182 FISHES. MALACOP'TERYGIOUS. _Cuurnas 2
: -
Length from 10 to 18 inches. Head obtuse; the upper jaw longest.
D. 18, P. 12, V. 11, A. 11, C.19. The second ray of the pectorals strong’ ‘
and produced. At certain seasons said to smell like thyme. Leaves the sea, «, 3
early in spring, and ascends clear and rapid streams to spawn; riiteaam ‘a
again before winter. According to Mr Low, (Ork. 224.) “* This species is —
found very frequent with us; caught with a fly, to which it rises very freely,
and struggles hard for life. Swims very quick; leaps much, especially when ~
struck with a hook.” .
50. C. Lavareius. Gwiniad.—Scales large; above blue ; .
beneath silvery. Upper lip prominent. ‘
~
Poana, Vandesius et Gevandesius, ibd. Scot. 20.—Guiniad, Will. Ich.
183.—Cor. maxilla superiore longiore plana, pinna dorsi ossiculorum
quatuordecem, Art. Ich. Syn. 19.—Salmo Lav. Linn. Syst. i. 512. © Fn
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 316.— S, Vendice; W7, Guinead Powan; G, Pol- ?
lag.—In lakes.
Length about a foot. Mouth resembling that of a herring. Jaws equal. i
Gill-covers silvery, powdered with black. Belly flat. D. 14. p. 18. (the first
the longest) v. 12. (of a deep blue colour). A.15. Belly flat. “Gregarious.
Spawns in December.—This fish occurs in the lakes of Cumberland and Wales,
22 England; in Loch Neagh in Ireland ; and in the Castle Loch, Lochmaben,
(Stat. Acc. vii. 236), Loch-eik in Strachur, (ib. iv. 557.), Lochlomond, (ib. xvii.
248.), in Scotland. It is the Coregone Clupeoide of Lacepede. a
—>_ ®
Before concluding this enumeration of the British Salmonide, the fish
which Pennant has referred to the Linnean genus Argentina, under the title
Sheppy Argentine, requires to be noticed. It is thus described, “A little
fish, which I believe to be of this species, was brought to me, in 1769, taken
in the sea near Downing. The length was 2} inches ; the eyes large; the iri-
des silvery. The lower jaw sloped much ; teeth small. The body compressed,
and of an equal depth almost to the anal fin. The tail forked. The back
was of a dusky green. The sides and covers of the gills as if plated with sil-
ver. The lateral line was in the middle, and quite straight. On each side
of the belly was a row of circular punctures: above them another, which
ceased near the vent.”—Brit. Zool. iii. 327. The Reverend Mr Low refers
to a fish which he considers as similar to the one described by§Pennant,
which was once brought to him in Orkney. “ It was not above an inch in
length ; seemed very delicate ; the colours good; the back greenish, spotted
with darker clouds; the belly a fine silver; but it lost all its fine colours
when kept dry. All the fins were soft; and the tail-membrane, as well as
those of the other fins, was very thin.”—Ork. 225. The fish referred to by
Pennant is regarded by Cuvier (Regne Animal, ii. 169), as belonging to his
genus ScorELus, which differs from Argentina in the mouth and gill-opening
being larger, and in the tongue and palate being smooth. He considers it,
and with some probability, as identical with 8. Humboldti, the Serpe Hum-
boldt of Risso, Ich. 358. tab. x. f. 38.
Gen. XXIV. CLUPEA. Herrinc.—Maxillaries bent out-
wards. Belly compressed, serrated.
51. C. Harengus. Common Herring.—Anal fin about 17
rayed ; the dorsal fin placed behind the centre of gravity.
Harengus, Merr. Pin. 185. Sibb. Scot. 23.9 Will. Ich. 219.—Clupea max-
illa inferiore longiore, maculis nigris catens, Art. Ich. syn. 14.—C.
Har. Linn. Syst. i. 522. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 335.—Common on the
coast.
Encrauis. FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. 183
Length about a foot. Dusky green above ; silvery beneath. Scales deci-
duous. D. 17. P. 17. v- 9.—Inhabits the deep water. When the spawning
season approaches, herrings are found near the shore, in bays and estuaries.
.Their migrations to and from the Arctic Circle, given in detail by Pennant,
have no existence in nature. The fry or si// enter the mouths of rivers, and
have even been caught with a trout-fly. .
52. C. Pilcardus. Pilchard.—Anal fin about 17 rayed. The
dorsal fin placed in the centre of gravity.
Alosa minor, Merr. Pin. 185, Sibd. Scot. 23.—Harengus minor, Wiil.
Ich. 223. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 343; S, Crue-herring.—Common on
the Cornish coast ; rare in Scotland.
Length about a foot. The body is rounder than in the herring ; the snout
and under jaw shorter; back more elevated ; and the scales larger. D. 13.
P. 16. v. 8, c. 32.—This fish appears in vast shoals off the Cornish coasts,
about July. Like the herring, however, they are capricious in their move-
ments.
The fry of the herring and pilchard are confounded together under the epi-
thet Sprat. The position of the dorsal fin, in reference to gravity, furnishes,
however, an obvious mark of distinction.
53. C. Alosa. Shad.—Snout bifid. 'The mucous ducts on
the gill-covers elegantly branched.
Alosa seu Clupea, Merr. Pin. 190. Witil. Ich. 227.—C. Alosa, Linn. Syst.
i. 523. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 348. Flem. Phil. Zool. tab. iii. f 1.
E, Mother of Herrings; S, Elf Herring-—In the sea and large rivers.
Length about 18 inches. Above greenish-black ; sides and belly silvery.
The under jaw longest. D. 20. (the first four short and simple) P. 16. v. 9.
A. 21. Tail greatly forked, and on each side a large scale, with its mesial
edge free. I have taken fine young herrings, about 3 inches in length, from
the stomach of this fish. ‘The shad leaves the sea in May, and enters the
rivers for the purpose of spawning. It is not unfrequently taken by the sal-
mon-nets. Tlie fry is well known in the Thames by the name of White Bait,
appearing near Blackwall and Greenwich during the month of July.
Gen. XXV. ENCRASICHOLUS. Awncuovy.—Maxiilaries
long and straight. Belly smooth.
54. E. Encrasicolus.—Dorsal and ventral fins opposite.
Will. Ich. app. 27. Ray, Syn. Pisce. 107.—-Clupea En. Linn. Syst. i. 523.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 347. Don. Brit. Fishes, tab. 4.-In the sea and
a few of the English rivers.
Length about 6 inches. Back green, semi-pellucid ; sides and belly silvery.
Upper jaw produced. D. 15, P. 15, v. 7, A. 14, C. 24. Considerable quan-
tities are imported from the Mediterranean, in a pickled state.
The claims of the Lepisosteus osseus (which may readily be recognized by
the osseous scales with which it is protected), to rank as a British fish are
hs y doubtful. . : ;
hd $s ae ee a
: vr
és é y %& 4
, 2 th . > « *. ei ’ P
188 FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS.. Gositss ™®
a % 4%
fengtn 15 inches: Back dusky green; sides and belly silvery. Mouth * -
small, the lower jaw shortest. Nostrilslarges D.9, P.17, V-9,A.11. Spawns , ‘
in May in sandy places in the middle of the stream. Lurks near the roots®™
of trees in running water. Linnzeus, by mistake, states that the tail of this 3
fish is entire. Bloch, when describing his Le Villian, or C. Jeses, adds, ”
“ Pennant se tromp, quand il croit que le cephale de Linné est son chub ;”
car la figure de la nageoire de la queue, et le nombre des rayons dans Ja na-
geoires de l’anus prouvent que ce sont deux poissons. differens,”’ Ich. tab. vi-
Had this author traced the chub of Pennant to the pages of Willoughby, and
compared the minute description of the latter, with the characters given of © _
the C. cephalus by Artedi and Linné, he never would have referred our fish to, ~ #
the Jeses of Linné, which is the Capito ceruleus of Willoughby. According
to Pennant, the Chub is found in the Annan.—Lightfoot’s Flora Scotica, i. 63.
