IMS

HISTORY

a

OF

BRITISH ANIMALS,

EXHIBITING THE

DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERS AND SYSTEMATICAL

ARRANGEMENT

OF

THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF QUADRUPEDS, BIRDS,

REPTILES, FISHES, MOLLUSCA, AND RADIATA

OF THE UNITED KINGDOM ;

INCLUDING

THE INDIGENOUS, EXTIRPATED, AND EXTINCT

KINDS, TOGETHER WITH PERIODICAL

AND OCCASIONAL VISITANTS.

BY

JOHN FLEMING, D.D. F.R.S.E. M.W.S. &c.

MINISTER OF FLISK, FIFESHIRE ;

EDINBURGH :
PRINTED FOR BELL & BRADFUTE, EDINBURGH ;

AND JAMES DUNCAN, LONDOffOG|CK COLIECNON
MDCCCXXVIII.

P. Neii.t., Printer.

PREFACE.

The study of British Zoology is peculiarly attractive to the
intelligent observer of nature in this country, by the facility
with which many species, in the different groups of animals, can
be procured for accurate examination. Their forms, structure,
and successive developement, can be traced in detail, together
with the functions which they exercise, and the various circum-
stances by which they are controlled. In this manner just con-
ceptions of the laws of organization, and the limits to the distri-
bution of the species, may be acquired, and the, mind qualified
for speculating on the more extended relations of the animal
kingdom. A valuable collection of facts will likewise be secured,
by which the most fascinating generalisations may be tested —
those productions which, like a map, should always be received
with suspicion, if inaccurate within the sphere of individual ob-
servation.

These views have long exercised an influence in this country,
and given rise to those various attempts to enumerate and de-
scribe British animals, which, for more than a century, have
been presented in succession to the public. During this ex-
tended interval, the science of zoology has experienced several
remarkable changes, each producing a corresponding effect on
the British Fauna. If anatomy and physiology be regarded as
the basis of zoological science, the history of species will include
a description of their structure and functions, along with their
external characters. If anatomy and physiology be discarded as
foreign to the subject, and the professed naturalist acknowledge,
without a blush, his ignorance or his contempt of both, then
the history of species will be chiefly occupied with the details
of external appearance. Such different conditions have pre-

Vi PREFACE.

vailed in the science of zoology in this country, and justify the
division of its history into two great eras, the general features
of which it may be proper here briefly to notice.

The first of these periods in the history of zoological science
in Britain, may be denominated the Physiological Era. In
this golden age Willoughby, Ray, Lister and Sibbald con-
spicuously distinguished themselves. These illustrious indivi-
duals duly appreciated the value of anatomy as a guide in zoo-
logical inquiries ; and while they studied the forms of animals
in connection with their structure, they were not unmindful of
their functions and distribution. The whole extent of the ani-
mal kingdom occupied their attention, and they were induced to
collect materials from every quarter. But while thus engaged,
they were sedulous in the investigation of the productions of
their own country. The number of indigenous species which
they procured and described, is a proof of their diligence, and
enabled them to impart a degree of maturity to the British
Fauna at that early period, which is still calculated to excite
our admiration.

The labours of these luminaries of the science in determining
the characters of British Animals, were preceded by the publi-
cation in 1667 of the " Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britanni-
carurrC of Dr Christopher Merret. This small work, which,
though it claims little more than the merit of a catalogue, exhi-
bits many proofs of great diligence, and rises in importance,
when viewed as a first attempt at the construction of a British
Fauna.

The history of Mammiferous Animals was undertaken by
John Ray, and the results published in 1693, in the Synopsis
methodica Animcdium, Quadrupedtwi, et Serpentini generis. In
this work, the forms of the native species are described with much
accuracy, together with many interesting anatomical details.
Few opportunities had occurred to this author, or to his friend
Willoughby, of examining the Cetaceous species. This defi-
ciency, however, was well supplied by Sir Robert Sibbald, a
naturalist who, besides contributing greatly to the elucidation of
the productions of his native country by his Scotia Illustrata, sive

PREFACE. vii

Prodromus Histories Naturalis, &e. Edin. 1684, and his History
ancient and modem of the Sheriffdoms of Fife and Kinross,
Edin. 1710 (the 8vo edition, Cupar, 1803, is the one now ge-
nerally quoted), had bestowed much attention on the characters
of the different kinds of whales which had been captured in
the Scottish seas, or stranded on various parts of the coast. His
Phalainologia Nova, Edin. 1692, rescued this department of
zoology from the obscurity in which it had previously been in-
volved. A reprint of this work, at the instigation of Mr Pen-
nant, took place in 1773, and is the edition now in general
circulation.

The Birds of Britain were enumerated and described with
great precision in the Ornithologia of Francis Willoughby,
a work edited, after the death of the worthy author, by Ray in
1676. An English translation was at the same time published,
with some additions ; and, in 1713, an abridgement made its
appearance, under the title Joannis Rah Synopsis methodica
Avium ; opus posthumum ; edited- by the venerable Derham.

The native Reptiles are few in number, and are well de-
scribed by Ray in the Synopsis already referred to. Few ad-
ditions of any value by subsequent authors have hitherto been
communicated.

Fishes occupied the attention of Willoughby. His Ich-
thyologia, as edited by Ray, Oxford 1 686, is a work of great
labour ; and the descriptions, especially of British species, are
models of precision. A few additions were afterwards made
to this division of the British Fauna by Ray in his Synopsis
methodica Piscium, London 1713, chiefly from the contribu-
tions of the Rev. George Jago of Loo.

While the History of the Vertebral Animals was thus assi-
duously cultivated by individuals well qualified for the task, the
Invertebral kinds were not overlooked.

The Mollusca were diligently investigated by Martin
Lister, and the descriptions of many species in the Cochlearum
Anglice Historia, which forms a part of his Historia Animalium
AnglicB, London 1678, are minute and illustrative. But the
greatest service which Lister rendered to this department of
science arose from the publication in 1685 of his Historia sive
Synopsis methodica Conchyliorum. The plates of this valuable

Vlll PREFACE.

treatise exceed a thousand in number, and were executed with
taste and accuracy by the author's accomplished daughters, Ann
and Susan. Two editions of this work, the one by the Reve-
rend William Huddesford, and the other more recently by
Mr Dillwyn, are those now generally referred to.

Among the Annulose animals, the Spiders had early attract-
ed the notice of Lister, and his descriptions of the species, as
published in the first part of his Historia Animalium Anglice,
are still unrivalled. The study of Entomology had been faci-
litated, to a certain extent, by the appearance of the Theatrum
Insectorum of Moufet, London 1634; but it is to the Histo-
ria Insectorum of Ray, London 1710, to which Lister fur-
nished a valuable contribution, that the science was chiefly in-
debted for its early success, and the popularity which it still
maintains among the naturalists of England.

The true nature of the Zoophytes was but imperfectly com-
prehended by zoologists throughout the period in which the
eminent individuals, now enumerated, continued to flourish.
At length, however, this interesting group of animals received
ample illustration from the meritorious labours of John Ellis,
whose Essay towards a Natural History of the Corallines, Lon-
don 1755, may be regarded as the last of the productions of the
old school of British Physiologists.

It is painful to advert to the second era of British Zoology,
during which the Artificial Method of Linn^us occupied
that place which physiology had so successfully filled. We
must be careful, however, to make a distinction between the
precepts and example of Linnaeus himself, and the conduct of
his blind admirers. Linnaeus regarded the Natural Method,
which contemplates form, structure, and function, as the ulti-
mate object of the science of Zoology. His Artificial System,
in which external appearances were exclusively employed, was
devised as a convenient instrument of research to guide the stu-
dent in attaining higher objects. Too many of the followers
of the illustrious Swede, in this country, seem to have viewed
the Artificial Method, not as the instrument, but the object
aimed at, — overlooked results in physiology which industry had
already secured, and presented the science under an aspect
which a cultivated mind could not relish, and in which an or-

PREFACE. IX

dinary observer could perceive little utility. In this retro-
grade movement of British naturalists Mr Pennant led the
way, and the completion of his British Zoology, m four vo-
lumes, in 1777, gave a new aspect to the science in this country.
This naturalist possessed favourable means for study, and no
inconsiderable share of industry ; but being rather deficient in
a knowledge of physiology, he unfortunately seems to have
undervalued all that his predecessors had gleaned in that fruit-
ful field, and confined his labours chiefly to an acquaintance
with the external characters of animals. He succeeded in im-
parting to his writings a considerable degree of popularity, by
avoiding all minute details, and introducing occasional remarks
on the habits of particular species; and by allusions to Greek
and Roman authors, he interested the classical reader. In his
account of the Vertebral Animals, his materials were chiefly de-
rived from the writings of Willoughby, Ray, and Sibbald,
while Lister supplied the groundwork of the Shells. It is
in the class Crustacea that Mr Pennant appears chiefly as an
original author, earning reputation in a department of the
science which his predecessors had in a great measure neglected.
The Spiders, Insects, and Zoophytes, did not engage his atten-
tion.

In order to facilitate the researches of the student of British
zoology, Dr Berkenhout published abridged characters of
the species in 1769, under the title " Outlines" fyc. and a third
edition more enlarged, in 1795, included in the " Synopsis of'
the Natural History of Great Britain and Ireland.'1'' In the
first volume of this work, the characters of the species of Bri-
tish Animals are drawn up with a degree of care and accuracy
unequalled in any subsequent publication of a similar kind.
In 1802 Mr Stewart attempted a similar work, on a more
enlarged plan, in two volumes, entitled Elements of the Na-
tural History of the Animal Kingdom. This work includes,
besides the British species, the characters of the more common
genera of foreign animals. A new edition appeared in 1817,
deficient, however, in the account of the more recently publish-
ed species, and in some instances faulty by introducing the same
species twice under different genera.

b

X PREFACE.

In the translation of Gmelin's edition of Linn^eus's System
of Nature, London 1802, Dr Turton has marked with an as-
terisk all the species which he considered as indigenous to Bri-
tain. This list is by far the most extensive of any which has
yet appeared. The same industrious naturalist commenced in
1807 a British Fauna, including the classes Mammalia, Birds,
Amphibia, Fishes, and Worms. He has since still further il-
lustrated the Shells of this country in his Conchological Dic-
tionary, and his still more valuable Bivalvia Britannica.

Besides the authors now referred to, who aimed at the com-
pletion of systems of British Zoology, other naturalists, equal-
ly the followers of the Artificial Method, directed their atten-
tion to the elucidation of particular tribes of indigenous ani-
mals. As works of luxury in this department, may be noticed
the figures published by Albin, Edwards, Lewim, and last of
all those of Donovan, whose vai'ious publications have greatly
contributed to advance the interests of the science, by facilitat-
ing the naming- of species.

But there were other labourers during this era, whose efforts
assumed a more scientific aspect. The late George Mon-
tagu, Esq. of Knowle House, Devonshire, cultivated with
zeal many departments of British Zoology. In 1 802 he pub-
lished his Ornithological Dictionary, which contained a few
amended characters of species, and some new observations on
their economy. In 1813 a Supplement to this Dictionary
appeared, in which the author exhibited a more intimate ac-
quaintance with his subject, traced the effects of age, sex,
and season on the plumage of birds, and exposed many mis-
takes in the establishment of species, which had been com-
mitted from a want of attention to these circumstances. But
Mr Montagu's labours were not confined to Ornithology. In
1803 the publication of his Testacea Britannica contributed
greatly to extend a knowledge of the number and characters of
the native Molluscous animals, and which was still further aug-
mented by the Supplement to the same work, which appeared
in 1808. It is but a just tribute to the candour of this natu-
ralist to state, that in his writings he appears, progressively, to
have been forsaking the Artificial Method, and acquiring a

PREFACE. XI

keener relish for physiological researches. That truth was at
all times eagerly sought after, a frequent correspondence with
the author during several years furnished suitable opportuni-
ties for ascertaining.

In the science of Entomology, several meritorious efforts were
at this time made to illustrate the characters of the native spe-
cies. The Entomologui Britamnca of Maksham, London,
1802, embraced the extensive tribes of Coleopterous Insects, and
in which he described many new species, and greatly elucidated
the characters of those previously known. In the following-
year, Mr Haworth commenced his Lcpkloptera BrUanmea, a
work containing much important information ; but now, from its
scarcity, of difficult access to the student.

It was not to be expected in a country in which such anato-
mists as Haiivey and Tyson, and such zoologists as Wil-
loughby, Ray, Lister, and Sibbald had flourished, that the
Artificial Method would universally supersede the study of the
anatomy and physiology of animals. During this dark age,
one individual, John Hunter, upheld, in his own labours, the
dignity of the science, and left behind him a museum which, to
this period, is unrivalled as a display of zeal, patience, and phy-
siological attainment. At the same period, the University of
Edinburgh possessed, in Dr Monro secundus, a comparative
anatomist and physiologist, anxious to inspire a taste for the
science in the minds of his numerous pupils, and to extend its
boundaries by personal exertion.

Even among the naturalists of this country, there were always
a few whom the fetters of the Linnean school could not bind ; but
whose labours were too confined in their object, to exercise any ge-
neral influence on the spirit of the age. Mr Kirby, in his Mono-
graphiaApumAngliit, Ipswich, 1802, set an example to his coun-
trymen of acuteness and patience in unfolding the structure and
habits of those insects to which he had directed his attention ;
and he has recently increased his claims to the gratitude of Bri-
tish naturalists, by composing, along with Mr Spence, the In-
troductio?i to Entomology. In another quarter of the island,
Mr Dalyell, in his Observations on Planarue, Edin. 1814,
exhibited a happy facility of investigating the habits of aquatic

b2

Xll PREFACE.

animals, and many valuable results yet remain in his possession,
which it is hoped he will soon communicate to the public.

The circumstance, however, which contributed, in the great-
est degree, to restore the science to its former dignity, in this
country, arose from the influence of the writings of the conti-
nental naturalists. Unrestricted by those trammels which had
paralysed the exertions of British zoologists, they had followed
in the track of the Natural Method, under the banners of
Reaumur, Degeer, Muller, Daubenton, and Fabricius;
and more recently under the guidance of Blumenbach, Ru-
dolphi, Temminck, Cuvier, Latreille, and Savigny. A
comparison of the productions of these modern observers, with
those of the disciples of the Linnean school, could not fail to
exhibit the former in a favourable light, and gain converts to
the pursuits of physiology. In this new field, Dr Leach has
occupied a prominent place. His situation as zoologist to the
British Museum, furnished him with invaluable facilities ; and
there are few unacquainted with the successful results. He be-
gan by publishing several articles on annulose animals, in the
Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, and the Supplement to the Encyclo-
paedia Britannica, which have been republished, under his in-
spection, by Mr Samouelle, in the Entomologist' '«? Useful
Compendium, London, 1819- The Zoological Miscellany was
begun by Dr Leach, in 1814; and, in the following year, the
Malacostraca Podophthalmata Britannice, imparted a new cha-
racter to an obscure branch of British Zoology. He had like-
wise, in considerable forwardness, a Mollusca Britannica. It
is deeply to be regretted, that indisposition has hitherto pre-
vented its publication, since it is confidently believed that his
labours in this field would have removed much of that uncer-
tainty which still prevails in the classification of molluscous
animals.

The Insects of Britain are at this moment receiving ample
illustration, according to the modern improvements of the science,
in two works, in the course of publication. In the British En-
tomology of Mr Curtis, there is exhibited a fortunate dexte-
rity in developing structure, accompanied with great accuracy
of delineation. The Illustrations of British Entomology, by

PREFACE. Xlll

Mr Stephens, is a work daily exhibiting the vast resources of
his rich cabinet, and his discriminating acquaintance with the
indigenous species.

Besides these displays of increasing attachment to the im-
provements which have been effected in the science, several cir-
cumstances have recently occurred in London, which seem cal-
culated to promote the advancement of zoology in this country.
The Zoological Club, instituted 29th November 1823, on the
birth-day of Ray, will, it is hoped, give a new energy to those
members of the Linnean Society, who devote their attention to
the subjects of the animal kingdom. The establishment of a
Zoological Journal, in 1824, is not without its interest, as in-
dicating, we hope, an increasing demand for the truths of the
science, and an anxiety to trace its progress. The Zoological
Institution, organized 22d June 1825, under the auspices, and
by the persevering exertions, of the late Sir Stamford Raf-
fles, does honour to the spirit of the age. Botanic and Hor-
ticultural Gardens had long been established, and plants col-
lected from various quarters for inspection, study, and applica-
tion to purposes of utility or ornament. Now, the Animals of
different countries will be subjected to similar treatment, and
the happiest results may be anticipated. Nor can it be forgot-
ten in this place, that a Professorship of Zoology has at last
been instituted in the United Kingdom, and that the Universi-
ty of London has set the example.

Amidst so many displays of zoological zeal, it appeared to the
author that a compendious view of the characters of British Ani-
mals would be useful in promoting the progress of the science,
and as a substitute for more extended disquisitions. In 1822,
he had ventured to publish the Philosophy of Zoology, in which
it is attempted to collect and classify the truths of physiology,
and to point out their importance in illustrating the characters
of those groups into which animals have been divided. He there
stated, that the Fauna of a country should embrace Resident
Animals, Periodical Visitants, Stragglers, together with the Ex-
tirpated, Extinct, and Naturalized Species. In the construction
of the present Work, these important distinctions have been kept
in view.

The Resident Animals are such as can accommodate them-

XIV PREFACE.

selves to all the changes of this variable climate. They are the
only species which strictly merit the epithet Indigenous.

The Periodical Visitants chiefly belong to the class of Birds
Some of these come from more southern latitudes, to spend the
summer, and bring forth their young ; while others arrive from
more northern latitudes, to escape the rigours of an arctic win-
ter. The vernal shifting the author has denominated Equato-
rial Migration, the autumnal shifting the Polar Migration.
All the species of these groups, though intimately connected with
the country, by the regularity of their visits, enjoy a right of
citizenship less perfect than the resident animals.

Stragglers, or irregular visitants, have hitherto occupied a
higher rank in every British Fauna, than they seem entitled to
possess. Driven from their native haunts to this country by
some temporary calamity, the persecution of foes, or the fury of
a storm, they have been recorded inconsiderately as indigenous
species. Their occurrence, as serving to illustrate the distribu-
tion of species, should be recorded, but not in such a manner as
to assimilate them with the resident kinds, and periodical visi-
tants. Acting upon this principle, the author has been com-
pelled to degrade to the rank of Stragglers, several Birds and
Fishes which have long occupied a more distinguished place.

The Extirpated Animals are such species as still maintain
their ground in other regions, but have been destroyed in this
country by the long continued persecutions of man.

The Extinct Animals are such as once dwelt in this country,
but Avhich have disappeared, and, from various causes, seem to
have perished from off the earth.

The remains of the extirpated animals, or such as history
records to have lived in the country, are occasionally found im-
bedded in several of the superficial or modern strata, in com-
pany with the relics belonging to the yet indigenous species.
Along with both of these, also occur the relics of several species,
concerning which the voice of tradition is silent. Interred, how-
ever, in the same grave with the relics of individuals belonging
to existing species, and such as have perished by human agency,
and belonging to tribes which at all times have been the objects
of the huntsman's pursuit ; the author has referred their de-
. ( rn< lion to the influence of the chase, and has exhibited his views

PREFACE. XV

on this subject in a paper in the 22d number of the Edinburgh
Philosophical Journal, entitled " Remarks illustrative of the In-
fluence of Society on the Distribution of British Animals.'1''
Other observers, undervaluing the cause of extinction here assign-
ed, have imagined, that the species referred to were destroy-
ed by the agency of a violent Deluge, which they consider as
identical with the one recorded by Moses. How this deluge
could select a few species only as the objects of its vengeance,
and leave in safety many species living in the same regions, and
possessing nearly the same habits, is a difficulty which the abet-
tors of the hypothesis have not yet ventured to explain. Should
they attempt to account for the safety of the existing races, by
supposing that they were preserved in the Ark, they have still
to find proof of the law of exclusion, under the operation of
which the now extinct kinds were denied protection. The ex-
travagant pretensions of this hypothesis have been pointed out
by the author, in a paper inserted in the 28th number of the
Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, entitled " The Geological
Deluge, as interpreted by Baron Cuvier and Professor Buck-
land, inconsistent with the Testimony of Moses, and the Phe-
nomena of Nature.''''

Among the extinct animals there are multitudes of species,
the relics of which do not occur in the superficial strata, and
are never associated with the remains of the extirpated or exist-
ing kinds. These are found imbedded in solid rock, and seem
to have occupied the surface of the earth, when its physical
condition and animal and vegetable productions differed greatly
from the present order of things. By attending to the specific
marks of these remains, the manner in which they are associat-
ed, and the strata in which they are imbedded, it is easy to dis-
cover that they do not all possess claims to the same degree of
antiquity, and that they may be distributed into certain well
marked Zoological Epochs. In the arrangement of the strata,
inclosing these organic remains, there is a definite order of su-
perposition, and there are characters likewise marking groups of
different degrees of antiquity. Hence has arisen the idea of
Geological Epochs, first distinctly intimated by Lister and
Stenon, and elucidated by a host of subsequent observers.

XVI

PREFACE.

These two kinds of epochs coincide, and thus directly intimate,
that the revolutions which have taken place in the animal king-
dom, have been produced by the changes which accompanied
the successive depositions of the strata. The value of these
remarks will be better understood by the following tabular view
of the Geological Epochs.

Principal Epochs.

Primary Divisions.

Characteristic Depositions.

I. Modern
Epoch.

Soil. Sand-drift. Peat.

f a. Lacustrine Silt. aa. Marine

\ Silt.

( a. Lacustrine Diluvium.
\ aa. Marine Diluvium.
Polar Ice. Glaciers. Winter Ice.
Sinter. Marl. Iron-Ore.
Lava. Ashes.

2. Silt,

6. Volcanic Deposits,....

II. Penult
Epoch.

1. Upper Lacustrine 1

2. Upper Marine For- \

3. Middle Lacustrine )

4. Lower Marine For- )

Argillaceous Marl. Friable
Sandstone.

Argillaceous Marl. Gypsum.
Sandstone.

London Clay. Clay. Marl.
Sandstone.

Plastic Clay. Lignite. Sand-
stone.

5. Lower Lacustrine ^

III. Cretaceous
Epoch.

1. Upper Marine For- )

Chalk. Grey Mail. Green
Sand.

Argillaceous Ironstone. Lime-
stone. Sandstone. Lignite.

Upper. Middle, and Lower
Oolites. Lias.

2. Lacustrine Forma- I

3. Lower Marine For- >

IV. Saliferous
Epoch.

1. Variegated Sand- }

2. Magnesian lime- )

Red Marl. Gypsum. Rock-
Salt.

Arenaceous Limestone. Calca-
reous Conglomerate.

V. Carbonife-
rous Epoch.

1. Coal,

( Bituminous Shale. Coal. Grey
•< Limestone. Grey Sand-
( stone. Clay Ironstone.
t Sandstone-Conglomerate.
< Red Sandstone. Red
( Limestone. Porphyry.
{ Grey Wacke. Alum-Slate.
1 Limestone.

VI. Primitive
Epoch.

1. Slate,

J Mica Slate. Clav Slate.
t Chlorite Slate." Graphite.
1 Gneiss. Hornblende Slate.
< Serpentine. Sienite.
1 Quartz.

PREFACE. XV11

VI. Primitive Epoch. — The strata of this group support all
the others, and appear therefore to be of antecedent formation.
They do not contain any organic remains, and have been con-
sidered as formed prior to the existence of animals and vegetables
on the earth.

V. Carboniferous Epoch. — During this aera, in which ap-
pear many marine and fresh-water deposits, the earth seems to
have been peopled with a variety of animals and vegetables, of
genera similar to those of the subsequent epochs. There are
some genera, however, which seem to be peculiar to this sera,
as Orthocera.

IV. Saliferous Epoch. — There are few organic remains con-
nected with this aera, and no genera peculiar to it.

III. Cretaceous Epoch. — This era is characterised by the ab-
sence of the Producti, shells which abound in the carboniferous,
and even occur, though sparingly, in the saliferous epoch ; and
by the presence of the remains of the Paddled Reptiles and
Belemnites, which do not exist in the strata of any anterior or
subsequent epoch. Here the display commences of Ammonites,
Crustacea, and the carnivorous canaliculated molluscous ani-
mals ; and here, for the first time, are exhibited proofs of the
existence on the earth of insects, reptiles, birds, and even qua-
drupeds.

II. Penultimate Epoch. — In this group there are several ge-
nera of quadrupeds peculiar to it, as the Palceotherium and
Anoplotherkim, in forms, however, approximating to such as
occur in the following group, and paving the way for the last
and noblest creation, over which Man was destined to bear the
sway.

I. Modern Epoch. — This era, in a zoological point of view,
embraces Man, the existing races of animals and vegetables, and
the few species now extinct, as the Mammoth and Mastodon, of
which there is proof that they once were the coteniporaries of
the yet indigenous species.

It may be supposed, by some, that the preceding statements
are at variance with the generally received interpretation of the
account of the Creation, as given by Moses. Four successive
creations and extinctions of animals and vegetables are here re-

Xviii PREFACE,

presented as having taken place previous to the existing order of
things, and it is assumed that the present races of animals and
vegetables, the companions of Man, did not exist on the globe
during any of the antecedent epochs. But the most sincere
friend of Revelation need be under no alarm, even should he be
anxious to establish the authority of his Bible over a wider field
than the Moral History of our race. If the Sacred Historian
be considered as referring to the earlier seras in the commence-
ment of his narrative only, " In the beginning, God created the
Heaven and the Earth,1' and to have contemplated, in what
follows, the creation of the animals and vegetables of the Mo-
dern Epoch, it will be found that the deductions of science and
the records of inspiration harmonize, — as the Word and the
Works of God must do, if rightly interpreted. The question,
indeed, lies within very narrow bounds. Are the Zoological and
Geological Epochs established as true in science ? If those who
are qualified to judge shall pronounce in the affirmative, then
must every interpretation of that brief portion of the sacred
page, inconsistent therewith, be rejected as spurious, and the
advocates of error consigned to occupy a page in the History
of Prejudice, along with the persecutors of Galileo.

There is one bed occurring in England, and fruitful in
the remains of animals, denominated Crag, the relations of
which seem as yet imperfectly understood. By some it is
supposed to be identical with the upper marine formation
of the Penult Epoch ; by others as a newer deposite, but
still older than any of the members of the Modern Epoch.
Even in the 99th Number of the Mineral Conchology, Mr
Sowerby, under the article Pecten rcconditus, seems to view it
as of the same zoological era with the London Clay. Judging
from specimens of recent species of shells from the Crag, and
the evidence of portions of the bones of the mammoth, an ex-
tinct quadruped of the Modern Epoch, having been found asso-
ciated with the shells, the author is inclined to view it as a Ma-
rine Diluvium belonging to the present era.

In the enumeration of British Animals contained in this vo-
lume, the author has referred to the extinct or fossil species so

PREFACE. XIX

frequently, as probably to have excited surprise in those ac-
customed to consult the more modern of the British Faunas.
He was led to adopt this course, not for the purpose of fill-
ing up the chasms in the fancied laws of continuity, but that
the attention of zoologists may be directed to an examina-
tion of the extinct races, and that the geologist may connect
with his studies a knowledge of the character and distribution
of existing species. The evils which have arisen from the want
of this union between zoology and geology, are too obvious to
require any eomment. The neglect of the fossil species first
appeared in the writings of Mr Pennant, who took no notice
of the numerous fossil species of shells and echinodermata,
which, before the commencement of his labours, had been satis-
factorily established. Lister (to whom we owe the discovery
that organic remains are distributed according to a plan, and
that certain rocks may be chax-acterised by their imbedded fos-
sils, or that the distribution of organic remains, like the order
of superposition of the strata, is regulated by fixed laws) per-
ceived the importance of connecting a knowledge of the charac-
ters of the existing and fossil species, and exhibited the union
in his Historia Animalium Angliae. Under the protection of
such authority, the author of this treatise is fearless of censure.
He even confidently believes, that if the example of Lister
had been followed by succeeding contributors to the British
Fauna, geology would have presented at this day an aspect of
far greater maturity and interest. Even the characters of the
fossil species of plants attracted the attention of the early ob-
servers, and led Da Costa to " recommend to the curious in
botany, to take notice of them as an Appendix Plantarum ad-
huc incognita-rum? (Phil. Trans. 50, 231.) But this advice
has not been followed ; for the student may search in vain the
published Introductions to Botany, or the various Floras which
have appeared, and fail to meet with even a hint to inform
him that the various strata afford remains of extinct species of
plants.

In reference to Fossil Shells, the author has chiefly quoted
the specific characters given in the Mineral Conchology of Mr
Sowerby. This work is of great value in the facilities which

XX PREFACE.

it affords for identifying relics of this kind. It is probable,
however, that many of those shells now reputed species, will be
found to be only varieties, by those who have it in their power
to compare specimens from the same localities in different stages
of growth. Perhaps not a few corrections are still necessary in
regard to the physical distribution of the species.

In quoting the various works in which have been illustrated
the characters of the recent species, a reference has been made
to those editions which represent the latest improvements of
the authors. Thus the 12th edition of the Sy sterna Natures
of Linn^us is referred to, instead of the compilation by Gme-
lin, which not unfrequently supplies its place. A similar plan
has been followed with the writings of Pennant, Pulteney,
and others. By pursuing this plan, the author has avoided
the somewhat awkward custom of quoting the authority of Lin-
n^us and others for the names of species established subse-
quent to their decease. The works which are referred to have
likewise been quoted in a chronological order, for the purpose
of pointing out the priority of the claims of the different obser-
vers, and the grounds of the preference given to particular ge-
neric or specific names.

Though the author has undergone a very great degree of la-
bour in the construction of the present work, he has much rea-
son to fear that it will be found imperfect even in reference to
published species. It would give him sincere pleasure to have
either his mistakes or omissions pointed out, nor will he conceal
his anxiety to obtain information respecting the discovery of
new species. The great extent and variety of those publica-
tions in which the discoveries of observers may be recorded,
forbid any compiler, however industrious, to fancy that he has
collected all the scattered documents of the science. The au-
thor, however, has done his best, situate as he is at a great dis-
tance from personal intercourse with zoologists, and opportuni-
ties of consulting the journals of the day, and in a great mea-
sure confined to an examination of those works which consti-
tute his own limited library. He is aware that, by employing
the common practice of copying synonimes, he might have
concealed these imperfections. He has made a different choice,

PREFACE. XXI

and quoted only the works which he has consulted ; except in
a few instances, where it appeared requisite to refer to certain
authors whose works he has not seen, but in" such circumstances
the reference is enclosed by ( ), and precedes the title of the
work whence it was extracted, so as to leave no risk of mistake.

While the author, as a compiler, has cause to lament the in-
abilities under which he has laboured, he trusts to be forgiven,
if he ventures, as a compensation for acknowledged defects, to
prefer some claims on the confidence of the reader. He has re-
ceived many valuable contributions from kind friends, whose fa-
vours he trusts he has not been reluctant to acknowledge. He
has long been a practical observer of British Animals, or what
a friend of the Honourable Daines Barrington used to term
an Out-door Naturalist. This circumstance has enabled him to
correct the specific characters of several animals, and to point
out with greater accuracy their habits and distribution, to sup-
press several spurious species, and to give to the synonimes, in
many cases, a greater degree of precision. He trusts the addi-
tions to the British Fauna which he has here contributed will
not at the same time be overlooked.

In the description of species, the author has seldom indulged
in physiological details or delineations of instinct. He refers
to his Philosophy of Zoology, to winch the present work is des-
tined to serve as an adjunct, for ample illustrations on these
subjects. To the same quarter he must direct the reader who
wishes to comprehend more fully the principles of the Dichoto-
mous Method, which he has followed throughout. He is aware
that the Quinary and Circidar Disposition qf Animals proposed
by Mr Macleay, has several followers. This novel method,
however, seems to have originated in metaphysical prejudices,
and by overlooking the fact, that, in the various organs and
their numerous modifications, belonging to each species, there
are characters which enable the physiologist to trace resem-
blances in structure and function with the organs of many other
species : So that the same animal may occupy a place in many
different physiological groups, and yield the most convenient
facilities to those who intend to arrange the species according
to any preconceived plan.

XX11 PREFACE.

It is still the author's intention to proceed farther in the exe-
cution of the task which he has undertaken, and to communi-
cate to the public a description of the remaining tribes of Bri-
tish Animals. In the mean time, he trusts that the present
work, with all its imperfections, will increase the facilities of
the student of British Zoology, and probably be the means of
exciting those who are in possession of more accurate informa-
tion to reveal their success to the public. Recollecting the dif-
ficulties which occurred to himself in the discrimination of spe-
cies, the author has, in the course of his work, studied simpli-
city, precision, and brevity, that he might contribute to remove
obstacles to an acquaintance with a science which has long-
yielded him gratifying instruction and amusement, and present-
ed so frequently to his notice the brightest exhibitions of the
wisdom of his Maker.

Manse of Flisk,
t\th December 1827-

( xxiii )

CONTENTS,

Page

VERTEBRAL ANIMALS,

3

Mammalia, ....

, . . 4

Birds, .....

. 41

Reptiles, ,

. 147

Fishes,

. 162

INVERTEBRAL ANIMALS,

. 223

MOLLUSCA, .....

. 225

Rapiata, , , , ,

. 473

BRITISH ANIMALS.

VOL. I.

2 BRITISH ANIMALS,

I.
VERTEBRAL ANIMALS.

Furnished with a Skull and Vertebral Column for the pro-
tection of the Brain and Spinal Marrow.

II.

INVERTEBRAL ANIMALS.

Destitute of a Skull and Vertebral Column for the protec-
tion of the Brain and Spinal Marrow,

BRITISH ANIMALS.

VERTEBRAL ANIMALS.

WARM-BLOODED VERTEBRAL ANIMALS.

The temperature of the body independent of the sur-
rounding medium. Ribs and sternum for the pro-
tection of the viscera. The Brain occupies the whole
cavity of the skull. Passage of the nose communi-
cates with the windpipe. Heart double, and the cir-
culation complete.

f Young suckled by the mother.
Class I. MAMMALIA.-] Ovarium double. Covering of

K. hair.

C Young supported by food collected
by the mother. Ovai
Covering of feathers.

II. COLD-BLOODED VERTEBRAL ANIMALS.

Temperature of the body under the influence of the sur-
rounding: medium. Skin destitute of hair or feathers.
The brain does not occupy the whole cavity of the
skull. Circulating system imperfect.

C Furnished with a systemic heart. In
Class I. REPTILES.-] general breathe air in their perfect

(. state.

Class II. BIRDS -j by the mother. Ovarium single.

( Destitute of a systemic heart. Fur-
Class II. FISHES....-] nished with gills. Reside in wa-

(. ter.

A 2

BRITISH ANIMALS-

MAMMALIA.

Order I. PEDATA. — Posterior extremities developed, and at-
tached to a pelvis. Skin with hair. Sleep and bring
forth their young on land.

'Tribe I. UNGUICULATA.— Fingered Quadrupeds. The
four extremities terminating in fingers, furnished with nails
or claws, and adapted more or less for seizing objects. All
the British species have incisors in one or both jaws.

Sect. I. Sarcophaga. — Furnished with Tusks

{I. CHEIROPTERA Furnished with wings, formed by a naked
expansion of the skin, uniting the anterior and posterior extre-
mities.

f II. FERA. — Destitute of wings. The teeth are pointed, lock in-
to each other, and are capable of chewing the soft parts, or
bruising the hard parts of the food employed.

I. Hind Legs developed for walking. The toes separate.

[. Plantigrada — Walk on the soles of the feet, which are
bare. Five toes.

.II. Digitigrada. — Walk on the extremities of the toes.

II. Hind Legs short, much enveloped by the skin. Fingers and
toes webbed, and adapted for swimming.

Pal mat a.

Sect. II. Glires. — Destitute of Tusks.

I Tribe II. UNGULATA— Hoofed Quadrupeds. The extremi-
ties fitted exclusively to support or move the body. No cla-
vicles. Herbivorous.

\

I

L PECORA — Each foot consists of two toes, covered with strong
hoofs. No incisors in the upper jaw in the British species. Ru-
minate, and have four stomachs.

II. BELLUjE — Do not ruminate.

Order II. APODA. — Hind feet united with the tail, in the
form of a horizontal fin. Skin nearly destitute of hair.
Sleep and bring forth their young in the water.

I. HERBIVORA — Nostrils terminating in the snout. Pectoral teats»

!

II. CETACEA. — Nostrils opening on the crown of the head.

Rhinolophus. MAMMALIA. CHEIROPTERA.

I. CHEIROPTERA. BATS.

JL HE animals of this group feed on insects, chiefly moths^
which they hunt in the evening. They sleep during the day.
Migrate or become torpid during the winter. Bring forth two
at a birth. In the British species, there is only one bony joint
in the fore finger, without nails, and two in the rest. The tail
is included in the interfemoral membrane ; and the summits of
the grinders have conical points. All the species of the follow-
ing groups belong to the genus Vespertilio of Linnaeus.

A. Nostrils with appendages. Ears simple.

Gen. I. RHINOLOPHUS. Horse-shoe Bat.— Nostrils with
a complicated membrane like a horse shoe. — This mem-
brane is divided into two processes, the posterior of which
is erect. Ears free, acute and reflected. Two incisors
above, in a cartilaginous intermaxillary bone, and four be-
low, approximate, trifid. Tusks 8, grinders 20. Two
pectoral and two inguinal teats were observed by Mon-
tagu.

1. R. Ferrum-equinum. Larger Horse-shoe Bat. — Front

grinder in the upper jaw small, simple, and truncated.

Horse-shoe Bat, Penn. Brit. Zool. i. p. 147. tab. xiv. — Mont. Linn. Trans.
ix. p. 165. tab. xviii. f. 5, 6. — Frequenting saltpetre houses at Dart-
ford in Kent, Latham ; caverns, Torquay, Devonshire, Montagu.

The colour is pale rufous-brown ; weight about 4 drams ; length to the root
of the tail 2 4 inches; tail 3| inches; expansion of the wings 14| inches. The
tusks are simple.

2. R. Hipposideros. Lesser Horse-shoe Bat. — Front grinder
in the upper jaw acute, and notched at the base before and be-
hind.

Vesp. minutus, Mont. Linn. Trans, ix. p. 163. tab. xviii. f. 7, 8 — Rh.
hip. Leach, Zool. Misc. iii. p. 2. tab. 121 In caverns with the pre-
ceding, Wiltshire and Devonshire, Montagu.

Colour, the same as the preceding ; weight from 63 to 80 grains ; length to
the root of the tail 2 inches ; tail § inch ; extent of the wings 94 inches.
Tusks in the upper jaw notched in front, in the lower simple. Incisors in

6 MAMMALIA. CHEIROPTERA. ViisrERTiLio.

the upper jaw concealed According to Dr Leach, " it is a very cautious ani-
mal; very easily tamed, but fond of concealing itself. It frequents the higher
parts of the caverns in which it occurs, and probably flies higher than the
preceding species."

B. Nostrils destitute of appendages. Ears zvith an inner

auricle.

Gen. II. VESrERTILIO.— Ears disjoined. Incisors in the
lower jaw six, approximate, bifid ; in the upper four, in
pairs, cylindrical, pointed.

3. V. murinus. Common Bat. — Ears the length of the head,
oblong, auricles semicordate.

Vesp. a Bat; Flitter-mouse or Rear-mouse, Merr. Pin. 172 — Ray, Syn.

Quad. 243 Petm. Brit. Zool. i. 148 — Inhabits old buildings and caves.

Common.
This animal was placed by Merret among the birds, and is still by many
thoughtlessly regarded as belonging to that clasp. Its covering of hair, in-
stead of feathers, the bringing forth its young alive, and suckling them at the
two teats placed upon its breast, are characters which, independent of other ac-
tions, remove it far from the feathered tribes. According to White (Hist. Selb.
156.), when tamed, so as to take flies out of a person's hand, it brought its wings
round before the mouth, hovering and hiding its head in the manner of birds
of prey. It rejected the wings of flies. Ate raw meat. Was capable of rising
from a floor, and taking wing with ease. It drinks on the wing like swallows,
by sipping the surface as it plays over pools and streams.

4. V. cmarginatus. — Ears the length of the head, oblong,
with a notch on the exterior margin.

M. Geoff roy, Ann. du Mus. vol. viii. p. 198. tab. xlvi — Near Dover,
M. A. Brongniart. Fife, Fleming.
This species was first separated from the preceding, with which it is apt to
be confounded, by the author whom we have quoted. It is not uncommon in
France. The auricle is subulated.

5. V. Noctula. Great Bat.— Ears shorter than the head, tri-
angular, nostrils bilobated, chin with a wart.

Vesp. altivolans, White's Selb. i. 130. & 158 — V. auriculatus, Walker's

Essays, 472 Great Bat, Pcnn. Br. Zool. i. 146. tab. xiii. No. 38.

First observed in England by White, and in Scotland by Walker.

According to White, this species flies high in the air, from the end of
April to end of July. Body to the end of the tail 4J inches. Extent of wing
144 inches. Weight 9 drachms. The fur soft, of a bright chesnut colour.
Smell offensive. Dr Walker says, " Dentes xxxii numeravimus. Primores
superiores 4 acuti, distantes : inferiores 4 acuti, contigui. Laniarii supe-
riores 6, anticis maximis acutis; inferiores 6, anticis majoribus- Molarcs utrin-
que G. Aurcs duplicate, capite multo minorcs. Exterior major, ovata, ob«
tusa. Interior minor, brevior, lanceolata. Palmes palmato-alatse maxima*,
pollice unguiculato. Plantce pentadactyla?, fiassej digitis pilosis, unguiculatis.
Cauda gemculala, 6 articulis. Manbnma juxta caudam, margine ciliato. E
latebris volitat circa 20. Aprilis."

Plecotus. MAMMALIA. CHEIROPTERA. 7

Gen. III. PLECOTUS. Ears approximating, and united at
their inner edges above the eyes. Auricles semicordate.

6. P. auritus. Eared Bat. — Ears nearly the length of the

body, blunt.

Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 147. tab. xiii. f. 40— Flem. Phil. Zool. tab. i. f. 1.—
Not uncommon in England and Scotland.

In this species, the forehead is covered with hair. The ears, which are de-
pressed when the animal is at rest, have transverse ridges towards the outer
edge ; and the ridge towards the internal edge is ciliated. The tail extends
a short way beyond the membrane. The nostrils have a recess. The inci-
sors above are 4, in pairs, remote, the two middle ones notched, and the two
lateral ones subulated. Fur greyish-brown above, ash-coloured below. Length
1 1 inches. Breadth 7 inches.

7. P. Barbastellus. — Ears about the length of the head,
broad.

Vesper, barb. Sowerby's Brit. Mis. tab. v. — Mont. Linn. Trans, ix. p. 171.
Devonshire, Montagu At Dartford in Kent, Mr Peel.

In this species, the forehead is bald, the fur dark brown, becoming mixed
with silvery hairs with age. Length 4 inches; breadth 11 inches. Weight
100 grains. Ears notched and waved on the margin. Montagu states, that
" the teeth are numerous in both jaws, and much jagged ; in the upper, four
cutting teeth, but no canine, and a vacant space between these and the grind-
ers : in the lower jaw six cutting teeth, and four canine or longer teeth, and
between these last on each side is a small intermediate one : these longer
teeth fall into the vacant space in the upper jaw." In examining the teeth
of bats, however, we should bear in mind, that some of these drop out at an
early age, and that others, especially the incisors and foremost grinders, are
frequently minute, and easily overlooked.

II. FERA.

PLANTIGRADA.

I. The second incisor on each side in the lower jaw uniform-
ly placed. Summits of the grinders with conical points.
Clavicles developed.

A. Middle incisors produced, without intermediate small
ones, the lateral ones and tuslcs short.

Gen. IV. ERINACEUS. Urchin or Hedge-Hog— Two
middle incisors above, cylindrical.

8. E. europceus.

This species, widely distributed throughout Europe, is the Dreanog of the
Welsh, and the Graineag of the Gael ". The ears are short, the snout pro-

* In giving the provincial names, E, is placed for English ; S, for Scottish;
W, for Welch ; G, for Gaelic ; and JV, for Norse.

8 MAMMALIA. FERA. Sorex.

duced, and truncated, and the nostrils are narrow. The body is covered
above with stiff bristles mixed with hair, and below with hair and no bristles.
The length is about 10 inches, the tail 1 inch. It is found chiefly near hedges
and thickets of furze, and feeds on snails, slugs, worms, and beetles. It is
peculiarly serviceable in gardens, which it will speedily clear of such vermin.
It is fond of the roots of the plantain. It soon becomes tame, and will readily
devour bread soaked with milk, or pieces of flesh. It seldom breeds in con-
finement. Its young at birth are blind and naked, concealed in a nest of
grass, leaves, and moss, and are from four to five in number. The youno-
are incapable of rolling themselves up, which in maturity they can do with
ease when terrified, and then present to a dog or other foe a prickly ball. It
becomes torpid during the winter, lodging in a dry nest of leaves. It is some-
times persecuted, faom the foolish belief that it climbs up trees and robs them
of their fruit, or sucks cows and hurts their udders. The skin is sometimes
fixed on the noses of calves or foals at weaning-tiine, to prevent them sucking,
and to irritate the mother. It has likewise been employed to hackle hemp.
In Scotland, the northern limits of its geographical distribution probably do
not exceed the Murray Frith.

Gen. V. SOREX. Shrew. — Two middle incisors above, bent
and notched at the base. The claws of the British species
are white.

9- S. (tremens. Common Shrew. — Colour blackish-brown.

Mus aran. Ray, Syn. Quad. 239 — E, Erd Mouse, Hardy Shrew ; S, Erd
Shrew ; W, Llygoden-goch, Chwistlen, Llyg ; G, Daullag — Frequent
in old walls and grassy banks. Extends to Orkney.

The length is about 2| inches; of the tail l£ inches. The toes are plain
on the edges. The tail is cylindrical, dark above, light-coloured beneath, and
dark at the tip. They have five young. Formerly, supposed to be injurious
to cattle. Numbers of them seem to die by disease in August.

10. S.Jbdiens. Water Shrew. — Colour raven-black, with a
small white spot above each eye.

Mus araneus, dorso nigro ventroque albo, Men: Pin. 167 Water Sh.

Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 12G. tab. xi. No. 33 — S. ciliatus, Sowerby, Brit.

Misc. tab. xlix — Water Sh. Mont. Linn. Trans, vii. 276 Flem. Wern.

Mem. ii. 238 — Burrows in banks near water, and is not uncommon.
This species exceeds the former in size. Length of the body 3 inches ; of
the tail 2 inches. Weight 3 drachms. The colour on the under side inclines
to white. Snout long, and a little depressed. Whiskers long. Eyes small,
and concealed by the fur. Ears wide, with a pale tuft on the inside. In the
middle of the throat and ventral base of the tail a black spot, with a line of the
same colour along the middle of the belly. Tail tapering, covered with very
short hair, and nearly white at the tip. Margin of the toes on each side ciliated
with white hairs. This species swims and dives with considerable facility.
We have seen it actively employed on the surface of the water, catching the
Hydrometradre. Said to bring forth nine young.

B. Incisors nearly equal. Tuslcs large.

Gen. TALPA. Mole. Back covered with hair. — Furnished
with a tail. Incisors in the upper jaw six, in the lower
eight. No external ears. The sternum is furnished with
a mesial crest. Forefeet broad, and formed for digging.

Meles. MAMMALIA. FERA. 9

11. T. europcea. — The fur of this well known animal is
usually black, but it is occasionally found in all the interme-
diate stages to yellowish- white.

E, Mold-wark; 5, Muddywort; W, Gwadd, Twrch-daear; G, Famh,
Uir-reathabh — Not in Orkney or Zetland.

The mole, destined to live chiefly under ground, is furnished with very
small eyes. It constructs its gallei-ies or roads three or four inches below the
surface, in soil frequented by worms, which are its principal food. The roads
are scooped out by the fore paws, and the earth, thus removed, is thrown up,
at intervals, by the nose, and forms those unseemly hillocks which are so of-
fensive to the gardener and farmer. Moles usually cast their winter fur
in May, before which time they have paired. The hillock in which they
bring forth their young is distinguished by its superior size. The nest con-
sists of dry roots or leaves placed on an eminence, in an arched chamber,
from which roads diverge in different directions. The young are five in num-
ber, and at birth are naked and blind. The individuals of the family general-
ly keep together until the following spring, or breeding season ; so that a
trap set in one of the principal roads of the colony, will frequently catch
the whole seven in succession. They have usually a well frequented path to
the water, if a ditch be in the neighbourhood. They swim with ease, and
cross rivers, or shift from one island to another. They are most active a little
after sunrise, and an hour or two after noon ; and before rain in summer and
thaw in winter. The fur is used in hat-making.

11. The second incisor, on each side in the lower jaw, placed
behind the others. The three hinds of 'grinders distinct.
Clavicle imperfect.

Gen. VII. MELES. Badger. — Incisors six in each jaw.
Above, the tusk is followed by one small and two large
tearers, to which succeed one chewer followed by a large
bruiser. In the lower jaw, the bruiser is small, the chewer
large, and there is an additional tearer. — See Phil. Zool.
ii. p. 181. tab. i. %. 2.

12. M. Taxus. — Hair rigid, grey above, black beneath ;

head above white, with a black band on each side from the nose

over the eyes to behind the ears.

E, Gay, Pate, Bawson ; S, Brock ; W, Pryf-Llwyd, Pryf-pen-frith

Frequent in thickets, and probably not found to the north of the Ca-
ledonian Canal.

The usual length of the badger is about 24 feet, and of the tail C inches.
Weight seldom exceeds 30 lb. The ears are small, the tongue smooth, and
the nails are long, bent, and grooved beneath. A transverse glandular pouch
occurs between the tail and vent. It burrows in the ground, forming several
apartments with one common entry. Feeds on frogs, lizards, wild honey,
and even roots. In confinement, I have seen it devour greedily crows and
rabbits, and likewise eggs, of which it seemed very fond, licking out the con-
tents with its tongue. It is probably a general depredator, lloams about
during the night in quest of prey, and in the winter season seldom moves
from its den, but remains in a quiescent state. It brings forth five young at
a birth. Is easily tamed, indolent and fond of warmth. When attacked,
seeks for safety in flight, but, when compelled, fights obstinately, biting hard.

10 MAMMALIA. FERA. Canis.

The dressed skin, with the hair on, is used for pistol furniture, and the
pendent pouches of the Highland soldiers. The flesh is used as food, and the
hind quarters, made into hams, are esteemed little inferior to bacon.

It is sometimes found of a white colour. An opinion formerly prevailed
among naturalists, that there are two species of badgers, which they termed
the Sow-badger and the Dog-badger. But, in England, ever since the days of
Ray, few have given credit to the existence of the former species. In some
districts of Scotland, however, the distinction is still recognised. Thus, in
the " Statistical Account," it is said, " There are two species of badger found
among the loose rocks of the Campsie Fells, the one somewhat resembling a
sow, the other a dog ; the first is more arched in the back, and is not so nimble
in turning itself;" vol. xv. p. 322. Campsie, Rev. James Lapslie. Again,
" We have also two species of the badger ;" ib. vol. p. 4G6. Blair-Athol and
Strowan, Rev. James Maclagan.

At the conclusion of the British Plantigrada, two species formerly resident
in the country deserve to be noticed, both belonging to the genus Uitsus.

1. Uesus Arctos. Brown Bear.

This animal not only prevailed in this country at the period of the Ro-
man invasion (for Plutarch relates that they were transported to
Rome), but maintained its existence, in spite of the efforts of the
huntsman, to the middle of the 11th century at least. In 1057, a
Gordon is said to have killed a fierce bear, and as a reward was permit-
ted to carry three bears' (boars 9 ) heads in his banners. It was reckoned
in Wales as a beast of the chace, equal to the boar or the hare, and
many places in that country still retain the name of Penn-arth, or the
bear's head ; Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 7& " In an ancient Gaelic poem
ascribed to Ossian, the hero Dermid is said to have been killed by a bear
in Beinn Ghiel-binn in Perthshire ;" Statistical Account, Kirkmichael,
Banffshire, Rev. John Grant, vol. xii. p. 449. Though now banished
from this island, it is still to be found in France and Germany.

5J. U. SpelcEus. Cave Bear.

This species, so far as is known, has become extinct, and seems to have been
cotemporary with the mammoth. It equalled a horse in size. Its re-
mains occur sparingly in some of the large English caves, which have
been the graves of so many of the ancient inhabitants of this island.
See BucMand"s lleliquia? Diluvianje, p. 17-

DIGITIGRADA.

I. Bruising grinders in each jaw.

CANINADiE.

Tzvo bruising grinders in each jaw. Furnished icith a small

CCBcum.

Gen. VIII. CANIS. Dog. — Pupil circular, diurnal. Fore
feet with five, hind feet with four toes ; nails hollowed ;
tongue smooth ; ears large ; nose moist, smell acute.

13. CJiimiliaris. — Tail recurved.

W, Ci,/m. Gast; Ar, Hund.
The dog has long been the companion of man in a domesticated state, and
is the only animal which seems to prefer the company of his master to the
individuals of his own species. He fawns at his approach, will fight in his

Canis. MAMMALIA. FERA. 11

defence, runs before him on the road, but will return or watch when a stran-
ger passes, and looks back for instruction where two ways meet ; guards pro-
perty committed to his charge ; assists the sportsman ; brings objects in his
mouth ; fawns when begging ; hangs down his tail when afraid ;hates beggars,
barks at strangers ; licks wounds, and bites the stone thrown at him.

The dog runs sidewise, hardly sweats when warm, lolls out his tongue, and
runs into water ; turns round several times before lying down ; frequently
dreams ; is easily awakened. Eats carrion and farinaceous vegetables, drinks
by lapping, dungs upon stones, urines sidewise, lifting his hind leg, and fre-
quently, when he meets strange dogs ; smells at the anus of another ; is quar-
relsome, and eats greedily. The female, when in season, admits all comers,
snarls at them, and they remain inseparable for a time ; gestation sixty-three
days. Young from four to ten in number, blind for the first ten days, and
begin to change their teeth at the fourth month.

Externally, the dog is infested with fleas and ticks, and internally by the
tape-worn. Eats grass to make him vomit, and to clear his intestines. Fond
of rubbing against putrid substances. Subject to hydrophobia, which is be-
lieved by many since the days of Pliny, to be prevented by ivorming, a prac-
tice which renders the individual incapable of biting. The worm (extracted
by this process) " is a tendinous fasciculus of fibres running lengthwise under
the tongue, as far as its apex, and lying rather loose in a kind of membranous
sheath, without being connected, like a true tendon, to any of the neighbour-
ing muscles ;" Blum. Comp. Anat. p. 32G.

The varieties of the dog which occur in the United Kingdom are nume-
rous, and several of these have been long celebrated for their excellence by
Appian, Grotius, Claudian, and others. The following synoptical view, con-
tains the names and characters of the principal races.

1. Motions regulated by the Sight.
*

a. Pastoralis. Shepherd's Dog, or Colly. — Ears half pricked ; tail bushy,
recurved ; fur black, long, soft, and loose — Docile and sagacious ; the useful
companion of the shepherd, and still to be found unmixed in many of the
sheep districts of Scotland.

b. Amphibius. Newfoundland Dog — Ears pendent ; lips loose ; fur long,
dense, and waved ; docile and sagacious ; swims and dives well ; not unlike
tiie preceding, but larger, and fonder of the water. — Originally from New-
foundland, where it is used for the draught.

c. Zetlandicus. — Ears pointed, pricked ; muzzle sharp ; fur long, brown ;

bark shrill and indistinct This is the common dog or hund in the .Zetland

Isles, and approaches in character to the Greenland dog.

The preceding races are less mixed than any of the others, and probably
make the nearest approach to the primitive stock.

d. Villaticus. Cur. — Ears half-pricked ; fur short and smooth ; tail not
bushy, and often very short ; stronger than the shepherd's dog ; and chiefly
used in driving cattle.

e. Taurinus. Bull-Dog — Ears half-pricked ; head round ; snout short ;
under jaw projecting ; stature low and muscular ; courageous, and obstinately
retains its hold. Seldom kept but by the idle and profligate for the purpose
of fighting.

f. Mastivus. Mastiff. — Ears pendant ; lips large and loose ; stature large,
stout ; aspect sullen. A trusty guard, very vigilant and bold. The Roman
Emperors held the British dogs of this kind in high estimation for combats in
the amphitheatre, and, according to Strabo, they were trained by the Gauls
for battle.

12 MAMMALIA. FERA. Canis.

***

g. Scoticus. Rough Greyhound, Deer-dog, Ratche, or Scottish Greyhound

Chest deep, body curved, tail long ; snout long and bearded ; ears half pricked ;
fur wiry, waved ; stature tall, stout ; possessed of great sagacity, strength,
and swiftness. — Common in the Highlands.

h. Hibernicus. Irish Greyhound, or Wolf-dog — Chest deep ; body curved ;
tail long ; snout long : ears pendant ; fur smooth and short ; stature large ;
powerful, yet harmless and indolent. Formerly employed for hunting wolves.
Still to be found in Ireland.

i. Leporarius. Smooth Greyhound Chest deep ; body curved ; tail long ;

snout long and narrow ; ears half pricked ; fur short, thin, smooth, and glos-
sy ; stature tall, slender ; swifter, but not so hardy or sagacious, as the rough
greyhound.

* * * *

k. Maculatus. Dalmatian Dog. — Fur white, with numerous regular black
spots ; possessed of little sagacity, but considered as an elegant companion to
a carriage.

2. Motions regulated by the Smell.
*

1. Sanguinarius. Blood-hound or Sleut-hound — Ears and lips large and pen-
dent ; tail blunt; joints thick; fur brown, with black spots ; stature strong;

scent acute This variety, now extinct, was formeidy used in recovering

wounded game, and in tracing the footsteps of robbers or stolen cattle. From
this stock have sprung the Harrier, which is the smallest, and is used in hunt-
ing the hare ; and the Beagle, of a larger size, employed in the fox-chase.

m. Indicator. Pointer, or Spanish Pointer — Head and snout thick ; fur
short, smooth and glossy ; docile, but not active.

n. Aviarius. Spaniel or Setter. Head and snout narrow ; hair soft, long,
waved, and pendant ; more impatient, active and hardy than the preceding.
The Springer or Cocker seems to be a variety of this kind.

o. Terrarius. Terrier — Ears erect ; legs short, with thick joints ; snout
bearded ; hair long and wiry ; jaws strong, bites keenly ; docile — There is a
small variety with pendant ears and soft fur ; and another termed the Otter
Terrier, of a large size, a cross breed with the beagle. This last is docile, sa-
gacious, bold, swims and dives well, and makes a good house-guard.

p. Vertagus. Lurcher Smaller and less slender than the rough grey-
hound ; hair, long, wiry ; face hairy ; is docile, sagacious, and cunning, and
steals upon its prey. It is termed in this country the Russian Pointer (See
Foster, Phil. Trans. 1767), and proves a staunch active setting-dog.

* # * *

q. Aqualicus. "Water-Dog Ears pendent ; body thickly covered with long

curled hair; snout slightly recurved ; eyes almost concealed in the fur; scent
acute ; docile, sagacious, learns readily to carry any thing in its mouth ; swims
well.

3. Dwarfs.

r. Carolinus. King Charles's Dog — Ears long, pendulous ; body thickly
covered with long waved hair. When the hair is remarkably long, it is called
the Shock-Dog.

s. Melilcnsis. Comforter Hair on the ears and tail long ; snappish and

noisv.

Vulpes. MAMMALIA. FERA. IS

t. Chinensis. Pug Head globular ; under jaw longest and turned up-
wards.

These three last varieties are chiefly kept by ladies, and are consequent-
ly pampered and caressed.

Gen. IX. VULPES. Fox.— Pupil linear, nocturnal. Tail
bushsy.

14. V. vulgaris. Fur brown, and uniform.
S, Tod ; W, Llewynog ; G, Sionnach ; Balgaire.

The history of the fox is very similar to that of the dog. It feeds on lambs,
poultry and carrion, and will hide the booty it is unable to consume. It lives
in furze, brakes or young wood, and when pursued, enters a hole in the earth.
In the absence of nobler game, it now ranks as the first beast of the chase.
Brings forth its young under ground.

There are three varieties of this native depredator recognised by sports-
men.

a. Greylimind-Fox This is the Milgi of the Welsh. Its tail is long and

bushy, with a white tip ; it is the largest and boldest ; and preys upon sheep
or lambs.

b. Mastif-Fox This is of a dark brown colour, somewhat less, but more

strongly made — Feeds on poultry.

c. Cur-Fox. — This is the Corgi of Wales, and is probably the Canis alopex
of Schreber. It is the least, of a reddish-brown colour, with the tip of the

, tail black.

MUSTELAD/E.

One bruising grinder in the upper jaw. Body about the thick-
ness of the head, long ; legs short, with jive jingers on each
Jbot. No ccecum.

Gen. X. MUSTELA. Weasel. — Two tearing grinders in
the upper, and three in the lower jaw. Ears middle-sized ;
tongue rough ; fur near the mouth white ; pupil horizon-
tal ; all the species emit a fetid odour when irritated.

15. M. vulgaris. Weasel. — Fur above, yellowish-brown;

beneath yellowish-white, with the tail uniform.

Sib. Scot. p. 11 — Ray, Quad. p. 195 Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. p. 95.; E, Fou-
mart or Fitchet ; S, Whitred ; W, Bronwen ; G, Neas — Common
in old walls.

The length of the body is about 1 inches ; the tail 2J inches, and not bushy-
It devours mice and young birds. Brings forth five young It sometimes

changes to white in winter, and in this state appears to be the M. nivalis of
Linnaeus ; Syst. Nat. 1. C9. It is said that weasels were introduced into Zet-
land by the King's falconer, in revenge, as some of the inhabitants had re-
fused him rabbits for his hawks ; Sibbald's Zetland, p. 22.

16. M. Erminea. Ermine. — Fur above yellowish-brown;
beneath yellowish-white, with a bushy tail, black at the end.

14 MAMMALIA. FERA. Martes.

Mustek, Merr. Pin. 1G7 — M. sylvestris, Sibb. Scot. 11 M. Candida,

Ray, Quad. p. 198 — M. Er. Lin. Syst. 1. p. 08 — Stoat or Ermine, Pen.

Br. Zool. 1. p. 89 — E, Winter Weasel; ^Weasel; W. Carlwm In

summer, haunts woods and hedges, in winter corn-yards and barns.
The length of the body is about 10 inches, of the tail 0 inches. In win-
ter the fur assumes a white colour, and is then highly prized. In this state,
however, the black on the tail continues unaltered. It is fond of eggs, pigeons,
rats, and putrid meat. I have seen it pursuing a young hare by the scent,
tracing the steps with as much accuracy as a harrier. This is supposed by Dr
Walker, in his Essays, p. 485., to be the animal considered by the Highland-
ers as noxious to horses, and which is thus described in the Statistical Account
of Kirkmichael, Banffshire, (Itev. John Grant, vol. xii. p. 449) : " In these
mountains, it is asserted by the country people, that there is a small quadru-
ped which they call Famh. In summer mornings it issues from its lurking-
places, emitting a kind of glutinous matter fatal to horses, if they happen to
eat of the grass upon which it has been deposited. It is somewhat larger
than a mole, of a brownish colour, with a large head disproportionate to'its
body. From this deformed appearance and noxious quality, the word seems
to have been transferred to denote a monster, a cruel mischievous person,
who, in the Gaelic language is usually called famh-fhear." It is probably the
same prejudice to which Sibbald refers, (Scot. 111. p. 11). " Lavellan, animal
in Cathanesia frequens, in aquis dulcis degit, capite mustelse sylvestri simile,
ejusdemque coloris bestia est. Habitu bestiis nocet. Itemedium autem est,
si de aqua bibant, in qua ejus caput coctum sit."

17- M. Putorius. Foumart. — Fur blackish-brown, paler be-
low and about the ears, with the tail uniform.

Putorius, Merr. Pin. p. 108 — Sibb. Scot. 11 — Ray, Quad. p. 199 Lin.

Syst. 1. 07-, Fitchet.— Pen. Br. Zool. 1. p. 89 — E, Polecat, Fitchew ;
IV. Ffwlbard ; G, Foclan — In holes under trees, near rivulets.
Length of the body 17 inches, of the tail 0 inches. It brings forth six
young ones at a time. Claws long — In its burrowing habits it resembles the
otter. Most destructive to pigeon-houses, poultry -yards and warrens ; kill-
ing and sucking the blood of numbers of the inhabitants.

The Ferret, M. Furo, is merely an albino of this species. It has white fur
and red eyes. It breeds freely with the dark individuals.

Gen. XI. MARTES. Martin. — Three tearing grinders in
the upper jaw, the front one falling with age; four in
the lower jaw. Ears middle-sized ; tongue smooth ; smell
musky.

18. M. fagorum. Common Martin. — Throat and breast
white.

Martes,— Mem. Pin. p. 107 — Sibb. Scot. p. 11 M. fag. Ray, Quad.

p. 200 — Mustela martes, var. fag. Lin. Syst. 1. 87—Martin, Pen.

Zool. 1. 92. tab. vi. f. 15 — La Fouine, Cuvier, Reg. An. 1. p. 149

E, Martin or Martlet ; IF, Bela Graig — In woods and rocks in the
south of Scotland and England.

The length of the body is about 18 inches, the tail 10. The general colour
of the fur is dark brown, the head having a reddish tinge — It is a great de-
stroyer of poultry and game. Easily tamed. Lodges frequently in hollows
of trees, and brings forth from four to six young.

19- M. dbietum. Pine-Martin. — Throat and breast yellow.

Felis. MAMMALIA. FERA. 15

Martes, var. Sibb. Scot. p. 11 — M. abietum, Ray, Quad. p. 200 — Mustek
martes, var. abietum, Lin. Syst. 1. p. 67 — Pine-Martin, Pen. Br. Zool. 1 .
p. 94 S, Mertrick ; W, Belagoed ; G, Taghan — In the wooded dis-
tricts of Wales and Scotland.
This species is somewhat less than the preceding ; the colour of the fur is
darker, and it is softer to the touch. It builds its nest on the tops of trees,
and prefers wild situations, while the common sort approaches houses. ^ The
fur of this species, before the Union, formed a lucrative article of export'from
Scotland. The characters of these two species are ill defined. Dr Walker,
in his Mam. Scot. p. 483., seems to consider the yellow colour of the breast as
the mark of age.

III. No bruising grinder in the lower jaw.

Gen. XII. FELIS. Cat. — Two tearing grinders in both
jaws. — Toes, five before, and four behind ; nails retractile.

20. F. Cat-us, var. sylvestris. Wild Cat. — Tail cylindrical,

truncated.

F. sylv. Merr. Pin. 169— Sibb. Scot. 13 — W, Cathgoed ; G, Cat-fiad-
haich In mountainous and wooded districts.

Length from the point of the nose to the base of the tail, 2 feet 4 inches,
length of the tail 1 foot 5 inches, girth of the thickest part of the body, 1 foot
8 inches, height, 1 foot 3 inches ; weight about 12 pounds. The fur is yel-
lowish-grey ; back, sides, and tail, transversely barred with black.

The wild cat lodges in old woods, or in holes in inaccessible precipices, in
the less cultivated districts of the country. It preys upon poultry, lambs and
kids. When irritated or wounded, it offers dangerous resistance to the sports-
man, and on this account has been termed the British Tiger. It was formerly
reckoned among the beasts of the chase. The fur was used to line robes.

It is generally believed by naturalists, that the wild cat is the parent stock
of the Felis Catus, var. domestieus, or common house-cat. Several circumstan-
ces seem to be at variance with this supposition. 1. The tail of the domestic
cat tapers to a point, while in the wild cat it terminates abruptly. The head,
too, is larger in proportion to the body. 2. The size is much smaller, a charac-
ter at variance with the ordinary effects of domestication, though probably re-
sulting in part from a poor animal or vegetable diet. 3. It would appear from
the Leges Wallicae, that, about the beginning of the tenth century, the domestic
cat was highly prized ; for, among the laws of Howeldda, relating to the prices
of animals, the price of a kitten, before it could see, was fixed at a penny ;
till it caught aTmouse, twopence ; when it commenced mouser, fourpence. Had
the cats alluded to been natives of these islands, it is not likely that so high a
value would have been attached to them, especially if we take into considera-
tion the ease with which they are reared, and the rapidity with which they
multiply. The spotted variety, termed the Cypress Cat, is noticed by Mer-
ret, who says, (Pin. 169.), " Enutritur in sedibus nobilium." The domestic
cat is probably derived from Asia, and may be regarded as one of the few of
our useful naturalised quadrupeds. Its period of gestation is sixty-three
days.

Extensive revolutions appear to have taken place among the British Digi-
t igrada, occasioning the extirpation and extinction of several species.

1. Canis Lupus. Wolf.

This species became extinct in Scotland in 1680, the last having fallen, it
is said, by the hands of Sir Ewen Cameron of Locheil. They continued

16 MAMMALIA. FERA. Lutra.

in Ireland, so late as 1710. King Edgar is said to have reduced their
numbers greatly, by commuting certain punishments for a given num-
ber of wolves' tongues. Succeeding princes had recourse to various
expedients to restrain their increase. The progress of civilisation at
length effected their destruction. Among our Saxon ancestors, Janu-
ary was called the Wolf-month, as at that season they were particularly
destructive. An outlaw,was said to be wolf-shed, independent of the
voice of tradition or history, the remains of this animal in limestone
caves, attest its former residence in this country.

3. Extinct Hycena.

This species, not now known alive on the globe, and which appears to
have been of the size of the brown bear, nearly resembles in its osteo-
logy the Cape Hyaena. Plate 3d of Buckland's Rel. DiL, exhibits a com-
parative view of the teeth of the two species. The remains of this
animal have occurred in caves at Kirkdale and Plymouth, and in allu-
vial clay at Lawford, near Rugby, in Warwickshire. The learned
Professor, in the above work, infers, from the number of bones of other
animals occurring in sharp fragments, with the marks of the hyaena's
teeth upon them, along with the excrement of that animal, that the
Kirkdale Cave had long been occupied as a hyaena's den, and that
this species possessed the habit of carrying into caves the remains of
its prey.

3. Extinct Tiger.

Remains of this animal have occurred in the caves of Kirkdale and Ply-
mouth. They equal, if not exceed in size similar bones belonging to
the Bengal Tiger. Buck. Rel. Dil. p. 17-72. Plate vi. f. 5, C, 7. The
two last extinct species, it may be added, occur in similar circumstan-
ces, in many places on the Continent of Europe*.

PALMATA.

1. Incisors and Tusks in both jaws.

Gen. XIV. LUTRA. Otter.— With the three kinds of
grinders, and six incisors in each jaw.

21. L. vulgaris. Common Otter. — Fur blackish-brown, with

a white spot on each side of the nose, and another under the

chin.

Lutra, Merr. Pin. p. 167 — Sibb. Scot. p. 10 Ray, Quad. p. 187 Mus-
tek Lutra, Lin. Syst. 1. p. G6 — Pen. Br. Zool. 1. p. 92. tab. viii. No. 19.

— W, Dyfrgi; G, Doran, Dorchie Not uncommon. Near lakes and

rivulets.

The usual length of the body of the otter is about 2 feet, and the tail 16
inches. The ears are minute : the nostrils furnished with a valve for closing
them when diving ; eyes small, with a dorsal aspect and lateral eyelid ; feet

with five toes, and strong grooved nails ; tongue smooth In the female, the

external organ of generation is a small pouch, in which is the entrance to the
vagina. It burrows in the banks of rivulets, and brings forth five }roung.
In Zetland (where it is called Tyke), the otter frequents the sea-shore. In

* On the subject of the extinct quadrupeds of Britain ; see a paper which
I published in the Edin. Phil. Journ. vol. ix. p. 287>, " Remarks illustrative
of the influence of Society on the Distribution of British Animals."

Phoca. MAMMALIA. FERA. 17

winter, its footsteps are traced in the snow to the springs of fresh-water which

it visits The fur of the otter is valuable, and forms an article of export in

the northern isles. The animal, when taken young, is easily tamed, is docile,
grateful, and will catch fish for its master.

Gen. XV. PHOCA. Seal.— All the grinders nearly uniform
in their appearance ; six incisors above, and four below.
Fur short. Fore-legs short, and inclosed in the skin ; hind-
legs nearly coalesce with the body ; pelvis narrow. Sleeps
on stones ; breeds in caves ; is easily killed by a blow on
the nose. Might be domesticated with advantage. Yields
oil. — The skin is made into leather.

21. P. vUulina. Common seal. — Body about six feet in
length ; colour various.

Vitulus mar. Merr. Pin. 167 — Sib. Scot. p. 10 — Phoca, Rat/, Quad. 189.

Lin. Svst. 1. p. 56. 1 Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 137 — Flem. Phil. Zool. tab. 1.

f. 3. X Sea-calf, Soil; S, Selch, Pouart, Cowie, Tangfish; W, Moel-

rhon ; G, Ron On all our shores and large estuaries.

Seals are extremely watchful, and seldom remain long without raising their
heads and looking around. They are expert divers, and can seldom be shot
in the water. They prey on fish of all kinds, and in the estuaries are most
destructive to salmon. They display considerable ingenuity in evading being
captured by the net, into -which they occasionally enter in search of their
prey, creepiDg out at the bottom, or leaping over it at the surface. They
sometimes enter fresh-water lakes in pursuit of their prey. In the Statisti-
cal Account (vol. vi. p. 260.) of the parish of North Knapdale, by the Rev.
Archibald Campbell, it is said, that Lochow, which is about twenty miles in
length, and three in breadth, " abounds with plenty of the finest salmon ;
and, what is uncommon, the seal comes up from the ocean, through a very ra-
pid river, in quest of this fish, and retires to the sea at the approach of win-
ter." They breed about midsummer, bringing forth their young, which are
two in number, in caves on the coast. Seals were formerly used as food,
though their flesh is dark coloured. At present they are sought after on ac-
count of their skin, and the oil which they yield. A few of the young ones
are slain in the caves in which they were brought forth. The old ones are
shot when at rest on sand-banks, or rocks, or taken in nets. Sometimes they
are destroyed by recurved iron pikes, secured in beams of wood fixed on the
banks, which they frequent, near low water-mark ; the seals, at a proper time
of tide, are surprised, and driven rapidly into the water, when they are
interrupted and wounded by the pikes, and felled with clubs. According to
Dean Monroe, seals, when on the ban':s at Lochegrenord, in Islay, were slain
with trained dogs. They are ea.-ily tamed. They are occasionally subject to
epizooty. About fifty years ago, mid.itudes of carcases were cast ashore
in every bay in the north of Scotland, Orkney and Zetland, and numbers were
found at sea in a sickly state.

Mr Pennant mentions one taken near Chester in May 1766, which, at the
time, was nearly naked ; only the head and a small spot beneath each fore-leg
being hairy, Brit. Zool. i. p. 139. In the last edition of the same work (1812),
this var. is described as a distinct species, Pied Seal, with the nose tapered and
elongated ; the fore-head black ; the hind-head and throat white, with a spot
beneath each fore-leg of the same colour ; hind-feet dirty Avliite ; remainder
an intense black ; i. p. 177-

The relics of the seal have been found in the marine diluvium which oc-
curs on the banks of the Forth towards the head of the estuary.

VOL. I. B

18 MAMMALIA. FERA. Trichechus.

22. P. barbata. Great Seal. — Length about 12 feet ; fur

consisting of thin brown hairs.

Haaf-fish, Bull-fish, Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. p. 130". — On the shores of the
Hebrides and northern islands.

The history of this species as a British subject is very imperfect. Pen-
nant did not meet with it during his voyage. The Bev. Donald Maclean, in
his account of the Parish of Small Isles, Stat. Ac. vol. xvii. p. 275-, mentions
the great seal as a distinct species, and states, that, while the common kind
bring forth their young in the middle of summer, this species does so about
the middle of harvest. Dr Edmonston, in his " View of the Zetland Is-
lands," ii. p. 294., says, "That the head is longer in proportion to the body
than in the common seal; that they live in pairs only, and in exposed situa-
tions." In the article Greenland, in the Edin. Encyc, by Sir Charles Gieseeke,
it is stated, that the flesh of this species is white and very good. The " Great
Seal" of the British Museum (Phil. Trans, xlii. p. 383. tab. i.), seems to be an
aged individual of the common species. In the Appendix, No. 4., to " Ross's
Voyage of Discovery to Baffin's Bay," there is a description of this species,
which we shall here insert, as furnishing a standard of comparison in the exa-
mination of our native kind.

" Its length, from the tip of the nose to the extremity of the tail, was
8 feet ; its circumference, behind the fore-flippers, 5 feet 7 inches ; weight,
830 pounds. " Fore-flippers measured in length 1 1 inches, in breadth 6 in-
ches. Hind-flippers, in length 1G inches, in breadth 2 feet; when expanded.
The claws of the former were black, horny, and curved ; those of the lat-
ter were long and straight. Fingers five, middle ones longest in fore-flip-
pers. The body covered with thick, coarse, short, dark grey hair. The eyes
about the size of an ox's, furnished with a nictitant membrane, irides dark
hazel ; the pupil elliptic, perpendicular. No external ears ; the auricular
apertures placed about 2 inches behind the eyes. The upper lip broad, round-
ed, fleshy, divided into two lobes by a deep sulcus, division, which is black and
naked ; each lobe is provided with eight rows of strong white bristles, semi-
pellucid, and curled at the ends ; the lower less thin and pointed. Tongue
thick, pointed and cleft ; upper surface papillous. Teeth, upper front six,
truncate, small ; tusks solitary, truncate ; grinders three, the anterior one
solitary ; lower front four, imperfectly developed ; tusks small and obtuse ;
grinders seven, the two posterior imperfectly lobed, the rest being small long
tuberosities, scarcely produced through the gum. The heart about the bulk
of that of the ox, its texture strong ; the foramen ovale obliterated, (a point
on which there is yet some discord among comparative anatomists). The
aorta 3 inches in diameter, its coats 2^ lines in thickness ; the caliber of the
pulmonary artery nearly the same ; the thickness of its coats 1 line. Kidneys
elliptic, lobes 150 to 100. Stomach filled with a greenish dark fluid; its in-
ner coat lined with ascarides an inch and a half long ; they hold on with great
tenacity, rendering it difficult to detach them; the small intestines were in-
habited thickly with teniae, from 1 to 5 feet in length. Excrementa of the
large intestines resembling thick verdigris paint. Penis about 18 inches
long, 8 in circumference ; the lobe about 8 inches long, and 3 in circumference ;
the lower surface depressed for the reception of the urinary canal."

11. Destitute of incisors or tusks in the lower jaw.

Gen. XVI. TRICHECHUS. Walrus— Tusks of the up-
per jaw greatly produced, and directed ventrally.

23. T. Rosmarus. Tusks remote.
Walrus, Sibb. Scot. p. 10., MacSUlivrctyy Edin. PhiL Journ. ii. p. 380 — A
rare straggler.

Mrs. MAMMALIA. FERA. 19

This species is noticed both by Boece and Sibbald, without any facts being
stated illustrative of the times or places of its occurrence on our shores. In
December 1817, however, a solitary individual was shot while lying on a
small rock at the Sound of Stockness on the east coast of Harris, which was
upwards of 10 feet in length. The tusks measured «4 inches in length. On
the shores of Spitzbergen it measures 15 feet in length, and 10 in circumfe-
rence, and the tusks are 20 inches in length. It has been conjectured, that
the ivory bits which Strabo enumerates in the articles of British commerce,
were manufactured from the teeth of this animal. Perhaps the influence of
civilization mav have so reduced the geographical limits of this species, as
now to confine "its dwelling to the Arctic Seas. It was formerly captured in
abundance in the Norwegian Seas.

GLIRES.

1. Summits of the grinders with conical processes, covered with

enamel.

Gen. XVII. MUS. Mouse. — Incisors with pointed summits ;
three grinders in each jaw; destitute of cheek-pouches:
hind-legs of moderate length ; tail nearly naked, annulated
with scales.

a. MICE.

24. M. Mttsculus. Common Mouse. Body about 3 inches in
length ; fur yellowish -brown above, mixed with black hairs ;
beneath iron-grey.

Merr. Pin. p. lfa'7 Sibb. Scot. p. 12 Ray, Quad. 218 — M. Mus. Lin..

Syst. 1. 83. W, Llygoden ; G, Luch — Common in houses.
The mouse is remarkably prolific. We have found seventeen young ones
in a nest, all nearly of the same size, and blind. Albinoes occasionally occur,
and the variety may be propagated.

25. M. sylvaticus. Field-Mouse. — Body about 4| inches in
length ; fur yellowish-brown above, beneath white, the margin
of the former colour, and a spot on the breast ferruginous.

Sibb. Scot. p. 12 M. domesticus medius, Ray, Quad. 218 — M. sylvati-
cus, Linn. Syst. 11 p. 84 — Penn. Brit. Zool. 1. p. 120 — W, Lygoden
ganolig. In ploughed fields and gardens, common.
The fur is very like that of the preceding on the back, but the sides incline
to rufous ; the ears are larger, the head longer, and the eyes more prominent.
The weight is about an ounce. The tail is black above, grey beneath, and of
the length of the body. This species never frequents houses, but takes up
its abode in cultivated fields and gardens, forming its retreat under ground,
in which it lays up a store of seeds and roots before winter, and, in cold wea-
ther, when the air is about eleven degrees above the freezing point, it be-
comes torpid. It brings forth about nine young ones at a litter.

26. M. messonus. Harvest Mouse. — Length of the body

about 2J inches, of the tail 2 inches ; fur chestnut-brown above,

white beneath, the colours divided by a straight line.

White's Works, 1. p. 58 Perm. Brit. Zool. 1. p. 121 — Mont. Lin. Trans.

vii. p. 274. Hampshire, White. Wiltshire, Mont — Inhabits corn fields

and ricks in England.

O

20 MAMMALIA. FERA. Sciurus.

The late Mr White of Selborne discovered this species in 1767- From his
observations, Mr Pennant appears to have drawn up his description in the
Brit. Zool. i. p 121. without acknowledging the source of his information.
According to Mr White, " they never enter into houses ; are carried into
ricks and barns with the sheaves ; abound in harvest ; and build their nests
amidst the straws of the corn above the ground, and sometimes in thistles.
They breed as many as eight at a litter, in a little round nest composed of
the blades of grass and wheat." In winter they burrow deep in the earth,
or lodge in oat ricks. Montagu has found them in the latter situation in the
colder months without any signs ot torpidity. They are the smallest of Bri-
tish quadrupeds, not exceeding in weight |th of an ounce.

b. RATS.

27. M. Rattus. Black Rat. — Fur greyish-black above, paler

coloured beneath ; body eight, and the tail nine inches in length.

M. major seu Sorex, Merr, Pin. p. 167 — Sibb. Scot. p. 12 — Rat/, Quad,
p. 217 — Petin. Brit. Zool. ii. p. 113. JV, Llygoden fierngig; S, Roof-
rotten — Infests houses.

This is a voracious animal, living in houses, barns, and granaries, and de-
vouring all sorts of provisions. I have evidence of their bringing forth eleven
young ones at a litter, and of their pulling the hair off the necks of cows to
line their nests. The remarks of Mr Pennant have led to the supposition
that this species is now nearly extirpated by the brown rat, which he consi-
dered as its natural enemy. He does not mention his evidence of enmity
between the species. On the contrary, I know that they have lived for
years under the same roof, the brown rat chiefly residing in holes of the
floor, the other chiefly in holes in the roof. The period of their extirpation
is far distant. They still infest the older houses of London and Edinburgh,
and in many districts of the country they are common.

28. M. decumanus. Brown Rat. — Fur yellowish-brown

above, beneath grey ; body about nine inches, with a tail of

equal length.

Perm. Brit. Zool. 1. 115 — M. fossor, Walker's Essays, p. 497. S, Grund-
rotten.

This species is not so nimble as the former, but it is stronger and bolder ;
the nose is more obtuse, and the hair on the feet thinner. It burrows under
the foundations of houses, but prefers being near drains of foul water. It
swims with ease, and infests ships and harbours. It brings forth as many as
nineteen at a Utter. This species is generally believed to have been im-
ported into this country about the middle of the last century, some say from
Norway, whence it has been termed Norway rat, others from Antwerp, or
from America. It is now, however, more generally considered as of Asiatic
origin. Linnaeus seems to have confounded this species with the former in
the description in his Syst. Nat. p. 83. According to the observations of Mr
Wilson, the rats of London are very subject to urinary calculi ; Annals of
Phil. vol. ix. p. 31 9.

Gen. XVIII. SCIURUS. Squirrel. — Incisors with chisel-
shaped summits; grinders four on each side in both jaws;
four fingers and five toes.

29. S. vulgaris. Common Squirrel. — Fur brownish-red
above, beneath white ; ears tufted with long hairs ; length of
the bodv about 18 inches.

Lepus. MAMMALIA. FERA. 21

Merr. Pin. p. 168 Sibb. Scot. p. 11 — Rat/, Quad. 214 — Linn. Syst.

i. 86 Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 107- B, Gwiwair; G, Feorag. In old

wooded districts.
This lively active animal frequents extensive woods, where it resides on
the trees, feeding on buds, twigs, and fruits. It lays up a stock of provision
for the winter, securing it in the cleft of an old tree. It forms its nest of
moss or dried leaves in a similar situation, in which it brings forth from four
to five j'oung. These are easily tamed, but prove destructive to furniture.
They sit erect, covering the body with the tail, and using the fore-legs as
hands. Destructive to young plantations. Have disappeared from some
parts of Argyleshire, where they were formerly abundant ; Statist. Account,
i. p. 487.

II. Summits of the grinders fiat, with the enamel appearing
partially on the surface. Herbivorous.

Gen. XIX. LEPUS. Hare. — Subsidiary incisors in the
upper jaw. The prismatic grinders are six in the upper,
and five in the lower jaw on each side. Inside of the
cheeks hairy. Five fingers and four toes. Furnished with
a tail. Ears large.

30. L timidus. Common Hare. — Ears longer than the
head, and black towards the tips. Tail black above, white be-
neath. Weight from 6 to 12 lb.

Merr. Pin. 168 — Sibb. Scott, p. 11 — Ray, Quad. p. 204 Penn. Brit.

Zool. i. p. 98. S, Maukin or Cuttie ; W, Ysgyfarnog, Ceinach ; G,
Maigheach — In cultivated districts. Not in the Northern Isles.

The hare has its form on the ground. It breeds several times in a season,
pairing in February ; goes with young thirty days, and produces from one to
five at a litter. The young have their eyes and ears perfect, the body co-
vered with fur, and the limbs fit for locomotion. Destructive to gardens and
young plantations. Flesh highly valued for soup, though of a dark colour.
Fur valuable. In Scotland the skins are collected by itinerant dealers, and
annuallv sold in the February market at Dumfries, sometimes to the amount
of 30,000.

A black hare was killed lately at Netley, Shropshire, by my respected friend,
the Reverend F. W. Hope.

31. L. cunniculus. Rabbit. — Ears shorter than the head, dark
coloured towards the tips. Tail above nearly of the same co-
lour as the back. Weight from 3 to 5 ft).

Men: Pin. p. 168 — Sibb. Scot. 111. p. 11 Ray, Syn. Quad. p. 205

Penn. Brit. Zool. i. p. 104. E, Coney ; S, Kinnen ; B, Cwningen.
The rabbit is common on the British continent and islands, but would soon
be extirpated unless protected in warrens. It breeds six or seven times in
the year, and brings forth five to eight at a litter. The eyes and ears, at
birth, are imperfect, the skin is destitute of hair, and the lin.-bs unfit for loco-
motion. Easily domesticated, and in many situations might be reared to ad-
vantage. Its flesh is white and delicate, and its fur valuable — Three varie-
ties occur. The first is the common Grey Rabbit, widely dispersed. The se-
cond is the Black Rabbit, found in several warrens, but nowhere numerous.
The third is the Silky Rabbit, probably brought originally from Angora. They
occur in the May, and a few other islands. They do not associate with the

n MAMMALIA. FERA. Mvoxrs.

common kind, but live and breed in holes apart. The fur is of a dirty ash-
colour above, paler beneath, of a silky fineness, and 3 inches or more in
length.

32. L. variabilis. Alpine Hare. — Ears shorter than the
head, and black towards the tips, the rest of the body dusky in
summer, and white in winter.

Barrington, Phil. Trans. 17/2. p. \\,~Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 102 Walker's

Essays, p. 493. S, White hare; G, Maigheach-gheal Inhabiting the

Scottish mountains, and rarely descending lower than 1500 feet above
the level of the sea.

The Hon. Daines Barrington assigns as the length, in inches, of the fore-
legs, from the uppermost joint to the toe, of the hare, 7* ; rabbit, 4.^ ; alpine
hare, 6£ ; — of the hind-legs, in the hare, 11 ; rabbit, (if ; alpine hare, lOf ; —
the length of the body from the rump to the mouth, in the hare, 22 ; rabbit,
1G^ ; alpine hare, 22. This last species holds, therefore, an intermediate
rank between the hare and the rabbit, in reference to its dimensions. The
ears are white behind, and in summer they are brownish before, and in win-
ter grey. The lips are always black. It lurks beneath stones and in holes
in precipices. Said to be easily tamed. Breeds a few hundred feet below the
summits of the higher mountains. Forster, in his Natural History of the Volga,
Phil. Trans. 17C5, p. 343., intimates that the fur of this species is greatly in-
ferior to that of the common hare. Dr Leach considers the L. albus of Bris-
son, to which he refers the Scottish hare, to be different from the L. variabi-
lis of Pallas (Boss's Voyage, App. No. iv. p. 151., and Annals of Phil. xiv.
201.) The following notices on the change of colour in this species are inte-
resting. " The varying hare becomes white in winter. This remarkable
change takes place in the following manner : About the middle of September
the grey feet begin to be white, and before the month ends, all the four feet
are white, and the ears and muzzle are of a brighter colour. The white co-
lour gradually ascends the legs and thighs, and we observe under the grey
hair whitish spots, which continue to increase till the end of October ; but
still the back continues of a grey colour, while the eye-brows and ears are
nearly white. From this period the change of colour advances very rapidly,
and by the middle of November the whole fur, with the exception of the tips
of the ears, which remain black, is of a shining white. The back becomes white
within eight days. During the whole of this remarkable change in the fur,
no hair falls from the animal ; hence it appears that the hair actually changes
its colour, and that there is no renewal of it. The fur retains its white colour
until the month of March, or even later, depending on the temperature of
the atmosphere, and by the middle of May it has again a grey colour. But
the spring change is different from the winter, as the hair is completely shed ;"
Edin. Phil. Journ. vol. ii. p. 191. The laws regulating the colour of the
summer and winter covering of quadrupeds and birds I have given in detail
in my " Philosophy of Zoology," vol. ii. p. 1 5.

Gkn. XX. MYOXUS. Dormouse. — No subsidiary incisors.
Roots of the grinders with fangs. — Grinders four on each
side. Hairy. Destitute of a caecum.

33. M. avellanar'ms. Common Dormouse. — Fur above

tawny red ; beneath white ; tail bushy.

Mus avellanarum, Men: Pin. p. 1G7 — Ray-, Quad. p. 220 — Linn. Syst.

i. p. 83 Penn. Brit. Zool. i. p. 110 — Walker's Essays, p. 499. E,

Sleeper ; W, Pathew Inhabits woods and hedges. Rare in Scotland.

Arvicola. MAMMALIA. FERA. 23

The dormouse is about the size of the common mouse, but fuller ; the tail
ia about 2 J inches in length, covered thickly with long hair. Eats its food
erect. During winter it subsists on the store of nuts which it had prepared
in autumn, and in very cold weather it becomes torpid.

Gen. XXI. ARVICOLA. Vole.— No subsidiary incisors.
Roots of the grinders simple ; there are three on each side
on both jaws. Tail round and hairy, and about half the
length of the body. — The species of this genus differ from
the true mice, with which the older authors confounded
them, by the superior size of the head, the shortness of the
tail, and the coarseness of the fur.

34. A. aquatica. Water Vole. — Body 7 inches long ; tail 3
inches.

Mus aquaticus, Men'. Pin. p. 167 — Sibb. Scot. p. 12 — Mus amphibius,
Linn. Syst. i. p. 82 Water Hat, Penn. Brit. Zool. i. p. 1 18 — Mus am-
phibius, Walker's Essays, p. 490. W, Llygqden y dwfr ; G, Radan

uisque Frequent in the banks of rivers. Not in the Northern Isles.

The males are greyish-black on the back, the females yellowish-brown, with
scattered black hairs, both light coloured beneath. Tail covered with short
hair, and ending in a small pencil. This species swims and dives well. It
seems to feed exclusively on the roots of aquatic plants, no remains of the
bones of little fishes having been detected by us in its excrement, though
said to prey on such. During the winter months, it retires to a cavity formed
under ground in a dry bank, in which it has previously deposited a stock of
provisions. This consists in some cases of potatoes, as was observed by Mr
White, (Hist. Selb. i. p. 129.) ; and we have twice witnessed the same thing.
In the end of July we have found the stomach of a young one filled with
clover. It is probable that this species becomes torpid in the cold months.

35. A. agrestis. Field Vole. — Body 3 inches and a half
long, tail 1^ inch.

Mus agrestis, Ray, Quad. p. 218 — Short-tailed mouse, Penn. Brit. Zool.
i. p." 123. B, Llygoden gwlla'r maes. Vole-mouse in Orkney — In

gardens and meadows, common.
This species never exceeds half the size of the former. The fur is browner
above and paler beneath, the ears are longer in proportion ; and the tusks,
which in the former are yellow, are in this nearly white. Doubts were en-
tertained by Linnaeus whether this and the former were distinct species.
But in his description of his Mas terrestris (our No. 35.), he introduces several of
the characters of the A. aquatica; and Pennant seems to have desciibed a young
one of that species for the agrestis. The field vole is most destructive in gar-
dens to seeds, especially to early peas, which, after germination has com-
menced, it scents out and digs up. The trap called by gardeners the Fourth
Figure catches them readily. It is equally destructive to young plantations,
and to coarse pastures. It multiplies prodigiously in certain seasons, and

commits extensive ravages.

In consequence of the progress of Society, one species has been extirpated
from the British Glires — the Beaver (Castor Fiber). This animal appears,
from the testimony of Giraldus de Barri, to have existed only in one river
in Wales and another in Scotland in the 12th century, (Hist. Camb. lib. ii.

24 MAMMALIA. PECORA. Bos.

cap. 3.), about which period it probably became extinct, although the credu-
lous Boece states that they were found in plenty so late as the 15th century.
It was termed by the Welsh in the 9th century (" Leges Wallicse," iii. 1 1. 12.)
Llosdlydan, and in the Gaelic it is still termed, from tradition, Losleathen. See
Mr Neill's valuable " Account of some fossil remains of the Beaver found in
Perthshire and Berwickshire," Wern. Mem. iii. p. 207. The bones of this
species occur in beds of marl under peat-moss, as quoted by Mr Neill ; and
in Berkshire, Phil. Trans. 1757, p. 112-

The Guinea pig (Cavia Cobaya), has been domesticated in the belief that
its smell will expel rats. It is a native of Brazil, and may be regarded as a
useless addition to our stock of quadrupeds.

PECORA.

I. Horns permanent, furnished internally with an osseous

core.

Gen. XXII. BOS. Ox. — Horns lateral at their origin, but
afterwards recurved, smooth.

36. B. Taurus. Common Ox. — Front flat, longer than
broad. Horns proceeding from the extremities of the occipital
ridge.

The cow goes with young nine months, and is capable of breeding the se-
cond year. Milk teeth begin to shed about the tenth month. Numerous va-
rieties exist at present in a domesticated state, differing in colour and shape,
and in the form or absence of their horns. Those in the more fertile districts
are the largest ; those frequenting mountainous districts with scanty pastures
are the smallest, with the fore-quarters proportionally larger, as in Zetland.

Several varieties, if not species, of oxen appear to have occupied the Bri-
tish Island, in a wild state, at no very remote period. Lesley (" De Origine,
moribus et rebus gestis Scotorum," Rome 1078) mentions herds of" Vaccce
non cimres" (p. 10.), which frequented the mountainous districts of Argyle
and Ross. These probably were the parent stock of our domesticated varie-
ties, which, with but little care, are reared in the remoter districts.

The " boves sylvestres" of Lesley (p. 19.), which were of a white colour, pos-
sessed, as he states, "jubam densam, ac dimissam instar leonis ;" while Sir
Robert Sibbald says, that, in his day, they did not differ in form from the
common kind. The remains, however, of this white breed, with the muzzle
and ears black, may be found mixed occasionally in our domestic kind. In a
pure state, they are preserved in the parks of a few of the nobility. The
remains of oxen, which occur in marl-pits in this country, seem all to belong
to the species taurus. Many of the skulls, however, exhibit dimensions su-
perior to those of the largest domesticated kinds. A skull in my possession
measures 27 § inches in length, 9 inches between the horns, and 114 inches
across at the orbits.

The manes, which several authors state to have characterised the wild oxen
of this country, and their remarkable ferocity, probably had a reference to
the Bos Urus, a species once indigenous, as attested by the occurrence of its
remains in the recent strata. A skull of this species, found by Mr Warbur-
ton, at Walton in Essex, forms a part of the Collection of the Geological So-
ciety of London, and another skull found at Woolwich, exists in the Museum
of the Royal College of Surgeons, London. This species differs remarkably
from the Bos Taurus, in the front being swollen, broader than long, the horns

Capka. MAMMALIA. PECOJIA. 25

taking their rise lower than the occipital ridge, and the ribs being fourteen in
number, instead of twelve. This species has now become scarce on the Con-
tinent of Europe, and probably at no distant period will become extinct.

Gen. XXIII. CAPRA. Goat.— Chin with a beard, and
the rough angular horns bent retrally, and approximate
at their base.

37. C. Hircus. — Horns sharp, edged anteally.

Caper, Merr. Pin. p. 1GG — Hircus, S'ibb. Scot. p. 8 — Capra domestica,
Ray, Quad. p. 77 — C. Hircus, Linn. Syst. i. p. 94. B, Bwch ; G,
Gaoither In the more remote mountainous districts.

This animal, valuable in an economical point of view, is prized for its skin,
fur, flesh, and milk. It is most destructive to young plantations, and seems
suited to those districts which are too rugged for sheep pasture. It has two
teats, and goes with young four months and a half. By some, the steinbock
of the Alps (C. ibex) is considered as the parent stock of our domestic goat,
while others regard it as the Paseng of the mountains of Persia (C. aga-
grus).

Gen. XXIV. OVIS. Sheep. — Chin beardless, the rough
angular horns bent retrally, laterally, and anteally, and
subremote at their origin.

38. O. Aries. — Horns compressed and lunated.

Aries, Merr. Pin — Ovis, Sibb. Scot. p. 8 O. domestica, Ray, Quad.

p. 73 — O. aries, Linn. Syst. i. p. 97. W, Hwrd.

The sheep goes with young J 50 days, and generally produces one, some-
times two or more, at a birth. During the first year, the young have eight
sharp, cutting teeth. In the second year the two middle ones drop out, and
have their places supplied by two permanent teeth, broader and more obtuse.
In the third, fourth, and fifth years, the remaining pairs of the milk-teeth are
shed, and the permanent ones, by which they are replaced, are proportionally
broad and blunt. In the eighth year the teeth begin to drop out, the two
middle incisors first, and two are shed in each of the three following seasons.
The wool differs, among individuals, in colour, fineness, and length ; and is
in so great demand for our manufactures, that innumerable attempts have
been made to establish particular breeds. Hence our short or long woolled
kinds, coarse and fine woolled kinds. Of the more ancient breeds, two seem
entitled to particular notice, viz.

Mugg Sheep — In this variety the face and legs are white, or rarely spotted
with yellow, with the forehead covered with long wool. This is the native
breed in Scotland, to the north of the Forth and Clyde. They are of a small
size, and seldom weigh above 8 or 10 lb. per quarter. Some tribes have
horns, others are destitute of them, and they vary in the length of the tail.
They may be considered as the stock of the numerous modern and valuable
varieties which are bred in the best cultivated districts. The Shetland sheep
belongs to this kind. The fur consists of fine wool next the skin, with long
coarse hairs, — indications of an inhabitant of an arctic climate. The wool is
never shorn, but when about to be shed in summer it is torn from the body
by the hand, — a process termed rawing.

Black-faced Sheep — The face and legs are black, and the tail short. Usual-
ly furnished with large horns. This species abounds in the mountainous dis-
tricts of the south of Scotland.

26 MAMMALIA. PECORA. Cervus.

II. Horns simple and deciduous.
Gen. XXV. CERVUS. Deer. — Horns, when growing, co-
vered by a soft velvety skin, which ultimately dries up,
and is rubbed off.

39. C. Elaphus. Stag or Red-Deer. — Horns branched, round,

and recurved.

Cervus, Merr. Pin. p. 1C6 — Sibb. Scot. p. 9 — Ray, Quad. p. C4. C. EL
—Lin. Syst. 1. p. 93 W, Carw; G, Fiadh.

The stag is about 3£ feet in height. In the Duke of Athol's grounds some
have beenshot, which weighed upwards of 18 stones (Stat. Ac xx. p. 470.).
The female is gravid eight months, and brings forth one at a birth. It was
formerly abundant throughout the kingdom, but is now, in consequence of
the influence of society, nearly confined to the remoter districts of Scotland
and England. In some of the latter regions it proves very destructive to
corn in harvest, but is gradually disappearing with the extension of sheep-
farming.

The fossil remains of this species are widely distributed, occurring in peat
and marl-beds, clay, and the silt of rivers. The horns, which chiefly attract
notice, and find a place in geological collections, are of larger dimensions than
those which belong to the recent individuals. The same remark applies to the
fossil ox. Nor need this circumstance excite surprise, when we take into
consideration the extensive forests and meadows with which the country
abounded, furnishing protection and sustenance ; and the advanced age to
which many individuals might, Avhen free from the persecution of man, be
permitted to attain.

40. C. Capreolus. Roe. — Horns branched, round, erect, with

bifid summits.

Capreolus, Merr. Pin. p. 106 — Sibb. Scot. p. 9 — Capria Plinii, Ray, Quad,
p. 89 C. cap. Lin. Syst. 1. p. 94. — W, Jwrch ; G, Earha.

The height of this species is about 2\ feet. The female is gravid five
months and a half, and produces two at a birth. This species was formerly
equally extensively disli-ibuted with the stag, but is now in a great measure
confined to the district of Scotland to the north of the Forth. In Fife they
have reappeared of late years, in consequence of the increase of plantations.

41. C. Dama. Fallow-Deer. — Horns branched, recurved,
compressed, and palmated at the top.

Dama, Merr. Pin. p. 166 — C. platyceros, Ray, Syn. Quad. p. 85 — C. D.
Lin. Syst. 1. p. 93 — IF, Hydd.
This species is more gentle in its dispositions than either of the preceding,
and is consequently better fitted for being kept in parks. The female is gra-
vid eight months, and produces one, two, or even three at a birth. Doubts
seem to be entertained whether the fallow-deer be an indigenous animal,
though the evidence on which its claims rest is far from doubtful. Lesley
(De Or. Scot. p. 5.) mentions, among the objects which the huntsman pur-
sued with dogs, " Cervum, damam, aut capream." In the Statistical Account
of Ardchattan, Argyleshire (vol. vi. p. 175-), it is said, that " fallow-deer run
wild in the woods, of a much superior size and flavour to any of their species
that are confined in parks." Indistinct traces of this species seem likewise to
occur among the alluvial deposits. Thus, Professor Buckland (llel. Dil. p. 18.)
found teeth in the Kirkdale Cave, " nearly of the size and form of the fallow-
deer." In the Statistical Account of the Parish of Kinloch, Perthshire

Eduus. MAMMALIA. BELLU/E. 27

(vol. xvii. p. 478.), a pair of large deer's horns are said to have been found in
a marl-pit at Marlee, and, " from their superior size and palmed form, they
appear to be the horns of the elk-deer." Among the donations to the Royal
Society of Edinburgh, there is recorded (Trans. Royal Soc. vol. i. part 1. p. 77-)>
" Bv the Honourable Lord Dunsinnan, — a painting in oil of the head and
honis of an elk, found in a marl-pit, Forfarshire." Whether these two ex-
amples from marl-beds should be referred to the fallow-deer or the Irish elk,
may admit of some doubt, though it is probable that they belong to the former.

The British Pecora appear to have experienced changes, by which the num.
ber of species has been reduced, though we possess no records to determine
the aera of their extirpation.

1. Irish Elk.

This species, now unknown in a recent state, was first described by Dr
Molyneux (Phil. Trans. No. 227.). " From the extreme tip of each
horn it measured 10 feet 10 inches, and from the tip of the right horn
to its root 5 feet 2 inches." It is of frequent occurrence in the beds of
shell-marl, beneath peat, in the Irish bogs; In England, it has several
times occurred in a similar situation, and in clay and gravel at Walton,
in Essex. A splendid, and nearly perfect specimen from the Isle of
Man is preserved in the Edinburgh Museum.

2. Antelope.

The only notice of any animal of this kind ever having inhabited the
British Islands, is contained in a paper giving " An account of the
peat-pit near Newbury, Berkshire," by John Elliot, M. D. " A great
many horns, heads, and bones of several kinds of deer, the horns of
the Antelope, the heads and tusks of boars, the heads of beavers, &c.
are also found in it ; and I have been told, that some human bones
have been found ; but I never saw any of these myself, though I have
of all the others." Phil. Trans. 1757, p. 112.

The following passage of Torfpeus (Hist. Ore. cap. 36.), would lead to the
belief that the Rein-deer once dwelt in the mountains of Caithness, were it
not extremely probable that Red-deer were intended, " Consueverant Comi-
tes in Catane'sian, indeque ad montana ad venatum caprearum rangiferorum
quotannis proficisci." Several attempts have been made by the Duke of
At'aol and others to introduce the rein-deer into the country, but these have
hitherto failed.

BELLUiE.

Gen. XXVI. EQUUS. Horse. — Hoof entire, with six inci-
sors in each jaw.

42. E. Caballus. Mane and tail with thick flowing hair.

The mare goes with young eleven months, and seldom produces more than
one. The milk incisors begin to protrude themselves five days after birth.
At two and a half years, the two middle teeth are replaced by permanent ones ;
at three and a half the two adjoining ones ; at four and a half, the two
outer or corner teeth. All these are at first hollow in the middle of the sum-
mit, with a dark spot, but, by use, the concavity becomes shallower, and be-
tween the age of seven and eight, the spot disappears, and the animal is then
said to have lost mark. The tusks of the lower jaw appear at the age of three
and a half years, those in the upper at four ; they remain sharp pointed till
six, after which they become blunt, and exceed in length.

28 MAMMALIA. BELLU/E. Sb'si

That this animal should be regarded as indigenous, need scarcely require
proof. It lives and propagates, nearly in a state of nature in the Highlands
of Scotland, and the Zetland Islands. In the latter of these districts, the use
of a stable was dispensed with, until lately. The remains of the species occur
associated with those of the most ancient of our native quadrupeds, as in the
Cave of Kirkdale, (Buckland's Rel. Dil. p. 18).

The Britons, at a very early period, paid great attention to the horse, as
appears from the excellency of their cavalry, according to the testimony of
Ccesar (Com. lib. iv. 33.), and the present stock is unequalled, whether des-
tined for the draught, the saddle, the turf, or for war. The breeds which
may be regarded as nearest in character to the original stock, dwell in the
more mountainous and inaccessible districts, where deficiency of food restrains
them to a diminutive size.

Gen. XXVII. SUS. Boar.— Hoof divided, with six inci-
sors in each jaw.

43. S. Scrqfa. Back bristled in front, tail hairy.

The sow is gravid four months, and, in a domesticated state, has been known
to produce twenty pigs. This species was formerly abundant in a wild state,
and the bones of individuals are occasionally found in marl-beds, clay, gravel
and caves. The cultivated breeds are numerous, and chiefly distinguished
by the thickness of fur, or length of leg. In one variety the hoof is undivided.
The ears are pendulous in some, and erect in others.

By the influence of civilization, the Ass (Equus Annus) was added to the
stock of our useful quadrupeds, so early as the close of the tenth century, at
least in the reign of Ethelred. It is occasionally employed as a beast of bur-
den in mines, seldom for the saddle. Other species of Belluse, however, have
suffered extirpation here, and elsewhere have become extinct.

1. Mammoth.

This is a species of elephant (Elcphasprimigenius), which, judging from the
distribution of its remains, was a native of the temperate and cold dis-
tricts of the northern hemisphere. The tusks, teeth, &c occur in the
silt of rivers, beds of marl, clay, gravel, and in caves. The markings
of the teeth distinguish it as a species from any of the recent kinds,
and the condition of the fur, in the individual found in ice at the mouth
of the Lena in Siberia, indicated its fitness to reside in a cold climate.
Mr Trimmer gives figures of two young teeth, found in clay near
Brentford, which he hastilv refers to the Asiatic and African recent
species, (Phil. Trans. 1813, p. 131. tab. viii. f. 1. 2).

2. Extinct Rhinoceros.

This species appears to have been contemporary with the mammoth, and
to have possessed the same geographical distribution. In this country
its remains occur in all the situations in which those of the mammoth
have been detected.

3. Extinct Hippopotamus.

Doubts exist respecting the claims of this species to be regarded as dif-
ferent from the existing African species. The bones are found in similar
situations with those of the two preceding animals, but the geographical
distribution of this species appears to have been different, the indivi-
duals having been more confined to the temperate regions. In this
country, it has occurred in Lancashire under a peat-bog, — at Kirkdale

Manatus. MAMMALIA. HERBIYORA. i>9

in a cave (Buckland, Rel. Dil. p. 18.), and in clay at Brentford, where,
according to Mr Trimmer, six tusks were found in turning over an
area of 120 yards. (Phil. Trans. 1813, p. 135).

APOD A.

JIN this great division of truly aquatic animals, so little is
known of their history, and of the limits of their geographical
distribution, that we are at a loss to determine what species should
be regarded as genuine natives, and what as merely occasional
visitants of our shores. It is judged expedient to enumerate
all those which have been detected in our seas, even though
they may have been stragglers, for the purpose of increasing
the facilities of those who enjoy, occasionally, a favourable op-
portunity for determining the species which are rare, and the
characters of which are consequently obscure. It is particularly
recommended to such naturalists to be minute in their observa-
tions and descriptions, in order to advance our knowledge of
the different kinds of British whales, the characters of many of
which are still involved in much uncertainty and confusion.

HERBIVORA.

Gen. XXVIII. MANATUS. Lamantine.— Grinders eight
on each side, with two transverse ridges.

44. M. borealis. Sea-Cow. — When full grown, extending to

28 feet in length.

Manati, Bay, Quad. 193 — Trichechus manatus, Lin. Syst. 1. 49

Stewart, El. 1. 125.

In this animal, the fore-swimmers (fins or paws) are furnished with the ru-
diments of nails. In youth there are two small incisors in the upper jaw ;
the gape is small, the lips double, and the mouth is beset with white tubular
bristles. This species inhabits the western shores of America and Kamts-
chatka. In Greenland it is rare, as only one mutilated specimen occurred to
Fabricius — Fauna, Gr. p. 6.

The only example of its occurrence in Britain is recorded by Mr Stewart
in his work quoted above : " The carcase of one of these animals was, in 1 785,
thrown ashore near Leith. It was much disfigured ; and the fishermen ex-
tracted its liver and other parts, from which a considerable quantity of oil was
obtained." I was subsequently informed by Mr Stewart, that it came ashore
at Newhaven in the harvest season ; though it had been dead for some time,
and was in a putrid state, he was able to satisfy himself with regard to the
species.

SO MAMMALIA. CETACEA. Bal.enopteiia.

It is probable that other species of the animals of this group do live in our
seas, and occasionally give rise to the reports which have appeared, in by no
means a questionable shape, of Mermaids. Whether these belong to the Mana-
tus or Rytina, must be left to future observers ; but the following particulars,
which have been very properly communicated, of a Zetland mermaid, cap-
tured in Yell Sound in the summer of 1823, by an intelligent naturalist, Lau-
rence Edmondstone, Esq. surgeon, Unst, from the reports of the fishermen,
here merit a place :

" The animal was about 3 feet long, the upper part of the body resembling
the human form, with protuberant mammae like aAvoman; the face, forehead and
neck, short, and resembling those of a monkey ; small arms, which it kept folded
across its breast ; distinct fingers, not webbed ; a few stiff long bristles were on
the top of the head, extending down to the shoulders, and which it could erect
or depress at pleasure, something like a crest. The lower part of the body like
a fish ; the skin smooth, and of a grey colour. It offered no resistance, nor at-
tempted to bite, but uttered a low, plaintive sound. The crew, six in num-
ber, took it within their boat, but superstition getting the better of curiosity,
and not aware of a specific remuneration for carrying it to land, they care-
fully disentangled it from the lines, and a hook which had accidentally fasten-
ed in its body, and returned it to its native element. It instantly dived, de-
scending in a perpendicular direction." — " I have since seen the skipper of
the boat, and one of his crew, and learned these additional details. They had
the animal about three hours within the boat. The body without scales or
hair, silver-grey above, whitish below, like the human skin — no gills were ob-
served— no fins on the back or belly — tail like that of a dog-fish — very thick
over the breast — by the eye, the girth might be between two and three feet
— the neck short, very distinct from the head and shoulders — the body rather
depressed — the anterior extremities very like the human hand, about the length
of a seal's paw, webbed to about an inch of the ends of the fingers — mammae
as large as those of a woman — mouth and lips very distinct, and resembling
the human." These particulars are contained in two letters to Professor
Jameson, dated 10th and 14th August 1823, and published in the Edinburgh
Magazine for September 1823, p. 34fi.

CETACEA.

I. Palate covered with baleen. Jaws destitute of teeth.
A. Back furnished with a protuberance or Jin. Piked Whales.

Gen. XXIX. BAL.ENOPTERA.— Pectoral skin folded lon-
gitudinally, and capable of being inflated.

45. R. Muscultts. Round-lipped Whale. — Margin of the

under lip semicircular.

De Balaena tripinni quae maxillam inferiorem rotundam, et superiore
multo latiorem habuit, Sibb. Phal. p. 78. tab. iii — B. musculus, Linn.

Syst. 1. 106 Balaenoptera acuto-rostrata, Seoresby, Arct. Iieg. i. 485.

tab. xiii. fig. 2.

A male of this species, according to Sibbald, 78 feet in length, came ashore
at Abercorn, in the Frith of Forth, in September 1C92. Its circumference
was about 35 feet. The lower jaw was 13 feet 2 inches in length. The gape
large and triangular. The upper jaw was narrower, becoming pointed to-
wards the extremity; and was embraced by the longer and wider under jaw.
The tongue was convoluted, 15 feet 7 inches in length, and 15 feet at the

Bal.enoptera. MAMMALIA. CETACEA. 31

broadest part. The baleen (or whalebone) was 3 feet in length. From the
snout to the eyes 13 feet 2 inches — from the angle of the mouth to the pec-
toral swimmers 6 feet 5 inches; these were 10 feet long, and 2 4 feet where
broadest. Dorsal fin 3 feet long, 2 feet high, and distant from the middle of
the tail 12 feet 10 inches. From the lower jaw to the navel, the skin on the
belly was regularly folded. Tail 184 feet wide. This individual had been
known to the fishermen for twenty years, in its pursuits after the herring,
and termed by them Hollie Pike, in consequence of the dorsal fin having been
perforated by a bullet.

The animal killed in Scalpa Bay, November 14. 1808, of which Mr Scores-
bv gives a figure and description from the notes of the late James Watson,
Esq. of Orkney, seems, from its dimensions, to have been a young animal.
The remarkable gibbosity of the lower jaw expressed in the figure, and which
corresponds tolerably well with Sibbald's delineation, leads me to consider it
as the Musculus. " Its length was 174 feet; circumference 20. Length from
the snout to the dorsal fin 1 2 4 feet ; from the snout to the pectoral fins
5 feet; from the snout to the eye 34 feet ; and from the snout to the blow-
holes 3 feet. Pectoral fins 2 feet long, and 7 inches broad; dorsal fin 15
inches long by 9 inches high ; tail 15 inches long by 44 feet broad. Largest
whalebone about 6 inches."

According to Low (Nat. Hist. Oread, p. 158.), they are seen in the Ork-
ney seas in July and August, when herring and mackerel are abundant. And
Dr Walker states (Essays, p. 529.), that they yearly frequent Loch Fyne
during the herring season.

45. B. Boops. Sharp-lipped Whale. — Snout pointed.

De Balaena tripinni quae rostrum acutum habet, et plicas in ventre, Sibb.

Phal. 68. tab. i. lowest figure B. B. Linn. Syst. i. 106 — B. rostrata,

Hunter, Phil. Trans. 1787, p. 373. tab. xx — Fin-Whale, Weill, Wern.
Mem. i. p. 201.
The specimen described by Sibbald, which came ashore in November 1690
near Burntisland in the Frith of Forth, was 46 feet in length, and 20 in cir-
cumference. The pectoral swimmers were 5 feet from the eye, and the dor-
sal fin 84 from the tail. From the navel to the snout 24 feet. Breadth of
the tail 9 feet. The lower jaw, near the middle, was 4 feet in breadth, with
a thickened margin. Tongue 5 feet long, and near the root 3 feet in breadth.
The blow-holes were 6 feet 8 inches from the snout. The length of the gape
10 feet. Eyes 3 feet from the blow-holes. The swimmers were 5 feet long,
and 14 broad.

The individual examined by Hunter was caught on the Doggerbank,
and was 17 feet long. Upper jaw, from eye to eye, 1 foot 8 inches; lower
jaw 2 feet 6 inches. It had 7 vertebrae in the neck, 12 which may be reckoned
to the back, and 27 to the tail, making 46 in the whole. The sternum was
flat, and of one bone, to which the first rib was articulated. There were 300
lamina? of baleen, the greatest length of which was 5 inches, and the two jaws
met every where along their surface. The stomach consisted of five bags,
the two first being the largest. The duodenum had longitudinal rugae or
valves. Furnished with a caecum. In the stomach were found the remains
of the dog-fish. Tongue little raised, having scarcely any lateral edges.

In a male fin-whale examined by Mr Neill, and which came ashore at Alloa
on the banks of the Forth, the length was 43 feet, and the greatest circumfe-
rence 20. Swimmers 5 feet long, and 1 broad. Dorsal fin 24 feet high, and
nearly of the same breadth at the base, seated nearly over the vent, and about
12 feet from the extremity of the tail, the last being 10 feet broad. Under
jaw 14 feet long, 3 inches longer than the upper, and a little wider. There
were about 300 laminae of baleen on each side, the largest 18 inches long.
Distance from eye to eye 7 feet. Mr Neill mentions having examined a MS.
account of another whale, by the late Dr Walker, which was cast ashore at

2

S3 MAMMALIA. CETACEA. Physalis.

Burntisland 10th June 1762, and which, in size and other particulars, agreed
with the one which came under his own observation.

I have brought these three descriptions together, under the conviction
that they all refer to one species. Hunter, it is true, considers his indivi-
dual as belonging to the Balcsna rostrata of Fabricius (Faun. Green, p. 40.),
but the description there given conveys nothing precise in form or dimen-
sions, except that it is the least of the baleen whales, and it may not differ
from the Boops of the same author. Fabricius, in describing the last species,
states, " Rostrum rectum, elongatum magis magisque angustatus, desinens
tamen apice satis lato obtusoque. Ante nares in vertice capitis tres ordines
convexitatum circularium, huic forsan peculiare quid. Maxilla interior su-
periore parum brevior strictiorque versus superiorem oblique tendens."
41 Magnitudo ejus interdum 50-54 pedum ;" p. 36". These characters indicate
a species different from the one described by Sibbald and Neill, and may justi-
fy the adoption of the Balanoptera juLartes of M. Lacepede, characterised as
having tuberosities near the blow -holes. Sir Charles Giesecke, in the article
Greenland (Edin. Encyc. vol. x. p. 490.), states that the B. Boops comes
regularly to the coast about the end of July. It is " a smaller kind of whale,
its length being from 20 to 25 feet. It has a fin on its back, and also a pro-
tuberance which grows towards the tail." " The whalebones of this species
rarely exceed the length of one foot." Are we to rely on the size in the
determination of the species, and consider the B. rostrata as a distinct species
limited to 25 feet in length, and represented by the rostrata of Fabricius and
Hunter, and the loops of Giesecke? Future observers may determine the
point.

Both the B. musculus and boops may be considei'ed as regular inhabitants
of our seas. On the 20th August 1822, I observed an individual of the latter
species at Longhope, Orkney.

Gen. XXX. PHYSALIS. Razor-Back.— Skin destitute
of pectoral folds.

47. P. vulgaris. — Length reaching to a hundred feet.

Balsena Physalis, Fab. Fauna Gr. p. 35 Walker's Essays, p. 528 Ba-

kenoptera Gibbar, Scoresby, Arc. Reg. i. 478.

According to Fabricius, the length of the baleen does not exceed a foot. It
swims swiftly, and is with difficulty captured. Mr Scorseby states that he
has made several ineffectual attempts to secure this species. The animal,
when exerting its energies, dives and swims with such rapidity as to defy
the ingenuity of the whaler. He states, from report, that it has been found
105 feet in length, and 38 in cirfumference ; " head small when compared
with that of the common whale; fins long and narrow; tail 12 feet broad,
finely formed ; whalebone 4 feet in length, thick, bristly, and narrow ; blub-
ber (> or 8 inches thick, of indifferent quality ; colour bluish-black on the back,
and bluish. grey on the belly ; skin smooth, excepting about the sides of the
thorax, where longitudinal ruga; or sulci occur." From his own observa-
tion, he states, that " it seldom lies quietly on the surface of the water when
blowing, but usually has a velocity of four or five miles an hour; and when
it descends, it very rarely throws its tail in the air, which is a very general
practice with the mystketus.

The individual mentioned by Sibbald (Phail. p. 84.) as having come ashore
at Boyne in Banffshire, probably belonged to this species. It was 80 feet
in length, exclusive of the tail. Dr Walker states, that this species some-
times comes ashore on the Island of Lewis. It is, however, in all probabili-
ty, only a straggler.

Relics of a whale, of a large size, and probably belonging to Balanoptera
mmcnlus, or to the preceding species, occur in the marine diluvium of the Forth.

1

Bal*na. MAMMALIA. CETACEA. 3:

B. Back destitute of a protuberance or fin.
Gen. XXXI. BAL.ENA. Whale.— Upper lip whiskered.
Head large.
48. B. Mysticetus. Common Whale. Gape of the mouth
arched.

Scoresby's Arct. Reg. i. 449. tab. xii.
The intelligent author whom we have now quoted, and whose figure is the
only one worth quoting, considers a full grown whale of the ordinary size as
not exceeding CO feet in length, and 40 feet in circumference, and as weighing
about 70 tons, the blubber 30 tons. " The upper jaw, including the crown bone
or skull, is bent down at the extremity so far as to shut the front and upper
parts of the cavity of the mouth, and is overlapped by the lips in a squamous
manner at the sides." The swimmers are placed about 2 feet behind the angle
of the mouth. The tail reaches to 26 feet in breadth. Laminae of baleen 300
in number in each series, and sometimes 15 feet in length ; the whole weighing
a ton and half. A slight beard, consisting of a few short scattered white
hairs, surmounts the anterior extremity of both jaws. Its food consists of
small marine insects. Sir Charles Giesecke (Article Greenland, Ed. En. x.
499.) states the length of a female, killed in the spring of 1813, at 67 feet.
Another killed in 181 1, measured as follows : " From the centre of the mouth
to the point of the tail 56 feet. From the point of the under lip to the root
of the fins, 23i feet. From the fins to the point between the two lobes or
wings of the tail 33 feet. The length of the head was 18 feet. From the
middle point of the upper lip to the blowholes 16^ feet. The length of one
of the fins 8 feet 4 inches. The thickness of a fin, on its thickest part, 1 foot
9 inches. The breadth of the tail from one extremity of its wings to the
other, 22 feet 7 inches. The length of one of the blowholes 1 1 inches. There
were thirteen ribs on each side."

Sibbald (Fhal. p. 65.) states, that an individual of this species came ashore
near Peterhead in 1682, and measured 70 feet. The species referred to by
Willoughby (Ichthyologia, p. 37-), as having come ashore at Tynemouth, was
probably a Physalis, as it is stated to have been 30 yards in length, and to
have had 30 ribs.

Though the whale appears formerly to have been frequently met with in
our seas, yet now, when the fishery is prosecuted with zeal and success, and
the geographical limits of the species, in consequence, greatly reduced, it scarce-
ly merits a place among British animals, as it occurs only at distant intervals
as a straggler.

I. Palate destitute of baleen. Furnished with teeth, external
orifice of the bloio-holc single.

A. Blow-hole double, being" divided within by a bony sep-
tum.

a. Teeth, numerous, in both jazas.

Gen. XXXII. DELPHINUS. Dolphin.— A dorsal fin.
Destitute of a caecum.

1. Snout short and blunt. Phoccena o/*Cuv.
49- D. Phoccena. Porpess. — Teeth compressed and oblique.

Sibb. Scot. 23 — Will. Ich. p. 31 — Borl. Corn. p. 264. tab. xxvii. f. 2—
Monro, Phys. Fishes, p. 45. tab. xxxv. — Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. p. 209

VOL. I. r

U MAMMALIA. CETACEA. Delfhinus,

tab. i. f. 4 — In the British seas near the shore, at all seasons, and
termed Meersuine, Herring-Hogs, Neessock, Pellock, and Bucker.
This species seldom exceeds 6 feet in length, and usually occurs in the most
sheltered bays and friths, generally in pairs, and is irregular in its motions.
In a female which I examined, b\ feet in length, the dorsal fin was 8 inches
broad, and 5 high, and 2 feet 7 inches from the nose. Swimmers 3£ inches
broad at the base, 7 long, and 13 from the snout. Nose to the eye, 6 inches.
Nose to the blow-hole, 7 inches. Nose to the anus, 3 feet 7 inches. Gape,
4 inches. The under jaw half an inch longer than the upper, and rather
pointed than obtuse, considering the size of the animal. Teeth, 54 in the up-
per-jaw, and 47 in the lower. Weight, 130 pounds. The fcetus, a male, was
fully formed, though only 1 inches long, and as there was milk in the teats,
the period of parturition was at hand. This one was found dead 30th Novem-
ber. Hunter states that there are five cervical vertebrae, and one common
to the neck and back, fourteen proper to the back, and thirty to the tail.
Ribs, 1G on each side. — The flesh of this animal was formerly held in estima-
tion. Malcolm IV. granted to the Monastery of Dunfermling, " Capita pis-
cium qui dicuntur Crespeis praeter linguam, qui in meo dominio ex ilia parte
Scottwater applicuerint, in qua parte iliorum ecclesia sita est."— Sib. Fife. 295.

50. D. Orca, Grampus. — Teeth conical, swimmers broad,
and rounded.

Orca, Sibb. Phal. p. 17 Hunter, Phil. Trans. 1787, p. 373. tab. xvi., xvii-

— In herds in the British seas and friths, at all seasons.
The grampus reaches to 24 feet in length. The lower jaw is said to be
wider than the upper, and the teeth to be about thirty in number. This spe-
cies is gregarious, and moves rapidly forward in the water. When it comes
to the surface to respire, it remains, like the porpess, but for an instant, and
then dives, describing, however, in its course a much wider arch. In the
Frith of Tay, it goes nearly as far up as the salt-water reaches, almost every
tide at flood, during the months of July and August, in pursuit of salmon, of
which it devours immense numbers. Hunter iound in the stomach of one
which he examined, a portion of a porpess. We are still in want of a good
description of this species. The D. gladiator of Lacepede, constituted from a
drawing and description of one taken in the Thames 1793, is regarded by
Cuvier as not distinct from D. Orca. The dorsal fin is considered as situate
nearer the head than in the grampus, and to be higher and more pointed.

51. D. melas. Ca'ing whale. — Teeth conical, swimmers long

and narrow.

NeiWsTour through Orkney, p. 221 Traill, Nicholson's Journ. vol. xxii.

p. 81 Scoresby, Arct. Reg. i. 490. tab. xiii. f. 1 — Common in herds

from autumn to spring, especially in the northern islands.

Naturalists are indebted to Mr Neill for having first pointed out the dis-
tinguishing characters of this species as different from the grampus. Though
it moves uniformly forward, its motion is slow, and when it comes up to blow,
it remains several minutes on the surface. It is easily controlled in its mo-
tions, so that a whole herd is frequently driven ashore at once If one indi-
vidual be wounded and takes the ground, the others will speedily take the
same course, whence the origin ot the name. The following observations
on the animal by Dr Traill, are given by Mr Scoresby : " Body thick, black ;
one short dorsal fin ; pectoral fins long, narrow ; head obtuse ; upper jaw
bent forward ; teeth subconoid, sharp, and a little bent. This animal grows
to the length of about 24 feet: the average length of the adults maybe about
20, and their greatest circumference 10 or 11 feet. The measurements of one
examined by Mr Watson, were as follow: length, 19£ feet; greatest circum-
ference, 10; pectoral fin (the external portion), 3£ feet long, by 18 inches
broad; dorsal fin, 15 inches high, by 2 feet 3 inches broad; breadth of the

Delphinus. MAMMALIA. CETACEA. 35

tail, 5 feet. Another individual was 21 4 feet in length ; and a third 20 feet
in length, and 114 in circumference. The skin is smooth, resembling oiled
silk ; the colour is a deep bluish-black on the back, and generally whitish on the
belly ; the blubber is 3 or 4 inches thick. The head is short and round ; the
upper jaw projects a little over the lower. Externally it has a single spiracle.
The full grown have generally 22 to 24 teeth, f ths to l£th inches in length,
in each jaw. Mr Watson observed one with 28 teeth in the upper jaw, and 24
in the lower. In the aged animals some of the teeth are deficient : and in the
sucklings none are visible. When the mouth is shut, the teeth lock between
one another like the teeth of a trap. The tail is about 5 feet broad ; the
dorsal fin about 15 inches high, cartilaginous and immoveable," p. 497- Sand-
eels have been found in their stomachs. This species is the Grind of the Faroe
Isles, and probably the Delphinus globiceps of Cuvier.

2. Snout produced. Delphinus of Cuvier, vulgo Bot-
tle-noses.

52. D. Delphis. Common Dolphin. — Teeth upwards of
forty in each side of the jaws, slender, bent, and pointed.

2G4. tab. xxvii. f. 1 — Hunter, Phil.
— Occasionally found on the British

Will. Ich.

p. 28—

-Bor.

Corn

• l.':.

Trans.

1787, p.

373.

tab.

xviii..

shores.

This species seldom exceeds 1 1 feet in length. Hunter found five cervical
vertebrae, and one common to the neck and back ; seventeen dorsal vertebrae,
and thirty-seven caudal ones. Ribs eighteen. Sternum of three bones, and
of some length.

53. D. Turslo. — Teeth, about twenty on each side, with ob-
tuse summits.

Fabricius, Fauna Groen. p. 49. Del. truncatus — Montagu, Wern. Mem. iii.
p. 75- tab. iii — Taken 3d July 1814 in Duncannon Pool, near Stoke
Gabriel, about five miles up the Kiver Dart.

British naturalists are indebted to the late George Montagu, Esq. for the
few particulars which have been recorded of the only individual ever captured
on our shores. It was 12 feet in length, and about 8 in circumference. From
the snout to the blow-hole, 144 inches. Summits of the teeth even with the
gum. Colour black above, whitish beneath. The skull which came into
Montagu's possession, was, including the upper jaw, 204 inches ; the breadth
of the jaw across the hinder teeth, is nearly 5 inches ; on each side there are
sockets for twenty teeth, besides a long depression behind the posterior socket,
for some other purpose. The under jaw is somewhat longer, containing
twenty-three sockets on each side, making collectively in both jaws eighty^
six teeth, a number little inferior to what has hitherto been noticed in any
cetaceous animal described. The sockets are variable in size without order,
shewing that some teeth were double the size of others, and the approxima-
tion of the sockets evinces the contiguity of the teeth, so that the teeth of
both jaws must have opposed their surface to each other." The truncated
appearance of the teeth, and their little elevation above the gum, seem to in-
dicate the great age of the individual, and leave some doubt as to the original
form of the summit. According to Fabricius, the front is rounded and de-
clining, ending in a produced snout. The teeth in both jaws are distant, with
obtuse summits, like the Beluga. Above black, belly whitish. In this de-
scription of the teeth, Fabricius seems to have contemplated them in position,
while Montagu inferred their close connection, from the uncertain appear-
ances of their alveoli, circumstances which seem to explain the only difference
between the descriptions of the two authors.

C 2

H MAMMALIA, CETACEA. Delphinapteba.

Gen. XXXIII. DELPHINAPTEIiA. BELUGA.-Back
destitute of a fin, but, in its place, the rudiments of a
ridge.

54. D. albicans. — Snout abrupt, summits of the teeth trun-
cated.

Delphinus albicans, Fab. Faun. Gr. p. 50 Dr Barclay and Mr Neill,

Wern. Mem. iii. 371. tab. xvii — Scoresby, Arct. Reg. i. p. 500. tab. xiv.
Rarely a visitant of the British seas.

The length of the beluga is from 12 to 18 feet. The jaws are equal. The
teeth are nine on each side, in each jaw ; in the lower, short, obtuse, and
distant ; in the upper, more acute and bent. The swimmers are subovate.
The colour is usually white, occasionally with a tinge of red or yellow. It
is gregarious and frequents the arctic seas, entering large rivers like the
grampus. Two instances of the occurrence of this animal on our shores are
now on record. One was killed near Stirling in June 1815 ; and Mr Bald
having procured the specimen, it was submitted to Mr Neill and Dr Barclay
for inspection, the former of whom has given an account of its external cha-
racters, the latter of its structure. The length of this individual was 13^ feet,
its greatest circumference 8 feet 1 1 inches ; breadth of the tail 3 feet ; swim-
mers 2 feet long, and the same distance from the angle of the mouth ; gape
10 inches. From angle of the mouth to the eye 2| inches. From tip of the
upper jaw to the blow-hole 1 foot 10 inches. In the under jaw there were
six teeth on each side, broad and blunt ; in the upper jaw there were nine on
each side, but none immediately in front, the three backmost sharp, and with-
out any to match them in the lower jaw. It possessed four stomachs. The
cervical vertebrce were 7 in number, the dorsal 11, and the lumbar 13.
True ribs C, and the false ribs 5 in number. Sternum broad and flat. The
late Colonel Imrie informed Mr Neill, " that, in August 1793, he saw two
young belugas, which had been cast upon the beach of the Pentland Frith,
some miles east of Thurso. The length of the one, from the front of the
forehead to the tip of the tail, was 7 feet, and of the other 74- They were
both males." Hans Egede, in his Hist. Green. (London 17-15) p. 75. when
speaking of this whale, states, that " the train of his blubber is as clear as
the clearest oil. His flesh, as well as the fat, has no bad taste, and when it
is marinated with vinegar and salt, it is as well tasted as any pork whatever.
The fins also and the tail, pickled or sauced, are good eating. This fish is so
far from being shy, that whole droves are seen about the ships at sea. The
Greenianders catch numbers of them, of which they make grand cheer."

b. Teeth few, and confined to one jaw.

Gen. XXXIV. HYPEROODON— Snout produced, with
two teeth in the lower jaw, and the palate furnished with
tubercles. With a dorsal fin.

55. H. oldens. Body reaching to the length of 25 feet.

Bottle-head, Dale's Harwich, 411. tab. xiv. (Pennant.) — Bottle-nose,
Hunter, Phil. Trans. 1787, p. 373. tab. xix — Physeter bidens, Smverby,

Brit. Misc. tab. i Pom. Brit. Zool. 2d edit. 111. p. 88 — Occasionally

taken on the British shores.

Monodon. MAMMALIA. CETACEA. 37

This species varies much in size. That of Dale, taken near Maldon 1717,
was 14 feet long, and 7i in circumference. The one described by Hunter,
taken above London Bridge 1783, was 21 feet long. The one figured by
Sowerby, found near Brodie House, Elginshire, by James Brodie, Esq. was
1G feet "long, and 11 in circumference. One of the individuals mentioned in
the second edition of the British Zoology, taken in the Dee near Chester,
October 1785, was 24 feet long, and 12 in "circumference. Two others, left
on the sands below Aber, Carnarvonshire, 1799, measured, the one 27 feet,
the other 18, and the breadth of the tail of the largest was 6 feet. Sowerby
says, " Head accumulated. Lower jaw blunt, longer than the upper, with
two short, lateral, bony teeth. Upper jaw sharp, let into the lower one by
two lateral impressions corresponding with the teeth. Opening of the mouth
1 foot 6 inches. Tongue smooth, vascular, small. Throat -very vascular,
rough. Under the throat are found two diverging furrows, terminating below
the eyes, which are small, and placed 6 inches behind the mouth." Hunter
observes, that there are only two small teeth in the anterior of the lower
jaw, and that in the stomach he found the beaks of some hundreds of cuttle-
fish.

Gen. XXXV. MONODON. Narwal.— A straight tooth,
projecting antealiy from one side of the upper lip and jaw.
Destitute of a dorsal fin.

56. M. Monoceros. Body subcorneal, head blunt, with a
ridge extending from the tail to the middle of the back.

Unicornu marinum, Tulpius, Obser. Med. p. 376. tab. xviii — Mon. nion.

Sowerby, Brit. Misc. tab. ix Small-headed Narwal, Fleming, Wern.

Mem. vol. i. p. 131. tab. vi Narwal, Scoresby, Arct. lleg. vol. i. p. 486.

tab. xv. £1.8,

Three individuals appear to have been found on the British shores. The
one noticed by Tulpius, as found in June 1648, " in man aquilonari, prope
insulam Mayam," (usually considered as the May), was 22 feet long ; but in
this, the horn, which projected 7 feet, was probably included. The second
individual was found 15th February 1800, at Frieston, near Boston, Lin-
colnshire. According to information which I received from Sir Joseph
Banks (who had communicated his remarks to Lacepede, which, however,
were misinterpreted, see Wern. Mem. i. p. 147), in a letter dated 19th
January 1809, " The animal, when found, had buried the whole of its
body in the mud of which the beach there is composed, and seemed safely
and securely waiting the return of the tide. A fisherman, going to his boat,
saw the horn, which was covered up, and trying to pull it out of the mud,
raised the animal, who stirred himself hastily to secure his horn from the at-
tack." This specimen is stated to have been 25 feet in length, of which the
tooth probably constituted 7- Sowerb}' in his drawing (which is equally bad
with that of Lacepede Hist. Nat. des Cet. p. 159. tab. v. f. 2.), has added, from
fancy, a second horn or tooth. The third individual, a male, found 2/ th
September 1808, at the Sound of Weesdale, Zetland, has been described by me
in the Wernerian Memoirs. It was a young animal, only measuring, from
the snout to the tail, 12 feet, with a tooth projecting 27 inches. The length
of this animal seldom reaches to 16 feet, and the circumference 9 feet. The
forehead rises suddenly from the short snout, the outline then becomes
slightly elevated over the blow-hole, after which a slight depression marks the
neck. The first half of the body is nearly cylindrical, the remaining portion
to the tail, conical. In this latter portion there is a dorsal and ventral low
ridge, and less distinctly marked lateral "dges, giving it a subquadrangular

38 MAMMALIA. CETACEA. Physeter.

form. The mouth is pointed before, and the upper lip projects a little be-
yond the under. Eye on a cross line with the blow-hole. It has one long
tooth, projecting from the left side of the upper jaw (or intermaxillary bone)
through the lip ; hollow within and spirally twisted. Instances have occur-
red of two teeth, but the right one seldom appears. For some remarks on
the mode of dentition of this animal and of the porpoise, see Phil. Zool. v. ii.
208-210. These tusks are sometimes 10 feet in length, and, according to Mr
Scoresby, are peculiar to the males. The cervical vertebrae are 7, the dorsal
12, and the lumbar and caudal 35 in number. Ribs 6 true, and G false on
each side. Live on fish and sepiae, and usually keep in a herd of about a do-
zen. The following dimensions of a full grown male narwal are given by Mr
Scoresby: " Length, exclusive of the tusk, 15 feet ; from the snout to the

eyes 1 foot 14 inch — to the fins 3 feet 1 inch — to the back-ridge 6 feet to

the vent 9 feet 9 inches. Circumference — 44 inches from the snout, 3 feet
5 inches ; at the eyes and blowhole, 5 feet 34 inches ; just before the fins 7
feet 5 inches ; at the forepart of back-ridge, 8 feet 5 inches ; at the vent 5
feet 8 inches. Tusk, length externally 5 feet 4 inch ; its diameter at the base
24 inches. Length of the blow-hole 14 inch, and breadth 34 inches. Tail 14
inches long, and 3 feet 14 inch broad. Fins 13 inches long, and 1\ inches
broad." The tooth is characteristic of the male. Instances, however, occur,
though seldom, in which the female has a tooth. One is mentioned in Linn.
Trans, xiii. 620. : " The sex of this animal was satisfactorily ascertained in
cutting up, when two foetuses were taken out of it."

B. Blow-hole single, being destitute of the bony septum.
Teeth in the lower jaw, with cavities in the upper Jbr
their reception.

Gen. XXXVI. PHYSETER, (Artedi). Finner.— Fur-
nished with an elevated dorsal fin.

51. P. Tursio. — Summits of the teeth flat.

De Balaena macrocephala tripinni, quae in mandibula inferiore dentes
habet minus inflexos et in planum desinentes, Sibb. Phal. p. 43. a tooth
tab. ii — Physeter pinna dorsi altissima, apice dentium piano, Artedi,
Gen. p. 74 — Ph. Tur. Linn. Syst. 1. p. 107 — High-finned Cachalot,
Penn. Brit. Zool. hi. p. 64 — On the Scottish coast, rare.
In the example mentioned by Sibbald, a female, whicli came ashore in
Orkney in 1687, the head was 8 or 9 feet in height ; the blow-hole in front;
the tusks were but little bent, and nearly solid externally, or with only a la-
teral slit or a small cavity. Some of the teeth were 4 inches long. The dor-
sal fin was erect, like a mizen-mast. It yielded good spermaceti.

58. P. microps. Spermaceti Whale.— Teeth bent, with
acute summits.

De Balaena macrocephala, qua? tertiam in dorso pinnam sive spinam ha-
bet, et dentes in maxilla inferiore arcuatos falciformes, Sibb. Phal. p. 33.
tab. i — Ph. maxilla superiore longiore, spina longa in dorso, Artedi,

Gen. p. 74 — P. microps, Linn. Syst. i. p. 107 Fab. Faun. Gr. p. 44.

— Great-headed Cachalot, Low's Orkney, p. 160.— On the Scottish
coast, frequent.

A male of this species was found at Limekilns in the Forth in February
1689, and described by Sibbald. It was 52 feet long. The upper jaw pro-
jected 24 feet beyond the lower. Lower jaw 10 feet long, and narrower than
the upper towards the extremity. From the snout to the eyes 12 feet. In

Catodon. MAMMALIA. CETACEA- 89

the lower jaw were 42 teeth, 21 on each side (Fabricius states the number as
1 1 on each side), curved, and ending in an acute point, the largest of which
were 9 inches long, and the least 7 inches. These projected 3 inches above
the gums, and contained a large cavity at the root. Swimmers 4 feet long.
The tail was 9 feet broad. Mr Low states, that this species frequently comes
ashore in Orkney. One was caught at Hoy 50 feet long.

Gen. XXXVII. CATODON, (Artedi). Cachalot.— Back
destitute of an elevated fin.

59- C macroceplialus Snout truncated. Teeth conical.

Balaena macrocephala que binas tantum pinnas laterales habet, Sibb*

Phal. 30 Catodon fistula in cervice, Arledi, Gen. p. 79. — Phys. mac.

Linn. Syst. i. p. 107 Fab. Faun. Groen. p. 41 Blunt-headed Cacha-
lot, Robertson, Phil. Trans. 1770, p. 321. tab. ix — Penn. Brit. Zool. iii.
p. 61. tab. vi. a bad figure.— In the Scottish sea, rare.

An individual of this species ran ashore upon Cramond Island in the Forth,
December 22. 1769, which Mr Robertson has described. Its length was 54
feet, and its greatest circumference, behind the eyes, 30. The head occupied
nearly one-half of the whole animal. A protuberance on the back, opposite the
penis. The tail was 14 feet broad. Lower jaw 11 feet long, with 23 teeth on
each side, each 2 inches long, and all pointing a little outwards. Upper jaw
projecting 5 feet over the lower, with a cavity for the reception of the lower
jaw, blunt, 9 feet high, and the blow-hole was seated at the dorso-anteal ex-
tremity. Swimmers 5 feet behind the corners of the mouth, 3 feet long and
\\ broad. From the corner of the mouth to the penis 19 feet, to the anus
24, and to the tail 38. Cavity of the head filled with spermaceti along with
the brain. Fabricius states that the teeth are conical, 40 to 46 in number,
and that between the pits in the upper jaw the rudiments of teeth exist,
much bent, lying horizontally, the apex only, oblique polished, appearing
above the skin. Ribs 10 on each side. According to Schwediawer (Phil.
Trans. 1783, p. 241.), the blow-hole bends obliquely on the left.

60. C. Sibbaldi. — Teeth with truncated summits.

De Balsenis minoribus in inferiore maxilla tantum dentatis, sine pinna
aut spina in dorso, Sibb. Phal. p. 24 — Catodon fistula in rostro, Art.
Gen. p. 78 Phys. Catodon, Linn. Syst. i. p. 107- Orkney, rare.

A herd of this species, upwards of 100 in number, are stated by Sibbald to
have been found at Kairston, Orkney, the individuals of which were from 2
to 24 feet in length. Head round ; gape small ; and the teeth about half an
inch above the gums. " In rostro nares habebant," " et asperitatem quandam
in dorso." The claims of this species, to rank as distinct from the preceding,
chiefly rest on the truncated teeth.

Documents are wanting to enable us to determine the influence of society
on the geographical distribution of British whales, though it has probably
been considerable. To some physiological revolutions they seem to have
been exposed, as three examples of their bones have occurred in marine diluvi-
um, in peculiar situations, but the species to which they belong cannot as yet
be determined. The first occurred at Airthrey, on the Forth, near Alloa.
The bones belonged to an animal about 72 feet long, and were imbedded in
clay 20 feet higher than the surface of the highest tide of the River Forth at,
the present day ; " Mr Bald on the Skeleton of a Whale," Edin. Phil. Jour,
vol. i. p. 393. The second consisted of one vertebra found 12 feet above the
level of the sea in StrathpefFer, Ross-shire, and described by Sir George Mac

40 MAMMALIA. CETACE. Physeter.

kenzie, Edin. Phil. Trans, vol. x. p. 105. The third occurred at Dunmore
Park, Stirlingshire. The bones belonged to an individual 70 or 75 feet long,
and were imbedded in clay 20 feet higher than that of the Forth ; Edin. PhU.
Jour. vol. xi. p. 220. and 415.

Relics of a marsupial animal connected with the genus Didelphis or Opos-
sum, but not belonging to any known species, occur along with the remains
of marine animals in the calcareous slate of Stonesfield, near Woodstock, in
Oxfordshire, a rock which is considered as a member of the oolitic series.

Class II. BIRDS.

42

BRITISH ANIMALS.

Class II. BIRDS.

f Order I. FISSIPIDES. Land Birds.— Toes free, and
formed for grasping or walking.

Tribe 1. TERRESTRES— Tibial joint feathered.

Sect. I. Ambulatores. — Three toes directed anleaUy, and
Jittedfor walking or grasping

Nostrils hid under an
arched covering. Wings
short.

II. Nostrils exposed or hid
only by feathers.

GALLINAD^E Bill arched

from the base. Eggs nume-
rous.

COLUMBADjE Bill swollen

at the base, nearly straight,
and subulate towards the ex-
tremity.

ACCIPITRES— Bill and claws
strongly hooked. Limbs strong.
Tongue emarginate. Females
largest.

PASSERES Bill nearly

straight in the gape. No cere.
Males largest.

.Sect. II. Scansores. — Two toes directed anteally, andjitted
for climbing trees.

Tribe II. GRALLiE. Waders. — Lower end of the tibial
joint and tarsus naked.

Order II. PALMIPIDES. Water Birds.— Toes web-
bed to their extremity, and formed for swimming.

Lagofus. BIRDS. GALLINADiE. 43

GALLINADJi.

1. Tarsus feathered.
Gen. I. LAGOPUS. Grous.— Toes closely feathered above,
with a simple margin. Tail of 16 feathers.

1. L. scotkus. Red Grous.— Plumage reddish-brown, mot-
tled with pale spots, and black bars.

L. altera, Will. Orn. p. 128 Sibb. Scot. p. 16 — Redcock, Penn. Brit.

Zool. i. 269.— T6tras rouge, Temm. Manuel d'Ornithologie (1820), ii.

p. 465 E, Red Game, Gorcock, Moorcock ; S, Moorfowl ; W, Ceiliog

Mynydd, Tarfynydd; G, Coileach ruadh — In open heathy moors,

from Wales to Orkney.
Length 15| inches, breadth 26, weight 20 ounces. Bill black, covered at
the base with feathers. A spot of white feathers at the base of the lower
mandible, and a circle of the same colour round the eyes. Quills 24, dusky ;
the first shorter than the second, and the third the longest. 7W-feathers
black, the four middle ones barred with red. Above each eye is a rough, na-
ked, scarlet spot, with the upper margin fringed. Tarsus and toes with fine
cinereous feathers or hairs. The female is smaller, of a duller colour, and the
scarlet spot less distinct. Pair in the spring. Eggs from 10 to 14 in num-
ber, dirty white, blotched with brown. The young or pouts are of a light co-
lour. The young and parent birds keep in a pack, until the beginning of
winter, when they associate in large flocks with other broods. Feed on ber-
ries, heath tops, and corn. Easily domesticated, and breed in confinement.
This species is truly a native bird/being confined to the United Kingdom.

2. L. vulgaris. Ptarmigan. — Plumage cinereous, tinged
with brown, with black and dusky spots and bars.

L. avis, Will. Orn. 127 Sibb. Scot 16 — Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 271 — Te-

tras Ptarmigan, Temm. ii. 468. W, Coriar yr Albin ; G, Tarmachan.
Confined to the highest mountains of Scotland.
Length 15, breadth 23 inches ; weight 19 ounces. Bill black, more pro-
duced and less pointed than the preceding. From the gape to the eyes a
black band. Above the eyes a lunulated, naked, scarlet spot. Quills 24, with
white webs, and black shafts ; the first shorter than the second, the third the
longest. Tail feathers black, the middle ones variegated with pale brown.
Tarsus and toes with cinereous feathers and hairs. In the female the black
band from the gape is wanting. In winter the plumage becomes white, with
the exception of the cheek band, the seven tail-feathers on each side, the
shafts of the two middle ones, and of the quills, which are black. Eggs 10,
white, with brown spots. It is a stupid bird. Breeds in confinement. Dis-
tributed in the alpine and arctic regions of Europe and America.

Gen. II. TETRAO. — Toes nearly naked above, with a pecti-
nated margin on each side beneath.

3. T. Tetrix. Black-Cock. — Feathers of the throat not pro-
duced ; tail forked, the two external feathers recurved.

44 BIRDS. GALLINAD.E. Perdix.

Tetrao seu Urogallus minor, Will. Orn. 124 Sibb. Scot. 16. T. tet

Linn. Syst. i. 274 — Perm. Brit. Zool. i. p. 266 T. birkhan, Temm. ii.

p. 460. ; E, Heath-hen, Black -game, Black-grouse or Moor-hen ; S,
Black-cock ; W, Ceiliog du ; G, Coileach dubh — In wild and wooded
districts.

Length 23, breadth 34 inches ; weight 48 ounces. Bill black. Irides hazel. A
bare scarlet granulated spot over the eye. Head, neck, and body, glossy black,
with a bluish tinge. Quills 26, the four first black, the others white at the bot-
tom forming a white bar on the wing. Under coverts white. Tail of 16 fea-
thers, nearly 7 inches long, square at the ends, the two or three external ones,
on each side, 4 inches longer than the others. Under coverts white. The female
is less, of a brown colour, barred and mottled with black, and the lateral tail-
feathers are but little produced, and not recurved. Eggs 6 or 7, dirty white,
with brown blotches. The young follow the mother. Food, consists of moun-
tain-berries, heath, and birch-tops, and even corn. Dr Walker found the sto-
mach stuffed with the leaves of Polypodium vvlgare, after the bird had lived in
woods during winter, (Hebrides, i. 337.) In Russia, this species is caught by
" stakes, pointed at both ends, driven into the ground, approaching near each
other at the bottom, but diverging at the top, so as to resemble a funnel or in-
verted cone. To the top of each stake is tied an oat-straw, with the grain on
it. A long stake stands up in the middle of this machine, likewise crowned
with oats. To this is attached a horizontal stick, vacillating freely within the
cone. The birds come to eat the oats, and light on this stick. It gives way,
and lets them fall into the cone, where not being able to use their wings,
they remain prisoners." (Mem. Acad. Imp. des Scien. Peter, i. 189. p. 321.
(Annals, of Phil. iii. 223.)

It may be proper to take some notice in this place of a bird, long considered
as a hybrid between the cock of the wood and the black-cock. It is the T.
hybridus of Sparman, (Mus Carls, fasc. i. tab. 15.) T. intermedins of Langs-
dorfF, (Mem. Acad. Peter, iii. 181 1, p. 236.) The Tetras rakkelhan of Tern. Orn. ii.
p. 459. In this species the feathers of the throat are a little produced ; head,
neck and breast, black, with bronze and purple reflections ; back and rump
with ash-coloured dots. Length 27 inches. The female is unknown. This
species is noticed as a native of Scotland by Brisson, under the name of Le
coq de bruyere piquete, and a Scottish gentleman told Dr Tunstall, who in-
formed Dr" Latham, that it existed in our woods. The subject merits atten-
tion.

II. Tarsus naked.
Gen. III. PERDIX. Partridge. — Cheeks with a naked
skin. The three first feathers in the wing shorter than the
fourth. Tail even and short.

4. P. cinerea. Common Partridge.— Bill and legs bluish-
grey ; face and throat reddish-brown.

P. ruffa, Merr. Pin. 173 P. cin. Will. Orn. 118 — Sibb. Scot. 16.— Penn.

Brit. Zool. i. 274 Temm. Orn. ii. p. 488. ; W, Cor-iar : G, Ceare-tho-

main In the neighbourhood of corn-fields.

Length 13, breadth 20 inches; weight 15 ounces. Plumage a mixed cine-
rous brown and black. Behind the eye a naked red warty skin. On the
breast a deep bay -coloured mark in the form of a horse-shoe. Quills 23, brown.
Tail of 16 feathers, brown, the four middle ones like the back. The female is
smaller, the head less bright, and the ear-coverts are greyish. The mark on
the breast is white for the first year, afterwards more or less like the male
and by the third year is no longer a mark of distinction. Eggs from 12 to 20,
of a wood-brown colour. Period of incubation three weeks. Young leave

Cottjrnix. BIRDS. GALLINADJL 45

the nest in twelve hours, and are conducted to ant-hills, the eggs in which
constitute their early nourishment. Their plumage is less distinctly marked
than the old birds, and the legs are pale coloured.

5. P. ritfa. Guernsey Partridge. — Bill and legs red. Throat
and cheeks white, margined with black.

Will. Orn. 119 — Mont. Orn. Diet — Temm. Orn.ii. 485. — Bred in Jersey.
— Found in Guernsey, and occasionally in the south of England.
Length 12^, breadth 22 inches; weight 13 ounces. The plumage above is
reddish-brown, breast ash-coloured, with the belly rufous. Quills 25, brown.
Tail of 16 feathers, rufous, with the six middle ones tinged with grey. Eggs
15 or 18, yellowish, with red spots and cinereous dots — This species is now
common in several preserves in England, and may occasionally be found in a
wild state, but the islands of the Channel seem to be the most western limits
of its natural distribution.

Gen. IV. COTURNIX. Quail.— Cheeks covered with fea-
thers. First quill-feather longest.

6. C. vulgaris. Common Quail. — Over each eye a yellowish
streak, and one of the same colour down the forehead.

Msrr. Pin. p. 173.— Will. Orn. 121 — Sibb. Scot. 16 Penn. Brit. Zool. i.

276 — Temm. Orn. ii. 491. W, Sofliar — In wheat-fields.
Length 7k breadth 14 inches. The plumage is a mixture of black, brown,
tn 1 ash. A dark line passes from each angle of the bill, forming a kind of
gorget above the breast ; and the middle of the chin is black. Quills dusky,
the outer webs mottled with white. Tail of 12 feathers, dusky, tipt with white.
The female differs, in wanting the black spot on the chin. Eggs 8 or 10, or
even 20, yellowish, with dusky spots — This species is a summer visitant, ar-
riving in the beginning of May, and departing in October. A few occasionally
remain.

Although these may be considered as the gallinaceous birds indigenous to
the British Isles, there are several other species which here require to be
noticed.

a. DOMESTICATED GALLINAD.E.

1. Pavo cristatus. Crested Peacock. .

This bird, so truly ornamental, from the splendour of its plumage, and the
magnificence of its train, is of Asiatic origin. The period of its introduction
into this country is unknown, though probably not very remote.

2. Meleagris Gallopavo. Turkey.

This bird is a native of America. It was first imported into England in
1524. Multitudes are reared in Norfolk and Suffolk for the London market,
to which the}' are driven in flocks, consisting of several hundreds. Where
they are reared for sale, the cock is kept but a short time with the hens when
they begin to lay, his presence, afterwards, during the period of the exclusion
of the eggs, being unnecessary to render them prolific ; Edin. Phil. Journ.
v. 356. The same economy may be practised with the common hen. Will.
Orn. 11. The turkey, in a wild state, is larger than with us, sometimes ex-
ceeding 30 pounds. Pen. Phil. Trans. 1781, p. 67. .

46 BIRDS. GALLINAD.E. Gallus.

3. Gallus domesticus. Common Fowl.

This is another bird of Asiatic origin, and probably introduced into this
kingdom by the Phoenicians, while trading with the ancient inhabitants in
tin. On the authority of Caesar, it is supposed that they were domesticated,
but not eaten. " Leporem et gallinam, et anserem gustare, fas non putant,
haec tamen alunt, animi voluptatisque causa ;" Com. lib. v.. Did Caesar not
here refer to some of the indigenous species of Gallium, which we have enu-
merated, and to which, as well as the hare, the Britons might have extended
their protection, without keeping them in a tame state.

The following well marked varieties are cultivated : Crested Cock, having a
tuft of feathers on the crown. Dorking Cock, with two toes behind. Rumkins,
without tail feathers or oil-bag. Frizzled Cock, having the feathers curled

inwards. Bantam, dwarfish tarsi, with long feathers behind In reference to

this last, Sir T. F. Raffles, in his History of Java, vol. i. p. 349. says, " The
cock which we improperly call the Bantam, is not found on Java, except as a
curiosity : it comes from Japan."

4. Numidia Mclcagris. Pintado or Guinea-hen.

This is a native of Africa. It is a restless bird, and its call, which is fre-
quent, is truly grating; but the eggs and young are considered delicious eating.

5. Phasianus Colchicus. Pheasant.

This bird is of Asiatic origin. It was first brought into Greece from Pha-
sis, a large river of Colchis, running into the Euxine. It is now generally
distributed throughout the temperate districts of Europe. The breed in this
country is preserved by the multitudes which are reared in confinement, and
then turned out into the woods of the nobility and gentry, otherwise, what
the climate spared, the poacher would speedily destroy. Two well marked va-
rieties occur. The common pheasant, the most ancient, and the ringed phea-
sant, more recently introduced. A mixed breed is of frequent occurrence, —
a circumstance unfavourable to the notion entertained by Temminck, " Orn. ii.
454." of the Phasianus lorquatm being a distinct species.

Mr Edwards has given a figure and description of what was supposed a hy-
brid between a turkev and pheasant, shot near Pstandford, Dorsetshire ; Phil.
Trans. 1759, 833. tab. xix.

I). EXTIRPATED GALLING.

6. Urogallus vidgaris. Cock of the wood, or Capercaillie.

W, Ceiliog coed ; G, Capul coille.
This beautiful bird, which reaches to 2 feet 7 or 8 inches in length, and
weighs 12 or 13 pounds, formerly frequented the fir-woods of Ireland and
Scotland. In the latter country it was last seen in the woods of Strathglass,
in 1760. It continued in Strathspey until 1745 ; St. Ac. (Kirkmichael, Banf-
shire, Rev. John Grant), vol. xii. p. 451. Recent attempts have been made
to reciuit our forests from Norway, where the species is still common.

C. STRAGGLERS.

7. Coturnix Marilanda. American Quail.

Montagu, in his Supplement to his Ornithological Dictionary (Article
" Grossbeak"), mentions a male of this quail which was shot near Mansfield,
by Mr Harrison, and afterwards sent to Lord Stanley. He adds, " The
American Quail has been turned out in some part of the British empire, with
a view to establish the breed, but we believe without effect. The late Gene-
ral Gabbit liberated many on his estates in Ireland, but in two years the breed

Columba. BIRDS COLUMBADiE. 47

was lost." Perhaps the stragglers now noticed may be referred to some of
these liberated individuals.

COLUMBAD.E.

Gen. V. COLUMBA. Pigeon.— Head plain. Bill slen-
der, flexible. Legs short.

7. C. Palumbus. Ring-Dove. — Plumage bluish-grey, with
a white patch on each side of the neck.

Merr. Pin. 175 Will. Orn. 125 — Sibb. Scot. 17 — Perm. Brit. Zool. i.

29G Temm. Orn. ii. 444. ; E, Quist, Cowshot ; S, Wood-pigeon, or

Cushat ; W, Ysguthan ; G, Smudan — In woods, common.

Length 28, breadth 30 inches ; weight 20 ounces. Bill yellowish, reddish
at the base. Feet red, claws black. Neck and breast iridescent. Belly whit-
ish. Quills 24, the second longest, and the first ten black, edged with white.
Tail of 12 feathers. No gall-bladder. Female less, with the white patch on
the neck, less distinct. Eggs 2. Nest of a few sticks, loosely put together,
on a tree. This bird is stationary, flying in flocks during winter, and feeding
on greens, turnips, and young clover or wheat. Easily tamed, but will not
breed in confinement.

8. C. Ocnas. Rock-Dove. — Plumage bluish-grey, neck iri-
discent.

Merr. Pin. 175 Will. Orn. 136 — Sibb. Scot. 17 Penn. Brit. Zool. i.

290 — Temm. Orn. ii. 445 — W, Colommen ; G, Caluman Common

in a wild state, in caves on the shore.

Length 13 J, breadth 22 inches; weight 11 ounces. Bill brown, point
dusky. A broad bar across the middle of the greater coverts, and another on
the ends of the secondary quills. Tip of the tail black. Pennant, Tem-
minck, and some others, seem disposed to exalt the varieties of this pigeon
into two species. The C. Oenas has the rump bluish-grey, while the C. livia
has it white. But the individuals of this species vary considerably in their
colour and markings, and induce us, with Montagu, to view them as consti-.
tuting but one species. This species, in a domesticated state, exhibits nu-
merous marked varieties, which Willoughby has enumerated in detail.

9. C. Turtur. Turtle-Dove. — Head and neck cinereous, with
a patch of black feathers on the latter, tipt with white.

Merr. Pin. 175 Will. Orn. 134.— Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 297 Temm.

Orn. ii. 448. — A summer visitant of England.

Length 12, breadth 21 inches; weight 6 ounces. A space beneath and be-
hind the eye purplish-red. The back is brown, dashed with cinereous ; shoul-
ders and coverts black, with reddish margins. Quills dusky, with pale edges.
Tail black, tipt with white, the two middle feathers uniformly dusky.— The
turtle visits the south of England in spring, returning in September. Inha-
bits thick woods. Makes its nest in a tree with sticks, and lays 2 white eggs.
Varies in having the whole side of the neck black, with a round spot of white
on each feather near the end.

48 BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. Falco.

ACCIPITRES.

RAPACIOUS BIRDS.

I. DIURN7E. Hawks. — Bill covered at the base with a cere,

in which the nostrils are lodged. Eyes lateral. Outer
toe (with the exception of Balbusardus) incapable of ha-
ving its position or motion reversed.

* Macropter^e. Noble Hawks. — Second quill-feather longest;

the first nearly equal. Bill arched from the base.

•f Claws flat or grooved on the under side.
Falco.
Gyrfalco.

•f-f Claws rounded on the under side.
Balbusardus.

•• Brachypter.e. Ignoble Hawks. — The third or fourth quill-
feather longest; the first very short.

f Tail forked.
Milvus.
ft Tail not forked.

1. Space between the bill and eye feathered.

Pernis.

2. Space between the bill and the eye naked or hairy.

a. Bill straight at the base, and bent at the extremity.

Aquila.

aa. Bill bent from the base. Tarsi plated.

b. Ear-feathers forming a collar like the owls.

Circus.

bb. Ear-feathers plain.
Buteo.

II. NOCTURM/E. Owls.— Bill without cere. Eyes large,

directed anteally ; surrounded with a circle of radiating
wiry feathers, which serve to cover the base of the bill
and auricles. The external toe capable of having its po-
sition and motion reversed. On the top of the head, in
some species, are two tufts of long feathers, termed horns
or ears.

* Concha of the ear occupying the whole side of the head. The first

or second quill the longest. Wings about the length of the tail,

•f- Bill arched from the base. Head with horns.
Otus.

•f f Bill straight at the base. Head destitute of horns.
Aluco.

Falco. BXHDS. ACCIPITRES. 4,9

** Concha of the ear extending only to about one-half of the side of
the head. Disc of feathers round the eye less perfect than in the
preceding group.

f Head with horns.
Bubo.

Scops.

•f-f Head without horns.
Stris.

I. DIURNAL RAPACIOUS BIRDS.

Gen. VI. FALCO. Falcon. — Bill, with the margin of the
upper mandible furnished with a sharp tooth, near the ex-
tremity, the lower with a notch for its reception.

a. With Mustaches, or a black stripe, extending from the
base of the bill, under the eye, along the clieeks, and a
short way on the side of the neck.

10. F. pcregrinus. Peregrine Falcon.' — Wings reaching the
length of the tail.

Will. Orn. 43 — F. sacer, Silb. Scot. 14 Peregrine F., Pcnn. 1. 178.—

Grey F., ib. 180— F. per. Tern. Orn. L 22 — W, Hebog tramor.— In
rocky districts not uncommon.

Length 16|, breadth 37 inches. Bill blue; margin of the eye, cere, irides,
and legs, yellow. Plumage, above, blackish-grcy, darkest on the head, lightest
on the rump ; with obscure black bars. Throat, neck, and breast, white ; the
rest below white, with black bars ; a few longitudinal spots of black on the
breast. Middle toe as long as the tarsus. Quills dusky ; inner web of the
first abbreviated near the end. Tail-feathers 12, slightly tipt with yellowish-
white. Female larger, the white beneath, tinged with red. Nest on rocks ;
eggs 3 or 4, reddish, with brown spots. Young birds have the plumage, above,
inclining to cinereous; the feathers with a ferruginous border. Beneath,
white, with longitudinal spots. Crown, neck, and checks, yellowish-white.
Blackish patch under the eye. This species, long celebrated for its docility
and activity in the chase, has been multiplied into numerous species, viz. F.
toccocephalus, fuscus, communis, and niger. Feeds on the wild Gallinse, chiefly,
and even makes havock in the poultry-yard.

11. F. lanarius. Lanner. — Wings reaching only two-thirds
the length of the tail.

Will. Orn. 48. Linn. Syst. i. 129. Pcnn. Brit. ZooL L 182. tab. rxii.
Tern. Orn. i. 20. — W, Hebog gwlanog. — Breeds in Ireland. Caught
in a duck decoy, Lincolnshire.— Pennant.

Length 1 foot 7 inches. Margin of the eye, irides, and cere, yellow ; bill
and legs bluish. Crown red, with oblong brown spots. Above each eye, to
the hind part of the head, a broad white line ; and beneath each a blackish mark,
pointing downwards : the last nearly disappearing with age. Plumage, above,
brown with reddish margins ; below, white, with longitudinal brown spots,
except the under tail covers and throat. Middle toe shorter than the tarsus.
Inner webs of the two first quills abbreviated. In the female the head is dark
brown, and the throat and under tail-covers have narrow streaks.

12. F. Subbutco. Hobby. — Wings reaching beyond the tail.

Will. Orn. 48. Penn. Brit Zool. L 107- Tern, Ora. L 25.'— W, Hebog
yr Iledydd — A summer visitant.

VOL. I. D

50 BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. Falco.

Length 12, breadth 27 inches; weight 7 ounces. Bill blue; irides'hazel ;
margin of the eye, cere, and/legs, yellow. The plumage, above, is bluish-black,
the margins of the feathers paler; below, white, with longitudinal black spots.
Above each eye a white line ; hind-head with two yellow spots. Quills (the
first of which is almost equal hi length to the third), dusky black ; the inner
webs with oval transverse reddish spots. Rump, thighs, and vent, pale
orange. Tail with brownish bars, the tips white ; two middle feathers entire-
ly of a deep dove colour. In the female the plumage has a reddish tinge.
Nest placed on trees, rocks, or heath. Eggs 3 or 4. Young lighter coloured ;
feathers above bordered with yellowish red, especially the crown ; below,

tinged yellowish-red, with longitudinal brown spots The hobby pursues

larks, and is occasionally used in hunting with the net, to frighten the birds
and prevent them from taking wing. Departs in October.

b. Destitute of mustaches. Inner xcebs of the first and se-
cond quills abbreviated towards the extremity ; outer web
of the second abbreviated. Tarsi reticulated.

13. F. Tinnuncidus. Kestrel, Stannel, or Wind-Hover. —
Middle toe shorter than the tarsus.

Will. Orn. 50. Sibb. Scot. 15. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 195. Tern. Orn. i.
29. — W, Cudyll coch — Stationary and common.

Length 14, breadth 27 inches; weight CJ ounces. Bill blue; cere and feet
yellow. Back and wing-covers red, with black spots ; head and rump grey.
A black streak descends from the gape. Under parts pale rust colour, spot-
ted and barred with black ; thighs and vent plain. Quills 22, dusky, spotted
with white. Tail grey, with a broad black bar near the end; feathers 12,
slightly arched, with the two middle ones incumbent, and nearly half an
inch longer than the rest. Wings, when closed, reach about three-fourths of
the length of the tail. Oil-bag very small, with a tuft of yellowish feathers,
dark at the base. Palate bluish, with two rows of recurved teeth. Vermi-
form appendages |th of an inch, fixed. A small caecum about gths. Female with
the plumage, above, the same as the back ; beneath paler, with indistinct spots
and streaks. Tail with transverse dusky bars, and a broad one at the end.
Nest placed in hollows of trees, rocks, or ruins. Eggs 4, dirty white, with
red blotches. Young like the female — Feeds on mice and beetles ; and may
be seen in the act of seeking for its prey, hovering stationary, at some height,
in the air, with its head to windward.

14. F. j3?salon. Merlin. — Middle toe as long as the tarsus.

Will. Orn. 50. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 200. — Merlin or Stone-Falcon, Mont.

Orn. Diet. Suppt. Tern. Orn. i. 27 — W, Corwalch — N ear woods Not

common.

Length 12, breadth 25 inches; weight 5j ounces. Bill blue; cere, margin
of the eye and feet lemon-yellow. Plumage, above, bluish-grey, with a longi-
tudinal black spot on each feather ; beneath, the throat is white, and the re-
mainder yellowish-white, with oblong dusky spots pointing downwards.
Quills reaching two-thirds of the tail ; the first nearly equal to the fourth.
Tail-feathers with bands, and an entire dark broad one tipt with white at the
end. In the female, the plumage is tinged with brown, and the spots below
are more numerous. Nest in trees or on the ground. Eggs 5 or C; white,

marked with greenish colour at one end. Young like the female Preys on

small birds, and is exceedingly active — Visits the south of England in Octo-
ber, but breeds in the north and in Scotland.

Gen. VII. GYRFALCO. (Hierofalco of Cuvier.) Jer-
falcon. — Notch of the bill obsolete. Tarsi reticulated.

Gyrfalco. BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 51

14. G. candkans. — Plumage white, with dusky lines or spots.

Gyrfalco, Will. Orn. 44. Sibb. Scot. 14. Penn. Brit. Zool. 1. 177 — T.

rusticolus and fuscus, Fab. Fauna Gr. 55 Falco Islandicus, Temm. Orn.

1. 17 W, Hebog chwyldro In Scotland rare; Aberdeen, Pennant;

Orkney, Low.

Length 1 foot 10 inches. Bill, cere, and feet yellow, more or less tinged
with blue. The dark spots on the wings are large. The throat and long
thigh-feathers pure white ; the rest of the plumage below white, with narrow
dusky stripes. The tail, consisting of 12 feathers, has dark bands, from 12 to
14 hi number, and is longer than the wings. The female has the dusky mark-
ings larger and more numerous on the under side. Breeds in rocks, and lays
from 3 to 5 spotted eggs of the size of a ptarmigan. The young birds have
the ground of the plumage dusk}', edged and spotted with white, with the
cere and margin of the eye bluish — Feeds on birds, darting down upon them

like an arrow The Spotted Falcon of Pennant, Brit. ZooL i. 189., seems to

be a young bird of this species.

Gen. VIII. BALBUSARDUS, (Pandion of Savigny),
Osprey. — Outer toe capable of having its position and
motion reversed, and having a larger claw than the inner
toe.

15. B. Halicetus. — Wings longer than the tail. Tarsi short,

thick, and reticulated.

Balbusardus, Will. Orn. 37- Sibb. Scot. 15 Osprey, Penn. Brit. Zool. i.

174 — Falco Hal. Temm. Orn. i. 47 W, Pysg Eryr, Gwalch y weilgi;

G, Iolair uisge. — Frequents the margins of large rivers and lakes.

Length 23, breadth 64 inches ; weight G2 ounces ; bill black, cere and legs
blue, irides yellow. The plumage above is brown ; the feathers on the head
edged with white ; hind head white. Below, it is white. Beneath the eye is
a band of brown, reaching almost to the shoulder. Quills, about 28 ; those
from the 17th to the base, pointed; inner webs of the four first abbreviated
at the extremity. Tail of 12 equal feathers ; the two middle ones dusky ; the
others barred with brown and white. Tibiae long. Soles of the feet very
rough. Montagu states (Sup. Orn. Diet.), that, " on the inner side of the
extremity of the outer toe are two or three spines." Breeds on the ground,
among reeds, or on trees. Eggs 3 or 4, white and elliptical. Young with the
feathers on the breast vellow, with dusky or brown spots.— Feeds on fish
chiefly, darting upon them in the water.

Gen. IX. MILVUS. Kite.-- -Tarsi plated, short.

16. M. vulgaris. — Plumage, above, deep brown, with pale

edges ; beneath, ferruginous, with dark longitudinal stripes.

Will. Orn. 41. . Sibb. Scot. 15. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 185 Falco milvus,

Temm. Orn. i. 59 — W, Barcud; G, Clamhan gabhlach, Cromanloch-
aidh. — Wooded situations, but not common.

Length 28, breadth G4 inches ; weight 44 ounces. Bill yellowish, with a
dusky tip ; cere and irides yellow. The feathers on the head are light-coloured,
with a dark streak on the shafts. Quills 24 ; inner webs of the first four, and
outer webs of the third and fourth, abbreviated ; black at the extremities.
Two outer tail-feathers more produced, and darker than the others. The
female has the brown and pale edges of the feathers more distinct, the latter
passing into white. Breeds in trees, making a nest of sticks, lined with wool.

i>2

52 BIRDS. ACCIPITRES, Peknis.

Eggs 3 or 4. In the young, the feathers of the head are more rounded, and

destitute of longitudinal dark stripes Feeds on reptiles and dead fish. Is

stationary in Britain.

Sir Robert Sibbald enumerates, in his list of Scottish Birds (Scot. I1L p. 15.),
a " Milvus niger, a black gled. An Lanius ?" This is probably the Falco ater
of Gmelin and Temminck. It differs from the preceding in the head and
throat, being striped with white and brown. The plumage above, deep grey-
ish brown. The tail with nine pale bands. Bill black; irides greyish black ;
cere and feet yellow.

The Falco furcatus of Linnaeus, occurred to the late Dr Walker, at Bal-
lachulish, in Argyleshire, in 1772, as recorded in his Adversaria for 1772, p. 87,
and 1774, p. 153. A description of another example, taken near Hawes, in
Wensley Dale, Yorkshire, was communicated to the Linnean Society, 4th No-
vember 1823, by W. Fothergill, Esq. This species belongs to the genus Elanus
of Savigny. It is white, with the wings and tail black ; the two exterior fea-
thers of the latter much produced. It inhabits Carolina and Brazil, and may
be regarded as a rare straggler in Europe.

Gen. X. PERNIS. Honey-Buzzard.— Tarsi half-feathered
and reticulated.

17. P. apivorus. — Plumage brown above ; brown and white

beneath ; the head grey.

Butio apivorus, Will. Orn. 39. — Falco ap., Linn. Syst. i. 130. Penn. Brit.

Z00L i. 190. Temm. Orn. L G^ — E, Capped Buzzard W, Bod y mel.

— In England, rare.

Length 23, breadth 52 inches ; weight 31 ounces. Bill, cere, gape, and
claws black ; irides and feet yellow. Quills 24 ; secondaries with alternate
rays of blackish-brown and bluish-grey. Tail long, with transverse bars. In
the female, the plumage is spotted. Breeds in trees. Eggs grey, with ob-
scure spots. In a nest, robbed at Selborne, there was one egg smaller, and
not so round as the common buzzard ; dotted at each end with small red spots,
and surrounded in the middle with a broad bloody zone ; — White's Selb. L 187.
Young birds have the cere yellow ; the head spotted with brown and white.
— Feeds on bees, wasps, reptiles, and small birds. — Probably only a summer
visitant.

Gen. XI. AQUILA. Eagle. — Wings, when at rest, equal
to the tail in length.

18. A. Chrysaetos. Golden Eagle. — Tarsi feathered to the
toes, The last joints of all the toes furnished with only three
scales.

Chrysaetos, Will. Orn. 27- Sibb. Scot, 14. Penn. Brit. Z00L i. 1G2.— Fal-
co fulvus, Temm. Orn. i. 38. — W, Eryr melyn, Eryr tinwyn ; G, Solair

dhubh Inhabits mountainous districts. Breeds in Orkney.

Length 30, breadth 88 inches; weight about 12 pounds. Bill dusky; irides
brown ; cere and feet yellow. The acuminated feathers on the head and neck
bright rust colour. The rest of the plumage dusky brown. The feathers on
the thighs and legs of a light colour. Tail rounded, longer than the wings,
of a deep grey, clouded with dark-brown ; a band of the latter occurring at the
extremity. Breeds in high precipices. Eggs 2 or 3 ; dusky white, with red-
dish blotches. The plumage of the young is darker, and the basal half of the

Circus. BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. o3

tail is white. In this state, it is the Chrysaetos cauda annulo albo chicta of
Will., 28 ; Falco fulvus of Lin. S yst. Nat. i. 125 ; or the Ringtail Eagle, or Black
Eagle of Pen. Brit. ZooL i. 1G5. In the opinion of some, the ringtail is consi-
dered as a distinct species ; but the facts stated by Temminck and Selby de-
monstrate its connection with the Golden Eagle. — See Wern, Mem, voL iv.
428 and 434. — Preys on sheep and deer.

19. A. albiciUa. The Erne. — Tarsi half feathered, and

plated. Tail not longer than the wings.

Halhetus, Will. Orn. 29. Sibb. Scot. 14 Falco ossifragus, Linn. Syst. L

124 — Cinereous Eagle, Venn. Brit. ZooL L 170 Falco albicilla, Temm.

Orn. L. 49 — W; Mor Eryr, Eryr Cynffbnwyn ; G, Iolair— Near the
6ea-coast, not rare ; whence termed Sea Eagle.

Inferior in size to the preceding. Bill whitish ; hides light-brown ; cere
and feet yellowish-white. Plumage dusky-brown, tinged with cinereous.
Tail wholly white. Breeds in rocks. Eggs two ; of a white colour, with a
few reddish spots. In the young, the plumage is deep-brown, with the mar-
gins of the feathers lighter coloured. Bill and iris black. Tail with the ba-
sal half whitish-grey, with irregular brown spots on the outer webs ; the ex-
tremity brown. In this last state it is the Sea-Eagle of Pennant, Brit. ZooL i.
167- ; the Haliretus and Pygargus of Willoughby ; and the Vultur albicilla
and F. ossifragus of Linnseus, all which belong to this species, and seem to be in
intermediate stages of plumage. Feeds on fish, aquatic birds, and land annuals.

The following device for catching the eagle is said, in the Statist. Account,
yoL xxi. p. 221., to be successfully practised in Sutherland. The fox, it is
added, is readily secured by the same snare. 'k A miniature house, at least the
wall part of it, is built on ground frequented by the eagle, and an opening
left at the foot of the wall sufficient for the egress of the bird. To the out-
side of this opening, a bit of strong skainy (cord) is fixed, with a noose formed
on one end, and the other end returning through the noose. After all this
operation is finished, a piece of carrion is thrown into the house, which the
eagle finds out and perches upon. It eats voraciously ; and, when it is fully
satiated, it never thinks of taking its flight immediately upwards, unless dis-
turbed, provided it can find an easier way to get out of the house ; for it ap-
pears that it is not easy for it to begin its flight but hi an oblique direction ;
consequently, it walks deliberately out at the opening left for it, and the
ekainy being fitly contrived and placed for the purpose, catches hold of, and
fairly strangles it."

Gen. XII. CIRCUS. Hen-harrier.— -One-third of the
tail extending beyond the wings.

20. C. cyaneus. — The third and fourth quill-feathers of equal
length.

Pygargus, Will. 40 — Subbuteo, Sibb. Scot. 15 Hen-harrier, Perm. Brit

ZooL L 193 — Mont. Lin. Trans, ix. 182. Orn. Diet. Suppt Falco cy-
aneus. Tern. Oni. i. 72 — IF, Barcud glas, Bod tinwyn; G, Ant-eun
fiorm. Breid air toin. — Not uncommon.

Length 18, breadth 40 inches; weight 13 ounces; bill dark blue; cere and
legs yellow ; plumage grey ; under and upper tail-covers, belly, and below the
wings, white. Behind the nostrils, and above the eyes, numerous black hairs.
The 1st quill, equal in length to the 7th; 2d and 5th nearly equal; 3d and
4th longest, and nearly equal. Inner webs of the first four, and outer webs
of the 3d, 4th, and 5th abbreviated from the middle; 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, black;
1st and Gth, greyish ; rest grey. Tail, with the two middle feathers uniform ;
the others fighter coloured, and barred with dusky on their inner webs. The
ear-feathers, forming a large concha, like a $ufF oh the sides of the neck, dls.

54 BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. Buteo.

tinguish this species from the other British Accipitres. Female, with the plu-
mage, above, brown, with pale margins ; beneath, yellowish-brown, with lon-
gitudinal dark spots. The two middle tail feathers with dark cinereous and
blackish bands. In this state, it is the Falco pygargus of Linnaeus, and the
Ring-tail of British ornithologists. Willoughby had hinted at their identity,
Om. p. 40. ; and Barington seems to have admitted it, Phil. Trans. 1770,
p. 14; but it was Montagu who removed all doubts on the subject. Breeds
in furse and heath. Eggs 4 or 5, bluish white, and without spots. Young
like the female. This species flies near the ground, and is very destructive
to poultry and game.

Gen. XIII. BUTEO. Buzzard— Wings and tail long, the
latter rounded.

a. The fourth quillfcather longest.
(a.) Wings reaching nearly to the end of the tail.

21. B. vulgaris. Common Buzzard. — Upper quarter of the
tarsi feathered. Nostrils round ; the margin of the upper man-
dible slightly waved.

Will. Orn. 38. Sibb. Scot. 15 — Buzzard, Perm. Brit. Zool. i. 180 — Falco
buteo, Temm. i. 63. — E, Puttock; W, Bod teircail; G, CJamhan. —
Common, near large woods.

Length 21, breadth 50 inches; weight 32 pounds. Bill bluish, cere, irides,
and feet yellow. Plumage, above, deep brown, with pale margins; below,
greyish-brown, with darker spots, sometimes with cross bars of white, scarcely
apparent on the throat, but increasing on the breast, belly, and vent. Thighs
plain dusky-brown on the outside, more rufous on the hiside. The first four
quills, with the inner webs abbreviated and black towards the extremity.
Tail-feathers dusky, with pale tips and brown bars ; a little longer than the
wings. Breeds in trees. Eggs 2 or 3, size of those of a hen, white, with
rusty spots at the larger end. The young have the plumage light brown,
variegated with white and yellow ; throat and belly white, the latter with
longitudinal large spots. Feeds on rabbits and birds, pouncing its prey on the
ground.

22. B. Lagopus. Rough-legged Buzzard.— Tarsi feathered
nearly to the toes.

Bough-legged Falcon, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. G23. Monl. Orn. Diet — Falco

Lagopus, Temm. i. 65 — In England, rare, Leverian Museum ; Kent, Dr

Latham; Suffolk, Montagu.

Length 19 to 27 inches. Bill and claws black ; cere and feet yellow ; irides

browm Head, neck, throat, breast, and thighs yellowish-white, with large

streaks of brown. Back dark-brown, with yellowish margins. Belly with a

large brown spot; the rest beneath yellowish-white. Quills white at the

base, dusky at the ends. Tail, with the basal half, white ; then a broad brown

band ; the tips whitish. In the female, the head, neck, and tail are whiter ;

the sides and belly browner. Breeds hi trees. Eggs 4, clouded with red.

Young have brown spots above, varied with white, with a stripe of the same

colour over the eye. Tail with three bands near the end. Feeds on glires

and frogs. It is frequent hi the north of Europe.

(b.) Wings much shorter than the tail (The Accipiter of Wil-
loughby ; Astur and Nisus of Cuvier.J

23. B. Palumbarws. Goshawk. — Tarsi short. A white line
over the eye.

Buteo. BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 55

De Accipitre Palumbario, Will. Orn. 51 Sibb. Scot 15. Goshawk,

Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 134, — Falco, Palumbus, Temm. i. 55. — TV, Hebog
marthin. — Breeds in Scotland ; is rare in England.
Length about 2 feet. Bill blue, tipt with black, cere yellowish green, iri-
des and feet yellow. Plumage, above, bluish-grey ; beneath, while, with trans-
verse brown bars. Tail cinereous, with 4 or 5 dark brown bands. The fe-
male has the plumage above, with a tinge of brown ; and brownish streaks on
the throat. Breeds in trees, and probably rocks. Eggs 2 to 4, bluish-white,
with brown spots and streaks. In the young birds, the head, neck, and belly,
are rufous, with longitudinal brown spots. Tip of the tail white. These, in
different stages of their plumage, have been termed Gentil Falcons. Feeds
on the largest kinds of birds. It was formerly held hi high esteem in hunt-
ing, and flown at cranes, geese, and big game.

24. B. Nisus. Sparrow-hawk. — Tarsi long. A white spot
on the nape.

De Accipitre Fringillario, Will. Orn. 51. Sibb. Scot. 15. — Sparrow-hawk,

Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 198 Falco Nisus, Tern. Orn. L 56.— W, Gwepia;

G, Speir sheog — Common.
Length 12, breadth 23 inches; weight 5 ounces. Bill black, cere, hides,
and legs, yellow. The bill is sharp, and the hook on the upper mandible dis-
tinct. Plumage above, deep bluish-grey ; beneath, white, with a reddish
tinge, with longitudinal streaks of brown on the throat, and transverse bars
on the other parts. Tail with indistinct bands. Female two thirds larger.
Breeds in trees and old ruins. Eggs 3 to 6, dirty white, with angular red-
dish spots. The Young have the upper parts with a reddish tinge, and yel-
lowish, or brown, beneath. Feeds on small birds, which it pursues fearlessly.
Destructive to pigeons and young chickens.

b. The third quill-feather the longest. Tarsi produced.

25. B. ceruginosus. — Moor Buzzard. Nostrils kidney-shaped.
Wings a little shorter than the tail.

Milvus serug. Will. Orn. 42. Sibb. Scot. 15. — Falco serug. Linn. Syst. i.
139. — Moor Buzzard, Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 192 — Falco rufus, fern. L
69.— S, Bog-gled ; W, Bod y gwerni. — Near swampy situations, not
uncommon.
Length 20, breadth 50 inches ; weight 21 ounces. Bill and claws black ;
cere and irides yellow. The upper mandible has a distinct blunt tooth.
Head, neck, and breast, yellowish-white, with longitudinal brown spots ; the
rest of the plumage chocolate-brown, with the margins more or less ferrugi-
nous. Quills white at the base, the remainder black. Inner webs of the
first four, and the outer webs of the second, third, fourth and fifth abbreviat-
ed. Breeds on the ground, rarely on trees. Eggs 3 or 4, less than those of
the preceding species, and of a spotless white. Young with the plumage
more uniformly brown, including the crown, chin, and breast, the yellowish-
white appearing only on the hind head. Iris brownish black. Feeds like the
former.

26. B. cineraceus. Ash-coloured Buzzard. — Wings exceed

the tail in length.

Falco cinerarius, Mont. Orn. Diet, et Suppt. Lin. Trans, ix. 188. Tern.
L 76. — Breeds hi England. — Montagu.

Length 18, breadth 44 inches; weight 9| ounces. Bill and claws black;
the latter small. Cere greenish. Irides, and margins of the eye, and legs
yellow. Plumage, above, cinereous brown ; beneath, white, with a broad
streak of bright bay down the shaft of each feather. Quills dusky black ; the
first very short, the third by far the longest. Secondaries cinereous with

56 BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. Otus.

duskj' bars. Tail with the two middle feathers dusky brown, others of an
ash colour. The female has the head ferruginous, the nape with a patch of
white, the remainder of the upper parts of the body, including the quills,
dark chocolate brown, with ferruginous margins. Lower part of the rump
and tail covers white. Beneath, the plumage is uniformly ferruginous.
Breeds among furze. Eggs 4, white. Young like the female.; Montagu
supposes that Pennant referred to this species in liis variety of the Ring-Tail,
with the colour of the belly entirely plain, (Brit. Zool. i. 195.) Feeds on
larks. Has probably been confounded with the Circus cyaneus, from which,
however, it differs obviously in the superior length of the wings.

It is probable, that the species of this group are more numerous than they
are here represented to be. But the descriptions which exist in several Bri-
tish works being occupied almost exclusively with colour, render the deter-
mination of the species in some cases impracticable. The migration of birds
of this kind is still involved in obscurity ; hence, with reference to the rarer
species, the season in which they have been observed should be carefully
noted, as furnishing an essential element in the determination of their physi-
cal distribution.

II. NOCTURNAL RAPACIOUS BIRDS.

Gen. XIV. OTUS. Horn-Owl.— Tarsi and Toes closely
feathered. The second quil-feather longest.

27. O. vulgaris. Long Horn-Owl. — Horns consisting of from

six to ten feathers.

Otus sive Noctua aurita, Will. Orn. G4. Silo. Scot. 15 — Long-eared

Owl, Perm. Brit. Zool. i. 203 Strix Otus, Temm. Orn. i. 102 —

W, Dylluan gorniog — Frequents extensive woods.

Length 14|, breadth 40 inches; weight 10 ounces. Bill and claws black,
hides reddish. Plumage, above yellowish-brown, with dusky streaks, and
freckled with grey and white ; beneath, dull yellow, with oblong brown spots.
Horns about an inch long, of black feathers, with the margins brown and
white. Willoughby and Montagu state the number of feathers at C, Tem-
minck at 10. The female has a white throat, the whole plumage tinged with
greyish-white. Breeds in evergreen trees or old nests of crows. Eggs 4 or
0, of a white colour. The young are of a whitish-red, Avith transverse black
lines. Tail and wings grey, with brown points. Feeds on mice and small
birds, at night. Does not migrate.

28. O. brachyoius. Short Horn-Owl. — Horns of three fea-
thers.

Short-eared Oivl, Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 204.— Strix brachyotus, Temm.
Orn. i. 99 — £, Mouse-hawk, Woodcock-owl, Hawk-owl ; W, Dylluan
glustiog. — Breeds in Orkney — A winter visitant in other districts.

Length 14, breadth 37 inches ; weight I4| ounces. Bill and claws black ;
hides yellow. The plumage, above, is dusky, with pale ferruginous edges :
beneath, yellow on the upper part, white on the belly, with long dusky stripes.
Quills 25. The two first pointed, the rest rounded. Inner web of the first
and second, and outer web of the second, abbreviated near the tip. Tail, with
brown and yellow bars. Female higher coloured. M. Cuvier (Itegne Ani-
mal, i. 328.), states, that the females are destitute of horns. Bewick (British
Birds, 1. 49.), on the contrary, says, " Of several of these birds, both male
and female, which we have been "favoured with by our friends, we have ob-
served that both had the upright tufts or ears." Breeds in heaths. Mr Low,
who observed the nest in Hoy (Faun. Ore. 42.), found two young ones.

Aluco. BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 51

They have the face dark coloured. This owl pursues, in dark weather, pigeons,
moorfowl, and plovers. Feeds likewise on mice and small birds. From the tes-
timony of Mr Low, it breeds in Orkney, but, in the middle districts of Scot-
band and England, it appears in harvest, and departs in spring, frequenting
stubble-fields and long grass. When disturbed it flies but to a short distance.

Gen. XV. ALUCO. Barn-Owl. — Lower part of the tarsi
and toes thinly clothed with white hairs.

29. A.Jlammeus. — Bill white, claws dusky.

A. minor, Will. Orn. 6G. Slbb. Scott. 15 — White Owl, Perm. i. 200 —
Strix flammea, Tcmm. Orn. i. 91 — Church-Owl, Hissing-Owl, Screech-

Owl W, Dylluan wen ; G, Cailleach-ordhche gheal — Near houses

and old ruins. — Common.
Length 14, breadth 3(5 inches; weight 12 ounces. Plumage, above, pale
yellowish-brown, with interrupted streaks of dusky and grey, and dusky freck-
les. Beneath white. First and second quill-feathers of equal length. Webs
nc'. abbreviated. This species breeds in steeples and old ruins, or trees. Eggs,
3 or 4, of a white colour. Young, easily tamed. Feeds on mice, and is use-
ful about barns. Devours the shrew. Makes a noise by hissing and snap-
ping its bill. Besides throughout the year.

Gen. XVI. BUBO. Eagle-Owl. — Toes closely covered
with feathers.

30. B. maximus. — Second and third quill-feathers longest.

Bubo, Will. Orn. 63 — B. max, Sibb. Scot. 15. Eagle-Owl, Penn. Brit.

Zool. i. 202 NeilVs Tour in Orkney, p. 195 — Strix bubo, ( Linn.)

Temm. i. 100. — IV, y Ddylluan fawr — In England and Scotland, rare.

Length 2 feet, bill and claws dusky ; irides orange. Plumage above, wa-
ved with black and yellow ; beneath yellow, with black stripes. Throat white,
a character peculiar to the male. Breeds in rocks. Eggs 3, round and white.
It occurs in Orkney, where it preys, according to Mr Neill, on rabbits and
moorfowl. It has been shot in different places of England, but may be con-
sidered rare, and probably nothing more than a straggler.

Gen. XVII. SCOPS.— Feet naked.

31. S. Aldrovandi. — Bill black, irides yellow.

Will. Orn. G5 Little Horned-Owl, Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp Strix Scops,

Temm. Orn. i. 103 Yorkshire, Mr Fothergill ; and Mr Folgamble.

Bare.

Length 1\ inches. Plumage variegated with dusky, rufous, brown and
grey ; the brown predominating above the grey beneath. Quills transversely
barred with rufous-white. Feathers on the legs rufous-grey. Tarsi and claws
brown. Horns and head brown, with black dots. Breeds in rocks. Eggs 2
to 4, of a white colour. Though not uncommon on the Continent of Europe,
it must be regarded as little else than a straggler in Britain.

Gen. XVIII. STRIX.— Feet closely feathered.

32. S. stridula. Ivy-Owl. — Bill pale horn-coloured, irides
and claws dusky.

58 BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. Strix.

Strix, Will. Om. 65. Sibb. Scott. 15 Tawny Owl and Brown Owl, Penn.

Brit. Zool. i. 208 Strix stridula, Linn. Syst. i. 133 — S. aluco, Ternm.

Orn. i. 89 — Screech -Owl, Brown-Owl, Wood-Owl — W, Dylluan frech,

Aderyn-y-Cyrph ; G, Cumhachag, Cail leach oidcho Near woods and

houses, not uncommon.

Length 14, breadth 33 inches; weight 12 ounces. Plumage reddish-brown,
with black, striped, and mottled with dusky, with some white spots on the
auricles, scapulars, and wing-coverts. Quills and tail barred with reddish-
brown and black ; first, second, third, fourth and fifth quills with the inner
margin abbreviated ; a slight concavity in the margin of the outer web of the
second, third, and fourth. In the female the plumage is of a redder colour.
Breeds in old trees. Eggs 2 or 3, of a dull white. Feeds on young hares,
pigeons, and mice.

33. S. nyctea, Snowy-Owl. — Bill and claws black, irides

yellow.

Lin. Sj'st. i. 132. Bullock, Lin. Trans, xi. 175. Edmonstone, Wern.
Mem. iv. 157- Temm. Orn. i. 82 — Inhabits Zetland.

Length 2 feet, breadth 5 feet 5 inches. Plumage white, with transverse
streaks of brown or dusky. In old birds, the plumage is wholly white ; in the
young, the spots and bars are more numerous. Tail rounded, about the
length of the wings. Supposed to breed in Zetland and Orkney. According
to Mr Edmonstone, it rests generally beneath some stony projection, which
protects it from the direct influence of the sun. Frequents solitary elevated
places. Preys chiefly on sandpipers and mice. Hoots when irritated, like
the preceding species.

34. S. passerina. Little Owl. — Bill and claws brown, tip
of the former yellow ; irides yellow.

Noctua minor, Will. Orn. 69 Strix pass. Linn. Syst. i. 133. Penn. Brit.

Zool. i, 211. Temm. Orn. i. 92 — W, Coeg Ddylluan — In England,
rare.
Length 1, breadth 14 inches. Plumage, above, greyish-brown, with white
spots ; breast white ; remainder, below, reddish-white, with cinereous brown
spots. The female has reddish spots on the neck. Breeds in holes in old
walls. Eggs 2 or 4, rounded, white. Feeds on mice and small birds — It is
uncertain whether this species breeds in England, or is only an occasional
visitant.

PASSERES.

I. The first joints of the outer and middle toes connected by
membranes.

• Gape remarkably large. BUI wide at the base ; a little hooked
at the point. Fissirostres.

•f Nostrils open. Wings long, flight rapid.
Hirundo.
Cypselus.

■f f Nostrils tubulur.
Caprimulgus.

** Gape of the ordinary size.

•f Upper mandible with a notch in the margin. Dektirostres,

BIRDS. PASSERES. 59

1. Upper mandible hooked at the extremity. Notch well marked.
a. Bill compressed ; ridge of the bill arched and rounded.

Lanius.
aa. Bill depressed.

b. Bill at the base with numerous long stout hairs.

Muscicapa.
bb. Bill with tender short hairs.
Bomby cilia.

2. Upper mandible without a hook at the end. Notch less distinct.
a. Bill compressed. First feather in the wing very short.

b. Tail long.
c. Tarsus longer than the middle toe.
Turdus.
Pastor.

cc. Tarsus shorter than the middle toe.
Oriolus.

bb. Tail short.

Cinclus.
aa. Bill subulate, slender, slightly depressed at the base.
b. Bill a little enlarged at the base. Legs long.

Saxicola.

Sylvia.

bb. Bill slender throughout.
c. Hind claw of ordinary size.
tl. Bill uniformly convex at the sides.
Curruca.
Accentor.

dd. Bill approaching to concave at the sides.
Begulus.
Troglodytis.

cc. Hind claw produced.

d. Tail and scapulars produced.
Motacilla.

dd. Tail and scapulars common.
Anthus.

+t Upper mandible wanting the terminal notch.

1. Bill strong, and of a conical form. Conieostres.
a. Mandibles crossing at the extremity.
Uoxia.
Corythus.

aa. Mandibles acting in opposition.

b. Ridge of the upper mandible nearly straight.
c. Palate with a tubercle.

Emberiza.
cc. Palate plain.

d. Hind toe produced, and nearly straight.
Alauda.

dd. Hind toe of ordinary dimensions.

e. Base of the bill with numerous hairs.

Parus.

ee. Base of the bill plain.

CO BIRDS. PASSERES. Hirundo.

/. Commissure of the bill straight.
ff. Bill angular, slender, pointed.

Sitta.
gg. Bill strong and rounded.

h. Bill more or less inflated at the base.
Pyrrhula.
Coccothraustes.
Pyrgita.

hh. Bill exactly conical
Fringilla.

ff. Commissure of the bill interrupted.
Sturuus.

bb. Ridge of the upper mandible obviously curved. — Nostrils cover-
ed with defluted feathers.

c. Feathers of the front loose, and capable of being erected into
a crest.
Garrulus.

cc. Front feathers plain.

d. Tail produced.

Pica,
del. Tail of ordinary size.
Corvus.

1. Bill slender, produced. Tenuihosthes.
a. Claws long and hooked, for climbing trees.

Certhia.
aa. Claws of ordinary dimensions.
Pyrrhocorax.
Upupa.

II. First and second toes adhering nearly to their extremity.
Alcedo.

Gen. XIX. HIRUNDO. Swallow.— The first quill the
longest. Tail forked, of twelve feathers. Nostrils partly
closed by a membrane, and covered with feathers. One
of the toes behind. All the species are common summer
visitants.

35. H. rustica. The Swallow. — Front and chin chesnut-
red.

H. domestica, Will. Orn. 155. Sill. Scot. 17 — H. rus. Linn. Syst. i. 343.
White, Phil. Trans. 1775. 258 — Chimney-Swallow, Perm. Brit. Zool. i.
398 — Temm. Orn. i. 427 — W, Gwennol, Gwenfol; G, Gobhlan-
gaoith.

