- < oe te : 2 ¥ ‘i F A ag » i i *- : 4 >) ; y ¥ & | 2 a _ - : ~~ : ’ ea ‘ ‘ ‘ - i id f 3 * ay i : : Pi , “ s 1 é wt 4 ' \ u =) . = a - = lag H ; aS a ee 1 ; - eles i @ ia. Ys OF eh oia UI BRP Eis: RY THE REV. F’ OF MORRIS, B.A., MEMBER OF THE ASHMOLEAN SOCIETY. LIFE MEMBER OF 'THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, ETC., ETC. Author of a ‘‘History of British Birds,’ Dedicated by Permission to Her Majesty the Queen, a “Natural History of British Moths,” etc., etc. SIXTH EDITION, WITH SEVENTY-TWO PLATES, COLOURED BY HAND. LONDON: JOHN C. NIMMO, 14, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND. M DCCC xc. TO THE HON. MRS. MUSGRAVE, BISHOPTHORPE PALACE, TALES VoOormU ME BY HER PERMISSION MOST “RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY AER OBLIGED AND OBEDIENT SERVANT THK AUTHOR. Swallow-tail Scarce Swallow-tail Brimstone Clouded Yellow Pale Clouded Yellow Black Veined Large White Small White Green Veined Chequered White Wood White . Orange Tip Marbled White Wood Argus Wood Ringlet Gate- Eesper 5 Rock-Eyed Underwing Small Meadow Brown Large Meadow Brown Heath Butterfly Least Meadow Brown Arran Argus Scotch Argus Small Ringlet Silver-bordered Ringlet White Admiral Red Admiral Peacock ¢ Large Tortoise-shell Small Tortoise-shell Camberwell Beauty Comma Albin’s Piaripstead Eye Painted Lady . ; Scarce Painted Lady Purple Emperor CONTENTS. PAGE oN 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 o7 29 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 48 50 51 53 55 56 58 61 63 65 67 70 73 74 76 78 Purple Hairstreak Green Hairstreak : White-W Hairstreak Black Hairstreak Brown Hairstreak Duke of Burgundy Fritillary Greasy Fritillary Glanville Fritillary Pearl-bordered Fritillary Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary Pearl-bordered Likeness Fritillary Weaver's Fritillary High-brown Fritillary Dark-green Fritillary Queen of Spain Fritillary Venus Fritillary : Silver-washed Fritillary . Large Copper Small Copper Brighton Argus . Mazarine Blue Large Blue Holly Blue Little Blue Silver-studded Blue Common Blue Clifden Blue. Chalk Hill Blue . Brown Argus Blue . Grizzled Skipper Dingy Skipper Large Skipper Silver-spotted Skipper Small Skipper Lulworth Skipper Spotted Skipper. 99 101 104, . 106 109 > Jt 113 . 114 116 . 119 121 . 123 125 » 127 129 . 131 134 lor 139 . 142 145 . 147 149 151 153 . 155 157 PREFACE £fO THE FIRST EDITION. AN instinctive general love of nature, that is, in other words, of the works of God, has been implanted by Him, the Great Architect of the universe—the Great Parent of all—in the mind of every man. There is no one, whether old or young, or of whatever circumstances or rank in life, who can look without any feeling or emotion on the handiworks of Creation which surround him—who can behold a rich sunset, a storm, the sea, a tree, a mountain, a river, a rainbow, a flower, without some degree of admiration, and some measure of thought. He may, indeed, for the time, or for a moment, be engrossed by some worldly care, or some other subject, some remembrance of the past, or anticipation of the future, but this cannot always be the case, and whenever the mind is relieved from that overpowering feeling, the spontaneous thoughts which originate in the love of nature, will be sure to arise in his soul. Whether indeed in some there is more than a general feeling of this kind; whether all, if opportunities had been afforded to them, and had been afforded to them in good time, would have found that especial delight which others find in the more intimate study of this or that branch of Natural History, whether it may have been only the pressure of different and altogether necessary thoughts that has pre-occupied the mind, and taken away, or, rather, set aside, these which would otherwise have naturally found favour with it, I will not take upon me to determine; but thus much I can and do say, because I can say it of and for myself, that with me, in this sense, the universal includes the particular—includes every particular that is included under it; for there is no group of the wide-spread family of nature viii PREFACE. that I do not love to study, and to become more and more intimately acquainted with the members of. They are all the creations of the same wonder ful Being—‘‘the hand that made them is Divine!” And if there be one branch of Natural History which is to me more captivatingly interesting than another, itis Entomology; one which is more- over so easy of full gratification, so compatible with every pursuit, so productive of friendly feeling with others, so amalgamative of the high and low together in perfect amity, so singularly pleasing and delightful in itself. I trust, indeed that I have not forgotten, do not forget, and never shall forget, that I have high and holy duties to perform, to which all else must be subordinate and give way. As a servant of the Church, a minister of the Gospel of Christ, I willingly sacrifice natural wishes to the cause of duty. It is but a few brief moments that I snatch for that which is naturally most pleasing to me. Knowing, however, that these studies are innocent in themselves; that they may, with many, prevent other pursuits which, if followed, would assuredly cause risk of most serious danger; that they add to the amount of human happiness, and that, if used as they always should be, they infallibly lead from the works of Nature up to the God of Nature, in feelings of the holiest adoration and most humble worship, I encourage others to follow them, so far as it may be right for them to do so, and have undertaken, at the request of another, to write the following Natural History of British Butterflies, and to supply particulars which I have felt the want of myself. There are already other works of a similar kind, which have been extensively and deservedly patronized, and of them it is no part, either of my business or my inclination, to speak: neither is it for me to speak of my own: they have spoken for their authors; let mine, too, speak for me. F, O. MORRIS. History OF js J Relse Ms UMMM diel bIb psy SWALLOW-TAIL. PLATE I. Papilio Machaon, Linn#zus. Donovan. HARRIS. “s - Curtis. Werstwoop. Duncan. Papilio Regina, Der GEER. Jasonides Machaon, HUBNER. Amaryssus Machaon, DALMAN. In all our judgments of objects of Natural History, comparison and relative proportion must guide us to the result. Compared then with multitudes of the exotic species whose dazzling refulgence, splendid hues, elegant forms, and wonderfully varied and eccentric markings, adorn the hills and valleys of far-distinct and tropical lands, which these by themselves alone furnish an abundantly exciting wish to visit, the present, our largest British Butterfly—our finest capture—holds but an humble place—‘‘a Satyr to Hyperion” almost,—a foil by their side to their beauty: but we must not, and we do not, despise our own Swallow-tail. This fine species is said to be found in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, namely in the whole of the former continent, and in the second, even in Siberia, as also in Syria, Nepaul, Cachemere, and the Himalayan Mountains; Egypt, and the coast of Barbary. In our own country it has been met with in Yorkshire, near Beverley and Cottingham; in Dorsetshire, by J. C. Dale, Esq., in the B 2 SWALLOW-TAIL. parish of Glanville’s Wootton: he took twelve specimens there in three days, about forty years ago, but has not seen one since. Also at Cranborne, Wimborne Minster, and on Fifehead Common, in the same county, in former years; so too at Pulborough. In Hampshire, Middlesex, Sussex, Essex, and Kent, in Norfolk at Acle, near Yar- mouth, in plenty, and also in meadows at Oby and Thurne, in some years in great abundance, as likewise, Mr. Postans informs me, at Horning Ferry, near the ruins of St. Benedict’s Abbey, and at Hoveton; also in Somersetshire, at Weston-Super-Mare. But most of all in Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire, where, in the fenny districts, it has been, and even is still, very abundant, though, as those parts are fast being drained, it is to be feared that we may in time lose this most conspicuous ornament of our cabinets. They still exist at Wicken Fen. The perfect insect is taken from the beginning of May to the end of August. One was bred as early as March, by Denny, at Cambridge ; April 20th., by Markwick; May 15th., by M. Harris; May 24th., 1822, by Kirby; June 6th., by J. C. Dale, Esq., and one so late as September Ist. in 1809. I had one out of chrysalis in my own case, on the 20th. of October, 1860. The caterpillar occurs from June to September. It feeds on various umbelliferous