65. L. rutilus. Roach.—Dorsal fin with,10 rays; *bedy
deep compressed. @ ' a=
Rutilus sive Rubellus, Merr. Pin. 190. Will. Ich. 262.—Cyprimus Ru-
tilus, Linn. Syst. i. 529. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 365. Don. Brit. Fishes,
t. Ixvii.— S$, Braise.—In rivers and lakes in England and Scotland. *
Length about 1 foot. Back dusky-green; sides and belly silvery.” Scales §
broad, striated. P. 13, V.9, A. 12, C. 22.—Spawns in spring.—Willoughby
considers the Roach as a lake fish, occasionally entering rivers. The Reve-
rend David Ure (Author of the History, of Rutherglen and Kilbride), when
describing the Roach, in the parish of Killearn, says, “‘ Vast shoals come up
from Loch Lomond, and by nets are caught in thousands : their emigrations
from the loch, however, are only for the space of three or four days about
the end of May.”—Svat. Ac. xvi. p. 109.
66. L.. erythropthalmus. Red Hye.— Dorsal fin with 14
rays. Irides red ; body deep, compressed. :
Erythropthalmus, Will. Ich. 249.—Cyprinus Eryth. Linn. Syst. i. 530.
Bloch, Ich. t. i. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. xl—In England,
Length about 10 inches. Back dusky green ;. sides and belly silvery. P.
15, V. 9, A. 13.—Spawns in April.—This species claims to rank in the Bri~
tish Fauna, on the authority of Donovan, who has neglected to state the lo-
cality from whence his specimen was procured, and who considered it as the
Rud. Willoughby, however, adds, “ ab oxfo distinguitur, 1. Pluribus in pin-
na dorsali radiis ; 2. Macula crocea sub lingua; 3. Volutis intestinorum.”
—
*
** Ventral and anal fins plain.
67.°L. alburnus. Bleak.—Body slender, compressed; un-
der-jaw longest ; fins pellucid.
Alburnus, Merr. Pin. 190. Witil. Ich. 263.—Cyprinus alb. Linn. Syst.
i. 531. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 370. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. xviii—E,
Bleik, Bleis.—In rivers in England.
Length about 6 inches. Back green; sides and belly silvery; scales deci-
duous; the lateral line twice bent. D. 10, P. 16, V. 9, A. 19.—Spawns in
May.—The silvery scales of this species are used by artists in the manu-
facture of artificial pearls. Sibbald inserts this species as a native of Scot-
land : “ Alburnus, an qui nostratibus the Bleis.”’—Scoit. Til. 25. .
68. L. Phoxinus. _Minnow.— Body rounded; back de-
pressed ; scales minute. Jaws equal. |
Phoxinus, Merr. Pin. 190. Sibd. Scot. 25.—Cyprinus Phoxinus, Linn-
Syst. i. 528. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 373. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. x.—
E, Pink, Minim.—In rivers, common.
v *
4. rm NP y i a up ke c
Gomis. FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. 189
Length about 3 inches. Colour various; usually the back is dusky olives
the belly white. D. 8, P. 14, V. 8, A. 8, C. 19, marked at the base with a
dark spot.—This fish, well known to young anglers, is extensively employed
as a bait, in the capture of many fresh-water fishes.
According to Mr Stewart, the Cyprinus Idus of Linné, a species minutely
described by Artedi, Ich. Disc. p. 6., was found in the mouth of the Nith by
the late Dr Walker. .
Gen. XXXIV. GOBITIS. Locur.—Lips with 6 beards.
Scales small, slimy.
69. G. barbatula. Bearded Loche.—Sides of the head un-
armed.
G. barbatus, Merr. Pin. 189. Sibd. Scot. 25.—G. fluviatilis, Will. Ich:
265.—G. Barb. Linn. Syst. i. 499. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 282. Don.
Brit. Fishes, t. xxii—In slow running streams.
Length about 3 inches. Body round, compressed towards the tail. Back
dusky, mottled with brown, belly white. Mouth small, a beard at each cor-
ner of the mouth, and four before the nose. D. 8, P. 12, V.7, A. 6. Spawns
in April.
70. G. Tenia. Groundling.—A forked spine under each
eye.
G. B. aculeata, Will. Ich. 265.—G. Tzenia, Linn. Syst. i. 499. Bloch
Ich. t. xxxi f. 2. Berk. Syn. i. 79.—In the Trent.
Size of the preceding. Body compressed ; above brown, with black spots.
D. 10, P. 11, V- 7, A. 9, C. 17-—This species was introduced into the Bri-
tish Fauna by Berkenhout, who, after giving its residence as in lakes or ponds,
adds, “ also in the Trent.”” ‘Turton, in his British Fauna, i. 103, states, that
it is “ found in the clear streams of Wiltshire with the last.”
——=>
At this place it may be proper to notice a remark of Sibbald’s, leading to
the conclusion that the Si/wrus Glanis may have occurred in his day in some
of the Scottish rivers. At the conclusion of his list of river fishes, he adds,
“ Silurus, sive Glanis.”—Scotia Illustrata, p. 25.
Gen. XXXV. LEPADOGASTER. Sucxrer.—Head de-
pressed ; body smooth.
71. L. cornubiensis. Cornish Sucker. — Snout depressed,
produced, rounded ; dorsal fin with 11 rays. Four cirri in
front of the eyes.
Suck-fish, Bor, Corn. 269. t. xxv. f. 28, 29.—Jura Sucker, Penn. Brit.
Zool. iii. 137.—Cyclopterus corn. Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. 397.—Cye. ocel-
latus, Don. Brit. Fishes, t. lxvi.— Southern coast of England and
Hebrides.
Length about 4 inches. Body reddish, with dusky spots. In maturity,
there are two ocellated marks behind the eyes; each consisting of a large obo-
vate spot of a deep purple, inclosed within a broad pale brownish ring, and
embellished in the centre with a brilliant blue dot. P. 17, A. 10, C. 6. This
species, found on rocks at low water, differs from the L. Gouani and L. Balbis
of Risso. The former of these figured by Gouan, Ich. p. 177. gen. xxxiv. t.
i, f. 6, 7, differs in the spots behind the eyes being crescent-shaped, and the
dorsal fin having a greater number of rays.
1
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ay
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; . x »?
190 FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. Cvctorrerus,,
: 72. L. bimaculatus. Bimaculated Sucker.—Snout conical ;
body attenuated. Dorsal fin with five rays; no cirri in front
of the eyes.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 397. Mont. Linn, Trans. vii. p. 293. Don. Brit.
Fishes, t. lxxviii. On the English coast.
Length an inch anda half. Colour pink, with white spots; pupil blue.
Behind the pectoral fin, in maturity, on each side is a purple spot, surround-
ed by aring of white. P. 11, V. 4, A. 5, C. 12. This species was communicat-
ed to Pennant by the Duchess of Portland, from Weymouth. Montagu ob-
tained it, by dredging, at Forcross in abundance, adhering to stones and old
shells.
Gen. XXXVI. LIPARIS.—Body smooth, produced; dor-
sal and anal fins lone.
73. L. vulgaris. Sea-snail—Dorsal and anal fins united with
the caudal. Sucker circular; the mesial ligament broad.
Liparis nostras, Will. Ich. app. 17. Cyclopterus Liparis, Linn. Syst. i.
414. Uncteous Sucker, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 135. C. L. Don. Brit.
Fishes, xlvii. In salt-water, near the mouths of rivers ; common.
Length 4 to 5 inches. Above dusky, beneath whitish ; sometimes the
sides and back have purple stripes. D. 36, P. 32, A. 26, C. 12. When out of
the water it svon dissolves. :
74. L. Montagui.—Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins disjoined.
Sucker ovate ; the mesial ligament narrow.
Cycop. Mon. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. lxviii. Mont. Wern. Mem. i. 91.—
Coast of Devon.
Length 2 inches. Body rounded to the vent, compressed towards the tail;
purplish-brown, with confluent spots. D. 26, P. and v. 29, A. 24, C. 12. Front
of the head scalloped with six indentations——This species has only been ob-
served by Montagu, at extraordinary low tides, among the rocks at Milton,
on the south coast of Devon.
Gen. XXXVII. CYCLOPTERUS. Lump-risu. — Body
deep, with ridges of osseous tubercles ; dorsal and anal fins
short.
75. C. Lumpus.—Back sharp, elevated ; belly flat.
Lumpus, Sibd. Scot. 24. Will. Ich. 208—Cyc. L. Linn. Syst. i. 414-
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 133.—E, Lump, Sea Owl; S, (male) Cock Padle,
(female) Hen Padle, Hush, Bagaty.— Common on the coast.