Length 7, breadth 12 inches ; weight 1 ounce. Bill black, hides hazel,
tongue and palate yellowish. Legs and feet dusk}', Forehead and chin
chesnut-red. Plumage, above, black, with a gloss of purple ; beneath, with
the breast black, the rest dusky white. Two middle tail-feathers plain, the
rest marked on the inner webs, near the ends, with an oval white spot. In
the female, the tail-feathers are much shorter, there is less red on the front,
and nyxre white beneath. The nest is in chimneys, or in out-houses, upon or

Hibundo. BIRDS. PASSERES. 6J

against the rafters, composed of clay on the outside, with grass and feathers
within, and open above. Eggs from 4 to 6 in number, white, with red specks.
Frequently brings out two broods in the season. This species visits us ear-
lier than its congeners. Drinks and washes on the wing. Albinoes sometimes
occur.

26. H. urbica. The Martin. — Above black ; beneath and

rump white.

H. agrestis, Will. Orn. 155 — House-Martin, White, PhiL Trans. 1774,
196. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 401 H. urb. Temm. Orn. i. 428 W, Mar-
thin Penbwl.

Length 6, breadth 10| inches. Bill black ; irides hazel; claws white; legs
and toes closely covered with white down. The black of the head and back
glossed with purple. The female has the white of the throat inclining to
dusky. Nest of similar materials to the rustica, but in this it is covered at
top, with a lateral entrance. It is placed against the eaves of houses or the
sheltered corners of windows. Eggs four or five ; white. In this species the
tail and wings are shorter than the swallow, and its motions less quick. Al-
binoes sometimes occur.

36. H. rijjaria. Sand-Martin. — Plumage above, and the
breast, mouse coloured ; the rest white.

Will. Orn. 156. Sibb. Scot. 17- White, Phil. Trans. 1775, 272. Penn.
Brit. Zool. i. 402. Temm. Orn. i. 429 — E, Shore Bird ; W, Gennol-y-
Glennydd ; G, Gobhlan gainbhich.

Length 5| inches. Bill and legs dusky ; irides hazel. Tarsi with a few
small feathers at the insertion of the hind toe. The female has duller colours.
Nest at the extremity of horizontal holes, in sand-banks, 2 or 3 feet in length,
consisting of grass and feathers. Eggs from 4 to 6, of a white colour. The
young have the feathers bordered with rust colour.— This species in flight is
irregular, making sudden jerks.

Gen. XX. CYPSELUS. Swift.— Tail forked; of 10 fea-
thers. All the toes pointing forward. The first quill a
little shorter than the second. Nostrils near the ridffe of

the bill, exposed, lengthened, with elevated margins.

C3V

37, C. Apus. Common Swift. — Plumage black, with a white
chin.

Hirundo Apus, Will. Orn. 15G. Sibb. Scot. 17. White, PhiL Trans.
1775, 264. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 403.— C murarius, Temm. i, 434 — E,
Black Martin, Screech ; W, Marthin du.

Length 8, breadth 18 inches; weight above an ounce. Bill, legs, and toes,
black ; irides dark hazel. Breeds in holes in towers and steeples. Nest of
grass and feathers. Eggs 2, of a white colour. The young have the feathers
at the base of the bill white ; the quills, their covers and tail-feathers bordered
with white. Copulate on wing. Breed only once in the season. Depart early.

Gen. XXI. CAPRIMULGUS. Goatsucker.— Tail round-
ed, of 10 feathers. Three toes in front, united at the base
to the first joint ; liind-toc capable of being brought for-

63 BIRDS. PASSERES. Lanius.

ward. Nostrils tubular. Bill with stiff hairs at the base.
Middle claw serrated. The second quill longest.

38. C. Europeus. European Goatsucker. — Plumage ash-co-
loured, much freckled with black, white, and brown.

Will. Orn. 70. Penn. Brit, Zool. i. 416. Temm. Orn. i. 436 E, Night

Hawk, Dor-hawk, Fern Owl, Church Owl, Night Garr, Wheel Bird,
Goat Owl. — A summer visitant. Near woods.

Length about 10 inches; weight 3 ounces. Bill weak, black. Legs scaly,
feathered below the knee. Eyes large. Irides dusky. A large white oval
spot on the inner web of the three first quills, and at the end of the two la-
teral tail feathers of the male only. Makes no nest, but lays its two eggs, which
are white, marbled with brown, on the ground among fern or grass. Feeds
on moths and beetles. Visits this country in May and departs in August.
Makes a singular noise, like a spinning-wheel ; hence called in Wales Aderyn-
y-droell, or the Wheel Bird. It has long been charged with sucking the teats
of goats, an operation for which it is disqualified by the form of its bill.

Gen. XXII. LANIUS. Shrike.— Toes entirely divided.
Tarsus longer than the middle toe. The third and fourth
quills the longest. Bill with strong hairs pointing for-
wards.

39. L. Excubitor. Cinereous Shrike. — Head, neck and
back cinereous, with a black band under the eyes.

Lanius Merrefs Pin. 170 Lan. cin. major, Will. Orn. 53.— L. Ex. Linn.

Syst. i. 135 Great Shrike, Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 213. — L. Ex. Terrim.

Orn. i. 142. ; E> Wierangel, Mattagasse ; W, Cigydd mawr — Inhabits

woods.
Length 10, breadth 14 inches ; weight above 2 ounces. Bill and legs black.
The black band of the eyes reaches the ear covers. Plumage, beneath, white.
Wings black ; the roots of the primaries and tips of the secondaries white.
Two middle tail-feathers black, the two lateral ones white. The female chief-
ly differs in the dingy colour of her white beneath, with her feathers marked
with brown crescents. Nest in bushes. Eggs 6 or 7; white, with brown spots.
Young like the female. The food consists of mice, small birds^ and reptiles,
which are sometimes stuck on a thorn, and pulled to pieces before being de-
voured It remains to be determined whether this species breeds in Britain.

It is occasionally found in the beginning of Winter.

40. L. Collurio. Red-backed Shrike. — The back, scapulars,
and wing covers, ferruginous.

L. tertius, Will. Orn. 54 — L. Col. Linn. Syst. i. 136. Perm. Brit. Zool.

i. 215. Temm. Orn. i. 147 — E, Flusher; W, Agydd celh-goch — A

summer visitant of England.
Length 7, breadth 12 inches; weight about 2 ounces. Bill and legs black.
Forehead, through the eyes to the ears, black. Head, neck, and rump grey.
Wings dusky, slightly edged with brown. Plumage, beneath, rose-coloured,
inclining to white on the throat and vent. The two middle tail-feathers
black, the others two-thirds white, then black, slightly tipped with white. In
the female the plumage has more red above and white beneath. The 4 mid-
dle tail-feathers brown. Builds, in hedges, a nest of moss lined with hair.
Egg3 5 or 6, variable in colour. Young like the female. Its principal food is

Muscicapa. BIRDS. PASSERES. 63

insects. Breeds in the southern counties of England. Arrives in May and
departs in September.

Since the days of Willoughby the Wood Shrike (Lanius an minor primus,

Will. Orn. 54 Wood Chat', Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 217-— Lanius rufus, Tern.

Orn. i. 146.) has been enumerated among the birds of Britain, though that
author gives no indication of its habitat; and even states (p. 18.), that it had
no English name. No succeeding observers have detected a native example,
so that it no longer seems to merit a place among British Birds. It differs
from the preceding species in the nape and neck being bay, the back and wings
black, the rump grey, the scapulars white. The plumage, beneath, white;

Gen. XXIII. MUSCICAPA. Flycatcher.— Bill angu-
lar, the base and nostrils armed with bristles. The first
quill short, the third and fourth the longest. Hind claw
much bent.

41. M. atrkapitta. Pied Flycatcher. — Plumage, above, black,

front and beneath white.

Goldfinch, Will. Orn. 170.— M. at. Linn. Syst. i. 326 — Piedfinch, Penn.
Brit. Zool. i. 351. — W. Clochder y mynydd — Inhabits the northern
counties of England. Feeds on insects.

Length about 5 inches. Wings black, with the middle and greater covers
white ; the extremity of the inner webs of the latter black. Tail black. In the
female the white front is wanting ; the plumage, above, is greyish-brown, and
the three lateral tail-feathers bordered with white. The nest is in a hole of a
tree, consisting of a few leaves, fibres and hair. The eggs are 5 or 6 in number,
of a pale blue colour. The young are of a greyish colour. The quills are black.
In the young male of the first year the margins of the two lateral tail-fea-
thers are white. In the second year, the margins of the outer only is white,
and by the third year the whole white disappears. Montagu is inclined to
consider this species as stationary. A nest was sent him from Yorkshire by
the Reverend Mr Dalton, taken in the beginning of May. Few of our early
breeders are migratory.

The species now described is the M. luctuosa of Tern. Orn. i. 155. An-
other species, confounded with " atricapilla" he describes under M. albicollis,
ib. i. 153. In this last, the plumage, including the head, cheeks, back, lesser
wing-covers, and tail-feathers, is black. The front, a ring round the neck,
and all beneath white. Rump tinged with white. Base of the quills white.
The middle and greater wing-covers white, with the extremities of the inner
webs of the latter black. In the female, the spot in front is small, and grey-
ish-white. The plumage above is cinereous, except the great wing-covers,
which are white, and the tivo lateral tail-feathers, which are edged with white.
The collar is greyish. Nest as the preceding, but the eggs, which are bluish,
have brown spots at the larger end. It is probable, that the M. albicoUis
should rank among British birds ; the descriptions of our ornithologists justi-
fying the conjecture, but still leaving the subject in doubt.

42. M. Grisola. Spotted Flycatcher. — Plumage above,

brown. Head, and sides of the neck, with longitudinal brown

spots.

Stoparola, Will. Orn. 159. Sibb. Scot. 17— Spotted F., Penn. Brit. Zool.

i. 350 — M. gris. Temm. Orn. i. 152 E, Rafter, Bee-bird, Cherrysucker,

Chanchider ; W, Y Gwybedog. — A summer visitant of England ; rare
in Scotland.

64 BIRDS. PASSERES. Bombycilla.

The length nearly 0 inches. The inside of the mouth is yellow. Plumage
beneath, dull white; the shafts of the breast feathers, dusky. Builds in or-
chards, or in outbuildings. Nest of moss. Eggs five, bluish white, with
rusty spots — It is, in a great measure, mute, and familiar. It disappears in
September.

Gen. XXIV. BOMBYCILLA, (Brisson). Chattereb.—
Bill rounded; the base and nostrils covered with hairs.
The first and second quill-feathers the longest

43. B. Garrula. Bohemian Chatterer. — Shafts of the se-
condary quill-feathers enlarged at the end into a thin red horny
process.

GaiTulus Bohemicus, Will. Orn. 90 Ampelis Gar. Linn. Syst. i. 297- —

Waxen Chatterer, Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 314 Bombycivora Gar., Temm.

i. 124 — W, Sidangynffon — Winter visitant.

Length 8 inches. Bill and toes black. Irides vermilion red. Feathers of
the head forming a produced tuft. Plumage reddish ash. A band over the
eyes and the throat black. Quills black, terminating with a triangular patch
of yellow and white ; 8 or 9 of the secondaries with the red tips. Tail black,
tipped with yellow ; the inner covers chesnut. In the female, the black of the
throat is less, and the extremities of only four or five of the secondaries are
produced. Said to nestle in holes in rocks. Young destitute of the enlarge-
ment of the shaft of the secondaries. Feeds on insects and bei'ries.

This species visits Scotland and England in the winter season ; but its mo-
tions are irregular, being in some seasons very abundant, in others rare.

Gen. XXV. TURDU8. Thrush.— Base of the bill with
single stiff hairs. Nostrils in part covered with a naked
membrane. Food, berries, insects, and snails.

a. Ground colour of the plumage, brown and spotted.

44. T. viscivorus. Missel-Thrush. — Space between the eye

and bill, grey. Secondaries and wing-covers edged with white.

Tail dusky ; the three outer feathers greyish-white at the ends.

Will. Orn. 137. Sibb. Scot. 17- Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 301. Temm. Orn. i.
101 — E, Throstle Cock, Shrite, Holm Thrush, Misselto Thrush;
S, Shreitch ; W, Tresglen, Pen y Llwyn, — Resident near woods.

Length 11, bi-eadth 18 inches ; weight 5 ounces. Bill dusky; yellowish at
the base of the lower mandible. Legs yellowish. Plumage above, hair-
brown ; beneath yellowish-white, with triangular or rounded spots of dusky.
The plumage in the female is more rufous beneath. Builds its nest in old
trees, of lichens, lined with wool. Eggs four to six in number, of a Hesh-co-
lour, marked with deep and light rust-coloured spots. This bird varies con-
siderably in plumage, especially in the proportion of white and red colours.

45. T. musicus. Common Thrush. — Space between the bill

and the eye yellow ; under the wing yellowish.

T. simpliciter dictus, Will. Orn. 138. Sibb. Scot. 17 — Throstle, Penn.

Brit. Zool. i. 306 Turdus musicus, Temm. Orn. 11C4 — S, Mavis;

JP» Aderyn bronfraitb ; G, Smcorach — Resident in woods and gardens.

Tuedus. BIRDS. PASSERES. 65

Length 9, breadth 14 inches ; weight 3 ounces. Bill black, yellowish at the
base ; mouth yellow ; legs yellow ; claws black. Plumage, above, greenish-
brown ; beneath, reddish-white, with rounded black spots. Ends of the first
wing-covers yellowish, a character scarcely obvious in the female. Nest in
hedges and low shrubs, composed of dry grass, plastered on the inside with
clay. Eggs 5 ; blue, with black spots at the larger end. Subject to vary in
plumage.

46. T. iliacus. Redwing- Thrush. — Space between the bill
and eye, black and yellow ; under the wing, red.

Will. Orn. 13!). Sibb. Scot. 17 — Redwing, Perm. Brit. Zool. i. 307

T. iliacus, Temm. Orn. i. 163 — E, Swinepipe, Wind Thrush ; W, Soccen
yr cira, y dresclen goch. — Common winter visitant. Breeds in Harris.
Length 8, breadth 15 inches ; weight 2i ounces. Bill black, base yellow.
Mouth yellow ; legs yellow; the claws black. Plumage, above, greenish-
brown ; beneath white, with lengthened brownish spots. A white line above
the eye. In the female, the red under the wings is paler, and the dusky spots
of the belly more extended. Nest in trees. Eggs six, bluish-green, spotted
with black. Mr Bullock, in a letter to me, dated 23d April 1819, mentioned
the circumstance of its breeding in Harris, where he had observed it in the
preceding summer.

47. T. pilaris. Fieldfare Thrush.— Space between the bill
and the eye, black. Tail black ; the outer feather bordered with
grey at the end.

Will. Orn. 138. Sibb. Scot. 17. Perm. Brit. Zool. i. 304. Temm. Orn. i.
163.— S, Feltifer ; W, Caseg y ddryccin ; G, Liatriusg — Common win-
ter visitant.

Length 10, breadth 17 inches ; weight 4 ounces. Bill yellow ; dusky at the
end. Legs and feet dusky. Head, neck, and rump, ash-coloured, the first
with black spots. Back, shoulders, and wing-covers, chesnut. Throat and
breast, reddish-yellow, with lengthened spots. Belly white. In the female,
the head has a brownish tinge. Breeds in the north of Europe, in high trees.
Eggs 4 to 6, of a sea-green colour, with red dots.

b. Ground colour of the plumage black.

48. T. Merula. Blackbird. — Plumage uniformly black.

Merula vulgaris, Will. Orn. 140. Sibb. Scot. 17- Tur. Mer. Perm. Brit.
Zool. i. 308. Temm. Orn. i. 1 08; W, Mwyalch, Aderyn du; G, Loii dubh.
— Resident near woods and gardens.

Length 11 inches ; weight 4 ounces. Bill, inside of the mouth, and tarsus
of the eye, yellow. Irides and feet black. The fourth feather in the wing
longest. Female, brownish ; beneath, dirty brownish white, with dusky spots ;
the bill and feet brownish. Nest like the throstle. Eggs 4 or 6 in number ;
light-blue, with brownish spots Young like the female.

49- T. torquatus. Ring Thrush. — Plumage black, bordered
with grey ; a semilunar white spot on the breast.

Merula torq., Will. Orn. 143. Sibb. Scot. 17 — Ring ousel, Perm. Brit.
, Zool. i. 310. Temm. Orn. i. 166 — E, Rock or mountain ousel, Mi-
chaelmas blackbird ; W, Mwyalchen y graig ; G, Dubh chraige A re-
gular summer visitant.

Length 10^, breadth 16 inches. Bill black. Mouth, gape, and tarsus, yel-
low. Iris chesnut. The third feather in the wing longest. In the female
the grey prevails more on the margins of the feathers, and the limits of the
VOL. I. -r

66 BIRDS. PASSERES. Pastok-

white spot on the breast are ill defined, the plumage beneath inclining more
to grey, with a tinge of red. Nest on the ground, among heath. Eggs 4 to
6, greenish-white, with brown spots. In the young, the breast spot is indis-
tinct. This species breeds in several places in Scotland. It is not rare in the
Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh. Congregates in autumn, before departing
for the south.

Gen. XXVI. PASTOR— Base of the bill destitute of single
stiff hairs. Nostrils, in part, covered with a feathered
membrane.

50. P. roseus. Rose-coloured Ousel. — Head with a crest of
feathers.

Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. G27- Temtn. Orn. i. 13G — An irregular visitant.

Length 8 inches. Upper mandible, and the tip of the lower, of a yellowish
rose-colour ; the rest black. Feet yellow. Irides brown. Head, neck, and
breast black, with a gloss of violet. Belly and back rose coloured. Wings
and tail brown, with a violet gloss. Under tail-covers and thighs, black, with
white rays. Head of the female plain, and the colours less bright. Nest in
the holes of trees and in walls. Young, above, are of an Isabella brown co-
lour. This species visits Britain irregularly. It was first recorded by Mr
Edwards, who found it near London, and at Norfolk. Dr Pulteney (Dorset-
shire, p. 11.), mentions it as having been found at Long Critchel. Montagu
states, that about Ormskirk, at Lancashire, it occurs almost every season. In
Scotland, it has occurred in Dunkeld (Stat. Ac. xx. 439), and Mr Bullock in-
formed me, that he received it from Hoy, in Orkney, where it was shot in the
garden of the Reverend Mr Hamilton. I have seen a specimen from Ire-
land, in the possession of N. A. Vigors, Esq. Chelsea.

Gen. XXVII. ORIOLUS. Oriole.— Upper mandible with
a ridge. Nostrils naked, opening longitudinally in an ex-
tended membranaceous space.

51. O. Galbula. Golden Oriole. — Plumage of a golden yel-
low colour.

Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 626. Temm. Orn. i. 129. — An irregular visitant.

Length 10 inches. Space between the bill and eye, the wings and tail,
black ; the ends of the last yellow. Bill and irides red. Feet bluish. The
colour of the female inclines to olive-green on the back ; and grey, with a tinge
of yellow beneath, with dusky streaks. Nest suspended from trees. Eggs
4 or 5 ; white, with a few solitary spots of brown or black. Young like the
female, but the spots beneath more numerous. This bird was first recorded
by Pennant, as having been killed in South Wales. It has likewise been
found in Cornwall. In 1807, two examples were killed in Scotland, the first
in the spring, at Loch llansa, in Arran, which I saw ; the latter in the begin-
ning of winter, at Restalrig, near Edinburgh. According to Mr Wood, one
was shot, in company with blackbirds, 2Gth April 1824, at Aldershot, in Hamp-
shire,— Annals of Phil. July 1824, p. 03.

Gen. XXVIII. CINCLUS. Dipper.— Ridge of the upper
mandible slightly concave in front of the nostrils, which
are linear. No stiff hairs at the gape.

Saxicola. BIRDS. PASSERES. 67

52. C. aquaticus. — Bill black. Irides grey. Feet yellowish.

Merula aquatica, Will. Orn. 104. Sibb. Scot. 22 Water Ousel, Penn.

Brit. Zool. i. 312. Temm. Orn. i. 17C — S, Water-Craw; W, Mwyal-
chen y dvvfr. ; G, Goblia uisge — Resident near rivulets.
Length 9, breadth 12| inches ; weight 2| ounces. Plumage above, black;
the margin of the feathers on the back inclining to grey, and the head and
neck with a brown tinge. Throat, breast, and upper belly, white, followed
by a red space; the remainder underneath, black. In the female, the head
and neck are cinereous brown ; there is less white on the breast, and the re-
mainder beneath, is yellowish-red. Nest on the ground, in a mossy bank,
lined with leaves. Eggs 5 or C, of a transparent white colour. Yoitiig, with
the head and neck greyish ; the wing-feathers edged with white ; the whole
belly is whitish. Feeds on aquatic insects, which it pursues even under wa-
ter. Capable of diving, and running along the bottom of pools, by the use of
its wings. It is subject to considerable variations of colour, especially in the
proportions of brown and white.

Gen. XXIX. SAXICOLA. Chat.— Bill enlarged at the
base ; its breadth exceeding its height. Stiff hairs at the
base of the bill. Mouth black.

53. S. Oenanihe. Fallow-chat. — Plumage above grey ; the
front, throat, and band above the eyes, white.

Oenanthe, Will. Orn. 1G8. Sibb. Scot. 13. Pain. Brit. Zool. i. 383.
Temm. Orn. i. 237 — E, Wheat-ear, Fallow-smich, White- tail, Chickell ;

S, Stane-chatter or chacker ; W, Tinwyn y cerrig ; G, Cloichearan

A regular summer visitant.

Length G£ inches ; weight G drams. Bill, legs, and claws black. Irides
hazel. A black stripe passes from the base of the bill, through the eye, to
the ear-covers. Wings black. Two middle tail-feathers black ; the rest tipt
with black, and white at the base. Plumage, beneath, white, mi i;h a slight tinge
of red on the neck. Female, with the cinereous plumage, above, mixed with
brown, and the white in front inclining to dusky. Nest of dried stalks, lined
with wool, placed in a hole in the ground, or among stones. The eggs, 5 or
6 in number, are of an uniform blue colour. The young have the plumage
above, varied with red, and cinereous, and spotted with brown. This species
varies in size and markings. It arrives in March, and departs in September.
It is prized at table, and is captured by a noose of horse -hair.

54. S. rubetra. Whinchat. — Crown of the head, sides of
the neck, and on the body above, blackish brown ; the margins
of the feathers pale.

Oenanthe secunda, Will. Orn. 168. Pcnn. Brit. Zool. i. 385. Temm. Orn.
i. 244 — S, Whin-ckacker ; W, Clochder yr eithen — A regular summer
visitant.

Length 5 inches ; weight 4 drams. Bill, legs, and claws black. Irides dark
hazel. A white streak passes from the bill over the eye to the nape, and an-
other from the chin down each side of the neck. Front of the neck and breast
ferruginous. Belly and under tail-covers, white. A white patch on the wing.
Quills dusky black. Tail, with the basal half white ; the rest dusky. In the
female, the white is less in quantity, and has a reddish tinge. The nest is
placed on the ground, among grass, at the root of a bush, and'eonsists of dried
stalks, lined with fine grass. Eggs 6, uniformly blue. The young are spotted
white and grey. This species arrives in April." Frequents broom and furze,
perching upon the highest twigs, where it occasionally rings very sweetly.

E 2

C8 BIRDS. FASSERES. Sylvia.

55. S. rubiccla. Stone-chat. — Head, throat, and tail, black -

The sides of the neck, rump, and belly, white.

Oenanthe nostra tertia, Will. Orn. 169. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 380. Temm.
Orn. i. 244. — E, Stonesmich, Moor-titling, Blacky-top ; TV, Clochder y
cerrig — llesident in England.

Length b\ inches; weight 5 drams. Bill and legs black. Irides dusky.
Plumage on the back, and quills, black, edged with tawny. Wing-covers near
the shoulder, white. Breast deep rust colour. In the female, the black on the
throat is spotted with white and red, and the black part inclines to dusky or
red. The white is less extended. The nest, at the base of a bush of furze,
is composed of moss and bent, lined with hair. Eggs 5, of a blue colour, with
rufous spots at the larger end, sometimes obscure. The young resemble the
female. The males of the first year have the head brown. This species has
nearly the same habits as the preceding, except that it is stationary, and does
not extend so far to the north.

Gen. XXX. SYLVIA.— Bill enlarged at the base, its breadth
being nearly equal to its height.

56. S. rubccula. Redbreast. — Greyish-brown above. Throat

and breast red. Belly white.

nubecula, Will. Orn. 160. Sibb. Scot. 18. Perm. Brit. Zool. i. 372 —
Temm. Orn. i. 215.— E, and S, Robin Redbreast, Ruddoch ; TV, Yr Ho.
bigoch Brongoch; G, Broinn dearg. — Common near woods and gardens.

Length 6, breadth 9 inches ; weight half an ounce. Irides dark umber
brown. The nest consists of dried leaves and fibres mixed with green moss,
lined with hair, placed in some bank or wall. Egg:; from 5 to 7, whitish, with
rusty and cinereous spots. The young are freckled at first. This species
lives in woods and retired places, in summer ; during winter, it familiarly ap-
proaches the habitations of men, and in all places is a great favourite.

57. S. Phoenicurus. Redstart. — Bluish-grey above. Throat
black. Breast, rump, and lateral tail-feathers, red.

Ruticilla, Will. Orn. 159. Sibb. Scot. 18. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 371.
Temm. Orn. i. 220. — IV, Rhonell goch ; G, Ceann dearg — A summer
visitant.
Length 6, breadth 9 inches ; weight half an ounce. Bill and legs black.
Mouth yellow. Irides hazel. Front and belly, white. The two middle tail-
feathers and epulis dusky. Female, light brown, inclining to grey on the head
rnd back. The throat white. Nest in the hole of a wall or tree, of moss,
lined with hair. Eggs 5 or 6, of a fine blue colour. In the young males, the
black on the throat, and red on the breast, are freckled with white lines. This
species arrives in April and departs in Septembei\ Dr Walker, in his MS.
notes or Adversaria for 1773, states, that " it builds in Glenea, in Dumfries-
shire ; comes in May, and goes about the end of August. Is called the Pink."

Gen. XXXI. CURRUCA. Warbler.- Bill a little com-
pressed anteriorly ; and the superior ridge near the point
is slightly arched.

1. Marsh Warblers. Crown depressed. Wings short,
rounded. Tail long, eune'rjbrm. Frequent tlie mar-
gins of marshes and rivers.

Cukkuca. BIRDS. PASSERES. 60

58. C. Locustella. Grasshopper Warbler. — Plumage, above,

olivaceous-brown, with the middle of each feather dusky.

Locustella avicula, Will. Orn. 151 — Grasshopper Lark, Penn. Brit. Zool.
i. 382 Sylvia Loc, Temm. Orn. i. 184 W, Gwich hedydd. — A regu-
lar summer visitant of England.

Length 5| inches ; weight half an ounce. Bill dusky above, whitish be-
neath. Legs pale brown. Claws horn coloured. The hind claw short and
crooked. Irides hazel. Eyelids, chin, throat, and belly, white. Under the
throat, a band of oval deep-brown spots. Breast, sides, and thighs inclining
to brown. Under tail-covers pale-brown, with longitudinal dusky streaks.
Quills and tail-feathers dusky brown, with the margins slightly tinged with
yellow. The female is like the male, but with less bright colours. Nest, in
furze, of dried stalks, lined with fibrous roots. Eggs of a spotless bluish-white.
The singular cricket-like song or chirp is the means of discovering the retreat
of this species ; otherwise it is a shy bird. I have added the reference to Wil-
loughby, with doubt, as he states the hind claw as " longisshnus," in which he
is followed by Hay, Syn. A v. p. 70.

59. C. scdicarica. Sedge Warbler. — Plumage above, yellow-
ish brown, with dusky spots on the crown, back, and scapulars.
Over the eye, a yellowish-white streak followed by a black one.

Motacilla salicaria, Linn. Syst. i. 330 — Sedge-bird, Penn. Brit. Zool. i.

381 — Sylvia Phragmites, Temm. Orn. i. 189 E, Sedge-wren; Wy

Kedydd yr helvyg A regular summer visitant of England.

Length 5i inches; weight 3 drams. Bill dusky above, whitish beneath.
Legs dusky. Irides hazel. Quills and covers dusky, edged with yellowish-
white. Plumage beneath, yellowish-white. The female similar. The nest is
placed amongst reeds, and consists of dried stalks and moss, lined with dried
grass, and a few hairs. Eggs 5 or 6, of a light brown, mottled with darker
shades. In the young, the broad stripe over the eye is red, and the breast is
spotted. Frequents moist places. Has a variety of notes.

fiO. C. arundinacca. Reed Warbler. — Plumage above, plain

olive-brown. From the corner of the eye to the nostril, a white

band, narrowest towards the bill.

Motacilla ar., Lightfoot, Phil. Trans. 1785-8, tab. i Reed- Wren, Mont.

Orn. Did — Sylvia ar., Temm. Orn. i. 191. — A regular summer visitant
of England, first distinguished by Lightfoot.

Length 5^, breadth 7a inches ; weight 177 grains. Bill half an inch long.
Upper mandible horn-colour ; lower pale red. Inside of the mouth a deep
orange. Legs light olive ; the soles bright yellow. Irides olive brown. Chin
white, the remainder beneath white, with a tinge of bufK Quill and tail-
feathers brown, with pale edges. Female similar to the mala. The nest con-
sists of dry stalks and hairs, usually fixed to three or four reed stalks, by means
of interlaced dried grass or threads. Eggs 4 or 5, dirty white, stained with
dull olive-coloured spots. The young have not the white stripe in front of the
eye.

2. Wood Warblers. — Body .slender. Tail horizontal;
the feathers equal. Inhabits woods.

a. Tail of one colour.

61. C. Luscinia. Nightingale — Plumage above, reddish-
brown ; beneath, pale yellowish-ash. Tail deep tawny red.

70 BIRDS. PASSERES. Cuiiruca

Luscinia, Will. Orn. 1G1. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 365.— Sylvia Lus., Temm.
Orn. i. 195. — W, Eos — A regular summer visitant of the eastern
counties of England.

Length 7, breadth 10^ inches ; weight 6 drams. Bill black ; lower man-
dible pale towards the base. Mouth yeilow. Irides hazel. Legs and claws
black. Female similar. Nest placed on the ground, and composed of dried
leaves, lined with grass. Eggs 4 or 5, of a uniform dark brown colour. — This
species arrives in the end of April. I ts song is universally admired. White
varieties occur.

62. C. ho?~tensis. Pettyehaps. — Plumage above, greyish-
brown, with an olive tinge. A white circle round the eye.

Pen. Brit. Zool.'i. o/C— Sylvia hort., Temm. Orn. i. 206 ; W, y Ffigysog.
— A regular summer visitant of the southern counties of England.

Length 6 inches ; weight 5 drams. Bill dusky ; base of the under mandible
yellowish. Inside of the mouth yellow. Legs bluish-brown. Irides hazel.
Below the ear a dash of ash-colour. Quills and tail dusky, edged with olive.
Female similar. Nest in a bush, near the ground, composed of grass and fi-
brous roots, with moss externally. Eggs 4, dirty white, blotched with light
brown and cinereous spots. Song little inferior to that of the Nightingale.

63. C. sibUlatrix. Wood Wren — Plumage above, yellow-
ish-green. Over the eye a bright sulphur-yellow streak. Un-
der tail-covers white.

Begulus non crista tus major, Will. Orn. 1G4 — Yellowest "Willow Wren,
While's Selb. i. 95 — Wood Wren, Lamb, Lin. Trans, ii. 245., tab. 24.
Mont. ib. iv. 35., Egg. tab. ii. fig. 1 — Sylvia sib. Temm. Orn. i. 223 —
A regular summer visitant of England, near oak and beech woods.

Length 5\ inches ; weight 1G0 grains. Bill dusky. Legs yellowish-brown.
Irides hazel. The cheeks and throat are yellow. Upper parts of the breast
yellowish white ; the remainder pure white. Quills dusky, edged externally
with yellowish-green. Tail a little forked, coloured like the quills, except
the two outer feathers, which want the yellow margin. Female less in size,
but similar in plumage. Nest on the ground, oval, with a small hole near the
top, composed of dried grass and moss, and lined with a few long hairs. Eggs
C, white, sprinkled with purple spots, which are sometimes confluent. — The
flight of this species is short, slow, and vibrating, as it moves from spray to
spray. Its cry expresses the word licee, drawn out. Has been confounded
with Regulus trochilus and hippolais.

G4t. C. AtricapUla. Black-cap. — Head black above, hind

neck cinereous. Plumage above, greyish green.

Atricapilla, fiFitf. Orn. 1G2. Pcnn. Brit. Zool. i. 374 — Sylvia At. Temm.
Orn. i. 201 — E, Mock Nightingale, Nettle-creeper; W, Penddur
brwyn. — A regular summer visitant. Frequents woods and hedges.

Length G, breadth 9 inches; weight half an ounce. Bill brown. Legs lead-
coloured. Irides dark hazel. Breast and belly cinereous. Vent white. Quills
dusky, edged with dull green. Tail long. Female, with a brown head. Nest
in a low bush, of dried stalks, with wool and moss, and lined with fibrous roots
and hair. Eggs 4 or 5, pale reddish-brown, mottled with a deeper colour ;
sometimes sprinkled with cinereous spots. Song melodious.

a. Tail 'particoloured.

65. C. provincial'is. Dartford Warbler. — Plumage above,
dusky brown. Cheeks cinereous. Throat, neck and breast fer-
ruginous.

Accentor. BIRDS. PASSERES. 71

Latham, Pen. Brit. Zool. i. 389 — Sylvia Dartfbrdensis, Mont. Lin. Trans.

vii. 260. lb. ix. 181 Sylvia Prov., Temm. Orn. i. 211 — Resident in

the south of England.
Length 5 4 mches; weight 150 grains. Bill black; the base of the upper
mandible whitish. Legs yellowish. I rides and eye-lids yellow. Middle of
the belly white. Quills dusky, edged externally with dark cinereous. At the
bend of the wing, a white spot. The outer tail-feather tipped and edged ex-
ternally with white ; the next slightly tipped with white ; the remainder of
these, and all the others dusky ; the middle ones edged with cinereous. Female,
paler in the colour, and the throat has whitish streaks. Nest near the top of
furze, of dried stalks and wool, loosely put together. Eggs 4, greenish-white,
speckled with olivacious brown and grey, the markings forming a zone at the
larger end. The young have the throat rayed with white, and feathers of the

same colour occur on the belly This bird is very shy. Its note is weak,

but shrill, and several times repeated.

66. C. sylvia. White Throat.— Crown of the head and be-
tween the bill and the eye cinereous. The rest of the plumage
above, tinged with brown. Under parts greyish white.

Will. Orn. 171 Penn, Brit. Zool. i. 387.— Svlvia cinerea, Temm. Orn. i.

207.— S, Whey -beard, Charlie Mufty ; W, Y Gwddfgwyn — A sum-

mer visitant in gardens.
Length C\, breadth 8i inches; weight 4 drams. Bill dusky-brown above,
whitish beneath. Legs pale brown. Irides yellowish. Grey on the breast,
inclining to rufous. Quills dusky, edged with cinereous-brown. Tail similar ;
outer feathers white, except at "the base of the inner web. Female, with the
plumage above, more inclining to rufous. The throat tinged with the same
colour. Nest in hedges or low bushes, of grass, lined with fibrous roots and
hairs, and of a loose texture. Eggs 5, greenish-white, speckled with light
brown. In the young, the plumage above is rufous, and the space before the
eye is white.

67. C. sylvlella.. Lesser White-throat. — Upper part of the
head, including the eyes, dark ash. Rest of the plumage above,
cinereous brown. Beneath, silvery white.

Lightfoot, Lath. Syn. Sup. p. 185. t. 113. {Mont. Orn. Diet.)— Sylvia cur-
ruca, Temm. Orn. i. 209 — An English summer visitant.
Length b\ inches ; weight 3\ drams. Bill and legs dusky. Irides yellow-
ish. Quills and tail dusky, edged with ash. The exterior "feather of the tail
whitish almost to the base ; the outer web quite white. Female similar. Nest
like the common "White Throat. Eggs 4 or 5, bluish-white, speckled with
brown and ash at the larger end — This species is said to be distinguished from
the preceding, by the uniform colour of the bill, and the absence of the rufous
tinge on the wing-covers.

Gen. XXXII. ACCENTOR.— Bill strong, with inflected
edges.

68. A. modularis. Hedge-Sparrow. — Crown grey, with
brown spots. Sides of the neck, throat, and breast bluish-
grey.

Curruca Eliotse, Will. Orn. 157- Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 376.— A. mod.,

Temm. Orn. 249 S, Blue Hafit ; IT, Llwyd y gwrych — A common

resident.
Length 5| inches ; weight 6 drams. Bill dusky. Legs flesh-colour. Irides

73 BIRDS. PASSERES. Regulus,

light hazel. Back and wing-covers dark Lrown, edged with rufous brown.
Belly dirty white. Female, with brown spots on the head. Nest in hedges,
of moss and wool, or fibrous roots, lined with hair. Eggs 4 or 5, blue — This
bird sings early in the season, and sweetly, and prefers the neighbourhood of
houses.

_ As a straggler, connected with this genus, the Accentor alpinns may be no-
ticed. It differs in the plumage above, being grey, with large brown spots on
the back, and in the bill being black at the point, and yellow at the base. The
feet are yellow — In the first number of Zool. Journ., p. 134., it is stated, that
" a female of this kind had been shot lately in the garden of King's College,
Cambridge; it is now preserved in the Rev. Dr Thackeray's collection of
British birds."

Gen. XXXIII. REGULUS.— Bill straight, slender, subu-
late.

69. R. cristatus. Golden-crowned Wren.— Crown orange,
cheeks grey.

Will. Orn. 1G3 Golden-crested Wren, Perm. Brit. Zool. 379 Sylvia

Regulus, Temtn. Orn. i. 229. ; E, Marygold Finch ; W, Yswigw, Sy-
wigw Resident. Generally distributed.

Length 4J, breadth G§ inches ; weight under 80 grains. Bill and legs black.
Irides hazel. Plumage above olive, shaded with cinereous towards the head.
The yellow crown surrounded with a black margin. Belly cinereous, more
or less tinged with brown and yellow. Quills greyish brown, edged with
green. At the base of the secondaries is a black bar, above which the covers
are tipped with white, forming a narrow white band ; above that the smaller
covers are black, tipped with white. Tail dusky, with greenish edges. In
the female the crown is yellow, and its edges more cinereous than black. Nest
on trees, composed of green moss interwoven with wool, and lined with small
feathers. Eggs 7 to 10, brownish white, darker at the thick end. — This is a
restless bird, and its notes are sweet, though weak.

70. R. TrocMlus. Yellow Wren. — Plumage, above, green-
ish-yellow brown. Over the eye a faint yellow streak. Legs
brown.

R. non cristatus, Will. 1G4. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 378 Sylvia Hippolais.

Temm. Orn. i. 222 — E, Willow Wren, Ground Wren, Ground Huck-
much ; W, Drywr helyg, Sy wider A regular summer visitant.

Length 5\ inches; weight 2f drams. Bill dusky above, yellowish beneath.
Plumage below white, tinged with yellow ; on the breast a few yellow streaks.
Quills dusky brown, edged with yellow ; covers and thighs yellow. Tail dus-
ky, edged with yellow. Nest oval, with the opening near the top, placed at
the bottom of a bush, and composed of moss and dried grass. Eggs 6 or 7,
white, spotted with light rust colour towards the larger end.

71. R. Hippolais. Lesser Pettychaps. — Plumage, above,

greenish brown, with a tinge of yellow. Over the eye a faint

yellow streak. Legs dusky.

Ficedula septima, Will. Orn. 158. Pay. Syn. Avium, 19. Mont. Orn. Diet.
— Sylvia trochilus, Temm. i. 224 — £, Chip Chop ; S, White Wren —
A regular summer visitant.

Length 4|, breadth 7 inches ; weight 124 grains. Bill brownish-black, hi.

Troglodytes. BIRDS. PASSERES. 73

dining to yellow at the edges; mouth pale safFron-yellow. Irides hazel*
Plumage below pale lemon-yellow, the belly mixed with silvery-white, and
vent and under tail-covers inclining to deep straw-yellow. Quill and tail-
feathers dusky, edged with yellow, except the exterior tail-feather on each
side, which is' plain. Female similar. ]ST est on the ground, composed exter-
nally of dried leaves, then coarse grass, and lined with feathers. Eggs 6,
white, speckled with purplish-red at the larger end only, and here and there

a single speck on the sides This bird arrives in the south of England about

the end of March ; is restless ; and utters its double notes four or five times
in succession, resembling the words Chip Chop. — Temminck seems to have
misplaced the synonimes of these two last species. We have followed Mon-

tagu.

Gen. XXXIV. TROGLODYTES. Ween.— Bill slightly
bent, slender, subulate.

72. T. vulgaris. Common Wren. — Plumage, above, dark
reddish-brown, crossed by obscure dusky lines ; over the eye a
narrow lio-ht streak.

o

Passer troglodytes, Will. Orn. 1G4. Sibb. Scot. 18 — Motacilla troglody-
tes, Lhiu. Syst. i. 337. Perm. Brit. Zool. i. 380.— Sylvia troglodytes,
Temm.'i. 233. — S, Kitty wren ; W, Dryw; G, Dreathan. — Resident and

common.

Length 4i, breadth G$ inches, weight nearly 3 drams. Bill and legs dusky
brown ; the inside of the mouth yellow. Irides dark hazel. Quills dusky-
brown, spotted on the outer webs with light brown. Tail of 12 feathers,
crossed with dusky black lines. Plumage, beneath, light rufous brown ; sides
and thighs crossed with darker lines. Under tail-covers obscurely spotted
with black and white. Female smaller, lighter in the colour, with the trans-
verse bars less distinct. Nest placed under the thatch of houses, against a
mossy tree or bank ; usually composed of moss, lined with feathers and hair.
The eggs are generally 7 or 8, but sometimes double that number, white,
with a few small reddish spots at the larger end — This little insectivorous
bird braves the severest winters, and, like the Golden-Crowned Wren, is re-
sident in Zetland. Sings sweetly in spring.

Gen. XXXV. MOTACILLA. Wagtail.— Tarsus double
the length of the middle toe. Tail constantly in motion.
Pace running.

73. M. alba. White Wagtail.— The front, cheeks, side cf
the neck and belly white.

Will. Orn. 171- Sibb. Scot. 18. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 142. Temm. Orn.
i. 255., Water-wagtail. — F, Dish-washer, Washer-woman ; W, Brith y
fyches, Tinsigl y gwys ; G, Breal ant sil. — Resident near water.

Length 7^, breadth 11 inches; weight 6 drams. Bill, mouth, and legs,
black. Irides hazel. The back of the head, upper and under side of the
neck, chin, and breast, black. Back dusky, inclining to cinereous. Quills
dusky ; the greater covers black, with white tips. Tail black ; the two lateral
feathers white, but black at the base. In winter the chin and throat are
white. In the female the black is more dusky, and the white less pure; the
tips of the covers grey. Nest in walls or on old trees ; composed of moss,
dried grass and wool, and lined with hair or feathers. Eggs 4 or 5, white,

74 BIRDS. PASSERES. Anthus.

spotted with light brown and ash-colour. The young birds have the under
side of a dirty white, the breast a brown ash, and no black on the throat.
Retires in the severity of winter to the sea-shore.

74. M. boarula. Grey Wagtail. — Above grey, beneath bu if-
fy-yellow, vent and rump pale yellow.

M. cinerea, Will. Orn. 172. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 368. — M. boar. Temm.
Orn. i. 257 — E, Winter Wagtail ; W, Brith y fyches lwyd.— Chiefly
observed in winter.

Size of the last. Bill dusky ; legs brownish. Irides dark hazel. Throat
black, a white band above the eyes and sides of the throat. Wing-covers
and quills black, bordered with yellowish-white. The three outer tail-fea-
thers white, the second and third, with the outer web, black at the base, the
others dusky. In winter the black on the throat disappears. The female
wants the black on the throat according to Temminck, but she possesses it
according to Montagu, whose accuracy, in this respect, is attested by Mr Sel-
by,— " illustrations," p. 211. Nest in heaps of stones. Eggs 6, pointed,
dirty white, with reddish spots. — Breeds in Devonshire, according to Mr
Tucker {Mont. Orn. Diet. Supt.) Besides in other parts, during the winter
months, chiefly near streams.

75. M.Jlava. Yellow Wagtail. — Plumage olive-green above,
beneath bright yellow.

WUl. Orn. 172. Sibb. Scot. 18. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 3G2. Temm. Orn.
i. 2G0. — IV, Brith y fyches felen. — A summer visitant.

Size of M. alba. Bill and legs black. The hind claw long and nearly straight.
Irides hazel. A white streak over the eye. Quills and tail dusky, but the
two lateral ones of the last white from the middle. Female more cinereous
above, and whiter below. Nest in holes in the ground, or at the roots of
trees ; of dry grass, lined with hair. Eggs G, rounded, olive-green, with flesh-
coloured spots. Young like the female, with reddish-brown markings on the
breast and belly. — Chiefly frequents cultivated ground, and seems less attach-
ed to water than the other species. It constitutes the subgenus Budytes of
Cuvier, Regne Animal, i. 371.

Gen. XXXVI. ANTHUS. Titling.— Mandibles, with
the margins inflected near the middle ; the upper with a
ridge at the base.

76. A. pet?'orsus. Sea Titling. — Hind-elaw the length of

the toe. Over the eye, and on the ear, a white streak.

Variety of Titlark, Penn. Brit. Zoo], i. 258 — Alauda obscura and petro-
sa, Mont. Lin. Trans, iv. 41 — Anth. aquaticus, Temm. Orn. i. 265. — E,
ltock Lark — Common on the sea shore.

Length 7, breadth 11^ inches; weight 7 drams. Bill black, witli a yellow-
ish margin ; the inside of the mouth yellow. Feet dusky, with a tinge of yel-
low. Irides deep chesnut. Plumage, above, dusky olive, with pale edges, on
the head, neck, scapulars, and rump, inclining to cinereous. Beneath, white,
with a tinge of yellow on the breast, and obscure longitudinal spots on the
sides. Qudls black, edged with pale yellow. AVings, when closed, extend
to half the length of the tail. Tail, with the two middle feathers, greyish-
brown, the others black, the lateral ones dirty white for half their length.
Female less than the male ; more dusky above, having little olive or ash on
the back. Nest of dried grass or algae, with a few hairs. Eggs 4 or 5 dirty
white, with numerous specks of brown, crowded and confluent at the larger
end. In the young the upper parts have a tinge of olivaceous ash colour ;

Anthus. BIRDS. PASSERES. 75

beneath, the Lighter parts are yellowish, and the coverts of the win°-s more
deeply margined with light brown ; the legs more inclining to yellow. Seeks
its food as the tide retires.

77. A. pratcnsls. Meadow Titling. — Hind claw longer

than the toe, and but slightly bent. From the gape on each

side a dusky line passes down the side of the throat.

Alauda pratorum, Will. Orn. 150. Sibb. Scot. 17- Al. pratensis, Linn.
Syst. i. 237 — Titlark, Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 357 — Anth. prat. Temm.
Orn. i. 20*y — Common near marshes.

Length 5j{ inches ; weight upwards of half an ounce. Bdl dusky, yellowish
at the base of the lower mandible. Legs brownish. Plumage, above, dusky-
brown, with paler margins, beneath dirty white, the sides of the neck and
breast marked with oblong dusky spots. Quills dusky brown, with paler
edges, the first four, according to Willoughby, of equal length. Tail dusky,
outer feather white, except at the base of the inner web ; the second has a lit-
tle white at the point. In winter the pale margins of the plumage, above, are
broader, and have more of an olive tinge. In this state it is thePipit Lark of
Mont. Orn. Diet. Female very like the male. Nest on the ground ; of
dried grass, lined with hair. Eggs C, variable in colour. The young birds
have the margin of the feathers of a greenish tinge.

78. A. trivialis. Field Titling. — Hind-claw shorter than

the toe, and muched hooked. Two yellowish-white bands on

the wings.

Alauda minor campestris, Will. Orn. 150. — Al. triv. Linn. Syst. i. 288—
Field Lark, Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 358. — An. arboreus, Temm. Orn. i.
271- — A summer visitant of England.

Length CA inches ; weight 5 drams. Bill dusky above, whitish beneath.
Legs yellowish-brown ; claws horn colour. Irides hazel. Plumage, above,
light yellowish- brown, with the middle of each feather dusky-brown. Rump
plain light brown. Wing-covers tipped with white. Throat and breast ochra-
ceous yellow ; belly yellowish-white. Tail-feathers pointed, the exterior
one-half white, the rest with the tip slightly white. Nest of dry grass and
moss, lined with hair ; placed amongst high grass or green wheat. Esjgs 4,
dirty bluish-white, thickly blotched and spotted with purplish-brown. Chi en v
frequents enclosed districts; and, according to Montagu, " from the ben-in-
ning of May to July, it may be seen mounting in the air in a fluttering man-
ner, at the same time uttering a twittering note, and then descends to some
neighbouring tree, with motionless wing and the tail thrown up. At this time
it sings, but never when rising. And it is observable, that it rarely pitches
on the ground again until it has perched; anil it always mounts in the like
manner from a tree before it descends to the ground." — Mont. Orn. Diet.

Anthus Richardi, {Temm. Orn. i. 2G3). It is stated in the proceedings of
the Linnean Society, m the "Annals of Philosophy " for March 1825, p. 220.,
that Mr Vigors described three species of British Birds, of which A. Itichardi
was one ; " two specimens of which were taken a few years ago at Kingsland,
near London." In the paper, however, in which this species seems originally
to have been included, published in Lin. Trans, xiv. 55(i, no notice is taken
of the bird.

Gen. XXXVII. LOXIA. — Bill compressed; both mandi-
bles with hooked points, crossing each other at the plane
of the gape-

76 BIRDS. PASSERES. Loxia.

79. L. curvirostra. Crossbill. — Bill as long as the middle
toe. Wings destitute of white bands.

Loxia, Will. Qm. 181. Sibb- Scot. 10. Linn. Syst. i. 2.09. Penn. Brit-
Zool. i. 319. Temm. Orn. i. 328 — E, Shill Apple ; W, Gylfingroes —
Summer visitant.

Length 6|, breadth 11| inches; weight 1^ ounces. Bill dark horn colour;
the tongue cartilaginous, concave, and broad before. Legs and claws dusky;
soles tubercular ; claws regularly curved, with sharp margins. Irides dusky.
Wings dusky, the outer margins of the feathers pale. The first and third
quills equal, the second, the longest ; the second, third, and fourth, slightly
abbreviated on the outer web. Tail dusky, forked, of 12 feathers, obliquely
truncated outwards at the extremity. The plumage at the vent inclines to
white ; on the rest of the body, except the wings and tail, it is of a reddish
orange, changing with age into yellow and cinereous. The plumage of the
female is dull, cinereous, mixed with green. Breeds, early in the spring, in
the north of Europe in the pine forests, in the clefts of branches. Eggs 4 or
5, greenish-grey, with a circle of brown spots and rays at the larger end.
Young like the "female. Food consists of the seeds of fir-apples, which it readi-
ly reaches by means of its singular bill. — In a cage its motions resemble those
of a parrot. It is not known to breed here, but visits us in June, and con-
tinues throughout the summer. A male and female were sent us in Decem-
ber 1822 by the Rev. Alexander Espline, Schoolmaster of Monymeal. In
both examples the lower jaw crossed the left side of the upper. The muscles
on the right side for closing the lower jaw were much larger than those on
the left, — a singular example of compensation for the loss of power, occa-
sioned by the oblique position and motion of the lower jaw.

As stragglers connected with this genus the two following species merit
some notice-

(1.) L. Pi/tiopsiltacus. Parrot Crossbill. — This species is supposed to be re-
ferred to by Pennant in his Brit. Zool. i. 319., " We received a male and fe-
male out of Shropshire, which were superior in size to the former ; the bill
remarkably thick and short, more curvated than that of the common kind,
and the ends more blunt." A Scottish example of this species was sent from
Ross-shire to Mr D. Ross, gunmaker, Edinburgh, and is recorded, on the
authority of Sir William Jardine, by Mr Selby, in his valuable " Illustrations
of British Ornithology," i. p. 254. According to Temminck, Orn. i. 325., the
bdl is shorter than the middle-toe, and seven lines broad at the base. This
species is common to Europe and North America, and may be expected to oc-
cur in this country occasionally.

(2.) Ij.falciroslra. White-winged Crossbill. — According to Mr Templeton,
a female of this species " was shot within two miles of Belfast, in the month
of January 1802," Lin. Trans, vii. 309. It is a native of North America,
and may readily be distinguished by its inferior size, and by two white bands
across the wings.

Gen. XXXVIII. CORYTHUS. Hawfinch— Bill inflat-
ed. Upper mandible bent over the under.

80. C. Envcleator. Common Hawfinch. — Colour reddish ;
the wings and tail black.

Loxia en. Linn. Syst. i. 299 — Pine Gross-Beak. Perm. Brit. Zool. i. 317.
— Pyrrhula en. Temm. Orn. i. 333. — A summer visitant of Scotland.

Emberiza. BIRDS. PASSERES. 77

Length 7| inches ; weight 2 ounces. Bill and legs black. Head and neck
orange-red ; bill yellowish-orange ; back and rump with black feathers, ha-
ving a yellow margin. Two cross bars of white on the wings. Quills and
tail-feathers edged with orange. The female has the red more tinged with
brown, and the back and belly cinereous. Nest on trees._ Eggs 4, of a white
colour. Food the seeds of trees. Pennant noticed individuals of this species
in the pine forest of Invercauld, Aberdeenshire, in August, and conjectures
that they bred there. Mr Selby, in his " Illustrations," p. 257-, seems in-
clined to regard them as only occasional visitants.

Gen. XXXIX. EMBERIZA. Bunting.— Bill short, co-
nical, the palate furnished with a bony knob.

81. E. Citrinella. Yellow Bunting. — Head, neck, and

breast gamboge yellow.

E. flava, Will. Orn. 196 Citrinella Sibb* Scot. IS — E. Citrinella, Linn.

Svst. i. 309 -B, Yellow Stammer, Yellow Yowly ; S, Yite, Yellow

Yeldrock ; W, Llinos felen ; G, Buidheag bhealaidh — Common.

Length C^, breadth 10 inches; weight 7 drams. Bill bluish; irides hazel ;
lews yellow. Back }rellowish-brown, tinged with green. Quills black, edged
with yellow. Hump brownish-orange. Tail dusky, edged with greenish-yel-
low; the inner web of the two external feathers, on each side, with a large
spot of white. In the female the colours are paler, and the yellow inclines
more to brown. Pair in May. Nest on the ground among low grass, ot
dried stalks, lined with hair. Eggs 5, of a pale purplish white, with red
streaks. This species is familiar, and resides near the dwellings of men. In
geographical distribution it reaches not to Orkney.

This species varies in the yellow of the head being replaced by olive-green,
in which state it is the E. chlorocephala of Gmelin (Turton's trans, i. 544.),
and has occurred in the neighbourhood of London.

82. E. Cirlus. Cirl Bunting. — The throat and a band over

the eye black.

Linn. Syst. i. 311 — Cirl Bunting, Mont. Orn. Diet, and Lin. Trans, vii.
276. Temm. Orn. i. 313 — Breeds in Devonshire.

Size like the last. Bill bluish ; irides hazel ; legs brown ; claws dusky.
A yellow band above and below the eye. Lower part of the neck yellow ;
breast olive-grey ; belly yellow ; back brown. Quills dusky, edged with green.
Tail, with the two middle tail-feathers chesnut, the rest black, except the two
exterior ones on each side, which have an oblique bar of white from the tip
half way ; and the outmost feather is white throughout the whole of the ex-
terior web. Female smaller, with the plumage spotted with dusky. Pair
in April. Nest in a low bush ; of dry stalks, lined with hair. Eggs 4
or 5, greyish-white, with irregular long and short curved dusky lines — This
species was first observed in Britain by Montagu, in 1800, in Devonshire,
where it breeds and is resident ; congregating in the winter with Yellow
Buntings and Chaffinches. A straggler of this species has been shot near
Edinburgh, as noticed by Mr Wilson in Wern. Mem. ii. G58.

83. E. Miliaria. Common Bunting. — Plumage, above yel-
lowish-brown, inclining to oil-green, the centre of the feathers
dusky.

E. alba, Will. Orn. 195. Sibb. Scot. 18. E. Mil. Linn. Svst. i. 308.
Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 324. Temm. Orn. i. 306 — E, Bunting-lark, Ebb. ;
S, Corn-bunting ; W, Bras-y-ddruttan, bras-yr-yd ; G, Gelag-bhua-
chair. — Common near corn-fields.

78 BIRDS. PASSERES. Embemza.

Length 7\, breadth 11J inches ; weight about 2 ounces. Bill brown ; iri-
des dark hazel ; legs yellow. Throat white, with black spots ; belly white ;
wings and tail black, the coverts edged with yellowish-brown. Female like
the male. Nest on the ground like its congeners. Eggs 4, whitish, spotted
and veined with brown. The young have a reddish tinge. This bunting is
gregarious in winter, and is often taken in lark-nets, and brought to market.
It extends to the Zetland Islands.

84. E. Schceniculus. Reed Bunting. — The head, chin, and

throat black.

Passer torquatus in arundinetis nidificans, Will. Orn. 136 E. sch. Linn.

Syst. L 311. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 326. Temm. Orn. i. 307 £, Reed

Sparrow, Water-Sparrow; S, Black-Bonnet; W, Golfan-y-cyrs A

common resident near marsh v ground.

s*

Length Gh, breadth 10 inches; weight ounce. Bill black ; i rides and feet
brown. A band of white commences at the corners of the mouth, and, grow-
ing broader behind the ears, encircles the head. Belly white. Back black,
the feathers edged with brown. Quills brown, with pale edges. Tail with
the two middle feathers brown, with pale edges ; the two exterior ones on
each side half white and half black, with a brown spot near the tip. In the
female the head is tinged with reddish-brown, the white on the belly inclines
to dusky, and there is no white ring round the head. Nest in grass or furze
near the ground, of dried stalks, lined with fine grass and hair. Eggs, 4,
bluish-white, with brown spots and veins. The white ring is wanting in the
young males — Gregarious in winter, and mixing with other species. *Does
not occur in the northern islands.

85. E. nivalis. Snow-Bunting. — Tip of the bill, legs, feet,
and claws, black ; the claw of the hind-toe produced.

Montifringilla calcaribus Alaudse, Will. 187 — Fringilla, Sibb. Scott. 18.

— E. niv. Linn. Syst. i. 308 — Fab. Faun. Gr. 117 Penn. Brit. Zool. i.

320. Temm. Orn. i. 319. S, Snowfiake ; W, Golfan-yr-eira ; G, Eun-
t-sneachdaidb A winter visitant.

Length 6J, breadth 12^ inches; weight 1 J ounces. Bill black, vellow with-
in ; irides hazel. The head, neck, breast, belly, and rump white, with the
roots of the feathers black. Back black, with pale edges. Primaries black,
with a white base. Middle tail-feathers black, the three outer ones white
with a dusky spot near the end. In the female the black is paler, and the
white dusky. Nest in crevices of rocks, in May, constructed on the outside
with grass, lined with feathers, and then with hair. Eggs 5, white, with dusky
spots. In the young, the base of the bill is yellow, and the head, ear-coverts
breast, and sides, more or less mixed with chesnut. The feathers on the
back dusky, with rufous edges. In this state, or some of its numerous varie-
ties, it is the Tawny Bunting and Mountain Bunting of Penn. Brit. Zool. i.
327., and 321. — This bunting breeds in Greenland, visits this country in har-
vest, and retires in spring. It is first seen on the high ground in" stubble-
fields, and its motions resemble those of the lark. As the winter advances it
approaches the corn-yard, and feeds with the sparrow and finches. In Zetland
it is called Oat-fowl, from the preference which it gives to that kind of grain.

As a straggler, may be noticed tYe E. cirus, Turton's Lin. Syst. i. 542., dis-
tinguished by having the head blue; belly orange ; back green. It is a na-
tive of South America. Montagu, in his Supplement to his Orn. Diet., ar-
ticle Grosbeak, says, " A painted Bunting, E. rims, was taken alive on Port-
land Island, in the year 1802, having doubtless made its escape from on board
some ship going up Channel, or that came to anchor off Weymouth. This bird
we saw alive in the possession of Mrs Stewart of that place."

Alauda. BIRDS. PASSERES. 79

Gen. XL. ALAUDA. Lark. — Bill conico-subulate. Pa-
late plain. Hind claw produced.

86. A. arvensis. Field-Lark. — Plumage reddish-brown

above, yellowish-white, with dusky streaks beneath. Hind-claw

nearly straight, and longer than the toe.

A. vulgaris, Will. Orn.149. Sibb. Scot. 17 — A. ar. Linn. Svst. i. 287.
Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 353. Temm. Orn. i. 281 — E, Skye-Laik ; S, La-
verock ; W, Hedydd, Uchedydd ; G, Uiseag — A common resident.

Length 7, breadth 12 inches ; weight an ounce and a half. Bill dusky, the
base of the lower mandible yellowish. Legs and claws dusky. Hindhead
tinged with cinereous. Quills brown, with pale tips and edges. Tail brown ;
the two middle feathers darkest ; the outer feather white on the outer web
and tip of the inner ; the second white on the outer web only. The female
resembles the male. Pair in April. Nest on the ground, of dry stalks, lined
with fine roots of grass. Eggs 4, dirty white, spotted with brown — The lark
abounds in open cultivated situations. Is esteemed for its song, and as a deli-
cacy for the table. Congregates in wandering docks during the winter.

87. A. rubra, Red Lark. — Plumage above rufous-brown,
beneath reddish-white. Hind-claw curved, and of the length
of the toe.

Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 359. Turton's Gm. Syst. i. 482 — In England, rare.
Size same as the preceding. Bill dusky above, whitish beneath ; legs pale
brown. A white line above and below the eye. Chin and throat white. Back
with black, and breast with dusky spots. Middle feather of the tail black, edo-ed
with brown, the two exterior white — This species was first detected, near
London,
in his
taken

length. He says, in the Supplement, "The size, the bill, legs, and the hind-
claw, bespeak the species ; especially the great length of the tail in propor-
tion to the wings, which, when closed, do not reach within two inches of the
end."

88. A. arbor ea, Wood-Lark. — A white band from the bill
over the eyes, surrounding the crown of the head.

Will. Orn. 149. Sibb. Scot. 17- Linn. Svst. i. 287. Penn. Brit. Zool. i.

35C. Temm. Orn. i. 283 — W, Hedydd-y-coed ; G, Riabhag-choille

In the neighbourhood of woods.

Length Ci, breadth 12| inches ; weight about an ounce. Bill duskv, whit-
ish at the base of the lower mandibla. Irides hazel. Legs yellow. Plumage
above, brownish-black, with pale edges; cheeks yellowish-white; beneath
pale yellowish-white, with dusky longitudinal streaks. Quills dusky, edged
with brown ; the coverts tipped with white. The two middle tail-feathers
brown, the next dusky, and the four exterior ones black. The female wants
the tinge of yellow beneath, and the white band of the head is obscure. Pair
in March. Nest on the ground, of coarse grass, lined with finer fibres, with
sometimes a few long hairs. Eggs 4, wood-brown, with blotches of gre}r and
brown. — This species lives in families during the winter. Chiefly sings in the
air, flying in large irregular circles, or when perched on the top of a tree.
Sings sometimes late in the evening, and has been mistaken for the nightin-
gale.

80 BIRDS. PASSERES. Pauus-

Gen. XLI. PARUS. Titmouse. — Bill short, pointed, sharp
edced. Nostrils concealed in deflected hairs and feathers.

89. P- major. Great Titmouse or Ox-Eye. — The head,

neck, and middle line of the belly black ; the cheeks white.

Fringillago, seu Parus major, Will. Orn. 174 — P. m. Sibb. Scott. 18.

Linn. Syst. i. 341. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 390. Temm. Orn. i. 287

W, Y-Benloyn-fwyaf. — In woods and gardens.

Length 6, breadth 9 inches ; weight 10 drams. Bill black; tongue ending
in four filaments. Legs lead-grey. Irides dusky. Back olive-green. Bump
and wing-coverts grey, the latter tipped with blue. Quills greenish-grey,
with pale edges. Sides of the belly yellowish-white. Tail dusky, outer fea-
ther white on the exterior web ; under tail-coverts white. In the' female, the
black on the head, and the yellow on the sides are less bright, and the black
line does not reach the whole length of the belly. Nest in the hole of a tree
or wall, of moss lined with hair. Eggs from G to 8, white, with rusty spots.
— The food consists of seeds, insects, and carrion — Seldom frequents exposed
situations.

£0. P. ater. Colemouse. — Head, neck, and upper breast

black ; cheeks and nape white.

Will. Orn. 175. Linn. Syst. i. 341. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 392. Temm..

Orn. i. 288 W, Y-Benloyn-lygliw ; G, Cailcheag-chean-dubh In

woods.

Length 4-^, breadth 7 inches ; weight 2 drams. Bill black. Irides hazel.
Legs lead-grey. Plumage above greyish ; belly yellowish-white. Covers of
the secondaries, and those above, tipped with white, forming two bars across
the wing. Female with the white on the cheeks less extended. Nest in holes
of old trees near the ground, of moss lined with hair. Eggs 6 or 8, with red-
dish spots. Food like the former. — This species seems rare in England. In
Scotland it is common in woods.

91. P- palustris. Marsh-Titmouse. — Head, neck, and throat

black ; cheeks yellowish-white.

Will. Orn. 175. Linn. Syst. i. 341. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 393. Temm.
Orn. i. 291 — E, Little black-headed Tomtit, Blackcap ; W, Penloyn-
y eyrs. — In woods in England.

Length 4\, breadth 8 inches ; weight 3 drams. Bill dusky; irides hazel.
Legs lead-grey. Plumage, above, yellowish-grey ; beneath brownish-white.
Quills and tail bluish-grey, with pale margins. Female with the black on the
head less dull, and the throat is spotted with grey. Nest in holes of trees, of
moss, lined with thistle or willow down. Eggs from G to 8, white, with brown

spots This species which is common in England, frequenting brushwood in

moist situations, has been confounded with the preceding, from which it dif-
fers, in wanting the white on the back of the head, and the two white bars on
the wings ; in being of a larger size, and in having the tail longer.

92. P. cceraleus. Blue Titmouse. — Crown blue, with a white

border ; cheeks white, with a dark blue border.

Wilt. Orn. 175. Sibb. Scot. 18. Lin. Svst. i. 341. Penn. Brit. Zool. i.
391. Temm. Orn. i. 289 — E, Nun, Tomtit, Hickmall, Blue-cap, Tit-
mall, Tinnock, Willow-biter ; S, Ox-eye ; W, Y Lleian.

Length 44, breadth 8 inches ; weight 3 drams. Bill dusky ; legs, lead-
grey. A black line extends from the gape across the eyes to the hind-head.

Sitta. BIRDS. PASSERES. 81

Back olive-green. Wings and tail blue. A white bar on the wings. Throat
and middle line of the belly black. Irides and belly yellow. The female has

the crown grey, and tbe list of the belly indistinct Nest, in the holes ol" trees

or walls, of moss lined with feathers and hair — Eggs 6 or 8, white, spotted
with brown — This species is common in gardens.

93. P. cristatus. Crested Titmouse. — Crown feathers elon-
gated, and, with those on the cheeks and sides of the neck,
black with white margins.

Will. Orn. 175. Linn. Syst. i. 340. Temm. Orn. i. 290 In fir-woods,

Scotland.

Length 4|, breadth 84 inches ; weight 2£ drams. Bill black. Irides
hazel. Feet lead-coloured. A black stroke crosses the cheek, under the eve,
and turns back under the ear at an acute angle. Chin and throat black ;
above, yellowish-brown with a tinge of yellow ; beneath, white tinged with
ochreous yellow. In the female, the black on the throat is more circumscrib-
ed, and the crest is less distinct — Nest in hollow trees. Eggs 10, white, with
reddish spots — This species is unknown in England. According to Latham
and Montagu, it inhabits the pine forests of Glenmore.

94. P. caudatus. Long-tailed Titmouse. — Crown, cheeks,
and throat white ; across the eye, nape and back black/

Will. Orn. 176. Linn. Syst. i. 342. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 394. Temm.
Orn. i. 296 — E, Huckmuck, Bottle-torn, Long- tail Mag, Capon or

Pie, Mumruffin ; W. Y-Benloyn-gynffonhir In woods and hedges.

Length b\ inches ; weight 2 drams. Bill and legs black. Irides hazel ;
margin of the eye-lids yellow. Back rose-red ; belly ash-grey, with a rosy
hue. Quills black ; secondaries edged with grey. Tail with the four middle
feathers black, the others tipped and obliquefv marked with white on the outer
webs. Female like the male. — Nest in the fork of a tree, of an oval form,
with two openings, and constructed with lichens and wool, lined with feathers.

Eggs 9 to 12, white, sparingly marked with rusty spots The young have

the cheeks spotted, and associate with their parents during winter, frequently
shifting quarters.

95. P. hiarmicus. Bearded Titmouse. — Head and nape
grey ; cheeks black ; throat white.

Linn. Syst. i. 342. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 396. Temm. Orn. i. 298 W, Y-

Barfog — Among reeds in marshes, England.
Length 6J inches. Bill orange- yellow, a little bent ; the upper mandible
the longest. Irides gamboge-yellow. Legs black. Cheek-feathers loose.
Back and belly yellowish-brown. Quills blackish-grey, edged Avith white.
Tail orange-brown, the external feathers with their outer webs and tips pale
reddish-white. Under tail-covers black. The female is destitute of black
cheeks — Nest among rushes (unknown in Britain). Eajgs 6 0178, reddish,
with brown spots. Young are of a bright reddish colour.

Gen. XLII. SITTA. Nuthatch.— Bill slightly compres-
sed, angular. Hind-toe strong.

96. S. europcea. Common Nuthatch. — Chin and cheeks white;
a black band across the eve and ear-covers.

Sitta seu Picus cinereus, Will. Orn. 98. Sibb. Scot. 15 S. eur., Linn.

Syst. i. 177. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 255. Temm. Orn. i. 407 E, Nut-

VOL. I.

F

82 BIRDS. PASSERES. Pyrrhula,

jobber, Wooderacker ; W, Delor-ye-enau. — In wooded situations in
the south of England,

Length 6 inches ; weight G drams. Bill dusky, "lower mandible white at
the base. Legs grey, claws hooked. Irides brown. Plumage above, blackish-
grey ; below, buff-orange, Quills dusky. Tail short, of twelve flexible fea-
thers ; the two middle grey ; the four outer black, with a white bar ; the tip

ash-grey. Female less ; the band over the eye indistinct Nest in the holes

of trees, the opening formed with clay, and the cavity lined with dead leaves.
Eggs 5 or 6, greyish-white, spotted with reddish-brown. The female sits
close, and refuses to leave the nest upon being disturbed — This bird runs
upwards and downwards on the trunks of trees without difficulty.

Sibbald seems to consider this species, probably erroneousby, as an inhabitant
of Scotland. In England it is chiefly confined to the southern parts, though
Mr Selby has succeeded in tracing it as far north as to the banks of the Wear
and Tyne.

Gen. XLIII. PYRRHULA. Bullfinch.— Bill short, thick,
hooked, with inflated sides, the ridge advancing on the
forehead. Middle-toe longer than the tarsus.

97. P. vulgaris. Common Bullfinch. —-Crown, base of the

bill, throat, wings, and tail black.

Rubicilla, sive Pyrrhula, Will. Orn. 180. Sibb. Scot.'18. — Loxia Pyrrhula,
Linn. Syst. i. 300. Penn. Brit Zool. i. 322 — Pyrrh. vuL, Temm. Orn. i.

338 E, lted-hoop, Tomy-hoop ; S, Alp, Nobe ; W, Y Chwybanydd,

Rhawn-goch ; G, Corcan-coille. — In wooded districts, common.

Length about G inches. Bill and feet black. Irides brown. Nape of the
neck and back grey ; cheeks, neck, breast, belly and flanks bright tile-red ;
rump and vent white. Quill-covers tipped and edged with pink-white. Fe-
male bluish-grey above, brocoli-brown below ; in other parts like the male,
but with colours less distinct. — Pairs in April. Nest in hedges, of dry twigs,
lined with fibrous roots. Eggs 5, bluish-white, spotted with pale orange-
brown. Young birds like the female, but destitute of the black on the head.
— Feeds on seeds, and buds of trees.

Gen. XLIV. COCCOTHRAUSTES. Grosbeak. — Bill
large, conical, blunt, inflated ; the ridge rounded ; the edge
of the lower mandible inflected.

98. C. vulgaris. Common Grosbeak. — Cheeks, head, and

rump brown ; front, lores and throat black.

Will. Orn. 1/8 Loxia Coc, Linn. Syst. i. 299. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 316.

—Fringilla Coc, Tcmm. Orn. i. 344 — E, Cherry-finch ; W, Gylfin-
braff. — A winter visitant of the south of England.

Length 6, breadth 1 2 inches ; weight 2 ounces. Bill pinkish-white. Legs
pale brown. Irides ash-grey. Collar, round the nape of the neck, bluish-
grey. Beak and smaller wing-covers reddish-brown ; the greater coverts
tipped with white. Quills black ; from the fourth to the fifteenth with a
white oblong spot on the inner web ; truncated at their ends. Tail black ;
the four middle feathers half white from the point, the rest with only the in-
ner webs white. Colours of the fejnale obscure. — Nest on trees. Eggs 5,

Pvrgita. BIRDS. PASSERES. 88

ash-grey, tinged with green and with brown spots. In the young, the head
and throat are yellow, beneath white. — This species, which breeds in the
mountainous regions of Europe, visits England in autumn, in small flocks of
four or five, feeds on the berries of the hawthorn during winter, and departs
in April.

99. C. Chloris. Green Grosbeak. — Plumage bright oil-green,
wing-covers smoke-grey.

Chloris, Will. Orn. 179- Sibb. Scot. 18 — Loxia ch., Linn. Svst. 1. 304.

Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 322 Fringilla ch., Temm. Orn. i. 346 — W, Y Ge-

gid, Llinos-werdd ; G, Glaisean darach — Common in all inclosed wood-
ed districts. Green Linnet.
Length Gi, breadth 10£ inches ; weight an ounce. Bill flesh-coloured ; the
margin at the chin heart-shaped. Legs wood-brown. Irides hazel. Mar-
gins of the feather greyish. The edges of the quills and tail-feathers of a
brighter yellow. Female more dusky. — Pairs in May. Nest in hedges, of
moss lined with hair and feathers. Eggs 5, bluish-white, speckled with brown.
Young like the female. — Easily tamed, and familiar. Congregates with lin-
nets and chaffinches during the winter.

•a

Gen. XLV. PYRGITA. Spaurow.— Bill conical, subacu-
minated, rounded above, the margin of the upper man-
dible inflected under the nostrils.

100. P. domestica. House-Sparrow. — Crown and nape bluish-
grey ; cheeks greyish-white.

Passer domesticus, Will. Orn. 182. Sibb. Scot. 18. — Fringilla dom. Linn.
Syst. i. 323. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 338. Temm. Orn. i. 350 — W, Aderyn-
ye-to, Golfan ; G, Gealbhan — Common.

Length 6J inches ; weight 1 \ ounces. Bill black, notched at the tip. Legs
brown. Irides hazel. Lores, chin, throat, and gorget black. An orange-
brown band passes above the eyes and over the ears. Feathers on the back
black, edged with brown. Breeds early. Female with the bill flesh-coloured,
with a black tip ; the throat and middle of the belly grey — Nest in holes, or
on trees, of straws and feathers. Eggs 5, greyish-white, with darker spots.

101. P. montana. Tree-Sparrow. — Crown and nape ches-
nut-brown ; sides of the neck and breast white.

Passer montanus, Will. Orn. 185. — Fringilla mont. Linn. Syst. i. 324.

Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 339. Temm. Orn. i. 334 W, Golfan-ye-mynydd.

— Inhabits the middle districts of England, remote from houses.
Length 5^ inches ; weight G drams. Bill black. Legs pale brown. Irides
hazel. Chin and spot behind the eye black. Upper part of the back having one
web of the feathers black and the other white ; under greyish-white. Wing-co-
vers rufous, edged with black, and crossed by two bars of white. Quills
black, with yellowish-brown edges. Tail even. Female like the male Ac-
cording to Montagu, Sup. Orn. Diet., this species breeds in holes in old trees.
Nest like the preceding, but the eggs are smaller.

Gen. XLVI. FRINGILLA. Finch.— Bill conical, pointed,
more or less produced.

102. Y.ccelebs. Chaffinch. — Front black ; crown, nape, and
sides of the neck deep greyish-blue.

f2

84 BIRDS. PASSEKES. Fringilla.

Will. Orn. 186. Sibb. Scot. 18. Linn. Svst. i. 318. Penn. Brit. Zool. i.
335. 7ra)«. Orn. i. 357 — ■£, Buck-finch, Horse-finch, Pink, Twink,
Skelly; S, Shilfa ; W, Asgell-arian, Wine; G, Briecan beatha. — Com-
mon,

Size of a sparrow. Bill blue, tip black. Irides hazel. Legs brown. Cheeks,
neck, and breast pale reddish-brown. Back chesnut, the feathers with pale yel-
lowish-grey margins. Belly and vent white. Rump sulphur-yellow. Lesser
wing-covers white, those of the primaries black, and those of the secondaries
black tipped with yellow. The three first quills black, the outefc^eb with a
white edge. Tail, with two middle feathers bluish-grey, the nexaRree black,
and the two exterior ones with a white spot on the inner web. Female, with the
head and upper parts oil-green ; cheeks and below grey with a tinge of red,
— Pairs in March. Nest in trees, of moss or lichens, lined with feathers and
hair. Eggs 5, bluish-white, with reddish spots. Young like the female. —
Sexes separate into distinct flocks during the winter.

103. F. montifringilla. Mountain-finch. — Head, cheeks,

nape, and upper parts of the back black ; throat, breast, and

shoulders reddish-orange.

Will. Orn. 187. Linn. Syst. i. 318. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 337. Temm.
Orn. i. 360 — A common winter visitant.

Length 6^, breadth 10^ inches; weight If ounces. Bill yellowish, tip
black, with an indistinct terminal notch. Feet brown. Irides dusky. Covers
of the primaries black ; the three first quills black. Tail black, the two mid-
dle ones with reddish margins. The female has the crown reddish, with a
black band above the eyes — Nest on fir-trees. Eggs 5, white, with yellowish
spots. Breeds in the north of Europe — Frequents this country in winter,
visiting the corn-yards along with chaffinches. The bright gamboge-yellow
at the setting on of the wing is an obvious characteristic mark. It seems to
vary in colour with the season, becoming whiter in severe winters.

104. F. cannabina. Brown Linnet. — Bill bluntly conical ;

wing-covers brown.

Linaria rubra major, Will. Orn. 191. Sibb. Scot. 18. — F. can., Linn.
Syst. i. 322 — Red-headed Linnet, Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 343 — Fr. can.

Temm. Orn. i. 364 E„ Great Red-pole ; S, Grey Lintie ; W, Lin-

bengoch Common.

Length 6, breadth 10 inches; weight an ounce. Bill, strong in proportion
as the Green Grosbeak, but the ridge is sharper ; bluish-grey, dark at the tip.
Legs and feet brown. Irides hazel. Front and breast carmine-red, throat
yellowish-white streaked with bi-own ; crown, nape, and sides of the neck
bluish-grey : above, chesnut-brown with pale edges ; below, white with a ru-
fous tinge. The first quill black ; the following ones edged with white on
both webs, forming a lengthened white mark on the wings. The quills in-
crease in bluntness to the seventh, after which they are emarginate. Tail
forked, black, the feathers margined on both sides with white, except the two
middle ones. The female has the plumage brown, with pale edges, the white
on the wing and tail less, and the belly more inclining to reddish-brown, and
in wanting the carmine-red on the front and breast — Nest in furze and low
shrubs, of moss and grass, lined with hair. Eggs 5, bluish-white, speckled with
purplish-red. Young like the female. In winter, the male resembles the female,
although the carmine tinge may be observed upon lifting up the feathers on the
front and breast It congregates in large flocks during the winter season.

105. F. rnontium. Mountain-Linnet. — Bill triangular ;
greater wing-covers edged with white.

Fringilla. BIRDS. PASSERES. 85

Linaria vulgaris, Will. Orn. ] 90.— Twite, Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 346.—
Frin. mon. Temm. Orn. i. 368 W, Llinos fynydd, — Common in Eng-
land, rare in Scotland.
Size of the preceding, or larger. Kill wax-yellow. Feet black. Irides
hazel. Throat, sides of the head and neck pale reddish-brown ; crown, nape,
and back black, with red margins. Rump pm-plish-red. Quills dusky, the
primaries margined with pale brown, the secondaries with white on their outer
webs. Tail brownish-black, margined with white. Female wants the red
rump, and the whole plumage has less black and more brown — Nest in heath,
of dry grass, lined with wool. Eggs 5, bluish-green, spotted with orange
brown — Gregarious in winter; Frequently taken by the London bird-cat-
chers, and called by them Twite.

106. F, Linaria. Rose Linnet. — Bill acuminated, pointed.
Lesser and greater wing-covers tipped with white.

Linaria rubra minor, Will. Orn. 1(11 — F. Lin., Linn. Syst. i. 322 Less

Red-headed Linnet, Penn. Brit. Zool — F. Lin. ,Temm. Orn. i. 373 F,

Stone Redpole ; S, Rose Lintie ; W, Llinos bengoch leif ; G, Gealan
Lin. — Not rare.

Length 5, breadth 8^ inches. Irides hazel. Bill yellow ; tip and ridge
dusky. Front, lores, and chin black. The head, neck, breast, sides and rump
crimson. Back black, with brown edges. Belly white. Quills and tail dusky,
edged with yellowish-brown. Female, has the rump brown, with black stripes,
and the crimson only on the head. The sides of the throat, breast, and belly,
white. The sides with dusky stripes. — Nest in low trees, of moss, lined with
the down of plants. Eggs 5, bluish-green, spotted wtih orange-brown. Young,
like the female. — This species is a winter visitant of the south of England;
but, in the north, and in Scotland, it is chiefly stationary.

107. F. spinas. Siskin. — Head, above, black. The neck,
breast, and rump lemon-yellow.

Spinus, Will. Orn. 192.— F. sp., Linn. Syst. i. 322. Penn. Brit. Zool. i.
340. Temm. Orn. i. 371 — F, Aberdavine ; — Y Ddreiniog A win-
ter visitant.

Size of the rose-linnet. Bill similar in shape, and having likewise the two
basal processes on the margin of the lower mandible. Legs brown. Feet
dusky. Back siskin-green ; dark in the middle of the feathers. Belly white.
Wing-covers black, tipped with yellowish-white. Quills black ; the outer
ones with a yellowish-green margin ; the inner ones with the outer web all
yellowish-white at the base, and edged with a paler border at the tip. Tail,
with the two middle feathers dusky, with pale margins ; the rest, with the ba-
sal half white ; the ends, and outer web of the exterior one dusky. The fe-
male wants the black mark on the head ; the yellow has a greenish tinge mixed
with grey; and the belly has dusky stripes — Nest in pine-trees. Eggs 5,
greyish-white, spotted with purple — This bird breeds in the north of Europe,
and visits Britain in rather an irregular manner. They may sometimes breed
here ; as, in 1824, I received from Mr Esplin, a male and female, shot from a
flock in the first week of April.

108. F. cardudis. Gold-Finch. — Forehead, temples, and
throat, arterial blood-red. Base of the bill, lores, crown, and
nape, black.

Carduelis, Will. Orn. 189. Sibb. Scot. 18.— F. car., Linn. Svst. Nat. i.
318. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 332. Temm, Orn. i. 376— S, Goldspink ;
W, Gwas y sierri — Common.

Length 54, breadth 94 inches ; weight half an ounce. Bill, in the form of
a lengthened cone ; yellowish- white, with a dusky tip. Irides brown. Le°-s

86 BIRDS. PASSERES. Sturnus.

dusky. Cheeks, ear-covers, and lower parts of the neck, white. Back and
breast yellowish-brown. Lesser wing-covers black. Greater covers and ba-
sal half of the quills gamboge-yellow ; the other half black, with a white spot
at the tip. Tail black, the six middle feathers tipped with white, the others,
with an oval white spot on the outer AVeb. The female less bright in the colours.
— Nest in shrubs, of lichens and moss, lined with vegetable down and hair.
Eggs 5, bluish-white, with orange spots.— The food of this species consists of the
seeds of thistles and similar plants. In whiter it is gregarious, but the flocks
are small.

The Fringilla Canaria, or Canary, has been long reared in this country.
It breeds freely in confinement, and is highly prized for its song ".

Gen. XL VII. STURNUS. Starling.— Bill slightly subu-
late ; depressed at the point, with the nostrils partly closed
by a prominent rim.

109. S. vulgaris. Common Starling. — Plumage black, with

purple reflections, the feathers tipped with triangular white

spots.

Will. Orn. 144. Sibb. Scot. 17- Linn. Syst. i. 270. Perm. Brit. ZooL
i. 299. Temm. Orn. i. 132. — W, Dreydwen, Drydwy. — Generally dis-
tributed.

Length 8|, breadth 16 inches; weight 3£ ounces. Bill yellow. Feet brown.
Irides hazel. Quills and tail dusky, with pale reddish brown margins. Fe-
male, has the bill less yellow, and the white spots more numerous. — Nest in
the hole of a tree or wall, of dry grass. Eggs 5, bluish-green. Young, of
a uniform hair-brown colour, constituting the Passer solitarius of AVilloughby,
Orn. 140., and the Solitary Thrush of Montagu. — This bird is most numerous
near the coast, and seems to execute irregular migrations. It abounds in the
Orkney and Zetland Isles.

Gen. XL VIII. GARRULUS. Jay.— Bill lengthened, hooked.
Crown feathers long, and capable of erection.

110. G. glandarhis. — Black mustaches. Chin, breast, belly,

and rump white. The greater wing-coverts barred with blue

and black.

Pica glandaria, Will. Orn. 38. Sibb. Scot. 15. — Corvus gland. Linn. Syst.
i. 156. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 220. Temm. Orn. i. 114 — S, Jay-piet ;
W, Screch y coed. ; G. Scriachag choille — In woods, but not numerous.

Length 14, breadth 21 h inches ; weight 7 ounces. Bill black. Legs brown.
Irides grey. Head white, with black streaks. Nape, back, and shoulders
brownish purple red. Primaries dusky, the outer webs grey. Six of the se-
condaries black, the outer webs bluish-white at the base, the two next black.
Tail black. Female similar. — Nest in thickets or trees, of sticks, fined with
fibrous roots. Eggs 5 or 6, of a pale blue, blotched with brown. — The jay is
omnivorous, docile, and possesses strong powers of imitation. Confined to
woody districts.

Gen. XLIX. PICA. Magpie.— Bill hooked. Tail long

and wedge-shaped.

&

* Those who wish for accurate information respecting the rearing of small
birds, may consult, with advantage, " A Treatise on British Song-Birds, " by
Mr Sime, in 1 vol. 8vo. Edin. 1828.

Pica. BIRDS. PASSERES. 87

111. P. caudata. Common Magpie. — Above and the breast
black ; scapulars and belly white.

Will. Orn. 87- — Sibb. Scot. 15 — Corvus pica, Linn. Syst. i. 157- Pemv
Brit. Zool. i. 225. Temm. Orn. i. 115 — E, Pianet, Madge; S, Piet ;
W, Piogen ; G, Pioghaid. — Common.
Length 18, breadth 24 inches ; weight 9 ounces. Bill and legs black. Iri-
des dark-brown. Gular feathers loose. Wings with purple reflections. Cen-
tral parts of the inner webs of the quills white. The first quill short. Tail
black, iridescent. The two middle feathers equal. The others rapidly de-
creasing in length to the exterior ones. Female similar, but less — Nest in
trees, woven with sticks all round, the entrance at the side ; plastered with-
in at the bottom, and fined with dry grass. Eggs 6 to 8, yellowish-white,
spotted with brown and grey. — When taken young this bird is easily tamed.
It is omnivorous, usually in pairs, and is clamorous on the approach of danger

Gen. L. CORVUS. Crow.— Bill strong, ridge bent. Tail
rounded.

* In single pairs in the breeding season.

112. C. Corax. Raven.-— Plumage black, glossed with blue.
Throat-feathers narrow, raised, acuminated ; those of the hind-
neck long, loose, and silky. Tail much rounded.

Corvus, Will. Orn. 82. Sibb. Scot. 15.— Cor. Cor. Linn. Syst. i. 155.

Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 218. Temm. Orn. i. 107 E and S, Corby; W,

Cigfran ; G, Fitheach — Common in hilly districts.

Length 25, breadth 48 inches ; weight 34 ounces. Bill and legs black.
Irides of two circles, the outer brown the inner grey. Tail more than half
the length of the body. Female similar — Nest in high trees or rocks ; of
sticks, lined with wool. Eggs 5, oil-green, with brown and grey spots. The
young are easily tamed — This species feeds on carrion, and will kill lambs and
weakly sheep, beginning its work by picking out their eyes. It abounds in the
Hebrides.

113. C. coronc. Carrion Crow. — Plumage black. Throat-
feathers small, narrow, adpressed, the barbs loose at the mar-
gins. Tail slightly rounded.

Confix, Will. Orn. 83 Corvus minor, Sibb. Scot. 15 C. cor. Linn.

Syst. i. 155. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 219. Temm. Orn. i. 108 E, Black

Neb, Flesh Crow, Gor Crow, Midden Crow ; W, Bran dyddyn

Common.

Length 19|, breadth 20 inches ; weight 10 ounces. Bill and legs black ;
irides hazel. — Nest on trees, of sticks, fined with hair and wool. Eggs 5, oil-
green, with brown and grey spots. Omnivorous — Is this species different
from the Hooded Crow ?

114. C. Comix. Hooded Crow. — Head, throat, wings, and
tail black, with blue and green reflections. Neck and the
rest of the body smoke-grey. Tail rounded.

Cornix cinerea, Will. Orn 84. Sibb. Scot. 15 — C. Cor. Linn. Syst. i. 150.
Penn. Brit. ZooL i. 223. Temm. Orn. i. 109 — E, Royston Crow,
Dun Crow, Greybacked Crow, Bunting Crow ; S, Hoody ; W, Bran yr
Jwerddon ; G, Fionnag — Common.

1

88 BIRDS. PASSERES. Convus.

Length 20, breadth 39 inches ; weight 22 ounces. Bill, smooth, black, with
the tip pale. Irides greyish-brown. Female wanting the grey. — Nest, in trees
or rocks, of sticks or straws, lined with wool. Eggs 5, like "those of the Car-
rion Crow. Young like the female — Feeds on carrion, eggs, and young poul-
try. Said to be migratory in England. Stationary in Scotland, and even in
Zetland. — The grey colour seems to become whiter and more obvious in a se-
vere winter.

** Gregarious hi the breeding season.

115. C. Moncdula. Jackdaw. — Head black; nape smoke-
grey. Back greyish-black. Tail little rounded.

Monedula, Will. Orn. 85. Sibb. Scot. 15 — C Mon. Linn. Svst. i. 15C
Perm. Brit. Zool. i. 230. Temm. Orn. i. 111. — E, Daw; A',"Kae; W.
Cogfran ; G, Cathag — Common near old ruins.

Length 14, breadth 284 inches ; weight 9^ ounces. Bill and legs black ;
irides greyish-white- Ear covers large. Wing covers and secondaries black,
glossed with violet. Beneath, bluish-black. The female has less grey. — Nest
in old buildings, of sticks, lined with grass and wool. Eggs 5, greei;ish-blue,
spotted with blackish brown. — Food consists of grain, worms, and insects.
Congregates in winter with rooks.

116. Cfrug'degiis. Rook. — Bill nearly straight ; the skin

at the baze naked and scurfy.

Will. Orn. 84 — Spermologus frugivorus, Sibb. Scot — Cor. fr. Linn. Syst.
i. 156. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 221. Temm. Orn. i. 110 — S, Craw; W,
Ydfran ; G, Creumhach, Kocus, — In old woods near houses.

Length 20, breadth 38 inches, weight 19 ounces. The naked skin at the
base ot the bill is covered in youth with the deflected bristles, but which are
rubbed off by the act of digging in the earth for food. — Nest on old trees, of
sticks lined with fibrous roots. Eggs 5, bluish-green, with dark blotches. —
Birds of this species frequent the same rookery, and are always gregarious.

As connected with this group of birds, two species deserve to be noticed as
stragglers.

1. Caryocatacles nucifraya. Nutcracker — Will. Orn. 90. Penn. Brit. Zool.

11. C25 Nucifraga Car. Tern. Orn. i. 117- Selby's 111. 84 — It is noticed by

Pennant as having been killed near Moyston, Flintshire, 5th October 1753 ;
and has subsequently been found in Kent, Northumberland, and one or two
other places Common on the Continent in flocks. Solitary individuals on-
ly have strayed hither.

2. Coracias yarrula. Boiler Garrulus argentoratinsis, Will. Orn. 89 —

Cor. gar. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. C24. Temm. Orn. i. 127- Selby's 111. 86 —
An example of this bird is mentioned by Pennant as having been shot in
Cornwall ; and another at Dunkeld, according to Mr Selby, which is now in
the Edinburgh Museum — Common on the Continent.

Gen. LI. CERTHIA. Cheeper. — Bill triangular, com-
pressed, subulate, curved. Hind claw large.

117. C. familiaris. Common Creeper. — Plumage, above,
yellowish-brown, intermixed with black, brown and white.
Rump reddish.

Will. Orn. 100. Linn. Svst. i. 184. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 260. Temm.
Orn. i. 410.— A", Tree speelcr; W, Y Grcpianog — In woods.

Cekthia. BIRDS. PASSERES. 80

Length 5, breadth 74 inches ; weight 2 drams. Bill with the upper man-
dible dusky, the lower yellowish-white. The tongue with a hard point. Iri-
des hazel." Above the" eyes a white streak. Belly white. Quills 18, the
first 4 dusky, the rest having a broad reddish-white band in the middle, the
tips white. Tail of 12 feathers, stiff- and acuminated. Female smaller — Nest
in the holes of trees, of grass, lined with feathers. Eggs 7 or 9, white,
speckled with reddish-brown — Food consists of small insects, which it finds
in the crevices of the bark of trees, on the stems of which it runs in every
direction readily.

Gen. LII. PYRRHOCQRAX. f Fregilus of Cuvier.)
Chough. -Bill slender, arched, subulated, and pointed.
Tail-feathers 12.

118. P. Graculus. Cornish Chough. — Bill, legs, and toes

orange ; claws black.

Coracias, seu Pvrr. Will. Orn. 36. Sibb. Scot. 15.— Corvus gr. Linn.
Syst. i. 158. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 228. Temm. Orn. i. 122 — £, Cor-
nish Daw, Killegrew ; W, Bran big goch — Inhabits the western side
of the island.
Length 17, breadth 33| inches; weight 12i ounces. Irides yellowish-
brown." Plumage black, glossed with purple. Wings as long as the tail.

Female less Nest on sea cliffs or old towers near the coast, of sticks, lined

with wool. Eggs 5, white, spotted with brown.

In this, and the Garrulus Pica, and Corvus, the quill-feathers are 20, and
the tail-feathers are 12 in number.

Gen. LIII. — UPUPA. Hoopoe. — Head with a crest. Bill
slender, curved. Nostrils exposed. Tail of ] 0 feathers.

119. U. Epops. Common Hoopoe. — Head, neck and breast
of a purplish-red colour ; the wings black with fine white
bands.

Upupa, Will. Orn. 100. Sibb. Scot. 16. Linn. Syst. L 184. Penn. Brit.

Zool. 1. 257. Temm. Orn. L 415 — W, Y Goppog — A rare summer

visitant.
Length 12J, breadth 19 inches ; weight 3 ounces. Bill black, reddish to-
wards the base; the tongue small, triangular and acute. Irides umber-
brown. Back pale brocoli-brown, tinged with grey, and with black and white
bands at the lower part. Tad black, with a V-shaped mark of white. Be-
neath white. Crest, 2 inches long, of two rows of produced feathers, above
20 in number, orange-brown, tipped with black, and of unequal length, which
it erects upon being alarmed. Female with a smaller crest — Nest in the
holes of decayed trees or wads, of grass lined with feathers. Eggs fine grey-
ish-white, spotted with brown This species has been found occasionally from

Orknev (Wallace's Ork. 48.) to Devonshire (Mont. Orn. Diet.), and has even
attempted to breed. It is frequent in France and Germany, as a summer vi-
sitant.

Gen. LIV. ALCEDO. KingVfisher.— Bill straight, an-
gular, pointed. Tarsus short.

>

90 BIRDS. SCANSORES. Cuculus.

120. A. Ispida. Common KingVfisher. — Under and be-
hind the eye a brown band ending at the side of the nape in
white.

Ispida, Will. Orn. 101. Sibb. Scott. 16 — A. Isp. Linn. Syst. i. 17'J.

Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 246. Temm. Orn. i. 423 W, Glas y dorian

Not common.

Length 7, breadth 11 inches; weight 1^ ounce. Bill blackish-brown;
tongue short, broad and pointed ; mouth orange. Plumage, above, bluish-
green, marked on the head and shoulders with azure blue, the last colour
uniform on the back and rump. Chin white, beneath orange-brown. Qudls
23, the third the longest. Tail short, of 1 2 feathers. Female more tinged
with green — Nest in holes in clay banks, of pellets of ejected fish-bones.

Eggs 6, transparent pink-white. Food consisting of small fishes This bird

frequents clear gravelly rivers, edged with willows and alders.

As a straggler, the following species merits a place.

Merops Apiaster. Bee-eater An individual was shot at Mattishall in

Norfolk, a notice of which was communicated to the Linnean Societ}r, 2d
July 171M, by the Rev. George Smith: " A flight of about twenty was seen
in June, and the same flight, probably (much diminished in numbers), was
observed passing over the same spot in October following." Linn. Trans. 111.
333. Sowerby's Brit. Misc. Tab. lxix.

SCANSORES.

I. Gape wide ; tongue short.
Cuculus.

II. Gape narrow ; tongue long.

Picus.
Yunx.

Gen. LV. CUCULUS. Cuckoo.— Bill slightly arched. Nos-
trils round, margined by a naked prominent membrane.

1531. C. canorus. Common Cuckoo. — Back, breast, neck,
and head deep bluish-grey ; belly, thighs, and under tail-co-
vers white, with transverse black bars.

Will. Orn. 62. Sibb. Scott. 15. Linn. Syst. i. 168. Perm. Brit. Zool. i.

232. Temm. Orn. i. 381.— S, Gowk ; W, Cog; G, Cuthag, Cuach

A summer visitant.
Length 14, breadth 25 inches ; weight 5 ounces. Bill blackish-brown,
yellowish at the base ; inside of the mouth orange-red. Irides and feet yellow.
Nostrils round, open and prominent. Plumage deep bluish-grey, the belly white
with transverse black bars. Inner webs of the quill-feathers with oval white
spots. Tail of 10 feathers, of unequal length, the two middle ones black, tip-
ped with white; the others, black with white spots. Female like the male. — Nest
seldom constructed by the cuckoo itself, the eggs being generally dropped, se-
parately, into the nests of the hedge-sparrow, wagtail, titlark, yellow-ham-
mer, greenfinch, or whinchat, in the temporary absence of their owners. In
some cases, however, it appears that the cuckoo constructs its own nest.
Thus, in a manuscript of Derham's on Instinct, communicated by Pennant

Picus. BIRDS. SCAN SORES. 91

to Barrington, it is stated, that k' The Bev. J\Ir Stafford was walking in
Glossopdale, in the Peak of Derbyshire, and saw a cuckoo rise from its nest,
which Avas on the stump of a tree, that had been some time felled, so as much
to resemble the colour of the bird. In this nest were two young cuckoos,
one of which he fastened to the ground, by means of a peg and line, and
very frequently, for many days, beheld the old cuckoo feed there her young
ones.'"— Phil. Trans. 1772, 299. The egg, which varies in colour and mark-
ings, is deposited in the nest of the dupe dame, after she has laid one or two
eggs. When the young cuckoo is hatched, it becomes restless, and ceases
not until it has ejected from the nest the eggs or young of its foster-parent.
It is fed by the dupe with maternal care, until able to provide for itself.
(See Jenner, Phil. Trans. 1788, p. 219.) When in a young state, the irides
are liver-brown, the plumage brown with dark spots ; the feathers on the
forehead margined with white ; beneath, yellowish-white, with transverse
black bars. In this state, or before acquiring the plumage of maturity, it
has been termed Cuculus hepalicus. — The food of the cuckoo consists of insects,
especially caterpillars, both smooth and hairy. It arrives in April. The old
ones depart in the beginning of July, and the young, hatched at or before
that period, seem to leave us in succession.

Gen. LVI. PICUS. Woodpecker. — Bill long, straight,

angular and compressed ; nostrils covered by deflected

bristles ; the first quill short ; the tail-feathers stiff ^and
pointed.

12£. P. viridis. Green Woodpecker. — Plumage, above,
green ; beneath, grey ; the crown red.

Will. Orn. 93. Sibb. Scot. 15. Linn. Syst. i. 175. Penm Brit. Zool. i.
240. Temm. Orn. i. 391 — E, Itain-fowl, High-hoo, Hew-hole, Awl-
bird, Yappingall, Yaffer, Popinjay ; IV, Cnocell y coed, Delor y drew ;
G, Lasair choille — In wooded districts.

Length 13|, breadth 21^ inches; weight 7 ounces. Bill black; irides
grey ; feet greenish. Feathers at the base of the bill, and around the eves
black. Lower part of the back and rump gamboge-yellow. Quills 19, barred
with dusky black and yellowish-grey. Tail-feathers 10, with green and
brown bars. Female, with less red on the head and black round the eyes,
and the mustaches (which in the male are red) are black. — Nest in the hoies
of trees. Eggs 5, bluish-white. Young with little red on the head, the
plumage inclining to grey, with spots of that colour on the back. The mu-
staches are spotted with black and white.

123. P. major. Greater spotted Woodpecker. — Plumage,
above, black ,- scapulars, and beneath, white.

Will. Orn. 94. Linn. Syst. i. 176. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 243. Temm.
Orn. i. 395 — E, Whitwall ; IV, Delor fraith — In wooded districts.
Length 9i, breadth 12 inches; weight 3 ounces. Bill black ; irides red;
feet dark grey. Front grey, crown black, the nape crimson. Cheeks and
ear-covers white. A black stripe from the gape to the nape, with a branch
descending on the neck. A white patch on each side of the hind neck. Quills
20, black, with white spots. Tail-feathers 10, the four middle ones black, the
rest white with black spots. Vent crimson. The female wants the red on
the nape. — Nest, a hole in a decayed tree. Eggs 5, bluish-white. The young
have the front grey, the crown red, and the nape black ; the plumage above
with a brownish tinge, and beneath with black dots. In this state it is the

92 BIRDS. SCANSORES. Yunx.

Middle-spotted Woodpecker of British writers.— The jarring noise made by the
woodpeckers, especially during the breeding season, is produced by repeated
strokes of the bill on the dead branch of a tree.

124. P. minor. Lesser-spotted Woodpecker. — Upper part

of the back and rump black ; the middle and scapulars white

and black; beneath greyish white.

Will Orn. 94. Sibb. Scot. 15. Linn. Syst. i. 176. Perm. Brit. Zool. i.
245. Temm, Orn. i. 399.— E, Hickwall, Crank-bird; W, Delor fraith
beiaf. — Frequents the south and west of England.

Length 6, breadth 12 inches ; weight not an ounce. Bill and legs grey ;
irides red. Front grey, crown red, nape and stripe over the eye black. The
cheeks and sides of the neck white. From the gape a stripe of black de-
scends to the shoulders. Quills and tail-feathers black, with white spots.

Female destitute of the red on the crown, its place supplied with white Nest

in trees. Eggs 5, purplish-white — Sibbald records this species, probably by
mistake, as Scottish.

STBAGGLERS.

1. P. martins. Great Black Woodpecker. — In this species, which is 18 in-
ches long, and 29 broad, and upwards of 10 ounces in weight, the plumage is
black, with the exception of the crown, which is of a bright red. Quills 19 ;
tail-feathers 10. This bird was unknown to Willoughby as a British species.
Dr Pulteney, in his Catalogue of the Birds of Dorsetshire, says, " Shot in
the nursery garden at Blandford ; also at Whitchurch, and other places in
Dorsetshire," p. 6. Montagu, in his Supplement to the Orn. Diet., adds,
" Lord Stanley assures us, that he shot a Picus martius in Lancashire ; and
we have heard that another was shot in the winter of 1805, on the trunk of
an old willow tree in Battersea Fields." There is no evidence, however, of
its breeding here, or even performing annual visits.

2. P. villosus. Hairy Woodpecker — In this species, which is nearly 9 in-
ches long, and about 2 ounces in weight, the plumage, above, is black, with
a white stripe of hair-like feathers down the middle of the back, The nape
has a red band, and there are two white stripes on each side of the head.
This bird is a native of North America. " Dr Latham mentions having
seen a pair in the collection of the Dutchess of Portland, which were shot
near Halifax in Yorkshire."— Montagu.

Gen. LVII. YUNX. Wryneck. — Bill conical, depressed;
nostrils naked. The first quill nearly equal to the second.
Tail-feathers 10, soft and flexible.

125. Y. torquilla. Common Wryneck. — Plumage, above,
yellowish-grey, mottled with brown specks and arrow-shaped
black bands, with a black mesial stripe.

Will. Orn. 95. Linn. Syst. i. 172. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 237. Temm.
Orn. i. 403 — E, Long-tongue, Emmet Hunter; W, Gwas y gog,
Gwddfro — A regular summer visitant.

Length 74, breadth 11 inches; weight an ounce. Bill and legs yellowish-
brown. Irides hazel. Chin and throat yellowish-white. On each side of
the breast a patch of wood-brown. Breast and belly white, with arrow-
shaped black spots. Quills 19. Tail long, rounded. Female like the male

Nest in the hole of a tree. Eggs 10, white. — This bird arrives a few days
previous to the cuckoo. It is frequent in the southern and eastern counties

2

BIRDS. GRALLiE. 93

of England, but rare in the northern ones. Mr Selby has traced it as far as
Morpeth in Northumberland. Pennant inserted it in his list of Scottish
Birds prefixed to Lightfoot's Flora Scotica, without mentioning a habitat.
Dr Burgess, however, enumerates it among the birds of Kirkmichael (St. Ac.
vol. L)

GRALLiE. Waders.

I. Cultrirostres. Bill strong and sharp-edged.

Ardea.

II. Pressirostres. BUI feeble, the edges more or less rounded.

a. Tetradactyke. With a hind-toe.

b. Toes remarkably long and flattened below. Sternum narrow.
Wings short. Macrodactyl.e.

c. Front covered.
Ballus.
Ortygometra.

cc. Front with a naked stripe.
Gallinula.
Fulica.

bb. Toes of moderate length.

c. Toes with a developed membrane.

d. Membrane scalloped.
Phalaropus.
Lobipes.

dd. Membrane continuous.
Recurvirostra.

cc. Membrane wanting, or abbreviated.

d. Bill longer than the head.

e. Bill arched, deflected.
Numenius.

ee. Bill nearlv straight.

» CD

f. bill slender, produced.

ff. Nasal groove short, the extremity of the
bill solid.
Totanus.

gg. Nasal groove reaching nearlv to the end
of the bill.
h. Mandible with a dorsal groove.
Scolopax.

hJi. Mandible destitute of a dorsal groove.
Limosa.
Tringa.

ff. Bill conical, short.
Strepsilas.

dd. Bill shorter than the head.
Vanellus.
Squaterola.

94 BIRDS. GRALLJE.

aa. Tridactyhu.

b. Bill slender.
Calidris.

bb. Bill strong.

c. Bill compressed.

d. Bill swollen at the end.
Charadrius.
Oidicnemus.

dd. Bill wedged shaped.
Hsematopus.

cc. Bill vaulted.
Otis.

In no department of British Ornithology does there exist so
much confusion as among the Grallag, in reference to native
species. Numerous stragglers, both from America and Europe,
have been enrolled in our systematical catalogues as British
subjects. Several species, which were formerly natives, but
which, by the influence of civilization, have been reduced to
the rank of stragglers, still maintain their place as citizens, as if
their geographical distribution had experienced no check. It
is surely time to reduce these redundancies, and exhibit our list
of native birds freed as much as possible from foreigners. Un-
der the influence of these feelings, I judge it unnecessary to de-
scribe formally the two following species.

1. Glareola torquata. Austrian Pratincole. (Temm. Orn. ii. 500.) — This
species, which may be readily distinguished from the other British Grallse,
by its remarkably wide mouth, has twice occurred in this country. The
first was shot near Ormskirk, in Lancashire, in 1807, and is now in the collec-
tion of Lord Stanley. The second was killed by Mr Bullock in Unst, the
most northerly of the Zetland Isles, on the 13th August 1812. — See Mont.
Orn. Diet. Suppt. and Lin. Trans, ix. 198, Bullock, Lin. Trans, xi. 177-

2. riatea Leucorodia. Common Spoonbill. {Temm. Orn. ii. 595.) — The
thin, flat, enlarged extremity of the bill, is an obvious distinguishing mark of
the species. It was first recorded by Merret, (Pinax 181.) on the authority of
Turner, as inhabiting Lincolnshire ; and by Sibbcdd, (Scot. 111. 18.) as an acci-
dental visitant of Scotland. He states (Auct. Mus. Balf. 195.) having re-
ceived it from Orkney. It has since been noticed by Pennant (Brit. Zool. ii.
634.) as migrating, in a flock, into the marshes near Yarmouth, in Norfolk, in
April 1774. — Pidteney, (Dorset Cat. 14.) records it as accidentally a visitant of
Dorsetshire. — Montagu (Orn. Diet. Supp.) mentions one shot in March, and
another in November, at King's-Bridge, Devonshire. It has likewise been
shot in Zetland.

Ardea. BIRDS. CULTRIROSTRES. 95

CULTRIROSTRES.

Gen. LVIII. ARDEA. Heron. — Gape extending as far back
as the eyes. Nasal groove reaching almost to the end of
the bill.

126. A. cincrea. Common Heron. — Plumage bluish-grey.

Middle toe with the claw much shorter than the tarsus.

Will. Orn. 203.— Slbb. Scot. 18,— Linn. Syst. i. 236 Pom. Brit. Zool. ii-

421 — Temm. Orn. ii. 567-— E, Heronshaw ; S, Craiged Heron ; W,
Cryr Glas ; £, Corra riathach ; Ar, Hegrie.— Common.

Length 3|, breadth 5i feet; weight upwards of 3 pounds. Bill nearly G
inches long, dusky ; the under yellow. I rides yellow. Legs greenish. Tar-
sus plated in front, but reticulated towards the toes. Tip of the tongue subu-
late. Crest black. Long feathers on the neck, next the breast, and on the
shoulders. Front, neck, and belly white. Sides, and stripes on the neck in
Front, black. A singular patch of concealed soft feathers on the breast. The
third feather in the wing longest. Inner web of the three first abbreviated
near the end. Tail-feathers 12 in number. Willoughby and Cuvier state
that this species has only one ccecum. I have observed two, both short. Fe-
male, when old, like the male. Gregarious in the breeding season, in heronries.
— Nest, on trees, of sticks, fined with wool. Eggs 4 cr 5, of a greenish-blue
colour, and about the size of those of a duck. The young are destitute of the
crest, and the long-feathers on the scapulars and neck. — This species feeds on
fish, and is particularly destructive to those in ponds.

127- A. stdlaris. Bittern. — Plumage yellowish-red, with black
spots and bars. The cheeks and crown black.

Will. Orn. 207 — Sibb. Scot. 18 — Linn. Syst. i. 239.— Pen. Brit. Zoo\. ii.
424.— Temm. Orn. ii. 580 ; — E, Miredrum, Dumbycoss, Butterbump ;
S, Buttour, Bogjumper, Bogblutter ; IF, Aderyii y bwnn, Bwmp v
Gors. — Near extensive fens, but not common.

Length 2i feet. Bill four inches long, brown, the lower mandible and
edge of the upper, together with the space round the eyes, and the feet, green-
ish yellow. Irides yellow. The feathers on the nape, neck, and breast lom>-
and loose. Quills and greater covers regularly barred with black. Tail shorf,
of 10 feathers. Female, less, with the plumage less bright, and the neck feath-
ers shorter. — Nest in marshes, of reeds. Eggs 5, olive-green. — Preys on fish
and reptiles. In the breeding season, makes" a loud bellowing noise. It has
disappeared from many districts where formerly it abounded, and is daily be-
coming scarcer.

STRAGGLERS.

1. A. Egretta, Temm. Orn. ii. 572. — To this species, it is probable that the
Ardca alba major of Willoughby (Orn. 205.) observed in this country by
Johnston, and termed by Merret, (Pinax 181.) a Mire Dnimble, must be re-
ferred. Montagu states, on the authority of Latham, that it has been killed
in'Cumberland, and that it has likewise been once supposed to have been seen
in Devonshire. The individuals seen in Britain appear either to have been
young birds, or old ones in moult, in which state thev are destitute of the
elongated soft feathers of the head and back.

96 BIRDS. CULTRIROSTRES. Ardea.

2. A. Garzetta. Temm. Orn. ii. 57 — This is supposed to be the species, a thou-
sand individuals of which were served up under the name of Egrittes, at the
celebrated feast of Nevil, Bishop of York, in the reign of Edward IV. It is
possible, however, that the lapwing may have been there referred to, as the
most common bird with a cr-est. On the supposition that this heron was the
bird alluded to, it will be difficult to account for the silence of Willoughby
and Ray, in regard to this species being a native of Britain. Merret (Pinax
182.) probably refers to this species, as having been sent to him from Wilton.
Pennant (Brit. Zool. ii. 631.) once received feathers from Anglesea, which he
suspected to belong to this bird.

3. A. purpurea. Temm. Orn. ii. 570. — This species, in its immature state,
is the Ardea Caspica, or African Heron, of British writers. A specimen of
this bird in the Leverian Museum, was stated to have been shot in Ashdown
Park, near Lambourn, Berks. The late Mr Montagu, in a letter dated 6th
January 1814, informed me, " I have just received from a friend a fine speci-
men of African Heron, shot in Norfolk." It must, however, be regarded as
one of our rarest stragglers.

4. A. nycticorax. Night Heron. Temm. Orn. ii. 577 A specimen shot

near London, in May 17^2, existed in the Leverian Museum, according to
Montagu, who likewise states, (Supp. Orn. Diet.) on the authority of Lord
Upper Ossory, that another was shot on the Ouse, near Ampthill, in 1791.
Bewick mentions another in the Wycliff'e Museum, from which his figure was
taken, (Brit. Birds, ii. 44.) In the immature plumage, this species is the A.
Gardeni of British writers ; in which state it was shot by Lord Kirkwall, as it
sat upon a tree, near Thame, in Oxfordshire. (Reverend Mr Dickinson, in
Linn. Trans, v. 276, and Montagu, Supp. Orn. Diet.)

5. A. ralloides. Sguacco Heron. Temm. Orn. ii. 2. 81. — This species is the
A. comuta of British writers. An individual was shot at Boyton, in Wiltshire,
by Edward Lambert, Esq. in the year 1775 (Linn. Trans, iii. 335.). Another,
according to Mr J. Youell, of Yarmouth, was taken on the 20th July 1820,
in a net, at Ormsby, in Norfolk. (Linn. Trans, xiii. 617-) The Freckled He-
ron, A. lerdiginosa, described by Montagu, in the Supplement to the Ornitho-
logical Dictionary, shot at Piddletown, Dorsetshire, by Mr Cunningham, is
probably an immature bird of this species. Lest this should not prove to be
the case, it is considered expedient to give its description in detail. Tern-
minck appears to regard it as synonimous with A. minor of Wilson's Am. Orn.
tab. 65. f. 3. and A. " The length is about 23 inches. Bill 2| inches long to
the feathers on the forehead, rather slender, and both mandibles equally turned
to form the point ; the upper part of the superior mandible dusky ; sides
and lower mandible greenish -yellow. The head is very small ; the colour
is chocolate-brown, shaded to a dull yellow at the nape, where the feathers are
much elongated ; the chin and throat white, with a row of brown feathers
down the middle ; at the base of the lower mandible, commences a black
mark that increases on the upper part of the neck, on each side, and is two
inches or more in length ; the cheeks are yellowish, with an obscure dusky
line at the corner of the eye ; the feathers on the neck are long and broad,
with their webs partly unconnected ; those in front are pale-yellow, with broad
chesnut streaks formed by each feather having one web of each colour, mar-
gined, however, with dull-yellow on the chesnut-side ; some feathers have the
dark mark in the middle, especially the lower ones : these are all loose, as in
the common bittern ; those at the bottom of the neck 4 inches long, and hang
pendant below the breast : the hind neck is bare ; and the feathers that fall
over that part are pale yellow-brown ; the feathers on the breast are also
long, and of a fine chocolate-brown, glossed with purple, and margined with
dull-yellow; belly and sides the same, but not quite so bright, the brown
marks becoming speckled ; the vent and under tail-coverts yellowish-white.
The back and scapulars are chocolate-brown, with paler margins, minutely
speckled, and glossed with a tinge of purple in some particular lights. The
covers of the wings dull-yellow"; darkest in the middle of each feather; the
margins prettily speckled"; the first and second order of quills, their greater

Ardea. BIRDS. CULTRIROSTRES. 97

coverts, and the ahdce spuria', dusky-lead colour, with a cinereous dash ; the
primaries very slightly tipped with brown ; the secondaries and the greater
coverts tipped more deeply with the same, and prettily speckled on the light
part ; the tertials correspond with the lower order of scapulars, which have
their margins chesnut, with small dusky lines and spots : the tail is short,
and in colour similar to the tertials : the wings, when closed, do not reach
to the end of the tail : the legs are 3f inches in length, from the heel to the
knee : the toes long and slender, the middle one, including the claw (which
is fths of an inch in length, and pectinated on the inner side), is as long as the
leg ; the claws are not much hooked, hut the hind one most so, and by far the
longest ; their colour dusky-brown. The colour of the legs, and bare space
above the knee (which last is about an inch), appears to have been greenish."
— Montagu.

6. A. minuta. Little Bittern. — Temm. Orn. ii. 584. — Pennant states, that
an individual of this species was shot, as it perched on a tree in the Quany
at Shrewsbury, on the banks of the Severn, (Brit. Zool. ii. 633). Another
was shot at Sanda, Orkney, 1805, by Mr Strang at Lopness. A third, as
stated by Montagu (Supp. Orn. Diet.), was shot contiguous to the river Cre-
dey, in Devonshire, in the month of May 1808.

7. A. wquinoctialis of Latham A. russata of Temminck (Orn. ii. 56G.) — A

single individual of this species, a female, was killed, according to Montagu
(Lin. Trans, ix. 197-), near Kingsbridge, Devonshire, the latter end of Octo-
ber 1805.

8. A. Cayanensis, (Latham). — A single individual of this species was taken
near the walls of the town of Yarmouth, 24th May 1824, a notice of which
was communicated to the Secretary of the Linnean Society, by Mr J. Youell.
— Linn. Trans, xiv. 588.

9. Grus cinerea. Common Crane — Merret (Pinax, 183.) notices this spe-
cies among his English animals, without a remark. Willoughby (Orn. 200.),
states, that they frequently visit this country, and that numerous flocks,
during summer, haunt the fens of Lincoln and Cambridge, but he had not evi-
dence of their breeding there. Ray, however, when referring to the same
bird, states their visits as occurring in the winter season, (Syn. A v. 95.). As
this bird breeds in more northern regions, its visits here must either be in
the course of its polar or equatorial migrations ; i. e. in spring and autumn,
or during winter — Lesley (De Origine, Moribus et Rebus gestis Scotorum,
p. 25.) speaks of cranes as common ( Grues plurimi ) in Scotland; and Sibbald
(Scot. 111.) adds, that they sometimes visit Orkney — In more modem times,
the visits of this species have been rare indeed. Pennant mentions a single
instance of an individual shot near Cambridge (Brit. Zool. ii. 629.). A small
flock appeared, during harvest, in 1807, in Ting wall, Zetland, as I was in-
formed by the Rev. John Turnbull, the worthy minister of the parish, who
added that thev fed on grain.

B*

10. Ckoniaalba. White Stork — Temm. Orn. ii. 560 Merret (Pinax, 181.),

Willoughby (Orn. 210.), and Ray (Syn. Av. 97-), agree in considering this
bird as a rare visitant of this country." Pennant takes no notice of the bird.
Montagu mentions (Supp. Orn. Diet.) one killed at Sandwich, Kent, in 1805,
and another in Hampshire, in the autumn of 1808.

11. C. nigra. Black Stork — Temm. Orn. ii. 561. — This bird has onlv
occurred once in this country, so as to come under the notice of the na-
turalist. It was secured after a slight wound, at Stoke St Gregory, Somer-
setshire, 13th May 1814, and, fortunately for science, was conveyed to Mr
Montagu. In his possession, its manners, and the progress of its moulting,
were carefully observed — Linn. Trans, xii. 19.

12. Psophia crepitans — A single example of this bird occurred in Surrey.
According to the notices communicated by Lord Stanley to Montagu, (Sup'p.

VOL. I. G

98 BIRDS. PRESSIROSTRES. Rallus.

Orn. Diet., Article Grosbeak), it was " in the habit of attending a farmer's
yard, whither it had come of itself, and associated with his poultry."

PRESSIROSTRES.

Gen. LIX. RALLUS. Rail.— Bill produced, longer than
the head, with the under mandible even at the symphysis.

128. R. aquaticus. Water-Rail. — Breast ash-coloured;
wings dusky, with the base white.

Will. Orn. 234. Linn. Syst. i. 162. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 284. Temm.
Orn. ii. 683 — E, King of the Quails, llunner, Velvet-runner, Oar-
cock, Bill-cock, Skiddy-cock, and Brook-owzel ; W, Cwtiar Station-
ary.

Length 10, breadth 16 inches ; weight 4 ounces. The bill is an inch and
three quarters long at the gape, above and tip of the lower mandible black,
the remainder of the latter and edges of the former, together with the inside
of the mouth and irides, reddish-orange. Margin of the eye-lids narrow and
greenish-black. The upper mandible is the longest, depressed at the base,
slightly wrinkled across, with the feathers forming a projecting angle on each
side. Legs dusky, bare three quarters of an inch above the knee, regularly
plated in front and reticulated behind. The toes are slightly webbed at the
base of the two external ones, and plated above. Plumage, above, black, each
feather broadly bordered with olive-brown. The tips of the shafts of the
front feathers are destitute of webs and are even a little swollen and spinous,
as in the Corncrake. The chin, a spot under each eye, and the lores grey-
ish-white. The throat, neck, and breast bluish-grey, belly orange-white;
the sides black, barred with white, the tips orange. Wings dusky, the mar-
gin white, the outer webs of the quills narrow, the inner broad ; the first
short, the second and third longest. Tail of 12 feathers, dusky, with olive
margins. The female has a shorter bill, and is paler in the colour. — Nest of

grass, among aquatic plants. Eggs 6, white. Young like the female Food

worms, slugs, insects, and snails. Runs nimbly, flirts up its tail, exhibiting
the white under-covers — Does not migrate.

Gen. LX. ORTYGOMETRA. Crake.— Bill conical,
shorter than the head, with the under mandible forming
an angle at the symphysis.

129- O. crex. Corncrake. — Cheeks cinereous, wing-covers

reddish-chesnut.

Will. Orn. 122. Sibb. Scot. 16 — Rallus crex, Linn. Syst. 261 Crake

Gallinule, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 487 Gallinula crex, Temm. Orn. ii.

686. — jB, Daker-hen, Bean-Crake ; S, Corn-crake ; W, Rhegen yr yd;
G, Gearradhgort, Treun re treun.— A common summer visitant.

Length 11, breadth 19 inches; weight 7 ounces. Bill one inch in the gape.
Upper mandible rounded above, compressed at the sides towards the base.
Irides brown ; the margin of the eyelids greenish-black. Legs brownish,
plated before and behind, reticulated on the sides. Plumage, above, blackish-
brown, each feather with a broad yellowish-brown margin. The first quill
short, the second and third nearly of equal length. Tail of 12 feathers. The

Gallinula. BIRDS. PRESSIROSTRES. 99

female like the male— Nest in fields, of dry plants. Eggs 14, of a dull white,
with rust-coloured spots. Young with colours less vivid, and the plumage

mixed with white spots This species lives in dry places, and its muscular

gizzard intimates its granivorous habits. It arrives in the end of April, and
departs in October. It abounds in Orkney.

Gex. LXI. GALLINULA. Gallinule.— Toes bordered
by a simple membrane.

130. G. chloropus: Common Gallinule or Water-Hen. —
Plumage, above, dark oiive-brown ; beneath, dark bluish-grey ;
edges of the wings and vent white:

Will. Orn. 223. Sibb. Scot. 1!) Fulica chloropus, Linn. Syst. i. 258 —

Common Gallinule, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 489. Tenon. Orn. ii. 693 —
E, Moor-Hen, Marsh-Hen, Cuddy; S, Stank-Hen; W, Dwfriar —
Common near lakes and marshes.
Length 14, breadth 22 inches ; weight 15 ounces. Bill red at the base,
greenish towards the tip. I rides reddish-hazel. Legs and toes dusky-green,
with a red garter above the knee. On the sides, a few white feathers. Fe-
male less, and the red on the bill not so conspicuous. In both, this colour
fades after the breeding-season — Nest of flags, on the stump of a tree, near
water. Eggs 5 to 10, light yellowish-brown, with rusty spots.

131. G. Porzona. Spotted Gallinule. — Plumage, above,
olive-brown, with dusky streaks and white spots ; beneath, cine-
reous-olive with white spots.

Rallus Porzona, Linn. Syst. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 486 — Gal. Por. Temm.
Orn. ii. 688 A summer visitant.

Length 9 inches ; weight 4 ounces. Bill green, base orange-red. Irides
hazel. Legs green. The front, throat and cheeks cinereous, the latter with
black streaks. Middle feathers of the tail edged with white ; the under co-
vers white. Female with brown spots on the sides of the neck Nest of

rushes, in marshes. Eggs 7 to 12, yellowish-red, with brown and grey dots
and spots. Young smaller in size, less spotted — Nowhere abundant, but
probably often overlooked in consequence of its shy habits.

STRAGGLERS.

1. G. pusilla, Temm. Orn. ii. 690. — This species is about 7 inches long;
the wings reach to the extremity of the tail; bill and feet bright green;
back black with white streaks. This species was first recorded by Montagu,
in his Supplement to the Orn. Diet., under the title, Little Gallinule. One
specimen was killed at Ashburton, in Devonshire, in 1809. Mr Fothergill
likewise states (Linn. Trans, xiv. 583.), that another was shot on 6th May
1807, by John Humphrey, Esq. of Wensley, on the banks of the Yore.

2. G. Foljambei. Olivaceous Gallinule. — Length about 7 inches; wings
reaching to half the length of the tail ; bill deep green ; legs flesh-coloured.
Back and wings with white spots. This species was recorded by Montagu,
in his Supplement, with the above trivial name, given in honour of Mr Fol-
jambe, who detected it in a poulterer's shop, to which it had been brought
from Norfolk, in May 1812. Temminck, seven years after, named it, in
honour of M. Ballon, G. Buillonu, (Orn. ii. 692.). A second specimen occurred
to Mr Plasted at Chelsea, at the same time as the one saved to science by
Mr Foljambe.

G 2

100 BIRDS. PRESSIROSTRES. Fulica

Gen. LXII. FULICA. Coot.— Toes bordered by a seal-
loped membrane.

132. F. atra. Common Coot. — Head and neck black ; back

black, tinged with cinereous ; beneath paler.

Will. Orn. 239. Sibb. Scot. 20. Linn. Syst. ii. 257. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii,

494. Temm. Orn. ii. 70G— E, Bald Coot ; W, Sar ddwfr foel In

fresh-water lakes, common.

Length 1 8, breadth 28 inches ; weight 24 to 30 ounces. Bill flesh-co-
loured. Irides red. Legs greenish, the garter yellow. Tail of 12 feathers.
Female with the frontal plate less — Nest of flags, on the margins of lakes.
Eggs 6 to 14, white, tinged and spotted with brown. Young with the frontal
plate small, and the plumage beneath tinged with brown — This species,
though well fitted for swimming, is, according to the observations of Mr
Youell (Lin. Trans, xiv. 588.), equally qualified to walk steadily, and ascends
trees readily. It picks up grain quicker than domestic poultry.

Gen. LXIII. PHALAROPUS. Phalarope.— Bill slender,,
depressed and dilated at the extremity.

133. P. lobatus. Grey Phalarope. — Plumage, above, black-
ish-brown, the feathers bordered with orange-red ; beneath
brick-red.

Grey coot-footed Tringa, Edwards, Phil. Trans, iv. 255 — Tringa lobata,.

Linn. Syst. i. 249 Grey Phal. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 491 Phal. pla-

tyrhinchus, Temm. Orn. ii. 712 A rare winter visitant.

Length 7t?» breadth 1CT23 inches; weight 1| ounce. Bill brown, yellow-
ish towards trie base ; feet greenish-grey ; irides reddish-yellow. A yellow
band above the eyes. Wing-covers black, with white tips. A white band
across the wings. Rump white, with black spots. Female larger, the front,

nape and ci'own sooty black, the eye-band pure white Nest unknown.

Young with a black horse-shoe mark on the nape ; the plumage, above, cine-
reous-brown with yellow margins ; beneath white. In winter, the old birds
resemble in plumage the young — This bird seems to breed in the Arctic Re-
gions. Captain Sabine states, that a flock of them was seen swimming among
icebergs on the 10th June, on the west coast of Greenland, in Lat. t»8°, — Linn.
Trans, xii. 53(1. ; and he afterwards states, that they are abundant during the
summer months on the North Georgian Islands, — Parry's 1st Voyage, App. cci.

Gen. LXIV. LOBIPES. Cootfoot.— Bill slender, straight,
depressed at the base, subulate at the tip.

134. L. Tiyperboreus. Red Coot-foot. — Crown, nape, over
the eye and sides of the breast deep ash-grey ; sides and front
of the neck reddish-brown.

Larus fidipes, Will. Orn. 270 — Tringa hyp. Linn. Syst. i. 249.— Red
Phalarope, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 492.— Phalaropus Williamsi, Sim-

monds, Lin. Trans, viii. 264 Phalaropus hyp. Sowerby, Brit. Mis.

Tab. x. Temm. Orn. ii. 709 — Breeds in Orkney.
Length 8, breadth 14 inches. Bill black, slightly deflected at the extre-
mity. Feet greenish-grey. Irides brown. Plumage, above, black, bordered

Recurvirostra. BIRDS. PRESSIROSTRES. 101

with ferruginous. A white band across the wings and the two middle tail-
feathers. Beneath white, with cinereous spots on the flanks. Female has
the reddish colour mixed with cinereous — Nest of grass, on the margin of
lakes. Eggs olive, with crowded black spots. The young have the plumage,
above, brownish-black, the feathers on the back with a reddish margin ; be-
neath greyish- white, with a tinge of yellow on the neck. The old birds in
winter are said to resemble the young. This species breeds in several small
lakes in Orkney, where it is called Water-Snipe. It is rare in other districts,
and usually appears only as a winter visitant.

Gen. LXV. RECURVIROSTRA. Avoset.— Bill recur-
ved ; connecting membrane of the toes reaching nearly to
the extremity.

135. R. Avoceita. Scooping Avoset. — Crown, hind neck,

back and quills black ; rest of the plumage white.

Will. Orn. 240. Linn. Syst. i. 250. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 504. Temm.
Orn. ii. 590 — i?, Butterrlip, Scooper, Yelper, Picarini, Crooked-belly,
Cobler's-awl ; W, Pig mynawd — llesident in England, a straggler in
Scotland.

Length 18, breadth 30 inches; weight 13 ounces. Bill black, slender,
flexible. Legs bluish-grey. Irides reddish-brown. Outer scapulars and
middle covers of the wings black ; ridge of the wings and greater covers
white. Female similar — Nest in a small hole on the drier parts of exten-
sive marshes. Eggs 2, olive-grey, with black spots. In the young, the black

has a brownish tinge, and the scapular feathers have a reddish border After

the breeding. season, this bird retires from the fens, and assembles in flocks of
six or seven, frequenting the sea- shore during the winter season.

Gen. LXVI. NUMENIUS. Curlew.— Face feathered.
Nasal groove extending three-fourths of the length of the
bill. Nostrils linear. Hind toe touching the earth. The

first quill longest.

&

136. N.a?~quata. Common Curlew. — Plumage greyish- white,
with brown streaks : scapulars black, with brown margins.

Will. Orn. 216. Sibb. Scot. 18 — Scolopax arq. Linn. Syst. i. 242. Penn.
Brit. Zool. ii. 429.— Num. arq. Temm. Orn. ii. 603 — S, Whaap, Stock
Whaap; W, Gylfmhir — Common.

Length 24, breadth 42 inches ; weight 37 ounces. Bill black, 6 or 7 inches
long. Legs lead-coloured. Breast, belly and rump white, with oblong
dusky spots and bars. Tail of 12 feathers, grey, with brown bands. Female
with more grey and legs brown — Nest in unfrequented heaths and marshes,
of dried stalks. Eggs 5, olive, with brown spots. Young leave the nest up-
on being hatched : have the bill short, and the plumage like the female

The curlew soon leaves the breeding-ground, and, during the winter season,
frequents the sea-shore, and damp grounds in the neighbourhood.

137. N. Pheopus. Whimbrel Curlew. — Plumage greyish-
white, with brown streaks; scapulars brown, with pale edges;
longitudinal brown band on each side of the crown.

Arquata minor, Will. Orn — Scol. Pheop. Linn. Syst. i. 243. Penn. Brit.

102 BIRDS. PRESSIROSTRES. Totanus.

Zool. ii. 430 — N. Pheop. Temm. Orn. ii. tl(>4 — E, Curlew Knot, Curlew
Jack, Half Curlew ; W, Coeg ylfinhir — Breeds in Zetland.

Length 18, breadth 33 inches; weight 14 ounces. Bill 3 J inches long,
dusky, tinged with red at the base : feet greyish. In general aspect and plu-
mage bearing a near resemblance to the Curlew. Female like the male. — Nest
in exposed heaths in Zetland (where the bird is called Tang-whaap). Eggs 4
or 5. After the breeding-season, this bird nearly disappears from the northern
islands, but frequents, during winter, the English shores, associating in small
flocks.

STltACCiLERS.

Ibis faldnellus. Glossy Ibis Temm. Orn. ii. 5UG This bird, readily

distinguished from the Curlews by the naked face, has occurred, as a strag-
gler, repeatedly, in England. Montagu, in his Supplement, records seve-
ral instances, and states it as his opinion, in which he is followed by Tern-
minck, that the Bay Ibis (Tantalus Faldnellus, Sowerby's Brit. Misc. tab.
xvii.), the Glossy Ibis (T. ignevs, including T. guaraunaj, and the Green
Ibis (T. viridis), are merely different states of plumage, depending on
age, of the same species, — the Green Ibis being the young bird. " The Ibis
is adopted as part of the arms of the Town of Liverpool, and formerly, if
not at present, stood conspicuous on the Guildhall in truly golden array.
This is termed the Liver, from which that flourishing town derived its name,
and is now standing on the spot where the Foul was, on the verge of which
the Liver was killed." — Montagu.

Gen. LXVII. TOTANUS— Bill soft at the base, firm,
with cutting edges towards the point. Upper mandible a
little inflected over the under. Legs long, slender. The
first quill longest.

138. T.fuscus. — Base of the lowest mandible and feet red ;

rump white ; tail-covers with cross black and white rays.

Cambridge God wit, Penu. Brit. Zool. ii. 44G Spotted Snipe, Mont. Orn.

Diet, and Suppl — Totanus fuscus, Temm. Orn. ii. 6'3'J. — On the coast
during winter.

Length 12, breadth 22 inches; weight 5 ounces. Bill upwards of 2 inches
in length, black, the base of the lower mandible and the feet red. Face and
plumage above, dusky ; back, wing-covers and scapulars with white spots ;
beneath, dusky tinged with grey, the tips of the feathers white. In winter,
the plumage, above, has a greyish tinge; below, white: lores dusky. — Young
birds have the plumage with a tinge of olive-brown ; scapulars and wing co-
vers with triangular black spots : belly whitish, with zig-zag lines and spots
of brownish-ash.

139. T. calidris. Redshank. — Base of both mandibles red;
distal half of the secondaries white.

Gallina erythropus, Will. Orn. 221. Sibb. Scot. 19 — Scolopax calidris,
Linn. Syst. i. 245. Perm. Brit. Zool. ii. 446". — Tot. cal. Temm. Orn. ii.
643 — Resident.
Length 12, breadth 21 inches ; weight 5 ounces. Bill 2 inches long, black
at the point, the base, together with the feet, red. Irides chesnut. Lores
■white. Above, greyish olive-brown, with longitudinal black rays ; on the sca-
pulars there are a few transverse black rays. Rump white. Sides of the neck
and beneath white, with a longitudinal black spot on the centre of each feather.

Totanus. BIRDS. PRESSIROSTRES. 103

Quills 26, the first five dusky, the remainder increasing in whiteness from
the tip. Tail feathers 12, rayed with black and white. The first and second

toes webbed to the first joint, the second and third slightly webbed In the

winter dress, the plumage, above, is cinereous-brown, with dusky spots ; throat

and breast greyish-white, with fine brown streaks ; belly pure white Nest of

coarse grass, upon hillocks in boggy places. Eggs 4, olive-brown, spotted
with black. The young have the plumage, above, brown, with yellow margins.
Breast cinereous, with narrow brown streaks. Tips of the tail-feathers red-
dish. Base of the bill yellowish. The Redshank leaves the marshes after
the breeding-season, and leads a solitary life on the sea-shore during winter.
— The difference in plumage between this species and the Red-legged Sand-
piper of Bewick (Brit. Birds, ii. 113.), which Montagu terms T. Beivickii, is
so very inconsiderable, as to lead to the conclusion that they are identical.

140. T. cchropus. Green Sandpiper. — All the tail feathers
white one-third from the base ; the two or three exterior ones
entirely white, or with only a spot near the end.

Tringa Aldrovandi, Will. Orn. 222 Tr. ochropus Linn. Syst. i. 250.

Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 463 — Tringa glareola, Markwick, Linn. Trans, i.
128. and ii. 325 — Tot. och. Temm. Orn. ii. 651 In England from Au-
gust to April, frequenting pools and streams.
Length 10 inches; weight 3\ ounces. Bill an inch and a half long, dusky,
tinged with green at the base. Legs dusky green ; the outer and middle toes
united at the base by a membrane. Lores with a brown and white band.
Irides hazel. Quills 24, dusky : the under wing-covers dusky, with white
V-like markings. Upper tail-covers, and beneath, white ; the neck and breast
with fine brown spots. Tail of 12 feathers, even at the tip, white, with the
two middle feathers crossed with 3 or 4 black bands which diminish in num-
ber towards the lateral feathers. In winter, the plumage is paler, and the
spots on the breast less distinct — Nest in the sand or grass on the margin
of lakes or streams. Eggs 3-5, greenish, with brown spots. The young have
yellow dots on the back, the nape cinereous, the breast more spotted, and
the black on the tail more extended. Is not known to breed in this country.

141. T. Glareola. Wood Sandpiper. — Tail, to the base, bar-
red with brown and white.

Mont. Orn. Diet, and Suppl — Tot. glar. Temm. Orn. ii. 654 A winter

visitant of England.

Length 9 inches; weight 2\ ounces. Bill 1| inches long, black, greenish
at the base. Legs greenish, slender, 3 inches long from the knee to the tip
of the middle toe, and the base of feathers one inch above the knee ; the outer
toe connected at the base by a membrane. Irides dusky. Lores dusky,
above white. Plumage above, brown, with whitish streaks. Throat, belly,
and both tail-covers, white. Breast white, with longitudinal streaks of deep
brown. Quills black, slightly tipped with white, except the first three or
four : shaft of the first quill white ; under covers destitute of the V-like
marks. Tail cuneiform, of 12 feathers. The two or three outer feathers
have the inner web white. In winter, the plumage is less distinctly marked.
— Nest in marshes. Eggs 4, yellowish, with brown spots ? Young, with the
plumage above having numerous red dots ; breast waved with grey, and spot-
ted with brown — The several instances of the occurrence of this bird record-
ed by Montagu, in his Supplement, indicate it as a winter visitant.

142. T. macularki. Spotted Sandpiper. — Plumage, below,
marked with large rounded spots ; the two middle tail-feathers
plain.

10* BIRDS. riiESSIUOSTRES. Totanits.

Spotted Sandpiper, Penu. Brit. Zool. ii. 463. Bewick, Brit. Birds, ii. 1 1 1.
Tot. mac. Temm. Orn. ii. 656 — A rare winter visitant. Probably only
a straggler.

Length 8 inches. Bill black, reddish towards the base. Feet flesh-colour-
ed. Irides brown. Lores brown, with a white stripe above. Plumage, above,
greyish-brown, with a tinge of olive, with streaks of black on the head and
neck, and triangular black spots on the back in zig-zag bars. Below white, the
ends of each feather having a rounded black spot : these marks are produced
on the belly. Quills dusky, the secondaries tipped with white. Hump plain.
Tail-feathers, in the middle, greenish-brown, the side ones white, with dusky
bars and dark tips — So rare is this bird in England, that Edwards and Be-
wick only have succeeded in procuring it. Its history is still involved in much
obscurity.

143. T. Hypoleucos. Common Sandpiper. — Plumage, be-
neath, uniformly white ; the four middle tail-feathers plain.

Tringa minor, Will. Orn. 223 Tr. Hyp. Linn. Svst. i. 250. Penn. Brit.

Zool. ii. 470 — Tot. Hyp. Temm. Orn. ii. 657-— W, Pibydd y tracth ;
S, Killileepie Breeds on the margin of streams. Common.

Length 8, breadth 16 inches ; weight 2 ounces. Bill 1 \ inches long, dusky.
Legs dusky with a tinge of green ; toes flat below, slightly margined, webbed
at the base of the first joint. Irides hazel. Plumage, above, bi"*wn, glossed
with olive, with a black streak in the middle of each feather ; the wing-covers
with minute undulated lines. A white spot above the eyes. Neck with
brown streaks. Quills dusky ; the first plain ; the second and nine following
with a M'hite spot on the inner web ; the rest with a white band across both
webs. Tail fan-shaped, the four middle feathers like the back, slightly cloud-
ed ; the four on each side tipped with white, and spotted on the webs Nest

of dry leaves, under a bank. Eggs 5, dirty white, marked with numerous
dusky and cinereous spots, chiefly at the larger end. Young with the margin
of the feathers on the back reddish — This species, as a summer visitant, is
extensively distributed on the margins of rivers and lakes during summer.
It breed as far to the northward as Caithness, but seems to be wanting in
Orkney.

144. T. Glottis. Greenshank. — Bill strong, slightly recur-
ved, compressed at the base, higher than broad ; under wing-
covers with brown rays ; feet green.

Pluvialis major, Will. Orn. 220 — Scolopax glottis, Linn. Syst. i. 245.

Pe?m. Brit. Zool. ii. 445 Tot. Glot. Temm. Orn. ii. 659. — A winter

visitant.

Length 14, breadth 24 inches ; weight 6 oz. Bill 1\ inches long, dusky;
legs slender, green. Irides hazel. Plumage, above, brownish-black, on the
head marked with black and white rays ; a white circle round the eyes ; back
and scapulars deep black, the former with white edges, the latter with white
spots. Beneath white, with oval spots on the breast. Wing-covers reddish -ash,
with black stripes. Quills 26, dusky, inner webs spotted with white. Under
covers with brown rays. Tail white, the two middle feathers cinereous, with
brownish bands. Lower part of the back and rump white. In winter, the

spots on the breast are indistinct, and the back has a brownish tinge Nest

unknown Frequents the sea-coast in small flocks.

Montagu (Suppl. Orn. Diet.) has offered a conjecture, which appears very
probable, that the Cinereous Godwit of Pennant (Brit. Zool. ii. 444.), the Sco-
lopax canescens of Gmelin, is merely a variety of the Greenshank. Pennant
says, " The bill was two inches and a half long. The head, neck, and back
variegated with ash colour and white: the tail slightly barred with cinereous.
The throat and breast white; the last marked with a few ash-coloured spots.
The legs long, slender, and ash-colourcd. This was about the size of my

Scolopax. BIRDS. PRESSIROSTRES. 105

Greenshank : approaches it nearly in colours ; but the hill was so much thicker,
as to form a specific distinction.'" Montagu adds (Suppl. Orn. Diet.), " One
of these birds in the late unfortunate Leverian Museum was marked Grey
Godwit. It appeared to be rather smaller than the Common Godwit, the bill
and legs rather shorter, and more slender ; the tail barred dusky and white
nearly to the base : the rump white, with a few spots : the back and scapu-
lars pale brown, with grey borders."

It is not improbable' that the Black Sandpiper of Pennant (ii. 2C4.) is merely
the Greenshank in its winter dress.

Gen. LXVIII. SCOLOPAX. Snipe.— Bill straight, soft,
and swollen near the end, and in drying becomes like sha-
grin. Tip of the upper mandible enlarged beneath for the
reception of the extremity of the lower.

a. Tibia feathered even to the knee. Woodcocks.

145. S. Rusticola. Woodcock. — Crown cinereous; nape with

transverse black bars.

Will. Orn. 213. Sibb. Scot. 18. Linn. Syst. i. 243. Penn. Brit. ZooL

ii. 433. Temm. Orn. ii. G73 W, Cyfi'ylog; G, Coilleach coille — A

regular winter visitant.

Length 14, breadth 20 inches; 12 ounces. Bill 3 inches long, livid, dark at
the tip. Legs livid. Irides hazel. Lores black. Plumage, above, variegated
with red, yellow, cinereous and black. Beneath, yellowish-white, with cross-
waved brown bars. Quills 23, black, with transverse reddish bars. Tail of
12 feathers, black, tipped with grey above and white below. Female larger,
with white spots on the wing-covers — Nest on the earth. Eggs 4, yellowish,
spotted with brown. — This species visits us about the first week of October,
arriving at night with a north-east wind ; and departs in March. A few, how-
ever, have been known to breed in this country.

b. Loiccr part of the tibia naked. Snipes.

146. S. major. Great Snipe. — Tail of 16 feathers; shaft of
the first quill white.

Penn. Brit Zool. ii. 450. Temm. Orn. ii. 675. — Bare in Britain.

Length 12 inches; weight 8 ounces. Bill 2| inches long, brown, the base
reddish. Feet greenish-grey. Crown black, divided by a band of yellowish-
white, similar to one over the eyes. Above, variegated brown and red ; the
latter colour disposed longitudinally. Beneath, reddish-white ; the belly and
sides with black bands. This species seems of rare occurrence. The follow-
ing remark by Mr Bewick, however, would lead us to believe that it is proba-
bly overlooked, and by sportsmen not distinguished as a species. " The au-
thor has seen three specimens of a large kind of snipe, called by some sports-
men, from being always found alone, The Solitary Snipe. They weighed the
same as the above mentioned (8 oz.), but differed in some slight particulars,
measuring only 12 inches in length, and from tip to tip about 19. The upper
parts of the plumage were nearly like those of the common snipe. The breast,
sides, belly, and vent, white, spotted, barred, and undulated with black. It
is not clearly ascertained whether this be a distinct species of snipe, or whe-
ther it acquires its bulk, and change of plumage, from age, and its solitary
habits from ceasing to breed." — Brit. Birds, ii. p. 07.

147. S. Sabini. — Tail feathers 12. Plumage destitute of lon-
gitudinal bands.

106 BIRDS. PRESSIROSTRES. Scolopax.

N. A. Vigors, Esq. Linn. Trans, xiv. 557- — Rare.

Length 9T3n inches. Bill 2T7S inches, brownish-black ; the upper mandible
inclining to chesnut at the base. Tarsi 1^ inches. The plumage generally is
brownish-black ; the margin of the feathers chesnut, darkest on the back. Tail-
feathers black at the base, with ferruginous bands towards the tip. The ab-
sence of white and the stripes of ferruginous yellow, so common to the other
species, serves to distinguish this new addition to the European Fauna. Two
specimens only have as yet occurred ; the one shot in Queen's County, Ire-
land, by the Reverend Charles Doyne, of Portarlington, 21st August 1822,
and now in Mr Vigors's valuable collection at Chelsea ; the other on the
banks of the Medway, near Rochester, 26th October 1824, and preserved in
the collection of Mr Dunning of Maidstone Linn. Trans, ib.

148. S. Gallinago. Common Snipe. — The tail of 14 feathers.
A dark divided stripe on the crown.

Gallinago minor, Will Orn. 214. Sibb. Scot. 18 — Scol. Gal. Linn. Svst.

i. 244. Perm. Brit. Zool. ii. 448. Temm. Orn. ii. 676 IF, Yonittan,

y Fyniar ; G, Croman loin Common near marshes.

Length 12, breadth 14 inches; weight 4 ounces- Bill upwards of 3 inches
in length, black, yellow, changing into brown towards the base. Tail dusky, with
a tinge of green. Irides dusky. Lores brownish-black. The crown similar,
but divided in the middle, and separated on each side from the lores by stripes
of yellowish-red. Neck yellowish-red, with dusky streaks. Back black, the
feathers bordered with yellowish-red, most conspicuous on the scapulars. Chin
and belly white. Quills 24, dusky ; under covers white, with black bars. In
winter the red on the plumage is paler, approaching to white. — Nest of coarse
grass on a dry spot in a marsh. Eggs 5, greenish, with brown and grey spots.
— Occasionally shifts its station after the breeding season.

149- S. Gallinula. Jack Snipe. — Tail feathers 12. A dark

undivided stripe on the crown.

Gallinago minor, Will. Orn. 214. — Scol. Gal. Linn. Syst i. 244. Pe?m>
Brit. Zool. ii. 451. Temm. Orn. ii. 678 — Not uncommon in winter.

Length 8^ inches ; weight 2 ounces. Bill an inch and a half long, like the
preceding. Legs pale greenish-dusky. Irides dusky. Lores dusky ; between
which and the crown stwpe is a pale yellowish-brown one, divided over the
eye. Cheeks yellowish-white; the ear-covers dusky. Back black, with a
strong purple gloss, edged with yellowish-red. Four stripes of yellowish-red
on the back, formed in consequence of one web being of a uniform light co-
lour. Belly white. Quills dusky. Tail dusky, freckled near the end, with
reddish-brown and white- This species is not known to breed in this coun-
try Its visits are in winter. It differs from the preceding, in being a more

solitary bird, and more difficult to rouse from its haunts.

STRAGGLER.

1. S. grisea. Brown Snipe — Temm. Orn. ii. 679.— Grey Snipe — This spe-
cies has the first and second toes united the length of the first joint, by a web.
The tail-feathers are 12 in number, with black and white bands. The crown,
neck, breast, and wing-covers, plain cinereous-brown. — This species, a native
of North America, has twice occurred in Europe ; once in Sweden, and once
in England. Montagu, in his Orn. Diet., records the latter instance. It was
shot in the beginning of October, on the coast of Devonshire. It was poor,
single, very tame, suffering the person who killed it to approach very near.
He has added, in the Supplement, a figure of the individual.

Limosa. BIRDS. PRESSIROSTRES. 107

Gen. LXIX. LIMOSA. Godwit. — Bill long, recurved,
compressed at the base, becoming depressed towards its
blunt tip. Outer toe connected by a web, at the base, with
the middle one.

150. L. cegoccpliala. Black-tailed Godwit. — Tail black, with

a white base ; the middle feathers shortest. A white spot on

the wing. Claw of the middle toe long and serrated.

Fedoa secunda, Will. Orn. 216. — Scolopax Limosa jegocephala, Linn.
Syst. i- 145,-6 — Red Godwit, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 442 — Red Godwit
and Jadreka Snipe, Mont. Orn. Diet. Suppt. — Limosa melanura, Temm.
Orn. ii. 665 — A rare winter visitant.

Length 18 inches; weight 12 ounces. Bill 3 i inches long, dusky at the
point, orange at the base. Legs black. Irides hazel. Lores brown, above
which is a whitish-red stripe. The crown black ; the feathers bordered with
red. Throat and neck red, with brown dots. Breast and sides red, with fine
zig-zag bars. Back black, the feathers on the scapulars with red bands. Wing-
covers grey. Belly white. Base of the quills and tail, white — In the winter,
the plumage above is cinereous ; below white, with a greyish tinge on the
neck. — Nest in meadows. Eggs 4, deep olive, with pale spots. The young
have the feathers on the crown brown, with red margins. The outer edge of
the tail-feathers white, and the tip of the bill brown — This species, though
common both in its Polar and Equatorial migrations in Holland, can scarcelv
be termed a regular visitant of this country. It frequents marshes, seldom
approaching the sea-shore.

151. L. ritfa. Bar-tailed Godwit. — All the tail-feathers

Avith black and wrhite bands. The middle feathers longest.

Claw of the middle toe short and plain.

Fedoa Gesneri, Will. Orn. 215 — Scolopax Lapponica, Linn. Syst. i. 246.
—Godwit, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. — Common Godwit, Red-breasted Snipe,

Mont. Orn. Diet — Limosa rufa, Temm. Orn. ii. 668 £, Godwit, Stone

Plover, Yarwhelp, Yarwhip ; S, Poor "Willie ; W, Rhostog A regular

winter visitant.

Length 17', breadth 28i inches; weight 12A ounces. Bill 4 inches long,
•black at the tip, livid at the base. Feet black. Irides brown. Crown red,
with brown streaks. Back black, with oval marginal red spots. The wing-
covers grey, with white borders. Rump white, with brown spots. Quills
black, mottled with white on the inner webs. Beneath deep red, with black
streaks on the sides of the breast. The female is largers; the plumage, above,
inclines more to brown, mixed with grey ; and beneath it has a tinge of yel-
low. In winter, the plumage above is cinereous, with brown streaks ; and be-
neath, white. — This species occurs in small flocks, from autumn to spang, fre-
quenting the sea-shore. It is not known to breed in Britain.

Gen. LXX. TRINGA. Sandpiper.— Bill straight, or a
little deflected ; compressed at the base ; depressed at the
point.

152. T. subarquata. — Bill deflected, much longer than the
head. The two middle tail-feathers longest. Tarsus 17 lines
in length.

108 BIRDS. PRESSIROSTRES. Tringa.

Pigmy Curlew, and Pigmy Sandpiper, Mont. Orn. Diet, and Suppt — T.
sub., Temm. Orn. ii. (i07. — In England rare.
Length 8i, breadth 15i inches ; weight 2 ounces. Bill 14 inches long, ob-
viously bent, black. Legs black, bare of feathers for half an inch above the
knee. Irides brown, the face, over the eyes and the throat white, with brown
dots. Crown black, the edges of the feathers red ; nape red, with black
streaks. Back black, the edges of the feathers with angular red spots. Be-
neath reddish-brown, more or less marked with dark spots and white. Quills
with pale margins on the .nner web. Tail cuneiform, dusky grey, bordered
with white ; upper and under-covers white, with black and red bars. In win-
ter, the plumage above is cinereous-brown, with dark streaks ; below white.
The tail is cinereous, bordered with white. The outer feathers white on the
inside. In the female, the bill is longei*. — Nest near water. Eggs 5, yellow,
with broad spots. The young nearly resemble the whiter dress of the old
birds. This species, which is not uncommon on the Continent, and which breeds
in Holland, might be considered as a straggler here, were it not probable that
it is confounded with the following species.

153. T. alpina. Dunlin. — Bill a little longer than the head.
Two middle tail-feathers produced, pointed. Tarsus 12 lines
in length.

Alauda marina (the Stint and Dunlin), Will. Orn. 226.—Sibb. Scot. 19 —
T. alp. and Cinclus, Linn. Syst. i. 249. and 251 — Dunlin, Purre, and
Brown Sandpiper, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 471,-2 — T. variabilis, Temm.

Orn. ii. G12 E, Least Snipe, Ox-Bird, Ox-Eye, Bull's Eye, Sea-Lark,

Wagtail ; S, Pickerel, Sea-Snipe. — Common.

Length 8, breadth 14 inches? weight 10 drams. Bill 1± inches in length;
black, slightly deflected. Palate with reflected teeth. Feet dusky. Irides
dark-brown. Plumage above black ; the edges of the feathers rufous and ci-
nereous : beneath white, slightly streaked on the neck with dusky ; the breast
and upper belly black, the feathers with white margins. Quills dusky, the
first the longest, and reaching to the end of the tail ; the basal half of the se-
condaries, and their tips, white ; the tips of the first covers white ; the tertials
produced. Tail of 1 2 feathers, dusky, margined with white ; the two middle ones
darkest, produced, and pointed ; the lateral tail-covers are white, the central
ones black and long. In this its summer or breeding dress, it is the Dunlin of
British writers. In winter, the plumage, above, is more or less cinereous, with
dusky streaks : below, the black on the breast has faded into dusky streaks,
in which dress it is the Purre * — Nest in heaths, of dried rushes. Eggs 4,
smoky white, irregularly marked with light and dark brown blotches. Young,
with the lores, dusky ; the neck and breast cinereous, with dusky streaks. —
This species is solitary during the breeding-season, but collects in flocks, and
is common on the shore during the remainder of the year.

154. T.piisilla. — Tail cuneiform, the external feathers white.

* It is of importance to attend to the character of these changes of plu-
mage at the different seasons of the year. A feather which, in summer, is of
a dark colour, with a light margin, may, in winter, become wholly white. This
takes place by the light colour of the margin extending with the fading of the
dark colour of the middle, a trace ol which is generally left at the shaft, near
the base. In summer this process is again reversed- It was formerly consi-
dered by British ornithologists, and is still regarded in the same light, by the
celebrated Temminck, that these changes in the colour of the plumage are
effected by moulting. Many years ago, I demonstrated the fallacy of this
opinion; and my conclusions have been subsequently confirmed by several
acute and practical ornithologists. — See my Philosophy of Zoology, v. ii. chap, 2.

Teinga. BIRDS. PRESSIROSTRES. 109

Linn. Syst. i. 232 Little Sandpiper, Mont. Orn. Diet. App — T. Tem-

minckii, Tern. Orn. ii. 622". — A rare winter visitant.
Length 6 inches; weight 6 drams. Bill fths of an inch long, slender,
slightly deflected towards the extremity, and, with the feet, brown. Irides
dusky. Plumage, above, black with red margins ; below, cinereous red with
black streaks, the throat, belly, and under tail-covers, white. Quills dusky,
margined with white. Tail of twelve feathers, the two middle dusky, the
next on each side cinereous, with reddish margins ; the two or three exterior
feathers pure white. In winter the plumage above is brownish, with darker
streaks. The young are more inclined to cinereous above — This species,
which is well described by Montagu, from a specimen shot in November on a
salt-marsh, near the sea in Devonshire, has probably been confounded with
the preceding. The character of the tail identifies it with the Linnean spe-
cies, and renders unnecessary the new trivial name which Leister proposed,
and which Temminck has too hastily adopted.

155. T. minuta. — Tail doubly forked, the lateral feathers

greyish brown, with white margins.

Little Sandpiper, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 473 — Little Stint, Bewick's Brit.

Birds, ii. 122 Little Sandpiper, Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp. Temm. Orn.

ii. 624 A rare winter visitant.

Size the same as the preceding, with this difference, that M. Temminck as-
signs 8 lines as the length of the tarsus of the pusilla, and 10 to the minuta. Bill
and legs black. The crown black, with red spots. Plumage, above, black witli
red margins ; below, the sides of the neck and breast are red, with angular
brown spots ; the middle of the breast, throat, belly and lateral upper tail-
covers white. The rump and two middle tail-feathers black, the lateral ones
greyish-brown with white margins. In winter the plumage above is cine-
reous, with brownish-black streaks at the shafts ; the two middle tail-feathers
brown. The young nearly resemble the winter garb of the old birds. The
margins of the scapulars and wing-covers incline more to white. An exami-
nation of the descriptions of the British writers, quoted above, seems to
point out, very obviously, their connection with this species of Temminck, to
which they are here referred. They all agree nearly in size, and in the co-
lour of the rump and tail ; characters which mark the distinction between this
species and the pusilla. In all, however, the form of the tail is not mentioned,
which is said to be doubly forked, or to have the middle and external feathers
of the same length, the intermediate ones on each side shorter.

156. T. Canutus. Knot. — Bill straight, much enlarged at

the end ; the tail-feathers of equal length, cinereous with a

white margin.

Knot, Will. Orn. 224 T. Can. (Calidris and Islandica), Linn. Syst. ii.

251-2. and App — Bed Sandpiper (T. Islandica), Ash-coloured Sand-
piper (T. cinerea), Aberdeen Sandpiper, and Knot, Penn. Brit. Zool.
ii. 469, 462, and 461 T. cinerea, Temm. Orn. ii. 627 — A winter visi-
tant.

Length 10, breadth 19 inches ; weight 5 oz. Bill 1J inches in length, green-
ish black ; the feet of the same colour. The hind toe, according to Captain
Sabine (App. Parry's 1st Voy. cci.) turns inwards, as in that of the turnstone.
Irides brown. Plumage, above, black, bordered with red, with oval spots of the
same colour on the scapulars ; below brownish red, the belly white, with red
and black spots. Quills dusky, edged with white. Tail-feathers dusky ash,
edged with white ; the upper covers white, with black bars and red spots.
Willoughby states, that the outer tail-feathers are white. In winter the
plumage above is cinereous, with brown streaks, and below white, with dusky
streaks on the breasts and sides. In the young there is more cinereous above

110 BIRDS. PRESSIROSTRES. Strepsilas.

and white below than in the old birds. The Knot, named after King Canute,
who prized it for the table, formerly visited the fens of Lincolnshire in au-
tumn, and was caught and fattened with the ruff. According to Montagu,
(Supp. Orn. Diet.), it does not now visit its former haunts, nor is it known to
breed in England. It probably breeds in Orkney, as I have shot one in San-
da on the 15th June (1U08).

157. T. striata (Brisson). Purple Sandpiper. — Base of the
bill and legs yellow, the two middle tail-feathers black.

Linn. Syst. i. 248. Fab. Faun. Groen. 107 T. maritima (Brunich), Mark-
wick, Linn. Trans, W. 22. — T. nigricans, Mont. ib. p. 40. — T, marit.
Temm. Orn. ii. 619— A winter visitant.

Length 8|, breadth 15 h inches ; weight 2 ounces. Bill 1| long, red at the
base, black at the tip. Legs yellow. I rides dusky. Plumage, above, black
with a violet gloss, each leather margined with white ; neck and breast grey-
ish-white, with lanceolate, dusky spots ; middle of the belly white. Quills
black, the shafts and edges of the exterior webs white. Hump and two middle
tail-feathers black, the rest cinereous with white margins. In winter, the
plumage above becomes dull, with a feebler gloss of purple, and the edges of
the feathers have a grey margin. In the young, the feathers above are black,
with white changing into red margins ; and the edges of the wing-covers have
much white This is not uncommon on the sea-shore during winter.

■&

158. T. pugnax. Ruff. — Tail rounded, the two middle fea-
thers barred, the three lateral ones plain.

Avis pugnax, Will. Orn. 224 — T. pugnax, Linn. Syst. i. 247 — Ruff,
Gambet (T. gambetta), Perm. Brit. Zool. ii. 457-405 — Ruff, Gambet,
Greenwich Sandpiper, Equestrian Sandpiper, and Yellow-legged Sand-
piper, Mont. Orn. Diet. App. and Supp. t. p. Temm. Orn. ii. fi31

E, (males) Ruffs, (females) Reeves — A summer visitant.

Length 1, breadth 2 feet ; weight 7 ounces. Bill yellow, sometimes black
at the tip. Feet yellow. Irides brown. Face naked, covered with yellow
warts. A spreading tuft of feathers on each side of the neck. The wing-co-
vers are brown, inclining to ash colour. The middle tail-feathers are barred
with black and brown ; the lateral ones are cinereous-brown. The lateral
and under covers white. The rest of the plumage subject to vary. The/<?-
male is smaller and destitute of a ruff, of a pale brown, the back spotted with
black, and edged with white — Nest in a tuft of grass in the fens. Eggs 4,
white, marked with rusty spots. Young like the lemale. In winter the face
is covered with short feathers, and the ruff of the male disappears. He is
very pugnaceous, and even in confinement fights readily with a rival. Ruffs
are taken by nets, the males especially, and fattened for the table with bread
and milk, and boiled wheat. They are chiefly found in the breeding season on
the fens of Lincolnshire. — This species forms the genus Machetes of Cuvier.

Gen. LXXI. STREPSILAS. Turnstone.— Bill strong,
conical, depressed, and pointed. Wings acuminated ; the
first quill longest. The front toes united at the base.

159 S. interpres. Common Turnstone. — Bill and irides

black, feet orange.

Morinellus marinus, Will. Orn. 231 — Tringa interpres et Morinellus,
Linn. Syst. i. 248 Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 405. No. 199. and 200 Strep-
silas collaris, Temm. Orn. ii. 553 — E, Sea dotterel; S, Skirlcrake ; W,
Huttan y mor A winter visitant of England and Scotland ; station-
ary in Zetland.

Vanellus. BIRDS. PRESSIROSTRES. Ill

Length 9^ inches ; weight 4 ounces. Bill an inch in length, bends a little
upwards. Legs short, a little way naked above the knee ; claws black. The
hind toe " turns inwards, instead of taking, as is usual, a straight direction
backwards," (Captain Sabine, Parry's 1st Voy. App. cc.) Frontal band, be-
hind the ear, lower part of the neck behind, and lower part of the back, throat,
and belly, white ; breast black, the colour extending round the neck up to
the ears, and thence to the bill across the forehead. Crown reddish-white,
with black streaks. Back ferruginous, with black spots. A brown band on
the rump. Quills dusky, shafts of the primaries, tips of the secondaries, and
edges of the greater covers, white. Tail of 12 feathers, black tipped with
white, sometimes the two middle feathers are wholly black, and the outer one

on each side white. In the female the colour is less bright Nest a shallow

pit in the sand on the shore. Eggs 4, olivaceous, with brown spots. In the
young, the white about the head has dusky streaks ; the back is dusky, the fea-
thers with reddish margins ; breast dusky, with white edges. From having
seen this species at all seasons hi Zetland, I conclude that it breeds there.

Captain Sabine states that it breeds in the North Georgian Islands During

winter it frequents the sea-shore, turning over the small stones in search of
insects.

Gen. LXXII. VANELLUS. Lapwing. — Nasal groove ex-
tending two-thirds of the length of the bill. Hind toe
distinct. The fourth and fifth quills longest.

160. V. cristatus. Common Lapwing. — The feathers of the
hind head produced, subrecurved, forming a crest.

Capella sive Vanellus, Will. Orn. 228. Sibb. Scot. 19 Tringa vanellus,

Linn. Syst. i. 248. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 458 — Van. crest. Temm. Orn.
ii. 558 — E, Bastard Plover, Pewit ; S, Peesweep ; W, Cornchwegl ;
G, Curcag, abhararcan-luachrach. — Resident.

Length 13^, breadth 31 inches ; weight 8 ounces. Bill 1 inch long, black.
Irides hazel. Legs dull orange. The crown, crest and breast, black, irides-
cent ; back green, iridescent ; sides of the neck, belly, and base of the tail,
white. Quills black, with a white spot on the tips of the first four ; secon-
daries white half way from their base. Tail Avhite, the end black ; the vent
and upper cover ferruginous. Female with the colours more obscure, and the
crest shorter — Nest, consisting of a few dried stalks, placed in a shallow cavity
in moist grounds. Eggs 4, olive-brown, blotched with black. I have found
them to weigh in grains 435, 42b', 413, 400. The tjoung have the crest very

short, and the feathers both above and below edged with yellow After the

breeding season the lapwing occurs in flocks, and frequents" the sea-shore, and
occasionally, during mild weather, turnip fields.

Gen. LXXIII. SQUAT AROL A.— Nasal groove short.
Hind toe minute. The first quill longest.

161. S. cinerea. — Bill, legs, and irides black ; middle tail-
feathers with black and white rays.

Pluvialis cinerea, Will. Orn. 229. Sibb. Scot. 19 — Tringa Squatarola
et Helvetica, Linn. Syst. ii. 250-252. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 458 Va-
nellus melanogaster, Temm. Orn. ii. 547 E, Grey Plover A winter

visitant of England, probably breeds in Scotland.
Length 12, breadth 24 inches ; weight 7 ounces. Bill \\ inch long. Lores,
throat, sides and front of the neck, middle of the breast and belly, black ; the

112 BIRDS. PRESSIROSTRES. Squatabola.

front, below the eyes, sides of the breast and thighs, white; nape varied with
brown, black, and white. Back black, with white spots. Quills black, the
inner webs more or less white, and the same colour prevailing from the fifth
on the outer webs. The long feathers at the base of the wing, underneath,
black. Under and upper tail-covers white, with oblique black bands. In
winter the plumage beneath is white, with cinereous brown spots on the neck
and sides ; above a brownish-black prevails, with yellowish spots, and edged
with ash-grey. Female like the male. — Eggs 4, olive, with black spots.
Young spotted below, above tinged with grey ; the bands on the tail are grey.
— This species frequents the sea-shore during the winter season in small
flocks. I have reason to believe that it breeds in the high grounds of the
Mearns.

Before proceeding to give the characters of the few native birds of that di-
vision of Pressirostres with only three toes, it is proper to notice two strag-
glers.

1. Cursorius Isabellinm. Cream coloured Courser — Temm. Orn. ii. 513. —
This species is a native of Africa, rarely visiting Europe. Three instances
only have occurred of its having been killed in England. The first at St Al-
bans, in Kent, at the seat of William Hammond, Esq. who presented it to
Dr Latham. The second was shot in North Wales in 1793, by Mr George
Kingston of Queen's College, Oxford. The third is stated in Atkinson's
Compendium of British Ornithology, p. 1G5, as having been shot near We-
therby in April 1810.

2. Himantopus Plinii. Long-legs — Will. Orn. 219 — Charadrius Himanto-
pus, Linn. Syst. 1. 255 — Himantopus melanopterus, Temm. Orn. ii. 528 —
Sir Robert Sibbald appears to have first recorded the occurrence of this bird
in these islands, Scot. III. 18. tab. xiii. fig 2., an individual having been ex-
amined by him which was shot at a lake near the town of Dumfries ; where a
second example was shortly afterwards killed. Mr White states, that six in-
dividuals of this species were observed at Frinsham Pond, near Farnham,
Surrey, (Nat. Hist. Selborne, ii. 42.) Pennant states, that one was shot at
Stanton Harcourt Common, near Oxford, (Brit. Zool. ii. 476.) The last oc-
curred to Mr Davies of Aber, killed in Anglesea, (Nat. Miscellany, tab. 195.
Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp.) The species frequents Africa, Asia, and eastern
Europe.

Gen. LXXIV. CALIDRIS. Sanderling. — Bill depressed,
and enlarged at the point. Nasal grooves produced.

162. C. arenaria. Common Sanderling. — The two middle
tail-feathers, bill, irides, and feet, black.

Arenaria, Will. Orn. 225 — Tringa ar. Linn. Syst. i. 251 — Sanderling

Plover, Penn. Brit. Zool. 480 — Cal. ar. Temm. Orn. ii. 524 — E, Cur-

willet, Towwilly, Waddergall ; W, Llwyd y tywod — Common on the

coast.

Length 8, breadth 15 inches ; weight 2 ounces. Bill about an inch in

length, weak and flexible. Face and crown with black spots, edged with red

and white. Neck and breast cinereous red, spotted with black. Above, the

plumage is black, with white edges ; wing-covers dusky, with zig-zag lines of

red ; belly white. Quills dusky, the secondaries white towards the base.

The tail-feathers becoming more cinereous from the two dark middle ones.

In winter the plumage below is white, and above cinereous, with dusky

streaks. Female like the male — Nest unknown. The young have the dusky

plumage of the back, with yellowish borders, and spots of the same colour ;

and the breast with waved dusky lines — This species occurs in small flocks

Charadrius. BIRDS. PRESSIROSTRFS. US

during winter. It probably breeds with us, as Mr Simmonds observed it in
the Mull of Cantyre oil the 2d J une (Linn. Trans, viii. 268), and Mi Bul-
lock in the end of June, in " the most northern part of Scotland." — Mont.
Orn. Diet. Suppt.

Gen. LXXV. CHARADRIUS. Plover. — Bill shorter
than the head, upper mandible swollen dorsally near the
end.

163. C. Pluvialis. Green Plover. — Bill and legs dusky, plu-
mage, above, black, with yellowish green spots.

Pluvialis viridis, Will. Orn. 229. Sibb. Scot. 19 — Char. Pluv. Linn. Syst.

i. 254 Golden Plover, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 474 — Char. Pluv. Temm.

Orn. ii. 535 E, Grey Plover, Whistling Plover ; IP, Cwttyn yr aur.

— Common on heaths in summer, and the sea-shore in winter.

Length 11, breadth 24 inches ; weight 9 ounces. Bill one inch. Irides ha-
zel. Front, and a space above the eyes, white ; neck white, with dusky and
yellow spots ; belly white. Breast black. Quills dusky, with white margins.
Tail of 12 feathers. In winter the black on the back tildes to dusky, and the
black on the breast disappears. The female has the black on the breast less

distinct Nest, of a few rushes, in heaths. Eggs 4, cinereous-olive, blotched

with dusky — In the young the yellow is less bright, and the whole, plumage
has a cinereous tinge.

164. C. Mormellus. Dottrel. — Bill and legs dusky ; breast
dull orange, passing, above, into a transverse line of white, sur-
mounted by a narrow one of black.

Morinellus Anglorum, Will. Orn. 230. Sibb. Scot. 19 — Char. Mor.

Linn. Syst. i. 254. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 477- Temm. Orn. ii. 537

W, Huttan ; G, Amadan mointich. — A summer visitant.

Length 10, breadth 19 inches; weight 5 ounces. Bill an inch in length.
Irides hazel. Feet with a greenish tinge. Cheeks, throat, and a broad stripe
from above the eyes to the nape, white ; crown and belly black. Back olive-
brown, with ferruginous margins. Vent and thighs rufous. Quills dusky-
brown; the shaft of the first white. Tail of 12 feathers; brown, barred near
the end with black, and tipped with white. In winter the plumage, above,
has a cinereous tinge. The female has likewise more cinereous, and the black-
on the belly is mixed with white. — Nest unknown — The young have the
crown reddish, with longitudinal dark streaks. — This species appears in Eng-
land and the south of Scotland in April, and again in September. On the
Grampians, however, there is reason to believe that it breeds. In the Statis-
tical Account of the Parish of Carmylie (vol. i. 437), it is said, " The dot-
trels, birds of passage, alight on the rising grounds, about the beginning of
April, continue here about three weeks, remove to the Grampian hills about
12 miles to the northward, and revisit this parish about the beginning of Au-
gust. After abiding here about three weeks, they fly off to the southward,
and are not seen till the first of April following." Colonel Thornton inform-
ed Montagu that he saw dottrels in pairs on the Grampians ; but not young
birds.

165. C. Hiaticida. Ringed Plover. — Bill and legs orange :
breast with a large black patch encircling the neck.

Will. Orn. 230. Sibb. Scot. 19. Linn. Syst. 253. Penn. Brit. Zool.
ii. 479. Temm. Orn. i. 539 — E, Ring Dottrel, Sea Lark, Dulwilly ; .V,
Sandy Laverock, 2V, Sandy Loo ltesident.

VOL. I. j[

114 BIRDS. PRESSIROSTRES. Oidicnemus-

Length 7$, breadth 16 inches; weight 2 ounces. Bill half an inch long,
with the point black. Claws black. Irides hazel. Front and cheeks black,
the former divided by a white band between the eyes. Above light brownish-
ash ; the greater covers tipped with white. Throat, extending round the
neck, and belly, white. Quills dusky, a part of the shafts and webs at the
base white. Tail of 12 feathers, the exterior ones longest; the two mid-
dle ones brown, dusky towards the tips; the three next black towards
the end ; the next with only a brown band on the inner web ; the out-
er one white. Plumage less bright in winter, particularly the black patch
on the breast. In the female the white on the front is less, that on the wings
greater, and the plumage is more cinereous — Nest in a cavity in the sand
near high-water mark. Eggs 4, cinereous-brown, with black and grey spots.

The young have the black dusky, and they are destitute of the white frontal

band. The bill is dusky, and the feet are yellowish-brown.— -This species
frequents all our shores ; feigns lameness to lead intruders from its nest ; and
becomes gregarious during the winter.

As a straggler only must we here record the Kentish Plover of Latham, the
C. Alexandrinus, Linn, Syst. i. 253.. — Ch. Cantianus, Temm. Orn. ii. 544. —
It differs from the ringed plover in size, being a little less ; in the bill and feet
being black ; the front above the eye, a band on the nape, and below, being,
white ; lores, triangular patch on the head, and one on each side the breast,
black. The head is ferruginous ; the two outer tail-feathers white. Dr La-
tham received one from Mr Boys of Sandwich 23d May 1787, and two others
in April 1791' Though Temminck describes this bird, unhesitatingly, as a
distinct species, it should be mentioned, that Montagu (in Lin. Trans, vii.
281., and Orn. Diet. Suppt.) is somewhat confident that the Alexandrine and
Kentish Plovers of Latham and Lewin are only the stages of the ringed plo-
ver towards maturity ; — an opinion which the circumstances of the case ren-
der probable.

Gen. LXXVI. OIDICNEMUS. Thick-knee. — Bill lon-
ger than the head. Both mandibles swollen at the extre-
mity.

166. O. Bellonii. Common Thick-knee. — Base of the bill,
margin of the eye-lids, irides, and legs, yellow.

Will. Orn. 227 — Charadrius Oidicnemus, Linn. Syst. i. 255 Thick-
kneed Bustard, Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 287. — Oid- crepitans, Temm. Orn.

ii. 521 — E, Stone Curlew, Norfolk Plover Summer visitant of the

eastern counties of England.

Length 18, breadth 36 inches; weight 18 oz. Bill about two inches long,
the tip black. Behind the eye there is a small space bare of feathers, of a yel-
lowish green, mostly concealed by the ear covers. Plumage, above, reddish-
brown, with black streaks. Above and beneath the eye a pale stroke. Breast, bel-
ly, and a band across the wings, white. Quills black, the two first with abroad
bar of white across each web. Tail of 12 feathers, short, a dark band crosses

the middle of each, the tips are black, the rest white. Female similar Nest

in fields, on the bare ground. — Eggs 2, dirty white, with dark bloody blotches.
— Young run immediately after being hatched, and skulk among stones.
( While's Selb. i. 7t>.) — Arrives in March, departs in October. Occasionally
remains during the winter.

Hem ato pus. BIRDS. PRESSIROSTRES. 115

Gen. LXXVII. PLEMATOPUS. Ovster-catcheii. —
Bill much longer than the head, straight, compressed.
Toes flat below. The first quill longest.

167. H. Ostralegus. Common Oyster-catcher. — Bill, hi-
des, and margin of the eye-lids, scarlet.

H. Bellonii, Will. Orn. 220. Sibb. Scot. 19 H. ost. Linn. Syst. i.

257. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 482. Temm. Orn. ii. 531 £, Sea Pie, Tir-

ma, Trillechan ; 2V, Chalder, Skeldrake. — Common on the sea-shore.
Length 17, breadth 32 inches ; weight 16 ounces. Bill 3 inches long; legs
reddish ; claws hooked, hollow and black. Head, neck, upper part of the back,
scapulars, and upper wing-covers, black ; lower part of the back, rump, great-
er wing-covers, and belly, white. Quills black, with white on the inner webs.
Tail black at the tip, white at the base. In winter there is a white crescent

on the throat, and a white spot under the eye. Female like the male Nest,

of a few lichens, on rocks or gravel. Eggs 2, olive-brown, blotched with
black — In the young the black is dusky ; the feathers with brownish margins.
— Feeds on shell-fish, which it detaches and penetrates with its stout bill.
Though usually considered as a shore bird, I have observed it breeding on
the islands in the Tummel at Moulincarn, between Dunkeld and Blair
Athol.

Gen. LXXVIII. OTIS. Bustard.— Bill about the length
of the head, incurvated. Nostrils exposed. The third
quill the longest.

168. O. Tarda. Great Bustard. — Bill compressed at the
base. Head and neck ash-coloured.

Will. Orn. 129. Sibb. Scot. 16. Linn. Syst. i. 2G4. Penn. Brit. Zool. i.
284. Temm. Orn. ii. 506 — Resident in Norfolk.

Length 4, breadth 9 feet ; weight 25 pounds. Bill greyish-white ; legs
black, irides reddish-brown. A tuft of long feathers on each side of the lower
mandible. Above, yellowish-red, with black rays: beneath, white. Quills
black, tipped with white. Tail of 20 feathers, ferruginous, barred with black ;
the outer ones nearly white. Furnished with a gular pouch for holding wa-
ter. Female less ; destitute of the long moustaches and gular pouch Nest

on the bare ground — Eggs 2, olive-brown, blotched with rusty and grey
spots. Young buff-coloured, barred with black above — Feeds on green corn,
the tops of turnips, and clover. Greatly reduced in its geographical distri-
bution, by having been long persecuted by the sportsman. In England it is
now almost confined to Norfolk. In Scotland it seems to have been found in
the days of Boece : Sibbald, however, seems to view it as rare in his day; and it
is now reduced to the rank of a straggler. One was shot in 1803, in Murray-
shire by William Young, Esq. of Boroughhead.

STRAGGLER.

0. Tetrax. Little Bustard — Temm. Orn. ii. 507 This species, which is only

about 16 inches in length, has occurred in England five or six times, as no-
ticed in the works of Montagu, Bewick, and Selby. It is chiefly a native of
southern and eastern Europe.

116 BIRDS. PALMIPIDES.

PALMIPIDES.

WATER BIRDS.

I. Hind toe united with the front toes by a continuous membrane. Nasal
openings indistinct.
Phalacrocorax.
Sula.
II. Hind toe separate.

a. Margin of the mandibles with corneous teeth ; the sides of the tongue
with tufts of pectinated bristles.

b. Bill broad. Teeth in the form of transverse plates.

c. Trachea of the male with a capsular enlargement at the bron-
chial extremity.

d. Hind toe bordered with a membrane^

e. Base of the bill enlarged.
Oidemia.
Somateria.

ee. Base of the bill plain.
Clangula.
Nyroca.

dd. Hind toe not bordered by a membrane.

e. Bill wide at the extremity.
Tadorna.
Spathulea.

ee. Bill nearly of equal breadth throughout.
Anas.

cc. Trachea of the male simple at the bronchial extremity.
Cygnus.
Anser.

bb. Bill narrow ; margins with reflected teeth ; the upper mandible
hooked at the end.
Mergus.

aa. Margin of the bill and tongue destitute of teeth or bristles.

b. Wings short. BrachypterjE.

c. Bill compressed and obliquely furrowed. Tridactyle.
Alca.
Fratercula.

cc. Bill conical, subcompressed, and destitute of furrows.

d. Webs scalloped. A hind toe with a broad web.
Podiceps.

dd. Web entire.

e. Tridactyle.
Colymbus.

ee. Tetradactyle.

/. Upper mandible notched at the point.
Una.

ff. Upper mandible plain.
Cephus.
Mergulus.

Phalacrocorax. BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. 117

■lib. Wings long, and well adapted for flight. Macropterje.

c. Nostrils prominent, tubular.
Procellaria.
Puffinus.
cc. Nostrils plain.

d. Bill hooked at the end.
Cataractes.
Larus.

dd. Bill pointed.
Sterna.

Gen. LXXIX. PHALACROCORAX. Cormorant.— Bill
compressed, the margin entire, the extremity hooked.
Tail rounded. Middle claw serrated.

169- V. Carbo. Common Cormorant. — Tail of fourteen fea-
thers. Length of the bill, from the tip to the feathers on the
front, 2 inches and 3 lines. (Temmmck.)

Corvus aquaticus, Will Orn. 248 — Sibb. Scot. 20 — PelecanusCarbo, Linn.

Syst. I. 210. Perm. Brit. Zool. ii. 008 — Carbo cormoranus, Temm.

Orn. ii. 894 — E, Cole-Goose ; S, Great Scarf or Scart ; W, Mulfran ;

iV, Brongie, Lorn. — Common.
Length 3, breadth 4 feet ; weight 6 or 7 pounds. Bill 5 inches long,
dusky; the bare space at the base yellow. Feet and legs black. Irides
green. Plumage black, with green and purple reflections ; gorget white ; and
numerous, slender, white feathers on the head, neck, and thighs. A crest of
long feathers on the hind head. Quills and tail black. In winter the crest
is wanting, the gorget is dirty white, the feathers on the back have a cine-
reous brownish tinge, and the peculiar slender white feathers drop off". Nest
on rocks, on the shore, or even on trees near large lakes. Eggs 3 or 4, green-
ish-white, with a rough crust. Young with more brown than even the win-
ter garb, the bill and irides are brown, and there is no crest — In an example
taken alive in April, and kept in confinement, by Montagu, the plumage
changed from the summer to the winter dress, and continued in that state.
The white gorget, the white on the neck and thighs, and the crest disap-
peared This species frequently visits fresh water lakes and rivers, and

readily perches on trees.

170. P. Gracalus. Common Shag. — Tail long, conical, of

12 feathers, Length of the bill, from the tip to the feathers

on the front, 1 inch and 10 lines. (Temm.)

Corvus aquaticus minor, Will Orn. 249. Sibb. Scot. 20 — Pel. Grac.
Linn. Syst. 1. 217- Penn. Brit- Zool. Ii. 610 — Carbo Grac. Temm.
Orn. ii. 897 — E, Shag, Crane ; S, Scart ; W, Y Fulfran leiaf.— Com-
mon.

Length 28, breadth 42 inches ; weight 4 pounds. Bill dusky, towards the
base including the naked skin, yellowish. Irides reddish brown. Legs
black. Plumage glossy greenish-black. Small white feathers scattered over
the neck and thighs. Nape with a crest of long green feathers. In winter,
the white feathers disappear, and the plumage, above, becomes more cinere-
ous. Nest on rocks, of a few sea-weeds. Eggs 2, with a rough crust. Young
cinereous on the throat, and the plumage on the back is more or less cine-
reous-brown. This species seldom leaves the sea-shore.

118 BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. Sula.

171. P. cristatus. Crested Shag. — Tail short, rounded, of
12 feathers. Length, from the tip of the bill to the feathers
on the front, 2 inches 4 lines. ( Temm.)

Pel. crist. Fab. Faun. Groen. 90 — Carbo crist. Temm. Orn. ii. 900 — Con-
founded with the preceding.
Size like P. graculus, or larger. Bill brown. I rides green. Feet black.
Plumage deep green, with a tinge of bronze on the back and wings ; each
feather with a black margin. Crown with a tuft of feathers, upwards of an
inch long, and capable of erection. Nape with a crest of 10 or 12 long subulate
feathers. AVings reach to the base of the tail. Tail very short, rounded.
Plumage destitute of the peculiar, slender, white feathers possessed by the
two-preceding species. In winter the coronal tuft disappears. Nest and eggs
like the shag. The young may readily be distinguished by their long slender
bill and short tail. Above, the plumage is greenish-brown ; beneath, cine-
reous-brown, with more or less white. The circumstance of each having on-
ly 12 tail-feathers, has caused the Common and Crested Shags to be confound-
ed. The one noticed by Montagu in the Supp. Orn. Diet., as having been
killed by Mr Bullock on the Bass, belongs to the latter species. The prece-
ding characters, chiefly extracted from Temminck, will serve to point out the
distinction.

In the proceedings of the Linnean Society, " Annals of Philosophy," vol.
xxii. p. 152, it is stated, that, on 3d June 1823, there was read " a letter from
Mr Robert Anstice, relative to a bird shot in the neighbourhood of Bridge-
water, varying but little from the crested cormorant, and distinguished by
having 16 feathers in the tail." No notice is taken of this circumstance in
the " Extracts from the Minute-book." — Linn. Trans, xiv. p. 582.

Gen. LXXX. SULA. Gannet.— Margin of the bill ser-
rated, extremity nearly straight. No occipital osseous ap-
pendage, as in the preceding genus.

172. S. Basso ma. Common Gannet. — Plumage white, the
crown buff colour.

Anser Bassanus, Will. Orn. 247. Sibb. Scot. 20 Pel. Bass. Linn. Syst.

i. 217- Perm. Brit. Zool. ii. G12 — S. alba, Temm. Orn. ii. 905 E,

Gannet ; S, Solan Goose, Solan (Norse Sule) ; W, Gan. — Common.

Length 3, breadth G feet ; weight 7 pounds. Bill (together with the naked
spot) bluish, 6 inches long, nearly straight, a little bent at the point, where
there is a slight nail. Irides yellow. Legs and toes black, with green streaks,
nails white. Bastard wing and greater quills black. Tail of 12 pointed fea-
thers, the middle ones longest. — Nest of sea-weeds, on small inaccessible
islands. Eggs 1, white, rough Young, during the first year, with the plu-
mage brownish-black, the irides brown. The second year each feather above
has a white spot at the end ; below, a dusky spot on each side of the shaft*
Gannets breed in great numbers on the Bass, Souleskerry, St Kilda, Ailsa,
and Skelig Islands. They betake themselves to the open sea during the win-
ter, pursuing the shoals of herrings, pilchards, and other fish. They dart
nearly vertically upon their prey in the water.

The Great White Pelican (Pelecanm onocrelulus, Temm. Orn. ii. 891.), ana.
tive of eastern Europe, Avas shot in England, at Horsey Fen, in 16G3, as ap-
pears from a MS. of T. Brown of Norwich, in the British Museum. Dr

Oidemia. BIRDS. PALMIP1DES. 119

Leith is said to have seen a pelican, of a brown colour, fly over his head in
the month of May at Blackheath in Kent, supposed to be the P.fuscits, an
American species — Mont. Supp. Orn. Diet.

Gen. LXXXI. OIDEMIA. Scoter.— Bill tumid at the
base above.

173. O.fusca. Velvet Scoter. — Plumage black, with a white
wing spot.

Anas niger Aldrov. Will. Orn. 278 — A- fusca, Linn. Syst. i. 196. Perm.
Brit. Zool. ii. 583. Temm. Orn. ii. 855. (Trachea, Lin. Trans, iv,

tab. xv. f. 3-7.) E, Velvet Duck, Double Scoter, Great Black Duck ;

W, Hwyad felfedog A regular winter visitant of the coast.

Size of the domesticated drake. Bill yellow, the swellings at the base and
margins black, the nail red. Irides and legs red, claws and webs black. Be-
low the eye a white crescent. Female with the plumage, above, dusky ; be-
low, whitish. Tumour at the base of the bill less. Breeds, according to
Temminck, in the Arctic Regions, but it is not mentioned by Fabricius or
Sabine.

174. O. nigra. Black Scoter. — Plumage entirely black.

A. niger, Will. Orn. 180 A. nigra, Linn. Syst. 1. 196. Penn. Brit.

Zool. ii. 584. Temm. Orn. ii. 853 — E, Scoter, Black Diver ; W, Y

for Hwyad ddu — A winter visitant of the coast.

Length 22, breadth 34 inches ; weight 3 pounds. Bill black, orange in the

middle! Irides brown, eyelids yellow. Legs and feet dusky, the webs

black. Tail of 16 pointed feathers, cuneiform. Female inclining to dusky,

the knob at the base indistinct. Breeding place unknown.

175. O. lencocephala. White-throated Duck. — Bill blue.
Front, cheeks, and throat, white.

Will. Orn. An. 367. {Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp.) Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. tab.

xcviii Anas leuc. Temm. Orn. ii. 859 — Rare.

Size of the preceding. Bill with the middle at the base hollowed. Irides
yellow. Feet greyish-brown. Crown, nape and lower parts of the neck,
black ; the front, cheeks, and throat, white. Breast, upper parts and sides
dark red, waved with dusky. Rump reddish-purple. Tail long, black, coni-
cal, with the feathers grooved. Plumage, below, reddish-white. Female,
with the crown and nape brown : throat yellowish- white : bill and legs red-
dish This species seems to be confounded with the preceding. The descrip-
tion of the female Scoter, by Montagu, has a reference to this species.

As a straggler may be noticed the O. perspicillata (A. per. Temm. Orn. ii.
853.) It agrees with O. nigra in wanting the wing spot, and in having the
plumage black, but the nape and a frontal band are white. The bill is yel-
low, with a black mark on each side, having in front a space of grey. It is
said by Temminck to have occurred in Orkney.

Gen. LXXXII. SOMATERIA. EmER.— Base of the
bill extending up the forehead, and divided by a triangu-
lar projection of feathers.

176. S. mottissima. Common Eider. — Lateral divisions of
the bill flattened ; bill and legs dusky green.

1-20 BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. Clangula.

Eider, Will. Orn. 277- Sibb. Scot. 21 A. moll. Linn. Syst. i. 198. Perm.

Brit. Zool. ii. 581. Temm. Orn. ii. 848.— £, Edder, Cuthbert Duck ;
S, Dunter Goose; W, Hwyad fwythblu. — In the islands of Scotland,
common.

Length 22 inches, weight 4 pounds. Bill 1\ inches long. Irides brown.
Crown (with the exception of a white line near the nape), front and sides of
the head, black. Nape to the throat pea-green. Cheeks, chin, back, and
breast, white ; the latter with a reddish tinge. Quills and tail brown. The
belly and rump black. Female less ; plumage reddish-brown, with transverse

waved black lines Nest of sea- weeds, lined with the dozen, so well known,

which it plucks from its body. Eggs 5, pale greenish-olive The young male ci-
nereous, with brown spots ; breast with transverse black and white rays. The
trachea resembles that of the King Eider.

177. S. spectabilis. King Eider. — Lateral divisions of the
bill elevated, arched, ridged ; bill and feet vermillion.

Anas spect- Linn. Syst. i. 1!)5. Temm. Orn. ii. 851. (Trachea, Linn.
Trans, xii. tab. xxx. f. 1, 2.) Breeds in the Northern Isles.

In size nearly equal to the last. Feathers at the base of the bill, black ;
crown and nape bluish-grey ; cheeks green ; neck, back, and sides of the rump,
white ; scapulars, lower part of the back, wings, tail, and belly black, Ter-
tials as in the preceding species, deflected. Female, like that of the preceding
species in plumage, but the base of the bill furnishes sufficiently distinguish-
ing marks — Nest of sea-weeds, lined with down. Eggs 6, cinereous-olive —
Mr Bullock found this species breeding in Papa Westra, Orkney, in the end
of June — Mont. Supp. Orn. Diet.

Gen. LXXXIII. CLANGULA.— Bill short and narrow.

178. C. vulgaris. Golden Eye. — Bill black, legs yellow.
A white spot under the eye. Wing-spot white.

Anas platyrynchos mas, Will. Orn. 282 A. Clangula, Linn. Syst. i.

201. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 587- Temm. Orn. ii. 870. (Trachea, Linn.
Trans, iv. tab. xv. f. 1, 2.) — E, Pied Wigeon ; S, Gowdy Duck ; W,
Llygad aur A regular winter visitant of the coast and lakes.

Length 19, breadth 31 inches ; weight 2 pounds. Bill broader at the base
than the point ; the nostrils small, placed beyond the middle. Irides bright
yellow. Webs of the toes dusky. Head and upper neck green, with a tinge
of purple. Lower neck, beneath, part of the scapulars, and greater wing-
covers, white. Back, rump, and lesser wing-covers, black. Quills black, ex-
cept seven of the secondaries, which are mostly white. Tail dusky, of 10
pointed feathers. In the female, the bill is yellowish at the point, the head
is brown, the feathers on the back dusky, edged with cinereous. Breeds in
the northern regions, in lakes and ponds (Phil. Trans, lxii. 417«). Young like
the female. In the second year the white eye-spot appears. The young and
female have been describe:! by several British writers as the Morillon (A.
Glaucion, Linn.). The windpipe and tail readily furnish proofs of identity.

179. C. histrion'ica. Harlequin Duck. — Bill and legs black.
A white patch befere the eye. Wing-spot blue.

A- hist. Linn. Syst. i. 204. Sowerli/s Brit. Misc. tab. vi Temm. Orn. ii.

878. — A rare winter visitant of the north of Scotland.

Length 1 7, breadth 2(i inches; weight 18 ounces. Bill, with the nostrils

near the base, above. Irides brown. Legs with a bluish tinge. Head,

neck, back, wings, and rump, black, with purple reflections. In front of the

Nyroca. BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. 1^1

eyes, on the ear, a stripe on the sides of the neck, ring round the lower part
of the neck (which is edged with black), crescent on the breast, and a few of
the scapulars, white. Breast blue. Belly brown, reddish on the sides. The
stripe above the eye reddish. Tail brown. Female less, plumage, above,
brown ; beneath, including the breast, white ; cheeks, throat, and round the
lower part of the neck, white, with a rufous tinge. In this state it is the
Anas minuta, Linn. Syst. i. 204. A pair, male and female, were sent from
Scotland to Mr Sowerby by Lord Seaforth ; and Mr Simmons gave him a
young female, which he shot in one of the Orkney Islands.

180. C. glacialls. Long-tailed Duck. — Bill black, crossed
with orange. Legs red. A black spot on the ear. Wing-
spot brown. Middle tail-feathers produced.

A. caudacuta Islandica, Will. Orn. 290. — A. glac. (et hvemalis), Linn.
Syst. i. 203. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 590. Tcmm. Orn. ii. 860.— (Trachea
Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp. iii, iv., and Linn. Trans, xii. tab. xxx. f. 3, 4.)
— S, Coal-and-Candle-light ; N, Calloo — A winter visitant. — Rare in
England.

Length 22, breadth 29 inches ; weight 24 ounces. Irides orange. Claws
black. Crown and back of the neck black. Neck, scapulars, and belly white ;
the sides of the neck, cheeks, and front, brown, with a tinge of grey ; breast,
wing-covers, and back, deep chesnut, inclining to black. Primaries dusky ;
secondaries brown. Tail, with the four middle feathers black, the rest white:
the two middle feathers produced 3 inches beyond the others. — In winter the
crown is white. Female destitute of the long tail-feathers; the front and
cheeks are bluish-white, breast variegated with grey and brown ; feathers on
the back bordered with greyish-red. Breeds in the Arctic Regions. Young
like the female. — It resides in Zetland from October to April, in small flocks,
feeding in shallow water near the shore.

Gen. LXXXIV. NYKOCA.— Bill broad and depressed.

181. N. leucophthalmos. White Eye. — Bill and legs blue.
.Irides white. Wing-spot white and black.

Anas fera fusca minor, Will Orn. 281 — Ferruginous Duck, Penn. Brit.

Zool. ii. 501 — A. nyroca, Sower. Brit. Misc. tab. xxi A. Africana,

Bullock, linn. Trans, ix. 178. — A. leuc. Temm. Orn. ii. 876 (Trachea,

Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp. i. 1J.) — A winter visitant of England.
Length and breadth 17 inches ; weight 33 ounces. Bill long, with a black
nail ; webs black. Head, neck, breast, and sides, ferruginous, with a collar
of a darker colour. A white spot on the chin. Back and wings black, with
purple gloss, and small red spots. Belly and under tail-covers white. Vent
brown. Quills dusky, the secondaries white, with black ends. Tail of 14
brown feathers. In "the female the head is brown, and the back dusky. This
species frequents rivers and lakes.

182. N.jer'ma. Pochard. — Bill black, with a blue band in
the middle ; legs blue. Irides orange. No wing-spot.

Anas fera fusca, Will. Orn. 288 — A. ferina, Linn. Svst. i. 203 Penn.

Brit. Zool. ii. 000. Tcmm. Orn. ii. 8C8 — (Trachea^ Linn. Trans, iv.
tab. xiv. f. 5, 6.) — E, Poker, Red-headed Wigeon, Blue Poker, Dun-
cur; W, Hwyad bengoch. — A winter visitant of the sea-coast.
Length 19, breadth 30 inches; weight 28 ounces. Head and neck glossy
chesnut ; upper part of the back, round to the breast, rump, and under tail-
covers, black ; scapulars, wing.covers, and belly, greyish-white and variegated.

122 BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. Tadorna.

Quills dusky. Tail of 14 feathers, dusky- Female, with the head, neck, and
breast brown, mixed with white round the eyes and throat. Young like the
female. The black colour on the breast of the young males does not make
its appearance during the first year.

183. N. Mania. Scaup. Bill blue ; legs grey. Irides yel-
low. Wing-spot white.

The Scaup Duck, Will. Orn. 279. — Anas marila, Linn. Syst. i." 196 —
Perm. Brit. Zool. ii. 586. Temm. Orn. ii. 856. — (Trachea, Linn.
Trans, iv. tab. xiv. f. 3, 4.) — E, Spoonbill Duck ; W, Llygad arian, —
A winter visitant of the sea-coast and lakes.

Length 17 inches ; weight 25 ounces. Head, neck, upper part of the back,
rump, vent, and breast black, the two former with a green gloss ; back, wing-
covers, and sides, white, variegated with black. Belly white. Quills dusky,
the secondaries white, tipped with black, tail pointed, of 16 feathers. Female,
having the black replaced by brown, with a broad white band round the base
of the bill. In this state it is the Anas f res nata of Sparman, and the White-
faced Duck of Sowerby, Brit. Misc. lxii. The young males resemble the fe-
male, and have a few white feathers at the base of the bill. The young fe-
males have little white or m-ev on the back.

a

184. N. Fuligula. Tufted Duck.— Bill and legs blue. Iri-
des yellow. Wing-spot white.

Anas Fuligula, Will. Orn. 280. Linn. Syst. i. 207. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii.

585. Temm. Orn. ii. 873. — A winter visitant of our sea-coasts and

lakes.
Length 17 inches ; weight 25 ounces. Nail of the bill black. Head, with
a pendent crest. The head, neck, and upper parts of the body, black, with a
green and violet gloss, the back with specks of grey ; belly white ; thighs
and vent black. Quills dusky, the middle of the secondaries white. Tail
cuneiform, of 14 feathers. Female with the plumage less distinctly marked.
The young want the crest, and have the front white — In England its visits
are regular ; but in Orkney and Zetland it only appears after severe, stormy
weather.