plants, particularly on the marsh parsley, (Selinwm palustre,) the wild carrot, (Daucus carota,) and the fennel, (Anethum fenculum.) The Swallow-tail measures, in different specimens, from three inches to three inches and three quarters in the expanse of the wings. ‘The ground-colour is yellow, with black markings. ‘The fore wings have a large patch of black, dotted with yellow at the base, and the front margin is black, with three large black marks. The nerves are also black, as is likewise the hind margin, on which are eight yellow marks, and above is a thick powdering of minute yellow dots. The hind wings are also yellow; the inner margin, and a broad border on the outside, black, the latter with six yellow crescents, above which is a thick sprinkling of blue dots. Near the inside corner is a red eye, margined with yellow beneath and blue above, the latter with a black crescent above it. The under side of the wings is lighter-coloured than the upper, and the black markings are less extended. A narrow black bar supersedes the yellow crescents, above which the dotting of yellow is more thick. The outside black bar of the hind wings is much lighter-coloured, the black being limited to its curved margins, and in the middle of the hind wings are three triangular red spots, and DS} SWALLOW-TAIL. 3 there is another spot of the same in the yellow spot, next to its front edge. The caterpillar is green, with velvet black rings, dotted alternately with yellowish red. The crysalis is light green, with yellow on the sides and the back: this is said of the female. ‘The colour of the male varies from nearly black to a light brownish rufous, having a darker line down each side and bordering the wing-cases; the two prominences on the front of the head, that on the under side of the front of the thorax, and the inner side of the prominences representing the fore legs of the larva, are dark rufous, nearly approaching to black. ‘The wing-cases are slightly tinged with the same colour, having a few black veins originating at the base, and running down towards the anal angle, giving out branches towards the exterior margin along their whole extent. ‘The characters which appear to be common to both, are the shape and the rufous lines down the sides.” The figure is taken from an unusually fine specimen in my own collection, bred in 1851, from a chrysalis received with others from the Rey. George Rudson Read, who had them from Cambridgeshire by the “Penny Post.” SCARCE SWALLOW-TAIL. PLATE It. Papilio podahirius, Linnzus. Donovan. CuRTIS. ‘s gs Lewin. Westwoop. DUNCAN. Podalirius Europeus, SWAINSON. Iphichides podalirius, HUuBNER. Some there are who dogmatically deny the claim of this species to be a British insect, but the following facts will be sufficient for every unbiassed judgment. Nothing is more certain, as will abundantly appear in the course of the present work, than that some species once common in particular districts, now are never known there, and, ‘vice versa,’ that new ones, new to the district, spring up on a sudden, where none had been ever seen before, in the memory, at least, of the “oldest inhabitant.” This Swallow-tail is a native of Europe, Asia Minor, and the northern parts of Africa. It is plentiful near Moscow and Berlin; in fact throughout the whole of our continent. The following authorities are extant for its admission to a place in our native fauna:— Berkenhout, in his “Outlines of British Natural History,” says that it is “rare in woods;” and Haworth observes that Dr. Berken- hout might probably have had it, as he had heard of his having given a large price for a rare Swallow-tail from Cambridgeshire. Mr. Rippon says, in 1778? that twenty-five years previously he had taken “two sorts” of Swallow-tails near Beverley, Yorkshire. Mr. H. Sims was certain that he saw ‘Podalirius’ on the 24th. of August, 1810, about twelve o’clock, on his way from Norwich to Salhouse. He struck at it with a forceps, but, for want of a better kind of net, was unable to catch it. My esteemed friend, J. C. Dale, Esq., the well-known entomologist, is also certain that he saw one settled on some rushes near Eltisley, Cambridgeshire, in July, 1818. The wings were half-expanded towards the sun, SCARCE SWALLOW-TAIL. 5 Mr. B. Standish was also certain that he saw this butterfly on or about September 20th., 1829, near Richmond Park. A friend of his, who was in his company when he saw this one, saw another in 1820. Dr. Abbot told Haworth that he had seen ‘Podalirius’ two or three times, previous to his capture of it, presently to be stated. Mr. Thomas Allis says as follows in “The Naturalist,” old series, vol. i., pages 38-9:—“Having noticed a good deal of dissension respecting the genuineness of ‘Papilio Podalirius’ as a British insect, I take this opportunity of announcing, through the medium of your journal, that I myself possess a pair which I believe to be British. I met with them under the following circumstances:—Happening to be at Portsmouth the summer before last, for the first time, I enquired, as is my usual practice on going to a town before unvisited by me, for collectors of Natural History specimens: I soon found one, and among the collection was a pair of the above-named species. ‘The owner assured me they were British, that they were caught by a person she employed in the neighbourhood, and that she set them up herself. As it would not have been worth her while to have imposed on me in this instance, and especially as she did not seem aware of the value of the specimens, I feel no doubt but that they were really British. She could not at the time exactly inform me where they were taken, but on my return to Portsmouth about a fortnight afterwards, she told me she had learned, from the captor, that they were obtained in the New Forest. From what I have said, I feel justified in con- sidering myself the fortunate possessor of specimens of British Papilio Podalirius.” The above relate only to “ ocular demonstration ;”’ now then for those “stubborn things”—‘“‘facts.” First, I have myself seen, in the cabinet of my friend, the Rev. George Rudston Read, Rector of Sutton-upon- Derwent, near Pocklington, the original specimen which was captured by his brother, William Henry Rudston Read, Esq., of Hayton and York, when at school at Eton. He took it on the wing between Slough and Datchet, Berkshire, before the month of July, about the year 1826. It is a very dark individual. Again, the late Rev. F. W. Hope captured one in Shropshire in 1822, and saw another on the wing. Mr. Plymley found the larva near the spot where the Rev. F. W. Hope took the perfect insect, but unfortunately the devouring Ichneu- mon had made a lodgment, so that it came to nothing. Mr. Plymley had the larva brought to him also more than once, and the perfect insect in 1807, from the neighbourhood of Netley, Shropshire. 6 SCARCE SWALLOW-TAIL. There was a specimen in Mr. Swainson’s cabinet, which he told Donovan was taken by his brother-in-law, Captain Bray: he believed in the Isle of Wight. Dr. Abbot took one in the month of May, in Bedfordshire. This specimen is now in Mr. Dale’s cabinet, ‘in perpetuam rei memoriam.’ The butterfly appears in May and June. The caterpillar feeds on the apple, sloe, plum, peach, and almond. The perfect insect measures, in different specimens, from three inches to four inches across the wings. The ground-colour is very light cream yellow. The fore wings have two black attenuating streaks near the body, which meet an apparent extension of them on the lower wings; next to these is a very short one, extending only half-way into the wing; this is succeeded by another long one, which reaches quite across the wing, met by a sort of shadow of it on the hind wing, and this again by another short one, extending only one-third across the wing. Again, there is another long one, reaching nearly across the wing, and then lastly, another long one, which completely borders its outside, edged with a narrow yellow line, of the ground-colour of the wing. ‘The hind wings have a, black border following the crescent- shaped undulations of their outside edge, and divided by four or five streaks of blue of the same shape. At the inside corner of the wing is a black spot, with a blue patch of irregular shape in its centre, and bordered above with red, forming an eye. ‘The wings have long tails; their tips are yellow. The under side is paler than the upper, and the black markings less extended. ‘The band on the middle of the hind wings is composed of two narrow black lines, the outer one of which is edged on the inner side with orange. The caterpillar is short and