis et Convontiis alternatim sunt appensa. Datum apud Alne-
wiciim, x" die mensia Octobris, Anno Domini M^CCCC^Lo.

31.

Noveritia nosTIenricum Comitcm Northnmbrije, ctdominum Honoris Cockir-

mouth, ac consortoni suam ox consensu et assensu Ilenrici priinogoniti nostri,

intuitu charilalis, et pro saluto animaruni nostranim, patrum, matrum, et

■omnium antoceasonun, liiereduni et (•uccessorum noslrorum, (t specialitor pro

salute aniniio excolloutissimi prineipis et domini nustri, Ilenrici quinti,

■quondam Kr^ia Ani;liiX!, dediase, deo, I'cc, neoiion AVillclmo Abbati ilonaa-

terii nu-'diatatem miiua acra\ tome, cum portinentiia, pare Ham maneiii nostri

■do Lockcnfeildo, nnucum ad\'ocaciono Eccloaix parochialis de Leckcnfcilde

pnedicto, ad i)raHiictam mediatatem priodictai acrte terne, cum pertinentiis,

appenditibus, sou sjicctantiis. Ac imam glebam et Ecctoriam Ecclesise

pnedictte, cum omnibus pertinentiis et libertatibus quibuacunque, in liberam

pmam ct perpetuam Elemosinam. Et pi-o liac autem Donacione ct conceas-

'Ciono pi-aedicti, Abbas et Conventua, pro se et successoribus suis, couceaserunt

solomne servitium fieri annuatim in ilonasterio pra^dicto die obitua praidicti

Henrici et Ilemici primogoniti sui, et quod angmentarent Conventum prui-

dt(;tum in duobus Canonicis in Monastorio prcedicto divina annuatim cele-

braturia imperpctuum. In cujua rci testimonium pr;osent' (sic) Sigillum

mourn appoaiu. His tcstibua, Jolianne Priore doTynmouthe, Willelmo Priore

do Bronkburne, Ivadulpho Porcy, filio nostro, Eoberto Ogle, llourico Fen-

wyke, militibus, Pogero Thurutun, "Willelmo liiuti'ame, Kicardo Albrougbe,

et Jobaime Cartintonne, Armigeris. Datura apud Werkworthc, xij'^ dia

menaia Octobris, Anno Domini iloCCCCoL*^.

OJ.

Scialia me Comitissam North uuibria?, relictam Henrici Percy, quondam

XXIV AIM'KNIJIX.

Cuiriitict Noittiiiiiil)rii(3, iii iiKjii imra viiliiitatu 'lodisio ot confirui:t»s<i Willoloio,
Ahh.iti Mon:irtt(:rii bi;;it;o Mdr'ne do Alnewico, ot cjusdara loci Convontui,
oidiiiia pioinuriHtraton3i», ot BUfdossorihus 8iiis iidvocacAimimi Ecdcsiuj paro-
chialis do Lookiiifrildo, in cotiiitatii ICbor.iPojisi, cum oiiiiiilm.shui.s portineritiia.
Uatiiin xxiiijto dio I''i)lnuari Aimo \i. R. Ilcnrici Scxti jjost conqiuoitum
Anglix XXX Vto.

30.

llonriciis (Juiiios Noithnmlni.o Duiriinns llonoria do Cokyrinoiith ct Dom-
inus l*onyng.H, [recites and con firms the two prvcediiKj chartem by atiothrr clmrirr,)
Datum in G'antnj meo do Alnewico xxvjt'^ dio NovonibriH, Anno Domini
!M"CC(JCoLVJlo, ngni vero liegia Ilcnrici Sixti post comiucstum Anglia
triccbinio sexto.

37.

T'Jt insupor soialisj noH prajfatum comitcni pro nobis ot hxiodibiis niois
rolaxasse ot quicto clamasso imperpotiium ])rj?(licti8 Aldiati Convtmtiii ct
siiccossoribus sui.s do uimiiltns ot aingulis aiicai^iia anto diem confcctioniii
priEaontium nou sijliil,i.s, tam in diobua avi no.stri et patris nostri quam in
diebua nostria quaj solvi dobuonint annnatim ex provcntibua I[c»ai)italis
Sancti Leonanli pro susti;ntaciono salario et hti])ondo nnius j^resbitcri 'un\,*:T-
potuum colobraturi inl'ra Castullum nostrum de Warkeworth.

38.
Insupor aniatis nos prx-tatum comitem, pro nobis ct haeredibua nostria
rclaxasso ot quieto elamasse iinpcrpLliiuiii Abbati j)riEdicto, Convrntiii et
successoribua suia do anuuali ilia ruddilu in sustontacioncm salarium ct
stipendium prasdicti presbiteri celebiaturi infra praedictum Castullum nostrum
do VVarkewortho impoateruin aolvencbj. Sic ([uod praedicti Abbaa Convcntus
et aucccsaorca aui aingulis annia imperpctuuin in fcstoyancti AndrcBe A]X)stoli,
vizt. ultimo die Novombria iicri laciant solempnoa o\uqui:ia in Keclcsia sua
conventuali ot in crastino misaam pro anima nostra. Similiter vicesmo
septimo dio juonsia Ootobria aingulia annia imper])etuum solonq)ne3 cxc^luiaa,
et in Clu'O misaam j>ro anima ElizebetluK nujier L'omitissaj de Sussexc. Ac
ultra praedicti Abbas Conventus ot auccoaaon.'S siii imperpetuum in Capitulo
et in Ecclcaia sua cotidio fundent orationes )uo bono statu nostro ac ])ropin-

quiorum nostrorum, lu-o bono statu llonriei iMarebionis do Kx (.v/cin

original) ac Domini; (jrcrtrudia consortia suje, pro bono atatu llciu-ici comitis
Cumbrolandias ao Dominaj Margaretae sororia noatrae consortia suaj, ct pro
bono statu Ilcnrici Domini Montague (^Momtjue). Quai crania ct singula tam
obitiis quam alia si pricdicti Abbaa Oouvontua et succcssorea sui imperpetuum
modo ut prtct'ei'tur pcrimplo[rJint, tunc mis pnefatus Comes, volumua pro
nobis et successoribua nostria hanc pra.'sentem relaxacioncm et quietum
clameum ratum et lirnunn liabcri, ac in vigoro imperpetuum remanerc. Si
vero priodictus Abbas Conventus ct succcssoros sui aliquando in aliquo pra;-
dictorum defocerint, aut negligcntos fucrint, tunc vulumua hanc relaxacioncm
ct quietum clamoum caaaum, vanum, ct pro nihilo liaberi, ac si pra;sen3
soriptum conl'ecLum non luisset. In cujus rci testimonium Sigillum armorum
nostrorum praisontibus duximua apponendum. Datum apud IKkenay wvjto
die menais I\Iartii, Anno K.K. Ilenrioi 8 post conqmBStum Anglis xxiijo.

r 'y^y 9o /J. J 7

•7'^