As a domesticated species, the Carina moschata, Anas mos. Linn. Syst. i. 1 99.
(Trachea, Linn. Trans, iv. tab. xiv. f. 1, 2. tab. xvi. f. 5, 6.), or Musk Duck, here
merits a place. It is a native of tropical countries, yet it thrives in Britain,
lays many eggs, and its flesh is good. The drakes, however, are fierce, and
often injure the other poultry. The musky smell is connected with the fea-
thers only, and has given rise to the name.

Gen. LXXXV. TADORNA. Sheldrake.— Bill broad at
the end, hollow in the middle, and raised into a tubercle
at the base.

185. T. Vulpanser. Common Sheldrake. — Bill and legs

red ; nail of the bill and nostrils black.

T. Bellonii, Vulpanser quibusdam, Will. Orn. 278 — Skeeling-goose, Sibb.

Scot. 21 Anas Tadorna, Linn. Syst. i, 195 — Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 589.

Temm. ii. 833 (Trachea, Linn. Trans, iv. tab. xv. f. 8, 9.) — E, Bur-
row Duck, Bargander, Pirennet ; S, Stockannet, Sly-goose.

Length 2, breadth 3£ feet ; weight 2| pounds. Head and neck dark
glossy green. Lower part of the neck next to the breast, back, rump, and

Spathulea. BIRDS. PALMiriDES. 123

sides of the belly white. Breast, along the middle of the belly, and upper
part of the back, red. Outer half of the scapulars and quills black, the se-
condaries glossed with green. Tail of 14 white feathers, tipped with black.
Female, with the tubercle at the base of the bill less, and the colours of the
plumage more obscure — Nest in old rabbit-holes near the shore. Eggs 12 to
16, of a white colour. — Young have the head and neck whitish, and the bill
and legs flesh coloured, — Easily tamed, but is seldom fertile in a confined
state.

Gen. LXXXVI. SPATHULEA. Shoveler.— Bill de-
pressed, much enlarged in breadth at the extremity ; the
teeth long, and lock into each other when the mouth is
closed.

186. S. clypeata. Common Shoveler. — Bill black ; legs red ;

wing- spot deep green.

A. platyrhynchos, Will. Orn. 283 — A. clypeata, Linn. Syst. i. 200. Penn.
Brit. Zool. ii. 596. Temm. Orn. ii. 842 — (Trachea, Linn. Trans, iv.
tab. xiii. f. 4, 5.) — E, Blue-winged Shoveler ; W, Hwyad lydanbig,
— A winter visitant.

Length 21 inches ; weight 22 ounces. Bill 3 inches in the gape, rounded
at the margin, with a small incurved nail. Irides yellow. Head and neck
glossy green ; breast and scapulars white. Back, sides, and belly brown, the
latter paler ; vent black. Wing-covers blue. Quills brown, the secondaries
green on the outer webs. Tail of 1 4 dusky feathers, edged with white ; the
outer ones wholly white ; the rump, and upper and under tail-covers, glossy
green. Female, with the margin of the bill at the base orange ; plumage in
general mottled rufous brown, and black — Nest on the margins of lakes. Eggs
12, clear greenish yellow Young like the female. In the intermediate plu-
mage the young males have been characterised as a species under the name
of the " Red-breasted Shoveler." The Shoveler frequents fresh water lakes.
A few pairs probably remain to breed with us : Indeed, Mr Youell has found
their nest and eggs, Linn. Trans, xiii. 6, 15.

Gen. LXXXVII. ANAS. Duck.— Bill plain above the
nostrils, and depressed.

187. A. Boschas. Common Duck. — Bill green ; legs orange.

Wing-spot purple. Four middle tail-feathers recurved.

Boschas major, Will. Orn. 284. Siib. Scot. 21 — A. Bos. Linn. Syst. i.

205. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 591. Temm. Orn. ii. 85 (Trachea, Linn.

Trans, iv. tab. xiii. f. 10.)— -E, Mallard; S, Stock Duck, Mire Duck ;
W, Cors Hwyad, Garan Hwyad, Hydnwy ; G, Lacha chinn uaine. —
Common near marshes.

Length 23, breadth 35 inches ; weight 40 ounces. The bill has a yellowish
tinge. Irides brown. Head and neck a rich green, ending in a white collar ;
breast and upper back brown. Back variegated with white and brown ; belly
similar, but lighter. Wing-covers with a white band, edged with black. Se-
condaries fine purple, ending in black, with white tips. Rump and both covers
of the tail black. Tail of 20 pointed feathers, the four recurved ones glossy
greenish-black, the rest greyish-brown, margined with white. Female brown,
with dusky spots and lines ; throat white, the middle tail-feathers not re-
curved— Nest of dry grass, lined Avith its own feathers and down. Eggs 10

124 BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. Anas.

to 18, bluish-white — Young males like the female. — This species has suffered
much from the operations of agriculture, many of its haunts and breeding
places having been drained. It is the stock from which the domestic duck
has sprung.

188. A. strepcra. Gadwall. — Bill black ; feet orange. Wing-
spot white.

A. platyrhvnchos rostro nigro, Will. Orn. 287 — A. strep. Linn. Svst. i«
200. " Perm. Brit. Zool. ii. 603. Temm. Orn. ii. 837-— (Trachea, Linn.
Trans, iv. tab. xiii. f. 7, 8.) — E, Gray, Rodge. — A rare winter visi-
tant.

Length 19, breadth 33 inches. Bill 2 inches long. Irides brown. Head
and neck grey, with brown spots ; breast and back rayed with black and white
lines. Lesser wing-covers chesnut ; greater covers, rump, and both covers
of the tail, black. Belly white. Greater quills dusky ; three of the secon-
daries with the inner web white. Tail short, of 16 pointed feathers, grey,
with a tinge of red, and pointed with white. Female reddish-brown, spotted
with black, the rump and tail-covers grey. — This species is so rare in Eng-
land (though common in other countries of Europe in the same latitude), that
Montagu was never able to procure a recent species for examination.

189- A. acuta. Cracker. — Bill blue, feet dusky. Wing-
spot purple. The two middle tail-feathers produced.

A. caudacuta, Will. Orn. 289 — A. acuta, Linn. Syst. i. 202. Penn. Brit.

Zool. ii. 598. Temm. Orn. ii. 839 — (Trachea, Linn. Trans, iv. tab. xiii.

f. 6.). — S, Sea Pheasant, Pintail, Winter Duck — W, Hwyad gynffon-

fain — Frequently taken in decoys on the English coast Rare in

Scotland.
Length 28, breadth 38 inches ; weight 24 ounces. Bill inclining to black
in the middle. Irides brown. Head, cheeks, and throat brown, glossed with
purple. A black stripe on the hind neck, bordered with white, the latter co-
lour meeting with the white of the breast and belly. Back waved with black
and grey. Scapulars nearly black. Quills dusky brown ; secondaries pur-
plish-green, black near the end, and tipped with white. Tail of 16 pointed
feathers, grey, edged with white ; the two middle ones black. Female less ;
head and neck brown, with dusky spots; beneath yellowish-brown and spot-
ted. Young males like the female. Retires to the Arctic Regions in sum-
mer Easily domesticated, and breeds in confinement.

190. A. Penelope. Wigeon. — Bill and feet blue. Wing-
spot black, green in the middle.

Penelope, Will. Orn. 288 — A. Penelope, Linn. Syst. i. 202. Penn. Brit.
Zool. ii. 601. Temm. Orn. ii. 840. (Trachea, Linn. Trans, iv. tab. xiii.
f. 9.) — -B, Whewer, Pandle-whew, Yellow Pole — S, Ateal ; W, Chwiw.
— A regular winter visitant.

Length 20, breadth 35 inches ; weight 24 ounces. The nail of the bill is
black. The hind-toe has a narrow web. Irides brown, vermiform appen-
dages, nearly 9 inches in length, and having their origin nearly 4 inches from
the cloaca. Crown yellowish -white ; head and neck chesnut, the front with
black spots ; breast vinaceous ; belly white ; back and sides waved black and
white ; wing-covers white, the greater covers with black ends- Quills dusky,
secondaries green, ending with black. Tail of 1 4 pointed dusky feathers ; under
tail-covers black. Female, with the head and neck brown, spotted with black ;
back and belly much tinged with brown ; the wing-spots grey. The young
resemble the female. In aged males the yellow on the crown becomes more

extended This species frequents inlets of the sea, and likewise visits the

neighbouring fresh-water lakes. The figure given by Pennant of the " Fer-

Anas. BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. 125

ruginous Duck," was probably taken from a male wigeon in the first year's
plumage.

191. A. Querquedula. Garganey. — Bill black, feet grey.
Wing-spot greyish-green, with white borders.

Quer, prima, Will. Orn. 291. Sibb. Scot. 21 — A. Quer. Linn. Syst. i.
203. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 604. Temm. Orn. ii. 844 — (Trachea, Linn.
Trans, iv. tab. xiii. f. 2, 3.) — E, Pied Wigeon, Summer Teal, Crucket
Teal W, Hwyad addfain. — A winter visitant.

Length 17, breadth 28 inches ; weight 14 ounces. Irides brown. Crown,
nape, and chin black, with white dots. Front, cheeks, and fore-neck brown ;
a white stripe from the eye down each side of the neck. Breast and back
brown, with semicircvdar black bars. Belly white, or yellowish ; sides waved,
vent mottled with dusk}'. Wing-covers grey, w7ith white margins. Tail
of 14 pointed feathers. Female brown, the eye-stripe spotted. The young
like the female. — It is probable that it breeds in England, as Montagu " re-
ceived it from the decoys of Somersetshire, in the month of April, by the
name of Summer Teal, and was informed that it made its appearance on those
pools always about that time," (Orn. Diet.). — According to Mr Low, it is
common in Orkney, during the winter, in stormy weather.

192. A. Crecca. Teal. — Bill dusky ; feet grey. Wing-spot

green and black, with two white bands.

Querquedula secunda, Will. Orn. 290. Sibb. Scot. 21. — A. crec, Linn.
Syst. i. 204. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 606. Temm. Orn. ii. 846 ; (Trachea,
Linn. Trans, iv. tab. xiii. f. 1 .) — Resident on fresh-water lakes.

Length 15, breadth 27 inches ; weight 14 ounces. Head and neck chesnut ;
chin black. From the eyes, down each side of the neck, a broad stripe of
glossy purplish-gr"een, ending on the hind neck in a patch of purplish-black.
Between the green and brown, under the eye, a white line. Lower part of
the neck, sides, and back, waved with black and white. Breast reddish-white,
with round black spots. Belly yellowish-white. Vent black, with yellowish-
white sides. Quills dusky ; secondaries green and black, the foremost edged
with white ; their covers with reddish-white ends ; scapulars black and white.
Tail of 16 pointed dusky feathers. (I have found 18 in one specimen which
had the purplish-black patch on the hind neck.) Female with brown plumage ;
the eye-stripe reddish-white, with brown spots ; throat white — Nest among
rushes. Eggs 12, reddish-white, with brown spots — Young like the female.

193. A. gloc'itans. Bimaculated Duck. — Bill blue. Feet

yellow, with black Avebs. Wing-spot green, divided by black,

and ending in white.

Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 602. tab. c. no. 287« — Querquedula glocitans. Vigors,
Linn. Trans, xiv. 559. — A rare winter visitant.

Length 20, breadth 25 inches. Length of the bill to the front ly^ths, of
the gape 2TI5th inches. Head a changeable green, with a ferruginous spot
before and another behind the eye. Breast rust)' -brown, spotted with black.
Hind neck and back waved with black and brown. Wing-covers and quills
grey ; the secondaries green, ending in a shade of black, and edged with white.
Tail of 16 feathers (12 according to Pennant), brown, edged with white; the
two middle ones black, and a little produced. 'The female has the head red-
dish-white, with black lines ; the back brown, with light edges ; the two mid-
die tail-feathers not produced. The specimen described by Pennant was
sent to him, in 1771, from a decoy by Mr Poore. Two specimens, supposed
male and female, came into Mr Vigors' possession, which were taken in a de-
coy near Maiden, Essex. They were purchased in Leadenhall market, in the
winter of 1812-13, by Mr George Weighton. The history of this species is
still involved in obscurity.

126 BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. Cygnus.

Gen. LXXXVIII. CYGNUS. Swan.— Bill of nearly equal
breadth throughout ; the nostrils near the middle ; neck
long.

194. Q,. ferus. Wild Swan. — Base of the bill destitute of a
protuberance.

Will. Orn. 272. Sibb. Scot. 21.— Anas Cygnus, Linn. Syst.i. 194 Penn.

Brit. Zool. ii. 5G2. Temm. Orn. ii. 828 — E, Elk, Hooper, Whistling
Swan ; JV, Alarch gwyllt — A winter visitant.

Length 58, breadth 84 inches; weight 25 pounds. Bill nearly 5 inches in
length, black, yellow on the sides, at the base, reaching nearly to the eye, and
a triangular yellow spot above. Feet black. Windpipe enters a cavity in the
breast-bone, and is reflected before terminating in the bronchia?. — (Phil.
Trans. Ivi. tab. x. f. 1., and Lin. Trans, iv. tab. xii. f. 1, 2.) Irides brown.
Plumage white ; the head and neck sometimes tinged with yellow. The fe-
male is less — Nest in rushes, on the margin of lakes. Eggs 5, olive-green,
with a white crust — The young have the plumage grey ; the naked space be-
fore the eyes livid, and the feet grey, with a tinge of red. A few pairs of this
species formerly bred in the Loch of Stennis, Orkney.

The Cygnus mansuelus, or Tame Swan, a native of eastern Europe and Asia,
may be enumerated among our domesticated birds, though it be but half re-
claimed. It is larger than the preceding, and is readily distinguished by a
black callous knob at the upper base of the bill. This species has been long
esteemed as highly ornamental on pieces of water in pleasure grounds.

Gen. LXXXIX. ANSER. Goose.— Bill conical ; shorter
than the head.

* Bill and legs coloured.

195. A. palustris. Grey Goose. — Bill and legs flesh-co-
loured ; nail and claws white ; wings not reaching to the end
of the tail.

Lister, Phil. Trans, xv. no. 175. p. 1159. — Ray, Syn. Av. 138. Penn.
Brit. Zool. ii. 570. — Anas Anser ferus, Temm. Orn. ii. 818. — E, Grey
Lagg ; S, Stubble Goose.— Resident, breeding in the fen counties of
England.

Length 2|, breadth 5 feet ; weight 1 0 pounds. Bill large and elevated.
Iridis grey. Head, neck, back, and rump, grey ; feathers on the neck loose
and furrowed. Breast and belly white, clouded with grey. Wing-covers
white, or grey, edged with white. Quills grey, tipped with black, and edged
with white ; secondaries black. Tail feathers dusky, tipped with white, the
exterior ones nearly all white ; upper and under covers white. Female small-
er.— Nest in marshes. Eggs 8, of a dirty white colour. In Lincolnshire these
birds are resident ; but, in other places, they retire during the breeding sea-
son. This species, as the only permanently resident one, and the young of

which could be taken and tamed, was reclaimed, at an early period, and is the
stock of our domestic geese. Lister, in describing this species, says, u Ros-
trum a capite ad mediam fere partem nigrum, deinde subpurpureum, ipso
ejus apice nigro." — " Pedes subpurpurei sive carnei coloris ; ungues fere al-
bidi excepto medii digiti, qui ex majore parte nigricat."

196. A. ferus. Wild Goose. — Middle of the bill and legs

Ctgnus. BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. 127

orange ; base of the bill, nail, and claws black. Wings reach-
ing beyond the end of the tail.

Scotch Goose; sc. vulgatissimus ferus, Lister, Phil. Trans, xv. 1159. —
WilL Orn. 274. Ray, Syn. A v. 13u" — Bean Goose, Penn. Brit. Zool.
ii. 575. — A. segetum, Temm. Orn. ii. 820. — E, Common Wild Goose,
Bean Goose, Small Grey Goose — A regular winter visitant.

Length 2T75ths, breadth 4 a iths feet ; weight 6'i pounds. Bill depressed,
compressed near the end. Irides brown. Head and neck grey, inclining to
brown above. Back, scapulars, and wing-covers grey, with pale margins, and
tinged with brown. Hump dusky. Quills black ; the outer webs grey ; se-
condaries grey, with black margins ; belly and tail-covers white. Breeds in
the Arctic ltegions. The young have the neck yellowish, and the front spotted
with white. This species arrives in autumn, and departs in spring, frequent-
ing wheat fields. It is named, in Lincolnshire, Bean Goose, from the resem-
blance which the black nail of the bill bears to a horse bean. — Linnaeus con-
founded this species with the preceding, under the title A?ias Anser. I have
adopted the names of Ray, who, by the assistance of Lister, clearly distin-
guished the two species.

197. A. Erythropiis. Laughing Goose. — Bill and feet orange ;
the former with a white nail. Front white.

Anas eryth. Linn. Syst. i. 197 — White-fronted Goose, Penn. Brit. Zool.
ii. 576. — Anas albifrons, Temm. ii. 821 — A regular winter visitant.
Length 2\, breadth 4| feet; weight 5 pounds. Head and neck greyish-
brown. Back and sides brown, with pale margins. Quills black ; the secon-
daries tipped with black. Breast and belly white, with scattered black feath-
ers. Vent and tail-covers white. Tail dusky black ; the outer feathers near-
ly white ; the rest edged with that colour. The young have generally three
white spots in front. This species keeps in small flocks during the winter,
and is killed on the coast, and in rivers, in severe winters.

** Bill and le<?s black:

198. A. Bernicla. Bernacle or Claikis. — Head white ; neck
and breast black.

Bernacle, Lister, Phil. Trans, xv. 1159 — Bernicla, Will. Om.2W.—Sibb.
Scot. 21 — Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 577. — Anas leucopsis, Temm. Orn. ii.
823 — A winter visitant.

Length 2Tl5th, breadth 4T52ths feet ; weight 5 pounds. Irides dark brown.
Back, scapulars, and wing-covers, grey, black, and white ; below white. Quills
and tail black. The young birds have a dark stripe from the bill to the eye,
and the white of the head is mottled with dusky. This species retires early'
It is celebrated in the annals of ignorance, as "the bird supposed to be bred
from the bernacle shell.

199. A. Brenta. Brent Goose. — Head, neck, and breast
black. A white patch on each side the neck.

Wilk, Lister, Phil. Trans, xv. 1159 — Brenta, Will. Orn. 275 Penn. Brit.

Zool. ii. 579 — Anas Bernicla, Temm. Orn. ii. 824 E, Rat or Road

Goose, Glatter Goose. — A winter visitant, frequenting meadows and
grass fields.

Length 29 inches, weight 2| pounds. Irides dark-brown. Lower part of
the breast,_ back, scapulars, and wing-covers, mottled ash-colour ; middle of the
belly greyish-brown ; sides grey. Vent and under tail-covers white. Rump
and tad black. The young are destitute of the white patch on the side of the

128 BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. Mercus.

neck, and the feet have a reddish tinge. Linnaeus confounded this and the
preceding species, under the title Anas Bernicla, although they had previously
been well distinguished by "Willoughbv. Temminck censures Linnaeus for
bestowing the trivial name erythropiis on the bernacle. The error, however,
does not belong to Linnaeus. Had the celebrated Dutch naturalist looked at
the description of Linnaeus, he would have found, that, under the name ery-
thropus, the laughing goose is well described ; and, had he glanced at the pages
of Willoughby, he would have perceived the inexpediency of adopting the
epithet " Leucopsis," from Bechstein, as " Bernicla" had long preoccupied
its place ; and avoided the employment of " Bernicla" to designate the
" Brenta."

As a straggler, the Anser rufaollis, (Anas ruficollis Bed-breasted Goose,
Temm. Orn. h. 82G.), here merits a place. It may readily be distinguished by its
brown bill, with the black nail and feet. The crown, throat, belly, and tail
black ; the vent, rump, and tail-covers white ; the front of the neck and breast
red. This species, a native of eastern and northern Europe, has been two or
three times found in this country. One was shot near London, in 1 7CC, and
another taken alive in Yorkshire, according to Montagu. One was shot near
Berwick-upon-Tweed, by Mr Burney, gunsmith, and sent to Mr Bullock, in
whose possession I saw it in May 1818.

Several species of geese have likewise been imported, and continue in a do-
mesticated state ; among which may be reckoned,

1. A. Gambensis. Egyptian, Ganser, or Gambo Goose, Will. Orn. 273 Bill

red ; the throat, cheeks, and upper part of the head are white ; the back, rump,
and tail are glossy black; each wing has a blunt spur on the bend. — Intro-
duced from Africa.

2. A. Canadensis. Canada Goose, Will. Orn. 276 — Bill black ; head and
neck black ; a white crescent on the throat. Back greyish-brown. Belly, vent,
and tail-covers white. Tail black — Introduced from North America.

3. A. Hispanicus. Chinese, Spanish, Guinea, or Swan Goose. Will. Orn.

275 Bill orange at the base, with a large knob. A wattle under the throat.

A dark-brown stripe from the nape to the back. Deportment stately Na-
tive country doubtful.

Gen. XC. MERGUS. Goosander— Bill narrow. Hind-
toe with a fin. Nostrils near the middle of the bill.

200. M. Merganser. Green-headed Goosander. — Bill and
legs red. Breast and wing-spot white.

Merganser, Will. Orn. 253.— Mergus Mer. Linn. Syst. i. 208 Penn.

Brit. Zool. ii. 55C— Temm. Orn. ii. 881 E, Jack-saw; W, Hwyad

ddan heddoy; JV. Harle. — Breeds in Orkney and the Hebrides. — A
winter visitant of other districts.

Length 28, breadth 38 inches ; weight 4 pounds. Bill crimson, narrow be-
fore the nostrils ; ridge and nail dusky. Mouth orange. Feet scarlet ; the
nails dusky. Irides chesnut. Head and neck deep duck-green, becoming
black under the chin. Lower neck, shoulders, and below white, tinged with
cream yellow. Feathers on the nape loose, and slightly produced. Primaries,
and their covers, brownish-black. The foremost secondaries black ; the mid-
dle ones white ; the inner ones, which are long and pointed, are white, edged
with black. First covers of the secondaries white, with a black base ; the se-
cond white ; those at the shoulder dusky, with pale edges. Inner scapulars
black ; outer ones white. Upper back deep black, verging to grey at the
rump. Tail of 18 grey pointed feathers. The female, which is the Dundiver
(Mergus castor) of British writers, has a long crest. The head, and upper

Alca. BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. 129

part of the neck ferruginous ; throat white ; below, white tinged with yellow,

above grey. Nest on the margin of fresh water lakes. Eggs 12, white.

Young like the female. The young males, in female garb, have led several
zoologists to conclude, that the M. Castor was a distinct species. The inqui-
ries, however, of an acute and intelligent naturalist, the late Mr Simmonds,
(cut off in the prime of life, in the Island of Barbadoes, while actively en-
gaged in zoological researches), conducted, as I can testify, with great cau-
tion, enabled him to set the question at rest, by proving an identity in the
structure, number, and dimensions of the tracheal of the males, the vertebrae
of the neck, the intestines, and the tail-feathers, Linn. Trans, viii. 268. Mr
Low mentions a variety of the goosander, in which the whole head, neck, and
breast were black — Ork. 132.

201. M. Serrator. Red-breasted Goosander. — Bill and legs

red. Breast red. Wing-spot white, divided by black bands.

M. cirratus fuscus, Will. Orn. 255. — M. ser. Linn. Syst. i. 208 — Penn.

ii. 558 Temm. ii. 884. (Trachea, Linn. Trans, iv. tab. xvi. f. 1, 2,) — E,

Lesser Toothed Diver.

Length 21, breadth 31 inches ; weight 2 pounds. Bill dusky on the ridge ;
claws black. Irides purplish-red. Head and throat fine green. Crest long.
Fore-neck and belly white. Breast brown, spotted with black. Upper back
black ; lower, and rump, mixed brown and grey. Outer scapulars black ; the
inner white. In front of the wing, a group of white spots. The white on the
wing divided by two black bands. Tail short and brown. — Female with the
head and neck reddish-brown ; the throat white. Fore-neck and breast mixed
grey and white. Wing-spot divided by one black band — Nest on the margin
of lakes. Eggs 8, bluish-white. The young may be distinguished from the
preceding, by the black band on the wing-spot, and the trachea of the males
having only one enlargement in the middle.

202. M. albellus. White-headed Goosander. — Bill and legs

lead-coloured. Head, neck, and breast white. Cheeks green.

Nape black. Wing-spot white, divided by black bands.

Albellus alter, Will. Orn. 254 — M. alb. Linn. Syst. i. 209.— Penn. Brit.
Zool. ii. 559. — Temm. Orn. 887- (Trachea, Linn. Trans, iv. tab. xvi.
f. 3, 4.) — E, Smew, White-nun, Vare-wigeon — Whiter visitant.

Length 18, breadth 26 inches ; weight 34 ounces. Bill about 2 inches long-
Irides brown. Belly and scapulars white. Back, and two crescents on the
side of the breast black. Tail grey. Female (M. minutus, Linn.) less. Crown,
cheeks, and nape reddish-brown. Fore-neck and belly white ; lower neck,
breast, sides, and rump grey. — Does not breed in this country. Eggs 8, white.
Young like the female.

Gen. XCI. ALCA. Auk. — Base of the bill closely covered
with short feathers. Nostrils situate on the feathered
space, immediately above and behind the marginal and
basilar ridges.

203. A. impennis. Great Auk. — Wings not reaching to the

rump. Bill black. An oval white patch in front of the eye.

Gair-fowl, Martin's St Kilda, 48 Penguin, Will. Orn. 242 — Northern

Penguin, Edward's Birds A. im. Linn. Syst. i. 210. tab. 147 — Penn.

Brit. Zool. ii. 507 — Temm. Orn. ii. 939.— S, Gair-fowl, King of the
Auks — Breeds occasionally in St Kilda.

VOL. I. I

130 BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. Fhatercula.

Length 3 feet. Bill, dorsally, 3, in front of the nostrils 2|, in the gape 4J,
depth 1 1 inches ; 7 ridges in the upper, and 1 1 in the lower mandible. Legs
black. Irides chesnut ; margin of the eye-lid black. Inside of the mouth
orange. Head, back, and neck black, the latter with a brownish tinge. Quills
dusky ; secondaries tipped with white. Breast and belly white. In winter,
the brownish-black of the throat and fore-neck is replaced by white, as I had
an opportunity of observing in a living bird, brought from St Kilda, in 1822.
— (See Edin. Phil. Jour., vol. x. p. 97:) This bird occasionally visits the Ork-
ney Islands, as witnessed by Mr Bullock (Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp.) I have
been informed by the same observer, that an individual was taken in a pond
of fresh water, two miles from the Thames, on the estate of Sir William Clay-
ton, in Buckinghamshire. When fed, in confinement, it holds up its head,
expressing its anxiety by shaking the head and neck, and uttering a gurgling
noise. It dives and swims under water, even with a long cord attached to its
foot, with incredible swiftness.

204. A. Torcla. Razor-Bill. — Wings reaching to the rump.

Bill black, with a white band. A narrow white stripe in front

of the eye.

Falk, Martin's St Kilda, 61,— A. Hoieri, Will. Orn. 242 — Sibb. Scot. 20.

— A. Tord- Linn. Syst. i. 210 — Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 509 Temm. Orn.

ii. 936. — E, Auk, Murre ; S, Marrot ; W, Garfil, Gwalch y penwaig ;
N, Hioga Common on all parts of the coast.

Length IS, breadth 27 inches ; weight 22 ounces. Bill 2 inches in the gape,
5 furrows in the upper, and 2 in the lower mandible ; the groove in front of
the basilar ridge of the upper mandible deep. Feet and claws black. Mouth
orange. Irides chesnut. Head, neck, and back black ; the throat and fore-
neck tinged with brown. Breast, belly, sides, and tips of the secondaries
white. Tail-feathers 14. In the winter, the throat, front, and sides of the
neck become white. Female similar — Breed gregariously on the shelves of
rocks impending the sea. Egg 1, white, tinged with green. Young, when
from the nest, differ from the old birds chiefly in the chin being freckled with
white ; the bill being nearly smooth, narrow, and destitute of the white band j
and the stripe of white before the eyes being distinct. After this bird assumes
the winter dress, and before the bill acquires the dimensions and markings of
maturity, it constitutes the Black-billed Auk (A. Pica, Linn. Syst. i. 210.) of
several British ornithologists.

Gen. XCII. FRATERCULA. Coulterneb.— Base of
the bill, and part of the cheeks, covered with a coloured
skin. Nostrils situate on the smooth space, and immediate-
ly above the marginal, and in front of the basilar ridge.

205. F. arctica. Common Coulterneb. — Cheeks, chin, breast,
and belly white ; the crown, neck^ and back black.

Bouger, or Coulterneb, Martin's St Kilda, 62 — Anas arctica, Will. Orn.

244 Sibb. Scot. 20 — Alca arct. Linn. Syst. i. 211. — Penn. Brit. Zool.

ii. 512. — Mormon Fratercula, Temm. Orn. ii. 933. — E, Pope, Puffin,
Mullet, Sea-Parrot, Willock ; S, Tammie-Norrie ; W, Proffingen —
Regular summer visitant.
Length 12, breadth 21 inches; weight 12 ounces. Bill short, wide at the
base, compressed towards the point ; dorsal ridge thin and bent ; fore-half
yellowish-red, with two or three furrows ; basal half smooth and black ; basi-
lar ridge yellowish-white, punctured. Legs and margin of the eye-lid reddish-

Podiceps. BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. 131

orange. Above and below the eye, a naked space of black skin. Irides grey.
Tail short, of 16 feathers. Female siinilar.. — Nest in deserted rabbit-holes, or
burrows which the bird forms. Egg 1, white. Young have the markings of

the bill less distinct Mr PennantTremarks, " The size of the bills of these

birds varies ; those of Priestholme Isle are one inch and three quarters long ;
and the base of the upper mandible one inch broad ; but, in the birds from the
Isle of Man, these proportions are much less." Have we two species ?

Gen. XCIII. PODICEPS. Grebe.— Bill straight, produced,
firm, pointed. Nostrils pervious. No tail. Plumage of
the belly close, with a silvery gloss.

206. P. cristatus. Crested Grebe. — Bill longer than the

head; from the nostrils to the tip 17 or 18 lines ; red, white at

the tip.

Colymbus major, Will. Orn. 256 — Col. crist., Linn. Syst. i. 222 — Tippet
and Great Crested Grebes, Perm. Brit. Zool. ii. 496 — P. crist., Temm.

Orn. ii. 717 E, Greater Loon, Arsfoot, Gargoose, Gaunt; W,

Gwyach. — Breeds in England.

Length 21, breadth 30 inches; weight 2J pounds. Bill 2\ inches. Feet
black, yellowish on the inside. Irides and lores crimson. Face white. Crown,
nape, and ear-crests glossy black, the latter tinged with brown. Beneath
white. Above dusky brown. Primaries dusky ; secondaries white, except
the two first, which are dusky. Female less, with a smaller crest, and duller
colours — Nest in marshes, of aquatic plants, and made so as to float. Eggs
4, white, of the size of those of a pigeon. Young without the crest, the face
with zig-zag lines of a dusky colour. In this state, it is the Col. urinator of
Linnaeus — This species breeds in Shropshire and Lincolnshire. It seems to
be stationary even in Zetland. One which I examined, 13th January 1809,
had the stomach full of gammari.

207. P. riibricolUs. (Latham.) Red-necked Grebe. — Bill
the length of the head; from the nostrils to the tip 11 lines;
yellow at the base ; tip black.

Beivick's Brit. Birds, ii. 152. — Temm. Orn. ii. 720. A winter visitant.

Length 1 7 inches ; weight 23 ounces. Bill 2 inches long. Legs dusky,
yellowish on the inside. Irides hazeL Front, crown, nape, and hind-neck,
black ; cheeks and throat grey ; fore-neck and breast reddish-chesnut ; belly
white, the sides with dusky spots ; back and wings black ; the secondaries and
base of the wing white. Nape with a short crest. Female similar — Nest like
the preceding. Young with the throat and cheeks white ; the fore-neck grey ;

the sides and hind-neck dusky This species, which occurs both in England

and Scotland, seems to have been met with, hitherto, only in the winter sea-
son. Pennant was inclined to consider it as a variety of the Crested Grebe.

208. P. cornutus. Horned Grebe. — Bill stout, shorter than

the head, compressed throughout ; from the nostrils to the tip

6 or 7 lines. Iris double.

Col. major cristatus et cornutus, Will. Orn. 257 — Sclavonian Grebe,

Mont. Orn. Diet. Suppt P. corn. Temm. Orn. ii. 721 — Resident and

common.

Length 14, breadth 25 inches. Bill black, point red, and the oiuline slopes
regularly. Feet black, grey within. Irides crimson, bordered and shaded with

i2

132 BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. Podiceps.

white. Lores crimson. Crown and crest black ; a large tuft of bay feathers ori-
ginate at the base of the bill, and along the eye, increasing in length, and spread-
ing like ears. Front, neck, and breast, red ; back black; belly white ; the sides
rufous. Wings black, secondaries white. Female similar Nest like the pre-
ceding. Young destitute of crest or auricles ; lores white ; above dusky ; neck
without red ; bill corneous — In the stomach of a young male, shot 18th Janu-
ary 1809, I found a concretion upwards of half an -inch in diameter, consist-
ing of its own belly feathers, closely matted together. Montagu, in his Suppt.
states, that he has observed the same occurrence in the red necked and crest-
ed species. Are these to be considered as analogous to bezoars ?

209- P. auritus. Eared Grebe. — Bill shorter than the head,
black, depressed over the nostrils; a little recurved; from nos-
trils to the tip 6 or 7 lines.

Col. aur. Linn. Syst. i. 222. — Eared and Dusky Grebes, Venn. Brit. Zool.
ii. 500. and 501 P. aur. Temm. Orn. ii. 725. — Resident.

Length 12, breadth 22 inches ; weight 1 pound. Bill about an inch ; the
ridge of the upper mandible nearly straight at the end, the lower one sloping
upwards, giving the bill a subrecurved appearance. Irides scarlet ; lores red-
dish. Face, crown, and short crest, black. Auricular tuft yellow, shaded to
orange, taking its rise behind the eye. Throat, neck, sides of the breast, and
back, black ; sides chesnut ; belly white. Legs, without, dusky, the inside
greenish. Female similar — Nest and eggs like the preceding, but smaller. The
young are like those of the Horned Grebe ; but the shape of the bill and co-
lour of the irides serve to distinguish them at all ages.

210. P. minor. Little Grebe. — Bill very short, stout, com-
pressed ; from the nostrils to the tip 5 lines.

Will. Orn. 258 Little Grebe and Black-chin, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 501.

— Col. Hebridicus, Sower. Brit. Misc. tab. 70 — P. minor, Temm. Orn.

ii. 727 F, Didapper, Dipper, Dobchick, Douker, Small Loon or Ars-

foot Resident.

Length 10, breadth 1C inches; weight G ounces. Bill about an inch, black ;
the base of the lower mandible and lores whitish ; feet greenish outwardly,
tinged with red on the inside. Irides reddish-brown. Crown, nape, and
throat, black ; side and fore-neck chesnut ; breast and sides dusky ; belly grey-
ish ; thighs and rump reddish. Dorsally glossy black, tinged with olive.
Primaries greyish-brown ; secondaries white on the inner webs. Female simi-
lar Eggs 5 or G, white, covered up when the parent leaves the nest. The

youny have the head and neck white, mottled with brown.

Gen. XCIV. COLYMBUS. Divek.— Tail short, rounded.
Tarsus much compressed.

211. C. glacialis. Northern Diver. — Bill upwards of 4 in-
cites in length ; its ridge above the nostrils carinated ; under
mandible deepest in the middle.

C. maximus caudatus, Will. Orn. 258 C. m. stellatus, Sibb. Scot. 20. —

C. glacialis, Linn. Syst. i. 221. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 523. Temm.
Orn. ii. 910. — F, The Greatest Diver, Loon; S, Herdsman of the Sea,
Emmer Goose ; G, Mur-buachaill. — On the coast, during winter
chiefly.

Length 41 inches, breadth 5 feet ; weight 10 pounds. Bill dusky, the ridge
ot the upper mandible slightly bent downwards, especially at the apex ; the

Colymbus. BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. 133

ridge of the lower mandible sloping upwards, giving the bill a recurved as-
pect ; the grove at the symphysis continued to within about 3 lines of the tip.
Feet, on'the outside, dusky ; pale within. Irides brown. Tongue entire,
pointed. Vermiform appendages I inch long, and upwards of ^ inch broad.
Head and neck black, the latter with two collars, white, freckled with black.
Back black, with white spots. Breast and belly white. Tail of 20 leathers.

Female similar, but less Nest on the margin of fresh-water lakes. Eggs 2,

isabella yellow, with purplish-grey spots. Young differ in the plumage above,
being brownish-black, freckled with grey on the cheeks, and the feathers on
the back edged with grey ; below, white, with a dusky bar across the vent.
In this state it is the C. immer of Linne. The black on the neck, the col-
lars, and the white spots on the back, appear as the bird approaches maturity,
which it reaches at the age of 3 years. — The young of this species are com-
mon in Zetland, during winter, while old birds seldom occur. In Orkney,
however, both old and young birds abound at that season. The old birds
visit the Frith of Forth in winter, following the herrings. The young birds
are occasionally seen in summer in the Zetland seas, and I observed one off
the coast of Waterford, 28th July 1816.

212. C. arcticus. Black-throated Diver. — Bill upwards of
3 inches in length ; flat above the nostrils ; groove of the sym-
physis reaching to the end of the lower mandible.

Will. Orn. 258. Sibb. Scot. 20. Linn. Syst. i. 221. Pcnn. Brit. Zool

ii. 527. Temm. Orn. ii. 913. — A winter visitant.

Length 27, breadth 44 inches ; weight 4 pounds. Bill black, nearly 3£ inches

long, rounded, blunt. Feet brown outwardly, whitish within. Irides brown.

Front, throat, fore-neck, back, and rump, black. Crown and nape grey. Sides

of the neck spotted black and white. Sides of the back scapulars and* wingj-co-

vers black, with white spots. Tail feathers 20. Female similar Nest on

the margin of lakes. Eggs 2, white, with distant black spots. The young
are dusky above, and white below, at first ; the head then becomes grey, and
the sides of the neck freckled with black. At two years, the black on the
fore-neck, and the black and white of the back, make their appearance ; and
the plumage is complete in 3 years. When approaching maturity, it appears
to be the Second Speckled Diver of Bewick.

213. C. scptentrwnalis. Red-throated Diver. — Bill scarcely

3 inches long, slender, pointed, subrecurved; groove of the

symphysis of the lower mandible very short.

Linn. Syst. i. 220. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 526, Temm. Orn. ii. 916.— S,
Bain Goose — Breeds in Orkney and Zetland. A winter visitant of
the Thames.

Length 24, breadth 41 inches; weight upwards of 3 pounds. Bill black,
much more pointed, slender, and recurved, than the two preceding species ;
the margins are much incurved. Legs black without, whitish on the inside.
Irides reddish-brown. Crown, nape, and back of the neck, purplish-black,
£he edges of the feathers white and raised. Chin, cheeks, and sides of the
neck, dark grey. Fore-neck brownish-red ; above, olive-black, with pale edges ;
wing covers dusky, with white spots. Breast and belly silvery. Vent Avith a
black bar. Tail of 20 feathers ; the under covers black, with pale edges. Fe-
male similar — Nest on the margin of lakes. Eggs 2, olive brown, with brown
spots. Young, at first, dusky above, whitish below ; they then assume the
grey on the head, and become spotted on the back ; and, on approaching ma-
turity, the red on the throat appears. In its immature state it is the " First
Speckled Diver" of Bewick. Linnaeus states, that, in Sweden, the Black
Throated Diver was considered as the male of this species. I have seen the
lied and Black Throated Divers in company with a young bird, and had evi-

134 BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. Ukia.

dence of the lied Throated individual being a female. They have likewise
been shot in company in the spring. (Mont. Orn. Diet. Suppt. and Edin.
Phil. Journ. vol. viii. 299.) These circumstances seem calculated to excite
more inquiry respecting the specific characters of the species of the genus.

Gen. XCV. URIA. Guillemot. — Bill straight, compres-
sed, pointed, margins incurved ; the upper mandible, with
a distinct terminal notch.

214. U. Troile. Foolish Guillemot. — Head, neck, and

throat, dull blackish-brown ; above, brownish-black ; breast and

belly white.

Law, Martin's St Kilda, 59. — Lomwia Insula Farrse, Will. Orn. 244.

Sibb. Scot. 20 Col. Troile, Linn. Syst. i. 220. Perm. Brit. Zool. ii.

519. — Una Tr. Temm. Orn. ii. 921 — E, Guilem, Guillemot, Sea Hen,
Skout, Kuldaw, Murse, Willoch, Tinkershere — S, Marrot, Skutock ;
W, Gwilym ; N. Lungy Common on all the coasts.

Length 18, breadth 28 inches ; weight 24 ounces. Bill black ; from the
nostrils to the tip an inch and a half; gape 3 inches ; inside orange. Tongue
nearly the length of the bill, pointed. Vermiform appendages, short, point-
ed. Legs, behind, and soles, black ; before and above, yellowish-brown- Pri-
maries pale towards the base ; the secondaries tipped with white. Tail short
and rounded, of 12 feathers. In winter the black on the throat and fore-neck
is replaced by white, and the plumage above has a greyish tinge. Female
less. — Nest on the ledge of a rock on the shore. Egg 1, greenish, blotched
with duskv. — Young with the bill short; sides and front of the neck whitish
like the old birds in their winter garb. In this state it is the Lesser Guille-
mot of British writers.

It is probable that the Uria Brunnichii (Temm. Orn. ii. 924.), may occur
during the winter season, especially among the northern islands. The dilat-
ed broad base of the bill, and the wdiite of the belly extending to an arrow-
shaped point on the fore-neck, may serve to distinguish it. The throat, how-
ever, probably becomes white in winter.

Gen. XCVI. CEFHUS. Scraber.— -Bill longer than the
head ; upper mandible destitute of the terminal notch.

215. C. Gryllc. Common Scraber. — Bill straight, narrow ;
wing-covers forming a large white spot.

Scraber, MartirCs St Kilda, 58 Columba Groenlandica, Will. Orn, 245.

Sibb. Scot. 20 Col. Grylle, Linn. Syst. i. 220. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii.

521 Uria Gr. Temm. Orn. ii. 925 — ~-E, Greenland Dove, Sea Turtle ;

S, Scraber, Toyst, Tystie — Common.
Length 14, breadth 22 inches; weight 14 ounces. Bill black, an inch and
a half long. Mouth and legs orange. Irides hazel. Plumage black, except
the large wing spot and tips of the secondaries, which are white. Tail of 12
feathers. In winter the plumage becomes mottled with white. In Greenland
it becomes wholly white, as was pointed out to me by Sir Charles Giesecke,
in the collection of the Dublin Society, in a specimen which he brought from
that country. In this state, it is the Spotted Guillemot of Pennant. Female
similar. — Nest on ledges of rocks; chiefly in caves. Egg 1, white, with black

Mergulus. BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. 135

and o-rey spots. — Young resemble the winter plumage of the old birds. — In
Zetland' I have observed the birds with black plumage about the end of Fe-
bruary ; by the end of March they are common in this their summer dress.

Gen. XCVII. MERGULUS. Rotche.— Bill shorter than
the head; ridge arched; symphysis short and oblique;
margins inflected.

216. M. melanoleucos. Common Rotche. — Breast, belly,

and a dot above the eyes, white ; the rest of the plumage

black.

Will. Orn. 2G1. — Alca Alle, Linn. Syst. i. 211.— Little Auk, Penn. Brit.

Zool. ii. 517 Uria alle, Temm. Orn. ii. 928 — E, -Little black and

white Diver A winter visitant of the northern coasts.

Length 9, breadth 16 inches; weights ounces. Bill black, short and thick,
like gallinaceous birds. Legs and toes yellowish. Irides hazel. Tip of the
secondaries white. In this, its summer dress, it was considered as a var. by
Pennant. In a specimen from Greenland, presented to me in 1809, by that
accomplished navigator Captain Scoresby fan., I was able to perceive the se-
ries of changes which the plumage of this bird undergoes in connection with
the seasons, the results of which were communicated to Montagu, (Orn- Diet.
Suppt.) In winter, the throat, sides, and front of the neck, become white,
more or less freckled with dusky ; in which state it is frequent on our shores.
Female similar.— Nest in holes or crevices on the bare rocks. Egg 1, bluish-
green.

Gen. XCVIII. PROCELLARIA. Petrel.— Nostrils unit-
ed into a single tubular opening on the upper part of the
bill. Lower mandible truncated,

* Nail of the bill prominent, arched and toothed on the margin.
Tail rounded. Fulmar.

217. P. Macialis. Fulmar Petrel. — Tail rounded ; plumage,
above, grey ; beneath, white.

Haffert, Will. Orn. 30C— Fulmar, Martin, Descr. West Isles, p. 283 —
P. gl. Linn. Syst. i. 213. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 549. Temm. Orn. ii.

802 N, Mallemacke — Breeds in St Kilda.

Length 17 inches ; weight 22 ounces. Bill about 2 inches long, yellow,
nail swollen. Legs dusky. Irides yellow. The head, neck, belly, rump, and
tail, pure white ; rest bluish-grey ; the wings inclining to dusky. Female si-
milar.— Nest in holes. Egg 1, white. — The young are grey, clouded with
brown, with a dusky spot in front of the eyes. The fulmar feeds on fish and
putrid carcases.

** Nail of the bill not prominent Tail even orforhed. Pe-
trel.

218. P. pelagica. Stormy Petrel. — Tail even, the wings,
when closed, extending a little beyond its tip ; length of the
tarsus |ths of an inch.

136 BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. Procellaeia.

Assilag, Martin's St Kilda, p. 63. Linn. Syst. i. 212. Penn. Brit. Zool.
ii. 553. Temm, Orn. ii. 810. Charles Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Sc. Phil,
iii. pt. 2. p. 227- tab. viii. f. 1 — E, Stormfinch, Little Petril, Witch,
Mother Cary's Chicken ; W, Cas gan Longwr ; N, Alamouti. — Resi-
dent.

Length h\ inches. Bill black, half an inch in length ; tube of the nostrils
short, sunk at the base. Feet black. Irides dusky. Plumage sooty -black ; the
vent, each side, rump, and upper tail-covers, white ; the tips of the last, the
tail, and primaries, deep black ; the greater wing-covers, and some of the se-
condaries, tipped with white. Female similai- Nest in holes in rocks, or

earth. Eggs 2, white — The young are of a lighter colour : the feathers mar-
gined with reddish-brown. — This species frequents the seas of Europe.
Breeds at many places on the coast. Follows the track of vessels in stormy
weather, picking up the greasy substances in the wake. According to the ob-
servations of Mr Scarth, this bird makes a low purring noise in the breeding
season. An individual, which he kept for some time in a cage, was support-
ed by smearing the feathers of the breast with train oil, which the bird after-
wards sucked with its bill. When the oil was placed in a saucer in the cage,
the bird dipped its breast feathers therein, and afterwards sucked the oil from
them. — Lin. Trans, xiii. 618.

219. P. Bullockii. Fork-tailed Petrel.— Tail forked, the
wings, when closed, not extending beyond its tip ; length of the
tarsus one inch.

An undescribed Petrel, with a forked tail, taken at St Kilda in 1818, Bul-
lock's Sale Cat. 8th day, No. 78 — P, Leachii, Temm. Orn. ii. 812. Bo-
naparte, Journ. Acad. Phil. iii. pt. 2. p. 299. tab. ix — Inhabits St
Kilda.

Length 8 inches. Bill black, robust, upwards of aths of an inch long ; the
nasal tube even. Feet black. Plumage brownish-black, tinged with cine-
reous ; the primaries and tail darkest ; vent, each side, and upper tail-covers,
white with brown shafts ; wing-covers, some of the secondaries, and of the
scapulars, gradually changing to dirty-white at the tip. Female similar. — This
species extends over the Atlantic, and is common on the American coast. It
was first observed and discriminated by Mr Bullock, during a voyage round
the coast of Scotland in 1818, at St Kilda ; and the specimen which he brought
from thence, was, at the sale of his collection, purchased for the British Mu-
seum. At the latter place, M. Temminck had an opportunity of examining
it, and proposed to Dr Leach to bestow on it the trivial name of " Leachii."
When Dr Leach intimated this to me at the time, I remonstrated, but in
vain, against his acceptance of a compliment to which he had no claim, and
which he could retain only at the expense of another. Still entertaining the
same views, I have ventured to alter the trivial name (as then proposed), in
order to do an act of common justice to the individual who had energy to un-
dertake a voyage of inquiry, and sagacity to distinguish the bird in question
as an undescribed species.

The figure given by Borlase (Hist. Corn. tab. xxix. 10.) appears, from the
length of the tarsi, and the wings extending greatly beyond the tail, to have
been the P. oceanica of Forster. It is not improbable that the P. Wilstni of
Bonaparte, a species common on the American coast, may occur occasionally
on the shores of the Hebrides or west of Ireland. The black feet, having a
large oblong yellow spot on the web, may serve as a distinguishing mark.

Puffinus. BIRDS. FALMIPIDES. 137

Gen. XCIX. PUFFINUS. Puffin.— Nostrils with separate
openings; extremity of the lower mandible bent down-
wards.

220. P. Anglorum. Manks Puffin. — Wings longer than the

tail.

Will. Orn. 251.— Lyra, Sibb. Scot. 22 — Procellaria Puffinus, Linn. Syst.
i. 213. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 551 — Proc. Ang. Temm. Orn. ii. 806 — E,
Shearwater ; W, Pwffingen Fanaw ; iV, Lyre, Scrabe. — A summer vi-
sitant.

Length 15, breadth 32 inches; weight 17 ounces. Bill an inch in length
before the nostrils ; blackish brown. Legs dusky without, yellowish on the
inside. Plumage, above, black ; beneath, white ; the sides of the neck freck-
led black and white. Female similar — Nest in holes. Eggs 1, white. — Young
nearly resembling the old birds — This species arrives at its breeding places
in March, and departs in August. The young are very fat, and are sought
after by the inhabitants, killed, salted, and eaten with potatoes or cabbage.

Gen. C. CATARACTES. Skua.— Nostrils near the mid-
dle of the mandible, and covered with a corneous plate,
reaching to the base. Claw of the inner toe arched.

Willoughby, with propriety, separated this genus from the following.
— The species are bold, of rapid flight, and support themselves
chiefly on the food which they compel the Gulls to vomit.

221. C. vulgaris. Common Skua. — Plumage brown; tail-
feathers nearly equal.

C. noster, Will. Orn. 265. Sibb. Scot. 20.— Larus cat. Linn. Syst. i. 226*

Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 529 Cat. vul. Flem. Edin. Phil. Journ. i. 97 ■

Lestris Cat. Temm. Orn. ii. 792 — S, Sea Eagle; JV, Skua, Skui, Bonxie.
Breeds in Zetland.

Length 25, breadth 55 to 58 inches; weight 54 ounces. Bill 2| inches
long, brownish-black. The upper mandible is rounded along the margin to-
wards the base, a little prominent in front of the nostrils above, and bent
downwards at the end like the hawks. The under mandible is bent inwards
at the edges ; at the apex it forms a gutter, sloping downwards ; at the base it is
grooved laterally ; and at the junction of the two sides, beneath, there is an an-
gular prominence. The eyes are surrounded with a narrow bare black orbit,
and the irides are hazel brown. The legs are covered with large black scales.
The claws sre strong, of a black colour, arched and grooved beneath. The plu-
mage, on the upper parts, is dark rust}' brown, with yellowish-white oblong
dusky spots. Each feather is dusky -brown on the edges, and yellowish-white
at the end near the shaft. The plumage, below, is lighter coloured, and on
the belly it is tinged with ash-grey. The feathers on the neck are wiry and
pointed, and have a narrow oil-green spot on the extremity. The wings reach
to the point of the tail. The shafts of the quills are white. The outer web,
and the extremity of the first, deep brown; the tips only of the rest, brown ; the
remaining part, towards the base, is white. The covers of a few of the seconda-
ries are white. The tail-feathers, which are twelve in number, are blunt ; the
shafts, and the webs at the base, are white ; towards the extremity the webs are
brown. There is no difference between the sexes, either in colour or size, in

138 BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. Cataractes.

those which we have examined. It does not appear to be subject to much
variation of plumage with age or seasons. Some individuals have been found
having the chin and forehead tinged with ash-colour. — The common Skua is
gregarious during the breeding season. It lays two eggs of a muddy green
colour, marked with irregular brown spots, and* intermixed with smaller white
spots. — The nest is carelessly constructed of a few dried weeds, and is found
in unfrequented moors. It breeds in the Zetland islands, where I have ob-
served it, as in Foulah and Unst, and on Rona's Hill in Mainland. When
the purposes of incubation have been accomplished, it retires from its sum-
mer haunts, and leads a solitary life on the ocean. It is found in our seas at
all seasons. It is rare in the southern parts of the kingdom ; and even about
the Zetland islands it is by no means a common bird.

222. C. parasiticus. Arctic Skua. — Plumage above black ;

the two middle tail-feathers produced.

Larus par., Linn. Syst. i. 22G. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 533 Lestris par.,

Temm. Orn. ii. 796" — E, Teazer, Dung-hunter, Dung-bird, Scull, Boat-
swain ; S, Faskidar, Badock, Allan, Scouti-allan, Dirten-allan ; N, Shui.
— Common on all parts of the coast. Breeds in the Hebrides and
Northern Isles.

Length 21, breadth 43 inches ; weight 16 ounces. The bill is 2 inches in
length, of a greyish-black colour, darkest towards the point. The upper man-
dible is rounded along the margin towards the base, a little prominent in front
of the nostrils above, and bent downwards at the end. The under mandible is
bent inwards at the edges, and at the apex forms a groove sloping downwards ;
at the base it is grooved laterally ; and, at the junction of the two sides beneath,
there is an angular prominence. The eyes are surrounded with a narrow black
orbit, and the irides are of a hazel-brown colour. The legs are of a black co-
lour, rather slender. The claw of the outer toe is short ; that of the middle-
toe broad and grooved below ; and of the inner toe narrow and arched. The
tongue is fleshy and bluntly bifid. The middle of the palate, and a ridge on
each side, are covered with cartilaginous reflecting teeth. The trachea at the
division of the bronchia? is furnished with a small bony plate. Rectum with
too long broad vermiform appendages. Crown, nape, back, quills, tail and its
under covers, brownish-black, deepest on the head and extremities of the
wings and tail. Front, chin, cheeks below the eye, side of the neck, and be-
low white. An indistinct collar of wiry-feathers round the neck. The wings
reach beyond the lateral feathers of the tail ; the first quill the longest. Tail
of 12 feathers; the five exterior ones rounded, the extremity of the shaft pro-
jecting ; the two middle produced feathers taper to a point. Female similar.
— Nest in heath, of dry grass. Eggs 2, dark olive-green, with irregular
blotches of liver brown. The young have the head and hind neck grey, with
brown streaks ; the back dusky-brown, the feathers with pale edges ; below
blackish-grey, with a ferruginous tinge ; the base and tips of the quill and
tail-feathers whitish. In its young state, and as it approaches to maturity, it
is the (Larus crepidatus) Cepphus of Lyson, Phil. Trans, xlii. 137., and the
Black Toed-Gull of Pennant, Brit. Zool. ii. 532 The " Arctic Bird" of Ed-
wards, tab. 148., frequently referred to as belonging to this species, appears to
be distinct, as indicated by the bright yellow colour of the legs — Like the pre-
ceding species, the Arctic Skua is subgregarious only in the breeding season,
and remarkably bold in defending its nest. It has recourse to stratagem to
lead intruders from its eggs or young, tumbling over, as if dying, or feigning
a broken wing. It is worthy of remark, that this species breeds before it at-
tains the plumage of maturity.

Gen. CI. LARUS. Gull.— Bill hooked; tail even.— The
Females are similar to the Males in plumage, but less in

Larus. BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. 189

size. Those which have white heads in summer, have
those parts slightly streaked with dusky in winter. Those
which have black heads in summer have white heads in
winter. The Young are two or three years in reaching
maturity

1. Larger gulls ; exceeding 20 inches in length.
* Quills white.

223. L. glaucus. Burgomaster. — Length 30, breadth 63,
of the tarsus 2^'gth inches.

Fab. Faun. Groen. 100 Sabine, Linn. Trans, xii. 543 — New species of

Larus, Edmonston, Wern. Mem. iv. 176. Scor. Arct. Reg. i. 535 —
Temm. Orn. ii. 757 A winter visitant.

Bill 3 inches long, horn coloured, the symphysis of the lower mandible
bright reddish orange. Irides and orbits yellow. Legs livid flesh-coloured.
Plumage white ; the back, scapulars, and wing-covers ash-grey. In winter,
the neck is mottled with brown. Female less — Nest among grass on the shore.
Eggs 3, pale, with brown spots. Young, mottled, uniformly light brown and
white ; the whole bill lead-coloured. This species is rapacious, yet shy. It
was first ascertained as a winter visitant of Zetland, by Laurence Edmonston,
Esq. surgeon, Unst, in 1814 — It has since been detected on various parts of
the coast, but it retires to the Arctic Regions during the breeding season.

224. L. islandicus. Iceland Gull. — Length 24, breadth 53,
tarsus 2 \ inches.

L. argentatus, an arctic var., Sabine, Linn. Trans, xii. 546. — Temm. Orn.
ii. 764. L. Isl. Edmonston, Wern. Mem. iv. 506 — A winter visitant
of Zetland.
Bill about 2^ inches long ; rather slender. Plumage similar to the pre-
ceding. The wings, however, in this species, reach a little beyond the tail ;
while, in the glaucus, they only reach to the end of it. The young are distin-
guished from those of the preceding, by their dimensions, size of the bill, and
paler plumage. Captain Sabine and M. Temminck agree in considering this spe-
cies as the L. argentatus, deprived of the black markings on the quill-feathers,
by its residence in an arctic climate. The absence of any direct proof, or
even analogy, induced me, six years ago, to reject this conclusion as unwar-
rantable (Edin. Phil. Journ. vol. ii. 274) ; nor have subsequent proofs, of any
value, been brought forward. Captain Sabine, it is true, states a fact (App.
Parry's first voy., cciv.) which he considers as confirming Mr Temminck's
decision ; though, in reality, it only proves the occurrence of the Herring-
Gull on the same cliff with the Islandicus : — " Amongst a number of the
Greenland variety, which had their nests on a cliff on one of the Georgian
Islands, one individual was observed to have black markings on the wings,
and was fortunately secured. On comparing this specimen with birds which
have been killed on our own coasts, the black markmgs of the quill-feathers
are found to correspond precisely in shape and situation ; the only perceptible
difference being, that the dark colour is not quite so deep in shade in the Po-
lar as in the European varieties." Mr Edmonston first recognized this spe-
cies as a winter visitant of Unst, the most northerly of the Zetland Isles. It
is there confounded, by the natives, with the Burgomaster, under the name
of Iceland Gull, or Iceland Scorie, though Mr Edmonston notices its greater
elegance and delicacy of form and its livelier and more active habits.

140 BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. Laeus.

** Quills black and white.

225. L. marinus. Black-backed Gull. — Length 30, breadth
70 inches; tarsus flesh coloured, 2T9sth inches ; on the symphysis
of the lower jaw a red spot with a dark centre.

L. maximus, Will. Orn. 261. Sibb. Scot. 20 L. mar. Linn. Syst. i. 225.

Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 528. Temm. Orn. ii. 760 — E, Cobb ; S, Gull
Maw ; W, Gwylangefn ddie; N. Swabie, Bawgie, Swarthback Resi-
dent.
Bill 4 inches long, tight yellow. Irides and orbits yellow. Head, neck,
rump, tail, and below white : back and wing-covers bluish-black. Quills black,
tipped and barred with white. Female similar — Nest on inaccessible cliffs
and islands. Eggs olive-green, with dusky blotches. Young mottled brown

and white This species is fond of carrion, and will even venture to destroy

weak lambs. Generally solitary or in pairs.

226. ~L.Jiiscus. Yellow-legged Gull. — Length 24, breadth

54 inches; tarsus yellow, 2T20th inches long. Orange spot of

the symphysis destitute of the dark centre.

Linn. Syst. i. 225 — Var. of L. mar., Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 52fl L. argen-

tatus, or Lesser Black-backed Gull, Mont. Orn. Diet — L. fuscus,
Temm. Orn. ii. 767-— Resident.

Weight 2\ pounds. Bill, legs, and irides yellow ; orbits red. Head, neck,
rump, tail and below white ; back and wings bluish-black ; quills black, the
point of the first white, with a black tip ; the second similar, with only a white
spot in the black ; the others are ver}r slightly tipped with white ; two or
three of the scapulars are also tipped with white. The wing exceeds the tail
by 2 inches. Female similar. — Nest on islands, gregarious. Eggs 2, olive-
brown, with dusky blotches — Young mottled brown and white — This species
was first noticed as British by Pennant, who was uncertain whether it was a
variety of marinus, or a distinct species. Montagu first illustrated its charac-
ters with precision.

227. L. argentatus. Herring-Gull. — Length 24, breadth
56, tarsus flesh-coloured, 2| inches. Bill yellow ; orange spot
on the symphysis destitute of the dark centre.

Herring-Gull, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 535 — L. ar. Temm. Orn. ii. 764 —

Resident.

Weight about 2 pounds. Irides yellow ; orbits red. Head, neck, rump,
tail and below white ; back and wings bluish-grey ; quills dusky, black towards
the ends, with a white spot. Wings a little longer than the tail. Female si-
milar Nest on islands. Eggs 2, olive-brown, with dusky blotches. Young

mottled brown and white. In this state it has been termed Wagel — This
species has frequently been confounded with the preceding. This seems to
be the case in the Larus cinereus maximus, Will. Orn. 262. I have found in
the stomach of this species a considerable quantity of wheat.

2. Smaller Gulls, less than 20 inches in length.

228. L. canns. Common Gull. — Length of the tarsus 2

inches. Wings longer than the tail ; the two outer quills with

black shafts.

J,, cinereus minor, Will. Orn. 262. Sibb. Scot. 20 — Ii. canus, Linn. Syst.

i. 224 Perm. Brit. Zool. ii. 538. Temm. Orn. ii. 771 — Resident,

common.

Larus. BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. 141

Length 17, breadth 36 inches; weight 15 ounces. Bill yellow, dusky to-
wards the base, 2^ inches long. Mouth orange. Legs dull white. Irides
and orbits brown. Head, neck, rump, tail and below white. Back and wings
bluish-grey. Primaries black, the two or three first with a spot of white
across the ends, and the tips black, the rest tipped with white ; secondaries
grey, tipped with white. Female similar. — Nest on ledges of rock on the coast,
of sea-weeds. Eggs 2 or 3, dull olive-brown, blotched with dusky. Young
mottled brown and white ; the tail with a brown bar near the end. The white
commences in the second year ; the spots on the wings, and the dark bar of
the tail finally disappear. In its young state it has been called the Winter
Gull.

229. L. Rissa. Kittivvake. — Tarsus lT45th inch. A small

knob instead of a hind toe.

L. cinereus Bellonii, Will. Orn, 263 Avis Kittiwake, Sibb. Scot. 20 —

L. Rissa, Linn. Syst. 224. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 539. — L. tridactylus,
Temm, Orn. ii. 774, — E, Annet — Resident.

Length 14, breadth 38 inches; weight 8 ounces. Bill 2 \ inches long,
slightly hooked, greenish-yellow ; corners of the mouth, inside and orbits,
orange. Feet dusky black. Irides chesnut. Head, neck, rump, tail, and
below white ; back and wing-covers pale grey. The four first quill-feathers
are tipped with black, but the fourth has a small white spot near the point ;
the fifth (or sixth) is tipped with white, with a black bar. In moulting, 1
have observed that it is the sixth quill that is first cast off, then the fifth.

Female similar Nest, in company, on ledges of rocks impending the sea.

Eggs 2, pale olive, with dark markings. Young have the bill black. Head,
neck, and below whitish ; a black spot on the lores, and (lighter coloured) on
the ear and on the nape. Above, the plumage is mottled grey and brown ;
the quills black ; the tail dusky at the ends ; the whole of the outer one, on
each side, plain. The spot on the ear is the last marking of youth which disap-
pears. In this young state, it is the L. tridactylus of Linnaeus, and the Tar-
rock of Pennant. Mr Edmonston refers to a bird, nearly resembling the
tarrock, which he has observed in Zetland, and which he is disposed to consi-
der as a distinct species, under the title of L. corvus. " The upper part of
the neck and head is pale blue ; behind each ear, a spot of a darker shade of
the same colour ; the plumage otherwise, similar to that of the kittiwake." —
(Edin. Phil. Journ. vol. viii. 99.) From its not breeding, nor frequenting the
breeding-places of the common species, it is termed in Zetland, Yeld Killi-
wake. It is also called Craa Maa. It is probably only the tarrock in the last
stage of immaturity.

230. L. rklibundus. Black-headed Gull. — Head and upper-
neck brownish-black ; a large white space on the middle of the
first quills ; tarsus lT°0th inch in length.

L. cinereus, Will. Orn. 2G4 L. rid. Linn. Syst. 225. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii.

541. Mont. Linn. Trans, vii. 284. Tcmm. Orn. ii. 730.— E, Pewit.

Black-cap, Sea-crow, Rickmire ; S, Hooded Maw.
Length 15, breadth 37 inches; weight 10 ounces. Bill and feet rich ver-
milion. Irides hazel. Round the eyes a few white feathers. Lower part of
the neck, tail, and below white ; the back and wings grey. Primaries white,
the first with the exterior margin black ; the second tipped with black, and
marked with a black spot on the inner web. In winter the head is white,
with a black patch on the ear, and another in front of the eyes ; under the

wing blackish-grey. Female similar Nest in meadows and islands in fresh Ava-

ter lakes. Eggs 3, olive, with dusky blotches. The young mottled with brown
and white. The head then becomes white, with an obscure spot behind the
ear ; tail with a dark band. Base of the bill livid, the point black ; the feet

142 BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. Sterna.

yellow. In these different states of plumage, it has been termed Red-legged
Gull and Brown-headed Gull — This species leaves Scotland in winter, but
remains at that season on the English shores.

231. L. capistratus. — Head and throat brown: outer quills
with white shafts: tarsus lAth inch.
Temm. Orn. ii. 785.

Length 13T4„ inches. Bill and feet reddish-brown ; the former slender.
The front brownish-grey ; the nape and fore-neck white. In other respects,
and in its winter dress, it is like the black-headed gull. It differs, however,
in its diminutive proportions, in the brown tints of the bill and legs ; in the
hood not descending to the nape, nor down the upper part of the fore-neck,
and in the clear grey of the inner side of the wings. M. Temminck has
separated this gull from the preceding, with which it appears to have been
hitherto confounded by British naturalists. He states, that it is common in
Orkney, and on the cqast of Scotland and England ; but it does not appear to
have occurred to any of our native ornithologists.

STRAGGLERS.

1. L. atricilla. Laughing Gull. — Mont. Orn. Diet — The author just quo-
ted states, that " This species is larger than the black-headed gull ; length
18 inches. It differs from that bird only in the legs, which are black ; the
bill is, however, stronger, and the head larger." Five birds of this species
were observed by Montagu in August 1774, in a pool upon the Shingly Flats,
near Winchelsea ; and two others near Hastings, in Sussex.

2. L. minutus. Little Gull — Temm. Orn. ii. 787 — This species has the
shafts of the quills brown, the ends of the feathers white, and the tarsus
only 1 inch and 1 line in length. Its diminutive size, (not exceeding 10 in-
ches in length), serves to distinguish it from all the other species of this genus.
Montagu first described this gull, accompanied by a figure, in the Supp. to
the Orn. Diet., from a specimen shot on the Thames near Chelsea, in the col-
lection of Mr Plasted-— Mr Neill received another specimen, shot in autumn
1824, on the shore of the Solway Frith, which he presented to theEdiuburgh
Museum.

3. L. candidus. Snow-Bird Fab. Fauna, gr. 103 — L. eburneus, Temm.

Orn. ii. 769 The black feet, contrasted with the white plumage, distinguish

this species. A solitary individual was killed in Balta Sound, Zetland, 13th
December 1822. A description of its appearance was transmitted to the Wer-
nerian Society (Wern. Mem. iv. 501.), by Mr Edmonston, whose zeal and
success in illustrating the habits of the Zetland birds merit the highest praise.

Gen. CII. STERNA. Tern. — Bill pointed, with the
mandibles equal ; tarsi short. Tail forked. — The sexes
are alike in plumage ; but the male is superior in size.
All the species leave the country during winter.

232. S. Boysii. Sandwich Tern. — Tarsus 1^ inch. Bill
2 inches, black, with a yellow tip. Wings reach beyond the
tail. Feet black.

Sandwich T., Mont. Supp. Orn. Diet. Bewick's Brit. Birds, ii. 204 — S.
cantiaca, Temm. Orn. ii. 735. — On the English coast.

Sterna. BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. 143

Length 18, breadth 33 inches. Irides dusky. Front, crown, including the
eyes and nape, black. Neck, breast, rump, and belly, white, the two first
with a reddish tinge ; back and wing-covers grey. Primaries " hoary black
on the outer webs, and more than half of the inner, near the shafts from the
points, but gradually becoming less towards the base, the shafts and interior
margins quite to the tip white." — (Mont.) In winter the black on the head
disappears, or becomes mottled with white. Eggs 2 or 3, white, with black
marks. — Young have the black and white mottled head tinged with red, and
the grey on the back with the same ; wing-feathers dusky ; tail grey at the
base, then dusky, with a white tip — This species seems to breed in the Fern
Islands on the coast of Northumberland, according to the notices given by
Bewick — It was first detected as a distinct species by Mr Boys of Sandwich.

233. S. Anglica. Gull-billed Tern. — Tarsus 2 inches long,
Bill 1 1 inch, wholly black. Wings 3 inches longer than the
tail. Feet black.

Mont. Supp. Orn. Diet. Temm. Orn. ii. 744. — In England.
Dimensions nearly as the preceding. Bill prominent at the symphysis, as
in the gulls. Front, crown, taking in the eyes, nape, and upper hind-neck
black, the feathers long. Below white. Back, wings, and tail dark grey ;
the outer feathers only of the last white ; the five first quills tipped with
black. In winter the head is white with black marks before and behind the
eye — This species was first detected by Montagu It has since been ob-
served in eastern Europe and the United States.

234. S. Doug-aim. Roseate Tern.— Tarsus 1 inch. Bill If
inch, yellow at the base, black at the tip. Wings 2 inches
shorter than the tail. Feet orange.

Mont. Supp. Orn. Diet. Temm. Orn. ii. 738 — Breeds on the Cumbray
Islands in the Frith of Clyde.

Length 15J inches. Irides black ; the front, crown, including the eyes and
nape, black. A streak above at the base of the upper mandible, cheeks, be-
low the eye, neck, breast, and belly, white, the three last with a rosy blush ;
above grey. " Quill-feathers narrow, the first has the exterior web black,
with a hoary tinge ; the others are hoary on that part ; and a portion of the
inner web next to the shaft of the first three or four, is hoary black, becom-
ing by degrees paler in the succeeding feathers, all deeply margined with
white quite to the tip, and the shafts of all are white." — (Mont.) Tail white.
— This species was first noticed by Dr Macdougall of Glasgow, who communi-
cated the discovery to Montagu — Temminck states, that it has been found
on the coast of Norway, and in the Baltic.

235. S. Hirundo. Common Tern. — Tarsus 1 inch. Bill If

inch, crimson, tip dark. Wings about the same length as the

tail. Feet orange. Side- feathers of the tail dusky.

Hirundo marina, Will. Orn. 263. Sibb. Scot. 21 S. Hir. Linn. Syst. i.

217. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 545. — E, Sea-Swallow, Gull-tearer, Spurre,
Seraye ; S, Picktarny, Tirrock, liippock ; W, Y for Wennol f'wyaf,
Yscraean. — Common.

Length from 14 to 15| ; breadth from 28£ to 30 inches. Bill, from the
point to the feathers, in front, from 1 1 to 1 1. Gape from 1 § to 2 inches.
Tip of the bill varying from pale red to brownish-black. Tarsus from |th to
1 inch in length. Front, crown, including the upper half of the orbit, and
half way down the neck behind, black, in some the front is slightly freckled.
From the nostril along the cheek, over the ears, throat, neck, breast, and

144 BIRDS. PALMIPIDES. Sterna.

belly, white, the breast with a rosy tinge, and the throat more or less grey.
Above light grey, the rump white. Shafts of the quills white. Outer web
of the first black towards the base, dusky at the tip, the inner web dusky
at the shaft ; the next five feathers dusky ; the inner webs white at the base
and along the margin. Middle tail-feathers white, the two or three exterior
ones dusky on the outer web. — Nest on rocks or gravel. Eggs 2, olive-brown,
with dusky blotches. Young at first brownish-black, mottled with black
above, below whitish, the chin dusky ; feet and bill pale reddish-white. In
the same nest I have seen one of the young with the tip of the bill plain, and
the tip of the bill of the other dusky, as I have witnessed likewise in the old
birds.

The Sterna Arctica of Temminck (Orn. ii. 742., and Sabine, App. Parry's
First Voyage, ecu.), which he states as occurring on the coasts of this coun-
try, is, in my opinion, only a variety of the common tern. It differs chiefly
in" the point of the bill not being black, and in the tarsus being 4 lines short-
er. Having examined many individuals of the S. hirundo, in reference to all
their external markings (and at the same time), I am satisfied that these dis-
tinguishing characters have too extensive a range of variation to warrant the
establishment of this species.

236. L. nigra. Black Tern. — Webs of the toes much in-
dented. Tarsus T8gth of an inch. Bill black.

L. niger, and fissipes, Will. Orn. 2G9-70 — L. fissipes, Linn. Syst. i. 228.
Perm. Brit. Zool. ii. 547 L- nigra, Temm. Orn. ii. 749. — E, Scare-
crow.— Breeds in the fens of England.

Length 10, breadth 24 inches; weight 2\ ounces. Legs dusky red. Irides
brown. Crown, head, neck, breast, and belly, greyish-black. A white spot
under the chin. Back, wings, and tail, deep ash, the outer feathers on each
side of the last white. In winter, the front, lores, throat, fore-neck, and
belly, are white. The female wants the spot on the /throat. — Nest in sedgy
places, on the margin of pools. Eggs 3, olive-brown, blotched with brown
and black. — Young in the winter dress ; the back and scapulars brown, with
light edges,

237. S. minuta. Lesser Tern. — Bill black, the base and

feet orange. Tarsus |ths of an inch. Front white.

L. piscator, Will. Orn. 2C9. — Sterna minuta, Linn. Syst. i. 228. Penn.
Brit. Zool. ii. 546. Temm. Orn. ii. 752 — E, Eichel Bird.— Inhabits
England along with the Common Tern.

Length 8|, breadth 194 inches ; weight 2 ounces and 5 grains. Irides
dusky. Front, and a streak below the eye, white. Lores, crown, nape, and
hind-neck, black ; back and wings bluish-grey ; rump, tail, and below, white.
Shafts of the quills brown. Nest among shingle. Eggs 2, pale brown, spot-
ted with cinereous, and dusky. Young, with the front yellowish-white, head
brown, back and wings yellowish-brown.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

Birds seem to have experienced fewer revolutions in genera and species
during the different epochs of the Earth's history, than either quadrupeds or
reptiles. The extinct species are few in number, and hitherto their charac-
ters have not been sufficiently illustrated. In the calcareous slate of Stones-
field, the leg and thigh bones of birds have been detected, apparently be-
longing to a wader — Geol. Eng. and Wales, 208.

BIRDS. 145

In the preceding observations on the characters and habits of our native
birds, I have frequently referred to summer and winter visitants, to polar
and equatorial migrations, and to stragglers. The reader who wishes to in-
vestigate the laws regulating the distribution and migration of birds, with
which the above mentioned terms are connected, may consult my " Philoso-
phv of Zoology," vol. ii. chap. 2. It may be proper, however, to bear in
mind that birds, in reference to these islands, maybe contemplated under the
following divisions.

1. Birds, which are permanently resident, and able to remain in their ordi-
nary stations, independent of the changes of the seasons,— such as the Com-
mon Partridge, Blackbird, and Sparrow.

2. Summer Visitants. — Birds of this class arrive in spring, and depart in
autumn. During their residence amongst us, they pair, build their nests,
and bring forth their young. They retire to spend the winter in regions
nearer the Equator, — such as the Swallow, Turtle Dove, Nightingale, and
Corncrake.

3. Winter Visitants. — These come to us in autumn, and depart in spring.
Their breeding-places are in regions nearer the pole, — such as the Snow-
Bunting, Wood-Cock, and Wild-Goose.

4. Stragglers Under this division species are included, individuals of which

have occurred in this country at distant and uncertain intervals. They
usually appear after boisterous weather, and seem, in such circumstances, to
have been driven from their ordinary haunts, or course of migration, by the
fury of the wind. Many birds belonging to the Continent of Europe, have,
in this manner, made their appearance amongst us, and have been inconsider-
ately ranked as native birds by systematical writers, — such as the Bee-
eater, the Great Black Woodpecker, and Nutcracker, and <t host of other spe-
cies. North America has furnished a few species under similar circumstan-
ces, such as the Falcofurcalus, and the White-winged Grossbill. To this division
1 have to add the occurrence of a single individual, of a species hitherto un-
known, even as a straggler, to European ornithologists, and which I have re-
ceived since the preceding sheets had passed through the press ; the Passen-
ger Pigeon, Columba migratoria, JVilsoti's American Ornithology, vol. v. p. 102.
tab. xliv. fig. 1. It was shot, while perched on a wall in the neighbourhood
of a pigeon-house at Westhall, in the parish of Monymeal*, Fifeshire, 31st

" Length from tip of the bill to the oil-bag 8T85th inches ; to the end of the
tail 8 = 16T85th inches. Breadth 24^ inches ; weight 9 ounces. Bill an inch,
black, lengthened, slender ; nasal scale wrinkled ; a slight flexure in the line
of the gape, immediately under the nostrils. Upper mandible longer than
the under, and bent downwards, with the rudiments of a notch ; symphysis
of the lower mandible short, subascending, slightly prominent retrally, with
a shallow mesial groove ; inside of the mouth livid. Tongue blunt. Bare
pace round the eyes, livid. Irides reddish-orange. Feet reddish, paler be-
hind than before. Tarsus l^gth ; the middle toe, exclusive of the nail, the
same. Claws black, arched and grooved below. Chin, cheeks, head, back,
and rump, bluish-grey ; shoulders with a tinge of yellowish-brown. Side of
the neck, and behind, rich reddish-purple, iridescent. Fore-neck deep ches-
nut, becoming paler on the breast, or rather salmon-coloured, and passing to
white on the belly and vent. Thighs like the breast. Quills brownish-black,
the grey colour of the margin of the outer web increasing at the base of the
secondaries, and towards the ends of the inner ones. Bastard wing and great-
er covers of the primaries brownish-black ; greater covers of the secondaries
grey. Lesser covers and outer scapulars tinged with yellowish-brown, with
black spots. The second quill the longest, the first and fourth equal, but
these not at full growth. Tail of 12 feathers, the two middle produced, the

VOL. I. K

146 BIRDS.

December 1825. The feathers were quite fresh and entire, like those of a
wild bird. I owe the possession of the specimen to the ornithological zeal
and attention of the Reverend A. Esplin, schoolmaster of Monymeal.

A second class of stragglers includes those species, individuals of which
have escaped from confinement on board of vessels, or from aviaries on shore,
— such as the Painted Bunting, the Trumpeter, and the Black Swan. Such
birds, if carefully examined, will be found to have the extremities of the
wing and tail-feathers worn and imperfect, the result of their confinement.

The reader who wishes to examine figures of the British Birds, may con-
sult with great advantage the expressive delineations of Bewick, whose work
on " British Birds" he will find a useful companion to his studies. Should
coloured figures, as elegant productions of art and luxury, be the object of
his wishes, he will find gratification in the publications of Edwards, Pennant,
Donovan, and Lewin, but especially in the splendid work of Mr Selby, which
is superior to all the others, in true form, correct expression, and faithful co-
louring.

rest decreasing to the exterior. The two middle dusky black, the next grey,
the inner margin white towards the extremity, with a black and brown spot
near the base ; the fourth and third grey, with the black spot ; the second
grey, with the black and brown spot. The outer web and tip of the first
white, lower half of the inner web grey, with a black and brown spot. The
upper tail-covers long, produced ; the lower ones white.

Class HI. REPTILES.

x 8

148 BRITISH ANIMALS.

Class III. REPTILES

I. Heart with two auricles.

A. Body furnished with feet.

i. Body protected by a corneous shield. Chelonia.
Chelona.
Coriudo.

II. Body covered with scales. Sauiiia.
Lacerta.

B. Body destitute of feet. Ophidia.

i. Ventral and dorsal scales similar.
Anguis.

II. Ventral and dorsal scales dissimilar.
Natrix.
Vipera.

II. Heart with one auricle. Batrachia,

A. Furnished with a tail.
Triton.

Destitute of a tail.
Rana.
Bufo,

Chelona. REPTILES. CHELONIA. 149

CHELONIA.

* STRAGGLERS.

Genus CHELONA. — Lips corneous. Breast-plate inter-
rupted by intervening cartilaginous spaces. Back-plate
covered with corneous scales.

1. Ch. imbricata. Hawks-bill Tortoise. — Two claws on

each hind-foot. Back-plate heart-shaped, the scales imbricated.

Testudo marina, Sibb. Scot. 13 — T. caretta, Kay, Syn. Quad. 258 — T.
imbricata, Linn. Syst. i. 350. Lacepede, Ovip. Quad. (Trans, by Kerr,
Edin. 1802.), i. 138. TurtorCs Brit. Fauna, 78 — A rare visitant.

This species, common in the American seas, can be viewed only as an acci-
dental straggler, when appearing on our coasts. Sibbald, in his Prodromus,
first noticed the occurrence ; afterwards in his Auctarium Mussei Balfouriani,
p. 193., he adds, "Testudo maiiina squamosa. The Scalie Sea-Tortoise;
the shell of it. The animal came in to Orkney, and this was sent to me
from thence." Low does not mention this notice of Sibbald, and appears not
to have been aware even of the occasional visits of this animal to the coast.
I have credible testimony of its having been taken at Papa Stour, one of the
west Zetland Islands.

Dr Turton has recorded one instance of an individual, which, " in the
spring of 1774, was taken in the Severn, and placed in the fish-ponds of the
author's father, where it lived till winter."

Genus CORIUDO. — Back-plate coriaceous, ridged, and des-
titute of scales.

1. C. coriacea. Leathern Tortoise. — Breast-plate imperfect.
Back-plate pointed behind, with five longitudinal ridges.

T. cor. Borlase, Corn. 285. tab. xxvii. f. 4. Linn. Syst. i. 350. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iii. 7. Lac. Ov. Quad. i. 146.— South coast of England.

Two instances of the occurrence of this species, on the coast of Cornwall,
in July 1756, are mentioned by Borlase.

The geographical limits of marine animals are too imperfectly known, to
enable the naturalist to determine the true character of those occasional visi-
tants. Uncommonly warm seasons, the more or less abundant supply of
food, or the prevalence of storms, may bring to our shores the tortoises and
other animals of more southern seas,\vithout enabling us to claim them as
natives. The tortoises do not lay their eggs in such high latitudes, nor is it
probable, that, unless by accident, they would ever visit us. They can exe-
cute extensive migrations, and practise abstinence, otherwise, instead of oc-
curring in a live state, they would be cast up a putrid mass on the shores.
Examples may occur likewise, of such as may have escaped from wrecked
vessels. Taking these circumstances in connection, it is probable that the
Ch. caouna, or Logger-headed Tortoise, common in the Mediterranean, and the

150 REPTILES. CHELONIA. Coeiudo.

Ch. Mydas or Green Tortoise, may, like the two species noticed above, he
yet enumerated among our accidental visitants. Neither is it improbable
that the relics of the Mud Tortoise and Round Tortoise, both European
species, may occur in some of the older members of the "• modern strata" in
the southern parts of the island.

** EXTINCT SPECIES.

The tortoises of this division appear, from the relics of marine
animals, with which they are associated in the different strata, to have
been inhabitants of the sea. Baron Cuvier, however, ranks two of
our extinct species in his section, " Des Emydes ou Tortues d'eau
douce." It is probable that the relics, from the following localities,
belong to different species, though the distinguishing characters of
these may not, as yet, be sufficiently determined.

1. The strata in the Isle of Sheppey (Geol. Trans, ii. 205.), regarded as ana-
logous to the ',' London clay," contain the remains of a tortoise, which Cu-
vier considers as approaching, in some of its characters, to his Emys expansa,
(Recherches sur les Ossemens Fossiles, v. p. 2, 234. tab. xv. f. 12.) He is
disposed to refer to this extinct species of Sheppey the one noticed by Mr
Parkinson, Org. Rem. hi. tab. xviii. f. 2. This last author delineates the
head of another tortoise from the same place, ib. f. 3. ; concerning the rela-
tions of which Baron Cuvier offers no remark.

2. A species of tortoise was found by Mr Mantell in the iron sand-beds of
Tilgate Forest (Emydis des sable ferrugineux du Comte de Sussex, Rech.
Os. Foss. v. 2. p. 232.) Baron Cuvier thinks that it bears a near resem-
blance to the remains of a species found by Professor Hugi of Soleure, in the
Jura limestone, on the left bank of the Aar.

3. The argillaceous limestones, termed Purbeck beds, and which belong to
the upper division of the oolitic series, furnish bones, and even nearly com-
plete specimens of fossil turtles. — Geol. of England and Wales, p. 172.

4. In the Stonesfield slate, referred to the lower division of the Oolitic
series, remains of two or three species of tortoises occur — Geol. Eng. and
Wales, p. 208.

5. The Lias has furnished bones and palates of a species of turtle. — Geol.
Eng. and Wales, p. 267-

SAURIA.

Gen. I. LA.CERTA. Lizard.— Tongue bifid. Palate and
jaws with teeth. Five toes, with nails on each foot.

1. L. ag'ilis.' Nimble Lizard. — Back with dark bands. Tail
annulated with sharp scales.

L. flavi coloris, Sibb. Scot. 13 — L. vulgaris, JRay, Quad. 264 — L. agilis,
Linn. Syst. i. 363 Scaly Lizard, Penn. Brit. Zool. hi. 21 — S, Man-
keeper;' G, Dearc luachair — In warm sandy situations.

Lacerta. REPTILES. SAURIA. 151

Length about 6 inches. Head triangular, depressed, with large scales,
one on each side, forming eye-brows. Snout rounded. Jaws equal, teeth
recurved. Toes slender. A row of tubercles along the inside of each
thigh. Throat with a double collar of large scales. The scales of the
belly quadrangular, and placed in transverse bands. Tail twice the length
of the body. Belly yellowish. Colours vary with the condition of the
cuticle which is frequently renewed. Before casting, the colours are
brownish black ; after they change, dark green and yellow tints prevail.
This species becomes torpid during winter, and pairs after reviviscence.
Eggs placed at the bottom of a wall facing the south, where they are hatched
hy the heat of the sun. It is sometimes ovoviviparous. In 1803 I kept a
female of this species for two months, until it died in September, after giving
birth to four young ones, perfectly formed, and measuring an inch and a half
in length. Food consists of worms and insects, which it never seizes but
when by motion they exhibit signs of life. Easily tamed. Irritated when
touched on the jaw or throat. Tail brittle, and frequently broken off, but
readily reproduced.

Ray mentions the following varieties :

" 1. Terrestris vulgaris venire nigro maculato. 2. Terrestris anguiformis in
ericetis. 3. Parvus terrestris fuscus opido rarus. 4. Lacertus terrestris luteus
squamosus Anglieus, Plot. Hist. Staff. 252. 5. Lacertus aquaticus fuscus niger."
The history of these varieties is still involved in obscurity.

Mr Sheppard, in the seventh volume of the Linn. Trans, p. 49., seems to
have exalted the varieties of this animal into distinct species, chiefly from
characters depending on the colours of its different parts. In so obscure a
department of the British Fauna, it is possible that our opinion may not he
well founded. The descriptions which he has given, here subjoined, will en-
able the student to decide for himself!

" 1. L. ag'dis. Scaly or Swift Lizard — Head, upper part, light brown,
with a few black spots. Back, ground colour light brown ; a line of irregu-
lar black spots along the middle ; next to this, a stripe, spotted alternately
with black and white ; then succeeds a broad dark brown one, with a line of
black, and white spots in it : all these lines extend from the head to the end
of the tail. Belly, in some, of a dull white ; in others, a bright yellow.
Tail, on the under part, dirty-white, beautifully mottled with black spots ;
the latter, however, in some specimens, are wanting. Legs, light brown
above, spotted with white on the sides, and beneath of the same colour as the
behy. Feet, both fore and hind, have five toes on each, furnished with nails.
Length 6i inches.

" 2. L. osdura. Swelled-tailed Lizard. — Head, upper part, dark brown,
with a few black spots ; under part, dull white, mottled with black. Back,
on the middle, a black list, on each side of that a broad brown one, with a
line of black spots in it ; then a narrow stripe of alternate yellow and brown
spots ; beneath this, a broad, brownish-black stripe, with a'line of yellow
spots in it : these lines all end about half an inch beyond the hind legs.
Sides finely mottled with black and white. Belly of a beautiful orange (in
some yellow, in others dirty-white), spotted with black. Tail bulging out a
little below the base (where the lines down the back terminate), which gives
it the appearance of having been cut off and set on again : this is of a light
ash-colour, with a few long'black marks at the end, and a large red mark on
the under part at the base ; the latter, however, varies according to the co-
lour of the belly. Legs light brown above, black and white on the sides, and
beneath, red, yellow or dull white (according to the belly), variegated with
black spots. Feet have all five toes, with nails. Length 4| inches. — This
species I have at different times found in vast abundance ; yet, not having
seen it described in any of the books I have access to, I have ventured to
call it a new species, under the name, expressive of its conformation, of
fEdura or Swelled-taiL"

152 REPTILES. SAURIA. Lacekta

" 3. L. anguiformis. Viperine Lizard — Head very light brown above,
with four dark spots; yellowish-white beneath. Back, with a black line
along the middle, reaching from the head to about half an inch beyond the
hind legs ; on each side of this, a broader one of dark brown (these, beyond the
black line unite, and reach to the end of the tail) ; next to these, succeeds a
fine yellow stripe, that extends to the end of the tail ; then a black one, which
reaches no farther than the middle line, and afterwards a dark brown stripe,
mixed with a few yellow spots extending to the end of the tail. A little
above the hind legs, in some specimens, is a slight division of the scales,
forming a transverse line. Belly yellowish-white, with a few black spots.
Tail, under part dirty white, spotted with black as far as within an inch of
the end; the remainder marked dengthways with long bars of black. Legs
dark brown, spotted with black. Feet have all five toes, with nails. Length
7 inches and upwards : I saw one specimen above a foot long, but was not
able to catch it. — This lizard, which I think may, with propriety, be describ-
ed under the name Anguiformis, I have once or twice found near marshes,
but its general abode is upon heaths ; this circumstance, together with its
viperine appearance and colours, which have more than once deceived me in
hastily passing it, induce me to suspect that it must be the L. anguiformis of
Ray."

Ray takes notice of the L. viridis, or Green Lizard (Quad. 264.), as in-
habiting Ireland. It occurs in Guernsey ; and, according to Pennant, it has
been propagated in England. The upper parts of the body being rich, varie-
gated green, the belly whitish, and the length being from 18 to 30 inches,
distinguish it from the L. agilis. Pennant mentions a lizard, probably of this
species, " which was killed near Woscot, in the parish of Swinford, Worces-
tershire, in 1741, which was 2 feet G inches long, and 4 inches in girth. The
fore-legs were placed 8 inches from the head ; the hind-legs 5 inches beyond
these ; the legs two inches long ; the feet divided into four toes, each furnish-
ed with a sharp claw. Another was killed at Penbury, in the same county.
Whether these are not of exotic descent, and whether the breed continues,
is what we are at present uninformed of." — Brit. Zool. iii. 22.

In the Statistical Account of Little Dunkeld by the Rev. John Robertson,
vol. vi. p. 361. is the following note. " A quadruped found in the moors at
the eastern extremity of the parish, is entitled to notice as a remarkable va-
riety of the Lizard tribe. It is about 9 inches long, the body, or trunk, is of
an unusual length in proportion to the tail, which does not taper gradually
from the hind-feet, as in other lizards, but becomes suddenly small, like that
of a mouse. The back is full of small protuberances, and guarded with a skin
almost as hard as a sea-shell. The eyes large, clear, and circular, like those
of an ordinary trout ; the jaws more than an inch in length, and the teeth so
strong as to be heard making a ringing noise upon the iron point of a pole at
the distance of more than ten feet. It is believed in that part of the coun-
try, that, about 50 years ago, the bite of this animal proved fatal to a child
two years old. It is never seen but upon very dry ground. When irritated
it expresses its rage by the reddening and glistening of its eyes."

These notices, of imperfectly known species or varieties, may probably ex-
cite those who enjoy favourable opportunities to communicate more extended
descriptions of their characters and distribution.

EXTINCT SAURIAN REPTILES.

Crocodile. — The remains of several distinct species of animals
belonging to this genus, occur in those strata which are placed
above the independent coal formation. Of these the following
may be noticed.

Lacerta. REPTILES. SAURIA. 15(3

1. In the year 1791, M. G. A. Deluc communicated to Cuvier the calca-
neum of a crocodile from Brentford. It was found associated with the re-
mains of the extinct elephant, rhinoceros, &c. in the Lacustrine silt of that
district, one of the members of the modern or superficial strata. Baron Cu-
vier seems to consider it as having belonged to a species distinct from the re-
cent kinds. If it be also distinct from the other fossil species, and have not
been washed out of its original repository in some older bed, it must be con-
sidered as the most recent of the extinct species — Cuv. Recti, v. 2. p. 169.

2. In the clay of Sheppey, the jaw of a crocodile has been found, Webster,
Geol. Trans, ii. 194. Cuv. Rech. v. 2. 165 — In the tabular view of the fos-
sils of the London clay, in the Geology of England and Wales, it is stated,
" That the remains of a crocodile very nearly approaching to the characters
of existing species, and especially to the crocodile, a museau aigu, have re-
cently been discovered in the London clay at Islington."

3. In the Geology of England and Wales, p. 172, it is said, " Mr John-
ston of Bristol possesses-a very perfect head of a crocodile, found in Purbeck;
but the character of the matrix is not quite decisive, as to whether it belongs
to these or to Portland beds."

4. Baron Cuvier, Rech. v. 2. 161, notices the occurrence of a crocodile in
the iron sand of Tilgate Forest, Sussex, and refers to Mr MantelTs Fossils
of the South Downs, p. 47-

5. In the Geology of England and Wales it is stated, that " A well cha-
racterised crocodile, but of a species distinct both from those now known to
exist, from those found in a fossil state in Germany, and from one, at least,
of the French fossil species, has been dug up at Gibraltar, near Oxford, and
is now in the collection of that Univerisity ; it is from a bed towards the
upper part of this oolitic system, perhaps the Cornbrash," p. 208.

6. The alum-shale of Whitby, so fertile in organic remains, has furnished
the skeleton of a crocodile, a figure of which has been published bv the Rev.
George Young, in the Edin. Phil. Journ. No. xxv. p. 76. tab. i'ii. In the
length of the snout it approaches the Gavial. Mr Young is disposed to con-
sider the skeleton found at Whitby in 1758, a drawing and description of
which, by Mr Wooller, appeared in the Phil. Trans. 1. p. 786. tab. xxx., as
probably belonging to the same species.

II. Megalosaurus. — This genus was instituted by Professor Buck-

land for the reception of the relics of an animal of great size,
found in the calcareous slate of Stonesheld, near Woodstock,
Oxford. It is of a mixed character, exhibiting resemblances
both to the Monitors and the Crocodiles. A portion of the jaw, a
femur, several vertebra?, and other bones of doubtful character,
have been procured. The portion of the jaw is straight. The
teeth are compressed, pointed, recurved, with the cutting edge
crenulated. They do not adhere to the jaw, but they are pro-
tected externally by its elevated margin. Length probably ap-
proaching 40 feet.— Geol. Trans. 2d Series, 1 . tab. xl.-xliv. Mr
Mantill has found the remains of this animal (probably a dif-
ferent species) in the ironsand of Tilgate Forest. — Cuvier Rech.
v. 2. 343.

III. Iguanodon. — This genus, was instituted by Mr Mantill, in a
paper read before the Royal Society of London, February 10.

154 REPTILES. SAURIA.

1825, for the reception of the bones of an animal found in the
ironsand of Tilgate Forest, near Cuckfield, in Sussex. This
reptile appears to have been herbivorous, and to possess a close
affinity with the recent Iguana of the West Indies. Mr Man-
till considers the animal as having; been upwards of 60 feet in
length.— Annals of Philosophy, March 1825, p. 223.

ENALIO SAUKI.

In this group of Saurian Reptiles, instituted in a paper by H. T.
de la Beche and the Rev. W. D. Conybeare, Geol. Trans, v. 559,
the extremities are four in number, terminating in paddles, composed
of a series of flat polygonal bones, constituting organs fit for swim-
ming, but incapable of executing progressive motion on the land.
The eyes are large, and the sclerotica is strengthened by a circle of
osseous pieces ; — a character which establishes an affinity with birds,
lizards and tortoises, to the exclusion of crocodiles and fishes.

IV. Ichthyosaurus. — This genus, the characters of which have
from time to time been developed by Sir E. Home, in the Phi-
losophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London from
1814 to 1820 inclusive, and more recently by Mr Conybeare,
exhibits the snout of a dolphin, the teeth of a crocodile, the
head and sternum of a lizard, and the swimmers of a whale,
with the vertebrae of a fish. The extremities have no distinct
radius and ulna ; but the humerus supports immediately a nu-
merous series of polygonal bones. The anterior extremities are
the largest. Dentition like the crocodile, the young tooth grow-
ing up in the interior of the cavity of the old one, and, when
matured, splitting, and causing it to fall. Teeth numerous.
Vertebrae from 80 to 90. The following species have been es-
tablished.

1. I. communis Teeth with conical summits, moderately pointed, slight-

\y bent and deeply striated. This is the largest of the species, and occurs in
the Lias. It is probably the one figured by Mr Young, Wern. Mem. iii.
p. 450. tab. xxii.

2. I. Platyodon. — Teeth with compressed summits, with a sharp ridge on
each side.

3. I. tenwrostris Teeth slender ; nose produced — Home, Phil. Trans.

1819, tab. xv.

4. I. intermedins. — Teeth more pointed, and less deeply striated, than in I.
communis.

These different species are distributed in the strata of the lias and oolitic
formations. Dr Harlan has proposed to add another species to the British
list, which he supposes to have come from the neighbourhood of Bath or Bris-
tol. It resembles the I. communis; but he says that the teeth ai*e more
aduncate, and the dental bone of greater relative thickness. He proposes to
term it I. coniformis.— J ourn. Acad. Phil. iii. p. 336. tab. xii. f. 6, 75 8.

V. Plksiosaurus. — This genus was instituted by Mr Cony-

beare. With the swimmers of a whale, and the head of a lizard,

Anguis. REPTILES. OPHIDIA. 155

it possesses a neck resembling the body of a serpent. The
teeth are unequal, slender, pointed, a little bent, and grooved
longitudinally. Two species occur in the strata of Britain.

1. P. dolichodeirus — This species is an inmate of the has at Lvme.

2. P. recenlior. — Found in the Kimmeridge clay.

Baron Cuvier considers the bone figured by Sir E. Home, Phil. Trans.
1818, tab. iii., as the humerus of a Plesiosaurus ; different, however, from the
preceding species, and more nearly related to P. pentagonus, or trigonus, two
other species which he has instituted. — Rech. v. 2. 475.

OPHIDIA.

Gen. II. ANGUIS. Blind-worm. — A third eye-lid. Traces
of scapular and clavicular bones. Tympanum concealed.
No palatine teeth. Maxillary teeth compressed and re-
curved.

2. A. fragilis. — Common Blind-worm. Head covered with
nine large scales ; dorsal scales rounded and plain.

Typhlops, Sibb. Scot. 28 — Caecilia, Pay, Syn. Quad. 289 Anguis frag.

Linn. Syst. i. 392. Perm. Brit. Zool. iii. 36. Lacep. Ov. Quad. iv.
293 — E, Slow-worm ; W, Pwl dall, Needr y defaid Not uncommon.

Length about a foot (in this country, where its growth is much reduced by
the cold), of which the tail forms one-half. Body greyish, with two dark-brown
stripes along the back, and one on each side from" the eye. The belly dark
brown. Head small ; neck slender ; body larger, continuing nearly of equal
thickness to the tail, the end of which is blunt. The scales on the head are
placed in four rows ; the first having only one scale, the second two scales, and
the third and fourth have three each. The other scales on the lips and body
are small, and nearly of the same size. Eyes small. Gape extending beyond
the eyes. Tongue notched in a crescent form. Ovoviviparous. Lives in
holes in woods, way-sides, or heaps of rubbish. Feeds on worms, frogs, and
mice. Becomes torpid during the winter. Brittle. Its bite not venomous.
Borlase, however, when speaking of the " long cripple," regarded by Pennant
as the blind-worm, says that its bite is poisonous. He, however, adds, that it
is of the "tail-pointed kind." As the obtuse tailed kind, the true blind worm,
also inhabits Cornwall, it is probable that some of the varieties of the viper
were referred to. The figure which Borlase gives of the " long cripple,"
(tab. xxviii. £ 24.) tapers too gradually to a point ever to have been copied
from a blind-worm.

The Anguis Eryx, Linn. Syst. i. 392, or Aberdeen Serpent of Penn. Brit. Zool.
iii. 35, appears to be no other than a variety of the fragilis, from which indeed
it can scarcely be said to differ. It was communicated to Linnteus and Pen-
nant by Dr David Skene of Aberdeen. In his MS. descriptions of animals
(now before me), he notices it under the trivial name Anguis Scoticus. Two
examples are recorded. The largest about 15 inches in length, of which the
tail occupied 8 \ inches. In the smallest specimen, the scales on the belly
were 124 ; of the tail 63 ; a part of the latter he conjectures may have been
wanting. In the largest, the scales of the belly were 120 ; of the tail 137-
Linnaeus states the number 126,-136, while his numbers for fragilis are 135,-

156 REPTILES. OPHIDIA. Natrix.

135. On the character derived from the number of scales either of the belly
or tail, no reliance can be placed ; so variable are they on individuals of the
same species.

Gen. III. NATRIX. Snake. — Destitute of poison-fangs.
Four regular rows of imperforate teeth above, and two be-
low.

3. N. torquata. Ringed Snake. — Head with nine large scales ;
dorsal scales oval, with a mesial ridge.

Hydrus, Sibb. Scot. 28 Nat. torq. Ray, Syn. Quad. 334 — Coluber Na-
trix, Linn. Syst. i. 380. Perm. Brit. Zool. iii. 33— Collared Viper,

Lac. Ov. Quad. iii. 34G E, Common Snake ; S, Water Snake ; W,

Neidr fraith, Neidr y tome nydd.— Common in England ; rare in Scot-
land.
Length from 3 to 4 feet. Back dusky-brown, with two black stripes of
spots running the whole length, crossed by numerous irregular spots. Belly
dusky, with a bluish tinge; a spot of yellow, and another triangular one of
black on each side the neck. Head depressed ; muzzle rounded ; the large
scales in four rows, the first and second of two each ; the third of three, and
the fourth of two ; seventeen scales on each jaw. Scales of the sides small
and smooth. Belly variegated black, white, and bluish ; the plates of the belly
about 120 ; pairs of the tail 53, or even CO. Eggs 18 to 20, deposited in dung-
hills or hot-beds. Feeds on ants, frogs, and mice. Becomes torpid during
the winter. Easily tamed. Frequents marshy places, and enters the water
occasionally.

4. N. Diimfrisiensis. Dumfries-shire Snake. — Dorsal scales
destitute of a mesial crest.

Coluber Dum. Sower. Brit. Misc. tab. iii.

" Plates on the belly, 1 62. Scales under the tail about 80. This coluber seems
to be entirely new, and was discovered by T. W. Simmons, near Dumfries. As
only one specimen has been seen, we cannot say much with regard to its usual
size. The figures are pretty accurately drawn, as to the size of the specimen
(about 5 inches). The scales of the back are extremely simple, not carinated.
It is of a pale colour, with pairs of reddish-brown stripes from side to side,
over the back, somewhat zigzag ; with intervening spots on the side." This
is all the information which has yet been acquired concerning this species.
There is no mention made of the large scales on the head, though they are
represented in the figure, and intimate that this cannot be the young of the
common viper ; while the smooth dorsal scales indicate that it is a distinct
species from the ringed snake. In the last character, it agrees with the smooth
viper, Col. Austriacus of Gmelin, a species common in Germany and France,
of which it may probably be only a variety.

Gen. IV. VIPER A. Viper. — Maxillary bones with poison-
fansrs, btit no common teeth. Scales behind the vent di-
vided. Neck narrow. Head destitute of plates.

5. V. communis Common Viper or Adder. — Dorsal scales
oval, carinated ; inferior lateral ones suhangular and plain.

Tnilox. REPTILES. BATRACHIA. 157

Anguis Sibb. Scot. 28 Vipera, Ray, Syn. Quod. 285 — Col. Berus, Linn.

Syst. i. 377. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 2G — W, Neidr, Neider du, Giviber;

G, Nat hair. In heaths.
Length from 2 to 3 feet. Colour dirty -yellow ; a stripe, on each side, of
black triangular spots, and a dorsal stripe of confluent rhomboidal spots. Space
between the eyes and two spots on the crown, black. The head is broad be-
hind; edo-es of the jaws covered with large scales. Belly dusky, tinged with
blue. Scales on the belly 142 to 148; pairs on the tail 30 to 40. Ovovivi-
parous, producing from 12 to 25 young. Feeds on insects, frogs, and mice.
Becomes torpid during the winter — As this species is subject to considerable
variety in its markings, depending upon age, sex, or season, it has been mul-
tiplied into the following species, which Dr Leach, in the third volume of his
Zoological Miscellany has, with propriety, reduced to the rank of varieties.

1. Black Viper, Col. Prester, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 377 — Colour nearly black.
Lacepede says, Ov. Quad. iii. 247, that, " in this species, the top of the head
is not entirely covered with scales, resembling those of the back, as in the
common viper ; but there are three scales, a little larger than these, placed
between the eyes, one advanced towards the nose, and two immediately be-
hind." This character, however, is possessed by the viper.

2. Blue-bellied Viper, Rev. Revett Sheppard, Linn. Trans, vii. p. 56. In this
the back seems more tinged with brown, and the belly with blue, than usual.

3. Red Viper, Rev. Thomas Rackett, Linn. Trans, xii. 349 — This is sup-
posed to be the Coluber chersea of Linnaeus. It possessed the heart-shaped
spot on the head, and the dark spot near the extremity of the tail. Above, a
bright red colour. ** I received the viper from the Reverend John Tregon-
will Napier, Rector of Chettle, in Dorsetshire, who killed it in Cranborne
Chace. It is extremely rare, but known to the game-keepers under the name
of " The Red Viper," ib. 350. It has likewise been found by the Reverend
Revett Sheppard, in the parish of Levington, and other places in the county
of Suffolk, in arid waste situations." — Linn. Trans, xxii. 615.

BATRACHIA.

Gen. V. TRITON. Eft. — Feet four, supported by bones.
Four toes on the fore-feet, five behind, without claws.
Tail compressed.

The young are produced from eggs, laid on aquatic plants;
breathe at first by gills ; and have two claspers under the
throat, by which they can adhere to a leaf. When the
feet become perfect, the gills and claspers are absorbed.

6. T. palustris. Warty Eft.— Body covered with small
warts ; brownish-black above ; orange, with black spots below.

Lacerta palustris, Linn. Syst. i. 370 — Warty Lizard, Penn. Brit. Zool.

iii. 23. Shepp. Lin. Trans, vii. 52 Inhabits ponds and marshes.

Length between 6 and 7 inches. Head depressed; snout blunt, finely
freckled with yellowish-white. A smooth space between both pairs of legs.

158 REPTILES. BATRACHIA. Rana.

Tail compressed, deep, ending in a somewhat blunt point. A thin narrow
web extends from the snout along the back (where it is notched), and upper
and under edges of the tail, to the vent — This species is probably the " L.
terrestris vulgaris ventre nigro maculata" of Ray (Quad. 264), though inserted
as a variety of L. agilis. It is more frequently found in marshes, and out of
the water, than the following.

7. T. aquaticus. Water Eft. — Skin soft, nearly smooth.
Back greenish-brown, with dusky stripes. Belly orange, with
dusky spots.

Lacerta aq. Sibb. Scot. 13 — Salamandra aq. Ray, Syn. Quad. 273 — La-

certa aq. Linn. Syst. i. 370 L. maculata, Shepp. Linn. Trans, vii. 53.

In ponds, especially of stagnant water.

Length about 4 inches. Head depressed, with two lines of black dots.
Sides spotted with brownish-black lines. Tail compressed, not so deep as in
the preceding species, and tapers to a finer point. A similar web along the
back, decreasing in size after the season of love — This species is probably the
Salamandra exigua, as the former seems to be the S. platycauda of Rusconi,
an abridgment of whose curious observations on the metamorphoses of these
animals is given in the Edin. Phil. Journ. N° xvii.

8. T. vulgaris. Brown Eft. — Above yellowish-brown, with
dark spots and lines. Beneath red, with black dots.

Lacerta vulgaris, Sibb. Scot. 13 — Linn. Syst. i. 370 — Brown Lizard,
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 24. Shepp. Lin. Trans, vii. 52 — Inhabits under
stones in old walls and rubbish.
" Head compressed ; upper part yellow-brown, marked with minute dark-
brown spots ; on the forehead, of some, is a large dark spot ; under part yel-
lowish-white. Upper eye-lids dark-brown ; lower ones dull yellow. Back yel-
low-brown, with minute darker spots ; two deep-brown lines reach from the
head to the end of the tail. Belly and under part of the tail red, with a few
black dots. Tail, sides ribbed with dark -brown. Feet without nails ; fore-feet
with four, and the hind ones with five toes. Length 4 inches."— Sheppard.
The same observer adds, " L. vul. I have seen of all sizes, from one to four
inches in length, but never in any other than a perfect state, — a sufficient
proof that, like the rest of the land lizards, it undergoes no change ; and that
it is perfectly distinct from L. palustris and maculata, both of which attain to
their full growth in the larva state." Should this species really prove to be
ovoviviparous, it will probably exhibit other characters by which it may be
separated from the aquatic species with which it is provisionally joined. Its
history, however, is still involved in obscurity, and is, by many, considered
as identical with Triton aquaticus.

Gen. VI. RANA. Frog. — Jaws and palate with teeth. Toes

simple.

9. R. temporar'ia. Common Frog. — A black spot on each
side of the head.

Rana, Sibb. Scot. 13.— R. aquatica, Ray, Syn. Quad. 247-— R. temp.

Linn. Syst. i. 357- Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 9 — S, Paddock ; W, Llyffant

melyn — Common.

This common species, which requires no description, breeds earlier in the

season than other species of the tribe. The eggs are laid in clusters in shallow

Euro. REPTILES. BATRACHIA. 159

ponds. The tadpoles are gregarious until they acquire the adult tonus, when
they quit the water, only returning to it occasionaDy.

10. R. esculenta. Edible Frog. — Middle of the back with a

protuberance; sides, margined.

Linn. Syst. i. 257- Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 13 — IV, Llvffant melyn cefh
grwm Not so common as the preceding.

Muzzle pointed. Body narrow behind, arched as if broken across- Above,
green, with three longitudinal yellow lines ; the middle one sunk ; the lateral
ones elevated. Below whitish, with black spots. Fore-feet with four divided
toes ; the hind feet with five, united by webs.

Gen. VII. BUFO. Toad. — Jaws destitute of teeth. Body
warty. Tongue short and thick.

11. B. vulgaris. Common Toad. — Body swollen. Head
large, above dusky-black. Fore-feet with four divided toes ; hind
feet with six, united by webs.

Bufo, Sibb. Scot. 13. Ray, Syn. Quad. 252. Rana Bufo, Linn. Syst. i.

354. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 14 — T, Taed; W, Llvffant die, Llyffant

dafadenog.

This well known animal, though a devourer of worms, slugs, and wasps, and

therefore useful in gardens, though inoffensive in its manners, and destitute

of any venomous quality, is despised, hated, and persecuted by the ignorant.

Few individuals, even of education, will venture to take a toad in their hand,

or act otherwise than loath it. How surprising that prejudices so unjustifiable

should still continue to prevail!

12. B. Rubeta. Natter-Jack. — Above yellow, clouded with
brown, with a mesial yellow line.

Rana Rubeta, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 355. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 19. Lace-
pede, Ov. Quad. ii. 253.
This species, which differs from the preceding in having only five toes on
the hind feet, is covered with porous pimples. The hind part is blunt, and
Scattered underneath with small points. Its motion is more liker running
than either leaping or crawling. Mr Pennant says that it frequents dry and
sandy places ; is found on Putney Common, and* also near Revesby Abbey,
Lincolnshire, where it is called the Natter-Jack. Its history, like that of
many of our native reptiles, is involved in obscurity.

Class IV. FISHES.

VOL. I.

( 162 )
Class IV. FISHES.

Order I. CARTILAGINOUS FISHES. Bones soft,
destitute of fibres ; sutures of the cranium indistinct.

Tribe I. CHONDROPTERYGIOUS FISHES—Gills fixed.

I. Lips Jilted to act as suckers. No pectoral or ventral Jins.

a. Seven branchial apertures on each side, with corresponding ca-
vities.

Petromyzon.
Ammocetes.

a a. Two branchial apertures, with a ventral aspect, leading to six
cavities internally.

Myxine.

II. Lips unjit to act as suckers.

a. Pectorals free.

b. Mouth under the snout, which is abbreviated and unarmed. Eyes
lateral.

c. With temporal orifices.
(d. With an anal fin. Two dorsal fins.
e. Teeth conical and pointed.
/. The first dorsal fin placed nearly above the pectorals.
Squalus.
Galeus.
ff. The first dorsal fin placed nearly above the ventrals.
Scyllium.
e e. Teeth blunt, closely set.
Mustelus.
d d. Destitute of an anal fin.
Spinax.
Scymnus.
c c. Destitute of temporal orifices.
Carcharias.
Lamna.
b b. Mouth terminal. Eyes with a dorsal aspect.
Squatina.
a a. Pectorals coalescing with the snout.

b. Gill openings, five on each side.

c. Tail fleshy, and of ordinary proportions.

Torpedo.
c c. Tail hard and slender.
d. Tail with a long serrated spine.

Trygon.
dd. Tail' destitute of the serrated spine.
Kaia.
b b. Gill openings single on each side.
Chimaera.

Tribe II. — Gills free.

Acipenser.

.Order II. OSSEOUS FISHES. Bones hard, fibrous; su-
tures of the cranium distinct.

Petromyzon. FISHES. CHONDROPT. 163

CHONDROPTERYGIOUS FISHES.

Gen. I. PETROMYZON. Lamprey. — Maxillary ring,
armed with teeth. Mouth ovate, longitudinal.

1. P. marinus. Sea-Lamprey. — Marbled with black, brown,
and yellow. The second dorsal and caudal fins disjoined.

Lampetra, Merr. Pin. 188 — L. Rondeletii, Will. Ich. 105. — P. mar. Linn.

Syst. i. 394. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 76. — E, Lamprey Eel ; W, Llysowen

bendol In the sea and large rivers frequent.

Length between two and three feet. Body of nearly equal thickness to the
first dorsal-fin, when it decreases suddenly to the tail. Head rounded anteal-
ly, with a slight constriction over the eyes, and rather less than the body.
The first dorsal-fin semicircular in its outline. The second rises gradually a
little behind the former ; and, after reaching its greatest breadth, somewhat
suddenly, it gradually diminishes towards the tail. The tail is rounded ; the
rays at the end are short ; and, on the under side, from opposite the second
dorsal-fin, there is a ridge continued to the anus. Eyes lateral, in a small
cavity in front of the gill-openings. Nostril, or short tube, situate in the
middle, on the hind head. The sucker is a narrow border, surrounding the
lips, consisting of an outer row of conical papilla?, and several inner rows of
short, compressed, digitated, fringed processes. Secondary or moveable teeth,
short, conical, or bifid, disposed in diverging and concentric rows. Primary
teeth two ; the one above, consisting of two contiguous processes ; the one be-
low larger, lunate, with seven conical processes. Tongue small, with several
rows of small teeth. Gullet short ; the alimentary canal simple. The gill-
openings are seven on each side, ovate, transverse, having, on the ventral
side, a minute tooth-like process. The cavities of the gills are lenticular,
placed nearly vertically, having the gills disposed in ridges, in the direction
of the apertures. The central apertures open into a common duct, by which
the water entering from the mouth reaches the gills. It is probable, however,
that while the animal is adhering to any object, and the mouth closed, water
reaches the gills directly through the lateral or external openings. The her-
maphroditism of this fish has been ponited out by Sir Everard Home, Phil.
Trans. 1815, 266. The lamprey leaves the sea, its ordinary residence, and
enters the larger rivers, during the spring months, for the purpose of spawn-
ing. The fish, when in season, is esteemed delicious.

2. P.JluviatiUs. River Lamprey. — Dusky blue above, be-
neath silvery. The second dorsal-iin angular, and continuous
with the tail fin.

Lampetra fluviatilis, Merr. Pin. 188 — Lampetra, Sibb. Scot. 25 — Will.

Ich. 104 P. fluv. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 394. Penn. Brit. ZooL iii. 79.—

E, Lampern, Lesser Lamprey ; £, Nine-eyed eel ; W, Lleprog — In
rivers and the sea.

Length about 10 inches. The first dorsal-fin is angular, and remote froni
the second. The secondary teeth are less numerous than in the lamprey ;
but, in the absence of specimens, at present, it would be difficult to say more
on the armature of the mouth, without running great risk of error, especially
as the descriptions of Artedi, Pennant, Bloch, Lacepede, and Donovan (which
I have consulted), differ widely from one another. It is probable, that the

L 2

164 FISHES. CHONDROPT. Ammoccetes-

number and disposition of the teeth vary according to the age of the indivi-
dual.— This species enters the rivers from the sea, in the beginning of the
year ; spawns in March or April ; and, about mid-summer, returns again to
the ocean.

The P. Jura, which Dr MacCulloch describes and figures in his " Western
Islands," ii. J 86, tab. xxix. fig. 1. probably belongs to this species, with which
it agrees in external characters. The differences in the teeth are at present
of doubtful value.

Gen. II. AMMOCCETES. Pride— Maxillary ring with-
out teeth. Lips semicircular.

3. A branchialis. Common Pride. — The two dorsal fins
narrow, united with each other and with the tail.

Lampetra parva fluviatilis, Merr. Pin. 188. Ray, Syn. Pise 36. — Petro-

myzon branchialis, Linn. Syst. i. 394. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 80 E

Stone Grig In rivers in England.

This species seldom exceeds 8 inches in length, and a quarter of an inch in
diameter. The body is marked by numerous transverse lines, giving it an
annulated appearance. Tail lanceolate. — Frequent in the rivers near Ox-
ford, and other places of England, lodging ki the mud.

Gen. III. MYXINE. Hag— A temporal orifice. Mouth
round, the margin with eight processes, and a single large
tooth in the palate.

4. M. glutinosa. Glutinous Hag. — Dorsal fin narrow, con-
tinued round the tail to the vent.

Linn. Syst. ii, 1080. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. p. 39, tab. xx. fl 15 On the

English coast.

Length about 8 inches. Body nearly cylindrical, and destitute of eyes or
scales. Margin of the tongue, on each side, with a series of pectinated teeth.
— This species, which seems to have been confounded with the preceding, by
Willoughby and ltay, and which was placed by Linneus among the vermes, in-
habits the ocean. It enters the mouths of fish when on the hooks of lines
that remain a tide under water, and totally devours the carcase, except skin
and bones. The Scarborough fishermen often take it in the robbed fish, on
drawing up their lines. It is the Gastrobranchus of Bloch.

Pristis Autiquorum. The late Dr Walker, in his MS. Adversaria for 1769,
p. 41, when noticing some British fishes not in Pennant, adds, in reference
to this species, " Found sometimes in Loch Long." I have not met with
any other proof of its ever having visited the British shores.

Gen. IV. SQUALUS. Sail-Fish. — Teeth simple, conical,
pointed. The first dorsal fin nearly above the pectorals.

5. S. maximus. Common Sail-Fish. — Branchial apertures

extending nearly across the neck, in front of the pectorals.

Linn. Syst. 400 — Basking Shark, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 101. tab. xiii.
Home, Phil. Trans. 1809, p. 208 — E, Sun-fish ; G, Cterban ; N, Brug-
de.— Common on the west coast.

Galeus. FISHES. CHONDROPT. 165

Length about 30 feet. Body bluish above, Avhite below. Skin smooth,
when the hand passes over it from head to tail ; rough, like a file, in the op-
posite direction. Upper jaw longest, blunt. The nostrils open on the edge
of the upper lip. Eyes small. Temporal orifices half way between the eyes
and the gills. The first dorsal fin situate midway between the pectorals and
ventrals. The second between the ventrals and setting on of the tail. Sides
of the body, towards the tail, with a scabrous ridge. A deep transverse sulcus
on the back, at the base of the tail, the lobes of which are unequal, the upper
being the largest. Tongue flat. — This species is ovoviviparous. It approaches
the shores of the western coasts in May, and continues until July. In swim-
ming, the dorsal-fin is often above the surface of the water. This is a stupid
fish, and will suffer boats to approach without being alarmed. When struck
with a harpoon, it usually descends to the bottom, and is somewhat difficult
to kill. The liver of a full-sized fish yields from 8 to 12 barrels of oil.

Gen. V. GALEUS. Tope— Teeth notched. Tail-fin irre-
gular. The first dorsal-fin nearly above the pectorals.

6. G. vulgaris. Common Tope. — Branchial openings short.

Galeus piscis, Chart. Onomasticon Zoicum, 209 Canis Galeus, Will-

Ich. 51 — Squalus Galeus, Linn. Syst. i. 399. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 111-
Bloch, Ich. tab. 118. — On the coast, but rare.

This species is about 5 feet long. The back is grey, the belly white. Nose
produced, pointed, translucent. Teeth small, sharp, triangular, and serrated
on their inner edge. Skin rough, when stroked from the tail towards the
head. According to Tyson, who has given minute details of the anatomical
structure of this species, it is ovoviviparous, Will. Ich. App. p. 13. Willough-
by states that the flesh is tender and not unpleasant.

Gen. VI. SCYLLIUM. Bounce. — Nostrils near the mouth,
with a valvular lobe, and a groove leading to the lips.
Inferior lobe of the tail-fin divided. Oviparous.

7. S. stellare. Ventral-fins disjoined.

Catulus maximus, Will. Ich. 63. — Squalus cinereus, pinnis ventralibus

discretis, Artedi, Ich. gen. 69, syn. 97- — S. stellaris, Linn. Syst. i. 399

Spotted dog-fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 113 On the English coast.

Length about 3 feet. Colour greyish, with large, rather distant, black-
spots. Nose blunt, pierced on the lower surface by numerous pores. Eyes
oblong. Teeth small, sharp, smooth at their sides, strait, and disposed in fur-
rows. The first dorsal-fin placed nearly over the ventral-fins.

8. S. Catulus. Bounce or Morgay. — Ventral fins united.

Catulus major, Will. Ich. p. 62. cap. xv. p. 64, cap. xvii. — Squalus dorso
vario, pinnis ventralibus concretis, Artedi, Ich. gen. p. 89, syn. p. 97- —
Sq. Cat. Linn. Syst. i. 400. — Lesser Spotted Dog-fish, Penn. Brit. Zool.
iii. 115, Donovan, Brit. Fishes, tab.lv. — On the English coast, com-
mon.

Length 2| feet. Colour brownish, with numerous black spots ; belly white*
Teeth acute, recurved, and, according to Bloch (tab. 114) tricuspidate — This
species is considered as differing from the former in the reddish colour, in the
spots being of a less size, but more numerous ; the snout being shorter ; the
nostrils nearer the lips ; the ventral fins united ; the anal fin nearer the tail.
These characters seem to indicate specific, though they may prove only sexual

166 FISHES. CHONDROPT. Mustelus.

differences. Broussonnet and Lacepede consider the S. stellare as the female,
an opinion probably correct ; but, as both species occur on the southern coast,
ive may hope that some resident naturalist will favour us with a detailed de-
scription of their peculiarities. Mr Donovan adds, that the lesser spotted
dog-fish is often captured by the fishermen, in the net, while trawling for flat
fish.

Gen. VII. MUSTELUS. Teeth blunt, and closely set. Dor-
sal-fins without spines.

9- M. Icev'is. Smooth-hound. — Body greyish above, white

below, and destitute of spots.

Galeus Mustelus, Sibb. Scot. 23 — Mustelus laevis, Will. Ich. 60.— S.
dentibus obtusis seu granulosis, Art. Ich. gen. 66. syn. 93 — S. Muste-
lus, Linn. Syst. i. 400. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 116. Leach, Wern. Mem,
ii. 63. — S, Murloch — Found occasionally on all parts of the coast.

Length about G feet. Nose blunt. The branchial apertures above a line
drawn between the corners of the mouth and the base of the pectorals. The
pavement of teeth in the mouth (like the skate), readily serves as the distin-
guishing mark of this species. It is ovoviviparous. In the Hebrides, it is
used as food, and esteemed a very delicate fish. St. Acct. vol. xii. 322.

Gen. VIII. SPINAX. Dog-Fish.— Each dorsal-fin with a
free spine at its anteal margin. Teeth small, with a cut-
ting edge.

10. S. Acanthias. Common Dog-fish. — Back greyish-brown,
belly white. Nostrils not terminal.

Galeus acanthias, Sibb. Scot. Will. Ich. 56. — Squalus pinna anali nulla,
corpore subrotundo. Art. Ich. Decs. 102 — S. acanthias, Linn. Syst. i.

397 Picked Dog-fish, Penn. Brit- Zool. iii. 100.— #, Sea-dog ; N, Hoe.

— Common, on the coast.

Length about 3 feet. The snout is long, but blunt. The nostrils are
placed about midway between the eyes and the end of the snout, with a ven-
tral aspect.— This common species is ovoviviparous. I ts reproductive organs
are described by Sir E. Home, Phil. Trans. 1810, p. 205. It abounds, espe-
cially on the Scottish coast, and is often taken in the herring-nets. Its flesh
is not unpalatable, and is frequently salted and dried, in the Northern Isles,
for winter food. A good deal of oil is annually obtained from this species, the
livers of 20 individuals yielding about a Scotch pint.

Gen. IX. SCYMNUS.— Dorsal-fins without spines.

U.S. borcalis. Greenland Shark. — The first dorsal-fin larger

than the second; more advanced than the ventrals.

Squalus carcharias, Mull. Prod. Zool. Dan. 38. Fab. Fauna Gr. 1 27- Block,

Ich. tab. 119. — S. borealis, Scoresby's Arct. lteg. 558, tab. xv. f. 3. 4

North of Scotland.

Length about 14, circumference 8 feet. Colour grey. Eve blue, pupil
emerald-green. Mouth wide. Teeth in the upper jaw, broad at the base, sud-
denly becoming narrow and lanceolate with the cutting-edges rough ; in the
lower jaw the teeth are pyramidal, compressed, the cutting-edges cremdated,

Carcharias. FISHES. CHONDROPT. 167

a little convex on the fore-edge, and subangularly concave on the hind-edge.
Tongue broad and short. Pectorals large ; ventrals elongated, the two sides
nearly parallel This species has long been confounded, by the northern na-
turalists, with the Carcharias vulgaris of lower latitudes, under the name Squa-
lus carcharias. Mr Scoresby, in his valuable work on the " Arctic Regions,"
misled by having observed a parasitic entomoda attached to the eye, which he
regarded as an appendage in organical connection, concluded, under the in-
fluence of this mistake, that the Greenland shark had not been previously de-
scribed. Cuvier first instituted the genus for the reception of the Squalus
Americanus of Gmelin (Le Squale Liche of Lacepede, the S. Nicaeensis of Ris-
so), and the S. Carcharias of Gunner and Fabricius. The figure by Bloch,
differs from the Greenland shark, in the shape of the tail ; and from the true
carcharias still more, in the presence of the temporal orifices. It was proba-
bly intended to represent the former species. I am in possession of the jaws
of an individual of the Greenland shark, presented to me by the late Mr Sim-
monds, and which was caught, in his presence, in the Pentland Frith, in 1803.
Mr Edmonston witnessed one 13^ feet long, which was found dead at Eur-
ra Firth, Unst, in July 1824.

Gen. X. CARCHARIAS. — Last of the branchial openings
above the pectorals. Snout depressed ; the nostrils in the
middle, below.

12. C. vulgaris. — Teeth triangular, with straight crenulated
cutting edges.

Canis Carcharias, Will. Ich. 47. Sibb, Fife, 118 White Shark, Perm.

Brit. Zool. iii. 100. Risso, Ich. Nice, 25 — Rare in the British Seas.
Length about 30 feet. Brownish above, white below, with two rows of
black pores on the sides. Eyes round, white, with a black pupil. Pectorals
large, triangular. The first dorsal is rounded ; the second imbedded in a ca-
vity. Upper lobe of the tail-fin twice as long as the lower. — This species is
recorded by Willoughby, Sibbald, and Pennant, without details respecting the
season or place of appearance on our shores. Grew says, " They are found
sometimes upon our coast, near Cornwall." Rarities, p. 90.

13. C. glaucus. — Dorsal and ventral ridge indented at the
setting on of the tail.

Galeus glaucus, Will. Ich. 49 — Squalus fossula triangulari in extremo dor-
so, foraminibus nullis ad ocidos, Art. Ich. syn. 98. — S. glaucus, Linn.
Syst. i. 401. — Blue Shark, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 109. Watson, Phil.
Trans. 1778, p. 789, tab. xii. — Not uncommon.

Length about 0 feet. Back blue; belly white. Body lengthened ; snout
pointed. Teeth triangular, finely serrated. Pectorals pointed, Anal and

second dorsal fins opposite. Upper lobe of the tail produced This species

visits the coast of Cornwall during the pilchard season.

14. C. Vidpes. Thresher. — Tail nearly equal in length to
the body.

Vulpes marina, Will. Ich. 54. Sibb. Fife, 1 1 9 — Vulpecula, Borl. Corn.
205. — Long-tailed Shark, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 110 Found occasion-
ally on the coast.

. Total length about 1 3, of the tail about G feet ; the upper lobe of the lat-
ter extending nearly in a straight line. Body round, short, skin grey on the
back, white on the belly, and smooth. Nose short, pointed. Eyes large, over
the corners of the mouth. Teeth triangular. Borlase says, " This shark

168 FISHES. CHONDROPT. Lamna.

we call the Thresher, from the motion of its long fox-like tail, with which it
strikes or thrashes its larger and less agile enemy, the grampus, whenever it
reaches the surface of the water to respire."

Gen. XI. LAMNA. Porbeagle. — Branchial openings in
front of the pectorals. Snout conical. Nostrils at the
base below.

15. L. cornubica. — Teeth produced, slender, with two pro-
cesses on each side at their base.

Porbeagle, Borl. Corn. 265. tab. xxvi. f. 4. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 117.,

and Beaumaris Shark, ib. 118. tab. xvii., and 2d edition Squalus cor-

nubicus, Goodenough, Linn. Trans, iii. 80. tab. iii. Donovan, Brit.
Fishes, tab. cviii. — S. Selanonus, Leach, Wern. Mem. ii. 64. tab. ii.
f. 2 — Not uncommon.

Length from 5 to 9 feet. Colour bluish on the back, white on the belly.
Snout projecting. Pectorals semilunar, the first dorsal, nearly immediately
above. Ventrals small. Posterior, dorsal, and anal fins small, opposite.
Body contracted above and below at the setting on of the tail. Small tuber-
cles on the lateral line. A ridge extending from the tail on each side the
body towards the middle. Tail semilunar, the upper lobe rather largest.
This species is said to hunt its prey in companies. Its history as a British
fish has become much involved in error. Pennant, by adding the Beauma-
ris shark as a new species, Avhen, with the single exception of its apparently
shorter snout, its claims were insufficient, and by publishing an inaccurate
engraving from an accurate drawing by the Reverend Hugh Davis, introduced
the confusion. Donovan advanced a step towards a reformation, by having
examined the original drawing of Davis, and found it to correspond with the
Porbeagle. The editor of the edition (1812) of Pennant's British Zoology,
from a re-examination of the drawing of Mr Davis, asserts, that it " corres-
ponds exactly with the original plate ;" yet, by a management which seems
inexplicable, the engraving in the new edition is changed in many of its most
important features, so as to bear evident marks of differing from the former
plate, pronounced an accurate copy of the drawing. Dr Leach seems to have
described from a stuffed specimen of the Porbeagle his Squalus selanonius, sup-
posing it to be Dr Walker's new species S. selanonius, and which he regards as
similar to the Squalus maximus, The Porbeagle is ovoviviparous— It is oc-
casionally caught in the herring-nets.

Squalus selanoneus This species was found by the late Dr Walker, in

Lochfyne, in Argyleshire (whence the name from Lochfyne, Smus selanoneus
of Ptolemy), where it appears during the herring season. Stewart, in his
" Elements of Nat. Hist. i. 320.," inserts it in the section without the anal
fin, but with temporal orifices. In the description of this species in Dr Wal-
ker's MS. Adversaria for 176!), p. 155., now before me, there is no notice
taken either of the anal fin or temporal orifices, so that I am inclined to in-
fer the absence of both. Should this be the case, it will claim to rank as
a new genus, occupying a place between Charcharias and Lamna. I shall
here add the description as it appears in the original. " Caput, maxilla sub-
sequalis, superiore prominente, rostrata. Maxilla superior crassissima apice
truncata marginata, angulo superiori obtuso suberecto. Maxilla inferior an-
gusta. Dentes numerosi acuti. Oculi super cantham oris positi sunt. Cor-
pus, 8-pedale oblongum, teretiusculum, cute aspera. Spiracula 5, antico
breviore, erecta, lineari-lunata : margine postico curvato. Tria spiracula
postica super pinnam pcctoralem positi sunt, duo altera ante pi'nnam pectora-

Squatina. FISHES. CHONDROPT. 169

lem versus oculum. Pinnae : dorsum suberectum muticum bipinne. Pin-
na dorsalis antica erecta, subpedalis, circa medium corporis. Pinna dorsalis
postica, multo minor, medium inter pinnam anticaci et caudam occupat.
Pinnae pectorales pedem longitudine superant, et ante pinnam anticam dorsa-
lem positae sunt. Pinnae ventrales spatiam ante pinnam dorsalem posticam
occupant. Cauda, perpendicularis furcata segmentis subaequahbus suba-
cutis : superiori longiori. — Sore prolato, maxillis subaequahbus ; superiore trun-
cata emarginata. There is not a vestige of this animal in Linnaeus, Wil-
loughby, Artedi, or Pennant." The form of the snout, the position of the
fins, and the relation of the gill-openings to the pectorals, mark a distinct
species, and even genus, which may be termed Selanonius Wal/ceri.

The remains of the teeth of many species of sharks occur in the different
strata, from those of the independent coal formation, to the more recent series
of marine deposits. They constitute the Glossopetrae of the older writers.

Gen. XII. SQUATINA. Monk-fish.— Body depressed.
Temporal orifices. No anal-fin.

16. S. vulgaris. — Pectorals large, armed in front with short

pointed curved spines.

Squatina, Merr. Pin. 186. Sibh. Scot. 24. Will. Ich. 79 Squalus Squa-

tina, Linn. Syst. 398. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 98. Don. Brit. Fish.

tab. xvii. — Monkfish and Lewis, Couch, Linn. Trans, xiv. 90 E,

Kingstone, Angel-fish. — On the coast.

Length 5 to 8 feet. Body above, brownish-grey, white beneath ; the skin
rough. Head broad, emarginate in front. Teeth numerous, broad at the
base, pointed above. Tongue broad, sharp, pointed. Tubercles or spines
near the eyes. A rough line down the middle of the back. Two dorsal fins
near the tail, which is divided into nearly equal lobes. This fish keeps near
the bottom, and is only taken in nets. It is fierce and dangerous to be ap-
proached. The size of the pectorals, resembling wings, has procured for it
the name of Angel -fish.

Gen. XIII. TORPEDO. Cramp-fish.— Sides of the snout
rounded. Furnished with electrical organs.

17. T. vulgaris. Common Cramp-fish. — Skin smooth.

Baia Torpedo, Linn. Syst. i. 395. Walsh, Phil. Trans. 1773, p. 461.

tab. xix., and ib. 1774, p. 464. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 89 On the

southern English and Irish coasts.

Length about 2 feet. Colour, usually brown above, and white beneath.
Head and body nearly round. Mouth small, teeth minute. Temporal ori-
fices with fringed margins. Eyes small. The two dorsal fins placed near the
caudal, which is broad and abrupt. This species was first recorded as occurring
on the Irish coast, by Smith (Hist. Waterford, 271-, Pennant), and afterwards
noticed by Walsh, as not uncommon on the English coast. If the colour-
markings be assumed as suitable characters for distinguishing species (in op-
position to the testimony of Mr Tod, Phil. Trans. 1816, p. 21.), the British
species will belong to the T. marmorata of liisso, Ich. Nice, 18.

Gen. XIV. TRYGON. — Head uniting to form with the
pectorals an obtuse angle. Teeth granulated.

170 FISHES. CHONDROPT. Raia.

18. T. Pastinaca. Common Trygon. — Tail destitute of fins.
Body smooth.

Aquila piscis, Men: Pin. 185 — Pastinaca marina, Sibb. Scot. 23. Will.

Ich. 67 — Raia Pastinaca, Linn. Syst. i. 390. — Sting Bay, Penn. Erit.

Zool. iii. 95. — E, Fire Flaire. — On the southern coast of England.
Length between two and three feet. Body rounded ; thick in the middle.
Nose short, pointed. Tail thick at the base, nearer to which than to the
extremity is the spine, which is depressed, thin on the edges, pointed, and
serrated. This spine is renewed annually ; sometimes the new one appears
before the old one drops off, in which state it is the Cardinal Trilost of the
Cornish fishermen.— With this spine the animal is capable of inflicting a
severe wound.

In the British Zoology, Mr Pennant takes notice of a fish, which he terms
the While Ray, and of which he gives the following notice : " Mr Travis,
surgeon at Scarborough, had, in the summer of 1769, the tail of a ray brought
to him by a fisherman of that town : he had taken it in the sea off the coast,
but flung away the body. It was about 3 feet long, extremely slender and
taper, and destitute of a fin at the end. I believe it to belong to the species
called by the BrazUians Jaberete ; and that it is likewise found in the Sici-
lian Seas. I once received the tail of one from that island, coiTesponding
with the description Mr Travis gave : I must also add, that it was entirely
covered with hard obtuse tubercles," Brit. Zool. iii. 88. — The species to which
this portion belonged, is considered by the editor of the last edition of the
British Zoology, as the Raia aquila of Linnaeus, now the type of the genus
Myliobatis of DumeriL The tail received by Mr Pennant from Sicily, seems
to have belonged to the Cephaloptera Giorna, Risso, Ich. 14.

Portions of the caudal spine of a fossil species of this genus have occurred
at Highgate, Geol. Trans, ii. 206.

Gen. XV. RAIA. — Disc rhomboidal. Tail with fins at the
extremity. The males with hooked spines on the pecto-
rals.

* Body above irregularly covered with large deflected spines.

19- R. clavata. Thorn-back. — Base of the spines broad,

entire, the centre projecting, subulate and deflected.

Thornback, Merr. Pin. 185. Sibb. Scot. 24. Will. Ich. 74. Artedi, Ich.
Desc. 103. Linn. Syst. i. 397- Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 93. — Common.

Length upwards of two feet. Skin shagreened, freckled above, white be-
low. A row of sti'ong prickles down the back, and three rows on the tail,
with numerous smaller ones. Teeth of the female granulated, of the male
pointed. The young, termed Maids or Maiden-skate, are generally spotted
with white, according to Montagu, who adds, that the " wings were generally
not so rough, and sometimes quite smooth about the middle. A variety also
of this fish had an oblong dusky spot surrounded with white, in the middle of
each wing," Wern. Mem. ii. 417-

20. R. radiata. Starry Ray. — Base of the spines enlarged,
radiated.

R. Fullonica, Fab. Fauna Gr. 125 — R. rad. Don. Brit. Fishes, tab. cxiv.
— On the north coast.
Front obtuse ; snout slightly prominent. The spines are of two kinds.

Raia. FISHES. CHONDROPT. 171

Those with a subulate extremity and a broad radiated base, cover the surface
of the pectorals and in front of the eyes. Those which are large, conical,
curved, with a grooved base, occur, one in front of each eye, a few imme-
diately behind, and a prominent row along the middle of the back and ridge

of the tail. Small spines occur in the loins and on each side of the eyes.

This species was first announced as British by Mr Donovan, who procured
a young one in London, from the north coast. It is evidently the R. Fullo-
nica of Fabricius, who describes the armature with his accustomed precision.
The teeth, he adds, are broad at the base, elevated, pointed, and recurved
at their inner edge.

** Central ridge of spines continued from the tail along the

back.

21. R. oxyrinchus. Sharp-nosed Ray. — Snout produced,
the margins subparallel.

Will. Ich. 71. Linn. Syst. i. 395. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 83 S, White

Skate, Friar Skate, May Skate, Mavis Skate Not rare.

In the length of the body this species sometimes exceeds 6 feet, and weighs
nearly 500 lb. The body is remarkably depressed. The skin is quite smooth,
brown above, white beneath. Teeth sharp pointed, recurved, and broad at
the base. Tail short, with three rows of spines, the mesial one continued to
the head ; spines at the eyes.

22. R. rubus. Rough Ray. — Above rough, with minute

spines. Three rows of large spines on the tail.

Rough [Ray and Fuller Ray, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 85. — Block Ich. tab.
84. — Don. Brit. Fishes, tab. xx. — E, Sand Ray ; S, Hommelin.

Length upwards of 3 feet. Nose short. Body, above, yellowish-brown,
with dark spots ; beneath, white. Spines around "the eyes and on the snout.
— The spines likewise occur on the lower surface. Ventrals with only three
rays. Teeth1 pointed.

23. R. niicrocellata. Small-eyed Ray. — Above, rough, with
minute spines ; one row of small-hooked spines on the tail, con-
tinuing along the dorsal ridge to the head.

Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 430. — South-west coast of England.
Length 20 inches. Colour, above, brown, with pale scattered spots and
lines ; below, white and smooth. Snout obtuse. Eyes very -small, a spine
in front, several smaller ones behind. Teeth obtusely cuneiform, with a
broad edge, that feels rough to the finger as it is withdrawn from the mouth.
Were it not for the spines in the tail being in a single row, instead of three
rows, a circumstance Avhich may depend on age, it might be considered as the
R. punctata of Risso, Ich. p. 12.

*** Middle of the back destitute qf large spines.

24. R. Batis. Skate. — Skin rough. Three rows of spines
on the tail ; the points of those in the lateral rows directed for-
wards.

R. hevis, Merr. Pen. 785. Sibb. Scot. 24. Will. Ich. 69 R. Batis,

Linn. Syst. i. 395. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 82 — E, Homelyn, Guilt-
head ; S, Blue Skate, Grey Skate, Dinnen Skate — Common.

This species sometimes reaches the weight of 200 pounds. Colour, above,

172 FISHES. CHONDROPT. Rata.

dark brown ; beneath, dusky grey, with dark spots. Snout conical. Teeth
sharp, with a broad base.

25. R. aspera. Shagreen Ray. — Skin rough. Ridge of the
tail destitute of spines ; those in the row on each side projectino-
outwards and recurved.

Will. Ich. 78 — Shagreen Ray, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 87 R. chagrinea,

Mwit. Wern. Mem. ii. 420. "tab. xxi — E, White horse, Duncow, French
Ray. — On the English coast.

Length about 3 feet. Snout long, spinous. Colour, above, cinereous-
brown with black spots; beneath, white. The whole upper surface very
rough. Spines near the eyes. A short row of spines on the dorsal ridge,
immediately behind the eyes.

26. R. oculata. Mirror Ray. — Skin smooth above and be-
low, except on the margin of the pectorals. Three rows of
spines on the tail, the mesial one reaching a short way up the
back.

R. lsevis oculata, Will. Ich. 72. — R. miraletus, Don. Brit. Fishes, tab.
ciii. — On the English coast.

Length about 10 inches. In form resembling the skate. Aculeated near
the eyes. A large ocellated spot on the pectorals. Colour, above, brown,
with distant large dark spots. Montagu included this species and R rubus
under the title R. maculata.

****

27- R. marginata. Bordered Ray. — Belly white, surround-
ed with a black margin, except at the head.

La Raie bordee, Lacepede, Hist. Poiss. v. GG3, t. xx. f. 2. Liverpool and
Brighton, Noel.

This species, of which a description was communicated by M. Noel to the
ichthyologist quoted, seems to be of a small size. The snout is pointed and
translucent. Skin of the back yellow. Three rows of spines on the tail. A
spine behind each eye ; a single dorsal fin on the tail, and a caudal fin.

28. R. Cuvieri. Cuvierian Ray. — The first dorsal fin on the

middle of the back.

Lacepede^ Hist. Poiss. i. tab. vii. f. 1. Weill, Wern. Mem. i. 554.

Snout pointed. Tail slender, armed with three rows of spines, the middle
one reaching to the fin on the back. This fin is longer than broad, suboval,
and contracted at the base. Teeth blunt. This species was first procured from
the Seine by Baron Cuvier in 1792, who communicated a drawing and descrip-
tion of it to Lacepede. It has once occurred on the Scottish coast in the
Frith of Forth in 1808, according to Mr Neill, who examined a putrescent
specimen, which had been detected among a cargo of thornbacks, and who has
since presented to me the remarkable dorsal fin, the only portion which was
preserved.

Gen. XVI. CHIMERA. Rabbit-Fish.— Snout conical.
Two broad incisors in each jaw.

29- C. monstrosa. — Colour silvery-white, marbled with
brown.

-

Chimeiia. FISHES. CHONDROPT. 173

Galeus acanthias Clusii, Will. Ich. 57 — Ch. mon. Linn. Syst. i. 401.
Block, Ich. tab. 124. Don. Brit. Fishes, tab. cxi — In the north seas.

Length nearly 3 feet. Body compressed. Head blunt, the snout sub-
ascending, blunt. A narrow crenulated grinder on each side in the lower
jaw, and a broad tubercular one corresponding above. Nostrils immediately
above the upper lip contiguous, each with a cartilaginous complicated
valve. Bronchial openings in front of the pectorals. Eyes large, lateral.
Lateral line connected with numerous waved anastomosing grooves on the
cheeks and face. On the crown in front of the eyes, a thin osseous plate,
bent forwards, with a spinous disc at the extremity on the lower side. The
first dorsal fin above the pectorals narrow, with a strong spine along the ari-
teal edge. The second dorsal arises immediately behind the first, is narrow,
and is continued to the caudal one, where it terminates suddenly. The pec-
torals are large, and subtriangular. Ventrals rounded, in front of each a
broad recurved osseous plate, with recurved spines on the ventral edge.
Claspers pedunculated, divided into three linear segments, the anteal one
simple, the retral ones having the opposite edges covered with numerous small
reflected spines. A small anal fin opposite the extremity of the second dor-
sal. Caudal fin above and below, broadest near the origin, gradually decreas-
ing to a linear produced thread. This species was known to Dr Walker as
an inhabitant of the Zetland seas. The specimen, from which the preceding
description was taken, was sent from thence through the kind attention of
Laurence Edmonston, Esq. Surgeon, Unst, where it is termed the Rabbit-
fish.

Gen. XVII. ACIPENSER. Sturgeon.— Mouth protrusile,
without teeth. Snout conical.

30. A. Sturio. — Body with five rows of large osseous scales.

Men: Pin. 188. Sibb. Scot. 25. Will Ich. 239. Linn. Syst. 403. Penn.

Brit. Zool. iii. 124. Don. Brit. Fishes, tab. lxv Occasionally found

in rivers.

Length reaching to 18 feet. Body grey above, white below, pentangular.
Snout slender, subdepressed^hard. " Mouth small, circular and tubular, be-
tween which and the extremity of the snout are four beards in a transverse
row. Eyes small. Nostrils double. Gill opening semicircular. A row of
large radiated osseous scales, with a mesial crest, commences at the crown,
and is continued to the tail ; another on each side of the body, and another on
each side of the belly ; the rest of the skin rough. All the fins are triangular.
The anal and dorsal fins opposite.. Upper lobe of the tail considerably pro-
duced— This species is occasionally caught in the larger rivers by the salmon
nets, in the summer season, having left the sea for the purpose of spawning.

The fish referred to by Merret in his Pinax, p. 188, was probably the A.
Huso. " Acipenseri congener, cui valde similis excepto capite saporis deli-
catissimi, captus erat in Insula "Vecti, anno 1664. Ds. Cole, qui ipsum deli-
neavit exsiccavitque."

At the conclusion of this enumeration of the Cartilaginous Fishes of this
country, the Sea Snake, an animal which was cast ashore on Stronsa, Orkney,
in 1808, merits some notice. It came ashore dead, and in a mutilated state.
From the affidavits of those who had an opportunity of inspecting it, it appears
to have been upwards of 55 feet in length, and not above 5 or 6 feet in circum-
ference where thickest. Filaments, resembling a mane, extended along the
back, the remnants, probably, of a dorsal fin ; and three articulated members
on each side, presented themselves, probably the remains of pectorals, ventrals,

174 FISHES. CHONDROPT. Acipensek.

and claspers. The whole evidence respecting this animal, as published in the
Wern. Mem. i. 431, and the accompanying observations by Dr Barclay, ren-
der probable the opinion, that it is a species of a genus not yet established in
the systems of zoologists. Sir Everard Home is inclined to consider it as no-
thing more than a Squalus maximus ; an opinion deriving no support from any
circumstance yet published respecting it. It has been conjectured, that the
Stronsa animal may be the same as the Sea Snake of Pontoppidan.

The animal referred to by the Rev. Mr Maclean of Small Isles, Wern.
Mem. i. 442, which erected its broad oval head and narrow neck above the
water, and gave chase to the boat in which he was, may have been similar to
the Stronsa animal ; but its motions, especially raising its head above the wa-
ter, and viewing distant objects, intimate its want of connection with the class
of Fishes.

OSSEOUS FISHES.

Tribe I. Jaws imperfect, exposed and covered with ivory.
a. Body capable of spontaneous inflation.
Teti'aodon.
a a. Body incapable of inflation.
Orthagoriscus.
. Tribe II. Jaws perfect.

a. Gills interrupted, in tufts. Mouth terminal.
Syngnathus.
a a. Gills on the arches in continuous pectinated ridges.

Malacopterygious Fishes. Fins supported by caitilaginous articu-
lated rays.

AcANTHor-TERYGious Fishes. The first rays of the dorsal, anal, and
ventral fins, supported by simple spinous rays.

Gen. XVIII. TETRAODON.— Jaws with a suture, giving
the appearance of four teeth in front. Body tapering be-
hind. Belly spinous.

31. T. stellatus. — Abdominal spines straight, arising from a
root of four rays.

Globe Diodon, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 132 — T. stellatus, Don. Brit. Fishes,

tab. 66 Rare on the English coast.

Length about a foot and a half. Back blue ; belly white. The whole sur-
face of the abdomen covered with distinct and rather distant spines. Dorsal
fin of 11, pectoral of 14, anal of 10, and caudal of 6 rays. Mouth small;
irides white, tinged with red. Middle of the tail prominent. Pennant ap-
pears first to have described this species, from a specimen taken at Penzance
in Cornwall. Mr Donovan mentions a second example from the Cornish
coast, in the collection of the late Mr John Hunter.

Syngnathus. FISHES. OSSEOUS. 175

Gen. XIX. ORTHAGORISCUS. Molebut.— Jaws undi-
vided. Body, retrally, as if truncated ; belly smooth.

32. O. Mola. — Skin rough. Gill-openings oval.

Mola Salviani, Sibb. Scot. 24 Will. Ich. 151, Borlase, Corn. 267

Tetrodon Mola, Linn. Syst. i. 412. — Short Diodon, Penn. Brit.

Zool. iii. 131 — T. Mola, Don. Brit. Fishes, tab. 25 Occasionally

taken in the British seas.

Length about 2 feet ; weight about 100 pounds. Body compressed, nearly
round, carinated dorsally and ventrally. Back mottled, dusky, belly silvery.
Mouth, notrils and eyes, small, Pectorals small, of 12 rays. Dorsal and
ventral fins produced, opposite, the former of 18, the latter of 16 rays. These
two fins are connected with the caudal fin, which contains 18 large rays.
This species was first observed by Sir Andrew Balfour, in the Frith of Forth
(Mem. Balf. p. 80.), afterwards by Willoughby, at Penzance. It has occur-
red on many other parts of the coast, ltisso states that they are taken at
Nice in great numbers, and yield much oil, but the flesh is bad^ Ich. p. 61.

33. O. truncatus. — Skin smooth. Gill-openings semilunar.

Sun-fish, Borlase, Corn. 267 — Oblong Diodon, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 129.
Tetrodon trun. Don. Brit. Fishes — On the English coast, along with
the preceding.

Weight from 200 to 500 pounds. Body oblong, more produced than the
Mola. Colour on the back mottled, dusky ; on the belly silvery ; dark ver-
tical stripes on the sides of the shoulders. Pectorals of i4, dorsal of 12, anal
of 15, and caudal of 17 rays.

Gen. XX. SYNGNATHUS. Pipe-Fish.— Mouth tubular.
Gill-openings on the neck. No ventrals.

I. With Pectoral fins.

a. With a caudal fin.

b. With an anal fin.

34. S. Acus.— Body heptangular, tail quadrangular. Crown
of the head carinated.

Acus Aristotelis species altera major, Will. Ich. 159.— Sea- Adder, Borl.
Corn. 267 — Syn. Acus, Linn. Syst. i. 416 — Low, Hist.Ork. 181 Un-
der stones near low water-mark.

Length upwards of a foot. Back brown, spotted ; belly whitish. Scales of
the body radiated. Snout narrower than the head, depressed and compressed.
Dorsal-fin of about 38 rays, with a black line on each side; pectorals 14, anal
6, and caudal 10 rayed.

35. S. Typhle. — Body hexangular ; tail quadrangular ; crown
flat.

Acus Aristotelis, Will. Ich. 158 — S. Typh. Linn. Syst. i. 416. Don.
Brit. Fishes, tab. 56 — Found along with the former.
Pennant, Montagu, and some other ichthyologists, consider these two spe-
cies as identical, the ventral carina of the latter being only somewhat indis-
tinct. Donovan, however, seems to have pointed out, in the characters of the
head, sufficient distinguishing marks. " In all the specimens of Tvphle (he

176 FISHES. OSSEOUS. Syngnathus.

adds), which we have examined, the snout is large, broad, and subcompressed
on the sides. It passes from the crown of the head, which is flat, to the
mouth, in a straight line, or with very little sinuosity ; instead of which, in
Acus, the outline from the nape over the crown of the head, rises conspicu-
ously, then takes a curvature over the eye, and slopes considerably over the
base of the snout." Dorsal-fin 41, pectoral 12, anal 3, and caudal 12 rayed.

b b No anal fin.

36*. S. pelagicus. — Body linear, heptangular.

Linn. Syst. i. 41G. Don. Brit. Fishes, tab. 58 — Caught in the winter
season, among sprats, on the English coast.

Length about 6' inches. Body brown, with transverse dark bands. Dorsal
fin 23, pectoral 14, and caudal 10 rayed. Donovan first recorded this species
native of the British Seas.

a a No caudal or anal fin.

37. S. barbarus — Body hexangular ; tail quadrangular.

Linn. Syst. i. 417. Penn- Brit- Zool. iii. 138. Loiv, Hist. Ork. 179.—
Not uncommon.

Length about a foot. Colour olive-brown, with numerous transverse bluish
lines. Snout compressed. Angles of the body blunt. Dorsal-fin 40, pecto-
ral 12, rayed.

II. Destitute of pectoral, anal, or caudal fins.

38. S. cequoreus. — Snout long. Body octangular ; the dor-
sal and ventral ridges acute.

Acus nostras cauda serpentina, Sibb. Scot. 24. tab. xix. Syn. seq. Linn.

Syst. i. 417- Mont. Wern. Mem. i. 85. tab. iv. f. 1 Rare.

Length upwards of 20 inches. Colour yellowish, with transverse pale lines.
From the head to the vent of equal size ; from the vent to the tail tapering
and round. Three-fourths of the dorsal-fin before the ventral aperture ; of
40 rays. — This species, obviously pointed out by Sibbald as an inhabitant of
the Frith of Forth, was more clearly characterized by Montagu from speci-
mens taken at Salcomb.

39- S. OpMdion. — Snout short. Body round. Skin smooth.

Acui Aristotelis congener pisciculus, Will. Ich. 160. — S. oph. Linn. Syst.
i. 417- — Little Pipe-Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 141. — Not uncommon.
Length about 5 inches. Colour olive. Snout short. The lower jaw turns
suddenly up, with a protuberance at the bend — The other.species of pipe fish
hatch their young internally, and they escape by the rending of the skin of
the belly ; but, in this species, the eggs, which are yellow, are excluded, ar-
ranged in rows, and attached externally to a long groove in the belly.

According to information communicated to Mr Pennant, the Hippocampus
vulgaris has been found on the southern shores of the kingdom. — Brit. Zool.
iii. 141.

( H7 )

MALACOPTERYGIOUS FISHES.

I. Furnished with ventral jins.

a. Ventrals abdominal, or situate between the pectorals and the vent.
b. Upper jaw formed by the intermaxillary and maxillary bones,
c. Two dorsals, the last fleshy and destitute of rays. Salmo-

NIDJE.

Salmo.

Osmerus.

Coregonus.

cc. One dorsal fin. Intermaxillaries harrow and short; maxil-
laries protrusile. Belly compressed, {JLUpEADyE.
Clupea.
Encrasicholus.

bb. Upper jaw formed by the intermaxillaries.

c. Mouth wide, with strong teeth. Esocii)/e.
d. Dorsal and ventral fins entire.
Esox.
Belone.

dd. The last rays of the dorsal and ventral fins detached, form-
ing spurious fins.
Scomberesox.

cc. Mouth small ; teeth minute. CYPitiNiDiE.
d. Lips simple.

e. Dorsal fin with a spinous ray.
Cyprinus.
Barbus.

ee. Dorsal fin destitute of spinous rays.

/. Mouth with a beard. The dorsal and anal fins
short.
Gobio.
Tinea.

ff. Mouth beardless.
Abramis.
Leuciscus.

dd. Lips fleshy, fit to act as a sucker.
Gobitis.

act. Ventrals, thoracic or jugular; i. e. situate directly under, «r nearer
the head than the pectorals.
b. Sides of the body similar. An eye on each side.
c. Breast furnished with a sucker.
d. Sucker double.
Lepadogaster.

dd. Sucker single.
Liparis.
Cyclopterus.

VOL. I. M

178 MALACOPTERYGIOUS FISHES.

eo. Breast destitute of a sucker ; and the head covered with *
naked skin or minute scales. Gxdvsidje.

d. Bearded.

e. Three dorsal, and two anal fins.
Morhua.

»e. Two dorsal, and one anal fins.

/. The first dorsal fin developed and entire.
Molva.
Physcis.

ff. The first dorsal fin imperfect, the rays short.
Gadus.
llaniceps. a

dd. Beardless.

e. Two dorsal fins.
Merlangus.
Merluccius.

ee. One dorsal fin.
Brosmus.

bb. Sides of the body dissimilar. Eyes on one side. Plecboneo

TICS.

c. Dorsal fin reaching to the mouth, and, with the anal, nearly
continuous with the tail.
Pleuronectes.
Solea.

ec. Dorsal fin reaching only to the eye, and, with the anal, dis-
joined from the caudal.
Platessa.
Hippoglossus.

II. Destitute of ventral Jins.

a. Gill-opening small, and the gill-cover concealed by the skin.
Anguilla.
Leptocephalus.

ma. Gill-opening and gill.lid apparent
Ophidium.
&.mmodyte&

Salmo. FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. 179

Gen. XXI. SALMO. Salmon. — The first dorsal fin as near
the head as the ventrals. Teeth strong, numerous. Gill-
flap of more than eight rays. Under-jaw of the males
turned up.

1. Tail forked.

a. Migratory from the sea.

40. S. Salar. Common Salmon. — Upper jaw longest ; teeth

on the vomer ; anal fin with about thirteen rays.

S. Merr. Pin. 188. Sibb. Scot. 24. Will. Ich. 189 — Salmo rostro ultra
inferiorem maxillam ssepe prominente, Artedi, Ich. Syn. 22.— S. Salar,
Linn. Syst. i. 509. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 284.— W, Gleisiedyn, Eog,
Maran Taliesin ; G, Bradan.— In the sea and rivers.

This fish seldom exceeds 3 feet in length, and weighs from 10 to upwards
of 70 pounds in weight. The back is of a bluish- black colour, passing into
grey and white on the sides and belly, more or less spotled above the lateral
line. The following is the ordinary number of rays in the fins, — D. 14, P. 14,
V. 10, A. 13, C. 21. Salmon leave the sea, and ascend the rivers through-
out the summer season. Having reached the suitable station, they pair, and,
in company, proceed to excavate a furrow, in the gravelly bed of the shallow
or running water at the top or bottom of the deeper pools. Into this furrow
the milt and roe are simultaneously deposited, and covered. This operation
occupies nearly a fortnight. The eggs sometimes amount to 20,000. When
the fish have spawned, or become kelts, they betake themselves to the deep
pools, and then proceed to the sea, the males commencing the journey earlier
than the females. Their favourite food in the sea is the sand-eel. The fry
leave the spawning-groove about March, retire to pools, and proceed, ac-
cording to circumstances, in myriads along the easy water at the margin of
the river, with their heads against the stream, until they reach the tide in
the estuary, where, like the kelts, which frequently go down at the same
time, they retire to the deepest part of the channel, and disappear in the sea.
These samlets, smoults or smouts, are regarded by many as reappearing in
the estuaries a few months afterwards in the character o( grilses, of from 3 to
9 pounds weight, according to the lateness of the season. The reader who
wishes to obtain accurate information regarding the habits of this species, its
economical and commercial value, may consult with advantage the " Reports
from the Select Committee (of the House of Commons) on the Salmon Fish-
eries of the United Kingdom," in 1824 and 1825, and the Edin. Phil. Journ-
No. xxiv. p. 335. et seq.

41. S. Hucho. Bull-trout. — Upper-jaw longest. No teeth
in the vomer ; anal-fin with about ten rays.

Trutta fluviatilis Huch Germannis dicta. Will. Ich. 197, and the Scurf,

ib. 193— S. H. Block. Ich. tab. 100 In the sea and rivers.

This species is little inferior to the salmon in size. Its shape is more
lengthened. The colour nearly the same. The flesh white and insipid. In
the upper-jaw there is a single "row of teeth on the maxillaries, intermaxii-
laries, and palatines, but none in the middle on the vomer. A single row of
teeth on the lower-jaw. The tongue with a row of teeth on each side. The
jays of the fins of one which I examined were B- 11, D. 13, P* 14, V. 10,
A. 10.

M 2

180 FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. Salmo

42. S. albus. Phinock. — Jaws nearly equal; teeth nume-
rous, recurved.

White, Perm. Brit. Zool. iii. 302. Whitling, Hirling — Common in the
sea and rivers of Scotland, and the north of England.

This species seldom reaches a foot in length. The back is nearly straight.
The colour, above, greyish-black ; the belly silvery-white. The scales small.
The caudal-fin is black, and the pectorals yellowish towards their extremi-
ties, B. 11, D. 12, P. 14, V. !), A. 9, C. 24. The flesh has a reddish tinge.
This species leaves the sea about July. It is seldom taken by nets in estua-
ries, though numerous in the rivers which it frequents, for the purpose of
spawning, in August and September. It seems to have been, first described
by Pennant, and is probably the Salmone Cumberland of Lacepede.

bb. Stationary in fresh water.

43. S. salvel'imis. Torgoch. — -The first rays of the ventral
and anal fins white. Belly scarlet.

Umbla minor Gesneri, Torgoch and Red Char. Will. Ich. 197 Red

Char, and Gilt Char. Perm. Brit. Zool. iii. 309 — S. salvelinus, Block,
Ich. tab. xcix. Don. Brit. Fishes, tab. cxii. — G, Tarrag-heal. — In the
alpine lakes of Wales and Scotland.

Length about a foot. Back purplish-blue, passing into silvery-yellow and
scarlet on the sides and belly; with red spots. 1). 11, P. 13," V. 9, A. 11,
C. 24. The flesh is red. — Spawning season about January.

44. S. alpinns. Case Char. — First rays of the ventral and
anal fins plain. Belly fulvous.

Perm. Brit. Zool. iii. 308. Block. Ich. tab. civ. Don. Brit. Fishes,
tab. lxi — In the lake Winander Mere, Westmoreland.

Length about a foot. Back black, sides blue ; belly fulvous, with pale red
spots. D. 11, P. 16, V. 11, A. 10. C. 24. Spawns at'Michaelmas — Though
the observations of Donovan have advanced considerably the history of this
species and the Torgoch, there is yet wanting a more complete elucidation of
their characters and manners.

2. Tail nearly even.

a. Migratory from the sea.

45. S. Trutta. Sea-Trout. — Gill-flap with nine rays. Jaws

nearly equal.

Salmoneta, Sibb. Scot. 25.— Trutta salmonata, Will. Ich. 198 — S. trutta,
Linn. Syst. i. 509. Perm. Brit. Zool. iii. 296 — In the sea and rivers,
common.

Length about 18 inches ; weight about 3 pounds. Colour, above, greenish-
black, beneath silvery, sides with irregular purplish-black spots. D. 13,
P. 13, V. 10, A. 11, C. 32. The flesh is red, especially in those which have
the palate dark coloured. The migrations of this species nearly similar to
the salmon. The Samlet or Par of Pennant, Brit. Zool. iii. 303., is now gene-
rally considered as the young of this species or the salmon, and is distin-
guished by the row of vertical bluish spots on each side.

46. S. Eriox. Grey. — Gill-flap with eleven rays; the up-
per-jaw shortest.

Will. Ich. 193 S. Eriox, Linn. Syst. i. 509. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 195.

— S. Cambricus, Don. Brit. Fishes, tab. xci. — In the sea and rivers.

Osmerus. FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. 181

Length from 13 to 24 inches ; weight from 3 to 6 pounds. Colour, above,
duskv-green, with numerous large, subcruciibrm spots. Belly silvery, the
sides" frequently with a yellow tinge. The head is large and blunt, and the
body tapers little behind the tail. "" The tongue usually with 5 teeth on each
side*. D. 13, P. 13, V. 10, A. 10, C 40 — This fish differs from the former
n the clumsiness of its shape, its larger and more numerous spots ; in the
mouth having more teeth ; and in the lateness of its migration from the sea.
The sea-trout enters rivers in the spring and summer months, while the grey
is seldom observed before the end of July. I have taken four young herrings
from its stomach, each upwards of 3 inches in length.

aa Stationary in rivers.

47. S Fario. Common Trout. — Body with red spots on
the lateral line. Tail slightly forked.

Trutta fluviatilis, Sibb. Scot. 25. Will. Ich. 199 — S. F. Linn. Syst. i.

509. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 297 — W, Brithyll ; G, Breac — In rivers

and lakes.
Length about a foot. Colour, duskv above, with purple and red spots ;
beneath grey. Head blunt. D. 13, P. 13. V. 9, A. 9, C. 25. Flesh white.
Devours the eggs of the salmon. "When it feeds on shell-fish, as the Gillaroo
Trout of Galway (Phil. Trans, lxiv. p. 116 — Sowerby, Brit. Misc. tab. lxi.),
the coats of the stomach acquire a thickness like the gizzard of birds — In
the river Eynion in Cardiganshire, the trout are crooked, immediately above
the tail.

Gen. XXII.— OSMERUS. Smelt.— The first dorsal fin
placed more remote from the head than the ventrals. Gill-
flap of eight rays.

48. O. Eperlanus. — Lower jaw longest ; back greenish- white,
sides varied with blue, belly silvery ; head translucent.

Experlanus, Merr. Pin. 188 — Eperlanus, Will. Ich. 202. — Osmerus
radiis pinse ani septendecem, Artedi, Ich. Syn. 21 — Salmo Ep. Linn.
Syst. i. 511. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 313. — S. Spirlin — In the sea and
estuaries.

Length from 9 to 12 inches. Tail forked ; scales small, deciduous. D. 11,
P. 12, "V. 8, A. 14, C. 19. Emits a particular scent, which has been com-
pared to violets, cucumbers or rushes. This fish enters the estuaries from
the sea in the beginning of winter, spawns in March, near the junction of
the river with the salt water. In the Tay its principal food is the shrimp.

Gen. XXIII. COREGONUS.— Minute teeth on the jaws,
none on the tongue or palate. Tail forked.

49. C. Thymallus. Grayling. — Scales in regular rows ;
grey, with longitudinal dusky blue lines.

Umbra fluviatilis, Merr. Pin. 189 Thymallus, Will. Ich. 187 Cor.

maxilla superiore longiore, pinna dorsi ossiculorum viginti trium, Art.
Ich. Syn. 20 — Salmo Th. Linn. Syst. i. 512. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii.
311. Don. Brit. Fishes, tab. lxxxviii.— In the sea, and clear and
rapid streams.

182 FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. Cltjpea.

Length fiom 10 to 18 inches. Head obtuse ; the upper jaw longest.
D. 18, P. 12, V. 11, A. 11, C. 19. The second ray of the pectorals strong
and produced. At certain seasons said to smell like thyme. Leaves the sea
early in spring, and ascends clear and rapid streams to spawn ; returning
again before winter. According to Mr Low, (Ork. 224.) " This species is
found very frequent with us ; caught with a fly, to which it rises very freely,
and struggles hard for life. Swims very quick ? leaps much, especially when
struck with a hook."

50. C. Lavaretus. Gwiniad.-<— Scales large ; above blue ;
beneath silvery. Upper lip prominent.

Poana, Vandesius et Gevandesius, Sibb. Scot. 20 Guiniad, Will. Ich.

183 — Cor. maxilla superiore longiore plana, pinna dorsi ossiculorum
quatuordecem, Art. Ich. Syn. 19 — Salmo Lav. Linn. Syst. i. 512.
Perm. Brit. Zool. hi. 316.— S, Vendice; W, Guinead Powan; G, Pol-
lag In lakes.

Length about a foot. Mouth resembling that of a herring. Jaws equal.
Gill-covers silvery, powdered with black. Belly flat. D. 14. p. 18. (the first
the longest) v. 12. (of a deep blue colour). A. 15. Belly flat. Gregarious.
Spawns in December. — This fish occurs in the lakes of Cumberland and Wale?,
1 1 England ; in Loch Neagh in Ireland ; and in the Castle Loch, Lochmaben,
(Stat. Ace. vii. 236), Loch-eikin Strachur, (ib. iv. 557>), Lochlomond, (ib. xvii.
248.), in Scotland. It is the Coregone Clupeoide of Lacepede.

Before concluding this enumeration of the British Salmonidce, the fish
which Pennant has referred to the Linnean genus Argentina, under the title
Sheppy Argentine, requires to be noticed. It is thus described, " A little
fish, which I believe to be of this species, was brought to me, in 1769, taken
in the sea near Downing. The length was 2\ inches ; the eyes large; the iri-
des silvery. The lower jaw sloped much ; teeth small. The body compressed,
and of an equal depth almost to the anal fin. The tail forked. The back
was of a dusky green. The sides and covers of the gills as if plated with sil-
ver. The lateral line was in the middle, and quite straight. On each side
of the belly was a row of circular punctures : above them another, which
ceased near the vent." — Brit. Zool. iii. 327- The Reverend Mr Low refers
to a fish which he considers as similar to the one described by ^Pennant,
which was once brought to him in Oikney. " It was not above an inch in
length ; seemed very delicate ; the colours good ; the back greenish, spotted
with darker clouds ; the belly a fine silver ; but it lost all its fine colours
when kept dry. All the fins were soft ; and the tail- membrane, as well as
those of the other fins, was very thin." — Ork. 225. The fish referred to by
Pennant is regarded by Cuvier (Regne Animal, ii. 169), as belonging to his
genus Scopelus, which differs from Argentina in the mouth and gill-opening
being larger, and in the tongue and palate being smooth. He considers it,
and with some probability, as identical with S. Humboldti, the Serpe Hum-
boldl of Risso, Ich. 358. tab. x. f. 38.

Gen. XXIV. CLUPEA. Heeeing.— Mamillaries bent out-
wards. Belly compressed, serrated.

51. C. Harengus. Common Herring. — Anal fin about 17

rayed ; the dorsal fin placed behind the centre of gravity.

Harengus, Merr. Pin. 185. Sibb. Scot 23. Will. Ich. 219 — Clupea max-
ilia inferiore longiore, maculis nigris carens, Art. Ich. syn. 14. — C.
liar. Linn. Syst. i. 522. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 335 — Common on the
coast.

Engralis. FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. 183

Length about a foot. Dusky green above ; silvery beneath. Scales deci-
duous. D. 17. P. 17. v. 9 Inhabits the deep water. When the spawning

season approaches, herrings are found near the shore, in bays and estuaries.
Their migrations to and from the Arctic Circle, given in detail by Pennant,
have no existence in nature. The fry or sill enter the mouths of rivers, and
have even been caught with a trout-fly.

52. C. Pilcardus. Pilchard. — Anal fin about 17 rayed. The
dorsal fin placed in the centre of gravity.

Alosa minor, Merr. Pin. 185. Sibb. Scot. 23 — Harengus minor, Will.

Ich. 223. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 343 ; S, Crue-herring — Common on

the Cornish coast ; rare in Scotland.

Length about a foot. The body is rounder than in the herring ; the snout

and under jaw shorter; back more elevated; and the scales larger. D. 18.

P. 16. v. 8, c. 32 This fish appears in vast shoals off the Cornish coasts,

about July. Like . the herring, however, they are capricious in their move-
ments.

The fry of the herring and pilchard are confounded together under the epi-
thet Sprat. The position of the dorsal fin, in reference to gravity, furnishes,
however, an obvious mark of distinction.

53. C. Alosa. Shad. — Snout bifid. The mucous ducts on
the gill-covers elegantly branched.

Alosa seu Clupea, Merr. Pin. 190. Will. Ich. 227 — C. Alosa, Linn. Syst.
i. 523. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 348. Fletn. Phil. Zool. tab. iii. f. 1 —
E, Mother of Herrings ; 5, Elf Herring. — In the sea and large rivers.
Length about 18 inches. Above greenish-black ; sides and belly silvery.
The under jaw longest. D. 20. (the first four short and simple) P. 16. v. 9.
A. 21. Tail greatly forked, and on each side a large scale, with its mesial
edge free. I have taken fine young herrings, about 3 inches in length, from
the stomach of this fish. The shad leaves the sea in May, and enters the
rivers for the purpose of spawning. It is not unfrequently taken by the sal-
mon-nets. The fry is well known in the Thames by the name of White Bait,
appearing near Blackwall and Greenwich during the month of July.

Gen. XXV. ENCRASICHOLUS. Anchovy— Maxiilaries
long and straight. Belly smooth.

54. E. Encrasicolus. — Dorsal and ventral fins opposite*

Will. Ich. app. 27. Ray, Syn. Pise. 107 — Clupea En. Linn. Syst.i. 523.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 347- Don. Brit. Fishes, tab. 4 In the sea and

a few of the English rivers.

Length about 6 inches. Back green, semi-pellucid ; sides and belly silvery.
Upper jaw produced. D. 15, P. 15, v. 7, A. 14, C. 24. Considerable quan-
tities are imported from the Mediterranean, in a pickled state.

The claims of the Lepisosteus osseus (which may readily be recognized by
the osseous scales with which it is protected), to rank as a British fish, are
▼ery doubtful. Berkenhout inserts it in his Synopsis, p. 81. with the habitat
Sussex coast ; and Stewart, in his Elements, vol. i. 374. intimates its occur-
rence in the Frith of Forth.

184 FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. Belone

Gen. XXVI. ESOX. Pike.— Snout oblong, rounded, de-
pressed. The intermaxillaries, vomer, and palate-bones,
armed with teeth.

55. E. Liicius. Common Pike. — Body olive above, with

yellow spots ; beneath white, with black spots.

Lucius, Men: Pin. 100. Sibb. Scot. 25. Will. Ich. 236 — E. Lucius,
Linn. Syst. i. 510. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 320 — E, Pickerel, Sul. ; S,
Ged. ; W, Penhwyad ; G, Geat-iasg. — In lakes and pools. Common.

This fish grows to a great size. Pennant states, that the largest he ever
heard of in England weighed 35 pounds. Dr Griersort mentions one taken in
Loch Ken in Galloway, which weighed 61 pounds (Thomson's Annals of Phi-
losophy, vol. iii. p. 428). Body nearly of equal thickness, suddenly decreas-
ing behind the dorsal and anal" fins. D. 21, P. 15, v. 2. A. 18. Exceedingly
voracious. I have found their own fry, an inch and a half long, in their sto-
mach, in the month of July. They spawn in February or March. Accord-
ing to the observations of' the Reverend Revett Sheppard, a migration of
pikes " takes place yearly in spring,, in the Cam, up which river they come
in great shoals, doubtless from the fens in the neighbourhood of Ely, where
they are bred." — Linn. Trans, xiv. 587- There is abundant evidence that the
pike is indigenous, though considered by some as having been introduced into
England in the reign of Henry VIII. in 1537-

Gen. XXVII. BELONE. Gar.— Snout produced. Teeth
confined to the intermaxillaries. Scales on each side of the
belly carinated.

56. B. vulgaris. Common Gar. — Body green above, white
below.

Acus vulgaris, Will. Ich. 231 — Esox Belone, Linn. Syst. i. 517 — Gar
Pike, Perm. Brit. Zool. iii. 324. Don. Brit. Fishes, tab. 64 — On va-
rious parts of the coast.
Length from 12 to 18 inches. Body nearly cylindrical. The belly flat. Jaws
slender, armed with fine teeth; the lower jaw longest. D. 17, P- 13, v. 7>
A. 19, C. 23 Leave the deep water in spring, to spawn near the shore.
Bones become green by boiling. The fish to which Mr Couch refers as pro-
bably the Esox Braziliensis of Linne, seems to be the young of this species.—
Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 85.

Gen. XXVIII. SCOMBERESOX. Saury.— Teeth con-
fined to the intermaxillaries. Belly bicarinated.

57. S. Saurus. Saury. — Jaws subulate, waved, subrecurved ;

the lower jaw longest.

Skipper, Will. Ich. 232. Say, Syn. Ich. 165. Borl. Corn. 271— Saury,

Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 325. Racked, Linn. Trans, vii. p. 60. Don.

Brit. Fishes, tab. cxvi.— S, Gowdnook, Egyptian Herring.— On the

coast, not rare.

Length from 12 to 18 inches. Body slender; back changeable green;

belly silvery. Scales small. Tail greatly forked. Finlets six above and six

Barbus. FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. 185

below, but apt to vary in number. D. 11, P. 11, v. 6, A. 11, c. 22 — This fish
is gregarious ; and, in the autumn, runs up the estuaries, and frequently
does not, like other fishes, retire from the shallows with the ebbing of the
tide, but is found with the long snout stuck in the mud. It sometimes leaps
out of the water, and passes over a space of 30 or 40 feet.

A single example of the Exocetus volitans, or Flying Fish, was caught at
a small distance below Caermarthen, in the river Towy, in June 17G5, the ac-
count of which was communicated to Pennant by John Strange, Esq., Brit.
Zool. iii. 333. Another in July 1823, ten miles from Bridgewater, in the
Bristol Channel, a notice , of which was communicated to the Linnean Society,
by the Reverend S. L. Jacob. — Annals of Phil. vol. xxii. 152. It is not,
however, recorded in the " Extracts" of the Society, in vol. xiv. p. 582.

Before proceeding to the indigenous species of the family of Cyprinedae,
three naturalized species merit some notice, belonging to the restricted ge-
nus

CYPRINUS. Carp.— Dorsal fin long. The second ray of the
dorsal and anal fin a serrated spine.

1. C. Carplo. Common Carp. — Mouth with four beards;
lateral fine bent ; tail forked.

The carp appears to be a native of the southern lakes and ponds of Europe.
It is usually stated to have been first introduced into England, by Leonard
Maschal, about the year 1514, though, according to the testimony oi' Wynkyn
de Worde, a few were in England about twenty years previous. It is tena-
cious of life, prolific, and prized as food.

2. C. aiiratus. Golden Carp. — Mouth without a beard. Tail

forked, often 3 or 4 parted.

This truly beautiful fish, so rich in colour, the body being often golden, the
fins scarlet, is a native of China, where it is kept in porcelain vessels in the
houses of the rich, for ornament, and for the amusement of the ladies. It was
introduced into England about the year 1G91, where it breeds freely.

3. C. Gibelio. Gibel. — Without a beard. Tail crescent-
shaped. Dorsal fin with 19 rays.

This seems to be the Crusian of the British Zoology, as stated on the au-
thority of the late Mr Dryander, in the last edition. Indeed the figure ori-
ginally given bears so close a resemblance to the Cyprinus Gibelio of Bloch,
Ich. tab. xii. while it differs from the C. carasius, as to leave no room to
doubt that Mr Pennant was originally misled in his inference. He says that
this fish is found in many of the ponds in the neighbourhood of London. He
considers it as a naturalized species, but that the period of its introduction is
uncertain.

Gen. XXIX. BARBUS. Barbel.— Dorsal fin short. The
second or third ray spinous.

58. B. vulgaris. Common Barbel. Mouth with four beards.
Form produced.

186 FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. Gobio.

Barbus, Merr. Pin. 189. Will Ich. 259 — Cyprinus oblongus, maxilla
superiore longiore, cerris quatuor, pinna ani ossiculorum septem, Art.

Ich. Syn. 8 C. Barbus, Linn. Syst. i. 525. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 357-

Don> Brit. Fishes, tab. xxix. Gregarious — In the English rivers.
Length from 2 to 3 feet. Body usually olive on the back, and silvery on
the belly. D. 11, P- 13, V. 11, A. 9, c. 22. The second or spinous ray of
the dorsal fin strongly serrated on both sides. Spawns in April. Flesh and
eggs supposed by some to be hurtful, an opinion which Bloch refuted from
experience.

59. B. orfus. Rud. — Mouth without blard. Body deep.

Rutilus ktior, Rudd, or Tinscale, Will. Ich. 252 — C. or. Linn. Syst. i.
530. Rud, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 363 — C. orfus, Bloch, Ich. tab. xcvi.—
In the English rivers.
Length from 12 to 16 inches. Body deep and thick. Head small. Irides
yellow. Scales large. Back olive ; sides and belly of a gold colour ; ventral,
anal, and caudal fins red. D. 10. (the first short, the second spinous, and
slightly serrated). P. 19. (the first large), V. 9. A. 13. Spawns in April—
This fish, according to Willoughby, is found in the lakes and rivers of York-
shire, Lincolnshire, and Oxfordshire. Pennant and Blocb, inconsiderately re-
fer this species, so well described by Willoughby, to the Ervthropthalmus of
Linnaeus, which is also the ervthropthalmus of our venerable ichthyologist.
The serrated spinous ray of the dorsal fin has induced me to place it here
along with the Barbel, from which, however, it seems to differ, generically, in
shape, and the absence of a beard. It may be termed, after Willoughby,
Rubellio fluviatilis.

Gen. XXX. GOBIO. Gudgeon— Tail forked. Upper jaw
longest.

60. G. Jluviatilis. Common Gudgeon. — A single beard at
each corner of the mouth.

Merr. Pin. 189.— Gobius fluv. Will. Ich. 265 — Cyprinus Gobio, Linn-
Syst. i. 526. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 361. Don, Brit. Fishes, tab. lxxL—
Found in gentle streams in England.
Length 6 inches. Body round. Back dusky. Belly white. A row of
large black spots on the sides. D. 8, P. 14, V. 8, A. 11, C. 21. In winter,
the gudgeon congregates in deep pools or lakes. In summer, frequents shal-
lows. Flesh highly esteemed.

Gen. XXXI. T1NCA. Tench.— Tail thick, even. Scales
minute, slimy.

61. T. vulgaris. Common Tench. — The back, dorsal, and
ventral fins dusky ; the head, sides, and belly yellowish-green.

Tinea, Merr. Pin. 190. Will. Ich. 251 — Cyprinus Tinea, Linn. Syst. i.

526. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 359. Don, Brit. Fishes, tab. cxiii.— In

lakes and rivers, England.

Weight 4 or 5 pounds. Body thick in proportion to its length. A minute

beard at each side of the mouth. Gape ascending. D. 11, P. 17, V. 9, A. 10.

Willoughby states that the tench spawns when the wheat is in flower. Flesh

insipid.

Leuciscus. FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. 187

Gen. XXXII. ABRAMIS. Bream.— Anal fin long ; the
dorsal fin short, and behind the ventrals.

62. A. Brama. Common Bream. — Lateral line placed low,
and waved irregularly.

Cyprinus latus (Abramus) Merr. Pin. 190. Will. Ich. 248.— Cyprinus
Brama, Linn. Syst. i. 531. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 362. Don, Brit.

Fishes, tab. xciii In lakes or deep rivers ; England and Scotland.

Weight 4 or 5 pounds. Body deep, compressed*; the head small, and the
back elevated and sharp. Back bluish black ; the sides and belly white ; the
latter sometimes yellow or red. Scales large. Mouth remarkably smalL
D. 11, (the second ray the longest), p. 19, v. 9, a. 27- (crescent-shaped).
Spawn in May. Willoughby adds, " Hepar habet longum inter ventriculum
et intestinum, in ipsa flexura eodem modo depositum quo pancreas in avibus.
Cystis fellea in hepatis parenchymate pene latitat. Lien ei angulosus ; ap-
pendices nullae ; intestina semel reflexa. Vesica pneumatica transversim in
duos lobos divisa." According to the Reverend Iievett Sheppard, " There
exist in the river Trent, in the neighbourhood of Newark, two species or va-
rieties of bream. The common one Cyprinus Brama is known there by the
name of Carp Bream, from its yellow colour, and has been taken of nearly 8
pounds weight. The other species or variety, which 1 believe to be a non-
descript, never exceeds a pound in weight. 1 1 is of a silvery hue, and goes by
the name of White Bream." — Linn. Trans, xiv. p. 587- According to Pennant,
the bream occurs in Lochmaben— Li</A(/bo<'s Flora Scotica, i. 63.

Gen. XXXIII. LEUCISCUS.— Dorsal and anal fins short.

* Ventral and anal fins reddish.

63. L. vulgaris. Dace. — Body oblong ; slightly compressed.
Head small. Irides pale yellow.

Leuciscus, Merr. Pin. 189. Will. Orn. 260 — Cyprinus Leuciscus, Linn.
Syst. i. 528. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 366. Don, Brit. Fishes, tab.
lxxvii. — E, Dar, Dart — In rivers in England.
Length about 10 inches. Back dusky green ; sides and belly silvery. Dor-
sal fin dusky ; the ventral, anal, and caudal fins red. D. 10, p. 15, v. 9, a. 9.
Tail much 'forked. Spawns in February. Lurks near the roots of trees ;
. frolicksome. Flesh insipid. The Graining of Pennant, Brit. Zool. iii. 367 ;
(the Cyprinus Lancastriensis of Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. 234), is usually consi-
dered as a variety of the dace. It is thus described : " The graining is found
in the Mersey, near Warrington ; has much the resemblance of a dace, but is
more slender^ and the back straiter. The usual length about 74 inches. The
depth to the length of this is as one to five ; of the dace as one to four. The
colour of the back is silvery, with a bluish cast. The eyes, ventral, and anal
fins are red, but paler than those of the dace. The pectoral fin redder."

64. L. cephalus. Chub. — Body and head thick ; snout round-
ed. Scales large, angular.

Capito sive cephalus, a Chub or Chevin, Will Ich. 255 — -Gyprinus ob-
longus macrolepidotus : pinna ani ossiculorum undecim, Art. Ich.

gen. v. syn. 7 Cyprinus Cephalus, Linn. Syst. i. 527- Penn. Brit.

Zool. iii. 368 Cyprinus Jeses, Don. Brit. Fishes, t. cxv.— In rivers

in England and Scotland.

188 FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. Gobitis.

Length 15 inches. Back dusky green ; sides and bellv silvery. Mouth
small, the lower jaw shortest. Nostrils large. D. 9, P. 17, V. 9, A. 11. Spawns
in May in sandy places in the middle of the stream. Lurks near the roots
of trees in running water. Linnreus, by mistake, states that the tail of this
fish is entire. Bloch, when describing his Le Villian, or C. Jeses, adds,
" Pennant se tromp, quand il croit que le cephale de Linne est son chub ;
car la figure de la nageoire de la queue, et le nombre des rayons dans la na-
geoires de l'anus prouvent que ce sont deux poissons differens," Ich. tab. vi.
Had this author traced the chub of Pennant to the pages of Willoughby, and
compared the minute description of the latter with the characters given of
the C. cephalus by Artedi and Linne, he never would have referred our fish to
the Jeses of Linne, which is the Capito caruleus of Willoughby. According
to Pennant, the Chub is found in the Annan. — Lightfoofs Flora Scolica, i. 63.

65. L. ratilus. Roach. — Dorsal fin with 10 rays; body

deep compressed.

Rutilus sive Rubellus, Merr. Pin. 190. Will. Ich. 262— Cyprimus Ru-
tilus, Linn. Syst. i. 529. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 305. Don. Brit. Fishes,
t. lxvii. — S, Braise. — In rivers and lakes in England and Scotland.

Length about 1 foot. Back dusky-green ; sides and belly silvery. Scales
broad, "striated. P. 13, V. 9, A. 12, C. 22.— Spawns in spring — YVilloughby
considers the Roach as a lake fish, occasionally entering rivers. The Reve-
rend David lire (Author of the History of Rutherglen and Kilbride), when
describing the Roach, in the parish of Killearn, says, " Vast shoals come up
from Loch Lomond, and by nets are caught in thousands : their emigrations
from the loch, however, are onlv for the space of three or four days about
the end of May."— Stat. Ac. xvi. p. 109.

66. L. erythropthalmus. Ited Eye — Dorsal fin with 14
rays. Irides red ; body deep, compressed.

Erythropthalmus, Will. Ich. 249. — Cyprinus Evyth. Linn. Syst. i. 530.
Block, Ich. t. i. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. xl. — In England.

Length about 10 inches. Back dusky green ; sides and belly silvery. P.
15, V. 9, A. 13 — Spawns in April. — This species claims to rank in the Bri-
tish Fauna, on the authority of Donovan, who has neglected to state the lo-
cality from whence his specimen was procured, and who considered it as the
Rud. Willoughby, however, adds, " ab orfo distinguitur, 1. Pluribus in pin-
na dorsali radiis ; 2. Macula crocea sub lingua ; 3. Volutis intestinorum."

** Ventral and anal fins plain.

67. L. alburnus. Bleak. — Body slender, compressed; un-

der-jaw longest; fins pellucid

Alburnus, Merr. Pin. 190. Will. Ich. 263 — Cvprinus alb. Linn. Syst.

i. 531. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 370. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. xviii E,

Bleik, Bleis. — In rivers in England.

Length about 6 inches. Back green ; sides and belly silvery ; scales deci-
duous ; the lateral line twice bent. D. 10, P. 16, V. 9, A. 19. — Spawns in
May. — The silvery scales of this species are used by artists in the manu-
facture of artificial pearls. Sibbald inserts this species as a native of Scot-
land : " Alburnus, an qui nostratibus the Bleis." — Scott. III. 25.

68. L. Phoxinus. Minnow. — Body rounded ; back de-
pressed; scales minute. Jaws equal.

Phoxinus, Merr. Pin. 190. Sibb. Scot. 25 — Cyprinus Phoxinus, Linn-
Syst. i. 528. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 373. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. lx.«-
E. Pink, Minim.— In rivers, common.

Gobitis. FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. 189

Length about 3 inches. Colour various ; usually the back is dusky olive>
the belly white. D. 8, P. 14, V. 8, A. 8, C. 19, marked at the base with a
dark spot.- This fish, well known to young anglers, is extensively employed
as a bait, in the capture of many fresh-water fishes.

According to Mr Stewart, the Cyprinus Idas of Linne, a species minutely
described by Artedi, Ich. Disc. p. 6., was found in the mouth of the Nith by
the late Dr Walker.

Gen. XXXIV. GOBITIS. Loche.— Lips with 6 beards.
Scales small, slimy.

69- Gr. barbatula. Bearded Loche. — Sides cf the head un-
armed.

G. barbatus, Merr. Pin. 1 89. Sibb. Scot. 25 — G. fluviatilis, Will. Ich-
265— G. Barb. Linn. Syst. i. 499. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 282. Don.
Brit. Fishes, t. xxii. — In slow running streams.
Length about 3 inches. Body round, compressed towards the tail. Back
dusky, mottled with brown, belly white. Mouth small, a beard at each cor-
ner of the mouth, and four before the nose. D. 8, P. 12, V. 7, A. G. Spawns
in April.

70. G. TcBnia. Groundling. — A forked spine under each

eye.

G. B. aculeata, Will. Ich. 265— G. Taenia, Linn. Syst. i. 499. Block
Ich. t. xxxi f. 2. Berk. Syn. i. 79 — In the Trent.
Size of the preceding. Body compressed ; above brown, with black spots.
D. 10, P. 11, V. 7-. A. 9, C. 17. — This species was introduced into the Bri-
tish Fauna by Berkenhout, who, after giving its residence as in lakes or ponds,
adds, " also in the Trent." Turton, in his British Fauna, i. 103, states, that
it is " found in the clear streams of Wiltshire with the last."

At this place it may be proper to notice a remark of Sibbald's, leading to
the conclusion that the Silurus Giants may have occurred in his day in some
of the Scottish rivers. At the conclusion of his list of river fishes, he adds,
" Silurus, sive Glanis." — Scotia Jlluslrata, p. 25.

Gen. XXXV. LEPADOGASTER. Sucker.— Head de-
pressed ; body smooth.

71. L. cornubiensis. Cornish Sucker. — Snout depressed,
produced, rounded ; dorsal fin Avith 11 rays. Four cirri in
front of the eyes.

Suck-fish, Bor, Corn. 269. t. xxv. f. 28, 29 — Jura Sucker, Penn. Brit.

Zool. iii. 137 Cyclopterus corn. Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. 397 — Cyc. ocel-

latus, Don. Brit. Fishes, t. lxvi Southern coast of England and

Hebrides.
Length about 4 inches. Body reddish, with dusky spots. In maturity,
there are two ocellated marks behind the eyes ; each consisting of a large obo-
vate spot of a deep purple, inclosed within a broad pale brownish ring, and
embellished in the centre with a brilliant blue dot. P. 17, A. 10, C. 6. This
species, found on rocks at low water, differs from the L. Gouani and L. Balbis
of Risso. The former of these figured by Gouan, Ich. p. 177- gen. xxxiv. t.
i. f. 6, 7, differs in the spots behind the eyes being crescent-shaped, and the
dorsal fin having a greater number of i-ays.

190 FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. Cyclopterc8.

72. L. bimaculatus. Bimaculated Sucker. — Snout conical ;
body attenuated. Dorsal fin with five rays ; no cirri in front
of tne eyes.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 397- Mont. Linn. Trans, vii. p. 293. Don. Brit.
Fishes, t. lxxviii. On the English coast.
Length an inch and a half. Colour pink, with white spots ; pupil blue.
Behind the pectoral fin, in maturity, on each side is a purple spot, surround.
ed by a ring of white. P. 1 1, V. 4, A. 5, C. 12. This species was communicat-
ed to Pennant by the Duchess of Portland, from Weymouth. Montagu ob.
tained it, by dredging, at Forcross in abundance, adhering to stones and old
shells.

Gen. XXXVI. LIPARIS.— Body smooth, produced; dor-
sal and anal fins long.

73. L. vulgaris. Sea-snail. — Dorsal and anal fins united with
the caudal. Sucker circular ; the mesial ligament broad.

Liparis nostras, Will. Ich. app. 17- Cyclopterus Liparis, Linn. Syst. i.
414. Uncteous Sucker, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 135. C. L. Don. Brit.
Fishes, xlvii. In salt-water, near the mouths of rivers ; common.

Length 4 to 5 inches. Above dusky, beneath whitish ; sometimes the
sides and back have purple stripes. D. 36, P. 32, A. 26, C. 12. When out of
the water it soon dissolves.

74. L. Montagui. — Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins disjoined.
Sucker ovate ; the mesial ligament narrow.

Cycop. Mon. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. lxviii. Mont. Wern. Mem. i. 91 —
Coast of Devon.
Length 2 inches. Body rounded to the vent, compressed towards the tail;
purplish-brown, with confluent spots. D. 26, P. and v. 29, A. 24, C 12. Front
of the head scalloped with six indentations. — This species has only been ob-
served by Montagu, at extraordinary low tides, among the rocks at Milton,
on the south coast of Devon.

Gen. XXXVII. CYCLOPTERUS. Lump-fish. — Body
deep, with ridges of osseous tubercles ; dorsal and anal fins
short.

75. C. Lumpus. — Back sharp, elevated ; belly flat.

Lumpus, Sibb. Scot. 24. Will. Ich. 208 — Cyc. L. Linn. Syst. i. 414.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 133 — E, Lump, Sea Owl ; S, (male) Cock Padle,

(female) Hen Padle, Hush, Bagaty.- Common on the coast.

Length about 18 inches. Back dusky, belly and iridis red. Skin rough ;

seven ridges of tubercles. D. 1 1, P. 20, A. 10, C. 12. Flesh coarse and ofly ;

seldom used as food.

A single instance of the Echineis Remora occurring on our coast, is recorded
by Dr Turton, in his British Fauna, p. 94, where he states, that one was
" taken by the author in Swansea, from the back of a codfish in the summer
of 1806."

Gen. XXXVIII. MORHUA. Cod. — Fins large ; body
tapering retrally. A single beard on the lower jaw.

Morhua. FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS 191

76. M. vulgaris. Common Cod. — The first ray of the anal
fin spinous.

Asellus merluccius, Merr. Pin. 184 — A major, Sibb. Scot. 23. Will. Ich.

165. Gadus Morhua, Linn. Syst. i. 436. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 172.

— 2?, Keeling.— Abundant on many parts of the coast.

Length about 3 feet. Colour grey above, freckled with yellow ; beneath
white. The lateral line straight to opposite the vent, when it bends towards
the tail, white and broad. The tail is nearly even. The jaws equal. 1st
D. 12, 2d 18, 3d 16 ; P. 14; V. 7 ; 1st A. 20, 2d 16 ; C. 36. Spawns in spring.

This fish, universally esteemed as an article of food, is eagerly sought after

on those sea-banks which it frequents. The most extensive fisheries in our
seas are off the western isles and the coast of Zetland.

The Morhua callarias or Torsk, first inserted in the British Fauna by
Berkenhout, syn. i. 67, probably on the authority of a passage in Willough-
by, (non ita dudum piscator hujus generis Assellum 4 pedes longum in sinu
minore ad Ekrefordiam urbem cepit, raro spectaculo.— Ich. p. 172.) does not
appear to have been noticed in our seas or estuaries by any recent observer.
It differs chiefly from the common cod in the lateral line being spotted, and
the upper jaw being longer. The tail is even, or a little rounded.

77. M. Mglejinus. Haddock. — Upper-jaw longest ; tail

forked. A spot behind the pectorals, and the lateral line

black.

A. Haddock, Merr. Pin. 184.— Asellus Callarias, Sibb. Scot. 23 — Onos,
Will. Ich. 170. Gadus aeg. Linn. Syst. i. 435. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii.
179. Common on many parts of the coast.

Length 18 inches. Back dusky ; belly white ; head sloping ; eyes large.
Fins like the preceding. Spawns in spring. Gregarious like the cod, but
shifting its haunts at uncertain intervals. Superstition assigns the black la-
teral marks to the impression of St Peter's thumb and finger, when he took
the tribute out of the mouth of a fish, supposed to be of this species, and
which mark has been continued to the race.

78. M. lusca. Bib. — The first ray of the ventral fins pro-
duced and setaceous.

Asellus luscus, Will. Ich. 169. Gadus luscus, Linn. Syst. i. 437. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iii. 184. Not uncommon.
Length about a foot. Body broad ; sides compressed ; back olive ; belly
white. Scales large. Tail nearly even. One row of long recurved teeth.
Eyes covered with a loose membrane. The 1st d. 12, (the second ray longest)
2d 23, 3d 2 ; p. 16 ; v. 7. This species is the Beb or Blinds of Cornwall, the
Miller's Thumb, or Deillion, in Caernarvon, and the Smeltie of Zetland.

79. M. barbata. Pout. — Back arched; the first dorsal fin
triangular, ending in a long fibre.

Assellus sub mento barbatus, Merr. Pin. 184. A. mollis latus, Lister y

Will. Ich. app. 22. Gadus barbatus, Linn. Syst. i. 437- Penn. Brit.

Zool. iii. 183. E, Whiting Pout, Kleg. A rare species.

Length about a foot. Colour whitish ; a spot behind the pectorals ; the

fins and tail black. Body remarkably deep ; back carinated ; scales small ;

tail even. Lateral line white, broad and crooked. Mouth small ; on each

side of the lower jaw are seven or eight punctures.