Length about 18 inches. Back dusky, belly and iridis red. Skin rough ;
seven ridges of tubercles. D. 11, P. 20, A. 10, C. 12. Flesh coarse and oily ;
seldom used as food.
—<—
A single instance of the Echineis Remora occurring on our coast, is recorded
by Dr Turton, in his British Fauna, p. 94, where he states, that one was
sek by the author in Swansea, from the back of a codfish in the summer
of 1806.”
Gen. XXXVIII. MORHUA. Cop.— Fins large; body
tapering retrally. A single beard on the lower jaw.
2
¥
r
Moruva. FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS 191
76. M. vulgaris. Common Cod.—The first ray of the anal
fin spinous.
Asellus merluccius, Merr. Pin. 184.—A major, Sibd. Scot. 23. Wiil. Ich.
165.—Gadus Morhua, Linn. Syst. i. 436. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 172.
—E£, Keeling.—Abundant on many parts of the coast.
Length about 3 feet. Colour grey above, freckled with yellow; beneath
white. The lateral line straight to opposite the vent, when it bends towards
the tail, white and broad. The tail is nearly even. ‘The jaws equal. Ist
D. 12, 2d 18, 3d 16; P. 14; V. 7; Ist A. 20, 2d 16; C.36. Spawns in spring.
— This fish, universally esteemed as an article of food, is eagerly sought after
on those sea-banks which it frequents. The most extensive fisheries in our
seas are off the western isles and the coast of Zetland.
The Morhua callarias or Torsk, first inserted in the British Fauna by
Berkenhout, syn. i. 67, probably on the authority of a passage in Willough-
by, (non ita dudum piscator hujus generis Assellum 4 pedes longum in sinu
minore ad Ekrefordiam urbem cepit, raro spectaculo.— Ich. p. 172.) does not
appear to have been noticed in our seas or estuaries by any recent observer.
It differs chiefly from the common cod in the lateral line being spotted, and
the upper jaw being longer. The tail is even, or a little rounded.
77. M. Aglefinus. Haddock. — Upper-jaw longest; tail
forked. A spot behind the pectorals, and the lateral line
black.
A. Haddock, Merr. Pin. 184.—Asellus Callarias, Sibb. Scot. 23.—Onos,
Will. Ich. 170. Gadus wg. Linn. Syst. i. 435. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii.
179. Common on many parts of the coast.
Length 18 inches. Back dusky ; belly white; head sloping; eyes large.
Fins like the preceding. Spawns in spring. Gregarious like the cod, but
shifting its haunts at uncertain intervals. Superstition assigns the black la-
teral marks to the impression of St Peter’s thumb and finger, when he took
the tribute out of the mouth of a fish, supposed to be of this species, and
which mark has been continued to the race.
© 78. M. lusca. Bib.—The first ray of the ventral fins pro-
duced and setaceous.
Asellus luscus, Wild. Ich. 169. Gadus luscus, Linn. Syst. i. 437. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iii. 184. Not uncommon.
Length about a foot. Body broad; sides compressed; back olive; belly
white. Scales large. Tail nearly even. One row of long recurved teeth.
Eyes covered with aloose membrane. The Ist d. 12, (the second ray longest)
2d 23, 3d 2; p. 16; v. 7. This species is the Bed or Blinds of Cornwall, the
Miller’s Thumb, or Deillion, in Caernarvon, and the Smeltie of Zetland.
79. M. barbata. Pout——Back arched; the first dorsal fin
triangular, ending in a long fibre.
Assellus sub mento barbatus, Merr. Pin. 184. A. mollis latus, Lister,
Will. Ich. app. 22. Gadus barbatus, Linn. Syst. i. 437. Penn. Brit.
Zool. iii. 183. E, Whiting Pout, Kleg. A rare species.
Length about a foot. Colour whitish; a spot behind the pectorals; the
fins and tail black. Body remarkably deep; back carinated; scales small ;
tail even. Lateral line white, broad and crooked. Mouth small; on each
side of the lower jaw are seven or eight punctures.
80. M. minuta. Poor.—Nine punctures on each side of the
jaws and gill-covers. Peritoneum black.
192 FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. Moxva.
z
Assellus mollis minor, Will. Ich. 171. Jago, Ray Syn. Pisc. 163. Gadus
~ minutus, Linn. Syst. i. 438. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 185. Block, Ich. t.
67. Found on the coast of Cornwall by the Reverend Mr Jago.
Length about 6 inches. Back light brown; belly whitish. Body lengthen-
ed. Tail rounded. Lateral line narrow, straight. Anus in the middle of
the body. Ist D. 12, 2d 19, 3d17; P.13; V.6; Ist A.27,2d 17. Approaches
the shore in spring.
81. M. punctatus‘ Pale brown, with golden spots; be-
neath white, thickly covered with minute dusky specks; upper
jaw longer.”
“ Speckled Cod, (Gadus punctatus, Turton’s Brit. Fauna, i. 90.) Taken
frequently in the Weirs at Swansea.”
“‘ Body 18 inches long, slightly arched on the back, a little prominent on the
belly ; covered, above, with numerous gold-yellow roundish spots; beneath,
with dusky specks, which are stellate under a glass. Head large, gradually
sloping ; teeth small, in several rows in the upper jaw, in the lower a single
row; nostrils double; iris reddish, pupil black ; chin with a single beard;
nape with a deep longitudinal groove. Lateral line nearer the back, curved
as far as the middle second dorsal fin, growing broader and whiter towards
the end. Upper fins and tail brown, with obscure yellowish spots, and dark-
er towards the ends; lower ones tinged with green. Vent near the middle
of the body. Scales small, all of them, under a glass, minutely spreckled
with brown ; gill-covers of two pieces. Lower-jaw with 5 obscure punctures
on each side. Dorsal fins 14-20, 18 rayed; pectoral 18; ventral 6, the first
ray shorter than the second, and divided a little way down; anal 19-16; tail
even, 36, rayed. Differs from Gadus Morhua (M. vulgaris) in not having
the first anal ray spinous, and in the lower jaw being considerably longer ;
from G. Juseus in the first ray of the ventral fin being shorter than the se-
cond; from G. barbatus in wanting the 7 distinct punctures on the lower
jaw, in its small scales, and in the first dorsal fin not ending in a long fibre ;
and from G. Callarias, in not being spotted with brown, and in having the
lateral line white.” ‘
Grex. XXXIX. MOLVA. Linc.—Body lengthened ; head
flat ; lateral line straight. The second dorsal and anal fins
long, the rays of nearly equal length.
82. M. vulgaris. Common Ling.—Upper-jaw longest ; tail
rounded ; with a dusky bar.
Asellus varius Molva, Merr. Pin. 184. Stbb. Scot. 23.—A. longus, Will.
Ich. 175.—Gadus Molva, Linn. Syst. i. 439. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii.
197.—-Common.
Length from 3 to 4 feet. Above, grey, inclining to olive ; beneath white;
the dorsal and anal fins edged with white. 1st D. 15, 2d 65; P.15; V.6;
A. 62. Spawns in spring. When in season as food the liver is white.
83. M. Lota. Burbot.—Jaws equal; tail oval, slightly
pointed.
Mustela, Merr. Pin. 190. Will. Ich. 125.—Gadus Lota, Linn. Syst. i.
440. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 199. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 92.—E, Eel-
pont, Coneyfish, Birdbolt.—In slow running rivers, England.
Length from 1 to 3 feet. Colour brownish, blotched with olive or yellow.
Teeth small. The first dorsal fin is short, with 11 rays; the second extends
almost to the tail, of 61 rays; P. 16; V.7; A.50. Spawns in December. Es-
teemed a delicate fish for the table.
Puyscis. FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. 193
Gren. XL. PHYSCIS. Forx-zearp. Ventrals consisting of
one produced divided ray.
84. P. furcatus. Common Fork-beard.—Anterior dorsal
fin triangular, the first ray slender and produced.
Asellus Callarias, Will. Ich. 205.—Barbus major, Jago, Ray, Syn. Pisc.
163.—Forked Hake, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 193.—Blennius Gadoides,
Risso, Ich. 136.—On the south coast of England.
Length about a foot. Eyes large; irides white; lateral line incurvated.
The ventrals twice as long as the head. Ist D. 10, 2d D. 62, P. 12, A.56. Tail
rounded. Mr Couch states that a few spines are placed before the anal fin,
Linn. Trans. xiv. 75.—This species was first detected by the Rev. G. Jago,
on the coast of Cornwall, where it was known by the name of the Great
Forked Beard.