thick, especially in the middle, and most so towards the head; narrower towards the tail. It is of a green colour, darkest on the back, and spotted with black, varying to light yellowish, with a faint tinge of red beneath. It has a narrow yellowish stripe along the back, and another along the side, near the legs. On the sides are oblique yellowish lines, dotted with reddish. The head is small. The figure is taken from the original specimen mentioned above, now in the cabinet of the Rev. George Rudston Read, of the Rectory, Sutton-upon-Derwent, near Pocklington. BRIMSTONE. PLATE III. Gonepteryx rhamnt, LEacH. STEPHENS. CuRTIS. DUNCAN. Papilio rhamni, Linnzus. DONOVAN. LEWIN. ALBIN. Goniapteryx rhamnt, WESTWOOD. Anteos rhamnt, HUBNER. Ganorts rhamni, DALMAN. Rhodocera rhamni, BOIsDUVAL. Ir the imagination chooses so to please itself, it may look upon our own country as a sort of epitome of the northern hemisphere of the world, as to its natural productions, and thus we shall find that on the south coast, from Torquay to Hastings are our tropics; in the midland counties our temperate zone; in Scotland our Arctic regions; and John o’Groat’s House will answer to the North Pole. Corres- pondingly hereto are our Butterflies localized. Excepting in the case of some chance wanderer, driven by we know not what storm, or tempest, or, “favouring gale,”’ the races are, for the most part, distinct, and those which flourish in the one district, would perish at once in the other, through the difference of climate. This is a most beautifully-coloured butterfly, whether seen on the wing, in its zigzag, impetuous, and hurried flight, or examined at leisure in the cabinet. In the latter case you seem never to be able to get it in a sufficiently good light, so full and bright are its colours, to admire it as it ought to be admired, and when first emerged from the chrysalis, and glittering before you in the sun, it is indeed a most attractive object.” In Yorkshire, and as far north as Newcastle in Northumberland, and the lake district in Westmoreland, it occurs, but not by any means so plentifully as in the more southern parts of the country. It is very rare in the neighbourhood of Falmouth: W. P. Cocks, Esq. has, however, taken it there in 1845, and also in 1850. In Scotland it appears to be unknown. 8 BRIMSTONE. There are two broods, one in May, the other in the autumn. Many of the autumnal brood live through the winter, and are to be seen in the spring even so early sometimes as February and March, called forth from their retreats by the heat of the returning sun. The Brimstone is a very discursive insect, and is to be found in gardens, lanes, and fields, especially in those in which clover is grown. The caterpillar feeds on the buckthorn, (Rhamnus catharticus ;) the berry-bearing alder, (Rhamnus frangulus;) and the broad-leaved buckthorn, (Rhamnus alaternus.) The expanse of the wings in this species varies from rather more than two inches to three inches and a half. In the male the whole of the upper wings is a splendid sulphur yellow colour, with an orange spot above the centre of the fore wings, and a larger one similarly on the hinder wings. A line of the same colour, enlarged here and there into a minute dot, borders the upper corners of the fore wings; underneath, the colour is much fainter, with a cast of green in it: the spot is replaced by a ferruginous dot, whitish in the centre, between which and the margin spoken of is a row of brownish dots. The female is much paler in colour, resembling more that of the under side of the male. The caterpillar is green, dotted or irrorated on the back with black; there is a pale green or whitish line on each side, shading off on the upper edge into the green of the rest of the body. The chrysalis is green, with several reddish dots. It is thickest in the middle, tapering off in front. It is suspended by the tail im an upright position, and retained by a silken thread round the middle of the body. Found July 10th. The chrysalis state lasts about a fortnight, for example, one from July 26th. to August 8th. A variety, described as a separate species, by the name of “Gonep- teryx Cleopatra, has the upper wings more or less variegated with orange. One of these was taken by John Fullerton, Esq., at Thrybergb Park, near Rotherham, June 27th., 1860. The engraving is from specimens in my own collection. ui CLOUDED YELLOW. PLATE IV. Colias Edusa, STEPHENS. CuRTIS. DUNCAN. Colias Chrysothome, STEPHENS. Papilio Edusa, FABRICIUS. Papilio Hyale, Esper. Donovan. Papilio Electra, LEWIN. LINNZUS. Papilio Helice, HuspNER. Haworrtu. Tuts is one of the favourite butterflies of every Entomologist in this country. It is always a valued capture, even though it is met with sometimes in tolerable plenty. It is a fast flyer, and many a rugged chase, when a boy, have I had after it. Some have considered that its appearance, at least in any plenty, is triennial, others quadri- ennial, and others septennial; but this is not the case, though, certainly, particular seasons are more or less favourable to its development. Clover fields are a much frequented resort of this beautiful insect, which glitters in the butterfly-collector’s eyes as a golden meteor. So also are the grassy cliffs of the sea-shore in those localities where it occurs—these are the ‘‘California” of the entomological speculator, and in these he gladly invests his time and trouble. This species occurs in considerable numbers in those seasons in which it appears, in some of the following, and doubtless in many other localities: —Near Swanage, Lyme Regis, and the cliffs near Charmouth, Dorsetshire, where I have frequently captured it myself in plenty, and where it is to be met with every year, though in some years in greater abundance than in others. Near Worcester, where my brother, Beverley R. Morris, Esq., captured one in 1825; near Broadway, Charing, Feversham, Ramsgate, Margate, Folkestone, Blackheath, and Canterbury, Kent; Broomsgrove, Worcestershire; Dawlish and Exmouth, Devonshire; Biggin, Northamptonshire; and has been taken, as the Hon. T. L. Powys has informed me, in the gardens of Holland House, Kensington, London. Stoke-by-Nayland and Ipswich, Suffolk, as R. B. Postans, c 10 CLOUDED YELLOW. Esq., has informed me; Tiptree, Essex, near the at present celebrated “ Model Farm;” Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire; once at Leominster, Herefordshire; also near Everton, Nottinghamshire; Weston-super-Mare, in Somerset; Oakley Wood, near Northampton, by the Rey. D. T. Knight; and Swinhope, Lincolnshire, by the Rev. R. P. Alington. In Yorkshire, in Heslington fields near York, a few in 1833 and 1834, and forty-seven, thirty-seven males and ten females, in 1842; Sand Hutton, and Sutton-on-Derwent, near York, by the Rev. George Rudston Read. One at Liverpool; one at New Brighton, Cheshire ; others at Bushmead Priory, Bedfordshire; Lympstone, Teignmouth, Budleigh Salterton, Devonport, and Plymouth, a few, and between Sidmouth and Lyme Regis, in Devonshire, where Thomas Lighton, Esq., saw them in thousands in September, 1843; Broomfield and Chelmsford, Essex; Hitchin, Hertfordshire; near Ely, Reach, Wisbeach, but very rarely indeed, Newmarket Heath, Triplow, Cambridge, Whittlesea Mere, and Horseheath, Cambridgeshire; Lavenham, Sudbury, Foxearth, Great Cornard, Clare, and Kedington, Suffolk; Cromer, Yarmouth, and Roydon, in Norfolk; near Lyndhurst, Winchester, Alverstoke, Christchurch, Southampton, and in the New Forest, Hampshire; Black Park and Chenies, Buckinghamshire; Kemp Town, Brighton, Lewes, Casham, Chichester, Rottingdean, and Arundel, Sussex; Barham Downs, Darenth Wood, and Victoria Park, Hackney; Dorchester and Portland, Dorsetshire; in Shropshire; near Leicester, Shardlow, and Market Harborough, Leicestershire ; Headley Lane, Wandsworth, Cam- berwell, Riddlesdown, Fetcham Downs, Godalming, and Wimbledon, in Surrey. Looe, in Cornwall ; Higham and Forest Hill, and the Isle of Wight. One was taken at Appleby, Westmoreland, on the 11th. of September, 185(?), by Henry Moses, Esq., M.D., which is very far north for it, and a second on the Jlodth., “par nobile.” In Northum- berland one was seen at Norham, near the ‘Tweed, on the 12th. of September, 1859, by Mr. William Moore. In Wales near Llandudno. In Scotland only one has been recorded; it was taken by Wyville T. C. Thompson, Esq., on a steep bank near the sea, in the neigh- bourhood of Lamlash, in the Isle of Arran. In Ireland two were seen, and one of them captured by Mr. Joseph Poole, of Groyetown, near Wexford, in that locality, on the 9th. of September, 1844. It will be observed, from the foregoing accounts, that the southern and south-eastern coasts are by far the most productive localities for this beautiful insect, very few indeed being elsewhere met with. About the last day of August, or the “ First of September,” the elegant Clouded Yellow usually makes it appearance. It has however CLOUDED YELLOW. 