80. M. minuta. Poor. — Nine punctures on each side of the
jaws and gill-covers. Peritoneum black.

192 FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. Molva,

Assellus mollis minor, Will. Ich. 171. J ago, Ray Syn. Pise. 163. Gadus
minutus, Linn. Syst. i. 438. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 185. Block, Ich. t.
67- Found on the coast of Cornwall by the Reverend Mr Jago.
Length about C inches. Back light brown ; belly whitish. Body lengthen-
ed. Tail rounded. Lateral line narrow, straight. Anus in the middle of
the body. 1st D. 12, 2d 19, 3d 17 ; P. 13 ; V. 6 ; 1st A. 27, 2d 17. Approaches
the shore in spring.

81. M. punctatus. — " Pale brown, with golden spots; be-
neath white, thickly covered with minute dusky specks ; upper
jaw longer."

" Speckled Cod, (Gadus punctatus, Tur tori's Brit. Fauna, i. 90.) Taken
frequently in the Weirs at Swansea."

" Body 18 inches long, slightly arched on the back, a little prominent on the
belly ; covered, above, with numerous gold-yellow roundish spots ; beneath,
with dusky specks, which are stellate under a glass. Head large, gradually
sloping; teeth small, in several rows in the upper jaw, in the lower a single
row ; nostrils double ; iris reddish, pupil black ; chin with a single beard ;
nape with a deep longitudinal groove. Lateral line nearer the back, curved
as far as the middle second dorsal fin, growing broader and whiter towards
the end. Upper fins and tail brown, with obscure yellowish spots, and dark-
er towards the ends ; lower ones tinged with green. Vent near the middle
of the body. Scales small, all of them, under a glass, minutely spreckled
with brown ; gill-covers of two pieces. Lower-jaw with 5 obscure punctures
on each side. Dorsal fins 14-20, 18 rayed; pectoral 18; ventral 6, the first
ray shorter than the second, and divided a little way down ; anal 19-16; tail
even, 36, rayed. Differs from Gadus Morhua (M. vulgaris) in not having
the first anal ray spinous, and in the lower jaw being considerably longer ;
from G. luscus in the first ray of the ventral fin being shorter than the se-
cond ; from G. barbatus in wanting the 7 distinct punctures on the lower
jaw, in its small scales, and in the first dorsal fin not ending in a long fibre ;
and from G. Callarias, in not being spotted with brown, and in having the
lateral line white."

Gen. XXXIX. MOLVA. Ling.— Body lengthened ; head
flat ; lateral line straight. The second dorsal and anal fins
long, the rays of nearly equal length.

82. M. vulgaris. Common Ling. — Upper-jaw longest ; tail
rounded ; with a dusky bar.

Asellus varius Molva, Merr. Pin. 184. Sibb. Scot. 23 A. longus, Will.

Ich. 175 — Gadus Molva, Linn. Syst. i. 439. Penn. Brit. Z00L iii.

197 Common.

Length from 3 to 4 feet. Above, grey, inclining to olive ; beneath white ;
the dorsal and anal fins edged with white. 1st D. 15, 2d 65 ; P. 15 ; V. 6;
A. 62. Spawns in spring. When in season as food the liver is white.

83. M. Lota. Burbot. — Jaws equal; tail oval, slightly

pointed.

Mustek, Merr. Pin. 190. Will. Ich. 125.— Gadus Lota, Linn. Syst. i.

440. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 199. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 92 E, Eel-

pont, Coneyfish, Birdbolt — In slow running rivers, England.

Length from 1 to 3 feet. Colour brownish, blotched with olive or yellow.
Teeth small. The first dorsal fin is short, with 1 1 rays ; the second extends
almost to the tail, of 61 rays ; P. 16 ; V. 7 ; A. 50. Spawns in December. Es-
teemed a delicate fish for the table.

Physcis. FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. 193

Gen. XL. PHYSCIS. Fork-beaud. Ventrals consisting of
one produced divided ray.

84. P. furcatus. Common Fork-beard. — Anterior dorsal
fin triangular, the first ray slender and produced.

Asellus Callarias, Will. Ich. 205. — Barbus major, Jago, Ray, Syn. Pise.

163 Forked Hake, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 193 — Blennius Gadoides,

Risso, Ich. 136 On the south coast of England.

Length about a foot. Eyes large ; irides white ; lateral line incurvated.
The ventrals twice as long as the head. 1st D. 10, 2d D. 62, P. 12, A. 56. Tail
rounded. Mr Couch states that a few spines are placed before the anal fin,

Linn. Trans, xiv. 75 This species was first detected by the Rev. G. Jago,

on the coast of Cornwall, where it was known by the name of the Great
Forked Beard.

Gen. XLI. GADUS. Gade.— Rays of the first dorsal fin
short, partly detached. Head of the ordinary size.

85. G. Mustela. Five-bearded Gade. — Four beards on the

upper, and one on the lower jaw. First ray of the dorsal fin

produced.

Mustela vulgaris, Will. Ich. 121. — Gadus Mustela, Linn. Syst. i. 440

Five-bearded Cod, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 202. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. xiv.
— E, Sea Loche, Whistle-fish, Rockling — On the English and Scottish
coasts.

Length 18 inches. Colour olive above; belly whitish. Two of the beards
are on the end of the snout, and two immediately above these. 2d D. 49, P.
14, V. 6, A. 40, C 24, rounded.

86. G. tricirratas. Three-bearded Gade. — Two beards on

the upper, and one on the lower jaw. AJ1 the rays of the first

dorsal fin short.

M. vulg. var. Will. Ich. 121. — Three-bearded cod, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii.
201. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 11. — Common among rocks near the shore.

Length about 18 inches. Colour reddish -yellow, with large black spots.
These, however, according to Montagu, are not observed till the fish exceeds
6 or 7 inches in length, previous to which the colour is rufous-brown. The
lateral line bends in the middle, and then passes straight to the tail. 2d D.
54, P. 20, A. 46, C. (rounded) 24 — By some naturalists this is considered as
a variety only of the preceding species.

87. G. argenteolus. Silvery Gade. — Two beards on the up-
per, and one on the lower jaw. The first ray of the dorsal fin
produced.

Mont. "Wern. Mem. ii. 449 — Thrown ashore on the south coast of Devon
in the summer of 1808.

Length about 2 inches. Back bluish-green ; belly silvery. Head obtuse ;
the upper jaw longest. Rays of the first dorsal fin numerous, short. Pec-
torals rounded, of 16 rays. Ventrals 6 rayed, the middle ray produced. Tail
nearly even at the end. — This species, in the condition in which it occurred
to Montagu, in numbers, had not probably attained its full size.

VOL. I. jf

194 FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. Raniceps.

Gen. XLII. RANICEPS. — The first dorsal fin obscure.
Head depressed and very broad. Mouth wide, with regu-
lar incurvated teeth. Rays of the ventrals produced.

88. R. trif'urcatus. Lateral line tuberculated above the pec-
toral fins.

Trifurcated Hake, Davies, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 196, and edition 1812,
iii. 272 South coast of England.

Length about 12 inches. Colour deep brown, the lips white. Eyes large,
irides yellow. Body compressed, especially towards the tail. The first dor-
sal fin consists of three slender minute rays placed in a furrow. 2d D. 62,
P. 23, V. 6. (the three last short), A. 59, C 36. Tubercles 9 or 10 on each side,
from the last of which the lateral line commences, is curved in the middle,
and then straight to the tail ; caudal and pectoral fins rounded. Mr Donovon,
in the preface to his work on British Fishes, declares that Pennant was mis-
led when he instituted the trifurcated hake as a distinct species, as the de-
scription was taken from a damaged skin of the forked hake ; and he adduces
the authority of the Rev. Hugh Davies in support of his opinion. In the last
edition of the British Zoology, the trifurcated hake is continued as a distinct
species, and several additional facts illustrative of its history given, likewise
on the authority of the Rev. Hugh Davies ! We cannot unravel such mys-
terious contradictions.

89. R. Jago. Lateral line smooth.

Barbus minus, Jago, Ray, Syn. Pise. 164. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 195—
Couch, Linn. Trans, xiv. 75 — Coast of Cornwall.
This species was first noticed by the Rev. Mr Jago, whose name we have
adopted as its trivial appellation. It has since been observed by Mr Couch,
who has given the following description of its peculiarities: — " Length 10
inches. Head wide and flat. Eyes forward and prominent. Under jaw
shortest. Teeth in the jaws and palate, sharp and incurved, and some in the
throat. Small barb at the under jaw. Body compressed, smooth. First dor-
sal fin triangular, and extremely small ; second dorsal fin and the anal fin
long, ending in a point ; tail round ; ventral fins have several rays, of which
the two outmost are much elongated, the longest measuring two inches ; the
fins all covered with the common skin. A furrow passes above the eyes to
the back. Stomach firm, with longitudinal folds ; no appendix to the intes-
tines. Air-bladder large, and of unusual form. In the intestines were the
remains of an echinus."

Gen. XLIII. BROSMUS. Tusk.— The small dorsal and
anal fins lengthened ; ventrals fleshy, with five rays.

90. B. vulgaris. Common Tusk. — Fins edged with white ;

tail and pectorals rounded.

Brismack, Lump, Tusk, Sibb. Desc. Orkney and Zetland, p. 8.— Torsk,
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 203. Low, Ork. 200. — Gadus Brosme, Don. Brit.
Fishes, t. 70. — On the sea-banks, especially off the coast of Zetland.

Length about 2 feet. Above dusky ; sides yellowish ; belly white. Late-
ral line a little incurvated. Body compressed behind the vent. A furrow on
the neck. D. 49, P. 21, V. 5, A. 37, C. 35 — This fish is caught along with ling
and cod. When salted it is deservedly esteemed. Pennant originally con-
founded this species with the torsk or dorse, Morhua callarias.

Meklangus. FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. 195

Gen. XLI V. MERLANGUS. Three dorsal and two anal fins.

91. M. vulgaris. Whiting. — Upper jaw longest; a black
spot at the base of the pectorals ; lateral line nearly straight,
white.

Asellus mollis, Merr. Pin. 184. Sibb. Scot. 23. Will. Ich. 170 Ga-
dus Merlangus, Linn. Sjst. i. 438. Penn. Brit. iii. 190 Common.

Length about a foot. Above pale brown ; belly and sides silvery ; the lat-
ter streaked with vellow. Teeth of the upper jaw long. 1st D. 15, 2d D. 18,
3d D. 20, P. 19, V. 6, 1st A. 34, 2d A. 20. The whiting is caught chiefly in
the spring and summer months, and esteemed the most delicate food of any of
the family to which it belongs.

92. M. Pollachius. Pollack. — Lower jaw longest. Lateral
line incurvated, black.

Asellus mollis nigricans, Merr. Pin. 184. — A. Huitingo Pollachius, Will.

Ich. 167— Gadus Pol. Linn. Syst. i. 439. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 188.—

E, Whiting Pollach, Leets ; S, Lythe. — Common on the rocky coasts.

Length about 18 inches. Above dusky -green ; sides with yellowish streaks ;

belly white. Bodv sloping from the first dorsal fin. 1st D. 12, 2d D. 19, 3d

D. 16, P. 18, V. 6^ 1st V. 28, 2d A. 17- Tail nearly even at the end. Eyes

large ; irides of a bronze colour. Peritoneum silvery, with a few black spots.

— This fish is frolicksome, and easily caught with a white fly.

93. M. Carbonarius. Coal-fish. — Lower jaw longest. La-
teral line straight, white.

Asellus niger, Merr. Pin. 184. Sibb. Scot. 23. Will. Ich. 168 Gadus

car. Linn. Syst. i. 438. — E, Scarborough Parr, Billets ; Rawlin Pol-
lack— S, Podley, Sillock, Cuddy, Glassock, Cooth, Piltock, Colmey,
Sethe, Sey, Grey Lord — Common on rocky coasts and in tideways.
Length from 2 to 3 feet. Above, including the tail, black ; belly, ventral,
and anal fins, white. Head small. 1st D. 14, 2d D. 20, 3d D. 22, P. 18, V.

6, 1st A. 22, 2d A. 19. The tail is broad and forked The young of this fish

swarm on many parts of the coast, and contribute, in a very great degree, to
the sustenance of the population of the Northern and Western Islands. The
full grown fish are likewise taken abundantly, especially in tideways, but are
reckoned greatly inferior to the cod and ling.

94. M. v'irens. — Jaws equal ; lateral line straight.

Gadus v. Linn. Syst. i. 438. Penn. Brit. Zool. app. vol. i Not uncom-
mon.

This species, which was inserted in the British Fauna by Pennant, onjhe
authority of Sir John Cullum, Bart, is less than a foot. The back and fins
green ; the belly silvery ; the fins with numerous black dots. Teeth in the
upper jaw numerous, strong. 1st D. 15, 2d D. 24, 3d D. 19, P. 22, V. 6,
1st A. 27, 2d A. 22.— It is frequently taken in the Frith of Forth, during
summer.

Gen. XLV. MERLUCIUS. Hake.— Two dorsal and one
anal fin.

95. M. vulgaris. Common Hake. — The first dorsal fin tri-
angular ; tail even.

Asellus fuscus, Merr. Pin. 185. -A. primus, Will. Ich. 174 Gadus Mer.

Linn. Syst. i. 439. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 191.— On the southern coast
of England and Ireland ; rare in Scotland.

N 2

196 FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. Pleuronectes.

Length about 2 feet. Body lengthened ; grey above, white beneath.
Head flat, broad ; the mouth wide ; the lower jaw longest ; 1st D. 9, 2d D. 40,
P. 1 2, V. 7, A. 39. The second dorsal and anal fins are long, and the rays
nearly of equal length. This fish is caught in vast quantities in the summer
months, and used fresh or salted for exportation.

Gen. XLVI. PLEURONECTES. Turbot.— Mouth entire ;
teeth numerous, slender. Lateral line curved. Eyes on
the left side.

96. P. maximns. Common Turhot. — The upper and un-
der surfaces beset with acute tubercles ; scales small.

Rhombus, Merr. Pin. 189 — R. maximus asper, Will. Ich. 94 R. acu-

leatus, Sibb. Fife, 119 — Pleur. max. Linn. Syst. i. 459. Penn. Brit.
Zool. 233. — S, Gunner-fleuk, liaun-fleuk, Bannock-fleuk. — Common.

Length upwards of 2 feet. "Weight sometimes exceeding 20 pounds. Out-
line of the body sub-circular. Colour above, yellowish, clouded with brown ;
below white. The tubercles are largest on the upper surface. D. 6'0, P. 12,
V. 6, A. 43, C. 17- The flesh of this species is held in great estimation, and
extensive fisheries, by hook and line, are conducted on different parts of the
coast. The bait consists of portions of herring, haddock, muscles, or limpets,
as fresh as possible.

97. P- Rhombus. Brill. — Body broad, glabrous ; lower jaw

longest.

Rhombus lsevis, Jago, Ray Svn. Pise. 1C2. — Bonnet flook, Sibb. Fife, 120

P. Rh. Linn. Syst. i. 458.-lPearl, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 238 — Bril, Don.
Brit. Fishes, t. 951 — E, Bril, Pearl, Kite; S, Bannet-fleuk Com-
mon.

Less than the turbot. Colour above fuscous, spotted with brown, yellow
and white. The soft smooth skin is the peculiar character of the species. D.
65, P. 11, V. 6, A. 48, C. lb". — This species occasionally enters the estuaries of
the larger rivers. The Rhombus non aculeatus squamosus of Will. Ich. (the
Luo-aleaf of Cornwall), is probably the same as the Brill, though the eyes are
stated to be placed on the left side of the mouth.

98. P. Mcgastoma. Whiff. — Body oblong. Mouth large ;

lower jaw longest. Lateral line tuberculated, greatly arched

near its origin. Dorsal and anal fins broadest in the middle.

Rhombus aculeatus, Will. Ich. 93. — Passer Cornubiensis asper, magno
oris hiatu, Jago, Ray Syn. Pise. 1G3. — Whiff, Penn. Brit. ZooL iii. 238.
— P. meg. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 51 — South coast of England.

Length about 18 inches. Colour above brown, clouded with darker shades ;
below reddish-white. Eyes large, elevated ; irides yellow. Tail slightly round-
ed. D. 85,P. 13, V. 5, A. 61, C. 19.~This species has been confounded, by se-
veral authors, with the following, from which, however, in many particulars,
it is sufficiently distinguished.

99. P. punctatus. Top-knot. — Body roundish, rough, with
small denticulated scales. Dorsal and anal fins broadest near the
retral extremity. Jaws nearly equal.

Solea. FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. 197

Block, Ich. t. 189 — Hammer, Penn. Brit. Zool. edition 1812, iii. 322.

Flem. Wern. Mem. ii. 241 ; Phil. Zool. t. iii. f. 2 — Little known on

the coast.
Length 5 inches and upwards. Colour above black, mottled with brown,
and spotted with red ; beneath white. Denticles of the scales from 4 to 8 in
number. D. 79- (the first longer than those which immediately follow), P. 9,
V. 6, A. 68, C 17. — This species seems first to have been observed as a British
fish, by E. Hanmer, Esq. on the coast of Devon and Cornwall, in 1806-7-
A single specimen occurred to myself, 18th January 1810, in Zetland, where,
according to the testimony of the fishermen, it is not uncommon.

100. P. Arnglossus. Scald-fish. — Body oblong. Scales de-
ciduous. Jaws equal.

Arnglossus vel Solea laevis — A. Lantern, Will. Ich. 102. Hanmer, Penn.
Brit. Zool. edition 1812, iii. p. 325. t 53. — South coast of England.
According to Mr Hanmer, " The colour of the upper side is a pale brown
or dirtv white. The body has something of the same pellucid appearance as
the lantern, though in a less degree. Head rather small ; the jaws of equal
length, blunt ; the lateral line bent near the head. The dorsal fin consists of
82 ravs, as does the anal, which reaches to the tail ; the pectorals of 10 rays ;
a double row of rays, five in each, form the ventral fins ; behind them is one
or more short and'sharp spines; the tail is rounded at the extremity; the
rays of all the fins, including those of the tail, are bristly, and connected by a
thin film or pellicle, which is easily broken. The scales are so deciduous that
the friction of the trawl alone is sufficient to remove them ; when taken out of
the net they are usually dead, and in that bare state which gives some propriety
to the name they are known by of Scald-fish. They seem only to be known
at Plymouth, and occur there very rarely. Their length is rather more than
5 inches ; their breadth not exceeding 2 inches ; and are probably the smallest
of the English species, and of corresponding value." Had not the shape of
the mouth in Mr Hanmer's figure, and the position of the eyes on the left
side been in opposition, I would have placed this species in the genus Solea.

Gen. XLVII. SOLEA. Sole.— Mouth twisted ; the jaws
destitute of teeth on the eye side.

101. S. vulgaris. Common Sole. — Upper jaw longest. Scales

rough. Tip of the upper pectoral fin black.

Solea, Merr. Pin. 187 — Buglossus seu S. Rondeletii. Sibb. Fife 120 —

Pleuronectes Solea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 457- Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 231

Common, especially on the more southern coasts-

Length from 1 to 2 feet, and from 1 to 7 pounds weight. Above brown,
beneath white. Irides yellow. Lateral line arched on the head ; from thence
to the tail, straight. Margin of the scales fringed with spines about 10 in
number. D. 97, F. 10, V. 8, A. 83, C. 17. Flesh firm, white, and delicious ;
in high repute in the market — This fish is gregarious, and is usually taken
by the trawl-net.

102. S. variegata. — " Body oblong ; pale, clouded or mar-
bled with fuscous. Scales large."'''

Pleuronectes var. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. cxvii. — P. Lingula, Hanmer, Penn
Brit. Zool. edition 1812, iii. p. 313 — English coast, rare.

This species nearly resembles the preceding in general character, but dif-
fers in shape, being more rounded and short ; in the scales being shorter,
broader, and fringed with more numerous spines, and in the dorsal and anal

198 FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. Platessa.

fins not reaching so closely to the tail. D. 68, A. 53, C. 16. According to Mr
Hanmer, its flesh is inferior to the sole ; and he adds, it is common in the
spring, upon the coast, near Plymouth.

G-en. XLVIII. PLATESSA. Fluke.— A row of obtuse
cutting teeth in each jaw. A spine at the beginning of the
anal fin. Tail rounded.

103. P. vulgaris. Plaise. — Body smooth. A row of six
tubercles on the head.

Passer aureus, Men: Pin. 187- Sibb. Scot. 24 — Passer Bellonii, Will Ich.
96 — Pleuronectes Platessa, Linn. Syst. i. 456. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii.
228. — S, Fluke, Dutch Plaise— Common.

Length about a foot. Above olivaceous, with reddish spots; beneathi
white. Scales small, impressed, and adherent. Mouth small ; lower jaw long-
est. D. 72, P. 11, V. 6, A. 54. — Spawns in February.

104. P. Flesus. Flounder. — Body smooth. A band of

small sharp spines on the side line, and at the junction of the

dorsal and anal fins with the body.

Passer niger, Merr. Pin. 187 — Lsevis, Sibb. Scot. 24. — P. fluviatilis,

Will. Ich. 98 Pleuronectes linea laterali aspera, spinulis ad radices

pinnarum in latere oculato. Artedi, Ich. Desc. 59 — PI. Flesus, Linn.
Syst. i. 457. Perm. Brit. Zool. iii. 229.— S, Mayock-fleuk — Common.

Length about a foot. Colour olivaceous, occasionally marbled with brown,
sometimes whitish, yellowish, or rosy. Scales very small, adherent. Lateral
line elevated and denticulated on the head ; and bent over the gills. Mouth
small. D. 60, P. 12, V. 6, A. 42, C. 18 — This species is more frequently to be
met with at the mouths of rivers than any of the genus. A sinistral variety
sometimes occurs.

105. P. Limanda. Dab. — Scales, with ciliated margins.

Passer asper, Will. Ich. 97 — Pleuronectes squamis asperis; spina ad
anum, Art. Ich. Desc. 58. — Pleur. Limanda, Linn. Syst. i. 457- Penn.
Brit. Zool. iii. 230 S, Saltie — Common.

Length seldom reaching to a foot. Colour above brownish, frequently with
darker clouds. Scales large. Mouth wide. D. 73,fP. 11, V. 6, A. 63, C. 15.
In season for the table in spring. Spawns in May.

106. P. microcephalics. — Body oblong. Head small. Mouth
diminutive. Lateral hue a little incurvated.

Smear Dab, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 230 — Pleuronectes microcephalus, Don-
Brit. Fishes, t. lxii — Sand-fleuk, Neill, Wern. Mem. i. 537.
Length about a foot. Colour above, dusky -brown ; beneath, white. Lips
protruded. Scales small, smooth. Lateral line a little incurvated over the
pectoral fin. D. 90, P. 7, V. 6, A. 73, C. 17- The Smear-Dab of Pennant ap-
pears, from the description, to be similar to the P. microcephalus of Donovan ;
but the figure of the former author, differs, in all its characters, from the one
given by the latter. 1 1 may be stated, that, in the last edition of the British
Zoology, the original figure of the Smear-Dab is suppressed ; while a new re-
presentation of a fish under the same title is given, which bears little resem-
blance to the former, while it makes a near approximation, in the shape of
the head, to Donovan's figure. In shape, the original figure of the Smear-
Dab in the Brit. Zool. t. Ixi. resembles the Pleuronectes punctatus.

Hippoglossus. FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. 199

107. P. Cyclops. — Eyes on the left side ; the left eye subver-
tical.

Pleuronectes Cyclops, Don. Brit. Fishes, t. xc— At Aberfraw in Angle-
sea, Captain Merrick.
Length lfth inches. Body broad, with dusky spots, surrounded by a
whitish ring, smooth. Middle rays of the dorsal and ventral fins longest.
Head protruded ; the left eye placed in the middle of the lateral edge. La-
teral line curved over the pectorals — This is probably the fry of some of the
preceding species, belonging to a reversed variety.

Gen. XL1X. HIPPOGLOSSUS. Holibut.— Teeth nu-
merous, slender, pointed. A spine in front of the anal fin.
Tail lunated.

108. H. vulgaris. Common Holibut. — Body lengthened,

smooth. Lateral line bent over the pectorals.

Passer Britannicus, Merr. Pin. 187- — Rhombus laevis, Sibb. Scot. 24 —
Hippoglossus, Will. Ich. 99 — Pleuronectes Hipp. Linn. Syst. i. 456.
Penn. Brit. ZooL iii. 226 — Common.

Upwards of 2 feet in length, and in weight sometimes exceeding 200 pounds.
Colour above dusky -brown, beneath white ; free from spots. Body tapering
towards the tail. D. 105, P. 15, V. 6, A. 79, C. 17 — The flesh of this species
is not held in high estimation. It is generally called Turbot in the Edin-
burgh market.

Gen. L. ANGUILLA. Eel. — Gill-opening under the pec-
torals. Anal, dorsal, and caudal fins continuous.

109- A. vulgaris. Common Eel. — Colour of the dorsal and
anal fins uniform.

A. Merr. Pin. 189. Sibb. Scot. 25. Will. Ich. 109 — Murana unicolor,
maxilla inferiore longiore, Art. Ich. Syn. 39. — Muraena Anguilla, Linn.
Syst. i. 426. Perm. Brit. Zool. iii. 142 — Common in rivers and estua-
ries.

Length from 1 to 3 feet. Colour, above, dark olive-brown, whitish on the
belly. In the variety called silver eel, the belly and sides are silvery and sub-
translucent. The head is depressed ; the lower jaw longest. Eye imme-
diately above the gape ; irides reddish. Nostrils with two openings on each
side ; one a simple pore near the eye, the other a tubular wart on the snout.
Gill-opening immediately in front of the temporal fin. This species spawns
in the sea ; for which purpose it leaves the lakes and rivers, descending
from August to November. It migrates in greatest numbers in dark stormy
nights. The young ones begin to appear on the shore in March, April, or
May, and proceed in myriads towards the mouths of rivers for the purpose
of ascending to the lakes and marshes. In their ascent, where eel fisheries are
of value, the young are assisted in surmounting obstacles, such as the barrier
of a mill-dam or a cascade, by straw-ropes, so placed that the young eels can
twist themselves round, and reach the summit. The migrations of the eel
were first pointed out with accuracy by Redi (Opus, part iii. p. 99, ed. 1729).
Some good observations by the Rev. George Mack, are recorded in the Sta-
tistical Account of Scotland, vol. xvi. p. 388, in reference to the eels of the
Dee.

200 FISHES. MALACOPT. Leptocephalus.

Mr Pennant notices a " variety of this fish known in the Thames by the
name of grigs, and about Oxford by that of grigs or gluts. These are scarcely
ever seen near Oxford in the winter, but appear in the spring, and bite readi-
ly at the hook, which common eels in that neighbourhood will not. They
have a larger head, a blunter nose, thicker skin, and less fat than the com-
mon sort ; neither are they so much esteemed, nor do they often exceed 3 or
4 pounds in weight." — Erit. Zool. iii. 145.

110. A. Conger. Conger-Eel. — Margin of the dorsal and
anal fins black.

Conger, Merr. Pin. 185. Sibb. Scot. 23. Will. Ich. Ill — Mursena su-
premo margine pinnae dorsalis nigro, Art. Ich. Syn. 40 — Mursena Con-
ger, Linn. Syst. i. 426. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 147 — In the sea, com-
mon.
Length about 5 feet ; sometimes reaching to 10, and weighing 130 pounds.
Above dark olive, beneath whitish ; the lateral line broad and white. Irides
silvery. Upper jaw longest. The dorsal fin commences nearer the head in
this species than in the common eel. This species resides always in the sea,
is exceedingly voracious, and tenacious of life. It is chiefly found on a rocky
bottom. The small eels which come up the Severn in April, noticed by
Willoughby and Pennant, are probably not the young of the conger, but of
the common eel.

The two following species have long^ occupied a place in the British Fauna,
and though their claims appear doubtlul, they deserve some notice.

a. A. Myrus. Flat-tailed Sea Serpent — This resembles the conger, but is
smaller, the back spotted with white, an occipital white band, and the fins
bordered with black. This species was inserted as British by Berkenhout
(Syn. i. 64.), without reference to any habitat.

b. Ophisurus Ophis. Spotted Sea Serpent — This species is distinguished
from those of the genus Anguilla by the naked pointed tail, It was first in-
serted by Merret (Pinax, 185.), afterwards by Sibbald (Scot. 23.), and latter-
ly by Berkenhout (Syn. i. 64.), as a British fish ; but by none of these au-
thors were any remarks, illustrative of the time or place of capture, commu-
nicated.

Gen. LI. LEPTOCEPHALUS. Morris. Body com-
pressed like a ribband. Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins
united.

111. L. Morisii. — Dorsal and ventral margins with minute
black spots.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 158. Mont. Wem. Mem. ii. 436, tab. xxii. 1 — On
the southern shore of England.
Length 6 inches, breadth half an inch, and about the sixteenth part of an
inch in thickness. Body semipellucid. Head small, but nearly in a straight
line with the back. Lateral line straight. Jaws equal ; teeth numerous, in-
clining forwards. Eyes large, irides silvery. Branchial aperture small,
transverse. Dorsal fin commences at nearly one-third of the length of the
fish from the head. Vent a little nearer the head than the tail. Pectorals
small This singular species was first observed near Holyhead by Mr Wil-
liam Morris, who communicated the specimen to Pennant. Though seem-

Ophidium FISHES. MALACOPT. 201

ingly a rare species, it has since been found by Mr Lewis Morris, the Rev.
H. Davis, and Mr Anstice.

Gen. LII. OPHIDIUM. Anal, dorsal, and caudal fins

united ; tail pointed.

112. O. imberbe. — Lower jaw beardless.

Linn. Syst. i. 431. Perm. Brit. Zool. iii. 398. Mcnt. Wern. Mem. i. 95.
t. iv. f. 2 — Coast of Devon.

Length 3 inches. Purplish brown ; bluish spots along the base of the anal
fin. Head obtuse, body compressed towards the tail. Mouth ascending;
lips marginated. Eyes large ; irides dark, with a silvery circle round the
pupil. Vent near the middle. D. 77, P. 11, A. 44, C. 18. Pectorals round-
ed ; the dorsal fin commencing immediately above them This species, as a

British production, was first communicated to Pennant from Weymouth by
the Duchess Dowager of Portland. Montagu has since found it on the south
coast of Devon.

The O. barbutum, a species readily distinguished from the preceding by the
lower jaw having two bifid cirri, has been noticed by Berkenhout in his Sy-
nopsis, p. 66. as a British production, without any intimation respecting the
circumstances of its capture. He, however, takes no notice of the O. imber-
be, which had previously appeared in the British Zoology.

Gen. LIII. AMMODYTES. L a unce.— Dorsal, anal, and
caudal fins disjoined. Neither coeca nor air-bag. Tail
forked.

1 13. A. Tob'ianus. Common Launce. — Lower jaw longest ;
lips protrusile forwards and downwards.

Sandils, Merr. Pin. 187 — Ammodites, Sibb. Scot. 24. Will. Ich. 113

Amm. Tob. i. 430. Perm. Brit. Zool. iii. 156 Common on sandy

shores.

Length 3 to 5 inches. Above bluish-green, with a darker band on each
side ; sides and belly silvery. Head small, pointed. Irides silvery. Late-
ral line straight. D. 54, P. 15, A. 28, C. 16 — This species is the"favourite
food of salmon and many other kinds of fish — M. Lesauvage, in the Bulletin
des Sciences, Sept. 1824, has instituted another species of this genus which
he terms A. lanceolatus, and which has probably in this country been con-
founded with the preceding. He assigns to it the following character : " B.
7, D. 58, P. 13, A. 30, C. 16. Lon. 9 pouces, machoire extensible se redres-
sant verticalement, en entrainant dans sa direction l'extremite mobile de la
machoire non extensible."

( 202 )
ACANTHOPTERYGIOUS FISHES.

Sect. I. Body lengthened, compressed, ribband-shaped, with an extended dorsal fin.
a. Snout short ; maxillaries distinct.

Cepola.
aa. Snout produced ; gape wide ; teeth strong.
Trichiurus.
Lepidopus.

II. Rays of the dorsal fins slender and flexible. Intestines large, equal, with,
out cceca.
a. With ventrals.

b. Ventral fins united.
Gobius.

66. Ventral fins disjoined.

c. Gill-opening large, the membrane continued across
the breast ; ventrals reduced. One dorsal fin.
Blenniusidje.

d. Head obtuse, the front nearly vertical. Teeth in
one row, equal, close set, with large remote
ones in the back part of the jaw.

Blennius.

Pholis.

dd. Head not sloping suddenly.
Gunnellus.

cc. Gill-opening small. Ventrals larger than the pecto-
rals. Two dorsal fins.
Callionymus.

aa. Destitute of ventral fins.
Anarhichas.

III. Lips large and fleshy ; one dorsal fin, with strong spinous rays, anterior-

ly terminating in filaments. Body oblong, scales large.

a. Cheeks and gill-covers scaly.
Crenilabrus.
Labrus.

aa. Cheeks and gill -covers smooth.
Julis.

IV. Dorsal and anal fins extensively covered with scales, rendering their junc-

tion with the body obscure.

Brama.

V. Spinous portion of the dorsal fin capable of depression between the scales
on each side at the base Scales distinct.

a. Dorsal fin single.

6. Gill lid without armature.
Sparus.
Pagrus.
Dentex.

66. Gill lid armed with spines.
Serranus.
Cernua.

ACANTHOPTERYGIOUS FISHES. f203

aa. Two dorsal fins.

b. Head armed.

c. Head armed with spines.

d. Ventrals thoracic.
Perca.
Sciaena.

dd. Ventrals jugular.
Trachinus.
Lophius.

cc. Head armed with a coat of mail, by the extension of
the suborbital bone : gill lid spinous.
Trigla.
Cataphractus.
Cottus.
bb. Head without armature.

c. Ventral fins thoracic
Mullus.

cc. Ventral fins abdominal.
Mugil.
Atherina.

Sect. VI. Scales small, often scarcely perceptible, unless at the extremity of the
lateral line, where they sometimes form a ridge. In other cases
this ridge is formed by a protuberance of tlie skin, supported by
transverse processes,
a. Two dorsal fins.

b. The first dorsal fin entire.
Scomber.
Trachurus.
Zeus.

bb. Spines of the first dorsal fin without a connecting mem-
brane. Ventrals consisting of a single spine each.
Spinachia.
Gasterosteus.

aa. One dorsal fin, elevated at its origin and termination. No
teeth.
Lampris.
Xiphias.

VII. Mouth tubular.
Centriscus.

204 FISHES. ACANTHOPT. Cepola.

Gen. LIV. CEPOLA. Band-fish. — Dorsal, anal, and caudal
fins continuous; upper jaw very short.

114. C rubescens. Red Band-fish. — Colour carmine, with
waved silvery bands on the sides.

Serpens rubescens, Will. Ich. 118— C. rub. Linn. Syst. i. 445. Mont.
Linn. Trans, vii. 291, t. xvii. Couch, ib. vol. xiv. 17 — South coast of
England.

Length 10 to 15 inches. Body smooth, semipellucid, tapering from the
head to the tail. Mouth large, sloping upwards ; jaws with one row of dis-
tant, subulate, curved teeth ; tongue short, smooth. Eyes large ; irides
silvery, mixed with crimson. Lateral line curved near the head in front of
the pectorals. D. 17, P« 16, rounded, V. G, oval, the first ray short, spiny,
with a filament adjoining longer than the other rays, and detached from
them ; A. 61, C. 12, the middle ray longest. Two specimens of this fish oc-
curred to Montagu on the south coast of Devon, and two from Cornwall
have come into the possession of Mr Couch. According to Itisso (Ich. 155.),
it is frequently caught at Nice in May, July, and December. — The C. Tania
is distinguished from this species by the double row of teeth in the lower
jaw, and the rough tongue, and the absence of the silvery bands.

The Gymnetrns Hawkenii of Bloch (tab. 423.), and Shaw (General Zool. iv.
p. 198.) here merits some notice. " It appears (says the latter) from a print
published in the year 1798, that a specimen of this fish was thrown on the
coast of Cornwall in the month of February in the same year. Its length
was 8 feet 6 inches, its breadth in the widest part 10^ inches, and its thick-
ness only 2J inches. The tail in this specimen was wanting. The colours
the same as in the specimen figured by Bloch." In the specimens hitherto
obtained, the caudal fin has been wanting, though in the published figures
it has not been withheld. Indeed, the circumstance of the ventrals being fi-
lamentous with expanded extremities, would alone lead to the conclusion
that it was the Beyalecus glesne of Ascanius, a species found in the northern
sea.

Gen. LV. TRICHIURUS. Blade- fish.— Tail pointed ;
no ventral, anal, or caudal fins. Scales indistinct.

115. T. Lepturus. — Colour silvery ; lower jaw advanced.

Lepturus, Artedi, Ich. Desc. Ill — T. Lept. Linn. Syst. i. 429. Bloch,
Ich. t. 158. Hoy, Linn. Trans, xi. 210.
Two specimens of this fish have been found dead and cast ashore in the
Moray Frith, and examined by Mr James Hoy. The first on the 2d Nov.
1810, after a high wind from the north, was found at Port Gordon. " Its head
was much broken, probably by being dashed upon the rocks about low-water
mark ; the bones of the upper part of the head still remained, and the sockets
of the eyes were distinguishable very near tn each other : the extremity of
the upper jaw, or upper part of the mouth, was entire; upon either side of
which was an operculum. The length of the head could not be measured
exactly, but was about 8 or 9 inches. The body, from the gills to the point
of the tail, was 3 feet 2 inches long ; its greatest breadth 6| inches ; and its
greatest thickness only an inch. The vent was 2 inches from the gills : these
were much broken, and partly gone, so that the number of rays could not be
ascertained. Both sides of the fish were wholly white, without a spot up-
on them ; the dorsal fin was the only part of a different colour, being a black-
ish-green : this fin ran all along the* back from the gills to the tail, consist-

Lepidopus. FISHES. ACANTHOPT. 205

ing of a great number of rays, soft, and little more than an inch long. Each
of the pectorals had six double rays. There were no ventral nor anal fins,
but the belly was a sharp, smooth, and entire edge. The tail ended in a
point, consisting of three or four soft spines or bristles of different lengths,
not exceeding 2 inches. The body was nearly of the same breadth for one-half
of its length, and then its breadth diminished gradually till within three inches
of the tail, when the diminution became more quick. The lateral line was
straight, and strongly marked along the middle of the two sides."

Upon the 12th November 1821, another individual was found upon the
beach, nearly at the same place. " Its head had been broken off, and was
quite gone, a small bit of the gills only remained about the upper part of the
throat ; from whence, to the extremity of the tail, its length was 1 2 feet 9
inches ; its breadth, 1 1 \ inches, was nearly equal for the first six feet in length
from the gills, diminishing gradually from thence to the tail, which ended in
a blunt point, without any of those kinds of bristles which projected from
the tail of the one found formerly : its greatest thickness was 2^ inches.
The distance from the gills to the anus 46 inches. The dorsal fin extended
from the head to the tail, but was much torn and broken : the bones or
muscles to which the pectoral fins had been attached were perceivable very
near the gills. There were no ventral nor anal fins ; but the thin edge of
the belly was closely muricated with small hard points, which, although
scarcely visible through the skin, were very plainly felt all along it. Both
sides of the fish were white, with four longitudinal bars of a darker colour ;
the one immediately below the dorsal fin was about 2 inches broad ; each of
the other three about f ths of an inch. The side line straight along the
middle."

From the preceding descriptions, which I have been induced to give in
detail, it appears probable that the two fishes examined by Mr Hoy be-
longed to different species. The differences in the position of the vent, the
structure of the tail, and the condition of the ridge of the belly, seem too
great to justify the inference of their being only varieties. The latter fish
appears identical with the Lepturus of Artedi, and consequently of Linnaeus.

Gen. LVI. LEPIDOPUS. Scale-foot.— Caudal and anal
fins distinct. Two pointed scales in place of ventrals.

116. L. tetradens. — Anal fin developed, placed near the tail,
which is lunate ; pectorals pointed.

Vandellius Lusitanicus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. iv. part ii. 199 — Ziphotheca
tetradens, Mont. Wern. Mem. i. 82, t. 2, 3. and vol. ii. p. 432 — On
the coast of Devon.
Length upwards of 5 feet. Body silvery, without scales, and smooth, ca-
rinated dorsally and ventrally. Lateral line straight. Head depressed, por-
rected ; the lower jaw longest, ending in a callous lip. Jaws with an irregu-
lar row of sharp-pointed teeth ; four larger ones in the upper jaw. Irides
and mouth silvery. D. 105, (the first three rays spinous) ; P. 12, (the lower
rays longest). The ventral scales behind the pectorals. A. 17- Vent near
the middle. The first British example of this fish was taken in Salcomb
harbour, Devon, June 1808, and measured, according to Montagu, b\ feet.
Another, only 10 inches in length, occurred likewise on the Devon coast
February 1810. — This species differs from the L. Gouanianiis (Gouan, Hist.
Pise. 185, tab. i. f. 1.) in the lunated tail, and the developed anal fin ; and
seems likewise to differ in the position of the vent and number of rays in the
dorsal fin, from L. Peronii of Risso (Ich. 148). »

206 FISHES. ACANTHOPT. Gobius.

Gen. LVII. GOBIUS. Goby.— Ventral fins, thoracic, form-
ing a concave disc by their union, but not capable of act-
ing as a sucker. With an air-bag.

117. G. niger. Black Goby. — Tail rounded.

Gobius marinus, Merr. Pin. 189. Sibb. Scot. 24 G. niger, Will Ich.

206. Linn. Syst. 1. 449. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 213 — Groundling,
Rock-fish — On the English and Scottish coasts.

Length 5 inches. Body brownish above, white beneath, variegated with
dark streaks and spots. There is usually a black spot on each side behind
the pectorals, and at the base of the tail. 1st D. 1, 2 D. 12 to 14, P. 18, V.
8, A. 12, C. 16.

118. G. minutus. Spotted Goby. — Tail even.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 215. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. xxxviii. Neill, Wern.
Mem. i. 534 Taken in shrimp nets.

Length about 2i inches. Body whitish, with ferruginous streaks ; streaks
of dots of the latter colour across the fins. 1st D. 6, 2D. 11, P. 20, A. 11,
C. 16. The head is flat, the eyes large and protuberant.

Gen. LVIII. BLENNIUS. Blenny. Head furnished

with fimbriated appendages.

* Dorsal Jin broad, abbreviated in the middle.

1. Head with two appendages.

119- B. ocellaris. Ocellated Blenny. — First ray of the dor-
sal fin longest ; crest fimbriated posteriorly.

B. Salviani, Will. Ich. 131 — B. ocellaris, Linn. Svst. i. 442. Block,
Ich. t. 167- Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 443, t. xxii. f.*2 — On the coast of
Devon.

Length about 4 inches. Body brown, with a greenish tinge, spotted ; a
round purple spot with a white ring on the dorsal fin. Eyes nearlv level
with the crown; irides silvery. D. 25, P. 12, V. 3, A. 18, C. 12. "Three
individuals of this species were obtained by Montagu from an oyster-bed at
Torcross, Devonshire, the only examples which have yet occurred on the
British shores.

120. B. Gattorugine. — First ray of the dorsal fin short;
crest fimbriated on both sides.

Gatt. Will. Ich. 132 — B. Gatt. Linn. Syst. i. 442. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii.

207- Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 447 Southern coast of England.

Length about 7 inches. Body rufous. Eyes above the level of the crown ;
irides orange. Lateral line arched above the pectorals. D. 33, P. 14, V. 2,
A. 20, C. 12. — This species was first inserted in our Fauna by Pennant, a speci-
men having been found on the Anglesea coast. Montagu mentions another
taken in a crab-pot on the south-east coast of Devon.

2. Head ivith one appendage.

121. B. Montagui. — The first rays of the dorsal fin on the
neck detached

Pholis. FISHES. ACANTHOPT. 207

B. Galerita var. Mont. Wern. Mem. i. 98. t. v. f. 2 Devon.

Length about 2 inches. Body, above, olive-green, with blue spots ; belly
white. Eyes approximating. Crest transverse, fleshy, fimbriated, lateral
line curved near the head. D. 30, P. 12, V. 2, A. 18, C. 14. In some indi-
viduals the dorsal fin had black spots, and the anal fin bordered with black.

This species has been taken in the pools among the rocks left by the tide on
the south coast of Devon, by Montagu, who described it as a var. of the
Crested Blenny, from which, however, it differs in many particulars.

** Dorsal Jin with a continuous margin.

122. B. Galerita. Crested Blenny. — The two coronal ap-
pendages oblique, fimbriated at the extremity.

Linn. Syst. i. 441. Perm. Brit. Zool. iii. 206. — On rocky shores, rare.
Length about 5 inches. Body nearly of equal depth, brown, with minute
spots. Eyes lateral. In front of the eye, above, a fimbriated appendage,
with an intervening conical wart ; behind the large coronal appendages, and
on the neck, there are numerous pointed papillae. D. 50, P. 14, V. 2, A. 39
C. 16. The anal and dorsal fins are continuous with the tail. The first three

rays of the dorsal fin ends in short fleshy filaments This description applies

to a specimen which I found in Loch Broom.

Gen. LIX. PHOLIS. Shan. — Head destitute of appen-
dages.

128. P. Icevis. Smooth Shan. — Margin of the dorsal fin
waved, and with the anal, disjoined from the tail.

Alauda non cristata, Will. Ich. 133 — Blennius Pholis, Linn. Svst. i.

443. Perm. Brit. Zool. iii. 208. — Don. Brit. Fishes, t. lxxix £,*Mul-

granoc, Bulcard — Under stones, common.

Length 5 inches. Colour marbled black, olive and white. D. 32, P. 13
V. 2, A. 19, C. 12 — This species is commonly found lurking under stones
and sea-weeds.

Gen. LX. GUNNELLUS. Gunnel— Dorsal, anal, and
caudal fins, united.

124. G. vulgaris. Common Gunnel. — Body compressed ;
margin of the dorsal fin continuous.

G. Cornubiensium, Will. Ich. 115.— Blennius Gunnellus, Linn. Svst. i.

443. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 210. Don. Brit. Fishes, S. 27 E, Buller-

fish ; AT, Swaar-fish, Swordick — Common on the coast, lurking under
stones.

Length 6 to 10 inches. Body yellowish-brown, the belly whitish, with a
row of ten or twelve dark ocellated spots along the back, a"t the base of the

dorsal fin. Gape ascending. D. 82, P. 12, V. 2, A. 43, C. 16 Mr Low, in

his Fauna Oreadensis, p. 203., mentions a variety of a reddish-purple colour.
" It likewise wants the spots on the back, the other has ; instead of eleven in
the former, this has only a single one, and that placed near the beginning of
the back fin."

125. G. viviparus. Viviparous Gunnel. — Body subcylindri-
cal anteriorly; the margin of the dorsal fin suddenly waved
near the tail.

5208 FISHES. ACANTHOPT. Callionymus.

Mustela vivipara, Sibb. Scot, 25. Will. Ich. 122 Blennius viviparus,

Linn. Syst. i. 43. Penn. Brit. Zoo\. iii. 211. Don. Brit. Fishes,
t- xxxiv. — S, Eelpout, Guffer, Greenbone — Common under stones.

Length 12 to 15 inches. Body, above, yellowish -brown, marbled with
darker spots and streaks ; beneath, yellow. Upper jaw longest. D. 92,
P. 48, V. 2, A. C8, C. 48. This species has been long known as an ovovivi-
parous fish — When boiled, the back-bone is green.

Gen. LXI. CALLIONYMUS. Dragonet.— Head depres-
sed ; eyes approximated above.

126. C. Lyra. Gemmeous Dragonet. — The first ray of the

dorsal fin reaching to the tail.

Lyra, Merr. Pin. 186 — Dracunculus marina, Bor. Corn. 270 — Cal. Lyra
Linn. Syst. i. 433. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 164. Don. Brit. Fishes,
t. ix. — E, Yellow Gurnard, Rotchet, Illeck; S, Chanticleer, Gowdie.
— Not uncommon.

Length 12 inches. Body, splendidly adorned with blue, yellow and white ;
rounded, smooth. Gill-covers spinous. Mouth wide. The last rays of the
dorsal and anal fins longest. 1. D. 4, 2. D. 9, P. 20, V. 5, A. 9, C. 10.— Mr
Neill (Wern. Mem. i. 529) having observed this fish invariably a male, was
led to conclude, that the Sordid Dragonet, C. Dracunculus (Will. Ich. 136.)
was the female, an opinion probably correct, since the latter differs only in
the first ray of the dorsal fin being shorter, the body smaller, and the colours
less brilliant.

Gen. LXII. ANARHICHAS. Wolf-fish.— Mouth armed
with conical incisors, and flat grinders.

127. A. Lupus. — Body, above, greyish, beneath, yellowish,

with irregular waved transverse bands of a darker colour.

Lupus marinus, Sibb. Scot. 25. Will. Ich. 130 — A. L. Linn. Syst. i.
430. Perm. Brit. Zool. iii. 151.— S, Cat-fish — Frequent in the Ger-
man Ocean.

Length from 2 to 3 feet. Head depressed ; body compressed, smooth.
The dorsal fin extends the whole length of the back, 73-rayed. P, 18, A. 46,

C. 16, rounded This species feeds on Univalve, molluscous and crustaceous

animals, and it constitutes excellent food, when boiled.

Gen. LXIII. CRENILABRUS. WitAssE.--The distal free
margin of the preopercule denticulated.

128. C. Tinea. Common Wrasse. — Back nearly straight,

descending gradually to the mouth.

Turdus vulgatissimus, Will. Ich, 319. — Goldsinny, Jago, Ray, Pise. 163,
— Labrus Tinea, Linn. Syst. i. 477 — Ancient Wrasse and Goldsinny,
Penn. Brit. iii. 244, 251. — Goldsinny, Don. Brit. Fishes, t. lxxii — E'1
Old Wife ; S, Brassy. — English and Scotch coast.

Length about a foot. Body very variable in its colouring, more or less
red, variegated with blue and yellow. Mouth ascending ; front teeth conical,
lengthened, incurvated. D. y, P. 14, V. a, A. f, C. 18. The last rays of

Labrus. FISHES. ACANTHOPT. 209

the dorsal fin in the rest of the group elongated — In some varieties there is
a black spot on the tail, and another at the beginning of the dorsal fin, con-
stituting the Goldsinny of Jago.

129. C. glbbus. Gibbous Wrasse. — Back arched, carinated;
descending suddenly to the mouth.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 250. — Anglesea.
Length 8 inches. Body with blue, orange, black, and green spots and
stripes; above each eye, a dusky semilunar spot. D. '/, P. 13, V. |, A. fv
— Pennant is the only naturalist who has noticed this species.

Gen. LXIV. LABRUS. Bekgil.— Margin of the preoper-
cle entire.

130. L. Balanus. Body oblong, red, with spots and stripes
of blue and orange.

Ballan Wrasse, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 246 Labrus Tinea, Don. Brit.

Fishes, t. lxxxiii.— -Rocky shores.
Length about 18 inches. D. fa, p. 14, V. \, A. §. This fish, from the
variable colour which it exhibits, has been described under different names.
When marked on the sides with parallel longitudinal blue and olive stripes,
it is the Striped Wrasse of Pennant (Brit. Zool. iii. 249., and of Donovan,
t. xxi.) Those having two dark spots at the base of the dorsal, and a third
between the dorsal fin and the tail constitute the Trimaculated Wrasse of
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iii. 248., and of Donovan, Brit. Fishes, t. xlix. This
variety is probably also the Bimaculated Wrasse of Pennant, Brit. Zool. iii.
247-, found by Mr Brunich, at Penzance, and referred by him to the L. bi-
maculata of Linnaeus — In Orkney, where this species is called Bergil, it is
esteemed as food.

131. L. Comber. — Beneath, and parallel with the lateral
line, a smooth even silvery stripe from the gills to the tail.

Comber, Jago, Ray, Pise. 163 ? Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 252 — Cornwall.
" It was of a slender form. The dorsal fin had twenty spiny, eleven soft
fays: The pectoral fourteen : the ventral five : the anal three spiny, seven
soft. The tail rounded. The colour of the back, fins and tail, red : the
belly yellow," Pennant.

132. L. lineatus. — Body green, with numerous yellowish
longitudinal lines.

Don. Brit. Fishes, t. lxxiv.— Cornwall.
Length 7 inches. D. f g, P. 14, V. 8, A. §, C 15. A specimen was taken on
the Cornish coast, by Captain Bray, which Donovan has delineated — It is
provincially known by the name of Green Fish.

133. L. Coquus. Cook. — Back purple, belly yellow.

Jago, Rag, Pise. 133 — Cornwall.

The first notice of this species is by Mr Jago : " Dorso est purpureo et
indico, ventre flavescente : squamosus est, et ad longitudinem 10 digitorum
plus minus accrescit. Magna copia interdum capiuntur." In the last edi-
tion of the British Zoology (1812), it is added: " Among the drawings of
fishes caught near Penzance, the editor has received one of a species of
Wrasse called at Cornwall the Cuckoo-fish, and which may probably be the Cook
Wrasse of Ray. The head is large, and slopes rapidly to the nose ; the mouth
large; the lips fleshy ; the teeth few and sharp ; the pupil of the eye dark,

VOL. I. O

210 FISHES. ACANTHOPT. Julis.

the irides yellow ; the dorsal fin straight, the rays extending rather beyond
the web, and are thirty-one in number, twenty-two of which appear soft, and
are of a yellow colour ; the lore part of the fin a bright blue, tipt with yel-
low ; the colour of the head blue, mottled with olivaceous ; the same tints
extend to about one-third of the upper part of the back, and below the late-
ral line to the tail, which is slightly rounded ; the remainder of the back
deep orange, the belly of a lighter shade ; the tail azure ; the anal and ven-
tral fins yellow, tipt with blue ; the upper part of the pectoral fin blue ; the
lower yellow. This species is said to grow to the length of one foot," iii.
341.

Gen. LXV. JULIS. — Cheeks and gill-covers destitute of
scales.

134. J. vulgaris. — Above fuscous-green: beneath white,
with a fulvous dentated stripe on each side ; two fore-teeth
longest.

Labrus Julis, Linn. Syst. i. 476. Don Brit. Fishes, t. xciv — Corn-
wall.
Length 7 inches. Form elongated. D. T9g, P. 12, V. i, A. ,§, C. 13. A
specimen procured by Miss Pocock, on the coast of Cornwall, in 1802, was
communicated to Mr Donovan. — It is common in the Mediterranean.

Gen. LXVI. BRAMA. — Teeth slender, numerous ; front
abrupt. Breadth of the dorsal and anal fins extended at
their commencement. Tail lunate.

135. B. marina. — Bluish silvery; two teeth in the lower
jaw produced.

B. mar. cauda forcipata, Johnson, Will. Ich. 17- — Toothed Gilt-head,
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 243. Mont. Lin. Trans, vii. 292 — Sparus Raii,
Don. Brit. Fishes, t. xxxvii. — Bare on the English coast. — Occasion-
ally in the Frith of Forth.
Length upwards of 2 feet, depth about 1 foot ; slender towards the tail.
The dorsal and anal fins extended. D. 37, P. 24, V. 7, A. 31, C 25. This
species has received by different authors various appellations. It is Sparus
Raii of Bloch, S. castaneola of Lacepede, S. Raii and S. castaneola of Shaw,
S. niger of Turton, and S. denlatus of Stewart.

As connected with this section, the Ch^todon noticed in Cornwall by Mr
Couch, merits a place, though too imperfectly described, to permit its inser-
tion in any of the modern genera into which that group is now divided.
" Only one specimen of this genus has come within my notice. This was
taken at Looe, swimming alive on the surface of the water, in August 1821 ;
and as I have not been able to refer it to any described species, I subjoin a
description: It was about 17 inches long, and, exclusive of the dorsal fin,
54 inches deep ; the snout was blunt, sloping suddenly above the eyes ; the
angle of the mouth depressed ; the teeth numerous, sharp, incurved, four in
front of the under jaw very long ; the body deep, thin ; two dorsal fins, the
first having flexible rays ; the second long and narrow ; tail very deeply
lunated ; the pectorals long ; the ventrals double, or having a wing, by which
means it seemed to have four ventral fins ; the anal fleshy, and somewhat

Sparus. FISHES. ACANTHOPT. 211

expanded, at the origin, obscure in its progress towards the tail ; no lateral
line ; a broad band from eye to eye ; the colour blue, deeper on the back
than on the belly ; covered with large scales, as well the body as the fins, so
that the dorsals and anals seem like an extension of the body. I was unable
to count the ravs of the dorsal fins." Lin. Trans, xiv. 78.

Gen. LXVII. SPARUS. Gilthead.— Four or six teeth in
each jaw, in one row ; the rest of the jaws paved with
large round teeth, with blunt summits.

136. S. aurata. — Between the eyes a semilunar gold-coloured

spot.

Aurata Rondeletii, Will. Ich. 307 — S. aur. Linn. Syst. i. 467- Penn.

Brit. Zool. iii. 240. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. lxxxix Near bold rocky

shores Not common.

Length upwards of 18 inches. Back dusky-green, belly silvery ; a black
spot at the origin of the lateral line, and another on the gill-cover. Body
thickest over the pectoral fin. Posterior nostril ovate, oblique, and near the
eye. D. ai, P. 15, V. a, a. T3f. Six conical teeth in each jaw produced.
Inner arch of the gills with short round processes, rough on the surface.
Stomach with three caeca. — This species seems to be more frequent on the
southern shores than to the north. I have seen it once caught in the estuary
of the Tay, in August.

Gen. LXVIII. PAGRUS. Braize.— Teeth in front, nume-
rous, in several rows.

137. P. vulgaris. Common Braize. — Body red ; divisions
of the tail equal.

P. Rondeletii, Will. Ich. 312 — Sparus Pagrus, Linn. Syst. i. 469. Penn.

Brit. Zool. iii. 242 — E, Becker, Sea-Bream ; S, Braize Common on

south coast of England and west of Scotland.

Length about 18 inches. A dark spot at the base of the pectorals. D. a§,
P. 16, V. a, A. T25. Irides silvery ; mouth red within.

138. P. lineatus. — Dusky blue, with pale longitudinal lines ;
upper division of the tail largest.

Sparus lin. Mont. "VVern. Mem. ii. 451. t. xxii Coast of Devon.

Length about 15 inches. Body more compressed and arched, and the fins
broader, and the eye smaller than in the preceding. Irides dusky and sil-
very. This species is taken near the shore by hook or net, along with the
preceding, in considerable abundance — This is probablv the species to which
Mr Couch refers, under the title Spams Velula, or Old Wife, (Lin. Trans, xiv.
79. and of which he gives the following description : — " The body is deep,
compressed, and has a considerable resemblance to the S. Pagrus (P. vulgaris) ;
the lips are fleshy, and the jaws furnished with a pavement of teeth, of which
those in front are the longest ; the gill membrane has five rays ; the gill-covers
and body are covered with large scales. The ten first rays of the dorsal fin
are spinous ; the anal fin also has four spinous rays, after which it becomes
more expanded ; the tail is concave. — This fish has a membranous septum
across the palate, as in the Wrasse genus. When in high season the colour
behind the head is a fine green, towards the tail it is a reddish orange. The

212 FISHES. ACANTHOPT. Serranus.

belly has a lighter tinge of the same colour. When out of season, the whole
has a dusky lead colour. It weighs about three pounds."

Gen. LXIX. DENTEX. — Fore-teeth produced, hooked,
with smaller ones behind ; on the sides a row of conical
teeth.

139- D. vulgaris.— Body silvery, fins yellow or red.

Sparus Dentex, Linn. Syst. i. 471. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. lxxiii — On the
coast of Sussex.

Length upwards of 2 feet. The back and sides have a tinge of red, the
belly of yellow, with fuscous clouds. D. V, P. 12, V. 5, A. f, C. 19 — An
example of this fish was procured bv Donovan from the Billingsgate market,
9th April 1805.

Gen. LXX. SERRANUS. (Cuvier.)— Head scaly. Mar-
gin of the preopercle dentated ; the opercle spinous.

140. S. No7'vegicus. — Preopercle with five teeth. Scales

with denticulated margins.

Perca marina, Sibb. Scot. 24. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 483 P. Norvegica,

Fab. Fauna, Gr. IG'7. Perm. Brit. ZooL iii. 258 — Not common.

Length about a foot. Body oblong, compressed, reddish above ; belly
white. Mouth large. Teeth small, numerous. Head depressed. Subor-
bital dentated ; spines on the head above the eye ; opercle pointed, with
two strong spines. D. ||, P. 18, V. \, A. f, C. 18. The soft rays of the
dorsal fin produced. Taii nearly even — The late Dr Skene observed this
fish on the Aberdeenshire coast. In Zetland, where I have found it, it is
termed Bergylt, or Norway Haddock.

Gen. LXXI. CERNUA. Ruff. — Head pitted, without scales.
Preopercle dentated ; opercle with a spine.

111. CJluviatilis. Common Ruff. — Back and sides yellow-
ish-green, with black spots.

Merr. Pin. 190. Will. Ich. 334 — Perca cernua, Linn. Syst. i. 487-
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 259. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. xxxix. — In rivers in
England.

Length about C inches. Scales with denticulated margins. Mouth small,
teeth numerous. D. a*, P. 15, V. i, A. §. Tail formed with transverse
bands. Gregarious, spawning in March, and frequenting deep water.

The Black Fish of Mr Jago approaches the ruff in form, but the short
description which he has left, and the manufactured figure which Borlase
has published, render it impossible to identify the species at present. Bar.
Corn. p. 271. tab. xxvi. f. 8.

Gen. LXXII. PERCA. Perch. — Snout short, without
scales. Preopercle dentated, opercle spinous. Teeth nu-
merous. Scales denticulated.

Sci.ena. FISHES. ACANTHOPT. 213

142. P.Jhiviatilis. Common Perch. — Opercle with one spine :

the first dorsal fin longer than the second.

Perca, Merr. Pin. 190. Sibb. Scot. 25 — P. fluv. Will. Ich. 291. Linn.
Syst. i. 481. Penn. Brit. Zoo\. iii. 254 — In lakes and pools.

Length about a foot. Back arched, greenish-black, sides with five trans-
verse black bands ; belly reddish-white, ventral, anal, and caudal fins, red.
Irides golden. 1. D. li, 2. D. ]*, P. 12, V. |, A. §. Tail lunate. Spawns
in June — This fish is occasionally found in estuaries, having been carried by
floods from its ordinary haunts.

143. P. Labrax. Basse. — Opercle with two spines : dorsal
fins of equal length.

Lupus Rondeletii, Will. Ich. 271 — Perca Lab. Linn. Syst. i. 482. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iii. 257. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. xliii. — On the coast, and in
estuaries, not frequent.

Length 18 inches. Body oblong, bluish-black above, silvery below. Nos-
trils with two continuous circular openings. Irides clouded silvery. 1. D. 9,
2. D. Vi P. 18, V. i, A. 'gS C. 18, slightly forked. Stomach with a process
and three pyloric caeca ; intestine with one fold.

Gen. LXXIII. SCIjENA.— Snout produced, scaly. Pre-
opercle dentated, opercle spinous.

144. S. Aquila. — Scales large, oblique, silvery: dorsal, pecto-
ral, and ventral fins, red.

Cuv. Regne An. ii. 298 — Perca Vanloo, Risso, Ich. Nice. p. 298. t. UC.
f. 30 — Zetland.

Length above 3 feet. Nose rounded ; jaws equal. Teeth separate, sharp,
hooked. Irides golden. 1st D. 10, 2d 27; P. 17; V. i ; A. f ; c. 20. The
anal fin is small, and the tail is even. M. Cuvier states, that the air-bag is
large, with numerous lateral processes. — A specimen of this fish, caught
off' Uyea in Northmavine, Zetland, in November 1819, and which was sent
to Mr Neill in 1820, is the only example of its appearance on our shores.
This specimen was 5 feet 4 inches in length : lateral line nearly straight, and
at its termination at the tail forming a strong central scaly ray in that organ.
Scales on the back large, 3 to 4 inches in circumference ; of an irregular
trapezoidal form, set on obliquely to the axis of the body. It was first ob-
served by the fishermen endeavouring to escape from a seal. When taken
into the boat, it made its usual purring sort of noise. Mr Neill has record-
ed, (Edin. New Phil. Journ. No. I.) some notices respecting the capture, and
the appearances exhibited by the specimen, which came into his possession in
too mutilated a state to permit him to give its characters in detail. It is
common in the Mediterranean. Is this the fish referred to by Mr Couch as
the Stone Basse, which approaches the shores of Cornwall, following pieces of
wood covered with Bernacles? — Linn. Trans, xiv. 81.

Gen. LXXIV. TRACHINUS. Weaver.— Body length-
ened; head compressed. 1 spine on the opercle; 2 in
front of the eye : dorsal and anal fins long.

145. T. Draco. Common Weaver. — Pectorals and tail
rounded. Head ascending.

214 FISHES. ACANTHOPT. Lophius.

Araneus, Merr. Pin. 187. — Draco marinus, Sibb. Scot. 24. Will. Ich.
288.— English coast.

Length about a foot. Above yellowish, beneath silvery ; the sides with
two or three longitudinal and numerous transverse yellow lines. Throat
sloping; back straight, belly prominent. 1st D. 5, 2d 25 ; P. 15; V. 6; A.
25 ; C. 10. The first dorsal fin is black ; and the wound made by its spines
is said to be very painful.

146. T. major. Greater Weaver. — Tail even; pectorals
emarginate ; head sloping.

Penn. Brit. Zool. hi. 171- Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 107 English coast.

Length 11 inches. Body lengthened; scales disposed obliquely, with lines
of yellow and black in the same direction. 1st D. 5, 2d D 32 ; P. 14 ; V. 5 ;
A. 32 ; C. 13. This fish is occasionally brought to the London market in
spring.

Gen. LXXV. LOPHIUS. — Body without scales; mouth
wide ; snout with two osseous flexible moveable tentacula.

147. L. piscatorhts. Angler. — Head depressed, teeth nu-
merous ; chin bearded.

Rana piscatrix, Merr. Phi. 18G, Sibb. Scot. 24. Will. Ich. 85 — Loph.
pise. Linn. Syst. i. 402. Perm. Brit. Zool. iii. 120. Don. Brit. Fishes,
t. 101.— E, Monk, Toad, Nass, Devil fish, Frog-fish; ^Wide-gab;
JV, MarooL — Common in the North Sea.

Length 3 to 5 feet. Body broad in front, slender towards the tail ; brown
above, white beneath. Under jaw longest. Nostrils on the inside of the
mouth. Eyes coronal, irides white, radiated with black. Pectorals large, on
footstalks ; the gill covers concealed, aperture small. 1st D. 4, 2d D. 14 ; P.
27 ; V. 5 ; A. 8 ; C. 8. The sides have fleshy filaments. The skeleton is
cartilaginous. The Mountsbay Angler of Borlase (Corn. 266. t. 27- f. 6.),
and the one from Bristol (Phil. Trans, liii. p. 170. t. 13.), appear to be only
the common Angler, the specimens having been more or less mutilated.

Gen. LXXVI. TRIGLA. Gurnard. — Three detached
rays at the base of the pectorals.

* Pectorals large, reaching beyond the vent.

148. T. Hirundo. Sapphirine Gurnard. — Pectoral fins rich
green and blue ; lateral line rough.

Hirundo, Will. Ich. 280 — T. Hir. Linn. Syst. i. 497. Penn. Brit. Zool,

iii. 280 E, Tub.— South coast of England, rare in Scotland.

Length about a foot. Body slender ; back greenish, belly white ; sides
reddish ; pupil green. A row of spines on each side of the dorsals at the base,
1st D- 9 (the second ray longest), 2d D. 18 ; P. 10 ; V. i ; A. 19 ; C. 10.

149- T. Icevis. Smooth Gurnard. — Pectorals clouded with
blue and red ; lateral line elevated, smooth.

Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 455. — E, Yillock. — Coast of Devon.
Length 2 feet. Yellowish-brown above, tinged with red; belly white.
Snout slightly bifid, denticulated. Back slightly serrated at the base of the

Tkigla. FISHES. ACANTHOPT. 215

dorsals. 1st D. 9, 2d D 16 ; P. 9 ; V. 6 ; A. 15. The 2d ray of the first dorsal
perceptibly longest. Tail nearly even — This species is taken by the hook,
and by shore-nets at Torcross ; and, by the fishermen, confounded with the
preceding.

** Body with fine transverse thread-like ridges.

150. T. adriatica. — Lateral line with large serrated spines.

Mullus imberbis, Will. Ich. 278 — Cuculus lineatus, Jago, Ray Pise. 165.

T. lineata, Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 4 — T. ad. Risso, Ich. 2 — South coast

of England.

Length about a foot. Body red above, beneath Avhite. Transverse ridges

pass from the back across the lateral line, and become ramose on the belly.

Nose bifurcated with small spines. Base of the dorsal fins spinous. 1st 1).

10, 2d D. 17 ; P. 10 ; V. 6 ; A. 15 ; C. 16 — This species, which appears to have

been first described by Biunnich under the above title, and afterwards by

Lacepede as T. lastoviza, is recorded by Donovan as a native of the British

seas.

151. T. lineata. — Lateral line simple; the second ray of the
first dorsal fin large and produced.

Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 460 Coast of Devon, common.

Length 15 inches. Body, above, red, clouded with brown ; beneath white.
Snout slightly bifid and crinated. The transverse ridges confined to the re-
gion of the lateral line. Base of the dorsal fin spinous. 1st D. 9, 2d D. 18 ; P.
10 ; V. 6 ; A. 18. Taken by whiting bait, and shore-nets. First noticed by
Montagu, who considers the great length and thickness of the second ray of
the dorsal fin the best mark of discrimination.

*** Pectorals and sides common.

152. T. Gurnardus. Grey Gurnard. — Above grey, cloud-
ed ; beneath, silvery ; nose bifurcated with three spines on each
side.

Cuculus, Merr. Pin. 1 86 — Lvra, Sibb. Scot. 24 — Gornatus, Will. Ich.

279 T. Gum. Linn. Syst. i. 497- Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 276 — S,

Crooner — Common.
Length about 18 inches. Eyes large ; cheeks finely striated. Lateral
line broad, and, with the base of the dorsal fin, serrated. The three first rays
of the dorsal fin tuberculated. 1st D. 8, 2d D. 19 ; P. 10 ; V. | ; A. 19 — Easily
taken Avith a hook.

153. T. Cuculus. Red Gurnard. — Body red ; the first dor-
sal fin with a black spot.

A Rotchet, Merr. Pin. 186 — Cuculus, Will. Ich. 281 — T. cuculus,

Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 278 Coast of Cornwall common.

Length about 1 foot. Nose with three spines on each side. Lateral line
stronglv serrated. The two first rays of the dorsal fin rough. 1st D. 7, 2d D-
19; P."lO; V. 6; A. 18. The pectorals are bluish, the ventrals and anal
white.

154. T. Lyra. Piper. — Red ; snout divided into two den-

tated processes.

Tub, Merr. Pin. 186.— Lyra, Will. Ich. 282— T. Lyra, Linn. Syst. i.
496. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 279. Don. Brit. Fishes, i. 118 — Coast of
England.

216 FISHES. ACANTHOPT. Cottus.

Length 2 feet. Lateral line nearly smooth ; base of the dorsals spinous.
1st D. 10, 2d D. 18 ; P. 12 ; V. 1 ; A. T'5. Lower jaw much shorter than the
upper.

Gen. LXXVII. CATAPHRACTUS. Pogge.— Body an-
gular ; mailed with large spinous scales ; bearded.

155. C. Schoneveldii. Common Pogge. — Snout armed with
four recurved spines. *

Sibb. Scot. 25. Will. Ich. 211 — Cottus Cat. Linn. Syst. i. 451. Penti.

Brit. Zool. iii. 217 — S, Lyrie, Sea Poacher, Pluck, Noble Common

on the coast.

Length 5 inches. Head large, subtriangular ; chin with numerous cirri.
Body angular, with pointed scales. 1st D. 5, 2d D. 7 ; P. 18 ; V. 3 ; A. 6 ; C.

10. Tail rounded ; the body growing slender to its base. /

Gen. LXXVIII. COTTUS. Hardhead.— Body smooth,
without appendages at the pectorals or chin. Head arm-
ed with spines.

156. C. Scorpius. Father-Lasher. — Preopercle with two

spines ; one in front of the eye.

Scorpius marinus, Sibb. Scot. 24. — Scorpaena Bellonii, Will. Ich. 138 —

Cottus Scorpius, Linn. Syst. i. 452, Perm. Brit. Zool. iii. 218 E,

Sea Scorpion ; S, Lucky-Proach — Common near rocky coasts.

Length 9 inches. Colour yellowish-brown, with dark spots and clouds.
Mouth large, upper jaw longest. Opercle with one strong spine. Lateral
line straight near the back, and rough. 1st D. 9, 2d D. 13 ; P. 14 ; V. 3 ; A.
10 ; C 14. — This species is sometimes used as food.

157. C. Gobio. Bullhead. — Preopercle with one spine. First
dorsal fin small, coloured.

Gobio capitatus, Men: Pin. 190. Will. Ich. 137 — Cottus Gobio, Linn.

Syst. i. 452. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 216.— E, Miller's Thumb — Rivers

in England.

Length 4 inches. Body dusky, clouded with yellow, belly whitish. Head

broad and flat ; eves small; irides yelloAV. Lateral line near the middle of

the body, smooth. 1st D. G, 2d D." 17; P. 13; V. 4 ; A. 13; C. 12 — This

species is found in clear brooks, depositing its spawn in a hole in the gravel.

Gen. LXXIX. MULLUS. Surmullet.— Chin with two
beards. Gill-membrane of three rays. Head sloping, with
large scales.

158. M. Surmuletus. Striped Surmullet. — Sides with lon-
gitudinal lines of yellow.

M. major, Will. Ich. 285.— H. Sur. Linn. Syst. i. 496. Penn. Brit. Zool.
274. Don. Brit. Bishes, t. 12 — South coast of England.
Length upwards of a foot. Body tinged with red; white on the belly.

Mcgil. FISHES. ACANTHOPT. 217

Eyes large ; irides purple. 1st D. 7, 2d D. 9 ; P. 16 ; V. 7 ; A. 8 ; C. 20.—
The tail is much forked.

In reference to the Red Surmullet, M. barbatus, which for some time has
occupied a place in the British Fauna, it may be stated, that its claim rests
on the following vague remark of Mr Pennant. M We have heard of this
species being taken on the coast of Scotland, but had no opportunity of exa-
mining it ; and, whether it is found on the west of England with the other
species, or variety, we are not at this time informed." — Brit. Zool. iii. 273.
No notice, however, is taken of this fish in the list of Scottish animals pre-
fixed to Lightfoot's Flora Scotica, and composed by Mr Pennant.

Gen. LXXX. MUGIL. Mullet. — Suborbitals denticulat-
ed on the margin. Middle of the under jaw with a ridge,
with a corresponding groove in the upper. Gill-flap of 6
rays.

159- M. Cephalus. Common Mullet. — Sides with broad
longitudinal lines on a silvery ground.

Will. Ich. 274. Linn. Syst. i. 520. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 329. Don.
Brit. Fishes, t. 15 In the sea and estuaries.

Length upwards of 18 inches. Back dusky ; belly silvery. Irides dusky.
Vomer, palatines, and tongue, with small teeth. 1st D. 4 (with large scales
at the base), 2d D. 9 ; P. 17 ; V. \ (with a triangular process on each side, and
one in the middle) ; A. §. Tail forked ; peritoneum black. When enclosed
in a net they endeavour to effect their escape by leaping over the edges,
which they do with great agility.

Gen. LXXXI. ATHERINA.— Jaws protrusile. Cheeks
with scales.

160. A. Hepsctus. Atherine. — Side with a silvery longitu-
dinal stripe : margin of the dorsal scales with black dots.

Pisciculus anguella, Will. Ich. 209 — A. Hep. Linn. Syst. i. 519. Penn.
Brit. Brit. Zool. iii. 318. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 87 — E. Smelt, Melet.
— In the sea and estuaries.

Length 5 inches. Body, above, yellowish-brown, silver}' beneath ; pellu-
cid. Head broad, depressed, with a mesial ridge. 1st D. 8, 2d D. 11 ; P. 13;
V. 6 ; A. 14-17 ; C. 15. Spawns in June.

Gen. LXXXII. SCOMBER. Mackerel.— Posterior por-
tions of the second dorsal and anal fins subdivided into
spurious finlets.

161. S. vulgaris. Common Mackerel.— Five spurious fins

above and below. Second dorsal and anal fins triangular.

S. Merr. Pin. 187- Sibb. Scot. 24. Will. Ich. 181 — S. Scomber, Linn.
Syst. i. 492. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 264. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 120.—
British Seas common.

Length 15 inches. Body compressed, angular and slender towards the
tail; bluish green above, with dark transverse bands ; beneath silvery. 1st

218 FISHES. ACANTHOPT. Trachurus.

D. 10, 2d D. 13 ; P. 13 ; V. 6 ; A. 11 ; C. 22. The tail is forked. Easily taken
by a bait on the surface in a breeze. — A gregarious fish ; and, like the herring,
approaches the shores to spawn.

162. S. Thynnus. Tunny Mackerel. — Eight spurious fin-
lets above and below. Second dorsal and anal fins falcate.

Thunnus, Sibb. Scot. 23. Will. Ich. 176.— S. Th. Linn. Syst. i. 493.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 266. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. v.—E, Spanish Mac-
kerel ; S, Stoer Mackerel — Rare in England, frequent on the west
coast of Scotland.

Length about 3 to 7 feet. Body round, slender and angular towards the
tail; black above, silvery beneath, tinged with purple. 1. D. 14, 2d D. 14 ;
P. 34; V. 6; A. 13. Tail lunate. — This species feeds on herrings and pil-
chards.

According to Mr Stewart, the S. Pelamis " has been taken, though rarely,
in the Frith of Forth."— Elements, i. p. 363.

Gen. LXXXIII. TRACHURUS. Scad. — Dorsal and
anal fins entire. A row of large imbricated spinous scales
on the lateral line.

163. T. vulgaris. Common Scad. — Body variegated, blue
and green ; the belly white.

Will. Ich. 290— Scomber Trach. Linn. Syst. 494. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii.
269 Horse-MackereL— Rare.

Length 15 inches. Lower jaw longest ; no teeth; eyes large, irides sil-
very. The lateral line with a curve ; the broad scales are produced into a
spine in the middle of the free edge, the rest of the margin denticulated ;
smaller scales between. 1st D. 8, 2d D. 34 ; P. 20 ; V. 6. Tail forked — Wil-
loughby, Pennant, and Donovan, mention the occurrence of this fish on the
English coast. I found a mutilated example cast ashore in the estuary of
the Tay, June 1823.

Mr Couch adds, in reference to the T. glaums, or Abacore, as a native of
the Cornish seas ; " I believe this fish is not uncommon in the summer ; but
keeping at a distance from the shore, and seldom taking a bait, is but rarely
taken." — Linn. Trans, xiv. 82.

Gen. LXXXIV. ZEUS. Doree.— Two anal fins. Jaws
protrusile ; gape wide. The spinous portions of the dor-
sal and anal fins divided from the cartilaginous by a de-
pression. Ventrals thoracic.

164. Z. Faber. — Spinous rays of the first dorsal with long fi-
laments.

Faber, Merr. Pin. 187. Will. Ich. 294 — Zeus Faber, Linn. Syst. i. 454.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 221. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 8 — On the English
coast.

Gasterosteus. FISHES. ACANTHOPT. 219

Length 17 inches. Body oval, compressed, olive, blue, and white, with a
round black spot on the side. 1st D. 10, 2d D. 24 ; P. 14 ; 1st A. 4, 2d A. 22 ;
C. 14. Tail round. Spinous scales on the back and belly, at the base of the
fins. Lateral line waved.— Willoughby mentions this fish as common in
Cornwall. It is occasionally brought to the London market.

Gen. LXXXV. SPINACHIA.— Lateral line armed with
large pointed imbricated scales. Ventrals, of a single ray,
supported by a spinous shield.

165. S. vulgaris. — Back with fifteen spines.

Aculeatus marinus major, Sibb. Scot. 24. Will. Ich. 340. — Gasterosteus
Spin. Linn. Syst. i. 492. Penn. Brit. Zool. hi. 263. Don. Brit. Fishes,

t. 45 In the sea rare.

Length 6 inches. Snout produced ; mouth tubular ; teeth small. 2d D.
7, P. 10, A. \, C. 12. Tail even at the end.

Gen. LXXXVI. GASTEROSTEUS. Stickleback.—
Ventrals of a single spine ; the bone of the pelvis forming
an intervening shield, pointed behind.

166. G. P. aculeatus. — Three spines on the back ; scales on

the sides large, transverse.

Pungitius, Merr. Pin. 189. Si b b. Scot. 25 — Pisciculus aculeatus, Will.
Ich. 341. Gast. acul. Linn. Syst i. 489. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 261.
Don. Brit. Fishes, t. xi — Common in rivulets, ditches, and lakes.

Length 2 inches. Body square near the tail. 2d D. 11, P. 10, A. §, C.
12. A voracious fish. Spawns in April. Sometimes found in estuaries,
after floods, where it attains a large size.

167- G. Pungitius. — Ten spines on the back ; sides smooth.

Piscis aculeatus minor, Will. Ich. 342.— G. Pung. Linn. Syst. i. 491.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 262. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 32 — In the sea and
rivers.
Length about an inch and a half; olive above, white below. Dorsal spines
irregular in their direction. 2d D. 9, P. 9, A. \. Tail rounded.

Mr Couch states in reference to the Centronotus diictor, or Pilot-fish,
that " Two of this species a few years since accompanied a ship from the Me-
diterranean into Falmouth, and were taken in a net." — Linn. Trans, xiv. 82.

Gen. LXXXV1I. LAMPRIS. Opah.— Snout short ; ven-
trals abdominal.

168. L. Luna. — Fins red; body above greenish blue, with

silvery spots.

Piscis maculis aureis aspersus, Sibb. Scot. t. vi. f. 3. Wallace, Ork. 37-
— Opah, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 223. Sower. Brit. Misc. i. p. 45. t. 22.
Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 97 In the British seas rare.

220 FISHES. ACANTHOPT. Xiphias.

Length from 3 to 5 feet. Mouth small, tongue thick and rough, with re-
flected prickles. Lateral line irregular. Pectorals long ; the dorsal and anal
fins falcate at their commencement. D. 54, P. 28, V. 10, A. 26, C. 30. Se-
veral examples of this splendid fish have, at different times, been captured
in our seas, or cast ashore during storms.

Gen. LXXXVIII. XIPHIAS. Swoudfish.— Snout sword-
shaped. No ventral fins.

169. X. gladius. Common Swordfish. — Snout long, de-
pressed. Anal and dorsal fins entire.

Xiphias, Sibb. Scot. 23. Will. Ich. 161 — X. Glad. Linn. Syst i. 432.
Perm. Brit. Zool. iii. 160 — X. Rondeletii, Leach, Wern. Mem. ii. 58.
Occasionally captured in the British seas.

Length of the body from 6 to 15 feet, and of the snout from 2 to 3 feet.
Colour dusky above, the belly white. Gape wide ; the lower jaw short and
pointed. The dorsal fin begins over the gills, suddenly reaches its greatest,
elevation, then becomes very low, until near the tail, when it suffers a slight
elevation ; the intervening low membrane is frequently lacerated, and has
led several observers to conclude that this fish possessed two dorsal fins. The
anal fin bears a near resemblance to the dorsal in shape. On each side of the
body, at the setting on of the tail, there is an elevated ridge. In a specimen
which I inspected, (Brewster's Journal, vol. ii. 187-), found in the Tay, the
ridge on the left side was much more produced than on the right, and the
same side of the body was of a darker colour; as if the fish in swimming did
not always preserve a vertical position. The stomach contained numerous
remains of the Loligo sagittuta, and its mouth is so constructed as to be able
to swallow entire objects, not to tear off morsels, — circumstances which in-
duce me to call in question the accuracy of those who deem this fish as vora-
cious and destructive to Tunnies in particular. Sibbald first noticed this fish
as an inhabitant of our seas. Willoughby states his having seen them of 10
cubits. The snout of this fish has been supposed hard enough to penetrate
the planks of ships. Mr Scoresby, in the Edin. Phil. Journ. vol. iii. p. 411.,
states an instance of a ship from the coast of Africa, the bow of which had
been penetrated by a bone, which he considers as the snout of the sword-fish.
The proportions and structure of this bone, as stated, intimate, that, if it be
the snout of a Xiphias, it must have belonged to an individual of a species
differing greatly from the common sort.

Gen. LXXXIX. CENTRISCUS. — Body oval; compres-
sed ; belly carinated ; the first ray of the first dorsal fin a
serrated spine.

170. C. Scolopax. Trumpet-Fish. — Scales small, rigid, point-
ed. Colour reddish.

Scolopax Rondeletii, Will. Ich. 160. — Centriscus Scol. Block, t. 123. f. i.

Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 63. Couch, Lin. Trans, xiv. 81), and ib. viii. 358.

— Occasionally on the south-western coasts of England.

Length about 4 inches. The snout occupies about one-third of the length

of the fish. Eyes large, irides white, with a reddish tinge. 1st D. 4, 2d D. 9;

P. 15 ; V. 7 ; A. 13 ; C. 15. — This fish may be considered as one of the rare

kinds, but interesting as the only species we can claim to our Fauna of the

interesting group to which it belongs.

FISHES. 221

In the preceding enumeration of British Fishes, I have taken notice of
a few species which seem entitled only to the rank of stragglers, such as the
Flying Fish, Remora, and a few others. The geographical distribution of
these species is so far ascertained, that individuals occurring in particular
places may, with some confidence, be regarded as having strayed from their
ordinary haunts, and not likely either to remain permanently, or to multi-
ply. But there are a few species, in the genera Wrasse and Gurnard, for
example, which, though they have been seldom observed on our coasts, are
still permitted to occupy a place in the British Fauna. The geographical
distribution of these species is too little known to permit any accurate opi-
nion being formed respecting their ordinary haunts. They may, probably,
be found more frequently in our seas, as the products of our fishing boats are
examined with more attention. In this department there is much which has
been neglected, so that a rich harvest of discovery still awaits the zealous and
practical cultivators of the science of Ichthyology who have access to exten-
sive fishing stations.

The revolutions which have taken place in the different epochs of the earth's
duration, and which have left memorials of their influence, in the numerous
relics of extinct species which the different strata contain, have extended
their destructive operations to fishes ; an occurrence attested by the remains
of teeth and vertebra?, and entire impressions of fish, exhibited by many stra-
ta. But those parts which have been preserved, exhibit so imperfectly the
characteristic mark of the species, as to render it difficult, if not impossible,
in the present state of ichthyological osteology, to give notices of their his-
tory at all calculated to interest the reader.

The circumstances which regulate the physical distribution of Fishes, appear
as yet to be imperfectly determined. Living in a medium, less influenced
by changes of temperature than the atmosphere, the mere action of heat
exercises but little control. Yet it is probable that the attachment of the
Pilchard to Cornwall and the Tusk to Zetland, may arise from this ciixum-
stance. Fish appear, however, to have peculiar local attachments, frequent-
ing certain banks, shores, or tideways, in preference to others. Thus, the
Hake and the Braize, while they are distributed along the south-western
shores of England, and the coast of Ireland, are likewise extended, though less
abundantly, to the Hebrides, while their northern limits on the east coast
are much more circumscribed. Suitable food is probably the great regulator
of these distributions.

The migrations of fishes, in compliance with the arrangements of their
reproductive system, exhibit the most singular movements, often complex,
but always useful to man. Those which inhabit the inaccessible depths o'f
the sea, in ordinary cases, approach the shores, towards the season of spawn-
ing ; and, after depositing their eggs in suitable situations, again retire to
their inaccessible haunts. The fry occupy for a time their littoral birth-
place, and then follow the course of the older individuals, though in several
cases the young seem to execute movements different from the full grown
fish. Not a few species, as the salmon, which have their ordinary residence
in the sea, approach, towards the spawning season, the shores, enter estuar-
ies and ascend rivers, where, having selected a suitable place, they deposite
their eggs, and again return to the sea. The fry, after a certain period, like-
wise leave the fresh waters and betake themselves to the sea. Similar move-
ments are executed by the fish which inhabits lakes. As the spawning sea-
son approaches, several species, as the Gwiniad, leave the deep water, and
approach the margin ; while others, as the Roach, not onlv approach the
margin of the lake, but ascend the neighbouring streams.— With a few other
species, as the Eel, for example, these movements are reversed ; the spawn-
ing fish leave the fresh-water lakes and rivers, and retire to the sea to <m-e
birth to their progenv.

222 FISHES.

But there are other movements executed by fishes of a more anomalous
character, the necessary conditions of which remain to be investigated- The
Herring, Pilchard and Haddock, for example, after frequenting certain parts of
the coast for many years, at stated intervals, suddenly withdraw themselves to
other stations, to which they had not been accustomed to resort. It is pro-
bable that these shiftings of fish may depend on the movements of those
animals on which they subsist, or on the changes in the quantity of food, oc-
casioned by excessive consumption.

The Fisheries of this kingdom are objects of vast importance, yet, though
they have frequently occupied the attention of Parliament, a great deal re-
mains to be done before they be placed in that state of improvement of which
they are susceptible. In point of importance, our fisheries probably rank in
the following order : 1. Gadusidce, or fisheries having for their object the
capture of Cod, Coal-fish, Haddock, Ling, Hake, Tusk. 2. Salmonidce, in-
cluding Salmon, Trout, Char, and Smelts. 3. Clupeadce, including Herring,
Pilchard, Shad. 4. Pleuronectidce, including Turbot, Holibut, Flounder, and
Sole. 5. Scomberoidw, or Mackerel. 6. Ilaiadce, including Rays and Skates.
7- Cyprinida, including Carp, Bream, Tench, &c. 8. Anyuillada, including
the Eel and Conger.

To those interested in the improvement of these fisheries the following re-
marks may not be deemed out of place. 1. The fisheries sustain much in-
jury in consequence of the capture of fish ready to spawn. No one can wit-
ness the exhibition of the large roes of the Cod, Ling, or Haddock, on the
stalls of our fish-markets, without being convinced of the propriety of some
legislative enactment (capable of application) to prevent this prodigal waste
of our stores, by prohibiting the fishery of each species for a certain time,
at the ordinary spawning season. 2. The fisheries are injured by the des-
truction which takes places in the fry, in consequence of the operations being
carried on at improper seasons, or with improper engines. The injury done
to the salmon-fishery by the destruction of the fry has been frequently stat-
ed to the public, but few seem to be aware of the vast extent of injury to the
fry of many kinds of fish from the use of improper nets, by the trawlers of the
Channel Fisheries. On this subject the reader will find some important re-
marks in Mr Cornish's " View of the present state of the Salmon and Chan-
nel Fisheries," Lond. 1824. 3. The fisheries might be extended and render-
ed more valuable by enlarging the system of bounties, or rather, perhaps, by
directing them to new objects. The Turbot and Eel fisheries are neglected
in many places where they might be prosecuted to advantage; and hundreds
of our fresh-water lakes, which at present are useless and waste, might be ren-
dered productive of much wholesome food. It becomes a question of great
national importance, whether these, and other obvious improvements in our
fisheries, might be most effectually promoted, by public statutes, or by Boards
furnished with suitable powers.

The reader who wishes to consult accurate delineations of our native Fish-
es, should have recourse to the valuable plates of Donovan. Should mi-
nute description be the object of his search, the pages of Willoughby will not
fail to gratify him.

( 223 )

INVERTEBRAL ANIMALS

( 224 )

INVERTEBRAL ANIMALS.

[. GANGLIATA. — Brain surrounding the gullet, and
sending out nervous filaments, which in their course ex
pand into ganglia.

5 Class I. Mollusca. — Brain surrounding the gullet, and send-
ing out filaments, which separate irregularly.

v Class. II. Annulosa. — Brain surrounding the gullet, and send-
ing out a knotted tilament to the posterior extremity of
the body.

II. RADIATA. — Nervous system obscure, disseminated,
not appearing in the form of a collar round the gullet,
nor of a longitudinal cord.

Although the Radiata appear here as the last of the Invertebral Animals,
it is my intention to proceed to the consideration of the species which belong
to the division immediately after the enumeration of the Mollusca. This
course I am induced to follow, because an intimate relationship appears to
subsist between certain groups of radiated and molluscous animals. Besides,
by such an arrangement, the whole of the Annulose animals will remain con-
nected, and occupy exclusively the second volume of this work.

3

( 225 )

MOLLUSCA.

[Order I. MOLLUSCA CEPHALA.— Head distinct from
the body, bearing the lips or jaws.

Sect. I. NATANTIA. — Organs of progressive motion Jitted
for swimming.

( CEPHALOPODA — Fins in the form of tentacula, surrounding the
\ mouth. Marine.

{Nautilid.*: — With a multilocular shell.
Sepiad^e. — Destitute of a multilocular shell.

.Sect. II. GASTEROPODA. — Organs of progressive motion
fitted for creeping.

I. PULMONIFERA — Respiring in air by means of a single
pulmonary cavity.

Terricola. — Resident on land.

Aquatic a. — Resident in the water.

II. BRANCHIFERA Respiring in water.

Nudibhanchia — Branchiae external, pedunculated, and plu-
mose.

Pectinibranchia. — Branchiae in the form of sessile, pecti-
nated ridges, contained in a cavity.

Order II. MOLLUSCA ACEPH ALA.— Destitute of a

distinct head or neck.

' Sect. I. CONCHIFERA.— Covering testaceous.

' I. BRACHIOPODA — Mouth with a spiral arm on each side,
fringed with filaments.

Pedunculata. Shell supported by a cartilaginous stalk.

J Sessilia. One valve of the shell cemented, fixed.

.II. BIVALVIA — Mouth destitute of spiral fringed arms.
Asiphonida. — Cloak open, without syphons.
Siphonida — Cloak more or less closed, forming syphons.

Sect. II. TUNICAT A— Covering soft.

Dichitonida. — Inner tunic detached from the external one,
and united only at the two orifices.

Monochitonida. — Inner tunic adhering throughout to the
external one.

VOL. I. P

NAUTIL1DJE.

I. Partitions of the chambers with simple margins, forming harmonic
sutures.

«. Shell spiral.

b. Whorls discoid.

c. Last chambers produced.
Spirilla.
Spirolina.
ce. Last chambers uniform.

d. Sides similar, the mouth mesial.

Nautilus.
dd. Sides dissimilar, convex above, flat beneath, the
mouth lateral.
Itotalia.
Lobatula.
Nummulita.
lb. Whorls globular.
Vermiculum.
Arethusa.
Lagenula.
aa. Shell produced.
Orthocera.
Belemnita.
Conularia.

II. Partitions of the chambers with waved margins forming serrated
sutures.

a. Spiral.

b. Spirally discoid.
Ammomita.
Orbulita.
Scaphrta.
bb. Spirally turrited.
Turrilita.
ma. Shell straight or bent.
BacuKta.
Amplexiis*

Spibula. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 227

CEPHALOPODA.

NAUTILIDJE.

Gen. I. SPIRULA. — Whorls regularly involute, separate ;
mouth orbicular ; partitions concave, perforated by a proxi-
mal continuous pipe.

1. S. australis. — Shell with fine smooth whorls; partitions
slightly depressed externally.

Nautilus exiguus, albus, pellucidus, teres, Lister, Conch, t. 550. f. 2

Naut. Spirula, Linn. Syst. i. 11G3 — Turton, Conch. Diet. 117 West

coast of Ireland.

Shell about an inch in breadth. The first chambers, at the apex, are a lit-
tle inflated ; but, as they gradually increase in size, in the outer whorls, their
surface becomes more even, and the line of separation less distinct ; partitions
perlacious. The last chambers are nearly cylindrical, and produced in a
straight line. According to Lamark, (Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans
Vertebres, v;i. 600.), the shell is imbedded in the posterior extremity of the
sac, a portion only of the last whorl being visible. The head is surrounded
with eight arms and two feet. Two specimens of the shell of this animal
were found on the strand between Kenmare Harbour and Ballyskellegs Bay,
in the county of Kerry, by Mr O'Kelly of Dublin, in the summer of 1817.
It is probable that the remains of many other animals, the ordinary inhabi-
tants of the West Indian seas, will occasionally occur on the Irish coast, as
in the present instance ; but we have to determine their capability of living in
our seas before their right to a place in our Fauna can be established. The
claims of the present species are doubtful.

Gen. II. SPIROLINA.— Whorls contiguous.

2. S. subarcuatula. — Outer margin carinated ; inner margin
rounded ; partitions of the chambers raised on the sides.

Naut. subarcuatus, geniculis exertis, Walker, Test. Min. t. iii. f. 73.
Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 80. t. xix. f. 1 — Sheppy Island, rare ; Mr
Walker,

Size about one-eighth of an inch. Chambers widest externally, making
the margin of the mouth oblique ; about twelve in number, the last four
forming the produced portion. Syphon near the inner or proximal margin.
When the produced portion is broken off, the remaining convoluted part is
considered by Montagu as having been figured by Walker, at t. iii. f. 06.

3. S. semilitua, — Outer margin rounded; the partitions of
the chambers raised on all sides.

Nautilus sem. Mont. Test. Brit. 196. Sup. 80. t. xix. f. 3 Sandwich and

Sheppv, Mr Bovs.— Hare.

P 2

228 MOLLUSC A. CEPHALOPODA. Nautilus,

Colour opake brown. Chambers diminishing in size to the mouth, which
is contracted. Syphon near the distal margin, produced. The partitions are
represented in Montagu's figure as tuberculated, though this character is
not noticed in the description.

4. S. carinatula. — Outer margin slightly carinated. Cham-
bers increasing regularly in size.

N. oblongus carinatus apertura lineari ovali, Walker, Test. Min. t. iii.
f. 72.— Mont. Test. Brit. 195.

Colour white, transparent. Chambers seven. The first globose. Montagu
states, that the drawing of this shell, sent to him by Mr Boys, differs from
the figure which Walker published, — an occurrence too frequent in the same
quarter.

Gen. III. NAUTILUS.— Sides equal; the last whorl em-
bracing and concealing the previously formed ones.

5. N. crispus. — Exteriorly carinated. Spaces between the
partitions crenated. Sides convex.

Linn. Syst. i. 11 62. Walker, Test. Min. t- iii. 65. Mont. Test. Brit.

187- t. xviii. £ 5 Among old shells and corals — Common.

Size about i.^th of an inch. Chambers in the last whorl about 20; the par-
titions flexuous, elevated, canaliculated. Mouth cordate; the aperture or
syphon minute, near the proximal edge. In the young shells, the partitions
are destitute of the gutter, and the margin is more rounded,

6. N. calcar. — Exteriorly carinated. Spaces between the

partitions smooth. Sides convex.

Mont. Test. Brit. 189. t. xv. f. 4— N. rotatus, Turt. Conch. Diet. 118 —
On shells and corallines on the English coast.

Chambers in the last whorl 6 ; the partitions marked by elevated flexuous
lines, which do not reach, however, to the carinated margin. Mouth semi-
cordate, clasping.

7. N. Icevigatulus. — Exteriorly subcarinated. Mouth with
a rim. Sides convex.

N. spiralis geniculis laevibus, Walker, Test. Min. 19. t. iii. f. 67- Mont.
Test. Brit. 188; Suppt. 75. t. xviii. f. 7-8 — English or Scottish shores.
Chambers about 10, glossy, smooth; the partitions marked by subelevated
flexuous rays. Mouth triangular, with a rim which does not clasp the body
whorl. Aperture near the distal edge. The mouth seems liable to vary in
form, as in a specimen which I found in Zetland, in which it is rounded and
turned to one side.

8. N. depressulus. — Depressed, exteriorly rounded ; the cham-
bers and partitions nearly even.

N. spiralis utrinque subumbilicatus geniculis depressis plurimis, Walker,
Test. Min. 19. t. iii. f. 68.— N. dep. Mont. Test. Brit. 190; Suppt. 78.

t. xviii. f. 9 English and Scottish shores.

Chambers about nine in number ; the partitions slightly curved, ending at
the centre in a pellucid spot.

9. N. iimbU'icatidus. — Depressed, exteriorly rounded ; parti-
tions sunk, with a subtuberculated elevation in the middle.

Nautilus. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA.

N. spiralis umbilicatus geniculis sulcatis, Walker, Test. Min- 19. t. iii.
f. 69 N. umb. Mont. Test. Brit. 191 ; Suppt. 78. t. xviii. f. 1 — Eng-
lish and Scottish shores.
Chambers ten, rounded on the sides, but nearly even on the margin, with
a frosted appearance on the surface. Partitions flexuous, ending at the centre
in a pellucid spot. The geographical range of this species is extensive. It
occurs on the coasts of Devon and of Zetland, and I have even detected it on
corallines found on the surface of the sea, about the middle of Hudson's
Straits, in 1821, by Captain Parry.

10. N. crassulus. — Depressed, umbilicated, and shewing part
of the interior volution.

N. spiralis, crassus, utrinque umbilicatus, geniculis lineatis, Walker, Test.

Min. t. iii. f. 70 N. crassulus, Mont. Test. Brit. Suppt. 79. t. xviii.

f. 2. — English coast, rare.
Shell opake brown, with numerous close-set elevated joints. Sides similar.
Mouth placed a little oblique, scarcely clasping the body, and furnished with
a syphon The internal structure of these recent species can scarcely be sa-
tisfactorily determined.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. N. imperialis. — " Involute, umbilicate. Aperture lunate. Septa entire,
concave, broadest in the middle, truncated, and slightly recurved at their
ends. Siphunculus nearest to the inside." — Sowerbtfs Mineral Conchology,
t. i. — In the London clay, Highgate.

2. N. centralis " Involute umbilicate. Aperture bluntly lunate. Septa

entire, concave, not recurved at their ends. Siphunculus central." — Sowerby's
Min. Conch, t. i. left hand figure — London clay.

3. N. incequalis. — " Spheroidal umbilicate, aperture nearly round; septa
distant in the inner whorls, and approaching near together in the outer
whorls ; siphunculus near the inner margin of the septum." — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. xl. lower figures In Chalk Marl, Folkstone.

4. N. undulatus " Gibbose; surface largely undulated, sides rather coni-
cal, edge flat; aperture obcordate, inner whorls concealed." Siphunculus
near the centre Sower. Min. Conch, t. xl. In Green Sand, Nutfield, Surrey.

5. N. lineatus. — " Flatted spheroidal, umbilicate, surface obscurely striated,
back flat, broad, with a concave line in the interior (which appears convex
around the cast). Aperture rather square, deeply indented by the preceding
whorl, septa numerous, concave, siphunculus central." — Soiver. Min. Conch,
t. xli Inferior Oolite, Comb-down, Bath.

6. N. elegans " Gibbose, umbilicate, with numerous linear, reflexed, ra-
diating sulci."— Siphunculus central. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxvi. Mantell's
Fossils of the South Downs, p. 112, t. xx. f. 1 — In Chalk Marl, Sussex.

7- N. Comptoni " Lenticular, carinated ; centre covered ; surface smooth ;

keel obtuse ; aperture acutely triangular." Less than a line. — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. cxxi In Chalk Marl, Wilts.

8. N. simplex " Depressed, spheroidal, umbilicate, plain ; mouth lunate,

with the angles truncate, embracing the preceding whorl ; siphuncle nearest
to the inner edge of the septum." — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxxii. In Green
Sand.

9. N. truncatus.—u Thick, flatted, plain, umbilicate; back flat, mouth
elongated, four-angled ; siphuncle (oval) nearest to the inner margin of the
septum." — Sower. Min. Conch, t. exxiii.— In Lias Limestone, Bristol.

230 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Nautilus.

flat;
e near
;rsely

10. N. obesus — " Gibbose, unibilicate, plain; back broad, flat; mouth
large, squarish ; septa very numerous, not recurved ; siphuncle nearly cen-
tral."— List. Conch. 1048. ? Soivcr. Min. Conch, t. cxxiv. (transversely oval

Inferior Oolite, Norton-under-Ham.

11. N. bilobatus.—" Subglobose, umbilicated; septa two-lobed ; aperture
three or four times as wide as long." Margin a little flattened ; umbilicus
small, nearly cylindrical ; syphon central. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxlix. f. 2,
3 — In the Limestone of the Old Red Sandstone, Closeburn, Dumfriesshire.

12. N. regalis.—" Gibbose, plain, not umbilicate; front flattish ; sides con-
vex ; aperture rather wider than long." — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclv. — In
London Clay.

13. N. radiatus. — "Gibbose, umbilicated; surface marked with curved ra-
diating undulations ; sides and front rounded ; aperture orbicular, deeply in-
dented."— Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclvi. — In Green Sand, Maltor.

14. N. Wrightii. — "Gibbose, smooth, rounded extei'iorly, partitions distant,
slightly waved ; syphon nearer the exterior than the centre of the chamber :
shell increasing rather suddenly."— Flem. Wern. Mem. iii. 96. I owe the
specimen of this species which I possess to Samuel Wright, Esq., who found
it in the Transition Limestone, Cork. It bears a near resemblance in form to
JV. elegans.

In the twelve following species, the inner whorls are more or less conspi-
cuous, in consequence of the body-whorl not clasping the inner whorls so
completely as in the preceding species.

15. N. discus " Depressed, edge flat, aperture oblong, volutions not con-
cealed by each other." Outer edge of the aperture narrower than the inner
one, and" notched by a marginal groove ; syphon near the inner edge — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. xiii. — In Carboniferous Limestone, Kendal.

16. N. intermedins. — " Gibbose, umbilicate, concentrically striated; back
broad, flattened, mouth squarish : siphuncle nearest the external edge." —
Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxxv. — In limestone in the Lias at Keynsham.

17. N. striatus. — " Slightly depressed; umbilicate; concentrically stri-
ated ; aperture half the diameter of the shell, nearly orbicular." — The whorls
increase rapidly ; the front a little compressed ; the strife elevated. — Soivcr.
Min. Conch, t. clxxxii — In Lias, Lyme ltegis.

18. N. penlagonus "Discoid, subcarinated ; inner turns partly concealed;

aperture orbicular, obscurely 5-angled, and impressed by the preceding whorl,
nearly half the diameter of the shell." Sides a little flattened ; septa not
very concave, with a central siphuncle." — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxlix. f. 1.
In limestone of the Old lied Sandstone, Closeburn.

19. N. tuberculatum " Discoid, thick, largely umbilicate; one row of large

tubercles on each side ; front rounded ; aperture transversely elongated, 2-

angled." Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxlix. f. 4 — In the limestone of the Old

Red Sandstone, Closeburn.

20. N. Luidii Whorls apparent, rounded with longitudinal serrated striae ;

septa concave, with the syphon placed near the exterior margin — Martin,
Petrificata Derbiensia, t. xxxv. £ 12.— In clay in the Coal formation, Derby-
shire.

21. N. ingens.— Volutions three, nearly external, even, round, gradually
tapering ; septa oblique, slightly waved — Mart. Pet. Derb. t. xli. f. 5 — In
Carboniferous Limestone, Derbyshire. This is probably the species which Ure
refers to in his Natural History of Rutherglen and Kilbride, p. 307. " The

Nautilus. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 231

spires of the one are smooth and round, without any depression or sulci : the
specimen is about 6 inches broad."

22. N. excavatus A deep central cavity ; the whorls smooth, wide, carina-

ted, conical on the sides, and flattened or slightly emarginated exteriorly :
chambers numerous, the syphon nearly central. The specimens which I pos-
sess are about 3 inches in diameter, and 2 inches wide, and were given me
by Samuel Wright, Esq., from the Carboniferous Limestone, Limerick.

23. N. marginatum Exteriorly carinated, sides arched ; septa waved ; sy-
phon nearest the outer margin. In young shells the whorls are more round-
ed, the ridges on the back and sides being obsolete. This is probably the shell
to which Mr Sowerby referred, at his N. pentagonus ; " the first specimen I
■received of this Nautilus was found in black limestone, at Bathgate, Scotland,
and given to me by my friend, Dawson Turner, Esq." My own specimens
collected in the same neighbourhood, appear to belong to a species different
from N. ■pentagonus. In Carboniferous Limestone.

24. N. funatus Elliptical, discoid, volutions apparent, " with numerous

transverse simple rounded risings, relieved by rather wider grooves, at inter-
vals, a kind of constriction distinguished by a small protuberance on the in-
ner part of the rising immediately beyond it." — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxxii.,
where it is considered as the type of the genus Ellipsolithes. Its structure
is unknown. — In Transition Limestone, Cork.

25. N. compressus. — " Elliptical, flat, smooth ; margin broad, flat, perpen-
dicular to the sides ; volutions four or five, almost wholly exposed ; aperture
oblong, rectangular." — Ellipsolithes compressus, Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxxviii.
Structure unknown, probably nearly similar to the following species, which,
in the quadrangular form of its whorls it so closely resembles, as it likewise
does the JV. complanatus. — In Transition Limestone, Cork.

26. N. quadratus Discoid, whorls quadrangular, sides flat, smooth; outer

edge flat, with numerous transverse concave striae, and fine longitudinal
ridges, four or five in number near the margin : chambers shallow, the sy-
phon near the outer edge. In the cast, the outer margin is flat in the mid-
dle, sloping off angularly to the edge ; the sides with three longitudinal
grooves. In Carboniferous Limestone, West Lothian.

In the four following species, the partitions have a remarkable concave
bend on the side, making an approach to the genus Ammonila.

27. N. ziczac " Involute, inner turns concealed, aperture bluntly trian-
gular, septa concave, much recurved at their ends with a deep indenture in the
edge on each side, siphunculus nearest to the inside — Soiver. Min. Conch.
t. i. lowest figure In the London Clay, Highgate.

28. N. sinuatus " Thick, umbilicate, concentrically striated ; side depres-
sed, conical ; front convex ; aperture obtusely sagittate, truncated ; the septa
have a large sinus on each side."— Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxciv. — In the In-
ferior Oolite near YeoviL

29. N. complanatus " Discoid, compressed, smooth ; sides flat ; inner

turns exposed ; aperture lanceolate. A reversed sinus in the edge of each
septum, near the inner angle." — Soiver. Min. Conch, cclxi.— In Transition
Limestone? at Scarlet, Isle of Man.

30. N. ovatus.— Oval, gibbose, umbilicated, edges rounded, inner volutions
nearly concealed by the outer ; surface smooth ; aperture obtusely sagittate.
— Ellipsolites ovatus, Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxxvii. In some specimens in
my possession, which I owe to the kindness of Samuel Wright, Esq., the
septa have a deep lateral wave like the three preceding species ; the cham-
bers are numerous, and there appear to be constrictions at intervals on th«
larger whorL — In Transition Limestone, Cork.

232 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Rotalia.

Gen. IV. ROTALIA. — The lower disc occupied by the last
formed whorl, the partitions of which radiate from the
centre to the margin ; the whorls on the upper disc ex-
posed.

11. R. Beccaria. — Chambers nearly flat, numerous, the whorls

dextral.

N. spiralis, umbilicatus, geniculis insculptis, Walk. Test. Miu. t. iii. f. 63.

— N. Bee. Mont. Test. Brit. 186. t. xviii. f. 4 On fuci and coral-

lines.

Volutions four or five, forming, above, a slightly convex disc ; the parti-
tions sunk, and convex on the sides ; aperture ovate, transverse near the in-
ner margin : the rays of the partitions of the lower disc obscure towards the
centre.

12. R. Beccarii-iperyersus. — Chambers nearly flat, numerous,

the whorls sinistral.

N. B-p. Walk. Test. Min. t. iii. f. 6. Mont. Test. Brit. 187- t. xviii.
f. 6.

This shell is found along with the last, and is said by Montagu to be
equally plentiful. On the Scottish coast it is greatly more abundant, and
grows to a superior size.

13. R. hvflata. — Chambers tumid, few.

Naut. inflatus, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 81. t. xviii. f. 3 Among sand,

Devonshire.

Volutions three, the last having five ventricose articulations. The upper
disc is more tumid, and the chambers less crowded than in either of the pre-
ceding species. In a single specimen found on corallines, Zetland, which I
possess, the whorls are sinistral, though in other respects it agrees with the
description of Montagu.

Gen. V. LOBATULA. — The upper disc occupied by the last
formed whorl, the partitions of which radiate from the
centre to the margin ; the whorls on the lower disc ex-
posed.

14. L. vulgaris. — Surface of the chambers frosted ; five or
six on the upper disc.

N. spiralis, lobatus, anfractibus supra rotundatis subtus depressioribus,
Walk. Test, Min. t. iii. f. 71.— Serpula lobata, Mont. Test. Brit. 515.
— On shells and corallines, common.

Upper disc convex, the partitions and centre slightly depressed, the cham-
bers a little rounded. Lower disc uneven, conforming to the body on which
it rests or adheres ; of three whorls ; aperture at the inner margin, trans-
verse, and nearest the lower disc. A variety, with the whorls sinistral, oc-
curs in nearly equal abundance. Both are subject to great variations of
growth.

Nummulita. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 233

15. L. concamerata. — Surface of the chambers glossy and

smooth.

Serpula con. Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 160.

This species, found by Montagu on the coast of Devon, is thus described :
" Shell suborbicular, compressed, flat beneath, slightly convex above, and of
a subpellucid white colour, with three irregular volutions, and numerous dis-
similar concamerations ; the exterior whorl has about nine glossy and tumid
cells, of unequal size, but usually a larger and smaller alternate. Diameter
half a line. This very minute species is at once distinguished from S. lobata,
by possessing much more numerous and infinitely more minute chambers,
which are smooth and glossy, and not of that frosted appearance the lobata is
invariably found to be, when examined by a microscope." The author whom
we have quoted, was inclined to consider the adhesion of these species to co-
rallines and other bodies as identifying them with the genus Spirorbis. They
are not (at least the Lobatula vulgaris), however, cemented, but seem to ad-
here by the intervention of some animal matter.

Gen. NUMMULITA. — Lenticular, with an internal dis-
coidal multilocular spire, divided into numerous chambers
by transverse imperforated septa, and covered by several
plates, the wall of each turn being complicated, extended
and united on each side to the other discs.

1. N. laevigata. — Convex on both sides, and smooth.

Lamark, Syst. Vert. vii. 629. Park. Org. Rem. iii. 152. t. x. f. 13. — In
the London Clay, Hubbington Cliff'.

Gen. VI. VERMICULUM.— Chambers gibbose, the mouth
alternately at the opposite ends of the axis.

16. V. hitortura. — Mouth compressed, with a simple tooth
attached to the proximal side.

Serpula seminulum, Linn. Syst. i. 1264 — Serp. subovalis umbilico per-
vio, Walk. Test. Min. t. i. f. 1 — Serp. ovalis, Adams, Linn. Trans, v.

p. 4. t. i. f. 28, 29, 30.— Ver. in. Mont. Test. Brit. 520 Flem. Wern.

Mem. iv. 564. t. xv. f. 3 — Common on corallines and old shells.

Size about ^th of an inch, a little compressed, the external margin sub-
acute. Three chambers are usually visible on one side, and four on the
other, slightly striated across with the line of separation distinct. The tooth
is a triangular thin plate, a little recurved at the tip, and so persistent as
frequently to remain after the outer side of the chamber has been destroyed.

17. V. oblongum. — Mouth round, with a pedunculated fork-
ed tooth.

Mont. Test. Brit. 522. t. xiv. £ 9. Flem. Wern. Mem. iv. 565. t. xv. f. 4.
— Common.

Bather less than the preceding. Three chambers are usually visible on
one side, and two en the other ; in the former the middle chamber is par-
tially embraced by the outer ones, so that a shallow depression is formed at
the outside of the line of junction. On the other side of the shell a similar

234 MOLLUSCA. CErHALOPODA. Arethusa.

depression is observable, and produced by the margin of the last chamber
rising on the side of the second. The chambers are rounded externally.

18. V. subrotundum. — Mouth depressed, toothless.

Serpula subrotunda dorso elevato, Walk. Test. Min. t. i. f. 4. — Ver. sub.
Mont. Test. Brit. 521. Flem. Wern. Mem. iv. 5G5. t. xv. f. 5.— Com-

mou.

Globular, chambers three, rarely four, inflated and wrinkled. The fourth
chamber, when present, seems always imperfectly formed.

19- V. blcome. — The last formed chamber striated longitudi-
nally.

Serpula bicornis ventrieosa, Walk. Test. Min. t. i. f. 2 Ver. bicorne,

Mont. Test. Brit. 519. — Sandwich and Reculver, Mr Boycs.

Length one line ; chambers three, the middle one small, raised or depres-
sed ; the last chamber is suboval, compressed, striated longitudinally on the
longer side from the aperture ; the other side is smooth : It contracts to-
wards the mouth, which is very small and orbicular.

These species belong to the genus Milista of Lamark, instituted many years
subsequent to the Vermiculum of Montagu. The fossil species of France are
numerous.

Gen. VII. ARETHUSA ? {of Montfort). — Cells arranged
obliquely and alternately along an axis, with the mouths
of all the chambers having an aspect towards the same
pole ; forming a subturriculated shell.

20. A. lactca. — Chambers ovate, aperture circular.

Serpula tenuis ovalis hevis, Walk. Test. Min. t. i. f. 5 Vermiculum

lacteum, Mont. Test. Brit. 522. Flem. Wern. Mem. iv. 566. t. xv.
f. 6. — Among corallines, English and Scotch coasts.

Length about 5'uth of an inch, delicately transparent, with the inner walls
of the chambers appearing as white veins. The chambers are six or seven in
number, well defined on one side, obscure on the other, contracted towards
the mouth. Walker and Montagu obtained this species at Sandwich and
Devon, Captain Laskey at Dunbar, and I have it from Leith and Zetland.

Gen. VIII. LAGENULA— Shell with a globular body, ha-
ving a produced neck or tube.

* With longitudinal markings.

21. L. striata. — Shell pellucid, with opake, fine, longitudinal
striae.

Serpula (Lagena) striata sulcata rotundata, Walk. Test. Min. t. 1. f. 6.

—Vermiculum striatum, Mont. Test. Brit. 523. — Not uncommon in

sand on the English shores.

In shape, this species resembles a Florence flask ; rounded retrally ; the

mouth is slender and produced, with a small round aperture ; length not

half a line.

Oktiiocera. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 235

22. L. perlucida. — Shell with six equidistant, longitudinal
ribs.

Ver. per. Mont. Test. Brit. 525, t. xiv. £ 3.— At Seasalter, Mr Boys.

Length about j\jth of an inch ; smooth ; rounded retrally with a small
knob ; aperture very small.

** With decussating striae.

23. L. squamosa. — Striae undulated, giving the shell an im-
bricated appearance.

Venn, squam. Mont. Test. Brit. 526, t. xiv. f. 4 At Seasalter, Mr

Boys.

Shell minute, subglobose, the aperture a little produced.
*** S in face smooth.

24. L. ghbosa. — Nearly ovate, the mouth not produced.

Serp. Lag. laevis globosa, Walk. Test. Min. t. 1. f. 8 Sandwich, rare.

Shell white, transparent ; the aperture round.

25. L. l&vis. — Ovate, with a produced cylindrical neck.

Serp. Lag. laevis ovalis, Walk. Test. t. 1. f. 9 — At Sandwich, rare.

Bluish-white, transparent ; it differs from the last in its more oblong shape
and produced mouth.

26. L. marginata. — Compressed, marginated.

Serp. Lag. marginata, Walk. Test. Min. t. 1. f. 7 Verm. marg. Mont.

Test. Brit. 524 — On the English coasts, rare.

Shell nearly ovate ; the mouth but little produced. In a single speci-
men, which I found in sand, from Zetland, and which, by accident, was
broken on the stage of the microscope, appearances of internal plates, the
partitions of chambers, were indistinctly observed.

27. L. urna. Globular, with a produced knob retrally.

Verm, unite, Mont. Test. Brit. 525, t. xiv. £ 1 In sand from Shepey

Island.

Length about a line ; slopes suddenly into a short conic neck.

The place of this genus is far from being satisfactorily determined, and the
minuteness of the species composing it present great obstacles to an accurate
examination.

Gen. IX. ORTHOCERA.— Shell (naked ?) nearly straight,

the chambers separated by transverse perforated septa.

a. Recent species.

* With longitudinal ribs.

28. O.jugosa. — Subcylindrical, slightly curved, with nume-
rous longitudinal ribs.

Nautilus jug. Mont. Test. Brit. 198, t. xiv. f. 4 — On the Kentish coast,
Mr Boys.

Length about |th of an inch ; tapering little, chambers globose, nine in

236 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Oethoceiia.

number, the first the longest, the last produced into a conical neck, with a
round aperture. The colour brown.

29- O. costata. — Subcylindric, straight, with four longitudinal
ridges.

N. cos. Mont. Test. Brit. 199, t. xiv. f. 5 — On the Kentish coast, Mr
Boys.
Length |th of an inch ; tapering little ; chambers subglobose, twelve in
number ; the ribs strong ; the neck of the last chamber shorter than in the
preceding species. A variety is recorded by Mont. ib. Supp. 84, t. xix, f. 2,
as having only five joints and seven ribs, anteally truncate; retrally termi-
nating in a [solid produced process. A second variety is likewise noticed at
the same page, in which the joints are five in number.

30. O. bicarinata. — Subcylindric, arcuated, the joints bicari-
nated.

N. bicar. Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. p. 86 — Sandwich, Mr Boys.

Length |th of an inch; joints eleven, globose, the ribs on the convex and
concave sides ; anteally the mouth is produced ; retrally there is a rounded
point.

31. O. linearis. — Straight, compressed, the retral half with
faint oblique ribs.

N. lin. Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 87, t. xxx. f. 9 — Dunbar, Capt. Laskey.

Length Jth of an inch, nearly linear ; the chambers are about fourteen in
number, the septa oblique ; the anterior end smooth, terminating in a pro-
duced mouth, the other rounded.

** With spines or tubercles.

32. O. spinulosa. — Spines numerous, reflected.

N. spin. Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 86, t. xix. f. 5 — Sandwich, Mr Boys.

Joints three, globose, the last produced to form the mouth. Montagu no-
tices a variety with eight subglobose joints which are tuberculated, which he
found in the Boysian cabinet Its length Tl5th of an inch.

*** Chambers smooth.

33. O. recta. — Shell nearly straight, joints transverse, cham-
bers subcylindric.

N. rectus, Mont. Test. Brit. 197, t. xix. f. 4. 7 — Sandwich, Mr Boys.
Form a little tapering, length about T'5th of an inch, with eight or nine
chambers.

34. O. radicula. — Shell straight, joints transverse, chambers
subglobose.

N. rad. Mont. Test. Brit. 197, t. vi. f. 4, and t. xiv. f. 6 — Sandwich.
" This species appears to be subject to very considerable variation with
respect to the extreme joint at each end, as well as in the number. In some
the aperture is extended to a conic point ; in others it is only a small round
opening on the extreme articulation, which is globose ; the smaller end, in
some, is rounded ; in others conic, pointed."

35. O. subarcitata. — Shell subcylindric, subarcuated, with

Orthocera. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 237

three conspicuous globose articulations at the larger end, the
remaining joints being scarcely visible.

N. sub. Mont. Test. Brit. 198, t. vi. f. 5 — From Sandwich, Mr Boys.
Length TT5th of an inch ; aperture a small produced syphon. A variety
was found by Mr Boys " having ten distinct articulations ; the extreme one
at the smaller end longer than any of the others, except the anterior one, in
which the aperture is placed."

36. O. legumen.-— Compressed with oblique septa.

N. rectus, geniculis depressis, Walk. Test. Min. t. hi. f. 74. N. Fig —
Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 82. t. xix. f. G — Coast of Kent and Devon.

Subarcuated, -J th of an inch, nearly of equal size, ends rounded. The an-
terior end surrounded by an oblique ridge, above which rises an obtuse sy-
phon, with a considerable aperture near the concave side.

How far these species possess claims to continue in the genus Orthocera,
I have not been able to determine, as, in the course of numerous microscopi-
cal examinations of shell-sand from different parts of the Scottish coast, I
have not as yet detected a single individual of any of the species here no-
ticed. The existence of a continuous syphon would alone entitle them to
remain in this genus, otherwise they would belong to the genus Nodosaria
of Lamark, in which genus the three following species might be included,
though their history is at present involved in considerable obscurity. Their
multilocular character was first pointed out to me (in the case of the imper-
forata) by Mr Miller, the learned author of the Treatise on Crinoid Animals.
At present, however, I shall retain them in the genus Orthocera, and give
their characters from a single chamber, as the shells, entire, have not as yet
been met with.

37. O. imperforata. — Chamber cylindrie, subarcuated, and

slightly striated transversely.

Dentale apice imperforata transversaliter substriata, Walk. Test. Min.
t. i. f. 15 Dentalium imp. Mont. Brit. 49(5 — On the English coasts.

Length of the chamber |th of an inch ; aperture round, a little contracted
at the margin, the opposite end closed, truncated and furnished with a small
protuberance.

38. O. Trachea. — Chamber subcylindric, and regularly an-

nulated.

Dent. Trachea, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 497, t. xiv. f. 10 — On the English
and Scottish coasts.

Length about |th of an inch, and the diameter about ^d of its length. Co-
lour white. Rings regular, close set, sharp in a young specimen, but round-
ed in a larger one in which those near the mouth are largest, and the whole
are crossed by obsolete longitudinal ridges. It tapers little. The extremi-
ty is truncated with a raised acute margin, with a lateral tubercle on the disc,
the place of the syphon.

39. O. glabra. — Chamber cylindrical, smooth, and glossy.

Dent, glabrum, Mont. Test. Brit. 497 — Caecum glabrum, Flem. Edin.

Encyc. vii. 67, t. cciv. f. 7- — English and Scottish coasts.

The length of the chamber is about a line, and its diameter about ^th of

its length. It is cylindrical, smooth, glossy, and transparent, the extremity

hemispherical and submai'ginated. A variety of this shell, from Zetland, ta-

238 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Okthocera.

pers a little to the extremity, which is more obliquely placed than in the
others, and produced into a blunt knob at the upper margin. The aperture
is likewise a little contracted.

b. Extinct species.
* Surface of the shell smooth.

1. O. Icevis — Shell conical, partitions waved ; chambers large ; syphon
small and central. The length of the specimen which I possess is upwards
of 3 inches. The breadth at the base is T95ths, and at the apex y^ths. The
shell is very thin ; chambers about T25ths of an inch in depth ; partitions
waved on both sides ; syphon in the middle of the shell about J5th of an inch

wide.— O. superficie laevi, lire's Rutherglen, 30G, t. xvi. f. 3 O. Ivevis, Flem.

Annals of Phil. v. 201, t. xxxi. f. 1. — In Carboniferous Limestone.

2. O. pyramidalis — Shell tapering, partitions slightly waved ; chambers
large, syphon small and central. This is longer in proportion to its breadth
than the preceding ; the length of one specimen is upwards of 0 indies ; 1 inch
and T25ths at the larger end, and T25ths at the apex ; the last formed chambers
are nearly t35ths of an inch in depth, while the oldest, towards the point, are
scarcely T'3th. A fragment found contiguous measured 2 inches in diameter.
Flem. An. Phil. v. p. 202, t. xxxi. f. 2. — In Carboniferous Limestone.

3. O. cylindracea — Nearly cylindrical, partitions slightly waved, chambers
numerous, pipe minute and central. In a specimen 3|th inches in length,
T45ths at the base, and ,30th of an inch at the apex, the chambers are scarcely
,l5th in depth. When the shell is removed, the chambers appear very dis-
tinct, with a flat surface — Flem. An. Phil- v. p. 202, t. xxxi. f. 3 In Carbo-
niferous Limestone and Slate-clay of the coal-field.

4. O. convexa Nearly cylindrical, partitions thin and concave ; syphon

large and lateral. In a specimen 4J inches long, the diameter at the base
was l£th, and at the apex ,8nths. The lower chambers are about itfi of an
inch in depth. The syphon is about i30ths of an inch wide, and placed about
midway between the centre and margin — Flem. An. Phil. v. p. 202. t. xxxi.
f.4. O. circularis, Sower. Min. Conch, t. 60. f. 0. 7- ? — In Carboniferous Limestone.

5. O. attenuata. — Tapering, partitions nearly circular; chambers large.
The shell of this species in one specimen is very thin, transparent, and glos-
sy, and in some places is minutely striated across. Another specimen ^ths

long, |th at the base, and j'gth at the apex, contains fifteen chambers In

Slate-clay of the coal-field.

G. O. Breynii — Conical, partitions waved on the syphon side ; the syphon
itself is lateral, small, and cylindrical. — Martin, Pet. Derb. t. 39, f. 4. Sower.
Min. Conch, t. 00. f. 5. — Carboniferous Limestone.

7. O. undulata — Shell oval, thin, smooth ; partitions numerous, oblique,
their edges rising, oval, with a wave on each side ; syphon lateral.— In Carbo-
niferous Limestone.

8. O. conica. — Shell long, conical, aperture oval ; chambers numerous ; sy-
phon small, oval, nearly touching the margin. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. lx. f. 1,
2, 3 In Lias. In the Geology of England and Wales, p. 208, this is con-
sidered as the alveolus of a Belemnite.

9. O. cordiformis. — " Obconical ; base contracted ; sides convex ; aperture
round ;" septa numerous, placed directly across ; syphon not quite in the
centre, the tube of which is inflated into a globular form between each sep-
tum.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxlvii — In Limestone of the Old Red Sand-
stone, Closeburn, Dumfriesshire.

2

Okthocera. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 239

** Striated transversely.

10. O. striata. — Nearly cylindrical, septa numerous, deep ; syphon nearly
central ; surface regularly striated transversely. — Sower. M in. Conch, t. lvii'i.
Flem. Wem. Mem. iii. 90. — Transition Limestone, Cork. In the clay-slate of
the same formation, at the Cove of Cork, another species occurs, the charac-
ters of which are not established.

1 1. O. Steinhaueri — Tapering ; chambers deep, partitions distant, even
edged, circular ; syphon close to one side ; striae of the surface regular and
even — Sower. M in. Conch, lx. f. 4. — In Carboniferous Limestone.

12. O. gigantea — Shell gradually tapering, finely striated, aperture up-
wards of 8 inches in diameter ; septa direct, numerous, deep ; syphon a small
distance from the centre — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxlvi. — In limestone of
the Old Red Sandstone, Dumfriesshire.

*** Surface with transverse ridges.

13. O. sulcata — Shell tapering ; ridges waved and striated ; syphon small,
central. The length of one specimen is 2 inches and ,60ths, diameter at
the base T'3ths, and at the apex T95ths. It contains thirty-one ridges, which
are twice waved in going round the shell : both the ridges and intervening
grooves are finely striated — lire's Ruth. 300, t. xvi. f. 2. Flem. An. Phil. v.
202, t. xxxi. 6. — In slate-clay of the Coal Formation.

14. O. undata — Shell tapering, ridges waved and smooth ; pipe small, cen-
tral. In a specimen 1 inch and ,20ths in length, it is ,70ths in diameter at
the base, and upwards of T*stha at the apex ; witli eleven ridges, more deep-
ly waved, and less numerous than the preceding. There is the appearance
of an epidermis of a black colour, and obscurely striated ; where the shell is
exposed, both the ridges and the grooves are perfectly smooth. An imper-
fect specimen of an Eschara adheres to the shell — Flem. An. Phil. v. 203

In slate-clay of the Coal Formation.

15. O. annularis.— Subcylindrical ; ridges distant, nearly even and smooth.
The largest portion of the shell which I possess is about ] inch in length,
and upwards of T35ths in diameter ; ridges nearly ^th distant ; more obtuse
than the preceding, with at least two chambers in the interval.— Flem. Ann.
Phil. v. 203.— In Carboniferous Limestone.

10. O. annulata.— Tapering, subcompressed, with strong, waved, slightly
oblique ridges, and intervening strife : syphon sublateral ; a space near the
aperture without ridges.— Sower. Min. Con. t. cxxxiii.— Carboniferous Lime-
stone, Colebrookedale.

17- Q.rugosa. — Subcylindrical; ridges waved, and tuberculated with longi-
tudinal lines ; syphon minute, and placed close to the edge. The length of a
specimen which I possess is 1 J inch ; the diameter TG5ths ; the ridges are T2aths
asunder, and contain two chambers in the interval.— Flem. Ann. Phil. v. 203.
—In Carboniferous Limestone.

**** With longitudinal planes or furrows.

18. O. Gesneri — Conical, with numerous longitudinal furrows, regularly
concave and close.— Mart. Pet. Derb. t. 38. f, 1, 2 — In Carboniferous Lime-
stone, Derbyshire.

17- O. angularis.— Nearly cylindrical, angular, with about 16 smooth lon-
gitudinal planes ; syphon small and lateral. I possess about half an inch of
this shell, which is nearly of equal thickness, scarcely exceeding the tenth of

an inch in diameter Flem. Ann. Phil. v. 203. t. xv. f. 10 — In Carboniferous

Limestone.

240 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Conularia.

Gen. BELEMNITA. — Apex solid, having a conical cavity
towards the base occupied by a shell divided transversely in-
to chambers, with a syphon.

1. B. fusiformis — A receptacle for the alveolus exists towards the base in
the form of a cone, from the point of which the body of the fossil again swells,
and continues of a compressed roundish shape, with a longitudinal sulcus for
an inch or two, when it terminates with a tapering point Parkinson's Or-
ganic Remains, iii. 127- t. viii. f. 13 — In Lower Oolite, Stonesfield, Oxford.

2. B. Listen. — Subfusiform, cylindrical, with one longitudinal sulcus, apex
pointed. Siphunculus central, extending through the alveolus to the apex
of the spathose part. — B- min. List. An. Ang. 227, f- 32. B. List. Mant.
Fossils, 88, t. xix. f. 17, 18. 23.— In Chalk.Marl.

3. B. coniformis — Conical or produced, pointed, with one or more longitu-
dinal grooves Park. Or. Rem. iii. 127- t. viii. f. 15. — In Lias.

4. B. Allani Nearly cylindrical, the apex conical, with a slender produced

point. Alveolus conical, pointed, the point sublateral — Belemnite, Allan,
Edin. Trans, ix. p. 407- t. xxv. Mant. Fossils, 201, t. xvi. f. 1 In Chalk.

Many species, not yet determined, occur in the chalk lias, and interme-
diate beds. i

Gen. CONULARIA. — Conical, hollow, divided into chambers
by partitions destitute of a syphon ; mouth half closed.

1. C. quadrisuleata. — Four-sided, straight, transversely sidcated, and longi-
tudinally striated ; the four angles sulcated. In the centre of each side, the
sulci are bent, the spaces between these form very narrow ridges, and the
longitudinal stride are most conspicuous within the hollows. Two of the op-
posite are longer than the others. A curious fossil — lire's Ruth. 330. t. xx. f. 7.
— Con. quad. Sower. Min. Con. t. ccxl. f. 3, 4, 5, 6. — Carboniferous Limestone.

2. C. teres — Conical, round, slightly bent, transversely striated, a smooth
space near the apex ; striae irregular, as well as the curvature ; the general
form approaches towards cylindrical, but the smooth part near the apex is
more conical — Soicer. Min. Conch, t. cclx. f. 12 In Carboniferous limestone.

Gen. AMMONITA. — Sides equal, whorls contiguous and ap-
parent.

* Surface of the whorls smooth.

1. A. Henslowi Discoid, sides flat, front rounded ; whorls 4, exposed ; par-
titions with three entire tongue-shaped lobes on each side ; aperture obovate.
Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclxii In Transition Limeston ? Scarlet,Isle of Man.

** Surface striated or ribbed.

2. A. acuta Depressed, whorls 3 or 4, the inner ones half exposed ; sur-
face with straight projecting radii on the inner half of each whorl; the mar-
gin slightly carinated, and crenated ; aperture triangularly cordate — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. xvii. f. 1 — In the London Clay at Minister Cliff.

3. A. cordata Depressed, whorls 4 or 5, the inner ones half exposed ; sur-
face with angular, projecting, undulating radii, extending over the inner
half of each whorl, the remaining half covered by diverging undulations, end-

4

Ammonita. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 241

ing in a carinated margin ; aperture cordate. — In limestone of the Upper
Oolite, at Shotover, Oxfordshire.

4. A. quadrala — Depressed, whorls 4 or 5, the inner ones half concealed ;
surface with projecting, furcate, undulating radii, extending into a crenated
margin ; aperture obtusely square.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. xvii. f. 3. — In a
gravel-pit, Suffolk.

5. A. serrata — Depressed, whorls 5, the inner ones two-thirds concealed ;
surface radiated and undulated near the circumference, keel distinct, nearly
cylindrical, with a concavity in the shell on each side, sharply crenated, con-
taining the siphunculus ; apertures narrow, five-angled. — Sower. Min. Conch.
xxiv — At Worlinghame.

6. A. Mantelli — Depressed, whorls 3 or 4, two-thirds concealed, edge three
sided, broad and flattish ; sides flattish, ridges alternately entire, and extend-
ing only about two-thirds across the whorl ; the outer edges of the partitions
have five principal folds ; aperture obscurely six-sided. — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. lv — In Chalk Marl, Ringmer, Sussex.

7- A . planicosta — Depressed, whorls C, exposed, with transverse, obtuse
ribs, flattened in front ; mouth circular, slightly indented by the preceding
whorl — Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxxiii. — In Chalk Marl, and Lias?

8. A. jugosa. — Depressed, keeled, whorls 4, half concealed, with regular,
straight, transverse, obtuse ribs ; aperture ovate, narrowest at the front. —
Sower. Min. Conch, f. xcii. f. 1. — In the Inferior Oolite, Ilminster.

9. A. triplicata. — Whorls 4, exposed, ribs twice curved, alternately one
long and three short ; a smooth line along the front ; aperture obovate. — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. xcii. f. 2. — Upper Oolite, Portland Isle.

10. A.elliptica — Depressed, keeled, inner whorls two-thirds exposed; ridges
broad, slightly curved, tew, and obscure near the margin ; aperture acutely
elliptical ; keel sharp — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xcii. f. 4. — In Lias, Char-
mouth.

11. A. stellaris. — Depressed, with a groove on each side of an obtuse keel ;
whorls four, flattish on the sides, about two-thirds exposed ; ribs numerous,
straight, two of which cross each partition ; syphon in the keel ; aperture
longer than wide. Surface with obscure, distant, decussating strise. — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. xciii — In Lias at Lime.

12. A. elegans — Depressed, acutely keeled, whorls 3, the inner ones two-
thirds concealed ; ribs numerous, equal, twice curved ; keel distinct, entire,
aperture acutely triangular, the inner angles truncate. — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. xciv. upper figure. — Inferior Oolite, Ilminster.

13. A. concava. — Depressed, keeled, whorls 4, two-thirds concealed, a large
central cavity, ribs numerous, curved, unequal in length, obsolete near the
centre ; keel sharp, entire ; aperture acutely triangular, external angle round-
ed, internal angles obliquely truncate — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xciv. lowest
figure. — Inferior Oolite, Ilminster. A. t. clxvL this species is said to occur
likewise in the Middle Oolite at Dry Sandford, Berkshire.

14. A. splendens Depressed, front flat, with crenulated edges ; whorls 3,

quickly diminishing, three-fourths concealed ; sides flat ; ribs alternately

long and short; aperture long, narrow in front Sower. Min. Conch, t. 103.

—Chalk Marl, Folkestone.

15. A. Callovicensis. — Depressed, subumbilicate ; whorls 5, three-fourths con-
cealed ; front flat, ribs small, numerous, alternately one long and from two
to five short ; aperture orbicular when young, deltoid, with the angles trun-
cated when old Sower. Min. Conch, t. 104 Middle Oolite, Kellaways

Bridge.

VOL. I. d

242 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Ammonita.

16. A. excavata.— -Lenticular, subumbilicate, keel sharp, crenulated; whorls
C, in full-grown shells three -fourths concealed; ribs curved, obscure ; aper-
ture sagittate, the inner angles truncated — Sower. Min. Conch, t. 105 In

Middle Oolite, Shotover, Oxford.

17- A. Walcottii. — Depressed, whorls 4, three-fourths exposed, with a con-
centric smooth furrow along the inner margin ; the keel with lateral furrows;
sides flattish, with obscure lunate ribs ; aperture oblong — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. 106 In Lias.

18. A. angulata. — Whorls 6, exposed, with an inner marginal groove ; 'ribs
prominent, divided over the rounded front — Sower. Min. Conch, t. 107. f. 1.
— In Lias, Whitby.

19. A. communis. — Whorls 6, exposed, rounded, ribs prominent, divided and
anastomosing on the outer margin ; aperture circular. — Sower. Min. Conch.
t. 107- f. 2, 3 In Lids, Whitby.

20. A. Nutfaldiensis — Whorls 4, half concealed, front rounded ; ribs nu-
merous, prominent, rounded, with short intermediate ones on the front ; par-
titions numerous ; aperture cordate — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cviii — In Green
Sand.

21. A. gigantea Depressed, whorls 5, exposed ribs rounded, alternately

entire and short, sometimes bifurcated ; aperture ovate. Sometimes 2 feet
and upwards in diameter. — List. Conch, t. 1046. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxxvi.
— Upper Oolite, Wilts.

22. A. Bucklandi Depressed, whorls 5, exposed, back flattish, with two-
concentric grooves, and an intermediate keel ; ribs large, obtuse, swollen to-
wards the back ; aperture quadrate — Sower. Min. Couch, t. cxxx — In Lias,
Bath.

23. A. Conybeari Depressed, whorls 8, exposed, keel large, with a shal-
low groove on each side ; ribs large, rounded ; aperture oblong — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. cxxxi — In Lias, Bath.

24. A. Greenoughi — Depressed, whorls 4, two-thirds concealed, obscurely
undulated, back rounded ; chambers numerous ; aperture elliptical, deeply
indented by the preceding whorl. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxxxii.-c-In Lias,
Bath.

25. A.fimbriata — Whorls cylindrical, exposed ; lines of growth obtuse or
acute, undulated or fimbriated ; shell thin, margins of the septa with rounded
lobes ; mouth orbicular — Sower. Min. Conch, t.'clxiv — In Lias at Lyme Regis.

26. A. plicatilis. — Whorls 6, exposed, sides flat, front round, plain in the
centre ; ribs numerous, equal, straight, furcate ; septa acutely sinuated ;

aperture squarish, with rounded angles — Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxvi In

Middle Oolite, Berkshire.

27- A. obtnsa. — Whorls 4, exposed ; front with two slight furrows and an

obtuse keel ; ribs large, curved, sharpest in the middle ; aperture oblong

Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxvii — In Lias, Lyme Regis.

28. A. Brackenridgii — Depressed, front rounded, whorls 3, exposed ; ribs
prominent, numerous, sharp and furcate ; lip expanded into two oblong lobes.
— Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxxiv. — Under Oolite, near Bristol.

29. A. Brooki Whorls 4 or 5, the inner ones half exposed, depressed, ca-

rinated, with a sulcus on each side the keel, ribs strong, simple, arched ; aper-
ture oblong Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxc. — In Lias at Lyme.

30. A. Stokesi — Lenticular, depressed ; inner whorls half exposed, keel
crenated, ribs broad, undulated, and slightly elevated ; aperture sagittate. —
Soieer. Min. Conch, t. cxci. — Under Oolite, Dorset.

Ammonita. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 243

31. A. Herveyi — Gibbose, the inner whorl two-thirds concealed ; ribs nu-
merous, sharp, bi- or tri- furcated ; aperture lunate, with obtuse angles.

Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxcv — Under Oolite, near Spalden.

32. A. Brocchii — Compressed, sides hollow ; whorls 3 or 4, half concealed,

very round, front circular, with many obtuse ridges ; aperture lunate Sower.

Min. Conch, t. ccii Under Oolite.

33. A. annulata — Depressed, whorls 5 to 7, exposed, rounded ; ribs nu-
merous, prominent, divided on the front ; aperture roundish Sower. Min.

Conch, t. ccxxii — In Lias.

34. A. Lamberti — Depressed, inner whorls partly concealed, front sharp
and crenated ; ribs strong, obtuse, bent over the front, alternately long and
short, rarely furcate; aperture lanceolate, short — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxlii.
f. 1, 2, 3 — Upper Oolite, Weymouth.

35. A. Leachii — Depressed ; inner whorls half concealed ; front sharp and
crenated; ribs undulated, curved over the front, often furcate; aperture
ovate ; like the preceding, but more gibbous, with fewer and more promi-
nent ribs — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclxii. f. 4 Upper Oolite, Weymouth.

36. A. omphaloides.— Gibbose, whorls increasing rapidly, inner ones half
concealed, front rounded, broad ; ribs prominent, waved, bent forward in the

middle of the front, generally furcated ; aperture transversely oblong Soiver.

Min. Conch, t. ccxlii. f. 5 Upper Oolite, Weymouth.

37- A. Strangewaysi — Discoid ; whorls 5, exposed, margin flattened, cari-
nated ; inner edges of the whorls obliquely flattened ; sides nearly flat, wich

an obscure concentric furrow ; ribs twice furrowed ; aperture oblong Sower.

Min. Conch, t. ccliv. f. 1, 2, 3 — Under Oolite, Ilminster.

38. A. falcifer. — Discoid ; inner whorls half exposed, margin convex, cari.
nated ; inner edge of the turns elevated and obtuse ; ribs numerous, curved,
and suddenly bent in the middle ; aperture elliptical — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. ccliv. f. 2 — Under Oolite, Ilminster.

39. A. Goodhalli — Discoid, carinated ; both edges of the whorls gradually
rounded ; sides nearly flat ; inner whorls two-thirds exposed ; ribs large, un-
dulated, irregular, obscurely tuberculated at each end ; keel very prominent,
thin ; aperture oblong — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclv In Green Sand, Black-
down, Devonshire.

40. A. Karnigi — Discoid, convex, margin rounded, whorls 6, half exposed,
marginal undulations numerous ; central undulations few, very prominent ;

aperture cordate, elongated — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclxiii. f. 1, 2,3 Middle

Oolite, Kelloway.

41. A. triplicata — Discoid, whorls 5, exposed, with two or three oblique
contractions ; ribs straight, large, each divided into three as it passes over
the rounded front ; aperture suborbicular — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxcii.
ccxciii. f. 4 — Middle Oolite.

42. A. biplex — Discoid, whorls 5, exposed, ribs numerous, small, obtuse,
split over the rounded front; aperture oblong.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxciii.
f. 1, 2 — In Clay, but the formation unknown.

43. A. rotunda — Discoid, ribs thick, numerous, split over the front, sides
subventricose ; aperture orbicular — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxciii. f. 3.—
Upper Oolite.

44. A. decipiens — Discoid, depressed, whorls 5, exposed, rounded on the
front, ribs large and few on the sides, numerous and small on the front ; aper-
ture orbicular.._5owcr. Min. Conch, t. ccxciv.— In Clay, but the formation
unknown.

<*2

C2U MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Ammonita.

45. A. Parkinsoni Wiorls numerous, exposed ; ribs numerous, elevated,

slightly arched, bifid near the front, which is very narrow, and plain ; aper-
ture oblong. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccvii. — In Lias, Bath.

46. A. dentata. — Whorls increasing rapidly, inner ones much concealed,
umbilicate, front squace ; ribs prominent, and forked near their commence-
ment, terminating upon the edges of the front. — A. serratus {Parkinson,
Trans. Geol. v. 57-) Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccviii — Chalk-Marl.

47. A. perampla Discoid, whorls 4, half concealed, ventricose, front

rounded, plain ; ribs few, large, obtuse ; aperture transversely oval. — Man-
teWs Fossils of the South Downs, p. 200. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclvii. — In
Chalk, South Downs.

48. A. Lewesiensis. — Whorls rapidly increasing in size, depressed, the inner
ones half exposed ; ribs large and obtuse ; front narrow, rounded, plain ;
aperture sagittate. — MantelPs Fossils, p. 199. t. 22. f. 2 — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. ccclviii. — In Chalk, Lewes.

49. A. plicomphala. — Discoid, umbilicate, with eight or ten diverging sharp
ridges, extending over a part of the sides ; front rounded, plain ; aperture
ovate. In the young state, the front is ti'ansversely furrowed — Sower. Min.
Conch, ccclix. and cccciv — In Sandstone (Middle Oolite ?) Bolingbroke, Lin-
colnshire.

50. A. Smithii Depressed, ribbed and keeled ; inner whorls few, almost

wholly exposed ; ribs slightly curved ; keel obtuse ; sides flattened ; aperture
oblonir. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccvi. — In Chalk Marl.

51. A. striatula. — Discoid, carinated, radiated ; sides of the whorls convex ;
the inner whorls exposed ; radii numerous, slender, undulated ; surface co-
vered with minute stria?, parallel to the radii ; aperture elliptical — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. ccccxxi. f. 1 In Marly Limestone, Scarborough.

52. A. sulradiata. — Lenticular, umbilicated, carinated, and radiated ; radii
twice curved, obscure, excepting near the margin, where they are bifid ;
umbilicus small ; keel entire ; aperture sagittate. — Sower. Min. Conch,
ccccxxi. f. 2 — Oolite, between Bath and Bristol.

53. A. parva. — Discoid; surface marked with diverging, undulating, stria?;
inner whorls exposed ; front rounded : aperture oval — Sower. Min. Conch.
t. ccccxlix. f. 2 Tunbridge.

54. A. Iceviuscula. — Discoid, carinated, umbilicated, obscurely radiated ; ca-
rina distinct ; radii waved, alternately long and short, slightly elevated ; um-
bilicus small, exposing part ot the inner whorls ; aperture sagittate. — Sou-er.
Min. Conch, t. ccccli. f. 1. 2 — In Oolite, Dundry.

55. A. corrugata. — Discoid, carinated and umbilicated, strongly radiated ;
carina distinct ; radii waved, sometimes furcated, elevated ; umbilicus broad,
exposing parts of the inner whorls ; aperture obovate ; front obtuse. — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. ccccli. f. 3. — In Oolite, Dundry.

56. A. Turneri — Depressed, radiated, carinated, a furrow on each side of
the keel ; inner whorls exposed ; radii numerous, equal, curved towards the
front ; aperture oblong, quadrangular. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclii. — In
Lias, Wymondham Abbey and Walchet.

*** Whorls knobbed.

57. A. nodosa — Depressed, keeled, ribs straight for two-thirds of their
length, then rising into a small knob, from which they extend towards the
keel, curving upwards, rather distant, with a gentle concavity between them;

Ammonita. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 245

keel broad, obscure, crenulated within. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xcii. f. 5.— In
clay, Middle Oolite, Scarborough.

58. A. Una. — Depressed, keeled, whorls 4, the inner ones two-thirds ex-
posed ; ribs diverging in pairs from round tubercles, swelling and then turn-
ing up towards the front, and disappearing ; aperture oblong rectangular, the
angles rounded. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xcii. f. 3 — Plastic Clay, Bramerton
Norfolk.

59. A. armata. — Whorls 6, exposed, with many annular undulations, arm-
ed with two rows of large conical short furrowed spines ; aperture obscurely
four sided — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xcv In Lias, Whitby.

60. A. monilis.— Whorls 4, exposed, subumbilicate, the outer margin rather
depressed ; ribs tuberculated, striated ; aperture transversely ovate. — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. cxvii. — Green Sand, Folkstone.

61. A. aurita — Depressed, whorls 5, exposed, with obscure radiating un-
dulations, tuberculated at their origin ; back deeply channelled, bordered by
large alternating compressed tubercles. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxxxiv. — In
Green Sand.

62. A. Duncani — Depressed, inner whorls partly exposed ; edge flat, bound-
ed by two rows of tubercles ; ribs numerous, undulated, irregularly furcate ;

aperture ovato-sagittate Sower. Min. Conch, t. clvii In the clay of the

Middle Oolite.

63. A. vertelralis — Whorls 4, inner ones partly concealed, carinated ; ribs
numerous, prominent, tuberculate in the middle, then furcate, with a tuber-
cle on each branch ; keel serrato-tuberculate ; aperture orbiculate Sower.

Min. Conch, t. clxv — In Middle Oolite, near Abingdon, Berkshire.

64. A. Henleyi — Whorls few, increasing rapidly, the inner ones exposed ;
ribs numerous, with two compressed tubercles upon each ; the ribs usually
divided from the outer tubercle ; aperture large, slightly round. — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. clxxiii. — In Lias, Dorsetshire.

65. A. rostrata — Shell depressed, carinated ; whorls 4, exposed ; ribs large,
obtuse, with three or four tubercles, largest in front ; aperture elliptical, with
a compressed reflected beak — Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxiii — In Chalk Marl,
Oxfordshire.

66. A. varians — Depressed, carinated, whorls 3, half exposed; a row of
large tubercles near the front, and one or two rows of lesser tubercles placed
upon furcate radiating undulations — Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxvi. — In Chalk
Marl.

67- A. i/i./?«ta.— Depressed, inner whorls exposed, carinated, sides and front
flattish ; ribs commencing with a compressed tubercle, then furcate ; keel
distinct ; aperture square. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxviii — In Green Sand,
Isle of Wight.

68. A. rustica. — Depressed ; whorls 3 ; gibbose, exposed, with 6 or 8 conical
tubercles upon the sides of each, and two rows of obtuse tubercles around the
front, which is flat ; aperture quadrangular. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxvii.
— In the Lower Chalk, near Lyme.

69. A. Banksii Whorls 5, exposed, sides concave, largely tuberculated ;

front fluted, slightly convex ; aperture transverse, almost three times as long-
as wide — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cc Under Oolite.

70. A. Blagdeni. — Subcylindrical, obtusely fluted, umbilicate; umbilicus
reaching to the margin, conical, with large radii, terminating upon the edge

246 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Ammonita.

in a tubercle ; apertures transverse, quadrangular, three times as wide as
long. — Sotver. Min. Conch, t. cci. (indistinct.) — Under Oolite.

71. A. Sowerbii — Discoid, carinated, whorls 4, inner ones half concealed,
about eight spiniform tubercles upon each whorl 5 keel round, entire ; aper-
ture elliptical. Var. a. aperture circular ; keel sometimes impressed Sower.

Min. Conch, t. ccxiii Under Oolite.

72. A. Brownii. — Discoid, inner whorls half exposed, with large tubercles
on each side ; marginal undulations many, central ones few, rising into tu-
bercles ; front rounded Avith a distinct keel ; aperture cordate Sower. Min.

Conch, t. cclxiii. f. 4, 5. — Under Oolite, Dundry.

73. A. Birchi. — Discoid, whorls 6, exposed, increasing gradually, sides con-
cave, front rounded, transversely and obscurely sulcated ; two involuted rows
of spiniform tubercles ; aperture transverse. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclxvii.
— In Lias at Lyme.

74. A. lauta — Discoid, inner whorls half concealed ; front narroAV, slightly
concave; principal ribs slender, varicose or tuberculated near their com-
mencement, shorter ribs alternating, united in pairs, to form compressed tu-
bercles upon the edges of the front. — {Park. Trans. Geol. v. 58.) Sower. Min.
Conch, cccix. — Mant. Suss. 91. t. xxi. f. 11. — Chalk Marl.

75. A. tuberculata Whorls gibbose, half concealed ; front rather flat ; ribs

arising in threes from large round tubercles, and uniting in pairs to form
large compressed tubercles upon each edge of the front ; aperture suborbicu-
lar — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccx. f. 1, 2, 3 Chalk Marl.

76. A. proboscidea — Whorls ventricose, partly concealed ; front concave, tu-
bercles upon the sides of the last whorl, and both edges of the front subcylin-
drical; aperture orbicular. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccx. f. 4, 5 — Chalk Marl.

77- A. Gulielmii. — Lenticular, with a narrow front; whorls exposed; ribs
dissimilar, terminating in small tubercles, principal ribs furnished with two
tubercles near their commencement ; aperture elliptical — Sower. Min. Conch:
t. ccxi. — Middle Oolite.

78. A. Davaisi — Whorls exposed ; sides nearly fiat, with numerous ribs,
and a few distant obtuse tubercles, each tubercle connected with about 4 sul-
ci; aperture nearly orbicular — Sower. Min, Conch, t. cccl. — In Lias, Dorset-
shire.

79. A. Brodicei — Largely umbilicate, gibbose; ribs radiating, large, nu-
merous, terminating on the sides of the whorls by obtuse tubercles, front
rounded, plicated ; aperture transversely oblong, curved. — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. cccli Under Oolite.

80. A. perarmata Depressed, whorls exposed ; front rounded, armed

with two concentric rows of large pointed tubercles, connected by obtuse
ridges; aperture nearly orbicular — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclii — Under
Oolite.

81. A. mutabilis Depressed ; outer whorls compressed, plain and smooth ;

inner whorls two-thirds exposed, tuberculated, plicated; plicae interrupted
over the front ; aperture ovato-sagittate. — In the young state the front is

flattened Sower. Min. Conch, ccccv. — In Clunch Clay of the Middle Oolite

near Horn Castle.

82. A. subarmata Depressed, concave, ribbed, inner whorls almost wholly

exposed ; ribs curved, often united in pairs by smooth spines ; aperture trans-
versely oblong, arched; the spines disappear on'tlie last whorl — (Young and
Bird's Geol. of York. 250. t. 13. f. 3.) Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccvii. f. 1 —
Lias, Whitby.

Ammonita. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 247

83. A- fibulata. — Depressed, ribbed ; inner whorls almost wholly exposed,
sides of the whorls flattened, their inner margins plain ; ribs numerous, unit-
ed in pairs by smooth solid spines. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccvi. f. 2 — In
Lias at Whitby.

84. A. catena Depressed, furnished with two rows of short tubercles up-
on each side ; whorls C or 8, smooth, with flat sides, the inner ones exposed ;
front rather convex; aperture square. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxx. —
Middle Oolite, near Abingdon, Berkshire.

85. A. cristata Lenticular flattened ; carinated ; keel thin, deeply notch-
ed; inner whorls concealed — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxi. f. 3. — Middle
Oolite, Weymouth.

86. A. Johnstoni Discoid ; whorls 6 or 8, two-thirds exposed, with nu-
merous short straight costae upon the exposed parts ; front plain — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. ceccxlix. f. i. — In Lias at Watchet.

87- A. varicosa Depressed, costated ; inner volutions exposed ; carinated

when young, and furnished with an irregular row of tubercles upon the in-
ner edges of the whorls ; costse curved, large, obtuse, in old shells crossing
the front ; carina distinct ; aperture oblong. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccli. f.
4, 5. — Sandstone, Blackdown.

88. A. rotiformis. — Depressed, ribbed, carinated, a furrow upon each side of
the keel; inner whorls exposed, many ; ribs many, strong, each terminating
in a tubercle ; aperture nearly square. — Sower. Min. Conch, t, ccccliii.

89. A. multicostata. — Depressed, costated, carinated, a furrow on each side of
the keel ; inner whorls exposed, few ; ribs strong, sharp, numerous, with a
tubercle near the end of each ; aperture oblong, — Sotver. Min. Conch, t. ccccliv.
— In Lias, near Bath.

90. A. Humphries iana — Discoid, thick, radiated; inner whorls exposed; front
rounded ; radii large, numerous, rising into a tubercle on each side the whorl,
where they branch into three ; aperture arched, oblong. Sower. Min. Conch,
t. D. f. I. — Inferior Oolite, Sherborne.

91. A. contractu. — Subglobose, umbilicated, radiated ; radii rising into tuber-
cles upon the border of the umbilicus, there dividing into three or four branches
that pass over the much rounded front ; aperture oblong, arched ; inner whorls
almost concealed. — Sower. Min. Conch, d. f. 2. Dundry,

92. A. Listeri. — Subdiscoid ; inner whorls partly concealed ; front convex,
broad, crossed by numerous small ribs ; sides inversely conical, ribbed ; ribs

terminated by tubercles.— Mart. Pet. Derb. t. xxxv. f. 3 Sower. Min. Conch.

Dr. f. 1. — Carboniferous Limestone.

93. A. longispina. — Discoid, thick, with two concentric rows of spines upon
each side ; whorls few, half exposed ; front round. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. m.
f. 2 Weymouth.

94. A. Taylori. — rDiscoid, radiated ; inner whorl exposed; radii about 12, with
one large spiniform tubercle upon each side of the front, and one or two slight
elevations on the rounded sides of the whorls ; aperture nearly round — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. D. xiv. f. 1.— In clay, Happisburg Cliff.

95. A. hippocastanum — Gibbose, umbilicated, radiated, spinose ; inner whorls
almost concealed ; radii ten or more, unequal, much elevated, each furnished
with three tubercles upon the front, and most of them with two obtuse spines
upon each side; aperture transversely ovate.— (Sower. Min. Conch, t. pxiv.
f. 2— In chalk, Dowlands.

248 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Orbulita.

96. A. rhotomagensis. — Discoid, radiated, umbilicated ; inner whorls partly
concealed ; radii about 20, furnished with three short tubercles upon the front,
and two, more or less elevated, upon each side ; whorls thick, with flattish
sides ; aperture oblong. Cuv. Oss. Foss. ii. 319. t. vi. f. 2. A. Sussexiensis,
Mantell. Suss. 114. t. xx. f. 2. t. xxi. f. 10. A. rhot. Sower. Min. Conch, t. dxv.
— Chalk-marl.

97- A. Benettiana — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxxxix — No description as yet
given.

98. A.biplicatus — Depressed, slightly umbilicate ; volutions inserted, trans-
versely radiated ; rays prominent, curved, bifurcated, arising from a row of
oblong projections on the inner edge of the volutions, and terminating in
tubercles on the outer margin ; carene flat, bordered by alternating, com-
pressed tubercles.— Mant. Suss. 91. t. xxii. f. 6 In blue chalk-marl.

99. A. Woollgari — Discoidal, depressed, volutions one-third inserted, trans-
versely costated : costoe remote, slightly curved, inclined towards the aper-
ture, terminating on the outer margin, in compressed tubercles, or spinous

projections; carene acute, deeply serrated Mant. Suss. 197- t. xxi. f. 16.

t. xxii. f. 7 — Upper chalk.

100. A. planorbis — Discoid, smooth ; whorls two or four, two-thirds exposed
Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxlviii — In Lias, at Walchel. Probably not of the
genus, or even of the group Cephalopoda.

It is probable that not a few of the preceding species will, upon more ac-
curate comparison, be degraded to the rank of varieties. The following ob-
servation by Mr Sowerby merits attentive consideration. " There appears
to be no regular rule amongst Ammonites for their change of form, some be-
coming more globose, and others more compressed by age ; but they generally
lose some of the ornaments from their last whorls ; and, in their infant state,
are also smooth, or free from tubercles." t. 405.

Gen. ORBULITA. — Sides equal, the last whorl embracing
and concealing the previously formed ones.

1. O. disca. — Discoid, outer edge acuminated ; aperture sagittate, half

the diameter of the shell in length, and one-sixth in breadth Ammonitis

discus, Sower. Min, Conch, t. xii — In limestone of the Lower Oolite, Bed-
ford.

2. O. striata — Discoid, gibbose, obscurely undulated, finely striated lon-
gitudinally; septa rather distinct, with four large angular folds. Aperture
semicircular, with nearly parallel edges ; siphunculus marginal ; a deep cen-
tral cavity. — Am. str. Sower. Min. Conch, t. liii. f. 1 In Carboniferous Lime-
stone, Derbyshire. In the Min. Conch, it is stated, at t. 130, that Dr Buck-
land has found this species in Transition Slate at Filliagh, near South Mol-
ton, Devonshire.

3. O. sphcerica. — Orbicular, umbilicate ; septa with four broad angular

folds ; aperture narrow ; syphon on the inner margin Conchy liolithus

Nautilus sphsericus, Martin, Pet. Derb. t. vii. f. 3, 4, 5. Am. sph. Sower. Min.
Conch, t. liii. f. 2. — Carboniferous Limestone, Derbyshire.

4. O. minuta. — Orbicular, with about 24 distant longitudinal striae ; aper-
ture lunate, rounded at the sides — Am. min. Sower. Min. Conch, liii. f. 3

In Chalk Marl, Folkstone.

5. O. modiolaris — Orbicular, central cavity large, with an angular edge,
exposing the inner whorls ; septa numerous, with five principal undulations,

Scaphita. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 249

which are repeatedly divided into many lesser rounded ones ; aperture semi,
cir cular, truncated at the sides ; syphon at the outer margin — Naut. mod
Luidii, Ichn. t. vi. f. 292, p. 1 9. Am. subkevis, Sower. Min. Conch, t. liv—
In limestone, Middle Oolite, at Christian Malford and Kellaways.

6. O. Luscombi. — Depressed, umbilicated ; front rounded ; ribs many, shal-
low, waved, surface smooth ; aperture oblong — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. clxxxiii.
— In Lias, at Lyme.

7. O. Brongniarti.— Gibbose umbilicate ; ribs bent, furcate ; aperture trans-
verse, oblong, arched, with a thick or inflected lip— Sower. Min. Conch, t.
clxxxiv. A. f. 2 — Under Oolite, at Yeovil.

8. O. heterophylla Lenticular, umbilicated, striated ; sinuosities of the

septa of two kinds, small and acute-angular, or large and ovate ; front round-
ed ; sides convex ; aperture elliptical, with a notch for the reception of the
preceding whorl. — So»uer. Min. Conch, t. cclxvi. — In Lias, Whitby.

9. O. Bechii Gibbose, umbilicated, concentrically striated ; with numer-
ous thin ribs ; front rounded ; each side furnished with two rows of numerous
small tubercles ; aperture large — Sotver. Min. Conch, t. cclxxx. — In Lias, at
Lyme.

Gen. SCAPHITA. — Shell commencing with a depressed volu-
tion, the last turn of which, after being enlarged and elon-
gated, is diminished and reflected inwards.

1.- S. aqualis. — Involute, umbilicate, the inner whorls* concealed ; surface
with projecting distant ribs extending all round the whorl ; outer part round-
ed, with about two projecting striae between and equal to each of the radii ;
outer whorl ventricose, the ribs upon it much enlarged, and abruptly ter-
minated before they reach the edge — Soiver. Min. Conch, i. xviii. f. 1, 2, 3.
—Green Sand, Yeovil.

2. S. obliqua — Obliquely involute, umbilicated, inner whorls concealed,
covered by transverse striie, dividing into two or three near the outer half
of the whorl, which is rather flattish and broad, and uniting again on the
other side — Park. Or. Rem. iii. p. 145. t. x. f. 10 — Sower. Min. Conch, tab.
xviii. f. 4, 5, 6, 1.— In Chalk. In the Geology of England and Wales, p. 263
it is stated as an inmate of the Lias beds.

3. S. striata. — Volutions transversely striated ; striae numerous, oblique,
annular, bifurcate ; dorsum tumid ; aperture produced, transversely ovate,
marginate; siphunculus internal? — Mant. Suss. 119. t. xxii. f. 3. — In Grey
Chalk Marl.

4. S. costata.— Volutions convex, laterally compressed, transversely striat-
ed, inner whorls concealed, inserted ; striae furcate, numerous, embracing
the ambit : sides of the outer volutions smooth, with eight or ten distant,
oblique, nodular projections ; dorsum broad, convex — Mant. Suss. 120. t. xxii.
f. 8-12 — Grey Chalk Marl.

Gen. TURRILITA. — Whorls contiguous, partitions of the
chambers sinuous, perforated.

* Spires sinistral.

1. T. costata — Whorls beset with short ribs, beneath which are two rows

of smaller tubercles — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxxvi In Chalk Marl and

Green Sand.

250 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Baculita.

2. T. tuberculata. — Whorls beset with one row of large obtusely conical tu-
bercles, and three rows of smaller tubercles below them Sower. Min. Conch.

t. lxxiv — Chalk Marl.

3. T. undulata. — Whorls with many undulating ribs, mostly continuing
from the upper to the lower part of each.— Sower. Min. Conch, t, lxxv. f. 1,
2, 3 — Chalk Marl.

** Spires dextral.

4. T. obliqua. — Upper part of ths whorls contracted ; below the middle is

placed a row of large oblique tubercles Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxxv. f. 4. —

In Green Sand.

Gen. BACULITA. — Shell hooked or bent into two parallel
limbs ; syphon near the outer edge — Hamites of Parkin-
son and Sowerby.

* Without spines or tubercles.

1. B. compressa. — "Depressed, curved at right angles; undulations sharp,

slightly waved, most prominent at the back Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxii. f. 7>

8. — In Chalk Marl, Folkstone.

2. B. tenuis Slender, depressed, undulation obtuse, slightly waved, dis-
appearing on the back of the limbs. The undulations are irregular, some
reaching nearly to the back, others only half way ; tapering — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. lxi. f. 1. — In clay in the Chalk Marl, Folkstone.

3. B. rotunda. — Aperture round, undulations obtuse, annular, numer-
ous ; the curve of the shell very gradual. — Soiver. Mill. Conch, t. lxi. f. 2, 3.
— Chalk Marl, Folkstone.

4. B. attenuata. — Suddenly attenuated just below the curve ; undulations

obtuse, numerous — Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxi. f. 4, 5 Mant. Suss. 93. t. xix.

£ 29 Chalk Marl, Folkstone.

5. B. maxima. — " Slightly depressed ; undulations even, rounding, disap-
pearing at the back ; curvature gradual." (S.) — Parkinson's Organic Remains,
iii. p. 144. t. x. f. 4. Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxii. f. i — Chalk Marl, Folk-
stone.

6. B. intermedia. — " Depressed, undulations obtuse, annular, waved, cur,

vature rounding." (S) — Park. Org. Rem. iii. p. 143. t. x. f. 1, 2 Sower.

Min. Conch, t. lxii. f. 2, 3, and 4, except the right hand figure. — In Chalk
Marl, Folkstone.

7- B. gibbosa. — "j Gibbous, undulations acute, prominent at the front, ra-
ther distant." Very flat at the back. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxii. f. 4. right
hand figure.— Chalk Marl, Folkstone.

8. B. Parkinsoni. — Curvature obtuse, annulations distinct. — Park. Org.
Rem. iii. p. 144. t. x. f. 5. — In Green Sand, Wiltshire.

The Hamites adpressus of Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxi. f. 6. " Aperture round,
lesser limb acute, pressed close to the larger ; no undulations ; septa? distant-
not waved," from Folkstone, is a shell still in obscurity.

*K-

Wiih spines or tubercles.

0. B. armaia. — " Flatted ; undulations simple, every second or third arm-
ed with a large thick spine on each side near the front." — Soiver. Min. Conch.
t. clxviii. and t. ccxxxiv. f. 2 — In Chalk Marl, Oxfordshire and Sussex.

Amplexus. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 251

10. B. spinulosa. — " Depressed, undulations regular, every other one arm-
ed with two sharp spines; ;opening elliptical; curvature very gradual;" struc-
ture obscure Soiver. Min. Conch, t. ccxvi. f. 1 Green Sand, Blackdown.

11. B. spiniger. — " Depressed; undulations many, slender; two rows of
sharp tubercles upon each side, those nearest the front largest ; curvature
gradual." — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxvi. f. 2.

12. B. tuberculata "Depressed; undulations unequal, every third one

largest, with two tubercles on each side, the lateral ones obscure ; curvature
gradual." — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxvi. £ 4, 5 — Chalk Marl, Folkstone.

13. B. turgida "Depressed; front irregularly swelled ; undulations re-
gular, disappearing over the back ; two rows of obscure tubercles near the
front ; curvature rather sudden."— Soiver. Min. Conch, t. ccxvi. f. 6, — Chalk
Marl, Folkstone.

14. B. nodosa. — " Nearly round, undulations regular; two rows of obtuse
tubercles upon the front, each tubercle placed upon two undulations ; aper-
ture obovate." — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxvi. £ 3. — Chalk Marl, Folkstone.

15. B. pUcatilis " Slightly depressed, with numerous annular ridges ; two

rows of large, equal, flat tubercles upon each side ; curvature gradual. — Sow-
er. Min. Conch, t. ccxxxiv. £ 1 — Chalk Marl, Warminster.

Gen. AMPLEXUS. — Nearly cylindrical, divided into cham-
bers by numerous transverse septa, which embrace each
other with their reflexed margins.

1. A. coralloides. — Tube irregularly bent, longitudinally striated ; margins
of the septa deeply reflected, and regularly plaited. The septa seem to have
no perforations Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxxii — Transition Limestone, Cork.

[The following extinct species in the genera Nautilus, Nummulita, and
Orthocera, are here added, having been omitted at their proper places at
pp. 229, 233, and 238.]

1. Nautilus expansus.- Subglobose, umbilicated, finely striated; umbilicus
small; sides of the aperture expanded — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cccclviii. £ 1.
— Chalk Marl, Hamsey.

2. N. biangulatus. — Discoid, subglobose, with'a large umbilicus, and a keel
upon each side; front rounded. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclviii. £ 2. — In
Mountain Limestone, Bristol.

3. N. globatus — Subglobose, smooth, umbilicated ; whorls few, inner ones
concealed, rather flattened on the front, rapidly increasing ; umbilicus deep,
with an angular margin ; aperture very wide, arched, with a deep sinus in
the front — Sower. Miu. Conch, t. cccclxxxi. — Probably my N. Wrightii is
identical with this species — From Cork.

4. N. multicarinatus — Discoid, subglobose ; inner whorls half exposed in a
large deep umbilicus ; edge of the umbilicus angular ; front compressed with
several carinae on each side the middle. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxxxii
£ 1, 2 Transition, Limestone, Cork.

5. N. carinatus — " Discoid, subglobose ; inner whorls half exposed, in a
large umbilicus ; a keel in the middle of each side, and two ridges between
it and the flattened front." — Sower, t. cccclxxxii. £ 3. — Identical with N. ex-
cavatus already described.

252 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Sepia.

6. Nummulita elegans — Compressed ,smooth ; whorls about six; septa gently

curved from the axis, numerous ; aperture rather prominent Sower. Min.

Conch, t. uxxxviii. f. 2 — Emsworth.

7. N. variolaria. — Very convex, minute, smooth ; edge obtuse ; whorls
four or five, with about twenty septa, forming rays near the margin. {Len-
ticulites variolaria of Lamarck), Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxxxviii. f. 3. — London
Clay — The Nautilus Comptoni is now arranged by Mr Sowerby in the genus
Nummulita.

Orthocera paradoxa — Lanceolate, curved, three-angled, with a flat front,
and convex sides ; aperture an equilateral triangle ; siphuncle nearly central.
— Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclvii.

sepiam:.

1. Head surrounded with eight arms and two feet.

Sepia.
Loligo.

II. Head surrounded with eight arms, but destitute of feet. The
arms equal.

Octopus.

Gen. X. SEPIA.— The sac furnished with a narrow fin on each
side throughout its whole length.

40. S. officinalis. Cuttle-bone. — Body smooth, arms pedun-
culated, lengthened ; dorsal plate elliptical. '

S. supina, Jo7ist. Exang. t. i. f. 3. — S. off. Linn, Syst. i. 1095. Amcen.
Acad. i. 609. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 55. — Not common.

Body oval, compressed, whitish, with purple dots. Arms nearly as long
as the body, dilated towards the extremity, and covered with suckers. The
dorsal plate, known in the shops under the name of Cuttlebone, was former-
ly used in medical practice as an absorbent. This plate is occasionally thrown
ashore on all parts of the coast, but the living animal is seldom found.

Gen. XI. LOLIGO. Calamauy. — Sides of the sac only fur-
nished partially with fins.

* Fins united with the tail on each side.

41. L. vulgaris. — The fins, together with the tail, forming
a rhomboidal expansion.

Loligo, a Sleeve, List. Conch. Tab. Anat. ix. f. s. Borl. Corn. 260. t.
xxv. f. 27 — Sepia Lol. Linn. Syst. i. 1196. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 53.
— Not rare.
Body compressed, whitish, with dark spots ; these spots in the living ani-
mal, and even in a portion of the skin when detached, exhibit remarkable

Loligo. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 253

contractions and dilatations, as in other species of the class. The feet are
nearly of the same length as the body, and covered with suckers towards their
distal extremity. There is no eye-lid. The bone is elliptical, elongated,
produced at the upper extremity, a groove along the middle, the edges thin.
The appendage to the stomach is straight, and the oviduct is single.

42. L. sagittata. — The fins with the tail forming a triangu-
lar expansion.

Sepia Loligo, Monro, Phys. of Fishes, p. 62. t. 41. and 42. — L. sagit.
Lam. An. sans Vert. vii. 665. Flem. Edin. Encyc. xiv. 610 Com-
mon in the Scottish seas.

The feet are shorter than the body, and covered with suckers nearly to
the base. The two arms between the feet, and the two dorsal ones, are the
smallest. The skin surrounding the mouth unconnected with the two feet
and the two dorsal arms, though united at the base between them. Suckers
in two rows. A duplicature of the skin round the eye forming an eyelid.
The dorsal plate or bone is narrow, thin, expanded at both ends, and strength-
ened by one central and two marginal ribs. The appendage to the stomach
is spiral, and the oviduct is double.

** Fins occurring near the tail, but not continued to its ex-
tremity.

43. L. media. — Body long, fins elliptical, tail pointed.

Sepia ined. Linn. Syst. i. 1095. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 54. t. xxix. f. 45.
— Rare.

Body slender, almost transparent, cylindrical ; arms with a double row of
suckers. Eyes large, blue.

44. L. Sepiola. — Body short, fins thin and rounded, outline
of the tail semicircular.

Sepia Sep. Linn. Syst. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 54. t. xxix. f. 46. — Rare.
Body scarcely exceeding an inch in length, and about |ds in breadth.
Arms with two rows of pedunculated suckers ; those on the feet small, and

confined to an oblong disc near the extremity This seems to be a rare

species. Pennant obtained it from the Flintshire coast. A specimen in
my possession was found in the Frith of Forth, and presented to me by Mr
Chalmers, surgeon, Kirkcaldy, and another specimen has subsequently been
found in the Forth by Dr Grant. It was observed by Captain Parry in Da-
vis' Straits.

Gen. XII. OCTOPUS.— Suckers sessile.

45. O. vulgaris. — Body smooth ; suckers a little remote, ar-
ranged in a double row.

Sepia octopus, Sower. Brit. Misc. t. xliii.— Oct. vul. Lam. An. sans Vert.
vii. 657.
Body oblong, tinged with brown. Arms nearly six times the length of
the body, and furnished with about two 240 suckers. Oviduct double ; mar-
gin of the anus simple. — This species is recorded by Mr Sowerby as havino-
been sent to him from Dover by Mr Richard Phillips. It occurs, according
to the observations of Mr Neill and Dr Grant, in the Frith of Forth, not
unfrequentlv.

254 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOFODA. Octopus.

46. O. octopodia. — Body rounded, smooth, mantle connect-
ed with the head behind ; suckers sessile, arranged in a single
row.

Sepia Oct. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 53. t. xxviii. f. 44.

This species appears to have been confounded with the preceding. Pen-
nant states, that it inhabits our seas ; and Montagu is said, by Mr Sowerby,
to have communicated a specimen to him, probably from the coast of Devon.

Dr Grant has obligingly communicated to me the following observations
on a recent, apparently full grown specimen from the Frith of Forth, pre-
sented to him by Mr John Coldstream. Length of the body 4| inches, of the
head 2 inches; breadth of the body ?4 inches ; arms 12 inches long, webbed
at the base as high as the twelfth sucker, compressed, strong, the extremities
filiform. Suckers becoming larger to the sixth, and then diminishing to-
wards the extremity, with a broad muscular margin; about 111 can be
counted, with the aid of a lens, on each arm. Eyes very small, with a sub-
dorsal aspect, and near covered with distinct eyelids, and having the iris
white. The absence of the musky smell distinguishes this species from the
Octopus moscliatus of Lamarck.

The different species of Sepiadte secrete an inky fluid, differing, however,
in the shade of colour according to the species, which they eject upon being
pursued or captured.

The collection of Mr Miller of Bristol is said to contain a specimen, from
the Lias, resembling the back of one of the Sepiadse — Geol. Eng. and Wales,
267.

MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 255

PULMONIFERA.

TERRICOLA.

Tcntacida usually round, and Jour in number. The eggs are

hatched on land.

I. Limacid.e. Cloak and foot parallel, enclosing the viscera.

a. Pulmonary cavity placed near the head, covered by a thick shield.
Arion
Limax.
aa. Pulmonary cavity near the tail, covered by a spiral open shell.
Testacella.

II. Cochleare. Cloak and foot not parallel; the viscera con-
tained in a spiral, dorsal protuberance, protected by
a shell.

a. Foot with a lid for closing the mouth of the shell.
Cyclostoma.
Helecina.
aa. Foot destitute of a lid.

b. Helicidje. Last formed whorl larger than the penultimate
one.
c. Animal capable of retiring within the shell, the peristome of
which, with the exception of Achatina, becomes thick at
maturity.

d. Shell depressed or globose.

e. Peristome entire, raised on the pillar.
Carocolla.

ce. Peristome interrupted on the pillar.
Helix.

dd. Shell turriteil.
Bulimus.
Achatina.

cc. Animal incapable of withdrawing within the aperture of the
shell, the margin of which is thin.
Succinea.
Vitrina.

bb. PuPADiE. Last formed whorl nearly of the same size as the
penult one, or even less, giving the shell a subcylindrical
form.

c. "Whorls dextral
Pupa.
Azeca.
Carychium.

cc. Whorls sinistral.
Balea.
Clausilia.
"Vertigo.

256 MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. Amon.

LIMACIDJi.

Gen. XIII. ARION. — A mucous orifice at the retral termi-
nation of the cloak ; shield strengthened by soft calcareous
matter.

47. A. ater. — Tentacula and snout black ; body generally of
the same colour.

Limax ater, List. An. Ang. 131. Conch, t. 101. f. 102, and t. 101. a. f,
103. Mull. Verm. Hist. ii. p. 2 — Arion ater, Ferussac, Hist. Moll. i.
60. t. i. f. 1-3.— Common.
Body rounded above, becoming ridged towards the tail. Shield granulated ;
cloak with numerous anastomosing furrows, the margin with transverse pa-
rallel ridges. Orifice of the pulmonary cavity near the anterior margin of
the shield, with the sexual orifice underneath. Deposits its bluish eggs in a
cluster in May at the roots of plants. Feeds on dead and living vegetables ;
and even on the common earthworm when dead, according to Mr Power —
Linn. Trans, ix. 323 — This species is subject to considerable variation of colour,
being sometimes of a brownish tinge (Limax rufus) ; or with the margin of
the cloak reddish or yellowish.

Gen. XIV. LIMAX. — No mucous orifice ; shield strengthened
by a shelly plate ; the pulmonary cavity and sexual orifice
under the right tentaculum.

48. L. cincreus. — Grey, with dark brown spots ; tentacula
veined.

List. An. Ang. 127. Conch, t. 101. a. f. 104. Mull. Verm. Hist. ii. p. 3.
Fer. Hist. Moll. i. 65. t. iv — Common.
Length 5 or 6 inches, Three black lines between the tentacula. Shield
nearly smooth ; the cloak with branched furrows. The foot whitish. Shell
of the shield white, smooth, depressed, and translucent. Eggs white, depo-
sited in spring, under stones. Food vegetables. Varies much in the colour-
ing. Lives in old damp walls, and shaded places.

49. L. agrestis. — Grey, clouded, tentacula black.

L. cin. parvus, List. An. Ang. 130. Conch, t. 101. f. 101 — L. ag. Mull.
Verm. Hist. ii. p. 8. Fer. Hist. Moll. i. 73. t. v. f. 7-10.— Common.

Length about an inch. Tentacula short. Body convex above, ending in
a ridge at the tail. Shell of the shield oval, pellucid. When touched its
body becomes covered with a white mucus. Lurks under stones and rotten

timber This species is capable of forming a thread, and suspending itself

from trees, a kind of locomotion in the slugs, first noticed by Lister An. Ang.
3., and afterwards by other observers, Linn. Trans, vol. i. 182, and vol. iv.
p. 85.

M. Ferussac adds as a synonime to his L./avws, " lutescens, fusco tessera-
tus, tentaculis cceruleis; clypeo postice rotundata," i. p. 71- 1. v. f. 1-6, a re-
ference to Pennant's Brit. Zool. iv. 41, where, under the name Yellow Slug,
a species is described " of an amber colour, marked with white." This is

Testacella. MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 257

obviously the " Limax succini colore, albidis maculis insignitus," of Lister,
Conch, t. 101. 6., but as the letter A is not placed at the figure, which is the
usual mark of an English species, there is no evidence of its being native.

Gen. XV. TESTACELLA. — Vent and pulmonary cavity
nearly terminal. Foot extending on each side beyond the
body.

50. T. Mcmgii. — Reddish, with scattered brown spots, and

a stripe of brown on each side.

Fer. Hist. Moll, i. 94. t. viii. f. 10-12. Miller, Annals of Phil. xix. 380.
— In nursery grounds, Bristol.

Tentacula filiform ; mouth orange. Shell ovate, lengthened, convex, co-
vered with a dusky cuticle, striated by the layers of growth ; rounded and
effuse anteally, ending retrally in a short spine, with a slightly prominent
knob ; margin of the opening entire, subquadrangular. — This species was ob-
served by Mr T. Drummond (at present engaged in exploring the Arctic
Botany of North America) in 1812, in the nursery grounds of Messrs Sweet
and Miller. Specimens were transmitted by Dr Leach to Baron Ferussac.
It feeds on the earth worm, into the holes of which it effects its entrance.
Eggs few, ovate. It inhabits Teneriffe, and was probably introduced along
with exotic plants.

51. T. halioto'idea. — Greyish clouded, or reddish, without

spots.

Draparnaud, Hist. Nat. des Mollusques, p. 121. t. ix. f. 12, 13. Fer.
Moll. i. 94. t. viii. f. 5-9 — T. scutata, Sower. Gen. ltic. Shells, 1, 3, 6.
— In a garden at Lambeth.

Tentacula cylindrical ; a groove on each side, from the head to the shell.
Shell ovate, depressed, rounded anteally, thick, brown, striated by the layers
of growth : acuminated retrally, with an imperfect spire, in the form of a
minute light coloured knob. — This species was found in Mr Sowerby's gar-
den at Lambeth. The specimens obligingly presented to me by Mr J. C.
Sowerby, incline me to consider them as identical with the species long ago de-
scribed by Draparnaud. In the description Mr G. B. Sowerby adds, " the
animal of this species bears a near resemblance to that of T. haliotoidea, not
having the double row of tubercles running from the head to the anterior
part of the shell so conspicuous in T. Maugii."

COCHLEAD.E.

Gen. XVI. CYCLOSTOM A.— Peristome of the shell thick-
ened, entire. Tentacula linear, subretractile, the second
pair minute, bearing the eyes.

— 52. C. elcgans. — Whorls 5, ventricose, spirally and longitu-
dinally striated.

VOL. I. R

258 MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. Cyclostoma.

Cochlea cinerea, List. An. Ang. 119, Conch, t. xxvii. f. 25 — Nerita ele-
gans, Mull. Hist. Verm. ii. 177 — Turbo tumidus, Penn. Brit. Zool.

iv. p. 128 Turbo elegans, Mont. Test. Brit. 343.— Cycl. el. Drap.

Moll. 32 Under moss and the roots of ferns, England.

Length of the shell upwards of half an inch, brownish, spiral striae dis-
tinct ; a minute pillar cavity ; lid diverging, striated. The animal is brown-
ish, with a long emarginate "snout. Some details of anatomical structure are
given by Lister, Tab. Anat. iv. f. 1, 2, 3.

53. C subcylindricum. — Whorls 4 to 5, cylindrical, sum-
mit obtuse, with numerous rounded transverse ridges.

Helix subcylindrica, Pultney's Dorset. 49 — C. truncatulum, Drap. Moll.

40 On marsh plants.

Length of the shell a quarter of an inch ; colour brown, mouth ovate, pe-
ristome thick, pillar cavity indistinct : summit as if truncated, ending sud-
denly in a small smooth button-like whorl. The animal, according to Dra-
parnaud, is white, transparent, with a long contractile snout : tentacula
short, little acuminated ; eyes above the retral base of the tentacula ; foot
short ; lid thin, semioval, with bent strise. Dr Pultney found his on " water
plants in rivers and ponds." Draparnaud states, that it is found on the shores
of the Mediterranean, on the borders of marshes, on the earth among plants,
and even burried in sand ; and expresses a suspicion that it may prove a ma-
rine shell. In 1 80G I found a specimen in the cavity of a dead Spatangus
purpureus from the Frith of Forth. This species is probably the " Bucci-
num exiguum rufum quinque orbium" of List. Conch. 22. f. 19. — Donovan, in
his Brit. Shells, t. lxxx, figures this species, by mistake, for Pupa muscorum.

EXTINCT.

Gen. HELECINA. — Peristome entire, with a callous pillar.

1. H. compressa — " Spire flatfish, an elevated thread surrounding the up-
per part. Mouth a little angular above." — Sower. Min. Conch, t. x. three
middle figures In Lias limestone, Leicestershire.

2. H. expansa — " Carinated ; above, depressed, conical, obscurely striated ;
beneath, ventricose; callus expanded." — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclxxiii. f. 1-3.
— Blue Lias at Lyme.

3. H. solarioides — " Subdiscoid, obtusely carinated ; whorls depressed a-
bove, convex beneath." — Sower. Min Conch, t. cclxxiii. f. 4 — In Lias.

4. H. polita — Subdiscoid, polished ; spire elevated, acute ; volutions mark-
ed with an impressed band, depressed above, below ventricose ; callous, thin,

expanded ; aperture nearly square — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclxxxv At Co-

predy, in marly sandstone of the Lower Oolite.

Gen. XVII. CAROCOLLA. — Shell carinated, mouth trans-
verse, not reversed.

54. C. lapicida. — Shell convex, transversely striated ; peris-
tome reflected, white.

Cochlea pulla, sylvatica, spiris in aciem depressis, List. An. Ang. 127,
Conch, t. 69. f. 68 — Helix lap. Linn. Syst. i. 1241. Drap. Moll. iii.
Mont. Test. Brit. 435. — Woods and old walls, England.

Helix. MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 259

Shell depressed, fths of an inch in breadth; brown, variegated, rough.
Whorls five, nearly flat, carinated. Pillar cavity large, exposing part of the
inner volutions ; mouth subovate, Animal dark brown ; upper tentacula
very long, the lower short and slender ; neck shagreened. Is not the Helix
Somerahamiensis of the Reverend R. Sheppard, Linn. Trans, siv. 159, the
young of this species ? The shell described by Captain Brown under the
name Helix cochlea, Wern. Mem. ii. 528. t. xxiv. f. 10, and by Dr Turton,
H. terebra, Conch. Diet. 61. t. xiv. f. 55, found in the garden of Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, by Mr Stevens, seems to be a produced variety of this shell, the
effect of disease in early life.

Gen. XVIII. HELIX. — Shell globose, aperture without teeth,
transverse, lunated.

a. With a pillar cavity.

* Preceding whorls not exposed by the pillar-cavity.

55. H. Pomatia. — Shell inflated, yellowish-brown, with three
dark longitudinal bands ; wrinkled transversely.

Cochlea cinerea, List. An. Ang. iii — Conch, t. 48. f. 46. — H. Pom. Linn.
Syst. i. 1244. Mont. Test. Brit. 405.— Middle districts of England.
The shell sometimes attains two inches in diameter. Whorls 5, rounded.
Animal dusky grey. Eggs from 25 to 50, deposited in a hole in the earth ;
when hatched, the shell has one volution and a half. — Previous to winter, this
species retires to a cavity, which it diggs in the earth by means of its foot, aided
by the mucus, and closes the aperture of the shell with a calcareous lid. In
this state it remains torpid until spring. On the continent of Europe the
animal is used as food. By some it is conjectured that this species was in-
troduced into England by Mr Howard about the middle of the sixteenth
century. Two varieties of the shell occur; the first has the whorls disjoin-
ed and turrited ; the second has the whorls sinistral.

— 56. H. Pisana. — Shell white, with interrupted brown bands;
peristome, internally, pink coloured.

Mull. Verm. ii. p. 60 — H. zonaria, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 137. t. 85. f.
133 — H. cingenda, Mont. Test. Brit. 418 — H. rhodostoma, Drap.
Moll. 86 — South of England.

Shell about fths of an inch in breadth, subpellucid, minutely striated, lon-
gitudinally and transversely ; the last band, with irregular edges, entering
the mouth ; mouth wide, rounded, peristome rising on the side of the pillar
cavity. Animal pale yellow ; tentacula dark coloured, with a dusky streak
at the base of each, extending backwards on the neck of the animal.

57. H. subntfescens. — Shell transparent, horn coloured, with-
out bands.

Miller, Annals of Philosophy, vol. xix. p. 379 Environs of Bristol.

Shell of 5 whorls, separated by a deep groove ; the apex depressed, the
edge indistinctly carinated, transversely striated by the lines of growth ;
mouth rounded externally, narrow near the pillar, where the lip is reflected,
in part, over the cavity. In none of the specimens in my possession, which
I owe to the kindness of Mr Miller, ha3 the mouth acquired the peristome
of maturity. It seems, however, to be a distinct species.

260 MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. Helix-

58. H. albella. — Shell flat above, with a carinated edge ; gib-
bous beneath.

Cochlea alba, List. Conch, t. 80. f. 81 — H. alb. Linn. Syst. 1242. Drap
Moll. 113 On the shore, St Andrew's.

Shell dusky yellowish-white, minutely striated by the lines of growth.
Whorls 3 or 4, the line of separation distinct, but the spire very little raised.
Mouth rather wide at the pillar. Draparnaud states, after Muller, that three
spires can be seen in the pillar cavity ; a mistake, probably arising from the
latter contemplating a dead specimen of Planorbis corneus, instead of the true
albella. By the former, that animal is said to frequent rushes on the coast.
A single dead specimen of this shell, in my possession, was found in 1810, on
the shore at St Andrew's.

59- H. terrestris. — Spire conical, whorls flat, carinated at
the base.

Trochilus Monspessulanus, List. Conch, t. Gl. f. 58 — Trochus terrestris,

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 127. Don. Brit. Shells, t. iii. Mont. Test. Brit.

287 — H. elegans, Drap. Moll. 70 — England, rare.

Shell whitish, striated longitudinally ; whorls 5 or G, nearly flat, divided

by a very small depressed line, with a prominent ridge at the base»of each ;

apex produced, but not very pointed ; mouth compressed, angulated ; base

flat, striated from the centre This species has hitherto been found only in

Northamptonshire by Morton, and Cumberland by Hudson.

60. H. Trochilus. — Spire conical ; whorls rounded.

. Buccinum parvum sine Trochilus sylvaticus, List. An. Ang. 123 — H.
Troch, Mull. Verm. ii. 70.— H- trochiformis, Mont. Test. Brit. 427.
—In moist situations, rare.
Shell thin, pellucid, horn coloured ; whorls 6, rounded, and strongly divid-
ed by the separating line ; 'apex considerably produced ; mouth transverse,
narrow ; lip a little reflected on the pillar cavity. Montagu has found this
species in Wiltshire and Devonshire among decayed wood. A specimen,
found in the south of Fife, was presented to me by Mr Chalmers, surgeon,
Kirkcaldy.

61. H. Turtoni. — Shell flat on both sides, with a rounded
margin.

H. rotundata, Turton, Conch. Diet. 53.
" Shell quite flat and level on both sides, dark horn coloured, with trans-
verse chesnut marks or blotches, which, however, are not in a regular ra-
diate manner, with the perforation rather large, but not exhibiting the inter-
nal volutions ; spires 6, rounded and well defined, crossed with regular, close
set, fine, rather oblique, raised lines ; the larger volution rounded at the mar-
gin and without the faint keel-like appearance ; aperture large, roundish,
crescent shaped, the margin thin and not reflected over the perforation ; dia-
meter not a quarter of an inch." Such is the description of a singular spe-
cies found by Dr Turton in the woods near Brecon. It is not the H. rotun-
data of Muller, though probably a variety of his H. obvoluta, Hist. Venn,
ii. 27-

** Preceding whorls in part exposed by the pillar cavity.

62. H. ericetorion. — Whorls six, rounded, subdepressed ;
mouth suborbicular ; pillar cavity very wide.

Helix. MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 261

Cochlea cinerea albidave, fasciata, ericetorum, List. An. Ang. 126. — H.

ericetorum, Mutl. Verm. ii. 33 H. albella, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 132.

— H. er. Mont. Test. Brit. 437.— Sunny banks.

Shell about fths of an inch in breadth ; white, or whitish with'dark brown
bands, or brownish with whitish bands ; the upper band of the body whorl
seen along the separating line of the preceding ones. Mouth rounded exter-
nally, the lips approaching internally. 3 or 4 whorls visible in the pillar ca-
vity. Animal with a pellucid foot, tentacula clavated ; body dusky. The
shell figured by Lister, Conch, t. 78. f. 78, and so generally referred to this
species, is surely widely different.

- 63. H. virgata. — Whorls 6, rounded, a little produced; pil-
lar cavity in part covered by the lip.

Cochlea alba, leviter umbilicata pluribus fasciis circumdata, clavicula

productiore, List. Conch, t. 59. f. 56 H. zonaria, var. a. Penn. Brit.

Zool. iv. 137- t. 85. f. 133. a H. virg. Mont. Test. Brit. 415 — H.

variabilis, Drap. Moll. 84 — Maritime pastures and dry banks, Eng-
land and Ireland.

Breadth about half an inch; colour whitish, with brown bands, the upper
one [on the body whorl continuing along the separating line to the apex.
Mouth wide at the pillar margin ; peristome brown, with a white thread-like
elevation ; pillar cavity a little contracted by the lip, exhibiting only one vo-
lution. This species is very common on the limestone rocks in the neigh-
bourhood of Cork.

" 64. H. cantiana. — Shell with 6 rounded, wrinkled, volutions,
inner lip in part closing the pillar cavity.

Cochlea dilute rufescens, var. List. An. Ang. 126. Mont. Test. Brit.
422. t. 22. f. 1 — H. pallida, Don. Brit. Sh. t. 157- £ 2. 2. "Woods and
hedges, England and Ireland.

Breadth nearly an inch. Margin rounded with a whitish band ; the base
of the shell and mouth rufous ; the thickened peristome white. One whorl
only visible in the pillar cavity.

- 65. H. rufescens. — Shell with 6 rufous, rounded, whorls,
subcarinated on the margin, pillar cavity large.

Cochlea dilute rufescens, List. An. Ang. 125, Conch, t. 71. lower fig.

H. hispida, Mull. Verm. ii. 73 — H. ruf. Mont. Test. Brit. 420 Un-
der stones and moss, common.

Breadth upwards of half an inch ; spire little elevated ; brown, covered
with numerous short hairs ; finely striated by the layers of growth ; mouth
rounded externally, rather narrow at the pillar, where the lip is a little re-
flected , pillar cavity large, rounded, exhibiting two or three volutions. Ani-
mal dusky.

- 66. H. hispida.—^ Shell thin ; pale coloured ; whorls five,

rounded ; pillar cavity with steep sides.

Mont. Test. Brit. 423. t. xxiii. f. 3. Drap. Moll. 103. — Among moss in
England and Scotland.

Breadth about $th of an inch ; it is covered with minute short hairs ; spire
but little raised ; aperture lunate, rather contracted in the middle ; the lip
a little reflected on the cavity, within which, one or two volutions are visible.
The shape of the mouth and pillar cavity, and the absence of a subcarina, dis-
tinguish this species from the young of rufuscens, with which it has very fre-
quently been confounded.

1

262 MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. Helix.

67. H. aculeata. — Whorls four, crossed by regular membra-
naceous ridges, which are produced into hair-like spines about
the middle.

Mull. Hist. Verm. ii. 81 — H. spinulosa, Light. Phil. Trans, vol. 76. 166.
t. 11. lower f. 1, 5. Mont. Test. Brit. 426. t. xi. f. 10 — Among moss,
not uncommon.

Breadth about the tenth of an inch; whorls brown, thin, rounded, well de-
fined, rather produced ; mouth rounded, the lips white, approaching ; pillar-
cavity distinct.

~ 68. H. nitida. — Shell depressed, transparent, glossy, green-
ish, with a tinge of white on the pillar-cavity.

List. Conch, t- 71- upper f. Mull. Hist. Verm. ii. 32 — H. lucida, Mont.
Test. Brit. 425. t. xxiii. f. 4. — Common among moss and under stones.

*&

Breadth nearly half an inch ; whorls five or six, the lower one rounded,
the upper ones nearly even, with a deep line of sepai'ation ; minutely striated
by the lines of growth ; mai'gin of the mouth thin ; pillar-cavity wide, ex-
posing two of the whorls. — The young shells of this species seem to be the
H. nitidula of Drap. Moll. 117, and described by the Rev. R. Sheppard, Linn.
Trans, xiv. 160. as occurring in Essex ; and the fry do not seem to differ
from the H. pygmea of Drop. Moll. 114, described by Dr Turton as found in
England abundantly in ditches, under leaves, — Zool. Journ. N°. viii. p. 565.
The Helix alliaria of Miller, Annals of Philosophy, t. xix. is probably also
only a variety of this species. He described it as " an umbilicated, depressed,
pellucid, shining, horn-coloured shell, having no more than four volutions.
This species never arrives to the size of II. nite)is, has one volution less, and
is found under moss on old trees. Its inhabitant smells strongly of garlick."
The Rev. Mr Sheppard takes notice of this fetid smell in the animal of
nitida, which, in some instances, he adds, " is not observable till the shell has
been immersed in boiling water." The H. nitida, hispida, and rvfescens, are
sometimes found under water.

69- H. urtib'dicata.- — Whorls five, rounded ; apex slightly pro-
duced ; pillar-cavity large, exposing the whorls to the end.

Mont. Test. Brit. 434. t. xiii. f. 2 H. rupestris, Drap. Moll, 82 — Un-
der stones and moss, in England and Scotland.

Breadth about a tenth of an inch ; brown ; whorls finely and closely
striated across, deeply divided by the separating line ; mouth suborbicular,
margin thin ; upper tentacula short ; under ones mere tubercles. Before
reaching maturity, this species appears to be the II. Kirbii of the Rev. R.
Sheppard, Linn. Trans, xiv. 162, which differs merely in having four volu-
tions, and being half a line in breadth.

70. H. crystcdlina. — Shell transparent, glossy, of four de-
pressed whorls, the last large.

Mull. Verm. 23. — H. pellucida, Perm. Brit. Zool. iv. 138 — H. cryst.
Drap. Moll. 118. — At the roots of grass, England.