Gen. XLI. GADUS. Gape.—Rays of the first dorsal fin
short, partly detached. Head of the ordinary size.
85. G. Mustela. Five-bearded Gade.—Four beards on the
upper, and one on the lower jaw. First ray of the dorsal fin
produced.
Mustela vulgaris, Will. Ich. 121.—Gadus Mustela, Linn. Syst. i. 440.—
Five-bearded Cod, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 202. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. xiv.
—E, Sea Loche, Whistle-fish, Rockling.—On the English and Scottish
coasts.
Length 18 inches. Colour olive above ; belly whitish. Two of the beards
are on the end of the snout, and two immediately above these. 2d D. 49, P-
14, V. 6, A. 40, C. 24, rounded.
86. G. tricirratus. Three-bearded Gade.—Two beards on
the upper, and one on the lower jaw. All the rays of the first
dorsal fin short.
M. vulg. var. Will. Ich. 121.—Three-bearded cod, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii.
201. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 11.—Common among rocks near the shore.
Length about 18 inches. Colour reddish-yellow, with large black spots.
These, however, according to Montagu, are not observed till the fish exceeds
6 or 7 inches in length, previous to which the colour is rufous-brown. The
lateral line bends in the middle, and then passes straight to the tail. 2d D.
54, P. 20, A. 46, C. (rounded) 24.—By some naturalists this is considered as
a variety only of the preceding species.
87. G. argenteolus. Silvery Gade.—Two beards on the up-
per, and one on the lower jaw. The first ray of the dorsal fin
produced.
Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 449.—-Thrown ashore on the south coast of Devon
in the summer of 1808.
Length about 2 inches. Back bluish-green ; belly silvery. Head obtuse;
the upper jaw longest. Rays of the first dorsal fin numerous, short. Pec-
torals rounded, of 16 rays. Ventrals 6 rayed, the middle ray produced. Tail
nearly even at the end.—This species, in the condition in which it occurred
to Montagu, in numbers, had not probably attained its full size.
VOL. I. N
194 FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. Raniceps.
Gey. XLII. RANICEPS. — The first dorsal fin obscure.
Head depressed and very broad. Mouth wide, with regu-
lar incurvated teeth. Rays of the ventrals produced.
88. R. trifurcatus. Lateral line tuberculated above the pec-
toral fins.
Trifurcated Hake, Davies, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 196, and edition 1812,
iii. 272.South coast of England.
Length about 12 inches. Colour deep brown, the lips white. Eyes large,
irides yellow. Body compressed, especially towards the tail. The first dor-
sal fin consists of three slender minute rays placed in a furrow. 2d D. 62,
P. 23,V. 6. (the three last short), A. 59, C. 36. Tubercles 9 or 10 on each side,
-from the last of which the lateral line commences, is curved in the middle,
and then straight to the tail; caudal and pectoral fins rounded. Mr Donovon,
in the preface to his work on British Fishes, declares that Pennant was mis-
led when he instituted the trifurcated hake as a distinct species, as the de.
scription was taken from a damaged skin of the forked hake ; and he adduces
the authority of the Rev. Hugh Davies in support of his opinion. In the last
edition of the British Zoology, the trifurcated hake is continued as a distinct
species, and several additional facts illustrative of its history given, likewise
on the authority of the Rev. Hugh Davies! We cannot unravel such mys-
terious contradictions.
89. R. Jago. Lateral line smooth.
Barbus minus, Jago, Ray, Syn. Pisc. 164. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 195.—
Couch, Linn. Trans. xiv. 75.—Coast of Cornwall.
This species was first noticed by the Rev. Mr Jago, whose name we have
adopted as its trivial appellation. It has since been observed by Mr Couch,
who has given the following description of its peculiarities:—‘ Length 10
inches. Head wide and flat. Eyes forward and prominent. Under jaw
shortest. Teeth in the jaws and palate, sharp and incurved, and some in the
throat. Small barb at the under jaw. Body compressed, smooth. First dor-
sal fin triangular, and extremely small; second dorsal fin and the anal fin
long, ending in a point ; tail round; ventral fins have several rays, of which
the two outmost are much elongated, the longest measuring two inches; the
fins all covered with the common skin. A furrow passes above the eyes to
the back. Stomach firm, with longitudinal folds; no appendix to the intes-
tines. Air-bladder large, and of unusual form. In the intestines were the
remains of an echinus.” .
Gen. XLIII. BROSMUS. Tusx.—The small dorsal and
anal tins lengthened ; ventrals fleshy, with five rays.
90. B. vulgaris. Common Tusk.—Fins edged with white ;
tail and pectorals rounded.
Brismack, Lump, Tusk, Sibd. Desc. Orkney and Zetland, p. 8.—Torsk,
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 203. Low, Ork. 200.—Gadus Brosme, Don. Brit.
Fishes, t. 70.—On the sea-banks, especially off the coast of Zetland.
Length about 2 feet. Above dusky ; sides yellowish ; belly white. Late-
ral line a little incurvated. Body compressed behind the vent. A furrow on
the neck. D. 49, P. 21, V. 5, A. 37, C. 35.—This fish is caught along with ling
and cod. When salted it is deservedly esteemed. Pennant originally con-
founded this species with the torsk or dorse, Morhua callarias.
Mertanevus. FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. 1965
Gen. XLIV. MERLANGUS. Three dorsal and two anal fins.
91. M. vulgaris. Whiting—Upper jaw longest; a black
spot at the base of the pectorals; lateral line nearly straight,
white.
Asellus mollis, Merr. Pin. 184. Sibd. Scot. 23. Will. Ich. 170.—Ga-
dus Merlangus, Linn. Syst. i. 438. Penn. Brit. iii. 190.—Common.
Length about a foot. Above pale brown ; belly and sides silvery ; the lat-
ter streaked with yellow. Teeth of the upper jaw long. Ist D. 15, 2d D. 18,
3d D. 20, P. 19, V. 6, Ist A. 34, 2d A. 20. The whiting is caught chiefly in
the spring and summer months, and esteemed the most delicate food of any of
the family to which it belongs.
92. M. Pollachius. Pollack.—Lower jaw longest. Lateral
line incurvated, black.
Asellus mollis nigricans, Merr. Pin. 184.—A. Huitingo Pollachius, Will.
Ich. 167.—Gadus Pol. Linn. Syst. i. 439. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 188.—
£, Whiting Pollach, Leets ; 8, Lythe.—Common on the rocky coasts.
Length about 18 inches. Above dusky-green ; sides with yellowish streaks ;
belly white. Body sloping from the first dorsal fin. Ist D. 12, 2d D, 19, 3d
D. 16, P. 18, V. 6, Ist V. 28, 2d A. 17. Tail nearly even at the end. Eyes
large ; irides of a bronze colour. Peritoneum silvery, with a few black spots.
—This fish is frolicksome, and easily caught with a white fly.
93. M. Carbonarius. Coal-fish—Lower jaw longest. La-
teral line straight, white.
Asellus niger, Merr. Pin. 184. Sibb. Scot. 23. Will. Ich. 168.—Gadus
car. Linn. Syst. i. 438.—E, Scarborough Parr, Billets; Rawlin Pol-
lack.—S, Podley, Sillock, Cuddy, Glassock, Cooth, Piltock, Colmey,
Sethe, Sey, Grey Lord.—Common on rocky coasts and in tideways.
Length from 2 to 3 feet. Above, including the tail, black ; belly, ventral,
and anal fins, white. Head small. Ist D. 14, 2d D. 20, 3d D. 22, P. 18, V.
6, Ist A. 22, 2d A. 19. The tail is broad and forked.—The young of this fish
swarm on many parts of the coast, and contribute, in a very great degree, to
the sustenance of the population of the Northern and Western Islands. The
full grown fish are likewise taken abundantly, especially in tideways, but are
reckoned greatly inferior to the cod and ling.
94. M. virens—Jaws equal; lateral line straight.
Gadus v. Linn. Syst. i. 438. Penn. Brit. Zool. app. vol. i—Not uncom-
mon.
This species, which was inserted in the British Fauna by Pennant, on the
authority of Sir John Cullum, Bart. is less than a foot. The back and fins
green; the belly silvery ; the fins with numerous black dots. Teeth in the
upper Jaw numerous, strong. Ist D. 15, 2d D. 24, 3d D. 19, P. 22, V. 6,
Ist A. 27, 2d A. 22.—It is frequently taken in the Frith of Forth, during
summer.