11 been frequently noticed in the beginning of the former month, and even at the end of July. Mr. J. F. Stevens also took one on the 23rd. of that month. One was observed by Mr. S. Stevens on the 29th. of June, 1851, near Higham. It was a fine fresh specimen, and it is the earliest record of its appearance that I have ever heard of, excepting the 16th., 18th., and 24th. of that month, in 1831. J. C. Dale, Esq. has captured it on the 11th. of July, 1811; the 14th., 1818; 18th., 1832; 23rd., 1822; 25th., 1826; 28th., 1818; and 30th., 1808. Alfred Greenwood, Esq. has taken it on the 10th. of July. William Arnold Bromfield, Esq. noticed it in the Isle of Wight, in 1845, from July the 3rd. to October the 29th. Frederick Bond, Esq. has seen it on the 14th. of July, and heard of another taken the same day; the Rev. Edward Horton on the 5th. of August; R. C. R. Jordan, Esq. caught one in fine condition on the 4th. of November, 1843; and J. C. Dale, Esq. one on the same day of the same month, in 1808. The late Captain Blomer took one on the 3rd. of November. The caterpillar feeds on the Medicago lupulina, various species of clover (trifoliwm), etc. The male Clouded Yellow measures from two inches to two inches and a half across the wings. The fore wings are of an exceedingly rich and lovely orange-colour, with a rounded black spot near the centre, and a broad black margin irregularly indented on the inner side, with several narrow orange nerve-like lines running across it. There is also an elegant very narrow pink and light orange border outside the black border, at the extreme edge. ‘The hind wings are of a deeper orange-colour, with a large round central spot of a brighter and very beautiful hue, darkened at the edge. The female has the broad black border on the fore wings interspered with several irregular yellow marks, as if the ground-colour of the wings shewed through. The hind wings are darker, and of a yellower tint than in the male, with a shade of green; and their black margin is singularly interrupted with yellow. Underneath, the fore wings are of a lighter orange-colour, with a black central spot; the margins greenish, with a row of blackish spots at some distance from the lower part of the outside margin. The hind wings are greenish orange, with a round dull silvery spot, surrounded with red, and attended, in some specimens, by a satellite smaller silvery dot. Between it and the outside margin is a row of reddish brown dots; one of them large, in the direction of the middle of the upper side, the others very faint. There is a permanent variety of the female of this species—the ‘Colias Helice’ of some Authors, which is occasionally, though but rarely, met with. It is a very interesting insect. The ground-colour 12 CLOUDED YELLOW. of the wings is pale yellowish white, as are the light spots on the outside margins of both wings. One has been taken with a tinge of orange. ‘he white variety has been taken near Charmouth, by my friend, Henry Arthur Beaumont, Esq., and seen by Thomas Lighton, Esq. between Sidmouth, Devonshire, and Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire, as also at Glanville’s Wootton, in the latter county; near Teignmouth, Devon- shire, by R. C. R. Jordan, Esq.; Brighton, Sussex; also in the Isle of Wight. One at Carisbrooke Castle by the late Captain Blomer. In a variety in my own cabinet, the only one of the kind that I have seen, there is a divided black streak connecting the central black spot on the fore wings with their black side border. Another variety in this country is of very small size, and has been erroneously made a separate species, as ‘ Colias Chrysothome.’ One was seen by the Rey. J. F. Dawson, in which one of the fore wings was white, and all the other three orange-colour. One in my collection, captured by my brother, Frederick Philipse Morris, Esq., near Charmouth, Dorsetshire, is the largest that I have ever seen. Its wings expand to the width of nearly two inches and three quarters. The figures are taken from specimens in my own collection. One of them the unusually large one just referred to. 13 PALE CLOUDED YELLOW. PLATE V. Colas Hyale, OCHSENHEIMER. LEACH. STEPHENS. mS es Curtis. DuNCcAN. Papilio Hyale, Donovan. Papilio Paleno, ESPER. Tuts beautiful butterfly is proverbial for the uncertainty of its shewing itself. One year many will be taken in various parts of the country: the next, scarce one will be seen. ‘The proper time of its first appearance is the last week in August, but sometimes it is later than the preceding species. Clover fields, tre-foil, saint-foin, and lucerne fields, sunny grass banks, and various other situations, are its resort. The southern districts are obviously the “locale” of this species. Tt is plentiful in Africa, in the northern parts of Asia, in Nepaul, Cachemere, and other countries, and also in Europe. It has been captured or seen in Heslington fields near York, in 1842; Winchester in Hampshire; near Dover, Birch Wood, Darenth Wood, Margate, Charing, and Headley Lane, Kent: Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire; Wolverton; the Isle of Wight; Lewes, both on the Downs and the Ringmer Road, near Shoreham, Kemp-Town, and Brighton, Arundel and Worthing, in Sussex; Matlock, Derbyshire; Eton, Buck- inghamshire; Lincoln; near Cambridge, Wisbeach, but very rarely indeed, and ‘lriplow, Cambridgeshire; near Leicester; in Northamp- tonshire; Broomfield, Dedham, Colchester, and Epping, in Essex; Shelly, Stoke-by-Nayland, and Ipswich, Suffolk; Belton, Norfolk ; Exmouth, Devonshire; at Falmouth, in Cornwall, as W. P. Cocks, Esq., has informed me; and several other localities. In Wales near Llandudno. It is said to be double brooded, appearing in May, and in August or September.—August 14th., 21st. The Pale Clouded Yellow measures from two inches to two inches and a quarter in the expanse of its wings. In the male the ground- 14 PALE CLOUDED YELLOW. colour is sulphur yellow, with a black central spot, and an irregular broad band, edged with light pink on the outside margin, in which is an interrupted series of spots of the same hue as the ground-colour of the wings. The hind wings have a light orange-coloured central spot, and the margin at the corner is partially and irregularly bordered with black, edged with light pink. In the female the ground-colour inclines more to very light cream- colour: underneath, the fore wings are pale yellow, the outside corner orange yellow; a row of blackish transverse marks runs parallel to, but at some distance from, the outside margin. ‘The central spot is black, yellow in the centre. The hind wings are orange yellow, with a large silvery spot, accompanied by a small eye-like dot, surrounded with reddish. There is a row of small blackish spots between these and the hind corner, round the edge of the wing. The caterpillar is of a velvet green colour, with two stripes of yellow on the sides, and black dots on the segments. The chrysalis is green, with a yellow line on the sides. Varieties of this insect have occurred: one is described as of a whitish colour; another with the rich sulphur band that divides the broad black margin at the outside corner of the fore wings, uninter- rupted, and the central spot of intense blackness; the hinds wings more than ordinarily rounded at the margins, very faintly marked with black, and the central spot or spots scarcely discernible: the size of the insect smaller than usual, and its whole contour different. Another was seen which, as well as could be observed, was of a very rich sulphur-colour, and the outside corner margins, and central spot of a rather deep red. The figure of the female is taken from a specimen in my own cabinet. 