Breadth about jjth of an inch ; whorls smooth,- with a deep line of separa-
tion, and the spire depressed ; aperture wide, the margin slightly thickened.
The specimens in my possession are from Battersea, and were sent to me by
Dr Leach

71. H. caperata. — Whorls six, subcarinated, with interrupted
brown bands, and deep transverse stria?.

Helix. MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 263

Mont. Test. Brit. 430. t. xi. f. 11 — H. striata, Drap. Moll. 106 In dry

situations.

Breadth about half an inch ; convex on both sides ; a broad brown band above
the keel, and another below it ; the keel itself white ; the brown bands are
mottled with white; aperture rounded, thin on the margin, with a white

raised band within ; pillar-cavity exposing the preceding whorl This species

is probably the H. maculata of Muller.

— 72. H. rotundata. — Whorls six, depressed, subcarinated,
strongly striated across, with a very wide pillar-cavity.

C. terrestris, compressa, maculata et leviter striata, List. Conch, t. 1058.

f. 11 — H. rot. Mull. Verm. ii. 29 — H. radiata, Mont. Test. Brit. 432.

t. xxiv. f. 3 — H. rot, Drap. Moll. 114 — Common under leaves and

stones.

Breadth about £th 0f an incQ ; radiated above with brown lines ; whorls

strongly divided by the separating line ; aperture transverse ; pillar-cavity

exposing the previous whorls.

— 73. H. costata, — Whorls four, rounded ; the peristome thick,
suborbicular. •

H. cost, et pulchella, Mull. Verm. ii. 31. — Turbo helicinus, Light. Phil.
Trans, vol. lxxvi. 167. t. iii. f. 1, 4. — H. paludosa, Walk, Test. Min.

t. i. 23 — H, pal. and crenella, Mont. Test. Brit. 404 Under damp

moss, common.

Breadth about T'5th of an inch ; whorls covered with a brown epidermis,
raised into numerous transverse ridges ; colour of the shell white, slightly
striated transversely ; margins of the aperture nearly uniting on the body-
whorl ; pillar-cavity exposing the inner volutions.

74. H. elegans. — Shell with seven rounded produced volu-
tions.

Brown, Wern. Mem. ii. 528. tab. xxiv. f. 9 — H. disjuncta, Turton,
Conch. 61. t. xvi. f. 63. — Near Dublin. Mr Stephens.

" Shell subpellucid, somewhat gloss}r, with seven ventricose and verv
deeply divided volutions, tapering to rather an obtuse apex ; the first or
body-whorl is much inflated ; a white band runs spirally from the base to the
apex, giving it a strong appearance of being carinated, and the volutions are
slightly wrinkled across. It is furnished with a deep and wide umbilicus,
which, viewed directly from the base, is partly hid by the reflected lip of the
shell ; aperture subrotund, lip very thin, and reflected on the columella. The
colour is of a dirty white, with several interrupted dark umber-coloured
bands, which run spirally from the base to the apex ; length fths of an inch ;
breadth 3ieighths," Brown. — This is probably only a monstrous variety of some
of the more common species.

b. Without a pillar-cavity. Globose.

„. 75. H. aspersa. — Shell brown, with white transverse stripes ;
mouth subascending

Cochlea vulgaris, List. An. Ang. 113. Conch, t. xlix. 47- — H. aspersa,
Mull. Verm. ii. 59 — H. hortensis, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 136. — H. asp.
Mont. Test. Brit. 408 — Gardens and old walls, common.

Breadth about \\ inch, with four whorls, slightly striated and wrinkled
across ; mouth elongated upwards, margin white, thickened, a little reflected.

264 MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. Helix.

76. H. arbustorum. — Shell mottled with a single brown
longitudinal band.

Cochlea maculata, List. An. Ang. 119. Conch, t. lvi. f. 53. — H. arb.
Mull. Verm. ii. 55. Penn, Brit. Zool. iv. 136. Mont. Test. Brit. 413.
— In boggy places, common.

Breadth scarcely an inch ; whorls slightly striated longitudinally, and
wrinkled transversely ; mouth obliquely transverse, rounded ; margin white,
thick, reflected.

77. H. nemoralis. — Peristome brown ; margin next the pil-
lar nearly straight.

Cochlea citrina, List. An. Ang. 116. Conch, t. lvii. f. 54.— H. nem. Mull.

Verm. ii. 46. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 137. Mont. Test. Brit. 411

Shady places, common.

Breadth about an inch ; whorls five, wrinkled across. Colour yellowish,
without bands, with a single band, or with several bands. These varieties
are considered by the Reverend Revitt Sheppard as distinct species, because
they do not unite indiscriminately in the season of love ; and he adds, " from
the one-banded and many-banded sorts I have taken the spicula or love-darts ;
that of the former is four-sided in the middle, and perfectly straight ; in the
latter it is also four-sided in the middle, but curved as in H. aspcrsa."

78. H. hortensis. — Margin of the mouth invariably white ;

even near the pillar.

Cochlea citrina, No. 1. List An. Ang. 117. — H. hort. Mull. Verm. 52.
Mont. Test. Brit. 412 Not common.

This species closely resembles the preceding, of which it is considered by
many as only a variety. It is smaller in size, and less common.

79. H.jitsca. — Shell thin, pellucid, horn-coloured, with five

or six whorls.

Mont. Test. Brit 424. t. xiii. f. 1 — In England and Ireland, not uncom-
mon.

Breadth less than half an inch ; smooth ; mouth lunated, narrow near the
pillar, thin, not reflected ; whorls rounded, the last large. This seems to be
the H. fulva of Muller, No. 249 — A variety of a white colour, glossy, and
pellucid, was sent to Montagu from Scotland by Mr Boyes.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. H. carinata. — Spire short, conoidal, of three or four turns; a raised,
flat, ribband-like projection passes from the lateral edge of the mouth along
the middle of the last turn, till it meets the inner edge of the mouth, whence
it continues between the volutions to the end. Umbilicus open. — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. x. upper and lower figures In Carboniferous Limestone, Set-
tle, Yorkshire.

2. H. Gentii. — Discoid, gibbose, smooth, with a spiral band along the upper
part of the whorl; aperture large, expanded, elliptical. — Sower. Min. Conch.
t. cxlv. — Green Sand near Devizes.

3. H. globosa. — Globose, slightly elongated, obscurely transversely striat-
ed ; whorls but gradually increasing in size ; outer-lip reflected. — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. clxx. Crag Fresh water Limestone, Isle of Wight.

Bulimus. MOLLUSC A. PULMONIFERA. 263

4. H. striata. — Conical, depressed, subcarinated, obliquely striated, a
rising band around tbe edge, crossed by arched striae ; columella solid, aper-
ture subtriangular. — Soioer. Min. Conch, t. clxxi. f. 1. — Carboniferous Lime-
stone, Derbyshire.

5. H. cirriformis. — Conical, acute, umbilicate, decussato-striated ; with a
band around the middle of the whorl, crossed with arched striae ; aperture

nearly round Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxi. f. 2 — In Carboniferous Limestone,

Derbyshire.

6. H. Iwvis. — Whorls three ; surface smooth ; spire elevated. — Mantell,
Geol, Suss. 263. t. xviii. f. 19, 20.— In Plastic Clay, Bath.

7. H. pusilla. — Depressed, smooth, umbilicated, convex beneath. Volu-
tions round and tapering \ their number about three. Mouth roundish

Mart. Pet. Derb. t. lii. f. 3 In a fossil pericarp, in Clay Ironstone, Derby-
shire.

Gen. XIX. BULIMUS.— Aperture of the shell longer than
broad, the margin near the pillar entire.

~" 80. B. acutus. — Whorls nine, rounded, white, with trans-
verse interrupted brown stripes.

Buccinum exiguum fasciatum et radiatum, List. Conch, t. xix. f. 14. —
Helix acuta, Mull. Verm. ii. 100. — Turbo fasciatus, Penn. Brit. Zool.

iv. 131. Mont. Test. Brit. 34G — Bui. acutus, Drop. Moll. 77 On

dry banks near the sea.

Length fths of an inch ; whorls strongly wrinkled across, sometimes a
single or double longitudinal brown band on the lower side of the body -whorl.
Margin of the mouth a little reflected on the small pillar-cavity. — Animal
pale yellow.

- 81. B. obscurus. — Shell brown, oblong, subcylindrical in the

middle, with a blunt spire ; outer-lip of the mouth nearly

straight.

Buccinum rupium majusculum circiter senis orbibus circumvolutum,

List. An. Ang. 122 — Helix obscura, Mull. Verm. ii. 103 Turbo sex

anfractibus striatis apertura subrotunda marginata, Walk. Test. Min.
Rar. t. ii.;f. 41. Mont. Test. Brit. 391 .— B. obs. Drap. Moll. 74.— Moist
woods and rocks.

Length fths of an inch ; breadth about one-third of its length : whorls
from five to seven, with faint lines of growth, slightly rounded, ending in a
blunt knob ; pillar-lip nearly perpendicular, a little reflected on the pillar-
cavity ; peristome white.

— 82. B. Lackhamensis. — Shell brown, oblong, subcylindrical
in the middle, with a blunt spire ; outer- lip rounded.

Helix Lack. Mont. Test. Brit. 394.— Bui. montanus, Drap. Moll. 74.—
In woods, England.

Length fths of an inch ; breadth one-fourth of the length. Similar in
other respects to the B. obscurus except size, the lines of growth stronger, and
the outer edge of the mouth a little more rounded. Judging from an au-
thentic specimen sent to me by the late Mr Montagu, it seems to be only a
large variety of the preceding species.

~* 83. B. lubricus. — Shell glossy, horn-coloured, bluntly taper-
ing; mouth, externally, narrow.

266 MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. Bulimus.

Buccinura exiguum, quinque anfractum, mucrone acuto, List. An. Ang.
122 — Helix lubrica, Mull. Verm. ii. 104. Mont. Test. Brit. 390.—
Bui. lub. Drap. Moll. 75.—- In moist woods, common.

Lenth |th inch ; breadth one-third of its length ; whorls five or six, near-
ly smooth. Mouth a little oblique, margin white, or with a rosy tinge.

84. B. tuberculatus. — Mouth with a single tubercle on the
body-whorl, near the outer angle.

Turton, Zool. Journ. No. vii. 363. t xiii, f. 4, — Pershore, Worcester-
shire.

Length J an inch ; breadth j^ths. Shell oval, oblong, with six whorls,
rather flat, of a whitish colour ; the lower half of the body-whorl, as well as
the slightly reflected peristome, milk-white ; a small pillar- cavity.

* Natio-alized Species.

1. B. Goodallii. — " A subperforated, turrited, pellucid, pale,
corneous or almost white shell, having from six to seven volu-
tions, and an ovate aperture.11

" Helix Goodalli," Miller, Ann. PhiL xix. 381 — Pine-beds, Bristol.
Length upwards of -,35ths of an inch; the whorls rather flat, sometimes
eight in number ; separating line distinct ; finely striated across by waved
lines of growth. This is the Cochlicella clavulus of Ferrussac We are in-
debted to Mr Miller for publishing a notice of this curious species. Mr
Thomas Drummond, in a letter now before me, says, " The Helix Goodallii
was first pointed out by me in 1810, when I was in the habit of feeding
them, and when I wanted a supply, I merely placed a flat board upon tbe
surface of the tan, and left two or three small worms beneath it (dead ones
of course), and I never saw it fail of being covered with them in a few days."

2. B. dccollatus. — Shell subcylindrical, truncated at the apex.

Buccinum album clavicula productiore fere abrupta, List. Conch, t. xvii.
f. 12 Bui. decoll. Drap. Moll. 76.

Dr Turton gives the following notice respecting this species : " Bulimus
decollatus was observed to breed in great abundance, for many successive
years, in the green-house at Watton, in the south of Devon, the seat of H.
Studdy, Esq., lodged in the earth, under the wood-work, whence they wan-
dered abroad in the summer. This wood-work and the earth were removed,
and replaced with stone, by which the colony was lost ; and all that were

Preserved we owe to the care of Mrs Griffiths and Miss Hill." — Zool. Journ.
fo. viii. 565.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. B. ellipticus. — Elliptical, elongated, rather obtuse, longitudinally ribbed ;
ribs numerous, very small, straight ; aperture small, twice as long as wide,

upon the left side. — Sower. Min. t. 337 Fresh-water Formation, Isle of

Wight

2, B. costillatus Ovate, rather acute, longitudinally costated ; costa? small,

numerous; aperture elongated, acute above. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. 366. —
Fresh-water Formation, Isle of Wight.

3

Achatina. MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 267

Gen. XX. ACHATINA. — Aperture of the shell longer
than broad ; the lip at the pillar truncated.

85. A. acicula — Shell slender, tapering, the last whorl near-
ly as long as all the preceding ones.

Buccinum acicula, Mill. Verm. ii. 150.— B. turritum quinque anfracti-

bus apertura ovali, Walk. Test. Min. t. 11. f. 60 — B. terrestre, Mont.

Test. Brit. 248. t. viii. f. 3. — At the roots of grass and moss, England.

Length ^th of an inch ; whorls six, white, glossy, rather flat ; separating

line distinct ; mouth, with the outer lip thin, nearly even, ending at the

pillar in a short gutter ; inner-lip at the extremity of the pillar subrecurved.

The Achatina octona ; the Buccinum tenue album octo minimum orbium o
List. Conch, t. xx. f. 15. ; the Helix octona of Dr Maton and Mr Rackett,
Linn. Trans, vol. viii. t. v. f. 10., has been hastily considered as referred to
bv Dr Pultney, under the title of Helix octona, Dorset, Cat. p. 49. This is
an extra European species, and the shell of Dr Pultney is probably only the
Lymnea octona.

Gen. XXI. SUCCINEA. — Shell with a short pointed spire ;
mouth longer than broad.

86. S. putris. — Shell oblong, of three whorls, with a yellow-
ish tinge.

Buccinum subflavum pellucidum trium spirarum, List. An. Ang. 141.
t. ii £ 24. ; Conch, t. 123. f. 23.— Helix putris, Linn. Syst. i. 1249.

H. succinea, Mull. Verm. ii. 97- — H. putris, Mont. Test. Brit. 376.

t. xvi. f. 4. — Among subaquatic plants, common.
Length about fths of an inch, of a yellow or green tinge, finely striated by
the layers of growth. Body-whorl very large, the other small, pointed ; aper-
ture very wide in front, thin. Animal cinereous; the longest tentacula
contracted in the fore part. A variety of the shell sometimes occurs with a
thickened, expanded subreflected white lip.

-Gen. XXII. V1TRINA. — Shell with a depressed spire;
mouth transverse.

87. V. pellucida. — Whorls three, glossy, transparent.

Helix pellucida, Mull. Verm. ii. 15 — Vitrina pellucida, Drop. MolL 119.

Hel. elliptica, Brown, Wern. Mem. ii. 525. t. xxiv. f. 8 — Vit. pell.

Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 459. t. iv. f. 1.— Common among moss and grass.
Breadth nearly T23ths ; month rounded, the lip thin, slightly reflected at
the small pillar cavity. The margin of the shield of the animal is double ;
the upper fold divided into several lobes, which are capable of being reflected
over the shell. In 1809, I sent this shell from Zetland, to the late Mr Mon-
tagu, who considered it as the fry of the Helix nitida.

268 MOLLUSC A. PULMONIFERA. Pupa,

Gen. XXIII. PUPA. — Tentacula four, aperture of the shell
rounded, in the direction of the axis.

a. Aperture of the shell toothed.

* Teeth confined to the pillar Up.

88. P. muscorum. — Whorls six, the three last subcylindri-

cal ; the margin of the mouth broad, reflected.

Buccinum exiguum subflavum, mucrone obtuso, sive cylindraceum, List.
An. Ang. 121. — Turbo muscorum, Linn. Syst. i. 1240. Mont. Test.
Brit. 335. — P. muse. Drap. Moll. 59 — Among moss, common.

Length about |th of an inch ; whorls six, increasing rather rapidly from
the apex to the fourth ; separating line distinct ; finely striated across ; of a
horn colour. Mouth with the margin white ; a single tooth on the pillar,
even with the outer lip, and near the inflected junction of the outer lip with
the body -whorl : pillar-cavity, behind, wide, the sides steep.

89- P. marg'mata. — Whorls six, the three last cylindrical ;

the margin of the mouth narrow, reflected.

Drap. Moll. 61 Turbo Chrysalis, Turt. Conch. Diet. 220.— P. marg.

Sheppard, Linn. Trans, xiv. 154.— Not uncommon, under stones and
among grass, England.

Length' about ^th of an inch ; the whorls increasing rapidly from the apex
to the third ; separating line distinct ; finely striated across ; of a brownish
horn colour : margin ot the mouth white ; a single tooth on the pillar, a lit-
tle within, and nearly in the middle ; pillar-cavity, behind, small. This spe-
cies was sent me many years ago, by Dr Leach, from Battersea, under the
title Pupilla marginata. — Mr Sheppard states, that it is common in Suffolk
and Essex.

** Teeth on both lips.

90. P. juniperi. — Whorls nine ; mouth with three teeth on
the outer lip, and four on the pillar.

Turbo jun. Mont. Test. Brit.— Pupa avena. Drap. Moll. 54. — Among
moss and juniper-bushes, England.
Length about \t\\ of an inch, opake brown ; whorls, increasing gradually
from the apex to the fourth, and then continuing nearly cylindrical, rounded ;
separating line distinct ; obliquely striated across ; peristome white, reflect-
ed ; pillar-cavity, behind, small.

91. P. sexdentata. — Whorls five ; mouth with six or seven

teeth ; three of which are on the body lip.

Turbo sexdentatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 337—P. antivertigo, Drap. Moll. 60.
Turbo sex. Sheppard, Linn. Trans, xiv. 156. — At the roots of grass.

Length about a line ; of a brown colour ; whorls increase progressively in
size ; aperture suborbicular ; the outer lip slightly inflected in the middle.

92. P. pygmcea. — Whorls five ; mouth with four teeth, one
of which is on the body-lip.

Drap. Moll. 60. — Among moss, frequent.

Length about ^th of an inch ; brown ; whorls increase progressively ;
peristome a little reflected ; outer lip with two teeth, and a third at the an-

Azeca. MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 269

teal junction with the pillar. This species was confounded with the preced-
ing, by the late Mr Montagu, as appears from his having sent me, on two
different occasions, specimens of P. pygmcea for P. sexdentata*— -It is not a
rare shell.

b. Aperture of the shell destitute of teeth.

93. E. edentula. — Shell obtusely conical, of five or six whorls ;
peristome simple.

Drap. Moll. 59. — Turbo Oftonensis, Sheppard, Linn. Trans, xiv. 155. —

Among grass in woods, England.

Length about a line, brown, pellucid, glossy, finely striated across. In
1 822, Mr Miller sent me specimens of this shell from Bristol, and afterwards
informed me of his possessing a variety having six volutions, with the lip
slightly reflected, and a very minute tooth on the pillar In the shell re-
ferred to by Mr Sheppard, the whorls are seven in number.

94. P. ohtusa. — Shell nearly cylindrical ; peristome thick-
ened.

Drap. Moll. 63.-— Among moss near old walls.

A shell corresponding with this species, except in size and the number of
whorls, was sent me in 1813, by Mr Chalmers, surgeon, Kirkaldy, who found
it in the parish of Balmerino, Fifeshire. It is not a line in length, while
Draparnaud's shell is about half an inch ; this has only five whorls, his has
eight. The whorls increase suddenly to the third, and then continue nearly
of the same size : they are rounded with a deep separating line ; aperture a
little longer than broad; the outer lip inclining to straight, and anteallv
where it joins the pillar, it is a little reflected, so as to form a minute pillar-
cavity.

Gen. XXIV. AZECA— Aperture of the shell oblique, nar-
row retrallv.

95. A. tridens. — Whorls six or seven, slightly raised ; form
ovate.

Turbo tridens, Pull. Dorset. 46. Mmt. test. Brit. 338. t. xi. f. 2. Shep-
pard, Linn. Trans, xiv. 154.— In England and Scotland, rare.
Length upwards of £th of an inch ; brown, translucent, glossy, with dis-
tinct striae. The aperture is rounded at the pillar, becoming very narrow
and gutter-like at the junction of the body-whorl ; this last circumstance pro-
duces the appearance of a dark band along the somewhat indistinct separat-
ing line ; outer-lip with one tooth, inner-lip with two long and two short
teeth ; peristome entire, no pillar- cavity. This species was first observed
by Dr Pultney, in Dorsetshire, and subsequently by different observers in
other places. It is not the Helix tridens of Muller, or the Pupa tridens of Dra-
parnaud. It was sent to me by Dr Leach, under the name of Azeca Maloni.
The generic name I have adopted, but the specific one has been rejected as
an unnecessary change.— Its true place will probably be found in the follow-
ing genus.

no MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. Carychium.

Gen. XXV. CARYCHIUM.— Tentacula two, eyes at the
base behind, aperture oblique.

96. C. minimum. — Whorls tive or six, rounded, smooth,

glossy.

Mull. Verm. 125 — Turbo, Walk. Test. Min. t. ii. f. 51 — T. Car. Mont.
Test. Brit. 339. — Auricula minima, Drap. Moll. 57—- Among moss,
common.

Length about a line, of a pale white colour, the lines of growth very mi-
nute. Aperture slightly contracted retrally ; outer-lip with one tooth, the
inner-lip at the pillar with two teeth. Peristome thickened, reflected. — La-
marck substituted Auricula in place of Carychium, a change in which he has
been followed, of course, by his countrymen.

97. C fuscum. — Whorls six, the lines of growth distinct,
the mouth without teeth.

Turbo quinque anfractibus striatis apertura subovali, Walk. Test. Min.
t. ii. f. 42 — T. fuscus Mont. Test. Brit. 330. — Auricula lineata, Drap.
Moll. 57.— Bulimns lineatus, Turton, Zool. Journ. No. vhi. 565. —
England.

Length about |th of an inch, glossy, brownish 3 separating line distinct,
marginated ; aperture rounded anteally, narrow retrally ; peristome slightly
thickened, white. Tentacula long, between which and the eyes behind are
two jagged spots. This species was first observed at Bysing Wood, near
Faversham, by Walker. Mr Miller, in 1822, informed me that General
Bingham had found it about eleven miles from Bristol, and Dr Turton ob-
serves, that " it is found abundantly in wet springy places in various parts of
Devonshire, imbedded among the Jungermannice, constantly exposed to the
drippings of springs. —A variety is also found of a pale yellowish colour."

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. C. incrassata. — Ovate, ventricose, transversely sulcated, longitudinally
Striated ; spine short ; mouth angular above, with very thick lips ; columella
three-plaited — Auricula ringens, Park, Org. Item. hi. 84. t. v. f. 4. — A. in-
crassata, Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxiii. f. 1-3.— Green Sand, Blackdown.

2. C. turgida — Ovate acute, turgid, transversely striated, shining ; spire
short, acute ; aperture oblong, with thickened lips; columella two-plaited ;
outer-lip smooth within ; thickest in the middle— Auricula turgida, Sower.
Min. Conch, t. clxiii. f. 4.— London Clay, Highgate.

3. C. simulata. — Oval, pointed with transverse laterally toothed costa ;
whorls slightly ventricose ; mouth angular above ; outer-lip sharp, striated
within ; two broad plaits upon the columella. (Bulla sim. Brander, 61.) Soiver.
Min. Conch, t. clxiii. f. 5-8. — London Clay.

4. C. pyramidalis. — Ovate, pointed, smooth ; spine pyramidal ; volutions
rounded above, the last subcylindrical, short ; aperture half the length of
the shell, with a sharp outer-lip, and two plaits upon the columella— Sewer.
Min. Conch, t. ccclxxix. — In Crag. It is probable that these three fossil spe-
cies are marine, and belong to a different genus.

Balea. MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 271

Gen. XXVI. BALEA. — Tentacula four ; pillar simple.

98. B. perversa. — Whorls eight or nine, tapering, rounded.

Buccinum alterum pellucidum subflavum, List. An. Ang. 124. — Turbo
perversus, Mont. Test. Brit. 355. t. xi. f. 12. — Pupa fragilis, Drop.
Moll. 68. — In moss at the roots of trees.
Length nearly half an inch, translucent, with minute sharp lines of growth ;
apex blunt ; whorls tapering regularly ; mouth rounded anteally, becoming
narrow at the retral external angle ; peristome thin on the body, with one
tooth, slightly reflected at the pillar, forming behind a small cavity. Ac-
cording to Lister, the individuals pair in March, a smaller with a larger —
This genus, instituted by Mr Prideaux, has been described by Mr Gray,
Zool. Journ. No. i. (II.

Gen. XXVII. CLAUSILIA.— Tentacula four ; pillar with
an attached pedunculated testaceous scale, for closing the
aperture.

- 99- C. bidens. — Whorls eleven, smooth, glossy ; the pillar-
scale emarginate.

Buccinum exiguum, List. Conch, t. xli. large fig. — Helix bidens, Mull.
Verm. 1 16. — Turbo bidens, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 131. — T. laminatus,
Mont. Test. Brit. 359. t. xi. f. 4 — CI. bidens, Drop. Moll. 68 Eng-
land.

Length about Jths of an inch ; whorls slightly rounded, and well defined
by the separating line; aperture rounded, subquadrangular ; peristome ad-
hering to the body, slightly reflected at the pillar; two conspicuous teeth or
folds on the body, lip, and three others, concealed within the aperture.

- 100. C. perversa. — Whorls twelve, striated, aperture entire,

rounded ; pillar- scale entire.

Buccinum pullum 'opacum ore compresso circiter denis spiris fastigia-
tum, List. An. Ang. 123. Conch, t. xli. f. 39 — Helix perversa, Mull.

Verm. 118. — Turbo bidens, Mont. Test. Brit. 357 Clausilla rugosa,

Drop. Moll. 73 — Turbo nigricans, Maton and Rackctt, Linn, Trans,
viii. 180 — In walls and trees, common.

Length about half an inch, somewhat swollen in the middle, of a brown colour.
Whorls rounded at first, becoming more flat towards the mouth ; lines of
growth distinct ; aperture detached from the body-whorl, rounded anteally,
narrow retrally, with a ridge on the body-whorl behind ; peristome white,
reflected, with two teeth on the pillar-lip ; pillar-scale entire — Judging from
specimens obligingly sent me by Mr Millar, I am inclined to consider his
Turbo Everetti (Annals of Phil. xix. 377-) as belonging to this species.

101. C. biplicata. — Whorls twelve or thirteen, aperture en-
tire, compressed ; pillar-scale entire.

Turbo hip. Mont. Test. Brit. 316. t. ii. f. 5 In Wiltshire.

Length about f ths of an inch, brown, with distinct lines of growth ; whorls
slightly rounded ; aperture narrow at both ends ; peristome entire, detached,
slightly reflected, with two approaching teeth on the body-lip. This species,
specimens of which were sent me by Mr Montagu, does not seem to corre-
spond with any of those described by Draparnaud The Helix' papillaris of

%T2 MOLLUSC A. PULMONIFERA. Vertigo.

Muller (Verm. 120.), to which Montagu refers his species with doubt, is
more probably the T. Mdens of Dr Pultney (Dorset, 46.), which he describes
as having the " sutures of the volutions elegantly crenated," and which Ma-
ton and Rackett (Linn. Trans, viii. 173. t. v. f. 3.) consider as the Turbo
Mdens of Linnaeus, but a species not of British growth.

102. C. plicaiula. — Aperture with five or six teeth on the
body-lip.

Drap. Moll. 72. — C. Rolphii of Leach, Turt. on Zool. Journ. No. viii.
565. — England.
Length about half an inch, swollen in the middle; whorls ten or more, round-
ed towards the apex ; lines of growth well marked, those near the aperture
wrinkled ; aperture subquadrangular, contracted on the outer retral angle.
The teeth vary in number, one at the end of the range large, the interme-
diate ones small. Examples of this shell were sent me by Dr Leach, as a
new species, from Charleston Woods, Kent. I agree, however, with Dr
T urton, in referring it to the C. plicatida of Draparnaud, although the figure
given in his work, expresses less perfectly the shape of the British shell tham
the one which represents C. bidens. — Dr Turton, when noticing this shell, adds,
" At Torquay we found a perfectly formed specimen of the C. parvula, men-
tioned by Dr Leach. It is much less and more slender than C. rugosa of Dra-
parnaud", and is very faintly striate or smooth, except on the lower volution.
The two possessed by the Provost of Eton, are no doubt the same. The
aperture resembles that of C. rugosa."

103. C. labiata. — Whorls nine, flat; the lines of growth strong,
continuous.

T. labiala, Mont. Test. Brit. t. 362. t. xi. f. 6 — On trees near London,
Mr Swainson.
Length fths of an inch, lengthened, light brown, opake ; separating line
obsolete, not interrupting the striae ; aperture suborbicular, contracted re-
trally ; pillar-lip with two teeth ; peristome broad, thick, white, nearly free,
reflected This shell, which has escaped the notice of more recent collec-
tors, is probably only a variety of C. perversa, which exhibits considerable
modifications of growth.

n

Gen. XXVIII. VERTIGO.— Tentacula two, with eyes at*
the tips ; pillar simple.

\ 04. V. pusilia. — Whorls five ; aperture with teeth on both

sides.

Mull. Verm. 124 — Turbo vertigo, Mont. Test. Brit. 363. t. xii. f. 6.—
Pupa vertigo, Drap. Moll. 61. — Ivy -walls, England.

Length about half a line, bluntly conical ; whorls rounded, with distinct
lines of growth ; aperture subtriangular, the base or lip on the body-whorl
has two conspicuous teeth ; the pillar-lip has one near its i-etral extremity ;
the outer-lip has likewise one ; besides these there are sometimes two or
three smaller intermediate teeth ; perisome reflected at the pillar, forming a
distinct cavity.

MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 273

AQUATICA.

Tentacula two, usually Jlat, with eyes at the base. Respire at
the surface of the water. Sexes united ; spawn deposited
under water on aquatic plants. Phytivorous.

a. Shell spiral.

b. Shell turrited.

c. Whorls dextral.
Limnea.
Assiminia.

cc. Whorls sinistral.
Physa.
Aplexa.

bb. Shell discoid. Tentacula filiform.
Planorbis.
Segmentina.

aa. Shell simple, conical.
Ancylus.

Gen. XXIX. LIMNEA. — Aperture of the shell longitudinal ;
the outer lip, in bending in on the pillar, forming an oblique
entering: fold. Tentacula lanceolate.
* Shell turrited.

— 105. L. stagnalis. — Whorls six or seven ; the last large in

proportion.

Bucc. longum 6 spirarum, List. An. Ang. 137- Conch. Tab. 123, f. 21. —
B. stag. Mull. Verm. ii. 132. — Helix stag. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 138.
tab. lxxxvi. f. 130. Mont. Test. Brit. 367— In lakes and stagnant
waters.

Length nearly 2 inches ; brownish, translucent ; lines of growth distinct,
with numerous longitudinal wrinkles ; the upper whorls smooth ; the separat-
ing line distinct. Lister mentions having seen a variety with branched ten-
tacula.

106. L. fragilis. — Whorls six, diaphanous ; upper whorls
with a shallow oblique separating line.

Helix fragilis, Mont. Test. Brit. 369, tab. xvi. f. 7-— In canals in Eng-
land and Ireland.

This species is less than the preceding ; the aperture is narrower ; the
spires increase more gradually, and the first formed ones are less rounded.
It was observed by Montagu, in the Kennet and Avon Canal, Wiltshire. It
likewise occurs in the Grand Canal near Dublin. The specimens I possess
were sent to me by Dr Leach, from the Croydon Canal.

107. L. detrita. — Shell thick, obtusely conical, of six whorls,
with a brown band along the line of separation.

VOL. I. S

274 MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. Limnea,

Helix detrita, Pult. Dorst. 49. Mont. Test. Brit. 384, tab. xi. f. 1

In England and Ireland.

Length fths of an inch; lines of growth numerous, fine, with minute lon-
gitudinal striae, sometimes plain or with one, two, or three brown bands ;
whorls nearly flat ; aperture narrow ; pillar-lip reflected, forming a distinct
cavity behind. Mr Bryer found this shell in a pool near Weymouth, and in
a stream near Dorchester. Dr Turton adds, that it is found at Dublin.
Judging from English and foreign specimens sent to me by the late Rev.
James Lambert senior, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, I am inclined to
consider the Helix detrita of Pultney, and the Bulimus radiatus of Drapernaud,
as distinct species, the latter being a land shell.

108. L. palustrls. — Shell brown ; whorls six, tapering to a

sharp point.

Bucc. minus fuscum, List. An. Aug. 139. Conch, tab. 124. f. 24. — H.
stagnalis, var. B., Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 139.— H. pal. MonL Test. Brit.

370, tab. xvi. f. 10 H. fragilis et fontinalis, Don. Brit. Shells, tab. 175,

f. 1, 2. — In ditches and swamps. Common.

Length about fths of an inch, with numerous lines of growth, and longitu-
dinal wrinkles ; whorls rounded ; peristome thickened, purplish.

109. L. octona. — Whorls eight ; shell subcylindrical, pointed.

Helix octona, Linn. Svst. i. 1248. — Bucc. glabrum, Mull. Verm. ii. 135.
H. oct. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 138, tab. lxxxvi. f. 135. Pult. Dorst. 49.
— H. octanfracta, Mont. Test. Brit. 396, tab. xi. f. 8. — L. elongatus,
Drap. Moll. 53 In slow running ditches.

Length fths, breadth of the body-whorl about Ath of an inch ; yellow-
ish-brown ; whorls rather flat, striated across ; mouth narrow ; fold on the
pillar elevated. Animal dusky ; foot short ; tentacula narrow, flat ; eyes at
the internal base, in a shallow cavity, covered by a small protuberance, re-
sembling the rudiments of tentacula. This seems a very local species. Mon-
tagu found it in Cornwall ; and it has occurred to me in several ditches in the
upper part of Linlithgowshire. The Physa scaluriginum of Drapernaud,
(Moll. 56), and named as British by Dr Turton (Zool.' Journ.N'. VIII. 565.)
seems to be only the young of this species.

— 110. L.Jhssaria. — Whorls five, rounded; pillar-lip broad, re-
flected.

H. foss. Mont. Test. Brit. 372, tab. xvi. f. 9. — In shallow muddy pools.
Common.

Length |ths of an inch ; whorls increasing more rapidly than in the preced-
ing ; striated across, and wrinkled longitudinally ; sepai'ating line deep ; mouth
wide ; lip, in descending on the pillar, broad and reflected, exhibiting the
oblique fold very indistinctly — This is probably the Turbo striatus quatuor
anfractibus apertura ovali marginata of Walker, Test. Min. tab. ii. f. 57, called
T. rivulus, by Montagu, and Limnea minuta by Drap. Moll. 53. — This spe-
cies and the L. octona frequently creep out of the water, and. remain for some
time in a quiescent stale.

** Shell vcntr'icose.

111. L. Ihnosa. — Whorls five; the first four rounded; mouth

slightly contracted.

H. lim. Linn. Syst. i. 1249.— Bucc. peregrum, Mull. Verm. ii. 130.— H.
putris, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 139, tab. lxxxvi. f. 137— H. peregra.

Limnea. MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 275

Mont. Test. Brit. 373, tab. xvi. f. 3 — L. ovatus, Drap. Moll. 50 — In
ponds and rivers. Common.
Length seldom exceeding an inch ; translucent, with minute lines of
growth, and longitudinal wrinkles.— This shell, every where abundant, exhi-
bits considerable differences in its mode of growth and forms, according to the
places it inhabits, and has given rise to the construction of many spurious
species.

— 112. L. auricularia. — Whorls four, the three first minute,

flat pointed.

Buccinum pellucidum, subflavum, quatuor spirarum, mucrone acutissi-
mo, testae apertura omnium maxima, List. An. Ang. 139. Conch,
tab. 123, f. 22 — H. auricula, Linn, Syst. i. 1250. Penn. Brit. Zool.
iv. 138. Mont. Test. Brit. 375, tab. xvi. f. 2 In stagnant pools. Eng-
land.

Length about an inch, thin, subpellucid, striated across, and wrinkled lon-
gitudinally ; mouth wide ; the outer lip semicircular. — This species is often
confounded with the preceding, from which it differs in the apex being more
pointed, the three first spires more minute, and the outer lip more expanded.

113. L. glutinosa. — Whorls three; the two first minute, the
last ventricose, and diaphanous.

Bucc. glut. Mull. Verm. ii. 12G — Helix glut. Mont. Test. Brit- 379,
tab. xvi. f. 5. — In ponds. England.

Length about half an inch, thin, fragile, glossy, nearly smooth ; aperture
oval, without the fold on the pillar-lip. Animal large in proportion to its
shell ; of a yellow colour.

114. L. lutea. — Whorls scarcely three; the last large in pro-
portion ; pillar-lip spreading.

H. lutea, Mont. Test. Brit. 380, tab. xvi. f. 6. Turt. Conch. Diet. 69.
Shepp. Linn. Trans, xiv. 169. England.

Length half an inch, suboval, subpellucid, yellow, smooth, apex obtuse,
aperture patulous, oval. — The two authors first quoted seem to consider this
, as a sea-shell; while the last states that he has taken it in abundance at
Winthorpe, on the banks of the Trent, after a flood, and at least thirty miles
above its junction with the salt-water. He adds, " it probably inhabits the
depths of rivers."

115. Assiminea Grayana. — Dr Leach sent me, several years
ago, a shell, from Greenwich marshes, constituting " a new fresh
water genus,1'' under the title Assiminea Grayana. The lip is
thickened on the pillar, and reflected over the cavity, but is des-
titute of the oblique fold ; and the lip does not extend over the
body-whorl. The colour is brown ; the whorls six in number,
conical, regularly increasing in size, glossy, with minute lines of
growth. Length about Ta0ths of an inch.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. L.fusiformis — Subfusiform, smooth; sides of the spire nearly straight ;
aperture narrow, half the length of the shell, Sower. Min. Conch, tab. 169*
£ 2, 3 — Fresh water formation, Isle of Wight.

S 2

276' MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. Physa.

2. L. minima. — Elongated, smooth ; volutions rather convex ; aperture less
than half the length of the shell, ovate ; last whorl not ventricose, Sower.
Min. Conch, tat). 169, f. 1. — Fresh water formation, Isle of Wight.

3. L. longiscata. — Elongated, smooth ; aperture ovate, elongated ; two-fifths
the length of the shell ; plait upon the columella obscure, Sower. Min. Conch,
tab. 343. — Upper fresh water formation, Headon Hill.

4. L. maxima. — Ovate elongated, rather obtuse ; whorls about six, slight-
ly concave; aperture narrow, occupying less than half the length of the shell,
Sower. Min. Conch, tab. 538. f. 1. — Fresh water formation, Isle of Wight.

5. L. columellaris. — Ovate pointed ; spire short ; whorls about 5, convex ;
aperture wide, above half the length of the shell ; columella much twisted,
and very thick, Sower. Min. Conch, tab. 528, f. 2. — Fresh water strata, Hord-
well Cliff.

G. L. pyramidalis. — Ovate acute ; whorls convex ; aperture half as long as
the shell, dilated ; plait of the pillar obscurely divided, Sower. Min. Conch,
tab. 528, f. 3 — In the fresh water formation of Headon Hill, Isle of Wight.

Gen. XXX. PHYSA. — Shell convoluted ; aperture longitu-
dinal ; peristome wanting in the body-whorl ; margin of the
. cloak loose, divided into lobes, and capable of being reflect-
ed over the surface of the shell, near the mouth.

116. P.jbnt'inalis. — Whorls four, increasing suddenly from

the apex to the body- whorl, which is very large.

Buccinum exiguum, List. An. Ang. 142. Conch, tab. 134, f. 34 Pla-

norbis Bulla, Mull. Verm. ii. 167 Bulla fontinalis, Linn. Syst. L

1185. Mont. Test. Brit. 226 — Ph. font. Drap. Moll. 54.— Common
in lakes and slow running streams.

Length about half an inch ; pellucid, glossy, horn-coloured, with minute
lines of growth ; whorls rounded ; aperture narrow behind ; the body-whorl
projecting. Animal pale dusky yellow ; an interesting object when viewed
crawling against the surface of the water, and extending its delicate, trans-
parent, divided cloak over the surface of the shell. The P. alba of Dr Tur-
ton, Zool. Journ. vol. ii. p. 363. t. xiii. f. 3, does not appear to be distinct.

Gen. XXXI. APLEXA. — Shell convoluted ; peristome en-
tire ; pillar- lip with a fold ; margin of the cloak entire, and
incapable of being reflected over the shell.

117. A. hypnorum. — Spire lengthened; aperture rounded an-

teally.

Bucc. heterostrophon, List. Conch, tab. 1059, f. 5. — Planorbis turritus,
Mall. Venn. Hist. ii. 169.— Bulla hypnor. Linn. Syst. i. 1185. — Turbo
stagnalis, Walk. Test. Min. 15. tab. ii. f. 54,— Bulla hyp. Mont. Test
Brit. 228. — Not uncommon in lakes and slow running streams.

Length upwards of half an inch, deep horn-colour, glossy, translucent ;
whorls four or five, rather flat, the last one occupying two-thirds of its whole
length ; aperture narrow behind, the outer-lip nearly straight ; pillar-lip thick,
reflected.

Planorbis. MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. OT

118. A. rivalis. — Spire short, pointed ; aperture contracted

anteally.

Bulla riv. Maton and Racked, Linn. Trans, viii. 126. tab. iv. f. 2. Turt>
Conch. Diet. 26. — Physa subopaca, Lamark, Hist. Vert. vol. vi. p. 2. 157*
— In slow streams, rare.

Length scarcely half an inch ; pale horn-coloured, glossy; whorls five, the
last occupying fths of the whole length ; apex pointed ; aperture with the
outer-lip more rounded than the last, and the pillar-lip more recurved an-
teally This shell was first recorded as having been found in Hampshire, by

Mr Hay. Dr Turton has seen it alive at Naas, in Ireland. Other localities
have been mentioned, but they are regarded as spurious. — It is a common
shell from the West Indies.

Gen. XXXII. PLANORBIS.— Cavity of the shell entire,
sinistral ; the vent, pulmonary cavity, and sexual organs on
the left side ; tentacula filiform.

* Whorls rounded on the margin.

— 119. P. corneus. — Whorls four, rounded; concave above;
mouth suborbicular.

Cochlea pulla, List. An. Ang. 143. Conch, t. 137- f. 41 — Planorbis
purpura, Mull. Verm. ii. 154 — Helix cornea, Linn. Syst. i. 1243.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 134. Mont. Test. Brit. 449 — In ponds and slow
streams. England.
Breadth about an inch ; brown, glossy ; lines of growth distinct ; whorls
above, increasing rapidly, and forming a central cavity ; below, the whorls are
nearly on the same plane, well defined by the separating line ; last whorl pro-
jecting into the cavity of the aperture. When irritated, the animal pours
forth a purple fluid from the sides, between the foot and margin of the cloak.
The H. nana of Pennant is the young of this species.

120. P. spirorbis. — Whorls five, rounded ; flat above ; aper-
ture suborbicular.

Mull. Verm. ii. 161. H. spir. Linn. Syst. i. 1244. Mont. Test. Brit.
455, Suppl. tab. xxv, f. 2 — In pools.
Breadth about T3gths of an inch ; nearly equally flat on both sides ; of a
brown colour ; whorls round, slender, and increasing in size very gradually ;
deeplv divided by the separating line ; aperture nearly round, scarcely inter-
rupted by the body-whorl. —This species is stated by Montagu as common in
England. In Scotland it has occurred to us only in Livingstone Woods,
West Lothian-

121. P. contortus. — Whorls six, compressed ; flat above, con-
cave below.

Helix con. Linn. Syst. i. 1244 — Plan. con. Mull. Verm. ii. 162.— H. con.
Mont. Test. Brit. 457. tab. xxv. f. 6.— In pools and ditches, not com-
mon.
Breadth about T25ths of an inch ; whorls compressed, rounded, even on the
upper side, narrow, and deeply divided by the separating line ; beneath, a
large central cavity ; aperture narrow, bent.

27S MOLLUSC A. PULMONIFERA. Planorbis.

122. P. albus. — Concave on both sides, striated transversely
and longitudinally ; aperture oblique, dilated.

Mull. Verm. ii. 164. — Helix umbilicata quatuor anfractibus apertura sub-
rotunda, Walk. Test. Min. 5. tab. 1. l!) — Helix alba, Mont. Test. Brit.
459. Supp. tab. xxv. f. 7 — P. bispidus, Drop. Moll. 43 — In ponds, com-
mon.

Breadth about a quarter of an inch ; whorls four, last whorl greatly larger
than the preceding one, slightly depressed ; aperture entire ; lower-lip join-
ing the body, ascending ; the upper-lip advanced.

123. P. nautilus. — Shell flat above, concave below, with

transverse ridges, which, on the margin, form a spinous ridge.

Turbo Nautilus, Linn. Syst. i. 1241 — P. imbricatus, Mull. Verm. ii.

165 Helix, Walk. Test. Min. 6. t. i. f. 20, 21.— Turbo Naut. Mont.

Test. Brit. 466. Supp. t. xxv. f. 5 — In ditches in England, common.

Breadth |th of an inch ; whorls four, flat, but well defined by the separat-
ing line ; below, a deep cavity, exhibiting more rounded whorls ; aperture en-
tire, suborbicular. As the transverse ridges are partly cuticular, they are
liable to be rubbed off.

124. P. nitidus. — Glossy ; a central cavity on both sides ;

aperture interrupted by the preceding whorl.

Mull. Verm. ii. 163 Helix fontana, Lightfoot, Phil. Trans. 1786, 165.

t. 11. f. 1, 4. Mont. Test. Brit. 462. t. vi. f. 6 — In ditches, England
and Scotland.

Breadth about Te5ths of an inch ; nearly equally convex on both sides ;
above, the body-whorl is highest on its central edge, sloping downwards to
the exterior margin ; the shallow central cavity exhibits the preceding whorls ;
below, the body-whorl is nearly flat, and the deep central cavity scarcely dis-
plays the preceding whorl ; aperture subtriangular, the lips on both sides em-
bracing the body-whorl.

** Whorls carinated-

125. P. vortex. — Whorls six or seven; slightly concave above;

beneath flat.

Cochlea exigua subfusca, List. An. Ang. 145. Conch, t. 138. f. 43. — He-
lix vort. Linn. Syst. i. 1243 Planorbis vort. Mull. Verm. ii. 158. —

H. vort. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 133. Mont. Test. Brit. 454. Supp. t. xxv.
f. 3 In ditches, England and Ireland.

Breadth §tbs of an inch ; whorls increasing gradually, narrow, broadest on
the under side ; slightly carinated near the lower edge ; mouth subtriangular.

In its young state, this seems to be the Helix rhombea of Dr Turton, Conch.

Diet. 47.

126. P. complanatus. — Whorls five, carinated at the lower
edge ; above, nearly concave ; beneath slightly flat.

Helix comp. Linn. Syst. 1242. — Plan, umbilicatus, Mull. Verm, 160 —
H. comp. Mont. Test. Brit. 450. Supp. t. 25. f. 3.— P. marginatus, Drap.

Moll. 45 In ponds and ditches, common.

Breadth upwards of half an inch ; whorls increasing so as to form a slight
concavity ; rounded ; line of separation deep ; close upon the under margin is
the keel, which does not enter the subquadrangular aperture ; the whorls be-
low slightly rounded ; lines of growth distinct ; tentacula dusky, dark in the
middle.

Segmentina. MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 279

— 127. P. carinatus. — Whorls four ; keel near the middle of the
whorl, and entering the aperture. /

Cochlea fusca, List. An. Ang. 145. Conch, t. 138. f. 42.— Helix Planor-
bis, Linn. Syst. i. 1242. — P. car. Mull. Verm. ii. 157-— H. car. Mont.
Test. Brit. 451. Supp. t. xxv. £ 1 — In ditches.
This shell chiefly differs from the preceding, in the whorls above increasing
more rapidly, forming a larger central cavity ; in the greater flatness below ;
in the ridge entering the aperture ; and in the tentacula being pellucid yel-
low.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. P. ajlindricus.— Cylindrical; left side concentrically striated ; volutions
three or four, adpressed ; aperture oblong, quadrangular. — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. 140. f. 2. — Fresh-water formation, Isle of Wight.

2. P. obtusus. — Depressed ; left side most concave ; volutions embracing^
slightly compressed on the right ; aperture obliquely and obtusely obcordate*
—Sower. Min. Conch, t. 140. f. 3. Isle of Wight.

3. P. lens Lenticular, subcarinated ; volutions embracing ; aperture very

oblique, obcordate Sower. Min. Conch, t. 140. f. 4. Isle of Wight.

4. P. hemestoma Depressed, smooth ; right side convex, umbilicate ; left

side flat; aperture oblique, sub triangular. — Soioer. Min. Conch, t. 140. f. C.
Plastic-clay, Plumstead.

5. P. radiatus Lenticular, radiated ; left side umbilicate ; volutions near-
ly concealed ; aperture obcordate. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. 140. f. 5. Green-
sand,

6. P. euomphalus.~— Depressed, subcarinated ; concentrically striated ; right
side flat; left side hvrgely umbilicate; aperture subtriangular. — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. 140. f. 1, 9. Isle of Wight — The P. rotundatus of Brongniart is
mentioned in the Mineral Conchology as occurring in Hordwell Cliff, along
with Limnea columellaris, t. 528. The three last species are probably marine,
and belong to the genus Skenea.

Gen. XXXIII. SEGMENTING— Shell divided internally
by transverse partitions, into several chambers, which com-
municate with each other by triradiated apertures.

128. S. lineaia, — Shell convex above, flat beneath, with a
central cavity on both sides.

Helix lineata dorso convexo umbilicata margine acuto, Walk. Test. Min.

8. t. l.f. 28 Nautilus lacustris, Lighffoot, Phil. Trans. 1786, 160. t. 1.

f. 1, 7. Mont. Test. Brit. 191. t. vi. f. 3 — On aquatic plants in ditches,

England.
Breadth scarcely a quarter of an inch, glossy, horn-coloured, with a whitish
spiral line at the junction of the whorls above ; whorls below, flat, with an
acute margin ; aperture obliquely semioval, the lips clasping the body ; cham-
bers distant, three in the body-whorl ; partitions of three subtriangular dis-
tinct plates, two lateral and one on the central side ; these partitions form
white centroperipheral lines externally.

280 MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. Segmentina,

Gen. XXXIV. ANCYLUS.— Shell conical; foot short ; tenta-
cula short, flat, and a little truncated.

129- A.jluviatilis. — Aperture suborbicular ; apex lateral.

Patella fluviatilis, List. An. Ang. 151. Conch. 1. 141, f. 39. — P. lacustris,
Linn. Svst. i. 1260,— An. fluv. Mull. Verm. ii. 201.— P. fluv. Mont.

Test. Brit. 482. Don. Brit. Shells, t. 147 On stones in rivulets,

common.

Length about fths, breadth fths of an inch ; height nearly equal to the
breadth ; horn-coloured, with concentric wrinkles crossed by faint lines ; apex
pointed, a little recurved.

130. A. lacustris. — Aperture oblong ; apex nearly central.

Mull. Verm. 199 — Patella oblonga, Light. Phil. Trans. 1786, 168. t. 111.
f. I, 6 — P. lac. Mont. Test. Brit. 484. Don. Brit. Sh. t. 150 — On
plants in ditches and lakes.

Length ith of an inch ; breadth |th, height scarcely y^th of an inch, thin*
smooth, greenish, compressed; apex low, pointed, recurved.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. A. elegans. — Convex, subconical ; aperture longitudinally obovate ; apex
oblique, eccentric, near the narrowest part of the aperture — Sower. Min.

Conch, t. 533 Found in dark-grey sand of the London clay, at Hordwell, by

Charles Lyell, Esq. jun.

MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. £81

BRANCHIFERA.

I. Tribe. — Nudibrancliia.

a. Branchiae when at rest not covered by a lid. Nudibranchia.

b. Branchiae issuing from the cloak dorsally.

c. Body destitute of a shell. Marine.

d. Anus situate near the posterior extremity of the back,
and surrounded with a fringe of plumose branchiae.
Doris.
Polycera.

dd. Anus on the right side unconnected with the branchiae,
which are disposed along the back and sides, and un-
connected with membranaceous expansions. Jaws
corneous.

e. Tentacula two in number.
Tergipes.
Tritonia.

ee. Tentacula four in number.
JMontagua.
Eolida.
ce. Body covered by a spiral shell. Lacustrine.
Valvata.

bb. Branchiae issuing latterly from between the cloak and the fool.
Body protected dorsallv by a shell. Cyclobranchia. Marine.
Patella.
Chiton.

aa. Branchiae single, when at rest concealed under a lid. Tectibran-
chia. Marine.

b. Head with tentacula.
Aplysia.
Pleurobranchus.

bb. Head destitute of tentacula.
Bulba.

II. Tribe. — Pectinibranchia.

a. Heart entire, and detached from the rectum. Cryptobraxchia.

ma. Heart with two auricles, and traversed by the rectum. Scoti-
branchia.

282 MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. Doris.

Gen. XXXV. DORIS. — Oral, tentacula two ; vent destitute
of scales.

131. D. Ar go, — Body nearly smooth ; branchial plumes

about twelve in number.

Linn. Syst. i. 1083. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 43. t. xxii. t.22 Among the

sea-weeds and crevices of rocks near low water-mark, common.

The usual length is about 3 inches, convex above, and rounded at each ex-
tremity ; of a lemon-yellow colour, slightly freckled, sometimes tinged with
brown. Spawn white, gelatinous and compressed.

132. D. verrucosa. — Cloak closely covered with prominent

tubercles ; branchial plumes about 24 in number.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 43. t. xxi. f. 23. Cuvier, Ann. Mus. iv. t. lxxiii.

f. 4, 5 Common with the preceding; frequently cast ashore by

storms.

Length about an inch, of a whitish colour, more or less freckled with
brown. The tubercles are rough, and of different sizes, those at the base of
the "upper tentacula are compressed ; they are pervious at the summits.
Margin entire, waved. Tentacula round and smooth towards the base, com-
pressed and imbricated towards the summit. Branchial plumes arranged in
a semicircle, those at each end shortest.

133. D. Icevis. — Cloak smootli in the middle, slightly tuber-
culated towards the margin; branchial plumes 8 in number.

Mull. Zool. Dan. t. xlvii. f. 3-5— Common among the Zetland Isles.

Length about half an inch, rounded in front, narrow behind ; of a milk-
white colour.

134. D. marginata. — Cloak smooth, tinged with pink ; an
undulating membranaceous border, usually four pointed, in
front.

Mont. Linn. Trans, vii. Id. t. vii. f. 7-— Coast of Devonshire.

Length about a quarter of an inch, oval, whitish ; tentacula wrinkled ; the
branchial plumes are figured as 7 in number, and the head as slightly emar-
ginate.

This species is certainly distinct from the D. loevis of Muller, to which
Montagu refers it ; though it may be no other than the D. electrina of Pen-
nant, whose notices, however, are too imperfect to give much weight to the
conjecture.

135. D. nodosa. — Cloak with four equidistant papilla? on
each side the medial line.

Mont. Linn. Trans, ix. 107- t. vii. f. 2 — Coast of Devon.

Length about half an inch ; white, with a tinge of pink on the back. Foot
broad in front, pointed behind, forming a membranaceous border. Upper

tentacula short, perfoliated towards the extremity According to Montagu,

this species is rare on the coast of Devon. I have once observed it among
the rocks at St Andrew's.

Polyceka. MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. 283

136. D. quadricornis. — Cloak smooth in the middle, with a
row of obsolete tubercles on each side ; tentacula approximat-
ing in pairs.

Mont. Linn. Trans, xi. 17- 1. iv. f. 4. — Coast of Devon.
Length |ths of an inch, mottled with brown and white ; tentacula long,
slender ; branchial plumes about 8 in number.

137. D. nigricans. — Cloak thickly covered with short lan-
ceolate tubercles ; branchial plumes about 8 in number.

Flem. Edin. Encyc. vol. xiv. p. 618 — Zetland.
Length about half an inch, pale, freckled with dusky ; cloak emarginate
anteally ; sheath of the superior tentacula notched in the margin.

Gen. XXXVI. POLYCERA.— Oral, tentacula exceeding
two in number ; branchiae, when at rest covered, by two
scales.

138. Y.flava. — Oral, tentacula four ; superior tentacula awl
shaped ; branchial scales smooth, produced.

Doris flava, Mont. Linn. Trans, vii. 79- t. vii. f. 6 — Coast of Devon.
Length upwards of half an inch, narrow behind ; body spotted with bright
orange yellow ; branchial plumes 7 in number, behind which are the long
scales or fleshy appendages.

139- P- pennigera. — Upper tentacula subclavate, perfoliate,
with a bifid basilar sheath.

Doris penn. Mont. Linn. Trans, xi. 17- t. iv. f. 5. — Devon coast, rare.

Length an inch ; bifid anteally, acuminated behind ; spotted with orange
and black ; branchial plumes 5, with two bifid appendages.— .The absence of
the oral tentacula, and the peculiar character of the superior ones, and of the
branchial appendage, mark this species as the type of a new genus, which may
be termed Thecacera.

In 1814 I observed an animal in a pool among the rocks on the shore near
Aberbrothock, Angus-shire, which probably belonged to the genus Polycera,
but which I was unable to secure. The oral tentacula were 6 in number ;
the superior tentacula produced, and beautifully pinnate ; the branchial plumes
were numerous ; body wide before, becoming very narrow behind the vent.

Gen. XXXVII. TERGIPES— Branchise, furnished witli
a sheath at the base, in a single row on each side, and ca-
pable of acting as suckers.,

• 140. T. maculatus. — Branchia?, 4 on each side and 1 near
the extremity of the body, consisting of a clavate sheath with
a sexpartite margin, and a concave summit with a central pa-
pilla.

Doris maculata, Mcnt. Linn. Trans, vii. 80. t. vii. f. 8, 9.— Coast of
Devon.

284 MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. Tritonia.

Length about a quarter of an inch, of a slender form, the front obtuse, ta-
pering behind, of a pale yellow, with minute pink spots ; tentacula slender,
filiform, with a large trumpet-shaped basilar sheath.

Gen. XXXVIII. TRITONIA. — Branchial plumes in a
row on each side the back, and destitute of basilar sheaths.

141. T. Hombergii. — Branchiae forming a continuous plu-
mose crest on each side the cloak, between which and the mar-
gin of the foot, the body is compressed and smooth.

Cuv. Ann. Mus. i. t. xxxi. f. 1, 2 — (Limace de mer palmifere, Diquemare,
Journ. Phys. Oct. 1785, t. ii.)- Firth of Forth.

Length upwards of 2 inches, sometimes approaching to 8 ; of a purplish
colour. Cloak convex, thickly covered with unequal soft tubercles ; tenta-
cula consisting of five plumose divisions, each surrounded at the base by a

prominent ring This, the largest species of the genus, was first detected in

our seas by J. G. Daly el, Esq. the learned author of the treatise on the
PlanaricB.

142. T. arbor escens. — Branchiae, 5 or 6 on each side, in the
form of plumose tubercles.

Doris arb. Mull. Zool. Dan. Prod. p. 229 — Fab. Fauna gr. 346. T. arb.
Cuv. Ann. Mus. vi. t. lxi. f. 8-10. Flem. Edin. Encyc. xiv. 619.
Length about an inch ; foot narrow, sides compressed ; cloak smooth, its
margin above the mouth with four plumose appendages ; branchiae decreas-
ing in size towards the tail ; tentacula conical, transversely striated ; the
sheath with a divided margin. I have found this species in the Zetland
Isles, agreeing with the characters of Cuvier, with this difference, that the
branchiae in his are only 5 on each side, while in our specimen they appeared
to be 6. But as the two posterior ones are very small, and as his examples
were preserved in spirits, it is probable that they have escaped detection. It
has likewise been found in the Frith of Forth, by Dr Grant, who, when keep-
ing it confined in a glass vessel, observed that it possessed the power of emit-
ing distinctly audible sounds.

143. T. pinnatifida. — Branchiae 9 on each side, ovate and
imbricated with conical papillae.

Doris pin. Mont. Linn. Trans, vii. 79. t. vii. f. 2, 3 — Coast of Devon.
Length Ts5ths of an inch; body slender, rounded in front, tapering behind,
of a grey colour, spotted with green. Tentacula filiform, with a trumpet-
shaped basilar sheath. The branchiae are longer than the breadth of the
the body, and the papillae, which have black tips, are arranged in 5 or 6
whorls.

144. T. bifida. — Branchiae, in a single row on each side, nu-
merous, unequal, ovate, pedunculated.

Doris bif. Mont. Linn. Trans, xi. 198. t. xiv. f. 3 — Coast of Devon.
Length about a quarter of an inch ; body linear, acuminated behind, the
front rounded, of a whitish colour, with a reddish brown line on each side of
the back. Sheath of the tentacula broad, erect, bifid ; behind which are two
black eyes. Branchiae, 12 on each side, 3 in each division larger than the
rest, the club semitransparent, uniform on the surface, but complicated
within.

Montagua. MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. 285

Gen. XXXIX. MONTAGUA. — Branchiae in continuous
rows across the back ; a cluster of short papillae on the
right side.

145. M. longicornis. — Anterior tentacula filiform, produced,
superior ones short ; branchiae linear.

Doris long. Mont. Linn. Trans, ix. 107« t. vii. f. i. — Coast of Devon.

Length half an inch ; body slender, acuminated behind, of a yellowish-
white, tinged with pink ; eyes 2, at the base of the superior tentacula. The
cluster of papilla? near the eyes ; branchiae, in four transverse rows, pink,
spotted with white.

146. M. cceruUa. — Tentacula linear, nearly of equal length;
branchiae ovate.

Doris coer. Mont. Linn. Trans, ix. 78. t. vii. f. 4,5 — Coast of Devon.

Length a quarter of an inch ; of a green colour ; the eyes at the base of
the superior tentacula. Papillae two, oval, of a pink colour, placed between
the second and third row of branchiae, and a little inclining to one side ;
branchiae in 5 or 6 rows, green at the bast, blue in the middle, and orange at
the tip ; body of a linear form.

Gen. XL. EOLIDA. — Branchiae interrupted on the back.

147. E. papillosa. — Sides thickly covered with subulate

branchiae.

Doris, Baster. Op. Sub. i. 81. t. x. f. 1 — Limax papillosus, Linn. Syst. i.

1082 Purple Doris, Cordiner, Rem. Ruins, No. xxi. f. d — Dor. pa-

pil. Mull. Zool. Dan. t. cxlix. f. 1-4. Mont. Linn. Trans, xi. 16. t. iv.
f. 3 D. vermigera, Turton, Brit. Fauna, 133 — Common, among sea-
weeds, near low water.

Length nearly 3 inches, of a brownish colour, tinged with purple. Ten-
tacula linear, the lower ones smooth, the upper ones annulated. The bran-
chiae appear to be disposed obliquely in rows, containing about ten in each ;
they cease before reaching the retral extremity.

148. E. plumosa. — A single row of simple linear branchiae
on each side.

Tritonia plumosa, Flem. Edin. Encyc xiv. G19. — In Zetland.
Length about half an inch. The superior tentacula pinnated towards the
dextral extremity ; the front ones simple.

149. E. pedata. — Branchia collected in four tufts on each
side. Tentacula subclavate, wrinkled.

Doris ped. Mont. Linn. Trans, xi. 197. t. xiv. f. 2 — Coast of Devon.

Length half an inch, body slender, acuminated, of a pink colour. The
eyes behind the superior tentacula. Branchiae inclining to a scarlet colour,
filiform, numerous in each tuft. Foot with a lateral fleshy expansion on
each side.

150. E. purpurascens. — Five bundles of branchiae on each
side. Tentacula linear.

286 MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. Valvata.

Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 470. t. iv. f. 2 — Frith of Tay.

Length about an inch, slender, pointed behind, rounded in front, of a pink
colour. Anteal tentacula, shorter than the superior ones, which have the
eyes behind. Three filiform branchiae in each bundle.

Gen. XLI. VALVATA. — Shell spiral ; aperture circular,
operculated. Branchiae single, plumose issuing from the
neck.

151. V. cristata. — Shell depressed, of three or four whorls,

nearly flat above, concave below.

Mull. Verm. ii. 198. — Helix cornea quatuor anfractibus apertura rotun-
da, Walk. Test. Min. 5. t. i. f. 18 — Helix exist. Mont Test. Brit.
460. fig. i. f. 7, 8. — In rivers and ditches, England.

Breadth about T'nth of an inch, light horn-coloured ; whorls rounded, in-
creasing gradually, slightly wrinkled across ; the central cavity exposes all
the whorls ; aperture attached to the body-whorl, but not interrupted by it ;
operculum spirally striated. Animal dusky, tentacula three, two placed in
front, at the base of which are the eyes, and one on the right side, corres-
ponding with the branchia, setaceous and produced. Front emarginate.

152. V. piscinalis. — Shell turrited, whorls four or five, round-
ed, with a large central cavity.

Nerita pis. Mull. Verm. ii. 172 — Turbo tribus anfractibus, umbilicatus
apertura subrotunda, Walk. Test. Min. 15. t. ii. f. 56. — Turbo fonti-
nalis, Mont. Test. Brit. 348. t. xxii. f. 4 — In lakes and slow running
streams, common.
Breadth and height about a quarter of an inch. Whorls increasing rapid-
ly, yellowish-brown, distinctly striated across ; central cavity distinct, but
not large ; apex obtuse ; aperture orbicular, lip thin, slightly attached to the
body-whorl ;• operculum spirally striated, with a central knob. Animal like
the last.

Gen. XLII. PATELLA. Limpet.— Shell entire, conical;
snout with two pointed tentacula, with eyes at the base ;
tongue long, strap-shaped, covered with three rows of in-
terrupted reflected short spines.

153. P. vulgata. Common Limpet. — Shell with about four-
teen obsolete angles ; apex nearly central, blunt.

P. ex livido cinerea, striata, List. An. Ang. 195. ; Conch, t. dxxxv. 14.

P. vul. Linn. Syst. i. 1258. Mont. Test. Brit. 475 Common on

rocks, near low water-mark.

Shell sometimes 2\ inches long, and 2 inches broad in the aperture, and \\
inch in height. It is subject to great variation in the height of the apex,
the elevation and number of the markings, the form of the aperture, and the
thickness. Foot oval, snout subcylindrical ; margin of cloak fringed ; bran-
chial circle complete — This species is of great value as a bait in onr fisheries,
and even as an article of food.

154. P. intorta. — Shell with numerous rough ribs ; apex
prominent, submarginal, and slightly dccurved.

3

Patella. MOLLUSC A. BRANCIIIFERA. 287

renn. Brit. Zool. iv. 143. t. xc. f. 148. Don. Brit. Sh. t. cxlvi. Laskey,
Wern. Mem. i. 411. Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 154 — Shores of Angle-
sea, coast of Devon, and Frith of Forth, rare.
Length three quarters, breadth half an inch, slightly depressed anteally,
of a brown colour ; the ribs are unequal, covered, especially towards the mar-
gin, with arched reflected scales. Montagu compares it, when at a distance,
to a nutmeg.

155. Y.pdluchla. — Shell ovate, thin, pellucid, with lines of

rich azure spots from the apex to the margin.

P. mirna, levis, pellucida, aliquot cceruleis lineis eleganter insignita,
List. Conch, t. Dxliii. f. 27 — P. minor. Wall. Ork. 41 — P. pull. Linn.
Syst. i. 1260. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 143 — Common, on the broad
leaves of various Fuci.

Length sometimes nearly an inch, breadth |ths, height fths ; nearly
smooth, glossy, apex near the margin, frequently obsolete. The coloured
lines vary in number ; in young specimens they are sometimes wanting, but
in their place lines of brown. The branchial circle is interrupted at the
head. The margin of the cloak is fringed with filaments of unequal length.

156. P. leevis. — Shell concentrically wrinkled, apex tubercu-
lar, subcentral.

List. Conch, t. Dxlii. f. 28. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 144. t. xc. f. 151

P. ccerulea, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 152. — On the stalks of the larger
Fuci, common.

Length upwards of an inch, breadth T8sths, height Ts5ths, of a brown colour,
with purple lines from the apex. It is more or less wrinkled concentrically,
and in old specimens ribbed longitudinally. In the young state, two small
black spots are sometimes observable. It is distinct in its growth and habit
from the preceding species, with which it has been frequently confounded.

— 157. P. virginea. — Shell oval, slightly wrinkled concentri-
cally, with numerous reddish lines from the apex to the margin.

Mull. Zool. Dan. Prod. 237 ; Zool. Dan. t. xii. f. 2, 3 — P. parva, Mont.
Test. Brit. 480 — On rocks and stones near low Avater-mark, common.
Length about T45ths, breadth T35ths, and height Tlsth of an inch, of a red-
dish-white colour, translucent ; apex a little in front of the centre, obtuse.
Old shells become opake, and cease to exhibit the coloured lines. Tentacula
white; cloak subrufous, with an entire margin. — The P. tessulata of Zool. Dan.
nearly resembles this species, and, perhaps on our shores has been confound-
ed with it. It is distinguished by the coloured lines being interrupted, and
the margin of the cloak ciliated.

The P. Clealandi described by Mr Sowerby, in the extracts from the Mi-
nute-Book of the Linn. Soc vol. xiii. 621., as found on stones at low water-
mark, near Bangor, by James Clealand, Esq., is stated as possessing the fol-
lowing characters : " Shell oval, white, with red, brown, or purple spots ;
faintly striated longitudinally, and still more faintly transversely ; summit
obtuse, lateral, tinged with light purple; margin entire; inside white, with
a dark brown muscular impression — The young shells are very thin, but the
old are nearly opake. The size of the largest specimen yet found, is 0\ tenths
of an inch in length, T7gths in breadth, and T45ths in height. There is a dark
brown variety, with two indistinct rays from the apex, one on each side.

288 MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. Chiton.

It is impossible to determine, from the scanty notices which are given by
Walker, what was the true character of his P. plana orbiculata margine re-
gulariter dentato. The colour white and opake Test. Min. Rar. 5. t i. f. 16.

EXTINCT SPECIES.
I

1. P. latissima. — Nearly orbicular, flat, smooth, thin; umbo excen trie

Sower. Min. Conch, t. exxxix. £ 1-5.— In Slaty Clay, Lincolnshire.

2. P. Imvior — Depressed, conical, smooth, shining ; base obovate ; apex ex-
centric — Sower. Min. Conch, t. exxxix. f. 3, 4 Alum Clay, Whitby.

3. P. cequalis. — Conical, smooth ; base obovate ; back nearly perpendicular.
— Sower. Min. Conch, t. exxxix. f. 2 In Cray, Suffolk.

4. P. rugosa — Depressed, obovate, radiated; apex excen trie, depressed,

slightly recurved ; back concave above, with reflected undulations Patellite,

Park. Or. Rem. iii. 50. t. v. £ 21 — Sower. Min. Conch, t. exxxix. £ 6

In Lower Oolite, Gloucestershire.

5. P. striata — Oblong, irregularly conical, with numerous acute radii;

umbo forward, sharp — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxxxix London Clay, Stub-

bington.

6. P. lata — Obovate, depressed, nearly smooth, radiated ; radii about 30.
distant, rounded ; apex very excentric — Sower. Min Conch, t. cccclxxxiv.
£ 1.— Lower Oolite, Stonefield.

7. P. ancyloidis.— Convex, smooth ; apex spiral ; base oval. — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. cccclxxxiv. £ 2 Ancliff.

8. P. nanus — Obliquely smooth; base oval; apex obtuse Sower. Min.

Conch, t. cccclxxxiv. f. 3 Ancliff.

Mr Mantell notices " a small species of Patella of an oval shape, conical,
depressed; the casts of the interior of the shell only have been discovered"
in Green Sand, Parham Park — Geol. Suss. ^2.

Gen. XLIII. CHITON. — Shell divided, constituting a series
of imbricated dorsal plates, eight in number ; mouth with
a semicircular curved membrane above, destitute of tenta-
cula. Tongue short, armed with spines.

* Marginal band with titfts of spines.

158. C. fascicularis. — Shell oblong, ovate, roughly shao--

reened on the sides, with a striated longitudinal mesial stripe.

Linn. Syst. i. 1106. Mull. Zool. Dan. p. 250. No. 3017. Putt. Dorset,
25. Mont. Test. Brit. 5. t. xxvii. £ 5 — On oysters, but not com-
mon.

Length upwards of half an inch, breadth about a quarter ; freckled with
green and brown. The granular tubercles are circular, with flat summits ;
they are numerous on the sides of the plates, but not on the subcarinated
centre. The border is rough, with a spinous margin. The tufts consist of
cylindrical, blunt, smooth, solid, calcareous spines of unequal size ; one at
the junction of each valve, six on the anteal margin, and two at the retral
valve, making twenty in number.— I am inclined to think that the Chiton

Chiton. MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. 289

crinitus of Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. 71- t. xxxvi. f. 1., which he describes
" with seven valves ; thick set with short hairs ; |ths of an inch long," as
inhabiting the sea near Aberdeen, is no other than this species. In the figure
may be traced the tufts and the central striated ridge ; characters unnoticed
in the description, — and, it may be added, that the figure given by Maton and
Kackett of the Chiton fascicularis, Linn. Trans, viii. t. i. f. 1., bears no remote
resemblance to the one by Pennant, now referred to.

* Marginal band rough.

159. C. marginatus. — Shell with a central ridge, regularly

shagreened.

Perm. Brit. Zool. iv. 71- t. xxxvi. f. 2. Mont. Test. Brit. i. Maton and
Backett, Linn. Trans, viii. 21. t. i. f. 2. Flem. Edin. Encyc. vi. 102.

C. cinereus, Lowe, Zool. Journ. vol. ii. p. 99 On stones about low

water-mark, common.

Length about fths of an inch, breadth |ths. Colour greyish or reddish,
sometimes freckled. Anteal and retral valves with about ten notches on the
margin of each, on the lower edge ; the intervening valves with only one notch
on each side, the termination of a flexure in the shell, which extends ob-
liquely to the back of the ridge, and divides each side of the valve into two
triangular compartments, the retroJateral ones being always more elevated.
In the last valve the lines of growth are elliptical and entire. The margin
of the shell, around, is a little depressed. Body rough, dusky brown, some-
times freckled with white, with a spinous margin. Branchiae about twenty
on each side — I possess a variety of this shell, which I found under a stone
at Newhaven in 1811, with only six valves. Is the Chiton Asselloides of Mr
Lowe, Zool. Journ. vol. ii. 100. t. v. f. 5., any thing else than an indistinctly
marked variety of the present species. The fringe being short and indis-
tinct, might lead to the suspicion that it was the same as C. marmoreus of Fa-
bricius, though that species is probably not distinct from C. marginatus.

160. C. rube?'. — Smooth, glossy, marked by distinct lines of
growth.

Patella articulata cymbiformis, Wallace, Ork. 41 C. ruber. Linn. Svst.

Nat. i. 1107.— C. laevis, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 72 — C. ruber. Flem.

Edin. Encyc. viii. 102. Lowe, Zool. Journ. ii. 101. t. v. f. 2 On

stones at low water-mark, common.

Length about half an inch, breadth a quarter. Colour reddish, mottled
or striped with brown and white. This is more sharply arched than the pre-
ceding, producing a higher dorsal ridge ; valves with blunt beaks, perfectly
smooth, except by the lines of growth, with marginal notches nearly like the
last ; border broad, striped brown and white, with a nearly entire margin. —
This species is very common in Orkney and Zetland : we have found it like-
wise in abundance on the shores of Loch Broom, whence Pennant's specimens
were obtained — Mr Lowe has found it on the Yorkshire coast.

161. C, cinereus. — Valves short, depressed, moniliformly
striated.

Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1107. Mont. Test. Brit. 3. Flem. Edin. Encyc. vii.
102 — C. Assellus, Lowe, Zool. Journ. ii. 101. t. v. f. 3. — On stones
and old shells at low water, not uncommon.

Length about half an inch, breadth about a quarter. Colour greyish, with
dusky stripes ; valves little raised in the middle, and but slight beaked ;
markings of growth indistinct ; striae longitudinal on the anteal, and diago-
nal on the retral compartment; under margin of the valves granulated, not
notched. Border narrow, with an indistinct fringe.

VOL. T. T

290 MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. Aplysia.

*** Marginal band striated, and like hair-cloth.

162. C. Icevis. — Valves smooth, with distinct lines of growth.
Mont. Test. Brit. 2. Flem. Edin. Encyc. vii. 102. Lowe, Zool. Journ. ii.

97 On stones, not common.

Length rarely half an inch ; breadth about a quarter, reddish, mottled
with white. Valves arched, slightly beaked, raised at the sides ; when highly
magnified, they appear minutely punctured ; border broad, striped brown and
white, the margin with a short fringe — A specimen found by Captain Car-
michael at Appin, is 1 inch and T2„ths in length. Montagu mentions a va-
riety with seven valves, which he has termed Chiton septemvalvis.

163. C. alius. — Valves minutely punctured, the first very-
large.

Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1107- Fab. Faun. Gr. 422. Mont. Test. Brit. 4.
Flem. Edin. Encyc. viii. 103. — On hills, rare.

Length fths, breadth ith of an inch, narrow, white. Valves short in pro-
portion to their breadth, considerably elevated in the middle, slightly beak-
ed ; the lines of growth distinct on the sides. Border narrow, margin near-
ly entire.

**** Marginal band smooth.

164. C. laevigatas. — Valves regularly shagreened, the lines
of growth distinct.

Flem. Edin. Encyc vii. 103. — C. latus, Lowe, Zool. Journ. ii. 103. t. v.
f. G, 7- — Under stones, but not common.
Length nearly an inch, breadth about half an inch, colour rufous, mottled
with brown and white; the colouring of the front valve frequently disposed
in transverse zigzag lines, which is the case, but less distinctly, in the other
parts of the surface. Valves high in the middle, slightly beaked ; diagonal
fold elevated ; border smooth, with a nearly entire margin. — This species I
have found plentiful in Zetland, and on the shores of Lochbroom : Captain
Carmichael and Mr Lowe have likewise found it on the coast of Argyle.

The references of the preceding species to the Tcstacea Britannica, cited
above, may be relied on, in consequence of interchange of specimens
between the late Mr Montagu and the author.

Gen. XLI V. APLYSIA. — Tentacula four ; branchia? lateral ;
lid corneous.

165. A. dep'dans. — Body of a purplish colour, with black
dots.

Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1082. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 42. t. xxi. f. 21 — A. hy-
bridal Sower. Brit. Muse. t. liii — A. depilans and mustilina, Penn. Brit.

Zool. ii. ed. iv. 79 Not uncommon among sea-weeds a little beyond

low water-mark.
Length from five to six inches and upwards ; ovate, with a produced neck ;
foot narrow ; head slightly emarginate, with a tentaculum on each side ; in front
of the superior tentacula on the neck are two black points or eyes ; branchiae

Pleurobranchus. MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. 291

on the right side, under a lid, capable of expanding into a complicated plu-
mose ridge ; within the longitudinal lips are two corneous plates or jaws.
This animal pours out a purple fluid from under the branchial lid when taken.

166. A. punctata. — Body brown, with numerous white spots.

Cuv. Moll. t. i. f. 3-5. Flem. Edin. En. xiv. p. 623.— Coast of Devon
and Orkney.

This species resembles the last in structure, and differs in nothing but co-
lour. Cuvier indeed states, as a distinguishing character, the naked central
spot on the lid; but this is accidental. Montagu informed me, by letter 17th
February 1811, that this animal was common along with the other kind (of
which he considered it, probably justly, as a variety), and so large " as to fill
a moderate sized tea-cup." It has only ones occurred to myself in the Bay
of Kirkwall, though the A. depilans is common on the Scottish coast.

167. A. viridis. — Body of a green colour.

Mont. Linn. Trans, vii. t. vii. f. 1. — Coast of Devon.

" With the fore-part of the body like a common Limax ; tentacula or feel-
ers two, flat, but usually rolled up, and appear like cylindric tubes ; at a little
distance behind the tentacula, on each side, is a whitish mark, in which is
placed a small black eye ; the body is depressed, and spreads on each side into
a membranaceous fin, but which gradually decreases from thence to the tail,
or posterior end ; this membranous part is considerably amorphous, but is
usually turned upwards on the back, and sometimes meeting, though most
times the margins are reflected ; this, as well as the back, is of a beautiful
grass-green colour, marked on the superior part of the fins or membrane with
a few small azure spots, disposed in rows ; the under part with more numer-
ous, but irregular, spots of the same ; the fore-part of the head is bifid ; the
lips marked by a black margin ; the sustentaculum is scarcely definable, as it
most commonly holds by a small space close to the anterior end, and turns
the posterior end more or less to one side ; it sometimes, however, extends
itself for the purpose of locomotion, in which it scarce equals a snail." " Al-
though this animal does not strictly correspond with the characters prefixed
by Linnaeus to the genus Laplysia, yet it approximates so nearly to the de-
pilans, in its external form, that we cannot hesitate to place it with that ani-
mal, though we could not discern any membranaceous plate or shield under
the skin on the back." Mont. — The characters here assigned to this species
are such as to excite the belief that it is not an Aplysia ; but they are not
sufficiently minute to enable us to establish another genus for its reception.
It is probably related to the Planariie.

Gen. XLV. PLLUROBRANCHUS — Tentacula two; cloak
and foot expanded, the former strengthened by a thin ex-
panded subspiral shell.

168. P. plumula. — Cloak broad, reticulated ; foot pointed.

Bulla plumula, Mont. Test. Brit. 214. vig. 2. f. 5 ; the shell I. xv. f. !).
— Coast of Devon.

Length about an inch ; pale yellow ; tentacula broad, with eyes at the base
above ; feet large, with waved edges; branchia, a plumose appendage on the
right side. — The shell is oval, depressed, pellucid, thin, concentrically
wrinkled, with a minute single whorl near one end.

169. P. membranaceus. — Cloak covered with conical papilla? ;
foot rounded, with an irregularly indented margin.

t 2

292 MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. Bulla.

Lamellaria mem. Mont. Linn. Trans, xi. 184. t. xii. f. 3; the shell fig. 4.
— English coast.

Length and breadth about two inches ; of a brownish colour, paler above,
and spotted with bluish-grey beneath ; tentacula subcylindric, with two eyes
at the base ; a cylindrical snout ; shell ovate, very thin,pflat, with a minute
lateral whorl ; silvery, tinged with pink.

Gen. XLVI. BULLA. — Body in front with a fleshy expan-
sion or tentacular disc ; behind with a membranaceous ap-
pendage or lid ; shell convoluted ; aperture the whole length
of the shell.

* Shells with a cuticle, external.

170. B. lignaria. — Shell ovate, spirally striated; mouth wide,

anteally, rendering the pillar visible to the end.

Concha veneris major leviter et dense striata, List. Conch, t. lxxiv. f. 11.

— B. lig. Linn. Syst. i. 1184. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 11C B. scabra,

Mull. Zool. Dan. t. 71 — B. lig. Mont. Test. Brit. 20G Not uncom-
mon.

Length upwards of 2 inches ; width 1 \t\\ of an inch ; epidermis brown ; aper-
ture contracted retrally by the body-whorl ; the apex depressed; pillar-lip
rounded ; outer lip nearly straight ; gullet large, tblded ; stomach fortified by
three testaceous plates.

■171. B. akera. — Shell ovate, smooth ; aperture wide, and ren-
dering the pillar visible.

Akera bullata, Mull. Zool. Dan. t. lxxi. f. 2, 9.— B. resiliens, Don. Brit.

Shells, t. lxxix B. akera, Mont. Test. Brit. 219 — On the shores of

Banff and Devon.

Length about |ths of an inch ; breadth half an inch ; translucent, elastic,
glossy, with a greenish tinge. Aperture wide anteally ; retrally it is very
close to the body-whorl, but does not adhere until it has taken almost one vo-
lution ; apex concave, exhibiting two or three volutions. The ltev. Charles
Cordiner observed this shell in the Murray Frith, and transmitted specimens
to the Duchess of Portland. — On some parts of the English coast it is not un-
common.

-* 172. B. liydatis. — Shell subglobular, minutely striated spiral-
ly ; aperture wide anteally ; the pillar-lip rounded, but the pil-
lar not visible to the end.

Linn. Syst. i. 1183 — B. ampulla, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 11G.--B. hyd.

Don, Brit. Shells, t. lxxxviii On the English coast.

Length 1 inch ; breadth f ths ; translucent, with a brownish epidermis ;
aperture interrupted by the rounded body-whorl ; apex concave, but not ex-
hibiting volutions. Animal purplish-brown ; and, when expanded, double
the length of the shell; two eyes on the tentacular disc, sunk in small white
depressions Mont. Linn. Trans, ix. 10G. t. vi. f. 1.

173. B. Cranchii. — Shell subcylindrical, strongly striated spi-
rally ; aperture narrow, rendering the continuation of the pillar
invisible ; pillar-lip straight.
Mr Prideaux, Plymouth Sound.

Bulla. MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. 293

Length -^ths, breadth T45ths of an inch ; translucent, horn-coloured ; striae
In bands, slightly waved by indistinct lines of growth ; the pillar-lip is a little
reflected, forming a pillar cavity, and is slightly waved where it joins the
outer lip ; the latter projects very little ; the apex is concave, without visi-
ble whorls. The specimen from which the preceding description was taken
was sent me, under the above title, several years ago, by my friend Dr Leach.
The detailed description of its characters may be expected in his long wished-
for work on the British Molluscous Animals.

174. B. ampulla. — Shell oblong, ovate, smooth, mottled with
brown.

Mont. Test. Brit. ccvi. t. vii. f. 1, — In Falmouth Harbour, Montagu; Dun-
bar, Laskey.
Length |ths of an inch ; opake ; aperture moderately wide ; on the lower
end of the pillar-Up the shell is thickened, of an opake colour, but the dupli-
cature does not spread up the body of the shell. Montagu was probably mis-
taken in referring his species to the Ampulla of Linnaeus, with which it does
not agree in shape or form of the aperture.

175. B. umbilicata. — Shell oblong-oval, smooth ; aperture

narrow, a little dilated anteally.

Mont. Test. Brit, ccxxii. t. vii. f. 4. Turton, Conch. Diet. 22. — Coast of
England and Ireland.

Length ith of an inch ; breadth T'gth ; of a while colour ; apex rounded in-
to a cavity.

176. B. cylindracea. — Shell lengthened cylindrical ; aperture
narrow ; pillar-lip with an indistinct fold.

C. V. exigua alba vere cylindracea, List. Conch, t. Dccxiv. f. 70. — B. cyl.
Perm. Brit. Zool. iv. 117- t. lix. f. 85. Don. Br. Sh. t. 120. Mont.
Test. Brit. xxi. t. vii. f. 2 — In sandy bays, common.

Length |ths of an inch ; smooth, glossy white ; outer lip thin, straight ;
pillar-lip thickened with an oblique fold ; apex truncated, depressed Per-
haps this species should be transferred to the genus Volvaria of Lamarck, as
he has hinted.

177. B. truncata. — Shell subcylindrical, truncated, and deep-
ly marked with the lines of growth retrally, rounded and smooth
anteally.

B. crassa, Walk. Test. Min. xvii. t. iii. f. 62 B. tr. Adams, Linn. Trans.

vol. v. 1. t, i. f. 12. Mont. Test. Brit. 223. t. vii. f. 5 Not uncommon-

Length about the eighth of an inch, white, closely pellucid ; aperture nar-
row, opposite the body, suddenly widening at the pillar, exhibiting the in-
ternal volutions ; apex with a cavity.

— 178. B. obtusa. — Shell subcylindrical ; apex exhibiting a pro-
jecting obtuse spire of three or four wliorls.

Voluta alba opaca longitudinaliter striata, Walk. Test. Min. 17. t. iii. f.
61 — B. ob. Mont. Test. Brit. 223. t. vii. f. 3, common.

Length |ths, breadth ith of an inch, with a brownish epidermis ; lines of
growth distinct; aperture narrow retrally, widening at the pillar; outer lip
slightly incurved in the middle.

291 MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. Bulla.

179. B. alba. — * Shell oval, oblong ; slightly striated longi-
tudinally ; entirely white ; crown umbilicate ; at each extremity
three transverse punctured stria?.1''

Dr Turton, Zool. Journ. No. vii. 3G4. t. xiii. f. 6 — British Channel.

Dr Turton adds, " They are more elongated than the Bulla ampulla (the
reference is evidently here intended for the B. stria/a of Lamarck, not to the
true Ampulla), and essentially differ in having only three rather remote trans-
verse strire at each end, whereas on the latter shell there are seven or eight
strife on the lower extremity, and none on the upper."

** Shells probably concealed, destitute of a cuticle, and under

the integuments.

~ 180. B. aperta. — Shell smooth, with indistinct lines of growth ;

suborbicular, depressed ; aperture expanded ; pillar short.

Linn. Syst. i. 1183, Pult. Dorset. 40. Don. Brit. Shells, t. cexx. Mont-
Test. Brit. 208. vig. ii. f. 1, 3 Not common.

Length 1 inch, breadth f ths, thin, pellucid, white ; apex simple ; body
slightly involuted. Animal pellucid, white, with minute opake specks ; sto-
mach of three testaceous plates.

181. B. punctata. — Shell suborbicular, patulous, moniliform-
ly striated longitudinally.

Adams, Linn. Trans, v. 2. t. i. f. 6, 8. — B. catena, Mont. Test. Brit.
215. t. 7- f- vii. — On the English coast, not common.
Length about |th of an inch ; bre.adth rather less ; apex rounded, with a
cavity exposing a volution. Montagu mentions " a variety with a more
transparent zone, taking in eight or ten of the cateme, which are more strong-
ly defined ; the rest of the shell appears as it were frosted, and not so glossy,
possessing a subumbilicus ; and the outer margin of the aperture, close to the
body, is winged, or reflected a little, forming a depression or sulcus on that
part."

182. B. emarginata. — Shell gibbous ; aperture emarginate ;
pellucid, smooth ; lip subarcuated.

Adams, Linn. Trans, v. 2. t. i. f. 9, 11. — On the English coast, rare.

183. B. denticidata. — Shell white, pellucid, oblong, nearly
equal, obtuse, smooth ; outer lip ending in a tooth retrally. — ■
Perhaps only the young of B. aperta.

Adams, Linn. Trans, v. 1. t. i. f. 3, 6 — Coast of Pembroke.

184. ~B.Jlexilis. — Shell pellucid, horn-coloured ; apex white,

opake, with a single volution.

Laskey, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 1C8. Wern. Mem. i. 396. t. 8. f. 6

Dunbar, rare.

Length half an inch, wrinkled ; flexible in a moistened state ; brittle when
dry. — This shell probably belongs to the genus Sigaritus.

Bulla. MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. 295

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. B. convolula — Cylindrical, smooth ; aperture linear, expanded a little
way from the base ; vertex obtuse, perforated — Sower. Min. Conch, t.
cccclxiv. f. 1. — In Crag.

2. B. constricta — Subcylindrical, contracted in the middle ; vertex trun-
cated, perforated ; base obscurely striated ; aperture linear, expanded at the
base Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxiv. £ 2. — London clay. Barton.

3. B. elliptica Elliptical, elongated, transversely striated ; vertex perfo-
rated ; aperture widest at the base — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxiv. f". 6

London clay, Barton.

4. B. attenuata. — Elliptical, transversely striated ; superior portion elon-
gated, truncated, perforated ; aperture curved, widest towards the base ; strife
distant in the middle. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxiv. f. 3.— London clay.
Hordwell.

5. T&.Jilosa. — A fragment. " Its numerous striae and expanded lip distin-
guish it from B. attenuata."— Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxiv, f. 4.

296 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA,

PECTINIBRANCHIA.

CRYPTOBRANCHIA.

Heart entire, and detached from the rectum. Sexes distinct on dif-
ferent individuals. The shells of the female more ventricose in the
body-whorl than those of the male.

a. Shell external.

b. Aperture of the shell entire, together with the anterior margin
of the cloak at the entrance of the branchial cavity. Holos-
tomata.

c. Foot with a lid for closing the aperture of the shell. Tec-
tipeda.

TuRBONiDiE. Aperture of the shell ovate or round.

NeritadjE. Aperture semicircular, with an oblique
straight pillar-lip.

Trochusid^e. Aperture subquadrangular.

cc. Foot destitute of a lid. Nudipeda.
Janthina.
Velutina.

bb. Aperture of the shell canaliculated, for the reception of the sy-
phon of the branchial cavity. Solenostomata.

aa. Shell internal.
Sigaretus.

MOLLUSCA. HOLOSTOMATA. 297

HOLOSTOMATA.

TURBONID.E.

* Marine.

a. Aperture ovate, inner-lip formed by the body-whorl on which the
peristome is spread.

b. Pillar-lip simple, or without teeth.

c Peristome incomplete retrally.
Turbo.
Phasianella.
Turritella.

cc. Peristome complete retrally.
Cingula.

bb. Pillar-lip with a tooth.
Odostomia.
Monodonta.

aa. Aperture circular, peristome entire, and more or less disjoined from
the body-whorl.

b. Whorls with transverse ridges, the last formed one constituting a
thickened margin to the mouth.
Scalaria.
Cyclostrema.

bb. Whorls destitute of the transverse ridges, forming, in succession,
the peristome.

c. Shell armed with tubercles or processes.
Delphinula.
Cirus.

cc. Shell destitute of processes.
Skenea.
Ettomphalus.

** Fluviatile.

a. Peristome entire.
Paludina.
Ampullaria.

b. Peristome incomplete retrally.
Melania.

298 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Turbo.

Gen. XLVII. TURBO.— Shell ovoid, the body-whorl oc-
cupying upwards of one-half of the length ; aperture with
the peristome incomplete retrally ; pillar-lip flattened.

185. T. littoreus. Periwinkle. — Whorls five, separating
line shallow ; outer-lip joining the body at an acute angle.

Cochlea fusca, List. An. Ang. 1(52. Conch. 585. f. 43— Turbo lit. Linn.

Syst. Nat. i. 1232. Mont. Test. Brit. 301 — Common within tide-mark.

Length about an inch ; breadth three quarters, various in colour, dusky,

with lighter stripes, or with a white band, or orange-yello w ; apex blunt, nearly

smooth or spirally striated ; animal striped with black, the tentacula annu-

lated Extensively used as food. Mr Sowerby has figured a shell which he

considers as identical with this species, and another similar to T. rudis, (Min.
Conch, t. 71-)» as from the Crag formation. We are inclined, in this instance,
to suspect, that some products of a deposition of modern marine diluvium have
been confounded with the genuine inmates of the Crag.

186. T. petreus. — Whorls five, conical, nearly flat ; outer-
lip joining the body at an acute angle, and embracing a portion
of the whorl.

Helix pet. Mont. Test. Brit. 403 — South coast of England.
Length about ,25ths, breadth ^gth of an inch, of a dark brown colour ; des-
titute of spiral striae, but is marked transversely by irregular minute lines of
growth ; pillar-lip remarkably broad, grooved anteally ; outer-lip thin ; body-

fip slightly convex This species, according to Montagu, lives on the rocks

a little below high water-mark.

-- 187. T. ?°udis. — Whorls five, rounded ; outer-lip thick, join-
ing the body nearly at right angles.

Maton, Don. Brit. Shells, t. xxxiii. Mont. Test. Brit. 304 T. jugo-

sus, ib. 586. Maton and Rackett, Linn. Trans, viii. 158 Common.

Length and breadth nearly equal ; colour yellowish or brown ; separating
line deep. The surface of the whorls is, in some individuals, nearly smooth,
except by the markings of the lines of growth, constituting the T. rudis;
while, in others, the surface is grooved by spiral lines, the intermediate spaces
flat or sharp edged, becoming the T, jugosus. The colours of the animal are

usually plain The form and mode of junction of the outer-lip with the

body seem the distinguishing features of the species.

188. T. tenebrosus. — Whorls five, rounded ; outer-lip thin,

joining the body-whorl nearly at right angles.

Mont. Test. Brit. 303. Turt. Conch. Diet. 197 — On the English and
Irish coasts.

Length fths, breadth |ths ; separating line distinct ; colour dark purple,
with yellowish spiral bands; lines of growth minute, finely or coarsely striat-
ed spirally This species is found on mud near high water-mark, and in

brackish marshes.

189- T. faballs. — " Subglobular, very obtuse, smooth, with
three hardly produced volutions, of a chesnut colour, with ob-
scure pale bands ; pillar and throat chesnut.""

Tin-ton, Zool. Journ. ii. 3C6. t. xii. f. 10. — On the rocks at Scarborough,
Mr Bean.

Turbo. MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 299

Length about |th of an inch ; bands about twelve, apparently interrupted,
so as to give the surface a checkered appearance ; finely striated spirally —
Probably the fry of the preceding species.

190. TV mammillatus. — Whorls five, slightly rounded ; spi-
rally striated with raised dots.

Don. Brit. Shells, t. clxxiii — Scilly Rocks.
Length and breadth nearly equal; aperture rounded, a few ridges of
larger dots give to the whorls a subangulated form. According to a memo-
randum in the handwriting of Da Costa, annexed to one of the specimens
figured by Donovan, this shell has been found by Mr Piatt on the Scilly
Rocks.

191. T. crassior. — Shell conical, yellowish- white, with five
rounded and deeply divided whorls.

Turbo lsevis, quinque anfractibus apertura subrotunda marginata, Walk.

Test. Min. 10. t. ii. f. 34 T. crass. Mont. Test. Brit. 309. t. xx. f. 1.

, T. pallidus, Don. Brit. Shells, t. clxxviii. f. 4 — Common in deep

water.
Length half an inch ; breadth i35ths ; covered with a pale epidermis,
which rises in numerous sharp oblique ridges, beneath which are a few obso-
lete spiral strise. The whorls are sometimes slightly flattened in the mid-
dle ; they are thick and opake. Pillar-lip flattened anteally ; outer-lip thin,
joining the body-whorl nearly at right angles.

- 192. T. quadrifascmtus. — Pillar with a groove, ending re-
trally in a perforation. Shell striated spirally.

Mont. Test. Brit. 328. t. xx. f. 7 — T. vinctus, ib. 307- t. xx. f. 3 — T.

canalis, ib. 309 Among sea-weeds, a little beyond low water-mark,

common.
Length from three to five-tenths of an inch, glossy, of a yellowish horn-
colour, with four dark spiral bands on the body, two of which enter the aper-
ture, and two are external ; between these pairs there is usually a whitish
band, where the whorl bends in, rather suddenly, towards the pillar; the outer-
lip, at its junction with the whorl, covers a portion of this white space, the
external part, however, is usually exposed, and appears as a white band along
the line of separation ; the whorls are more or less rounded, and subcarinated
on the body-whorl ; but in all, the surface is marked by waved spiral strise,
slightly decussated by the fines of growth. The outer-lip, when young, is
thin ; but towards maturity it becomes thick, sloping outwardly to a sharp
edge ; operculum membranaceous, smooth, yellowish.

193. T. decnssatus. — Whorls five, rounded ; strongly striated
transversely ; finely striated spirally.

Mont. Test. Brit. 322. t. xii. f. 4.— Among shell-sand, rare.

Length about the eighth of an inch, breadth one-half less ; white, glossy ;
apex rather blunt ; aperture suboval, a little contracted retrally.

— 194. T. margarita. — Whorls four, the first very large, pil-
lar-cavity wide ; inside of the aperture with a mother-of-pearl
gloss.

Helix Marg. Laskeij, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 143. AVern. Mem. i. 408.

t. viii. f. 5 Common on fuci.

Breadth and height about one-eighth of an inch ; smooth glossy, greenish ;
sometimes with one spiral rufous band ; when bleached, it is of a brownish-white
colour ; whorls increase rapidly ; rounded, the spire short and blunt ; aperture

300 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Turbo.

suborbicular, the outer-lip thin and prominent, retrally, where it joins the
body- whorl nearly at right angles ; pillar-lip reflected, forming the cavity
behind ; operculum finely striated spirally. We have little doubt in con-
sidering the Helix fulgidus of Adams (Linn. Trans, iii. 254.), and the Turbo
fulgidus of Montagu, as the fry of this very common species.

195. T. nivosus. — Whorls five, smooth, rounded, slender,
tapering to an obtuse point.

Mont. Test. Brit. 326.— Coast of Devon, rare.

Length about a line ; breadth two-thirds less. Whorls with the separat-
ing line deep ; aperture suboval ; inner-lip and pillar quite smooth and even ;
without cavity.

The history of the remaining recent species is involved in obscurity, but
their characters are subjoined, according to the best information in my pos-
session.

196. T. strigatus. — Shell white, whorls three, with three spiral ridges on
the larger volution.— Walk. Test. Min. 11. t. ii. f. 38.— Sea-salter.

197. T. scriptus. — Whorls three, smooth, marked with brown, letter-like

lines: aperture suborbicular Adams, Linn. Trans, iii. 65. t. xiii. f. 11-12.

— Coast of Pembrokeshire.

198. T. subrufus. — Smooth, opake, dull red, the upper part of each spire
marked with a white spiral band ; whorls five, somewhat angular above. —
Adams, Linn. Trans, v. iii. t. i. f. 18-19 — Pembrokeshire.

199. T. canaliculatus — Pellucid, whitish ; the whorls five, fluted across,
and sepai'ated by an elevated line. — Adams, Linn. Trans, iii. 253 — Coast of
Pembrokeshire.

200. T. resupinatus Semipellucid, glossy, horn-coloured ; aperture large,

the whorls at the tip turned backwards — Helix, Walk. ^Test. Min. 1. t. i.
f 24. — Sandwich, very rare.

201. T. globosus White, opake, glossy, smooth, globose ; whorls two ;

aperture roundish. — Helix. Walk. Test. Min. 1. t. i. f. 25 — Sandwich, not
common.

202. T. reticulatus White, subpellucid ; one whorl ; reticulated ; a slight

pillar-cavity ; aperture round — Helix, Walk. Test. Min. 1. t. i. f. 26 — Re-
culvir, rare.

203. T. striatus. — Greenish-white, pellucid ; whorls striated, reflected on
the back ; aperture oval — Helix, Walk. Test. Min. 8. t. i. f. 29 — Sandwich,
rare.

204. T. coarclatus — White, pellucid ; whorls two ; aperture roundish, con-
tracted near the pillar-cavity — Helix, Walk. Test. Min. 8. t. i. f. 30 — Sand-
wich, not common. This is considered by Montagu (Test. Brit. 445.), as the
fry of a Helix.

205. T. fasciatus.-— White, pellucid, smooth ; whorls three, the first tumid,
and marked with three spiral belts, of a rich marone colour, the middle one
broad, the lateral ones narrow ; aperture large, a slight pillar-cavity — Helix
fas. Adams, Linn. Trans, v. 3. t. i. f. 20-21.— Tenbigh.

206. T. nilidissimus.— Corneous, pellucid, glossy ; whorls two, finely stri-
ated across ; with a pillar-cavity Helix nit. Adams, Linn. Trans, v. 4. t. i.

f. 22, 23, 24.

Phasianella. MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 301

207. T. bicolor. — Smooth, dull, inside white ; whorls two ; pillar-cavity in-
distinct.— Helix bicolor, Adams, Linn. Trans, v. 4. t. i. f. 25, 26, 27. — Ten-
bigh.

208. T. variegatus Subpellucid, smooth ; whorls four, the first ventri-

cose, with red lines ; margin of the aperture very much spread ; no pillar-
cavity Helix var. Adams, Linn. Trans, iii. 67. — Coast of Pembrokeshire.

209. T. tubidatus Whorls three, striated ; pillar-cavity produced into a

marginated tube. Helix tub. Adams, I ^inn. Trans, iii. 67 Coast of Pem-
brokeshire.

EXTINCT SPECIES. (TURBO.)

1. T. ornatus. — Conical, spirally striated ; three or four tuberculated ridges
run along each whorl, the middle one the largest. — Sower. Min. Conch.
t. ccxl. f. 1, 2 In Loiver Oolite, Dundry.

2. T. carinatus Conical, with five or six spiral crenulated ridges ; whorls

carinated. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxl. f. 3. — In Green Sand.

3. T. monilifornris. — Short, conical, spirally striated ; whorls separated
above by a canal, their edges granulated ; pillar-cavity large, wrinkled. —
Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxcv. f. 1. — In Green Sand, Blackdown. Probably
not of this genus.

4. T. sulcatus Conical, sulcated spirally, striated transversely; whorls

rounded, separated above by a canal ; pillar-cavity small ; aperture sulcated
within. — Pilkington, Linn. Trans, vii. 118. t. xi. f. 9. — T. sculptus, Soiver.
Min. Conch, t. cccxcv. f. 2. — In London Clay.

5. T. conious Ovato-conical, acute, whorls very convex, spirally striated ;

with a pillar-cavity — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxxiii. f. 1. — In Green Sand,
Blackdown.

6. T. rotundatus. — Ovate, subglobose, pointed, smooth ; aperture rather
longer than wide, pointed retrally. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxxiii. f. 2. —
In Green Sand, Blackdown.

Ge*. XLVIII. PHASIANELLA— Shell conical ; aperture
lengthened, contracted by the projection of the body-
whorl ; peristome incomplete retrally ; pillar-lip smooth,
nearly straight.

- — 210. P. polita. — Whorls nine or more, conical, strong, flat,

smooth, closely united.

Helix pol. Putt. Dorset, p. 49. Mont. Test. Brit. 398 — Turbo albus,
Don. Brit. Shells, t. clxxvii. — On the English shores.

Length jjths of an inch, breadth ,%ths ; aperture oval, contracted retrally
by the body -whorl.

211. P. subiilata. — Whorls about ten, subulate ; with two

spiral brown bands along the separating line.

Turbo sub. Don. Brit. Shells, t. clxxii Helix sub. Mont. Test. Brit.

Sup. 142 — On the English and Scottish coast, not common.

Length about three quarters of an inch ; smooth, glossy, white; the two
bands are on the retral edge of the nearly obsolete line of separation ; whorls
nearly flat ; aperture lengthened, rounded anteally, contracted retrally :
outer-lip nearly straight.

302 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Tueeitella.

212. P. decussata. — Whorls eight or nine, strongly striated
transversely ; minutely striated spirally.

Helix dec. Mont. Test. Brit. 399. t. xv. f. 1 — On the shore at Wey-
mouth, Mr Bryer.
Length /jjths of an inch ; breadth I15th ; white, slender ; whorls nearly
flat, the separating line extremely fine ; aperture narrow, suboval, contract-
ed at both ends ; outer-lip somewhat expanded, and a little thickened at the
back ; inner lip slightly replicated.

213. P. pallida. — Whorls six or seven, smooth ; outer-lip
arcuated.

Turbo pal. Mont. Test. Brit. 325. t. xxi. f. 4 — In sand, Salcomb Bay.

Length |th of an inch ; breadth §ds less ; slender, tapering to a fine point ;
whorls separated by a well-defined line ; aperture suborbicular, a faint du-
plicature on the pillar-lip, forming behind a small cavity.

In the Mineral Conchology, the following fossil shells are referred to the
genus, though it is more probable that they belong to Limnea or Paludina.

1. P. orbicularis Conical, acute, smooth ; whorls about six, ventricose ;

aperture nearly round. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxv. f. 1.— Freshwater Lime-
stone, Shalcomb, Isle of Wight.

2. P. angulosa. — Conical, smooth ; whorls subcarinated ; aperture nearly
round Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxv. f. 2. — Along with the last.

3. P. minuta. — Elongated, smooth ; whorls five or six ; obscurely squared ;
aperture oblong. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxv. f. 3 — Along with the last.

Gen. XLIX. TURRITELLA— Shell elongated ; the whorls
numerous, produced ; aperture wide ; the pillar-lip slightly
rounded.

214. T. terebra. — Whorls about sixteen, with numerous spi-
ral ridges.

Buccinum tenue, List. An. Ang. 161. Conch, t. nxci. f. 57. Turbo Ter.

Linn. S. Syst. i. 1239. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 130. t. Lxxxi. f. 1 13. Mont.

Test. Brit. 293 — Common.
Length sometimes exceeding two inches ; breadth of the body-whorl half
an inch, of a reddish or purplish brown ; whorls sometimes eighteen in num-
ber, ending in a fine point ; the larger whoi-ls rounded, with five or six pro-
minent ridges, besides smaller ones, crossed by the layers of growth. In the
young shells the ridges are less numerous, and the anteal edge of the body-
whorl is flattened. The aperture, in young shells, is subquadrangular ; in an
old specimen the outer lip is round and thin, and the pillar-lip nearly straight.
The animal is yellow, striped with dusky, with the tentacula short. — This
species resides in deep water, but is frequently thrown ashore after storms-

215. T. exoleta. — Whorls about twelve, spirally striated, with

two broad rounded spiral ridges.

Cochlea variegata, List. Conch, t. Dxci. f. 58. — Turbo exol. Linn. Syst. i.

1239 Turbo cinctus, Don. Brit. Shells, t. xxii. f. 1. Mont. Test.

Brit. 295. — On the English coast, rare.

Tckritella. MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 303

Length 2§ inches; white, purple, or variegated with brown ; whorls raised,
deeply divided by the separating line. Lister seems to have been acquainted
with this shell as British; afterwards Da Costa obtained it from the coasts of
Lincoln and Lancashire ; Montagu I'eceived it from Kent.

216. T. duplicata. — Whorls about fourteen, and spirally
striated, with two acute spiral ridges.

Buccinum crassum, List. An. Ang. 100. t. iii. f. 7- Conch, t. Dxci. 59. —
Turbo dup. Linn. Syst. i. 1239. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 129. t. Lxxxi. f.
112. Don. Brit. Shells, t. cxii. Turton, Conch. Diet. 216 — English
coast, rare.
Length about 2h inches, thick, heavy, of a brownish colour; the two ridges
are of unequal size This species was obtained by Lister from the Scar-
borough fishermen ; and Dr Turton announces that it was " said to have heen
lately discovered on the western coasts by Dr Leach."

217. T. subtruncata. — Whorls about seven, rounded, and
obscurely striated spirally.

Turbo sub. Mont. Test. Brit. 300. t. x. f. 1. — In sand, rare.

Length about T%ths of an inch ; white; whorls from five to seven, and (in
a specimen in my possession) gradually tapering to an obtuse point ; outer lip
rounded ; pillar-lip nearly straight, a little reflected, so as to form a small ca-
vity behind.

- 218. T. clegantissima. — Whorls ajbout ten, flat, with numer-
ous regular transverse grooves.

Turbo turritus novem anfractibus striatis apertura rotunda, Walk. Test.
Min. ii. t. ii. f. 39 — Turbo eleg. Mont. Test. Brit. 298. t, x. f. 2 In

deep water, not common.

Length about T35ths of an inch, breadth about |th of its length ; colour of
the shell white, glossy ; of the epidermis brown ; ridges and grooves rounded,
slightly oblique, separating line distinct ; outer lip slightly rounded ; pillar-
lip nearly straight, thick, forming a slight angle anteally. It is a very strong
shell in proportion to its size.

219- T. truncata. — Whorls four or five, flat, decreasing sud-
denly ; apex abrupt.

Turbo trim. Mont. Test. Brit. 300. t. x. f. 7 Common.

Length about T2Dths of an inch ; white, glossy ; whorls nearly six in num-
ber, deeply divided by the separating line, and faintly striated transversely ;
aperture ovate ; pillar-lip slightly rounded, and a little reflected.

220. T. unica. — Whorls nine, finely striated spirally, with
numerous undulated transverse ridges.

Turbo turritus septem anfractibus strigatis apertura ovali, Walk. Test.
Min, ii. t. ii. f. 40 — Turbo unicus, Mont. Test. Brit. 299. t. xii. f. 2 —
Among shell-sand, rare.

Length about T25ths of an inch ; white, glossy, slender ; whorls rounded and
deeply divided by the separating line ; aperture ovate ; the pillar-lip rounded.

221. T. simlU'ima. — Whorls eight, with fourteen distant

ridges parallel with the axis of the shell.

Laskey, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 136. Wern. Mem. i. 406. t. viii. f. 15.
— Shores of Jura.

304 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Turritella.

Length |ths of an inch; white, slender; whorls slightly elevated; the
spaces occupied hy the depressions larger than those of the ridges ; aperture
subovate.

222. T. nitidissima. — Whorls nine, rounded, smooth.
Turbo nit. Mont. Test. Brit. 299. t. xii. f. 1 Among fine sand, rare.

Length |th of an inch ; slender, pointed ; brownish-white, glossy ; whorls
much rounded and oblique ; aperture ovate, pillar-lip rounded.

223. T. indistincta. — Whorls eight, flattened, ribbed trans-
versely, striated spirally.

Turbo ind. Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 129 — English and Scottish shores,
rare.

Length nearly Ts5ths of an inch ; breadth less than /gth ; colour brown, with
darker spiral bands, glossy ; separating line deep ; transverse ridges numerous,
rounded, waved, wanting on the lower part of the body-whorl, where the
spiral striae are most conspicuous ; these last do not cross the ridges, but
merely occupy, though faintly, the furrows. Montagu described this beauti-
ful species from the Boysian cabinet. I obtained my specimen, which is
quite fresh, from Loch Broom.

224. T. carinatula. — Whorls seven to ten, bent towards the

apex, with numerous transverse ribs, with a contracted margi-

nated aperture.

Turbo turritus carinatus, Walk. Test. Min. 12- t. xi, f. 44. — T. sub-
arcuatus, Adams, Linn. Trans, iii. 66. t. xiii. f. 27-28 — On the English
coast. — An obscure species.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. T. conoidea Whorls about eighteen, lower part of each angular, slightly

projecting, longitudinal striae equally distant, seven or more, with intermediate
smaller ones, all acutely crenulated — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xli. f, 1. 4. — In
London clay.

2. T. elongata. — Whorls about fifteen, flattened in the middle, lower parts
projecting ; striae more distant near the middle of the whorls, inconspicuously
crenulated, with some finer intervening striae — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xli. f. 2.
— I n London clay.

3. T. brevis, — Whorls about twelve ; spire rather short ; upper and lower
parts of the whorls equally rounded ; striae ten or twelve, finely crenulated. —
Sower. Min. Conch, t. xli. f. 3 — In London clay.

4. T. incrassata. — Whorls about fourteen, flattish, with the lower part an-
gular, and three smooth longitudinal threads ; outer lip thickened in the mid-
dle.— In Crag, Holywell.

5. T. edita. — Whorls about twenty, rounded, slightly depressed in the mid-
dle ; lower parts rather prominent, with many obscure longitudinal striae.
/Brander, Foss. t. iii. f. 48.) Sower. Min. Conch, t. xli f. 7- — In London clay.

6. T. muricala — Whorls flattened on the upper side ; spirally striated, with
transverse ribs rising into small spires at the outer sections. — Soicer. Min.
Conch, t. ccccxcix. f. 1-2.— In Coral Ray, Steeple Ashton, and Robin Hood's
Bay.

7- T. cingenda.— Whorls with a round crenated band upon the lower edge ;

spirally striated ; the upper whorl with transverse ribs Sower. Min. Conch.

1,1. xcix. f. 3. — In shale with the last, liobin Hood's Bay, near Scarborough,

Cingula. MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 305

8. T. Uril— Elongated, striated transversely. Ure's Hist. Ruth. 308.
t. xiv. f. 7» — Limestone of the Coal Formation.

9. T. elongata.— Elongated, striated spirally. Ure's Hist. Ruth. 308. t. xiv.
f. U.

10. T. constricta. — Turrited, smooth; whorls eight or ten ; convex below,
contracted above, with an adpressed crenated margin. Turbo con. Mart. Derb.
t. xxxviii. f. 3 Melania con. Sower. ~Min. Conch, t. ccxviii. f. 2 — Carboni-
ferous Limestone.

Gen. L. CINGULA. — Aperture of the shell with the peristome
complete, being united rctrally.

* Outer lip thickened by a rib.

- 225. C. cimex. — Whorls four, strong; ribbed coarsely, trans-
versely and spirally.

Turbo cim. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1233. Don. Brit. Shells, t. ii. f. 1. Mont.
Test. Brit. 315..— Southern coasts, not common.
Length about |th of an inch ; white; whorls with the separating line deep
and ragged ; meshes of the ribs forming quadrangular pits, in six rows on
the body-whorl, and two on the second.

226. C subcarinata. — Whorls three, little produced, with
three spiral ridges, and numerous transverse striae.

Helix sub. Mont. Test. Brit. 438. t. vii. f. 9 — Tiochus rugosus, Bo-own,
Wern. Mem. ii. 520. t. xxiv. f. 5. — Coasts of England and Ireland.
Breadth about T\jtb of an inch, depressed ; glossy, frosted * two of the spi-
ral lines are on the lower part of the body -whorl, and one on the upper ; pil-
lar-cavity wide and deep ; aperture oval.

227. C. calathisca. — Whorls six, with numerous transverse
and spiral ribs.

Turbo cal. Laskey, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 132. t. xxx. f. 5 — West
coast of Scotland and England, rare.
Length £th of an inch ; brown ; conical ; the pits formed by the intersection
of the ribs are more numerous than the last, being in eight rows on the body-
whorl, and four on the next ; aperture with the outer lip denticulated within.

-228. C. striatula. — Whorls five, spirally ribbed, longitudi-
nally striated, each terminating in a flat top.

Turbo stri. Mont. Test. Brit. 306. t. x. f. 5 — Turbo monilis, Turton,

Conch. Diet. 200 On the English coast, rare.

Length T25ths of an inch ; ovate, obtuse, white ; whorls with fine spiral
striae, which, towards the upper part of each volution, rise into three mem-
branaceous ridges ; those near the pillar are likewise elevated and strong ; the
transverse striae are numerous, but principally obvious in the furrows, yet
giving to the shell a pretty cancellated appearance ; aperture suborbicular,
angulated at the upper part.

- 229. C. costata. — Whorls five, spirally striated, and trans-
versely ribbed ; a groove behind the outer lip, extending behind
the pillar to the aperture.

Turbo crassus, clathratus, quinque anfractibus apertura rotunda mirgi-
VOL. I. U

306 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Cingula

nata, Walk. Test. Min. 13. t. ii. f. 47-— T. cost. Adams, Linn. Trans.

iii. 65. t. xiii. f. 13-14. Mont. Test. Brit. 311. t. x. f. 6 Common on

the English shores, on fuci ; rare in Scotland,

Length T25ths of an inch ; bi-eadth about J5th ; white, glossy ; whorls a lit-
tle rounded ; the ribs are strong, slightly waved ; on the body -whorl they end
in a strong spiral rib, which extends from the body -lip, behind the pillar, to
the outer lip ; this spiral rib is foDowed by a groove ; the spiral strife are most
conspicuous between the ribs.

- 230. C. parva. — Whorls five, strong, with transverse ribs,
without spiral striae.

T. quinque anfractibus subcarinatis apice purpureo apertura ovali, Walk.
Test. Min. 12. t. ii. f. 43 — T. lacteus, Don. Brit. Shells, t. xc— T.
parvus, Mont. Test. Brit. 310. — Among fuci, common.

Length upwards of §th of an inch, conical ; white, brown, or tinged with
purple ; whorls rounded, with about twelve obtuse ribs, sometimes reaching
to the pillar, or only to the middle of the body -whorl ; aperture slightly ovate.
Montagu, in his account of this species, refers to the Turbo aeretis and T. sub.
luteus of Adams, Linn. Trans, iii. 65.

231 . C. marginata. — Shell subcylindrical ; whorls six, finely-
striated spirally, with about six transverse ribs.

Laskey, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 128. Wern. Mem. i. 406. t. viii. f. 13.
— Hitherto found only at Guernsey and Dunbar.

Length |ths of an inch ; breadth fths less ; white ; very strong, the ribs
gradually becoming obsolete at the line of separation ; aperture patulous.

232. C. reticulata. — Shell conical, having six, rounded, regu-
larly reticulated spires, with a slight pillar-cavity.

T. subumbilicatus quatuor anfractibus reticulatus, apertura subrotunda,
Walk. Test. 9. t. ii. f. 32 — T. ret. Mont. Test. Brit. 322. t. xxi. f. 1.

— Among shell-sand, rare-

Length about T'j,th of an inch ; breadth Jgth ; white or brown ; aperture
suborbicular ; the transverse striae do not appear on the lower part of the bo-
dy-whorl, where the spiral striae are most conspicuous. The Turbo punctura
of Montagu, Test. Brit. 320. t. xii. f. 2. appears to be the young of this species,
or before the rib of the lip is formed ; the same also as Turbo retiformis, Walk.
Test. Min. 20. t. ii. f. 37-

233. C. conifer a. — Shell conical ; whorls six, with about
twelve transverse undulated ribs ; the interstices at the top of
the whorls formed into small cavities.

T. con. Mont. Test. Brit. 314. t. xv. f. 2 — Found by Mr Bryer, at Wey-
mouth, rare.
Length |th of an inch ; breadth |ds less ; white ; the cavities of the top of
the spires give the separating line a denticulated appearance ; the spiral striae
are numerous and fine ; aperture oval, oblique, strongly marginated.

234. C. denticulata. — Shell conical ; whorls six, with ten
transverse straight ribs projecting at the top of each.

Turbo dent. Mont. 315. — Weymouth, Mr Bryer.— St Andrew's, Miss Lam-
bert.
Length about ^th of an inch; breadth about one-half less; white, subpel-
lucid ; no spiral striae ; the ribs join the pillar-lip, covering the whole body-
whorl ; aperture suborbicular ; pillar-lip with one or two tubercles at the base,
adjoining the rib?.

Cingcjla. MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 307

235. C. semicostata. — Shell short, conical ; whorls five, spi-
rally striated, with abbreviated transverse ribs.

Turbo elegans, Adams, Linn. Trans, iii. 66. t. xiii. f. 31-32. — T. sem. Mont.
Test. 326. t. xxi. f. 5.— Coast of Devon and Dunbar.

Length half a line ; white ; whorls rounded, well denned by the separating
line ; neither the strice nor ribs conspicuous on the upper whorls ; the ribs do
not extend to the lower part of the body-whorl, where the spiral striae are
most conspicuous ; aperture suborbicular ; pillar-lip a little reflected.

236. C. Bryerea. — Shell conical; whorls seven, with about
eighteen transverse ribs ; destitute of spiral striae.

Turbo B. Mont. Test. Brit. 313. t. xv. f. 8.— In shell-sand, rare.

Length about Ath of an inch ; white, glossy ; whorls rounded, well defined
by the line of separation, which scarcely interrupts the ribs ; aperture oval,
patulous ; pillar-lip slightly reflected.

237. C. stria ta.—- Whorls six, rounded, regularly striated spi-
rally, with transverse obsolete ribs at the top of each volution.

Turbo sex anfractibus reticulatis apertura ovali submarginata, Walk~
Test. Min. 13. t. ii. f. 49.— T. striatus, Adams, Linn. Trans, iii. 66.
Mont. Test. Brit. 312— Among sea-weeds, common.

Length upwards of |th of an inch ; cuticle brownish ; whorls with a deep
separating line ; aperture oval, narrow retrally ; outer lip slightly thickened.

238. C. disjuncta. — Whorls six, smooth ; with the deep line

of separation flat or concave.

Turbo dis. Laskey, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 128. Wern. Mem. i. 405.
t. viii. f. 3. — Belton Sands, Dunbar.

Length about Ath of an inch, slender, white ; whorls much rounded, divid-
ed by a broad and deep line of sepai'ation ; aperture nearly orbicular ; pillar-
lip reflected, forming a small cavity.

Outer lip not thickened by a rib.

-239- C. labiosa. — Whorls seven ; the three largest faintly

ribbed transversely ; aperture patulous.

Turbo lab. Mont. Test. Brit. 400. t. xiii. f. 7—- T. membranaceus, Adams,

Linn. Trans, v. ii. t. i. f. 14-15 English coast, not uncommon; rare

in Scotland.

Length about T4oths ; breadth less than T-5ths ; subpellucid, horn-coloured ;
whorls but little raised, the upper ones smooth, the under ones with about
fifteen faint ribs ; aperture oval, with the outer lip thin ; the pillar-lip much
reflected, forming a cavity behind. — This shell varies much in its thickness,
and in the disposition or presence of the ribs.

240. C. ventricosa. — Whorls six, tumid, smooth and glossy.

T. quinque anfractibus ventricosis apertura subrotunda, Walk. Test.
Min. 10. t. ii. f. 36 — T. vent. Mont. Test. Brit. 317- t. xii. f. 13.—

English coast, common.

Length |th of an inch ; breadth §ds less, of a horn colour, with minute lines
of growth"; aperture suborbicular ; pillar-lip reflected, forming, behind, a small
cavity ; lid tbin, wrinkled, and corneous.

241. C. auricidaris. — Whorls five, rounded; aperture ear-
shaped ; inner lip with an angle.

Turbo aur. Mont. Test. Brit. 308 Near Southampton, rare.

U 2

308 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Cingdla.

Length |ths of an inch ; breadth about |ths ; conic, smooth, subpellucid,
horn-coloured ; whorls deeply divided by the separating line ; apex moderate-
ly pointed ; inner lip forming an angle about the middle, behind which is a
narrow cavity. Montagu compares this species to Limnea fossaria, to which,
it may be added, some of the numerous varieties of Turbo quadrifasciatus bear
a close resemblance, and with which the present species is probably con-
nected.

- 242. C.putta. — Whorls five, rounded, the first large ; striated
or spotted with pink.

Turbo pullus, Linn. Syst. i. 1233. Don. Brit. Shells, t. ii. f. 2-6. Mont
Test. Brit. 319.— On fuci, on the English and Irish coasts.
Length |ths of an inch ; breadth one-half less, smooth, glossy, finely va-
riegated with pink, purple, or brown ; strong ; whorls decreasing rapidly, deep-
ly divided by the separating line ; aperture suborbicular ; pillar-lip reflected,
and forming behind a small cavity ; operculum strong, thick, testaceous, very
convex, white and smooth externally ; the interior part, when separated from
the animal, is a little concave, and has a small and singular spiral turn near
one end.

243. C. ulvce. — Whorls five to seven, nearly flat ; outer lip
even retrally.

Turbo ulvfe, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 132. t. lxxxvi. f. 120. Mont. Test. Brit.
313. — In muddy inlets, common.
Length fths, breadth £th of an inch ; corneous, thick, opake ; whorls with
a distinct separating line, and slightly wrinkled across by lines of growth ;
outer lip nearly straight retrally ; pillar-lip reflected and forming behind a
slight longitudinal cavity ; operculum radiated with arched striae from the
inner margin.

244. C. suburnbtlicata. — Whorls five to seven, rounded, the
first occupying above half the length of the shell.

Turbo sub. Mont. Test. Brit. 316 — About the roots of fuci, common.
Length T35ths, breadth ^th of an inch ; greenish-grey, smooth, glossy ;
whorls well defined by the separating line ; apex obtuse ; aperture suborbi-
cular, the outer lip rounded ; the pillar-lip reflected, forming behind a small
cavity.

245. C. interrupta. — Whorls five or six, slightly rounded,
with interrupted spiral brown bands.

Turbo in. Adams, Linn. Trans, v. 3. t. i. f. 16, 17- Mont. Test. Brit.
329. — On fuci, common.
Length about ph of an inch ; breadth |ds less ; pellucid, glossy, pale
brown'; the coloured bands frequently form rows of oblong spots ; aperture
wide ; outer lip rounded, very thin ; pillar-lip scarcely reflected.

246. C. rubra. — Whorls five, rounded, translucent, glossy,
brown, with a fine separating line.

Turbo ruber, Adams, Linn. Trans, iii. 66. t. xiii. f. 21. Mont. Test. Brit.
320 — At the roots of fuci, not uncommon.
Length |th of an inch ; breadth §ds less; the pillar distinctly visible from
the outside ; aperture suborbicular ; pillar-lip slightly reflected.

247. C. vitrea. — Whorls four, rounded, nearly transparent,
white.

Cingula. MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 309

Turbo vit. Mont. Test. Brit. 321. t. xii. f. 3 — In Cornwall and Zetland,

rare.

Length |th of an inch ; breadth fths less ; smooth, glossy, subeylindric ;

separating line deep and oblique ; aperture large ; outer lip rounded, slightly

compressed in the middle ; pillar-lip a little reflected, forming behind a small

cavity This seems a rare shell. Two examples occurred to me among sand

from Bressay, Zetland.

248. C. unifasciata. — Whorls five, smooth, white, with one
or two spiral bands of purplish brown.

Turbo uni. Mont. Test. Brit. 327- *• xx. f. 6 — On the English coast, rare-
Length about |th of an inch; breadth about one-half less ; conical, thick ;
whorls little raised, divided by a small line ; aperture wide ; outer lip slightly
reflected.

24-9. C. cingitta. — Whorls six, slightly raised, spirally striated ;
the separating line deep.

Turbo trifasciatus, Adams, Linn. Trans, v. ii. t. i. f. 12. B — T. ring. Mont.
Test. Brit. 328. t. xii. f. 7.— T. vittatus, Don. Brit. Shells, t. clxxviii.

f. 1 T. graphicus, Turton, Conch. Diet. 200. f. 34. Brown, Wern.

Mem. ii. 521. t. xxiv. f. 6. — Among the roots of fuci.
Length |th of an inch, breadth §ds less ; subpellucid ; with alternate spiral
bands of horn-colour and chesnut-brown, becoming obsolete towards the apex ;
the separating line appears deep, in consequence of the upper margin of each
volution suddenly bending inwards ; aperture oval ; outer lip nearly straight
retrally.

250. C. alba. — Whorls six, smooth, with about sixteen trans-
verse ribs on the body-whorls.

Turbo albus, Adams, Linn. Trans, iii. 66. t. xiii.f. 17, 18 — Roots of fuci,
common.

Length about Tl5th of an inch, breadth one-half less ; smooth, glossy, subpel-
lucid, pale brown, when recent, or with spiral brown bands ; whorls not much
rounded, smooth, glossy ; the ribs, which are rounded and slightly waved,
sometimes do not reach even to the body -whorl ; the shell then appearing not
unlike C. interrupta ; aperture suborbicular ; pillar-lip a little reflected. — This
species has probably been confounded with C. parva, to which it bears a con-
siderable resemblance. It is, however, more rounded in the aperture, and pro-
duced in the spire, and the outer lip is thin.

251. C. semistriata.— Whorls five or six, rounded, smooth in
the middle, and spirally striated on both sides.

Turbo semi. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 136 — South coast of Devon.
Length |th of an inch ; breadth one-half less, conical ; apex obtuse ; white ;
whorls well defined by the separating line ; the striae extend to the body-
whorl, as far as the junction of the lip ; aperture subovate, angulated at the
retral end.

252. C. dispar. — Whorls four, the first large ; striated spiral-
ly, wrinkled obliquely, and subcarinated at the base.

Turbo dispar, Mont. Linn. Trans, xi. 195. t. xiii. f. 4 — Found at Poole,

by the Rev. Mr Bingley.

Length |th of an inch ; breadth very little less ; grey ; upper whorls small,

usually worn ; aperture suborbicular, within of a dark purple, with one pale

band near the lower extremity.— The opinion expressed by Dr Turton, that

310 MOLLUSC A. PECTIN IBRANCHIA. Odostomia-

the Turbo Ziczac of* Mates and Rackett, Linn. Trans, viii. 160.'t. iv. f. 14'
found near Sunderland by Lady Wilson, is probably similar to this species,
may be regarded as correct.

Gen. LI. ODOSTOMIA. — Shell conical ; aperture ovate ;
peristome incomplete retrally, and furnished with a tooth
on the pillar.

253. O. unidentata. — Shell smooth, whorls five, slightly

rounded, subpellucid.

Turbo un. Mont. Test. Brit. 324. t. xxi. f. 2.— From deep water, not
common.

Length |th of an inch; breadth |ds less; white, glossy, delicate; sepa-
rating line distinct ; apex blunt ; aperture ovate, a little expanded anteally ;
pillar-lip slightly reflected, ending retrally in a small tooth.

254. O. plicata. — Shell smooth ; whorls seven, nearly flat.

Turbo plicatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 325 — In deep water, not common.

Length f5ths of an inch ; breadth less than T'5th; white, opaque, solid; se-
parating line distinct ; aperture ovate ; the outer lip nearly straight retrally ;
pillar-lip reflected, with a cavity behind ; the tooth, in the form of a ridge,
near the middle of the pillar. — The descriptions of these two species have, by
some accident, been intermingled in Testacea Britannica.

255. O, spiralis. — Whorls 5, the lower part of the largest

striated spirally ; the remainder of the shell ribbed transversely.

Turbo longitudinaliter striatus quinque anfractibus apertura subrotun-

da, Walk. Test. Min. 13. t. ii. f. 46 Turbo spiralis, Mont. Test.

Brit. 322. t. xii. f. 9 In Salcomb Bay, and Zetland.

Length j^th, breadth o'gth of an inch ; pellucid, glossy, white ; whorls
nearly flat ; the two upper spiral lines are the largest, join the outer lip, and
are continued along the separating line ; the transverse ribs are numerous,
and slightly raised ; aperture ovate, the outer lip nearly straight retrally ;
pillar lip reflected, with a slight cavity behind ; the tooth or fold is minute.

256. O. interstincta. — Whorls 5, rather flat, and finely rib-
bed across.

T. int. Mont. Test. Brit. 324. t. xii. f. 10 Coast of Devon, rare.

Length one line, breadth fds less ; glossy, white ; whorls divided by a
small separating line; apex obtuse; aperture suboval; pillar lip a little re-
flected, with a small tooth. Montagu refers to this species the Turbo inlcr-
stinctus of Adams, Linn. Trans, iii. Go", t. xiii. f. 23, 24.

257. O. insctdpta. — Whorls 6, rounded, and regularly striat-
ed spirally.

Turbo in. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 129 Coast of Devon, rare.

Length |th of an inch, breadth §ds less ; subpellucid, white ; taper, apex
obtusely pointed ; aperture subovate ; pillar-lip a little reflected, with a small
cavity behind.

258. O. Sandvicensis. — " The three spired elegantly reti-
culated turbo, with a one-toothed oval aperture, from Sand-
wich, rare."— Walk. Test. Min. 15. t. ii. f. 55.

Scalaria. MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 311

Gen. MONODONTA.— Pillar-lip notched or suddenly in-
dented, so as to exhibit an imperfect canal.

1. M. muricatus. — Short, conical, whorls 5, with many equal muricated
spiral ridges ; lip plaited. — Turbo mur. Sower. Mm. Conch, t. cclx. f. 4.— Co-
ral Rag.

Gen. LII. SCALARIA. — Spire produced ; transverse ridges
on the body-whorl continuous with the pillar.

- 259- S. Clathrus. — Whorls 10, pointed, crossed by about

ten regular continuous ribs ; the intermediate spaces smooth.

Cochlea variegata, List. Conch, t. nlxxxviii. f. 51. Bor. Corn. 276. t.
xxviii. f. 9. — Turbo clath. Perm. Brit. Zool. iv. 129. t. lxxxii. f. 3. d.
t. 3. a.— T. clathratulus, Don. Brit. Sh. t. xxviii. upper figures — Not
common.

Length about an inch and a half, breadth at the base half an inch ; colour
usually white ; volutions rounded ; deeply divided by the separating line,
across which the ribs are extended ; pillar behind imperforated. The body-
whorl is destitute of the keel-like spiral ridge which distinguishes the S. la-
mellosa of Lamarck, a species confounded with the preceding by Linnaeus.
Animal mottled black and white ; discharges a purple dye ; snout produced ;
tentacula slender, black ; operculum coriaceous, black and spirally striated.

260. S. clathratulus. — Whorls 8, obtuse, crossed by upwards

of 15 regular continuous ribs, the intermediate spaces smooth.

List. Conch, t. Dlxxxviii. f. 51. lower figures. — Turbo clath. Walk. Test.
Min. 12. t. ii. f. 45. Maton and Racket, Linn. Trans, viii. t. v. f. 1. —
Mont. Test. Brit. 297 Not common.

Length about half an inch, breadth about T%ths ; like the preceding, but
more slender in its growth, the ribs more numerous and less elevated.

— 261. S. Turtoni. — Whorls about 12, pointed, crossed by
about as many ribs, interrupted by a separating line ; the in-
termediate spaces spirally striate.

Turba clathratus var. Don. Brit. Shells, t. xxviii, the lowest figure.— T.

Turtoni, Turton, Conch. Diet. 208. f. 97 On the Irish and English

coasts.

Length two inches and a half, breadth three-quarters of an inch ; pale
brown, with two or three spiral dark bands. Shell strong ; whorls rounded ;
the ribs are but little raised, rounded, bent at the line of separation ; some are
large, and longitudinally wrinkled ; lips white, pillar-lip a little reflected.

In a paper by Mr Winch on the Geology of Lindisfarn, (Annals of Phil.
xx. 434.) there is a notice of a recent species of this genus from the neigh-
bouring sea, and which is there designated, " Scalaria Trevetyana, Leach
MS." I have not seen any specimens, or met with any description of this
species.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. S. similis.— Whorls about 7, contiguous; spire with 5 or 6 rounded trans-
verse elevations, close to each other, and somewhat decussated, the lowest

312 MOLLUSC A. PECTIN IBRANCHI A. Scalaria.

most prominent. Ribs distant, circular. Length an inch and a half, breadth

about half an inch. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xvi. two upper figures In Crag,

from Bramerton.

2. S. semicostala. — AVhorls about 1, contiguous ; spire transversely striated,
ribs numerous, but slightly raised, lower part of each volution smooth, naked.
— Sower. Min. Conch, t. xvi. middle figure. — In London Clay, from Barton
Cliff, and in Crag of Suffolk, (lb. t. 390.')

3. S. acuta. — Whorls about 1, rather distant ; spire with three slight trans,
verse risings, and a fourth very prominent one, near the lower part of each
turn, llibbs recurved, expanded, and acutely angular at their upper ends ;
outer lip produced retrally. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xvi. lowest figure.— In
London Clay, Barton Cliff.

4. S. snbulata. — Whorls contiguous; ribs 10 or 12, thick, reflected; the in-
tervening spaces smooth— Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxc. f. 1 — Crag, Suffolk.

5. S.foliacea. — Whorls separate ; ribs distant, slender, broad, leaf-like, re-
flected in the middle. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxc. f. 2. — Crag, Suffolk.

6. S. minuta. — Whorls contiguous : ribs about 20, thin, obtuse, elevated. —
Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cccxc. f. 3, 4.— Crag, Suffolk.

Gen. LIII. CYCLOSTREMA — Spire short; transverse
ridges on the body-whorl disjoined from the pillar by a
crenulated groove.

262. C. Zetlandica. — Shell conical ; whorls 5, ribbed spiral-
ly and transversely, with angular tubercles at the points of de-
cussation.

Mont. Linn. Trans, xi. 194. t. xiii. f. 3, — Zetland.

Length 2 lines ; white ; apex obtuse; whorls tumid; longitudinal ridges
do not extend to the lower part of the body-whorl, where the spiral ridges
are very prominent ; aperture nearly orbicular, and marginated. A single
example of this species occurred to me among shell-sand at Noss, Zetland.
It was lent to my valued correspondent the late Mr Montagu, who omitted
to return it, so that I can add nothing to the description which he has pub-
lished.

Gen. LIV. DELPHINULA.— Spire depressed, produced,
and tuberculated.

263. D. calcar. — Whorls 4, the upper ones depressed, farm-
ing a flat summit.

Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 137, t. xxix. f. 3 — On the shore of Iona, Mr
Laskey.

Breadth about a quarter of an inch ; of a pale pink colour; round; on the
body and part of the second whorls are large, smooth, lanceolate spines, ra-
diating in straight lines from the shell, about 13 in number ; base convex,
with a central cavity ; aperture orbicular.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. D. coronata Discoid flat above, with broad flat pointed spines around

its edge ; concave beneath — Euomphalus coronatus, Soiver. Min. Conch, t.
ccccl. f. 3.— Lower Oolite, AnclifK

Skenea. MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 313

2. D. nodosa — Upper side with a nearly central ridge ; under side with a
row of rather large nodular projections ; aperture nearly round. — Euompha-
lus nodosus, Sower. Min. Conch, t. xlvi. — Carboniferous Limestone, Derby-
shire.

3. D. discors — Whorls three or four, above subimbricated, with four spiral
projections ; beneath concave, smooth.— Euomphalus dis. Sower. Min. Conch,
t. lii. f. 1 — Carboniferous Limestone, Colebrook Dale.

4. D. rugosa.— Above imbricated, with four spiral projections; beneath
plaited ; margin rather acute — Park. Or. Rem. iii. 77- t. vi. f. 7, 8 Euom-
phalus rug. Sower. Min. Conch, t. lii. f. 2. — Carboniferous Limestone, Cole-
brook Dale.

5. D. angulosa — Above subimbricated, with three spiral projections ; be-
neath striated, with five obscurely plaited spiral projections ; aperture ob-
scurely octangular Euomphalus ang. Sower. Min. Conch, t. lii. f. 3.— Car-
boniferous Limestone, Benthall Edge.

6. D. tuberculata — Discoid, whorls striated spirally and transversely, with
a row of transverse tubercles on each side— In Carboniferous Limestone, West
Lothian.

Gen. CIRUS. — Spire produced.

1. Leachii. — Longitudinally striated ; whorls many, with several rows of
tubercles crossed by numerous small ridges ; upper row of tubercles spiri-
form, compressed— Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxix. f. 3 Under Oolite, Dundry.

2. nodosus. — Conical, acuminated, or discoid, with an acuminated spiral
umbo ; spire reversed ; whorls many, with two rows of longitudinally ex-
tended tubercles, crossed by numerous small ridges Sower. Min. Conch.

(cast) t. cxli. f. 2. and t. ccxix. f. 1, 2, 3 Under Oolite, Dundry.

Gen. LV. SKENEA. — Spire depressed, and destitute of
spinous processes.

264. S. depressa. — Whorls three or four, wrinkled across,
with a deep groove for the separating line.

Serpula cornea, Adams, Linn. Trans, v. v. t. i. f. 33. — Helix depressa,
Mont. Test. Brit. 439, t. xiii. £ 5 — At the roots of fuci, common.
Breadth one line ; colour brown ; whorls round ; beneath, a large central
cavity exposing the upper volutions ; above, the whorls are nearly on a level,
their central edge bending suddenly at the separating line, and forming a
deep groove ; the transverse lines of growth are irregular and rough; aper-
ture circular, detached from the body-whorl, sometimes slightly reflected.

265. S. serpuloides. — Whorls three, white, smooth, and
glossy.

Helix utrinque umbilicata apertura rotunda unici anfractus, Walk. Test.
Min. 7- t. i. f. 26. (the fry) — Helix serp. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 147.
t. xxi. f. 3. — Not uncommon from deep water.

Breadth about 'l5th of an inch; subopake; whorls round, nearly on a level
above, with a deep separating line ; beneath, with a central cavity, round
which there are traces, under a high magnifier, of diverging lines of growth ;
aperture circular, with the margin a little reflected.

:314 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Skenea.

266. S. divisa. — Whorls three or four ; the upper half of
each smooth, the under half spirally striated.

Turbo divisus, Adams, Linn. Trans, iii. 254.— Common from deep water.
Breadth scarcely a line ; white, glossy, subpellucid ; whorls round, nearly
on a level above, with a deep separating line ; beneath, the central cavity is
large, and exposes the superior volutions; aperture circular, and usually de-
tached from the body -whorl.

The following Extinct Species appear to belong to this genus.

1. S. cequalis — Equilaterally concave, with one obscure keel on the right
side, and two on the left ; smooth ; whorls exposed ; aperture orbicular. —
Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxl. f. 1. — In Carboniferous Limestone.

2. S. concava. — Discoid, involute, flat on one side, concave on the other ;
whorls four, the last but slightly attached — Vermicularia con. Sower. Min.
Conch, t. lvii. f. 1-5. —In Green Sand.

3. S. umbonata Discoid, involute ; umbonated above, concave beneath ;

whorls three, the smallest concealed in the umbo — Vermicularia umb. Sower.
Min. Conch, t. lvii. f. G, 7 — Mr Mantell adds, that the outer volution is pro-
duced, and marked with distant annular ridges. — Geo]. Suss. iii. t. xviii. f.
24 Grey Chalk Marl.

4. S. ovata Discoid, involute, rudely ovate, a little concave beneath ;

whorls three. — Vermicularia ovata, Sower. Min. Conch, t. lvii. f. 8 Upper

Oolite.

5. S. catillus Depressed ; beneath nearly flat, above concave, somewhat

contracted, crossed with oblique striae ; whorls three, externally broad, con-
vex, oblique, transversely striated, and bordered on each side by a sharp edge.

Helix catillus, Mart. Derb. t. vii. f. 1, 2 — Euomphalus cat. Sower. Min.

Conch, t. xlv. f. 3, 4 — In Carboniferous Limestone.

6. S. perangulatus. — A prominent central ridge or rising angle on the up-
per side, within which is a flat obliquely depressed space to the separating
line ; the other side obtusely angulated ; striae of hair-like growth ; whorls
almost wholly exposed ; aperture obscurely pentangular, rounded on the outer

side Park. Org. Rem. iii. 77- t. vi. f. 7, 8. — Euomphalus pent. Sower. Min.

Conch, t. xlv. f. 1, 2 Carboniferous Limestone, Ireland.

7. S.funata. — Conical, very short; with many spiral threads, united by

more numerous transverse lines ; central cavity rather small Euomphalus

fun. Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccl. £ 1, 2 — Carboniferous Limestone, Dudley.

8. S. carinata Discoid, smooth, whorls five ventricose, obtusely carinat-

ed ; convex below, central cavity large ; aperture transverse, obovate. —
Cirus car. Soiver. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxix. f. 3, 4 — Lias, Cheltenham.

Gen. EUOMPHALUS— Spire produced.

1. E. acutus Whorls eight, conical, sharp, with an obtuse ridge near the

upper part of each, within which there is a flat space ; aperture round. —
Sower Min. Conch, t. cxli. — In Carboniferous Limestone, Ireland— It is near-
ly related to Skenea pentangularis, from which it differs in the produced
spire, and in the Hat space on the top of each whorl not reaching to the
centre.

2. E. rotundatus Conical, nearly smooth, whorls convex ; central cavity

large ; aperture round. — Cirus rotundatus, Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxix. f
I, 2.—Carbo7iiferous Limestone, Yorkshire.

Paludina. MOLLUSCA. PECTIMBRANCHIA. 315

3. E. plicattts.—^C 'onical, transversely striated, base angular, sides flattened,
central cavity plaited or deeply striated ; aperture oblong.— Cirus plicatus,
Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxli. f. 3. — Chalk Marl, Folkstone.

4. E. perspectivus— Obtusely conical ; spirally striated, central cavity deep,

exposing one-third of each whorl; aperture transversely oblong Cirus per.

Mant. Geol. 194. t. xviii. f. 12, 21. Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxviii. f. 1, 2.
—In Chalk.

5. E. depressus — Subdiscoid, concentrically striated ; central cavity wide,
exposing a small portion of each whorl ; an angular canal runs round the
spire; aperture obtusely angular. — Cirus depressus, Mant. Geol. 195. t.
xviii. f. 18, 22. Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxviii. f. 3 In Chalk.

6. C» granulatus. — Conical; whorls five or six, obscurely quadrangular, or-
namented with regular transverse granulated striae. — Mant Geol. 195 Up-
per Chalk.

7- C. Sowerbii. — Conical, spiral, smooth, umbilicate; inner wreaths anchy-

losed slightly inserted ; aperture indented by the preceding volution. Ver.

micularia Sower. Mant. Geol. iii. t. xviii. f. 14. 15. — Grey Chalk Marl.

8. C. Bognorensis — Spiral, last volution much produced, inferior side deep-
ly umbilicate — Verm. Bog Alant. Geol. 272.

Gen. LVI, PALUDINA. — Shell conical, mouth a little long-
er than broad ; pillar-lip simple.

— 267. P. vivipara. — Whorls five or six, rounded ; separating
line deep ; apex like a minute tubercle.

Cochlea maxima, List. An. Ang. 133. t. ii. f. 18. Conch, t. cxxvi. f. 26.
— Helix vivipara, Linn. Syst. i. 1247 — Nerita viv. Mull. Verm. ii.
182,— Hel. viv. Mont. Test. Brit. 38(3 — Cyclostoma viviparum and
achatinum, Drap. Moll. 34, 36. — In the slow running rivers of Eno-.
land.

Length sometimes an inch and a half, the breadth one inch ; olive-green,
with three brown spiral bands ; whorls with an abruptly fine apex, irre<nilar-
ly wrinkled by layers of growth; the body-whorl occupying about two-thirds
of the length of the shell ; aperture nearly semicircular ; pillar-lip a little re-
flected, behind which is a small cavity ; operculum corneous ; concentrically
striated. Young about ten in number — This varies a little in the shape of
its aperture, and in the relative size and distance of the coloured bands.

268. P. tentaculata. — Whorls five or six, a little rounded ;
apex entire.

Cochlea parva, List. An. Ang. 135. t. ii. f. 19. Conch, t. cxxxii. 32.—
Helix tentaculata, Linn. Syst. i. 1249 — Nerita jaculator, Mull. Venn,
ii. 185 — Hel. tent. Mont. Test. Brit. 389 — In stagnant waters, Eng-
land and Ireland.

Length half an inch, breadth one quarter, smooth, glossy, horn-coloured,
with fine lines of growth ; whorls increasing less rapidly than in the preced-
ing species, the body whorl occupying about the half of the length of the
shell; aperture ovate, slightly contracted retrally ; pillar- lip a little reflect-
ed ; tentacula setaceous, and continually in motion. The young of this spe-
cies constitute the Nerita sphcsrica of Muller, and the Cyclostoma simile of Dra-
parnaud.

269. P. acuta. — Whorls five or six, a little rounded, taper-
ing ; apex entire.

316 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Paludina.

Cyclostoma acutum, Drap. Moll. 40. t. i. f. 23. — Turbo Leachii, Shep-
pard, Linn. Trans, xiv. 152. — Cyc. acutum, Turton, Zool. Journ. ii.
5G5 — In stagnant ditches, England.

Length from 2 to 3 lines, breadth nearly |ds less ; diaphanous, of a horn
colour ; the body -whorl occupies about one-half of the shell ; aperture ap-
proaching to semicircular; pillar-lip a little reflected, with a slight cavity be-
hind. This shell is subject to some variety in its growth. The specimens
in my possession from Bristol, were communicated by Mr Thomas Drum-
mono.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. P. fluviorum. — Whorls four to six, convex ; shell about twice the length
of the aperture ; lines of growth rather sharply conspicuous, giving the shell
a finely striated appearance.— Vivipara fluv. Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxxi. f. 1.
— Mantell, GeoL Suss. 45. t. xvii. f. 56. — In Limestone above and below the
Iron sand.

2. P. externa — Whorls four or five, subconvex, lower part rather angular ;
inner Up swelling a little at the umbilical side, outer lip extended outwards ;
shell about twice the length of the aperture. — Viv. est, Sower. Min. Conch,
t. xxxi. f. 2. — With the preceding.

3. P. lenta.— Smooth ; whorls five or six, scarcely angular ; lines of growth
occasionally conspicuous ; aperture nearly round, entire.— Sower. Min. Conch.
t. xxxi. f. 3. — London Clay, at Hordwell and Barton.

4. P. concinna.— Shell rather conical ; whorls four or five ; slightly convex ;

lower part rather angular. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxxi. f. 4, 5 Barton

Cliff.

5. P. suboperta. — Whorls five, convex, with a depressed line along the up-
per part ; [a little wrinkled ; outer lip folding partly over the upper part of
the aperture ; shell about twice the length of the aperture— Sower. Min.
Conch, t. xxxi. f. 6 — Crag, Holywells.

The three preceding species probably belong to the marine genus Cingula,
nor is it certain that the two following are true Paludince.

6. P. elongata.— Ovato lanceolate, smooth ; whorls five, convex ; aperture
elongated. Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dix. f. 1, 2. — Weald Clay.

7. P. carinifera. — Ovato-conical, smooth ; whorls four, convex, the upper
two bounded by a linear keel at the lower edge. — Sower. Min. Conch, t.
Dix. f. 3. — Purbeck Limestone.

Gen. AMPUL L ARIA. — Shell globose, pillar-lip prominent
and reflected.

1. A. acuta Ventricose, smooth, with a small acute spire ; pillar-cavity

small, half closed; aperture ovate, elongated. — (Helix mutabilis, Brander, f.
58, 59.) Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclxxxiv. three upper figures. — London Clay.

2. A. patula.-Yentricose, smooth, with a short spire ; pillar-cavity large,
open, lined with a spiral adpressed plate ; aperture obovate,— (Helix muta-
bilis, Brander, f. 57.) Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclxxxiv. two middle figures. —
London Clay, Barton. — This species seems nearly related to Turbo quadrifas.
ciatus.

3. A. segaretina.— Ventricose, short, spire small, acute, with sharp trans-
verse strise ; pillar-cavity covered, small, half filled by a spiral plate ; aper-

Ampullama. MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 317

ture suborbicular ; right lip enlarged— Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclxxxiv. two
lower figures.— London Clay.

4. A. ambulacrum Globose, with a canal round an acute spire ; pillar-ca-
vity plain within Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxxii. — London Clay.

5. A. nobilis Subglobose, smooth ; spire conical, composed of a few con-
vex whorls; base very convex; no pillar cavity; aperture elliptical, sublu-
nate, pointed above.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxxii. f. 1. — Carboniferous Lime-
stone.

6. A. helicoidis. — Almost discoid, smooth ; spire very short, blunt ; whorls
nearly blended, round ; base with a pillar cavity ; aperture oblong. — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. Dxxii. f. 2. — Carboniferous Limestone, Ireland.

7. A. canaliculata " Ventricose, whorls three or four ; transversely and

obliquely striated ; the strife decussating each other ; spire short ; turns of
the spire separated by a deep channel." — ManU Geol. Suss. 87. t. xix. f. 13.
Blue Chalk Marl. — Mr Mantell likewise refers another shell to this genus,
but with doubt, " a subglobose, ventricose, univalve," p. 111. t. xviii. f. 11.

Gen. MELANIA. — Shell turrited; aperture oblong; pillar-
lip smooth, and bent in the middle.

1. M. sulcata Spire more than five times the length of its diameter, with

spiral striae ; a concave furrow between each whorl ; whorls fourteen — Sower.
Min, Conch, t. xxxix. middle figure — London Clay, Stubbington Cliffs.

2. M. Heddingtonensis A shell about three times as long as the diameter ;

whorls eight or more, the surface of each concave near the middle, with an
obtuse angled rising near the upper part.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxxix. right
and left hand figures.— Upper and Middle Oolite.

3. M. striata Length two and a half times as long as the diameter ; whorls

six or more, with about sixteen rounded spiral ribs, nearly equal on the outer
part of the whorls, but widened on the concealed parts — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. xlvii. — Lias.

4. M. lineata Acuminated ; whorls nine, finely striated across ; aperture

angular above — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxviii. f. 1.— Inferior Oolite, at Dun-
dry.

5. M./asciafo.— Turrited, short; whorls six, spirally striated, marked with
three coloured bands, coronated; aperture ovate. — Sower. Min. Conch, t.
ecxli. f. 1. — Fresh-water Formation, Isle of Wight.

6. M. costata.— Turrited, spirally striated, transversely ribbed ; mouth ob-
ovate. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxli. f. 2 — London Clay, Hordwell.

7. M. minima Turrited, smooth ; sides straight ; mouth ovate, pointed

above ; base slightly produced — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxli. f. 3. — London
Clay, Brakenhurst, Hants.

8. M. truncala Conical, elongated, smooth ; whorls angular below ; mouth

ovate, acute above, truncated below. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxli. f. 4. — Lon-
don Clay, Brakenhurst.

With the exception of M. fasciata, it is doubtful if any of the preceding
species belong to the genus Melania. It is more probable that they are re-
lated to the marine Turbonidce.

9. M. costellata.— Turrito-subulated spirally, with numerous longitudinal
ribs ; anteal lip with a canal in the inside. — Lam, Hist. Vert. vii. 543. {Bran*
der, Foss. Hant. f. 21-)— ManU Geol. 269.

318 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Nerita.

NERITADjTC.

* Marine.
Nerita.
Natica.

•• Fluviaiile.
Neritina.

Gen. LVII. NERITA.— Pillar-lip flat, entering the cavity,
entire behind.

- 270. N. littoralis. — Whorls five, nearly smooth, the outer lip

thin on the edge, thickened within.

Nerita ex fusco-viridescens, List. An. Ang. 1G4, t. iii. f. 11, 12, 13. Conch,
t. Dcvii. £ 39-44 — N. litt. Linn. Syst. 1253. Mont. Test. Brit. 467.
— Common on sea rocks, covered with the tide.

Length and breadth about three-quarters of an inch. Shell thick and
strong, variously coloured ; whorls increase rapidly, spire short, depressed,
the separating line small ; aperture semicircular, but the pillar is more round-
ed anteally, where it joins the outer lip, than is usual in the genus; hence
Lamarck has placed the shell in the genus Turbo (T. retusus. Hist. Vert. vii.
48.) ; a subperforation appears on the pillar. This shell is subject to consi-
derable variation in the shape, arising from the spire being more or less pro-
duced ; the body-whorl round or compressed, and the outer lip retrally join-
ing the upper or middle part of the whorl.

271. N. Virginea, — Smooth, polished ; pillar-lip toothed.

Nerita, List. Conch, t. Devi. f. 35. Turton's Conch. Diet. 127 — West
coast of Ireland.

Breadth of those found bv Dr Turton hardly the eighth of an inch, pale,
ferruginous, with black zigzag lines running in various directions ; whorls lit-
tle raised, a black line round the junctions.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. N. lavigata. — Pointed, smooth; spire conical, with straight sides; base
convex Sower. Min. Conch, t. cexvii. f. i. — Inferior Oolite.

2. N. sintwsa Obtuse, uneven ; spire short, with convex whorls ; aperture

with a rounded sinus near the base, and an angular sinus near the middle. —
Soiver. Min. Conch, cexvii. f. 2 — Portland Oolite at Chilmarsh.

3. N. globosa Subglobose, transversely sulcated ; spire apparent ; one tooth

upon the inner lip ; outer lip plain within — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxiv.
ft 1.— London Clay.

4. N. aperta Subhemispherical, smooth ; spire visible, depressed ; aper-
ture orbicular, expanded ; inner lip obscurely crenated, bearing one large
tooth Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxiv. f. 2, 3, 4. — London Clay.

5. N. minuta Hemispherical, smooth ; spire indistinct, aperture oval ;

pillar-lip not toothed.—- Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cccclxiii. ft 3, 4. Oolite at An-
cliff.

Natica. MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 310

6. N. costata. Hemispherical ; spire conspicuous, impressed ; whorls trans-
versely costated ; costse thin, sharp, numerous ; aperture expanded, orbicu-
lar ; columellar lip prominent, obtuse. Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cccclxiii. f. 5,
6. Oolite, Ancliff.

7. N. spirata. Semiglobose, smooth ; spire small, partly immersed ; upper
parts of the whorls flat, when old, concave ; aperture transversely oval —
.Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cccclxiii. £ I, 2. Mountain Limestone.

8. N. I possess some imperfect specimens of a species differing

from the preceding in size, and in the spire being larger. From the Tran-
sition Limestone of Cork.

9. N. striata. Spire slightly produced ; whorls flat, crossed by numerous
narrow rounded ribs. I found an imperfect specimen of this shell in Carboni-
ferous Limestone at Corry,lArran 5th June 1807. It bears a close resemblance

to the recent Nerita polita.

Gen. LVIII. NATICA. — Pillar-lip entire, not entering the
aperture, with a cavity or callus behind.

— 272. N. glaucina. — Whorls six, smooth, pillar-lip thick and

reflected, forming a large and deep cavity.

Cochlea rufescens, List. An. Ang. 163. t. iii. f. 10, Conch. 568. (.119.—
Nerita glaucina, Linn. Syst. i. 1251. Mont. Test. Brit. 469. Inhabits
deep sandy bays, common.

Length about an inch and a half, breadth rather less ; whorls little elevat-
ed ; apex pointed ; colour brownish white, with interrupted bands of brown
on the upper volutions; outer lip considerably advanced at its junction with
the body ; operculum divergingly striated. Mr Hog has demonstrated, that
the substance known under the name of Flustra arenosa, is the nidus of this
species, in the cells of which the eggs are deposited. Linn. Trans, xiv. 318.
The Nerita pellucida and alba of Adams, ib. iii. 67- are probabl)' the fry of
this species.

273. N. nitida. — Whorls five ; pillar cavity half closed.

Nerita nit. Don. Brit. Shells, 144. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 149. On
different parts of the coast, not common.

Diameter scarcely half an inch; glossy, white ; spire short ; whorls nearly
flat, with the separating line nearly obliterated.

274. N. riifa. — Smooth, purplish, with a white band round

the top of the volutions, and two others on the body-whorl.

Nerita rufa, Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 150. t. xxx. f. 3. English and Scot-
tish coast, rare.

Breadth about half an inch ; pillar-lip forms a large projection over the ca-
vity behind, producing an indenture on each side of it. The second whorl
in this is larger in proportion than in N. glaucina.

— 275. N. intrlcata. — Pillar-cavity furnished with two spiral

ridges and two grooves.

Nerita in. Don. Brit. Shells, t. clxvii. N. canrena, Mont. Test. Brit.
Sup. 148. Weymouth, rare.

Length about half an inch ; smooth, livid, with bands of sagittate ferrugi-

320 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Natica.

nous lines ; pillar-cavity very large. This species has occurred only to Mr
Donovan.

276. N. tubcrosissima. — Whorls four, marked with four spi-
ral broken tubercular ridges.

Nerita tub. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 150. t. xxix. f. 5.— At Dunbar, Mr
Laskey.

Breadth about |th of an inch; pellucid, white; upper volutions small ;
pillar-cavity large.

277. N. sulcata. — Whorls four, with remote oblique trans-
verse striae.

Nerita sul, Turton. Conch. Diet. 124. fig. 56, 57 N. glabrissimus,

Brown, Wern. Mem. ii. 532. t. xxiv. f, 12 — Two specimens found in
Dublin Bay by Dr Turton.

Breadth |th of an inch ; globular, semitransparent, bluish-white ; whorls
swollen, well defined ; pillar-lip flat, projecting a little in the middle over
the cavity behind, which is long and deep.

278. N. pallidula. — Whorls three, pillar-lip with a wide

groove leading to the cavity.

Ner. pall. Don. Brit. Sh. t. xvi. f. i. Mont. Test. Brit. 468 Turbo pal-

lidus and puteolus, Turt. Conch. 192.— Among sea weeds, about low
water-mark, common.

Length \ an inch, breadth |ths ; yellowish-brown ; whorls rounded, with
a grooved separating line, the upper ones small, lateral, and little produced,
slightly wrinkled by the layers of growth ; pillar-cavity deep, the retral ex-
tremity of the lip partly folded over it ; operculum with diverging wrinkles.

- 279- N. lacuna. — Whorls four ; pillar-lip with a narrow

groove leading to the cavity.

Ner. lac. Mont. Test. Brit. 428. t. xiii. f. 6 — Turbo lacuna, Turt. Conch.
Diet. 193. t. xxv. f. 87, 89.— On the English shores, rare.

This shell bears a very close resemblance to the preceding. Judging from
an authentic example which I received from Mr Montagu, it chiefly differs
in the less enlargement of the body-whorl towards the aperture, the second
whorl being better defined, the pillar-groove narrower, and the anteal cur-
vature of the lip more restricted : there are likewise some faint traces of spi-
ral striae.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. N. glaucinoides.— Nearly globose spire, rather elongated ; pillar-cavity
simple, partly covered ; upper part of each whorl slightly depressed— ■Sower.
Min. Conch, t. v. three upper figures, and t. cccclxxix. f. 4. — London Clay and
Suffolk Crag.

2. N. similis. — Shell rather rhomboidal ; spire short ; pillar cavity divided
by a spiral projection ; aperture slightly angular above. — Sower. Min. Conch.
t. v. two middle figures — London Clay.

3. N. depressa Nearly globose, subumbilicated ; upper part, and the side

of each whorl, flattened, so as to appear nearly square ; columella depressed
beneath ; aperture angular at the upper part. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. v. lower
figures.— Crag-marl.

Neretina. MOLLUSC. PECTINIJ3RANCH1A. 321

4. N. patula Hemispherical, smooth, spire small, depressed ; pillar cavi-
ty open, containing a spiral ridge. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxxiii. three lower
figures — Suffolk Crag.

5. N. striata Subhemispheroidal, smooth ; spire small, depressed ; pillar

cavity open ; base concentrically striated — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxxiii.
two upper figures. — London Clay.

6. N. cirrifornm Globose ; whorls slightly compressed laterally ; spire

conspicuous ; pillar cavity large, deep, open ; pillar lip thick, with a sinus in
the middle ; aperture small, oblong — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxxix. f. 1.
—Suffolk Crag.

7- N. Iwmiclausa. — Subglobose ; spire small, conical, pointed ; cavity half
closed by the upper part of the pillar lip ; aperture oval. — Sower. Min. Conch.
t. cccclxxix. f. 2. — Crag.

8. N. sigaratina — Much depressed ; pillar cavity large, filled with a lenti-
cular callus — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxxix. f. 3 London Clay.

Gen. LIX. NERETINA. — Pillar lip broad, flat, entire ; outer
lip patulous.

— 280. N.Jluviat'dis.— Transversely oval, outer lip thin.

Nerita fluviatilis, List. An. Ang. 13G. t. ii. f. 20. Conch, t. 607- f. 43

Linn. Syst. 1253. Mont. Test. Brit. 470. — On stones in slow running
rivers in England and Ireland.

Length |ths of an inch, breadth §ths ; variously streaked or spotted with
purple white and brown ; the whorls rounded, the upper ones small ; slight-
ly striated across by the lines of growih ; pillar lip white ; lid yellow, with
a lateral tooth behind, imbedded in the foot.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. N. concava. — Obovate, with a prominent obtuse spire ; upper part of

each whorl concave ; aperture semicircular ; lip entire Soider. Min. Conch.

t. ccclxxxv. £ 1-8 — In various strata from the London Clay to the Crag.

2. N. uniplkata.— Subglobose, with a concealed spire, and one plait upon
the rather convex pillar lip — Sotver. Min. Conch, t. ccclxxxv. f. 9. 10. — Lon-
don Clay.

TROCHUSID.E.

Gen. LX. TROCHUS. — Base flat or concave; aperture
transversely depressed.

* Pillar perforated.

-281. T. Magus. — Spire subdepressed ; whorls six, flattened
above towards the deep separating line ; the last whorls tuber-
culated.

T. planior, List. Conch, t. C41. 31 — T. Magus, Linn. Syst. i. 1228.
Mont. Test. Brit. 283 — In deep water, not common.
VOL. I. v

39£ MOLLUSCA. TROCHUSID.E. Tkochus.

Breadth about an inch, height one-fourth less; variously marked with
red, blue, and white ; base slightly convex ; whorls spirally striated ; the
upper part of the two last waved or tuberculated, and a raised rib round the
base of each; pillar cavity wide, with an open spiral groove. — Specimens of
a shell exactly corresponding with Turbo carneus of Mr Lowe (Zool. Journ.
vol. ii. p. 107. t. v. f. 12. and which Mr Gray has identified with the Marga-
rita striata of Leach (Ross's Voyage of Discov. App.), Zool. Journ. vol. ii. 567.),
which I found plentifully in Zetland, were sent to Mr Montagu in 1809, who
pronounced them the fry of a Trochus. There can be little doubt of their
relation to the present species.

282. T. umbUicatus. — Spire bluntly conical ; whorls nearly-
even, obsoletely striated at the base.

T. ci-ebris striis fuscus, List. An. Aug. 1669. t. iii. f. 15. Conch. Dcxli.
f. 31. — T. umbilicaris, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 126. — T. cinerarius, Don.
Brit. Shells, t. lxxiv. three middle figures. — T. umbilicatus, Mont. Test.
Brit. 286 — On Fuci near low water-mark.

Breadth fths, height fths of an inch ; whitish, with waved purple stripes.
Whorls five, imperfectly marked by the separating line ; striated, smooth ;
pillar cavity with sloping wrinkled sides ; the margin of the cavity and of
the body whorl rounded.

283. T. cinerarius. — Spire subdepressed, with a minute

apex ; whorls with a well defined separating line ; strongly

striated at the base.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 12/. Don, Brit. Shells, t. lxxiv. two upper and
two lower figures. Mont. Test. Brit. 284 — Near low water-mark.

Height and breadth about §ths of an inch ; grey, with numerous lines of
purple ; whorls five ; strongly striated, the striae interrupted by the lines of
growth, giving the surface a rough feel ; pillar cavity large : the tentacula
and lateral filaments not so dark nor so strongly marked with annular rings
as the preceding. — I am not satisfied with the claims of this species as dis-
tinct from the preceding. They are probably only varieties constituting the
Trochus cinerarius of Linnaeus.

— 284. T. tumidus. — Whorls subquadrangular, with numerous
spiral striae slightly decussated by the lines of growth.

Mont. Test. Brit. 280. t. x. f. 4. 4.— In deep water.

Length about ^gths, and breadth about ,3<;ths of an inch ; dusky white
with spotted transverse lines of purplish-brown ; whorls five, flat at top,
nearly even on the sides, or rather slightly concave, with the lower edge
subcarinated ; base a little rounded, the lines of growth diverging from the
pillar cavity, which is variable in size. — The Trochus umbilicatus of Walker
(Test. Min. tab. ii. f. 58.) is considered as referable to this species.

The Trochus cinereus of Da Costa (Brit. Conch. 42. t. iii. f. 9, 10.), List. ^
Conch. t.Dcxxxiii. f. 21. ; Don. Brit. Shells, t. civ, f. 2, has not occurred to any
other collector of British shells. He states it as common on many parts of
the coast. The species, however, to which he refers, is of foreign growth,
and readily distinguished by its concave base, wide pillar cavity, and jagged
pillar lip.

** Pillar closed.

- 285. T. crassus. — Whorls five, rounded, wrinkled ; the pil-
lar lip with a blunt tooth.

Trochus. MOLLUSCA. TROCHUSID^E.

T. lineatus (Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 100. t. vi. f. 7-), Don. Brit. Shells,

t. 71 — T. crassus, Mont. Test. Brit. 281 English coast, on rocks

about mid tide.

Length and breadth about an inch ; purplish-brown, with numerous white
zigzag lines ; shell strong, whorls coarse and wrinkled by the lines of
growth ; base convex ; aperture rounded ; pillar lip concave in the middle,
in front of which is the tooth. According to!;Montagu there is a sort of plume
behind the left eye, composed of simple contiguous fibres.

- 286. T. papittosus. — Whorls eight, flat, with numerous spi-
ral tuberculated ridges and striae.

{Da Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 38. No. 20. t. iii. f. 3.) Don. Brit. Shells,
t. cxxvii — T. tenuis, Mont. Test. Brit. 275. t. x. f. 3.— South coasts
of England and Ireland.

Length l|th inch, breadth rather less ; pale reddish-brown, with red spots ;
whorls scarcely distinguished by the separating line ; the tubercles on the
ridges are transverse, smooth, the intervening strife are slightly decussated
by the lines of growth ; base with numerous, spiral grooves, finely striated
across by the lines of growth ; aperture slightly angular ; pillar-lip concave.

- 287- T. ziziphinus. — Whorls eight, flat, separated by a
smooth circular ridge, obsoletely striated spirally.

T. albidus, List. An. Ang. 166. t. iii. f. 14. Conch, t. Dcxvi. f. 1.

T. ziz. Linn. Syst. 1231. Mont. Test. Brit. 274 Not uncommon,

near low water mark.

Length and breadth about an inch ; livid, the separating ridge with darker
and lighter coloured spaces ; spire conical, pointed ; base smooth, spiraDy
striated with diverging curved lines of growth ; aperture quadrangular ;
the pillar-lip slightly concave, with an obsolete tooth at the anteal extre-
mity— A white variety of this shell was sent me several years ao-o bv Dr
Leach, with the name T. Lt/onsii, from Tenby.

- 288. T. exasperatus. — Whorls seven, flat, separated by a
tuberculated circular ridge.

T. pyramidalis parvus, List. Conch, t. Dcxvi. f. 2 T. exasp. Penn.

Brit. Zool. iv. 126 — T. conulus, Don. Brit. Shells, t. viii. f. 2.— T.
exiguus, Mont. Test. Brit. 277 — Southern coasts, rare.

Length |ths of an inch, breadth |ths ; crimson-red, with white spots ;
whorls with four smaller slightly tuberculated spiral ridges, the intervening
spaces pitted ; base with nearly smooth spiral striae, slightly convex where
the body-whorl enters the aperture.

• 289- T. striatus. — Whorls seven, flat, with an indistinct

separating ridge, smooth on its upper surface.

Linn. Syst. i. 1230. Pull. Dorset, p. 44. Mont. Test. Brit. 278 T.

conicus, Don. Brit. Shells, t. civ. f. 1 — T. erythroleucos, Turt. Conch.
Diet. 191 — On the southern coasts.

Length |ths of an inch, breadth jjths ; grey, with transverse waved black
lines ; spiral stria?, on the base and surface of the whorls, numerous, crossed
by sharp oblique lines of growth, which extend across the outer edge of the
separating ridge; base flat, the body-whorl, where entering the aperture,
slightly concave ; aperture angulated.

X2

324 MOLLUSCA. TllOCHUSID.E. Tkochus.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. T. agglutinans> — Depressed, conical, smooth; base expanded, with a
broad waved margin ; whorls externally deformed ; pillar-cavity plicate ;
aperture oblong. — (T. umbilicaris, Brawler, Foss. Hant. f. 4-5.) — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. xcviii. — Smaller figure. — London Clay.

2. T. Benettice — Depressed, conical ; upper surface obliquely wrinkled ;
base expanded, with a broad waved margin ; whorls externally irregular ;
pillar-cavity plicate, partly covered ; aperture narrow. — Soiver. Min. Conch,
t. xcviii. — Larger figure. — London Clay.

3. T. anyticus.— Conical, base rather convex ; volutions squarish, with tu-
bercles upon their angles, transversely carino-striate, and a rounding eleva-
tion in their centres ; lines of growth decussating the three central striae ^
pillar imperforate — List. Conch, t. mdcccxxxvi. f. 16. Soicer. Min. Conch, t.
cxlii. — Lias.

4. T. Iwviyatus — Conical, nearly smooth ; sides straight ; base convex, with
an obtuse margin ; aperture rhomboidal, with rounded angles ; no pillar cavi-
ty.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxxi. £ 1 Cray.

5. T. similes. — Conical, sides straight, ornamented with many transverse
lidges, two or three of which upon each whorl are granulated ; base flattish,
concentrically striated ; aperture quadrangular ; pillar direct — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. clxxxi. f. 2 — Crag.

6. T. anyulatus. — Conical, sides of the whorls concave ; base flattish ; mar-
gin carinated; aperture acutely rhomboidal ; no pillar cavity. — Soiver. Min.
Conch, t. clxxxi. f. 3. — Inferior Oolite.

7- T. duplicatus Conical, sides of the whorls concave ; a double deeply

crenulated carina round the base ; pillar cavity open, with a tubercular mar-
gin ; aperture quadrangular — Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxxi. f. 5. — Under Oolite.

8. T. dimidudus.— Conical, base convex, with a carinated margin ; upper
part of the whorl concave, with an entire carina in the middle ; aperture pent-
angular? pilfer direct and solid. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxxi. f. 4 Under

Oolite.

9. T. punctalus — Conical, with straight sides, transversely striated ; upper
striae upon each whorl crossed by oblique undulations ; lower ones minutely

tranulated ; a narrow band between the two sets Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxciii.
1. — Inferior Oolite^

10. T. elongatns. — Conical, elongated, transversely striated ; striae near the
apex granulated ; each whorl slightly undulated near the upper edge, with an

obscure band before the middle ; the inferior margin prominent Sower. Min.

Conch, t. cxciii. f. 234. — Inferior Oolite.

11. T. abbreviatus Conical shortened, transversely striated ; striae obscure-
ly decussated by oblique lines of growth ; inferior margin of each whorl very
prominent, obtuse, with an obscure band above it — Sower. Min. Conch, t.
cxciii. f. 5 Inferior Oolite.

12. T.fasciatus Conical, umbilicate, decussate striated; whorls slightly

convex, with a band around their middle ; base flattish ; aperture quadrangu-
lar.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxx. f. 1 — Inferior Oolite.

13. T. arenosus Conical, very short, granulated, whorls rather convex

above, with a band along the middle ; base convex, in part nearly smooth.
— Soiver. Min. Conch, t. ccxx. f. 2. — Inferior Oolite.

14. T, wominens.— Conical, short, whorls convex, finely striated, with a

Teochus. MOLLUSCA. TROCHUSID^. 325

sulcus around the middle ; base flattish. — Slower. Min. Conch, t. ccxx. f. 3.—
Inferior Oolite.

15. T. pallium Conical, depressed, with concentric furrows, and diverging

strife ; whorls above depressed, with many tubercular undulations ; in the
middle flattened, with a longitudinal band ; base convex, umbilicated ; mar-
gin largely crenulated. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxxi. f. 1. — Inferior Oolite.

16. T. tiara. — Depressed, conical, with diverging striae ; volutions obscure-
ly bicarinated, deeply undulated above, concentrically striated beneath ; base
convex, with a large pillar-cavity — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxxi. f. 2 — Green
Sand.

17. T. Sedgivicki — Conical, smooth ; base carinated ; whorls concave above,
convex below ; margin and base striated — Sower. Min. Conch, t, cclxxii. f. 1.
— Suffolk Crag.

18. T. imbricatus .-Pyramidal, with several transverse threads upon each

whorl, crossed by fine longitudinal striae ; whorls angular, imbricating, flat
above, very convex beneath ; pillar-cavity closed. — Soiver. Min. Conch, t.
cclxxii. f. 3, 4. — In Lias Clay.

19. T. reticulatus.— Conical, transversely reticulato-striated ; whorls bicari-
nated ; base convex. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclxxii. f. 2 — Upper Oolite.

20. T. Gibsii Conical, short, umbilicated ; sides straight ; edge obtusely

carinated ; base convex, reticulato-striated ; in the centre of the upper part
of the whorls, is an elevated band, crossed by curved strife ; aperture rhom-
boidal Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclxxviii. f. 1 — Chalk Marl.

21. T. extensus Depressed, conical ; above rugged, obliquely striated ;

beneath convex, smooth ; base expanded, with a broad undulated thin mar-
gin ; aperture oblong ; pillar-cavity not plicated, closed when old. — Soiver.
Min. Conch, t, cclxxviii. f. 2, 3 — London Clay.

22. T. monilifer Conical, transversely striated ; volutions rather convex,

with three rows of tubercles, and crenated edges ; base slightly convex, bear-
ing six rows of granules ; aperture quadrangular ; pillar-cavity, along one
edge of the aperture, truncated. (T. nodulosus, Brander, Foss. Hant. f. 6.)
— Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxvii. — London Clay.

23. T. linearis.—" Conical, wreaths slightly convex, transversely striated,
with a prominent line along the centre and base of each volution ; base flat ;
umbilicus obscured by the last volution ; aperture transversely depressed." —
Mantell, Geol. Suss. 110. t. xviii. f. 17- In grey chalk-marl. Indications of three
■other species, from the same formation, are given by Mr Mantell, ib. t. xviii.
f. 7- f- 9. and 16.

Gen. SOLARIUM. — Pillar cavity spreading, and crenulated
at the margin of the whorls.

1. S.patulutn Depressed, whorls smoothish; margin keeled and crenulated;

margin of the cavity strongly denticulated. Sower. Min. Conch, t. xi. ; lower
right hand figures In London Clay.

2. S. discoidetim.-^D\scou\, outer edge sharply carinated ; edge of the pillar-
cavity rounded, transversely wrinkled ; aperture obliquely elliptical, pointed

• at each end. Sower. Min. Conch, t. xi. ; upper right hand figures — London
Clay.

3. S. conoideum Conical, smooth ; aperture quadrangular ; pillar-cavity

deep, narrow Sower. Min. Conch, t. xi. ; three middle figures.— Upper Oolite.

3£4 MOLLUSCA. TROCHUSID.E. Trochu-

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. T. agglutinins. — Depressed, conical, smooth ; base expanded, with a
broad waved margin ; whorls externally deformed ; pillar-cavity plicate ;
aperture oblong. — (T. umbilicaris, Brander, Foss. Hant. f. 4-5.) — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. xcviii. — Smaller figure London Clay.

2. T. Benettice — Depressed, conical ; upper surface obliquely wrinkled ;
base expanded, with a broad waved margin ; whorls externally irregular ;
pillar-cavity plicate, partly covered ; aperture narrow. — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. xcviii. — Larger figure.— London Clay.

3. T. anglicus. — Conical, base rather convex ; volutions squarish, with tu-
bercles upon their angles, transversely carino-striate, and a rounding eleva-
tion in their centres ; lines of growth decussating the three central striae ;
pillar imperforate — List. Conch, t. mdcccxxxvL f. 16. Soioer. Min. Conch, t.
cxlii. — Lias.

4. T. lavigatus — Conical, nearly smooth ; sides straight ; base convex, witli
an obtuse margin ; aperture rhomboidal, with rounded angles ; no pillar cavi-
ty.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxxi. £ 1 — Crag.

5. T. similes. — Conical, sides straight, ornamented with many transverse
ridges, two or three of which upon each whorl are granulated; base flattish,
concentrically striated ; aperture quadrangular ; pillar direct. — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. clxxxi. f. 2 — Crag.

6. T. angulatus. — Conical, sides of the whorls concave ; base flatfish ; mar-
gin carinated ; aperture acutely rhomboidal ; no pillar cavity. — Sower. Min..
Conch, t. clxxxi. f. 3. — Inferior Oolite.

7. T. duplicalus Conical, sides of the whorls concave ; a double deeply

crenulated carina round the base ; pillar cavity open, with a tubercular mar-
gin ; aperture quadrangular — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. clxxxi. f. 5. — Under Oolite.

8. T. dimidialus.— Conical, base convex, with a carinated margin ; upper
part of the whorl concave, with an entire carina in the middle ; aperture pent-
angular; pillar direct and solid. — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. clxxxi. f. 4 — Under
Oolite.

9. T. punctatus — Conical, with straight sides, transversely striated ; upper
stria? upon each whorl crossed by oblique undulations ; lower ones minutely
granulated ; a narrow band between the two sets — Sower. Min. Conch, t. exciii.
f. 1. — Inferior Oolite^

10. T. elongatns — Conical, elongated, transversely striated ; striae near the
apex granulated ; each whorl slightly undulated near the upper edge, with an

obscure band before the middle ; the inferior margin prominent Sower. Min.

Conch, t. exciii. f. 234. — Inferior Oolite.

11. T. abbreviates Conical shortened, transversely striated ; strice obscure-
ly decussated by oblique lines of growth ; inferior margin of each whorl very
prominent, obtuse, with an obscure band above it — Soiver. Min. Conch, t.
exciii. f. 5 Inferior Oolite.

12. T.fasciatus Conical, umbilicate, decussate striated; whorls slightly

convex, with a band around their middle ; base flatfish ; aperture quadrangu-
lar Sower. Min. Conch, t. cexx. f. 1 — Inferior Oolite.

13. T. arenosus Conical, very short, granulated, whorls l-ather convex

above, with a band along the middle ; base convex, in part nearly smooth.
— Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cexx. f. 2 — Inferior Oolite.

14- T. vrominens.— Conical, short, whorls convex, finely striated, with a

Thociius. MOLLUSC A. TROCHUSIDvE. 325

sulcus around the middle ; base flattish. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxx. f. 3.—
Inferior Oolite.

15. T. pallium Conical, depressed, with concentric furrows, and diverging

strife ; whorls above depressed, with many tubercular undulations ; in the
middle flattened, with a longitudinal band ; base convex, umbilicated ; mar-
gin largely crenulated. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxxi. f. 1 — Inferior Oolite.

16. T. tiara. — Depressed, conical, with diverging striae ; volutions obscure-
ly bicarinated, deeply undulated above, concentrically striated beneath ; base
convex, with a large pillar-cavity — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxxi. f. 2 — Green
Sand.

17. T. Sedgwicki Conical, smooth ; base carinated ; whorls concave above,

convex below ; margin and base striated — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclxxii. f. 1.
— Suffolk Crag.

18. T. imbricatus r-Pyramidal, with several transverse threads upon each

whorl, crossed by fine longitudinal striae ; whorls angular, imbricating, flat
above, very convex beneath ; pillar-cavity closed. — Sower. Min. Conch, t.
cclxxii. f. 3, 4 In Lias Clay.

19. T. reticularis Conical, transversely reticulato-striated ; whorls bicari-
nated ; base convex Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclxxii. f. 2 — Upper Oolite.

20. T. Gibsii Conical, short, umbilicated ; sides straight ; edge obtusely

carinated ; base convex, reticulato-striated ,• in the centre of the upper part
of the whorls, is an elevated band, crossed by curved striae ; aperture rhom-
boidal — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclxxviii. f. 1 — Chalk Marl.

21. T. extensus. — Depressed, conical ; above rugged, obliquely striated ;
beneath convex, smooth ; base expanded, with a broad undulated thin mar-
gin ; aperture oblong ; pillar-cavity not plicated, closed when old. — Sower.
Min. Conch, t, cclxxviii. f. 2, 3 — London Clay.

22. T. monilifer Conical, transversely striated ; volutions rather convex,

with three rows of tubercles, and crenated edges ; base slightly convex, bear-
ing six rows of granules ; aperture quadrangular ; pillar-cavity, along one
edge of the aperture, truncated. (T. nodulosus, Brander, Toss. Hant. f. 6.)
— Soioer. Min. Conch, t. ccclxvii — London Clay.

23. T. linearis.—" Conical, wreaths slightly convex, transversely striated,
with a prominent line along the centre and base of each volution ; base flat ;
umbilicus obscured by the last volution ; aperture transversely depressed." —
Mantell, Geol. Suss. 1 10. t. xviii. f. 17- In grey chalk-marl. Indications of three
other species, from the same formation, are given byMrMantell, ib. t. xviii.
f. 7- f- 9- and 16.

Gen. SOLARIUM. — Pillar cavity spreading, and crenulated
at the margin of the whorls.

1. S.patvlum Depressed, whorls smoothish; margin keeled and crenulated;

margin of the cavity strongly denticulated. Sower. Min. Conch, t. xi. ; lower
right hand figures — In London Clay.

2. S. discoideum.-=-T)iscoh\, outer edge sharply carinated ; edge of the pillar-
cavity rounded, transversely wrinkled ; aperture obliquely elliptical, pointed

• at each end. Sower. Min. Conch, t. xi. ; upper right hand figures — London
Clay.

3. S. conoideum Conical, smooth ; aperture quadrangular ; pillar-cavity

deep, narrow. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xi. ; three middle figures.— Upper Oolite.

S26 MOLLUSCA. TROCHUSID.E. Ianthina.

4. S. canaliculatum.— Convex, ornamented on both sides, with granulated
unequal lines ; edge prominent, crenated ; pillar-cavity furrowed and crenated
within ; aperture round. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxxiv. f. 1 London Clay.

5. S. plicatum. Convex, wrinkled, concentrically sulcated ; pillar-cavity
bounded by a more or less projecting crenated ridge. Sower. Min. Conch.
t. Dcxxiv. f. 2. London Clay.

Gen. LXI. IANTHINA. — Aperture triangular, pillar-lip
straight, body-lip slightly convex and oblique. Foot with
a buoyant spongy body.

— 290. I. communis. — Purple, striated transversely by the lines
of growth ; obsoletely striated spirally.

Cochlea marina lanthina, List. Conch, t. Dlxxii. f. 24 — Helix Ian. Linn.
Syst. i. 1246. Turt. Conch. Diet. 58 — On the Irish coasts, not un-
common ; rare in England.

Breadth and height about half an inch ; fragile ; whorls four, apex obtuse,
the body-whorl subcarinated ; outer-lip thin, pillar-lip a little reflected.
When the animal is irritated, a purple fluid is ejected from the cellular mar-
gin of the cloak above the gills This species was added to our Fauna by

the late Miss Hutchins, in consequence of recent specimens which occurred to
her in Bantry Bay. It has since been found at several places on the coast of
Ireland and west of England.

£>-

Gen. LXII. VELUTINA. — -Aperture circumscribed, no pil-
lar, body-lip oblique ; foot simple.

291. V. Icevigata. — Whorls three, transversely wrinkled,
striated spirally.

Helix laevigata, Linn. Syst. i. 1250. — Bulla velutina, Mull Zool. Dan.
t. ci. f. 1, 4 — Helix haliotoides, Fab. Faun. Green. 390 — Helix laev.

Don. Brit. Shells, t. cv. Mont. Test. Brit. 382 In deep water, not rare.

Length ^ths, breadth ^gths of an inch ; cuticle brown, rough, with regu-
lar equidistant spiral ridges ; two first whorls minute, rounded ; the body-
whorl ventricose ; aperture patulous, outer-lip thin, body-lip a little thick-
ened, and slightly reflected ; the inside of the aperture is frequently tinged
with purple.

292. V. Otis. — Whorls three, smooth, transversely oblong.

Helix apertura patentissima, Walk. Test. Min. t. i. f. 17- — Helix Otis,
Turton, Conch. Diet. p. 70 Interstices of rocks covered at high wa-
ter, Devonshire.

Length and breadth about a line ; semitransparent, glossy ; aperture
transversely oblong ; body-lip a little thickened and flattish.

293. V. stylifcra. — Whorls five, smooth, longitudinally ob-
long.

Phasianella styl. Turton, Zool. Journ. No. 7. 307- t. xiii. f. 11 — At Tor-
bay, attached to the spines of Echi7ius esculetitus.
Length one line, breadth not so much ; yellowish horn-coloured, transpa-
rent ; the body -whorl very large, the others forming a short pointed spire ;
aperture suborbicular, the margin thin and incomplete on the body retrally.

Velutina. MOLLUSCA. TROCHUSIDjE. 327

— This species differs from the genus Phasianella, in which Dr Turton has
placed it, by the absence of the lid ; and it differs likewise from the Velutina,
in the aperture being partly filled by the projection of the body-whorl ; in
the body-lip being incomplete retrally, and in possessing an imperfect pillar-
lip. In the absence of the lid, the size of the body-whorl, and wideness of
the aperture, it claims a place near Velutina, and should probably constitute
a new genus. — Stylina.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. V. canaliculata.—- Obovate convex, spirally striated ; whorls three, late-
ral, adpressed, rounded ; body -lip reflected, forming a large central cavity. —
Sigaretus canaliculars, Sower. Min. Conch. 384— London Clay.

328 MOLLUSCA. SOLENOSTOMATA.

SOLENOSTOMATA.

I. Shell convoluted. The whorls are small segments of large
circles, wrapped round the pillar, the last formed one embra-
cing or inclosing the preceding one : aperture lengthened.

A. Conusid;e. Shell compressedly convoluted ; aperture linear

and simple, with a small lid. Proboscis long, tentacula
produced, with the eyes near the summit, on the out-
side.

Conns.

Terebellum.

Seraphs.

B. Cyvrjexdje. Shell, involute ; outer-lip incurved, plaited ;

no lid. Cloak enlarged, and capable of folding over the
shelL

Cyprrea

(Cypreovula.)

C. Ovulad-'e. Shell involute ; both extremities of the aper-

ture ending in a canal. Cloak enlarged, and capable of
folding over the shell.

(Ovula.)

Volva.

Calpuma.

D. Voeutadje. Shell with a single anteal canal, not produ-

ced ; pillar with oblique folds.
Voluta.
"Volvaria.
Mitra.
Cancellaria.

E. Mahginellad^e. Outer-lip thickened ; pillar plaited.

Marginella.
Columbella.

Y. OrivADJE. A spiral callous ridge on the base of the body-
whorl, joining the pillar.
Oliva.
Ancillaria.

G. Tornatelladj.. Canal circumscribed, effuse.
Tornatella.
Acteon.

0

H. Bellerethon. Involute, aperture transverse, simple,
with a sinus in the outer-lip.

MOLLUSCA. SOLENOSTOMATA. 329

II. Shell turrited; whorls subcorneal, slightly embracing.

1. BucciNiDiE. Shell truncated or rounded anteally ; the canal

scarcely produced beyond the anterior margin of the lip, and
bent towards the left.

2. Muricid^;. Shell acuminated at the base ; the canal produced

beyond the anterior margin of the lip, and either straight or
bent.

3. Cerithiad;e. Aperture of the shell oblique ; canal short, trun-

cated or recurved.

4. Strombusid.e. Outer-lip spreading with age, and having a

notch or sinus near the commencement of the canal for the
passage of the head.

330 MOLLUSCA. SOLENOSTOMATA. Conus.

conusidje.

Gen. CONUS — Convoluted, inversely conical, spire short,
composed of the upper edges of the whorls ; aperture ob-
lique, with parallel sides.

1. C dormitor — Short, fusiform, spirally striated, the intermediate species
neatly crenulated. — {Brander, Foss. i. f. 24.) — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccci.—
London Clay.

2. C concinnus. — Fusiform, angular in the middle, spire ornamented with
knobs and granulated striae ; base produced, sulcated — Sower. Min. Conch.
t. cccii. f. 2. — London Clay.

3. C. scabriusadus Fusiform, rather short, striated ; striae elevated, tooth.

ed.— {Brander, Foss. f. 21.) — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccciii. — London Clay.

Gen. TEREBELLUM. Convoluted, elongated ; spire ex-
posed, pointed ; aperture longitudinal, narrow retrally, be-
coming broader and truncated anteally.

1. T. fusiforme. — Subfusiform, cylindrical, with a visible obtuse spire;
aperture about |ths of the length of the shell, with an adpressed straight
canal, proceeding from its retral angle, to the apex of the space.— Sower.
Min. Conch, t. cclxxxvii. — London Clay.

Gen. SERAPHS. — Convoluted, elongated, spire concealed ;
aperture longitudinal, retrally narrow, and extending to
the apex.

1. S. convolutus. — Subcylindrical, apex obtuse ; base truncated ; the sur-
face even — (Bulla sopita, Brander, f. 29, a. — B. volutata, ib. f. T5.)-—Smver.
Min. Conch, t. cclxxxvi.

CYPRMABM.

Gen. LXIII. CYPRiEA. — Involuted, ovate, spire concealed ;
aperture longitudinal, narrow ; open at both ends ; lips
dentated.

294. C. europea. — Shell crossed by numerous smooth striae ;
no dorsal groove ; outer-lip thickened, longer than the inner.

Concha veneris, List. An. Aug. 168. t. iii. f. 17- Conch, t. Dccvi. f. 57.
Cypr. Pediculus, var. Eur. Linn. Syst. i. 1180. Don. Brit. Shells,
t. xliii.— Cy. europea, Mont. Test. Brit. 200, and Supp. 88.-2?, Nuns ;
S, Jonny Groat's Buckie.— Common in sandy bays.

Volva. MOLLUSCA. SOLENOSTOMATA. 331

Length about fths of an inch ; breadth |ths ; of a pink colour with or
without (C. arctica) dark dorsal spots ; stria? distinct, bifurcated at the sides.
In the young state, the shell is smooth, except some appearances of striae on
the inner-lip, and the apex exhibits two or three whorls, — in which state it
is the C. bullata of Mont. Test. Brit, 202. t. vi. f. 1. The C. pediculus dif-
fers from the present species, with which it has been frequently confounded,
by the roughness of the stride, and the presence of a longitudinal dorsal
groove.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. C. oviformis. — Egg-shapped, tumid, smooth, slightly marginate ; aperture
widest at the lowest end, left side of the aperture obscurely toothed ; right
lip involute, tumid Sower. Min. Conch, t. iv. — London Clay.

2. C coceinelloides.— Ovate "sphaeroidal, transversely striated ; striae nu-
merous, acute, not interrupted ; aperture slightly arched, not contracted in
the middle Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxxviii. f. 1. — Suffolk Cvag.

3. C. retusa. — Obovate, sphaeroidal, transversely striated ; striae elevated,
uninterrupted, few, remote ; aperture a little curved at the narrowest end.
—Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxxviii. f. 2.

4. C. avellana. — Obovate, sphaeroidal, transversely striated ; striae nume-
rous, remote, elevated, interrupted by a longitudinal sulcus ; aperture a little
curved at the narrowest end. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxxviii. f. 3.

OVULAD.E.

Gen. LXIV. VOLVA. — Canal at each extremity, produced ;
external lip simple.

— 295. V. patula. — Oblong, white, spirally striated ; pillai
with a shallow furrow.

Bulla patula, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 117- 1. 70. f. 85, A. Don. Brit. Shells,
t. cxliii. Mont. Test. Brit. 207 — North and South Britain, rare.
Length about an inch, breadth half an inch ; outer-lip regularly rounded ;
inner-lip protuberant in the middle, twisted and subreflected retrally ; back,
rounded.

GEN. CALPURNA. — Canals abbreviated ; external lip
simple.

1. L. Leathes'%. — Elliptical, elongated, rather ventricose in the middle ;
smooth ; a large plait on the pillar ; outer-lip smooth, very thick, and rather
flattened— Ovula Leath. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxxviii.— .In the Crag at
Walton.

332 MOLLUSCA. SOLENOSTOMATA. Voluta.

VOLUTADiE.

Gen. LXV. VOLUTA— Pillar plaited, the anteal folds the
largest ; extremity of the canal emarginate.

296. V. catenata. — Shell pellucid, white, with four spiral

bands of opake white spots, connected by rufous streaks.

Mont. Test. Brit. 236. t. vi. f. 2. — Coast of Devon, Mr Swainson, Dund-
bar, Mr Laskey.

Length |ths, breadth |th, of an inch ; shell strong, spire nearly con.
cealed ; body-whorl slightly conical ; aperture the whole length of the shell ;
outer-lip obsoletely denticulated within ; pillar-lip thick, with two strong
and two faint folds.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. V. luctator — Shell ovate-acute, covered with tubercular spines, termi-
nating longitudinal ribs, transversely striated or sulcated ; whorls concave
above, with a rounded edge; outer lip plain within; aperture oblong —
(Strombus dubius, Brander, f. 68.) — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxv. f. 1, and
t. cccxcvii. — London Clay.

2. V. spinosa — Ovate-acute, ventricose, covered with large spines, extending
into the longitudinal ribs, and a row of smaller spines near the upper edge
of the whorl ; whorls concave above, transversely striated below ; aperture
ovate, elongated; outer- lip plain within — (Strombus luctator, Brander, f. 56.)
— Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxv. f. 2, 3, 4 — London Clay.

3. V. suspensa — Ovate, pointed, obscurely costated, transversely striated ;
spire with a broad canal4around it, bounded by an erect, flat, dentated crown ;
base produced — (Murex suspensus, Brander, f. 70.) — Soiver. Min. Conch,
t. cxv. f. 5 London Clay.

4. "V. coslata — Ovato- fusiform, acute, costated, striated, with about three

plaits on the pillar — {Brander, f. 45.) Soiver. Min. Conch, t. ccxc. f. 1,2, 4

London Clay.

5. V. Magorum. — Ovato-fusiform, obtuse, costated, obscurelv striated;

with many plaits upon the pillar.— Soiver. Min. Conch, t. 290. f. 3 London

Clay.

6. V. Aihleta. — Rhomboidal, ventricose, acute, crowned with large spread-
ing spires ; base obscurely sulcated ; pillar with three unequal folds ; lip plain
within.— (Strombus Ath. Braruler, f. 66.) Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cccxcvi. f. 1,
2, 3.— London Clay.

7- V. depuuperata — Ovato-rhomboidal, acute, costated ; crowned with one
series of erect spines ; base sulcated ; pillar with one fold ; lip smooth within.

— (Strombus luctator, Brander, f. 67,) Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cccxcvi. f, 4

London Clay.

8. V. amligua — Shell ovato-elongated ; acute, costated, transversely sul-
cated; costa? angular above; spire rough ; pillar with three plaits; lip plaited
within, its edge granulated, aperture narrow above.— (Strombus ambiguus,
Brander, f. 69.) Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cccxcix. f. i. — London Clay.

Volvauia. MOLLUSCA. SOLENOSTOMATA. 333

9. V. nodosa. — Ovate, pointed ; obscurely costated, transversely sulcated ;
spire with two rows of nodiform spines ; pillar with three folds ; lip striated
within Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cccxcix. f. 2.— .London Clay.

10. V. geminate. — Ovate, ventricose, pointed, costated ; costa? terminated
by two obtuse connected spines ; pillar with one large and several small plaits,
curved. — Sower. Min. Conch, t, cccxcviii. f. i. London Clay.

11. V. Lima.— Ovato-elongated, acute, costated, and transversely striated ;
costie numerous, dentatocrenated; upper edges of the whorls toothed; pillar
with three unequal folds; lip smooth within, its edge crenulated — (Buccinuni
scabriusculum, Brander, f. 71.) Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cccxcviii. f. 2.

Gen. LXVI. VOL V ARIA. — -Spire very short, aperture nar-
row, the length of the shell ; pillar plaited ; extremity of
the canal effuse.

297. V. pallida. — Shell cylindrical, smooth, glossy, with four
strong folds on the pillar.

List. Conch, t. Dccxiv. f. 70. outer fig Voluta pall. Linn. Syst. i. 1189.

K Adams, Linn. Trans, iii. 253 — Bulla pall. Don, Brit. Shells, t. lxvi. —

Vol. pal. Mont. Test. Brit. 232 — English coasts, rare.

Length half an inch, breadth a quarter ; separating line scarcely visible ;
outer lip straight, inner lip slightly concave at the pillar ; the four teeth
nearly of equal size.

298. V. alba, — Shell oval, white, faintly striate longitudinal-
ly ; with two folds on the pillar.

Voluta alba, Mont. Test. Brit. 235. Turton's Conch. Diet. 250.— Ire-
land and Scotland, rare.

Length about ^gth of an inch, breadth §ds less ; oval, tapering to an ob-
tuse point, whorls five or six, quite flat, and not visibly raided; the first very
large, and occupying three-fourths of the shell ; aperture narrow, oval ; pillar
quite smooth, sometimes a little spread — This species, as described by Dr
Turton, from specimens found in Dublin Bay, (and which, according to Mr
Lowe, (Zool. Journ. ii. 100'.) agree with those found at Oban in Argyllshire),
seems to differ from the specimen described by Montagu, in the Supplement
to Test. Brit. 103. as having been found by Mr Laskey at Dunbar, and which
is stated as having four folds on the base of the pillar, besides some slight
ienticulations higher up.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. V. acutiuseula. — Nearly cylindrical, with a pointed apex ; spire conceal-
ed ; strite numerous, composed of squarish impressions ; plaits upon the pil-
lar variable. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxxxvii — London Clay.