Gen. XLV. MERLUCIUS. Haxtr.—Two dorsal and one
anal fin.
95. M. vulgaris. Common Hake.—The first dorsal fin tri-
angular ; tail even.
Asellus fuscus, Merr. Pin. 185.— A. primus, Will. Ich. 174.-Gadus Mer.
Linn. Syst. i. 439. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 191.—On the southern coast
of England and Ireland; rare in Scotland.
Nz
196 FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. PLevronectess.
Length about 2 feet. Body lengthened; grey above, white beneath.
Head flat, broad ; the mouth wide; the lower jaw longest ; Ist D. 9, 2d D. 40,
P. 12, V. 7, A. 39. The second dorsal and anal fins are long, and the rays
nearly of equal length. This fish is caught in vast quantities in the summer
months, and used fresh or salted for exportation.
Gen. XLVI. PLEURONECTES. Tursor.—Mouth entire ;
teeth numerous, slender. Lateral line curved. Eyes on
the left side.
96. P. maximus. Common Turbot.—The upper and un-
der surfaces beset with acute tubercles ; scales small.
Rhombus, Merr. Pin. 189.—R. maximus asper, Will. Ich. 94.—R. acu-
leatus, Sibb. Fife, 119.—Pleur. max. Linn. Syst. i. 459. Penn, Brit.
Zool. 233.—S8, Gunner-fleuk, Raun-fleuk, Bannock-fleuk.k—Common.
Length upwards of 2 feet. Weight sometimes exceeding 20 pounds. Out-
line of the body sub-circular. Colour above, yellowish, clouded with brown ;
below white. The tubercles are largest on the upper surface. D. 60, P. 12,
V. 6, A. 43, C. 17. The flesh of this species is held in great estimation, and
extensive fisheries, by hook and line, are conducted on different parts of the
coast. The bait consists of portions of herring, haddock, muscles, or limpets,
as fresh as possible.
97. P. Rhombus. Brill—Body broad, glabrous; lower jaw
longest.
Rhombus levis, Jago, Ray Syn. Pisc. 162.—Bonnet flook, $55. Fife, 126.—
P. Rh. Linn. Syst. i. 458.—Pearl, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 238.—Bril, Don.
Brit. Fishes, t. 951.—£, Bril, Pearl, Kite; S, Bannet-fleuk——Com-
mon.
Less than the turbot. Colour above fuscous, spotted with brown, yellow
and white. The soft smooth skin is the peculiar character of the species. D.
65, P. 11, V.6, A. 48, C. 16.—'This species occasionally enters the estuaries of
the larger rivers. The Rhombus non aculeatus squamosus of Will. Ich. (the
Lugaleaf of Cornwall), is probably the same as the Brill, though the eyes are
stated to be placed on the left side of the mouth.
98. P. Megastoma. Whiff—Body oblong. Mouth large ;
lower jaw longest. Lateral line tuberculated, greatly arched
near its origin. Dorsal and anal fins broadest in the middle.
Rhombus aculeatus, Will. Ich. 93.—Passer Cornubiensis asper, magno
oris hiatu, Jago, Ray Syn. Pisce. 163.— Whiff, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 238.
—P. meg. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 51.—South coast of England.
Length about 18 inches. Colour above brown, clouded with darker shades ;
below reddish-white. Eyes large, elevated ; irides yellow. Tail slightly round-
ed. D.85,P. 13, V. 5, A. 61, C. 19.--This species has been confounded, by se-
veral authors, with the following, from which, however, in many particulars,
it is sufficiently distinguished.
99. P. punctatus. Top-knot.—Body roundish, rough, with
small denticulated scales. Dorsal and anal fins broadest near the
retral extremity. Jaws nearly equal.
SoLEa. FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. 197
Bloch, Ich. t. 189.—Hanmer, Penn. Brit. Zool. edition 1812, iii. 322.
Flem. Wern. Mem. ii. 241; Phil. Zool. t. iii. f 2.—Little known on
the coast.
Length 5 inches and upwards. Colour above black, mottled with brown,
and spotted with red ; beneath white. Denticles of the scales from 4 to 8 in
number. D. 79. (the first longer than those which immediately follow), P. 9,
V. 6, A. 68, C. 17.—This species seems first to have been observed as a British
fish, by E. Hanmer, Esq. on the coast of Devon and Cornwall, in 1806-7.
A single specimen occurred to myself, 18th January 1810, in Zetland, where,
according to the testimony of the fishermen, it is not uncommon.
100. P. Arnglossus. Scald-fish— Body oblong. Scales de-
ciduous. Jaws equal.
Arnglossus vel Solea levis.—A. Lantern, Will. Ich. 102. Hanmer, Penn.
Brit. Zool. edition 1812, iii. p. 325. t. 53.—South coast of England.
According to Mr Hanmer, “ The colour of the upper side is a pale brown
or dirty white. ‘The body has something of the same pellucid appearance as
the lantern, though in a less degree. Head rather small; the jaws of equal
length, blunt; the lateral line bent near the head. The dorsal fin consists of
82 rays, as does the anal, which reaches to the tail ; the pectorals of 10 rays ;
a double row of rays, five in each, form the ventral fins; behind them is one
or more short and sharp spines ; the tail is rounded at the extremity; the
rays of all the fins, including those of the tail, are bristly, and connected by a
thin film or pellicle, which is easily broken. The scales are so deciduous that
the friction of the trawl alone is sufficient to remove them ; when taken out of
the net they are usually dead, and in that bare state which gives some propriety
to the name they are known by of Scald-fish. They seem only to be known
at Plymouth, and occur there very rarely. Their length is rather more than
5 inches ; their breadth not exceeding 2 inches ; and are probably the smallest
of the English species, and of corresponding value.” Had not the shape of
the mouth in Mr Hanmer’s figure, and the position of the eyes on the left
side been in opposition, I would have placed this species in the genus Solea.
Gen. XLVII. SOLEA. Sorz.—Mouth twisted; the jaws
destitute of teeth on the eye side.
101. §. vulgaris. Common Sole-—Upper jaw longest. Scales
rough. Tip of the upper pectoral fin black.
Solea, Merr. Pin. 187.—Buglossus seu 8. Rondeletii. Sibd. Fife 120.—
Pleuronectes Solea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i.457. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 231.—
Common, especially on the more southern coasts.
Length from 1 to 2 feet, and from 1 to 7 pounds weight. Above brown,
beneath white. Irides yellow. Lateral line arched on the head; from thence
to the tail, straight. Margin of the scales fringed with spines about 10 in
number. D. 97, P. 10, V. 8, A. 83, C. 17. Flesh firm, white, and delicious ;
in high repute in the market.—This fish is gregarious, and is usually taken
by the trawl-net.
102. S. variegata.—< Body oblong; pale, clouded or mar-
-bled with fuscous. Scales large.”
Pleuronectes var. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. cxvii—P. Lingula, Hanmer, Penn
Brit. Zool. edition 1812, iii. p. 313.—English coast, rare.
This species nearly resembles the preceding in general character, but dif-
fers in shape, being more rounded and short; in the scales being shorter,
broader, and fringed with more numerous spines, and in the dorsal and anal
198 FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. Puaressa.
fins not reaching so closely to the tail: D. 68, A. 53, C. 16. According to Mr
Hanmer, its flesh is inferior to the sole; and he adds, it is common in the
spring, upon the coast, near Plymouth,
Gen. XLVIII. PLATESSA. Fr ioxe.—A row of obtuse
cutting teeth in each jaw. A spine at the beginning of the
anal fin. ‘Tail rounded.
103. P. vulgaris. Plaise——Body smooth. A row of six
tubercles on the head.
Passer aureus, Merr. Pin. 187. Sibb. Scot. 24.—Passer Bellonii, Will. Ich.
96.—Pleuronectes Platessa, Linn. Syst. i. 456. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii.
-228.—S, Fluke, Dutch Plaise—Common.
Length about a foot. Above olivaceous, with reddish spots; beneath,
white. Scales small, impressed, and adherent. Mouth small; lower jaw long-
est. D. 72, P. 11, V. 6, A. 54.—Spawns in February.
104. P. Flesus. Flounder.— Body smooth. A band of
small sharp spines on the side line, and at the junction of the
dorsal and anal fins with the body.