15 BLACK VEINED. PLATE VI. Prerts crategt, ScCHRANK. LATREILLE. BOISDUVAL. ss és STEPHENS. CuRTIS. DUNCAN. Papilio crateg, Linnzus. Lewin. Donovan. ss és ALBIN. WILKES. Pontia crategt, FABRICIUS. Luconea crategt, DONZEL. Aporia crategi, HUBNER. Tur remark made in a previous article as to an imaginary hemis- phere, may be carried still farther by confinmg it to each one’s separate county; thus, the warm sandy soil in the extreme south of Yorkshire—in the Doncaster neighbourhood, will be found to be rich in insect life; the mountains of Craven to have their Alpine productions ; flat Holderness those which are attached to a low situation; and ‘‘ The York and Ainsty”’ entomological hunters will find their game in the coverts that protect it there. On the continent this butterfly is so very common, and occurs in some seasons in such prodigious numbers as to cause serious damage, in the caterpillar state, to gardens. The Black-veined White appears the end of June and beginning of July. This species, a very local one, is plentiful near Feversham, in Kent, where my friend, the Rey. Henry Hilton, has taken it in former years, the Blean Woods, near Canterbury, and Knockwood, near Tenterden ; on the hill side near Cracombe House, Evesham, Worcestershire, where my friend, Hugh Edwin Strickland, Esq., when he resided there, used to see it in abundance; Sywell Wood, near Northampton; and Barnwell and Ashton Wold, and the neighbourhood of Polebrook, Northamptonshire, as the Hon. Thomas Littleton Powys has informed me. Lyndhurst and the New Forest, in Hampshire; and Combe Wood, Surrey ; between Stilton and Alconbury, Huntingdonshire; Enborne Copse, near Newbury, Berkshire, the residence of the famous ‘“ Jack 16 BLACK VEINED. of Newbury ;” Chelsea, Middlesex; Muswell Hill and Herne Bay, Kent; Lewes, in Sussex; and Glanville’s Wootton, near Sherborne, Dorsetshire, are also given as localities for it; but I believe it is no longer found in the last-named situation. It has been taken, I am told, at Bishop’s Wood, Cawood, Yorkshire. The caterpillar feeds on the whitethorn, (Crategus oxyacantha,) the blackthorn, (Crategus nigra,) the cherry pear, the Prunus spinosa, and other fruit trees. This butterfly varies in size from about two inches and a quarter to nearly three inches: all the four wings are of a dull milk-white colour, elegantly, at least in the eye of the entomologist, streaked over with the black veins from whence the insect derives its name; they shew through, the wings being semi-transparent, so that the under side resembles the upper in its markings and general appearance. In the female the veins of the fore wings are generally of a brownish hue; and in one specimen that I have, the outer edge is bordered with a very deeply indented line of blackish brown, the indentations running up the veins to a point, but all united together at the outside. The caterpillar is at first black, but becomes afterwards thickly covered with whitish hairs, and on the sides and underneath is of a dark grey colour, with two longitudinal stripes of red or yellow. The chrysalis is greenish white, with two streaks of yellow on the sides, a number of black dots, and a few black streaks. The figures are taken from specimens in my own collection. 17 LARGE WHITE. PLATE VII. Pontia brassicae, FABRICIUS. OCHSENHEIMER. i oo LrEAcH. CurTIS. STEPHENS. JERMYN. Catophaga brassice, HUBNER. Papilio brassice, Linna&us. Donovan. LEwIn. HAWORTH. Ganoris brassicae, DALMAN. Pieris brassice, SCHRANK. LATREILLE. BOISDUVAL. i uy ZETTERSTEDT. Tue Large White is very common throughout Europe, and also, according to some authors, in the north-east of Africa, and even in Eastern Asia and Japan. It is a very abundant species in this country, and its caterpillar causes much damage in gardens in dry seasons which are favourable to their production. The perfect insect occurs about the middle of May or earlier, if what we may now call the ‘Queen’s Own” days shine upon it in its hidden existence. One was seen near Doncaster, on the 3rd. of February, 1837, and that during a severe frost. A second brood appears in July and August. The eggs of the first brood are laid about the end of May, and the caterpillars are hatched the beginning of June. They turn into the chrysalis state at the end of that month, and the fly emerged in about a week or a fortnight, according as the season is less or more favourable to its development. ‘The eggs of the second brood produce caterpillars which turn into chrysalides in the course of the autumn, and remain in that state until the following May. The caterpillar feeds on the common cabbage, (Brassica oleracea.) The caterpillar is found in July and October. The expanse of the wings varies ordinarily in different individuals, from two inches and a half to two and three quarters—a singularly small specimen in my own collection, figured in the plate, measures D 18 LARGE WHITE. under two inches across. ‘lhe upper surface of all the wings is white, the fore ones having a broad black patch following the angle of the outside corner, and indented on its lower inner edge. ‘There is a pale blackish grey margin at the front of the wings, extending nearly to the patch at the corner; and the whole front edge has a line of black along it. Occasionally, but very rarely, the males have a black spot on the fore wings; the hind wings have a black spot on the middle of their front edge. Underneath, there are two black spots on the fore wings, which however are independent of any generally apparent corresponding markings on the upper side. The hind wings are dull yellow, minutely dotted all over with black specks. ‘There is only a faint trace of the black mark on the middle of the front edge. The female has the outside patch larger than in the male, with its inner edge more or less deeply indented. There are also two large irregular round black spots on the middle of the fore wings, and immediately beneath them a streak of the same running along the lower edge of the wing, and attenuating towards the body. The hind wings have a triangular-shaped spot on their front side in a line with the spots on the fore wings. Underneath, the fore wings shew the black spots plainly through, and the black patch very faintly. The hind wings are of a dull greenish colour, dotted all over with very minute black spots, and shewing the black triangular patch rather obscurely through. The eggs are deposited in clusters. The caterpillar is greenish yellow, the segments being almost covered with black tubercles of different sizes, from each side of which arise white hairs, three of the larger ones forming a triangle. The head, fore legs, and hind segment are also black. ‘There is a line of green down each side, and one along the back. The chrysalis is pale green, spotted with black, and with three yellow lines. Varieties occur both in size and markings. A very remarkable one, figured in the “Zoologist,” page 471, is given in the plate. It was taken in a garden in Leicester, in the year 1843. Some have imagined a separate species under the name of ‘Pontia Chariclea.’ The engravings are from specimens in my own collection; one of them the unusually small one before referred to. 19 SMALL WHITE. PLATE VIII. Pontia rapa, OCHSENHEIMER. STEPHENS. 4 ie Curtis. DUNCAN. Papilio rape, Linn&us. HaAworrtu. + ss LEWIN. WILKES. Pieris rape, LATREILLE. BOIsDUVAL. ZETTERSTEDT. Ganoris rape, DALMAN. Catophaga rape, HUuBNER. Turis common species inhabits the whole of Europe from north to south, and is found in various parts of Asia, and the north of Africa. An extraordinary migration of this butterfly from France to Dover was witnessed on the 5th. of July, 1846; and the ‘Canterbury Journal” recorded at the time that such was the density and extent of the cloud formed by the living mass, that it completely obscured the sun from the people on board the continental steamers on their passage, for many hundreds of yards, while the insects strewed the deep in all directions. The flight reached England about twelve o’clock at noon, and dispersed themselves inland and along shore, darkening the air as they went. During the sea passage of the butterflies, the weather was calm and sunny, with scarce a puff of wind stirring, but an hour or so after they reached ‘terra firma,’ it began to blow ‘“‘great guns” from the S.W., the direction whence the insects came. The gardens suffered from the ravages of their larve, eyen at the distance of ten miles from Dover. In this country the Small White is very abundant, and there are three broods, one appearing towards the end of April, and the other about the beginning of July, followed by a third in September. The date of the appearance of the caterpillar is in July and August. It feeds on the cabbage, (Brassica oleracea.) It remains in chrysalis about a fortnight, more or less. 20 SMALL WHITE. The expanse of the wings varies from one inch and three quarters to nearly two inches and a half; a singularly small one, captured some years since, by my brother, Frederick Philipse Morris, Esq., is figured in the plate. The colour of this insect is milk-white; the fore wings have a dusky or black mark, irregularly defined at the tip, extending along part of the margin; and there is a black spot near the middle of the wing, and a second