Gex. MITRA. — Turrited, pillar plaited, the anteal folds the

smallest ; extremity of the canal emarginate.

1. M. Lamberti — Fusiform, short, smooth; base elongated, obscurely trun-
cated ; pillar with three or four plaits ; aperture acute above, outer lip sharp,

not expanded towards the base Voluta Lamberti, Sower. Min. Conch, t.

exxix.— • Crag Marl.

334 MOLLUSCA. SOLENOSTOMATA. Cancillaria.

2. M. scabra — Ovato-fusiform, rough, with decussating stria?; lip thicken-
ed with one obtuse tooth upon its margin — This probably belongs to the
genus Collumbella.-~ (Buccinum scabriusculum, Brander, f. 20.) Sower. Min.
Conch, t. cccci. — London Clay.

3. M. parva. — Ovate, fusiform, short, transversely sulcated ; upper edges
of the whorls defined, entire ; aperture elongated, Mp plaited within ; four
folds on the pillar.— Soiver. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxx. f. 1. — London Clay.

4. M. pumila Ovate, fusiform, short, transversely sulcated ; upper edges

oi the whorls defined, crenated ; sulci decussated by longitudinal costae ; aper-
ture elongated ; lip, plaited within ; four folds on the pillar Sower. Min.

Conch, t. ccccxxx. f. 2.

Gen. LXVII. CANCELLARIA.— Last whorl subventri-
cose ; aperture ovate, ending in a short canal ; pillar plait-
ed.

299. C. hyalina. — Whorls six, smooth, folds of the pillar nu-
merous.

Voluta hyalina, Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 101. t. xxx. f. 1. — Found at
Dunbar by Mr Laskey.
Length a quarter of an inch, breadth nearly two-thirds less; pellucid,
white ; whorls flat, scarcely defined by the separating line, tapering to an ob-
tuse point ; body -whorl more than half the length of the shell ; aperture con-
tracted retrally ; outer lip nearly straight, smooth ; folds of the pillar fine
thread-like stria?, originating from behind the pillar-lip.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. C. quadrata. — Ovate elongated, cancellated, without either varices or
beak ; two obtuse plaits on the pillar, besides the spiral edge ; outer lip sharp,
entire, striated within Soiver. Min Conch, t. ccclx. — London Clay.

2. C. Iceviuscula. — Short, ovate, pointed, furnished with varicose sutures
and costse, crossed by numerous obtuse elevated lines ; pillar biplicated ; aper-
ture scarcely canaliculated.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxi. f. 1 — London
Clay.

3. C. evulsa Short, ovate, pointed, furnished with varicose sutures and

costae, crossed by several acute carina?, most elevated upon the costoe ; pillar
biplicated ; aperture scarcely canaliculated — (Buccinum evulsum, Brander,
f. 14.) Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxi. f. 2, 3, 4, — London Clay.

The two last species evidently belong to the group indicated by Brander.

Mabginella. MOLLUSCA. SOLENOSTOMATA. 3B5

MARGINELLADiE.

Gen. LXVIII. MARGINELLA.— Spire short ; outer lip
with an external border ; pillar folds equal ; no lid.

-300. M. valuta. — Whorls two, greenish, the outer lip white.

Cyprsea voluta, Mont. Test. Brit. 203. t. vi. f. 7 — Voluta kevis, Don.
Brit. Shells, t. clxv.— Inhabits deep water, rare.
Length about half an inch, subcorneal, strong, smooth ; aperture linear ;
both lips denticulated ; pillar subplicated. The Bulla diaphana of Montagu,
Test. Brit. 225. t. vii. f. 8. is regarded as the young of this species.

Gen. COLOMBELLA. — Aperture oblique; outer lip with
an internal callus contracting the cavity ; pillar plaited ; no
lid.

1. C. Bartonensis Shell oval, contracted close to the beak, strongly reti-
culated ; whorls about four or five, the last about two-thirds the length of
the shell ; aperture elongated, curved, acute at both ends ; right hand lip ex-
panded, undulated, toothed within ; left-hand lip smooth at the edge, toothed

within Murex Bart. Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxxiv. lower figures. — London

Clay.

2. C. ventricosa. — Subovate, inflated, transversely striated ; spire short,

pointed, base notched ; three sharp plaits upon the pillar ; body-lip callous r

Auricula vent. Sower. Min. Conch. 4(J5. f. 1 — In the Crag at Ipswich.

3. C. buctinea.— Subovate inflated, smooth ; spire short, acute ; base notch-
ed ; three sharp plaits upon the pillar ; left lip callous ; right Up with a thick

border Auricula buc Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxv. f. 2 — In the Crag at

Ramsholt.

OLIVADJE.

Gen. OLIVA. — Shell subcylindrical ; aperture longitudinal,
emarginate ; separating line canaliculated, by the inflection
of the edge of the last whorl.

1. O. Branderi.— Ovate, pointed, smooth ; spire prominent, last whorl con=
vex ; mouth oblong ; right lip thickened. — (Voluta Ispidula, Brander, Foss.
f. 72.) Sower. Min. Conch, t. eclxxxviii. upper figure — London Clay.

2. O. Salisburiana. — Subfusiform, short, ventricose, smooth ; mouth oblong,
both lips tumid above.— Sewer. Min. Conch, t. eclxxxviii. lower figures —

London Clay.

336 MOLLUSCA. SOLENOSTOMATA. Tornatella.

Gen. ANCILLARIA. — Shell oblong, subcylindrical ; aper-
ture longitudinal, effuse ; separating line not canaliculated.

1. A. aveniformis Oval, elongated, smooth ; spire acute ; varix with two

plaits; extension of the inner lip short; aperture little more than half the
length of the shell, inner lip extended over about one-third of the exposed
part of each whorl ; surface shining. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xcix. middle
figures. — London Clay.

2. A. turritella. — Subcylindrical, with an acute subturrited spire, minutely
and transversely striated ; upper part of each whorl shining, middle minute-
ly decussated ; an obscure spiral sulcus near the varix ; pillar with three
plaits, and one deep sulcus — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xcix. larger figures.—
London Clay.

3. A. subulata.— Subulate, smooth and shining; spire and base polished ;
spire elongated, acute ; the varix at the base of the pillar striated. — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. cccxxxiii — London Clay and Upper Marine Formation.

TORNATELLA DiE.

Gen. LXIX. TORNATELLA.— Body-lip simple ; separat-
ing line canaliculated by the inflection of the edge of the
whorl ; with a corneous lid.

301. T. tornatilis. — Whorls eight; spirally striated; the pil-
lar with one fold, near the retral extremity.

Buccinum parvum, List. Conch, t. dcccxxxv. f. 58 — Voluta tornatilis,
Linn. Syst. i. 1187. Mont. Test. Brit. 231 — In Sandy bays.

Length |ths of an inch; purplish red, with two white spiral bands; body-
whorl large, the others forming a short conical spine ; aperture contracted be-
hind by the projection of the body-whorl ; outer lip thin, slightly rounded.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. T. Noes. — Oval, transversely striated ; with one plait near the extre-
mity of the pillar ; stria; equidistant, numerous, impressed, obscurely decus-
sated ; lip sulcated within — Acteon Noa?, Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxxiii —
In Crag,

2. T . cuspidahis. — Subcylindrical, smooth; spire immersed, cuspidated;
one plait upon the pillar ; aperture nearly the whole length of the body
whorl A. cusp. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclv. — Oolite at Ancliffe.

3. T. acutus. — Subcylindrical, smooth ; spire conical acute ; one plait up-
on the pillar. — A. acutus, Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclv. f. 2. — At Anclilte.
Probably the young of the preceding.

4. T. crenatus. — Ovate, elongated, spirally striated ; pillar minutely crena-
ted. — A. cren. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclx. f. 1 London clay.

5. T. striatals. — Ovate, acute, spirally striated ; pillar without a plait ;
stricc not punctated. — A, str. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclx. f. 2. — Cray.

Acteox. MOLLUSC A. TORNATELLAD.E. 33T

6. T. elongatus Elongated, obtuse, spirally striated ; the last whorl near-
ly cylindrical ; aperture short, narrow above ; lip expanded; pillar without

plait A. elon. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclx. f. 3. — London clay. — This shell

is surely out of place in the present group.

Gen. LXX. ACTEON.— Body lip toothed ; separating line
simple.

802. A. denticidatus. — Whorls seven or eight ; body lip with

two folds ; outer lip denticulated within.

Voluta dent. Mont. Test. Brit. 234, t. xx. f. 5 — On sea-weed near high
water-mark, England.

Length half an inch, breadth not a quarter ; horn colour ; body whorl
large, slightly rounded, the others forming a conical subproduced spire, all
slightly wrinkled by the lines of growth ; aperture oblong-oval, half the
length of the shell ; the body lip has one tooth less in size than the two on
the pillar ; the teeth in the outer lip vary in number, and in some young in-
dividuals are absent. The Voluta ringens and refiexa of Dr Turton (Conch.
Diet. 251.) appear to be only varieties of A. denticulatus.

303. A. bidentatus. — Whorls six or seven ; body lip with

one tooth ; outer lip simple.

Voluta bid. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 100. t. xxx. f. 2 At Dunbar, Mr

Laskey ; Devonshire, Mr Montagu.

Length a quarter of an inch ; white ; strong, thick, conic, wrinkled by the
lines of growth ; body whorl about two-thirds, and the aperture about half
the length of the shell ; the last is narrow retrally ; with the inner lip thick-
ened and reflected.

304. A. triplicates. — Whorls six, flat ; body lip with two
folds ; outer lip simple.

Voluta trip. Don. Brit. Shells, t. exxxviii. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 99.
— Guernsey.

Length half an inch ; ovate, smooth, chesnut-brown ; the body whorl oc-
cupying three-fourths of the shell ; aperture contracted retrally ; the whorls
of the conical spire are so flat as to be distinguished only by the separating
line.

305. K.fusrformis. — Whorls four, flat, inner lip with a gib-
bosity in the middle.

Voluta fus. Turt. Conch. Diet. 251 — Exmouth, Mrs C. W. Luscombe.

" Shell glossy white, transparent, quite smooth, jwollen in the middle, and
tapering to both ends ; spires four, very flat, and only defined by a fine lucid
circular line, the first very large and occupying more than three-fourths of
the shell, inflated in the middle and tapering towards the base, which is
rounded and a little reflected ; aperture oblong-oval, reaching to the top of
the primary volution ; the outer lip very thin and plain ; pillar lip smooth,
not spreading nor reflected, without teeth or folds, but furnished with a small
oblique gibbosity in the middle: length T30-ths of an inch ; breadth half its
length." — Probably the type of a new genus.

306. A. heteroclita. — Whorls reversed.

Voluta heteroclita, Laskey, Wern. Mem. i. 398, t. viii. f. 1, 2. Mont. Test.
Sup. 169 Dunbar.

338 MOLLUSCA. TORNATELLADiE. Bellebophon.

" Shell glossy, white, veined like ivory in a longitudinal direction, and
furnished with eight or nine reversed volutions, slightly tapering to an ob-
tuse point ; the lower whorl occupies two-thirds of the shell ; the aperture
is narrow, not quite half the length of the shell ; and the columella possesses
one plication. Length a quarter of an inch ; breadth one-third of its length."
Mont. — This species, in all probability, is likewise the type of a new genus.

Gen. BELLEUOPHON. — Shell spiral, involute, the last
whorl enclosing the others ; aperture arched, extremities
simple, with a sinus in the middle of the outer lip.

* With a mesial band.

1. B. hiidcus, — Globose, expanded ; closely striated, the striae sharp, ele-
vated, passing obliquely from the mesial band, which is flat, broad, with its

sides denned by sharp depressed lines ; a central cavity on each side Conchy-

liolithus Nautilites hiulcus, Mart. Pet. Derb. t. xl. f. 2. — Bel. hiulcus, Sower.
Min. Conch, t. cccclxx. f. 1. — Carboniferous limestone, Derbyshire.

2. B. tenuifascia — Spherical, with a well defined central cavity, finely stria-
ted ; mesial band linear, elevated.— Conch. Naut. hiulcus, var. c. Mart. Pet.
Derb. p. 15. — B. ten. Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cccclxx. f. 2, 3 — Carboniferous
limestone, Derbyshire and Yorkshire.

3. B. costalus. — Globose, expanded, subcarinated, with slender sharp ribs

diverging from the undefined broad convex band ; with a central cavity

Conch. N. hiulcus, Mart. p. 15, t. xl. f. 1. Park. Or. Rem. iii. 141. t. x. f. 6,
7 — B. cost. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxx. f. 4 Carboniferous limestone, Der-
byshire.

4. B. decussatus — Shell somewhat ovate longitudinally, with numerous
spiral ridges, crossed by finer ones, giving the points of union a subtubercu-
lar aspect ; mesial band rounded, longitudinally striated, decussated by the
transverse fine ridges, which in crossing have a concave bend — In my cabi-
net from slate-clay of the coal formation, Linlithgowshire.

5. B. striatus — Longitudinally ovate ; with numerous, fine, slightly rough,
apiral ridges : mesial band slightly flattened, and longitudinally striated.
This species differs from the last in the mesial band being more elevated,
and in the nearly total absence of the transverse ridges. In one specimen
there is a thick inner lip spreading on the surface of the last whorl. — From
the same place as the last.

** Destitute of a mesial band.

6. B- apertns — Nearly spherical ; sides of the aperture expanded ; shell
smooth, thick ; with a well defined central cavity — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. cccclxix. f. 1. — In Carboniferous Limestone, Lowth. I have a specimen from
carboniferous limestone in Linlithgowshire, agreeing in form with one pre-
sented to me by Mr Wright from Lowth.

7. B. cornu-arietis. — Elongated ; sides of the aperture expanded ; shell very
thick, smooth, faintly marked by the lines of growth. The shell, when a little
corroded, becomes coarse and laminated — Nautilus, Ure, Hist. Ruth. 308.

t. xiv. f. 8 B. corn. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxix. f. 2 — Mr Sowerby's

specimens are from Limestone, Kendal ; mine are from Carboniferous Limestone,
Linlit hgo w sh ire.

8. B. Urii Globular; sides of the aperture expanded; shell smooth, re-
gularly sulcated spirally ; the furrows shallow, the ridges rounded.— -Nauti-

Cassis. MOLLUSCA. BUCCINIM3. 339

lus, lire's ltuth. 308. t. xiv. f. 9.— In Carboniferous Limestone — I have ven-
tured to name this shell in memory of the Rev. David Ure, the author of
the " History of Rutherglen and East Kilbride," a work which contains the
best enumeration of the fossils of the independent coal formation which has
yet been published in this country.

buccinim:.

a. Right lip of the canal with a raised edge, and a groove behind ; outer
lip thickened, denticulated within ; pillar lip thick, spreading or
forming a longitudinal ridge.
Cassis.
Morio.
Nasa.
aa. Right lip of the canal obsolete.

b. Outer lip thickened.
(Ricinula.)
Purpura.
Monoceros.
(Concholepas.)
Ilarpa.

bb. Outer lip plain.
Dolium.
Buccinum.
Ebumea.

Gen. LXXI. CASSIS. — Spire short ; canal slightly pro-
duced and recurved.

307. C. bilineata. — Glossy brown, with spiral bands of brown
spots.

List. Conch, t. Dccccxcviii. f. 63 — Buccinum decussatum, Penn. Brit.

-Zool. t. lxxix. lower figures — B. porcatum, Pult. Dorst. 41 B. bi-

lin. Mont. Test. Brit. 244 — Weymouth, Mr Pennant; Dunbar, Mr
Laskey ; very rare.

Length from one to two inches ; whorls five or six, the upper part set
round with two series of tubercles ; outer lip slightly toothed ; pillar lip rug-
ged and granular. In a young specimen which I received from the late Rev.
James Lambert, Cambridge, as from Plymouth Sound, the whorls have nu-
merous, fine, waved, spiral striae. These are crossed by more numerous and
fine longitudinal striae, together with obsolete wrinkles of growth, which, on
the top of the spires, constitute well defined subtubercular ridges. The
white cover of the tube at the base of the pillar is finely granular. °

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. C. bicatenata — Ovate, ventricose, with many depressed spiral ridges, de-
cussated by small longitudinal costae towards the upper parts of the whorls ;
aperture ovate ; left lip obscurely tuberculated — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cli.
— Crag,

2. C. striata.— Shell ovate; spire acute; volutions oval, longitudinally

striated, with one obscure nodose ridge ; beak nearly straight Sower. Min.

Conch, t. vi. ; four lower figures— London Clay.

y2

Mi) MOLLUSC A. BUCCINID.E. Momcn

Gen. MORIO. — Aperture longitudinal, narrow, ending in a
recurved canal.

1. ~M.carina.tus.— Shell pyriform ; spire short; volutions depressed, angular,
with many longitudinal striae, and three nodose ridges. — (Bueeinum nodosum,
Brander, front. No. 131).— Cassis car. Sower. Min. Conch, t. vi.; the three
upper figures. — London Clay.

Gen. LXXII. NASA. — Spire produced ; canal very short,
obliquely truncated.

— 308. N. reticulata. — Outer lip simple externally ; the longi-
tudinal ridges decussated by narrow, deep, spiral grooves.

Buc. cancellatum, List. Conch, t. Dcccclxvi. f. 21. — B. reticul. Linn. Syst.
i. 1204. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 122. t. lxxii. f. 92. Mont. Test. Brit.
240. — Not uncommon.

Length an inch and a half; breadth three quarters; of a brownish colour;
whorls seven or eight, rather flat ; aperture lengthened ; outer lip nearly
straight retrally ; inner lip slightly tuberculated. — This shell is subject to
slight variations in the relative size of the ribs.

309. N. i7ic)-assata. — Outer lip thickened by a strong exter-
nal rib ; whorls slightly rounded ; longitudinal ridges decussated
by narrow flattened spiral ridges.

Tritonium incrass. Mull. Zool. Dan. Prod. 244, No. 2946 — Buc minu-
tum, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 122. t. 79 — B. macula, Mont. Test Brit.
241. t. viii. f. 4. Near low water-mark, common.
Length half an inch ; breadth above a quarter ; colour various, mottled ;
whorls six or seven ; aperture orbicular ; outer lip rounded, denticulated, with
a short tooth at the junction with the margin of the canal; inner lip concave,
faintly tuberculated ; canal with a black end. Dr Turton notices two varie-
ties, A having the outer lip thin, and not toothed on the inside, and B " with
a notch or cut at the upper angle of the outer lip, separating it from its at-
tachment to the body volution, similar to that which is found in the Murex
gracilis." — Conch. Diet. 15. He has likewise described a very common va-
riety of this shell, with the pillar white externally, under the title Tritonia va-
ricosa, Zool. Journ. No. vii. 3G5. t. xiii. f. 7-

310. N. ambigua. — Outer lip thickened by a strong external
rib ; whorls slightly depressed towards the junction ; the longi-
tudinal ridges decussated by numerous spiral striae.

Buc. amb. Pult. Dorset. 42. Mont. Test. 242. t. ix. f. 7 — On the Eng-
lish and Irish coasts, not common.
Length half an inch, breadth three-eighths ; white, whorls six, with from
eleven to fifteen ribs ; aperture suborbicular ; outer lip denticulated, with an
obsolete tooth at the canal ; outer lip wuh two distant folds.

311. N. cincta. — Outer lip thickened by a strong external
rib ; whorls nearly even ; interstices of the ribs obsoletely striated
spirally.

Buc. cinctum, Mont. Test. 246. t. xv. f. 1.— Found at Weymouth, Mr
Bryer.
Length about a quarter of an inch ; white, with a rufous spiral band ; whorls

Purpura. MOLLtJSCA. BUCCINIMl. 341

six or seven, closely ribbed ; apex sharp ; aperture oval, narrow ; outer lip
denticulated within ; inner lip crenulated by the spiral stria? at the base.

312. N. tuberculata. — Outer lip simple externally ; inner lip
strongly marked with oblique striae.

B. tuber. Tun-t. Conch. Diet. 16.— Found in the sand at Exmouth, Mrs
C. W. Luscombe.

" Shell taper, white, but not glossy ; spires six, rounded, and well defined
by the line of junction, with numerous strong longitudinal ribs, crossed by
fine transverse lines, giving them a tubercled appearance ; aperture oval ; the
outer lip thin and toothed within ; inner lip strongly marked with oblique
stria?, and ending in a short, reflected, rather cloven canal ; length six-tenths
of an inch ; breadth not a third of its length." Turton.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. N. granulate. — Shell ovate, pointed, ' transversely striated, and with
twenty rows of longitudinal tubercles ; outer lip thickened, many toothed
within.— Buccinum gran. Sower. Min. Conch, t. ex. f. 4 — In Crag, Ipswich.

2. N. canaliculata. Ovato-elongated, transversely striated ; spire costated ;
whorls separated by a canal ; lip thickened, sharp, dentato-striated within.
(Buc. desertum, Brander, f. 18, 19) ; B. can. Soiver. Min. Conch, t. ccccxv.
f. 2. London Clay.

Gen. LXXIII. PURPURA.— Shell strong ; aperture ovate ;
outer lip flattened, denticulated ; inner lip flattened ; canal
short, imbedded.

— 313. P. Lapillus. — Whorls six, spirally striated, with waved
longitudinal striae and wrinkles.

Buccinum minus, List. An. Ang. 153. t. iii. f. 5, 6. Conch, t. Dcccclxv.
f. 18, 19.— B. Lap. Linn. Syst. i. 1202. Mont. Test. Brit. 239.— Com-
mon in rocks below high water-mark.
Length from 1 to 2 inches ; white, yellowish, or banded with brown or yel-
low ; whorls slightly elevated, varying greatly in the spiral stria? or ridges,
and likewise in the longitudinal markings, which last are sometimes scaly ;
aperture ovate ; outer lip sloping outwards to a thin edge, the inner edge of
the slope denticulated, and terminating abruptly at the canal ; pillar-lip
broad, the pillar slightly concave towards the base ; in young shells the outer

lip is thin This species is very destructive to mussel beds, by perforating

the shell, in order to feed on the contained animal.

EXTINCT SrECIES.

1. P. crispatum Ovate, acuminated, roughened by imbricated, concave

scales, placed upon numerous close transverse carina? ; whorls convex ; lip

subdentated ; beak subcanaliculated Buc. crisp. Sower. Min. Conch, t.

ccccxiii — Crag.

2. B. tetragonum.Sqnaxish, ovate, pointed, costated ; costa? crossed by four
large and several small ridges ; aperture oblong; lip toothed within — Buc.
Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxiv. f. 1. — Crag.

3. P. incrassatum Thick ; ovate, pointed, ridged ; with about five carina?,

the uppermost largest ; aperture oval ; lip obscurely furrowed within. — Buc.
Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxiv. — Crag.

342 MOLLUSCA. BUCCINID^E. Harfa.

4. P. desertum — Ovate, oblong, costated, transversely striated ; whorls con-
tracted above by a rounded canal ; lip striated within (Buc. Brander) f. 15.

Sou-er. Min. Conch, t. ccccxv. f. 1 In London Clay.

Gen.LXXIV. MONOCEROS.— Aperture longitudinal, emar-
ginate retrally ; pillar reflected, with a tooth at the canal.

314. M. hepaticus. — Whorls eight, with longitudinal ridges,
and a spiral tuberculated ridge at the top of each whorl.

Buc hep. Pult. Dorset 41. Mont. Test. Brit. 243. t. viii. f. 1 On the

English and Irish coast, rare.

Length an inch, breadth five-eighths ; colour brownish, sometimes spotted ;
whorls tumid, strongly divided, smooth, striated at the base of the body-
whorl ; outer lip thick, turning inwards to a denticulated edge.

Gen. HARP A.— Aperture ovate, lips smooth ; canal patulous
on the right ; pillar flattened, and pointed at the base ;
whorls with longitudinal ridges.

1. H. Trimmeri. — A fragment of a fossil species referred to the genus Har-
pa, from " its parallel compressed and obliquely inclined ribs, with the point-
ed angle at their summit, and the smooth columella," by Mr Parkinson, was
found in a stratum of dark pyritous clay (probably London Clay?) at Brent-
ford, on the premisses of Messrs Trimmers Org" Rem. iii. 59.

Gen. LXXV. DOLIUM. — Shell ventricose ; aperture lon-
gitudinal, patulous on the right ; spiral ridges entering the
inner lip.

315. D. Perdix. — Ovate, spiral ridges depressed, and broader

than the intervening spaces.

Buc. striatum fuscum, List. Conch, t. Dcccclxxxiv. f. 43.— B. Perdix,
Linn. Syst. i. 1137- Pult. Dorset. 41. Mont. Test. Brit. 244. t. viii.
f. 5 — On the English coast, rare.

English specimens of the size of a nut ; yellowish-brown, mottled with
white ; aperture ovate ; outer lip thin, inner pillar lip reflected, forming a
cavity behind.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

]. D. nodosum — Obovate, ventricose, with spiral rows of obtuse knobs.
Cast of a species of Dolium ? — Mant. Suss. 196 — D. nod. Sower. Min. Conch,
t. ccccxxvi. ccccxxvii. — Upper Chalk.

Gen. LXXVI. BUCCINUM— Shell ovate, aperture longi-
tudinal ; canal slightly edged obliquely on the left ; pillar
rounded, somewhat gibbous and bent anteally.

316. B. undatum.— Whorls seven or eight, ventricose, with

Buccinum. MOLLUSCA. BUCCINID.E. 343

spiral ridges and intermediate striae, crossed by the lines of
growth, and waved furrows on the upper whorls.

B. crassum rufescens, List. An. Ang. 156. t. cxi. f. 2, 3. Conch, t. cccclxii.

f. 14, 15. Linn. Svst. i. 1204 B. und. and striatum, Penn. Brit.

Zool. 121. t. lxxiii." f. 90, t. lxxiv. f. 91 — B. und. Mont. Test. Brit.

237 Common beyond low water-mark.

Length from 3 to 5 inches, breadth upwards of 2 ; shell white, sometimes
tinged with brown or pink, the cuticle is brown, with numerous longitudinal
ridges of short hairs ; whorls rounded ; the body whorl of the female large
in proportion; the spiral ridges are crossed by the lines of growth. — This
species is used as a bait, and caught in baskets in which carrion is placed.

317. B. glaciate. — Whorls nine, tapering, obsoletely striated
spirally, finely striated longitudinally ; upper whorls with lon-
gitudinal waved furrows, the body whorl with a spiral ridge.

Linn. Syst. i. 1204. Don. Brit. Shells, t. cliv — In the north seas, rare.

Length about 2 inches, breadth less than 1 ; white, with a reddish tinge,
the keel on the body whorl vanishes on the superior ones ; this shell is more
produced, and the longitudinal furrows better marked, than in the preceding
species — It appears to have been found in Orkney by Mr Agnew, gardener
to the Duchess of Portland. I possess a slightly mutilated specimen, which
I found in Zetland.

318. B. carinatum. — Shell oblong, oval ; whorls seven, thin,

inflated with an elevated circular rib at the top of each, from

which they suddenly slope to the separating line.

Turt. Conch. Diet. 13. t. xxvi. f. 94.— Irish coast, Mr O'Kellv and Mi-
Tardy.

Length A\ inches, breadth 2^ ; white, with a broad rufous band round the
middle of each whorl ; spirally and longitudinally striated, with obsolete
longitudinal ribs ; the body whorl is swollen, but the upper ones are flat-
tened ; aperture dilated ; outer lip with a thick edge, inner lip smooth and
spread on the pillar.

319. B. anglicanum. — Shell thin; whorls eight, strongly

striated spirally with waved longitudinal ridges on the upper

part of the whorls ; lower part of the body whorl nearly

smooth.

List. Conch, t. Dcccclxiii. f. 17 B. ang. Lam. Syst. vii. 264 B. Hum-

phreysianum, Bennet, Zool. Journ. i. 398. t. xxii — Zetland and Cork,

Length 2 inches, breadth 1 inch ; shell white ; the cuticle brown, pilose,
sometimes with reddish-brown spiral bands ; whorls slightly rounded, and a
little depressed above towards the separating line ; the spiral striae seem to
vary in size as well as the longitudinal furrows, in different specimens ; the
strise produced by the lines of growth are numerous and fine ; aperture
ovate; pillar smooth or wrinkled. — In 1809, I found two specimens of this
shell in Zetland, in a fishing-boat, brought from deep water ; those described
by Mr Bennet were found in the harbour of Cork by Mr Humphreys.

320. B. ovum. — " Shell oval, inflated, thin, ivory white,
smooth ; volutions six, tumid ; outer lip thin and smooth.

Turton, Zool. Journ. ii, 366. t. xiii. f. 9. — Plymouth Sound.

344 MOLLUSCA. BUCCINLDiE. Buccindm.

Length an inch and three quarters, breadth rather more than an inch.
— Only one specimen has occurred.

321. B. pictum. — " Shell oval, oblong, glossy, whitish, with
ochraceous blotches ; volutions eight, decussate ; outer lip
smooth.""

Purpura picta, Turt. Zool. Journ. ii. 365. t. xiii. f. 8. — British Channel.

" Length T4„ths of an inch, breadth hardly two ; termination of the pillar
pointed." — Judging from the drawing, the aperture seems subquadrangular
lengthened, with the outer lip nearly straight in the middle.

-322. B. I'meatum. — Shell smooth, glossy, with numerous
spiral bands of brown and white.

Da Costa, Brit. Conch, p. 130, t. viii. f. 5. Pult. Dorset. 41. Don. Brit.
Shells, t. xv. Mont. Test. Brit. 245 — B. pediculare, Lam. Syst. vii.
275. — Southern .coasts of England.

Length §ths, breadth ith of an inch ; conic, strong ; towards the base of
the body whorl the narrow white bands become excavated into spiral striae ;
aperture oval, outer lip a little spreading — It is very common among West
Indian shells.

The following shells, being probably the fry of different species, may here
be noticed, though the descriptions and accompanying figures of the authors
referred to be very imperfect.

a. B. obtusulum Whorls three, bellied, aperture oval; colour opake white.

— Walk. Test. Min. 16. t. xi. f. 59 — Faversham.

b. B. breve Whorls five, longitudinally ribbed, transversely striated,

opake ; canal short. — Adams, Linn. Trans, iii. 64. t. xiii. f. 3, 4. — Pembroke-
shire.

c. B. minutum. — Whorls three, longitudinally ribbed ; opake, white. —
Adams, Linn. Trans, iii. 64. t. xiii. f. 5, 6 — Pembrokeshire.

d. B. lave Whorls three, smooth, body whorl large ; aperture oval ; ca-
nal lengthened, — Adams, Linn. Trans, iii. 64. t. xiii. f. 7, 8 — Pembrokeshire.

e. B. obtusissimum — "Whorls three, smooth ; aperture contracted ; canal
lengthened — Adams, Linn. Trans, iii. 65. t. xiii. f. 9, 10 — Pembrokeshire.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. B. elongatum. — Shell ovate-elongated, transversely striated; whorls 7,
rather convex, longitudinally undulated ; outer lip obscurely crenulated
within ; mouth oval, with a short recurved canal. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ex.
f. 1 — Crag.

2. B. rugosum — Shell ovate-elongated, obtuse, transversely striated ; spire
with 12 or 14 angles ; whorls five, prominent ; aperture obovate ; latter
whorl rugged Sower. Min. Conch, t. ex. f. 3 Crag at Holywell.

3. B. reticosum. — Shell oblong-ovate, acute, reticulated ; whorls 6, with
the upper and lower parts rounded, and sides flattish ; outer lip toothed
within. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ex. f. 2. — Crag at Holywell.

4. B. ulcatum.— Turreted, acute, transversely furrowed ; whorls ventri-
cose ; aperture ovate; lip toothed within, thickened by age. — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. eclxxv. f. 2, and t cccclxxvii. f. 4.— In Crag, Kamsholt.

Buccinum. MOLLUSCA. BUCCINIDvE. 345

5. B. labiatum Ovate, acuminated, costate, transversely striated ; strife

numerous, large, elevated, and rounded ; whorls convex ; aperture oblong ;
its outer lip enlarged in the middle, and striated within. — Sower. Min. Conch.
t. ccccxii. f. 1, 2. (Is not this B. defossum of Pilkington, Linn. Trans, vii.
117- t. xi. f. 2. ?) — Upper Marine Formation.

6. B. lavatum Ovate acuminated, costated, furnished with many acute

carinse, and transversely striated ; aperture oblong ; lip crenulated at the
edge, and striated within ; whorls convex (Brander, f. 16.) — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. ccccxii. f. 3, 4. — In London Clay.

7. B. propinquum.— Ovate, pointed, longitudinally costated ; costse di-
vided into tubercles by many transverse sulci, the uppermost of which is
very broad ; aperture obovate. — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cccclxxvii. f. 2. — In
Crag.

8. B. labiosum " Ovate pointed, straightish on the sides, transversely

sulcated ; lip broad and relieved ; aperture oblong, pointed above." — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. cccclxxvii. t. 3 — In Crag.

9. B. Dalei Ovate, smooth, or slightly sulcated ; whorls very convex

above ; apex of the spire obtuse — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxxxvi. f. 1, 2.
— Crag.

10. B. tenerum Ovate, acute, thin, coarsely striated ; spire undulated ;

beak antiquated ; whorls convex — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxxxvi. f. 3, 4.

Gen. EBURNEA. — Shell ovate ; aperture longitudinal ; ca-
nal an oblique notch ; pillar grooved, perforated.

1. Mr Parkinson refers a shell, from Essex, to this genus, under the title
E. glabrata (Organic Rem. p. 59, t. v. f. 25.), though he observes that it dif-
fers " in having the columella hardly umbilicated." It will probably prove
a variety of Buccinum Dalei of Sowerby.

346 MOLLUSCA. MURICID/E. Tkrebra.

MURICID./E.

a. Right lip simple.

b. Pillar plaited.
(Turbinella.)
(Fasciolaria.)
Terebra.

lib. Pillar simple.
Pj^rula.
Fusus.
Pleurotoma.

aa. ltight lip marginated by the last formed of the varicose ribs.
b. llibs continuous over the whorls.
(Ranella.)
Murex.
Typhis.

lb. Ribs interrupted.
Triton.

Gen. LXXVII. TEREBRA— Shell turrited, long in pro-
portion to the aperture ; canal short, the pillar twisted, or
turning obliquely to the left.

323. T.fuscata. — Whorls twelve, with three or four spiral

tuberculated ridges ; base spirally striated.

Bucc. fuscum, List. Conch, t. cxxii. f. 18 — Murex fuse. Linn. Syst. i.
1225. — Turbo tubercularis, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 129. t. lxxxii. f. *111.

—Murex fuscatus, Pult. Dorset. 43. Mont. Test. Brit. 2C9 English

coast, rare.

Length an inch and a half, breadth T4„ths ; brown ; whorls flat, increasing
gradually ; separating line with a spiral fold above it ; spiral ridges unequal ;
some tubercles of the middle ridge, at irregular distances, swollen, the fur-
rows minutely striated spirally, and finely wrinkled by the layers of growth ;
striae flattened ; base crenulated ; aperture longitudinal ; pillar smooth, ca-
nal short and shallow. — I have given the above description from specimens
sent me as English by Dr Leach. I am at a loss, however, to comprehend
the nature of the shell which the authors of the descriptive catalogue have
figured in Linn. Trans, viii. t. iv. f. 6. It is surely unconnected with this
species.

324. T. tubercularis. — Whorls ten, with three series of spi-
ral tubercles of equal size ; the canal partly covered by the in-
cumbent pillar lip.

Murex tub. Mont. Test. Brit. 270 — South coast of England.
Length a quarter of an inch ; chesnut-brown ; whorls slender, tapering,
separated only by a slight depression ; apex pointed ; aperture small, oval.
A white variety occurred to Mr Laskey at Dunbar.

325. T. reticulata. — Whorls twelve, with four spiral ridges
intersected by slightly oblique longitudinal furrows.

Pyrula. MOLLUSCA. MURICID/E. 347

(Strombiformis reticulatus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 117- t. viii. f. 13.)—
Murex reticulatus, Pult. Dorset. 43. Mont. Test. Brit. 272 — In

sandy bays, but rare.
Length |ths of an inch, breadth upwards of |th ; brown ; whorls strong,
slender ; separating line minute, above which is a broad furrow, apparently
marking the division of the whorls ; base with obsolete spiral grooves ; aper-
ture ovate, canal short and shallow.

326. T. suhdaia. — Whorls fifteen, with two spiral rows of
beads divided by a depressed line.

Murex sub. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 115. t. xxx. f. 6 — Sound of Mull,
near Scalasdale, Mr Laskey.
Length |ths of an inch ; whorls slender, little raised, denned by a purplish-
brown spiral line ; spiral furrows longitudinally striated ; base smooth, and
of a dark brown colour ; aperture small.

— 327. T. perversa. — Whorls ten, sinistral, tuberculated.

Turbo Turritus perversus, Walk. Test. Min. Rar. 13. t. xi. f. 48 — Mu-
rex adversus, Mont. Test. Brit. 271- — Turbo reticulatus, Don. Brit.
Shells, t. 159.— On different places of the coast, rare.

Length half an inch, breadth |th ; brown; whorls with three spiral rows
of tubercles, the middle row the smallest ; base with two or three spiral
ridges ; aperture oval, canal deep.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. T. cornucopia. — Turrited, subulated, punctated ; whorls very numerous,
superior ones with three or four unequal tuberculated carina?, central ones
tuberculated above, undulated below, with four or five transverse furrows ;
lowest whorls crossed by nine or ten elongated tubercles ; aperture quadrate ;
columella plaited ; beak short, curved — Cerithium corn. Sower. Min. Conch,
t. cxxxviii. f. 1, 2. 4 — London Clay.

2. T. gigantca. Turreted extremely long, spirally striated, minutely

punctated ; upper parts of the whorls tuberculato-nodose — Cerithium gig.
Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxxviii. f. 2 — London Clay.

3. T. cincta Subulate conical, with three rows of nearly equal granules

upon each whorl, and two carina? near the edge of the base ; suture subca-

naliculated ; pillar with one plait Potamides cinctus, Sower. Min. Conch.

t. cccxl. f. 1 Upper Marine Formation, Headon Hill.

Gen. LXXVIII. PYRULA.— Spire short, body-whorl ven-
tricose retrally ; right margin of the canal patulous.

328. F.carica. — Shell pyramidal, heavy ; body- whorl with
a single spiral row of triangular processes.

List. Conch, t. dcccIxxx. f. 3. 6 — Murex carica, Tnrt. Conch. Diet. 86.

t. viii. f. 2G Coast of Ireland.

Length 6 inches, breadth 4 ; reddish-grey ; irregularly striate, and somewhat
scaly lengthwise, near the base a few spiral stria?; whorls six, hardly raised,
with a row of seven or eight protuberances on the last, decreasing into tu-
bercles in the upper ones, the upper whorls are spirally striate ; outer lip
with the margin angular at the termination of the row of hollow protube-
rances ; pillar-lip polished. Dr Turton states, that a pair of these magnifi-

348 MOLLUSCA. MURICIDjE. Fusus.

cent shells were thrown upon the sands at Warren's Point, after a severe
thunder storm.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1 . P. nexilis. — Obovate, elavate, with decussating elevated striae ; spiral
striae uniform, most prominent ; spire slightly produced — (Murex nexilis,
Brander, f. 55.) Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxxxi — London Clay.

2. P. Greenwoodii — Pyriform, with a short produced spire, reticulated with
scattered elevated striae ; beak pointed ; shell thin — Sower. Min. Conch.
t. ccccxcviii. — Crag.

Two species are noticed as figured by Brander, whose work I have no op-
portunity of consulting, viz. f. 52, 53, and 54, which last is by Parkinson
(Org. Hem. 67-) considered as agreeing with Pgrula laevigata of Lamark, while
Mr Man tell (Geol. Suss. 268.) denominates it P. bidbiformis,—?. 52, 53, the
Murex pyrus of Brander. These two species occur in the London Clay.

Gen. LXXIX. FUSUS.— Shell pisiform, ventricose in the
middle, spire produced ; right margin of the canal patu-
lous.

* Whorls destitute of longitudinal ribs.

329. F. antiquus. — Whorls eight, ventricose, with obsolete

waved spiral striae, crossed by longitudinal wrinkled lines of

growth.

Bucc. album, laeve, List. An. Ang. 155. t. iii. f. i. Conch, t. Dccccxiii. f.
4. — Murex antiquus, Linn. Syst. i. 1222. — M. despectus, Penn. Brit.
Zool. iv. 124. t. lxxviii — M. antiquus, Midi. Zool. Dan. t. exeviii.

Don. Br. Sh. t. xxxi.— M. desp. Mont. Test. Brit. 256 In deep bays,

common.

Length from 4 to 6 inches, greatest breadth between 2 and 3 ; white, the
inside with a yellowish tinge ; cuticle absent ; whorls thick, rounded, rather
coarse on the surface ; aperture ovate, the outer lip thin at the edge, inner
lip smooth, canal short, nearly straight. The animal is white, with a cor-
neous pyriform lid. It is used as a bait for cod, and sometimes as food. The
shell, suspended horizontally, is employed in the Zetland cottage as a lamp,
the cavity containing the oil, and the canal the wick. Dr Turton mentions
(Conch. Diet. 69.) two varieties in the shell ; the first with the whorls nearly
separated, and the second leaving the whorls furnished with longitudinal
ribs : in a specimen which I possess, the whorls are prominently angular in
the middle, and the specimen bears a close resemblance to the figure of Buc-
cinum carinatum of the Conchological Dictionary.

330. F. corneus. — Shell lengthened, spirally striated ; the ca-
nal produced and slightly recurved.

Buccinum angustius, List. An. Ang. 157. t. iii. f. 4. Conch, t. Dccccxiii.
f. 5. — Murex corneus, Linn. Syst. i. 1234. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 124.
t. lxxvi. f. 99. Don, Brit. Shells, t. xxxviii. Mont. Test. Brit. 258.
— In sandy bays, common.

Length 3 inches, breadth about 1 ; shell white, usually covered with a
thick brown epidermis ; whorls nine, compressed with a deep separating line ;

Fusus. MOLLUSCA. MURICID.E. 349

spiral striae unequal, slightly wrinkled longitudinally ; aperture oblong, out-
er lip thin, the canal bent to the left. — Specimens resembling this shell are
found in what is supposed to be the upper marine formation of the Suffolk
coast, and figured in the Mineral Conchology, t. xxxv. It is probable that
they belong to marine diluvium of the modern epoch.

331. F. despectus. — Shell ventricose with two carinated spi-
ral ridges.

Murex desp. Linn. Syst. i. 1222. — M. carinatus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv.
123. t. lxxvii. f. 96. Don. Brit. Shells, t. cix — M. duplicatus, lb.
t. cxix. — M. cor. Turt. Conch. Diet. 88. t. xxvii. f. 95. — Scottish and
Irish coasts, rare.
Length about 3 inches ; white ; strong ; whorls eight, the body one occu.
pying half the shell, faintly striated spirally, with irregular longitudinal lines
of growth ; upper part of each whorl depressed ; ridges even or waved ; aper-
ture suborbicular This is probably nothing more than a variety of the F.

antiquus.

332. F. retroversus. — Whorls five, sinistral, rounded, smooth
and glossy.

Flem. Wern. Mem. iv. 498. t. xv. f. 2 — In shell sand from Noss Island,

Zetland, collected after a storm in the spring of 1809.

Length about a line ; translucent ; whorls increase rapidly, giving the shell

a bellied appearance ; aperture oblong, outer lip joining the body at an acute

angle ; pillar straight, slightly scooped out at the apex for the canal, which

is shallow, regular, and short ; lines of growth scarcely perceptible.

** Whorls with longitudinal ribs.

l/'— 333. F. turricola. — Whorls seven, compressed, flattened on
the top, the ribs bending inwards to the separating line.

Murex turricola, Mont. Test. Brit. 262. t. ix. f. 1 — M. angulatus, Don.

Brit. Shells, t. 156.— In deep water, not uncommon.

Length |ths, breadth \t\\ of an inch; white, or slightly rufous; turrited;

whorls with about twelve longitudinal ribs, crossed by spiral striae ; aperture

narrow, ending in a wide canal, outer lip slightly thickened, inner lip smooth

and broad.

334. F. proximus. — Whorls six, slightly flattened at the top ;
the outer lip remarkably broad and reflected.

Murex prox. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 118. t. xxx. f. 8,— Dunbar, Mr

Laskey.
Length nearly half an inch ; strong ; white ; whorls slightly compressed ;
deeply divided at the separating line ; destitute of spiral striae ; aperture
ovate, oblong; the canal short, and rather spreading at the end.

335. F. costatus. — Whorls six, with nine longitudinal, ob-
lique, raised, and slightly waved ribs, destitute of spiral strias.

Murex costatus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 125. Don. Brit. Shells, t. cxi.

Mont. Test. Brit. 265 In sandy bays, not common.

Length about T35ths of an inch, glossy brown or yellowish white, with fine
spiral brown streaks that look like strias ; whorls rather flat ; aperture nar-
row, terminating in a canal very little more contracted than the rest of the
mouth, outer lip thick.

350 MOLLUSCA. MURIClELE. Fusus.

336. F. septangularis. — Whorls seven, strong, with seven

continuous obtuse longitudinal ridges, the intervening spaces

broad, shallow, and smooth.

Murex sept. Mont. Test. Brit. 268. t. ix. f. 5. Don. Brit. Shells,
t. clxxix. f. 4 — In deep water, rare.

Length |ths of an inch, breadth §ths ; glossy purplish-brown ; whorls ta-
pering, nearly even, the ridges scarcely interrupted by the separating line ;
aperture oblong-oval, ending in a short canal, outer lip sharp at the edge.

337. F. attenuatus. — Whorls eight, smooth, nearly fiat, with

nine strong equidistant ribs.

Murex att. Mont. Test. Brit. 26G. Turt. Conch, Diet. 91.— English
and Irish coasts, rare.

Length \ an inch, breadth about ^th ; yellowish-white ; slender, tapering
to a fine point ; ribs undulated as they rise in the middle of each volution ;
aperture narrow, contracting a little at the canal, outer lip thickened at the
back.

■— 338. F. nebula. — Whorls eight, strongly ribbed longitudi-
nally, finely striated transversely ; canal slightly bent to the left.

Murex neb. Mont. Test. Brit. 267- t. xv. f. 6 — In sandy bays, not un-
common.

Length about half an inch, breadth T20ths ; yellowish-white or rufous; ribs
nearly continuous across the thread-like separating line ; aperture narrow
oblong-ovate, outer lip sharp.

- 339. F. ntfus. — Whorls six, longitudinal ; ribs sixteen, spi-
rally striated ; canal short and straight.

Murex rufus, Mont. Test. Brit. 2G3 — In deep water, rare.
Length T35ths of an inch, breadth |th; colour brown; whorls slightly
rounded ; aperture ovate, outer lip thin, inner lip broad and smooth.

340. F. minimus. — Whorls five, longitudinal; ribs ten, strong-
ly striated spirally ; canal short, outer lip striated internally.

Buccinum minimum, Mont. Test. Brit. 247. t. viii. f. 2. — B. brunneum,
Don. Brit. Shells, t. clxxix. f. 2 — In deep water, rare.
Length T25ths of an inch, breadth about ^tfa ; brown ; whorls slightly
rounded ; aperture oval ; canal straight, and very short.

341. F. linearis. — Whorls seven, strong ribbed, with elevat-
ed spiral stria; ; outer Up crenated internally.

Murex lin. Mont. Test. Brit. 261. t. ix. f. 4 — M. elegans, Don. Brit.
Shells, t. clxxix. f. 3 — In sandy bays, rare.
Length |ths, breadth |th ; brown, streaked with purple; whorls rugose,
rounded ; apex pointed ; I'ibs about ten in number ; aperture oval, terminat-
ing in a straight canal ; outer lip thickened externally.

342. F. accinctus. — Whorls seven, ribs bent in the middle,

finely striated spirally.

Murex ace. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 114. Laskey. Wern. Mem. i. 402.
t. viii. 14 In deep water in the Frith of Forth, where only one spe-
cimen occurred to Mr Laskey.

Fusus. MOLLUSCA. MUBICID.E. 351

Length 4 lines, breadth 1 line ; yellowish-white, with an obsolete brown
band (consisting of four coloured lines) on the middle of the body-whorl, con-
tinuing to the apex ; the ribs are highest at the middle of the whorl ; aper-
ture oblong ; canal short. — This species is frequently to be met with among
West Indian shells.

343. F. gyrinus. — Whorls four, with numerous spiral rows
of brown tubercles.

Murex gyr. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 170. Laskey, Wern. Mem. 401.

t. viii. f. 10 Frith of Forth, Mr Laskey.

Length fths, breadth |th of an inch; brown; strong, short, conic, and tu-
mid ; eight rows of tubercles on the body-whorl, and three on the preceding
one.

344. F. purpureas. — Whorls ten, tapering; ribs twenty,
oblique, with sharp spiral ridges.

Mm-ex purp. Mont. Test. Brit. 260. t. ix. f. 3 — In deep bays, rare.

Length fths of an inch, breadth §ths ; purple ; apex pointed ; the spiral
ridges are numerous, rising into angles on the ribs, giving the shell a very
rough appearance ; aperture narrow, oval, terminating in a strait canal ; out-
er lip thin ; pillar obliquely striated, and somewhat tuberculated.

345. F. muricatus. — Whorls seven, tapering, ribs numerous,
crossed by strong raised spiral striae ; canal slender, long.

Murex mur. Mont. Test. Brit. 262. t. ix. f. 2 — In deep water, rare.

Length }, an inch, breadth \ ; epidermis red, shell white or flesh coloured;
aperture oval, outer lip sharp, crenulated within ; pillar smooth.

346. F. chordula. — Whorls five, with fifteen wire-like ribs,
continuous, and bending in the middle towards the outer lip ;
spirally striated.

Murex chordula, Tart. Conch. Diet. 94.— In drifted sand, Dublin Bay.

Length 2 lines, breadth |ds less ; brown ; conic ; a little tapering to a ra-
ther obtuse point ; whorls rounded, the first occupying more than half the
length ; aperture narrow, oval, ending in a short canal ; outer Up thickened
by a rib on the back.

347. F. Barvicensis. — " Shell ventricose, white, with longi-
tudinal furbelowed ribs, continued obliquely across a flattened
space at the sutures ; beak rather long, slightly ascending."

Dr Johnston, Edin. Phil. Journ. vol. xiii. 221 — Sea coast, near Berwick.
" Shell white, half an inch long, and one-half as broad, with six whorls, di-
vided by a flattened space, and longitudinally ribbed. There are thirteen
ribs on the body-whorl, finely furbelowed-, projecting a little at the suture,
terminating on the beak, which is produced and smooth towards its extremi-
ty. The indented appearance of the ribs is produced by obsolete transverse
stria? crossing them. The ribs do not terminate at the sutures, but are con-
tinued across by elevated striae. Aperture round, inclining to oval, with
smooth lips.

348. F. Bamjius. — Whorls six, aperture rounded, canal pro-
duced and bent.

352 MOLLUSCA. MURICIDiE. Fusus.

Murex Bamf. Don. Brit. Shells, t. clxix. f. i. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup.
117 Sandy bays.

Length about fths of an inch, breadth upwards of |th ; white, or rufous;
whorls rounded, with numerous transverse plaits, which, in young shells, are
raised and sharp, especially at the separating line ; in some cases there are
indistinct spiral ridges ; outer lip rounded, inner lip concave ; base attenuat-
ed ; canal slightly turned to the left.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. F. longcevus. — Ventricose, smooth, spire turrited, with a few large knobs
upon the upper part of the latter whorls ; beak as long as the spire, slightly
curved near the end — (Murex longaevus, Brander, f. 40, 70. and 93.) Sower.
Min. Conch, t. lxiii. — In London Clay.

2. F. bifasciatus Elongated, rugosely reticulated ; whorls keel-formed ;

base produced Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxxviii — In London Clay.

3. F. acuminatns Elongated, acicular, obscurely costated, and longitudi-
nally striated ; whorls tumid, with eight or ten elevated striae — (Murex por-
rectus, Brander, f. 36.) Sower. Min. Conch, t. eclxxiv. f. 1, 2, 3. — London
Clay.

4. F. asper Elongated, costated ; whorls tumid ; costae decussated by

four or five elevated, rather acutely knotted, stria? or ridges.— Sower. Min.
Conch, t. eclxxiv. f. 4-7. — London Clay.

5. F porrectus Elongated, subcancellated, with many prominent costae ;

volutions tumid, with about eight elevated striae upon each — (M. porrectus,
Brander, f. 35.) Sower. Min. Conch, t. eclxxiv. f. 8, 0 — London Clay.

6. F '. hulbiformis Ovate, ventricose, nearly smooth ; spire mucronated ;

beak obscurely striated, gently curved.— (Murex bulbus, f. 54. and M. Py-
rus, f. 52, 53. Brander.) Sower. Min. Conch, t. cexci. f. 1-6 — London Clay.

7- Y.ficulneus. — Ovato-fusiform, turgid, costated ; whorls subspinose above;
base striated ; baek twisted ; pillar uniplicated. — (Murex herzedus, Brander,
f. 51.) — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cexci. f. 7.— London Clay.

8. F. errans — Oblong-cvate, conical at both ends, transversely striated ;
whorls bicarinated ; upper carina largest. — (Strombus errans, Brander, f. 42.)
— Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cccc — London Clay.

9. F. regularis Bather elongated with many longitudinal undulations,

crossed by strong elevated striae ; whorls convex, the last contracted to-
wards the beak, open, rather slender; aperture obovate — (M. antiquus,
Brander, f. 14-)— Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxxvii. f. 2, and t. ccccxxii. f. 1.—
London Clay.

10. F. complanatus — Ovato-fusiform; pointed, costated, and transversely
striated ; superior edges of the whorls elevated, and pressed upon the spire ;
striae contiguous ; pillar curved — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxiii, f. 2, 3. —
London Clay.

11. F. Lima. — Ovato-fusiform, pointed, carinated ; upper edges of the
whorls elevated, and pressed upon the spire ; carinas many, acute, the cen-
tral ones decussated by small sharp costae ; lines of growth acute — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. ccccxxiii. f. 4. — London Clay.

12. F. coniferus. — Elongated, with many longitudinal undulations; cros-
sed by numerous unequal elevated striae ; whorls few, inversely conical, their
upper parts depressed, and nearly smooth ; beak open, rather short, aperture
ovate — Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxxvii. f. I.— London Clay.

Fusus. MOLLUSCA. MURICIDjE. 353

13. F. carinella Rather elongated, with many longitudinal undulations,

crossed by strong elevated unequal striae ; whorls convex, subcarinated in
the middle, the last contracted towards the beak ; beak open, rather slender ;
aperture obovate. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxxvii. f. 3, 4.

14. F. striatus. — Shell ventricose, with many transverse rounded projec-
tions, and from three to five parallel striae between each, crossed by other
striae or sutures ; whorls from three to six ; beak nearly straight ; aperture

oval Murex striatus, Soiver. Min. Conch, t. xxii. A variety occurs in which

three or four of the spiral ridges are more prominent than the rest, espe-
cially the upper ones, t. cxix — In Crag.

15. F. contrarius Whorls reversed, five or six, slightly expanded at the

upper part, and contracted towards the beak : surface with many rounded
projections, or smooth ; aperture irregularly ovate ; beak rather short. —
Murex con. Park. Org. Rem. t. vi. f. 5 — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxiii. — In
Crag.

16. F. rugosus. — Spire acute, of about six whorls, rather gibbose, with
about ten longitudinal undulations, that intersect many deepish transverse

striae ; beak nearly straight, lip thick ; canal rather broad Murex rug.

Park, Org. Rem. iii. p. 64. t. v. f. 1C — Sower. Min. Conchvt. xxxiv., upper
figures, and t. cxix. f. 1, 2. — In Crag.

17- F. trilineatus — Shell elongated, with many transverse projecting nar-
row bands, each obscurely divided into three threads ; whorls five or six ;
beak straight, pointed ; aperture elongated, several folds within the outer
lip. — Murex tril. Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxxv. f. 4, 5 — London Clay.

18. F. latus — Shell slightly ventricose, smooth, covered with alternately
large and small transverse linear projections ; whorls five, upper part of each
undulated ; aperture strongly striated within ; beak straight, expanded,
truncated. — Murex latus, Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxxv. left hand lower figure.
— Plastic Clay, Plumstead.

19. F. costellifer. — Subturrited, transversely striated, longitudinally cos-
tated ; whorls rather ventricose ; aperture ovate, expanded towards the beak ;
beak very short, spreading ; costae numerous, slender. — Murex cost. Sower.
Min. Conch, t. cxix. f. 3 — In Crag.

20. F. echinatus. — Turrited ; whorls round, reticulated, with acute tubercles
upon the angles of the meshes ; outer-lip striated within, beak short Mu-
rex ech. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxix. f. 4 — In Crag.

21. F. curtus Ovate, pointed, subventricose, longitudinally ribbed, trans-
versely striated ; aperture oval ; beak short, recurved ; whorls internally
striated with elevated lines. — Murex curt. Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cxix. f. 5 —
London Clay.

22. F. gradatus. — Ventricose, longitudinally ribbed, transversely striated ;
spire short, acute ; costae varicose above ; aperture oval, with a short ex-
panded beak. — Murex grad. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxix. f. 6 Plastic Clay,

Plumstead.

23. F. interrupts — Subturrited ; body covered by broad transverse sulci ;

the remaining whorls smooth, with two sulci along their upper edges Murex

int. Pilkington, Linn. Trans, vii. 1 17- t- xi. f. 5. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccciv.
— London Clay.

^ 24. F. quadratus. — Short, conical, transversely striated and obscurely bica-
rinated ; base produced ; beak short ; aperture subrhomboidal. — Murex
quad. Soiver. Min. Conch, t. ccccx. f i.— Green Sand.

VOL. I. Z

354 MOLLUSCA. MURICIDiE. Pleurotoma.

25. F. pernvianus. — Subfusiform, ventricose, smooth, with fifteen thin cos-
tse ; beak a little recurved. — Murex per. Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxxiv.
f. 1. — In Crag.

26. F. alveolatus — Turrited; volutions ornamented with two spiral ob-
tuse carinae, crossed by thick ribs; beak half cylindrical, ribbed — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. ccccxxv. f. 1 — In Crag, Suffolk.

27. F. cancellatus. — Lanceolate, acute, covered with acute decussating rid-
ges, with short spines at the points of their intersection ; whorls ventricose ;
aperture oblong, produced into a short beak. — Sotver. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxv.
f. 2.— In Crag.

Gen. LXXX. PLEUROTOMA. — Shell turrited, canal
straight ; a gutter or notch at the junction of the outer-lip
with the body-whorl.

— 349. P. gracilis. — Whorls ten ; ribs interrupted at the sepa-
rating line by a depressed spirally striated space; canal pro-
duced.

Murex gracilis, Mont. Test. Brit. 267- t. xv. £ 5— M. emarginatus,
Don. Brit. Shells, t. clxix. f. 2 In deep water, not common.

Length an inch, breadth a quarter ; yellowish-white, with light coloured
and brown bands ; whorls tapering, little rounded, with numerous obtuse
longitudinal ribs, crossed by well defined spiral striae ; aperture ovate, the
outer-lip slightly crenulated by the spiral striae ; canal rather open, but pro-
duced in consequence of the bending in of the outer-lip, giving to the base
an acuminated aspect.

350. P. sinuosa. — Whorls six, longitudinal ribs slightly

interrupted by a depressed space at the separating line.

Murex sin. Mont. Test. Brit. 264. t. ix. f. 8 — In deep water, rare.

Length f ths of an inch, breadth a quarter, white, strong ; whorls slightly
compressed, and a little flattened at the top of each ; ribs numerous, ele-
vated, bent at the angle of the flattened space, and diminishing towards the
separating line : regularly striated spirally ; aperture oblong, oval ; canal
open ; very short, in consequence of the outer-lip continuing entire ; the
base has a blunt aspect. In a specimen which I found in Zetland, the spiral
strise are strong, giving the shell a coarsely reticulated appearance.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. P. attenuata Fusiform, base attenuated ; longitudinally undulated; un-
dulations five or six, with a large compressed tubercle at the upper end oi
each ; volutions transversely striated ; aperture narrow1, straight — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. cxlvi. f. 1 — London Clay.

2. P. exorta.—. Turrited, base conical, elongated; whorls concave and
smooth above, below, longitudinally undulated and convex, with many ele-
vated subtuberculate dlines ; aperture ovate, elongated, canaliculated.) — Mu-
rex exortus, Brander, f. 32.— (Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxvi, f. 2.) — London Clay.

3. P. rostrata Fusiform, with many transverse ridges and short costse,

volutions obscurely decussated, expanded, and slightly concave above, rather
ventricose and roughish below : aperture elongated, canaliculated. — (Murex
ros. Brander, f. 34.) — Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxvi, f. 3 — London Clay.

Murex. MOLLUSCA. MURICIDyE. 355

4. P. acuminata Turrited, acuminated, longitudinally ribbed, transverse-

iy striated; whorls above, concave, edge fimbriated ; below, sulcato-striated ;
aperture elongated, canaliculated, one-third the length of the shell ; beak
broad.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxlvi. f. 4.— London Clay.

5. P. comma.— Turrited, beaked with acute transverse rising lines; whorls
smooth in the middle, with many short curved costse; aperture ovate, cana-
liculated ; beak slightly curved.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxlvi. f. 5 — London
Clay.

6. P. semicolon.— Turrited, elongated, striated, with many curved costse ;
whorls swelled with a granulated margin, base conical, decussated ; aperture
ovate, beaked. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxlvi. f. 6. — London Clay.

7- P. colon Fusiform, striated ; whorls concave above, with a crenulated

margin below, with many rugged transverse ridges and small short longitu-
dinal undulations ; base conical, aperture elongated — Sower. Min. Conch.
t. cxlvi. f. T, 8 London Clay.

8. P. priscus. — Fusiform, turrited, smooth ; base transversely sulcated ;
margins of the whorls striated ; lip wing-shaped. (Murex priscus, Brander,
f. 25, 44.)— Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxxxvi — London Clay.

9. P. fusiformis.— Fusiform, elongated, rough, with deep transverse stria;,
and obscure longitudinal costse ; whorls subcarinated, with a striated band
upon their upper parts; aperture lanceolate.— Soiver. Min. Conch, t. ccclxxxvii.
f. 1 — London Clay.

10. P. brevirostrum Turrited, acute, costated, transversely striated ; aper-
ture obovate, with a defined beak of ecmal length ; whorls ventricose. — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. ccclxxxvii. f. 2 — London Clay.

11. P. Imvigata Turrited, nearly smooth ; spire subcostated ; whorls ven-
tricose, concave above ; aperture elongated ; beak produced.— Sower. Min.
Conch, t. ccclxxxvii. f. 3. — London Clay.

Gen. MUREX. — Oval, aperture suborbicular, canal produ-
ced ; ribs tubercular or spinose, three or more united ob-
liquely on different whorls.

1. M. asper Ovate, oblong, transversely striated; sutures in three rows,

foliaceous, dentated, bearing one spine upon the upper part of each ; aperture

obovate ; canal recurved "-(Brander, f. 77, 78, 79-) — M tricarinatus, Sower.

Min. Conch, t. ccccxvi. f. t — London Clay.

2. M. bispinosus Ovate, elongated, with three rows of foliaceous sutures

and two or three transverse ridges ; sutures simple, bearing two concave
spines to each whorl ; canal nearly straight. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxvi.
£ 2 London Clay.

8. M. frondosus — Ovate, oblong ; sutures in eight or nine rows, subspi-
nose, deeply plaited ; transverse ridges numerous, rough ; aperture obovate ;
canal straight. — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. ccccxvi. f. 3. — London Clay.

4. M. calcar. — Ovato-acuminated, transversely striated, costated ; last whorl
bicarinated ; each suture supports two or three long sharp spines ; aperture
round, with a long canal Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccx. £ 2. — Green Sand.

5. M. tortuosus — Turrited, subfusiform, largely cancellated ; varices in
three tortuous rows, with two or three knobs between each ; whorls ventri-
cose ; beak contracted. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxxiv. f. 2 — In Crag ?

7.9

356 MOLLUSC A. MURICIDiE. Typhis.

Gen. TYPHIS. — Oval, aperture suborbicular, canal shorty
covered ; whorls with numerous tubular pervious pro-
cesses.

1. T. fistulosus. — Oblong, varicose; each varix foliated and produced above
in a recurved tube ; aperture obovate, entire ; beak nearly straight, closed.
— (Murex pungens, Brander, f. 82.) — M. fist. Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxxix.
f. 1, 2. — London Clay.

2. T. tubifer.— Ovate, with four rows of erect tubes alternating with four
solitary tubes upon each whorl ; aperture obovate, entire ; beak arched,
closed — (Murex pungens, Brander, f. 81.) — T. tubifer, Park, Org. Rem. iii.
(>5. t. v. f. 15. — London Clay.

Gen. LXXXI. TRITON.— Ovate, oblong; canal produced,
subascending, or bent to the left ; ribs alternate or remote,
not continuous on the whorls.

351. T. erinaceus. — Whorls eight, with seven rugose, longi-
tudinal ribs crossed by strong spiral striae.

Murex er. Perm. Brit. Zool. iv. 123. t. lxxvi. f. 95. Don. Brit. Shells,
t. xxxv. Mont. Test. Brit. 259 Rocky shores.

Length nearly 2 inches, breadth 1 inch ; brown ; strong ; whorls angular,
sloping abruptly at the junctions, with imbricated arched scales; aperture
oval ; canal subtubular ; outer-lip striated internally, pillar-lip smooth.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. T. tuberosus. — Ovate, pointed, transversely striated, with many blunt
short costa? upon each whorl ; base convex — Murex tub. Sower. Min. Conch.
t. ccxxix. f. 1. — London Clay.

2. T. minax Short, transversely striated ; spire tuberculated, acute ; last

whorl ventricose, with two rows of tubercles ; the upper ones spiniform, fur-
rowed ; base sulcated ; beak curved. — Murex-minax (Brander, f. 02.) Sower.
Min. Conch, t. ccxxix. f. 2.

3. T. cristatus Ovate, transversely striated ; longitudinal costse promi-
nent, sharp, with three large plaits in each, the upper plait subspiniform ;
beak curved.— Murex crist. Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxx. f. 1, 2.— London Clay.

4. T '. coronalus. — Oblorg, transversely furrowed ; costa? numerous, sharp;
upper part of the volutions concave, bounded by a sharp ridge and a strong
spine upon each of the costre. Murex cor. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxiii. f. 3.
— London Clay.

5. T. argutus Ovate, pointed, costated, spirally striated; costa? knotted f

striae many, elevated, several of them large ; varices few ; whorls inflated be-
vond each" varix ; aperture toothed ; beak ascending. — Murex varg. (Brand-
er, f. 13.) Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxliv. — London Clay.

C. T. alveolatus Ovate acuminated ; surface divided into square cells by

many acute sutures that decussate eight or ten prominent carina? ; whorls
ventricose, flattened above ; aperture oval ; the outer lip toothed within —
Murex alv. Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxi. f. 2 — In Crag.

7. T. defossus. — Ovate acuminated, smooth ; whorls ventricose, bearing
many obtuse carina? ; sutures numerous, acute, linear ; aperture elongated,
with many lamelliform teeth within its outer lip.— Buccinum def. Pilk. Linn^

Cerithium. MOLLUSCA. CERITHIAM1. 357

Trans, vii. 117. t. xi. f. 2.— Murex def. Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxi. f. 1 —
In London Clay.

8. T. sexdentatus. — Ovate acuminated, costated, longitudinally striated,
transversely carinated ; whorls convex ; aperture elongated, with five or six

teeth within its outer lip Murex sex. Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxi. f. 3. —

Marine formation, Colwell Bay, Isle of Wight.

CERITHIADiE.

a. Marine.

Cerithium.
(Strutheolaria.)

aa. Fluviatile.
Potamedum.
Melanopsis.
(Pirena.)

Gen. LXXXII. CERITHIUM.— Outer margin of the aper-
ture rounded, with an obsolete canal, in many species, at its
retral junction with the body-whorl.

— 352. C. costatum.' — Whorls ten, a spiral line at the base of
each, becoming double on the body-whorl.

(Stromhiformis costatus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 118. t. viii. f. 14.) Strom-
bus cost. Don. Brit. Shells, t. xciv. Mont. Brit. Shells, 255 — English
coast, rare.
Length about half an inch ; brown ; tapering to a fine point ; transverse
ribs numerous, rounded, slightly waved; aperture ovate; the outer lip a lit-
tle expanded ; inner lip smooth ; canal very short and patulous.

353. C. turbiforme. — Whorls seven, destitute of a thread-like

spiral line at the base of each.

Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 110. t. xxx. f. 7 — Found by Mr Laskey on the
shores of Nun's Island, Iona.

Length about a quarter of an inch ; breadth two-thirds less ; brown ; aper-
ture white ; whoi'ls well-defined by the separating line ; transverse ribs about
eighteen ; base smooth ; aperture suborbicular ; outer lip thickened at the
margin, and a little spreading.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. C. pyramidalis. — Pyramidal, with six projecting tuberculated angles;
whorls ten or eleven, transversely tricarinated, carina? tuberculated ; six com-
pressed tubercles on the upper part of the last whorl ; outer lip expanded. —

(Murex angulatus, Brander, f. 46.) Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxxvii. f. 1

London Clay.

2. C. geminatum. — Conical, elongated, smooth, with seven or eight longitu-
dinally disposed pairs of acute tubercles on each whorl ; whorls about twelve,
lip even. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxxvii. f. 2. — London Clay.

358 MOLLUSCA. CERITHIAD.E. Potamidum

3. Cfunatum. — Conical, elongated, with two obtuse crenulated transverse
ridges upon each whorl ; upper part of each whorl thickened and tuberculated ;
mouth squarish ; base smooth. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxxviii — In Plastic
Clay.

4. C. funiculatum. — Pyramidal ; sides straight ; whorls with four, nearly
equal, crenulated carinae on each ; base with several plain elevated ridges.
Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxlvii. f. 1, 2. — Plastic Clay.

5. C. intermedium. — Pyramidal, sides straight ; whorls with a largely cre-
nulated margin, and five or six unequal carinae on each ; base with several
elevated ridges. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxlvii. f. 3, 4.— Plastic Clay.

6. C. dubium.— Turrited ; whorls with a row of compressed tubercles near
the middle, and two transverse rows of lesser tubercles below ; base with one
or two rows of tubercles. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxlvii. f. 5.— London Clay.

I. C. melanoides. — Turrited, obscurely longitudinally undulated; whorls
convex, bearing above the middle a large tuberculated carina, below with two
or three transverse tuberculated carinae ; beak very short. Sower. Min.
Conch, t. cxlvii. f. 6, 7 ; and t. 339. f. 3 — Plastic Clay.

8. C. rigidum.— Subulato-conical, nearly smooth ; lower whorls surrounded
by a keel near their upper parts. (Buccinum. rig. Brander, f. 43.)— Potami-
dis reg. Sower. Min. Conch, t. 338.— London Clay.

9. C concavum.— Subulato-conical; spirally striated ; whorls rather concave
towards the upper part ; costated ; costae obscure, arched, with a slight emi .
nence above the middle of each ; base with one or two granulated carinae,
convex ; lip enlarged below, with a small groove in its upper angle — Pota-
mides con. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxxxix. f. 1, 2 — Upper marine formation,
Isle of Wight.

10. C. margaritaceum.— Conical, turrited, five close rows of bead-like gra-
nules surround each whorl, the first and fourth rows minute, the fifth larger
than the other two ; lip expanded, plicated ; pillar recurved, obtusely cari-

nated Potamides marg. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxcix. f. 4 — Upper marine

formation, Isle of Wight.

II. C. plicatum Subulato-conical, or subcylindrical ; whorls longitudinal-
ly plaited, transversely sulcated and striated ; sulci three or four ; base con-
vex ; lip crenulated Potamides plic. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxl. f. 2. — Up-
per marine formation, Isle of Wight#

12. C duplex. — Subulato-conical, with two rows of tubercles upon the up-
per, and three upon the lower whorls ; upper rows of tubercles largest ; sides
of the whorls flai ; base flat, with two carinae near its edge ; beak short, inner
edge rising upon the pillar — Potamides duplex, Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxl.
f. 3 Upper marine formation, Isle of Wight.

Gen. POTAMIDUM. — Canal very short ; aperture entire re-
trally ; outer-lip patulous.

1. P. acutwm Conical, turrited ; whorls convex, bicarinated ; carinae acute ;

base convex, bistriated ; aperture orbicular, with a narrow short beak, Sower.
Min. Conch, t. cccxli. f. 2 — Lower fresh water formation, Isle of Wight.

2. P. ventricosum Conical, turrited; whorls ventricose, costated, trans-

versely striated ; striae two or three upon each whorl, most elevated upon the
costae ; aperture orbicular, with an extremely short beak — Sower. Min. Conch-
t. cccxli. f. 1 Fresh water formation, Isle of Wight and Cowes.

Melanopsis. MOLLUSCA. STROMBUSID^. 359

Gen. MELANOPSIS.— Canal short, emarginate ; aperture
produced, and ending in a gutter retrally ; outer lip entire ;
pillar-lip callous.

1. M.fusiformis. Fusiform in the middle, subcylindrical, smooth, mouth

half the length of the shell — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxxxii. f. 1, 7.— Upper
marine formation, Isle of Wight, &c.

2. M. subulata Conical-subulate, smooth; mouth ovate, one-third the

length of the shell, Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxxxii. f. 8 — Along with the last
species ; the relations of both imperfectly understood.

3. M. carinata. Ovate, acuminated, with a sharp carina wound round the
spire. Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxiii. f. 1.— Fresh water formation, Isle of
Wight and Cowes.

4. M. brevis. Ovate, pointed, short ; whorls ventricose : contracted in their
upper parts; aperture oval ; inner lip thick, callous, not very prominent, Sower.
Min. Conch, ccccxxiii. f. 2.— Fresh water formation, Hampshire coast.

STROMBUSID^.

(Strombus.)
(Pterocera.)
ltostellaria.

Gen. LXXXIII. ROSTELLARIA.— Shell turrited ; canal
produced, and somewhat subulate ; lip entire or dentated,
with the notch contiguous to the canal.

-354. R. Pes-pelecani. — Whorls ten, with tubercular spiral
ridges, and fine striae ; outer lip quadrifid.

Buccinum, List. Conch, t. Dccclxv. f. 20. t. Dccclxi. f. 21, 6. Strombus

Pes-pelecani, Linn. Syst. 1207. Penn. Brit- Zool. iv. 122. t. lxxv. f. 94.

Mont. Test. Brit. 253. In sandy bays.
Length about two inches ; white, more or less tinged with brown ; whorls
nearly flat, except in the middle, where the spiral tuberculated ridge runs ;
the separating line is well defined ; the tubercles are oblong, transverse, and
oblique. Besides the primary ridge, which extends over all the whorls,
there are two or three on the base ; aperture narrow ; outer lip much expand-
ed into three principal angular points, ridged on the back, and grooved in
front, with a projecting wing retrally attached to the whorls ; canal shallow,
subulate. Animal with a long pink, coloured snout, spotted with white ; ten-
tacula filiform ; foot short, white ; eyes black at the base of the tentacula be-
neath.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. R. tucida. Fusiform, longitudinally ribbed, transversely striated ; lip
thick, with an obscure sinus at the inferior edge, and a very short channel at
the superior ; beak straight, short. Soiver. Min. Conch, t. xci. f. 1, 2, 3. Lon-
don Clay.

360 MOLLUSCA. CERITHIAD^. Sigaretus.

2. R. rimosa. Fusiform, whorls slightly convex, longitudinally ribbed,
transversly striated ; lip reflected, with a sinus at the inferior edge, below an
expansion of the margin, and a canal at the superior edge, extending nearly
the length of the spire ; beak straight. (Murex rimosus, Brander, f. 27.)—
Sower. Min. Conch, t. xci. f. 4, 5, 6 — London Clay.

3. R. macroptera Fusiform, smooth ; lip large, nearly circular, with a ca-
nal extending along the spire; beak straight, pointed. (Strumous ampins,
Brander, f. 76.) Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxcviii, ccxcix, ccc — In London
Clay.

4. R. Parkinsonii Subfusiform ; whorls seven or eight ; convex, with lon-
gitudinal ribs, and numerous transverse striae ; outer lip dilated ; armed with
one styloid process, beneath which is a broad truncated expansion. Rostella-
ria, Park. Organic Remains, iii. C3. t. v. f. 11. R. Park. Mantell. Suss. 72
and 108. t. xviii. f. 1,2, 4, 5, 6, 10.— In Green Sand and Grey Chalk-marl.

5. R. Sowerbii Turrited, costated, transversely striated ; last whorl tri-

carinated ; aperture expanded, with a one-angled enth-e lip ; superior canal
short R. Parkinsonii, Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxlix. F. 1, 5.— London Clay.

6. R. calcarata.— Turrited, costated, transversely striated; costse linear,
curved ; last whorl carinated ; outer Up furnished with a large oblong process,
the upper angle of which is formed into a long curved spire ; beak pointed ;
superior canal obtuse. Park. Org. Rem. iii. 63. t. v. f. 2. — Smver. Min. Conch.
t. cccxlix. f. 6, 7- — Green Sand.

Gen. LXXXIV. SIGARETUS.— Shell patulous, imbedded
in the cloak, the anterior sinistral margin of which is
notched at the branchial opening ; tentacula two, with the
eyes at the external base.

— 355. S. haliotoideus. — Tentacula short, flat, the foot rounded
behind.

Bulla hal. Mont. Test. Brit. 211, Shell t. vii. f. 6, Animal vig. 2. f. 6 —
In deep water, not common.
Shell fths in length, and |ths of an inch in breadth ; oval, depressed, pel-
lucid, whitish, wrinkled by the lines of growth ; whorls two, the first very
small, forming the rudiment of a spire near the margin, the second rapidlv
increasing and forming a shallow basin ; outer lip thin, inner lip concave,
and slightly inflected. Animal oval, convex ; skin tough ; cloak broad, di-
vided from the foot by a groove ; mouth in the form of a short proboscis.

356. S. tentaculatus. — Tentacula produced, filiform ; the
foot pointed behind.

Lamellaria tentaculata, Mont. Linn. Trans, xi. 186. t. xii. f. 5, 6. — Coast
of Devon.
Shell more depressed and opake than the preceding. Animal suborbicular,
depressed, convex above, yellowish, with sulphur coloured and black spots ;
foot ovate, broad ; the breadth about three quarters of an inch.

MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 361

PECTINIBRANCHIA.

SCUTIBRANCHIA.

Heart with two auricles traversed by the rectum ; sexes incorporated ;
body covered with a patulous shell; the foot destitute of a lid.

I. Shell ear-shaped, with a lateral and nearly concealed spire.

Haliotis.
(Padola.)
(Stomatia.)

II. Shell oblong or conical, simple or subrevolute.

Crepidulid^e. Cavity of the shell interrupted by a testaceous
plate.

a. Marine.

b. Plate of the cavity spirally decurrent.
Calyptraea.
Infundibulum.

bb. Plate of the cavity horizontal.
Crepidula.
Pileolus.

aa. Fluviatile.

Navicella.

Capulid-E. Cavity and margin of the aperture entire.
Capulus.
(Carinaria.)

Fissurellad^e. Cavity entire ; shell with a perfora-
tion or slit.
Fissurella.
Emarginula.

Scissurella.

362 MOLLUSC. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Haliotis.

haliotime.

Gen. LXXXV. HALIOTIS.— Left margin of the shell
pierced by a row of holes.

357. H. tuberculata. — Ovate-oblong, spirally striated with
irregular transverse folds.

Auris marina major, List. Conch, t. Dcxi. f. 2. — Hal. tub. Linn. Syst. i.
1256. Mont. Test. Brit. 473. — On rocks at low water-mark at Guern-
sey and Jersey ; rarely thrown ashore on the southern coasts of
England.

Length from three to four inches, breadth from two and a quarter to
three inches ; strong, opake, brownish on the outside, beautifully iridescent
within ; apex with a single spiral turn, slightly produced ; outer lip thin,
inner lip thickened, inflected, and smooth. Animal with the sides ornament,
ed with filaments, some of which pass through the holes in the shell ; hood
emarginate, proboscis with two corneous cheek-plates, and a narrow spinous
tongue.

CREPIDULIDiE.

Gen. LXXXVI. CALYPTREA— Shell conical, with a
central subspiral apex ; cavity with a restricted subspiral
plate.

358. C. chinensis. — Shell depressed, apex central, blunt, with
a single whorl ; unequally striated spirally.

Patella rotunda, List. Conch, t. Dxlvi. f. 39 — P. chinensis, Linn. Syst. i.

1257 P. albida, Don. Brit. Shells, t. 129 — P. chin. Mont. Test. Brit.

489. t. xiii. f. 4. — West coast of England and Dublin Bay, on oysters.
Breadth jjths, height |ths, brownish-white ; widely conical ; surface rough
with short concave scales ; inside smooth and glossy ; the spiral striae mark
the direction of the growth of the shell.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

Mr Parkinson has figured a shell from the Crag of Essex (Organic Re-
mains, iii. 52. t. v. f. 10.), which he considers as agreeing with Lister's Pa~
tclla rotunda. " It forms a depressed cone, with a circular base and mammil-
lary apex." Some specimens from Harwich " had their upper parts com-
pletely invested with a mineralized sponge, or alcyonic mass."

Gen. INFUNDIBULUM.— Shell conical, with a spiral groove

marking the whorls ; aperture orbicular, with a regular

decurrent spiral plate occupying the cavity.

1. I. rectum Conical, concentrically striated ; apex central, acute, turns

of the spire obsolete ; plate rectangular ; pillar slender.—S'twer. Min. Conch.
t. xcvii. f. 3 In Crag at Holywell.

Capulus. MOLLUSCA. CAPULID.E. 363

2. I. obliquum. — Flatlish, smooth ; apex curved, adpressed, oblique ; inter-
nal plate two-thirds the diameter of the mouth, and reflected near the pillar.
Sower. Min. Conch, t. xcvii. f. 1 — London Clay.

3. I. tuberculatum. — Gibbous, 'conical, oblique, rugosely tuberculated. —

(Trochus apertus, Brander, t. i. f. 1, 2.) Soiver. Min. Conch, t. xcvii. f. 4, 5

London Clay.

4. I. echinulatum. — Gibbous, depressed, conical, oblique; apex acute,
smooth; last turn obscurely echinulated. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xcvii. f. 2.—
Plastic Clay.

5. I. spinulosum. — Conical, apex acute, nearly central ; whorls obscure,
surface covered with numerous short hollow spines or small tubercles. —
Sower. Min. Conch, t. xcvii. f. 6. — London Clay.

-Gen. CREPIDULA. — Shell oblong, widely conical, with a

depressed marginal spiral apex ; aperture in part closed by

a projecting horizontal plate.

1. C. sinuosa. — " Shell roundish oval, smooth, entirely milk-white ; with
the margin sinuate. Length half an inch ; breadth four-tenths. Found at
Scarborough in Yorkshire by Mr Bean. The outer surface is polished, and,
under a glass appears to be very finely and irregularly striate transversely ;
but it has no ribs, nor prickles, nor colourings of any kind." — Dr Turton,
Zool. Journ. No. vii. 3G4. t. xiii. f. 5. (The editors of the Journal add, " We
cannot agree with Dr Turton in placing this Crepidula on the British list,
as Mr Bean informed us that he took it from the bottom of a ship just ar-
rived from North America.")

Gen. PILEOLUS. — Conical, a short internal spire ; aperture
in part closed by a projecting horizontal plate with a crc-
nulated margin, and an opposed prominent lip.

1. P. plicatus. — Obtusely conical, with diverging ridges extending to the
edge ; margin irregularly crenated, the centre of the base divided. — Soiver.
Min. Conch, t. ccccxxxii. f. 1-4. — In Oolite at AnclifFand Hinton.

2. P. IcBvis.-— Shell rather flat, smooth, with an entire margin. — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. ccccxxxii. f. 5-8.— Found along with the last.

CAPULIML

Gen. LXXXVII. CAPULUS.— Shell conical, with the apex
towards the margin recurved and subspiral ; muscular im-
pression semicircular ; foot complicated on its anterior
margin ; gills in a single series across the branchial cavity.

—359- C. hungaricus. — Shell acuminated at the spiral apex,

and divergingly striated.

The Fool's-cap, Borl. Corn. 276. t. xxviii. f. 4 — Patella ungarica, Linn.
Syst. i. 1259. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 143. t. xc. f. 147. Don. Brit.

364 MOLLUSCA. FISSURELLAD^. Fissurella.

Shells, t. xxi. f. 1. Mont. Brit. Shells, 486. — On rocks and shells in
rather deep water.

Breadth sometimes reaching to an inch and a half; white, with a carna-
tion tinge ; cuticle brown, rough with a pilose margin ; aperture round,
slightly waved.

360. C. antiquatus. — Apex blunt, the layers of growth form-
ing concentric scale-like wrinkles.

Patella rugosa, List.. Conch, t. Dxliv. f. 31. ? — P. ant. Linn. Syst. i. 1259.
Pult. Dorset. 51.— Mont. Test. Brit. 485 — On different parts of the
coast, rare.
Breadth about half an inch ; thick, opake, white, apex variable in form;
aperture oval or round.

— 361. C. militaris. — Shell decussated by longitudinal and
transverse striae.

Patella alba, List. Conch, t. oxliv. f. 32 — P. mil. Pult. Dorset. 51. Don.
Brit. Shells, t. clxxi. Mont. Test. Brit. 488. t. xiii. f. 11.— On diffe-
rent parts of the coast, rare.
Breadth about half an inch ; subpellucid, white ; cuticle brown, pilose ;
apex much reflected and recurved ; aperture round ; inside glossy white.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. C. unguis Depressed, suborbicular, obscurely radiated ; vertex ob-
lique, recurved, extended beyond the base, acute. — Patella unguis, Sower.
Min. Conch, t. cxxxix. f. 7-— In Crag, Holywell.

FISSURELLADiE.

Gen. LXXXVIII. FISSURELLA.— Shell ovate, conical,
with a perforated apex ; tentacula with eyes at the external
base.

362. F. grceca. — Oval, decussated by unequal longitudinal

ribs and transverse stria? ; apex truncated.

Patella cancellata, List. Conch, t. Dxxvii. f. 2. — P. graeca, Linn. Syst. i.

1262 Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 144. t. lxxxix. f. 153 P. reticulata,

Don. Brit. Shells, t. xxi. f. 3. — Western coasts, not common.

Length of the aperture about three quarters of an inch, breadth half an
inch ; height a quarter ; thick, brown, inside white or rayed with brown ;
perforation of the apex oblong ; margin of the aperture waved, crenulated.

363. F. apertura. — Conical, with a reflected subspiral apex.
Patella apertura, Mont. Test. Brit. 491. t. xiii. f. 10. — South of England

and Zetland.

Length about §ths, height |th, subpellucid, white, strong, the longitudinal
tubercled ribs crossed by a few circular ridges ; apex adhering, the perfora-
tion in front rhomboidal ; margin of the aperture oval, crenated by the ribs.

Emarginula. MOLLUSCA. FISSURELLAD^. 36'5

Dr Turton (Conch. Diet. 142. t. xxii. f. 81.) describes a shell as Patella
Nubecula, List. Conch, t. Dxxxix., belonging to this genus, in the following
terms : " Shell oblong, oval, sometimes a little contracted in the middle,
semitransparent, a little convex, white, with red or brownish rays, which are
broader or narrower, sometimes interrupted, and often not extending quite
to the crown, with numerous obscure longitudinal ribs, and a few irregular
transverse furrows, which give it a rather rugged appearance towards the
margin, crown not quite central, with an oblong perforation round which is
often a purplish ring ; inside white, glossy, with a purplish ring round the
perforation at the bottom ; the margin plain : length |ths of an inch ; breadth

and height about |ths These shells have been frequently brought to us, as

having been dredged off the Land's End, on the Cornish coast ; but it has not
occurred to us, as yet, to find them ourselves.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. F. grceca 9 — ': Ovate, oblong, convex, radiated ; radii decussated by ele-
vated lines, and thickened at the intersections ; perforation small, elongated ;
margin of the base crenulated." — Sower. Min. t. cccclxxxiii.— In Crag, Ips-
wich.

2. F. calthrata. — An elevated curved cone ; sides coarsely reticulated ; lon-
gitudinal ribs about six on each side, and one central, which is split more
than half way down from the apex ; base oval ; apex bent almost down to
the base. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxix. f. I.— Oolite at Ancliffe.

Gen. LXXXIX. EMARGINULA— Conical, the anterior
margin of the aperture with a longitudinal slit ; tentacula
on footstalks ; foot fringed with filaments.

—364. E. Jissura. — Strongly cancellated by longitudinal and

transverse ribs; apex reflected.

Patella exigua, List. Conch, t. Dxliii. f. 28. — P. fissura, Linn. Svst. i.
1261. Penn. Brit. Zool. lv. 144. t. xc. f. 151. Don. Brit. Shells,
t. iii. f. 2. Mont. Test. Brit. 490 — Various parts of the coast, not
common.

Length half an inch, breadth and height |ths ; subpellucid, brown when
alive, white or flesh-coloured when worn ; longitudinal-ribs strong ; vertex
more or less reflected, margin oval, crenated ; the branchial slit extending
about one-fourth of the height of the shell ; inside glossy flesh-coloured —
Mr Bell describes a shell apparently belonging to this species, in the Zool.
Journ. i. 52. t. iv. f. 1., as having been found at Poole Harbour, under the
title E. rosea. It only differs from E. fissura in the variable characters of the
apex being higher and more recurved, and the inside of a delicate rose-
colour.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. E. crassa. — Oval, obtusely conical, furrowed ; with four or five strise be-
tween each furrow ; fissure wide — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxxii., upper fi-
gures In Crag, Ipswich.

2. E. reticulata. — Shell oval, reticulato-striated, vertex rather acute; prin-
cipal radii twenty-four or more — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. xxxiii., lower figures.
— In Crag ? Holywell.

3

366 MOLLUSCA. FISSURELLADiE. Scissureli.a.

3. E. Iricarinata Conical, with the apex bent down ; surface marked with

three principal, and several lesser ribs, the spaces between them nearly
smooth ; base oblong — Soiver. M in. Conch, t. nxix. f. 2. — In Oolite at An-
cliff.

4. E. scalaris Conical, ribbed ; apex excentric ; ribs many, connected by

numerous cross lines ; base obovate.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxix. f. 3— In
Oolite at Ancliffe.

Gen. XC. SCISSURELLA.— -Shell with a depressed spire;
the outer-lip notched with a deep slit, following the
growth of the volutions, obliterated to within a short dis-
tance of the margin, and forming a sort of keel upon the
back of the shell.

365. S. crlspata. — Transversely ribbed, and spirally striated ;
inner-lip reflected on the body-whorl.

In shell-sand at Noss, Zetland, after a storm.
Breadth about the fifteenth of an inch ; white, and without any apparent
cuticle: whorls three, increasing rather rapidly from the slightly elevated
apex, and sloping, with a gentle convexity, from the separating line to the
keel ; under side with a central cavity, from which the whorl extends, a lit-
tie convex, to the keel. The whorls are marked by numerous fine trans-
verse arcuated ribs, narrower than the intervening spaces, crossed by fine
longitudinal striae (most conspicuous in the spaces), giving to the shell its
peculiar reticulated appearance ; the ribs on the upper side are coarser than
those below. The aperture is suborbicular, slightly depressed, the outer-lip
thin ; the inner-lip slightly reflected over the cavity, spread on the body-
whorl, and continuous with the outer-lip. From the pillar-cavity a shallow
gutter extends anteally, and joins the pillar-lip ; this is chiefly conspicuous
on the lai-gest specimens. The longitudinal slit in the middle of the outer-
lip extends backwards about two-thirds of the diameter of the shell, where it
joins the narrow groove in the keel of the shell which it had formerly occu-
pied. The margin of the slit is slightly elevated, as well as the groove,
which is seen winding round the whorls at the separating line, nearly to the
apex ; the groove itself is slightly ribbed across — I found this shell in 1809,
and specimens then transmitted to Mr Montagu, were pronounced by him
the fry of a Trochus. It is, however, a well marked shell, and belongs to
the genus Scissurella of M. D'Orbigny.

( 367 )

Order II. MOLLUSCA. ACEPHALA,

Section I. BRACHIOPODA.

Shell with two valves ; lobes of the cloak free anteriorly ; arms is-
suing from between the lobes at the margin of the mouth ; all the
species are marine and permanently attached.

Pedunculata.

a. Shell supported on a fleshy peduncle.
Lingula.

I. Peduncle passing through the apex of one valve.
Terebratula.

Spirifer.
Mayas.

Sesselia.
Discina.
Criopus.

Obscure genera, apparently free, and extinct.
Pentamerus.
Productus.

36S MOLLUSCA. ACEPHALA. Lingula.

PEDUNCULATA.

Gen. LINGULA. — Valves equal, oval, flat, without teeth or
elastic ligament ; peduncle cylindrical and cartilaginous ;
margin of the cloak fringed with fine hairs.

1. L. mytilloides.— Ovate, anterior end slightly truncated ; beak indistinct.
—Mussel, Ure, Ruth. 310. tab. xvi. 6 — Sower." Min. Conch, t. xix. f. 1, 2 —
Carboniferous Limestone Casts of a shell imbedded in shale in the coal for-
mation, figured by Ure, Hist. Ruth, 310. t. xvi. f. 5., probably belong to a
species of this genus. They seem to have a mesial ridge, with diverging
striae.

2. L. tenuis. — Elongated, lanceolate, anterior end truncated. — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. xix. f. 3. — London Clay.

3. L. ovalis Depressed, oblong-oval, anterior edge circular, beak very

short.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. xix. f. 4 London Clay ?

Gen. XCI. TEREBRATULA.— Inequivalve, apex of the
largest valve perforated or emarginated for the passage of
the circular ligament ; hinge consisting of a projection on
each side the apex, and two elongated processes for sup-
porting the arms on the smaller valve, projecting into the
cavity.

366. — T. cranium. — Shell ventricose, semitransparent, front

margin slightly truncated ; surface finely shaggreened, and

slightly wrinkled concentrically.

Mull. Prod. 249. No. 300G Zool. Dan. t. xciv. f. 1 T. vitrea, Flem.

Edin. Encyc. vol. vii. DC. t. 200. f. 2. — T, cranium, Mont. Linn.
Trans, xi. 188. t. xiii. f. 2 — Occasionally brought from deep water by
the cod-fishing-lines, Zetland.

Length an inch and Tl5th, breadth ,2„ths less; brownish- white; the shag-
greening is remarkably delicate, and seen only by the help of a lens ; the la-
teral teeth of the large valves are bifid ; those in the small valve give origin
to the two projecting processes, which have a small tooth near their base,
and project horizontally, upwards of three-fourths across the shell ; the con-
centric wrinkles of growth occur irregularly ; peduncle simple — To this pro-
bably belongs the Anomia Tercbratula of Turton's Conchological Dictionary,
p. 5.", where a reference is made to Da Costa's Elements, 292. t. vi. f. 3., and
where it is stated that a single specimen was dredged up alive in Dublin Bay,
and placed in the Museum of the Dublin Society.

367. T. psittacea. — Shell oval, with regular fine longitudinal

striae ; the beak much produced and curved ; the margin waved.

List. Conch, t. ccii. f. 46. Turl. Conch. Diet. 5. t. xi. f. 42. Biv. Brit.
236. — Cast ashore, after a severe gale, at Teignmouth, where Dr Tur-
ton has since seen several fragments.

Teeebeatula. MOLLUSC A. ACEPHALA. 369

Length nearly an inch and a quarter ; breadth one inch, convex, of a black-
ish horn-colour ; sides abruptly turned in, and flattened, and marked with a
few irregular striae ; front margin a little indented on each side, and project-
ing in the middle ; perforation somewhat triangular.

368. T. aurita. — Regularly ribbed ; the large valve broadest
in the middle, semicircular in front, and becoming narrow at the
apex.

Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 493. t. iv. f. 5 — T. costata, Lowe, Zool. Journ. ii.
105. t. v. f. 8, 9.— West coast of Scotland.
Length about T%ths, breadth T25t:hs of an inch ; whitish ; the ribs, from the
beak to the margin, the most distinct, rounded, and about eight in number,
obsoletely wrinkled concentrically ; the ribs, towards the sides, indistinct ;
margin crenulated by the ribs ; the small valve nearly orbicular ; the hinge
margin subtruncated, or rather obtusely angular, and having the sides de-
pressed ; inner surface punctated ; peduncle short, of numerous unequal and
tubular threads attached to a complicated tendino-muscular apparatus, and
chiefly to the lower valve. I obtained a small specimen of this species at
Ullapool, in Loch Broom. The one, of a larger size, described by Mr Lowe,
was found by Mr J. Berkely, at Oban.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

* Margin of the valves entire, or slightly icaved.

1. T. subrotunda Circular, depressed, smooth ; valves regularly and equal-
ly convex. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xv. f. 1, 2 In Chalk.

2. T. ovata.— Ovate or oblong-ovate, depressed, smooth ; small valve flat-
fish, slightly pentangular — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xv. f. 3 — In Green Sand.

3. T. punctata Oblong, depressed; valves equally convex ; edge straight-
ened at the front ; the whole surface finely punctated — Sower. Min. Conch.
t. xv. f. 4 — In Lias.

4. T. carnea. — Depressed, smooth, obtusely five-sided ; front edge short ;
valves equally convex, slightly flattened along the middle — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. xv. f. 5, 6 — In Chalk,

5. T. subundata Nearly circular, depressed, smooth ; valves equally gib-
bous ; front margin straight or slightly depressed in the middle, with one un-
dulation on each side of it — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xv. f, 7 — In Chalk.

G. T. intermedia Obscurely five-sided, rather depressed, smooth ; larger

valve most convex ; front margin undulated ; three depressions in the smaller
valve, and two in the larger. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xv. f. 8. — Green Sand.

7. T. scmiglobosa Nearly circular, gibbous, smooth ; largest valve deepest,

and uniformly gibbous; front margin undulated, with two risings in the
smaller valve Sower. Min. Conch, t. xv. f. 9 — In Chalk.

8. T. biplicata. — Oblong, gibbous ; beak prominent ; sides rounded ; front
straightish when full grown, elevated with two distant large plaits — Soivcr.
Min. Conch, t. xc. and t. ccccxxxvii. f. 2, 3 — In Green Sand.

9. T. digona. — Triangular, oblong, gibbous ; beak prominent ; sides round-
ed ;- front either convex or concave ; when old, bounded by two prominent
angles, alike in each valve.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. xcvi.— Oolite.

10. T. ovoides.— Ovate, elongated ; beak prominent ; larger valve gibbous,
VOL. I. a a

370 MOLLUSCA. ACEPHALA. Terebratula.

subcarinated ; lesser valve convex — Sewer. Min. Conch, t. c. ; upper figure —
In Green Sand.

11. T. lata Orbicular, depressed ; beak prominent ; larger valve subcari-
nated at the back Sower. Min. Conch, t. xc ; lower figure — In Green Sand.

12. T. ornilhocephala — Ovato-rhomboidal ; depressed when young; elon-
gated and gibbous when old ; front straight, bounded by two obtuse lateral
depressions, similar in each valve — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. ci. f. 1, 2, 4 — In

Lias.

13. T. lampas Ovato-rhomboidal gibbous ; front straight, produced, lesser

valve depressed. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ci. f. 3 — In Has, at Lyme.

14. T. obovata Obovate, transverse, gibbous, flatfish; beak prominent;

front straightish, bounded by two obsolete plaits — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ci.
f. 5. — In Lias.

15. T. retorquata. — Oblong, ovate, front depressed by a large rounded plait ;
sides elevated, rounded ; lower valve obtusely carinated, with a sharp beak,
and a longitudinal ridge along each side — T. resupinata, Soiver. Min. Conch,
t. cl. f. "£\.— Inferior^ Oolite.

1G. T. coarctata. — Subheptagonal, gibbose, hispid, and decussated ; lesser
valve convex, subtrilobated ; larger valve biplicated, with a deep angular
sulcus between the plaits. — Park. Org. Rem. iii. 229. t. xvi. fl 5. Sower. Min.
Conch. 312. f. 1, 4 — Oolite.

17. reticulata. — Obovate, gibbose, subhispid, decussated; front obscurely
three-sided ; lesser valve convex ; larger valve obtusely biplicated, with a
shallow channel between the ridges. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxii. — Oolite.

18. T. acuminata. — Heart-shaped ; front much elevated, with a deep acute
angular sinus in the margin ; surface finely striated — Mart. Derb. t. xxxii,
xxxiii. f. 5, 8. Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccexxiv. and t. ccccxcv.— In Carboni-
ferous Limestone.

19. T.affinis. — Orbicular, strongly striated ; upper valve gibbose, with an
elevated sinus in the front ; lower valve nearly flat.— Soiver. Min. Conch.
t. ccexxiv. f. 2 — In Carboniferous Limestone.

20. T. resupinata.— Transversely ovate, longitudinally striated ; striae mi-
nute, numerous, and equal ; imperforate valve most convex ; perforation tri-
angular— Mart. Derb. t. xlix. f. 13, 14. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccexxv.— In

Carboniferous Limestone.

21. T. lineata — Transvei'sely oval, gibbose; minutely striated longitudi-
nally, and transversely sulcated; sulci distant, Mart. Derb. xxxvi. f. 3. — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. ccexxxv. f. 1, 2 Carboniferous Limestone.

22. T. imbricata. — Transversely oval, gibbose, imbricated, longitudinally
sulcated ; front slightly elevated ; sulci obsolete — Sower. Min. Conch, t.
ccccxxxv. f. 3, 4 — In Carboniferous Limestone.

23. T. elongata. — Oval, convex, smooth ; margin even ; beak incurved. —
Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxxiv. f. 1, 2. — In Chalk.

24. T. sphceroida/is. — A depressed spheroid, with a slightly produced beak.
— Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxxv. f. 3 Oolite.

25. T. bullata — Orbicular, ventricose, with a produced and recurved beak ;
front indented ; depth greater than width. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxxv.
f. A— Upper Oolite.

26. T. emarginata.— Subrhomboidal ; the lesser valve nearly flat, the other

Terebratula. MOLLUSCA. ACEPHALA. 371

convex ; front defined by two angles, or emarginate ; edge becoming blunt
by age Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxxv. f. 5 — Upper Oolite.

27- T. globata. — Subglobose ; front elevated with two obtuse folds, and
slightly produced ; surface often minutely punctated — Sower. Min. Conch.
t< ccccxxxvi. f. 1. — Upper Oolite.

2!J. T. perovalis.— Ovate, convex, with two elevated sinuses at the front,
which is depressed between them ; beak incurved — Sower. Min. Conch, t.
ccccxxxvi. f. 2, S — Under Oolite.

29. T. maxillata — Subquadrangular, convex ; two acute rising sinuses in
the front, and one obtuse sinus on each side ; three conspicuous furrows in
the upper, and two in the lower valve ; front rounded — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. ccccxxxvi. f. 4. — Upper Oolite.

30. T. Sella Subquadrangular, convex ; front considerably elevated, nar-
row, emarginated when old ; sides depressed, slightly rounded — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. ccccxxxvii. f. 1. — Upper Oolite.

31. T. obtusa. — Subovbicular, rather depressed ; front broad, elevated ;
edge obtuse Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxxvii. f. 4.— From Cambridge.

32. T. obesa Ovate, gibbose, front elevated considerably, with a slight

broad sinus in the middle ; beaked valve regularly convex to the edge ; beak
incurved, short Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxxviii. f. 1. — In Chalk.

33. T. bucculenta.— Rather square, with rounded sides, convex ; front pro-
duced, truncated, very slightly elevated ; beak short —Sower. Min. Conch.
t. ccccxxxviii. f. 2. — In Green Sand.

34. T. triquetra Suborbicular, with a produced incurved beak ; valves

equally convex ; front slightly indented ; beak obtusely keel-shaped, with a
cai'ina on each side Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxlv. f. 1 — In Oolite.

35. T. indentata Elliptical, smooth, more or less gibbose ; valves equally-
convex; front deeply notched; beak small, much incurved — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. ccccxlv. f. 2. — In Limestone at Banbury.

36. T. Sacculus.— Obovate, gibbose, with a longitudinal groove along the
larger valve ; the smaller valve slightly grooved ; front emarginate — Anomia
kevis, Ure's Ruth. 313. t. xvi. f. 0.— A sacculus, Martin's Derb. t. xlvi. f. 1, 2.
— Ter. Sacc. Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxlvi. f. 1.— In Carboniferous Limestone.

37- T. hastata Elliptical, subrhomboidal, rather depressed ; front trun-
cated and indented ; edges sharp — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. ccccxlvi. f. 2, 3. —
Greywacke Limestone, Cork.

38. T. cornuta Short, convex, with blunt edges, four-lobed ; the two

middle lobes produced ; the others very short — Sower. Min. Conch, ccccxlvi.
£ 4.— In Oolite.

39. T. ambigua Subpentangular, gibbose, perforated valve with a broad

mesial groove, with a mesial ridge, having a shallow central furrow enlarging
at the margin. — Spirifer ambiguus, Sower. Min. Conch, t. 376 — Carboniferous
Limestone.

** Margin of the valves dovetailed.

40. T. lateralis.— Oval, broader than long, gibbous ; middle of the front
much elevated, with three deep but short plaits ; sides with two plaits each,
much below the middle— Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxxxiii. f. 1.— In Carbonife-
rous Limestone.

41. T. emmena.— Deltoid, gibbous, plaited; middle of the front elevated,

A a 2

372 MOLLUSCA. ACEPHALA. Terebratula.

with three long plaits ; sides with four or more plaits below the middle ;
beak prominent — Anomia striata, Ure, Ruth. 313. t. xiv. f. C. — Ammonites
crumena, Mart. Derb. t. xxxvi. f. 4 — Ter. erum. Soiver. Min. Conch, t.
lxxxiii. f. 2, 3. — Carboniferous Limestone.

42. T. tetraedra — Obtusely deltoid, gibbous, plaited ; front elevated in the
middle, with four or five sharp plaits ; four or more sharp plaits on each side ;
beak rather incurved — Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxxxiii. f. 4. — In Oolite.

43. T. media. — Very obtusely deltoid ; gibbous, plaited ; front rounded,
with a rising in the middle, composed of six sharp plaits approaching those
in the middle ; beak a little incurved. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxxxiii. f. 5. —
In Oolite.

44. T. concinna — Nearly globose ; acutely plaited ; middle elevated by

seven plaits ; twelve or more plaits on each side ; beak projecting Sower.

Min. Conch, t. lxxxiii. f. 6 In Oolite.

45. T. obsoleta — Nearly round, gibbous, plaited ; middle of the front a lit-
tle elevated by seven plaits ; sides having from seven to eleven plaits ; beak
projecting — Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxxxiii. f. 7. In Oolite.

AG. T. plicatilis. Gibbose, transversely obovate, finely and obtusely plait-
ed ; middle elevated by twelve plaits ; fifteen or more plaits on each side ;
beak slightly projecting. Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cxviii. f. 1. In Chalk.

47- T. ocloplicata. Gibbose, transversely obovate, obtusety plaited ; middle
elevated by eight plaits; twelve or fourteen plaits on each side; beak pro-
jecting. Sower. Min. Conch, cxviii. f. 2. In Chalk.

48. T. Wilsoni. — Circular, plaited ; front cylindrical, margin acutely den-
tated, elevated in the middle with seven plates, nine or ten plates on each
side ; valves compressed towards the beaks. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxviii,
f. 3— In Carboniferous Limestone at Mordiford, E.S.E. of Hereford.

49. T. pectita. — Orbicular, gibbose, plicato-striated, with a flattish space
extending from the front to the beaks ; beak of the lower valve prominent,

slightly incurved, back of the upper valve straight, with an incurved beak

Sower. Min. Conch, t. exxxviii. f. 1.— In Green Sand.

50. T. Lyra. — Oblong, convex, with diverging furcated plaits ; beak of the
lower valve greatly elongated, with two longitudinal septa, that of the up-
per valve short, incurved — Sower. Min. Conch, t. exxxviii. f. 2 In Green

Sand.

51. T. acuta — Ovato-triangular, slightly transverse; middle elevated by
one large acute angular plait; sides with one large and several small, plaits
each — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxl. f. 1, 2 Inferior Oolite.

52. T. Mantice. — Depressed, subtrigonous ; with 10 angular plaits, half of
them on one side elevated; upper valve convex — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. eclxvii. f. 1. — Carboniferous Limestone, Ireland.

53. T. obliqua — Depressed, transversely obovate, with 15 angular plaits,
the 5 central ones obliquely elevated from one side ; beak prominent — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. eclxxvii. £ 2 In Chalk.

54. T. inconstans — Globose, with about 26 angular plaits, half of them, on

one side, elevated ; beak incurved.— Soiver. Min. Conch, t. eclxxvii. f. 3, 4

Middle Oolite.

55. T. dimidiata — Transversely obovate, subdepressed, with a projecting
beak, plaited ; upper valve convex; plaits about 30, half of which, on one
side, are elevated — Sower. Min. Conch, t. eclxxvii. f. 5.— In Green Sand.

Terebbatula. MOLLUSCA. ACEPHALA. 373

56. T. Fimbria Orbicular, globose ; margin undulalo-plicated Sower.

Min. Conch, t. cccxxvi. — Under Oolite.

57. T. cordiformis. — Heart-shaped, front much elevated, with a deep sinus
in the margin ; sides rather convex, sharp-edged ; middle ornamented with
several acute furrows, reaching almost to the beaks. — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. ccccxcv. f 2, 4. — Carboniferous Limestone, Ireland.

58. T. reniformis Reniform, middle furnished with 3 or 4 longitudinal

ridges, terminated by acute plaits in the much elevated margin of the front ;
sides inflated below the entire edges — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxcvi. f. 1-4.
— Carboniferous Limestone, Ireland.

59. T. platyloba.— Transversely obovate, depressed; front elevated, with
several acute plaits in the middle of the sinus ; sides with one or two obscure
plaits upon their edges Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxcvi. f. 5, 6 — In Carboni-
ferous Limestone at Clitheroe.

60. T. Pugnus Obovato-deltoid, rather depressed ; front much elevated,

with from 4 to 6 plaits in the middle of the sinus ; sides convex, with several

plaits upon their edges Anomites Pugnus, Mart. Derb. t. xxiii. f. 4, 5. — T.

Pug. Soiver. Min. Conch, t. ccccxcvii — In Carboniferous Limestone.

61. T. lata Transversely oblong, convex, regularly plaited ; front elevat-
ed ; the perforated valve flattest, with a produced beak ; plaits 40 — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. Dii. f. 1. — In Green Sand.

62. T. depressa. — Triangular, depressed, regularly plaited ; front elevated ;
lateral angles rounded ; beaks produced ; plaits 20 — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dii.
f. 2— In Green Sand.

63. T. nuciformis. — Transversely oblong, globose, regularly pliated ; front
elevated ; beak produced ; plaits 30, rounded. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dii.
£ 3. — In Green Sand.

64. T. acuta Transversely oblong, gibbose, largely plaited ; front elevat-
ed with six plaits, of which the lateral are the largest; beak slightly pro-
duced ; plaits 20, sharp Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dii. f. 4 — In Lias, Clieve

Hill, near Cheltenham.

65. T. plicatella Subglobose, rather square, plaited ; front elevated ; beak

small, with a broad oblong concave space on each side ; plaits 40, rounded —
Sower. Min. Conch, t. Diii. £ 1 — In Inferior Oolite.

66. T. serrata. — Rounded triangular, convex, with a blunt margin, largely
plaited ; beak small, with a large, nearly flat, space on each side of it ; plaits
sharp, about 11, of which, 5 are a little raised in front — Soiver. Min. Conch,
t. Diii. £ 2. — In Lias.

67. T.flabellula Depressed, plaited; plaits about 16, simple, rounded ;

lesser valve transversely obovate ; larger valve with a straight, rectangular,
projecting beak. — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. dxxxv. £ 1 — In Oolite.

68. T.furcala Nearly orbicular, plaited; plaits rounded, about 9 in num-
ber, forked when full grown ; the larger valve most convex ; its beak large,
curved.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. dxxxv. £ 2 — In Oolite.

69. T. orbicularis Uniformly convex, plaited ; plaits angular, simple,

about 15 ; lesser valve orbicular, the other with a large curved beak. — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. dxxxv. £ 3 In Lias.

70. T. oblonga Oblong, gibbose, plaited; plaits 16 or more, forked, their

edges rounded; beaks large, broad, slightly incurved.— .SWo-. Min. Conch.
t. dxxxv. £ 4, 5, 6— In Green Sand.

374 MOLLUSCA. ACEPHALA. Spirifer.

71. T. hemisphmrica. — Hemispherical, with a produced incurved beak, Ion-
gitudinally striated ; striae very numerous — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxxxvi.
F. 1.— In Oolite.

72. T. rigida. — Orbicular, plaited ; plaits granulated, increasing in number
towards the margin ; lesser valve nearly flat, the other convex, with a small
beak Sower. Min. Conch, t. dxxxvL f. 2. — In Chalk.

73. T. striatula Imperfectly bilobate, compressed, longitudinally ovate

and striated ; b front truncated, sometimes with a sinus ; striae granulated, re-
peatedly forked.— Mant. Geol. Suss. 131. t. xxv. f. 7, 8, and 12. Sower. Min.
Conch, t. dxxxvL f. 3, 4, 5. — In Chalk.

74. T. pisum Suborbicular, rather square, thick, depressed, plaited ; plaits

numerous, simple, sometimes granulated ; front slightly elevated, beak small,
incurved Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxxxvi. f. G, 7 — In Chalk Marl.

75. T. rostrata.— Suborbicular, gibbose, plaited; plaits many, rounded;
beak large, produced, slightly incurved, pointed ; front slightly elevated —
Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxxxvii. f. 1, 2. — In Chalk Marl.

76. T. truncata. — Semicircular, plaited ; plaits sharp, from 9 to 20, some of
them forked ; front elevated with from 1 to 5 plaits ; hinge-line straight, equal
to the width of the shell ; lesser valve nearly flat, the other subcorneal, with
a straight beak, which is flat in the front — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. Dxxxvii. —
In Green Sand.

77. T. Gibbsiana Suborbicular, rather triangular, ventricose, with nume-
rous rounded, simple plaits ; front much elevated, with about 10 or 12 plaits,
flattened; beak small, incurved, pointed; small valve most convex — Soiver.
Min. Conch, t. Dxxxvii. f. 4.— In Green Sand.

78. Mantelliana.— Transversely obovate, gibbose, plaited; plaits 10, sharp,
front elevated with 4 to 6 plaits ; beak prominent but small. — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. Dxxxvii. f. 6 — In Chalk Marl.

Besides the above extended list of extinct species (of which not a few will
probably be found to be varieties), there are indications of a few other species
in the writings of British geologists ; but too obscure to warrant their inser-
tion here.

Gen. SPIRIFER. — Hinge transverse; perforation for the
ligament triangular, in a longitudinal flattened space un-
der the beak ; two spirally coiled linear appendages to
the hinge, nearly filling the shell.

1. S. Giispidatus Apex of the perforated valve broadly truncated, forming

a flat triangular space, the base of which is in the hinge, longitudinally rib-
bed with a broad mesial furrow ; the other valve ribbed, with a mesial ridge
— Anomia cusp. Mart. Linn. Trans, iv. 45. t. hi.— Spir. cusp. Sower. Min.
Conch, t. exx and t. cccclxi. f. 2. — In Carboniferous Limestone.

2. S. trigonalis. — Gibbose, transversely striated, with about twenty-six ra-
diating sulci ; hinge-line as long as the shell is wide ; front semicircular ;
the three central ridges elevated ; beaks incurved, approximating. — Ano-

mise striata, Ure, Ruth. 314. t. xv. f. 1 An. trigonalis, Mart. Derb. t. xxxvi.

f. 1 Spir. trig. Sower. Min. Conch, t. eclxv. — In Carboniferous Limestone.

3. S. triangularis " Differs from S. trigonalis principally in the sides being

direct or si might, not rounded, forming acute angles with the hinge; and,

Spirifer. MOLLUSCA. SPIRIFERA. 375

in the sinus, which is smooth and angular, instead of being rounded and stri-
ated."— Mart. Derb. t. xxxvi. f. 2. — In Carboniferous Limestone, Derbyshire.

4. S. oblatus. — Gibbose, transversely obovate, smooth, with an obtuse,
rather square, elevation along the middle ; beaks approximated.— Sower. Min.
Conch, t. cclxviii.— Carboniferous Limestone'

5. S. glaber. — Nearly twice as wide as long, generally sharp-edged. — Mart.
Derb. t. xlviii. f. 9-10. — Sower. Min. Conch, cclxix., two upper fig. — In Car.
boniferous Limestone : — probably identical with the last.

6. S. obtusus — Gibbose, transversely oval, very obscurely striated, with an
obtuse, rounded elevation along the middle ; beaks rather distant. — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. cclxix., two lower figures — In Carboniferous Limestone.

7« S. striatus — Hinge-depression extending the whole breadth of the shell ;
longitudinal ribs numerous, unequal, branched, mesial ridge rounded. — Ano-

mites striatis. Mart. Derb. t. xxiii Spir. striatus, Sower. Min. Conch.

t. eclxx., and S. rotundatus, ib. t. cccclxi. f. 1 — Carboniferous Limestone.

8. S. pinguis. — Gibbose, transversely obovate, with a straight back, longi-
tudinally sulcated, elevated in the middle ; sulci eight or nine on each side,
and one in the centre of the elevation — Sower. Min. Conch, t. eclxxi. — Car-
boniferous Limestone.

9. S. acutus. — Valves convex, semicircular, with deep equal ribs, the me-
sial edge and furrow smooth ; hinge-space short ; beak of the perforated
valve prominent, incurved. — Anomites acutus, Mart. Pet. Derb. t. xlix. f. 15,
16. Spirifer minimus, Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxxvii. f. 1. — Carboniferous
Limestone.

10. S. Waleottli Suborbicular, gibbose, with one large, rounded, elevated

fold in the middle, and four smaller ones on each side — Soiuer. Min. Conch,
t. ccclxxvii. f. 2. In Lias.

11. S. lineatus. — Gibbose, covered with numerous diverging sharp striae;
front semicircular, elevated in the middle ; from the elevation of the front
a convex band proceeds to the beak ; hinge-line long and straight ; beaks
rather distant — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxcii. f. 1, 2. — In Carboniferous
Limestone.

12. S. attenualus; — Convex, covered with numerous linear furrows, which
increase in number towards the margin ; front rounded, elevated in the mid-
dle, from each side of the elevation a deep furrow proceeds to the beak ;
sides produced, pointed ; hinge-line long, straight ; space between the beaks

flat, with nearly parallel edges Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxciii. f. 3, 4, 5—

In Carboniferous Limestone.

13. S. bisidcatus — Semicircular, gibbose, longitudinally sulcated, elevated in
the middle, a deep furrow on each side the elevation ; hinge-line long,
straight ; beaks close — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxciv — Carboniferous Lime-
stone.

14. S. distans. — Semicircular, gibbose ; sides sulcated longitudinally ; front
elevated, elevation extending to the beaks, concave along the middle ; beaks
incurved, distant, the space between them curved, triangulai-. — Sower. Min-
Conch, t. ccccxciv. f. 3. — Carboniferous Limestone.

15. S. rcsupinatus — Transversely oval, witli numerous longitudinal stria;
and distant marks of growth ; perforated valve slightly convex towards the
beaks, depressed towards the margin ; the other valve more convex ; mar-

376 MOLLUSCA. SESSILIA. Discina

gin not waved ; hinge patulous, short. — Anomise striata, Urc, Ruth. 31 1.
t. xiv. £ 13, 14 — A. resupinatus, Marl. Derb. t. xlix. f. 13, 14 In Carboni-
ferous Limestone.

16. S. Martini. — Transversely oval, convex, decussatedly striated ; the
longitudinal strife close, equal, minute ; the transverse ones broad, promi-
nent, remote ; beak incurved, pointed ; hinge patulous, short. — Anomitis
lineatis, Mart. Derb. t. xxxvi. f. 3. — In Carboniferous Limestone.

17- S. Urii — Smooth, a mesial furrow in each valve, ending in front in a
straight wave of the margin; imperforate valve nearly flat, with a straight
gibbosity at the apex ; perforated valve with a gibbous lengthened incurved
beak; hinge patulous, short — Ure, "Ruth. 313. t. xiv. £ 12. — Carboniferous
Limestone.

18. S. exaralus — Perforated valve with broad, smooth, flattened ribs, di-
vided by shallow narrow furrows ; beak gibbous, incurved, hinge very short.
I have frequently found the perforated valve of this well marked species,
but always mutilated, and without the other valve. — In Carboniferous Lime-
stone, West Lothian.

Gen. MAGAS. — " An unequilateral unequivalved bivalve ;

one valve with an angular sinus along an incurved beak ;

line of the hinge and back of the other valve straight, with

two projections near the middle. A partial longitudinal

septum, with appendages attached to the hinge within.ri —

( Soroerby.)

1. M. pumilus. — The beaked valve is hemispherical, smooth, with a circu-
lar edge, and small, incurved beak ; the other valve nearly flat, with a long
transverse straight beak. — Sou-er. Min. Conch, t. cxix — In Chalk.

SESSILIA.

Gen. XCII. DISCINA.— Shell convex, upper valve with an
entire subcentral apex, under valve with the apex promi-
nent and pierced by an oblong fissure, for the passage of
the ligament.

369- D. ostrcoides. — Upper valve with fine longitudinal ribs,
crossed by concentric wrinkles.

Lamark, Hist. pt. i. 23C. — Orbicula Norvegica, G. B. Sowerby, Lin.
Trans, xiii. 468. t. xxvi. f. 2.— Habitat uncertain.
Length about ffcths, breadth T45ths of an inch ; brown, the lower valve
white ; the margin is more or less waved ; the ribs, as they proceed from the
apex, are slightly bent, the concentric wrinkles of growth are numerous and
unequal, especially near the margin ; inside, under the apex, with two irre-
gular callous ridges ; under valve concentrically wrinkled, a disc round the

Ciuopus. MOLLUSCA. SESSILIA. 377

fissure, to which the peduncle adheres ; inside thickened round the fissure,
with a vertical grooved tooth. I have been induced to give this species
(which was found attached to stones used as ballast, and brought to Lam-
beth) its present place, but even without good proof of its British origin, for
the purpose of rectifying some strange mistakes in nomenclature, which have
been committed in reference to this and the following genus. The specimen
in my possession I owe to the kindness of Mr J. Sowerby.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. 1). reflexa Shell subelliptical, most pointed towards the back, polish-
ed ; upper valve rather convex, with the vertex near the posterior margin ;
lower valve flat, with a nearly central vertex, the margin reflected ; sinus for
the byssus large, elongated.— Orbicula ref. G. B. Sower. Zool. Journ. ii. 321.
t. xi.'f. 7. Min. Conch, t. Dvi. f. 1 — Lias.

2. D. Humphreisiana. — Conical, orbicular, marked with diverging stria? ;
apex elevated, rather excentric, obtuse.— Orbicula Humph. Sower. Min.
Conch, t. Dvi. f. 2 — Oolite.

3. H. granulata Conical, orbicular, marked with granulated radii; apex

elevated Orbicula gran. Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dvi. f. 3, 4 — Oolite at An-

cliffe.

Gen. XCIII. CRIOPUS. (Poll) — Under valve cemented to
stones ; upper valve depressed, the inside with two round-
ed maroinal, and two arculated subcentral muscular im-
pressions.

370. C. anomalus. — Shell rough, with obsolete concentric
wrinkles, apex prominent.

Patella anomala, Mull. Prod. 237- No. 2870. Zool. Dan. t. v. f. 1-8 —
Patella distorta, Flem. Edin. Ency. vii. 65. t. 204. f. 4. — Mont. Linn.
Trans, xi. 195. t. xiii. f. 5.— Orbicula Novegica, Lam. Hist. vi. pt» i.

242. Crania personata, G. B. Sowerby, Linn. Trans, xiii. 471. t. 26.

f. 3 Criopus anomalus, Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 499 — Discina ostreoi-

des, Turt. Biv. Brit. 238 On loose stones from deep water, Zetland.

Length Ts5ths, breadth T45ths, and height t%ths of an inch ; brown ; sub-
quadrangular, wrinkled by the lines of growth, apex subcentral, inside punc-
tated ; lower valve very thin, in young specimens membranaceous ; four mus-
cular impressions. Muller states, that the spiral arms are white. Accord-
ing to Mr G. B. Sowerby the C. turbinatus, the type of the genus Criopus of
Poll, and Orbicula, of Lamark, from the Mediterranean, differ only in the
greater thickness and irregularity of the lower valve. A specimen referred
to the Meditei-ranean species has been found by Mr Miller, at Bristol, on
the Area Nose. It is probable that the genus Crania of Lamark is nearly
related to, yet distinct from, the Criopus.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. C. ParisJCTm's.-^Suborbicular, depressed ; upper valve thin, obscurely
granulato-spinose, smooth in the centre ; lower valve thick, with the margin
much elevated, and of a conspicuously cellular structure.— Crania Par. Sower.
Min. Conch, t. 408 On Echini in Chalk.

378 MOLLUSCA. SESSILIA. Pentamerus.

Gen. PENTAMERUS.— Shell bivalve, equilateral, inequi-
valved ; one valve divided by a longitudinal internal sep-
tum into two parts, the other by two septa into three parts
or valves. Beaks incurved, imperforate ; both valves con-
vex.

1. P. Knightii. — Circular, with many longitudinal furrows; tripartite valve
much depressed, with a short slightly incurved beak ; bipartite valve conical,
gradually produced into a long incurved beak. — Sovjer. Min. Conch, t. xxviii.
upper figure. — Carboniferous Limestone.

2. P. Aylesfordii Nearly circular, with longitudinal furrows ; tripartite

valve convex, with a prominent incurved beak ; bipartite valve gibbous, in-
curved, conical, with a much incurved beak — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxix —
Carboniferous Limestone.

3. P. levis Smooth, triangular, front rounding beaks incurved — Sower.

Min. Conch, t. xxviii. right hand figure. — Carboniferous Limestone.

Gen. PRODUCTUS. — Shell bivalve, equilateral, inequivalve;
hinge transverse ; one valve convex, the other flat or con-
cave.

1. P. longispintis.— Eared ; convex valve gibbous, with a mesial depression,
the other valve concave ; hinge long; the convex valve with several unequal
cylindrical hollow spines; obsoletely ribbed longitudinally with transverse
wrinkled layers of growth. — Anomise echinatae, lire Ruth. 314. t. xv. f. 4. —
Prod. long. Sower. Min. Conch, lxviii. f. i. — P. Flemingii, lb. f. 2. — Carboni-
ferous Limestone.

2. P. spinosus Roundish, very gibbose, obsoletely ribbed ; destitute of the

mesial depression ; convex valve with many strong spines — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. lxix. f. 2.— In Carboniferous Limestone.

3. P. spinulosus Semicircular, flattish ; hinge long and straight ; convex

valve gibbous towards the beak, with many small spines spread over it ; the
other valve also spinous, with irregular depressions, and very concave —
Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxviii. f. 3 — Carboniferous Limestone.

4. P. aculeatus Roundish, concave valve smooth ; the other with adpres-

sed reflected spines ; gibbous ; front slightly indented ; hinge half the breadth
of the shell.— Anomites acul. Mart. Derb. t. xxxvii. f. 9, 10 — P. acul. Sower.
Min. Conch, t. lxviii. f. 4. — Carboniferous Limestone.

5. P. scabrhisculus. — Nearly round, flat valve obscurely puncta to-striated,
the other gibbous, marked with longitudinal striae, and prominent tubercles
ranged nearly in quincunx order ; hinge straight, equal to the breadth of the

shell. Anomites scab. Mart. Derb. t. xxxvi. f. 5. P. scab. Sower. Min.

Conch, t. lxxix. f. 1. — Carboniferous Limestone.

6. P. scoticus. — Semicircular, with fine longitudinal striae and a few obso-
lete spines, gibbous towards the beak ; sides expanded into the line of the
hinge, with a mesial depression ; hinge nearly twice the length of the shell.
— Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxix. f. 3. and P. antiquatus, lb. t. cccxvii. f. 1, 5, 6.

— Carboniferous Limestone.

Productus. MOLLUSCA. SESSILIA. 379

7. P. Martini Semicylindrical, convex above, with a flattened front,

deeply striated ; a few spines ; lesser valve nearly flat, deeply inserted ; hinge
line equal to the width of the shell — Ammonites prod. Mart. Derb. t. xxii.
f. 1, 2, 3. P. Martini, Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxvii. f. 2, 3, 4 ; and P. concin-
nus lb. t. cccxviii. f. i.— In Carboniferous Limestone, common.

8. P. lobatus Convex valve with a mesial groove ; spines few ; the ribs

coarser, and the sides more compressed than the preceding species, with which
it may be readily confounded.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxviii. f. 2-6 ; and
P. sulcatus, lb. t. cccxix. f. 2 — In Carboniferous Limestone.

9. P. horridus Quadrangular, with a large furrow along the middle, ear-

ed, thorny ; ears prominent, subcylindrical ; beak much incurved, large—
Sower Min. Conch, t. cccxix. f. 1 — In Magnesian Limestone.

10. P. humerosus.— Oblong, squarish, depressed, striated, spinose ? or his-
pid ? hinge line less than the width of the valve ; in the larger valve are two
very deep cavities near the beak, and a third connected with the beak ; front
flattish Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxxii — In Magnesian Limestone.

11. P. giganteus Transversely oblong, with dilated sides and rugose irre-
gular strue, longitudinally undulated or sulcated ; larger valve gibbose.—
Amonites giganteus, Mart. Derb. t. xv. P. gig. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxx.
— Carboniferous Limestone.

12. P. crassus.— Hounded, longitudinally sulcated, ard striated ; striae tu-
bercular ; sides not dilated. — Ammonites crassus, Mart. Derb. t. xvi — Car-
boniferous Limestone.

13. P. personatus.— Hemispherical, irregularly striated, beneath very con-
cave ; within the larger valve are three deep cavities, one connected with

the beak, and two remote Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxxi. — Carboniferous

Limestone.

14. P. punctatus Shell rounded, slightly elongated, with a shallow mesial

depression transversely sulcated ; the anterior part of the furrows and the
ridges thickly covered with long cylindrical spines, concealing the shell —
Concbse pilosse, Ure, Ruth. 316. t. xv. f. 7- Anomites punctatus, Mart.
Derb. t. xxxvii. f. 6, 7, 8. P. punct. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxxiii — In Car-
boniferous Limestone.

15. V.fimbriatus. Shell slightly elongated, rounded, gibbous towards the

apex, with rather distant transverse ridges ; thinly spinous — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. cccclix. f. 1. — Carboniferous Limestone.

16. P. semireticulatus.— Semiorbicular,_with a shallow mesial depression ;
longitudinally striated, the striae rude, "strong, and unequal; transversely

wrinkled Anomites semi. Mart. Derb. t. xxxii. f. 1-4 — In Carboniferous

Limestone.

17. P. hemispheericus Hemispherical, longitudinally striated ; striae fine ;

lower valve very concave Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxxviii — Carboniferous

Limestone.

18. P. comoides Semicircular, gibbose, very finely striated; disk inflated;

back straight, extending the whole width of the shell — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. cccxxx. — Carboniferous Limestone.

19. P. latissimus.—Transverely oblong, depressed, coarsely striated ; beak
much incurved; hinge line very long.— .Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxxx.— Car-
boniferous Limestone.

380 MOLLUSCA, SESSILIA. Productus.

20. P. plicatilis — Transversely oblong, convex above, depressed in the
middle, longitudinally striated and transversely wrinkled, spinose ; front
smooth.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclix. f. 2. — Carboniferous Limestone.

21. P. deprcssa — Nearly semicircular, depressed, corrugated, longitudinal-
ly striated ; upper portion convex near the beak, concave near the margin ;

front abruptly descending. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclix. f. 3 Carboniferous

Limestone.

The species of this genus, appear to have a strong analogy with the Bra-
chiopoda in the singular shagreened aspect of the shell externally, when well
preserved ; and in the process which rises vertically, into the cavity, from
the inside of the concave valve, besides several elevations near the hinge. It
is probable that all the Producti and Pentameri were free shells.

MOLLUSCA. BIVALVIA. 381

BIVALVIA.

ASIPHONIDA.

Cloak open,' like the aperture of the shell, and permitting the
water to come immediately in contact with the mouth and
gills. The margin of the cloak has a double fringe of fi-
laments.

I. Valves closed by one adductor muscle.

A. Shell free, or adhering to other bodies by a byssus only ;
furnished with a foot.
a. Ligament narrow, and confined to a space under the beaks.

PECTENIDiE.

b. Shell compact.
Pecten.
Lima.
Plagiostoma.
(Pedum.)

bb. Shell foliated.
Gryphcea.
(Vulsella.)
(Placuna.)

aa. Ligament marginal, sublinear, simple or interrupted by the
hinge teeth or pits ; shell foliated. Pernad.e.
Pema.
Gervillea.
Crenatula.
Inoceramus.
(Malleus.)

AA. Shell fixed or cemented to other bodies ; inequivalve.

a. Hinge plain or destitute of teeth. Ostreadcs.
Ostrea.
Dianchora.
(Hinnites.)
Anomia.

«a. Hinge furnished with teeth. Spondylitics.
Spondylus.
Plicatula.

382 MOLLUSCA BIVALVIA.

TI. Valves closed by two adductor muscles.

A. Hinge with teeth.

a. Teeth numerous in both valves.

b. Teeth of the hinge simple. Arcade.

c. Hinge teeth on a straight line ; a transverse area be-
tween the beaks.
Area.
Cticullea.

cc. Hinge-teeth on a bent line.
Pectunculus.
Nucula.
bb. Teeth of the hinge transversely striated. Trigoniadce.
Trigonia.
(Castalia.)
aa. Hinge with a single tooth.
Avicula.

AA. Hinge without teeth.
(Meleagrina.)
Pinna.

Pecten. MOLLUSCA. BIVALVIA. 383

PECTENID^.

Gen. XCIV. PECTEN. Scallop.— Shell suborbicular ;
beaks approximate ; ligament internal, seated in a triangu-
lar cavity, a byssus issuing under the ear of the right valve ;
foot small, pedunculated ; mouth with branched tentacula.

* Ears of the shell equal, or nearly so.

— 371. P. maximus. — The left or upper valve flat, depressed

towards the beak, the ribs rounded and striated longitudinally.

List. An. Ang. 184. Conch, t. clxiii. — Ostrea maxima, Linn. Syst. i.
1144.— P. max. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 99. t. lix. f. 61. Mont. Test.
Brit. 143. Turt. Bev. 207 Gregarious on many parts of the coast.

Length about 5 inches ; under valve whitish, upper valve variegated with
brown; ribs 12 to 16, longitudinally grooved and transversely striated.
Dredged and used as food ; it is said by old fishermen, to be taken in great-
est quantity after a fall of snow.

— 372. P. JacobcBus. — The upper valve flat, depressed towards

the beak, the ribs rounded and destitute of longitudinal strise.

P. magnus, List. Conch, t. clxv. — Ostrea Jac. Linn. Syst. i. 1144— P.
Jac. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 100. t. lx. f. 62. Mont. Test. Brit. 144.
Turt. Biv. 208.— On the coast of England, rare.

Length about 3 inches ; lower valve white, upper valve rufous ; ribs about
16, in the upper valve rough, subquadrangular, with a few longitudinal
grooves, the interstices nearly smooth ; the ribs in the lower valve rounded,
and, together with the grooves, transversely striated.

— 373. P. opercularis. — The left valve convex; ribs rounded,
nearly smooth.

P. tenuis, List. An. Ang. 185. Conch, t. cxix. — P. oper. Linn. Syst. i.

1147-— P. subrufus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 100. t. lx. f. 63 P. oper.

Mont. Test. Brit. 145. Turt. Biv. Brit. 209. and P. subrufus, p. 210.
—Common on oyster beds.

Breadth from 2 to 3 inches ; coloured plain or variegated ; ribs about 18,
the whole shell obsoletely striated longitudinally, and finely striated trans-
versely, especially in the furrows.

374. P. lineatus. — The left valve convex ; a red line along
the rough ridge of each rib.

(Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 147. t. x. f. 8.) Pult. Dorset. 36 — Ostrea lin.
Don. Brit. Shells, t. cxvi Southern coast of England.

This shell is smaller than the preceding, the sides do not rise quite so
high towards the ears ; and the ribs are much finer. It seems to have been
first noticed by Dr Pultney. Dr Turton considers it as a variety of P. oper-
cularis.

384 MOLLUSCA. BIVALVIA. Pecten.

375. P. sinuosus. — Distorted with numerous foliated or spi-
nous rays.

P. minimus, angustior, List. An. Ang. 18G. Conch, t. clxxii. and clxxxix.
— Wallace, Ork. 44 — P. Pusio, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 101. t. lxi. f. 65.
P. distortus, Mont. Test. Brit. 148.— P. sinuosus, Turt. Biv. Brit. 210.
—In crevices of sea rocks.

Length seldom two inches, and breadth an inch and a half; colour various ;
lower valve convex, the left nearly flat, especially towards the extremity ;
ribs numerous, unequal, and covered with foliaceous spines along the layers
of growth. This sjiecies, when lodging in the crevices of rocks, is apt, like
the Mytili, to become distorted by confinement ; a circumstance which has led
some naturalists to believe (though they admit the existence of a byssus,)
that the shell is attached by its lamellar spines, to the rock ; and that it be-
longs to the genus Hinnites of De France.

376. P. glaber. — Shell with seven obsolete ribs and interme-
diate longitudinal striae, nearly smooth.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 102. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 59. t. xxviii. f. G

Anglesea and Firth of Forth, rare.

Length and breadth about an inch, mottled with brown and yellow, or
plain ; the largest ear reticulated, the other striated ; the valves are rather
flat ; minutely striated concentrically by the layers of growth ; inside with
21 slender rays, the middle ones in fours.

377. P. tumklus. — " Shell equivalve, inequilateral, quite

smooth, with one of the sides produced.'"

Turt. Biv. Brit. 212. t. xvii. f. 3 — Taken from the Serpula tubularia, in
Torbay.

" Shell a quarter of an inch in diameter, orbicular ; glossy white, transpa-
rent, and without striae, ribs, or marks of any kind ; the sides are not equal,
in consequence of one of them being prominent in a rounded manner : ears
very nearly equal."

** Ears of the shell unequal.

""■* 378. P. varius. — Ribs thirty-two, rounded, with numerous

scaly spines.

P. subrufus, List. Conch, t. 180.— Osti-ia var. Linn. Syst. i. 114G — Pec-
ten var. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 101. t. lxi. f. G4. Mont. Test. Brit. HG.
Turt. Biv. Brit. 214.— On oyster beds.

Length upwards of two inches ; white, red, or mottled ; spinous scales con-
cave on the layers of growth ; furrows finely reticulated.

379. P- niveus. — Ribs forty-two, rounded, with few scaly

spines.

Maegillivray, Edin. Phil. Journ. vol. xiii. 1GG. t. iii. f. 1 — From the
outer Hebrides.

This species differs from the preceding in the pure whiteness of its colour;
the greater number of its ribs, with their few scaly spines, and in the fur-
rows being marked with transverse waved striae, instead of reticulations. I
owe the specimen in my possession to the kind attention of Mr Macgilli-
vrav.

Pectex. MOLLUSC A. BIVALVIA. 385

380. P. Push. — " Shell oblong oval equivalve, with forty
rounded and nearly smooth stria?, which are alternately smal-
ler."

P. parvus, List. Conch, t. clxxxix — Ostrea Pusio, Linn. Syst. i. 1146. —
Pecten Pusio, Turt. Biv. Brit. 215. t. xvii. f. 2 — From the rocks in
Torbay.

** Shell gths of an inch long, and 4 an inch broad ; brownish-white, with
chocolate transverse zigzag bands, often saffron or crimson, but variable in
colours; the under valve usually clear white; with about 40 fine rounded
striae, which are mostly alternately larger and smaller, and very slightly mu-
ricate about the margin." — Turton.

381 . P. Islandicus. — Ribs numerous, rough, unequal, irregu-
larly grouped.

List. Conch, t. wlvii. f. 4. Turt. Conch. Diet. 258. Biv. Brit. 21C —
West coast of Scotland.

Length upwards of 3 inches ; colour reddish ; ribs from 70 to 100, with
rough scales, the ribs are grouped in pairs or otherwise ; the furrows are re-
ticulated. A specimen in my possession, from the silt of the Clyde, given
me several years ago by Mr Laskey, is 3i inches in length, and 3 inches in
breadth.

— 382. P. obsoletus. — Surface of the shell delicately shagreened,

Perm. Brit. Zool. iv. 102. t. lxi. f. 66. Don. Brit. Shells, t. i. f. 2. Mont.
Test. Brit. 149. Sup. 57 — Ostrea hevis, Maton and Baekett, Linn.
Trans, viii. 100. t. iii. f. 5 — P. ob. Turt. Biv. Brit. 213. t. ix. f. 6.— In
sandy bays.

Shell rarely exceeding an inch in diameter ; colour purple, or mottled with
brown ; surface sometimes even, with obsolete ridges, or with the margin re-
gularly ribbed; but in all cases the reticulated surface, when seen by a lens,
is a sufficiently distinguishing mark of this, otherwise, variable species.

383. P. IcEvis. — Smooth and glossy, with unequal striated

ears.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 102. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 61. Turt. Biv. Brit.
212 Western coasts of England.

Diameter about half an inch; colour white ; slightly and irregularly wrink-
led concentrically ; thin, and semitransparent.

384. P. similis. — Shell thin, semitransparent, smooth, beau-
tifully clouded with brown, of a compressed globose form, with
unequal ears.

Laskey, Wern. Mem. i. 387- t. viii. f. 8.— Found in the Frith of Forth.

The under side of the shell is more prominent than the upper. The P. hi.
midus is probably only a variety of this species.

EXTIXCT SPECIES.

1. P. quadricostata. — Triangular, nearly even, front semicircular, margin
notched ; convex valve ribbed, larger costse six, three smaller between each ;
posterior auricle large.— So veer. Min. Conch, t. lvi. f. 1, 2 — In Green Sand.

2. P. quinquecostata. — Subtriangular, rather oblique, front semicircular,
VOL. I. B b

386 MOLLUSCA. BIVALVIA. Pecten.

toothed ; convex valve gibbous, ribbed, principal costae 6, with 4 lesser ones
between each ; surface finely transversely striated ; upper valve flat-toothed.
—Sower. Min. Conch, t. lvi. f. 4-8. — In Chalk and Green Sand.

3. P. aquivalvis. — Lenticular, with rounded diverging ribs, and many acute
concentric striae ; valves equally convex, the lower one smoothest ; ears
equal — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cxxxvi. f. i. — Under Oolite.

4. Y.Jibrosus — Depressed, orbicular, with a rectangular beak, nine or ten
broadish diverging grooves, and numerous sharp concentric striae; ears equal,
rectangular ; margin undulated internally — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cxxxvi.
f. 2 Under Oolite.

5. P. Beaveri. — Depressed, orbicular, smooth, with irregular longitudinal
costae ; ears as wide as the shell, nearly equal. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. clviii.
— Chalk Marl.

6. P. orbicularis. — Orbicular, "much depressed, concentrically striated ; stria;
elevated, sharp ; one valve smooth ; ears nearly equal, broadest at the base.
Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxxvi. — In Green Sand.

I. P. corneus — Orbicular, much depressed, smooth ; ears small, nearlv
equal; two obtuse teeth near the ear within each valve. — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. cciv. — London Clay.

8. P. obscurus — Suborbicular, depressed, with obscure arched longitudinal
rugae upon the surface; ears large. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccv. f. 1. — Under
Oolite.

9. P. lens Orbicular, convex ; surface marked with diverging arched

striae; striae deeply punctured — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccv. f. 2, 3 — Under
Oolite.

10. P. laminatus. — Suborbicular, depressed, striated ; striae arched, diver-
ging ; ears triangular, unequal; the largest plaited. — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. ccv. f. 4. — Under Oolite.

II. P. arcuatus Orbicular, depressed, with arched, punctured, and diver.

ging striae upon the surface ; ears large ; the side beneath the largest is
arched. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccv. f. 5-7 — Middle Oolite.

12. P. similis. — Suborbicular, depressed, striated ; striae arched, diverging ;
ears unequal ; sides straight. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccv. f. 6. — Under Oolite.

13. Y.rigidus. — Orbicular, depressed; strongly striated ; striae arched, di-
verging; ears large, unequal, decussated. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccv. f. 8

Under Oolite.

14. V.barbatus Orbicular, depressed, transversely striated; rays four-
teen, those upon one valve spinose; spines long, acute, depressed; ears
nearlv equal. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxxxi — Under Oolite.

15. P. lamellosus Orbicular, convex, with concentric erect lamellae upon

the surface, and diverging striae near the beaks ; ears large, distinct — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. ccxxxix — Upper Oolite.

16. P. papyraceus Depressed, obliquely oval, with large unequal rectangu-
lar ears ; numerous elevated striae, decussated by the lines of growth ; shell
thin. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccliv — In shale of the Coal formation.

17. P. asper. — Nearly orbicular, convex on both sides, bearing about seven-
teen sets of rays (from five to seven in each, according to the age of the
shell), roughened by subtubular imbricated scales ; margin internally fim-
briato-crenated ; ears distinct, nearly equal — List. Conch, t. cccclxx.— Sower.
Min. Conch, t. ccclxx. 1'. 1 — In Green Sand.

Pecten. MOLLUSCA. BIVALVIA. 387

18. P. obliquus.— Obliquely oval, convex on both sides; radii very nume-
rous, roughened by semicircular imbricated scales ; ears large, distinct —
Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxx. f. 2 — In Green Sand.

19. P. cinctus Orbicular, gibbose, longitudinally striated, imbricated 4

edges of the laminae thin, erect ; ears small ; edge entire. — Soiver. Min-
Conch, t. ccclxxi — Under Oolite?

20. P. sulcatus Obliquely orbicular, with twenty obscurely tripartite

rays, the intermediate spaces longitudinally striated, the whole rough with
minute scales ; internally sulcated ; ears nearly equal. — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. cccxciii. f. 1. — Suffolk Crag.

21. P. gracilis Orbicular, thin, convex, with many small longitudinal

ridges, concentrically striated ; striae close, elevated, sharp ; ears unequal ,•
margin entire. — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cccxciii. f. 2. — In Crag.

22. P. strialus. — Oval, convex ; valves nearly equal, with numerous smooth
or scaly ridges ; within plain, margin entire ; ears equal, rather large— Sower.
Min. Conch, t. cccxciv. f. 2, 3, 4.— In Crag.

23. P. nitidus -Obovate, one valve nearly flat, with numerous, nearly

smooth ridges, the interstices minutely striated transversely, the other valve
convex, with as many crenulated ridges ; margin entire ; ears nearly equal.
— Mant. Suss. 202. t. xxvi. f. 4-9 — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxciv. f. 1. — In
Chalk.

24. P. obsoletus ? — Equivalved ; ears very unequal ; surface finely striated ;
strise obliquely diverging. — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. Dxli — In Crag.

25. P. princeps. — Orbicular, compressed ; decorated with ninety rounded
nearly equal radii, surmounted with erect concave scales ; ears large, un-
equal, squamose ; valves equal. — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. Dxlii. f. 2 — In Crag.

26. P. annulatus Orbicular, convex 5 numerous thin, erect, concentric

laminae, and fine longitudinal striae ornament the surface, passing over the
large ears Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxlii. f. 1 — Lower Oolite.

27. P. vimineus Convex, rather longer than wide, concentrically striated j

rib.* about twenty, prominent, close beset with thick elevated scales, which
are less numerous upon the left valve ; ears nearly equal. (P. varius, Geol.
Surv. Yorksh. 223. t. ix. f. 9.)— Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxliii. f. 1, 2 — Lower
Oolite.

28. P. vagans Ilather convex, a little longer than wide ; ribs eleven,

large, convex, decorated with large erect concave scales, that are very close
upon the right, but distant upon the left, valve ; ears nearly equal, crossed
by larger scales.— (P. sulcatus, Geol. Surv. York. 233. t. ix. f. 3.) — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. Dxliii. f. 3, 4, 5 — Lower Oolite.

29. P. triplicatus Subtriangular, longitudinally striated, with three deep,

longitudinal furrows, which form angular plicae on the front ; margin crenu-
lated Mant. Geol. Suss. 128. t. xxv. f. 9.— In Grey Clialk Marl.

30. P. laminosus Suborbicular, much depressed, concentrically laminated,

ears nearly equal. — Mant. Geol. Suss. 128. t. xxvi. f. 8 — In Grey Chalk
Marl.

31. P. dissimilis — Suborbicular, slightly lengthened, the right or lower
valve with numerous ribs, slightly scaly ; ears nearly equal, ribbed trans-
versely and longitudinally ; the left or upper valve concave, regularly mark-
ed concentrically with flat obsolete ribs, which become scaly in crossing the
longitudinally l-ibbed ears. In my cabinet, from the shale and limestone of

the Independent Coal formation In the concavity of the left valve, it agrees

with the recent P. marinus and P. Jacobanis.

b b 2

388 MOLLUSCA. BIVALVIA. Lima.

Gen. XC V. LIMA. — Shell longitudinally oblong, with ears ;
beaks remote ; ligament external.

385. L. fragilis. — Shell with irregular longitudinal rough

ribs ; the ears oblique.

Pecten frag. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 62 — L. bullata, Turt. Biv. Brit. 217-
t. xvii. r. 4, 5. — On different parts of the coast, rare.

Length sometimes exceeding an inch and a half ; breadth an inch ; white ;
valves equal, little raised ; one side with the edge straight ; the other arcu-
ated ; ribs numerous, unequal, irregularly grouped, most prominent on the
middle of the shell, and rendered rough by the irregular lines of growth ;
margin nearly smooth ; beaks prominent. This shell (which may prove a
var. of Ostrea glaciulis of Poli, Test. 11. t. xxviii. f. 19, 20.) was observed by
Montagu on the coast of Devon, afterwards by Dr Turton, at Bray, in Ire-
land ; and more recently on the coast of Scotland, near Appin, by Captain
Carmichael. — A single valve, communicated by the last observer, is lT6„ths
of an inch in length.

386. L. subauriculata. — Shell finely striated longitudinally,

the ears nearly rectangular.

Pecten sub. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 63. t. xxix. f. 2 — L. sub. Turt. Biv.
Brit. 218 — On different parts of the coast, from Devon to Zetland,
rare.

Length fths ; breadth |th of an inch ; pellucid, nearly equilateral ; two
conspicuous mesial opake striae ; margin slightly crenulated.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. L. gibbosa Elongated, gibbose, smooth, longitudinally plicate in the

middle ; ears undefined. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. clii. — Under Oolite.

2. L. rudis. — Obovate, oblique, with seven longitudinal costae ; anterior

ear open with thickened lobes Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxiv. f. 1. — Middle

Oolite.

3. L. antiquata Elliptical, depressed, coarsely striated ; anterior ear

deeply wrinkled, open Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxiv. f. 2. — In Lias.

4. L. proboscidea Broad, ovate, convex, with twelve ribs, each furnished

with several large tubular processes ; ears small — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. cclxiv. — Inferior Oolite.

Gen. PL AGIOSTOM A.— " An oblique eared bivalve ; hinge
destitute of teeth or internal pit ; line of the hinge straight
in one valve, in the other deeply cut by an angular sinus.1'
— (Sowerby.)

1. Y.giganteum Smooth, depressed, deltoid, with the posterior side round-
ed in to the front ; ears small, anterior one longest, placed in a lai-ge broad
and straight furrow ; beaks pointed ; surface obscurely marked with diver-
ging striae. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxvii — In Lias.

2. P. spinosum Obovate, longitudinally furrowed ; sides nearly equal,

Plagiostoma. MOLLUSCA. BIVALVIA. 389

straightish ; one valve spinous, spines half the length of the shell.— Sower
Min. Conch, t. lxxxiii. — In Chalk.

3. P. punctatum. — Depressed, obliquely ovate, with numerous diverging
striae ; anterior side long, straight ; ears nearly equal ; diverging strife trans-
versely marked with other very fine striae or points. —Sower. Min. Conch, t.
cxiii. f. 1, 2 In Lias. .

4. P. cardiefor/ne. — Gibbous, nearly circular, longitudinally furrowed,
smooth ; anterior side short, straight ; wings equal. — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. cxiii. f. 3. — In Oolite.

5. P. rigidum. — Gibbous, obliquely ovate, with many diverging sharp thread-
like ribs, and very minute intervening transverse striae ; anterior side long,
straight, very concave ; ears nearly equal. — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cxiv. f. 1.
— In Oolite.

6. P. ovale — Rather gibbous, oblique, elongated, oval, with many small
ribs, and minute intervening transverse striae ; anterior side concave, slightly
recurved. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxiv. f- 3. — In Oolite.

7- P. olscurum — Rather gibbous, oblique, ovate, smooth, externally ribbed ?
with twenty -five internal sulci ; anterior side flattish ; beaks prominent. —
Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxiv. f. 2. — In Oolite.

8. P. pectinoides — Depressed, a little oblique, obovate, rather angular at
the back; beak pointed; surface with twenty or more carinated ribs, trans-
versely striated ; internally plain ; margin toothed. — Soiver. Min. Conch,
t. cxiv. f. 4. — In Lias.

9. P. Hoperi.— Transversely ovate, oblique, valves convex, obscurely punc-
tato-striated ; striae diverging, deepest upon the sides ; anterior slope straight,
concave. — Mant. Suss. 204. t. xxvi. f. 2, 3-15. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxxx.
— In Chalk.

10. P. ruslicum. — Transversely oblong, oblique, longitudinally sulcated;
valves convex ; sulci deep ; ears obscure ; anterior slope straight, convex
along the middle. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxxxi. — In Oolite.

11. P. Iceviusculum Transversely ^obovate, oblique, convex, longitudinally

ribbed ; ribs close, broad, irregular, very little elevated, convex ; anterior
slope straight, hollow ; ears small, unequal. — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. ccclxxxii.
— In Oolite.

12. P. Brightoniensis — Obovate, depressed, longitudinally costated; pos-
terior side eared ; anterior side lunulate, concave, small, acuminated ; mar-
gin crenulated — Mant. Suss. cciv. t. xxv. f. 15.— Upper Chalk.

Gen. GRYPPLEA. — Inequivalve ; larger valve concave ; with
a large involutely curved subspiral beak ; lesser valve nearly
flat ; hinge a transversely striated pit, with an internal li-
gament.

1. G. incurva. — Elongated, very involute, right side an obscure lobe ; lesser

valve oblong, externally concave Park. Org. Rem. iii. 209. t. xv. f. 3

In Lias.

. 2. G. obliquata. — Oblong, slightly involute, oblique ; right side an obscure
lobe ; lesser valve irregularly ovate, externally concave. — Soiver. Min. Conch,
t, cxii. f. 3.— In Lias.

390 MOLLUSCA. PERNAD^. Gryph^a.

3. G. dilatata — Orbicular, obscurely lobed ; upper valve flat, lower valve
hemispherical. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxlix. f. 1. var. ib. f. 2 In Oolite,

4. G. sinuate- — Suborbicular ; one side cuneiform ; beaks very small, late-
rally incurved ; one valve convex, subcarinated ; the other nearly flat, with
a sinus above the angle of the cuneiform side ; hinge-pit marginal, long, nar-
row, and curved — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxxxvi Iron Sand.

5. G. bullata. — Transversely obovate, irregular, smooth, thin, depressed,

beaks small; upper valve concave; lateral lobe obscure, when old Sower.

Min. Conch, t. ccclxviii. Middle Ooolite.

6. G. vesiculosa. — Subrhomboidal, oblong, deep ; lesser valve concave,
small, thin ; larger valve curved, composed of several distant coats. — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. ccclxix. — In Green Sand.

7» G. columba.— Ovate, rounded, expanded posteriorly, smooth ; beak at-
tenuated, incurved, oblique.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxxxiii. f. 1, 2. — In
Green Sand.

8. G. nana Oblong, ovate, rugged, gibbose, beak oblique, incurved ; up-
per valve pointed, thick. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxxxiii. f. 3.— Middle
Oolite.

9. G. giganleay— Orbicular, rather smooth ; upper valve thin, concave ;
lower valve convex, with a small, sharp, incurved beak ; hinge small.— Sower.
Min. Conch, t. cccxci — Under Oolite.

10. G. Maccullochii. — Obovate, oblique, gibbose ; beak produced, much in-
curved; posterior lobe more or less distinct; the front rather angular. —
Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxlvii. f. 1, 2, 3. — In Oolite.

11. G. minuta Orbicular, gibbose; beak spiral: lobe obscure — Sower.

Min. Conch, t. Dxlvii. f. 4 — In Oolite.

PERNAD.E.

Gen. PERNA. — Shell subequivalve, oblique ; hinge with nu-
merous transverse parallel teeth, receiving the ligament in
the interstices ; a sinus at the beak for the passage of the
byssus.

1 . P. quadrate. — Quadrilateral, one side shorter than the other three ;
valves gibbose, unequal, the shorter side very concave, bounded by two ob-
tuse carinse ; beaks prominent Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxcii — Under

Oolite.

Gen. GERVILLIA. — Shell inequivalve, inequilateral, beaks
near the anterior extremity ; hinge long, with numerous
pits and lamelliform teeth for the reception of the liga-
ment.

1. G.solenoides Transversely much elongated, depressed, smooth; edges

parallel; anterior extremity truncated, open ; teeth of the hinge numerous,
variously disposed Sower. Min. Conch, t. bx. f. 1-4 — In Green Sand,

Cbenaxula. MOLLUSC A. PERNADjE. 391

2. G ? acuta — Ovate lanceolate, oblique, narrow, depressed, slightly cur-
ved; anterior extremity acute; teeth in the hinge variously disposed.—
Sower. Min. Conch, t. dx. f. 5.— In Calcareous Sandstone, at Collyweston.

3. G. aviculoides Obliquely ovato-lanceolate, curved; both extremities

pointed ; hinge-line nearly half the length of the shell ; hinge-teeth few. —
Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxi. and t. Dlxvi In Green Sand and Oolite.

Gen. CRENATUL A.— Shell subequivalve, depressed ; hinge
with numerous pits, without teeth for the reception of the
ligament.

1. C. venlricosa Ovate, elongated, ventricoso-carinated ; posterior* side

impressed ; beaks pointed — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxliii ?

2. C. Listen.— List. Conch, t. cccclxvii. f, 34-6 — Park. Org. Rem. iii. 220.
t. xv. f. 5 — Upper Oolite.

3. C. producta Park. Org. Rein. iii. 221. t. xv. f. 6, 7 — " In a Marl-pit

near Shefford, in Bedfordshire."

Gen. INOCERAMUS. — Shell inequilateral, irregular ; hinge
a marginal, subcylindrical, transversely sulcated callus, sup-
porting a ligament ; beaks conspicuous at one end of the
hinge.

1. I. Cuvieri — Obovate, curved, convex, with transverse, distant, obtuse

waves ; posterior side concave, with a small lobe near the beak Sower.

Linn. Trans, xiii. 457- — Mant. Suss. 213. t. xxvii. f. 4. t. xxviii. f. 1-4 — Ca-

tillus Cuvieri, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. 251. t. iv. f. 10 Sower. Min. Conch.

t. ccccxli. f. 1 — In Chalky

2. I. Brongniarti. — Oblong, gibbose, with large transverse undulations ;
anterior side angular, lobed ; posterior side flat, truncated and smooth ; beaks

small, curved, and pointed — Mant. Suss. 214. t. xxvii. f. 8 Sower. Min.

Conch, t. ccccxli. f. 2, 3 In Chalk.

3. I. mytiloides — Equivalved, elongated, depressed, with slight irregular
waves ; convex and obtuse towards the beaks ; hinge-line oblique ; anterior
side produced ; beaks short — Mant. Suss. 215. t. xxviii. £ 2 — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. ccccxlii. — In Chalk.

4. I. cordiformis — Equivalved, heart-shaped, transversely and interrupted-
ly waved ; beaks large, incurved ; anterior side angular — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. ccccxl. — In Chalk.

5. I. concentricus — Unequivalved, ovate, one of the beaks much produced,
incurved — {Park. Geol. Trans, v. 58. t. i. f. A.)— Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccv.
— In Chalk Marl.

6. I. sulcatus — Unequivalved, oblong, with prominent beaks, and about,
nine large longitudinal plaits; beak of one valve, incurved, acute.— (Park.
Geol. Trans, v. 59. t. i. f. 5.)— Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccvi.— In Chalk Marl.

7. I. Lamarkii.-— Valves equal, very convex, with a few obscure longitudi-
nal undulations, and distant transverse ridges ; surface covered with nume-
rous concentric striae ; posterior slope subdepressed ; anterior side lobate, ex-
panded; hinge nearly transverse — (Park. Geol. Trans, v. 55.) Mant.

Suss. 214. t. xxvii. f. 1 In Chalk.

1392 MOLLUSCA. OSTREAD.E. Ostrea.

8. I. lulus — Valves convex near the beaks, flat and expanded towards the
front; surface marked with distant transverse ridges, and numerous concen-
tric stria? ; posterior slope smooth, depressed ? anterior side expanded ; hinge
oblique — ManL Suss. 216. t. xxvii. f. 10 In Chalk.

9. I. Websteri — Convex, smooth, with distant, irregular, transverse ridges ;
beaks rounded, posterior slope nearly flat ; anterior side expanded ; hinge
very oblique. — Mant. Suss. 216. t. xxvii. f. 2 In Chalk.

10. I. slriatus. — Gibbous, rounded, even, with numerous transverse strije ;
hinge oblique ? — Mant. Suss. 217- t. xxvii. f. 5 In Chalk.

11. I. undulatus. — Convex, marked with numerous regular transverse ele-
vations and depressions ; posterior slope truncated ; hinge side expanded

Mant. Geol. 217- t. xxvii. f. 6 In Chalk.

OSTREADiE.

Gen. XCVI.— OSTREA — Shell inequivalve, irregular, liga-
ment half internal, placed in a pit, which, in the fixed
valve, increases with age, as the upper valve is displaced
and advanced.

5387. O. edulis. — Shell roundish-oval, with scaly foliations,
the upper valve less and flattened, the inner margin very en-
tire.

Ostreum vulgar e, List. An. Aug. 176 — Conch, t. cxciii. — Linn. Syst. i.
11148. — Gregarious on a hard bottom.

This shell varies much in size and shape, according to its locality. Oys-
ters are in season from September to April, during which period they are
procured by dredging, and eaten either in a raw or pickled state, or placed in ar-
tificial ponds, and fattened. They spawn in May, and the detached eggs, like
candle-drops, adhere to stones or other objects. Although oysters abound
in many parts of the coast, there are other places, especially among the
Hebrides, where the formation of productive beds could be easily executed
to advantage.

. 388. O. parasitica. — Shell oblong, nearly smooth, the upper

valve convex.

Tuvt. Biv. Brit. 205. t. xvii. f. 6, 7 — Attached to different marine sub-
stances.

Length seldom reaching two inches ; colour greenish, with longitudinal
brownish bands. In some cases, the upper valve is semicylindrically tumid,
and the under valve concave underneath, as if it had accommodated its shape
to a piece of stick of the size of the fore finger, with the beaks much incurved
on one side, and not extending beyond the margin.

The Ostrea Crista-Galli, distinguished from our other recent species by its
triangular plaits, is sometimes round adhering to the bottom of foreign ves-
sels. ^Turt. Br. Brit. 204.

Ostrea. MOLLUSCA. OSTREAD^E. 393

EXTINCT SPECIES.

* Valves not plaited.

1. C). gigantea Depressed, longer than wide, pit of the hinge large, tri-
partite, placed upon a straight perpendicular eminence, its sides flat, striated ;
sides near the edge obscurely crenulated ; muscular impressions deep. —
Brand. Foss. f. 88. Sower. Min. Conch. — London Clay.

2. O. acuminata. — Depressed, very long, curved, with large subimbricated
transverse waves beneath ; beaks and front acuminated. — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. cxxxv. f. 2, 3 — Lower Oolite.

3. O. canaliculata. — Depressed, very long, curved, two eared, a descending
sinus or two in the anterior margin, near the front ; sides nearly parallel —
Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxxxv. f. 1. — In Chalk.

4. O. deltoidea — Equivalved, flat, thin, orbicular, with a sinus on one side,
and a produced straight beak — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxlviii — Upper Oolite.

5. O. expansa. — Broad, deltoid, angles obtuse ; hinge-pit wide, flat, slightly
elevated, and nearly straight ; cicatrix broad, with a sinus at the back. —
Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxxxviii. f. 1 — Upper Oolite.

6. O- undulata. — Recurved, subtriangular, deep, posteriorly rounded ; sur-
face radiated ; laminae imbricated, undulated ; cicatrix elongated, ovate, ob-
lique ; hinge-pit slightly elevated — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxxxviii. f. 2 —
Plastic Clay.

7. O Meadii — Tongue-shaped, thick, elongated, attached valve very con-
cave, longitudinally undulated ; the other plain and flat.— Sower. Min. Conch,
t. cclii. f. 1, 4. — In Oolite.

8. O. tener. — Depressed, elongated, thin, nearly plain ; attached valves
nearly flat, with a canaliculated beak, — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclii. f. 2, 3. —
Plastic Clay.

9. O. pulchra — Orbicular, depressed ; one valve nearly flat, with a short
incurved beak ; the other valve convex, with numerous radiating undula-
tions ; beak short ; hinge line straight ; laminae thin, close pressed — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. cclxxix.— Plastic Clay.

10. O. bellovacina. — Thick, oblong, wedge-shaped, front rounded ; lower
valve convex, composed of undulating laminae, the other flat and plain, Sower.
Min. Conch, t. ccclxxxviii. f. 1, 2 — Plastic Clay.

11. O. edulina. — Suborbicular or obovate ; lower valve rather concave,
composed of undulating laminae ; the other smooth and flat ; beak pointed,
curved. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxxxviii. f. 3, 4. — In Plastic Clay,

12. O. Iceviuscula — Depressed, rounded, triangular ; surface obscurely im-
bricated, smooth ; beak acute ; scales distinct— Sower. Min. Conch, t.
cccclxxxviii. f. 1. — In Lias.

13. O. obscura. — Oblong, uneven, small; lower valve very deep, the other
flat ; beak curved — Sower. Min. Conch, cccclxxxviii. f. 2 — In Oolite.

14. O. dorsata Convex, subimbricated ; upper valve marked with numer-
ous longitudinal branched striae ; inner margin toothed. — Soicer. Min. Conch,
t. cccclxxxix. f. 1, 2 London Clay.

15. O. semij)lana — Oval, depressed, largely undulated; in the middle flat ;
attachment small. Ostrea, Mant. Suss. 207. t. xxv. f. 4. — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. cccclxxxix. f. 3 — In Chalk.

16. O. vesicularis. — Subglobose, oblique, smooth, thin ; beak largely trun-
cated ; upper valve immersed, concave. — Cvv. Oss. Foss. ii. t. iii. f. 5.— Gry-
phaea globosa. — Soicer. Min. Conch, t. cccxcii.

^94 MOLLUSCA. OSTREAD^. Anomia.

** Valves plaited.

17. O. Marshii.— Oblique, both valves deeply plaited in seven or eight an-
gular diverging undulations ; edge thick, flatted — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xlviii.
— Lower Oolite.

18. O. gregaria Clustered, oblong, curved, plaited ; plaits many, rugged,

diverging from a longitudinal plait or sulcus ; valves unequally convex ;
beaks produced and curved, — Sower, t. cxl. f. 1, 3. — Lower Oolite.

19. O. palmetta. — Ovate, roundish, obscurely one-eared, depressed, with a
plaited margin ; plaits diverging from a longitudinal space ; beaks straight —
Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxl. f. 2 — Lower Oolite.

20. O. flabelhda. — Oblong, arched ; larger valve deep, longitudinally stria-
ted, with a toothed margin ; the other flat and imbricated, with an entire
margin. (Chama plicata, Brand. Foss. f. 84, 85.) Sower. Min. Couch, t. eclv.
— In London Clay.

21. O. carinata.— Elongated, pointed at both ends, arched ; sides flattened ;
middle longitudinally cariiiiformed ; plaits numerous, angular and regular ;
ears two, variable — Mytilus Crista Galli, White, Selb. i. 12. O. car. Sower.
Min. Conch, t. ccclxv. — In Green Sand.

22. O. solitaria. — Obovate ; one valve flattish ; plaits deep, sharp, rugged,
and branched; beaks short. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxviii. f. 1. — Found
near Weymouth.

23. O. macroptera. — Falciform depressed, with a large rectangular ear or
wing within the curve ; margin deeply toothed ; one valve attached by a great
part of its surface. Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cccclxviii. f. 2, 3. — Iron Sand.

24. O. costata Orbicular ; lower valve deep, ribbed ; ribs numerous,

branched ; upper valve flat, with an undulated margin — Sower. Min. Conch.
t. cccclxviii. f. 3 — In Oolite.

Gen. DIANCHOIt A. — Inequivalved ; the attached valve ha-
ving an opening in place of a beak ; the other beaked and
eared.

1. D. striata. — Oblique, ovate, triangular; beak prominent ; free valve ob-
scurely ribbed — Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxxx. f. 1 — In Green Sand.

2. D. lata — Semicircular ; beak rising ; free valve plain. — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. lxxx. f. 2 — Mant. Suss. 205. t. xxvi. f. 21. — Podopsis striata, Cuv.
Oss. Foss. ii. 319. t. v. f. 2 — In Chalk.

3. D. obliqua — Obliquely obovate ; upper valve convex, marked with nu-
merous diverging striae ; margin serrated — Mant. Suss. 206. t. xxv. f. 1. t.
xxvi. f. 12. — In Chalk.

Gen. XCVII. ANOMIA. — Inequivalve, irregular; under

valve with a notch or perforation near the beak, for the

passage of the tendon, by which the shell adheres to foreign

bodies ; ligament internal, placed transversely under the

beak.

— 389- A. cleclnca. — Shell somewhat orbicular, with the sur-
face a little undulate, transparent, and amber colour.

Anomia. MOLLUSC A. OSTREAD^. 395

Ostrea sylvestris, List. Conch, t. ccv — A. elect. Linn. Syst. i. 1151.
Turt. Biv. Brit. 227- t. xvii. f. 8, 9 — West coast of Ireland, Dr Tur-

ton.

About an inch and a quarter in diameter ; colour bright transparent yel-
low inside and out ; surface irregular, but not rough, plaited or scaly ; beak
pointed, not quite terminal ; the under valve flat, and scale-like, with a large
interrupted perforation.

- 390. A. ephippium. — Shell orbicular-oval, rather rough,
wrinkled and plaited at the margin, and partly within.

Ostreum parvum, List. An. Aug. 181. Conch, t. 204. An. Eph. Linn.
Syst. i. 1150. Mont. Test. Brit. 155. Turt. Biv. Brit. 227. t. xviii.
f. 1, 3. — On rocky coasts, common.

Sometimes three inches in diameter, more or less pearly, and tinged with
green ; surface more or less ribbed longitudinally, and becoming scaly with
age ; operculum oval, large, thick, rough.

391. A.cepa. — Shell oboval, flattish, rough; rosy -red within,
but not pearly.

Linn. Syst. i. 1151. Turt. Biv. Brit. 228. t. xviii. f. 4.— Rocks at low
spring-tides in Torbay, Dr Turton.

Length 2, breadth ] h inches, oblong, inclining to oval, rather flat, with a
rough but not an undulating surface ; beaks terminal ; the under valve thin
but not scaly.

392. A. squamula. — Shell somewhat orbicular, smooth, trans-
parent, and horn-coloured.

Linn. Syst. i. 1151. Mont. Test. Brit. clvi. and Dlxxxi. Turt. Biv. Brit,
ccxxix. t. xviii. f. 5, 6, 7 — On stones, shells, and sea-weeds.

Diameter about half an inch ; flat, or a little tumid about the beaks, and
smooth. The substance is always thin and brittle ; the plug of attachment is
tendinous, seldom hard at the base, with a testaceous termination.

393. A. undulata. — Shell rounded, or oblong, with longitu-
dinal rounded striae, and a triangular cavity on the under valve,
beneath the hinge.

Ostrea subviridis, List. Conch, t. ccii. — O. striata, Mont. Test. Brit, cliii.
and dIxxx. — An. und. ib. 157. Turt. Brit- ccxxx. t. xviii. £ 8, 9, 10.
— On old shells and the crevices of rocks.

Diameter upwards of an inch ; variable in figure and consistence ; margin
crenate, inside iridescent ; on one side of the perforation in the under valve,
is a triangular striated cavity ; the plug terminates in a thin oval layer,
strongly striate transversely, and crossed with fine longitudinal lines.

« 394. A. -punctata. — Shell orbicular, with raised dots on the
upper valve, and concave ones on the under valve.

Turt. Biv. Brit, ccxxxi. t. 18. f. 11. — On crabs and shells, on the south
coasts of England.

Diameter about half an inch, thin, transparent, purplish white ; a little
truncate at the base ; beaks terminal.

— 395. A. cylindrica. — Shell oval, somewhat cylindrically con-
vex, and transversely rugged, with the beak curved backwards.

396 MOLLUSCA. OSTREADiE. Anomia.

Tart. Linn. iv. 288. — A. cymbiformis, Maton and liackett, Linn. Trans,
viii. 104. t. iii. f. 6. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 64 — A. cylin. Turt. Biv.
Brit. 232 — On fuci and sertularise.

Length about half an inch, breadth a quarter, narroAver towards the beak,
which curves over the under valve, and ends in an obtuse point ; sometimes
smooth, but usually with some rough transverse marks, but no longitudinal
ones.

396. A. striolata. — Shell oval, somewhat cylindrically con-
vex, and striate longitudinally, with the beak curved backwards.

Turt. Biv. Brit. 233 — Roots of fuci.

Resembles the last, but is marked with fine, rather remote, longitudinal
raised lines.

397. A. aculeata. — Shell orbicular, with numerous longitudi-
nal prickly striae.

Mont. Test. Brit. 157- t. iv. f. 5. Turt. Biv. Brit. 233 — On fuci and
among rocks.

Diameter about half an inch ; depressed, whitish prickles ; rounded above,
concave, and somewhat concentrically disposed by the lines of growth ; under
valve wrinkled concentrically ; seldom prickly.

398. A. fornicata. — Shell somewhat orbicular, and finely

striate, the upper valve furnished with a vaulted chamber on the

inside, under the beak.

Lamk. Syst. vi. 228. Turt. Biv. Brit. 234. t. xviii. f. 12, 13 — From Tor-
bay, Dr Turton.

Diameter about half an inch ; flat, white, margin sinuous ; longitudinal
striae towards the margin, and fine regular transverse ones towards the point-
ed beak ; inside silvery ; under the hinge is a large vaulted chamber, which,
on one side, is much curved, and scaly on the outside ; perforation of the un-
der valve round, and nearly closed.

399. A. tubular is. — " Shell orbicular, with the perforation of
the under valve entire, and forming a cylindrical tube.""

Turt. Biv. Brit, ccxxxiv — On fuci.
Shell about a quarter of an inch in diameter ; whitish, with the beak ter-
minal ; the under valve has the perforation entire all round, and produced
into a raised cylindrical tube ; the plug of attachment is tendinous."

It is probable that several of the preceding shells may yet be reduced to the
rank of varieties. In the mean time, we have followed the arrangement of
Dr Turton.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. A. lineata Suborbicular, convex; when old, contracted towards the

beak ; longitudinally striated ; perforation of the lower valve circumscribed.
— Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxv. — In London Clay.

Spondylus. MOLLUSCA. ARCADE. 397

Gen. SPONDYLUS.— Shell eared, beak of the under valve
produced, with an exposed oblique truncation, having a
longitudinal groove ; hinge of two teeth, with an interme-
diate groove for the reception of the internal ligament.

1. S. radula. — Mr Parkinson refers to a shell of this species (of Lamark,
from Grignon), which he suspects to have been from "Worcestershire. " It is
slightly eared, and the inferior valve is marked with rough longitudinal stria?.
It is rough, oblique, and of an oval orbicular form. The stronger and most
raised of the striae of the lower valve have small spinous squama? placed at
about half an inch distant, these striae being separated by from six to nine
small granular striae."

Gen. PLICATULA. — Shell destitute of ears ; narrow at the
base ; the opposite margin rounded and plaited ; beaks un-
equal entire ; teeth two, with an intermediate pit for the
subinternal cartilage.

1. P. spinosa. — Ovate depressed, spinose; margin entire; spines adpressed ;
smallest on the deep valve — Harpax, Park. Org. Rem. iii. 221. t. xii, f. 14. —
P. spin. Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxlv — In Lias.

2. P. pectinoides — Oblong, ovate, curved, gibbose when old ; longitudinal
ridges numerous, furnished with depressed spines ; free valve externally con-
cave.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccix. f. 1. — Chalk Marl.

3. P. infiata — Suborbicular, gibbose, rather smooth, furnished with a few
ridges and depressed spines ; both valves convex. P. spinosa, Mant. Geol.
Suss. 129. t. xxvi. f. 13, 1G, 17- P. inf. Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccix. f. 2.—
Chalk Marl.

ARCADiE.

Gen. XCVIII. ARCA. — Shell transverse ; beaks remote ;
teeth numerous, enlarging from the middle, but without
lateral teeth ; ligament external.

400. A. Noce. — Shell oblong, decussated in a punctured man-
ner, angular at the anterior side, with the upper margin trans-
versely elongated, sinuous and open.

Musculus striatus, List. Conch, t. ccclxviii. Borl. Corn, cclxxvii. t. 28.

f. 16 A. Nose, Linn. Syst. i. 1140 A. tortuosa, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv.

97 A. Noae, Don. Brit. Shells, t. clviii. f. 1, 2. Mont. Test. Brit. J 39.

Turt. Biv. Brit. 166 Western coast of England and Guernsea, rare.

Shell about half an inch long, a little more in breadth ; rufous, with dark
zigzag bands, rounded at the longest end, angular at the other, to which the
incurved beaks approximate.

401 . K.fusca. — Shell oblong, decussated, angular at the ante-

398 MOLLUSCA. ARCADE. Arc a

rior side, with the upper margin shorter, straight, and nearly

closed.

Balanus Eellonii, List. Conch, t. ccvii. — Musculus striatus, Borl. Corn.
277- t. xxviii. f. 15 — Area Nose var. Don. Brit. Shells, t. clviii. f. 3.

A. fusca, Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 51. t. 4. f. 3. Turt. Biv. Brit. 167

Southern coasts of England, and Frith of Forth, rare.

This species nearly resembles the last, of which it is perhaps only a varie-
ty. It differs, however, in being narrower, the beaks more lateral, a greater
convexity, straighter margin, and finer decussations.

402. A. tetragona. — Shell rhombic, with granular decussa-
tions, and an oblique longitudinal rib, open at the margin.

Larnk. Hist. vi. 37- Turt. Biv. Brit. 167- 1. 13. f. 1 — At the Calves,
west of Ireland, Dr Turton.

" Shell |ths of an inch long, and an inch broad, of an oblique square figure,
tumid at the beaks, from which proceed a nearly central rib, to the angular
point of the opposite margin ; hinge not quite straight, in consequence of the
marginal slope ; colour whitish-brown, inside white, with a purple blotch at
one end." Turt.

403. A. barbata. — Shell oblong, with longitudinal bearded
ribs, decussated by minute striae ; the margin straight and near-
ly closed.

Brown, Wern. Mem. ii. 512. t. xxiv. f. 3 — A. reticulata, Turt. Biv. Brit.
168. Found in Loch Strangford, by Dr Magee.

Length half an inch, breadth one inch ; shell white ; cuticle chesnut ; ribs
about twelve, nearly equidistant and flat ; inside striated longitudinally,
margin finely crenulated.

404. A. lactea. — Shell oblong, decussated and bearded, an-
gular at the anterior end, and slightly open at the margin.

Pectunculus exiguus, List. Conch, t. cccxxxv — A. lac. Linn, Syst. i. 1141.
— A. barbata, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 98. t. lviii. f. 59.— A. lac. Mont. Test.
Brit. 138.— A. perforans, Turt. Biv. Brit. 169. 1. 13. f.2,3 Different

parts of the coast, but not common.

Length half an inch, breadth three quarters ; shell white, with a brown
pilose cuticle ; ribs numerous, fine, crossed by the wrinkles of growth ; inter-
stices punctured ; inside white, margin plain.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. A. subacula. Gibbose ; margin an obtuse scalene triangle, deeply plait-
ed ; breadth greater than the length ; surface longitudinally striated. — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. xliv. Upper fig — In Chalk Marl.

2. A. carinata — Very convex parallelopipedal, anterior side flattish, sepa-
rated by an acute angle, truncated at nearly a right angle ; posterior side
rounded ; surface longitudinally ribbed — Smvcr. Min. Conch, t. xliv. Lower
figure In Green Sand.

3. A. Branderi. — Transversely elongated, rhombic, gibbose, finely decus-
sated ; beaks distant ; longitudinal striae strongest ; teeth numerous ; edge in-
ternally entire — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. eclxxvi — London Clay.

4. A. appendiculata — Transversely elongated, rhombic, gibbose, decussated ;
beaks rather distant ; two oblong appendages upon the space between the

Cucul.ea. MOLLUSCA. ARCADE. 399

beaks; edge toot lied within — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclxxvi. f. 3 — London
Clay.

5. A. quadrisidcala Twice as wide as long, convex, longitudinally striated ;

anterior side truncated, defined by a keel, and marked by four deep furrows;
posterior side small, rounded ; marginal sinus large — Sower. Min. Conch, t.
cccclxxiii. f. 1. — In Oolite.

6. A. pidckra.— Transversely ovate-elongated, depressed, finely striated ;
anterior side rather impressed, obliquely truncated ; beaks close — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. cccclxxiii. £ 3 — In Oolite.

7. A. duplicata Transversely ovate-elongated, convex, longitudinally rib-
bed ; ribs sulfated along the middle ; margin toothed ; beaks close. — Soiver.
Min. Conch, t. cccclxxiv. f. 1. — In London Clay.

8. A. depi-essa Elongated transversely, depressed, marked with elevated

and crenulated stria? ; extremities rounded ; marginal sinus obscure — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. cccclxxiv. f. 2. — In Plastic Clay.

9. A. tumida. — Transversely elongated, gibbose, costated? Anterior side
pointed ; marginal sinus short, deep ; beaks distant. — Soiver. Min. Conch, t.
cccclxxiv. £ 3 In Maynesian Limestone.

10. A. cancellata — Twice as wide as long, convex, longitudinally and
transversely sulcated ; anterior side defined by a keel, truncated ; posterior

side rounded ; marginal sinus short, but deep ; beaks nearly close Mart.

Derb. t. xliv. f. 7-— Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxxiii. f. 2 — Carboniferous Lime-
stone.

11. A. rostrata. — " Valves equal, scaleniform ; one end of the shell length-
ened into a straight, smooth, conical rostrum ; the other end short, gibbous,
and marked from the beaks to the margin with very neat equal and acute
stria? ; the margin in this part of the shell crenulated ; the beaks are small,
pointed, and approximate, placed over the shorter extremity.".— Mart. Derb.
t. xliv. f. 6. — In Carbo?iiferous Limestme.

Gen. CUCULiEA. — Shell subtransverse, ventricose ; hino-e
with numerous small teeth, with from two to five parallel
plates ; ligament subexternal ; anterior muscular impres-
sion with an elevated margin.

1. C. glabra. — Rhomboidal, anterior angle obtuse, posterior edge of the
front rounded ; surface covered by fine longitudinal lines, decussated by the
lines of growth ; teeth of the hinge deeply striated. — Park. Org. Rem. iii.
171. Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxvii. — Green Sand.

2. C. decussata. — Transversely ovate ; gibbose, with flattish longitudinal
ridges ; anterior side angular ; lines beneath the cartilage few — Park. Org.
Rem. iii. 171- Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccvi. £ 3, 4 — Green Sand.

3. C. oblonga. — Transversely oblong, gibbose, longitudinally striated ; an-
terior side wedge-shaped ; lines beneath the cartilage numerous — Soiver.
Min. Conch, t. ccvi. f. 1 , 2. — Inferior Oolite.

4. C. carinala. — Obliquely cuneiform, smooth ; anterior side pointed, and
distinguished by a ridge running up the beak.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccvii.
£ 1. — In Green Sand.

5. C. fibrosa — Obovate, gibbose, with numerous longitudinal elevated striae

400 MOLLUSCA. ARCADE. Pectunculus,

upon the surface ; anterior margin straight, prominent near the hinge. — •
Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccvii. f. 2. — In Green Sand.

6. C elongata Elongated, subcylindrical, finely striated ; anteriorly

pointed; posterior side very short.— Somffer. Min. Conch, t. ccccxlvii. f. 1

Inferior Oolite.

7- C. costellala — Transversely oblong, gibbose, longitudinally striated ; an-
terior lobe wing-shaped, ribbed ; posterior side rounded, ribbed ; beaks in-
curved, distant from each other — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxlvii. f. 2. — Green
Sand.

8. C. minuta — Elongated-ovate, convex, striated, anteriorly submucrona-
ted ; anterior lobe small, separated by a keel ; beaks nearly close — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. ccccxlvii. f. 3 — Oolite.

9. C. rudis — Transversely oblong, convex, rugged, and longitudinally rib-
bed ; beaks incurved, nearly close together ; anterior lobe not denned. —
Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxlvii. f. 4~-Oolite.

Gen. XCIX. PECTUNCULUS.— Shell orbicular, subequi-
lateral ; hinge line semicircular, the teeth in the middle ob-
solete ; ligament external.

405. P. piloses. — Shell tumid, nearly equilateral, with nu-
merous longitudinal stria? and transverse lines of growth.

P. ingens, List. Conch, t. ccxlvii. f. 82 — Arca'pilosa, Linn. Syst. i. 1143.
Area Glycymeris, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 98, t. lvii. f. 58 — A. pilosa,
Mont. Test. Brit. 137 — Pect. Glycymeris, pilosus, and undatus, Turt.
Biv. Brit. 171 Inhabits Weep water.

Diameter upwards of 2 inches, covered with a thick, brown, pilose cuticle,
underneath which the shell is whitish, with brown interrupted stripes, either
transverse or longitudinal ; beaks tumid, and slightly recurved ; inner mar-
gin notched — This species differs from the P. glycymeris of Lamark in the
absence of the longitudinal ribs, with their intermediate striae.

406. P. decussatus. — " Shell orbicular, flat, decussate, with
clouded coloured marks."

Turt. Biv. Brit. 173, t. xii. f. o — British Channel.

" Shell an inch in diameter, quite orbicular, flattish, with numerous fine
raised decussate lines, which are clothed with a silky brown pile ; colour
yellowish-white, with purple and crimson clouded patches, which are often
disposed in zigzag angles, giving the shell a beautifully marked appearance :
inside fglossy white, with frequently a dark red blotch near the centre ; the
margin very strongly serrate." — Turton.

407. P. nimimarius. — " Shell lenticular, with the beaks per-
manent, covered with numerous rounded red dots."

P. exiguus, List. Conch, t. cexxxix. f. 81. Turt. Biv. Brit. 174. t. xii.
f. 6 — Torbay and British Channel.

" Shell about half an inch in diameter, rather convex, very finely decus-
sate, yellowish white, or cream colour, with numerous round red dots, which
very rarely become confluent about the margin, and form short lines ; beaks
tumid and prominent, causing the margin on each side of them to appear a
little projecting, or, as it were, slightly eared like a pecten." — Turton.

Pectunculus. MOLLUSCA. ARCADE. 401

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. P. decussatus Transversely obovate ; sides rather straight ; surface

covered with numerous longitudinal striae ; hinge teeth 25 to 30 ; margin
thick, plain. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxvii. f. 1. — London Clay.

2. coslatus. — Orbicular, depressed, with 25 longitudinal sharp ridges, and a
few transverse striae ; hinge of 14 teeth ; margin serrated within— {Area de-
ieta of Brander. Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxvii. f. 2 — London Clay.

3. P. Plumslediensis. — Transversely obovate, slightly oblique, with longi-
tudinal obscure furrows, and minute transverse striae ; margin serrated with-
in Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxvii. f. 3 — Plastic Clay.

4. P. variabilis. — Obliquely suborbicular, rather convex, finely striated
longitudinally, becoming smooth or sulcated by wear ; teeth of the hinge
and lines upon the area of the ligament, numerous ; beaks short, nearly close.

— Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxxi. f. 1 — In Crag It is probable that this shell

is merely the Pectunculus pilosus, found in modern marine diluvium, instead of
a species connected with the anterior epoch.

5. P. brevirostris. — Transversely obovate, rather oblique, and inequilate-
ral, convex, obscurely costated, concentrically striated ; hinge line rather
straight ; beaks short, not oblique ; hinge teeth few. — Sower. Min. Conch.
1. cccclxxii. f. 1 — London Clay.

C. P. scalaris Obovate, convex, longitudinally ribbed, ribs narrow, sharp,

area of the ligament short, projecting at the extremities, with a triangular
pit in its centre ; margin irregularly toothed. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxii.
f. 2. — London Clay.

7. P. sublcevis — Transversely obovate, equilateral, rather gibbose, with
many slightly 'elevated ribs ; beaks short, nearly close ; sides smooth.— Sower.
Min. Conch, t. cccclxxii. f. 2 In Green Sand.

8. P. umbonatus. — Orbicular, gibbose, nearly equilateral, longitudinally
striated and obscurely costated ; beaks prominent, obliquely curved, a lobe
on the anterior side— Cardium umbonatum, Sower. Min. Conch, t. clvi. f. 2,
3, 4, and P. umb. ib. t. cccclxxii. f. 3. — In Green Sand.

9. P. minimus Orbicular, convex, smooth ; hinge line straight, promi-
nent at the extremities ; margin not toothed — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxxii.
f. 5— In Oolite.

10. P. oblongus. — Transversely oblong, inequilateral, rather convex, smooth;
sides obliquely truncated; margin not toothed.^-Swer. Min. Conch, t. cccclxxi.
f. 6 In Oolite.

Gen. C. NUCULA. — Shell inequilateral, beaks approximate ;
hinge line bent in the middle, with a spoon-shaped pro-
jecting tooth at the angle, and numerous lateral sharp-
pointed teeth ; ligament internal.

* Margin crenulated.

— 408. N. nucha. — Shell subtriangular ; beak near the short

end with an oval impression beneath.

Area nucleus, Linn. Syst. i. 1143. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 1)8. Mont, Test.
Brit. 141 — N. nucleus, Turt. Biv. Brit. 176, t. xiii. f. 4 — Not un-
common.

VOL. I. C C

402 MOLLUSCA. ARCADE. Nucula.

Length about half an inch, breadth a little more ; cuticle olive-green, with
yellow rays ; faintly streaked longitudinally with numerous fine lines of
growth.

** Margin 'plain.

409. N. minuta. — Shell oval, transversely striated, with the
anterior side produced, curved, and truncated.

Area oblonga, striata, antice angulata, Walk. Test. Min. ii. t. cxi. f. 81,

A. caudata, Don. Brit. Shells, t. lxxviii — A. min. Mont. Test. Brit.

140. N. min. Turt. Biv. Brit. 178 — In deep water, not common.

Length fths, breadth |ths of an inch ; colour white ; three or four strong
concentric ridges ; beak very small, turning a little towards the angulated
side, beneath which is a smooth depression reaching to the end.

410. N. rostrata. — Shell oval, transversely striated, anterior
side produced, curved, and slightly ribbed longitudinally.

Area rostrata, Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 55, t. xxvii. f. 7 — N. ros. Turt,

Biv. Brit. 178 In the Frith of Forth, Mr Laskey.

Length half an inch, breadth three quarters ; glossy, and of a horn colour ;
striie fine, regular, and reflected ; from the beaks to the produced extremity
the striae are irregular in crossing the longitudinal ribs ; inside polished—
In this and the preceding species the central tooth is obsolete.

411. N. tenuis. — Shell obliquely heart-shaped and smooth.
Area ten. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 56, t. xxix. f. 1 — N. ten. Turt. Biv. Brit,

177 In the Frith of Forth, Mr Laskey.

Length scarcely a quarter of an inch ; white, with an olivaceous cuticle ;
beaks small, slightly inflected ; hinge with six teeth on one side of the cen-
tral tooth, and nine on the other ; margin thin.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. N. CobbaldicB. — Transversely' obovate, convex ; surface marked with zig-
zag furrows, diverging over the sides; edge entire — Sower. Min. Conch.
t. clxxx. f. 2. — In Cray.

2. N. lanceolata Transversely ovato-lanceolate, rsmooth ; posterior side

pointed, edge entire ; a concave deltoid space in the hinge. — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. clxxx. f. 1 — In Crag.

3. N. l&vigata Transversely elliptical, convex, smooth ; posterior side

pointed, edge entire, truncated Sower. Min. Conch, t. excii. f. 1, 2. — In

Crag.

4. N. similis. — Transversely obovate, depressed, obscurely striated longitu-
dinally ; posterior side straight ; lunette imbedded ; concave in the middle

oblong, edge crenulated (Area nucleus, Brander, 40. f. 101.) Sower. Min.

Conch, t. excii. f. 3, 4, 10 — London Clay.

5. N. trigona. — Ovato-deltoid, compressed, smooth, edge crenulated, hinge
pit short ; lunette concave. — Sotver. Min. Conch. %. excii. f. 5. — London Clay.

6. N. minima. — Transversely ovate, convex, transversely striated ; poste-
rior side acuminated ; edge entire ; lunette defined, elongated. — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. excii. f. 8, 9. — London Clay.

7- N. pectinata Transversely elliptical, elongated, convex ; posterior side

truncated ; longitudinally furrowed ; lunette imbedded, flat, cordate ; edge
crenulated.— Sotver. Min. Conch- t. excii. f. 6, 7— Chalk Marl.

Nucula. MOLLUSCA. ARCADE. 403

8. N. ovata Transversely ovate, rather depressed, obscurely striated

transversely ; lunette slightly impressed, cordate, elongated ; margin entire."
—Mant. Suss. 94. t. xbt. £ 26, £7 — In Blue Chalk Marl.

9. N. variabilis Transversely oval elongated, sometimes oblique, rather

depressed, smooth ; beaks near one end — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxxv.
f. 2 In Oolite.

10. N. lachryma Ovate, gibbose, smooth ; anterior side produced, point-
ed, convex above ; posterior side rounded — Soivcr. Min. Conch, t. cccclxxvi.
f. 3 — In Oolite.

1 1. N. mueronata. — Subrhomboidal, rounded, convex, concentrically sulca-
ted, anteriorly mucronated — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxxvi. f. 4 — In Oolite.

fcj 12. N. angulata. — Ithomboidal, concentrically striated ; most convex near
the beaks ; front rounded. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxxvi. f. 5 — In Green

Sand.

13. N. impressa Transversely oval, depressed, smooth ; beaks near one

extremity ; lunette deeply sunk, convex, elongated ; edges entire — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. cccclxxv. f. 3 — Green Sand.

14. N. antiquata Triangular, rounded, gibbose, antiquated, longitudinal-
ly striated ; lunette heart-shaped, sunk ; margin toothed — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. cccclxxv. f. 4. — Green Sand.

15. N. ovum Transversely obovate, ventricose, smooth, anteriorly point-
ed.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxxvi. f. 1. — Lias.

16. N. ventricosa. — Concentrically sulcated ; anterior side rounded; poste-
rior much produced, attenuated ; upon the posterior slope is a broad concave
area, bounded by two ridges that run from the beak to the extremity ; sulci
fine Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxxvi. f. 2 In Oolite ? Northamptonshire,

17. N. deltoidea Triangular, inflated ; posterior side obliquely truncated,

flat, pointed ; anterior side short, rounded — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dliv. f. 1.
— Upper Marine Formation, Isle of Wight.

18. N. inflata Nearly globular, smooth ; the posterior side produced,

compressed, pointed Sower. Min. Conch, t. dIv. f. 1. — London Clay.

19. TS.undulata. — Globular, concentrically undulated ; posterior side pro-
duced, contracted, pointed Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dliv. f. 3. — Chalk Marl.

20. N. amygdaloides Transversely elliptical, elongated and sulcated, com-
pressed ; sides equal. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dliv. f. 4. — London Clay.

21. N. palnus Transversely elongated, very convex, shining; extremi-
ties rounded, equal ; beaks nearly central. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxxv.
f. 1 Carboniferous Limestone.

22. N. attenuala — Transversely elongated, ventricose ; one end short
rounded ; the other produced, with a broad concave area, elevated in the
middle along the joint ; the whole covered with regular fine concentric ribs,
or striae. Like the last in form — Multarticulate Cockle, lire, ltuth 310,
t. xv. f. 5. — In slate-clay of the Independent Coal Formation.

23. N. gibbosa — Transversely ovate, ventricose, beaks incurved near one
end, the other slightly produced and obtuse ; obsoletely furrowed concentri-
cally, with irregular distant grooves. — Multarticulate Cockle, lire, ltuth.
310, t. xv. f. 6. — In Slatc-clay of the Independent Coal Formation.

cc 2

404 MOLLUSCA. TRIGONIADtE. Tuigonia.

trigoniam:.

Gen. TRIGONIA. — Equivalve, unequilateral trigonal; on
the right valve are two oblong, flat, diverging hinge teeth,
transversely grooved on each side ; on the left valve four
flat hinge teeth, transversely grooved on one side only, dis-
posed in pairs ; ligament external, marginal.

1. T. costata Triangular, with transverse, smooth ribs ; anterior side

marked with many small, and three large, prominent, longitudinal, crenula-

ted ridges Curvirostra rugosa, Luid. Lith. 36, t. ix. f. 714 — T. cost. Park.

Org. Rem. iii. 175, t. xii. f. 4 Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxxxv.— Inferior Oolite.

2. T. spinosa Roundish, depressed, many ribbed ; anterior side trunca-
ted ; ribs oblique, diverging both ways from the ridge that separates the an-
terior side ; set with short spines.— Park. Org. Hem. iii. 177- t. xii. f. 7-—
Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxxxvi. — In Green Sand.

3. T. clavellata Triangular, rather wider than long, with ten or more oh-

lique rows of tubercles ; anterior side straight, with three longitudinal knot-
ted ridges Luid. Lith. 36, t. ix. f. 107- Park. Org. Rem. iii. 175- t. xii.

f. 3. Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxxxvii. — Oolitic Series.

4. T. dasdalea.— Obtusely rhomboidal, with many oblique rows of tubercles ;
anterior side angular, with many scattered tubercles, and one longitudinal
row bounded by a longitudinal ridge, on which is another row of large tu-
bercles.— Park, Org. Rem. iii. 176, t. xii. f. 6. Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxxxviii.
— Green Sand.

5. T. eccentrka Transversely ovate, convex ; anterior side produced.

posterior side round, with oblique undulating ridges on the surface.— Park.
Org. Rem. iii. 175, t. xii. £ 5 — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccviii. f. 1, 2 — In
Green Sand.

G. T. affinis Transverse, oval, gibbose, half covered by transverse ridges.

—Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccviii. f. 3 — Green Sand.

7. T. aliformis.— "Wing-formed; anterior side produced, truncated, with a
broad compressed ridge extended to the beak ; posterior side costated, round-
ed ; costte many, thick, irregularly crenulated, oblique, recurved, and atte-
nuated towards the ridge on the anterior side, where they terminate — Park.
Org. Rem. iii. 176, t. xii. f. 9. Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxv — In Green Sand.

8. T. gibbosa Transversely oblong, gibbose, slightly arched, concentrical-
ly undulated, or irregularly sulcated ; anterior side separated by a broad
longitudinal furrow or plane space — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. ccxxxv. ccxxxvi.
Upper Oolite.

9. T. striata Obtusely triangular, convex ; with arched, oblique, crenu-
lated costse upon the middle and posterior side ; anterior side nearly covered
by numerous, elevated, sharp ridges — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. ccxxxvii. f. 1, 2,
3. — Inferior Oolite.

10. T. duplicata.— Transversely oblong ; anterior side marked with small
undulating ridges, and bounded by a strong tuberculated ridge ; over the
middle are longitudinal crenulated costae, suddenly reflected over the poste-
rior side ; on the front are short intermediate ridges.— So wer. Mm. Conch.
t. ccxxxvii. f. 4, 5.— Inferior Oolite.

Trigonia. MOLLUSCA. TRIGONIAD^. 405

11. T. pennata Oblong, transverse, with concentric costae; along the

middle of the anterior side is a ridge from which many tuberculated ridges
diverge each way.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxxxvii. f. 6. — In Green Sand.

1 2. T. elongata Elongated, gibbose, subtriangular ; anterior side obtuse,

transversely costated ; posterior side separated from the anterior by a cre-
nulated carina, bicarinated, longitudinally striated, striae granulated— Sower.
Mill. Conch, t. ccccxxxi — Upper Oolite.

13. T. nodosa Obovate, depressed ; anterior part covered with rows of

large knobs, a portion of the posterior part plain ; superior edge straight.—
Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dvii. f. 1. — In Green Sand.

14. T. imbricata. — Transversely oblong, depressed ; with five or six con-
centric dentated, subimbricated keels upon the rounded anterior side ; pos-
terior side obliquely truncated, ribbed — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dvii. £ 2, 3.
—Oolite.

15. T. cuspidata Obovate, depressed, ribbed ; posterior side truncated,

its lower angle pointed ; ribs concentric, with projecting angles where they
pass into the posterior side. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dvii. — Oolite.

16. T. angulata. — Transversely elongated, convex ; posterior side produced,
truncated, transversely striated, bounded by a crenulated line ; the remain-
der ornamented with nodose ridges, bent at right angles as they pass over the
middle. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dviii. f. I.— Under Oolite.

]7- T. pullus.-— Obovato-triangular, with transverse smooth ribs ; posterior
side obliquely truncated, marked with several crenulated ridges, and bound-
ed by a strong crenulated keel ; lunette large, regularly striated across. —
Soiver. Min. Conch, t. Dviii. f. 2, 3. — In Oolite.

18. T. spectabilis. — Suborbicular, rather elongated, convex, nearly smooth,
ornamented with about seven bent rows of large round tubercles upon the
anterior side, and a few small ones scattered over the posterior side ; one row
of compressed tubercles upon the posterior slope — Sower. Min. Conch. t.Dxliv.
— In Green Sand.