Passer niger, Merr. Pin, 187.—Lzvis, Sibb. Scot. 24.—P. fluviatilis,
Will. Ich. 98.—Pleuronectes linea laterali aspera, spinulis ad radices
pinnarum in latere oculato. Artedi, Ich. Desc. 59.—Pl. Flesus, Linn.
Syst. i. 457%. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 229.—S8, Mayock-fleuk.—Common.
Length about a foot. Colour olivaceous, occasionally marbled with brown,
sometimes whitish, yellowish, or rosy. Scales very small, adherent. Lateral
line elevated and denticulated on the head ; and bent over the gills. Mouth
small. D. 60, P. 12, V. 6, A. 42, C. 18.—This species is more frequently to be
met with at the mouths of rivers than any of the genus. A sinistral variety
sometimes occurs.
105. P. Limanda. Dab.—Scales, with ciliated margins.
Passer asper, Will. Ich. 97.—Pleuronectes squamis asperis; spina ad
anum, Art. Ich. Desc. 58.—Pleur. Limanda, Linn. Syst.i. 457. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iii. 230.—S, Saltie—Common.
Length seldom reaching to a foot. Colour above brownish, frequently with
darker clouds. Scales large. Mouth wide. D. 73,'P. 11, V. 6, A. 63, C. 15.
—JIn season for the table in spring. Spawns in May.
106. P. microcephalus.—Body oblong. Head small. Mouth
diminutive. Lateral line a little incurvated.
Smear Dab, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 230.—Pleuronectes microcephalus, Don-
Brit. Fishes, t. IxiiiSand-fleuk, Neill, Wern. Mem. i. 537.
Length about a foot. Colour above, dusky-brown ; beneath, white. Lips
protruded. Scales small, smooth. lateral line a little incurvated over the
pectoral fin. D. 90, P. 7, V. 6, A. 73, C. 17. The Smear-Dab of Pennant ap-
pears, from the description, to be similar to the P. microcephalus of Denovan ;
but the figure of the former author, differs, in all its characters, from the one
given by the latter. It may be stated, that, in the last edition of the British
Zoology, the original figure of the Smear-Dab is suppressed ; while a new re-
presentation of a fish under the same title is given, which bears little resem-
blance to the former, while it makes a near approximation, in the shape of
the head, to Donovan’s figure. In shape, the original figure of the Smear-
Dab in the Brit. Zool. t. lxi. resembles the Pleuronectes punctatus.
Hirrociossus. FISHES. MALACOPTERYGIOUS. 199
107. P. Cyclops.—Eyes on the left side ; the left eye subver-
tical.
Pleuronectes Cyclops, Don. Brit. Fishes, t. xc.—At Aberfraw in Angle-
sea, Captain Merrick.
Length 12th inches. Body broad, with dusky spots, surrounded by a
whitish ring, smooth. Middle rays of the dorsal and ventral fins longest.
Head protruded; the left eye placed in the middle of the lateral edge. La-
teral line curved over the pectorals.—This is probably the fry of some of the
preceding species, belonging to a reversed variety.
Gen. XLIX. HIPPOGLOSSUS. Hotiscr. — Teeth nu-
merous, slender, pointed. A spine in front of the anal fin.
Tail lunated.
108. H. vulgaris. Common Holibut.—Body lengthened,
smooth. Lateral line bent over the pectorals.
Passer Britannicus, Merr. Pin. 187.--Rhombus levis, Sibb. Scot. 24.—
Hippoglossus, Will. Ich. 99.—Pleuronectes Hipp. Linn. Syst. i. 456.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 226.—Common.
Upwards of 2 feet in length, and in weight sometimes exceeding 200 pounds.
Colour above dusky-brown, beneath white; free from spots. Body tapering
towards the tail. D. 105, P. 15, V. 6, A. 79, C. 17.—The flesh of this species
is not held in high estimation. It is generally called Turbot in the Edin-
burgh market.
Gen. L. ANGUILLA. Ex..—Gill-opening under the pec-
torals. Anal, dorsal, and caudal fins continuous.
109. A. vulgaris.. Common Kel.—Colour of the dorsal and
anal fins uniform.
A. Merr. Pin. 189. Sibd. Scot. 25. Will. Ich. 109.—Mureena unicolor,
maxilla inferiore longiore, Art. Ich. Syn. 39.—Murzena Anguilla, Linn.
Syst. i. 426. Penn. Brit. Z ool. iii. 142..-Common in rivers and estua-
ries.
Length from 1 to 3 feet. Colour, above, dark olive-brown, whitish on the
belly. In the variety called silver eel, the belly and sides are silvery and sub-
translucent. The head is depressed; the lower jaw longest. Eye imme-
diately above the gape ; irides reddish. Nostrils with two openings on each
side; one a simple pore near the eye, the other a tubular wart on the snout.
Gill-opening immediately in front of the temporal fin. This species spawns
in the sea; for which purpose it leaves the lakes and rivers, descending
from August to November. It migrates in greatest numbers in dark stormy
nights. ‘The young ones begin to appear on the shore in March, April, or
May, and proceed in myriads towards the mouths of rivers for the purpose
of ascending to the lakes and marshes. In their ascent, where eel fisheries are
of value, the young are assisted in surmounting obstacles, such as the barrier
of a mill-dam or a cascade, by straw-ropes, so placed that the young eels can
twist themselves round, and reach the summit. The migrations of the eel
were first pointed out with accuracy by Redi (Opus. part iii. p. 99, ed. 1729).
Some good observations by the Rev. George Mack, are recorded in the Sta-
ae Account of Scotland, vol. xvi. p. 388, in reference to the eels of the
ee.
200 FISHES. MALACOPT. LEpTrocEPHALUS.
Mr Pennant notices a “‘ variety of this fish known in the Thames by the
name of grigs, and about Oxford by that of grigs or gluts. These are scarcely
ever seen near Oxford in the winter, but appear in the spring, and bite readi-
ly at the hook, which common eels in that neighbourhood will not. They
have a larger head, a blunter nose, thicker skin, and less fat than the com-
mon sort; neither are they so much esteemed, nor do they often exceed 3 or
4 pounds in weight.”—Brit. Zool. iii. 145.
110. A. Conger. Conger-Kel.—Margin of the dorsal and
anal fins black.
Conger, Merr. Pin. 185. Sibb. Scot. 23. Will. Ich. 111.—Mureena su-
" premo margine pinnze dorsalis nigro, Art. Ich. Syn. 40.—Murzena Con-
ger, Linn. Syst. i. 426. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 147.—In the sea, com-
mon.
Length about 5 feet ; sometimes reaching to 10, and weighing 130 pounds,
Above dark olive, beneath whitish; the lateral line broad and white. Irides
silvery. Upper jaw longest. The dorsal fin commences nearer the head in
this species than in the common eel. This species resides always in the sea,
is exceedingly voracious, and tenacious of life. It is chiefly found on a rocky
bottom. ‘The small eels which come up the Severn in April, noticed by
Willoughby and Pennant, are probably not the young of the conger, but of
the common eel.
———
The two following species have long occupied a place in the British Fauna,
and though their claims appear doubtful, they deserve some notice.
a. A. Myrus. Flat-tailed Sea Serpent.—This resembles the conger, but is
smaller, the back spotted with white, an occipital white band, and the fins
bordered with black. This species was inserted as British by Berkenhout
(Syn. i. 64.), without reference to any habitat.
b. Ophisurus Ophis. Spotted Sea Serpent.—This species is distinguished
from those of the genus Anguilla by the naked pointed tail, It was first in-
serted by Merret (Pinax, 185.), afterwards by Sibbald (Scot. 23.), and latter-
ly by Berkenhout (Syn. i. 64.), as a British fish; but by none of these au-
thors were any remarks, illustrative of the time or place of capture, commu-
nicated.
Gen. LI. LEPTOCEPHALUS. Morris.—Body com-
pressed like a ribband. Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins
united.
111. L. Moristt—Dorsal and ventral margins with minute
black spots.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 158. Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 436, tab. xxii. 1.—On
the southern shore of England.