indistinctly visible. The hind wings have a dull dusky black mark in a line with them, about the middle of the fore edge. Underneath, the mark at the tip shews through, of a pale yellowish colour, and there are two black spots near the centre; in fact the same as those, one of which only is apparently visible, on the upper surface. The hind wings are yellowish, thickly irrorated, principally near the base, with minute dots. The female has two black spots near the centre of the upper side of the fore wings, and in many instances an elongated patch of dusky black on the lower margin. There is a dull black mark toward the centre of the fore margin of the hind wings, in a line with the two on the upper wings. Sometimes the whole upper surface is of a pale buff or yellowish colour. The eggs are placed singly. The caterpillar is pale green, with a narrow line of orange yellow along the back, and an interrupted line of yellow on the lower part of each side. The head, feet, and tail are entirely green. ‘The body is slightly striated across with the segments. This is a most variable insect, especially in the size of the spots on the upper wings; in some, in fact, they are wholly obliterated, and in others they are very large. I have a whole row in my cabinet, no two of which are exactly alike. The figures are taken from some of them—one the singularly small one already spoken of. J.C. Dale, Esq. has two which seem intermediate between this and the following species. 21 GREEN VEINED. PLATE IX. Pontia napt, FABRICIUS. OCHSENHEIMER. CURTIS. “ se STEPHENS. DUNCAN. Papilio napt, Linnzus. Lewin. Donovan. G «s ALBIN. WILKES. Pieris napi, SCHRANK. LATREILLE. - ss BoisDUVAL. ZETTERSTEDT. Ganoris napt, DALMAN. Catophaga napt, HUBNER. CoMPARATIVELY plain as this insect is, yet, looking at it, as at all others, with the eyes that the entomologist does, he will always say “Who can paint like nature?” The Green-veined White is another of our most common native species. It occurs about the middle of May, and also in July, and is found in all situations—gardens, woods, lanes, and fields. The caterpillar feeds on different species of Brassica, Reseda, Raphanus, and other plants. This species varies greatly in size, some being only about an inch and a half in width, and others as much as two. A very small one, captured I believe by myself some years since, and figured in the plate, is only an inch and a quarter across the wings. The wings are white, dusky black at the tips and the base; and there is generally a black spot not far from the outside edge of the fore wings. Some however have no spot whatever, or the very faintest indication of one, which is more visible if held up against the light. There are some small irregularly-shaped triangular marks at the end of the nerves at the outside edge of the wing: the hind wings are white. Underneath, the fore wings have two spots, as in the female on the upper surface, and the nerves obscure black. The hind wings are pale yellowish, with the nerves broadly margined on each side with dusky greenish, widest on the inner part, and tapering off after- wards to the edge. QREEN VEINED. bo bo The female is generally smaller than the male, and the wings are more rounded. They are of a light greenish white colour, veined with dusky black; the tips dusky black, and there are two spots of the same towards the outer margin of the wing; the lower one, at the lower edge, running into a wide streak, which runs up to the base of the wing. ‘The hind wings are also streaked with dusky, but more faintly, and there is one spot on their upper edge, in a line with the two on the upper wings: underneath, the streaked nerves shew through, as also the spots. The hind wings are pale yellowish, the nerves streaked with dull greenish on both sides, widest above, and each running off to a point at the outer edge. The caterpillar is of a dull green colour on the back, the sides brighter, with red dots placed on yellow spots on each segments. The chrysalis is greyish or yellowish green with black spots. This is another very variable insect. One has been described as a separate species, under the name of ‘ Papilio nape’ and ‘ Pontia napee.’ The male has the whole upper surface of the fore wings white, with the tip, a spot, and two or three triangular-shaped markings on the hind margin, black; the hind wings white, with the nerves near the base widened and greenish. Underneath, the fore wings have the nerves rather widened into greenish streaks, with two ash-coloured spots placed transversely, and the tips yellowish; the hind wings pale yellowish with one deeper streak. The female has the fore wings, with the tips, and three spots, one of which is nearly triangular, dusky black; the hind wings clearer yellow. Underneath, the hind wings have the streaks on each side of the nerves more or less wide in different specimens. Another variety, also erroneously made into a species, under the name of ‘Pontia sabellice,’ has the veins strongly margined on each side with brown, and the fore wings of a rounded shape in some specimens, and in others only so on the lower part of the margin, which is therefore widened more than ordinarily. The male of our present species has been known with the wings of the rounded shape which usually is characteristic of the females. The figures are taken from specimens in my own collection, one of them the very unusually small one already referred to. 23 CHEQUERED WHITE. BATH WHITE. SLIGHT GREENISH HALF-MOURNER. VERNOUN’S GREENISH HALF-MOURNER. PLATE X. Pontia Daplidice, FABRICIUS. OCHSENHEIMER. CURTIS. Papilio Daplidice, Linnzus. Lewin. DONOVAN. Pieris Daplidice, SCHRANK. LATREILLE. fe ss BoisDuVAL. ZETTERSTEDT. Mancipium Daplidice, STEPHENS. DUNCAN. Synchloe Daplidice, HUuBNER. ExcrEpeD though this lovely insect is by many of brighter colouring, yet it needs not the additional enhancement of its great rarity to make the collector exclaim, ‘‘ Can imagination boast, amid her gay creation, hues like these?” This is indeed a prize in his harmless lottery; one which it falls to the lot of but very few to gain. It must be a singularly fortunate day in the year that is not a blank one in regard to the capture of the Chequered White. The Chequered White, or Bath White, is very common in many of the southern parts of the continent of Europe, as well as on the opposite coasts of Africa, in Barbary, as also in Asia Minor and Cashmere, and no doubt in many other parts of the Asiatic continent. It is mostly found in dry and sandy situations. In this country, as before pointed out, it is very rare. Ray has recorded that it was formerly taken by Vernon, near Cambridge; and Petiver that it was found near Hampstead. Lewin says that one was taken near Bath—whence one of its names, and that the fact had been chronicled by a young lady in needlework, in which the fly was . depicted. Haworth states that one was taken in June in White Wood, near Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire. Stephens captured one on the 14th. of August, 1818, in the meadow behind the Castle of Dover, where others have since been taken by Mr. Le Plaistrier, of that place ; 24 OHEQUERED WHITE. also more near Deal, one at Kingsdown, one near Walmar, and another at Tenterden, in the same county. My excellent friend, J. C. Dale, Esq., has also recorded the capture of one about the same time near Bristol. One was taken at Keynsham, between Bath and Bristol, and one at Whittlesea, in Cambridgeshire, in 1852, by E. Burton, Esq., of Spekelands, near Liverpool. One near Lewes, Brighton, and four near Horndean, Hampshire. Two broods occur in the year, the earlier one in April and May, and the latter in the end of July and August. The caterpillar feeds upon wild woad, base-rocket, and wild cabbage, as also on various species of Reseda and cruciferous plants. It is described by Boisduval as being of a bluish ash-colour above, and on the sides covered with small black raised dots, and four white stripes along the sides; beneath, whitish, as are the legs, each with a yellow spot above it. The chrysalis is greyish, dotted with black, with several reddish stripes. This fly varies in the expansion of its wings, from not quite an inch and three quarters to nearly two inches. The wings are white, with a shade of cream-colour. ‘The fore wings, which are unusually pointed, the outer margin being slightly concave, are blackish at the base, and there is a rather large black spot about the centre of the wing, where the transverse veins appear of a white colour. The tip is irregularly marked with black, irrorated with white, which is widest towards the front margin; the black