Gen. CI. AVICULA. — Shell flat, oblique unequivalve, un-
equilateral ; transversely produced in a straight line at the
base, where the sides are lobed, and the beaks rather re-
mote ; hinge linear, with a single tooth in each valve un-
der the beaks ; ligament linear external.

— 412. A. hirundo. — With the tail as long as the wing.

Turt. Biv. Brit. 220, t. xvi. f. 3 — On the southern coasts of England
and Ireland.

Length 2 inches, breadth nearly the same ; smooth, or slightly scaly with
the layers of growth, but, under a lens, it appears finely punctured ; colour
green or brown ; inside pearly. It was first observed, as a native, by Miss
Hutchins, in Bantry Bay ; and announced as British by Mr Sowerby in his
Min. Conch, i. 14.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. A. media.— Ovate, depressed ; wings large unequal, one wing acute,
valves nearly equal ; length of the shell and hinge nearly equal ; surface
smooth— Soim-. Min. Conch, t. ii.— London Clay.

40G MOLLUSCA. TRIGONIAD^E. Pinna

2. A. echinata. — Obovate, gibbose, many muricated radii Upon the deepest
valve; flatter valve smooth, with the anterior ear pointed. — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. ccxliii. — In the Inferior Oolite.

3. A. costata. — Deep valve gibbose, transversely obovate, with eight smooth
costse ; ears nearly equal ; shallow valve nearly flat, with many radii ; ante-
rior ear large, produced,? posterior ear small — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxliv.
f. 1. — Upper Oolite.

4. A. incequivalvis — Oblique, elliptical, convex, with a large projecting ear,
covered with radiating striae, and many thin costse ; flatter valve convex.

smooth, marked with diverging sulci, included within the deepest valve.

Sower. Min. Conch, t- ccxliv, f. 2. — Middle Oolite.

5. A. ovala. — Transversely ovate, convex ; posterior side elongated, blunt ;
hinge-line long, forming part of the posterior wing, which is most distant. —
Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxii. f. 2 — Inferior Oolite.

6. A. lanceolata — Transversely linear; lanceolate, compressed; posterior
wing large, obtuse angled ; anterior wing minute, pointed. A doubtful shell.
Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dcxii. f. 1. — In Lias.

Gen. CI I. PINNA. — Shell longitudinal, cuneiform, equivalve;
pointed at the base ; open at the top ; ligament marginal
linear, very long, and subinternal.

413. P. ingcns. — Shell oval, triangular, with transverse

arched striae ; flat at top, and straight at the hinder side.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 1 15. Mont. Test. Brit. 180.— P. laevis, Don. Brit.
Shells, t. clii — P. ingens and fragilis, Turt. Biv. Brit. 222. t. xxii. f. 1 .
— In deep water on the southern, western, and northern shores.

Length about a foot, breadth half a foot ; semi-transparent, horn-colour ;
compressed at the broad end, from which it runs, in front, nearly with a
straight edge, for two-thirds, and then slopes suddenly to the apex ; a few
obsolete longitudinal ridges towards the back, and scaly wrinkles towards the
front. It is, however, rather irregular in its markings and outline. When
examined by a lens, the surface is finely punctured, like the Avicula hirundo.
— This species appears to have been first discovered, as British, by the late
Dr Walker. Montagu found it gregarious in beds, left dry at very low tides
in Salcomb Bay.

414. Y.JraglUs. — Shell triangular ; front margin rounded ;

scaly ; ribs about eighteen.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 114, t. lxix. f. 80.— P. muricata, Don. Brit. Shells,
t. x.— P. pectinata, Mont. Test. Brit. 178. Turt. Biv. Brit. 223. t. xix.
f. 1 Southern coasts.

Length six inches, breadth two and a half; pellucid ; corneous ; the longi-
tudinal ribs run the whole length of the shell ; towards the middle, in front,
the scaly striae run obliquely to the margin.

415. P. muricata. — Triangular, with ten or twelve broad

ribs, and intermediate smaller ones at the wide end, beset with

concave prickles.

Pnlt. Dorset. 30 — Mont. Test. Brit. 183. t. v. f. 3 — Turt. Biv. Brit. 224.
— Dredged near Weymouth.

Pinna. MOLLUSCA. TRIGONIAD^E. 407

Length 5, breadth 2 inches ; corneous, brittle, glossy. On the open side
the contour not rounded till near the broad extremity.

416. F \ papyracea. — Shell oval, triangular, with nine remote

unarmed ribs.

Turt. Biv. Brit. 224. t. xx. f. 3 — Coast of Devon.

Length 4a, breadth 2±th inches ; thin, brittle ; the distant r&s cover near-
ly the whole surface ; the anterior margin slightly rounded ; contracted ra-
pidly towards the apex ; the open end even.

EXTINCT SPECIES*

1. P. affinis Cuneiform, ventricose, straight, longitudinally ribbed, rather

thick, smooth. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. 313. f. 2. — London Clay.

2.' P. arcua ta.— Nearly equilateral, ventricose, finely ribbed, arched. — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. 313. f. 3 — London Clay.

3. P. lanceolata— Lanceolate, slightly curved, longitudinally striated, sec-
lion quadrangular. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. 281. — Inferior Oolite.

4. P. tetragona.— Narrow, smooth, or obscurely ribbed, prismatic ; valves
longitudinally carinated with a suture in the middle. — Sower. Min. Conch.
t. 313. f. I.— -Green Sand and Oolite.

5. P. granulata. — Broad, nearly equilateral, convex, obscurely decussated,
with a small elevation in the centre of each division ; anterior side rounded.
Sower. Min. Conch, t. 347— Oolite.

6. "P.jlabelliformis. — Somewhat fan-shaped, beaks pointed ; broad end round"
ed ; surface with narrow longitudinal ribs, and broad, shallow, smooth fur.
rows—Mart. Derb. t. vi. f. 1, 2. — Carboniferous Limestone.

408 MOLLUSCA. SIPHONIDA.

SIPHONIDA.

I. One syphon only, formed by the union of the cloak poste-

riorly.

A. Shell transverse ; beaks obsolete, ligament, linear and ex-
ternal.

a. Furnished with a byssus; marine. Mytiiid^e.
Mytilus.
Modiolus.
Lithodomus.

aa. Destitute of a byssus; inhabiting fresh water. Unionid^e.

b. Hinge simple.
Anodon.
(Iridina.)

b b. Hinge with teeth.
Unio.
Alismadon.

A A. Shell with 'prominent beaks, the ligaments internal. Car-
ditada;.

Cardita.

Venericardia.

Crassatetta.

II. Cloak closed anteally and retrally, with three openings to-

wards the middle of the ventral margin, the first for the
byssus, the middle one for the entrance of water, and the
anal posterior one. (Tridacnad^e.)

III. Cloak open anteally, with two retral syphons, the one

branchial and the other anal, which are sometimes pro-
duced into united or separate tubes. A foot and two ad-
ductor muscles.

A. Shell heart-shaped ; beaks prominent, incurved, with
strong hinge-teeth ; ligament external.

a. Shell adhering, irregular, inequivalve ; anterior aperture
of the cloak small, corresponding with the size of the

foot. CHAMADiE.

Chama.

(Diceras)

(Etheria.)

a a. Shell free, regular, equivalve ; foot large. Cabdiad^:.
Isocardia
Hippopodhim.
Cardium.
Pholadomya
(Cypricardia.)

MOLLUSCA. SIPHONIDA. 409

A A. Shape various.

a. Ligament internal.

b. Inequivalve. CoRBULADiE.
Corbula.
bb. Equivalve. MactraDjE.
c. Ligament simple.

d. Lateral teeth.
Mactra.
Goodallia.
Lepton.
Kellia.

d d. No lateral teeth.
Loripes.
Ervillia.

c c. A subsidiary external ligament.
Amphidesma.

a a. Ligament external.

b. Two primary teeth, at most, on the same valve. {Nym-
phaces of Lamark.)
c. Ligament at the shortest side, being the poste-
rior one abbreviated. Donacid^.
Donax.
Capsa.
Tellina.

c c Ligament at the longest side.

d. No lateral teeth.
Psammobia.
Astarte.

d d. Lateral teeth.
Lucina.
Myrtea.

b b. Three teeth, at least, on the same valve ; the other
with an equal number, or less. {Conques of Lamark.)

c. Marine. Venerid^e.
Cyprina.
Cytherea.
Venus.
Venerupis.

c.c. Fluviatile. Cyclad.*.
Cyclas,
Cyrena.
(Galateola.)

IV. Cloak closed ventrally ; the anteal opening small, and not
exposing the mouth or gills, and serving as a passage for
the foot ; posterior openings tubular.

A. Lodged at the extremity of a calcareous lube with which
it is more or less intimately connected. Tebedinidje.

Teredo.
Xylophaga.
Fistulana.
Clavagella.

410 MOLLUSCA. SIPHONIDA.

A A. Destitute of a secreted calcareous tube.

a. Ligament external.

Pholad.*. With accessory valves, or gaping ven«
trally.
Pholas.
Gastrochsena.
SolenidjE. No accessory valves ; gaping only at the
extremities.
Solen

Sanguinolaria.
Hiatella.
Panoptea.
(Glycemeris)

a a. Ligament internal.
Mya.
Lutraria.
Sphenia.
Pandora.
Galeoxna.

Mvtjlus. MOLLUSCA. MYTILIDjE. 411

MYTILIDiE.

Gen. CIII. MYTILUS. Mussel.— Shell longitudinal, equi-
valve, beaks acute, nearly straight and terminal, with a va-
riable number of minute teeth.

•—417. M. edulis. Common Mussel. — Beaks blunt, ventral
margin towards the beaks swollen ; smooth, or slightly wrinkled
by the layers of growth, with longitudinal coloured bands.

Musculus subcoeruleus, List. Conch, t. ccclxii. f. 200 Myt. edulis, Linn.

Syst. i. 1 1 58 — Gregarious on hard ground, above low water-mark.
Sometimes reaching to 5 inches in length, and 2 in breadth ; colour bluish-
black, with dusky, yellowish, radiating lines ; inside whitish, with blue mar-
gins ; hinge with many teeth. When of slender growth and translucent, it
has been denominated Mytilus pellucidus ; and when, by confmement~in rocks,
the beaks have become incurved, with the anterior margin concave, it has
then been called M. incurvatus. The mussel is extensively used as a bait ;
and is likewise sought after as an article of food, being esteemed rich and in
season in autumn, but useless and even deleterious in spring.

418. M. decussahts.

" Shell longitudinally ovate, with the umbo at the smaller end ; sides
equal. It is very thin, pellucid, of a pearly white, when divested of the epi-
dermis (which is a pale olive-brown), and is finely striated longitudinally,
crossed by more minute strise in a transverse direction, that gives it a decus-
sated appearance when examined under a microscope. The inside is smooth,
with a nacred gloss. At the hinge is a slight indenture, and the margin
contiguous slightly denticulated ; and near the front margin is a singular re-
flected transverse ridge." — Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. G9. A minute shell, about
the eighth of an inch in length, found by Mr Laskey, at Dunbar ; its place
in the system uncertain.

STRAGGLERS.

1. M. umgulatus — Smooth, hind margin'inflected ; hinge with two teeth;
greenish, with transverse zig-zag markings, List. Conch, t. ccclx. Don. Brit.
Shells, t. cxxviii. f. 2.— Adhering to the bottom of vessels, especially from
the African coast.

2. M. polymorphic, Gm Ventral surface flattened ; dorsal edge rounded;

beaks obtuse and inflected; green, with dusky transverse bands. Sower.
Zool. Journ. i. 584. — Found in the Thames, in the Commercial Docks, into
which it is supposed to have been brought from the Danube with timber.

3. M. crenatus. — Trigonally ovate, with slightly wrinkled, longitudinal,
rounded ribs. This species was brought into Portsmouth Harbour, 3d May
181G, on His Majesty's ship Wellesley, from the East Indies. A specimen now
before me, taken at that time, is nearly three inches in length. It appears from
a communication by Lieutenant J. H. Davies and Mr Willcox (Annals of
Philosophy, Aug. 1825, 148), that it had survived since 181G, and had propa-
gated— These two species differ from the true Mytili in the anterior adduc-
tor muscle, being seated in a pit at the beak.

412 MOLLUSCA. MYTILID^. Modiola.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1 . M. amplus. — Depressed, triangular, acutely angled at the base ; longi-
tudinally striated, excepting over the posterior side ; thin— Sower. Min. Conch.
t. vii. — In Oolite.

2. M. antiquorum.— Elongated, ovate, rather gibbose, smooth, straight;
beaks obtuse, nearly close ; hinge toothed. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclxxv.
1, 2, 3.— In Crag.

3. M. alceformis — Obovate, with an acuminated beak, curved, depressed,
smooth, with teeth in the hinge. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclxxv. f. 4.— In
Crap.

4. M. pectinatus — Quadrangular, oblong, gibbose, longitudinally striated ;
slightly curved ; beaks produced ; front straight. — Sower. Min. Conch, t.
cclxxxii.— Upper Oolite.

5. M. edentulus. — Elongated, smooth ; disk obscurely keel-shaped ; beak
sharp ; posterior side nearly straight ; no tooth in the hinge. — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. ccccxxxix. f. 1 — In Green Sand.

6. M. lanceolatus. — Lanceolate, slightly curved, smooth ; disk keel-formed ;
posterior side flat ; beaks acute. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxxix. f. 2— In
Green Sand.

7. M. subltevis — Oblong, triangular, rather curved ; disk obscurely keel-
shaped ; front straightish ; beaks acute ; lines of growth rather prominent.
Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxxix. f. 3— Lower Oolite.

8. M. Braardii. — Convex, straight, pear-shaped, elongated; beaks acute,
terminal, (within each beak a plate is extended to the opposite edge for the
support of a tendon, and within that is a flat angular process) — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. Dxxxii. f. 2 — In Crag.

9. M. affinis. — Obliquely oblong, carinated, smooth ; sides parallel, straight ;
the posterior arched in the young shell ; hinge without teeth, its anterior
margin reflected — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxxxii. f. 1.— In Crag.

10. M. crassus. — Shell very thick, ventral edge nearly straight, beak9
pointed. Flem. Edin. Phil. Journ. No. XXIV. 246, tab. ix. f. 3. Gregarious.
In limestone slate-clay and clay ironstone in the independent coal formation in
Scotland.

Gen. CIV. MODIOLA. — Shell subtrans verse, equivalve ;
beaks nearly terminal, hinge without teeth, and the liga-
ment external.

419. M. vulgaris. — Shell smooth, or slightly wrinkled, com-
pressed and prominent at the extremity of the ligament ; beaks
tumid.

List. Conch, t. Mlvii. f. 5. Mytilus modiolus, Linn. Syst. i. 1 158. Mont.
Test. Brit. 165.— On hard ground beyond low water-mark.

Length 5 or 6 inches, breadth about one-half less ; rounded at both extre-
mities ; cuticle thick, yellowish-brown, sometimes with simple leaf-like fila-
ments. In this last state, it is the Mytilus barbatus of Montagu. In some
cases, it is distorted by the byssus, and is then the M. umbilicatus of Pennant-
— This species is eagerly sought after, as a bait for cod.

Modiola. MOLLUSCA. MYTILIDiE. 413

420. M. Gibbsii. — Shell somewhat triangular, striated trans-
versely, clothed with foliations, which are serrated on one edge.
{Leach. Zool. Misc. ii. 34. t. lxxii. f. 2.) Turt. Biv. Brit. 200.— West
coast of England.

" Shell about two inches long, and one and a half broad ; veryjflat and an-
gular at the anterior side, regularly striated transversely, white and opake un-
der the skin, covered, more or less, with long foliations, which are constant-
ly notched down one of the sides."

' - 421. M. discrepans. — Shell interruptedly longitudinally
striated, beaks obsolete, cuticle black. /

Mytilus discrepans, Mont. Test. Brit. 167. and Sup. 65. t. xxvi. f. 4

Modiola discrepans, Turt. Biv. Brit. 202. Linn. Trans Gregarious

in deep water. At Newhaven it is called Corduroy Mussel.
Sometimes reaching to two inches in length ; compressed and rounded at
both extremities ; surface of the shell divided into three compartments by a
longitudinally striated space from the beaks along the back to the posterior
extremity, a smooth space from the beaks to the middle of the ventral mar-
gin, and another striated space, occupying a short space at the anterior extre-
mity. There are distinct transverse wrinkles.

422. M. discors. — Shell interruptedly longitudinally striated,
beaks tumid, cuticle green.

Mytilus discors, Linn. Syst. i. 1159. Mont. Test. Brit. 167.— Modiola
discors, Turt. Biv. Brit. 201. t. xv. f. 4, 5. — Adhering to Ascidiae and
the roots of Fuci.

Shell seldom exceeding half an inch in length ; resembling the last in its
markings, but in form more tumid, broader, and the anterior side shorter.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. M. depressa.— Much depressed, ovate, narrowing towards the posterior
side ; surface smooth. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. viii. the three upper figures.—
London Clay. — The large middle figure is probably a distinct species belong-
ing to the Lias.

2. M. pallida. — Oblong, gibbous, smooth ; inferior margin straight, poste-
rior side slightly swelled, beaks obtuse. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. viii. three
right hand lower figures. — In Green Sand,

3. M. Icevis.— Sub triangular, very smooth, convex; inferior and posterior
margins nearly straight, united by a short curve, beaks small. — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. viii. left hand lower figure. — Lias.

4. M. parallela. — Shell transverse, anterior and posterior sides parallel, co-
vered with transverse furrows. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ix. upper right hand
figure. — Lias.

5. M. elegans. — Oblong, gibbous, inferior margin straight, dentated ; ante-
rior side covered with transverse furrows ; posterior side swelling, smooth,
with a few transverse furrows near the base. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ix. left
hand upper, middle, and lower, figures — London Clay.

G. M. subcarinata.— Oblong, smooth, gibbose ; anterior side keel-formed,
rather obtuse; posterior lobe convex; front concave — Sower. Min. Conch.
t. ccx. f. 1. — London Clay.

3

414 MOLLUSCA. MYTILIMJ. Lithodomus.

7. M. biparlita. — Elongated, smooth, rather gibbose ; anterior side obtuse,

suddenly raised above the posterior ; posterior lobe irregular Sower. Min.

Conch, t. ccx. f. 3, 4 — Iron Sand. Fig. 4. if from Carboniferous Limestone
near Cardiff, will yet rank as a distinct species.

0. M cequalis. — Oblong, convex, smooth, anterior lobe large, obscurely de-
fined— Sower. Min. Conch, t. ex. f. 2 Iron Sand.

9. M. minima. — Ovato subtriangular, smooth ; front nearly straight, ends
rounded, posterior lobe small, distinct — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ex. f, 5, G, 7.
—Lias.

10. M. cuneata — Elongated, convex, smooth ; anterior part cuneated ;
back arched ; front slightly concave ; posterior side distinct, convex, — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. ccii. f. 1. — Inferior Oolite.

11. M. giblosa — Elongated, reniform, very gibbose, smooth; back broad,
arched. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccii. f. 2. — Inferior Oolite.

12. M. reniformis — Oblong, subreniform, smooth ; anterior lobe slightly

expanded; posterior lobe small. — Sower. Min. Conch, ccxii. f. 1, 2, 3 Infc-

rior Oolite.

13. M. imbricata — Oval, elongated ; with imbricated ridges upon the sur-
face ; back angular, front concave — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxii. f. 1, 2, 3

Inferior Oolite.

14. M. Hillana — Depressed, elongato-ovate, concentrically striated ; pos-
terior end narrow ; front slightly concave ; posterior lobe obscure. — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. ccxii. f. 2 Lias.

15. M. aspera. — Ovate elongated, posteriorly pointed ; very gibbose, lon-
gitudinally striated ; striae elevated, rough, very numerous ; posterior lobe
obscure, wrinkled, small — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxii. f. 4 Inferior Oolite.

] 6. M. plicala. — Transversely elongated, slightly curved ; back nearly
straight, plaited obliquely — List. Conch, t. Dxxi.' f. 7G. Sower. Min. Conch,
t. ccxlviii. f. 1. — Inferior Oolite.

17. M. scalprum. — Transversely elongated, slightly compressed, nearly
smooth ; posterior side small, undefined ; anterior side slightly curved and
produced — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxlviii. f. 2 In Lias.

18. M. aliformis.— Triangular, inflated ; back straight ; posterior lobe very
small ; anterior lobe flattish ; central part convex, elongated, with projecting
beaks — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccii.— In Oolite.

Gen. CV. LITHODOMUS.— Shell subcylindrical, rounded
at both ends ; beaks nearly terminal ; no teeth ; ligamental
line nearly straight.

423. L. lithophagus. — Cuticle green, finely striated by the

layers of growth ; inside glossy) iridescent.

Mytilus lith. Linn. Syst. i. 1156. Sower. Linn. Trans, viii. 270. t.- vi.
f. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 — In cavities of Limestone.

The specimens in my possession are about an inch in length, and four-
tenths broad. At first, this species adheres by a byssus, which ceases to
grow after a lodgment in the stone has been effected ; the calcareous matter
of which frequently adheres to the surface of the shell like a crust, or becomes
attached to the retral extremity in a beak -like process.

Anodon. MOLLUSCA. UNIONISE. 415

UNIONID^.

Gen. CVI. ANODON. — Shell transverse, rounded at both
extremities, the retral one slightly truncated obliquely ; li-
gament external, linear, and enlarged at its extremity.

424. A. anatinus. — Shell compressed, rising into a wing at
the nearly straight ligament, beaks about one-third of the length
of the shell from the extremity.

Musculus latus, List. An. Ang. 146. Conch, t. cliii. — Mytilus anatinus,
Linn. Syst. i. 1158. Mont. Test. Brit. 172. Maton and Rackett, Linn.
Trans, viii. 110. t. cxi. f. 1. Flem. Edin. Encyc. vii. 99. t. ccv. f. 14.
— In ponds and slow running streams.

Variable in size ; usually with a greenish cuticle worn at the beaks.

425. A. cygneus. — Shell tumid, line of the ligament a little
bent ; beaks about one-fourth of the length of the shell from the
extremity.

M. latus, List. Conch, t. clvi — Mytilus cygneus, Linn. Syst. i. 1158.
Mont. Test. Brit. 170. Maton and Rackett, Lin. Trans, viii. 109.
t. cxi. f. 2. Flem. Edin. En. vii, 92. t. ccv — In ponds and slow run-
ning water.

This species and the former, when in their most distinctive appearances,
and nearly of the same size, can be readily distinguished. The A. anatinus
is more translucent and fragile, the anterior extremity more compressed ;
the hinge-line straighter and the shell rising towards the termination of the
hgament, into a more decidedly compressed wing : from the ligament to the
extremity, the outline is more oblique, and the anal truncature of the shell
more distinct. In the A. cygneus, there is a convexity in the valves, a round-
ing of the anterior extremity, and a greater fuhiess of outline. But these
shells differ greatly, according to age and situation, in their forms, as may
be seen in the want of parallelism among the layers of growth ; and the in-
termediate varieties are so numerous as to leave little room to doubt that
the two species should be conjoined. The Mytilus avonensis of Montagu (Test.
Brit. 172.) The M. incrassatus and macula of Sheppard (Lin. Trans, xiii.
85.) and the Anodon paludosus of Turton (Biv. Brit. 240.) exhibit those gra-
dations which connect the extreme differences in form. Unless the charac-
ters of the animals furnish distinguishing marks, it is worse than useless to
load the science with reputed species, depending on variable forms. Ac-
cording to the observations of M. Poiret, as stated by M. Draparnaud (Hist.
MolL 134.), the animal of A. anatinus is oviparous, while that of the A. cyg.
Tieus is viviparous.

416 MOLLUSCA. UNIONIDiE. Unio.

Gen. CVII. UNIO. — Shell transverse; hinge with an ob-
lique crenate tooth ; an elongated laminal tooth under the
ligament in one valve received into a groove in the other.

426. U. pictorum. — Ventral margin of the shell slightly in-
curved ; hinge-tooth of the left valve nearly entire.

Musculus angustius, List. Conch, t. cvxii. f. 3. — Mya pict. Linn. Syst. i.
1112. Mont. Test. Brit. 36.— Mya ovalis and M. depressa, Don. Brit.
Shells, t. lxxxix. and ci. — Mysca ovata, Turt. Biv. Brit. 246. — Rivers

in England.

Length 1 £, breadth 3 inches ; cuticle green, dusky along the layers of
growth ; posterior extremity slightly compressed, and obliquely truncated.

427. U. ovalis. — Ventral margin slightly rounded; hinge-
tooth of the left valve divided.

Mytilus angustior, List. An. Ang. 149. Conch, t. cxlvii. 2.— M. ovata,

Don. Brit. Shells, t. cxxii.— M. ovalis, Mont. Test. Brit. 34 Mysca

pictorum and M. solida, Turt. Biv. Brit. 245 — Rivers in England.

Nearly of the same dimensions as the last ; cuticle dusky or green ; more
tumid, and rounded anteally, than the last.

428. M. Batava. — Shell wide, with both extremities nearly
equally rounded.

M. pictorum, Don. Brit. Shells, t. clxxiv. — Mysca batava, Turt. Biv.
Brit. 244. — In rivers, Oxfordshire.

Length 1 inch, breadth 2 inches ; greenish brown ; thin ; the primary tooth
of the left valve deeply divided.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. U. subconstrictus — About twice as broad as long, with a constriction
running from the front of the shell towards the beak on the posterior side,

the end of which is subtruncated. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxxiii. f. 1, 2, 3.

In Ironstone in the Coal formation.

2. U. uniformis — Subovate, beak near the middle of the shell ; both ends
elliptical — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxxiii. f. 4 — Middle Oolite.

3. U. acutus. — Anterior side acute ; twice as wide as the other, which is
blunt or rounded. Width two and a half times its length.— Sower. Min.
Conch, t. xxxiii. f. 5, 6, 7* — Middle Oolite.

4. U. crassissimus — Ovate, transversely undulated or imbricated ; beak re-
curved, acute ; posterior side short, round ; anterior side obscurely subcunei-
form ; shell very thick — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cliii — In Lias.

5. U. Listeri — Cordate, transversely imbricated, beak recurved, acute ;

posterior side small ; middle flattish ; shell thick Sower. Min. Conch.

t. cliv. f. 1, 3, 4. — Inferior Oolite.

6. \J. hybrida. — Oblong, ovate, anterior side subacuminate ; surface im-
bricated ; beaks recurved, acute ; shell thick. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cliv.
f. 2. — Magnesian Limestone.

7* U. crassiusculus. — Oblong, elliptical, depressed ; valves thick ; surface

Unio. MOLLUSCA. UNIONISE. 417

marked by lines of growth ; hinge strong Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxxv. —

In Crag.

8. U. Solandrii — Transversely oblong-ovate, slightly arched, rather com-
pressed, thin ; both extremities obtuse ; beaks small, rugose, hinge slender.
— (Mya Pictorum, Brander, Foss. 105.) Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxvii. — In
Crag.

9. U. concinnus — Transversely oblong, ovate, depressed, nearly smooth,
thick ; posterior side very small ; beaks prominent, recurved — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. ccxxiii. — Inferior Oolite.

10. U. Urii. — Transversely oblong, dorsal margin nearly straight ; une-
qually striated by the lines of growth — Muscle, Ure, Hist. Ruth. 311.
t. xvi. f. 4. — Mya ovalis, Mart. Derb. t. xxvii. f. 1, 2. — In Slate Clay of the
Coal Formation.

Gen. CVIII. ALASMODON.— Shell transverse, hinge with
a single tooth in the right valve, recurved into a divided
tooth in the left ; no lateral teeth.

429. A. margarit'if'erum. — Ventral margin slightly concave ;

shell, towards the ligamental margin, compressed.

Musculus niger. List. Conch, t. cxlix — Mva margaritifera, Linn. Syst-
i. 1112. Mont. Test. Brit. 33 — Unio marg. Turt. Biv. Brit. 249-
t. xvi. f. 1 — In gravel in rapid streams.

Length about 2, breadth upwards of 4 inches ; cuticle brownish black ;
beaks worn, shell thick ; the lines of growth fine ; inside pearly. Pearls are
frequently met with in this species.

CARDITAD.E.

Gen. CARDITA.— Shell inequilateral ; hinge with two teeth,
the shortest beneath the beaks, the other oblique and mar-
ginal beneath the insertion of the cartilage.

1. C. striata — Quadrangular, gibbous; the beaks placed at one of the an-
gles ; obliquely striated from the beaks to the edge. — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. lxxxix. f. 1 — Liferior Oolite.

2. C. abrupta — Triangular gibbous, beaks projecting near one angle ; ob-
liquely striated ; anterior side longitudinally striated ; five or six transverse

reflected ridges along the front — Sower. Min. Conch, t lxxxix. f. 2 Inferior

Oolite.

3. C. luberculata — Heart-shaped, longitudinally radiated, radii tuberculat-
ed ; valves equal, laterally compressed, longitudinally subcarinate, one side

semilobate, the other nearly flat, beaks much incurved Sower. Min. Conch.

t. cxliii. In Green Sand.

4. C. lunulata — Rhomboidal, pointed, gibbose, transversely costated ; an-
terior part separated by a projecting serrated keel, lunette deeply excavated ;
beaks involute. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cexxxii. f. 1, 2. Inferior Oolite.

VOL. I. ])d

418 MOLLUSCA. CARDITADiE. Carhtta.

5. C. similis. — Ithomboidal, gibbose, transversely costated ; anterior part
separated by a projecting serrated keel, lunette heart-shaped, nearly Hat ;
beaks involute — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxxxii. £ 3. — Inferior Oolite.

Gen. VENERICARDIA.— Shell inequilateral, longitudinally
ribbed ; hinge-teeth two, oblique.

1. V. planicosta — Subcordate, very thick, smooth, ribs broad and flat, about
20, expanding into each other towards the margin ; a few longitudinal teeth
within the posterior edge. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. 1. — London Clay.

2. V. senilis Obliquely cordate, thick, with large, convex, subimbricated,

naked ribs; lunette obsolete — Park. Org. Item. iii. 191. t. xiii. 1*. 15, 17.
Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclviii — In Crag.

3. V. carinala Transversely oblong, with 20, nearly smooth, carinated

ribs ; lunette obsolete. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclix. — In London Clay.

4. V. deltoidea. — Deltoid, with rounded angles; ribs 15, keel-formed ; hinge
callous, beaks prominent ; lunette small — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclix. f. 1.
— In London Clay.

5. V. globosa — Globose; costae 1G to 20, carinated ; carinte tuberculated,
tubercles compressed — (Chama sulcata, Brander, f. 100.) Sower. Min. Conch.
l. cclxxxix. upper and middle figures — London Clay.

C. V. ohlonga. — Transversely oblong, unequal sided, subquadrangular, gib-
bose, with 13 knotted costse; length about two-thirds the width; costae strong,
obtuse, irregularly knotted, margin strongly toothed— Sower. Min. Conch,
t. cclix. three lower figures — London Clay.

7. V. chammformis Convex, orbicular, with rather produced beaks ; ribs

rugged, distant, about 14 ; hinge large— Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxc. f. 1. —
In Crag:

8. V. orbicularis — Orbicular, rather convex, concentrically striated ; ribs
about 16, not close, crenated ; hinge small — Sozver. Min. Conch, t. ccccxc.
f. 2 — In Crag.

9. V. scaluris — Orbicular subtriangular, depressed ; longitudinal sulci about
20, linear, concentrically striated ; hinge-teeth long and thin — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. ccccxc. f. 3 — In Crag.

Gen. CRASSATELLA. — Shell inequilateral; hinge with
two strong teeth in one valve, receiving one tooth from the
other ; ligament inserted in a pit at the side of the teeth.

1. C. sulcata — Ovato-elongated, transversely sulcated ; anterior side pro-
duced, obliquely truncated, defined by a ridge; edge-toothed within. — (Tellina
sulcata, Brander, f. 80.) — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxlv. f. 1. — In London
Clay.

2. C. plicata. — Oblong, ovate, concentrically and minutely plicated ; plica?
reflected ; anterior side defined by an obtuse ridge, obscurely truncated ;
margin toothed within. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxlv. f. 2. — In London

Clay.

Chama. MOLLUSCA. CHAMAD/E. 419

CHAMAD^.

Gen. CHAMA. — Beaks large, incurved, unequal; ligament
external ; hinge with one thick, oblique, subcrenated tooth
in one valve entering a pit in the opposite.

1. C. haleotoidea. — Flattish, oval, uneven, with one longitudinal curved
line outside, and a deep curved hollow within the deepest valve, extending
from the beak around one side ; the remainder very shallow, margin thin,
broad, slightly fringed, crenate within ; muscular impression large. — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. xxv — Green Sand.

2. C. canaliculata Oblong-oval, flattish, plaited ; deeper valve with a la-
teral canaliculated projection — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxvi. f. 1. — Green
Sand.

3. C. recurvata Deep valve conical, curved ; beak 'subinvolute — Sower.

Min. Conch, t. xxvi. f. 2. — Green Sand.

4. C. conica. — Oblong, curved ; larger valve deep, with a blunt conical
beak, and a small wing ; lesser valve oval, flat, with a crenated margin and
whiff. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxvi. f. 3 — In Green Sand.

5. C. plicata Transversely ovate ; beak short ; deeper valve with a nar-
row channelled wing — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xxvi. f. 4 — Green Sand.

0. C. digitata Palmate, slightly recurved, gibbose, with 5 or 6 marginal

elongated canaliculated processes; surface smooth — Soiver. Min. Conch.
t. clxxiv Green Sand and Middle Oolite.

7. C. squamosa. — Attached by the right valve ; nearly orbicular, subglo-
bose, imbricated ; lamellae undivided, somewhat erect, anteriorly produced,
and adpressed ; posterior part of the right valve obsoletely costated ; left
valve rather convex; smooth within. — (Brander, 86, 87-) Sower. Min. Conch.
t. cccxlviii. — London Clay.

CARDIAD.E.

Gen. CIX. ISOCARDIA.— Beaks distant, involuted, and
inclining forwards ; hinge with two flat oblique teeth at
the beak, and a remote lateral one under the ligament.

—430. I. Cor. — Shell tumid, smooth, brown, with the beaks
clouded white.

Bucardia, List. Conch, t. cclxxv. — Chama cor, Linn. Syst. i. 1 137-
Mont. Test. Brit. 134. Laskey, Wern. Mem. i. 385. t. viii. f. 7— I-

cor. Turt. Biv. Brit. 193. t. xiv Found in deep water on different

parts of the coast, burrowing in the mud.
Length approaching 4 inches, and nearly as broad. Mr Bulwer has point-
ed out some differences between the individuals found on the east coast of Ire-

D(12

420 MOLLUSCA. CARDIADjE. Isoqardia.

land, and those of the Mediterranean examined by Poli. " The foot of the
Mediterranean species is much less pointed, shorter, less rugose, and of a
somewhat different and lighter colour than the same part in our animal.
The margin of the mantle in Poli's figure is strongly serrated, and of the
same ferruginous hue as the rest of the animal ; in ours it is plain, and in
the healthy animal of a bright orange, while its body is of a yellowish white.1*
Zool. Journ. No. 7- 301.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. I. minima. — Globose, subdeltoid ; anteriorly slightly truncated, poste-
riorly flattened ; cordate. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxcv. f. 1. — Lower Oolite.

2. I. tener Obovate, with produced beaks ; anteriorly subtruncated, pos-
teriorly rounded ; shell very thin, smooth — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxcv. f. 2.
—Lower Oolite.

3. T. rostrata Deltoid, ventricose ; anterior side produced, pointed ; pos-
terior depressed, round. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxcv. f. 3 — Lower Oolite.

4. I. sulcata. — Orbicular, deeper than wide, longitudinally sulcated, pear-
ly ; beaks remote Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxcv. f. 4 — London Clay.

5. I. concentrica— Transversely elongate, heart-shaped, concentrically sul-
cated ; shell thin Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxci. f. 1 — Lower Oolite.

6. I. oblonga Oblong, anterior side short, ventral and dorsal margins

nearly parallel, and almost straight ; rounded retrally — Sower. Min. Conch.
t. ccccxci. f. 2. — In Carboniferous or Greywacke Limestone, Cork.

7. 1. similis. — Transversely, rather oblong, ventricose, slightly flattened ;
anterior side small, turned a little up ; edge of the base nearly straight —
Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxvi. f. J. — In Green Sand. Fragments of a shell which
occur in the Suffolk Crag have been figured (Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxvi. f. 2.)
as resembling the recent Isocardia cor. They probably belong to the marine
diluvium of the Modern Epoch.

Gen. HIPPOPODIUM.— " Shell equivalve, obliquely trans-
verse ; valves inflated, sub-bilobed ; one rugged tooth at
the hinge ; and the indication of a small lateral one under
the ligament.'"

1. H. ponderosum.— Gibbose, with irregular obtuse wrinkled ridges. —
Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccl. — In Lias.

Gen. CX. — CARDIUM. Cockle. — Beaks adjacent ; hinge
with two umbonal teeth, and a remote lateral one in each
valve.

* Ribs armed with spines or tubercles.

431. C. aculeatum. — Shell tumid, thin, produced at the anal
extremity;, an angular bend behind the ligament, with 21 ribs.

Cardium. MOLLUSCA. CARDIADiE. 421

Linn. Syst. i. 1122. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 90. t. 1. f. 37- Don. Brit.
Shells, t. vi. Mont. Test. Brit. 77. Turt. Biv. Brit. 180. t. xiii. f. 6,
7. — In sandy bays.

Length nearly 4 inches ; light in proportion to its size ; ribs rather broad,
depressed with a rough or winged middle hue rising into lanceolate spines at
the retral side and compressed tubercles at the opposite, the furrows trans-
versely striated. The young of this shell is the Cardium ciliare of Linnaeus.

432. C. tuberculatum. — Shell tumid, ponderous, with 21

ribs, the posterior ones tubercular, the anterior ones scaly, and,

together with interstices, rough with wrinkled striae.

Linn. Syst. i. 1122. Don. Brit. Shells, t. cvii. f. 2. Mont. Test. Brit.
568. Turt. Biv. Brit. 181 — Western coast of England ; common in
Paignton Sands, Torbay, at low spring tides.

Shell nearly the size of the last. " It is more solid and ponderous, of a
more globular shape, and running in a nearly straight line on the cartilage
side from the beaks ; the ribs are narrower, and the grooves are deeper, both
marked with strong irregular transverse striae ; the cartilage side is clothed
with rather sharp tubercles, which never extend into spines, and which, at
the opposite side, form thick transverse, scale-like plates : the colour is of a
deeper chesnut ; and the ribs on the inside extend only half wav towards the
beaks."— Dr Turton.

— 433. C. echlnatum. — Tumid, thin, with 18 ribs, armed with

numerous reflected spines.

Pectunculus echinatus, List. An. Ang. 188. Conch, t. cccxxiv C. ech.

Linn. Syst. t. 1122. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 90. Mont. Test. Brit. 78.
Don. Brit. Shells, t. cvii. f. 1. Turt. Biv. Brit. 183 Sandy bays.

Less than the two preceding species, and more generally covered with
spines • these on the anterior side are large, and curved towards the cartilage
side.

We have given separate stations to these three reputed species, in de-
ference to the authority of preceding authors, rather than from a conviction
that they are distinct. Indeed, judging from specimens, given us by Mon-
tagu and Dr Leach, and found more by ourselves, we can perceive that
none of the characters on which the distinctions are founded can be relied
on. The ribs vary from 16 to 21, from nearly smooth to coarsely wrinkled,
and the spines from sharp pointed and recurved, to broad and blunt or tu-
bercular.

434. C. muricatum. — Shell elongate, slightly compressed;

ribs 37, with numerous lateral tubercles.

Pectunculus tenuis, List. Conch, t. cccxxii Cardium mur. Linn. Syst.

i. 1123.

A specimen of this shell, which I owe to the kindness of my friend Dr
Coldstream, and which was found by him at Leith, is upwards of an inch
and two-tenths in length, and about a tenth less in breadth ; whitish, tinged
with yellow, and blotched with brown ; the ribs are rounded, and the tuber-
cles, especially in the middle of the shell, are seated on the retral sides ; those
anteally are short, blunt, and on some of the ribs double, the retral ones are
more prominent ; the edge is strong and serrated ; the inside has a yellow
stripe from the beak, bordered on each side by a brown one ; the retral side
is brown and opake. We are disposed to consider the C. nodosum of Monta-
gu and Turton as this shell in a young state.

422 MOLLUSCA. CARDIAD^. Cabdium.

435. C. elongatum. — Shell, rounded, compressed, with about

25 flattened prickly ribs.

Mont. Test. Brit. 82. Turt. Biv. Brit. 185. t. xiii. f. 8 — Devonshire and
Zetland.

Shell about a quarter of an inch in diameter : produced, and a little angu-
lar at the cartilage side ; the spines are broad and thin, corresponding with
the size of the ribs.

436. C. cxiguum. — Shell subtriangular, retrally truncate,

with from 20 to 22 tubercled ribs.

Pectunculus exiguus, List. Conch, t. cccxvii. — Cardium subcordatum,

Walker's Test." M in. 23. t. cxi. £ 83 C. pygmaaum, Don. Brit. Shells,

t. xxxii. f. 3 — C. ex. Mont. Test. Brit. 82. Turt. Biv. Brit. 187 —
Various parts of the coast from Devon to Zetland.

About half an inch in diameter, transversely striated ; the ribs rounded
with a mesial ridge, the tubercles are short, and somewhat arched.

** Ribs armed zoith transverse scales.

437. C. edule. — Common Cockle. — Shell somewhat globular,
with about 26 ribs, rounded and interruptedly sulcated trans-
versely.

Pectunculus vulgaris, List. An. Ang. 189. Conch, t. ccexxxiv. — Car-
dium edule, Linn. Syst. i. 1124. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 91. t. 1. f. 41.
Mont. Test. Brit. t. 76. Don. Brit. Shells, t. exxiv. f. 1, 2. Turt.
Biv. Brit. 188 Common in sand, near low water-mark.

Diameter about 2 inches, yellowish-white ; nearly equilateral, or produced
posteriorly ; and more or less rugged by the layers of growth. — Cockles form
a very palatable food, either raw or boiled, and are considered in highest
season in the spring months.

438. C. Jasciatum. — Shell slightly compressed with about

26 ribs ; those in the middle smooth, the extreme ones scaly.

Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 30. t. xxvii. f. 6. Turt. Biv. Brit. 189 — Various
parts of the coast.

Diameter |ths of an inch ; nearly equilateral, whitish, with irregular ru-
fous bands ; the ribs are a little flattened ; the thin transverse scales some-
times extend in front along the margin.

*** Ribs unarmed.

439- C. medium. — Shell subtriangular, truncated retrally,
with a prominent line of junction ; ribs about 36.

Pectunculus subrufus, List. Conch, t. cccxvi — C. med. Linn. Syst. i. 1122.
Don. Brit. Shells, I. xxxii. f, 1. Mont. Test. Brit. 83. Turt. Biv.

Brit. 189 English coast, rare.

Length vipwards of au inch ; yellowish-white, with brown blotches ; ribs
flattened, furrows crossed by fine striae. This species is common to the Me-
diterranean and AVest Indies. The specimen figured by Donovan from Har-
tlepool, and another, referred to by Dr Turton, as taken alive at Torquay,
are the only instances as yet recorded of its occurrence in our seas.

Cardium. MOLLUSCA. CARDIAD^E. 423

440. C. kevhgatum. — Shell subovate, the ribs obscure and
obliterated anteally ; covered with a brownish-olive glossy cu-
ticle.

Pectunculus subfuscus, List. Conch, t. cccxxxii C. laev. Linn. Syst. i.

1123. Perm. Erit. Zool. iv. 91. t. lii. f. 40. Mont. Test. Brit. 80.
Turt. Biv. Brit. 190. — An inhabitant of deep water, on various parts
of the coast.

Diameter about two inches ; slightly truncated retrally, and produced at
the anal angle ; ribs faint, depressed ; crossed by unequal furrows and stria? ;
the shell, when young, is more produced, and of a uniformly greenish-yellow.

— 441. C. serratum. — Shell ovate, lengthened, glossy, and ap-
parently smooth.

Pectunculus laevis, Test. Conch, t. ccxlix — C. ver. Linn. Syst. i. 1123.
Turt. Biv. Brit. 192. t. xiii. f. 5 — West of England and Pentland
Frith.

Length about an inch and a half, breadth a quarter less, white or yellow-
ish, tinged with pink or orange retrally ; the longitudinal stria? are minute,
the margin crenulated on the ventral, and serrated on the oral edge.

442. C. edentulum. — Subovate, a single oblique tooth at

the hinge, with a lateral plate on each side.

Mactra radiata, Don. Brit. Shells, t. clxi. — C. ed. Mont. Test. Brit.
Sup. 29. — Found by Mr Laskey on Langston beach, near Portsmouth,
after a severe storm in 1800.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. C. Hillanum. — Shell nearly circular, a little oblique, with numerous
concentric striae, retral edge straightish, longitudinally furrowed. — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. xiv. upper fig. — Green Sand.

2. C. riumstedianum — Subcordate, smooth, retral part longitudinally fur-
rowed.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. xiv. middle fig. — Plastic Clay.

3. C. nitens — Roundish, hind end rather shouldered ; smooth, shining ;
marked all over with faintish longitudinal punctated lines, which are rather
more distinct at the retral side. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xiv. lower fig. — Lon-
don Clay.

4. C. Parkinsoni. — Gibbose, rather oblique, posterior side straightish ; sur-
face slightly rugose, with nearly forty longitudinal ribs, having slight traus-
verse risings on each. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xlix. — In Crag.

5. C. Hibernicum. — Very broad and deep ; retrally truncated, concave, with
a central eminence ; anteally elongated, beaks incurved, small ; striated lon-
gitudinally, the intervening spaces or ribs flat, with obsolete transverse
scales. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxxxii. f. 1, 2, and t. Dlii. f. 3. — In Grey Wacko
Limestone.

0. C. alceforme — Triangular, ventricose, longitudinally ribbed ; retral side
truncated, produced, near the hinge ; concentrically ribbed ; anteally pro-
duced, much compressed, ribbed. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dlii. f. 2 — Carbonife-
rous Limestone.

7. C. proboscideum Suborbicular, gibbous ; retral side straight, about

twenty longitudinal rows of large canaliculated spines, with two rows of
lesser ones between each — Sower. Min. Conch, t. clvi. f. 1. — In Green Sand.

424 MOLLUSCA. CARDIADjE. Pholadomy^a.

8. C. semigranulatum.-— Gibbose, transverse, subtriangular, longitudinally
striated, posterior side straight, longitudinally sulcated, and largely granu-
lated.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxliv London Clay.

9. C. angustatum. — Transversely elongated, thin, rather depressed ; costae
twenty-seven, margin toothed ; retrally truncated, anteally rounded — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. cclxxxiii. f. 2 Crag.

10. C. edulinum. — Nearly orbicular, convex, slightly oblique, thick ; costae

eighteen, rugose ; slightly truncated retrally Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclxxxiii.

1* 3 — Crag.

1 1. C. turgidum. — Obovate, transverse, smooth, gibbose ; longitudinally
striated retrally; edge minutely toothed. — (Brander, 96.) — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. cccxlvi. f. 1. — London Clay.

12. C. porulosum — Orbicular, retrally obscurely truncated, longitudinally
sulcated, with a row of erect, approximate spines united near their points,
alternating with each sulcus; sulci terminated by ligulate teeth. Var.
spines united through their whole length by a membrane, and their bases
sunk beneath the edges of the sulci — {Brander, 99.) — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. cccxlvi. f. 2 — London Clay.

13. Cstriatulum. — Orbicular, convex, concentrically striated, posterior side
longitudinally striated, with a toothed edge — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dliii. f. 1.
— In Lias.

14. C. truncatum. — Transversely ovate, gibbose, smooth; posterior side
obliquely truncated, longitudinally sulcated; beaks small — (C. pectinalum,
Young, and Brit. Geol. York. 226. t. viii. f. 5.)— Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dliii.
f. 3. — In Lias.

15. C. dissimile — Transversely obovate, gibbose, smooth ; posterior side
bounded by a small rib, longitudinally striated ; front rather straight — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. Dliii. f. 2. — Upper Oolite.

16. C. decussatum — Cordiform antiquated, longitudinally ribbed, anterior
margin rounded ; posterior side a broad area raised in the middle ; length
and breadth nearly equal — Mant. Geol. 126. t. xxv. f. 3.

Gen. rHOLADOMY^A.--" A transverse, thin, subhya-
line, ventricose shell ; the posterior portion short, rounded ;
the anterior more or less elongated and gaping ; hinge
composed of an elongated subtrigonal faveola, and a mar-
ginal plate in each valve, with a rather short external liga-
ment ; the muscular impressions two, indistinct ; the sinus
in the impression of the mantel large ; the umbones ap-
proximated.'"— Sowerbv.

1. P. producta.— Transversely oblong, gibbose, with six or seven angular

longitudinal ridges; produced side plain Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxcvii. f. 1.

— Inferior Oolite.

2. P. obtusa — Transversely obovate, recurved, gibbose, with from seven to

ten longitudinal, nearly equal, tuberculated ridges Sotver. Min. Conch.

I. cxcvii. f. 2 — Inferior Oolite.

Pholadomyj5a. MOLLUSCA. CARDIAD^. 425

3. P. lirata.— Transversely oblong, gibbose, with nine or ten longitudinal
tuberculated ridges ; the ridge separating the shortest side the highest. —
Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxcvii. f. 3 — Lias.

4. P. deltoidea Very gibbose, obtusely triangular, with eight or nine Ion-

oitudinal rugged ridges ; produced side pointed. — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cxcvii.
i. 4 Lias.

b. P. margaritacea. — Transversely obovate, gibbose, with an obscure lon-
gitudinal keel, and several small ridges, concentrically undulated, pearly
within, shortest side convex, the other slightly produced. — Soiver. Min. Conch.
t. ccxcvii. £ 1,2, 3 — London Clay.

6. V.ficedula Transversely elongated, recurved, with numerous obliquely

longitudinal ridges. — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. ccxxv. — Inferior Oolite.

7. P. ovalis Transversely elongated, elliptical, straight, convex, with

about nine diverging ridges. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxxvi — Upper Oolite.

8. P. ambigua Transversely elongated, gibbose, slightly recurved, ante-
riorly ? gaping, with several oblique diverging ridges — Sower. Min. Conch.
t. ccxcvii. — Inferior Oolite.

9. P. angustata Transversely elongated, costated, gibbose ; shortest side

rounded, the opposite compressed ; costse oblique, numerous, acute.— Sower.
Min. Conch, t. cccxxvii. — Oolite.

10. P. Murchisoni.— Oval, with large beaks, the anterior side short, six or
seven prominent obtuse, knotted ribs ornament the middle — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. Dxlv — In Lias at Brora.

11. P. aculicostata.— Oval, elongated, with four or five large keel-shaped
ribs upon the very short anterior side, and many gradually lessening ones
over the middle of the shell, — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxlvi. f. 1. (2?)— In
Lias, ib.

12. P. aqualis. — Oval, straight ; with six or eight equal slightly elevated
rido-es over the middle. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dslvi. f. 3 — Oolite.

CORBULADiE.

Gen. CXI. CORBULA. — Shell triangular ; hinge with a sin-
gle conical tooth, and adjacent hollow in one valve, and a
spoon-shaped tooth, and hollow in the other.

— 443.- C. striata. — Beaks gibbous, strongly striated trans-
versely.

Cardium striatum apicibus reflexis, Walk. Test. Min. 24. t. iii. f. 85.
Mya inequivalvis, Mont. Test. Brit. 38. t. xxvi. f. 7- Corbula nucleus,
Turl. Biv. Brit. 39. t. iii. f. 8, 9, 10. — On oyster beds, common.

Length about T45ths, breadth /5ths of an inch ; cuticle brown ; shell white,
thick ; larger valve very convex ; smaller valve less convex ; transverse striae
indistinct, but having a few longitudinal ridges ; inner margin obliquely flat-
tened, and glossy.

426 MOLLUSCA. CORBULADiE. Mactua.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. C. yiganlea — Gibbose, when young suborbicular, when old transversely
oblong ; anterior side produced, recurved ; surface concentrically furrowed
near the beaks ; posterior side beset with short spines. Sower. Min. Conch,
t. ccix. f. 5, 6, 7 — Green Sand.

2. C. laevigata — Orbicular, gibbose, smooth, and thin ; beaks prominent,
incurved. Soiver. Min. Conch, ccix. f. 1, 2. — Green Sand.

3. C. globosa. — Globose, smooth ; anterior side of the large valve produced
into a lip ; truncated ; beaks equal. Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccix. f. 3 Lon-
don Clay.

4. C. Pisum — Subglobose, irregular, concentrically furrowed ; anterior side

slightly truncated ; margin of one valve produced ; beaks equal Soiver. Min.

Conch, t. ccix. f. 4. — London Clay.

5. C. rcvoluta — Transversely oblong, tumid, transversely furrowed ; ante-
rior side produced, truncated, with a carina running to the beak ; margin of
the larger valve prominent, inflected ; beaks equal. Soiver. Min. Conch. I.
ccix. f. 8, 13. — London Clay.

0. C. nitida — Ovate, sub trigonal, equilateral, gibbose, anteriorly truncated,

smooth, valves nearly equal. Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxii. f. 1, 2, 3. Upper

Marine Formation, Isle of Wight.

7. C. cuspidata. — Transversely oblong, tumid, unequivalved, subequilate-
ral ; anteriorly carinated and cuspidated ; lower margin of the left valve ex-
panded and inflated. Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxii. — Upper Marine Forma-
tion, Isle of Wight.

8. . C. complanata — Transversely oval ; elongated, depressed, and sulcated ;
sulci few ; anterior side smallest, subtruncated and defined by an obtuse

ridge; left valve enclosing the other. Sower. Min. Conch, t. 362. f. 7? 8

In Crag.

9. C. limosa — Transversely subtriangular, and longitudinally heart-shaped ;
beaks gibbous, surface slightly striated by the layers of growth ; the shell
thin. I have this shell from slate-clay, connected with carboniferous limestone ;
the shell usually adheres greatly to the substance of the bed.

MACTRAD^E.

Gen. CXII. MACTRA. — Shell subtriangular, a little gaping ;
beaks protuberant ; hinge with one spoon-shaped tooth in
each valve, and an adjacent heart-shaped cavity ; in one
valve there is a single lateral plate on each side closing be-
tween two in the other.

* Lateral teeth striated ; the shell strong:

444. M. solida. — Shell subtriangular, subdepressed from the
beaks at both extremities, with the line of junction slightly pro-
minent ; nearly equilateral.

Mactba. MOLLUSCA. MACTHAD^. 427

Concha crassa, List. Ang. 174. t. iv. f. 24. Conch, t. ccliii. f. 87- — M. sol.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 92. t. Hi. f. 43. Don. Brit. Shells, t. Ixi. Mont.
Test. Brit. 92. Turt. Biv. Brit. G^ — Sandy coasts.

Length seldom above an inch and three quarters ; breadth upwards of two
inches ; yellowish white ; obsoletely striated by the layers of growth, with a
few distant concentric furrows ; the beaks are nearly central, and the outline
of the anal angle of the shell is slightly irregular ; inside glossy white.

445. M. truncata. — Shell triangular, depressed from the

beaks at both extremities ; equilateral.

M. subtruncata, Don. Brit. Shells, t. cxxvi. — M. truncata, Mont. Test.
Brit. Sup. 34. Turt. Biv. Brit. G8. — Sandy coasts, rare.

Length 1a, breadth If th inches; yellowish-white ; irregularly striated \>y
the layers of growth. It is readily distinguished from the preceding by the
greater convexity of the valves, and prominence of the beaks ; bv the depres-
sions on the extremities not being raised in the middle, and by the front
margin being shorter and more regularly semicircular.

— 446. M. subtruncata. — Shell subtriangular, inequilateral, con-
centrically striated.

(Trigonella subtruncata Da Costa, p. 198.) — M. stultorum, Penn. Brit.
Zool. iv. 92. t. Hi. f. 42.— M. subtruncata, Mont. Test. Brit. 93. Turt.
Biv. Brit. 70. — Sandy shores, common.

Length T6„ths, breadth T8cths of an inch. This species is distinguished from
the two preceding, by the regularity of its concentric strise ; by the front
margin being straighter towards the more produced anal, and more abruptly
curved at the oral angle ; the syphon marks are less distinct ; it resembles the
M. soUda in the mesial prominence of the depressions at both sides of the
beak.

447. M. deaurata. — " Shell oblong, flattish, inequilateral,

rounded at the elongated side, and somewhat truncate at the

other, with the beaks incurved.'1

Turt. Biv. Brit. 71. t. v. f.8.— " Dredged up in the offing of Exmouth."

" Shell |ths of an inch long, and l|th of an inch broad, opaque and strong ;
one side elongated, sloping from the beaks, and rounded ; the other shorter,
and somewhat angular, where it is a little open ; colour dull greyish-white,
covered with a shining bronzed skin, reflecting metalHc lustres ; coarsely and
irregularly striate transversely, with a few coarser ridges towards the hinge ;
inside glossy, greyish white, with the margin plain ; beaks rather prominent
and pointed, a Httle inclining to the longer side."

* Lateral teeth smooth, shell fragile.

— 448. M. stultorum. — Shell subtriangular, slightly depressed
from the beaks at each extremity ; finely striated transversely,
with pale longitudinal rays.

Linn. Syst. i. 112G — TelHna radiata, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 87. t. xlix.

f. 30.— M. stult. Mont. Test. Brit. 94. Don. Brit. Shells, t. cvi. Turt.

Biv. Brit. 72 — Sandy coasts, common.

Length about 2, breadth about 2i inches ; shell thin, with a fine brownish

cuticle ; the strise at the anal angle are rough, from which to the beak the

depression has an obtuse mesial prominence ; the depression at the opposite

extremity is less distinct, and the mesial more prominent and compressed ;

beaks nearly central, and, together with the inside, purplish.

428 MOLLUSCA. MACTRADtE. Mactra.

449. M. cinerea. — Shell subtriangular ; beaks prominent,

incurved, from which there is a depression to both extremities.

Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 36. Turt. Biv. Brit. 73.— Weymouth and Paing-
ton Sands.

This species bears nearly the same relation to the preceding, as M.
truncata bears to M. solida. Its valves are more concave, more angulated,
and rather broader in proportion to their length. It is nearly destitute of
markings.

450. M. glauca. — Shell oval, flattish, inequilateral and striate

transversely, with the beaks incurved.

Don. Brit. Shells, t. cxxv. Mont. Test. Brit, nlxxi. Turt. Biv. Brit.
74 and 258. — Shores of Cornwall, rare.

Length nearly 2|, breadth 3h inches ; colour pale, with faint irregular
glaucous rays ; beaks recurved, not quite central, with a narrow gape under
them.

451. yL.fragilis. — " Shell oval-oblong, flattish, nearly equi-
lateral and smooth, with an angular flexure at the anterior
side."

Turt. Biv. Brit. 74. t. iv. f. 10 — Near Guernsey.

Length 1|, breadth near 2 inches, pale yellowish white, transparent,
smooth, except a few irregular obscure transverse ridges, angular at the
more produced side by a rib which runs obliquely from the hinge to the
margin ; beaks pointed, not quite central, with a depression under them, on
the shorter side." Dr Turton considers this as the true M. fragilis of Chem-
nitz.

452. M. dealbata. — Shell transversely oval ; finely striated
concentrically, inequilateral.

Pult. Dorset. 31. Mont. Test. Brit. 95. t. v. f. 1. Maton and Backett,
Linn. Trans, viii. 68. t. i. f. 10. — Weymouth, Mr Bryer.
Length 1 Jth, breadth lfth inches, Urn, pellucid, white; margin plain,
edge sharp. According to Montagu, the middle tooth in one valve is " broad,
bifurcated, angulated close to the beak ; lateral teeth not very remote ;"
while the authors of the Descriptive Catalogue quoted above, describe the hinge
thus, " cardo valvulae unius constat ex foviola triangulari, cum dente com-
plicate, antrorsum porrecto, et denticulo laterali, postice inclinato ; alterius
ex foviolis duabus triangularibus." It is probable that a more minute exa-
mination of the hinge in this and M. deaurata would lead to their insertion
in the genus Erycina of Lamarck.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. M. arcuata. — Ovate, smooth, back and anterior margin arched ; shell of
an uniform thickness ; posterior side smallest ; hinge narrow ; lateral teeth
striated. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. clx. f. 1. 6.— In Crag at Holywell.

2. M. dubia — Ovato-triangular, transversely elongated, smooth, thickened

towards the margin, sides equal. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. clx. f. 2, 3, 4 In

Crag.

3. M. ovalis. — Oval, equilateral, smooth, thickness uniform.— Sower. Min.
Conch, t. clx. f. 5. — In Crag.

Goodalia. MOLLUSCA. MACTRAD^E. 429

4. M. cuneata — Ovate, smooth, depressed towards the front, anterior
margin acute-angular.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. clx. f. 7- — In Crag.

Gen. CXIII. GOODALLIA.— Shell triangular, equivalve
inequilateral, closed ; hinge with two teeth in one valve,
and a triangular cavity between them ; in the other valve
a single tooth ; a lateral simple tooth in each valve on the
produced side.

453. G. triangularis. — Shell with the inner margin toothed.

Mactra tri. Mont. Test. Brit. 99. t. iii. f. 5.— G. tri. Turt. Biv. Brit. 77.
t. vi. f. 14. — English and Irish coasts.

Length 2 lines, hreadth 3 lines ; strong opake, smooth, white ; heats pro-
minent, ohtuse.

454. G. minutissima. — Shell with the inner margin plain.

Mactra min. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 37 — G. min. Turt. Biv. Brit. 77-
t. vi. f. 15 Coast of Devon and Cornwall.

This species resembles the preceding, but the shell is not quite so angu-
lated, nor so long in proportion to its hreadth ; nor has it ever occurred so
large.

Gen. CXIV. LEPTON.— Shell flat, nearly orbicular, equi-
valve inequilateral, a little open at the sides ; hinge of
one valve with a single tooth and a transverse linear lateral
one on each side of the other valve ; with a cavity in the
middle, and a transverse, deeply cloven, lateral tooth on
each side, the segments of which divaricate from the
beak.

— 455. L. squamosum. — Shell punctured in a scale-like man-
ner.

Solen squam. Mont. Test. Brit. 565.—-L. squam. Turt. Biv. Brit. 62. t. vi,
f. 1, 2, 3.

Length -j^ths, breadth Ts3ths of an inch ; pellucid, thin, white ; obscurely
wrinkled concentrically ; beak small, pointed ; inside with very fine longitu-
dinal strise radiating from the hinge.

456. L. nitidum. — Shell glossy, slightly striate transversely.

Turt. Biv. Brit. 63.. ..From corallines, in Torbay.

Shell half the size of the last, which it resembles in shape and hinge, but
is of a lucid, pale, glossy horn-colour, without punctures.

430 MOLLUSCA. MACTRAD^E. Kellia.

Gen. CXV. KELLIA. —Shell somewhat globular, equi-
valve, closed ; hinge with two approximate teeth, and a re-
mote lateral tooth in one valve, and a concave tooth and
remote lateral one in the other.

457. K. suborbicttlaris. — Shell equilateral, gibbous.

Mya sub. Mont. Test. Brit. 39. t. xxvi. f. vi.— Kellia sub. Turf. Biv.
Brit. 57- t. xi. f. 5, G — In cavities of limestone or the roots of sea-
weeds.

About half an inch in diameter ; cuticle thin, greenish, prismatic, faintly
striated ; valves convex, the ventral margin nearly straight, the ends round-
ed; beaks not very prominent, slightly turned to one side. Montagu con-
sidered it to be a borer, in limestone, in some situations, but apparently with-
out sufficient evidence.

- 468. K. rubra. — Shell slightly transverse, inequilateral.

Cardium laeve apice minuto, Walk. Test. Min. 24. t. iii. f. 86 Cardium

rubrum, Mont. Test. Brit. 83. t. xxvii. f. 4 — Kellia rubra, Turt. Biv.
Brit. 57. t. xi. f. 7, 8. — Crevices of marine rocks and roots of sea-weeds
towards low water-mark.

About the tenth of an inch in diameter, smooth, or appearing as if very
finely shagreened, of an uniform rich crimson, often paler, or covered with a
rough green or brown coat ; inside glossy purple ; beaks near one end, pro-
minent, under which the margin slopes in an incurved manner towards the
smaller end ; teeth minute, as in the last.— The preceding description is that
of Dr Turton, to which he has added, that, in the month of June, he has
found the old shells containing about twelve perfectly formed young ones.
I have found a shell in abundance, in Zetland, at the roots of sea- weeds to-
wards low water mark, agreeing with the preceding, except in the cuticle
being thin and of a pale greenish colour, with prismatic hues.

Gen. CXVI. LOM PES— Lenticular, teeth obsolete, behind
which is a linear marginal groove for the ligament ; sy-
phons short, united, the foot long and cylindrical.

459- L. lacteus. — Orbicular, nearly equilateral, slightly trun-
cated retrally.

Tellina lactea, Linn. Syst. i. 1119. Mont. Test. Brit. 10. t. ii. f. 4.—

Lucina lactea, Turt. Biv. Brit. 112. t. vii. f. 4, 5.— English shores.

Diameter about three quarters of an inch ; whitish ; irregularly striated

transversely ,_ beaks prominent, slightly inclining, before which is a small lu-

nule; a plain tooth in one valve closing between two plain ones in the

other.

460. L. leucoma.— Shell with regular transverse stria?.

Lucina leucoma, Turt. Biv. Brit. 113. t. vii. f. 8 South shores of Eng-
land.

Resembles greatly the last, but is distinguished, according to Dr Turton,
by a greater convexity, by more regular, crowded, raised, transverse strise,
which are crossed by extremely fine longitudinal lines ; the last, however,
not alwavs visible.

.

Ervii.ia. MOLLUSCA. MACTRAMJ. 431

Gen.CXVII. ERVILIA. — Shell oval, equi valve, inequilateral,
closed ; hinge with a single strong erect cloven tooth in
one valve, closing into a deep cleft between two small la-
minar divergent elevations in the other,

— 461. E. nitens. — Beaks prominent, rounded at both extre-
mities, regularly and finely striated concentrically.

Mya nitens, Laskey, Wern. Mem. i. 375, t. viii. f. 4. Mont. Test. Brit.
Sup. 165 Ervilia nitens, Turt. Biv. Brit. 5C, t. xix. f. 4 — At Dim-
bar, Mr Laskey.

Length nearly a quarter of an inch, a little more in breadth ; flattish, a
little tapering at the longest side ; colour glossy pink ; margin entire.

Gen.CXVIII. AMPHIDESMA.— Shell inequilateral; hinge
with a projection for the support of the internal cartilage
in each valve, and one or two small adjacent teeth.

* No lateral teeth.

— 462. A. comvexum. — Shell convex, transversely ovate, round-
ed anteally, truncate retrally.

Mya declivis, Don. Brit. Shells, t. lxxxii — Anatina con. Turt. Biv. Brit.
44. t. iv. f. 1, 2 — Sandy bays, rare.

Length l£, breadth nearly 24 inches ; very convex, thin, and brittle, of a
rusty white colour ; irregularly wrinkled concentrically, with two or three ob-
solete longitudinal folds ; support for the ligament narrow.

— 463. A. pubescens. — Shell slightly compressed, transverse,

anteally rounded, retrally broadly truncate ; surface rough.

Mya pubescens, Pult. Dorset. 27- Mont. Test. Brit. 40 — Anatina pub.
Turt. Biv. Brit. 45. t. 4. f. 3 — Southern shores of England.

Length 2, breadth 2^ inches ; white, the surface of the shell closely cover-
ed with minute tubercles, giving it a rough aspect ; slightly wrinkled by the
lines of growth, ventral margin and the dorsal one behind the beaks nearly
straight, the latter with a contiguous ridge ; support for the ligament broad,
with an elevated retral margin. This is probably the Mya declivis of Pennant,
Brit. Zool. iv. 7'J. and the young state of which, seems to be the Tellinafra-
gilis of the same author, lb. 86. t. xlvii. f. 26.

464. A. truncatum. — Convex, wedge-shaped, anteal end

short, obliquely truncate.

Anatina truncata, Turt. Biv. Brit. 46. t. iv. f. 6. — In cavities of rocks.
— Torbay.

Length J, breadth fths of an inch; rough, striate transversely; anteally,
the dorsal margin slopes rapidly, the retral margin is truncate ; the retro-
dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight.

In the three preceding species, the support for the ligament is triangular,
and the point of attachment is the centro-umbonal margin ; in the remain-
big species, the point of attachment is on the flat surface of the tooth, which
is parallel with the mesial plane.

432 MOLLUSCA. MACTRAD^. Amphidksma.

465. A. compressum. — Triangularly ovate, compressed,
rounded at both extremities.

Concha tenuis, List. An. Ang. 174. Conch, t. cclii. f. 88. — Venus borea-
lis, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 96 — Tellina plana, Don. Brit. Shells, t. lii.
f. 1. — Ligula compressa, Mont. Test. Brit. 96 — Listera compressa,
Turt. Biv. Brit. 51. t. v. f. 1. — In the mud of estuaries.

Length lT85th, breadth 2 T3sth inches; thin, translucent, yellowish-white,
finely but irregularly striated by the lines of growth ; beaks very small ; a
single tooth in one valve locking into a bifid tooth in the opposite, adjacent
to the ligament.

466. A. declive. — Compressed, oval-oblong, angular, trun-
cate., and open retrally.

Mya declivis, Mont. Test. Brit. t. i. f. 2 — Anatina declivis, Turt. Biv.
Brit. 47 — Torbay, Dr Turton.

Length 1, breadth 1^ inches ; slightly compressed, white, minutely sha-
greened, beak nearest the retral extremity ; anteal extremity broad, round-
ed. This species nearly resembles the A. pubescens, but is distinguished, ac-
cording to Dr Turton, " by the large oval projecting teeth, which extend
forwards, and have no lateral attachment."

467. A. prcetenue.— Shell slightly compressed, transversely
ovate, and rounded at both extremities.

Mya prsetenuis, Pult. Dorset. 28. Mont. Test. Brit. 41.— Anatina
praet. Turt. Biv. Brit. 48. t. iv. f. 4 — Southern shores of England.

Length 1 inch, breadth \\ ; rough, retral extremity longest. It is distin-
guished from the preceding by its rounded retral extremity.

468. A. distortum. — Convex, suborbicular, wrinkled.

Mya distorta, Mont. Test. Brit. 42. t. i. f. 1. — Anatina dist. Turt. Biv.
Brit. 48. t. iv. f. 5. — In crevices of rocks, rare.

Diameter nearly an inch ; variable in form from confined situations in
which it occurs ; rough, wrinkled by the layers of growth ; distinguished
readily from the preceding by the rounded projecting support for the liga-
ment.

** Hinge, with a lateral tooth on each side, in one of the

valves.

469- A. prismaticum. — Transversely oblong, rounded an-

teally, pointed retrally.

Mya prismatica, Laskey, Wern. Mem. i. 377> Mont. Test. Brit. Sup.
23. t. xxvi. f. 3.— A. prism. Turt. Biv. Brit. 52. t. v. f. 3 — Sandy
bays.

Length half an inch, breadth an inch; thin, transparent, glossy, and iri-
descent ; obsoletely striated concentrically, ventral margin slightly rounded ;
a single erect tooth in both valves, with corresponding pits for their recep-
tion. A specimen, presented to me by Mr Laskey, by whom the shell was
first discovered, is greatly more obtuse at the retral extremity.

470. A. album. — Transversely ovate, subtriangular ; round-
ed at both ends, the beak nearest the retral extremity.

4

Donax. MOLLUSCA. DONACID.E. 433

Mactra alba, Wood, Linn. Trans, vi. 174. t. xvi. f. 9-12. Ligula Boy-
sii, Mont. Test. Brit. 98. t. iii. f. 7 — Amphidesina Boysii, Turt. Biv.
Brit. 53. t. v. f. 4, 5 — Sandy shores, frequent.
Length half' an inch, breadth three-quarters, glossy, pellucid ; slopes from
the beak on both sides ; the ventral margin rather suddenly rounded; a sin-
gle umbonal denticle in each valve, and a large lateral tooth on each side in
one valve ; it is readily distinguished by its shortness and pellucidity.

471. A. tenue. — Subtriangular, equilateral with a rounded
ventral margin.

Ligula tennis, Mont. Test. Brit 572. t. xvii. f. 7-— A. tenue, Turt. Biv.

Brit. 53.— South coast of England.

Length a quarter of an inch, breadth a little more ; white, concentrically

wrinkled, compressed, beaks produced, central ; hinge with one bifurcated

tooth, and a remote lateral one in one valve, and a single plain tooth in the

other.

DONACIDiE.

Gen. CXIX. DONAX.— Transversely subtriangular, retral-
ly short and truncated ; hinge with two teeth in both
valves ; lateral teeth rather remote.

* Inner margin crenulated.

-472. D. trunculus. — Shell with numerous minute simple
longitudinal striae, becoming obsolete towards the anteal extre-
mity.

Tellina intus ex viola purpurascens, in ambitu serrata, List. An. Ang

190; Conch, t. ccclxxvi. f. 217 — D. trull. Linn. Syst. i. 1127. Penn.

Brit. Zool. iv. 93. t. Iv. Mont. Test. Brit. 103. Turt. Biv. Brit. 123.

—Sandy shores, common.
Length five-eighths of an inch, breadth one inch and a quarter ; a yellow-
ish-white cuticle, inside purple, retrally obliquely truncated, the anal angle
rounded; anteally compressed, rounded, with the dorsal margin nearly
straight.

473. D. denticulata. — Shell with numerous tine punctured
longitudinal striae.

o

Tellina purpurascens, List. Conch, t. ccclxxvi. f. 218. — D. dent. Linn.
Syst. i. 1127. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 93. Mont. Test. Brit. 104. Turt.

Biv. Brit. 124 English shores, rare.

Length about half an inch, breadth an inch ; whitish, rayed with purple.
It is more suddenly truncated retrally than the preceding species, and rough
with ridges.

** Inner margin entire.

474. D. complanata, — Transversely elongated, smooth, with
a longitudinal white band.

vol. 1. e e

434 MOLLUSCA. DONACIDiE. Capsa.

Tellina variegata, List. Conch, t. ccclxxxiv. — D. comp. Mont. Test. Brit.
10G. Turt. Biv. Brit. 125. — English shores, rare.

Length three-quarters of an inch, breadth an inch and a half; glossy, va-
riegated, with a white band from the beak towards the anal angle ; a few ob-
solete concentric furrows, the inside purple ; retral extremity more produced
than in either of the preceding species.

475. D. plebeia. — Triangularly ovate, smooth, with two lon-
pitudinal fulvous bands.

o

Tellina parva, List. Conch, t. ccclxxxix. Pult. Dorset. 32. Mont. Test.
Brit. 107- t. v. f, 2. Turt. Biv. Brit. 12C — English and Scottish
shores, rare.

Length half an inch, breadth three-quarters; broad, thick and strong; yel-
lowish ; the teeth large ; the fulvous bands are sometimes absent.

476. D. rubra. — Wedge-shaped, smooth, uniformly red.

Mont. Test, Brit. Sup. 38. Turt. Biv. Brit. 129. t. x. f. 14— Southern
shores of England, rare.
About an eighth of an inch in diameter, semitransparent ; inside reddish ;
beaks prominent.

Gen. CXX. CAPSA. — Shell transverse, abbreviated an-
teally ; hinge with two teeth in both valves ; no lateral
teeth.

477. C. castanea. — Strong, transversely oblong, with a few
obsolete concentric ridges.

Donax cast. Mont. Test. Brit. 573. t. xvii. f. 2 — Capsa cast. Turt. Biv.

Brit. 128. t. x. f. 13 Southern shores of England, rare.

Length a quarter, and breadth half an inch ; chesnut, with a deeper co-
loured curved band from the hinge towards the longest side ; inside chesnut,
margin plain ; one of the teeth large, the other small, in each valve.

Gen. CXXI. TELLINA.— Shell transverse or suborbicu-
lar, with a flexuous plait at the posterior side ; hinge with
two teeth in one or both valves ; lateral^ ones generally re-
mote.

* With two teeth in one valve, and the shell oval.

478. T. fragilis. — Transversely ovate, subsulcated by the
layers of growth ; retrally truncated.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 86. t. xlvii. f. 26 — English shores.
Length nine-tenths, breadth one inch and three-tenths ; white ; the left
valve largest ; the striae wrinkled behind the fold ; indistinct longitudinal
striae, and some minute oblique ones, apparently confined to the cuticle ; in-
side striated near the margin at which the shell is slightly bevelled ; an in-
distinct ridge irom the beak to the posterior muscular impression ; no lateral
teeth. The specimens in my possession which agree with the figure in
44 British Zoology," have the teeth indistinct.

Tellina. MOLLUSCA. DONACID.E. 435

479. T. llncata. — Shell oval, with crowded transverse striae,
one valve double toothed, one of the teeth cloven, with a lateral
one on each side, the other valve with a single cloven tooth and
no lateral ones.

Turt. Biv. Brit. 99. t. vii. f. 1 — Teignmouth Bay.
Length fths, breadth |ths of an inch; white, with a pale and longitudinal
stripe from the beaks to the oral extremity ; thin, semitransparent, with nu-
merous fine transverse striae, strongest al the extremities.

480. T. punkea. — Oval, oblong, with transverse stria?, and
minute longitudinal ones ; one valve double toothed, with a
single lateral one, the other with a single primary and lateral
tooth.

Turt. Lin. Trans, iv. 194— T. laeta, Pult. Dorset. 29. Mont. Test. Brit

57 T. inaequistriata, Don. Brit. Shells, t. cxxiii — T. punicea, TurL

Biv. Brit. 100. — South coast of England and Dunbar, rare.
Length three-quarters of an inch, breadth upwards of an inch; variously
tinged with pink ; the concentric striae are regular and strong ; one of the
primary teeth bifid, the lateral one contiguous, broad and oblique.

—481. T.Jabula. — Shell oval, contracted retrally; the left
valve obliquely striated.

Turt. Linn. iv. 194 Don. Brit. Shells, t. xcvii — Mont. Test. Brit. 61.

Turt. Biv. Brit. 101 — Sandy coasts, common.

Length half an inch, breadth three quarters ; thin, glossy, white and iri-
descent ; concentrically striated irregularly ; a single tooth in the right valve,
with a minute adjacent denticle ; two teeth in the left, and a rounded lateral
one.

482. T. simil'is. — Shell oval, with both valves obliquely stria-
ted.

Sower. Brit. Misc. t. lxxv. — Turt. Biv. Brit. 102 — Southern shores of
England.
This shell is not so broad as the preceding, being broader and more abbre-
viated retrally ; the oblique striae are finer and more remote, and there is a
lateral tooth in each margin.

— 483. T. donaclna. — Shell oval, transversely striate, very ob-
tuse anteally ; in one valve two teeth, and a lateral one on each
side ; in the other a single primary tooth.

Linn. Syst. i. 1118 Mont. Test. Brit. 58. t. xxvii. f. 3 — Turt. Biv.

Brit. 103 Various parts of the coast, rare.

Length three quarters, breadth one inch and a quarter ; yellowish, with
red, often interrupted, longitudinal rays ; hinge with a single cloven tooth in
one valve, and no lateral ones ; in the other, two teeth, one of them cloven,
and a strong, rather remote, lateral tooth on each side.

— 484. T. bimaculata. — Oval-triangular, slightly striate trans-
versely, a little angular retrally ; in one valve two teeth, and
lateral ones ; in the other a single tooth, and lateral ones.

T. lata, List. Conch, t. ccclxxxv — T. bim. Linn. [Syst. 1120 — Don. Brit-
Shells, t. xix. f. 1 Mont. Test. Brit. 69 — Turt, Biv. Brit. 103. t. viii.

f. 5.

e e 2

436 MOLLUSCA. DONACID^. Tellina.

Length half an inch, breadth a little more, with two red spots under the
beaks, or with interrupted sagittate rays.

485. T. squalida. — Oval-oblong ; produced and pointed re-

trally ; in one valve two teeth, and a single lateral one ; in the

other a single tooth and two lateral ones.

Pult. Dorset. 29.— Mont. Test. Brit. 56.— T. depressa, Don. Brit. Shells,
t. clxiii. — Turt. Biv. Brit. 105 — English and Irish coasts.

Length about an inch, breadth nearly two inches ; colour reddish ; concen-
trically striated, with irregular ridges of growth.

** With two teeth in each valve, and the shell oval.

486. T. striata. — Oval-triangular, with crowded transverse
striae, and minute longitudinal ones ; each valve with two lateral
teeth.

Mont. Test. Brit. 60. t. xxvii. f. 2.— Turt. Biv. Brit. 106 — Southern
shores of England, rare.
Length an inch, breadth three quarters ; rosy-white, with fine and regular
concentric striae.

487. T. tenuis. — Oval-triangular ; irregularly striate trans-
versely ; one of the valves with a lateral tooth.

T. levis, List. Conch, t. ccccv. f. 251 — T. planata, Penn. Brit. Zoo\. iv.

87. t. xlviii. f. 29 T. tenuis, Don. Brit. Shells, t. xix. f. 2 — Mont. Test.

Brit, lix Turt. Biv. Brit. 107 — Sandy shores, common.

Length about half an inch, breadth three quarters; reddish, with generally
deeper bands ; compressed, somewhat truncated, and angular at the
anal extremity.

*** In each valve two teeth, and the shell somezvhat orbicular.

488. T. maculata. — Suborbicular, and equivalve, with rough
transverse striae, and minute longitudinal ones, each valve with
two lateral teeth.

Turt. Biv. Brit. 108 — Bantry Bay.
Length an inch, breadth an inch and quarter ; whitish, with dark irregular
spots ; the interstices of the distinct concentric striae are longitudinally stria-
ted, which gives a roughness to the aspect of the shell — This is probably
identical with T. obtusa of Sowerby, Min. Conch, t. clxxix. f. 4, a reputed
crag fossil.

489- T. crassa. — Suborbicular, unequivalve, nearly equilate-
ral, with transverse stria?, and obscure longitudinal ones ; the
left valve with a remote lateral tooth on each side.

Pectunculus planus, List. Conch, t. 299. — T. crassa, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv.
87- 1. xlviii. f. 28 — T. proficua, Pult. Dorset. 29. Mont. Test. Brit.
69. T. reticulata, Maton and Rackett, Linn. Trans, viii. 54. t. i. f. 9.
T. fausta, Pult. Dorset. 29. Mont. Test. Brit. 64. Don. Brit. Shells,
t. xcviii. rigida, ib. t. ciii. — Southern shores of England and Ireland,
rare in Scotland.

Length from 1 to 2 inches, and a little more in breadth ; strong, semitrans-
parent, whitish, tinged with yellow, or rayed longitudinally with pink ; left

Psammobia. MOLLUSCA. PSAMMOBIADJE. 437

valve shallow ; internally a ridge from the beak to the anteal muscular im.
pression.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1 . T. obliqua Nearly orbicular, convex, oblique, smooth ; anterior side

slightly defined by a longitudinal wave Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxi. f. 1. —

Crag.

2. T. ovata. — Ovate, convex, smooth ; equilateral, with a slight retral
wave Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxi. f. 2 — Crag.

3. T. obtusa Transversely ovate, convex, concentrically striated ; margin

obtuse ; sides very unequal. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxix. f. 4— In Crag.

4. T. Branderi Obovate, depressed, smooth, with a small sinus on the

anterior margin; beak rather prominent. — (T. bimaculata, Brander, f. 102.) —
Soiver. Min. Conch, t. ccccii. f. 1— London Clay.

5. T.Jilosa Obovate, depressed, transversely striated ; posterior side an-
gular; anterior rounded; striae elevated, acute, numerous, enlarged poste-
riorly.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccii. f. 2. — London Clay.

6. T. ambigua. — Oval, elongated, convex, obscurely sulcated ; left valve
thickest, curved, and with only one huge tooth. — Sower. Min. Conch, cccciii.
— London Clay.

7. T. slriatula — Transversely elliptico-lanceolate, convex, smooth ; poste-
rior part shortest, longitudinally striate ; striae obscure. — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. cccclvi. f. 1. — Green Sand.

8. T. ineqvalis. — Oval, convex, smooth ; posterior extremity obtuse ; its
surface finely striated from the beak ; anterior side largest, rounded.— Sower.
Min. Conch, t. cccclvi. f. 2. — Green Sand.

Gen. CXXIL— PSAMMOBIA.— Shell transverse, oblong, or
oval, a little gaping, with a flexure from the beak to the
anal angle ; hinge with two teeth in one or both the valves ;
lateral teeth none.

* With two teeth in one of the valves only.

-490. V.jlorida. — Oval-oblong, with close-set transverse striae,

and minute longitudinal ones.

Turt. Biv. Brit. 86. t. vi. f. 9 — English and Irish coasts.

Length half an inch, breadth an inch, rather convex ; variously marked
with different colours ; sloping gently from the beaks ; nearly equally round-
ed at both extremities ; a single cloven tooth in one valve, and a cavity on
each side for the reception of the two teeth of the opposite valve.

491. P. costulata. — Oval-oblong, with transverse striae, and

minute longitudinal ones, and oblique longitudinal ribs at the

posterior end.

Turt. Biv. Brit. 87. t. vi. f. 8 Torbay.

Length half an inch, breadth an inch ; variously coloured ; dorsal margin
nearly even ; slightly truncated obliquely on the retral extremity, where

438 MOLLUSCA. PSAMMOBIAM]. Psammobia.

there are about twelve longitudinal ribs ; a slightly cloven tooth in one valve,
closing between two in the other, one of which is slightly cloven.

492. P. fragilis. — Suboval, tumid, flexuous and produced

at the posterior end, with transverse laminal stria?, and minute

longitudinal ones.

Tellina fragilis, Linn. Syst. i. 117- — T. jugosa, Brown, Wern. Mem. ii.

506. t. xxiv. f. 2— P. fragilis, Turt. Biv. Brit. 88. t. vii. f. 11, 12

Coast of Ireland.

Length about an inch, breadth an inch and a half; brownish; very tumid
at the larger end, and sloping to a rough flexuous point at the other ; teeth
strong, elevated ; in one valve a cloven tooth, with a cavity on each side for
the reception of the two teeth of the opposite valve.

493. P. Laskeyi. — Oval-oblong; slightly contracted retrally,

with a few obsolete concentric ridges.

Tellina Lask. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 28. t. xxviii. f. 3 — Frith of Forth,
Mr Laskey.

Length half an inch, breadth three quarters ; purplish white, with an oval
cuticle ; beaks slightly prominent, retrally ; slightly obtuse; two approximate
subbifid teeth in one valve, and a single tooth in the other.

— 494. P. Ferroensis. — Transversely-oblong ; obliquely trun-
cated retrally ; concentrically striated, with a few longitudinal
ribs behind the fold.

Tellina rufo maculata, List. Conch, t. cccxciv. — T. incarnata, Venn. Brit.
Zool. iv. 88. t. xlvii. f. 31.— T. Fer. Mont. Test. Brit. 55 — P. Fer.
Turt. Biv. Brit. 94. — Sandy bays, common.

Length three quarters of an inch, breadth two inches; reddish, with longi-
tudinal rays; compressed; rounded anteally ; concentric striae distinct, espe-
cially behind the fold, where they are decussated on the longitudinal ridges,
the markings strongest on the left valve ; hinge with two teeth in each valve,
one large and bifid.

— 495. P. soliclula. — Suborbicular, slightly angular retrally,
with minute transverse stria?, and distant obsolete ridges of
growth.

&

Concha parva, List. An. Aug. 175 — Conch, t. ccccv. f. 251. — T. carnaria,
Venn. Brit. Zool. iv. 88. t. 49. f. 32 — T. sol. Mont. Test. Brit. 63.—
P. sol. Turt. Biv. Brit. 95. — On gravelly shores imbedded near low
water-mark.

Length about three quarters of an inch ; breadth a little more ; white,
more or less tinged or banded with pink ; convex ; the cartilage side sloping
rather suddenly.

496. P. rotundata. — Nearly orbicular ; convex ; beaks pro-
minent, with numerous obsolete transverse stria?.

Tellina rot. Mont. Test. Brit. 71- 1. ii. f. 3.— Lucina rot. Turt. Biv. Brit-
114. t. vii. f. 3. — South coasts of England and Ireland.

Diameter about an inch ; yellowish-white ; thin, translucent ; slightly trun-
cated retrally ; beaks a little inclining ; hinge with two teeth in one valve,
the largest bifid, and slightly diverging ; inner margin slightly striate longi-
tudinally.

AsfAitxE. MOLLUSCA. PSAMMOBIAD^E. 439

497. P. polygona. — Subovate, with transverse and minute

longitudinal striae ; retral extremity angular, and undulate at

the margin.

Tellina pol. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 27. t. xxviii. f. 4 — P. pol. Turt. Biv.
Brit. 96.— Frith of Forth Mr Laskey.

Length half an inch, breadth a little more ; whitish ; anteally rounded ;
teeth, in one valve, two, large and distinct ; in the other a large triangular
bifid tooth, with an approximate small one.

"- 498. P. strigillatus. — Oblong, striate in two directions on the

anteal side, with one of the teeth oblique and laminar.

Chama angusta, List. Conch, t. ccccxvi. — P. stri. Turt. Biv. Brit. 97« t; vi.
f. 13 Torbay and Cornwall.

Length an inch, breadth 2 inches ; narrower at the retral side ; yellowish-
white ; ventral margin straight ; about 30 longitudinal striae.

499. P- scopula. — Kidney-shaped ; striate in two directions

on the l'etral side, with all the teeth erect.

Turt. Biv. Brit. 98. t. G. f. 11, 12. Exmouth.

Length three-eighths, breadth six-eighths ; glossy white It is distin-
guished from the last by the sides being more open where the valves are a
little reflected ; in the middle there is an evident contraction ; the oblique
.striae are not more than 20, the beaks are more prominent, and the teeth are
all erect, and close together.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

L P. solida.— Transversely elongated, depressed, tumid, nearly smooth,
slightly curved ; an obtuse carina marks the retral side.— Sower. Min. Conch,
t. 342. — Upper marine formation, Headon Hill.

Gen. CXXIII. AST ARTE.— Suborbicular or transverse;
subinequilateral ; hinge with two diverging teeth ; a de-
pression before the beaks ; impression of the cloak entire,
exhibiting no syphon cicatrix. — This genus, instituted by
Sowerby (Min. Conch, ii. 85.), is identical with the subse-
quently announced Crassina of Lamarck.

* Margm crenulated.

500. A. sulcata. — Shell suborbicular, flattish, with broad,
concentric furrows, obsolete towards the beaks and sides.

Venus sulcata, Mont. Test. Brit. 131. — England, and north of Scotland.
Diameter about seven-eighths of an inch ; white, with an opake brown cu-
ticle ; strong and thick ; beaks prominent, inclining, under which is a lanceo-
late depression ; cartilage side likewise depressed, but narrower, exterior
margin rounded ; inside white, smooth and glossy at the margin, the middle
dull and rough ; edge crenulated ; hinge with three teeth in one valve, the
middle one larger than the others, with a deep cavity in one valve, into which
the two teeth of the other valve lock. Montagu states his having received
this shell as English from Mr Sowerby, and that according to Mr Swainson,

MO MOLLUSCA. PSAMMOBIADJ5. Astaetjs.

it is known in the north of Scotland by the trivial name of " Brown circular
furrowed northern Cockle" — a descriptive epithet we have not heard of, and
which seems somewhat different from the usual provincial appellations.

501. A. Danmonice. — Shell transversely ovate, with strong,

regular, equidistant, concentric smooth ridges.

Venus Dan. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 45. t. xxix. f. 4 Crassina sulcata,

Turt. Biv. Brit. 131. t. xi. f. 1, 2 — English and Scottish coasts.

Length an inch, breadth an inch and a quarter ; shell white, with a dark-
brown cuticle ; beaks nearly central, inclining, below which is a lanceolate
depression ; margin within glossy and crenulated ; teeth, two in each valve.

* Margin plain.

— 502. A. Scotica. — Shell transversely ovate, with strong, re-
gular, equidistant, concentric, smooth ridges.

Venus Scotica, Maton and Ilackelt, Linn. Trans, viii. pt. 1. t. ii. f. 3.

Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 44 — Crassina Scotica, Turt. Biv. Brit. 130.
t. xi. f. 3, 4— Various parts of the coast, from Devon to Zetland.

Length T75ths, breadth an inch ; white with a brown cuticle. It is princi-
pally distinguished from the preceding by the greater compression of the
ventral margin, the shortness of the lunule, and in the inside being less
rough, and the margin entire.

503. A. compressa. — Shell subtriangular, rounded in front ;

beaks very prominent, and inclining ; obsoletely and irregularly

sulcatcd transversely.

Venus compressa, Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 43. t. xxvi. f. 1 — Maton and
Rackctt, Linn. Trans, viii. t. ii. f. 2 — Cyprina compressa, Turt. Biv.
Brit. 13C. t. xi. f. 20-23 — Coast of Scotland.

Diameter about half an inch ; shell white, with a brown cuticle ; cartilage
slope but little rounded ; the depression in front of the beaks sudden. While
the figure in the Linn. Trans, above quoted belongs to this species, the de-
scription is that of A. sulcata. I possess dead valves from St Andrew's Bay
upwards of an inch and three-tenths in length. Is this distinct from Cras-
sina semisulcata of Dr Leach, Annals of Philosophy, xiv. 204. ? Even by the
aid of authentic specimens, I have failed to procure a specific difference.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

I. A. lurida — Transversely oblong, convex, depressed, with many trans-
verse undulations ; lunette elliptical, sharp ; margin crenulated within, near-
ly straight ventrally.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. exxxvii. f. 1 Inferior Oolite.

2. A. clegan-s — Transversely oblong, convex, depressed, with many small
transverse costa?, lunette cordate ; margin crenulated within.— Sower. Min.
Conch, t. exxxvii. f. 3 — Inferior Oolite.

3. A. cuneaia — Subcordate, acuminated, gibbose, with small transverse
costae; lunette cordate; margin entire within. — Sower. Min. Conch, t.cxxxvii.
f. 2.— Upper Oolite.

4. A. plana — Nearly orbicular, depressed, surface plain ; lunette elongated,
acute, deep; margin entire.— Sower. Min. Conch. 179. £ 2.— Crag?

5. A. obliquata Obovate, transversely depressed ; with many oblique con-
centric striae upon the surface ; margin crenulated. — Sower. Min. Conch-
t, clxxix. f. 3 In Crag.

Astarm. MOLLUSCA. LUCINAD^. 441

6. A. lineata Obovate, transversely depressed ; slightly truncated ; with

a few concentric acute ridges, and many minute intervening striae upon the
surface ; lunette lanceolate, small ; margin entire — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. clxxix. f. 1. — Upper Oolite.

"}. A. excavata Obovate, convex, concentrically costated, truncated re-

trallv ; lunette hemispherical, excavated ; cartilage enclosed in a sulcus ;
margin toothed.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxxxiii — Under Oolite.

8. A. planata.—- Transversely obovate, gibbose, with small obtuse concentric
ridges ; edges crenulated ; lunette concave — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclvii —
In Crag.

9. A. rugata Obovate, anteriorly subtruncated, when young transversely

costated, afterwards slightly wrinkled ; edge internally crenulated ; lunette
concave, obovate, pointed — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. cccxi — London Clay.

10. A. obovata Obovate, uniformly convex, corrugated ; lunette com-
pressed ; anterior margin subtruncated, inner edge crenulated — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. cccliii. — Iron Sand.

11. A. trigonalis Cordato-triangular, depressed, transversely sulcated ;

beak pointed ; anterior side separated by an angle, smooth. — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. ccccxliv. f. 1. — Inferior Oolite.

12. A. orbicularis. — Lenticular, with many concentric reflected lamellae up-
on its surface ; edge smooth. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxliv. f. 2, 3. — Upper
Oolite.

13. A. pumila. — Obliquely obovate, slightly convex, with numerous con-
centric ridges ; edge crenated within.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccxliv. f. 4.
5, 6.— "Upper Oolite,

14. A. striata Lenticular, transversely striated ; lunette ovate, flat, deep-
ly sunk, shell thick — Soioer. Min. Conch, t. dxx. f. 1 — Green Sand.

15. A. orbicularis.-^ Lenticular, rather gibbose, concentrically furrowed ;
furrows small ; posterior surface plaited with an angle at its edge, lunette
elongated, very deep. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. dxx. f. 2. — Oolite.

16. A. imbricata. — Cordate, orbicular, largely imbricated, convex; tooth in
the left valve beneath the lunette small ; lunette elongated, flat ; hinge line

arched ; edge finely crenulated. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxxi. f. 1 Suffolk,

Crag.

17- A. nitida — Transversely obovate, angular above, rather depressed, mi-
nutely sulcated near the beaks, the rest even ; beaks pointed ; lunette lan-
ceolate ; edge crenated — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxxi. f. 2. — Suffolk, Crag.

18. A. bipartita. — Obcordate, gibbose ; six or eight large undulations upon
a flat space near the beak, the rest of the surface even ; beaks acute ; edge
toothed. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxxi. f. 3. — Suffolk, Crag.

I J). A. oblonga. — Transversely oblong, convex ; surface largely waved ;

beaks small ; lunette cordate, pointed, concave ; edge crenated Sower. Min.

Conch, t. Dxxi. f. 4. — Suffolk, Crag.

Gen. CXXIV. LUCINA. — Orbicular, two teeth in each valve,
with lateral teeth.

* Str'ice. concentric.

"• 504. L. radula, — Shell with numerous raised stria?, and shal-
low, broad, intervening spaces.

442 MOLLUSC A. LUCINADiE. Lucina

Pectunculus subfuscus, List. Conch, t. ccxciii — Tellina radula, Mont.
Test. Brit. 68. t.ii. f. 1, 2 — Venus borealis, Don. Brit. Shells, t.cxxx.
— L. radula, Turt. Biv. Brit. 116 — Deep water on various parts of the
coast.

Diameter about an inch and a half; white; lenticular, the margin slightly
irregular retrally ; beak prominent, slightly inclining ; the concentric striae
in the young shell are very regular (in which slate it appears to be the L. alba
of Dr Turton, Biv. Brit. 114. t. vii. f. 6, 7.), but with age they become irre-
gular, and less distinct towards the margin ; one of the hinge teeth cloven ;
right valve with an anterior lateral tooth.

505. L. Jlexuosa. — Obsoletely striated transversely; the beaks

prominent, and the retral margin much waved.

Tellina flexuosa, Mont. Test. Brit. 72 — Cryptodon flexuosus, Turt. Biv.
Brit. 121. t. vii. f. 9, 10 — Not uncommon from Devon to Zetland.

Diameter scarcely half an inch ; white, thin and translucent ; two grooves
on the retral extremity, extending from the beaks to the margin, and a
rounded depression before the beaks ; the teeth are indistinct, seldom more
than one tooth developed in each valve. It bears a very close resemblance
to L. pennsylvanica, List. Conch, t. cccv.

** Strice oblique and arched (Strigella of Turton).

506. L. carnaria. — Oval, inequilateral, with oblique stria? in

three directions, forming acute angles retrally, and waved arches

anteally.

Pectunculus tenuis, List. Conch, t. cccxxxix. — Tellina carnaria, Linn.

Syst. i. 1119 Pult. Dorset, xxx — Don. Brit. Shells, t. xlvii Mont.

Test. Brit. 73 — Strigilla carnaria, Tuft. Biv. Brit. 117 — Weymouth
and Poole, Dr Pulteney.

Diameter about |ths of an inch ; white, more or less tinged with rose-co-
lour, back a little inclining, under which is an oval impression.

507. L. pisiformis. — Shell somewhat globular, and nearly

equilateral, with oblique longitudinal striae on one side, forming

acute angles, on the other waved.

Tellina pisiformis, Linn. Syst. i.11120. — Cardium discors, Mont. Test.
Brit. 84 — Strigilla pisiformis, Turt. Biv. Brit. 119 — One dead speci-
men found at Falmouth by Mr Montagu.

Diameter about a quarter of an inch ; convex, glossy white ; beaks small,
inclining ; two teeth in one valve, one of which is very small, one in the
other, with remote lateral teeth like laminae. The Strigilla divaricata of
" Bivalvia Britannica," appears to belong to this species. " Shell half an
inch in diameter, white, thin, brittle, orbicular, with a slight flexuosity on
the hinder side, rather convex, with regular but not very close striae, which
form rather oblique curved lines, and turn off" at both the sides nearly in
right angles ; beaks central, very prominent ; hinge with a single cloven
tooth in one valve, closing between two plain ones in the other ; the lateral
teeth remote and small." Shores of Teignmouth.

508. L. arcuata. — Orbicular, with oblique doubly waved stria?.

Cardium ar. Mont. Test. Brit. 85. t, 3. f. 2 — Falmouth harbour.

Diameter about half an inch ; white, thin, fragile, finely and regularly
striated obliquely, with a few irregular concentric furrows ; beak central,
pointed and arching; hinge with one primary tooth in each valve, lateral
teeth remote.

Myrtea. MOLLUSCA. VENERID^. 443

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. L. divaricatula Orbicular, gibbose, marked with two sets "of oblique

arched stride, and three or four deep lines of growth.— Sower. Min. Conch.

t. ccccxvii. London Clap. — Lamark and Sowerby agree in ^considering it as

identical with the recent L. divaricata of the West Indies !

2. L. mitts Orbicular, convex, ornamented with minute longitudinal

strije, and numerous small regular concentric laminae ; lunette oval, very con-
cave ; cardinal teeth obscure, no lateral tooth.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dlvii.
— London Clay.

3. L. antiquata Orbicular, convex, ornamented with concentric laminae ;

surface irregular; anterior side angular; lunette flat, lanceolate. — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. Dlvii. f. 2 — In Crag.

4. L. crassa Nearly orbicular, convex ; covered with thick slightly ele-
vated concentric laminae ; superior margin obtuse ; lunette linear ; concealed ;
valve thick. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dlvii. £ 3.— Oolite.

Gen. CXXV. MYRTEA.—" Oval-triangular, equivalve,
nearly equilateral, closed ; hinge of one valve, with a single
tooth and lateral one each side ; of the other valve, two
teeth, the lateral ones obscure.'" — Turton.

509. M. Spinifera. — Shell with about thirty-six regular, con-
centric, elevated, and somewhat reflected, ridges.

Venus spin, Mont. Test. Brit. 577- t. xvii. f. i. — M. spin. Turt. Biv.
Brit. 133. — Western coasts of England, rare.

Length half an inch, breadth a little more ; yellowish-white ; the ridges
become confluent in pairs on the retral edge, forming short obtuse reflected
spines ; beaks small, nearly central, inclining, below which is a lanceolate de-
pression.

VENERIDiE.

Gen. CXXVI. CYPRINA. — Shell subcordiform, nearly
equilateral, closed, hinge with three diverging teeth, and a
remote lateral one at the retral termination of the liga-
ment ; syphons not produced, leaving the marginal impres-
sion of the cloak entire, resembling, in this character, the
genus Astartc.

— 510. C. islandica. — Obliquely heart-shaped, beaks prominent,
concentrically striated, and covered with a thick brown cuticle.

Concha e maximis, List. An. Ang. 173. Conch, t. cclxxii.— Venus isl.
Linn. Syst. i. 1131. Mull. Zool. Dan. t. xxviii. f. 1-5. Mont. Test.

444 MOLLUSCA. VENERID^. Cyprina.

Brit. 114. — C. isl. Turt. Biv. Brit. 135. — Not uncommon on all parts
of the coast.

This is the largest British bivalve shell, measuring sometimes 13 inches
in circumference, and, exclusively of the animal, weighing upwards of 9
ounces ; it is slightly truncated retrally ; the ligament at the beak is lodged
in a deep cavity ; there is no lunette in front of the beaks. At St Andrew's
it is called Daikie, and in Zetland Cuvie.

511. C. triangularis. — Subtriangular, smooth, with a length-
ened cordiform depression in front of the beaks.

Venus tri. Mont. Test. Brit. 577. t. xvii. f. 3 — C. tri. Turt. Biv. Brit.
136. t. xi. f. 19, 20.— South of England and Dublin bay.

Diameter about half an inch ; yellowish-white ; strong, with a few obsolete
concentric ridges ; the beaks are produced, and the slope is nearly equal on
both sides ; in one valve two teeth, and a curved lateral one, in the other
three teeth and a curved lateral one.

512. C. minima. — Suborbicular, compressed, with broad,

smooth, transverse ribs.

Venus min. Mont. Test. Brit. 121. t. iii. f. 3— C. min. Turt. Biv. Brit.
137— Southern coasts of England.

Length a quarter of an inch, breadth rather more ; flesh-coloured, with
two red spots near the beaks, and two near the margin, connected by two
white lines ; glossy, strong. Dr Turton assigns to this species only two
hinge teeth besides the lateral ones.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. C. aqualis Uniformly^convex, obcordate, or nearly circular, covered

with numerous transverse concentric striae ; thick, particularly in the middle ;
margin acute, extended, entire ; cicatrix obscure. — Venus equalis, Sower.
Min. Conch, t. xxi. — In Crag.

2. C. angulata. — Obtusely cordate, broader than long, beak short angular,
rising on the posterior side, which is slightly truncated, smooth ; margin en-
tire ; larger hinge-teeth placed at an angle of about 60°. — Venus ang. Sower.
Min. Conch, t. lxv. — In Green Sand.

3. C. rustica Suborbicular, gibbose, smooth ; posterior side obscurely de-
fined, convex, with a thick lateral tooth. — Venus rustica, Sower. Min. Conch.
t. exevi.— In Crag.

Gen. CXXVII. CYTHEREA.— Shell suborbicular or trans-
verse, unequilateral ; hinge, on the right valve, of three
diverging teeth and one transverse and detached at the
side under the lunule ; three diverging teeth in the other
valve, with an adjacent transverse cavity anteriorly ; sy-
phon marks distinct.

513. C. chionc. — Shell ovately-subtrigonal, smooth, glossy,
with slight concentric lines of growth ; a lanceolate lunule raised
in the middle.

Cytheeea. MOLLUSC A. VENERIDjE. 445

Venus Ch. Linn. Test. i. 1131. Don. Brit. Shells, t. xvii. Mont. Test.

Brit. 115— C. Ch. Turt. Biv. Brit. 161. t. viii. f. 11 Southern coasts

of England ; where the shells are called Queens.

Length about 3 inches, breadth 4 ; cuticle chesnut, with darker bands ;
beaks incurved, little elevated and inclined ; edge obtuse.

514. C. Guineensis. — Subcordate, with numerous close re-
gular sharp ridges.

Pectunculus ruber, List. Conch, t. 306.— Venus Guin. Mont. Test. Brit.
Sup. 48 — C. Guin. Turt. Biv. Brit. 161.— At "Weymouth, Mr Bryer,
and at Dunbar, Mr Laskey.

Length an inch and a quarter, breadth one inch and a half; white, with
purple rays ; the heart-shaped lunule and cartilage depression purple ; slight-
ly truncated retrally.

515. C. exdleta. — Shell suborbicular, nearly equilateral, dis-
tinctly striated transversely.

Pectunculus dense fasciatus, List. Conch, t. ccxci — Venus exoleta, Linn.
Syst. i. 1134. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 94. t. lix. f. 49. Don. Brit.

Shells, t. xlii. f. 1. Mont. Test. Brit. 116 C. ex. Turt Biv. Brit.

162. t. viii. f. 7< — Sandy bays, in deep water.
Diameter about two inches ; brownish white with dark zig-zag stripes ;
compressed ; the ridges are sharp on the umbonal edge, and broader than the
intervening striae ; syphon margin slightly truncated.

- 516. C. lincta. — Suborbicular, oblique, inequilateral, with
fine concentric striae.

Pectunculus, rostro productiore, List. Conch, t. ccxc Venus exoleta,

var. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 95. t. lvi. f. 49. —V. lincta, Pult. Dorset. 34.

V. exol. Maton and Rackett, Linn. Trans, viii. 87, t. hi. f. 2 C. sinua-

ta, Turt. Biv. Brit. 163. t. x. f. 10.— Sandy bays in deep water.

Length an inch and a half, breadth about one-tenth less; glossy white.
It is chiefly distinguished from the preceding by the greater prominence of
the beaks, by the cartilage slope being longer and less rounded ; and, above
all, by the striae being more numerous, and the intervening ridges flatter on
the corresponding parts. By Montagu it was considered as the young of C.
exoleta.

517. C. tigerma. — Suborbicular, compressed, with numer-
ous longitudinal striae crossed by finer lines of growth.

Pectunculus magnus, List. Conch, t. cccxxxvii Venus tigerina, Linn.

Syst. i. 1133. Pult. Dorset. 24. Mont. Test. Brit. 119. t. iv. f. i

C. tigerina, Turt. Biv. Brit. 164. t. x. f. 12. — English shores.

Diameter about an inch ; white, with a crimson tinge ; dorsal edge slightly
depressed, with the beaks small and prominent, the ventral edge rounded.

—518. C. ovata. — Subtriangular, with longitudinal ribs, ren-
dered scaly by transverse striae ; no impression at the cartilage.

Pectunculus parvus, List. Conch, t. cccxi Venus ovata, Penn. Brit.

• Zool, iv. 97- 1. lvi. f. 56 — Cardium stxiatum, Walk. Test. Min. 23.

t. iii. f. 82 — V. ovata, Mont. Test. Brit. 120. Turt. Biv. Brit. 150

On various parts of the coast from Devon to Zetland.

Length fths, breadth |ths of an inch ; brownish white ; towards the mid-
dle the ribs have intermediate striae ; an obscure cordiform depression, raised
in the middle before the beaks.

446 MOLLUSCA. VENERIDiE. Cvtherea.

519- C. orbiculata. — Orbicular, compressed and cancellated;

beaks small, with a minute cordiform impression in front.

Venus orb. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 42. t. xxix. f. 7— Cyprina orbiculata,
Turt. Biv. Brit. 138 — Dunbar, Mr Laskey.

Diameter fths of an inch ; white; margin plain ; two approximating teeth,
and one transverse, and rather remote where the margin is angular.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. C. lentiformis Orbicular, depressed, with concentric, reflected, minute,

imbricated ridges ; posterior slope depressed, terminated by an angle at the

margin Venus exoleta, Park. Org. Rem. iii. 189. V. lent. Sower. Min.

Conch, t. cciii — Crag.

2. C. Scutellaria Manl. Geol. 263. t. xxv. f. 2 — Plastic Clay.

G£N. CXXVIII. VENUS.— Shell suborbicular, inequilater-
al ; hinge with three diverging teeth in each valve, the mid-
dle one in the left valve strong and bifid.

* Margin within crenulated.

— 520. V. verrucosa. — Shell tumid, heart-shaped, with numer-
ous concentric ridges, broken into tubercles by longitudinal
grooves at both extremities.

Pectunculus omnium, crassissimus, List. Conch, t. cclxxxiv — Concha
cinerea, Borl. Corn. 275. t. xxvii. f. 32. — V. ver. Linn, Syst. i. 1 130. —
V. ervcina, Perm. Brit. Zool. iv. 94. t. liv. f. 48 — V. ver. Don. Brit.
Shells, t. xliv. Mont. Test. Brit. 112. Turt. Biv. Brit. 140 Eng-
lish and Irish shores.

Length two inches and a quarter, breadth a little more ; rufous ; strong ;
depression before the beaks heart-shaped, the posterior, or cartilage depres-
sion, distinctly displayed only on the left valve ; the ridges are sharp, reflect-
ed and striated, and, towards the beaks the furrows are striated longitudinal-
ly ; the margin crenulated within.

521. V. cassina. — Shell slightly compressed and heart-shaped,
with numerous concentric entire ridges.

Linn. Syst. i. 1130 V. erycina worn, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. t. liv. f. 48.

A V. lactea, Don. Brit. Shells, t. cxlix V. cass- Maton and Rue

kett, Lin. Trans, viii. 79. t. ii- f. 1. Turt. Biv- Brit. 141. t. ix. f. 1 —
Various parts of tjje coast.
Diameter about two inches ; whitish ; ridges irregular in size, curving to-
wards the hinge ; left valve at the ligament depressed and striate ; margin
sometimes very obtuse — This species is distinguished from the preceding by
■being less tumid, and by the ridges being entire.

522. V. reJJexa. — Shell compressed, dorsal margin behind the

beaks nearly straight ; concentric ridges rising into thin plates

xctrally, where they are waved and deflected.

Laskey, Wern. Mem. i. 384. t. viii. f. 1. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 40.
Flem. Encyc. Edin. vii. 95. t. ccvi. £ 1. Turt. Biv. Brit. 142. t.x. f. 1,

2 Various parts of the coast from Devon to Zetland.

3

Venus. MOLLUSCA. VENERIDiE. 447

Diameter sometimes reaching two inches and a half; brownish or yellow-
ish white, with faint red rays. It is much more compressed than either of
the preceding, especially towards the ventral margin, and the depressed space
at the ligament more distinctly marked on the right valve.

— 523. V '. fasciata. — Compressed, with remote rounded smooth

transverse ribs.

V. paphia, Pult. Dorset. 33. Mont. Test. Brit. 110.— V. fasc. Don. Brit.
Shells, v. 170. Turt. Biv. Brit. 146. t. viii. £ 9 — Not uncommon from
Devon to Zetland.

Diameter about an inch ; colour reddish, with darker rays ; beaks promi-
nent ; depression before the beaks much raised in the middle ; dorsal margin
behind the beaks sloping rapidly ; ridges sometimes divided into groups bv
distant deeper furrows. — This species has been frequently confounded with
V. Paphia of Linnaeus, a West Indian shell, from which, however, as has been
well observed by Donovan, it differs in the structure of the concentric ridges,
which, in V. Paphia, " are remarkably thick and prominent in the middle, but
in approaching each extremity, become suddenly obtuse, and are then conti-
nued in an attenuated ridge."

524. V. cancellata. — Shell round, heart-shaped, angular on
the posterior side, with remote transverse plates, which are close-
ly cancellated, and the impression before the beaks heart-shaped.

Linn. Syst. i. 1 130. Turt. Biv. Brit. 144. t. x. f. 3.— Shores of Guernsey.

Diameter about half an inch ; white, with sometimes a rosy tinge; beaks
prominent ; ridges nine or ten, remote, membranaceous, slightly tubercled
posteriorly, the interstices with close set rib-like longitudinal ridges.

525. V. subcordata. — Subcordate, slightly truncated anteal-

ly ; with strong longitudinal costated striae, and remote transverse

ridges.

Mont. Test. Brit. 121. t.iii. f. 1. Turt. Biv. Brit. 144 — Found by Mon-
tagu in sand from Falmouth Harbour.

Diameter a quarter of an inch ; white, strong ; the decussations are long
squares ; the beaks turning inwards, and much incurvated ; cartilage margin
smooth, sloping rapidly.

526. V. granulata. — Shell suborbicular, granularly reticula-
ted, by the longitudinal ribs being crossed by rather shallow
concentric grooves.

Don. Brit. Shells, t. lxxxiii. Mont. Test. Brit. 122. Turt. Biv. Brit.
144. — Shores of Devon and Cornwall and Frith of Forth.

Length |ths of an inch, breadth 1 inch ; thick ; white, with purple blotches;
beaks prominent.

527. V. Dysera. — Subtriangularly heart-shaped, remote con-

centric ridges, with longitudinal striae in the interstices and

slightly marking the ridges.

Pectunculus maculatus, List. Conch, t. cclxxvii — V. Dys. Linn. Syst. i.
1130. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 42. Turt. Biv. Brit. 147. t. ix. f. 4 —
Frith of Forth, Mr Laskey Shores of Guernsey, Dr Turton.

Diameter about an inch ; white, variously marked with brown ; ridges
about twelve in number ; beak small, inclining witii a depression at both ex-
tremities.

448 MOLLUSCA. VENERID^. Venus

528. V, rugosa. — Subtriangularly heart-shaped, with numer-
ous concentric sharp ridges.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. t. lvi. f. 50. — V. cancellata, Don. Brit. Shells, t. cxv-
—V. laminosa, Laskey, Wern. Mem. i. 384. t. viii. f. 10 — Mont. Test.
Brit. Sup. 38 — Turt. Biv. Brit. 148. t. x. f. 4.-^.Various parts of the
coast.

Length about an inch, breadth an inch and a quarter ; colour white, tinged
with brown ; the margin of the ridges thin, slightly waved, and faintly striated
on the distal side.

— 529- V. Galllna. — Subtriangularly heart-shaped, with numer-
ous glossy, transverse, rounded ridges, with sharp reflected edges.

Pectunculus fuscus, List. Conch, t. cclxxxii. — V. Gal. Linn. Syst. i. 1 130.
— V. rugosa, var. Perm. Brit. Zool. iv. 95 — Venus striatula, Don. Brit.

Shells, t. lxviii. Mont. Test. Brit. 113 V. Gal. Turt. Biv. Brit. 149.

t. ix. f. 2. — Sandy shores, common.

Diameter about an inch ; yellowish-brown, with two or three pale rays, and
numerous zig-zag streaks ; the ridges are sloping externally, with the proxi-
mal edge low and sharp. It differs from the preceding, besides the form of
the ridges, in being more tumid, the cartilage slope not so straight, and the
depression in front of the beaks not so much produced.

530. V. pallida. — Triangularly heart-shaped ; slightly pro-
duced retrally, with obscure transverse parallel ribs crossed by
fine close longitudinal lines.

Turt. Biv. Brit. 150. t. x. f. 5 Found at Dowlish.

Length about an inch, breadth nearly two ; thin, semitransparent ; yellow-
ish-white; beaks prominent, pointed, the slopes on each extremity smooth ;
margin thin.

** Margin plain,

531. V. undata. — Orbicular, convex, irregularly striated con-
centrically, margin thin.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 95. t. Iv. f. 51. Mont. Test. Brit. 117 T. Lucina

rotundata, Turt. Biv. Brit. 115. — Sandy shores, common.

Diameter upwards of an inch ; yellowish-white, thin, with one or two obso-
lete waves from the beak to the margin on the retral side ; a very small de-
pression in front of the beaks, which are prominent and inclining ; the third
or posterior tooth of the right valve very small.

532. V. substriata. — Transversely ovate, concentrically wrink-
led, with obsolete undulated longitudinal striae.

Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 48. t. xxix. f. 6. Turt. Biv. Brit. 151 — Frith of
Forth, Mr Laskey.

Length half an inch, breadth a little more ; white, subpellucid ; beak small,
placed near to one side ; hinge with three teeth, the two anterior ones short,
the posterior one long and oblique, forming a cavity between it and the mar-
gin, for the reception of the cartilage.

533. V. subrhomboidea. — Subrhomboidal, rounded anteally,

truncated retrally, and irregularly wrinkled concentrically.

Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 49 Crassina sub. Turt. Biv. Brit. 120 — Frith

of Forth, Mr Laskey.

Venus. MOLLUSCA. VENERID^. 449

Length half an inch, breadth three quarters ; white, with a rufous tinge ;
finely striated longitudinally ; beaks small, nearly central ; in each valve are
two strong plain teeth, and a smooth long posterior one under the cartilage.

534. V. sinuosa. — Suborbicular, with a longitudinal sinuosity
from the beaks, flat transverse stria? and obscure longitudinal
ones.

Perm. Brit. Zool. iv. 95. t. lv. f. 51. A. Don. Brit. Shells, t. xlii. f. 2.
Mont. Test. Brit. 120. Turt. Biv. Brit. 154. t. x. f. 9.— English and
Irish shores.

Diameter fths of an inch ; rounded at both sides ; beaks nearly central, with
a heart-shaped slightly carinate impression in front ; inside rich yellow, in one
valve two of the teeth are cloven, and one in the other..

V. 535. aurea. — Transversely ovate, tumid in the middle, and
sloping to each side, with numerous concentric stria?, and obso-
lete longitudinal ones.

Tellina fasciata, List. Conch, cccciv. f. 249. — V. nebulosa, Pult. Dor-
set, 34 — V. aurea, Mont. Test. Brit. 129. Turt. Biv. Brit. 154. t. ix.
f. 7, 8. — South of England and Ireland.

Length about an inch ; breadth an inch and a quarter ; yellowish-white,
with brownish zig-zag lines ; retral extremity slightly truncated obliquely ;
shell at the margin of the cartilage tumid; a broad lanceolate impression be-
fore the beaks.

536. V. anea. — Oval, taper, and elongated retrally, with
crowded transverse stria? and obscure longitudinal ones ; two
of the teeth cloven.

Turt. Biv. Brit. 152. t. x. f. 7 Dublin Bay.

" Shell an inch long, and an inch and a half broad, white, covered with a
shining bronzed skin, oval, convex, rounded at one end, regularly taperino-,
and much produced at the other, without forming any angle ; with regular
close set transverse stria?, and minute longitudinal lines ; beaks much point-
ed, curved near the larger end with an elongated areola under them ; teeth
strong, two of them cloven in one valve, and one in the other."

537. V. nitens. — " Shell rhombic-oval, tumid in the middle,
with crowded transverse stria? and obscure longitudinal ones, and
the middle tooth cloven.'"

Turt. Biv. Brit. 157- t. x. f. 8.— Dublin Bay.
" Shell hardly three quarters of an inch long, and a little' more in breadth,
resembling the V. aurea in its outline ; but there is an evident angle at the
posterior side, and the colour is transparent horny, with some few scattered
longitudinal marks. From V. ( Venerupis) virginm, it differs in having ob.
scure longitudinal lines, in the transverse strioe not becoming broader at the
posterior end, and in having only one of the teeth cloven." It is probable
that this and the preceding are merely varieties of V. aurea.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

'. 1. V. lineolata — Rather gibbous, ovato-subcordate ; four-fifths of the sur-
face covered with obscure zig-zag striae ; posterior side smooth ; edge entire.
—V. castrensis, Park. Org. Rem. iii. 187-— V. lin. Sower. Min. Conch, t. xx.,
upper figures — Green Sand.

vol. r. F f

450 MOLLUSCA. VENERIDyE. Venus.

2. V. plana. — Rather depressed, subcordate, slightly angular towards the
posterior side ; surface smooth ; edge entire.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. xx , low-
er figures — Green Sand.

3. V. incrassata. — Orbicular, oblique, subdepressed, smooth ; posterior slope
straightish ; lunule large, obscure ; edge entire ; a conical tooth under the
lunule — Sower. Min. Conch, t. civ. f. 1, 2. — London Clay.

4. V. gibbosa Orbicular, gibbous, with many transverse rugae; lunule

large and short ; edge subcrenulated ; hinge rather large.— Sowr. Min. Conch,
t. civ. f. 3, 4 Crag.

5. V. turgida Orbicular, gibbose, with concentric ridges ; valves thick,

with tumid crenulated edges. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. cclvi. — Crag.

0. V. varicosa. — Subglobose, with projecting beaks, transversely furrowed,
two longitudinal varicose ridges within each valve. An obscure cast. — Sower-
Min. Conch, t. ccxcvi. f. 1, 2 — Oolite.

7. V. transversa. — Transversely ovate, elongated, gibbose ; nearly smooth ;
anterior side small, rather pointed ; shell thin. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxxii.
f. 1. — London Clay.

8. V. rotundata Obovate, gibbose ; marked with numerous, minute, trans-
verse striae — (Brander, f. 91.) — V. liueolata, Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxii.
f. 2. — London Clay.

9. V. elegans Ovate, convex, transversely sulcated ; lunette ovate ; the

spaces between the sulci rounded and shining — {V. gallina, Brander, f. 90.)
— Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxii. f. 3. — London Clay.

10. V . pectinifera. — Transversely oblong ; carinated; surface longitudinally
sulcated, and supporting a few erect lamellae, commencing at the keel ; pos-
terior side smooth, truncated. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxxii. f. 4. — London
Clay.

1 1. V. caperata — Orbicular, rather depressed, covered with small, rounded
concentric ridges; lunette cordiform, inconspicuous. — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. Dxviii. f. 1. — Green Sand.

12. V. parva. — Transversely obovate, rather convex, smooth ; lunette nar-
row.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxviii. f. 4, 5, 6. — Green Sand.

13. V. ovalis — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dlxvii. f. 12.

14. V. Faba 3.

15. V. Ringnieriensis — Suborbicular, with numerous, transverse concentric
stria?, beaks incurved, approximate ; margin entire. A cast. — Mant. Geol.
120. t. xxv. f. 5 — Grey Chalk Marl.

Mr Sowerby has described two shells connected with this group, under a
Genus which he terms Thetis, with the following character : " An equl-
valved, subequilateral bivalve ; more or less orbicular, and convex ; ligament
marginal ; three or four small acuminated teeth about the hinge ; the line
of attachment of the mantle ? has a deep sinus extending nearly to the beak ;
muscular impressions rounded, small, distant from the hinge."

10. Tlielis major. — Convex, orbicular; posterior edge rather angular ; beaks
small. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxiii. f. 1-4 Green Sand.

17- Tlietis minor. — Gibbose, wider than long ; posterior edge rounded. Ve-
nus, No. 12 — Mant. Geol. Suss. 73.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxiii. f. 5, 6.—
In Green Sand.

Venerupis. MOLLUSCA. VENERIDiE. 451

Gen. CXXIX. VENERUPIS. — Transverse, anterior side
short ; teeth three, erect, approximate and parallel ; sy-
phon impression large.

—538. V. per/brans. — Shell subrhomboidal, concentric stria?,
forming ridges retrally, and crossed by fine longitudinal ones ;
teeth slender, and slightly recurved.

Venus per. Mont. Test. Brit. 1 27-— Venerupis per. Turt. Turt. Biv.

Brit. 29 Lodged in Limestone.

Length about an inch ; breadth two inches and a half; white or brownish,
with ziz-zag purple stripes, anteriorly short and truncate; dorsal and ventral
margins nearly parallel ; two of the teeth cloven ; the syphon-mark broad,
and adjacent to the marginal impression.

— . 539. V. Irus. — Suboval, with elevated concentric reflected
ridges, the interstices striated longitudinally.

Donax Irus, Linn. Svst. i. 1128. Don. Brit. Shells, t. xxix. Mont. Test.

Brit. 108 Petricola Irus. Turt. Biv. Brit. 26 — In Limestone Rocks,

which it perforates.
Length half an inch, breadth three quarters ; white, with a tinge of brown ;
variable in its outline, usually truncate anteally, and rounded retrally, with
the dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight, and parallel ; the ridges are
distant ; the syphons, according to Montagu, are long, slender, white, and
pellucid, united to near the extremity, where the diverge become pink co-
loured, with openings ciliated with feathered fibres.

~540. V. pullastra. — Transversely oblong with concentric
striae, becoming rough at the retral extremity, minutely striated
longitudinally ; syphon-mark broad, and parallel with the mar-
ginal impression.

Wood, Linn. Trans, vi. t. xvii. f. 13, 14 — Venus pull. Mont. Test. Brit.
125. Turt. Biv. Brit. 159 — In Clay, common.

Length an inch and a half, breadth two inches ; white, tinged with brown
or purple, especially at the retral extremity, where it is slightly truncated.

— 541. V. decussata. — Transversely oblong, with concentric
and longitudinal stria?, becoming tubercular on the retral extre-
mity ; syphon-mark receding from the marginal impression to-
wards the centre of the shell.

Concha quasi-rhomboides, List. An. Ang. 171. t. iv. f. 20. Conch.

t. ccccxxiii Venus decuss. Linn. Syst. i. 1135. — V. littorata, Penn.

Brit. Zool. iv. 96. t. lvii. f. 53. Mont. Test. Brit. 124. Turt. Biv.

Brit. 158. t. viii. f. 10 — English Shores.
Length two, breadth three inches ; principally distinguished from the pre-
ceding by superior size and strength, greater coarseness of strise, a more dis-
tinct impression in front of the beaks; the position of the syphon-mark, and
the syphons themselves, which are separate nearly to their origin in this,
while they are connected almost their whole length in V. pullastra, furnish
internal marks of difference, easily detected.

Ff2

452 MOLLUSCA. CYCLAD.E. Cyclas.

542. V. virginea. — Transversely oblong, with numerous
smooth, flat, concentric ridges, with narrow intervening fur-
rows.

Tellina lata, List. Conch, t. ccclxxxv.— Venus virginea, Linn. Syst. i.

1136 V. rhomboides, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 97, t. Iv — V. vir. Mont.

Test. Brit. 128. Turt. Biv. Brit. 156, t. viii. f. 8 — South coast of
England, and west coast of Scotland.

Length 1 ^, breadth 2 inches ; white with reddish markings ; retral extre-
mity more or less obliquely truncated with an obsolete angle from the beak
to the outer edge ; margin of the shell, at the cartilage, tumid ; a lanceolate
mark before the beaks ; ventral margin obtuse.

543. V. sarniensis. — Transversely ovate, with smooth, regu-
lar transverse striae.

Tellina fasciata, List. Conch, t. cccciii. — Venus sarn. Turt. Biv. Brit.
153, t. x. f. 8 Guernsey and Zetland.

Length 2 inches, breadth a little more. It chiefly differs from the prece-
ding, of which it may prove to be only a variety, in its more rounded and
tumid form, the striae not increasing retrally, and in the indistinctness of
the anal angle.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. V. larmnosa. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dlxxiii.

CYCLAD^.

Gen. CXXX. CYCLAS.— Orbicular, tumid, with two pri-
mary teeth in each valve, and a remote transverse lateral
one on each side : the primary teeth sometimes bifid ; ge-
nerally minute and obscure ; ovoviviparous.

544. C. cornens. — Equilateral, finely streaked concentrically ;
no impression in front of the beaks ; ligament indistinct exter-
nally.

Musculus exiguus, List. An. Ang. 150, t. ii. f. 31 — Tellina cornea, Linn.

Syst. 1. 1120 Tellina rivalis, Mull. Verm. ii. 202 — T. cornea, Penn.

Brit. Zool. iv. 89, t. xlix. f. 36 Cardium corneum, Mont. Test. Brit.

86. — Cyclas rivalis, Drap. Moll. 129, t. x. f. 4, 5. — Cyclas cornea, La-
mark, Hist. v. 558. Turt. Biv, Brit. 249, t. xi. f. 14 — In muddy
pools.
Length T4uths, breadth Tscths of an inch; cuticle yellowish or olive, often
dark, with a pale band ; the outline slightly obtuse ventrally and retrally ;
irregularly furrowed by the stages of growth. There are three varieties of
this species: 1. Compressed, nearly lenticular; 2. Gibbous at the beaks, but
becoming thin or compressed towards the etlgcs ; 3. Nearly globular. The
C. pusilla of authors seems to be the fry of this species.

545. C. rivicola. — Equilateral, finely streaked concentrical-
ly ; a distinct oval impression in front of the beaks, and another

Cyclas. MOLLUSCA. CYCLADjE. 453

behind, with prominent edges for the cartilage, which is dis-
tinct.

Pectunculus subviridis, List. Conch, t. clix. f. 14 — Cyclas cornea, Drap.
Moll. 128. t. x. f. 1, 2, 3 — Cyclas rivicola, Lam. Hist. v. 558.— Turt.
Biv. Brit. 248, t. xi. £'13 Slow running streams, England.

Length T65ths, breadth T75thsof an inch ; cuticle yellowish or olive; often
darker, with pale bands ; less tumid, and more regularly curved in the out-
line than the preceding, of which it was supposed to be only a large variety
by Lister who had it from Doncaster, Linnaeus from Iceland, and Montagu
from the Thames. The transverse grooves and coloured bands of both spe-
cies, depending on circumstances accelerating or retarding the growth of the
animal, furnish characters of uncertain value, though generally employed by
modern authors.

54<6. C. lacustris. — Subinequilateral, with minute concentric
strise ; beaks prominent, with the margin in front thin and ele-
vated.

Tellina lacustris, Mull. Hist. Verm. ii. 204. — Cardium lac. Mont. Test.

Brit. 89 Cyclas lac. Drap. Moll. 130, t. x. f. 6. 7 — Turt. Biv. Brit.

249, t. xi. f. 18. — In slow running streams, England.

Length T35ths, breadth T45ths of an inch ; thin, glossy, transversely sub-
rhomboidal ; margin thin.

~- 547. C. amnicus. — Inequilateral, transversely ovate, and sul-

cated concentrically.

Tellina amnica, Mull. Hist. Verm. ii. 205. — T. rivalis, Maton, Linn.
Trans, iii. 44, t. xiii. f. 37, 38. — Cardium amnicum, Mont. Test. Brit.

86 Cyclas palustris, Drap. Moll. 131, t. x. f. 17, 18 — C. amnica,

Turt. Biv. Brit. 250, t. xi. f. 15. — In slow running streams.

Length about three-eighths, breadth half an inch ; greenish ; slightly pro-
duced anteally ; the margin in front of the beaks prominent ; the furrows of
the sulci are finely striated.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. C. deperditus Ovato-transverse, rather gibbous, umbonate ; lines of

growth elevated, irregular ; central hinge teeth three, lateral ones two

Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxii. f. I. —Plastic Clay.

2. C. cuneiformis — Transversely cuneate-ovate, gibbous ; lines of growth
numerous, fine ; central hinge teeth three ; lateral ones two. — C. deperdita,
Park. Org. Rem. 111. 189, t. xiii. f. 5. — C. cun. Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxii.
f. 2, 3. — Plastic Clay.

3. C obovatus — Obovate, gibbous, anterior side obtuse ; beaks large ; cen-
tral hinge teeth three ; lateral ones two. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxii. f. 4, 5,
6. — Plastic Clay.

4. C. medius. — Transversely obovate, depressed, thick, smooth, anterior (?)
side small, posterior rather pointed ; one tooth near the beaks in each valve.
— Cyrena media, Fitton, Annals of Phil. Nov. 1824, 376. Cyclas medius,
Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxxvii. f. 2.— In the fresh water Formation between the
Green and Iron Sand.

5. C. membranaceus — Transversely obovate, depressed, smooth, very thin ;
anterior side small, posterior rather pointed. — Cyrena memb. Filton, Annals
of Phil. Nov. 1824, 376. Cyclas memb. Sower. Min. Conch, t. uxxvii. f. 3.
— Weald Clay under Green Sa nd.

454 MOLLUSCA. TEREDINADiE. Teredo

Gen. CYRENA. — Suborbicular, with three primary teeth in
each valve, and transverse lateral teeth ; ligament on the
longest side.

1. C. pidchra Suborbicular convex, smooth, slender; posteriorly trun-
cated ; one sharp-edged and two bifid teeth in each valve ; lateral teeth
plain and obtuse.— Cyclas pulcher, Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxxvii. f. 1. —
Hampstead, Isle of Wight, Professor Sedgwick.

TEREDINAD^.

Gen. CXXXI. TEREDO. Ship Worm.— Shell orbicular,
hemispherical, equivalve ; hinge with a long curved tooth
in each valve, inserted under the margin ; ligament imper-
fect, the tube open at both extremities. Burrowing in
wood.

* The ear-shaped process on the inside of' the valves, at the
outer angle under the hinge, having the inner margin de-
tached, and forming a straight transverse edge, and the out-
er margin much reflected.

— 548. T. bipinnata. — Accessorial appendages long, linear, and
feathered ; an oblique rib on the margin above the teeth.

Turt. Conch. Diet. 184, t. xi. £38, 39, 40.; Biv. Brit. 15 — In drifted

timber, Exmouth.

Diameter upwards of three quarters of an inch ; tube simple ; appendages

about the tenth of an inch in diameter ; silvery white, with numerous pearly

tubercles, the outer half with verticillate, lanceolate, fringed filaments —

This is nearly allied to T. palmulatus of Lamarck.

— 549- T. malleolus. — Accessorial appendages transverse and
mallet-shaped, with a slender point rising like a handle from
the middle.

Turt. Biv. Brit. 255. t. 2. f. 19.— Drifted timber, Torbay.
Diameter about a quarter of an inch ; striae on the triangular processes re-
mote ; the tube consists of a slight testaceous deposit on the surface of the
chamber, the termination of which is slightly semiconcamerated.

** The ear-shaped process with the inner margin on the in-
side furnished with a rib only, and not a detached margin,
and the outer edge is not reflected.

550. T. navalis. — Accessorial appendages elongated and

spoon-shaped.

Linn. Syst. i. 1267 Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 147- Mont. Test. Brit. 527.

Home, Phil. Trans. 1820, 278. t. xii. f. 3. Turt. Biv. Brit. 14. t. ii.
f. 1, 2, 3 In timber exposed to the sea ; the scourge of shipping.

Xylophaga. MOLLUSCA. TEREDINIEvE. 455

Shell about three quarters of an inch in diameter, with the valves trian-
gular, and forming a circular hemisphere when closed together, elegantly
striate in various directions, each with a triangular projection in front bend-
ing a little inwards; syphons nearly divided to their origin at the junction
of the accessorial appendages ; the largest or branchial one has the inside of
the orifice fringed with about twenty small tentacula ; foot with a convex
extremity ; mouth round ; gullet short, leaning to the left side of the neck ;
on the right side of the neck are two large glands ; stomach of two distinct
bags communicating at the lower extremity ; the intestine begins close to
the termination of the gullet, is small, dilates into a cavity, containing a hard,
white globular body of the size of a large pin's head. In the intestine Sir
E. Home found a yellow-coloured pulp, which Mr Hatchett, after examina-
tion, considered as " vegetable saw dust."

551. T. nana. — " Valves rounded and without auricles be-
hind, a strong conic tooth on the margin above the teeth."
Turt. Biv. Brit. 16. t. 2. f. 6, 7-— Drifted wood in Torbay.
Diameter about an eighth of an inch ; the conical tooth on the margin of
the hinge pointing rather obliquely.

Gen. CXXXII. XYLOPHAGA— Shell globular, oblique,
equivalve, very open anteally, and closed retrally, furnished
with accessorial valves about the hinge, which is destitute
of long curved teeth under the margin.

552. X. dorsalis. — -Shell rounded, with a triangular striated

projection in front of the head of each, and a longitudinal rib

on the inside.

Turt. Biv. Brit. 16. and 253, t. ii. f. 4, 5 — Drifted wood, Torbay.

Less than Teredo navalis ; a mesial groove on the outside, corresponding
with the jointed rib on the inside. There is no evidence of its possessing the
lengthened calcareous syphons or tube, with their basal appendages, of the
Teredo. It is probably nearly related to Gastrochcena.

Gen. FISTULANA. — Shell equivalve, gaping, with a dorsal
plate over the hinge ; tube closed at the inner end.

1. F. personata. — Valves transversely striated on the retral half; the fine
striae on the anteal half regularly and minutely toothed ; dorsal plate thick,
four-lobed, with rounded edges — Park. Org. Rem. iii. 202, t. xiv. f. 10. —
Teredo antenautae, Sower. Min. Conch, t. cii. — Imbedded in the fossil wood
of the London Clay.

Gen. CLAVAGELLA. — Tube open at the outer end, termi-
nating at the inner claviform extremity in tubular pro-
cesses ; one of the valves cemented to the tube.

1. C. coronata Tube elongated, crowned with dichotomously branched

tubes around a sulcated disk—Sower. Min. Conch, t. cccclxxx— London
Clay.

456 MOLLUSCA. PHOLAD^. Pholas

PHOLAD^.

Gen. CXXXIII. PHOLAS. Shell transverse; ligament

slender, and covered by a reflected fold of the cloak, and
sometimes protected by calcareous plates; hinge with a
curved process under the margin in each valve, receding
into the cavity.

* Valves divided by a longitudinal groove.

553. P. crispata. — Transversely oblong, rounded, and gap-
ing retrally, obliquely truncated, and open anteally.

P. latus, List. Conch, t. ccccxxxvi. An. Ang. 192. t. v. £ 38. Anat-
t. xix. £ 3 — P. crisp. Linn. Syst. i. 1111. Mont.- Test. Brit. 23. Turt.
Biv. Brit. 6. — In calcareous and argillaceous rocks.
Length 2 inches, breadth 3 ; white ; a groove runs from the hinge to the
middle of the ventral margin, where the valves come in contact, dividing
the shell into two compartments; the anterior is very rough, with numerous
thin waved concentric ridges, with obsolete longitudinal furrows ; the poste-
rior is comparatively smooth ; margin of the shell at the hinge reflected,
smooth, covered by a fold of the cloak, and strengthened by an obscure im-
bedded calcareous plate ; projecting tooth linear ; foot or sucker large, the sy-
phon tubes produced.

554. P. lamellata. — An erect triangular plate at the hinge,
placed retrally with respect to the recurved tooth.

P. papyracea, Turt. Biv. Brit. 2. t. i. £ 1-4 — T. lamellata, It. 4. t. i.
£ 5, 6.

Length half an inch, breadth an inch ; white; anterior compartment witli
the waved ridges broken into thin denticular processes in bent longitudinal
rows; posterior compartment comparatively smooth ; the valves shut close
retrally from the mesial furrow ; behind the hinge, dorsally, the margin is
closed, compressed, and prominent ; before the hinge the margin is a little
open, and reflected on each side into a thin, nearly erect, plate ; the anteal ex-
tremity is obliquely truncated and open — This is the condition of the shell
when of a certain age (and constituting Dr Turton's P. lamellata.) It seems
afterwards to change its form ; the oblique truncated anteal aperture is filled
by the deposition of shell nearly smooth, bringhig the now tumid edges
nearly in contact ; retrally the shelly matter deposited, is broadest towards
the extremity, now become truncated and a little open, to which is attached
a coriaceous expanding cup, divided longitudinally, and thickened at the
margin dorsally and ventrally ; this seems destined to be a basal sheath tm\
the syphons ; anteally the margins approximate, and are thick and elevated
before the hinge. The cloak is now closed, with only a small opening for
the foot. In this last state, Dr Turton has described this shell as the Pholas
papyraceus of Solander's MSS, and regards it as quite distinct from P. lamellata.
A comparison, however, in reference to their mode of growth, of specimens
of both shells, obligingly furnished to me by Mr G. B. Sowerby, has left no
room for hesitating regarding their specific identity. The structure of the
hinge, so different from the other species, and the singular changes of form,
with age, would justify the erection of the genus Pholadidia, originally con-
templated by Dr Goodall for its reception.

Pholas. MOLLUSCA. PHOLADiE. 457

555. P. tubercidatus. — Shell open at the anterior end, with a
rough tubercle on the margin above the teeth, and a single
oval calcareous plate at the hinge extending to the anteal ex-
tremity.

Turt. Biv. Brit. v. t. i. f. 7, 8 Torbay.

Length three-quarters of an inch, breadth an inch and a half; white ; front
of the shell slightly elongated into a beak ; anterior compartment with rough
ribs, which gradually disappear towards the retral truncated extremity.

556. P. conoides. — Transversely elongated, anteal division

short, tumid, rounded, the retral division produced and subcom-

pressed.

Parsons, Phil. Trans. 1765, i. t. 1. — P. striatus, Linn. Syst. i. 1111

P. nanus, Pult. Dorset. 27. — P. stri. Don. Brit. Shells, t. cxvii. Moid.
Test. Brit. 26. Turt. Biv. Brit. 11 — In ship planks.

Length half an inch, breadth an inch ; ridges in the anteal compartment
crowded, rough ; in the retral wider and smoother, well marked along the
furrow ; nearly closed retrally ; when young, very open anteally, and beaked,
but filling up with smoother shell (like P. papyracea) towards maturity ; one
large rounded accessory plate over the hinge, behind which is a lengthened
one, and a third connecting the ventral margins of the shells ; a long slender
curved tooth in each valve.

** The valves not divided by a groove.

— 557. P. dactylus: — Conically transverse, with concentric,
waved, muricated ridges, having longitudinal grooves, most con-
spicuous anteally ; margin above the beaks reflected, circular,
with four accessory plates.

P. striatus, 'List. Conch, t. ccccxxxiii. Anat. t. xix. f. 1 , 2 — P. dact.
Linn. Syst. i. 1110. Borl. Corn. 278. t. xxviii.-xxxi. Mont. Test.
Brit. 20. Turt. Biv. Brit. 8 — In rocks and submarine trees.

Length sometimes 2 inches, and breadth 7 ; wide and open before ; slight-
ly compressed behind ; shell in front of the hinge produced into a kind of
beak, with the edge thin and reflected.

— 558. P. parvus. — Shell open, and produced into a beak an-
teally, with a smooth tubercle on the margin above the teeth,
and a single accessorial valve at the hinge.

Mont. Test. Brit. 22. t. i. f. 7, 8. Turt. Biv. Brit. 9 — Submarine wood
on the south coast of England.
Length fths, breadth 1^ inches ; transversely striated, with longitudinal
ridges anteally ; the anteal opening is oval, and the fold above the beaks des-
titute of cells. Montagu is inclined to consider this shell as the P. parvus of
Pennant, (Brit. Zool. iv. 77- t. xl. f. 13.) though it is not improbable that it
is related to the young of P. papyracea.

559- P. candidus. — Shell nearly closed anteally; a tooth-
like process on the hinge ascending obliquely and retrally ;
margin above the hinge reflected, and covered with an elongated
accessorial plate.

Concha Candida, List. An. Aug. 193. t. v. f. 39. Conch, t. ccccxxxv — P.

458 MOLLUSCA. PHOLADiE. Gastrocilena.

cand. Linn. Syst. i. 1111. Mont. Test. Brit. 24. Turt. Biv. Brit. 10.
In clay rocks.

Length 1 inch, breadth 2-£ inches ; white, fragile, and rounded at both ends ;
concentrical ridge divided into longitudinal rows of short prickles.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. P. cylindricus. — Transversely elongated, nearly cylindrical; anterior
side muricated, pointed, with a sinus in the edge ; beaks concealed by a re-
flection of the edges of the back. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. exeviii — In Crag.

Gen. CXXXIV. GASTROCILENA. — Shell transverse,
equivalve, inequilateral, with a large oblique anteal open-
ing ; hinge with a single transverse laminar tooth in each
valve ; ligament external, rather remote from the beaks.

560. G. Mans. — Beaks nearly terminal, rather prominent.

Mya dubia, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 82. t. xliv. Mont. Test. Brit. 28

G. pholadia, Turt. Biv. Brit. 18. t. ii. f. 8, 9. — In Limestone, near low
water-mark, England.

Length half an inch, breadth an inch ; finely striated concentrically ; from
the beak to the ligament the margin is nearly straight, then rounded retral-
ly ; the oblique anteal truncation extended beyond the middle of the ventral
margin ; a narrow border in front of the beaks, where the valves are in con-
tact.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. G. tortuoscu — Obliquely lanceolate and twisted. — Sower. Min. Conch,
t. Dxxvi, f. 1. — In Sandstone, Bobin Hood's Bay, near Scarborough.

2. G. contorta. — Sheath clavate, bent nearly at a right angle ; valves ovate,
elongated ; marked with very slender striae ; the sinus between them wide,
oval, pointed — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxxvi. f. 2. — London Clay.

SOLENIDiE.

Gen. CXXXV. SOLEN.— Shell transversely produced, the
dorsal and ventral margins nearly parallel ; the extremities
gaping ; teeth projecting ; cuticle strong.

* Hinge terminal, the anteal extremity truncated.

561. S. Vagina. — A single tooth in each valve, with a stric-
ture across the anteal extremity of the shell.

List. Conch, t. ailvi. Linn. Syst. i. 1113. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 83.
Mont. Test. Brit. 48. Turt. Biv. Brit. 79 English and Irish coasts.

Length 1 inch, breadth 5 inches ; subcylindrical, becoming more compressed
towards the truncated retral extremity ; the anteal extremity is slightly

Solen. MOLLUSCA. SOLENIDjE. 459

oblique, shortest dorsally ; teeth flattened on the rubbing surface ; the oppo-
site sides strengthened by a rib ; syphons connected ; pale yellow, longitudi-
nally striated, and annulated with brown, the openings fimbriated.

562. S. novacula. — A single strong, curved, blunt tooth in
each valve ; shell destitute of the terminal stricture.

Mont. Test. Brit. 47- Turt. Biv. Brit. 80 — English and Irish coasts.

Length 1 inch, breadth 8 ; nearly resembling the following, but differing
in the number of teeth and the absence of the lateral teeth.

- 563. S. Siliqua. — Shell straight, two teeth in one valve, one
in the other ; with a tooth-like laminar marginal process behind
each.

Concha fusca, List. An. Ang. 192. t- v. f. 37- Conch, t. ccccix.— S. sil.

Linn. Syst. i. 1113. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 83. t. xlv. f. 20. Mont.

Test. Brit. 4tf. Turt. Biv. Brit. 80 — On sandy shores, common —

E, Rasor fish ; S, Spout fish.
Length upwards of an inch ; breadth from seven to eight ; cuticle olive-
brown, darkest at the anteal extremity ; the lateral teeth are remote, rising
behind into an angular plate. — The animal is used as food, and considered as
a delicacy ; when a little stale, it forms a tempting bait for the cod and
haddock. Dr Turton describes a shell under the title S. ligula (Biv. Brit. 82.
t. vi. f. 6.) differing only from this species in the single tooth being " compres-
sed, rounded, and obtuse at the top, where it is slightly cloven."

— 564. S. Ensis. — Shell a little recurved, two teeth in one
valve, and one in the other ; one of the lateral teeth grooved.

S. curvus, List. Conch, t. ccccxi — S. ensis, Linn. Syst. i. 1114. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 83. Mont. Test. Brit. 48. Turt. Biv. Brit. 82 — San-
dy shores, common.
Length fths of an inch, breadth 6 inches, but usually much smaller ; cur-
vature of the shell regular ; the lateral marginal teeth are low, with the left
one recurving the opposite into a linear groove.

565. S. purpureas. — Obliquely truncate retrally, and irregu-
larly striated transversely.

Mya purp. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 21 — Agina purp. Turt. Biv. Brit. 54.

t. iv. f. 9 In rocks, Torbay.

Length one-eighth of an inch, breadth a quarter ; convex ; opake, with a
glossy cuticle, beaks prominent, nearly terminal ; hinge, with a strong conic
"tooth in each valve, penetrating a cavity of the opposite valve.

** Hinge not terminal, the anteal extremity rounded.

— 566. S. pellucidus. — Dorsal margin nearly straight, ventral
margin slightly curved.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 84. t. xlvi. f. 22. Mont. Test. Brit. 49. Turt. Biv.
Brit. 83 — In sandy bays.
Length a quarter, breadth upwards of an inch ; pellucid, fragile ; rounded
at each end ; the hinge is removed but a short way from the extremity, and
consists of one tooth in one valve, and two teeth in the opposite with conti-
guous lateral processes.

— 567. S. Legumen. — Dorsal and ventral margins slightly round-
ed ; compressed, and narrow retrally.

460 MOLLUSCA. SOLENIDiE. Sanguinolakia.

Chama subfusca, List. Conch, t. ccccxx. — S. 1. Linn. Syst. i. 1114. Penn.

Brit. Zool. iv. 84. t. xlvi. f. 24. Mont. Test. Brit. 50 Psammobia

legumen, Turt. Biv. Brit. 90 — South coast of England and Ireland.
Length f ths of an inch, breadth nearly 4 inches ; thin, pellucid, fragile ; fine-
ly striated by the lines of growth ; hinge nearly in the middle, with one tooth
in one valve, and two in the other, lateral teeth single in one valve, winged
in the other ; the hinge is strengthened by an oblique internal rib in each
valve.

- 568. S. cmtiquatus. — Transversely oblong, extremities round-
ed ; the dorsal margin slightly convex, the ventral slightly con-
cave.

S. cultellus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 85. t. xlvi. £ 25 S. ant. Pult. Dorset.

Mont. Test. Brit. 52 — Psammobia ant. Turt. Biv. Brit. 91 English

shores, rare.

Length about an inch, breadth two inches ; thin, subpellucid, concentri-
cally striated by the lines of growth, most conspicuous towards the extremi-
ties ; hinge in the middle, one tooth in one valve (with sometimes the rudi-
ments of a second), and two teeth in the other, behind which the margin is
callous.

569- S. decllvis. — Transversely oblong ; extremities rounded ;

dorsal margin slightly convex ; ventral margin straight.

Chama angustior, List. Conch, t. ccccxxi.— S. dec. Turt. Conch. Diet. 164.
t. xxii. f. 80 Scilly Islands.

Length three quarters of an inch, breadth two inches ; thin, semitranspa-
rent, with a thick dark brown cuticle, irregularly and concentrically striated ;
beaks nearly central, sloping gradually to both extremities ; a slight indenta-
tion behind the beaks ; teeth strong, two on each valve, one of them concave ;
and in one valve one of them is oblique, behind which the margin is callous.

570. S.frag'dis. — Transversely oblong, rounded at the ex-
tremities ; a little contracted in the middle ; dorsal and ventral
margins nearly parallel.

Pult. Dorset. 28. Mont. Test. Brit. 51 — Psammobia taeniata, Turt. Biv.
85 English and Irish coasts, rare.

Length half an inch, breadth nearly an inch ; thin, transparent, smooth,
with a greenish cuticle, sometimes marked with a longitudinal reddish stripe
from the hinge to the ventral margin ; beaks nearly central ; in one valve two
erect teeth, one of which is pointed, the other with one subulate tooth ; a lon-
gitudinal rib internally.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. S. affinis Shell linear, subarcuate, rounded at each extremity, hinge

placed near one extremity, surface smooth. Nearly resembling S. pelluci-
dus, Soiver. Min. Conch, t. iii — London Clay.

Gkn. CXXXVI. SANGUINOLARIA.— Shell transversely
oblong, dorsal and ventral margins not parallel ; hinge with
two projecting prominent teeth in each valve.

571. S. vespcrtina. — Compressed, concentrically striated ; re-
tral extremity slightly angular.

Hiatella. MOLLUSCA. SOLENID.E. 461

Tellina depressa, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 87- t. xlvii. f. 27 — T. variabilis,

Don. Brit. Shells, t. xli. f. 2 S. vesp. Mont. Test. Brit. 54 — Psani-

mobia vespertina, Turt. Biv. Brit. 92. t. vi. f. 10 — Southern coasts of
England and Zetland.

Length an inch and a half, breadth 3 inches ; opaque ; cuticle dark-brown,
with purplish longitudinal rays ; striae on the retral extremity coarse ; a slight
oblique fold from the beaks to the hinder extremity ; one of the teeth in one
valve thin, laminar, and oblique.

572. S. deflorata. — Valves convex, obsoletely truncated re-

trally, with numerous waved longitudinal striae, crossed by the

layers of growth.

Venus den. Linn. Syst. i. 1133. Perm. Brit. Zool. iv. 96. t. lvii. f. 54.
Mont. Test. Brit. 123. t. iii. f. 4.— Psammobia defl. Turt. Biv. Brit. 93.

South coast of England, rare.

Length an inch, breadth an inch and three quarters ; purplish ; from the fold
to the margin behind the cartilage, the longitudinal striae are large and rough ;
two teeth in each valve, one of them small.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. S. Hollowayisii Depressed, transversely elongate, ovate, and striated ;

posterior side gradually expanded ; anterior side very small — Sower. Min.
Conch, t. clix. — London Clay.

2. S. undulata. — Three times as wide as long, transversely undulated ; con-
vex ; anteriorly rounded, posteriorly subtruncate, gaping a little ; beaks pro-
minent Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxlviii. f. 1, 2. — Inferior Oolite.

3. S. gibbosa Three times as wide as long, gibbose, smooth ; sides rather

acuminated, a little gaping — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxlviii — Carboniferous
Limestone, Queen's County, Ireland.

Gen. CXXXVII. HIATELLA— Transversely oblong ; dor-
sal and ventral margins nearly parallel; hinge with the
teeth obscure, or with one tooth in one valve received into
a cavity in the other.

573. H. rugosa. — Rounded anteally, subtruncated retrally,
itl
gin.

with a slight constriction towards the middle of the ventral mar-

Pholas noster, List. An. Ang. 172. t. iv. f. 21 — Mytilus rugosus, Linn.
Syst. i. 115G. Mull. Prod. 249. Zool. Dan. t. lxxxvii. f. 1, 2.— Mya
byssifera, Fab. Green. 408.— Mytilus rugosus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv.

110. t. lxiii. f. 72. Mont. Test. Brit. 164 Saxicava rugosa and S. Pho-

ladis, Turt. Biv. Brit. 20. t. ii. f. 10 — In cavities of limestone and the
roots of fuci.

Length half an inch, breadth an inch and a half; white, with a greyish
wrinkled cuticle; irregularly sulcated concentrically; the ridges most conspi-
cuous on the angle from the beaks to the retral extremity ; the animal em-
ploys a byssus, when not lodged in the cavity of a stone.

" 574. H. arctica. — Shell with two diverging spinous ridges
from the hinge to the retral extremity-

im MOLLUSCA. SOLENID^E. Panop.ea-

Chamse-pholas angusta, List. Conch, t. ccccxxvi. — Solen minutus, Linn-
Syst. 1115 — Mya arctica, Fab. Fauna Groen. 407. — Curious Muskle.
Cordiner's Ruins, Plate No. 24. f. A. — Solen minutus, Mont. Test. Brit.
53. t. i. f. 4. — Hiatella minuta, and H. oblonga, Turt. Biv. Brit. 24. t. ii.
f. 12, 13 — Anatina arctica, ib. 49. t. iv. f. 7, 8. — Roots of fuci.

This species, when young, has the spinous ridges very distinct ; and, when
not imbedded in stone, it adheres by a byssus. When old, the spinous ridges
disappear, and then in size, and other circumstances, it so exactly resembles
the preceding, as to leave little room for suspecting a specific difference. The
Mytilus prcecisus of Montagu, (Test. Brit. 165. t. iv. f. 2.) seems to be a varie-
ty in which the anterior end is truncated, and very short, and the beaks ele-
vated ; while the M. plicatus of the same author only differs in the beaks be-
ing small and slightly incurvated.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. H. sulcata.— Beak nearly terminal; both extremities rounded; shell
thin, concentrically sulcated, the ridges large retrally, formed by the union
of two or more ribs ; closely and obsoletely striated longitudinally, the

striae consisting of minute tubercles Not uncommon in the Carboniferous

Limestone of the Forth Coal-Field.

Gen. CXXXVIII. PANOPtEA.— Shell transverse, unequal-
ly open at the sides ; a single conic tooth in each valve, with
an adjoining short compressed callus, to which an external
ligament is attached.

575. P. Aldrovandi. — Truncated at both extremities, and

coarsely wrinkled transversely.

Chama Glycimeris, List. Conch, t. ccccxiv. — Mya Glycimeris, Dan. Brit.
Shells, t. cxlii — P. Gly. Turt. Biv. Brit. 42.— English coast, rare.

Length about 4 inches, breadth 8 ; coarse and thick ; a series of wrinkles
behind the teeth. One specimen from the Dogger-bank occurred to Mr Do-
novan, and a fragment of a valve found on the beach at Teignmouth, by Dr
Turton, are the only British examples of this shell, which is sometimes found
on the coast of France and Spain.

myam:.

Gen. CXXXIX. MYA. — Equivalve, transverse, gaping;
hinge with a single projecting dilated tooth in the right
valve, for supporting the ligament, with a pit in the left.

576. M. truncata. — Shell rounded anteally, abruptly trun-
cated retrally ; the ventral margin nearly straight.

Concha hevis, List. An. Ang. 191. — Conch, t. ccccxxviii. — M. trun. Linn.
Syst. Nat. i. 1112. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 78. t. xli. f. 14. Mont. Test.

Brit. 32. Turt. Biv. Brit. 31 Common near low water-mark, lodged

in sand or gravel.

Mya. MOLLUSCA. MYAD/E. . 46a

Length about 2 inches, breadth 3 inches ; white, with a thin cuticle often
of rusty colour ; concentrically striated ; smooth in the middle ; the broad
vertical tooth has usually an oblique rib from the beak to its retral angle, and
is marginated anteally ; the pit in the opposite valve for the ligament is hori-
zontal, with a small tooth or projection on its anteal margin. The animal
is frequently used as food, when boiled. In Zetland it is so used, and is call-
ed Smurslin.

— 577. M. arenaria. — Shell rounded at both extremities ; the

retral one slightly produced and attenuated.

Linn. Syst. i. 1112. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 79. t. xlii. Mont. Test. Brit.
30. Turt. Biv. Brit. 32. — Common near low water-mark, lodged in
sand or gravel.

Length sometimes reaching 3 inches, breadth five and a half; it chiefly dif-
fers from the last in the production of the posterior extremity, by the presence
of a few obsolete longitudinal ridges, in being more compressed, and the tooth
rounder, syphon impression more conical — This species, called at Southamp-
ton Old Maids, and at Cork Sugar Loons, is more frequently found in estuaries
under the influence of fresh water, than the preceding. The M. ovaliso?T)v
Turton, Biv. Brit. 33. t. iii. f. 1, 2, seems nothing more than the young of M.
arenaria, " with the tooth flattened at the top, and flexuous."

-*~ 578. M. Norwegica. — Dorsal margin nearly straight, waved

and truncated retrally, rounded anteally.

Turt. Linn. iv. 178 M. striata, Mont. Linn. Trans, xi. 188. t. xiii. f. 1.

— M. pellucida, Brown, Wern. Mem. ii. 505. t. xxiv. f. 1 — Lyonsia
striata, Turt. Biv. Brit. 35. t. iii. f. 6, 7 — English and Irish coasts.

Length half an inch, breadth an inch ; thin, semitransparent, with a brown
cuticle, rugged retrally ; longitudinally striated ; inequivalve. According to
Dr Turton (whom I have followed in bringing together the preceding syno-
nims, not, however, without considerable hesitation), the tooth is an indepen-
dent process, moveable with the ligament.

579- M. decussata. — Ovate, with irregular concentric ridges,
decussated by regular longitudinal striae.

Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 20 — Frith of Forth, Mr Laskey.

Diameter about half an inch ; white ; margin waved ; umbo-obtuse, re-
curved, and placed nearest to one end ; a tongue-shaped syphon mark ; in one
valve a broad erect tooth, in the other a projecting plate, with a small inden-
ture for the reception of the tooth of the opposite valve. Its generic relations
uncertain.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. M. mandibula. — Gibbose, flattish in the middle, transversely undulated ;
retral side square, gaping, anteally straightish — Sower. Min. Conch, t. xliii.
In Green Sand.

2. M. intermedia Depressed, smooth, twice as wide as long ; sides round-
ed, the anteal one small, the retral one expanded and gaping a little — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. lxxvi. f. 1, and t. ccccxix. f. 2. — London Clay.

3. M. plana.— Rather depressed, smooth ; wider than long ; ovate ; nearly
equilateral ; retral side rather elongated. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxxvi. f. 2. —
Plastic Clay.

404 MOLLUSCA. MYAD.E. Lutraria.

4. M. sulangulata. — Rather depressed, smooth; wider than long; nearly
equilateral, oblong-ovate ; an angle from the beak to the retral margin ; ven-
tral margin slightly restricted. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxxvi. f. 3. — London
Clay.

5. M. lata Ovate, depressed ; retral side acuminated and truncated,

slightly gaping. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. lxxxi — In Crag.

6. M ? lilerata. — Transversely oval, subequilateral, convex, smooth, thin,
with obtuse angularly bent ridges on the central part ; angles of the ridges
in a longitudinal direction. — Park. Org. Rem. iii. 196. t. xiii. f. 16. — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. ccxxiv. f. 1 Inferior Oolite.

7- M ? scripta. — Transversely oval, subequilateral, convex, smooth, thin,
with oblique angularly bent ridges on the central part ; angles of the ridges
in an oblique direction. — Soiver. Min. Conch, t. ccxxiv Inferior Oolite.

8. M ? angulifera — Transversely elliptical, elongated, gibbose, with oblong
angularly bent ridges upon the surface, retral hall widest, gaping ; angles of
the ridges acute, in an oblique direction — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxxiv. f. 6,
7. — Oolite.

9- M ? gregaria. — Obovate, convex, subdeltoid, smooth ; retrally produced
and truncated.— Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxiii— Upper fresh water Formation,
Isle of Wight.

10. M. arenaria. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccclxiv. and t. Dxxxi. f. 2. — Nor.
folk and Suffolk Crag.

11. M. depressa Obovate, depressed, very slightly gaping ; anterior side

shortest ; beaks prominent incurved, hinge-line straight, depressed — Sower.
Min. Conch, t. ccccxviii.— Middle Oolite. This is probably a Panopeea, as it
is stated that the ligament is external and short.

12. M. gibbosa Obovate, transversely furrowed, gibbose ; beaks prominent,

incurved ; an teal side very short ; retral side rather attenuated and gaping.
Soiver. Min. Conch, t. ccccxix. — Middle Oolite.

13. M. plicata. — Oblong, ventricose, straight, anterior side short, and trans-
versely plaited ; posterior gaping, truncated. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccccxix.
f. 3 Green Sand.

14. M ? angustata Valves unequal ; transversely elongated, thin, anti-
quated, irregularly compressed ; extremities obtuse, gaping ; lower edge of
the lesser valve concave. — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxxxi. — Upper marine For-
mation, Isle of Wight.

Gen. CXL. — LUTRARIA. — Equivalve, transverse, gaping .;
hinge with a broad vertical plate for the cartilage, sup-
porting one or two teeth on its anteal margin.

580. L. vulgaris. — Nearly equilateral, and rounded at both
extremities.

Concha longa, List. An. Ang. 170. Conch, t. xiv — Mactra lutraria,

Linn. Syst. i. 1 126. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 92. t. Iii. £ 44. Mont. Test.

Brit. 99. — Lutraria elliptica, Turt. Biv. Brit. 65 — In sand about low-

water mark.

Length 2\ inches, breadth 5 ; yellowish-white, with a thin close cuticle ;

slightly striated concentrically by the layers of growth, with remote obsolete

ridges.

1

Sphenia. MOLLUSCA. MYAD^. 465

581. L. Maris. — Retail extremity slightly produced, with
the dorsal margin nearly straight and subrecurved.

Mactra hians, Putt. Dorset, 32 Don. Brit. Shells, t. cxl. Mont. Test.

Brit. 101 L. oblonga, Turt. Biv. Brit. 64. t. v. f. 6 — In sand, be-

yond low-water mark.
Length 2\ inches, breadth 5 inches; thick, coarsely striated ; it chiefly
differs from the last in its shortness, great breadth, the straightness of the
dorsal and ventral margins, and the subrecurved aspect of the posterior ex-
tremity. In the L. vulgaris the syphon-mark has a smooth polished border ;
in this species the margin is a little raised.

The following shells, which Dr Turton has included in his genus Monta.
cuta, with the following character : " Shell oval or oblong, equivalve, inequi-
lateral ; mostly closed ; hinge with two teeth in each valve, and a cavity be-
tween them; lateral teeth none; ligament internal," appear to be the fry of
the species of the genera Mya and Lutraria, before they have begun to bur-
row in the sand or mud.

1. substriata Shell oval, with obscure longitudinal ribs ; |th of an inch in

length; Ligula substriata, Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 25 — M. substriata, Turt.
Biv. Brit. 59 Adhering to Corallines and the spines of Echini.

2. bidentata Shell ovaL, smooth, with one of the teeth oblique and spoon-
shaped Mya bidentata, Mont. Test. Brit. 44. t. xxvi. f. 5 — M. bid. Turt. Biv.

Brit. 60 In cavities in old Oyster Shells.

3. ferruginosa. — Shell oblong, slightly striated transversely, with one of the
teeth incurved and spoon-shaped — Mya fer. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 22. t. xxvi.
f. 2 M. fer. Turt. Biv. Brit. CO.— In Sand and Clay.

4. oblonga Shell oblong, smooth, with all the teeth erect — M. ob. Turt.

Biv. Brit. 61. t. xi. f. 11, 12— In Sand.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. Ij.gibbosa "Retral side widest, recurved, truncated and gaping — Sower.

Min. Conch, t. xlii. — Oolite.

2. L ? striata Transversely oval, compressed, concentrically striated ; pos-
terior side smallest, rather pointed, gaping ; beaks prominent. — Sower, Min.
Conch, t. Dxxxiv. f. 1 — Green Sand.

3. L ? cariuifera. — Transversely oval, elongated, convex, longitudinally
striated ; posterior side smooth, bounded by an obtuse carina, truncated, its
edge straight Sower. Min. Conch, t. dxxiv — Lower Chalk.

4. L ? oblata Compressed, transversely oval, with obtuse extremities

slightly bent ; beaks prominent — Sower. Min. Conch, t. Dxxxiv. f. 3 — Lon-
don Clay.

Gen. CXLI. SPHENIA. — Transverse, inequivalve, inequi-
lateral, open retrally ; hinge of the right valve with an
elevated transversely dilated tooth, of the left valve with a
concave tooth, and small denticle before it. — Turton.

■ 582. S. Binghami. — Shell wedge-shaped, with the concave
tooth oblique and inflected.

Turt. Biv. Brit. 36. t. cxi. f. 4, 5. and t. xix. f. 3. — In rocks, Torbay.
VOL. I. G g

4*66 MOLLUSCA. MYAD.E. Pandora.

Length a quarter of an inch, breadth half an inch ; cuticle brown, wrink-
led ; truncate anteally ; beaks rather prominent, with the points not quite
opposite, but divaricating from each other ; the elevated tooth running in a
gradually narrower and wedge-shaped manner, nearly half way along the
back margin.

583. S. Swalnsonl. — Shell oval, wedge-form, with the con-
cave tooth projecting horizontally inwards.

Turt. Biv. Brit. 37. t. iii. f. 3. t. xix. f. 2.— In rocks, Torbay.
Length a quarter of an inch, breadth half an inch ; rounded retrally.

Gen. CXLII. PANDORA. — Shell inequivalve, inequilate-
ral ; two unequal teeth in each valve.

584. P. incequivalvis. — Dorsalfmargin behind, nearly straight;
left valve smooth, the right valve concentrically striated.

Tellina in. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1118. Don. Brit Shells, t. lxi. Mont. Test.

Brit. 75. ib Solen pinna, ib. 566. t. xv. f. 3 — P. margaritacea, Turt.

Biv. Brit. 40. t. cxi. f. 11, 12, 13, 14. — English shores, rare.

Length half an inch, breadth an inch ; oblong, white, glossy ; anterior ex-
tremity rounded ; retral extremity produced and subrecurved ; the left valve
along the dorsal margin angular and incurved. — It appears from the observa-
tion of M. Eudes Deslongchamp, that on each side the mouth are two long
tentacula, directed retrally ; and that the marginal impression of the cloak
consists of a series of from 15 to 16 rounded muscular markings, two or three
of which are connivent. — Bulletin des Sciences, Fev. 1827, 297-

Gen. CXLIII. GALEOMA. — Equivalve, equilateral, trans-
verse ; with a large oval gape at the front margin ; hinge
without teeth.

585. G. Turtoni. — Tumid in the middle, compressed to-
wards the extremities, which are rounded and closed.

Turt. Zool. Journ. No. 7« 364. t. xiii. f. 1. — English Channel.

Length two lines and a half, breadth not quite half an inch ; dirty white,
the surface covered with close set, irregular transverse interrupted opaque
lines ; beaks prominent.

( 467 )

MOLLUSCA TUNICATA.

DICHITONIDA.

Inner tunic detached from the external one, and united only at
the two orifices. The branchiae are large, equal, and spread
on the central surface of the inner sac, and the branchial ori-
fice has an inner membranaceous ring, or circle of tentacula.
All the British Dichitonida are fixed, and the branchial and
anal orifices are not opposite to each other.

A. Body simple.

a. Apertures furnished with four rays. The body sessile; branchiae
four on each side, the meshes uninterrupted.
Pandocia.

aa. Apertures with indistinct rays, or more than four, the tunic soft ;
branchiae destitute of longitudinal folds.

b. Body pedunculated.
Clavellina.

bb. Body sessile.

c. Tunic and branchial cavity straight.
Pirena.
Ciona.

cc. Tunic turned up at the base.
Phallusia.

A A. Body compound.

a. Branchial orifice radiated.

b. Branchial and anal orifices with six regular rays ; body sessile.
Polyzona.

bb. Branchial orifice only with six regular rays.

c. Body pedunculated ; system single, circular, and terminal.
Sydneum.

cc. Body sessile, polymorphous.
Alpidium.

aa. Branchial orifice simple.
Botryllus.

Gg

'"

468 MOLLUSCA. TUNICATA. Pandocia.

Gen. CXLIV. PANDOCIA. — Ovarium single, and situate in
the fold of the intestine, the latter strengthened by a cy-
lindrical rib from the pylorus to the anus.

586. P. conchilega. — Cylindrical or oval, wrinkled, subdia-

phanous, and generally covered with the fragments of shells.

Ascidia conch. Mull. Zool. Dan. t. 34. f. 4, 5, G. Stewart's El. i. 392 —
P. mytiligera, Savigny, Mem. ii. 158. t. viii. f. 2— On different parts
of the Scottish coast, common.

Length upwards of an inch, the breadth about one-third less ; orifices lit-
tie raised, and rather remote ; the inner tunic bluish-white ; tentacular fila-
ments of the branchial orifice, long, slender, and upwards of twenty in num-
ber. The Modiolus discors is frequently found imbedded in the integument.

Gen. CXLV. CLAVELLINA.— Branchial and anal orifices
without rays ; the angles of the branchial meshes simple ;
the intestine destitute of a rib.

587. C. lepudiformis. — Body transparent, exhibiting the dark
coloured branchial sac, intestine and stomach.

Ascidia lep. Mull. Zool. Dan. t.lxxix. f. 5. — C. lep. Sav. Mem. ii. 174,

and 237 Not common, adhering to sea-weeds.

Length about two inches ; thick at the base, where the stomach is placed ;
narrow during the course of the intestine, and then expanding into a blunt
head for the branchial cavity ; at the base there are numerous branched tubes,
with a central medullary line. Dr Leach communicated this species, from
the British seas, to M. Savigny in 1816. I have obtained it by dredging in
Kirkwall bay, Orkney.

Gen. CXLVI. PIRENA.— The branchial sac as extended
as the tunic ; stomach not resting on the intestine.

58S. P. prunum. — Ovate, smooth, greenish, and diaphanous.

Ascidia prunum, Mull. Zoo]. Dan. t. xxKiv. f. 1, 2, 3. Stewart's El. i.

392 Adhering to fuci, not common.

Upwards of an inch in diameter ; inner tunic white, the orifices with 7 or
8 red lines.

Gen. CXLVII. CIONA. — Branchial sac shorter than the
tunic, and exceeded by the viscera.

589. C. intestinalis. — Lengthened, bifid at the extremity ;

grey, with the orifices yellow.

Ascidia int. Linn. Syst. i. 1087- Ellis's Zooph. 49.— A. corrugata, Mull.
Zool. Dan. t. lxxix. f. 3, 4 Adheres to fuci beyond low water-mark.

Length about two inches ; thickest at the base, where it adheres by nu-
merous coarse threads, soft and transparent ; the orifices are approximate,

Phallusia. MOLLUSCA. TUNICATA. 469

tubular, with divided margins, and intermediate scarlet spots ; the anal ori-
fice is a little below, with six spots, the upper branchial one with eight — It
is not uncommon in the Zetland seas.

Gen. CXLVIII. PHALLUSIA.— Branchial sac extending
beyond the viscera into a pouch of the tunic ; stomach rest-
ing on the viscera.

590. P. mentida. — Oval, compressed, hairy, the inner tunic
red.

Ascidia ment. Mull. Zool. Don. t. viii. f. 1-4. Mont. Test. Brit. 542.
Stewart's Elem. i. 391 — Adheres to rocks.
Length 2 or 3 inches ; brown ; rough, often with adhering fragments of
corals and shells ; apertures distant, reddish.

591. P. rustica. — Subcylindrical, rough, the apertures ap-
proximate.

Ascidia rust. Linn. Syst. i. 1087- Mull. Zool. Dan. t. xv. f. 1-5. Stew,
art's El. i. 391 Adheres to stones, shells, and fuci.

Length about two inches ; outer tunic yellowish ; rough and obtuse when
old, red and hemispherical when young, whitish inside ; inner tunic reddish.

Gen. CXLIX. POLYZONA.— Body polymorphous, with
many systems arranged subcircularly.

592. P. variolosa. — " Crustaceous and leathery, with scat-
tered papillae, and two subdentated mouths.'"

Alcyonium ascidioides, Stew-art's El. ii. 432. Turt. Brit. Fauna, 208 —
Adhering to the fucus palmatus on the coast of Cornwall.

This species, which was first observed by Gaertner, and communicated by
him to Pallas (Spicil. Zool. fasc. x. t. iv. f. 7-) is thus described by its disco-
verer : " Crusta, coriacea, tenax, crassiuscula, subtus plana, supra verrucis
crebris, variaeque magnitudinis conspersa, coloris vel dilute rubicundi vel ex
croceo albicantis. Verrucae seu tubercula maximam partem ovalia et ex
croceo rubra sunt : singulum autem duplici perforatum est orificio minimo
coccineo, quod turgidulus margo ejusdem coloris atque sex distinctus radiis,
quasi in tot discessus fuerit dentes, cingit."— Sav. Mem. 38.

Gen. CL. SYDNEUM. — Body inversely conical ; anal orifice
simple and tubular.

593. S. turbinatum. — Pale red, gelatinous, and transparent.
Sav. Mem. 238 — On rocks.

• Length about half an inch above the common base, which spreads on the
rocks ; narrow below, and gradually becoming thicker towards the top, the
summit of which is slightly concave ; mouths prominent, freckled with yel-
low, with short blunt conical tentacula ; stomach surrounded with glands ;

470 MOLLUSCA. TUNICATA. Alpimum.

intestine spirally folded ; ovarium pedunculated — Dr Leach communicated
this species to M. Savigny, from the British shores in 1816. I have found
what I am inclined to consider as the same species, on the shore of the Isle
of May, in the Frith of Forth.

Gen. CLI. ALPIDIUM — Individuals in a single row round
the common centre ; systems destitute of a central cavity,
and the angles of the branchial meshes without papilla?.

594. A.Jicus. — Fleshy, lobed, yellowish.

Alcyonium pulmonis instar lohatum, Ellis, Cor. 82. t. xvii. f. 6. — A. fi-
cus, Linn. Syst. i. 1295 — A. ficus, Sav. Mem. 183.

Spreading and dividing into flattish lohes, about an inch and a half in dia-
meter ; of a dark olive colour ; and, when opened, emitting a very disagree-
able smell ; numerous granules, connected by filaments distributed through
the mass in the intervals of the systems.

Gen. CLII. BOTRYLLUS. — Systems consisting of one or
more regular concentric rows, furnished with a central ca-
vity.

* Individuals disposed in a single roiv, with the central cavity
apparent and denticulated.

595. B. Schlosseri. — Lead coloured, the branchial orifices
white, with a circle of yellow spots.

Alcyonium carnosum, Schlosser, Phil. Trans. 1756, 449. t. xiv. Borl.

Corn. 254. t. xxv. f. 1, 2.— A. Schlosseri, Linn. Syst. 1294 — B. Sch.

Sav. Mem. 200. t. 20. f. 5.— On rocks and sea-weeds.

Many inches in breadth, and sometimes an inch in thickness ; semitrans-

parent ; individuals claviform, variegated with yellow and red ; tentacular

filaments 8, alternately short and long — M. Savigny refers to this species

the A. Borlasii of Dr Turton's British Fauna, described by Dr Borlase, Corn.

254. t. xxv. f. 3, 4. though it probably belongs to a different genus.

** Individuals disposed in several rows.

596. B. conglomeratus. — Gelatinous, convex, with conglo-
merate finger-like divisions, and toothless terminal mouths.

(Gaert. Pal. Spic. Zool. 16. 39. t. iv. f. 6.)— Alcyonium con. Turt. Brit.

Fauna, 208 B. con. Sav. Mem. 204.— On the Cornish Coast.

This species is still involved in considerable obscurity. The same remark
is applicable to Alcyonium constellalum Borl. Corn. 254. t. xxv. f. 5, 6. of Dr
Turton's British Fauna.

Salpa. MOLLUSCA. MONOCHITONIDA. 471

MONOCHITONIDA.

Gen. CLIII. SALPA. — Branchial cavity open at both ends,
the orifice valvular.

597. S. moniliformis. — Both extremities produced, the an-
teal one the longest.

MacCullocli's Description of the Western Isles, ii. 188. t. 29. f. 2. Flem.

Edin. Phil. Journ. ix. 248 — Common in the sea among the Western

Islands in August.
When young, the individuals adhere laterally in such a manner as to form
a chain upwards of a foot in length ; when full grown, and detached, they
exceed an inch in length. At each extremity of the back, there is a conical
longitudinal process, nearly equal to the body in length ; the retral process
exhibits some appearance of a vascular structure ; the stomach is of a dark
brownish-orange, and (as well as the branchial band) is distinctly seen
through the transparent gelatinous body.

472 RADIATA.

RADIATA.

Class I. ECHINODERMATA.— Skin coriaceous or crusta-
ceous ; intestinal canal distinct, and contained in an
abdomen; numerous apparent vessels connected with
circulation aud reproduction. Marine.

II. ACALEPHA. — Skin soft, frequently gelatinous;
stomach and intestines never floating in a particular
cavity ; traces of circulating vessels obscure. Ma-
rine.

III. ZOOPHYTA.— Mouth surrounded by a circle of

tentacula ; body generally compound, and assuming
plant-like forms.

IV. INFUSORIA. — Apparently destitute of a visible

mouth, stomach, or internal vessels.

RADIATA. ECHINODEIIMATA. 473

I.— ECHINODERMATA.

Order I. — Free.

Sect. I. — Locomotion executed by means of suckers. These
consist of tubular extensile processes, with a terminal, usually
fringed disc, which serves either as an organ of motion or rest;
the central canal admitting water to the aerating organs.

A. Covering of immoveable testaceous plates, without projecting
arms. EchiniDjE.

A A. Covering crustaceous and moveable.

a. Body produced. Fistutidce.

a a. Body depressed, or orbicular, and divided into arms or
rays. Asteriadce.

Sect. II. — Destitute of suckers for locomotion.

Sipunculus.
Priapulus.

Ordek II. — Fixed ; the body covered by articulating plates,
supported by an articulated column.

Crinoida?. Margin of the oral disc supporting numerous articu-
lated arms.

Blastoidae. Margin of the oral disc destitute of arms ; body with
avenues of branchial pores.

474 RADIATA; ECHINODERMATA,

ECHINIDJi.

The covering consists of numerous angular plates, adhering by
simple or serrated sutures, and pierced by numerous pores.
These pores give passage to the canal of the tentacular pro-
cesses whieh are connected with the investing integument.
The plates are also covered with tubercular processes, sup-
porting moveable spines. The body, when at rest, is sup-
ported on the oral disc.

I. Anocysti. — Vent in the dorsal surface.

a. Vent central, in the axis of the body.
Cidaris.
Echinus.

Clypeus.

a. a. Vent lateral above the margin.

(Cassidula. \
Nucleolitis. /

II. Pleurocysti. — Vent marginal.

Echinarachnius.
Spatangus.

III. Catocysti. — Vent in the under surface.
a. Mouth central.

b. Avenues of pores limited.
Echinocyamus.

(Echinanthus. \
Echinodiscus./

b. b. Avenues of pores complete.
Conulus.
(Echinoneus)

a. a. Mouth not central.
Echinocorys.

( 475 )
ANOCYSTI.

In those species in which the mouth and vent are at opposite ends
of the axis of the animal, the body is globular or hemispherical, and di-
vided into ten compartments by ten avenues of pores. The avenues
approach hi pairs, making five of the compartments smaller than the
others with which they alternate. The smaller compartments consist
of a double row of plates, united to each other by a zig-zag line, and
to the larger compartments by a straight subserrated suture. Each
plate is covered with tubercles, on the surface next its fellows, in the
same compartment, but on the surface towards the opposite side, it is
perforated with pores, in pairs, and arranged in oblique lines, with an
oral direction. The portions of the plate, with the pores, are frequent-
ly compound. These plates increase in size, from the mouth to the
middle of the body, where the avenues of the pores are at the greatest
distance, and then decrease to the pelvis, where the pores approach,
and terminate in a pentagonal costal plate. In the inside of the mouth
there are five plates perpendicular to the margin, and perforated in the
middle, from which the smaller compartments take their rise. The
large compartments likewise consist of a double row of plates, united
by a zig-zag line, covered with tubercles without pores, widest in the
middle of the body, and terminating in the five plates of the pelvis,
one of which, termed the wart, is curiously puckered, and all of them
have a large perforation. These plates form the ring of a circular
space, covered by a tough skin, with tubercles, and perforated in the
centre by the vent. Around the mouth there is likewise a circular
space, formed by a tough muricated skin. The whole body is covered
with an iutegument, more or less intermixed with muscular fibres.
The appendices of the skin are of three kinds. 1. The prickles are of
different sizes, and are seated on the convex surface of the tubercles,
which are received into their concave bases, thus forming a ball and
socket joint, surrounded by the integument, and put in motion by its
agency. These serve the purpose of defence, and assist locomotion.
Their structure is radiated from the centre, with distinct traces of con-
centric layers of growth. Mr Haidinger, in his translation of Mohs's
Mineralogy, vol. ii. p. 91, has stated, that, in a fossil state, " every
one of the spines of Echini consists of a single individual (Rhombohe-
dral Lime Haloide) perfectly cleavable, and the axis of which is paral-
lel to the axis of the spine. But, what is still more remarkable, the
spines of these animals possess the same property, even in recent
specimens of the latter, and it appears, that the carbonate of lime crys-

476 RADIATA. ANOCYSTI.

tallizes as rhombohedral lime-haloide upon the body of these animals."
We suspect that this acute mineralogist has been deceived by consi-
dering as recent what were, in fact, fossil specimens. At least no
such crystalline arrangement as is here described, exists in the spines
of the recent British Echini, not even in the large prickles of Ce-
daris papillata, one-eighth of an inch in diameter. 2. The jointed
bodies, which have long been considered as distinct animals, and
constituting the genus Pediceelaria of Midler, are dispersed among
the prickles. They are supported on a moveable spinous stalk, en-
veloped by the integument, furnished with one or more joints, and
terminating in a head, which, when alive, is continually in motion. At
the base, where they adhere, a small eminence may be observed, diffe-
rent, however, from the ordinary tubercles, with articular surfaces.
These are conjectured by Monro to be similar in their functions to the
antennae of insects. 3. The suckers are placed on the avenues of pores.
They consist of longitudinal and circular muscles, with a terminal disc
for adhesion. These are connected with the integument. The perfo-
ration in the disc is single, and leads into a canal, which divides and
enters the shell by two pores ; each pair of pores belonging to a single
sucker. By means of these suckers, assisted by the spines, the ani-
mal moves slowly along the rocks in search of food or shelter. The
mouth is furnished with five converging teeth, fixed in large complex
sockets. These are connected by a strong ligament, with five proces-
ses, which project perpendicularly inwards from the margin of the aper-
ture, and serve as points of insertion for the muscles of the jaws. The
gullet, after some convolutions, enters a larger intestine, which de-
scribes some waving circles, and then opens at the vent. The intes-
tine is accompanied by a mesentery and two parallel vessels, which
probably perform systemic and pulmonic functions. The water is ad-
mitted into the interior, for the purpose of aerating the blood by a very
singular organization. On the inside of the shell, from the pelvis to
the mouth, there is a straight vessel, under the ziz-zag line of each of
the smaller compartments. This vessel, in its course, communicates
by parallel lateral canals, with a row of vascular, foliaceous membranes,
situate on each side and underneath the avenues of pores. These
membranes consist of convoluted anastomosing vessels, communicating
by two ducts with two of the external perforated suckers, each sucker
sending a tube to two different leaves. These five vessels near the
mouth, subdivide, enter large receptacles at the base of the sockets of
the teeth, and then open externally, probably through the tubular pro-
cesses of the oral plate, though, according to Monro, by canals through

Cidaris. RADIATA. ANOCYSTI. 477

the sockets of the teeth. According to this author, the water enters
the perforated suckers, passes along the five tubes, and escapes at the
mouth. Future observation, however, will probably assign an oppo-
site direction to the current, and the perforated tubes on the oral disc
as the orifices at which the water enters. The organs of reproduction
appear to be limited to five ovaria, intimately connected, and opening
by five oviducts, in the perforations of the five plates of the pelvis.
When in season, the roe fills a great part of the cavity of the shell. It
is eaten when boiled, and has a flavour not unlike a lobster.

Gen. I. CIDARIS. — Tubercles and spines connected by a
central ligament. The avenues of pores are parallel and
closely placed, rendering the smaller compartments narrow,
tortuous, and fit only for supporting small spines. The
plates of the larger compartments have an elevated tuber-
cle in the middle, with a groove round the base, surround-
ed with a broad smooth space, which is inclosed on the
margin of the plate, with a border of small tubercles, des-
titute of a pit in the summit. On each central tubercle
there is placed a large spine, connected by the central li-
gament and investing integument. M. Lamarck (Hist.
Vert. iii. 53.) considers this central ligament as a muscle
issuing from the interior, for moving the spine. But it has
no communication with the interior of the shell. He like-
wise supposes that the tubular suckers can be withdrawn
into the shell by the animal. But the division of the canal
at the base, for the passage of each branch through a dif-
ferent pore, renders this impossible. Round the base of
these large spines, smaller ones are placed, on the ring of
tubercles, which surround them like a sheath. Each avenue
consists only of a double row of pores, in pairs, correspond-
ing with a single row of tubular suckers.

1. C. papillata. — Primary spines nearly cylindrical, with nu-
merous rough longitudinal ridges.

C. p. major, Leske apud Klein, Ech. p. 125. tab. vii. A. and xxxix. —
2. Echinus Cidaris ? var. a. Sower. Br. Mus. tab. xliv — Found in deep
water, Zetland, where it is called the Piper.

The body of the shell is about two inches in diameter, and depressed at
both ends. The longest primary spines are about four inches in length. The
shortest near the mouth do not exceed half an inch. These last are spatu-
late as well as the small ones on the oral plate. The plates of the division be-

4*78 RADIATA. ANOCYSTI. Echinus.

tween the pores, consist each of a large and small tubercle, supporting small
spines, and scattered eminences to which the articulated bodies adhere, and
two pores. The five bones of the pelvis are subquadrangular, from the ring
of the vent, and, externally, are wedged in by fine subtriangular costce.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. C. Parkinsoni — The tubercles immediately above the margin the lar-
gest; the small compartments prominent. — Park. Org. Rem. iii. 10. t. i. f. 4,
5-8. — Lower Oolite.

2. C papillata. — Body depressed ; each compartments with two rows of
tubercles, encircled by a distinct groove at the base — Park. Org. Hem. iii.
t. 1. f. 9 — Mant. Geol. 189. t. xvii. f. 18.— In Chalk and Oolite.

3. C. intermedia — Lesser compartments half the width of the larger ones ;
tubercles crenulated at the base — Echinita, Park. Org. Rem. iii. 13. t. i. f. 6.
— Oolite.

4. C. Urii — Single plates only observed ; tubercle with a double ring, the
margin of the plate granulated ; spines finely striated longitudinally, and
prickly towards the extremity. I have found, adjacent, what appears to be
one of the teeth. — Echinus, Ure, Ruth. 318. t. xvi. f. 7, 8. — Carboniferous
Limestone.

Many more species are indistinctly referred to by Plott, Lister, Luid, and
Parkinson.

Gen. II. ECHINUS. Sea-Urchin. — Tubercles and spines
destitute of the central connecting ligament.
In this genus the primary spines are more numerous, and
produced ; the avenues of pores are separated by larger
tubercular spaces, approaching at each end.

* Three double rows of pores in each avenue ; the ring round
the vent formed by the plates of the pelvis.

2. E. esculentus. — Plates covered with numerous nearly equal
tubercles.

Merret's Pin. 192. List. An. Ang. 169. tab. iii. f. 18. Sib. Scot. ii. 3-
p. 26- — Borl. Corn. p. 278. tab. xxviii. 27. Monro, Phys. Fishes, p. 66-
tab. xliii. and xliv. Penn. Br. Zool. iv. p. 67. tab. xxxiv f. 74- Cor-
diner's Ruins, No. xiii — Found on rocks at low tides, common.

This species varies considerably in shape and colour. The avenues of the
pores have waved transverse grooves, and a few scattered tubercles. In each
compartment there are two rows of primary tubercles, with numerous others,
of different sizes, covering the whole surface. A series of 10 tuberculated
plates surrounding the margin of the mouth, each with a central extensile
sucker.

3. E. miliaris. — Plates with a single large, and a few small,
tubercles.

Cidaris miliaris saxatilis, Leske ap. Klun. p. 82. tab. ii. A, B, C, D. xxxi,
A, D. xxxviii. 2, 3 — E. m. Flem. Mem. Wern. ii. p. 246— From Zet-
land, in deep water.

Clypeus. RADIATA. ANOCYSTI. 479

Avenues of the pores nearly smooth, and narrower than the preceding.
The double row of primary tubercles in each compartment very^distinct, the
smaller ones few in number, having a space hi tho middle of each, nearly
smooth.

* Five double rows of pores in each avenue. The ring round
the vent formed by the plates qf the pelvis and the costals.

4. E. subangularis. — Each oblique row of pores curved to-
wards the mouth, the intervening spaces with a row of tuber-
cles.

Cidaris subangularis, Leske, p. 106. t. iii. C, D.— Common on the rocks
with E. eseulentus.

In each of the large compartments there are about ten tubercles in each
transverse row, and in the smaller about six. Each plate, however, has one
tubercle larger than the rest. The margin of each pair of pores seems raised,
with a groove between those which are contiguous in the same row. The
markings on the avenues of pores appear to distinguish this species from the
Rupestris of Leske, p. 111., which is the Saxatilis of Gmelin. It is probable
that this species has been confounded with E. esculentus. The structure of
the pelvis, and the number of pores, characters belonging to different sys-
tems of organs in the animal, leave no room to doubt of the propriety of their
separation.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. E. saxatilis. — Hemispherical, depressed ; compartments with two rows of

small, nearly equal tubercles ; little more than half an inch in diameter.

Park. Org. Rem. iii. t. iii. f. 1 — Mant. Geol. 189 Chalk.

2. E. Konigii — Circular, much depressed, lesser compartments with two
rows of tubercles ; thirty rows of tubercles on the vertex, and twenty on the
base Park. Org. Rem. iii. 12. t. i. f. 10 — Mant. Geol. 189 Chalk.

Gen. CLYPEUS. — Depressed, with ten avenues of pores in
pairs ; a groove from the vertex to the margin on one side.

1. C. sinuatus. — Round, the avenues of pores, in the pairs, recede from each
other from the vortex towards the margin — (Plot, t. ii. f. 9, 10.) — List. An.
Ang. 224.— Park. Org. Rem. ii. t. ii. f. 1. — Oolite.

2. C. lobatus — The groove deep, and dividing the margin into two lobes—
List. An. Ang. 223 — Oolite.

3. C. clunicularis.-m Oval— (Smi/A's Fossils, f. 6.), Geol. Eng. 188. — Oolite.

PLEUROCYSTI.

Gen. III. ECHINARACHNIUS.— Mouth central.

5. E. placenta. — Subconic, with five avenues of pores, cir-
cumference angular, base flat.

Echinus p. Linn. Syst. mcv. 16— "Isle of Foulah, very rare," Professor
Jameson.

480 RADIATA. PLEUROCYSTI. Spatangus.

Gen. IV. SPATANGUS. — Avenues of pores circumscribed.
A groove or band extends from the mouth, which is trans-
versely lunate, to the four orifices of the oviducts in the
vertex. Anus in a compression in the margin, with a cir-
cumscribed space immediately underneath.

a. A suhquadrangular space on the vertex, containing the orifices
of the oviducts, inclosed by a narrow band. The pairs of
pores in the avenues not connected by lines. Compression
at the vent vertical.

6. S. cordatus. — Mermaids1 Heads; Sea-eggs. — A deep groove

on the margin between the mouth and vertex.

Echinus spatagus, Merret, p. 192., Depressed cordate sea-egg. Bor.
Corn. p. 278. tab. xxviii. f. 28. — E. c. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. p. 69.

t. xxxiv. f. 75 Spatagus flavescens, Mutter, Zool. Dan. iii. p. 17.

tab. xci. f. 1-4 S. pusillus, Leske, ap. Klun. p. 230. t. xxiv. c, d, e.

tab. xxxviii. 5. — Common in all the sandy bays.

Length about two inches ; vertex hollowed ; oviducts in pairs, diverging,
with an intermediate punctured space ; vent vertically ovate ; the inclosed
spaces, beneath, rhomboidal, with two pores in the lateral angles ; primary
spines few, on rough tubercles ; spaces between the pairs ot pores in the
avenues smooth.

7. S. ovatus. — Groove between the mouth and vertex obso-
lete.

Flem. Wern. Mem. v. 287. t. 6., lower figure. Leske ap. Kl. p. 252.
tab. xlix. f. 12, 13 Scottish coast, rare.

Diameter an inch and a quarter, purple ; vertex nearly even ; oviducts
approximate, with the punctured space behind, and the spines covering this
place produced ; vent transversely ovate, the inclosed space beneath cordi-
form, with single lateral pores ; primary spines, supported on tubercles, with
a central ligament, and surrounded by a moniliform ring ; the spaces be-
tween the pairs of pores in the avenues rough.

This species differs so much from the preceding in so many characters, as
to leave no room to doubt its claim to rank as a distinct species. Doubts,
however, may be entertained as to the propriety of the synonym prefixed.
This species is more globular than expressed in Leske's figure, and the line
from the oviducts to the mouth, instead of being carinate, is flat- A single
specimen of this species occurred to me in 1809 in Zetland. In 1825, Dr
Coldstream found another on Leith sands.

b. Destitute of a suhquadrangidar space on the vertex. The
pairs of pores in the avenues connected by transverse lines.
Compression at the vent oblique.

8. S. purpureus. — Vertex sloping to the margin.

Mutter, Zool. Dan. i. p. 5. tab. vi. 1-5. copied by Leske, tab. xliii. f. 3-5.

with a good description Echinus lacunosus, Pcnn. Br. Zool. iv. p. 69.

tab. xxxv. f. 76 On the English coast, rare — Frith of Forth, com-
mon.

3

Echinocyamus. RADIATA. CATOCYSTI. 481

Upwards of three inches in diameter ; purple. Oviducts approximating
with the punctured space behind. Vent transversely oval. Inclosed space
beneath reniform. Two anterior avenues of pores abbreviated. Primary
tubercles, with a central ligament, a moniliform ring at the base, and dis-
posed in waved lines.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. S. cor-anguinum. — Cordate, subconvex, with five grooves, each with four
rows in pairs — Echinites cordatus, Lind. 47. t. xii. f. 964. — S. cor. Park. Org.
Hem. iii. 28. t. iii. f. 11 — Common in Chalk.

2. S. rostralus. — Cordiform, dorsal ridge rostrated, anterior part of the shell
depressed — Mant. Geol. 192. t. xvii. f. 10-17 In Chalk.

3. S. planus — " Ovate, vertex rather depressed ; surface nearly smooth, with
eight ? biporous ambulacra, diverging in pairs on each side the back and front,
dorsal groove superficial, extending to the mouth ; base slightly convex ;
mouth transversely reniform ; vent placed in the upper part of the side." —
Mant. Geol. 192. t. xvii. f. 9-21 In Chalk.

CATOCYSTI.

Gen.V. ECHINOCYAMUS.— Ovoid/margin rounded; ave-
nues of pores short and biporous ; mouth and vent adjoin-
ing.

9. E. pusillus. — Body ovate, slightly concave round the
mouth, and subdepressed above.

Spatagus pusillus, Muller, Zool. Dan. iii. p. 18. tab. xci. f. 5, 6 Echinus

ovalis depressus ambulacris quinis, Walker's Test. Min. p. 25. tab. iii.
f. 88. — Ovulum marinum, laeve, minimum, figurse compresste, Bor.
Corn. p. 278. tab. xxviii. f. 26 — Common on all parts of the coast, from
Devon to Zetland.

The margin of the mouth is irregularly notched. Where the avenues
meet there are four large pores, the orifices of the oviducts — Muller states
the size at nine lines. I have not found it exceeding two lines, nor ever
alive. In some the vertex is prominent, and the avenues of pores indistinct,
and they likewise exhibit differences in the disposition of the tubercles.

Is the " Echinus subrotundus planus lobatus, the flafc roundish lobated Echi-
nus, the colour opaque, white, from Reculver, very rare," of Walk. Test.
Min. 25. t. iii. fig. 89, an Echinocyamus ? I am not aware that it has come
under the notice of any recent observer.

Gen CONULUS.— Conoid, vent lateral.

1. C. albogalerus — Obscurely pentagonal, divided by ten biporous avenues
into five large and five very small compartments ; surfaces covered with mi-
nute granulas ; vertex with five perforations — Park. Org. Rem iii. 19. t. ii.
f. 10, U.— Mant. Geol. 190. t. xvii. f. 8-20— Chalk.

2. C. vulgaris — Park. Org. Rem. iii. t. ii. f. 3 — Mant. Geol. 191.— In Chalk.
VOL. 1. H h

482 RADIATA. FISTULID^. Holothukia-

3. C. subrotundus.-~ Subglobose, divided by biporosous avenues into five

wide and five narrow compartments ; vent in the margin Mant. Geol. 191.

t. xvii. f. 15. — In Chalk.

Gen. ECHINOCORYS.— Oval, vaulted; mouth transverse,
lateral, the vent towards the opposite margin.

1. E. scutatus — A pi-ominent angular ridge, from the vertex to the vent ;
surface finely granular ; height and breadth nearly equal. — Park. Org.
Rem. iii. 21. t. ii. f. 4. — In Chalk.

2. E. pustulatus. — Ovate, conical, narrow at top, with an angular ridge
from the vertex to the vent ; avenues biporous from the vertex, the pores
becoming inclosed in pairs by raised circles near the margin. — Echinites punc-
tis prominentibus, List. An. Ang. 225 — Oolite.

3. E. ornalus.—List. An. Ang. 224. t. vii. f. 28 — Oolite.

FISTULIML

Covering, a flexible skin.

The body is lengthened. The mouth is terminal, and furnish-
ed with a circle of (generally) osseous pieces instead of teeth,
and surrounded by retractile tentacula. Opening of the
oviduct near the mouth ; anus terminal. This includes the
species constituting the genus Holothuria of Linnaeus. The
indigenous species may be placed provisionally under the fol-
lowing sections :

I. Suckers arranged in five longitudinal rows, from the mouth to the vent.
Holothuria.

II. Suckers confined to one part of the body, forming a ventral disc.
Cuvieria.

III. Suckers distributed over the surface of the body.
Mulleria.

Gen. VI. HOLOTHURIA.— Tentacula deeply subdivided.