Length 6 inches, breadth half an inch, and about the sixteenth part of an
inch in thickness. Body semipellucid. Head small, but nearly in a straight
line with the back. Lateral line straight. Jaws equal; teeth numerous, in-
clining forwards. Eyes large, irides silvery. Branchial aperture small,
transverse. Dorsal fin commences at nearly one-third of the length of the
fish from the head. Vent a little nearer the head than the tail. Pectorals
small.——This singular species was first observed near Holyhead by Mr Wil-
liam Morris, who communicated the specimen to Pennant. ‘Though seem-
"
.
OpHIDIUM. FISHES. MALACOPT. 201
ingly a rare species, it has since been found by Mr Lewis Morris, the Rev.
H. Davis, and Mr Anstice.
Gen. LII. OPHIDIUM.—Anal, dorsal, and caudal fins
united ; tail pointed.
112. O. imberbe—Lower jaw beardless.
Linn. Syst. i. 431. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 398. Mont. Wern. Mem. i. 95.
t. iv. f. 2.—Coast of Devon.
Length 3 inches. Purplish brown ; bluish spots along the base of the anal
fin. Head obtuse, body compressed towards the tail. Mouth ascending ;
lips marginated. Eyes large; irides dark, with a silvery circle round the
pupil. Vent near the middle. D. 77, P. 11, A.44, C.18. Pectorals round-
ed; the dorsal fin commencing immediately above them.—This species, as a
British production, was first communicated to Pennant from Weymouth by
the Duchess Dowager of Portland. Montagu has since found it on the south
coast of Devon.
—<—=>—
The O. barbatum, a species readily distinguished from the preceding by the
lower jaw having two bifid cirri, has been noticed by Berkenhout in his Sy-
nopsis, p- 66. as a British production, without any intimation respecting the
circumstances of its capture. He, however, takes no notice of the O. imber-
be, which had previously appeared in the British Zoology.
Gen. LIT]. AMMODYTES. Launce.—Dorsal, anal, and
caudal fins disjoined. Neither coeca nor air-bag. Tail
forked.
113. A. Tobianus. Common Launce.—Lower jaw longest ;
lips protrusile forwards and downwards.
Sandils, Merr. Pin. 187.—Ammodites, Sibd. Scot. 24. Will. Ich. 113.—
Amm. Tob. i. 430. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 156.—Common on sandy
shores.
Length 3 to 5 inches. Above bluish-green, with a darker band on each
side; sides and belly silvery. Head small, pointed. Irides silvery. Late-
ral line straight. D. 54, P. 15, A. 28, C. 16.—This species is the favourite
food of salmon and many other kinds of fish. M. Lesauvage, in the Bulletin
des Sciences, Sept. 1824, has instituted another species of this genus which
he terms A. danceolatus, and which has probably in this country been con-
founded with the preceding. He assigns to it the following character: “ B.
7, D. 58, P. 13, A. 30, C. 16. Lon. 9 pouces, machoire extensible se redres-
sant verticalement, en entrainant dans sa direction l’extremité mobile de la
machoire non extensible.”
( 202 )
ACANTHOPTERYGIOUS FISHES.
Sect. L. Bedy lengthened, compressed, ribband-shaped, with an extended dorsal fin.
a. Snout short ; maxillaries distinct.
Cepola.
aa. Snout produced ; gape wide ; teeth strong.
Trichiurus.
Lepidopus.
Il. Rays of the dorsal fins slender and flexible. Intestines large. equal, with-
out ceca.
a. With ventrals.
b. Ventral fins united.
Gobius.
bb. Ventral fins disjoined.
c. Gill-opening large, the membrane continued across
the breast; ventrals reduced. One dorsal fin.
BLENNIUSIDZA.
d. Head obtuse, the front nearly vertical. Teeth in
one row, equal, close set, with large remote
ones in the back part of the jaw.
Blennius.
Pholis.
dd. Head not sloping suddenly.
Gunnellus.
ce. Gill-opening small. Ventrals larger than the pecto-
rals. 'T'wo dorsal fins.
Callionymus.
aa. Destitute of ventral fins.
Anarhichas.
Ill. Lips large and fleshy ; one dorsal fin, with strong spinous rays, antertor-
ly terminating in filaments. Body oblong, scales large.
a. Cheeks and gill-covers scaly.
Crenilabrus.
Labrus.
aa. Cheeks and gill-covers smooth.
Julis.
IV. Dorsal and anal fins extensively covered with scales, rendering their junc-
tion with the body obscure.
Brama.
V. Spinous portion of the dorsal fin capable of depression between the scales
on each side at the base Scales distinct.
a. Dorsal fin single.
}. Gill lid without armature.
Sparus.
Pagrus.
Dentex.
6b. Gill lid armed with spines.
Serranus.
Cernua.
ACANTHOPTERYGIOUS FISHES. 203
aa. Two dorsal fins.
6. Head armed.
c. Head armed with spines.
d. Ventrals thoracic.
Perca.
Scizena.
dd. Ventrals jugular.
Trachinus.
Lophius.
ce. Head armed with a coat of mail, by the extension of
the suborbital bone: gill lid spinous.
Trigla.
Cataphractus.
Cottus.
6b. Head without armature.
c. Ventral fins thoracic.
Mullus.
ce. Ventral fins abdominal.
Mugil.
Atherina.
Sect. VI. Scales small, often scarcely perceptible, unless at the extremity of the
lateral line, where they sometimes form a ridge. In other cases
this ridge is formed by a protuberance of the skin, supported by
transverse processes.
a. Two dorsal fins.
b. The first dorsal fin entire.
Scomber.
Trachurus.
Zeus.
bb. Spines of the first dorsal fin without a connecting mem-
brane. Ventrals consisting of a single spine each.
Spinachia.
Gasterosteus.
aa. One dorsal fin, elevated at its origin and termination. No
teeth.
Lampris.
Xiphias.
VII. Mouth tubular.
Centriscus.
204 FISHES. ACANTHOPT. » CEpora.
5
Gen. LIV. CEPOLA. Banv-¥r1sx.—Dorsal, anal, and caudal.»
fins continuous; upper jaw very short.
114. C. rubescens. Red Band-fish—Colour carmine, with
waved silvery bands on the sides.
Serpens rubescens, Will. Ich. 118—C. rub. Linn. Syst. i. 445. Mont.
Linn. Trans. vii. 291, t. xvii. Couch. ib. vol. xiv. 17.—South coast of
5 England.
‘Length 10 to 15 inches. Body smooth, semipellucid, tapering from the
head to the tail. Mouth large, sloping upwards ; jaws with one row of dis-
tant, subulate, curved teeth; tongue short, smooth. Eyes large; irides
silvery, mixed with crimson. Lateral line curved near the head in front of
the pectorals. D. 17, P. 16, rounded, V. 6, oval, the first ray short, spiny,
with a filament adjoining longer than the other rays, and detached from
them; A. 61, C. 12, the middle ray longest. ‘Two specimens of this fish oc-
curred to Montagu on the south coast of Devon, and two from Cornwall
have come into the possession of Mr Couch. According to Risso (Ich. 155.),
it is frequently caught at Nice in May, July, and December.—The C. Tenia
is distinguished from this species by the double row of teeth in the lower
jaw, and the rough tongue, and the absence of the silvery bands.
—<—
The Gymnetrus Hawkenii of Bloch (tab. 423.), and Shaw (General Zool. iv.
p- 198.) here merits some notice. ‘* It appears (says the latter) from a print
published in the year 1798, that a specimen of this fish was thrown on the
coast of Cornwall in the month of February in the same year. Its length
was 8 feet 6 inches, its breadth in the widest part 103 inches, and its thick-
ness only 2} inches. The tail in this specimen was wanting. The colours
the same as in the specimen figured by Bloch.” In the specimens hitherto
obtained, the caudal fin has been wanting, though in the published figures
it has not been withheld. Indeed, the circumstance of the ventrals being fi-
lamentous with expanded extremities, would alone lead to the conclusion
that it was the Regalecus glesne of Ascanius, a species found in the northern
sea.
Gren. LV. TRICHIURUS. Brapve-risu.—Tail pointed ;
no ventral, anal, or caudal fins. Scales indistinct.
115. T. Lepturus.—Colour silvery ; lower jaw advanced.
Lepturus, Artedi, Ich. Desc. 111.—T. Lept. Linn. Syst. i. 429. Bloch,
Ich. t. 158. Hoy, Linn. Trans. xi. 210.
Two specimens of this fish have been found dead and cast ashore in the
Moray Frith, and examined by Mr James Hoy. The first on the 2d Noy.