patch is also marked with four irregular white spots. ‘The hind wings are white, the markings of the under side shewing faintly through. Underneath, the marks of the fore wings are of a greenish colour, and there is a spot on the imner edge. ‘The hind wings are yellowish green, with three large white spots, forming a triangle, towards the outer corner of the wing, succeeded by an irregular white bar beyond its middle, crossed by yellowish veins, and with five white club-shaped spots on the outer margin. In the female the black patch on the fore wings, which are of a convex and rounded form, is darker than in the male, and there is another small black patch near the inner margin. The hind wings are white, but the markings of the under side shew through rather more distinctly than in the male, especially along the outer edge. Underneath they are greenish, and marked as in the male. WOOD WHITE. PLATE XI. Leucophasta loft, RENNIE. Leucophasia sinapis, STEPHENS. BoispuvAL. DUNCAN. Papilio sinapis, Linnzus. Lewin. as as Donovan. Harris. Pontia sinapis, FABRICIUS. OCHSENHEIMER. LEACH. Leptoria candida, WESTWOOD. Pieris sinapis, SCHRANK. LATREILLE. GODART. Ganoris sinaprs, DALMAN. Leptoria sinapis, HUBNER. Papilio candidus, RETZIUS. WELL is it for the entomologist that his is ‘ untaxed and undisputed game.” He wants no ‘‘ license” to saunter harmlessly in quest of the trophies of his skill, through the winding lanes of his native country, and the green pathways that labyrinth her woods. Sometimes, indeed, some stupid churl is fain to exert, and probably to overstrain, his deputed authority, but for the most part, the land is as free as the air to the peaceful insect hunter. The Wood White is a very pretty object, floating lightly in the glades of the wood, in a slow and undulating manner. It appears, according to some accounts, to be double-brooded, the first appearing at the end of May, and the second in August. I have once taken this interesting insect, in the year 1837, in Sandal Beat, near Doncaster, Yorkshire, and repeatedly in the Ran- Dan Woods, a most excellent locality for many good species, near Broomsgrove, Worcestershire. It occurs also in the following localities: —Barnwell and Ashton Wold, and the neighbourhood of Polebrook, Northamptonshire; near Carlisle, in Cumberland; rarely near Great Bedwyn and Sarum, Wiltshire, as J. W. Lukis, Esq. has informed me; in the woods on the banks of the river Dart, in Devonshire, as James Dalton, Esq., of Worcester College, Oxford, has written me E 26 WOOD WHITE. word; Coggeshall and Raydon Woods, near Hadleigh, Essex, as R. M. Postans, Esq. has informed me; Grange, near Ulverstone, in Lan- cashire; Lewes and Brighton, in Sussex; and very abundantly in all the woods in the neighbourhood of Ardrahan, in the county of Galway, in Ireland, as I have just learned by an obliging communication from A. G. More, Esq., of Trinity College, Cambridge. The caterpillar feeds on the different species of Lathyrus, Lotus, and Orobus; the Vetch, V%cia cracca, and, according to Fabricius, the Stxapis, or wild mustard; but this is now said not to be the case, so that the specific name thence given to it has been altered. This fragile-looking butterfly measures from one inch and a half to nearly two inches across the wings. It is of a. delicate white colour, with a rounded dull black spot at the tip of the fore wings. In some specimens, however, this spot is nearly obliterated, and in others is entirely wanting. Underneath, the fore wings have the front margin greyish coloured, and the base and tip of these wings very pale yellowish green. The hind wings are tinted very faintly with greenish yellow, with the nerves, and two irregular, and in many instances interrupted, transverse bars, of a greyish ash-colour. The female resembles the male. The caterpillar is green, darker near the end, and with a yellow stripe along the sides, above the feet. The chrysalis is at first of a greenish colour, but afterwards becomes whitish grey, with red dots on the sides and upon the wing cases, 12 ORANGE TIP. PLATE XII. Mancipium Cardamines, STEPHENS. DUNCAN. Papilio Cardamines, Linnazus. Lewin. Harris. a = WiLkEs. DONOVAN. Anthocharis Cardamines, BOIspUVAL. GODART. Pieris Cardamines, SCHRANK. LATREILLE. af cs ZETTERSTEDT. Ganoris Cardamines, DALMAN. Luchloe Cardamines, HUBNER. Tue endless variety of nature is perhaps the most wonderful feature in it. Varied indeed are the combinations which the mind of man strikes out, but still there is a something, a ‘je ne s¢ai quoi,’ which, though the gift that enables him to do even what he does, is itself a natural gift, yet leaves it always manifest that his skill in contrivance is but imperfect. The varieties that he sees in natural objects would never have occurred to his own imagination, however fertile it may be. There is but One of whom we can say with truth, “His work is perfect.” The Orange Tip is a strikingly handsome insect, whether seen in its flight, or adorning the cabinet. I have noticed how very sud- denly, from whatever cause, all, or nearly all, disappear when their “little day” is over. It is a very abundant species in all parts of England, among others at Brighton, Anstey, Bisterne, and I have seen it in great plenty in Ireland, in the grounds of Rostellan Castle, the very beautiful seat of the Marquis of Thomond. The butterfly appears at the end of May; and Mr. Stephens says that he has had some come out of chrysalis in the middle of June, and others in the middle of July. I saw one in the neighbourhood of Broomsgrove on the 4th. of April, 1868. On the continent there is a second brood, and Mr. Dell, of Plymouth, has taken one near there in that month,—I mean in July. 28 ORANGE TIP. It is found in all sorts of situations, in the green lane, and the open pathway or riding in the wood; in the sunny meadow and the cultivated garden. The caterpillar feeds on the Cardamine impatiens, Turritis glabra, Brassica campestris, and other plants. The wings expand to the width of from one inch and three quarters to two inches. Their ground-colour is white; the upper wings are black at the base, and have a black mark, varying in shape, near the centre. The whole of the space between this, and indeed from a little inside it to the tip, is a lovely orange colour, bordered on the outside corner with brownish black, irrorated with very minute orange specks, and indented on the inner side. ‘he hind wings are also black at the base. Underneath, the fore wings resemble the upper, except that there is a little dash of very pale yellow near the base, and the dark mark at the tip is exchanged for dull white, barred with dull green. The fore edge has a few small back dots. The hind wings are most elegantly varied with green marks, and yellowish green, the ground colour being white, and some of the veins yellowish. The female is without the orange tip; in other respects she resembles the male, but the green underneath is darker. The caterpillar is green, finely dotted with black, and with a white stripe along the side. The chrysalis, of a pointed shape, is at first green, which in a few days changes to dull light yellowish grey; the stripes being brighter. This insect varies very much in the extent of the wings, and also in the size and shape of the black spot on the fore wings. Stephens describes one with the black mark on the fore wings almost obliterated, and with a black spot on the upper surface of the hind wings. Haworth mentions one as having the orange mark on the upper surface of the fore wings almost invisible; and Boisduyal another, a female, which had an orange spot on the under surface of the fore wings. Mr. Robert Calvert, of Bishop-Auckland, has written me word of one he has, which measures only one inch and a quarter across the wings. I think it is also more than ordinarily subject to malformation. I have one which has not only the wing, but the antenna on one side smaller than on the other. 