10. H. pentactes. — Tentacula ten, with the mouth destitute

of a fringed margin.

Hydra corallifera, tentaculis retractilibus frondosis, Gaertner, Ph. Tr.
1761, p. 80. tab. i. b. f. 3. A, B — H. pen. Penn. Br. Zool. iv. 51.
tab. xxvi Inhabits deep water on different parts of the coast.

The body is dusky -white, head dark brown ; tentacula dark brown, covered
with pale yellow papillae. This species, in these characters, differs from the
H. frondosa of Gunner, the H. pentactes of Zool. Dan. tab. cviii., which is of
a deep brown colour.

( 'uvikkia. RADIATA. FISTULID/E. 483

11. H. Montaguii. — Tentacula eight, with two small conti-
guous subsidiary ones. .Mouth simple.

H. pen. var. Mbnl. Lin. Trans, ix. p. 112. tab. vii. f. 4.— Milton Sands,

Montagu ; Frith of Forth, Mr Neill.

The body is eylindric, white, covered with a mottled cuticle ; towards the

head the whole becomes purplish-brown ; margin of the mouth white ; while

alive, the two small subsidiary tentacula are alternately in motion, covering

the mouth ; vent, pentangular, red The subdivisions of the tentacula are not

so numerous as in the preceding species.

12. H. NcilUi.—TentaculcL ten, with ten subsidiary ones stir-
rounding the margin of the mouth.

Frith of Forth, Mr Neill.
This species, in form and colouring, bears a near resemblance to the pre-
ceding, but it differs in the exterior tentacula being more subdivided, and in
the number of the interior ones.. These last are similar in form to the outer
ones, though only about one-fourth of their size. This species was brought
to Mr Neill by a Newhaven fisherman, 3d September 1818. Being in
company with this intelligent observer of nature at the time, he kindly
presented it to me, and remarked, that it was different from the two species
which Professor Jameson, on his authority, had recorded (Wern. Mem. i.
p. 558.), as natives of the Frith of Forth, circumstances which indicate the
propriety of its specific appellation. I have since received a specimen from
Cape Wrath, through the kindness of my friend Dr Coldstream.

13. II. dissi mills. — -Body pentangular, tapering to both ex-
tremities, suckers hard, conical ; tentacula of two kinds ; those
which are plumose are shorter than the five simple ones which
are opposed to them.

A single specimen of this probably new species, about two inches in length,
was found by Dr Coldstream on Leith shore.

14. H. pellucida. — Ten branched tentacula, translucent, with
numerous white papillae.

Mull. Zool. Dan. t. exxxv. f. 1 In the Zetland seas, rare.

Length about six inches, diameter scarcely one inch ; whitish ; five lon-
gitudinal muscular bands. The milky colour and delicate translucency of
this species readily serve as distinguishing marks.

Gen. VII. CUVIERIA (Perm).— Body thickest in the mid-
dle, ascending, and attenuating towards the extremities.

15. C. pliantapus. — Anteally obtuse, cylindrical; retrally
acuminato-conical.

Holothuria phantapus, Linn. Syst. 1089. No. 2. Zool. Dan. tab. cxii.

f. 1, 2, 3 Ascidia rustica, Penn. Br. Zool. iv. p. 48. tab. xxiii. f. 35.

— Occasionally found from Devon to Zetland.
The body is usually from 6 to 8 inches in length, of a dark brown, rough,
with transverse wrinkles ; the head is a rich carmine, with ten cylindrical
tentacula divided at the ends ; the vent is surrounded by simple tentacula ;
the disk has two longitudinal marginal rows of suckers, and three in the
middle.

Hh2

484 RADIATA. FISTULIDvE. Mdlleeia.

Gen. VIII. MULLERIA. — This genus, contemplated by
Cuvier, for the reception of the Holothuriajusus of Zool.
Dan. x. f. 5, 6, and H. papillosa, ib. cviii. f. 5, I have
presumed to inscribe to the memory of one of the most
acute, industrious, and successful investigators of the tribe
to which it belongs.

16. M. digitata. — Tentacula twelve, ending in four obtuse

branches.

Hoi. dig. Mont. Linn. Trans, xi. p. 22, tab. iv. f. 6 — Coast of Devon.

" Body long, cylindrical, covered with minute papillae, of a yellowish-
white colour, marked with small spots of red -orange closely disposed, and in
many parts confluent." The body contracts by numerous strictures. The
discoverer of this species was inclined to refer it to the H. inhaerens of the
Zool. Dan. tab. xxxi. 1-7, to which, in general appearance, it bears consider-
able resemblance ; but he could not detect the longitudinal avenues of pa«
pillae, which are very distinct in Muller's species.

Asterias. RADIATA. ASTERIAD.E. 485

ASTERIAD^.

a. Arms simple.
Asterias.
Ophiura.

aa. Arms divided.
Astrophyton.
Comatula.
Marsupites.

Gen. IX. ASTERIAS. — Suckers in rays on the oral disc. On
the dorsal aspect the covering is warty or spinous, and
more or less porous. Towards the middle there is a pro-
cess variously marked, analogous to the wart of the pel-
vis in the Echinidce. The oral surface is distinguished
bv the mouth in the centre, from which the avenues of
pores diverge, in number similar to the divisions of the
body, and protected by spines or warts. The rows of
pores in these avenues vary according to the species. In
the interior, and corresponding with these avenues, there
is a subosseous complicated skeleton. The mouth leads
into a stomach, from which diverge two caeca, correspond-
ing with each avenue. These ramify as they proceed, and
each is accompanied by a mesentery. There are likewise
two ovaria accompanying the caeca. They reproduce
their lost parts easily. Even a single ray we have wit-
nessed in the act of generating a mouth and new rays.
The specific characters are defective, and, wher^ obtained
from dried specimens, are apt to vary so much, as to lead
to the erection of spurious species. Even in live ex-
amples, the state of repletion influences the general appear-
ance. When dried, the length of time in which they have
been macerated in water, or the manner in which the ani-
mal has expired, in reference to its suckers or spines, all
tend to produce varieties of expression.

* Margin of the body pentagonal •

. 17. A. eart'daginea. — Body flat, thin, and reticularly verru-

cose, with diverging obsolete rays.

Palmipes stella cartilaginea Aldrovandi, Linck, Stell. 29. t. 1 — Ast. pla-
centa, Penn. Br. Zool. iv. 62, No. 59, t. xxxi — A. membranacea, Turt.
Brit. F. p. 140, No. 125 — Coast of England.

486 RADIATA. ASTERIAO.E. Asterias,

Diameter about 4 inches ; the sides are slightly emarginate, giving the in-
dications of the rays. The surface on both sides like shagreen. Dorsally
the small tubercles terminate in a brush of short, sharp, nearly equal spines.
On the oral disc the spines of the tubercles are unequal, more produced, and
pectinated.

18. A. gibbosa. — Body flat, thick, with very flat, broad,

short rays, slightly projecting.

Pentaceros gibbus plicatus, Linck, Stell. 25, t. iii. 20. — Stella marina
saxis intixa, Borl. Corn. 2G0, t. xxv. f. 25, 2C — A. gibbosa, Perm. Br.
Zool. iv. 62. Turt Brit. Fauna, 149. — English shores.

Diameter scarcely an inch ; upper surface uniform, without the obsolete
ridges of the preceding ; the dorsal tubercles are more crowded, and the
spines blunter ; below, the tubercles support fewer, thicker, and longer spines.

** Body divided into short rays, coriaceous above, with a bor-
der of large plates or scales on the margin.

19. A. irregularis. — The dorsal marginal plates subhastate,
the oral ones subrectangular, lengthened, contracted in the
middle, each supporting three or four short pectinated spines.

Astropecten irregularis, Linck, Stell. 27, t. vi. No. 13.— Ast. irreg. Penn.
Br. Zool. iv. 01, No. 57. — South of England.
The dorsal surface is gibbous, with small plates, reticularly disposed ; oral-
ly the plates are long, and arranged in rows parallel with the margin. Ave-
nues of pores protected by short thick spines. Diameter about 2 inches.

20. A. equestris. — Marginal plates oblong, and covered with

tubercles, having a central eminence surrounded by a moniliform

ring.

Pentaceros planus, Linck, Stell. 21, t. xii. No. 21. ; and p. 22, t. xxxiii.

No. 53 A. eq. Sower. Br. Muse. t. lxiii. Turt. Br. Faun. 140, No.

129 Shores of Scotland, not common ; Murray Frith, James Bro-

die, Esq. ; Frith of Forth, Patrick Neill, Esq.

About 4 inches in diameter, and about an inch thick in the middle ; co-
vered on both sides with tubercles similar to those on the marginal plates,
some of which, on the dorsal disc, have the central eminence oblong, and di-
vided in the middle like the jaws of a vice.

SI. A. arajiciaca. — Rays depressed, lanceolate, marginal
plates transversely oblong, with a rough granulated surface.

Mull. Zool. Dan. t. Ixxxiii. Linn. Syst. i. 1100 — Leith shore, Dr
Coldstream.
Diameter (with the rays) about 2A inches ; disc above the body and rays
closely covered with short granular tubercles ; the marginal plates are
raised, rounded, and rough, each bearing four or five spines on the edge ; the
under surface of the plates is covered with short imbricated spines, the cen-
tral margin pectinated.

*** Body deeply divided into rays.

22. A. rubens. — Body with five rays, covered with sessile,
pectinated tubercles, reticularly disposed.

Asteeias. RADIATA. ASTERIAM". 487

Pentadactylosaster asper hispidus, Linck, 35, t. xxxv. No. 59. ; and
p. 40, t. xv. xvi. No. 26-41, xvii. 27, xiv. 25 — A. rubens, Linn. Syst.

1099 A. hispida, Penn. Br. Zool. iv. t. xxx. f. 58 — On the Scottish

coast, frequent.
Diameter about 6 inches ; the rays a purplish-red, rounded, and length-
ened ; the tubercles brown, numerous, with very short, blunt, rough spines.

23. A. endica. — Rays nine, closely covered with tubercles
ending in a tuft of short blunt spines.

Sower. Br. Misc. t. xxiv — Occasionally found in the Frith of Forth.
This species bears a near resemblance to the preceding. It differs, how-
ever, besides the number of rays, in the tubercles being irregularly crowd-
ed, in those on the margin of the rays being more produced and pectinated,
and in the greater length of the spines guarding the canals below.

24. A. papposa. — Rays twelve or fourteen, covered with pro-
duced tubercles, supporting short spines.

Linck, p. 41, No. xxxii. No. 52. ; and xxxiv. 54. Linn. Syst. 1098, No. 2 —
A. helianthemoides, Penn. Br. Zool. iv. 66. No. 72.*— Common on all
parts of the coast.

In this species, which sometimes reaches to 8 or 10 inches in diameter, the
rays vary from twelve to fourteen ; the body is coarsely villous, but some-
what lax ; the spines on each side of the avenue of suckers in pectinated
brushes, four or five in each ; on each side the rays is a thin row of elevated
tubercles covered on the top with short spines, with a lateral vacant space.

25. A. glacialis. Cross-fish. — Rays angular, covered with

short, blunt, single, cylindrical spines.

Stella coriacea acutangula, Linck, p. 31, t. xxxvi. No. 61. ; cancellata,
(young), p. 32, t. vii. n. g — Baster, Op. Sub. 111. 116. t. xii. f. 1-6.—
A. gl. Linn. Syst. 1099, No. 5. Penn. Br. Zool. iv. p. 60, No, 54 —
A. clathrata (young), p. 61, No. 55, t. xxx. f. 1. — Common.

This species, nearly a foot in diameter, has from four to six rays ; in gene-
ral it has five ; these are usually subtriangular, the ridge above marked by
a line in the middle of the ray. The spine of the tubercle frecpjently sur-
rounded by a moniliform ring. On the margin of the suckers the spines are
more produced. When young, the surface is cancellated. It is reckoned
destructive to oyster-beds.

26. A. spinosa. — Rays of almost equal thickness, and thin-
ly covered with produced spines.

Linck, p. 35, t. iv. No. 7« Bar. Corn. p. 259, £ xxv. f. 18. — Luid found
this species on the west of Ireland, and afterwards in Cornwall, as
mentioned by Linck, but neither he nor Borlase have given any
satisfactory details.

27. A. oculata. — Rays rounded, nearly smooth, and dotted.

Pentadactylosaster asper oculatus, Linck, p. 35, t. xxxvi. No. 62, and
Porphyraster Luidii, ib. 81, (and referred to by Stewart, El. i. p. 401,
as his seposita, but the description is that of rubens). — A. oculata, Penn.

Br. Zool. iv. 61, No. 56. t. xxx. f. 56. Cordiner's Ruins, No. 15 Not

common on the English and Scottish coasts.

The tubercles are minute, and pectinated. The avenue of suckers nar-
row. Of a purple colour, and seldom above 2 inches in diameter.

4S8 RADIATA. ASTERIAD.E. Ophiura

Gen. X. OPHIURA. — Suckers placed along the sides of the
arms.

28. O. granulata. — Body dorsally destitute of scales, but
closelv covered with minute tubercles.

ml

Stella scolopendrioides granulata, Linck, 50, t. xxvi. No. 43. — Asterias
nigra, Mull. Zoo\. Dan. t. xciii. f. 1-4. Flem. Edin. Phil. Journ.
vol. viii. p. 301 — Kirkwall Bay, Orkney.

The body is rounded, depressed, black ; between each ray at the base, oral-
ly, there is a triangular scale ; the rays taper gradually ; the scales are trans-
verse, simple, and a little rounded on the edge ; the spines on the sides are a-
little longer than the diameter of the ray, five or six in the transverse rows,
with one or two imperfect ones at the base on the oral surface.

29. O. bracteata. — Body dorsally imbricated with smooth
scales.

Stella scol. bracteata, Linck, 50. and 81, t. xxxvii. No. 68. — Ast. lacertosa,
Perm. Br. Zool. iv. p. 03, No. 62, t. xxxii. f. 62. — A. ophiura, Turt. Br.

Faun. p. 140, No. 132. Stewart, El. p. 401, No. 8 Not rare in sandy

bays.

This is a small species, the body seldom exceeding a quarter of an inch,,
the rays exceeding an inch. On each side of the rays at the base, dorsally,
there is a broad scale, with a pectinated edge. Between each ray at the base,
orally, a smooth scale ; rays with imbricated triangular scales, those on the
sides pectinated with very short blunt spines. When these last are rubbed
off, the rays appear not unlike the tail of a lizard.

30. O. bracMata. — Body dorsally, with oval scales in the al-
ternate broad and narrow rays.

Asterias brach. Mont. Linn. Trans, vii. p. 84 In sand, Salcomb Bay.

The arms are disproportional, reaching to 8 inches, while the body is
scarcely half an inch. This circumstance induces me to conclude that it
is the " Stella scolopendroides hirsuta seu grallatoria, vel Macrosceles Lui-
dii" of Linck, p. 50. (the Asterias minuta of Penn. Br. Zool. iv. p. 63, No. 61.>
Luid calls it, " Stella geniculate hirsuta, quinis radiis exilibus prolongis ex
orbiculata modiola prorumpentibus," ib. p. 81. At the junction of each arm,
according to Montagu, are two oblong smooth plates ; the spines of the arms
from eight to nine in each transverse row. The scales on the arms, orally,
near their base, are bisulcated longitudinally. The body between the arms
is rough with minute papilla?.

31. O. Bellls. — Body dorsally with separate round scales,, the
intervals with short, blunt, small tubercles.

Stella scolopendroides, Bellis scolopendrica, Linck, 52, t. xl. f. 71- As-
terias aculeata, Midler, Zool. Dan. t. xcix. f. 1-3. Flan. Edin. Phil.
Journ. vol. viii. p. 298. — Scottish coast, not uncommon.
The body is pentagonal, with usually a coloured border ; mai'gin with mi-
nute warts ; the arms, above, with oval scales, surrounded with a moniliform
ring, — below, the scales are emarginate on the distal and proximal edges ;
the spines not equal to the diameter of the arm, five or six in the row, blunt
and smooth — This and the following species seem a favourite food for cod-
fish, as we have found great numbers in the stomach, both on the north and
west coasts.

1

Ophiura. RADIATA. ASTERIADtE. 489

32. O. Rosula. — Body, dorsally, spinous, with two large,
smooth scales at the base of each arm.

St. scol., Rosula scol. Linck, p. 52, t, xxvi. No. 42. Borl. Corn. t. xxv.
£ 19-24. Ast. sphserulata, pentaphylla, varia, aculeata, hastata, fissa,
et nigra, Penn. Br. Zool. iv. p. 63. No. 63-69, t. xxxii. 63 — A. fra-
gilis, Midler, Zool. Dan. t. xcviii. f. 1-4. Radiated Star, Cordiner,
Ruins, No. 16. A. aculeata, Stewart's El. 1. p. 401, No. 9 — Common
on all parts of the coast.
The body between the arms is usually prominent, and covered with mi-
nute warts." The scales of the arms, dorsally, are imbricated, with a ridge in
the middle, and a slight projection on the distal ridge. Those placed orally
are similar to the scales of the preceding species. The spines have four or
five in the row, are longer than the diameter of the ray, minutely denticu-
lated, and above the base of each denticule on the spine, there is a pore, ac-
cording to Cordiner This species has been confounded with the preceding by

Linnaeus, in the Syst. Nat. p. 1101, No. 12, under the title aculeata. Abild-
gaard, in the Zoologia Danica, by terming it fragilis, has increased the con-
fusion. M. Lamarck (An. sans Vert. 1 1. 544.) has still farther added to the dif-
ficulties by quoting Linck's figure of rosula, first as synonymous with the gra-
nulata, which, however, as usual, he alters and terms echinata ; then, as a species
something different from aculeata of Muller, of which he seems in doubt, yet
changes into squamata ; and, lastly, as a species which he had not seen, un-
der the title of rosularia ; while the fragilis of M idler ranks as a species dif-
ferent from them all ! Among the Echinodormata, indeed, this author is sin-
gularly bewildered. In such a state of confusion, I have preferred the specific
names of Linck.

Gen. XI.— ASTROPHYTON— Dorsal disc exposed, cori-
aceous, and destitute of jointed filaments ; the five arms
dichotomously subdivided, with simple spines. At the
base of each side of the rays, on the oral disc, there is a
semilunar opening. Cordiner states, probably on good au-
thority, that the species adhere by the dorsal disc, and that it
is difficult to disengage them. The preference is here given
to the old term of Linck, instead of Eur'iale of Lamarck.

33. A. scutatum. — Body with ten warty ridges.

Linck, p. 65. tab. xxix. No. 48. and tab. xxx. No. 49. — Asterias caput-

medusae, Linn. Syst. 1101, No. 16 Asterias arborescens, Penn. Brit.

Zool. iv. 67- No. 73. Cordiner's Ruins, No. 19 — A. Caput-meduso?,
Turt. Brit. Faun. 149, No. 131. Stewart's El. i. p. 402 — Cornwall, Dr

Borlase Orkney, Mr Low — Zetland, (where it is called Argus), Prof.

Jameson.
The arms are rounded and warty dorsally, flat orally, with a single row on
each side of short pectinated spines, corresponding with the tentacula. Be-
tween each ray, on the oral disc of the body, there is a depressed coriaceous
space, and on each ray are two rows of tentacula. Mouth pentagonal, with a
knob opposite the space of each ray. We have not had an opportunity of ex-
amining a British example of this species ; but, upon comparing one from the
Pacific Ocean, with the figure and description which Cordiner has given of
one from Norway, no marked differences appear to exist. In another, how-
ever, brought from the coast of Greenland, and presented to me by that ao

490 RADIATA. ASTERIADtE. Comatula.

complished navigator Captain Scoresby, the dorsal disc and rays were desti-
tute of those numerous warts which characterize the A. scutatum. It belonged
to the A. costosum. It therefore seems doubtful to which of these species the
British examples should be referred.

Gen. XII. COMATULA— Dorsal disc clothed with calca-
reous, jointed, incurved threads, ending in a claw ; arms
subdivided, narrow, jointed, with tapering articulated pro-
cesses on each side. These, in some species, have a mem-
brane fimbriated at the edges, on the oral aspect. The oral
disc is globose, surrounded by the base of the arms.

34. C. rosacea. — Dorsal filaments exceeding thirty.

Link, p. 55. tab. xxxvii. No. 66. — Asterias bifida, Penn. Brit. Zool. p. G5.

No. 70 C. fimbriata, Midler, Crin. p. 132. tab. i. — Pensance Luid,

Millford Haven, Mr Miller.
The figures of Linck and Miller have a considerable resemblance, though
the specimen from which the former has been taken, had been deprived of its
dorsal filaments.

35. C. barbata. — Dorsal filaments ten in number.

Decanemos barbatus, Linck, 55. t. xxxvii. f. 64. — Asterias decanemos,
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 66. t. xxxiii. f. 71- — A. pectinata, Adams, Lin.
Trans, v. 10. — West coast of Scotland, Pennant ; Wales, Adams.
" Both the pinnated and simple rays of this species are closely jointed
throughout, and from these articulations arises its flexibility. The pinnae
on the under side are furnished with hollow tubes, gradually decreasing in
size as they approach the end ; from which proceed, at the will of the animal,
small filiform transparent flexible bodies, which are probably the organs of
feeling. On separating one of the pinnae from the main stem, the flegh was
found to be composed entirely of small opaque globes (eggs ?). The filiform
rays, or perhaps more properly the radicles, since by them the animal at-
taches itself to any thing, are each terminated by an incurvated claw, resem-
bling in figure, and evidently for the same purpose, as the claw of birds. The
body is covered, on the upper side, by five unequal valves. It is remarkable
of this species, that it is furnished with two apertures, one at the confluence
of the valves, the other in the largest valve ; their position with respect to
the centre is variable ; the last may readily escape observation, except when
the animal chooses to elevate it above the plane of the valve. When fully
expanded, the inside appears clothed with a fine membrane ; longitudinally
folded, and revolute at its margin ; colour deep red." — Adams. The second
orifice here mentioned by Mr Adams is probably the vent (or oviduct), and
seems to have been overlooked by subsequent observers.

Sipunculus. RADIATA. ASTERIAD.E. 491

Gen. MARSUPITES — Body, subglobose, covered by calca-
reous plates, united by simple sutures, destitute of filaments,
of which the dorsal central one is angular, surrounded by
a series of costal plates, admitting intercostals at their peri-
pheral angles, these giving insertion to the scapulae which
support the arms ; the oral disc covered by articulated
plates, with the mouth in the centre.

1. M. ornatus — Plates of the body sixteen, radiated; arms dichotomous ;

the plates covering the mouth, disposed in a proboscideal form Tortoise

Fnerinite, Park. Org. Rem. ii. 225 — M. orn. Mill. Crin, 13G M. Milleri,

Mant. Geol. 184. t. 16. f. 6 In Chalk.

Gen. XIII. SIPUNCULUS— Mouth a retractile proboscis,
with a laciniated margin. Vent lateral, near which are the
orifices of the oviducts. The species burrow in the sand,
or in the cavities of old univalves.

36. S. nudus. — Body of nearly equal thickness throughout,
longitudinally and transversely striated.

Perm. Brit. Zool. iv. 36. t. xx. f. 10 English coast, frequent.

37- S. saccatus. — Body covered with a loose skin, smooth,

and globular at the extremity.

Mont. Lin. Trans, vii. p. 75 — Teignmouth, Mr Martin.

M. Cuvier conjectures that this may be merely the preceding species in a
state of decomposition.

38. S. strombus. — Body nearly cylindrical, smooth before,
but verrucose behind the vent.

Mont. Lin. Trans, vii. 75 — Inhabits the old shells of Rostellaria pes
Pelecani, Devon, Mont.

The animal contracts by means of agglutinated sand, the aperture of its as-
sumed dwelling, leaving only a small round opening. Shells of the Denta-
lium, in the Frith of Forth, are frequently found contracted at the mouth in
this manner, but the species remains to be determined.

Gen. XIV. PRIAPULUS.— Body lengthened, cylindrical,
the mouth terminal, with corneous teeth ; vent terminal,
with a projecting process covered with filaments.

39. P. caudatus. — Head enlarged, with twenty-four rows of

minute pointed processes.

Holothuria priapus, Linn. Syst. i. 1091. Fab. Faun. Groen. 355. Mull.
Zool. Dan. t. xcvi. i. and t. cxxxv. 2. — Scottish seas.

492 RADIATA. ASTERIADtE. Priapulus,

Length about 6 inches, diameter half an inch; the middle of the body is
nearly °of equal thickness, divided into flat smooth rays, with scattered glan-
dular pores ; the anterior portion is enlarged, annulated, and longitudinally
striated ; mouth orbicular, marginated, the disc, within, armed with sharp
tricuspidate teeth ; the posterior part of the body is also enlarged, obscurely
annulated and rough, with glandular tubercles ; vent semilunar, with a late-
ral pore ; the branchiae proceed from the margin of the vent, in the form of an
elongated process, two or three inches long, tapering, and closely covered
with simple produced papillae ; from one edge of the branchiae a tendinous rib
arises, extending nearly to the mouth — This genus has numerous relations
to the Holothuria, and a few also to the Annelides. One specimen occurred
to me in Zetland, in 1810, and two have recently been found by Dr Cold-
stream, at Leith.

Apiocrinites. RADIATA. CRINOID^E. i93

CRINOIDiE.

I. Plates of the body, or pelvis, resting on the last columnar joint, and
forming the cup containing the viscera articulated with each other by
lip-like and transverse processes, having a minute perforation.

Apiocrinites.

Pentacrinus.

(Encrinites.)

II. Plates of the body articulating imperfectly with eacli other by transverse
processes, having a minute central perforation.
Poteriocrinites.

III. Plates of the body adhering by sutures lined by muscular integument.

Cyathocrinites.

{Caryocrinites. Zool. Journ. ii. 311.)

Actinocrinites.

Rhodocrinites.

Platycrinites.

IV. Plates of the body anchylosing with the last columnar joint.

(Eugeniacrinites.)

Gen. APIOCRINITES.— Pelvis of five plates, supporting five
costal plates ; fingers formed of a single series of joints.

1. A. rotundus — Column round, central ; canal round ; articulating surfaces
of the columnar joints radiated — Pear Encrinite of Bradford, Park. Org. Rem.
ii. 208. t. xvi. f. 1 A. rot. Mill. Crin. 18.— In Oolite.

2. A. ellipticus Column elliptic ; central canal round ; articulating surfaces

of the columnar joints transversely ridged ; auxiliary side-arms on the column.
Bottle Encrinite, Straight Encrinite, and Stag Horn Encrinite, Park. Org.
Rem. ii. 231. t. xiii. f. 31, 34, 75 — A. ell. Mill. Crin. 33 — In Chalk.

Gen. XV. PENTACRINUS.— Pelvis of five plates, support-
ing five costals ; column not enlarging at the summit ; fin-
gers formed of a single series of joints ; column pentago-
nal ; the articulating surfaces of the columnar joints petal-
shaped.

40. P. etiropocus. — Arms ten, nearly simple, axillary side
arms five at the summit of the body.

Memoir on the Pentacrinus europneus, a recent species discovered in
the Cove of Cork, with two illustrative plates, 1st July 1823, by J.
V. Thompson, Esq. F. L. S.
This valuable addition to the British Fauna was found attached to the
stems of various species of Sertulariadae and Flustrada?, growing in from
eight to ten fathoms water. Height about three-fourths of an inch, and in-
vested with a delicate, continuous, gelatinous cuticle. The base of the co-
lumn is expanded into a convex calcareous plate, by which it is attached to

494 RADIATA. CRINOIDiE. Pentacrinus.

foreign bodies ; from a depression in the centre of this plate arises the filiform
column, slightly incrassated towards the summit, and capable of bending or
twisting, composed of about twenty-four joints ; tbe external form and inter-
nal structure of the column not ascertained. Axillary side arms in a single
row around the last joint of the column, corresponding with each of the costals,
revolute, composed of about ten joints, the terminal one hooked. Plates of the
pelvis too obscure to be determined. The first costals are thick, wedge-shaped,
broadest upwards, the distal extremity emarginate, and supporting a second
costal of a narrow subconical form, truncated and emarginate where it joins
the scapula. The summit of the scapula is angular, having a sloping face on
each side, for the attachment of the first arm joints. The arms are ten in
number, and being supported on scapulae greatly narrower than the first cos-
tals, are rather remote at their base. The arms consist of about twenty -four
solid joints, tapering towards the extremity, simple in youth, but with age
and size dividing and subdividing ; along the side a row of dark spots ; each
arm supports on each side, in an alternate order, a row of annulated cylin-
drical, flexible, fleshy processes, covered with capitate filaments. The arms
in these respects resemble those of the Comatula, in which I have observed a
similar row of brown tubercles with a granular surface, a fleshy production
on the ventral margin of the arm, broadest at the middle, supporting cylin-
drical processes, fringed with smaller filaments, ending in an expanded
sucker-like Extremity. Within the costals, the body is subglobular, in the
centre of which is the mouth, formed by five petal-like valves, within which
are several soft tentacula ; without the valves is an opening with a tubular
extensile margin, supposed to be the vent. In the early stages of its growth
neither column nor arms are visible, the body appearing like a little club, fixed
by an expanded basis, and giving exit, at its apex, to a few pellucid tentacula.
The existence of the second aperture in the body of the genus Comatula, which
Mr Thompson, in the interesting paper from which we have extracted the de-
scription of this species, supposes not to have been previously observed, was
known to Mr Adams thirty years ago, and described by him in the Linnean
Transactions published in "1800. In the Annals of Philosophy for Nov. 1806,
Mr Gray likewise announced the existence of this second aperture, without
being aware of its previous detection. If£future observations, on better pre-
served specimens, shall confirm the results of Mr Gray's examination of the
recent Pentacrinus caput Medusa:, and demonstrate that it has but one open-
ing to its alimentary canal, it will be necessary to constitute this species, dis-
covered by Mr Thompson, into a new genus, which may be termed Hiber-
nula (the forerunner we hope of many important additions to our Fauna,
when the shores of Ireland shall have been more extensively explored), and
by characterising the family Comatulad^e, as possessing, besides numerous
other common properties, an alimentary canal with two openings, it will be
naturally divided into two sections, the first containing the fixed Hibernula,
the second the free Comatula.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. P. Milleri Auxiliary side-arms round, in single series ; column smooth ;

columnar joints generally alternately smaller and larger — P. Caput-medusae,
Mill. Crin. 56 — In Lias.

2. P. basalitiformis Auxiliary side-arms round, in single series; column

smooth ; columnar joints generally of more uniform thickness — Mill. Crin.
62. — Lias.

3. P. tuberculatum Auxiliary side-arms round, in single series ; column

tuberculated. — Mill. Crin. 64.— Lias.

4. P. subangularis.— Auxiliary side-arms round, in a double series. Mill.
Crin. 59. — In Lias.

PoTEitiocRiNiTEs. RADIATA. CRINOIDiE. 495

5. P. Briaereus. — Auxiliary side-arms angular, in a single series ; column
smooth. Mill. Crin. 56 — In Lias.

Gen. POTERIQCRINITES.— Pelvis of five joints, with five
costals ; fingers of a single series of joints ; column not en-
larging, round ; central canal round ; articulating surface
of the joints radiated ; auxiliary side-arms round.

1. P. crassus — Joints of the fingers thick ; plates of the pelvis articulating
by transverse ridge-like processes. — Mill. Crin. 03. — Carboniferous Limestone.

2. P. tenuis — Joints of the fingers slender ; plates articulating by minute
strioe. Mill. Crin. 71. — Carboniferous Limestone.

Gen. CYATHOCRINITES.— Pelvis of five plates, with five
costals ; the fingers of a single series of joints ; column not
enlarged ; articulating surface of the columnar joints radia-
ted ; auxiliary side-arms round, and placed irregularly.

1. C. planus — Column and central canal round ; plates smooth Mill. Crin.

85. — In Carboniferous Limestone.

2. C. tuberculatus. — Column and central canal round ; costal plates tuber-
culated Mill. Crin. 88 — Carboniferous Limestone.

3. C. rugosus. — Column round ; central canal petal-shaped ; costal plates
with angular rugged striae. — Mill. Crin. 89. — Carboniferous Limestone.

4. C. quinquangularis — Column and central canal pentangular ; costal plates
smooth. — Mill. Crin. 92 Carboniferous Limestone.

Gen. ACTINOCRINITES— Pelvis formed of three plates,
with five costals and one intercostal ; fingers of two series of
joints ; column and canal round, the articulating surfaces
radiated ; auxiliary side-arms round and irregular.

1. A. triacontadactylus. — Thirty fingers proceeding from five scapulae. — Mill.
Crin. 95. — Carboniferous Limestone.

2. Polydactylus. — More than thirty fingers proceeding from five scapulae.—
Mill. Crin. 103. — Carboniferous Limestone.

Gen. RHODOCRINITES— Pelvis of three plates, with five
costals and five intercostals ; fingers of two series of joints ;
column not enlarging, round, the canal petal-shaped.

1. It. verus. — Auxiliary side-arms round and irregular*— Mill. Crin. IOC—
Carboniferous Limestone.

496 RADIATA. BLASTOIDJE. Platyciunites.

Gen. PLATYCRINITES.— Pelvis of three plates ; costal or
intercostal plates wanting the five scapulae ; fingers of two
series of joints ; column not enlarging near the summit ;
auxiliary arms round, irregular.

1. P. Iwvis. — Column elliptic ; canal round ; articulating surfaces trans-
versely ridged ; the five scapulae smooth, having each four fingers. — Mill. Crin.
74. — Carboniferous Limestone.

2. P. rugosus. — Column elliptic ; canal round ; articulating surfaces trans-
versely ridged ; the five scapulae rugose, having each six fingers. — Mill. Crin.
79. — Mountain Limestone.

3. P. pentangularis. — Column and canal pentangular ; articulating surfaces
radiated ; the five scapulae smooth — Mill. Crin. 83 Mountain Limestone.

4. P. tuberculatum — Column not known ; the five scapulae tuberculated

Mill. Crin. 81. — Mountain Limestone.

5. P. granulatus. — Column not known ; the five scapulae granulated — Mill.
Crin. 82 Mountain Limestone.

6. P. striatus Column not known; the five scapulae striated — Mill. Crin.

82. — Carboniferous Limestone.

BLASTOID^.

Gen. PENTREMITES. — Pelvis of three unequal pieces,
two pentagonal and one tetragonal ; scapulas large, emar-
ginate ; five avenues of pores ; column cylindrical, perfo-
rated, the segments articulating by radiated surfaces ; cy-
lindrical auxiliary arms at irregular distances.

1. P. globosa Body subglobular; pelvis saucer-shaped, convex; sutures

with parallel impressed lines — (Say, Journ. Acad. Phil, iv.) Zool. Journ.
ii. 314 — Near Bath.

2. P. Derbiensis Body subglobular ; pelvis small, pentagonal, and con-
cave ; surface granulated Sower. Zool. Journ. ii. 317- — Carboniferous Lime-
stone, Derbyshire.

3. P. elliptica. — Body elliptical, pelvis small, pentagonal, and concave;
granulated.— Sower. Zool. Journ. ii. 318 — Near Preston, Lancashire.

Actinea. RADIATA. ACALEPHA. 497

ACALEPHA.

I. Sect. — Fixed ; the base, opposite the mouth, adhering to
other bodies.

A. Tentacula surrounding uninterruptedly the oral disc.

Actinea.
Mammaria.

AA. Tentacula on the margin of the oral disc disposed in tufts.
Lucernaria.

II. Sect. — Free ; the base opposite the mouth ineapable of ad-
hering to other bodies.

A. Body closed opposite the mouth.

a. Bodv strengthened internally by a cartilaginous plate-
Velella.

aa. Body destitute of an internal cartilaginous plate.

b. A mouth in the centre of the oral disc.

c. Destitute of lateral cavities.
Eulimena.
Geryonia.

cc. With four lateral cavities, or ovaries.
Cyanea.
bb. Destitute of a mouth in the centre.
Ithizostoma.
Cassiopea.

AA. Body open at both extwnities.

Beroe.

Pleurobrachia.

Gen. XVI. ACTINEA.— Base with the disc capable of shift-
ing place ; mouth terminal, retractile ; tentacula numerous.

41. A. equina. — Body smooth, finely wrinkled transversely;
margin of the disc with a row of tubercles.

A. equina, Linn. Syst. i. 1088 — Hydra disciflora, tentaculis retractilibus,
extimo disci margine tuberculato. Gaertner^ Phil. Trans. 1761, t. i.
f. 5. Dicqemare, Phil. Trans. 1773, 364. t. xvi. f. 1— A. hemisphaerica,
Penn. Brit. Zool iv. 50. — A. mesembryanthemum, Turt. Brit. Fauna,
131.— A. rufa, Steivarfs El. i. 393 — Common, adhering to rocks.

Body, when contracted, hemispherical, red or brown, smooth ; base black-
ish-grey, with unequal, tubercular, diverging ridges, the margin with a pur-
ple ring; tentacula numerous, lengthened, of the colour of the body, or va-
riegated ; exterior to which, there is a ring of about twenty purple tubercles ;
the margin of the mouth is slightly tinged with purple.

VOL. I. I i

498 RADIATA. ACALEPHA. Actinea.

42. A senilis. — Body rough, with numerous rows of glandu-
lar warts, tentacula shorter than the body.

Hydra disciflora, tentaculis retractilibus subdiaphanis ; corpore cylin-

drico, miliaribus glandulis longitudinaliter striato, Gaert. Phil. Trans.

1701, 82. t. i. £ 4 — A. senilis, Linn. Syst. i. 1088. Dicq. Phil. Trans.

1773, 86G. t. xvi. f. 10.— A. verrucosa, Pcnn. Brit. Zool. iv. 49.— A.

crassicornis, Adams, Linn. Trans, hi. 252. — A. equina, Sower. Brit.

Misc. t. 4. — A. gemmacea, equina and crassicornis, Turt. Brit. Fauna,

130, 131 A. crassicornis, Stewart's El. i. 393 — In crevices of rocks

and sand, common.
Body reddish, the tips of the glands pale, the glands themselves are dis-
posed in vertical and transverse rows, to which adhere fragments of rock
and shells ; the feelers are numerous, conical, or lengthened, and variously
annulated or variegated with white and red.

43. A. sulcata. — Body longitudinally sulcated, the tentacula

exceeding its length.

Hydra tentaculis denudatis, numerosissimis ; corpore longitudinaliter
sulcato, Gaert. Phil. Trans. 1761, 78. t. i. £ 1— A. sul. Penn. Brit.
Zool. iv. 48 — A. maculata, Adams, Linn. Trans, v. 8 — A. cereus,
Turt. Brit. Fauna, 131.— A. sub Stewart's El. i. 394 — Rocks of Corn-
Avail.

Body smooth, of a chesnut colour, the margin of the oral disc dentated ;
the tentacula, which the animal cannot wholly withdraw, are greenish, with
a red tip, nearly 200 in number, and greatly exceed the body in length.

44. A. pedunculata. — Body lengthened, the lower part nar-
row, smooth, the upper enlarged, and glandularly warty ; oral
disc expanded, lobed ; tentacula in several rows, variegated.

Hydra calvciflora, tentaculis retractilibus variegatis, corpore verrucoso,
Gaert. Phil. Trans. 17C1, 79- t. i. f. 2 — A. ped. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv.
49 — A. bellis, Turt, Brit. Fauna, 131 — A. plumosa, SteivarCs El. i.
394 — Southern coast of England.

Stalk cylindric, body suborbicular, of a brown colour, with fragments of
shells adhering to the warts ; tentacula unequal, those nearest the mouth
longest, variegated ; a spotted space round the mouth variegated. A grega-
rious species.

45. A. dianthus. — Body cylindrical, oral disc expanded, five
lobed imbricated, with short tentacula.

Ellis, Phil. Trans. 17G7, 436. t. xix. f. 8 A. pentapetala, Penn. Brit.

Zool. iv. 50 — A. senilis, Adams, Lin. Trans, v. 9 — A. dianthus, Turt.
Brit. Fauna, 131. Stewart, El. i. 394 — Gregarious in pools near low-
water mark.
Body soft, pale bluish-white, diaphanous, with whitish veins, and nume-
rous pores ; oral disc lobed at the pleasure of the animal, covered with short
narrow flat tentacula ; mouth deeply striated, four of the striae on one side
more deeply seated, forming prominent ridges.

46. A. intest'malis. — Body cylindrical, the upper half sud-
denly contracted, and narrow.

Fab. Fauna Groen. 351. t. i. f. 11. — Adheres to rocks at low-water mark,
Zetland,
When contracted, the body seems like two broad rings, of nearly equal
breadth, and about half an inch in diameter ; when expanded to nearly two

LucERtfARiA. RADIATA. ACALEPHA. 499

inches, the body consists of two cylindrical portions, of different dimensions,
smooth, pellucid, yellowish ; a few longitudinal white streaks under the skin ;
oral disc not expanded, surrounded with about 18 filiform tentacula in two
alternate rows.

47. " A. anemonoides. — Nearly cylindrical, rather short, red ;
interior tentacula ramified, outer ones conic, obtuse.

" Rocky coasts, Shaw, Nat. Misc. t. xxvi. 27-
" Body with a triple concentric row of tentacula, of a yellow colour, varied
with red ; stomach pale yellov, with red and pale sea-green stripes." — Turt.
Brit. Fauna, 131.

48. " A. caryophyllus. — Red-brown, with small pencil-form-
ed tentacula.

" Martin's Marine Worms, i. 1. t. i. f. 1."— Turt. Brit. Fauna, 131.

Gen. XVII. MAMMARIA.— Body smooth, mouth termi-
nal, without tentacula.

49. M. mamilla. — Conical, ventricose, and white.

Mull. Prod. Zool. Dan. 224. Jameson, Wern. Mem. i. 557.— On fuci,
Leith shore, Professor Jameson ; Belfast, Mr Templeton.

Gen. XVIII. LUCERN ARIA.— Body narrow towards the
adhering extremity, expanding into an oral disc which is
divided into lobes bearing the tentacula.

50. L. auricula. — Peduncle of the body short, tufts of ten-
tacula equidistant, with one intervening oval vesicle.

Fab. Fauna Groen. 341. Midi. Zool. Dan. t. clii. Mont. Linn. Trans.

ix. 113. t. vii. f. 5. Lamouroux, Mem. No. iii. — Adheres to fuci, near

low-water mark, on different parts of the coast.

Body brownish, the portion next the adhering extremity cylindrical, short,

terminating in a bell-shaped, wide, concave, oral disc, divided into eight

lobes, each terminating in a tuft of short clavate tentacula.

51. L. J'ascicularis. — Peduncle of the body produced ; tuft
of tentacula in pairs, about a hundred in each,

Flem. Wern. Mem. ii. 248. t. xviii. f. 1, 2. Lamouroax, Mem. No. i —
On the broad leaves of fuci, Zetland.
Colour dark brown ; peduncle cylindrical, flexuous, wrinkled, with a nar-
row base ; body bell-shaped, subquadrangular, concave ; margin divided into
four pairs of arms, concave within ; mouth central, tubular, consisting of a
loose membrane, four notched at the tip, and also expanded circular or striat-
ed at the pleasure of the animal, the inside with numerous white filaments.

ii2

500 RADIATA. ACALEPHA. Velella.

Gen. XIX. VELELLA. — Body gelatinous, with an oblique-
ly inserted prominent dorsal crest ; oral disc flat.

52. V. limbosa. — Body oval, blue ; oral disc with numerous
short white filiform tentacula, those of the margin long, une-
qual, filiform.

Holothuria spiralis, Forskael, Desc. On. 104 — V. lim. Lamarck, Hist. ii.
482 — Barnstaple, Dr Leach.

Body attenuating dorsally, bluish ; the crest is suborbicular, compressed,
veined ; the oral tentacula are thickest in the middle. An imperfect example
of a Velella, which Dr Leach considered as the limbosa of Lamarck, was oblig-
ingly communicated many years ago.

53. V. pociUum. — Body round, white, with a broad striated

bluish border ; oral disc with unequal clavated blue tentacula ;

the margin crenulated.

Medusa pocillum, Mont. Linn. Trans, xi. 201. t. xiv. f. 4.— Coast of
Devon.

Body campanulate; crest subovate, striated, compressed, and extremely
thin ; there are about 10 large clavated tentactila, and many intermediate
smaller ones.

Dr Walker, in his MS. adversaria for 1771 states the Medusa velella of Lin-
nseus, as having been found at Ose in Sky ; and Mr Pennant in Lis " Caledo-
nian Zoology," prefixed to Lightfoot's " Flora Scotica," vol. i. 66. notices
the same animal without any remark. It is impossible to determine with
certainty to which of the modern species these references belong.

Gen. XX. EULIMENA. — Body pouch-like, the mouth large,
with a simple margin.

54. E. quadrangular is. — Lengthened, subquadrangular, the
oral extremity truncated, the opposite end rounded.

Flem. Edin. Phil. Journ. viii. 302.— Pentland Frith.

Length about an inch, breadth half an inch ; transparent; 8 minute ciliat-
ed ribs from the crown to the margin ; the oral disc smooth, having the
mouth in the form of a transverse slit, leading into an apparently simple
central cavity. When active, the cilise are in constant motion, and the body
frequently assumes the form of a quadrangular prism.

Gen. XXI. GERYONIA. — Hemispherical, margin with ten-
tacula, the mouth central.

55. G. equorca. — Orbicular, depressed, with a villous inflected

margin, bearing tentacula.

Medusa eq. Mull. Prod. 233. Jameson, Wern. Mem. i. 558 — North of
Scotland.

56. G. hemisphwrica. — With four transverse ribs, enlarged
towards the circumference..

Cyan^a. RADIATA. ACALEPHA. 501

Medusa herais. Mull. Zool. Dan. t. vii — Medusa, Cordincr's Ruins,
No. xi.-M. hem. Macartney, Phil. Trans. 1810, 268. t. xv. f. 5.
Minute, campanulate, the mouth subpedunculated, with five very short

arms This species is one of those which are remarkably luminous at night,

and is very common.

57. G. octona. — Body round subcorneal, blunt at the summit,
and slightly acuminated.

Flem. Edin. Phil. Jourri. viii. 299 At the Bell Rock.

About an eighth of an inch in diameter ; margin furnished with eight simi-
lar tentacula, equal to the diameter of the body ; oral disc concave, with the
central mouth slightly pedunculated.

Gen. XXII. CYAN/EA— Body hemispherical ; mouth with
arms ; margin of the body with tentacula.

58. C. aurita. — Convex, translucent, with four incurved se-
micircular central markings ; mouth with four long crenulated
and ciliated arms.

Medusa aurita, Linn. Syst. 1197- Mull. Zool. Dan. t. lxxvi.— M. cru-
ciata, Turt. Brit. Fauna, 139 — M. cruciata and aurita, Stewart's El.
i. 399. — Not uncommon.
On the dorsal aspect the body is depressedly convex, smooth ; the mar-
ginal tentacula are thick at the base, interrupted in the circle by eight glo-
bular organs, with two arms, having a perforated middle process with a black
point ; the arms do not appear in very young specimens.

59- Cfusca. — A brown circle in the centre of the dorsal disc,
with 16 rays, of the same colour, converging from the circum-
ference.

Urtica marina, Borl. Corn. 256. t. xxv. f. 7- — Medusa fusca, Perm. Brit.
Zool. iv. 57- — Shores of Cornwall.

Convex, the circumference with 16 knobs, the termination of the rays
with intermediate crooked fangs between each ; mouth cruciform.

60. C. purpurea. — A pale purple cross in the centre, with
4' incurved semicircular marks, and 16 diverging deep purple
rays.

Borl. Corn. 257. t. xxv. f. 9 — Medusa purpurea, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv.

57 Common.

Margin more incurved than the preceding ; rays of the cross pointed ;
mouth cruciform, with 4 arms.

61. C. tuberculata. — A granulated central spot, with 16 di-
verging simple rays.

Borl. Corn. 257- t. xxv. f. 11 M. tuberculata, Pcnn. Brit. Zool. iv. 58.

— Shores of Cornwall.
The margin has two tubercles between each ray. The arms are narrow,
and longer than the body.

62. C. capillata. — Convex, the margin divided into 16 seg-
ments.

502 RADIATA. ACALEPHA. Rhizostoma.

M. cap. Bast. Op. ii. 60. t. v. f. 1. Turt. Brit. Fauna, 139. Stewart's
El. i. 399. — Not uncommon.
Colour brownish, with a central mark, from which 16 rays diverge ; oral
disc with numerous capillary filaments.

Gen. XXIII. RHIZOSTOMA.— Four cavities beneath, with
a central peduncle divided into arms.

63. R. undulata. — Circumference waved, with fangs in the
projecting parts.

Borl. Corn. 257, t.xxv. f. 15 M. und. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 58 — Shores

of Cornwall.
Margin thin ; peduncle divided into eight arms, with a pair of lobes at the
base of each.

Gem. XXIV. CASSIOPEA.— Eight cavities beneath, with
eight arms.

64. C. lunulata. — Margin with numerous semicircular fangs
tipped with blue.

Borl Corn. 258, t. xxv. f. 16 M. lun. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 58.— Shores

of Cornwall.
On the oral disc there are eight semicircular openings, with eight arms
having jagged edges, and sixteen jagged processes at the base.

The characters of the preceding species of the Linnean genus Medusa, re-
quire revision, and the species should be studied with reference to the
changes in form which they experience by age. The Medusa simplex of Pen-
nant and M. scintillans of Macartney, are probably the fry of some of the es-
tablished species.

Gen. XXV. BEROE.— Body with vertical ciliated ribs; tu-
bular vessels traverse the axis of the body, with lateral and
terminal apertures.

65. B. ovuhis. — The body orbicular, slightly depressed at
the summit, and a little protuberant at the base.

Bast. Op. i. 123, t. xiv. f. 5 B. infundibulum, Fab. Fauna Groen. 360.—

Beroe, \F/o». Wern. Mem. iii. 401, t. xviii. f. 3, 4 — Frith of Tay.

The following observations were made from an inspection of the only spe-
cimen of this animal which I have had an opportunity of seeing : " There
were eight vertical bands or ribs, extending from the summit to the base.
These were narrow, denticulated on the margin, confined to the surface, and
of a denser substance than the gelatinous interior. From the central sur-
face of the ribs, a number of filaments proceeded, which were lost in the sub-
stance of the body. The mouth, or the opening at the base, had some ap-
pearance of having its margin divided into four lobes. The tube which con-
ducts from the mouth to the centre of the body, and is prolonged in its axis
to the summit, had on each side a compressed organ adhering to its walls.

Beuoe. RADIATA. ACALEPHA. 503

These terminated in the centre, each in an ovate head, apparently containing
air. Immediately below each head, there were numerous twisted vessels,
some of which contained a reddish fluid. The tube which descended from
the summit, as it approached the centre, suddenly expanded, and sent off' a
branch to a vesicle on each side ; after which it appeared to unite with the
one from the mouth. Each of the lateral vesicles terminated below in a blind
cavity, which contained a glandular body, to the upper surface of which, se-
veral white threads were attached. The upper extremity of each vesicle was
open, and terminated on the surface, on each side, in the space between two
ribs. From each side of the vesicle, near its connection with the central ves-
sel, there arose a tube, which, after dividing, sent a branch to each conti-
guous rib. The cavity of these tubes, at their union with the ribs, appeared
to be filled with a whitish coloured pulp. Each rib is furnished with a tube,
uniting with it near the middle. In consequence of this peculiar structure,
I could easily observe the water enter the tube at the summit, pass into the
lateral vesicles, and go out at their external openings ; and, in some cases,
the motion of the current was reversed. There did not appear to be any ex-
ternal opening at the extremity of the tubes joining with the ribs, although
water obviously moved backwards and forwards in them. While the animal
was active, there were numerous small spaces in the different tubes where
the contained fluid circulated in eddies. This was particularly observable
towards the centre, and in the tube which descends from the summit. I was
unable to detect, with the naked eye, any structure in the tubes which could
produce these partial motions ; and the orbicular form of the animal prevent-
ed the application of high magnifiers. The species here described approaches,
in many respects, to the Beroe ovata of Baster, Opv.scula subseciva, vol. i.
p. 123. tab. xiv. f. 5. It differs, however, in having only eight ribs, appa-
rently smooth on the surface, with denticulated margins ; whereas the spe-
cies which Baster notices has nine ribs, thickly set with moveable hairs.
The season in which ours was found, would likewise intimate that it is distinct
from Baster's species, pi-ovided we attach much importance to his remarks.
" In nostris hasc Beroe invenitur littoribus, et in ipsis hujus urbis portubus,
Aprili potissimum mense ; singularis enim variarum Medusse specierum pro-
prietas est, quod aliae aliis frequentissime inveniuntur mensibus." Ellis ap-
pears to have been acquainted with this species, when he says, " The Beroe
is a marine animal found on our coasts ; of a gelatinous transparent nature ;
and of an oval or spherical form ; about half an inch to an inch diameter ;
divided, like a melon, into longitudinal ribs, each of which is furnished with
rows of minute fins, by means of which this animal, like the animalia infuso-
ria, can swim in all directions with great swiftness."— Phil. Trans, vol. lix.
p. 144.

66. B. cucumis. — Body oblong, the oral aperture wide.

Fab. Fauna Groen. 3G1 — B. fulgens, Macartney, Phil. Trans. 1810, 264.
t. xv. f. 1-8 — Shore of Kent.

" This most elegant creature" (says Mr Macartney) " is of a colour
changing between purple, violet, and pale blue ; the body is truncated before
and pointed behind ; but the form is difficult to assign, as it is varied by par-
tial contractions, at the animal's pleasure. I have represented the two ex-
tremes of form that I have seen this creature assume. The first is some-
what that of a cucumber, which, as being the one it takes when at rest, should
perhaps be considered as its proper shape. The other resembles a pear, and
is the figure it has in the most contracted state. The body is hollow, or
forms internally an infundibular cavity, which has a wide opening before, and
appears also to have a small aperture posteriorly, through which it discharges
its excrement. The posterior two-thirds of the body are ornamented with
eight longitudinal ciliated ribs, the processes of which are kept in such a rapid
rotatory motion, while the animal is swimming, that they appear like the con-
tinual passage of a fluid along the ribs. The ciliated ribs have been described

504 RADIATA. ACALEPHA. Pleurobrachia.

by Professor Mitchill as arteries, in a luminous Beroe, which I suspect was no
other than the species I am now giving an account of. When the Beroe fulgens
swam gently near the surface of the water, its whole body became occasionally
illuminated in a slight degree ; during its contraction, a stronger light issued
from the ribs ; and when a sudden shock was communicated to the water, in
which several of these animals were placed, a vivid flash was thrown out.
If the body were broken, the fragments continued luminous for some se-
conds, and, being rubbed on the hand, left a light like that of phosphorus.
This, however, as well as every other mode of emitting light, ceased after
the death of the animal." Mr Macartney observed this species in Hearne
Bay, on the northern coast of Kent, in October 1804. None were to be
found in the same place in the month of September in the following year, al-
though some Medusae occurred which had been the companions of the Beroe
in the preceding season.

There is a third animal, nearly related to the genus Beroe, which is figured
by the late Rev. Charles Cordiner of Banff, in his " Remarkable Ruins,"
No. xi. Patella, fig. g G. The magnified representation which he has given,
appears to intimate a subcylindrical animal, open at both ends, with a raised disc
near one of the extremities, surrounded with diverging spines, and exhibiting
two spots, whence probably issue tentacula. The author has failed in this,
as in many other instances, to give descriptions in illustration of the designs
of his pencil.

Gen. XXVI. PLEUROBRACHIA.— Body suborbicular,
with eight ciliated ribs and two ciliated arms, one on each
side.

67. P. pileus. — The lateral arms equal.

Beroe, Bast. Op. i. 124, t. xiv. f. 6 — B. pileus, Fab. Fauna Groen. 361.
Scoresby, Arctic Reg. i. 549, t. xvi. f. 4. — In the British seas, rare.

The late George Montagu, Esq. in a letter to me, dated 22d November
1812, says, " I have lately added Beroe pileus to the British Fauna." My
friend Dr Leach, who subsequently met with the same animal, sent me in
1819 an outline drawing of its form. I have since been informed by my
friend John Graham Dalyell, Esq. advocate, that it occurs in the Frith of
Forth.

( 505 )

ZOOPHYTA.

I. CARNOSA. — Polypi connected with a fleshy substance.

II. CELLULIFERA. — Polypi lodged in calcareous cells,
imperforate at the base.

III. THECATA. — Polypi surrounded by a membranaceous
tube, covering the subdivisions of their compound body.

IV. NUDA. — Polypi naked, the mouth with marginal tenta-
cula.

V. VIBRATORIA— Polypi having the mouth furnished
with vibrating hairs.

( 506 )

CARNOSA.

I. Free; marine; moving by the contraction or expansion of the fleshy

part; form symmetrical; axis of the body supported by a bone

contained in a sac.

Pennatula.
Virgularia.

II. Fixed or stationary.

A. Polypiferous matter covering a solid axis.

a. Axis with stellular discs — LamelliferjE.

b. Stellulai*, discs terminal.
Sarcinula.
Lithostrotion.
Caryophyllea.
Turbinolia.
Cyclolites.

bb. Stellular discs aggregated.
Explanaria.
Astrea.
Porites.
Pocillopora.

aa. Axis destitute of stellular discs.

b. Axis corneous and flexible ; polypiferous basis cretaceous ;

the axis with spines.

c. Polypi developed — GorgoniadjE.

Gorgonia.
Primnoa.

cc. Polypi not developed — CorallinadjE.
Iania.
Corallina.
Halimeda.

bb. Axis stony.
lsis.

B. Polvpiferous basis destitute of a continuous solid axis.

a. Polypi developed.

b. Polypi with eight tentacula ; the basis fibrous.
Lobularia.
Cydonium.
Cliona.

bb. Polypi with tentacula exceeding eight in number ; basis
nearly uniform.
Alcyonium.
Cristatella.

aa. Polypi not developed — SrONGiADiE.
Tethya. m

Halichondria.
Spongia.
Grantia.

Pennatula. ZOOPHYTA. CARNOSA. 507

PENNATULADJL.

Gen. XXVII. PENNATULA.— Base of the body fleshy, and
subcylindrical, supporting an oval, expanded, compressed
head, consisting of soft processes, proceeding obliquely from
a mid-rib, and supporting, on one side, the denticles or cells
containing the polypi.

68. P. phosphor xa. The Sea-pen. — Stem villous, and desti-
tute of a spine at the base of each lateral process ; colour pur-
ple.

Penna marina, Sib. Scot. ii. p. 28. Wal. Or. p. 38 — Pennatula phos.
Linn. Syst. 1322. Ellis, Ph. t. liii. t. xix. f. 1, 5 — P. Britannica Sol.
Zoop. p. 61 Penna marina, Cord. R. No. 18. Adheres to the mussel-
baits of the fishermen, on the east coast of Scotland, not uncommon.

The length is from 2 to C inches. Stem round and fleshy at the base, and
closely set with minute spines ; compressed and grooved in the middle be-
tween the processes, and terminating in a point. The processes commence
about the middle of the stem, increase in length gradually, and then decrease
in the same manner, to the point, forming, in the outline, the segment of a
circle on each side. Along the upper side cf each process, is a vow of tubular
denticles, having the margins of the mouths armed with moveable spicula.
The polypi have cylindrical stems, with eight long tentacula, which are ca-
pable of retiring within the denticle.

Gen. XXVIII. VIRGULARIA.— Body linear, supporting,
towards the upper extremity, sessile, lunate lobes, embrac-
ing the stem obliquely, and bearing a row of cells on their
margin.

69. V. mirabilis. — Stem filiform, with alternate lobes trans-
versely ridged.

Pennatula mirabilis, Linn, Mus. Ad. t. xix. f. 4. (copied Phil. Trans, liii-
t. xx. f. 17.)— Amoen. Acad. iv. p. 257- Pal. Zoop. 371. Sower. Brit.
Misc. i. p. 51. t. xxv.— On the east and north coast of Scotland, where
it is believed by the fishermen to have one end lodged erect in the
mud ; in Zetland jt is called the Sea-Rush.
Length about a foot. The central bone is white, filiform, and cylindrical.
When broken across, it appears striated from the centre (hke a Belemnite),
as Lamarck found in his V. australis. On the fleshy back there is a groove
from the ridge, on each side of which the lobes arise. These resemble a crest,
embrace the side of the stem, and a portion of its front obliquely, and termi-
nate in a recurrent manner, the point of one meeting with the bend of the
higher one from the opposite side. Each lobe is subpectinated with about
eight or ten ridges, constituting as many cells, with a simple pore on the
margin for a polypus.

I have ventured to unite under this species, the preceding synonimes,
though three species are constituted by Lamarck, out of the Pennatula mira-
bilis of Linnreus, Palla?, and Muller. A comparison, however, of the descrip-

506 ZOOPHYTA. CARNOSA. Saecinula.

tions of these authors with the figures which they have given, and with spe-
cimens, leave no doubt of their identity. On this subject, indeed, Lamarck-
appears to be singularly inaccurate. Under his Funiculina cylindrica (Hist,
ii. p. 423), which is the Pennatula mirabilis of Pallas, he quotes the figure of
Linnaeus, Mus. ad. ; and, under Virgularia juncea, the very same figure is
again referred to, and the copy thereof in the Philosophical Transactions.

LAMELLIFERJE.

Gen. SARCINULA. — Free, massive, consisting of vertical
parallel tubes, united by intervening matter.

1. D. punctata Inferior surface concentrically undulated ; superior with

cylindrical tubes, crenulated on the margin by subordinate pores, and divided
internally by transverse partitions.— Porpital Madreporite, Park. Org. Item.
ii. 69. t. vii. f. 4 Gloucestershire and Staffordshire.

2. S. angularis Inferior surface with diverging stria; ; superior with crowd-
ed polygonal tubes — Porpital Madreporite, Park\Org. Rem. ii. 69. t. vii. f. 3.
—Dudley, Staffordshire.

Gen. LITHOSTROTION.— Coral of aggregated prismatical
parallel tubes, with single terminal stellular discs.

1. L. striatum Hexangular ; striated longitudinally; slightly waved

transversely ; each plane with about ten striae ; the rays of the star unite with
a small solid central axis.— Luid. Lith. 122. t. xxiii. Park. Org. Hem. ii. 43.
t. v. f. 6, 3. — In Carboniferous Limestone.

2. lt.floriforme This chiefly differs from the preceding in its greater size,

and the axis occupying a greater space ; to which Martin adds, " centres pro-
jecting, pointed, and writhed or twisted like a rope."— Mart. Derb. t. xliii.
44 In Carboniferous Limestone.

3. L. oblongum Pentangular, striated, the stems about one-twentieth of

an inch from'each other ; the rays diverge from the centre, branching towards
the circumference. Park. Org. Item. ii. 56. t. vi. f. 12, 13 — Oolite.

4. L. marginatum. — Hexangular ; each angle with a raised rib, and numer-
ous distant, small, short obtuse processes ; the planes flat and smooth ; the
star consists of plates from the centre to each angle, with a few transverse
ones. Two detached columns of this species, about the tenth of an inch in
diameter, have occurred to me in Carboniferous Limestone.

Gen. XXIX. CARYOPHYLLEA.— Turbinated or cylin-
drical, simple or branched, adhering by the base to other
bodies.

70. C. cyathus. —Primary lamellae of the star about forty in
number, with intermediate smaller ones, and a prominent curved
centre.

Madrepora cyathus, Sol. Zoop. 150.- C. cyathus, Flem. Wcrn. Mem. ii.

Turbinolia. ZOOPHYTA. LAMELLIFERiE. 50i)

249. Two specimens found in 1809, growing on a dead valve of Pec-
ten opercularis, from deep water off Foulah, in Zetland.

The largest specimen is inversely conical ; a little compressed ; half an inch
in height ; two-tenths, in its broadest diameter at the base, and six-tenths at
the star, where it is four-tenths across ; externally it is longitudinally striated
and rough. The disc is oval, and a little compressed. The lamella? are dis-
posed in fours, and may be distinguished into three different kinds. The first
are the highest and the broadest at the margin, but as they descend into the
disc they become narrower before they join the central plate. The second
kind are narrower than the preceding at the margin, but towards the middle
they suddenly enlarge and join the middle plate. The third kind are the
smallest, and terminate before reaching the middle plate. The space included
between a pair of the first kind of plates, contains one of the second kind in
the middle, with one of the third kind in each of the lateral spaces. Those
on the sides are rough, with small scattered tubercles, and their margins are
curled. This last circumstance occasions the roughness externally, where the
longitudinal strire are the remains of the gills. The plate which occupies the
bottom of the concavity is smooth, various twisted, and connected with the
base of the lateral plates. When first observed, the disc was covered with
black putrid animal matter. — It has been reported that the C. musicalis (Ellis,
Phil. Trans. 1/G3, t. xx. f. 14.) has been cast ashore on the Irish coast.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. C. annularis. — Branched, nearly cylindrical, with transverse plates, which
exteriorly seem like a series of ligatures ; surface not muricated. — Madrepo-
rite, Park. Org. Rem. ii. G"J. t. v. f. 5. — In Oolite.

2. C. fasciculata. — Crowded, branched, round, nearly cylindrical, slightly

flexuous, and about a quarter of an inch in diameter Madreporite, Park.

Org. Rem. 51. t. vi. f. 8. — Madrepora cespitosa, Marl. Derb. t. 17 Carboni-
ferous Limestone.

3. C. duplicating Tubes cylindrical, adjacent, unequal ; centre proliferous ;

margin dilated Madrepora dup. Mart. Pet. Derb. t. xxx. — Carboniferous

Limestone.

4. C. affinis Stems slightly branched, cylindrical, equal, smooth, rather

distant, and about half an inch in diameter. — M. aff. Mart. Derb. t. 31 — Car-
boniferous Limestone.

5. C. juncea Stems slightly branched, cylindrical, smooth, or slightly

wrinkled transversely, and about one-tenth of an inch in diameter.— Junci
lapidei, Ure, Ruth. 337- t. xix. f. 12— Very common in. Carboniferous Lime-
stone.

G. C. centralis Root spreading, indented ; stem narrow at the base ; en-
larging subcylindrically towards the tip ; longitudinally striated ; the striae
alternately larger and smaller ; no transverse stria? ; disc with small and large
plates from the circumference to the centre — Corallite, Park. Org. Rem. ii.
32. t. iv. f. 15, 10. — Madrepora centralis, Mant. Geol. 159. t. xvi. 1. 2, 4 — In
Chalk.

It is probable that Amplexus coralloides, p. 251. though inserted by Mr
Sowerby among the multilocular testacea, may yet be found connected with
the piesent genus.

Gen. XXX. TURBINOLIA.— Turbinated, detached, base
acute, not adhering ; star single.
71. T. borealis. — Widely conical, slightly bent.

510 ZOOPHYTA. LAMELLIFER^E. Cyclolites.

Fungia turbinata, Flem. Wern. Mem. ii. 250 Zetland.

This species occurred in the same boat in which I picked up the Caryophyl-
lea cyathus. ^ Though greatly defaced, it still exhibits proofs of its recent ori-
gin. It is inversely conical, pointed, subarcuated, with a concave disc and a
prominent centre ; the plates appear to have been equal. It is about five-
tenths of an inch in height, and nearly the same in breadth across the star.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. T. sulcata.— Inversely conical, with twenty-four longitudinal striae, the
interstices striated by pairs of pores in each, disposed in numerous parallel
transverse rows.— Lamouroux Zoop. 51. t. lxxiv. f. 18, 21. Geol. of Eng. 3.
London Clay.

2. T. Konigi — Inversely conical, aperture circular, divided into numerous
perpendicular lamella?, radiating from the axis to the circumference ; axis
simple ; margin crenulated ; external surface longitudinally striated ; striae

from 25 to 30, distinct, prominent, base convex Mant. Geol. Suss. 85. t. xix.

p. 22, 28 — Blue Chalk Marl.

3. T. Fungites — Inversely conical, lengthened ; more or less bent ; longi-
tudinally striated, with irregular transverse wrinkles ; star concave, with a
large central axis. Fungites, lire, Ruth. 327. t. xx. f. 6. — In Carboniferous
Limestone, common ; frequently termed Ram's Horns. The specimens in my
possession differ greatly in their breadth compared with their length ; in one
the plates converge to the centre, without a solid axis ; and in another, there
are external drooping cylindrical processes from the sides near the small end.

Gen. CYCLOLITES. — Hemispherical; star convex, with
smooth slender lamella? ; the centre depressed ; below flat,
with concentric lines.

1. C. elliptica.— Elliptical ; lamella? obsolete; the central cavity length-
ened.— Lamarck, Hist. ii. 234. — Geol. Eng. 245 Inferior Oolite.

Gen. EXPLANARIA. — Stem irregular, foliaceous, waved,

lobed, with the extremities covered with sessile, stellife-

rous discs.

1. IL.Jlexuosa — Stem compressed, proliferous, reticulated at the base, with
transverse and longitudinal stria? ; the superior stellated surface covered with
stars, closely set, and formed of raised undulating radii. — Madreporite, Park.
Org. Rem. ii. 49. t. vii. f. 11 — E. mesenterica, Geol. Eng. 245? — Inferior
Oolite.

Gen. ASTREA. — Massive, the stelliferous discs rounded, and
9 imbedded in the nearly even surface.

1. A. arachnoides — Stelliferous discs close, smooth ; the plates proceeding
from the centre are waved across the margin, and are lost in the surrounding
matter. — Madrepora arach. Park. Org. Rem. ii. t. vi. t'. 4 Oolite*

2. A. undulata. — Stars continuous, the rays unequal, bifurcated and bend-
ing.— Madrepora und. Park. Org. Rem. ii. 5C Bristol.

Gorgonia. ZOOPHYTA. GORGONIADvE. 51X

Gen. PORITES. — Massive, obtuse, stellular discs regular,

subcontiguous, with imperfect margins ; the plates of the

stars filamentous, chaffy, or cuspidated.

1. P. cellulosa. — Cells angular, walls thin ; true structure not yet dis-
covered Park. Org. Rem. ii. 39. t. v. f. 9. — Carboniferous Limestone ? Mas-
bury, Men dip.

Gen. XXXI. POCILLOPORA.— Branched, the surface co-
vered with stelliferous deep-seated discs, with the interme-
diate spaces porous.

72. P. interstincta. — Cylindrical, with distant immersed
stars.

Madrepora interstincta, Mull. Prod. Zool. Dan. 252.

A specimen, probably of this species, which I have seen, was obtained by
Dr Hibbert in Zetland, a detailed description of which, I had reason to ex-
pect, would by this time have been published.

GORGONIAD.E.

Gen. XXXII. GORGONIA.— Cells for the polypi sessile.
The axis is, in some species, of the hardness of horn, or
wood, in others of the softness of leather. In its young
state, at the ends of the branches, it has a soft central pith.
It consists of concentric layers, homogeneous, tubular, or
consisting of osseous spicula. The flesh consists of two
plates, an external and internal. The external plate is
more or less thickened with cretaceous matter, under dif-
ferent forms, and bears the cells, for the protrusion of
the polypi, either simple and imbedded, or in the form of
warts, with notched or spinous margins. On the inner
plate (termed by Ellis periosteum) may likewise be ob-
served perforations (through which it is probable an inti-
mate connection subsists between the polypi and the in-
terior of the axis), and a crowded arrangement of perpen-
dicular tubes, which are supposed destined to secrete the
corneous matter of the axis. Between these plates the
fleshy matter is pulpy, with interspersed osseous spicula in
some species.

a. Cells imbedded, with simple margins.

73. G.Jlabcllum. — Venus's Fan. — Compressed, branches nu-
merous, and reticularly united.

512 ZOOPHYTA. GORGONIADiE. Gorgonja.

Ellis, Cor. p. 61. t. xx vi. A. Linn. Syst. 1293 — Cast ashore, Mount's
Bay, Cornwall, Borlase. — Leith shore, Mr John Mackay.

The axis is black, the cells minute, scattered, and occurring chiefly on one
side. There is no satisfactory evidence that this species is indigenous to our
rocks. The specimens which have been found among the rejectamenta of
the sea, have probably belonged to some wrecked vessel from the West In-
dies. At the same time, Mr Neill informs me that he saw Mr Mackay's
specimen shortly after it was found, and that it had all the aspect of being
fresh and recent.

74. G. anceps. — Subdichotomously branched, the branches

free, compressed, with cells on each margin.

Keratophvton dichotomum ; caule et ramulis lreviter compi-essis, Ray,

Svn. p." 32 Sea-willow, Ellis, Cor. p. 68. tab. xxvii. f. 2-9 — G. an.

Linn. Syst. 1292 Margate, Mr Dale (Ray) — Ireland, Ellis.

The axis is of a horny nature, inclining to leather. The cells are in rows.
b. Cells prominent, with armed margins.

75. G. placomus. — Margins of the cells spinous.

Keratophyton flabelliforme, cortice verrucoso obductum, Ray, Syn. 32 ?
Warted Sea-Fan. Ellis, Cor. p. 67- tab. xxvii. f. 1. a. A. A. 1. A. 2.
A. 3. Borl. Corn. p. 238. tab. xxvii. No. 1. Linn. Syst. 1290 — Rocks,
Cornwall.

The axis is ligneous. The branches are dichotomous, a little compressed,
irregularly incurved, but rarely uniting. The flesh is full of denticulated
spicula. The cells are conical, angular, and covered on the margin with
little spines or pointed scales. It is probable that the references to Hay
should be added to the following species, as Linnseus has clone.

76. G. verrucosa. — Margins of the cells denticulated.

Ellis, Phil. Trans, i. t. xxxiv. f. 19. a. Linn. Syst. i. 1291. Cav. Mem-

p. 32. tab. i. f. 1-11 G. viminalis? Sowerby, Brit. Misc. tab. xl —

Cornwall, Ellis, and Mr Batten.— Devonshire, Montagu. — Scotland,
Sowerby.

The axis is woody, and the flesh granular. The branches grow in a flat
fan-shaped manner,' subdichotomous. The cells are crowded irregularly, and
their margins are denticulated. In Mr Sowerby's figure, one of the notches
is represented as much larger than the others, forming about one-third of the
margin. This appearance, however, is irregular, as in a specimen which I
received from Mr J. D. C. Sowerby, as the*G. viminalis of his father ; the
margin of the cells was regularly denticulated in some, and in others the large
tooth was variable in the proportion of the margin which it occupied. Though
this circumstance has been overlooked by preceding authors, there is little
reason to consider it the indication of a new species, unless genuine speci-
mens of G. verrucosa can be produced destitute of this character ; and there
is no ground for considering it as the G. viminalis of Ellis. According to Ca-
volini, the tentacula of the polypi are flat, tapering, and pinnated, and the
body or head supporting these, "protrudes considerably beyond the margin.

3

Primnoa. ZOOPHYTA. CORALLINADiE. 513

Gen. XXXIII. PRIMNOA.— -Cells subpedunculated pendu-
lous. The axis, when young, is corneous, but in the older
branches it becomes like bone. The flesh is covered with
minute fixed scales. The cells are crowded, bell-shaped,
and with the aperture, according to Baster, closed by two
valves, covered with imbricated moveable scales. The
branches are dichotomous. M. Lamouroux, who first se-
parated this genus from Gorgonia, considers the pendulous
cells as the polypi themselves.

77. P. lepadifera.

Gorgonia lep. Bast. sp. 11. 130. t. xiii. f. J. Ellis, Zoop. p. 84. tab. xiii.
f. 1, 2.

This species, which is common on the Norwegian coast, has been found,
according to Professor Jameson (Wern. Mem. i. p. 560.), at Zetland and
Aberdeenshire.

CORALLINAD^E.

The objects of this group, forming the genus Corallina of Linnseus,
are usually plant-like or branched, and consist of two substances, a
central corneous axis, and an external calcareous crust. The axis is
sometimes fleshy, and shrinks by drying, leaving a tubular cavity. The
substance is fibrous, and united with the exterior crust. This last is
hard, studded on the surface with minute marginated pores, and usually
covering the axis in an irregularly interrupted manner, giving the body
3, jointed appearance. When the calcareous matter is removed by a
weak acid, a granular-looking skeleton remains, the granules appearing
to be united with the extremities of the fibres which proceed from the
axis, and seem to be the remains of the polypi. Reproduction appears
to take place by means of enlargements or processes, on the sides, or
at the extremities, forming hollow cells, chiefly derived from the corti-
cal layer. Ellis observes, " That we may perceive the pores or cells
of this class the more distinctly, it is necessary they should be viewed
immediately upon being taken out of the sea ; for, as they dry, the cre-
taceous or coralline matter shrinks, and unites the pore-like cells on
the surface, scarcely to be distinguished from a polished superficies,
without the help of the very best glasses." All the species reside in
shallow water, in places accessible at low water of spring-tides.

vol. r. k k

514 ZOOPHYTA. CORALLINAD^. Jania.

Gen. XXXIV. JANIA. — Branches subdividing dichotomous-
ly ; filiform, with cylindrical joints.

78. J. rubens. — Summits of the lower joints of the stem sim-
ple.— Not uncommon on the English, Irish, and Scottish coasts.

This species is subject to considerable variation in its general appearance
and growth, arising from age and station.

A. Nearly uniform in thickness throughout, branches terminating in short
bifid processes.. — Corallina ramulis dichotomis, teneris, capillaribus, et ru-
bentibus, Ellis, Cor. p. 50. No. 5. tab. xxiv. f. e. E — C. rubens, Pallas, El.
p. 42G. No. 7-

E. The last joint but one, swollen at the summit, a character more or less

conspicuous on the other joints. The terminal ones blunt C. dichotoma,

capiilis densis, cristatis, spermophoris, fucis minimis teretibus adnascens,
Ellis, Cor. p. 51. No. 7. tab. xxiv. f. f. F — Cor. cristata, Pall. El. p. 425.
No. 6 Cor. rubens, Linn. Syst. p. 1304. No. 3.

C. Joints supporting the two last subdivisions clavate, terminal ones in
pairs slender, many-jointed, seldom dividing — Cor. alba spermophoros, ca-
piilis, tenuissimis, Ellis, Cor. p. 51. No. 8. tab. xxiv. f. g. G. Both Pallas
and Linnaeus make this a variety of var. B — It seems to be in the last stage
of growth. The Cor. plumosa nivea, fuco minimo" tereti adnascens of Ell.
Cor. p. 52. No. 9. tab. xxiv. f. h. H. H. 1., the C. globifera of Turt. B. Fauna,
No. 701. p. 212, is certainly this species in its first stage of growth, and when
it consists of only two or three joints rising from a globular base. Var. A.
is the next stage. In some cases, a few of the lower joints are two-horned,
like the following species.

79- J- cornicidata. — Summits of the lower joints of the stem

subcompressed, and produced on each side.

Cor. alfea exigua, ramulis dichotomis segmentis corniculatis, fucis mini-
mis teretibus adnascens, Ellis, Cor. p. 50. No. G. tab. xxiv. f. d. D —

Cor. corn. Pallas, El. p. 424. Linn. Syst. p. 1305 On the English

coast, Ellis.

Gen. XXXV. CORALLINA.— Branches subdividing tricho-
tomously. In consequence of this mode of growth there
is always the appearance of a primary stem, and the sum-
mits of the joints are compressed and dilated, except in
old specimens, where the lower joints are cylindrical, and
destitute of lateral branches.

80. C. officinalis. — The short lateral shoots of the branches
rounded, and blunt or capitate.

Cor. anglica, Raii, St. Br. p. 33. Ellis, Cor. p. 48. tab. xxiv. No. 23. a. A.

A, 1. A. 2. B. B. 1. B. 2— Cor. oflfl Pallas and Linnaus. — Common on

all parts of the coast.

This is subject to vary greatly in its appearance, according to the station

it occupies. At certain seasons the heads of the pinnules are enlarged into

cells, and similar tubercles occur on the sides of the joints, out of which

Ellis squeezed " little twisted figures."

Hawmeda. ZOOPHYTA. CORALLINADJC. 515

81. C squamata. — The short lateral shoots of the branches
compressed, and two-edged.

Cor. anglica erecta, ramulis dense'pennatis, lanceolae forma terminantibus,
segmentis ad utrinque latus paululum compressis, Ellis, Cor. p. 49.
No. 4. lab. xxiv. f. c. C — English shores.
This species is considered both by Pallas and Linnaeus as a variety of the
preceding.

Gen. XXXVI. HALIMEDA. — Joints compressed, crowded.

82. H. Opuntia. — Branches trichotomously divided, the joints

waved on the margin, and kidney-shaped.

Cor. op. Ellis, Cor. p. 53. tab. xxv. fig. a. A. b. B. and Zooph. p. 110.
tab. xx. f. 6.

This species has not hitherto been recorded as a British zoophyte, but is
said to inhabit the Atlantic and Mediterranean. I, however, possess a spe-
cimen, formerly belonging to the late Di Walker, to which the following note
was annexed, in his own handwriting : " Submarine plant from the rocks at
Salterness, in Kirkbane. An Bombycina? It covers the rocks with a close
turf." It thus appears to be a native of the shores of the Solway Frith.
When a joint was macerated in weak acid, the branched tubes supporting the
polypi appeared as they are represented by Ellis, ib. tab. xxv. f. A. 1.

Gen. ISIS. — Axis branched, striated, articulated ; the fleshy

crust deciduous after death.

1. Remains of an Isis " found at Calne, in Wiltshire, in a light yellow co-
loured limestone." — Park. Org. Rem. ii. 73.

Gen. XXXVII. LOBUL ARIA— Internally carneous, with
reticulated cartilaginous fibres, and distinct converging cells,
opening by stellate pores ; the base where it is attached is
broad and compact ; the polypi have a single opening, and
8 pinnated tentacula.

83. L. digitata. Dead-manVhand. — Polypi with thin pin-
nated, pointed, tentacula.

Alcyonium ramoso-digitatum molle asteriscis undequaque ornatum. —
Ray. Syn. p. 31. Ellis, Cor. 83. t. xxxii. a. A. A 2. Phil. Trans, liii.
p. 431. t. xx. f. 10-13 — A. digitatum, Linn. Syst. i. 1294. Sol. Zooph.

175. t. i. f. 7— F. lobatum, Pallas, El. 351 Common in the British

seas, adhering to shells, rocks, and fuci.

The figure is bluntly ovate, especially when young, dividing with age into
short rounded lobes, varying from a reddish-orange to a greyish-white ; the
pores are stellate and prominent ; the cells are inversely conical. The poly-
pi, according to Ellis, when exserted, are conico-tubular, with 8 ridges ; these,
I have observed to be armed near the summit, on each side, with a row of
diverging spicula, like the particles composing the crust of the Gorgonia ver~
rucosa, Ellis, Cor. t. xxvii. No. i. A. 3. The tentacula are depressed, broadest
at the base, and terminate in a point ; the pinnulae, are opposite at first, but

kIc 2

516 ZOOPHYTA. CORALLINAD.E. Lobularia.

towards the tip become alternate ; they are clavate with rough ends M.

Lamouroux has strangely confounded his Alcyonium lobatum and the A. exos
of Dr Spix with this species. With every allowance for the discrepancy
which may prevail among the representations of the same animal, examined
under different circumstances, by unconnected observers, it is impossible to
admit that the figures given by Ellis, which have been referred to and those
communicated by the above named observers, can have been taken from in-
dividuals of the same species. The tentacula in Ellis's figures (and having
compared these with nature we can pronounce on their accuracy) are pinnate
and pointed. In the Alcyonium exos of Dr Spix (Annales du Mus. xiii.
t. xxxiii. f. 7-) the tentacula are subclavate, blunt, and villous ; while in the
A. lobatum of M. Lamouroux (Hist. Cor. 336. t. xiii. B, C, H.) they are subcy-
lindrical, rounded at the extremity, and covered above and on the margin
with blunt tubercles. In our examination of several specimens, from differ-
ent parts of the coast, varying in form and colour, we have only met with
the species figured by Ellis. It is probable, however, that the others may
be detected in our seas.

Gen. XXXVIII. CYDONIUM.— A coriaceous skin, inter-
nally carneous, with numerous straight ridged spicula, per-
pendicular to the surface ; polypi with a central opening,
and an orifice at the base of each of the eight pinnated ten-
tacula.

84. C. Mulleri. — Skin yellowish, with numerous stellate
pores; internally brown.

A. cvdonium, Mull. Zool. Dan. t. 81. f. 3, 4, 5. Jameson, Wern. Mem.
i. 5 03 — Zetland.
Base of adhesion narrow, body massive, surface irregular ; the skin consists
of animal matter cementing innumerable round siliceous grains ; the cells lead-
ing from the stellate pores are indistinct ; the spicula, which converge towards
the centre, are fusiform, grouped in small bundles, and many of them at the
skin are tricuspidate. In a dried specimen from Zetland, which I have had
an opportunity of examining through the kindness of Professor Jameson, the
surface is slightly villous, owing probably to the contraction of the skin, leav«
ino- the extremities of the fibres free. With the exception of the stellate pores,
it agrees with the Alcyonium primum Dioscoridis of Donati (Adriat. 56. t. ix.
f. i.j in the villous skin and the simple and tricuspidate spicula.

Gen. XXXIX. CLIONA. — Substance fleshy, irritable, with
siliceous spicula ; imbedded in cavities of shells and protrud-
ing tubular contractile papilla?, on the margin of which
are placed cylindrical polypi, with 8 tentacula.

85. C cclata. — Flesh yellow, spicula cylindrical, tubular,
closed, slightly curved, pointed at one end, and terminated by
a small hollow round head at the other.

Grant, New Edin. Phil. Journ. — In old shells, especially oysters, com-
mon.
Perforations circular, leading into unconnected cavities, filled with the
fleshy matter; the tubular papillae project through the circular perforations.

Cliona. ZOOPHYTA. CORALLINAD.E. 517

and are connected internally with ramified canals, in the vicinity of which
small yellow ova make their appearance in March and April ; the papillae
eject a current of water ; the marginal polypi are long, slender, and transpa-
rent, and their broad tentacula are slightly dilated at the extremities.

Gen. XL. ALCYONIUM.— Circle of tentacula complete ;
fleshy bases, arborescent, investing or adnate, and regularly
covered with polypiferous papilla?. — Marine.

86. A. gclatinosum. — Sea-ragged staff or grain. Arborescent,
the polypi with 12 equal tentacula.

Fucus spongiosus nodosus, Ray. Syn. St. p. 49. Ellis, Cor. p. 87. t. xxxii.

f. d. D Al. molle, ramosum, Bast. Op. Sub. i. p. 25. t. i. f. v. — A. gel.

Mull. Zool. Dan. t. cxlvii. f. 1-4 — Not uncommon in deep water.

Body adheres by a narrow base to stones and shells, in from 5 to 20 fa-
thoms water, ascending and subdividing irregularly into rounded branches,
with subacute terminations ; the surface is covered with minute, rounded tu-
bercles, having pale, perforated, quadrisulcated summits, from which issue
polypi, inversely bell-shaped, with 12 equal tentacula ; internally, it is sub-
cellular, with scattered round black bodies, which are probably the eggs.
The whole is greenish, translucent, with a smooth and gelatinous aspect.

This species has frequently been claimed by botanists, without due consi-
deration, as a subject of the vegetable kingdom. It is the Fucus gelatinosus
of Hudson's Flora Anglica, the Ulva diaphana of Smith's English Botany,
and the Alcyonidium diaphanum of Hooker's Flora Scotica.

87. A. hlrsutum. — Body investing, the polypi with from 18
to 20 tentacula.

Investing fuci, common.

This species differs from the preceding in the following particulars. It
grows in shallower water, among fuci and confervae, while the other is the
companion of Sertularioe and Flustne. Its growth is irregular, frequently
anastomosing, surrounding or connecting fuci, sometimes rising into blunt,
thinly subdivided, branches. It is of a closer texture, and the surface, being
covered witb close set conical accuminated papillae, gives it a hairy appear-
ance. The polypi are not protruded so far from the orifice of the papilla?,
and the feelers, which are more numerous, are constantly in motion. Some
doubts may be entertained if part of the synonimes prefixed to the preceding
species do not belong to the hirsutum. The one, however, in the Zool. Dan.
is too faithful a representation of the gelaiinoswm to admit of such a suspi-
cion.

88. A. ecMnatum. — Body incrusting dead univalve shells ;
the polypi with 12 tentacula?.

This species incrusts dead univalve shells exclusively; and is about the ^gth
of an inch in thickness. When first taken out of the water it is soft and
spongy, but becomes rigid on drying ; the surface is closely covered with tu-
bular papillae about ^th of an inch in length.

The late Mr Montagu, in a letter to me, dated 12th July 1811, intimated,
in reference to a specimen which I had sent him : " The crusts on shells,
which gives them a muricated appearance, is what I have called Alci/onium
cchinatum. I do not know that it has been described or ascertained to be the

518 ZOOPHYTA. CORALLINADjE. Alcyonium.

aggregate fleshy tubular cells of polypi, having about 12 radiating short ten-
tacula. It is the drying of the tubes that forms the rigid spinulte."

89- A. parasiticum. — I place here provisionally a parasitical
species, which invests the old stalks of several of the Sertula-
riadcB. It is destitute of fibres, but strengthened by denser
bands, which, by anastomosing irregularly, enclose the spaces
of the cells ; these seem to have rounded orifices, and to be dis-
tant from each other ; the surface is rugose when old, the ori-
fices of the cells become more apparent, and the whole much
mixed with mud. I have not had an opportunity of observing
it in a recent state.

Gen. XLI. CRISTATELLA.— Body gelatinous, branch-
ed, with terminal polypiferous papilla? ; the circle of tenta-
cula disposed in the form of a crescent.

90. C. campanulata. — Body divided, palmate.

Polype a panache d'eau douce, Trembly, Pol. p. 227- t. x. f. 8, 9 — Tubu-
laria camp. Linn. Syst. 1303. Berk. Syn. i. 215. Turt. Brit. Fauna,

211 Adheres to Lemnse.

The body is translucent and palmately branched, the ends of the branches
forming cells ; the body of the polypi is cylindrical, where exserted, narrow at
the summit, with numerous tentatacula ; an esophagus, stomach and intestine,
together with two threads, descending into the fleshy base, are observable.
It may admit of doubt whether the ' animal described by Roesel (iii. 559.
t. xci.) constituting the Cristalella mucedo of Cuvier, and Cristatella vagans of
Lamarck, and which is free, belongs to the same genus with the Polype a pa-
nacfie of Trembly, above referred to, which seem to he fixed, and to be near-
ly related to the genus Plumatella.

SPONGIAD^.

The sponges, winch have long occupied the attention of naturalists,
and given rise to considerable difference of opinion regarding their
true place in the System of Nature, have at length been examined
by an observer possessing the requisite leisure, opportunity, industry,
and talent for conducting such intricate researches. I here refer to
the papers which have appeared in the Edinburgh Philosophical Jour-
nal by Dr R. E. Grant, now Professor of Zoology in the University of
London. He has succeeded in determining the functions of the pores,
and the origin and mode of development of the ova.

Sponges consist of an albuminous skeleton and gelatinous matter,
forming a mass not irritable, with numerous holes, connected internal-
ly with anastomosing canals. The skeleton is either simple, consisting

Tethya. ZOOPHYTA. SPONGIAM:. 519

of horny fibres, as the species so commonly used for domestic pur-
poses ; or compound, being strengthened by calcareous or siliceous
spicula. The gelatinous matter, abounding in transparent globules,
connects the different parts of the skeleton, lines the various canals,
and forms the margins of the openings. The pores are minute open-
ings with a gelatinous margin, strengthened or defended by the skele-
ton or spicula, into which the water enters in currents, generated pro-
bably by a ciliary apparatus which has not yet been perceived by the
microscope. The water, after traversing the interior canals, is ejected
by means of orifices, which are larger than the pores, and in many spe-
cies are elevated above the surface, in the form of perforated papilla?.
The ova are numerous, at first appearing like groups of minute, irre-
gular-shaped, opaque granules, derived from the gelatinous matter, which
unite into ovate bodies, falling at maturity into the canals, and expelled
by the orifices. These ova float in the water, and exhibit spontaneous
motion by the rapid action of the cilia?, which cover the anterior por-
tion of the body, and at length attach themselves, and then expand in-
to the forms of maturity.

The currents from the orifices are best exhibited by placing the re-
cent animal in a shallow dish of water, and throwing a little powdered
chalk on the surface, the motions of which will indicate the direction
of the streams. For the purpose of examining the skeleton, it is requisite
to macerate the sponge in hot water, which removes the gelatinous mat-
ter, and leaves the remainder in a state fit to be examined under a micro-
scope. When the spicula are siliceous, the animal matter may be re-
moved by nitric acid or by combustion, as was practised by Muller
(Zool. Dan. t. lxxxv.), when the vitreous needles will appear unaltered.
In examining cabinet specimens of sponges, care must be taken to
make allowance for the degree of maceration they may have under-
gone, as, upon this circumstance, their porosity, friability, or softness
depend.

Gen. XLII. TETHYA. — Hemispherical, with numerous fibres
radiating from the centre to the surface, and consisting of
linear, fusiform, siliceous spicula. — An intermediate ge-
nus between Cydonium and IJalichondria.

91. T. cranium. — Surface regular and closely villous.

Alcyonium cranium, Mull. Zool. Dan. t. lxxxv. f. 1 — A. Lyncurium,
Jameson, Wern. Mem. i. 563 — Spongia pilosa, Mont. Wern. ii. 1 19,
t. xiii. f. 1, 2. — Adheres to stones in deep water, Zetland, where it is
termed Sea-Apple.

520 ZOOPHYTA. SPONGIAMI. Halichondria.

Hemispherical ; one or two inches in diameter ; attached by a flat, soft
base ; pale green, with a tinge of* yellow ; when fresh, it exhales an offensive
ammoniacal odour ; the surface is nearly smooth, but by drying it becomes
villous, and when worn a little, muricate by the extremities of the bundles
of fibres ; the fibres decrease in size from the circumference ; the spicula are
long, of unequal lengths, fusiform, and where they reach the centre they are
extremely fine, forming a dense, villous nucleus ; the animal matter separa-
ting the fibres is small in quantity ; from the arrangement of the fibres a
horizontal section may be easily made, while a vertical one cannot be effect-
ed without difficulty.

92. T. sphcBrica. — Surface thickly covered with tubercles
destitute of hairs.

Donatio Mer Adriat. G2, t. x. f. 1 — Alcyonium Lyncurium, Linn. Syst.
i. 1295 — Spongia verrucosa, Mont. Wem. Mem. ii. 117, t. xiii. f. 4,
6. — Coast of Devon.

Diameter about an inch and a quarter ; " globose, of a yellowish colour,
extremely verrucose, and fleshy, which becomes very hard by drying, and is
of considerable gravity even in that state ; the warts on the surface are ap-
proximating, irregular in shape, and destitute of any pore ; the internal part
or nucleus is composed of fasciculate fibres, connected by the animal gluten ;
these fill the Avhole internal cavity, and radiate to the centre, appearing like
threads of asbestus." — Mont.

Gen. XLIII. HALICHONDRIA (x«a<? silcx, andxov^os car-
tilago). — Porous, the cartilaginous skeleton strengthened
by siliceous spicula; form various.

* Inhabiting the Sea.

93. H. papillaris. — Encrusting; orifices large, subtubular,
with entire smooth margins ; pores villous ; the spicula fusi-
form, slightly curved.

Spongia informis durior, compressa, Ray, Syn. Stirp. 30 Crumb of

Bread Sponge, Ellis (Coral. 80, t. xvi. f. d.), Phil. Trans. 1705, t. x.
f. A — Cock's-comb Sponge, ib. t. xi. f. G — Spongia panacea and pa-
pillaris, Pallas, El. Zooph. 388, 391 — S. cristata and urens, Sol. Ellis.
Zooph. 180, 187. — S. compacta, Soiver. Brit. Misc. i. 45, t. xliii — S.
tomentosa and cristata, Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 99. and 103. — S. papill.

Grant, Edin. New Phil. Journ. ii. t. ii. f. 21 Encrusting rocks and the

stalks of the larger fuci, very common.

Crust about a quarter of an inch thick, yellow, uniform, with regular tu-
bular orifices where growing in a sheltered situation, but uneven where ex-
posed, the orifices short or elevated on crest-like ridges ; the canals are nu-
merous and wide ; when dry, the sponge is friable, not unlike the crumb of
bread ; when heated to destroy the animal matter, the remaining spicula, if
rubbed on the skin, excite a painful itching. The ova make their appear-
ance in spring.

94. H. pcmicea. — Substance spreading, dense, surface even,

the orifices large, rather imbedded ; spicula short, cylindrical,

obtusely pointed at one extremity, rounded at the other.

Spongia panicea", Grant, Edin. New Phil. Journ. i. 347 ; ii t. ii. f. 4.—
On rocks.

Halichondria. ZOOPHYTA. SPONGIADiE. 521

Crust extended sometimes an inch in thickness ; when dried, the surface
is flat and very porous, and the orifices, which are rather sunk, have irregu-
lar margins, and the divisions of the interior canals being usually visible,
give the openings a stellular aspect. When dry, it is remarkably friable. I
am inclined to consider this species as the S- fava of Montagu, Wern. Mem.
ii. 115. He says, "This sponge, though harsh to the feel, yields to the
pressure of the finger nail without elasticity ; when recent is orange-yellow,
and full of gelatinous flesh, but when exposed for a time on the shore, and
the fleshy parts decayed and washed out, the pores are observed to be round-
ish. When examined by a lens, has a slight resemblance to a honey-comb ;
the pores, however, are not regular in size. If taken fresh and artificially
dried, the pores are greatly obscured by the contracted gluten, and the colour
becomes of a dark brown. If it has undergone a natural decomposition of
the more perishable parts on the sea-shore, by the conjoined action of the
water and the air, the pores are cleared, and it retains a light yellowish co-
lour. A specimen in this state before me, is flat, and broad ; round the edges
(which appear to have been broken) there are many large round openings in-
tersecting the smaller pores, and communicating with those on the flat sur-
faces. This piece is three inches long, two broad, and about half an inch
thick.

95. H. parasitica. — Substance rather loose, harsh to the feel,

and somewhat brittle ; spicula slightly curved, and pointed at

one extremity.

Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 114. — Investing fuci and corallines, not uncom-
mon.

Surface rough, with the extremities of fasciculated spicula ; pores angu-
lar, unequal; orifices scattered, slightly elevated, with the margins not
thickened.

96. H. cinerea. — Three inches long and one broad, circular, a

little depressed ; pores minute, unequal ; orifices scattered, few,

spicula short, curved, and double pointed.

Spongia cin. Grant, Edin. New Phil. Journ. ii. t. ii. f. 3. — On rocks,
Frith of Forth, rare.

About half an inch thick, blackish-grey, the surface smooth, convex, fleshy
and transparent.

97. H. columba. — Irregularly latticed by rounded inoscula-
ting branches ; spicula double pointed and curved.

Spongia col. Walker's Essays, 1 26. — S. cancellata, Sovier. Brit. Misc. i.
131, t. vi Icolumbkil, Dr Walker; Brighton, Mr Fellows.

Branches about a quarter of an inch thick ; pores minute, angular ; the
orifices, seated chiefly at the union of the branches, are conical, wide, with
the margins not thickened. As this species is different from either the S.
cancellata of Gmelin or Lamarck, I have ventured to change the name, im-
posed by Mr Sowerby, for the term employed by Dr Walker, in the convic-
tion that the sponge referred to by both is identical.

98. H. sanguined. — Colour deep blood-red, encrusting ; spi-
cula long, curved, single-pointed.

Spongia sanguinea, Grant, Edin. New Phil. Journ. ii. t. ii. f. 9 — Shores
of the Hebrides.
Crust on the under surface of exposed rocks, sometimes six inches in dia^
meter, and with a thickness of more than half an inch ; general surface flat,

524 ZOOPHYTA. SPONGIADiE. Halichondria.

portions, especially towards the mai'gin, and produces a cracked surface when
drying.

108. H. hifundibuliformis. — Widely funnel-shaped, thin,
uniform, and brittle ; spicula long, linear, and pointed.

Spong. inf. Linn. Syst. i. 1296. Jameson, "VVern. Mem. 562. — Northern
Islands rare.
Body cup-shaped, when dry tender ; nearly of uniform thickness ; the
pores are not half the size of the preceding "species, the substance is softer,
and the spicula shorter and less matted.

** Inhabiting fresh zvater. Spongilla of Lamarck.

109. H. fluviatilis. — Soft, brittle, and slenderly fibrous when
dry ; spicula linear and doubly pointed.

S. fluv. Linn. Syst. i. 1 299 — Pallas, El. 384 — S. friabilis, Grant, Edin.

Phil. Journ. xiv. 270 — In rivers and lakes.

Massive, with the surface rising into narrow ridges or pointed branches ;

sometimes slenderly branched and acuminated (then constituting the S. ca-

nalium of Gmelin ; Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 614. t. v. f. 4.) The fibrous structure

very obvious, the fibres fine, and diverging from the centre ; pores small.

110. H. lacustris. — Hard, brittle, and coarsely fibrous ; spi-
cula linear, and doubly pointed.

S. lac. Linn. Syst. i. 1299. Don's Animals of Forfarshire, 36. — In lakes
in Angus and Fife.
Massive, rising into short rounded branches ; the fibres are coarser, and
the substance denser than the preceding ; the spicula, too, though similar in
form, are thicker, and about one-fourth shorter. It is difficult to determine
the true place of the two fresh water Sponges noticed by Tlay, under the
titles " Spongia ramosa fluviatilis" and " Spongia fluviatilis ramosa fragilis."
—Syn. Stirp. 30.

Gen. XLIV. SPONGIA. — Porous, the cartilaginous skele-
ton simple, or destitute of earthy spicula.

111. S. pulchella. — Massive, irregular, consisting of finely re-
ticulated simple fibres.

Sower. Brit. Misc. t. xliii — Southern and western coasts.
The texture is open, pervious to the light, the surface muricated by the
free extremities of the fibres ; these have an ascending direction, and fre-
quently anastomose, forming irregular meshes.

Gen. XLV. GRANTIA. — Porous, the cartilaginous skele-
ton strengthened by calcareous spicula. I have ventured
to dedicate this genus to Dr Grant, to commemorate his
valuable services in elucidating the physiology of sponges,
already referred to.

112. G. comprcssa. — Subtubular, compressed, with simple,
terminal, and lateral orih'ces ; spicula of two kinds, triradiate
and clavate.

Grantia. ZOOPHYTA. SPONGIAD.E. 525

Spongia comp. Fab. Fauna Groen. 448 — S. foliacea, Mont. Wern.

Mem. ii. 92. t. xii S. comp. Grant, New Edin. Phil. Journ. i. lCC.-ii.

t. ii. f. 11, 12, 13-23. — On the under side of rocks near low water-
mark, common.

Length seldom above an inch, white, ovate, and of uniform thickness
throughout. The external surface is crowded with nnmerous spicula, thick,
and bent at one end, tapering to the other ; the pores on the inner surface
are larger, and the spicula triradiated ; besides these two well-marked forms

of spicula, there are others linear, pointed, and of unequal lengths It is

probable that the radiated spicula of this or the following species constitute
the Asterias of AValker, Test. Min. t- iii. f. 90.

113. G. botryoides. — Tubular, branched, inosculating, with

subclavate terminal simple orifices ; spicula triradiated.

Spongia hot. Sol. Ell. Zooph. 190. t. 58. f. 1-4 — S. complicata, Mont.
Wern. Mem. ii. 97- t. 9. f. 3, 4. — At the roots of fuci, about low water-
mark, not uncommon.

Branches in tufts, of a white colour, round, in some places adhering ; ex-
ternally the triradiated spicula are numerous ; internally they are few, and
the pores more obvious. The late Mr Montagu, to whom 1 communicated
specimens of this species, having employed lenses with very weak magnify-
ing powers, did not detect its peculiar spicula, and was in consequence led
to constitute a spurious species.

114. G. ciliata. — Tubular, slightly contracted towards the

terminal aperture, the margin of which is ciliated.

Spongia ciL Fab. Fauna Groen. 448. — S. cornata, Sol. Ell. Zooph. 190.
t. lviii. f. 89. Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 88 — On fuci, near low water-
mark, not uncommon.

About half an inch in length, and |th in thickness ; the surface is closely
covered with linear pointed spicula, having a terminal direction ; in the sub-
stance of the sponge, besides these linear, there are other triradiated spicula.
The internal surface is full of irregularly shaped pores.

115. G . pulverulenta. — Ovate, thick, pulverulent, villous.
Spongia ananas, var. Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 97- t. xvi. f. 3 — On coral-
lines, rare.

The substance of this species is thicker than the preceding, and the linear
spicula on the surface are longer and more crowded; Montagu found his
specimens on Cellaria scruposa ; mine were obtained from Serlularia cupressina
Zetland.

113. G. nivea. — Sessile, encrusting, with minute pores and
circular orifices ; spicula triradiate and quadriradiate.

Spono-ia nivea, Grant, New Edin. Phil. Journ. i. 168-11. t. ii. f. 14, 15,

16.— Under surface of sheltered rocks, Prestonpans Bay, Frith of

Forth.

Crust in patches, one or two inches in diameter, and about two lines in

thickness ; the orifices are slightly elevated, thickened at the base, and very

thin towards the margin ; spicula unequal, the side-arms of the quadriradiate

ones usually short.

Sponges, the situation of which in the three preceding genera is doubtful.
1. S. digitata.—" With very slender, dichotomous branches, digitated at

526 ZOOPHYTA. SPONGIAD^. Spongia.

their summit ; tne surface granulated." — Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 84. t. vii.—
Deep water, Devonshire.

2. S. ramosa " Palmated, and digitated round the top." — ib. 84. t. viii.-ib-

3. S. conus. — " With numerous, short, flattish divarications issuing from the
sides." — ib. 85. t. x — ib.

4. S. lobata " With clustered, ovate divarications." — ib. 85. t. ix.— ib.

5. S. perlcmiis " Form indeterminate, texture close, surface covered with

obtuse papillae."— ib. 8G. ib.

6. S. aurea.—" Broad, flat, and slightly divided at the top. ib — 86.

7. S. riffida " With obtuse spreading, irregular flattish divarications,

arising from the same base ; usually a short stalk." — ib. 87. t. xi. f. 1, 2 — ib.

8. S. penicellus " With a yellowish gelatinous base, supported by inter-
nal spicula, and having on its surface white flexible spongy tubes." — ib. 93.
t. xiii. f. 7- — ib.

9. S. laevigata " Soft, compressible and elastic ; texture extremely fine,

and reticulated."— ib. 95. t. xvi. f. 4 — ib.

10. S. ananas. — "Ovate, rugous, tubular, the summit crowned with spines
surrounding the aperture." — ib. 36. t. xvi. f. 1, 2 — ib.

11. S. limbata " With the fibres formed into larger and smaller circular

pores, resembling lace." — ib. iii. t. xv. f. 2, 3. — ib.

12. S. fragilis " Fragile, friable, coarsely reticulated ; the fibres rugose,

as if covered with minute sand." — ib. 114. t. xiv. f. 1, 2 — ib.

13. S. plumosa " Irregular, rather soft and tough when deprived of its ge-
latinous flesh, somewhat resembling compressed tow." — ib. 116. — ib.

14. S. coriacea.—" Shape indefinite, wrinkled, and cavernous, not unlike a
piece of burnt leather." — ib. 116.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. S. ramosa Thinly branched ; nearly cylindrical. — Park. Org. Rem. ii.

91. t. vii. f. 12 Mant. Geol. 162. t. xv. f. 11 — In Chalk.

2. S. lobata.— Irregularly subcylindrical rounded lobes.— Park. Org. Rem.

92. t. vii. 6.— In Clialk.

3. S. Townsendi.— Cyathiform, containing a conical cavity ; substance po-
rous ; base enlarged, with diverging processes of attachment — Wiltshire, Al-
cyonite, Park. Org. Rem. ii. 125. front.— Spongus Town. Mant. Geol. 164.
t. xv. f. 9.— Chalk.

4. S. hemisphwrica. — Hemispherical turbinated, or subcylindrical; the supe-
rior surface marked with flexuous depressions ; base perforated — Spongus lab.
Mant. Geol. 160. t. xv. f. 7-— In Chalk.

5. S. radiatus.— Funnel-form ; externally with cylindrical, diverging, anas-
tomosing fibres ; meshes elongated ; internally with perforated papiflas.— Ven-
triculites radiatus, Mant. Geol. 168. t. x. — In Chalk.

6. S. alcyonoides.— Conical or disciform ; meshes circular — Alcyonite, Park.
Org. Rem. ii. 213. t. x. £ 12.— Ventriculites alcyon. Mant. Geol. 176.

7. S. quadrangularis.— Inversely conical cyathiform ; quadrangular ; the
meshes very minute.— .Ventriculites quad. Mant. Geol. 177. t. xv. f. 6.— In
Chalk.

Spongia. ZOOPHYTA. SPONGIADiE. 527

8. S. Benetlios. — Inversely conical ; hollow externally ; the meshes are ob-
long, irregular, and rather distant ; internally with circular depressions ; mar-
gin broad, smooth, and nearly flat. — Ventriculites Ben. Mant. Geol. 177- t-
xv. £ 3. — In Chalk.

9. S. subrotundus. — Depressed, subrotund ; central cavity small ; external
surface smooth— Choanites sub. Mant. Geol. 179. t. xv. f. 2 In Chalk.

10. Sflexuosus. — Cyathiform; margin of the central depression marked

with flexuous indentations ; radical processes long and fibrous. Choanites

flex. Mant. Geol. 179. t. xv. f. 1 — In Chalk.

11. S. Koniffii — Inversely conical ; externally marked with irregular fibres,
some of which penetrate the substance, and terminate in openings on the in-
ner surface ; central cavity cylindrical, deep, narrow ; base fixed by radical
processes— Choanites Kon. Mant. Geol. 179. t. xvi. f. 19 In Chalk.

Many other species are obscurely announced in Park. Org. Rem. ii. (1.)
p. 95. t. ix. f. 4. ; (2.) p. 100. t. ix. f. 1. ; (3.) p. 130. t. xi. f. 4. ; (4.) p. 132. t.
xh. f. 5. ; (5.) p. 133. t. xii. f. 7. ; (6.) p. 102. t. ix. f. 9.

The resemblance of these fossil bodies to the recent species of sponges is
very considerable, and would justify any one acquainted with the structure
of the latter, to refer the whole to the genus Halicfwndria. The forms of
the recent species, however, are variable, and the utmost caution is requisite
in establishing species founded on so vague a character. Yet Dr Mantell,
otherwise a sagacious geologist, has not hesitated to adopt two new genera,
Ventriculites and Choanites, depending on the form of the substances contem-
plated, and to which, while recent, he has, in the absence of all proof, some-
what incautiously, assigned an expansive and contractile power. It is in-
teresting to observe the remains of the radiated siliceous spicula }ret preserved
in stone, as has been demonstrated by Mr Parkinson, in liis Org. Rem. ii. 95.
t. vii. f. 8.

528 ZOOPHYTA. CELLULTFERA. Milleporad*.

CELLULIFERA.

A. Substance rigid, stony.

I. Cells in the form of minute pores, imbedded. Milleporad.*.
Millepora.

II. Cells tubular, and produced beyond the surface. Tubiporad^e.

Tubipora.

Favosites.

Tubulipora.

Discopora.

Filipora.

Terebellaria.

III. Cells utricular, adjacent, or superimposed. Eschahadje.
Eschara.
Retepora.
Cellepora.
Berenicea.
Hippothoa.
Alecto.

A. A. Substance flexible. FLUSTRABiE.

Farcimia.
Flustra.

MILLEPORAD^E.

Gen. XLVI. MILLEPORA. — Pores very minute, perpendi-
cular to the surface, giving the interior a finely striated
fracture ; form irregular.

117. M. lichenoides. — Subincrusting, with semicircular plates,
variously united ; minute pores on the under side.

Corallium cretaceum, lichenoides, Ellis, Coral. 7<*. t. xxvii. f. d. D. Borl.

Corn. 239. f. 2, 5 Mill, lich — Sol. Ell. Zooph. 131. t. 23. f. 10, 12.—

English coast.
Variously shaped, sometimes hemispherical ; when young it is extremely
thin and brittle, in which state it seems to be the Corallina auricnlariceformis
of Sower. Brit. Misc. t. lvi ; the semicircular plates are of various sizes, and
constantly grow horizontally; their margins bend over, which makes them
convex on their upper side, and concave underneath. j.

118. M. polymorpha. — Irregularly ramose, tuberculated, or
incrusting.

Corallium album pumilum nostras, Ray, Syn. Stirp. 32. Ellis, Coral. 7<».

t. xxvii. f. C M. pol. Linn. Syst. i. 1285.— Common on submarine

rocks, in shallow water.
When young, this species appears in thin irregularly circular patches, ap-
parently constituting the genus Melobesia of Lamouroux ; on shells and fuci ;
it usually continues a thin crust of a purple colour ; on rocks it thickens,
forming "irregular lobes, spreading tubercular masses, or rising into irregular
short branches.

Tubipoba. ZOOPHYTA. CELLULIFERA. 529

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. M. ramosa — Dichotomonsly branched, cylindrical ; pores visible by a
lens, of unequal size. — Park. Org. Rem. ii. 71. t. viii. f. 3. — Limestone, Will-
shire.

TUBIPORAD^.

Gen. TUBIPORA. — Tubes cylindrical, erect, parallel, sepa-
rate, connected by transverse plates or tubes.

1. T. catenate Tubes approximate, each emitting from its sides distant,

horizontal, tubular branches, which enter the surrounding tubes, and unite

the whole into one irregularly formed mass Mart. Pet. Derb. t. xlii. Park.

Org. Rem. ii. 13, t. i. f. 1. — Carboniferous Limestone.

2. T. slrues. — Tubes diverging, bending, united by horizontal tubular
branches Park. Org. Rem. ii. 16, t. ii. f. 1 Oolite.

3. T. ramulosa. — Tubes connected by oblique, dichotomous ramifications.
Park, ii 18, t. iii. f. 1. — Carboniferous Limestone.

4. T. radiatus. — Tubes distant, erect, parallel, striated, and connected by
transverse plates, the surface of which is marked with radiated undulated
striae — Mart. Pet. Derb. t. 18 Carboniferous Limestone.

Gen. FAVOSXTES. — Massive, consisting of ascending, pa-
rallel, adjacent, prismatical tubes.

1. F. septosus — Hemispherical, nearly 2 inches in diameter, the tubes ra-
diating from the centre irregularly, divided internally by simple transverse
plates. — Carboniferous Limestone.

2. F. depressus — An extended plate, about an inch in height, tubes verti-
cal, rather smaller than the preceding, and less divided.— Carboniferous Lime-
stone.

Gen. XLVI1. TUBULIPORA— Branched, cells cylindrical,
tubular.

119. T. serpens. — Stem flat, branches narrow, ascending,

striated on the back ; the tubes disposed on both sides of the

front, and united in transverse rows.

Eschara millepora, Ellis, Coral. 74, t. xxvii. f. E. — Tubipora serpens,
Linn. Syst. i. 1271 — Millepora liliacea, Pall. El. 248 — Millepora tu-
bulosa, Sol. Ell. Zooph. 136 On corallines, common.

The whole mass seldom exceeds half an inch in length, or the tenth of an inch
in breadth ; the tubes, though usually united at the base, have the orifices
free, and even in some cases are disjoined throughout ; a groove, destitute of
cells, winds along the middle of the stem and branches ; the colour when re-
cent has a purplish tinge.

120. T. trancata. — Stem round, branched, ending with en-
voi,. 1. l 1

530 ZOOPHYTA. TUBIPORAMJ. Discopora.

larged globular heads, radiated with plates of united vertical

cells.

In deep water, Zetland.

About an inch in height, the branches scarcely exceeding one-eighth ; the
branches are short, pierced by numerous pores, the openings of cells con-
verging towards the centre ; the head is stellate, the rays are highest in the
middle of their course, diminishing towards the centre and lower margin of
the head ; each ray is compressed, and consists of two rows of tubular cells,
united, crowded, with subangular orifices ; the tubes have a central direc-
tion, and give to the sides of the plates a striated appearance. This species
has probably been referred to as an inhabitant of the north seas, under the
title of Millepora truncata, but it differs widely from ths Myriosoos of Donati,
to which the term was restricted by Pallas.

Gen. XL VII I. DISCOPORA.— A subcircular crust, adhering
in the middle, circumscribed, and raised at the margin,
forming a cup, bearing on the inside a disc of tubular cells.

121. D. verrucaria. — Margin thin, concentrically wrinkled,
disc with the centre nearly smooth, the tubular cells diverging
and submarginal.

Madrepora verrucaria, Linn. Syst. i. 1272. Pallas, El. 280 Millepora

verr. Sol. Ellis Zooph. 137— On fuci and corallines, common.
About a quarter of an inch in diameter ; the centre is generally punc-
tured with the traces of the obliterated rays, the tubes are sometimes slight-
ly cohering, and disposed in rays ; the orifices are round and simple.

122. D. hispida. — Margin thin and waved, the cells distri

buted or radiated, with denticulated orifices.

Coral resembling the cups and foliage of flowers, Cordiner's Ruins,
No. xxii — On corallines from deep water, Zetland.

Breadth nearly an inch ; hispid, the cells seem distributed over the whole sur-
face, and more vertical than the preceding ; there are, however, waved porous
grooves, and the cells seem disposed on each side of these in irregular trans-
verse rows, united or free, short, with expanding orifices, dividing into irre-
gular spinous processes. This species is very common in Zetland, adhering
to Cellepora cervicomis, and the figure of Cordiner is a tolerably accurate re-
presentation. He does not, however, state his examples as Scottish.

Gen. XLIX. FILIPOltA. — Massive, consisting of numerous
long, cylindrical, linear tubes, slightly branched, variously
united and twisted.

123. F '. Jilograna. — Tubes about g^th of an inch in diame-
ter, fasciculating and twisting, forming large irregular meshes.

Serpula filograna, Linn. Syst. i. 1265 S. corallifica, Pallas, El. 239

Common on old shells and the roots of fuci a little beyond low water-
mark.

The masses sometimes occur upwards of a foot in diameter ; the tubes are
slightly wrinkled transversely, and nearly of equal size throughout, except
where divided; the colour is white.

Eschara. ZOOPHYTA. ESCHARAD^E. 531

Gen. TEREBELLARIA.— Branched, spirally twisted ; pores

tubular, disposed spirally.

1. T. ramosissima Branches numerous, divaricated, nearly cylindrical,

obtuse. — Lamouroux, Zooph. 84, t. lxxxii. f. 1. Geol. Eng. 214 — Oolite.

ESCHARADiE.

Gen. L. ESCHARA. — Frondescent, with a single layer of
cells on each side.

124. E. retifbrmis. — Plates broad, winding, uniting irregu-
larly.

Ray, Syn. Stirp. 31 E. foliacea, Ellis, Coral. 71, t. xxx. f. 3. Borl.

Corn. 239, t. xxiv. f. 6 Millepora fascialis, Linn. Syst. i. 1283 —

English coast.

In masses from a few inches to upwards of a foot, formed, by the union of
the plates, into irregular cavities ; surface rough, the orifices of the cells are
round, usually with a blunt tooth on one side, the intervening spaces rough.

125. 'Fi.Jascialis. — Expansions narrow, compressed, branch-
ed, occasionally united.

Italian coral, Ellis, Coral. 72, t. xxx. f. 6 E. fasc. Pallas, El. 43. —

English coast.

This chiefly differs from the preceding in being branched, and the divi .
sions being flat and narrow. In the opinion of Pallas it is only a variety.

Gen. LI. RETEPORA. — Expanded, with regular openings,
forming a net-work ; cells on the upper side.

126. R. reticulata. — Rough on both sides, the divisions

rounded ; the cells with the orifices declining, and protected by

a spinous process on the central margin.

Millepora retepora, Borl. Corn. 239, t. xxiv. f. 8. — M. reticulata, Linn.
Syst. i. 1284. Fab. Faun. Gr. 433.— Coral, Cordiner, Ruins, t. No. 6.
— In deep water.

Expanding to the extent of two or three inches ; more or less cup-shaped,
waved, uniting ; the holes are oval, regular, the intervening spaces support-
ing two or three pores in oblique rows. This species is very distinct from
the R. cellulosa, with which it has been confounded.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. It. flustriformis. — Form unknown, spreading; holes suboval, the walls

striated and porous — Millepora flust. Mart. Pet. Derb. t. xliii. f. 1, 2 Car-

boniferous Limestone.

2. It. elongatu. — Holes quadrangular lengthened, unequal. — Fan coral, Ure,
ltuth. 329, t. xx. f. 3, 4. — Carboniferous Limestone. — The cast of the boles of
these two species exhibits a file-like appearance.

l1 2

532 ZOOPHYTA. ESCHARADtE. Cellepor,

\

Gen. LI I. CELLEPORA. — Cells agglomerated, presenting
various forms.

127. C. pumicosa. — Substance loosely cellular, the cells or-
bicular, the mouth round, with a produced marginal process.

Eschara millepora lapidea, instar pumicis porosa, Ellis, Coral. 75, t. xxx.
f. D. — Millepora pumicosa, Pallas, El. 254 — Flustra bullota, Sol. Ellis
Zooph. 16. — Investing the stems of fuci.

When young the cells are remarkable for their rounded form, but they be-
come less regular as they multiply gemmiparously, and are piled upon one
another without order, when the mass bears a very close resemblance to pu-
mice-stone.

128. C. cervicomis. — Branched, compressed, rough, mouths

of the cells slightly marginated, with a blunt process on the

upper side.

Porus cervinus Imperati, Borl. Corn. 240, t. xxiv. f. 7- — Millepora cerv.
Pall. 252 — M. compressa, Sower. Brit. Misc. t. lxi — In deep water,
not rare.

Stem rising to the height of several inches, dichotomously divided, the
branches spreading ; rough, with the half formed cells ; the extremities of
the branches are compressed, even, and thin, consisting of a single layer of
cells on each side regularly placed. In this state it accords with the Mille-
pora Skenii of Sol. Ellis, Zooph. 135. It afterwards increases irregularly in
thickness, becoming rounder. It is of a pale brownish colour, and looks
sometimes as if varnished.

129. C. palmata. — Base round, suddenly expanding on each
side into a compressed, slightly divided, head, the cells with a
tooth on the proximal margin.

A single specimen from deep water, Zetland.

Height about half an inch, breadth an inch, stem about two-tenths ; rough,
the little branches are short and truncated ; the orifices of the cells are de-
clining, and nearly concealed by the spinous processes, which are rather long,
and give the surface a muricated aspect; the substance is somewhat compact-

130. C. luev'is. — Dichotomously branched, cylindrical, the
pores wide, with simple mouths.

A single specimen from deep water, Zetland.
Height an inch and a quarter, diameter one-tenth ; the branches are
smooth, with the orifices of the cells smooth and concave ; towards the ex-
tremities the branches are rough with the forming cells, and the orifices are
more declining, circumscribed, a little prominent, with a blunt process at the
proximal margin.

131. C. ramulosa. — Dichotomously branched, the branches
round and confluent ; cells prominent, with a produced spinous
process on the proximal margin,

Linn. Syst. i. 1285 Millepora pumicosa var. Sol. Ellis, Zooph. 136.

Cordiner's Ruins, No. xiv. — In deep water, not rare.
Height of the largest specimen in my possession about an inch and a half,
the thickness of the branches scarcely a line, and their length less than hall

Berenices ZOOPHYTA. ESCHARADjE. 533

an inch ; the surface is rough with the long stout spinous processes ; it is
brittle, light, and usually of a white colour.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. C. Urii. — Branched, round, about a quarter of an inch in diameter,
form round Millepore, Ure, Ruth. 228, t. xx. f. 1.

Gen. LIII. BERENICEA.— Cells united in a spot-like crust,
adhering throughout, and not circumscribed ; mouth at
the distal extremity of the cells.

132. B. coccinea. — Cells subcylindrical, adjacent, in diverg-
ingly bifid rows ; mouth wide, a single blunt tooth on the outer
margin, and two or three spines on the inner.

Cellepora coc. Mull. Zool. t. clxvi. f. 1, 2.— Discopora bispinosa, John-
ston, Edin. Phil. Journ. xiii. 222. — On the under side of stones near
low water-mark.
Occurring in circular patches upwards of an inch ; towards the centre it
is commonly rough with the ovaria ; the surface of the cells looks as if frosted,
though glossy.

133. B. hyalina. — Diaphanous, the cells forming an even,
smooth crust, with tubular simple mouths.

Cellepora hyal. Linn. Syst. i. 1286. — On stones, shells, and corallines
from deep water.
The crust is semitransparent, the divisions of the narrow cells indicated by
whitish lines, and the orifices are narrow, cylindrical, simple tubes. The
crust is not circumscribed, otherwise it resembles the genus Discopora.

134. B. irnmersa. — Cells forming an even, rough crust ; the
mouths declining, small, with a blunt tooth on the proximal
margin.

On shells and corallines from deep water.
Crust rather thick, of a brownish colour ; the divisions of the cells indis-
tinct, the cells themselves being only a little elevated towards the aperture ;
the whole surface minutely granular.

135. B. utriculata. — Cells bladder-shaped, sitting, aperture
with five or six teeth, the proximal one the largest.

On stones and shells from deep water.
The cells appear as unconnected, though adjacent, raised, rounded, the
mouth scarcely terminal, restricted, contracted, and slightly prominent.

136. B. nitida. — Cells subcylindrical, prominent, and trans-
versely ridged.

Cellepora nit. Fab. Faun. Gr. 435.— On shells, rare.
Cells contiguous, the mouth terminal, transverse, simple.

EXTINCT SPECIES.

1. B. diluviana Cells pyriform, openings large — Lamour. Zooph. 81.

t. lxxx. f. 1. Geol. of Eng. 214 — In Oolite.

534 ZOOPHYTA. ESCHARADjE Hupothoa.

Gen. LIV. HIPPOTHOA. — Crust adherent, interrupted
and reticulated by branching and coalescing chains, formed
of lengthened cells, united with each other at the extremi-
ties.

137. H. catenularia.— Cells rounded anteally, tapering to
the other extremity, aperture oval.

Tubipora catenularia, Jameson, Wern. Mem. i. 561 ? — On shells in deep
water, not uncommon.
This species differs from the Hippothoa divaricata of Lamouroux (Zooph. 82.
t. lxxx. f*. xv.), in the superior size and width of the cell at the anterior ex-
tremity ; the margin of the mouth is slightly thickened and elevated ; the
branches proceed nearly at right angles, issuing from the margin beside the
mouth.

Gen. ALECTO. — Adherent cells, nearly cylindrical, united

with each other at the extremities, and disposed in forked

branches.

1. A. dichotomy. — Filiform, mouth near the anterior extremity of the cells.
Lamonr. Zooph. 84. t. lxxxi. f. 12 — Geol. Eng. 214 — In Oolite."

FLUSTRAME.

Gen. LV. FARCIMIA. — Ramose, branches cylindrical, joint-
ed, with cells diverging from the axis.

138. F.JiMtilosa. — Dichotomous, joints lengthened, cylindri-
cal, with lozen-shaped impressed cells.

Bugle coralline, Ellis, Coral. 46. t. xxiii.— Tubularia fistulosa, Linn.

Syst. i. 1302 Cellularia salicornia, Pall. El. 61 — Cellaria farciminoi-

des, Sol. Ellis, Zooph. 26.— C. salicornia, Lamouroux, Cor. Flex. 126.

Various parts of the coast, from Devon to Zetland.

Height from two to three inches, diameter not exceeding the twentieth of
an inch ; the structure is tubular and proliferous ; the spaces between the
joints calcareous and brittle, the ceils internally are arranged round the axis,
sublongitudinally, opening by a small orifice towards the summit of the
rhombic impression, Pallas states, as a proof of the rapid growth of this co-
ralline, that he has seen specimens an inch and a half in height, growing on
the egg of a shark, containing an unmatured foetus.

Flustra. ZOOPHYTA. FLUSTRADyE. 535

Gen. LVI. FLUSTRA. — Foliaceous or encrusting, cells con-
tiguous, arranged in regular series, forming mat-like ex-
pansions ; polypi fixed to the bottom of the cell, retractile ;
ovaria like pearly excrescences on the summits of the cells.

* Foliaceous and branched, with cells on both sides of the leaves,

139- F. Jbliacea. — Extremities rounded, cells narrow at the

proximal, and arched at the distal, extremity, with scattered

marginal denticles.

Fucus telam lineam sericeamve textura sua semulans, Ray, Syn. Stirp. 42.

— Eschara fol. Ellis, Coral. 70. t. xxix. f. 2 Flustra fol. Linn. Syst. i.

1300 Escli. fol. Pall. El. 52.— Common on hard ground, in a few

fathoms water.

Height several inches, dividing irregularly, frequently palmate ; the teeth
on the margin of the cells are short conical processes, usually in pairs, on
each side at the upper angles. The substance is rigid. Body of the animal
is nearly twice as long as the cells, with about fourteen long slender tenta-
cula.

140. Y.papyracea. — Extremities hatchet-shaped ; cells slight-
ly enlarged distally, margins smooth.

Eschara pap. Ellis, Coral, t. xxxviii Sol. Ellis Zooph. 13. — T. charta-

cea, Lamour. Cor. 104. — English coast.

Height about two inches, irregularly divided ; of a slender delicate tex-
ture, like thin semitransparent paper, and of a very light straw-colour. Is
this species distinct from the preceding ? A specimen sent me from the coast
of Devon by Mr Montagu, as the species referred to by Ellis, had the cells
of the same shape, with similar marginal denticles as F. foliacea, and only
differed in being less rigid, a character not to be relied on.

141. F. truncata. — Strap-shaped, dichotomously divided,
truncated at the extremities, with lengthened quadrangular
cells, having smooth margins.

Fucus rnarinus scruposus albidus angustior compressus, extremitatibus

quasi abscissis, Ray, Syn. Stirp. 43 Narrow-leaved Horn- wrack, Ellis,

Cor. 69. t. xxviii. f. 1. — F. trun. Linn. Syst. i. 1300. — Eschara securi-
frons, Pall. El. 56. — Common on hard ground, in a few fathoms water.

Height several inches ; in some cases the branches are nearly of equal
breadth throughout ; in others, numerous leaves arise from the sides of the
principal ones, which are at first narrow, but speedily reach their usual
breadth, rendering the coralline proliferous. It is less rigid in its growth
than F. foliacea, and smooth.

** Foliaceous and branched, zoith cells confined to one side.

142. F.carbasea. — Irregularly divided, flat, thin, cells nume-
rous, oblong, narrow, and truncated at the base.

Sol. Ellis, Zooph. 14. t. cxi. f. 6, 7. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 104 — Coast of
Scotland, where it was first observed by Dr David Skene of Aberdeen-
Height several inches ; base destitute of tubular roots ; leaves narrow at
the base, increasing in breadth towards the slightly rounded extremity. The
substance is thin and transparent, with a tinge of brown ; smooth, from the

536 ZOOPHYTA. FLUSTRAD^. Flustra.

absence of prominent denticles on the walls of the cells ; dorsal surface glossy.
Body of the animal cylindrical, head subglobular, surrounded by twenty -two
tentacula of nearly equal thickness throughout, and about one-third of the

length of the body. Ova produced singly in the cells, ovate and ciliated

See a valuable paper by Dr Grant on the history of this species, in the Edin-
burgh New Philosophical Journal.

143. F. setacea. — Dichotomously divided, rounded dorsally,
the face with two or three rows of oval cells, having a setaceous
notched tooth.

F. Ellisii, Flem. Wern. Mem. ii. 251. t. xvii. f. 1 Along with Cellepora

cervicomis, from deep water, Zetland.

Height nearly two inches ; branches linear, not the tenth of an inch in
diameter ; substance firm, brittle ; the base consists of small tubes, which,
by their union, form the branches ; dorsally carinated by the union of the
tubes, which, diverging to each side and dividing, form two denticles and a
long bristle, the latter serrated on one side ; cells oblique.

144. F. avicularis. — Dichotomously divided, flat, thin ; cells

in two, three, four, or five rows, with spines at the end.

Corallina cum appendiculis lateralibus avium capitum forma, Ellis, Coral.

t. xx. f. 2., and t. xxxviii. f. "].— Sertularia av. Linn. Syst. i. 1315

Cellularia av. Pall. EL G8.— F. av. Sower. Brit. Misc. t. lxxi. Cellaria

av. and Flustra angustiloba, Lamk. Hist. ii. 141. and 158 Crisia av.

and flustroides, Lamour. Cor. Flex. 141 — On various parts of the coast.

Height upwards of an inch ; leaves narrow, slightly truncated ; back
smooth ; sides denticulated with appendages from the middle of the cells,
nearly resembling a parrot's head and bill, the rudiments of tubular proces-
ses ; cells quadrangular, lengthened, with produced spinous processes at the
sides or summit. In its young and most slender condition it has only two rows
of alternate cells, in which state it has been considered a Cellaria ; but, in
the same branch we have observed the cells in two, three, or four rows. It
is not rare in the Frith of Forth, and it likewise occurs in the Zetland seas.

Spreading, adnate.

145. F. mcmbranacea. — Expansion with the margin undi-
vided; cells quadrangular, lengthened, with spinous processes
at the angles.

Linn. Syst. i. 1301. Sol. Ellis, Zooph. 18 — On broad-leaved fuci, com-
mon.

Encrusting uniformly the surface; rough; cells linear; the processes at
the angles are blunt, and not equal to the breadth of the cell.

1 46. F. unicornis. — Expansion with the margin divided ;
cells ovate or subquadrangular, with a blunt hollow conical pro-
cess at the summit of each.

F. membranacea, Mull. Zool. Dan. t. cxvii. f. 1, 2. — F. un. Flem. Edin.
Phil. Journ. ii. 87 — Common, especially on stones, near low water-
mark.
The margins of the cells are a little thickened ; the cells themselves are
shorter and wider than the preceding species, with which it has hitherto beeu
confounded.

Flustra. ZOOPHYTA. FLUSTRADiE. 537

147. F. pilosa. — Cells rather remote, nearly circular, the

margin with numerous inflected teeth.

Eschara millepora, Ellis, Coral. 73. t. xxxi. — F. pil. Linn. Syst. i. 1301 —
F. lineata, Fab. Fauna Groen. 437 — Common on fuci.

This species invests the stalks of narrow-leaved marine plants, and some-
times appearing as if foliaceous, with cells on hoth sides ; the cells below are
gibbous, and the intervening spaces are covered with pellucid points ; the
teeth vary in number, from six to eight, the one near the base is usually pro-
duced into a long simple hair, giving the whole a hispid appearance. When
this long hair is absent, the coralline has been termed Fluslra dentata (Sol.
Ellis, Zooph. 15.), and is figured by Ellis (Phil. Trans. 1753, 631. t. xxii. f. 4.)
with the base of the polypi tubular, and the head with twelve tentacula.

148. F. hispida. — Substance fleshy, cells remote, aperture

contracted ; armed at the top with spinous processes.

Fab. Faun. Groen. 438. Jameson, Wern. Mem. 563. — Investing Fucus
serratus ; every where common.

Substance thick, tough, full of mucus ; brown ; base of the cells, where
attached, contiguous and angular ; at the surface the cells are ovate, the
aperture lunate ; polypi with an enlarged head, and from twenty to thirty
t entacula. The F. hispida of Pallas is a different species.

( 538 )

THECATA.

I. Sheath slight/// calcareous ; cells single, or in rows.

1. Sheath slightly calcareous, cells enlarged, in rows, united or single-

— CELLARIADiE.

a. Cells united.

b. Cells with the orifices opening on the upper surface.
Cellularia.
Tricellaria.
Crisia.

bb. Cells in pairs, attached by the back, the orifices with
opposite aspects.
Notamia.

aa. Cells single.
Eucratia.
Anguinaria.

II. Sheath membranaceous, cells enlarged externally and lateral. —

SERTULARIADiE.

I. Base of the cells broad, coalescing with the stem.

a. Cells on opposite sides of the stem.
Sertularia.
Dynamena.
Thuiaria.

aa. Cells unilateral.
Antennularia.
Plumularia.
Serialaria.

II. Base of the cells narrow, or pedunculated.
Campanularia.
Valkeria.
Cymodocia.

III. Sheath membranaceous, the cells are the simple extremities
of the branches.— TubulariadjE.
Tubularia.
Plumatella.

Cellularia. ZOOPHYTA. CELLARIADjE 539

OELLARIADiE.

Gen. LV1L CELLULARIA.— Cells in two rows, alternate,
ovate, the openings with sessile margins ; sides of the
branches denticulated.

149. C. Jhstigiata. — Cells semicylindrical, slightly rounded

at the top, with a blunt process at the summit on the outer side

of each.

Corallina cellifera erecta, ramosissima ; tenerrima, et plumosa, Ellis,
Coral. 33. t. xviii. f. 1. — Sertularia fast. Linn. Syst. 1314. — C. plu-
mosa, Pall. El. 66 — Crisia plumosa, Lamour. Cor. Flex. 143 Not un-
common, beyond low water-mark.

Height several inches, dichotomously branched, upright, tufted, irregu-
larly jointed ; at the lower part invested with tubular radicles from the up-
per branches ; the cells are rather narrow, with pearly ovaria on their upper
part.

150. C. ncritina. — Cells quadrangular, lengthened, with a

truncated summit, the outer angle projecting.

Snail-bearing coralline, Ellis, Coral. 35. t. xix. — Sertularia neritina, Linn.

Syst. i. 1315 — Cellularia neritina, Pall. El. 67 Acamarchis nerit.

Lamour. Cor. Flex. 135. — On the English coast.

Height several inches, dichotomously divided, spreading, the cells are nar-
row, rather diverging, and more than the half of the outer summit is free ;
the pearly, helmet-shaped ovaria, opening transversely, were at one time con-
sidered by Ellis as the young of Neritse. I possess a specimen from the col-
lection of the late Dr Walker, which he received from Miss Blackburne from
the coast of Cheshire.

151. C. Hookeri. — Cells rounded, diverging, projecting.

Found by Dr Hooker at Torquay, 1812.

Height upwards of an inch, dichotomously branched, branches straight,
stiff, brittle, divaricate ; the cells are protuberant dorsally, and their rounded
top is nearly free, projecting laterally, giving the edge a remarkably jagged
outline, and the pearly ovaria are rounded. — I observed this species, in a col-
lection of zoophytes obligingly presented to me by the celebrated individual
to whom, as a mark of my respect and gratitude, I have inscribed it.

152. C. scruposa. — Cells oval, with a projecting, lateral, trun-
cated, pointed wing.

Creeping stony Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 37- t. xx. f. 4. — Sertularia scrup.
Linn. Syst. 1315. — C. scrup. Pall. El. 72 — Crisia scrup. Lamour. Cor.
Flex. 139 Adhering to corallines, common.

Height about an inch, creeping, and frequently sending out tubular ra-
dicles, dichotomously divided, branches rather broad ; lateral process some-
times denticulated on the upper margin ; pearly ovaria round, on the top of
the cell.

540 ZOOPHYTA. CELLARIAD^. Tuicellaria.

153. C. rcptans. — Cells inversely conical, rounded, project-
ing, with short spinous processes at the top.

Creeping Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 37- t. xx. f. 3.— Sertularia rep. Linn. Syst.
Syst. i. 1315. — C. rep. Pall. El. 73.— Crisia rep. Lamour. Cor. Flex.
140 — Common on submarine bodies, especially LFlustra foliacea.
Height upwards of an inch, creeping, dichotomously divided, branches di-
verging, jointed, with frequent connecting tubular radicles ; the extreme
branches free ; the lateral projecting summits of the cells have from one to
four short spines.

154. C. ciliata. — Cells remote, funnel-shaped, diverging, the
summit with long hairs.

Ciliated Coralline, Ellis, Cor, 38. t. xx. f. 5. — Sertularia cil. Linn. Svst.
i. 131G— C. cil. Pall. El. 74.— Crisia cil. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 130.—
On corallines and fuci, common.

Height seldom an inch, dichotomously branched, loose ; cells projecting on
the sides of the branches, mouths oblique, spines unequal.

Gen. LVIII. TRICELLARIA.— Cells ternate, with a joint
above and below ; mouths ovate, with sessile margins.

155. T. ternata. — Cells lengthened, rounded at top, with

spinous processes.

Cellaria ternata, Sol. Ell. Zooph. 30. — Crisia tern. Lamour. Cor. Flex.
1 42. — Scottish coast.

Height scarcely an inch, dichotomously branched ; the cells enlarge gra-
dually in breadth towards the top, which is armed with two or three spines ;
when the outermost one is short, the cell externally has an angulated ap-
pearance ; at the joints the stem is narrow. This species was sent to Mr
Ellis from Aberdeen by Dr Skene. My specimens were found in Zetland.

Gen. LIX. CRISIA. — Cells in two rows; the mouths tu-
bular, with produced margins.

156. C. eburnea. — Cells loosely aggregated, cylindrical, bent,
tubular orifices free.

Tufted Ivory Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 30. t. xxi. f. 6. — Sertularia eb. Linn.
Syst. Nat. i. 1316 — Cellularia eb. Pall. El. 75. — Crisia eb. Lamour.
Cor. Flex. 158 — On marine plants about low water-mark.
Height about half an inch, dichotomously branched, jointed ; surface ha-
ving a frosted appearance ; cells narrow, long, and bent outwardly, placing
the mouths far asunder ; ovarium an enlarged cell.

157. C. luxata. — Cells closely aggregated, cylindrical, nearly
straight, with short tubular orifices ; joints black.

On corallines, not rare, from various parts of the coast.

Height scarcely an inch, of a firmer substance than the preceding, with
which it has probably been confounded, though differing in the following par-
ticulars : the branches are broader and thicker in the middle, the cells are
shorter and more closely connected, the orifices are less tubular and elevated,

Notamia. ZOOPHYTA. CELLARIADyE. 541

the joints are black, and the tubular radicles are annulated with the same
colour.

Gen. LX. NOTAMIA. — Cells in pairs, united by the back,
a joint above and below. — Loricaria, the term employed
by M. Lamouroux to designate this genus, having long
been pre-occupied in ichthyology, I have substituted No-
tamia,— vuToi, deorswn, and ra^jov, cella.

158. N. loriculata. — Cells subcylindrical and obliquely trun-
cated.

Coat of mail Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 40. t. xxi — Sertularia cor. Linn. Sysl.

i. 314 Cellularia lor. Pall. El. 64 — Loricaria europrea, Lamour. Zooph.

7 — Common a few fathoms beyond low water-mark.

Height several inches, dichotomously branched, fastigiated ; the cells are
but little prominent, and, as Ellis has well observed, " the opening of each
is on a slant near the top, and looks the contrary way to the other ; so that
the pair together resembles a coat of mail, or pair of stays ; and the entrances
of the cells look like the places for the arms to come out at."

159- N. bursaria. — Cells compressed and attenuated.

Shepherd's-purse Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 4. t. xxii. f. 8. — Sertularia bur.

Linn. Syst. i. 1314 Cellularia bur. Pall. El. 65. — Dynamena bur.

Lamour. Cor. Flex. 179.

Height scarcely an inch, slightly branched dichotomously ; a mesial tube
extends throughout the branches, to which the cells are applied like wings ;
the cells themselves are inversely conical, with a thin edge ; the mouth is
tubular, produced, and arises near the axis. This species, though related to
the former in the position of the cells in pairs, is evidently the type of a new
genus, which may be termed Epistomia.

Gen. LXI. EUCRATIA. — Branches consisting of a single
row of bent cells, the orifices of which have all one aspect.

160. E. cornuta. — Branches subalternate, cells, nearly cylin-
drical, with a tubular orifice, above which is a long spinous
process.

Goat's-horn Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 42. t. xxi. f. 10. — Sertularia corn. Linn.
Syst. i. 1316. — Cellularia falcata, Pall. El. 76. — E. corn. Lamour. Cor.
Flex. 149. — Adbering to fuci beyond low water-mark, not common.

Height scarcely an inch, bending ; each cell forms a joint, gradually
curved, and becoming a little wider towards the top, where it is bent in-
wards to form an orifice ; and on the outer angle the base of the succeed-
ing cell takes its rise, between which and the orifice is the long bristle ; ova-
rium an enlarged, bladder-shaped cell.

161. E. loricata. — Branched, subalternate, cells conical, with

a raised orifice, beneath which is a spinous process.

Bull's-horn Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 42. t. xxii. f. 9. — Sertularia lor. Linn.
Svst. i. 1316.— Cellularia chelata, Pall. El. 77--- E. chelata, Lamour.
149.

542 ZOOPHYTA. SERTULARIAM1. Sertulauia.

Height scarcely an inch ; shape of the cells like a bull's horn, the base nar-
row, slightly curved and enlarging to the summit, when it is bent inwards to
form a wide marginated orifice ; the bristle on the interior margin is short.

Gen. LXII. ANGUINARIA.— Stem adhering, irregular,
cells scattered, tubular, produced, with the orifice on the
side towards the extremity.

162. A. angnina. — Stem branched, with irregular swellings,
from which the cells arise.

Snake Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 43. t. xxii. f. 11.— Sertularia ang. Linn. Syst.
i, 1317 Cellularia ang. Pall. El. 78 — Anguinaria spathulata, La-
marck, Hist. An. ii. 143 — Actea ang. Lamonr. Cor. Flex. 153. — On
fuel, rare.
Cells cylindrical, a little swollen towards the rounded and closed extre-
mity, where it is slightly bent, on the upper side of which is a fiat, mem-
branaceous, perforated space, the orifice of the cell.

SERTULARIAME.

Gen. LXIII. SERTULARIA.— Cells-alternate, usually with
a joint above and below each.

163. S. polyzonias. — Loosely branched, cells smooth, not

crowded, wide at the base, with a produced subtubular mouth.

Great tooth Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 5. t.ii. f. 3. — S. pol. Linn. Syst. i. 1312.
— S. ericoides, Pall. El. 127 — On dead shells and the roots of fuci, be-
yond low water- mark.

Height seldom above two inches ; more or less branched irregularly ; the
produced cells give the branches a zig-zag appearance ; the margins of the
orifices of the cells are irregularly notched, and in some large specimens they
are slightly wrinkled across toward; the summit ; the vesicles (as the ovaria
have been denominated) are placed irregularly on the sides of the branches,
ovate with a narrow base, wrinkled across, and denticulated at the summit.

164. S. rtigosa. — Loosely branched, cells wrinkled trans-
versely, crowded, ovate.

Snail trefoil Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 26. t. xv. f. 23 — S. rug. Linn. Syst. i.
1308. — Pall. El. 126. — On fuci about low water-mark.

Height about an inch, irregularly attached to fuci ; the crowded cells give
the branches a very coarse aspect ; the margins of the orifices are jagged ;
the vesicles resemble those of the preceding species; but they are more deep-
ly wrinkled and notched at the summit.

165. S. halecina. — Stem compound, pinnated by alternate

branches ; cells tubular, produced.

Herring-bone Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 17- t. x. — S. hal. Linn. Syst. i. 1308.
— Pall. El. 113 Thoa hal. Lamonr. Cor. Flex. 211.— Common, at-
tached to oyster shells.

Dynamena. ZOOPHYTA. SERTULARIAD/E. 543

Height several inches, erect and stiff; base of numerous tubes, which, by
uniting, form those larger parallel connected tubes of which the stem consists;
the smaller branches are simple, and diverge at a regular angle, each support-
ing a few alternate tubular cells, with one or two transverse wrinkles ; vesicles
on the sides of the branches, irregularly oval, with a tube on one side, a little
produced at the summit.

166. S. muricata. — Stem compound, irregularly branched,
cells short and narrow.

Sol. Ellis, Zooph. 59. t. vii. f. 3. — In deep water, on old shells, several
fathoms beyond low water-mark.
Height two or three inches ; stems erect, irregularly divided ; branches short
and simple, the joints are well marked ; the cells are short and narrow ; the ve-
sicles, which are attached to the stem by a short and narrow stalk, are globular,
with longitudinal spinous ridges. Though not uncommonly brought ashore
by the Newhaven oyster-boats from the Forth, I have never obtained a per-
fect specimen. The cells, when most entire, seem cylindrical, wrinkled
across, and somewhat contracted towards the notched orifice.

167. S. Templetoni. — Stems simple; cells short and narrow.

Flem. Edin. Phil. Journ. ii. 88 — Loch of Belfast, Mr Templeton.

Height about an inch ; slightly branched ; cells narrow, tubular, produced ;
the vesicles oval, lengthened, narrow at the b.ise, covered towards the sum-
mit, with lanceolate spines — This species is of a more delicate texture than
the preceding, the vesicles are of a different shape, and the stem is simple.
It was given to me by an accomplished naturalist, the late Mr Templeton of
Orange Grove, Belfast. It adheres apparently to a gramineous leaf, proba-
bly of a zostera, and therefore may be considered an inhabitant of shallow
water.

Gen. LXIV. DYNAMENA.— Cells in pairs, opposite, usually
with a joint above and below each.

168. D. tamarisca. — Loosely branched alternately ; cells cy-
lindric, truncated, with an uneven margin.

Sea Tamarisk, Ellis, Cor. 4. t. i. f. 1 — Sertularia tam. Linn. Syst. i. 1307.
Pall. EI. 12!). Lamb. Cor. Flex. 188 — On old shells in deep water.
Height sometimes nearly a foot ; branches few, spreading ; cells oblique ;
vesicles narrow at the base, wide at the top, where it is truncated with a short
central tube.

169- D. abietina. — Branches rather close, alternate, making

the stem bifariously pinnated ; cells subcylindrical, with even

margins.

Sea Fir, Ellis, Cor. 4. t. i. f. 2 — Sertularia ab. Linn. Syst. i. 1307. Pall.
El- 133 — Lamour. Cor. Flex. 187 — Very common beyond low water
mark.

Height nearly a foot ; stem arising from wrinkled tubes, which adhere to
stones or shells ; the cells are usually opposite, sometimes alternate, and the
stems seldom exhibit any joints ; vesicles egg-shaped, with a narrow base, and
a contracted subtubular summit.

170. D. cupressma, — Stem with alternate branches, which are

544 ZOOPHYTA. SERTULAMADjE. Dynamena.

subdivided and panicled ; cells subcylindrical, obliquely trun-
cated, and rather close to the stem.

Sea cypress, Ellis, Cor. 7 — Sertularia cup. Linn. Syst. i. 1308. Pall.
El. 141. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 192 — Common on oyster-beds.

Height upwards of a foot ; subordinate branches twice or thrice divided ;
the cells are short, subopposite ; the vesicles are narrow at the base, ovate,
truncated, with a subtubular orifice, and a wing-like pointed process at each
side.

171. D. argentea. — Stem with alternate branches, which are
subdivided and panicled ; cells conical, diverging, pointed.

Squirrel's tail, Ellis, Cor. 6. t. ii. f. 4. — Sertularia cupressina, var. arg.
Linn. Syst. i. 1308. Pall. El. 141 — Sert. arg. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 192.
— Common on oyster-beds.

Height upwards of a foot ; branches sometimes thin and bifarious, or close
and panicled; cells subopposite, diverging; vesicles oval; nearly related to
the preceding, of which, by many, it is supposed to be a variety.

172. D. opcrcidata. — Dichotomously branched, divisions dis-
tant ; cells opposite, inversely conical, truncated.

Sea-hair, Ellis, Cor. 8. t. iii. f. 6 Sertularia op. Linn. Syst. i. 1307. — S.

usneoides, Pall. El. 152. — Dynamena op. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 176. —
Common about low water-mark, on fuci.

Height two or three inches; growth usually in tufts; cells pointed exter-
nally ; vesicles ovate, narrow at the base, rounded at the summit, with a short
tubular operculated centre.

173. D. pumila. — Irregularly branched bifariously ; cells op-
posite, subcylindrical, diverging and free towards the aperture,
which is blunt and emarginate.

Sea oak coralline, Ellis, Cor. J. t. v. f. 8. — Sertularia pum. Linn. Syst. i.

1306- Pall. El. 130 Dynamena pum. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 179."— On

Fucus serratus, common.

Height about an inch ; growth tufted ; each cell seems jointed towards the
base; vesicles subglobular, with a narrow foot-stalk, and a slightly contracted
truncated summit.

174. D. rosacea. — Thinly branched bifariously ; cells oppo-
site, cylindrical, and spreading.

Lily coralline, Ellis, Cor. 8. t. iv. f. 8 — Sertularia ros. Linn. Syst. i. 130C.
S. nigellastrum, Pall. El. 129 — Dynamena ros. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 178.
On old shells beyond low water-mark.

Height two or three inches ; branches few ; cells, where united with the
stem, becoming tubular and narrow, suddenly diverging nearly at right
angles, and slightly truncated at the extremity ; the vesicles are subcylindri-
cal, slightly enlarged at the summit, with several spinous processes.

175. T>.Jilicula. — Dichotomously branched, with a cell in the
angle; branches short; cells opposite, oval, diverging, with a
tubular orifice.

Sertularia fil. Sol. Ellis, Zooph. 57. t. vi. f. c. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 188 —
On the stems of fuci, about low water-mark; not common.
Height about an inch ; branches alternate ; cells wide at the base, contract-
ed towards the orifice, which is slightly tubular, with a wrinkle or depression

Thuiaeia. ZOOPHYTA. SERTULARIAD^. 515

forming a shoulder on the upper side ; vesicles ovate, with a narrow hase, and
a contracted subtubular orifice.

176. D. Evansii. — Branches opposite; cells opposite, short.

Sol. Ellis, Zooph. 59. — Found at Yarmouth, by Mr Evans.

Height 2 inches ; very slender; of a bright yellow colour; vesicles " arise
from opposite branches, which proceed from the creeping adhering tube, lo-
bated, and the lobes are placed opposite to one another."

177. D. pinnata. — Branches dusky, bifarious, alternate; cells

opposite, tubular, and slightly diverging.

Bast. op. 1. 1. i. f. 6 Sertularia pin. Pall. El. 136 — S. fuscescens, Turt.

Brit. Fauna, 213 On oyster-beds, common.

Height 2 or 3 inches ; stems arising from irregular tubular roots ; branches
rather stiff"; cells narrow, where adhering to the stem ; summit free, tubular,
but less divergent than in S. rosacea. According to Pallas, the cells incline to
one side (a character I have failed to observe), and from which side the in-
versely conical vesicles, with their tubular ciliated summits, take their rise.

178. D. nigra. — Stem ascending, black, pinnated, compress-
ed ; cells opposite, minute.

Pall. El. 135. Jameson, Wem. Mem. 565 — Rare.
Height 4 inches ; branches rounded, linear, depressed, slender at the base ;
cells subtubular, minute ; vesicles on one side of the stem, subquadrangular.
— This species is stated by Pallas as occurring at Cornwall ; and, according to
Professor Jameson, it has been found on the Aberdeenshire coast, by that il-
lustrious botanist Robert Brown, Esq.

Gen. LXV. THUI ARIA.— Cells thin, and imbedded in the
substance of the stem and branches.

179. T. Thuia. — Stem waved, branches dichotomously divid-
ed ; cells adpressed, or imbedded in the sides of the branches.

Planta marina equisiti facie, Sibb. Scot. 111. 55. t. xii. f. 1 — Bottle-brush
coralline, Ellis, Cor. 10. t. v. f. 9 — Sertularia thuia, Linn. Syst. i. 1308.
Pall. El. 140. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 193 On oyster-beds, common.

Height upwards of a foot ; stem with alternate branches, which, falling off
on the lower part, give it a zig-zag appearance ; divisions of the branches
slightly tapering ; cells compressed, wide at the base, slightly tapering, short,
with a small orifice ; vesicles ovate, on a narrow short stalk, with a rounded
summit, having a subtubular mouth.

180. T. articulata. — Stem pinnated, with simple alternate

branches ; cells adpressed, subalternate.

Sea Speenwort, Ellis, Cor. ii. t. vi — Sertularia art. Pall. El. 137 — S. lon-
chitis, Sol. Ell. Zooph. 42. — S. lichenastrum, Lamour. Cor. Flex. 194.
— On stones in deep water.

Height 3 inches ; stem straight, erect, jointed at intervals ; branches stiff,
a little depressed ; cells compressed, broad at the base, a little narrower to-
wards the slightly truncated orifice ; vesicles on one side of the stem, ovate,

subrugose.

vol. i. Mm

j46 ZOOPHYTA. SERTULARIAD^. Plumularia,

Gen.LXVI. ANTENNULARIA — Stem verticiilated, with
slender simple branches ; cells distant.

181. A. antennina. — Stem erect, simple or alternately branch-
ed ; branches of the whorls slender, incurved.

Corallina Astaci corniculorum semula, Raj/, Syn. Stirp. 34.— -Lobster's
horn Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 15. t. ix. — Sertularia an. Linn. Syst. i. 1310.
Pall. El. 146. — Ant. indivisa and ramosa, Lam. Hist. 2. 123 — Nemer-
tesia antennina and ramosa, Lamour. Cor. Flex. 163 — On oyster-beds,
common.

Height upwards of a foot; stem either straight and simple, or slightly
branched, arising from a matted tubular root ; cells on the inside of the ver-
ticillate branches, distant, unequal, slightly campanulate ; vesicles at the up-
per base of the branches, pedunculated, ovate, with obliquely truncated
mouths.

Gen. LXVII. PLUMULARIA.— Stems not verticiilated ;
cells sessile, uniformly distributed on one side of the branch.

* Stem simple.

182. P. pluma. — Stem pinnated ; cells cup-shaped, with a
denticulated margin.

Podded Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 13. t. xii. f. 12 — Sertularia pluma, Linn.

Syst. i. 1309. Pall. El. 149 Plumularia cristata, Lam. Hist. ii. 125.

— Aglaophenia pluma, Lamour. Cor. Flex. 178 — On fuci, near low wa-
ter mark, rare.
Height about two inches ; frond lanceolate ; branches alternate, simple ;
cells with a wide mouth ; the vesicles are pedunculated, ovate, compressed,
slightly bent, with a mesial band above and below, and transverse muricated
ribs.

183. P. pennatula. — Stem pinnated; cells cup-shaped, Avith a
denticulated margin, supported on the under side by a length-
ened incurved spinous process.

Sertularia pen. Sol. Ellis, Cor. 56. t. vii. f. 1, 2 — P. pen. Lamark, Hist. ii.

128 Aglaophenia pen. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 168. — Sert. pen. Flem. Edin.

Phil. Journ. ii. 83 Shores of Devon, Mr Montagu.

Height from about 3 to 6 inches ; stem of a brown colour, jointed ; branches
opposite, curved ; the cells are short and wide — The late Mr Montagu de-
tected this species on the shores of Devon, in 1808, and to whom I am in-
debted for a specimen.

184. P. fitlcata.' — Stems waved, dichotomously divided ; pin-
nated by alternate branches ; cells subcylindrical, crowded.

Sickle coralline, Ellis, Cor. 12. t. vii. f. 1 1. and t. 38. f. 5 — Sertularia falc.
Linn. Syst. i, 1309.— Pall. El. 144 — PI. Mc. Lamark, ii. 123 — Aglaophe-
nia fal. Lam. Cor. Flex. 174 — Very common on old shells, a little be-
yond low Avater mark.
Height nearly a foot ; weak, leaning ; cells closely connected along the side
of the branch, and divided by the joints into pectinated masses (thus ap-
proaching a Serialaria), the summits obliquely truncated; vesicles ovate,

Serialaria. ZOOPHYTA. SERTULARIADiE. 547

slightly attenuated at the summit. Dr Grant has observed only two ova in
each, " large, of a light brown colour, semiopaque, nearly spherical, composed
of minute transparent granules, ciliated on the surface, and distinctly irrita-
ble."

185. P. setacea. — Stem pinnated ; branches alternate, a lit-
tle bent ; cells minute, distant.

Corallina setacea, Ellis, Cor. 19. t. xi. f. 16., and t. xxxviii. f. 4 — Ser-

tularia pinnata, Linn. Syst. 1312 — S. set. Pall. El. 148 — Plum. set.

Lamarck, Hist. ii. 129 — Aglaophenia set. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 172 — On

fuci in deep water.

Height about 3 inches ; stem simple, slender ; branches alternate, with a

joint between each pair; cells short, distant, and slightly pointed externally ;

vesicles oblong, subcampanulate, with spinous summits, the spines 10 to 12

in number, base narrow, attached to the stem or at the upper side of the base

of the branches.

** Stems compound.

186. P. myriophyllum. — Stem slightly divided, pinnated,

branches recurved ; cells cylindrical, adherent, supported at the

base by a short obsolete spinous process.

Pheasant's Tail, Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 14. t. viii — Sertularia myr. Linn.
Syst. i. 1309. Pall. EL 155 — P. myr. Lamarck, Hist. ii. 124 — Agla-
ophenia myr. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 168 — On the English and Irish coast,
in deep water.

Height nearly a foot ; stem composed of tubes, closely adhering together ;
at intervals swollen, marking, probably, the stages of growth; branches sim-
ple, alternate, curved ; cells with a joint between each, longitudinal, with an
even mouth.

187. F.jrntescens. — Stem slightly divided, pinnated; branches

bending upwards ; cells cylindrical, adherent.

Sert. frut. Sol. Ellis's Zooph. 55. t. vi. f. a — S. gorgonia, Pall. El. 158. (in
part.) — Aglaophenia frut. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 175.— Scarborough, rare.

Height several inches ; stem black and hard ; branches alternate ; the cells
are narrower, and more remote than in the preceding species and are simple
at the base.

Gen. LXVIII. SERIALARIA.— Cells cylindrical, paral-
lel, adjacent, in linear masses.

188. S. Icndigera. — Stem jointed, masses of cells distant, the
margins united.

Nit. Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 27- t. xv. f. 24 — Sertularia lend. Linn. Syst.
i. 1311. Pallas, El. 124 — Serai, lind. Lamarck, Hist. ii. 130 — Amathia

lend. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 159 On fuci beyond low-water mark.

Height about an inch ; fine, dichotomously divided ; cells numerous, to-
wards the upper part of each joint, the upper ones shortest.

m m 2

548 ZOOPHYTA. SERTULARIAD^. Campanularja.

Gen. LXIX. CAMPANULARIA. — Cells bell-shaped,
supported on twisted footstalks ; tentacula numerous.

* Stems simple.

189- C. gemculata. — Stem free, flexuous, with bent subcla-

vate joints ; cells alternate campanulate.

Knotted Thread Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 22. t. xii. f. 19 — Sertularia gen.
Linn. Syst. i. 1312. Pall. El. 117- Abild. Zool. Dan. t. cxvii. f. 1, 2,
3. Lamarck, iii 120. — Laomedia gen. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 208 — Com-
mon on fuci within low-water mark.

Hoot a creeping thread on the surface of fuci, giving rise to simple or
slightly branched stems, seldom reaching 2 inches in height ; the joints are
bent, and an enlargement at the summit supports the lengthened twisted
foot stalk of a wide cell with an even margin ; the tentacula of the polypi are
ciliated with hairs in whorls ; the vesicles are placed at the base of the foot
stalks of the cells, above, on short stalks, and nearly of the same shape as the
cells, truncated with a central, slightly tubular, orifice.

190. G. dichotoma. — Stem free, dichotomously branched,
joints linear ; cells alternate, campanulate.

Sea Thread Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 21. t. xii. f. 18 — Sertularia dich. Linn.

Syst. i. 1312 Sert. longissima, Pall. El. 119 — Camp. dich. Lamarck,

Hist. ii. 113.— Laomedia dich. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 207-— On old shells
in deep water.
Height about a foot ; stems numerous, arising from a tubular mass, slen-
der, rigid, brown ; cells like the preceding ; vesicles ovate — The Cymodocia
simplex of M. Lamouroux (Cor. Flex. 210. t. vii. f. 2.) given him by the ce-
lebrated botanist Dawson Turner, Esq. as found at Yarmouth, appears to
have been established from an individual of this species in a depauperated
state.

191. C. volubilis. — Stem creeping, attached ; cells campanu-
late, with denticulated margins.

Small Climbing Coralline, Ellis, Cor. '24. t. xiv. f. 21. A — Sertularia vol.

Linn. Syst. l. 1311 S. uniflora, Pall. El. 121 — Camp. vol. Lamarck,

Hist. ii. 113.— Clytia vol. Lamour. Cor Flex. 202.— On corallines from
deep water.
Stem embracing other bodies, and sending out slender, twisted, free, foot-
stalks, supporting wide bell-shaped cells.

192. C. syringa. — Stem creeping, cells cylindrical, with en-
tire margins.

Small climbing Coralline, var. Ellis, Cor. 25. t. xiv. f. 21. B — Sertularia

syr. Linn. Syst. i. 1311 S. volubilis, Pall. El. 122 —Camp. syr. La-

marck, ii. 113 Clytia syr. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 203 — On corallines

from deep water.
Stem embracing other bodies ; footstalks shorter than the preceding, the
cells are narrower, and slightly truncated obliquely.

** Stem compound.

193. C. dumosa.— Stem slightly branched, cells nearly ses-
sile, cylindrical, and irregularly distributed.

Campanularia. ZOOPHYTA. SERTULARIADiK. 549

Sertularia dumosa, Flem. Edin. Phil. Journ. ii. 84. — Tubularia tubifera
(young), Johnston, Edin. Phil. Journ. xiii. 222. t. iii. f. 2, 3 — On Co-
rallines from deep water from Devon to Zetland.
Height nearly two inches, stem erect, slightly branched dichotomously,
and composed of several vertical tubes, becoming simple towards the extre-
mity ; cells arising from the stem, round, and projecting nearly at right an-
gles ; their base narrow, wrinkled, short, their length about twice the breadth
of the stem, with an even truncated extremity — This species has been known
to me since 1808, having then found it in the refuse of the oyster boats of
the Forth, and subsequently on other parts of the coast. Mr Montagu had
likewise observed it in Devon about the same time. It is not unlikely that
the yet obscure Sertularia imbricate of Adams (Linn. Trans, v. ii. t. ii. f. 5.),
may be identified with this species ; though the cells be exhibited as ovate
or subclavate, and the stem simple.

194. C. gelatinosa. — Subordinate branches dichotomously

branched, cells on twisted footstalks, campanulate, with even

margins.

Corallina filiformis (young), Ellis, Cor. 22. t. xii. f. c. C. and t. xxxviii.
f. 3 — Sertularia gel. Pall. El. 116. Flem. Edin. Phil. Journ. ii. 84.
and Phil. Zool. ii. 616. t. v. f. 3 — On stones near low-water mark,
common.

The base of this sertularia, by which it adheres to stones, is spreading
and spongy, and consists of numerous closely interwoven tubular fibres,
which rapidly approach to form the stem. The stem rises to nearly a foot
in height, and is so flexible as to move with every agitation of the water ;
it is thickest at the base, where it consists of numerous tubes ; but as these
diminish in number, until, at the top, there can only be perceived a single
branched thread, it tapers gradually to a point : it is nearly straight through-
out, and is seldom divided. The branches are disposed round the stem in
nearly an alternate order, and as they are longest towards the base, and gra-
dually diminish in length towards the summit, a graceful tapering outline is
produced ; they occur in pairs which have their origin nearly at the same
point ; they are not formed from the external tubes, as in some of the other
Sertulariae, with compound stems, but from the central ones, those at the
surface turning aside to admit their exit ; these branches proceed from the
stem in nearly a perpendicular direction, and diverge from each other at an
angle of about 45° ; each branch is acutely conical, giving out, towards the
base, subordinate branches, likewise in pairs, similar to those on the main
stem ; at last these become alternate, and, gradually shortening, the subor-
dinate stem supports only alternate cells, and either terminates in twin cells,
in a single one, or in a clavate mass, containing the rudiments of a future
cell and polype. The cells are terminal, and are supported on short foot-
stalks which issue from the stem in alternate order ; they are bell-shaped,
somewhat produced, with an entire margin. The vesicles are ovate, ap-
proaching to cylindrical, with a contracted truncated mouth, covered with a
hemispherical lid ; they are solitary, nearly sessile, and arise in the divisions
of the branches or of the foot-stalks of the "cells; at the point of separation of
the larger branches there is usually a small twig, supporting 2 or 3 cells
with vesicles. The stems are of a brownish colour, opake, and of a firm
tough consistence, but in approaching the extremities they become soft, co-
lourless and transparent, so that the central stem of the polype can be easily
distinguished ; immediately above every division, whether formed by a
branch or foot-stalk, there are several transverse wrinkles, varying in num-
ber, being seldom fewer than 3, or more than 6 ; similar wrinkles occur on
the foot-stalks at the base of the cells. Tlie stems at the divisions of the
branches are a little thickened, while the foot-stalks at the base of the cells

550 ZOOPHYTA. SERTULARIADvE. Valkeria.

are slightly attenuated. The body of the polype is distinctly visible through
the transparent covering. In the branches it is somewhat dusky, but be-
comes paler towards the cells. The foot-stalk of the polype, which corres-
ponds with the foot-stalk of the cell, is narrow, but it suddenly enlarges in
the cell to form the body, nearly of the same shape with its covering, at
the summit of which the tentacula are disposed in a a circle ; these are about
20 in number, linear, blunt at the extremity, and divided into about 10
rough raised joints. Above the circle of tentacula there is a globular head,
containing the mouth. The polypes are not verv irritable ; for, even when
pricked with a needle, they seldom retreat completely within their covering,
and when left at rest, soon expand themselves, the summit of the body be-
coming even with the margin of the cell, and the tentacula diverging or fold-
ing backwards on its external surface. When in an active state, I have ob-
served the water taken in at the mouth descend, for the space of several se-
conds, through the gelatinous parenchyma of the body and foot-stalk, and
again return to be ejected. The fluid thus circulating, did not seem to move
in a solid body through tubular vessels, but to be divided into minute glo-
bules, which permeated a cellular structure — This species is vivacious, the
polypes bearing to be kept out of the Avater for more than a day without pe-
rishing. It is, indeed, a littoral species, living in places left dry every tide.
When kept in water, without being changed, the polypes soon contract with-
in the cells, and the body of the polype ceases to be visible in the stems. In
some specimens, which I had neglected for upwards of a fortnight, the water
not having been renewed during that time, I found all the polypes in the
cells shrivelled up, and numerous white threads projecting from the branches.
Upon examining the origin of these threads, I found that some of them pro-
ceeded from the base of the stems, but in general they were formed from an
elongation of the foot-stalk of the denticle, its cup having disappeared. The
filaments consisted, as in the stalks from which they proceeded, of a soft co-
vering, and a contained medullary cord. The extremities of these filaments
were club-shaped ; and soon assumiug the form of a cell, gave opening to the
tentaculaof a polype which had been formed within. The base of this new
cell was annulated, as in the older ones.

195. C. verttcillata. — Stem erect, slightly branched; cells
campanulate, with denticulated margins, supported on long
twisted foot-stalks, arising in whorls from the stem.

Horse-tail Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 23. t. xiii. f. 20. A — Sertularia ver.

Linn. Syst. ii. 1310. Pall. El. 115.— Camp. vert. Lamarck, Hist. ii.

113. — Clytia vert. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 202. — Coast of Cumberland,

Dr Brownrig, rare.

Height several inches, stem of straight tubes, each tube giving out cells

;it equal distances with the other; the foot-stalks are narrow, the cells large

and wide.

Gen. LXX. VALKERIA. — Cells ovate, with a narrow
base ; polypi with 8 regularly ciliated tentacula ; stems de-
licate.— This genus is dedicated to the late Dr Walker,
Professor of Natural History in the University of Edin-
burgh, a laborious and an accomplished naturalist.

196. W.cuscuta. — Stem with subverticiUate branches; cells
usually in pairs, opposite.

Climbing Dodder-like Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 28. t. xiv. f. 26. c — Sertula-

Valkeiua. ZOOPHYTA. SERTUL ARIADNE. 551

ria cus. Linn. Syst. i. 1311. Pall. EL 125. Abild. Zool. Dan. t. cxvii.

f. 1, 2, 3 — Valkeria cus. Flem. Wern. Mem. iv. 485. t. xv. £ 1 On

Corallines in deep water.

Height seldom above two inches ; several stems usually arise from the
same base, filiform, jointed, waved, and support the branches and cells bifa-
riously ; branches opposite, nearly perpendicular to the stem, with a joint
immediately above their insertion ; cells oval, sessile, upwards of 10 times
the breadth of the stem, in pairs, at remote distances, projecting, and are
probably ultimately converted into branches ; sometimes they occur in pairs
or crowds in the axillae of the branches ; polypi extend considerably beyond
the margin, tentacula with hairs, which, by their motions, cause the water to
ascend in a current on one side, and descend on the other, acting, probably,
as aerating organs.

197. V. Uva. — Stem creeping, irregularly branched, cells

scattered.

Grape coralline, Ellis, Cor. 27, t. xv. f. 25. D. — Sertularia uva, Linn.

Syst. i. 1311 — S. acinacea, Pall. El. 123 Clytia uva, Lamour. Cor.

Flex. 203. — On Flustra foliosa.

Stein creeping, much waved, cells oval. This is a species, the true cha-
racters of which are involved in considerable obscurity.

* Stem compound.

198. V. spinosa. — Stem erect, dichotomously divided, waved ;

cells on one side.

Silk coralline, Ellis, Cor. 20. t. xi. f. 17- B — Sertularia spin. Linn. Syst.
i. 1312 — S. sericea, Pall. El. 114 — Laomedia spin. Lamour. Cor. Flex.
208 On oyster beds.

Height upwards of a foot ; slender, like silk ; principal stem formed by
the union of several tubes, dichotomously divided ; subordinate branches al-
ternate, and dichotomously divided ; the cells seem confined to one side, ra-
ther distant, oval, sessile.

Gen. LXXI. CYMODOCIA. Stem tubular, annulated

below, united above, without any internal partitions ; cells
cylindrical, filiform, alternate or opposite.

199- C. comata. Stem erect, branches verticillate and

waved.

Lamour. Zooph. 15, t. lxvii. f, 12, 13 — Coast of Devon, Dr Leach.

Stem straight, cylindrical, slightly divided ; branches capillary, jointed, a
minute cell at each joint, with a wrinkled base. Structure yet obscure.

At the close of this group of animals may be noticed the doubtful Sertula-
ria pustulosa of Ellis, Cor. 57, t. xxvii. £ B. It is described as jointed, and
alternately but thinly branched ; towards the upper part of every joint are
several shallow cells, having a little circular rim with a point in the middle
of each. Its relations remain to be determined.

>52 ZOOPHYTA. TUBULARIADtE. Tubularia,

TUBULAllIADiE.

Gen. LXXII. TUBUL ARIA.— Stem cylindrical, jointed,
branched ; polypi with a prominent mouth ; tentacula
with suckers, the ovaries seated at their base.

200. T. indivisa. — Straight, nearly simple ; head with two

rows of tentacula.

Tubular coralline, Ellis, Cor. 31, t. xvi. f. C T. ind. Linn. Syst. i. 1301.

— T. calamaris, Pall. El. 81.— Common on shells from deep water.

Height several inches, some upwards of a foot, rigid, brown ; arising from
tubular roots ; the stem upwards of ^th of an inch in diameter ; animal
with a slender neck, enlarging towards the outer tentacula, above which the
mouth is produced and fringed with a circle of smaller tentacula.

201. T.muscoides. — Stems nearly simple, and closely wrinkled ;

head with two rows of tentacula.

Tubular coralline, wrinkled like a windpipe, Ellis, Cor. t. xvi. f. G — Po-
lypus ruberrimus, Bast. Op. i. 28. t. iii. f. 2. — T. mus. Linn. Syst. i-
1302. Pall. El. 82 — On shells beyond low water-mark.

Stems numerous, two or three inches in height, regularly jointed or
wrinkled, more slender than the last ; animal like the last ; outer tentacula
about 18, inner ones about 12 in number.

202. T. raniosa. — Stem diehotomously divided, branches al-
ternate, tentacula in a single row.

Ramified tubular coralline, Ellis, Cor. 31. t. xvii. A. — T. ram. Linn.
Syst. 1302. — T. trichodes, Pall. El. 84 — On stones within low water-
mark.

Height two or three inches, slender, brownish, branches ascending, annu-
lated at their origin ; animal colourless, ovate, tentacula about 10, in an ir-
regular circle.

Gen. LXXIII. PLUMATELLA.— Stem cylindrical, branch-
ed, simple ; polypi with a depressed mouth and ciliated
tentacula.

203. P. r opens . — Stem adhering, tentacula disposed in a

crescent.

Tubularia rcpens, Mull. Hist. Ver. i. part ii. 16" On the under side of

stones, Lochmill-loch, Fife.

Stem extending several inches, irregularly branched, slightly enlarging
towards the aperture, dilatable ; tentacular margin divided into two lobes,
tentacula ciliated in opposite directions. Resides a gullet, stomach, and gut,
there is a distinct rectum, terminating in a tubular orifice seated externally
to the tentacular margin, out of which I have witnessed the remains of the
food swallowed but a short time before, forcibly ejected.

/

Coryna. ZOOPHYTA. NUDA. 553

204. P. gclatinosa. — Free, branched, tentacula circularly
disposed.

Tubularia gel. Pall. EL 85 — Found along with the preceding.

Height about two inches, tufted, shrubby ; stem dichotomously branched ;
scarcely enlarging at the extremity ; polypi with a bell-shaped disc, the ten-
tacula regularly disposed, and appearing as if webbed at the base ; mouth
with a valve.

NUDA.

Gen. LXXIV. CORYNA.— Base fixed, head clavate, with
distributed tentacula, furnished with suckers.

205. C. squamata. — Stem simple, carneous, tentacula linear.
Hydra squamata, Mull. Zool. Dan.— C squam. (from Pall. Spic. Zool. x.

36. 41. t. iii. f. 9 Tubularia affinis, Turt. Brit. Faun. 210. — Cor.

squam. Lamarck, Hist. ii. 62. Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 616, t. v. f. 1 —

On fuci.
Height about half an inch ; stem round, swelling into an ovate head, va-
rying in form ; the mouth is sometimes truncated with a radiated disc ; the
tentacula are from 5 to 15 in number, longer than the head over which they
are distributed, and nearly of equal dimensions throughout ; the vesicles are
globular, and adhering to the body, at the base of the tentacula, by a short
footstalk. The whole colour is pink, with a dark medullary band.

206. C. glandulosa. — Dichotomously branched, coriaceous,
tentacula with globular heads.

Tubularia Coryna, Turt. Brit. Faun, (from Pall. Spic. Zool. x. 40, t. iv.

f. 8.) Cor. gland. Lamarck, Hist. ii. 62. Flem. Phil. Zool. 606, t. v.

f. 2.— On stones near low water-mark.
Height nearly two inches, branches wrinkled, head lengthened, oval,
mouth small ; tentacula thick, wrinkled, with globular heads, which adhere
to the fingers when applied; vesicles globular, sessile, scattered over the
head ; colour tinged with pink, with a dark medullary band.

We are inclined to consider the Coryna as one of the Tuhtdariadm, having
a reduced sheath, and agreeing in the tentacular origin of the ovaria. The
Plumatella, on the other hand, probably belongs to the Sertulariadcs, though
its vesicular mode of reproduction has not been detected.

Gen. LXXV. HYDRA. — Free, tentacula terminal, and dis-
posed in a circle, and furnished with suckers.
* Inhabiting fresh water.
207- H. viridis. — Body linear, tentacula from six to twelve,
about the length of the body.

Polype verd, Trembley, Mem. 22, t. i. f. 1. — H. vir. and H. grisea, Linn.
Syst. i. 1320. Ellis, Cor. t. xxviii. f. C. — Common on aquatic plants
in shallow slow running streams.

554 ZOOPHYTA. NUDA. Hydra.

Height about an inch, transparent, brownish, or greenish, and consisting
of a o-elatinous matter, interspersed with minute granular glands. The body
is tubular, and open at both ends ; simple or branched ; tentacula varying
in number or height. The food, consisting of small annulose animals, is
seized by the tentacula, and conveyed to the alimentary canal, whence, after
digestion, it is ejected by the mouth. The absorbed nourishment is dispersed
through the glands even to the tentacula. The animal displaces itself and
creeps like a leech by the help of its mouth and tail, and even suspends it-
self from the surface of the water by its tail, which it expands like a funnel
for the purpose. The reproduction of this singular being, by buds, issuing
from the sides of the parent polype, acquiring tentacula, and then falling off
and becoming independent individuals, or by the regeneration of parts when
artificially divided, has long engaged the attention of the curious observer.
The animals may easily be procured by placing a quantity of the stems of
plants growing under water in any slow running ditch, in a basin of clean
water ; and in a short time the polypi will expand, and exhibit themselves
readily to the naked eye.

** Inhabiting the Sea.

208. H. lutea. — Branched, ovate, truncated, with about ten
short tentacula.

Lamarck, Hist. ii. GO — On fuci, Belfast, Mr Templeton.
Height upwards of half an inch, stem narrow, head much enlarged ; ten-
tacula thick, not equal in length to the breadth of the body. The above de-
scription is from the drawing of an animal communicated to me by the late
Mr Templeton.

209. H. coronata. — Body slender, head suborbicular, trun-
cated, with a flat disc; the tentacula issuing at the margin
from sheaths which radiate from the centre.

Ellis, Cor. t. xxxviii. f. 5. — On Plumularia falcata.
Mr Ellis has given a figure of this animal, which does not seem to have
attracted the notice of subsequent observers. He states that it was of a red
colour, and that the tentacula " issued out of their sheaths like a star-
flower."— The true place in the system, of this and the preceding species, re-
mains to be determined.

FacUius mirari el comment a ri quam vera dignoscerc et dejinire.

INDEX.

( 557 )

INDEX.

The Vernacular Names and Titles of the Genera of the Extirpated, Extinct,
and Naturalized Animals are here printed in Italics.

A

Page

Page

Abramis,

187

Apiocrinites, .

493

Accentor,

71

Aplexa,

276

Achatina,

269

Aplysia,

290

Acipenser, .

173

Aquila,

52

Acteon,

337

Area,

397

Actinea,

497

Arethusa,

234

Actiniocrinites,

495

Argentine,

182

Adder,

156

Arion, .

256

Alasmodon,

417

Arvicola,

23

Alauda,

79

Ass, .,».',

28

Albicore,

218

Assiminia, . . ,

275

Alca, .

129

Astarte,

439

Alcedo,

89

Asterias, . . ,

483

Alcyonium,

517

Astrophyton,

489

A lee to,

534

Astrea,

510

Aleuco,

57

Atherina,

217

Alpidium, •

470

Auk, . ,

129

Ammocsetes,

164

Avicula,

405

Ammodytes,

201

Avoset,

101

Ammonita,

240

Azeca,

269

Amphidesma,

431

Amplexus,

251

Ampidlaria, .

316

B

Anarhichas,

208

Anas,

123

Baculita,

250

Anchovy,

183

Badger,

9

Ancillaria,

336

Baluena,

33

Ancylus,

280

Bakenoptera,

30

Angler,

214

Balbusardus,

51

Anguilla,

199

Balea,

271

Anguinaria,

542

Band-fish, . .

204

Anguis,

155

Barbel,

185

Anodon,

415

Barbus,

185

Anomia,

394

Barn-owl,

57

Anser,

126

Basse,

213

Antennularia,

546

Bat,

5

Anthus,

74

Bear, .

10

Antilope,

27

Beaver,

23

558

INDEX.

Bee-eater,

90

Cardita,

417

Belemnita,

240

Cardium,

420

Bellerophon,

338

Carina,

122

Belone,

184

Carocolla,

258

Beluga,

3G

Carp,

185

Berenicea,

533

Carychium,

270

Bergil,

209

Caryophyllea

508

Bergylt,

212

Cassis, .

339

Beroe,

502

Cassiopea,

502

Bernacle-goose

127

Cat,

15

Bib,

191

Cataphractus,

216

Bittern,

95

Cataractes,

137

Blackbird,

65

Catodon,

39

Blackcock,

43

Cellepora,

532

Blade-fish,

204

Cellularia,

539

Bleak,

188

Centriscus,

220

Blennius,

206

Centronotus,

219

Blenny,

206

Cephus,

134

Blind-worm,

155

Cepola,

204

Boar,

28

Cerithium,

357

Bomby cilia,

64

Cernua,

212

Bos, .

24

Certhia,

88

Botryllus,

470

Cervus,

26

Bounce,

165

Charadrius,

113

Brama,

210

Chaffinch,

83

Braise,

211

Chama,

419

Bream,

187

Char,

180

Brent-goose,

127

Chat,

67

Brill,

196

Chatterer,

64

Brosmus,

194

Chatodon,

210

Bubo,

57

Chub,

187

Buccinuin,

342

Chclonia,

149

Bufo,

159

Chough,

89

Bulimus,

265

Chimera,

172

Bulla,

292

Chiton,

288

Bidfinch,

82

Ciconia,

97

Bull-head,

216

Cidaris,

477

Bunting,

77

Cingula,

305

Burbot,

192

Cinclus,

66

Burgo-master,

139

Ciona,

468

Bustard,

115

Circus,

58

Buteo,

54

Cirus,

313

Buzzard,

54

Clangula,

120

Clausilia,

271

C

Clavellina,

468

Cachalot, . . 39

Clavagella,

445

Calamary,

252

Cliona,

516

Calidris,

112

Clupea,

182

Callyonimus,

208

Clypeus,

479

Calpurna,

331

Coccothrauste

s>

82

Calyptrea,

362

Corallina,

514

Campanularia

5

548

Corbula,

425

Cancellaria, .

334

Cock,

46

Canis, .

10

Cockle,

420

Capercaillie, .

46

Cod,

190

Capra, .

25

Colombella,

353

Caprimulgus,

61

Columba,

47

Capsa,

434

Colymbus,

132

Capulus,

363

Comatula,

490

Carcharias, .

167

Congcr-ccl,

200

INDEX.

559

Conularia,

240

Delphinula. .

312

Conns,

330

Delphinus, .

33

Conulus,

481

Dentex,

212

Cook,

209

Discina,

376

Coot,

100

Dianchora,

394

Coot-foot,

100

Didelphis,

40

Coulter neb,

130

Dipper

66

Coregonus, •

181

Discopora,

530

Coriudo,

149

Diver,

132

Cormorant,

117

Dolium,

342

Corvus,

87

Dolphin,

33

Coryna,

553

Dog,

10

Corythus,

76

Dog-fish,

169

Coturnix,

45

Donax,

433

Cottus,

216

Doree,

218

Cracker,

124

Dormouse,

22

Crake, .

98

Doris,

282

Cramp-fish,

169

Dottrel,

113

Crane, -

97

Dragonet,

208

Crassatella,

418

Dunlin,

108

Crgnatula,

391

Duck,

123

Creeper,

88

Dynamena,

543

Crenilabrus,

208

Crepidula,

363

E

Criopus,

377

Eagle, . . . 52

Crisia,

540

Eagle-owl,

57

Cristatella,

518

Eburnea,

345

Crocodile,

152

Echinarachnii

is, .

479

Croiv,

87

Echineus,

190

Crusian,

185

Echinus,

473

Cuckoo,

90

Echinocyamu

s,

481

Cuculus,

90

Echinocorys,

482

Cucullceu,

399

Eel,

199

Curlew,

101

Eft, .

157

Curruca,

68

Egret, .

95

Cursorius,

112

Eider,

119

Cuttle-bone,

252

Elk, .

27

Cuvieria,

483

Emarginula,

365

Cyaiirea,

501

Emberiza,

77

Cyathocrinites

495

Engraulis,

183

Cyclas,

452

Eolida,

285

Cyclopterus,

199

Esox,

184

Cyclolites,

510

Equus,

27

Cyclostoma,

257

Ermine,

13

Cyclostrema,

312

Erne,

53

Cydonium,

516

Erinaceus,

7

Cygnus,

126

Ervilia,

431

Cymodocia,

551

Eschara,

531

Cyprsea,

330

Eucratia,

541

Cyprina,

443

Eulimena,

500

Cyprinus,

185

Euomphalus,

314

Cypselus,

61

Exoccetus,

185

Cyrena,

454

Edplanaria,

510

Cytherea

444

F

D

Falco, . . 49

Dab, . . . . 198

Falcon,

49

Dace, . . . . 187

Farcimia,

534

Deer, ... 26

Eathcrlashcr,

21(i

Delplrinapter

a,

•

36

Favosites,

.

529

560

INDEX.

Felis, ,

15

Grebe,

131

Ferret,

14

Greenshank,

104

Fieldfare,

65

Grey,

180

Filipora,

530

Gross-beak,

82

Finch,

83

Groundling, .

189

Firmer,

38

Grous,

43

Fistulana,

455

Grus,

97

Fissurella,

364

Grypliaa,

389

Flounder,

198

Gudgeon,

186

Flustra,

535

Guillemot,

134

Fly-catcher,

63

Guinea-hen,

46

Flying-fish,

185

Guinea-pig,

24

Fork-heard,

193

Gull, .

138

Foumart,

14

Gunnel,

207

Fox,

13

Gunnellus, .

207

Fratercula,

130

Gurnard,

214

Fringilla,

83

Gwiniad,

182

Frog,

158

Gymnetrus,

204

Fulica,

100

Gyrfalco,

50

Fulmar,

135

Fusus,

348

H

Haddock,

191

G

Haematopus,

115

Gade, . 193

Hag,

164

Gadicall,

124

Haliotis, .

362

Gadus,

193

Halichondria,

520

Galeoma,

466

Halimeda, .

515

Galeus,

165

Hare,

21

Gallinula,

99

Harpa,

342

Gal/inule,

99

Haw-finch,

76

Gannet,

118

Hedgehog,

7

Garganey,

125

Helecina,

258

Gar, „

184

Helix, ' .

259

Garrulus,

86

Hen-harrier,

53

Gasterosteus,

219

Heron,

95

Gastrochcena,

458

Herring,

182

Gervillia,

390

Hiatella,

461

Geryonia,

500

Himatitopus, .

112

Gihel,

185

Hippoglossus,

189

Gilthead,

211

Hippocampus,

176

Glareola,

94

Hippopotamus,

28

Goat,

25

Hippopodium,

420

Goatsucker,

61

Hippothoa,

534

Gobio,

186

Hirundo,

60

Gobius,

206

Hoby,

49

Gobitis,

189

Holibut,

199

Goby,

206

Holothuria,

481

Godwit,

105

Hoopoe,

89

Golden-eye,

120

Honey-buzzard,

52

Goldfinch,

85

Horse,

27

Goodallia,

429

Hywna,

16

Goose,

126

Hydra,

553

Goosander,

128

Hyperoodon,

, 36

Gorgonia,

5H

Goshawk,

54

I

Graining,

187

Ianthina,

326

Grampus,

34

Ibis,

102

Grant ia,

524

Ichthyosaurus,

154

Grayling,

181

Iguanodon,

' 153

INDEX.

fit

Infundilulum, . , . 362

Loripes,

430

Inoceramus, . . 391

Loxia,

75

Isis, . . . . 515

Lucernaria,

499

Isocavdia, . . . 419

Lucina,

441

Lump-fish .

190

J

Lutra,

16

Jackdaw, ... 88

Lutraria,

464

Jama,

514

Jay,

86

M

Jerfalcon,

50

Mackerel,

217

.Tulus,

210

Mactra,

426

Magas,

376

K

Magpie,

86

Kellia, . . 430

Mallard,

123

Kestrel,

50

Mammaria,

499

King's-fisher,

89

Mammoth,

28

Kite,

51

Manatus,

29

Kittiwake,

141

Marginella,

335

Knot,

109

Martes,

14

Marsupites,

491

L

Meaalosaurus,

153

Labrus, . 209

Merlangus,

195

Lacerta,

150

Melania,

317

Lagenula,

234

Mdanopsis, .

359

.Lagopus,

43

Meles,

9

Lamantine,

29

Mergulus,

135

Lamna,

168

Mergus,

128

Lamprey,

163

Merlin,

50

Lampris,

219

Merlucius,

195

Lanius,

62

Mermaids,

30

Lanner,

49

Millepova,

528

Lapwing,

111

Milvus,

51

Lark,

T9

Minnow ,

188

Larus,

138

Mitra,

333

Launce,

201

Modiola,

412

Lepadogaster,

189

Mole,

7

Lepidopus,

205

Mole-but,

175

Lepisosteus, .

183

Molva,

192

Leptocephalus,

200

Monk-fish

169

Lepton,

429

Monoceros,

342

Lepus,

21

Monodon,

37

Leuciscus,

187

Monodonta, .

311

Lima,

388

Montagua,

285

Limax,

256

Morio,

340

Limnea,

273

Morris,

200

Limosa,

107

Morrhua,

199

Ling,

191

MotaciUa,

73

Lingula,

368

Mouse, .

19

Lit met,

* ♦

84

Mugil,

21T

Liparis,

190

Mulleria,

484

Lithodomus,

414

Mullus,

216

Lithostrotion,

508

Mullet,

217

Lizard, .

150

Murex,

355

Lobatula,

232

Mus,

19

Lobipes,

100

Muscicapa,

63

Lobularia,

515

Mussel, .

411

Loche,

189

Mustela,

13

Loligo,

252

Mustelus,

166

Lophius,

214

Mya,

462

VOL. I.

n n

562

INDEX.

Myrtea,

,

,

443

Partridge,

44

Mytilus, 411

Pastor,

66

Myoxus, ... 22

Patella,

286

Myxine, . . . 1C4

Peacock,
Pecten,

45
383

N

Pectunculus,

400

Nasa, . 340

Pelecanus,

118

Narwal,

37

Pennatula,

507

Natterjack,

159

Pentacrinus,

493

Natica, .

319

Pentamerus,

378

Natrix,

156

Pentremites,

494

Nautilus,

228

Perca, .

212

Nerita, .

318

Perch, .

ib.

Neritina,

321

Perdix, .

44

Niyhtlngale,

69

Perna, .

390

Notamia,

541

Pernis, .

52

Nucula,

401

Petrel, .

135

Numenius,

101

Petromyzon,

163

Nummulita,

233

Phalacrocora:

i,

117

Nutcracker,

88

Phalarope,

100

Nuthatch,

81

Phalaropus,

ib.

Nyroca,

121

Phallusia,

469

Phasianella,

301

O

Pheasant,

46

Octopus, . . 252

Phinock,

180

Odostomia,

310

Plioca, .

17

Oidemia,

119

Pholadomyaa,

424

Oidicnemus,

114

Pholas, .

456

Oliva,

335

Pholis, .

207

Opah,

219

Physa, .

276

Ophidium,

201

Physalis,

32

Ophisurus,

200

Physcis,

193

Ophiura, .

488

Physeter,

38

Opossum,

40

Pica,

86

Orbulita,

248

Picus, .

91

Oriole, .

66

Pigeon, .

47

Oriolus,

66

Pike,

184

Osprey,

51

Pilchard, .

183

Otter,

16

Pileolus, .

363

Orthagoriscus

175

Pinna, .

406

Orthocera,

235

Piper, .

215

Ortygometva,

.

98

Pipe-fish,

175

Osmerus,

181

Pirena, .

468

< )strea,

392

Plagiostoma, .

388

Otis,

115

Plaise, .

198

Otus,

56

Planorhis,

277

Ovis,

25

Platea, .

94

Owl,

56

Platessa,

198

Ox,

24

Platycrinites, .

496

Oyster,

392

Plecotus,

7

Oyster-catcher,

115

Plesiosaurus, .

154

Pleurobrachia,

504

V

Pleurobranchus, .

291

Pagrus, . . . 211

Pleurotoma, .

354

Paludina,

315

Pleuronectes,

196

Pandocia,

468

Plicatula,

397

Pandora,

466

Plover, .

113

Panopaea,

462

Phunatella, .

555

Parus, .

80

Plumularia, .

546

Pochard,

Pocillopora,

Podiceps,

Pogge, .

Polycera,

Polyzona,

Poor,

Porites, .

Potamidum,

Pote-.iocrinites,

Porbeagle,

Porpess,

Pout,

Pratincole,

Priapulus,

Pride, .

Productus,

Primnoa,

Procellaria,

Psammobia,

Psophia,

Ptarmigan,

Puffin, .

Puffinus,

Pupa, .

Purpura,

Pyrgita,

Pyrrhocorax,

Pyrrhula,

Pyrula,

Quail,

Q

R

Rabbit, .

Rabbit-fish,

Raia,

Rail,

Rallus, .

Rami, .

Ranictps,

Rat,

Raven, .

Ray,

Razor-back,

Razor-bill,

Recurvirostra,

Red-breast,

Red-start,

Redshank,

Redwing,

Red-eye,

Regulus,

Reindeer,

Retepora,

Rhinoceros,

Rhinolophus,

Rhizostoma.. .

INDEX.

121

Rhodocrini/cs,

511

Roach, .

131

Roe,

216

Rook,

283

Roller, .

469

Rostellaria,

191

Rotalia,

511

Rotche, .

358

Rubellia,

495

Rud,

168

Ruff, .

33

191

94

Sail-fish,

491

Salmo,

164

Salmon,

378

Salpa,

513

Sanderling,

135

Sandpiper,

437

Sanguinolaria

97

Sarcinula,

43

Saury,

137

Saxicola,

ib.

Scalaria,

268

Scad,

341

Scale-foot,

83

Scald-fish,

89

Scallop,

82

Scaup,

347

Scaphita,

Sciaena,

Scissurella,

45

Sciurus,

Scolopax,

Scomber,

21

Scomberesox,

172

Scops, .

170

Scopelus,

98

Scoter,

ib.

Scraber,

158

Scymnus,

194

Scy Ilium,

20

Seal,

87

Sea-pen,

170

Sea-snake,

32

Segmenthia,

130

Sepia,

100 •

Serialaria,

68

Serranus,

ib.

Sertularia,

102

Shad,

65

SJwg,

188

Shan,

72

Shark,

27

Slieep,

531

Shicldrake,

28

Shoveler,

5

Shrew,

502

Shrike,

563

495
188

26

88

88
359
232
135
186

ib.
110

164
179
179
471
112
107
460
508
184

67
311
218
205
197
383
122
249
213
366

20
105
217
184

57
182
119
134
166
165

17
507
173
279
262
547
212
542
183
117
207
167

25

122

123

8

62

564

Sigaretus,

Silurus,

Sipunculus,

Siskin,

Sitta,

Skate,

Skenea,

Skua,

Slug,

Smelt,

Snake,

Snipe,

Snow-bird,

Solarium,

Sole,

Solea,

Solen,

Somateria,

Sorex, .

Sparrow,

Sparrow-hawk,

Spams,

Spatangus,

Spathulea,

Sphenia,

Spinax,

Spinachia,

Spirifer,

Spirolina,

Spirula,

Spondylus,

Sponge,

Spongia,

Spoon-bill,

Squalus,

Squatarola,

Squatina,

Squirrel,

Star-fish,

Stag,

Starling,

Sterna,

Stickle-back,

Stork,

Strepsilus,

Strix,

Sturgeon,

Sturnus,

Succinea,

Sucker,

Sula,

Surmullet,

Sus,

Swallow,

Swan,

Swift,

Sword-fish,

Sydneum,

Sylvia,

Syngnathus,

INDEX.

360

189

Tadorna,

491

Talpa,

85

Teal, .

81

Tellina,

171

Tench, .

313

Terebellum,

137

Terebellaria,

256

Terebra,

181

Terebratula,

15(J

Teredo,

105

Tergipes,

142

Tern,

325

Testacella,

197

Tetbya,

197

Tetrao,

458

Tetraodon,

119

Thetis,

8

Thick-knee,

83

Thornback,

55

Thresher,

211

Thrush,

480

Thuiaria,

123

Tinea,

465

Titling,

166

Titmouse,

219

Toad,

374

Tope,

227

Topnot,

227

Tornatella,

397

Torpedo,

524

Torgoch,

524

Torsk,

94

Tortoise,

164

Totanus,

111

Trachinus,

169

Tracburus,

20

Tricellaria,

485

Trichecus,

26

Trichiurus,

86

Trigla,

142

Trigonia,

219

Tringa,

97

Triton,

110

Tritonia,

57

Tritonalia,

173

Trocbus,

86

- Troglodytes

267

Trout,

189

Trumpeter,

118

Trumpet-fish

216

Trygon,

28

Tubularia,

60

Tubulipora,

120

Tubipora,

61

Tunny,

220

Turbinolia,

469

Turbo,

68.

Turbol,

175

Turdus,

122
8
125
434
186
330
531
346
'^68
454
483
142
257
519
43
174
480
114
170
167
64
545
186
74
80
159
165
190
330
169
180
191
149
102
213
218
440
18
204
217
404
107
157
284
356
321
73
180

»7

220
169
552
529
529
217
509
299
190
(it

INDEX.

5C

Turkey,

45

Volva,

• 1

331

Turnstone,

110

Volvaria,

• t

333

TurriteUa, .

303

Vulpes,

. ,

13

Turrulita,

249

Tusk, .

194

W

Tyger,

16

Wagtail,

73

Typhis,

356

Walrus, •
Warbler,

18
68

u

Weasel,

13

Unio,
Upupa,
Uria,
Urus,

416
89

134
24

Weaver,

Whale,

Wheatear,

Whiff

Whimbrel,

Whinchat,

413

30

67

196

101

67

V

Whitebait,

183

Valkeria,

550

Wigeon,

124

Valvata,

286

Woodcock,

105

Vanellus,

111

Woodpecker,

91

Velella,

500

Wolf,

15

Velutina,

326

Wolf-fish,

208

Venericardia,

418

Wrasse,

208

Venerupis, .

451

Wren,

73

Venus,

446

Wryneck,

92

Venus-fan,

511

Vermiculum,

233

X

Vertigo,

272

Xiphias,

► •

228

Vespertilio, .

6

Xylophaga,

455

Viper,

156

Vipera,

156

Y

Virgularia, .

507

Yunx,

#

92

Vitrina,

267

Vole,

23

Z

Voluta,

332

Zeus,

• •

218

FINIS

P. NE1LL, PRINTER,

CORRIGENDA.

Page 39, line 43, for physiological read physical

CO, 14, — defluted deflected

74, — 3G, — petrorsus. petrosus.

183, 33, — Encrasicholus Engraulis.

234, — 17, — Milista Miliola

269, 41, — Maloni Matoni

281, 32, — Bulba. Bulla.

346, 17, — Triton. Tritonalia.

356, 12, — lb. lb.

421, 33, — and found more and others found

451, 37, — littorata, litterata,

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