13 29 MARBLED WHITE. HALF-MOURNER. MARMORESS. PLATE XIII. Hipparchia Galathea, LEACH. STEPHENS. Us fs Curtis. DUNCAN. Papilio Galathea, Linnzus. Lewin. WILKEs. ae ae Donovan. Harris. Arge Galathea, BoispuVAL. HUBNER. Satyrus Galathea, LATREILLE. DUPONCHEL. ‘THE entomologist may, or may not be, an aristocrat; but whether or no, politics he eschews. ‘The peer and the plebeian ‘quo pulsat pede’ the wood side, or the green lane, the mountain top, or the sheltered valley. The butterfly-collector’s pride of race is centred in one which is alien to his own. “There is my friend the weaver’’ says the excellent poet Crabbe, speaking of an entomological one ; and the honest artizan or mechanic will be “hail fellow well met” with the “Proud Duke of Somerset” himself, if both should meet together on common ground, in the kindred pursuit of a rare species. Thus, the term a ‘‘good neighbourhood” may be understood in another sense than that which is commonly meant by it, and I, for one, prefer the retired glade of the forest to “Belgrave Square” or “the Dukeries,” and the air of the mountain to that of the Court:— “Give me but these; I ask no more; With, etc.” We do indeed lament the loss of many of the ‘‘old families,” and I must say, speaking entomologically, that we treat with considerable contempt many of our modern new ones. There is hardly a more strikingly beautiful species of butterfly in our country than the Marbled White: the contrast of its black and white markings is exceedingly pleasing. 30 MARBLED WHITE. It is with us very locally, though widely distributed ; in Scotland, however, it is not known. I have taken this insect in plenty at Pinhay Cliff, Devonshire ; near Lyme Regis and Lulworth Cove, Dorsetshire; also at Marr, near Doncaster, and on Buttercrambe moor, near Stamford-Bridge, Yorkshire, in which county it has also been taken at Werst Hill, near Pontefract. It is found in abundance in Hartley Wood, near St. Osyth, Essex, and occurs also at Manningtree, in the same county; and near Great Bedwyn and Sarum, Wiltshire, in isolated spots near woods, as J. W. Lukis, Esq., informs me; Preston, in Lancashire; Sywell Wood, near Northampton, and in plenty in the wood of Ashton Wold, near Pole- brook, in the same county, where I have taken it, in company with the Rey. William Bree. In Lincolnshire, in a lane between West Rasen and Kingerby Wood. In Hampshire, Winchester and Lyndhurst, and in the Isle of Wight; in Gloucestershire, near Dursley; in Sussex, near Brighton; and in Essex, in Hainault Forest. It is plentiful near Clonmel, in Ireland. The perfect insect appears in June and July. The caterpillar feeds on the cat’s-tail grass. The Marble White varies in the expanse of its wings from two inches to nearly two and a quarter. Its colours are a fine yellowish white and black, with which the whole surface of the wings is chequered over, so that one can hardly say whether the white or the black is the ground-colour. There is a large whitish oval spot near the base of each wing, succeeded by four long whitish patches, the two middle ones being nearest to the outside of the wings, and smaller than the others. Between these and the tip are two smaller white spots, and there is a row of white spots near the margin, divided by a black line, which is again succeeded by the white, forming a margin, inter- rupted by the continuation of the black which had formed the sides of the white spots before their intersection by the black line. The hind wings have a large oval whitish spot near the base, then an irregular black mark, succeeded by a very broad bar of the former colour, then black again, and then a row of white crescents, varying in size, near the outside margin, divided by a black line, as in the fore wings. Underneath, the markings correspond, but the black colour is much more faint and indistinct. The fore wings have a small black eye, with a white centre, near the tip. The hind wings have five eyes just above the white crescents near the margins, the third from the outer corner not having an eye, and the eye near the inner corner being a double one. The black markings are irrorated with buff. MARBLED WHITE. 31 The female is of considerably larger size than the male, and the under surface of the wings is of a yellow hue. Varieties occur, both accidental ones, and others that seem to be permanent; some are quite of a cream yellow on the upper side; others milk white. One taken near Dover, recorded by the Rev. W. T. Bree, in the “Magazine of Natural History,” vol. 5, page 335, and which is figured in the plate, is described as having the upper wings nearly black, except a large white spot near the base, and another divided into three by the veins at the lower edge of the middle part of the fore wings. Underneath, all the wings are clouded with black, and almost entirely without the usual tesselated markings. In some the black is much suffused over the greater portion of the wings. In others the black colour is changed into yellowish brown. Another local variety has the black markings on the under side of the hind wings exchanged for a very light bluff, so that the wings appear nearly white, and without the eyes. The caterpillar is yellowish green, with a darker line down the back and on each side. The figures, excepting the one of the variety, are from specimens in my own collection. ser capt Wee ein oe soe a calisiir a8, “pte lpaefiate gmail 2 Ait Oe pobre, NE : “Sib entlee te a =. ae As —- Says ‘ Tie Cyan Noh 4 Atay hi ce 4 ° S I F & . ah 4 & 1 i : = aa >a \ . rn te = 7 ’ = ee v ad ae WHITE ADMIRAL. 57 others. There are two other small white spots near the corner, forming, as it were, the right boundary of the white bar, the rest of it being filled up with the general colour of the wing; between the bar and the base of the wings is another dull white mark. ‘There are also one or two small faint white oblong spots near the middle of the outer margin of the fore wings, and they are fringed with white. The hind wings have the same white bar continued through their centre, narrowing to the end: they are also fringed with white. ‘lhere is an obscure red spot, within which are two black dots, near the inner lower corner. Inside the fringe is a band of a darker colour than the ground of the wings, and within this two others of interrupted spots of the same, and two others are obscurely visible within the white bar. Underneath, the general ground-colour of the fore wings is fulvous red, and all the white marks from above shew through, and the dull ones are all clear. ‘The centre of the wings about the lower part of the bar has a tinge of ash-colour and faint bronze. ‘The fringe is alternate brown and white, the latter being intersected by the former being waved. ‘This is succeeded by another curved line, leaving three small crescents of white, and a larger one again within the uppermost of the three, these two last being the ones on the upper side that shew through; after this the line fades nearly away in the fulvous ground-cclour of the wings. ‘There are four short dark waved across lines, two on each side of the white spot between the bar and the base. The hind wings have two rows of blackish brown dots between the bar and the margin, then one or two indistinctly defined white marks, then a row of crescent-shaped white marks, very faintly discernible, towards the outer corner, and then the white margin, indented with the fulvous brown of the wings, shewing through between it and the last-named row of white crescents in the shape of a waved line. The caterpillar is green, with the head and legs reddish. ‘The chrysalis is greenish or brownish, with golden spots. It has a large and prominent appendage on the back, and the head is divided into two forward projections. Two varieties of this insect have been taken near Colchester, in each of which the white spots on the wings were nearly effaced, the white band entirely or nearly obliterated. 58 RED ADMIRAL. ALDERMAN BUTTERFLY. PLATE XXVII. Vanessa Atalanta, FABRICIUS. STEPHENS. CURTIS. ss ss Duncan. WESTWOOD. Papilio Atalanta, Linnz#zus. HaworrH. Lewin. He cf Donovan. WiLkes. ALBIN. HARRIS. Ammiralis Atalanta, RENNIE. Pyramets Atalanta, HUBNER. THis magnificent butterfly, one of the richest coloured of our native species, is met with throughout Europe, and also in the northern part of the continent of Africa. It is widely distributed in England, but, according to W. P. Cocks, Esq., is scarce in the neighbourhood of Falmouth. It occurs near Looe. I have seen it most abundantly in Worcestershire. It ranges from Brighton to Bisterne. In Yorkshire also plentifully near Nunburnholme and Nafferton. In Wales at Llandudno. It is frequently to be met with in gardens, being fond of the flowers of the dahlia and the blossoms of the ivy, and is a very bold and fearless species, so as to be for the most part easily approached. A pleasant sight it is to watch it in your quiet retirement in the country, where, ‘the world forgetting, by the world forgot,” you can enjoy in tranquillity the “Thousand and one” beautiful sights in which the Benign Creator displays such infinite wisdom of Almighty skill. The perfect insect appears in June, July, and August, and many individuals live on to the winter, and even survive until the following spring, when they again appear, and, though faded from their former )-