1810, after a high wind from the north, was found at Port Gordon. “ Its head
was much broken, probably by being dashed upon the rocks about low-water
mark; the bones of the upper part of the head still remained, and the sockets
of the eyes were distinguishable very near to each other: the extremity of
the upper jaw, or upper part of the mouth, was entire; upon either side of
which was an operculum. The length of the head could not be measured
exactly, but was about 8 or 9 inches. ‘The body, from the gills to the point
of the tail, was 3 feet 2 inches long; its greatest breadth 6} inches ; and its
greatest thickness only aninch. ‘The vent was 2 inches from the gills : these
were much broken, and partly gone, so that the number of rays could not be
ascertained. Both sides of the fish were wholly white, without a spot up-
on them; the dorsal fin was the only part of a different colour, being a black-
ish-green: this fin ran all along the back from the gills to the tail, consist~
Leriporvs. FISHES. ACANTHOPT. 205
ing of a great number of rays, soft, and little more than an inch long. Each
of the pectorals had six double rays. There were no ventral nor anal fins,
but the belly was a sharp, smooth, and entire edge. The tail ended ina
point, consisting of three or four soft spines or bristles of different lengths,
not exceeding 2 inches. The body was nearly of the same breadth for one-half
of its length, and then its breadth diminished gradually till within three inches
of the tail, when the diminution became more quick. The lateral line was
straight, and strongly marked along the middle of the two sides.”
Upon the 12th November 1821, another individual was found upon the
beach, nearly at the same place. ‘Its head had been broken off, and was
quite gone, a small bit of the gills only remained about the upper part of the
throat ; from whence, to the extremity of the tail, its length was 12 feet 9
inches ; its breadth, 114 inches, was nearly equal for the first six feet in length
from the gills, diminishing gradually from thence to the tail, which ended in
a blunt point, without any of those kinds of bristles which projected from
the tail of the one found formerly: its greatest thickness was 2} inches.
The distance from the gills to the anus 46 inches. The dorsal fin extended
from the head to the tail, but was much torn and broken: the bones or
muscles to which the pectoral fins had been attached were perceivable very
near the gills. ‘There were no ventral nor anal fins; but the thin edge of
the belly was closely muricated with small hard points, which, although
scarcely visible through the skin, were very plainly felt all along it. Both
sides of the fish were white, with four longitudinal bars of a darker colour ;
the one immediately below the dorsal fin was about 2 inches broad; each of
the other three about {ths of an inch. The side line straight along the
middle.”
From the preceding descriptions, which I have been induced to give in
detail, it appears probable that the two fishes examined by Mr Hoy be-
longed to different species. The differences in the position of the vent, the
structure of the tail, and the condition of the ridge of the belly, seem too
great to justify the inference of their being only varieties. The latter fish
appears identical with the Lepturus of Artedi, and consequently of Linnzeus.
Gen. LVI. LEPIDOPUS. Scarte-root.—Caudal and anal
fins distinct. Two pointed scales in place of ventrals,
116. L. tetradens.—Anal fin developed, placed near the tail,
which is lunate ; pectorals pointed.
Vandellius Lusitanicus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. iv. part ii. 199.—Ziphotheca
tetradens, Mont. Wern. Mem. i. 82, t. 2, 3. and vol. ii. p. 432.—On
the coast of Devon.
Length upwards of 5 feet. Body silvery, without scales, and smooth, ca-
rinated dorsally and ventrally. Lateral line straight. Head depressed, por-
rected ; the lower jaw longest, ending in a callous lip. Jaws with an irregu-
lar row of sharp-pointed teeth ; four larger ones in the upper jaw. Irides
and mouth silvery. D. 105, (the first three rays spinous); P. 12, (the lower
rays longest). 'The ventral scales behind the pectorals. A.17. Vent near
the middle. The first British example of this fish was taken in Salcomb
harbour, Devon, June 1808, and measured, according to Montagu, 53 feet.
‘Another, only 10 inches in length, occurred likewise on the Devon coast
February 1810.—This species differs from the L. Gouanianus (Gouan, Hist.
Pisc. 185, tab. i. f. 1.) in the lunated tail, and the developed anal fin; and
seems likewise to differ in the position of the vent and number of rays in the
dorsal fin, from L. Peronii of Risso (Ich. 148).
206 FISHES. ACANTHOPT. Gosivs.
Gey. LVII. GOBIUS. Gozy.—Ventral fins, thoracic, form-
ing a concave dise by their union, but not capable of act-
ing as a sucker. With an air-bag.
117. G. niger. Black Goby.—Tail rounded.
Gobius marinus, Merr. Pin. 189. Sibb. Scot. 24.—G. niger, Will Ich.
206. Linn. Syst. 1. 449. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii, 213.—Groundling,
Rock-fish.—On the English and Scottish coasts.
Length 5 inches. Body brownish above, white beneath, variegated with
dark streaks and spots. There is usually a black spot on each side behind
the pectorals, and at the base of the tail. Ist D. 1, 2D. 12 to 14, P. 18, V.
8, A. 12, C. 16.
118. G. minutus. Spotted Goby.—Tail even.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 215. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. xxxviii. Neill, Wern.
Mem. i. 534.—Taken in shrimp nets.
Length about 23 inches. Body whitish, with ferruginous streaks ; streaks
of dots of the latter colour across the fins. Ist D. 6, 2 D. 11, P. 20, A. 11,
C. 16. The head is flat, the eyes large and protuberant.
Gen. LVIII. BLENNIUS. Brienny.—Head furnished
with fimbriated appendages.
* Dorsal fin broad, abbreviated in the middle.
1. Head with two appendages.
119. B. ocellaris. Ocellated Blenny.—First ray of the dor-
sal fin longest ; crest fimbriated posteriorly. ‘
B. Salviani, Will. Ich. 131.—B. ocellaris, Linn. Syst. i. 442. Bloch,
Ich. t. 167. Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 443, t. xxii. ff 2.—On the coast of
Devon.
Length about 4 inches. Body brown, with a greenish tinge, spotted; a
round purple spot with a white ring on the dorsal fin. Eyes nearly level
with the crown; irides silvery. D. 25, P. 12, V. 3, A. 18, C. 12. Three
individuals of this species were obtained by Montagu from an oyster-bed at
Torcross, Devonshire, the only examples which have yet occurred on the
British shores.
120. B. Gattorugine.—First ray of the dorsal fin short ;
crest fimbriated on both sides.
Gatt. Will. Ich. 132.—B. Gatt. Linn. Syst.i.442. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii.
207. Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 447.—Southern coast of England.
Length about 7 inches. Body rufous. Eyes above the level of the crown ;
irides orange. Lateral line arched above the pectorals. D. 33, P. 14, V. 2,
A. 20, C. 12._This species was first inserted in our Fauna by Pennant, a speci-
men having been found on the Anglesea coast. Montagu mentions another
taken in a crab-pot on the south-east coast. of Devon.
2. Head with one appendage.
121. B. Montagui.—The first rays of the-dorsal fin on the
neck detached.
PHOLIs. FISHES. ACANTHOPT. 207
B. Galerita vars Mont. Wern. Mem. i. 98. t. v. £ 2.—Devon.
Length about 2 inches, Body, above, olive-green, with blue spots ; belly
white. Eyes approximating. Crest transverse, fleshy, fimbriated, lateral
line curved near the head. D. 30, P. 12, V. 2, A. 18, C. 14. In some indi-
viduals the dorsal fin had black spots, and the anal fin bordered with black.—
This species has been taken in the pools among the rocks left by the tide on
the south coast of Devon, by Montagu, who described it as a var. of the
Crested Blenny, from which, however, it differs in many particulars.
** Dorsal jin with a continuous margin.
122. B. Galerita. Crested Blenny.—The two coronal ap-
pendages oblique, fimbriated at the extremity.
Linn. Syst. i. 441. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 206.—On rocky shores, rare.
Length about 5 inches. Body nearly of equal depth, brown, with minute
spots. Eyes lateral. In front of the eye, above, a fimbriated appendage,
with an intervening conical wart ; behind the large coronal appendages, and
on the neck, there are numerous pointed papille. D. 50, P. 14, V. 2, A. 39,
C. 16. The anal and dorsal fins are continuous with the tail. The first three
rays of the dorsal fin ends in short fleshy filaments.— This description applies
to a specimen which I found in Loch Broom.
Gen. LIX. PHOLIS. Suan.—Head destitute of appen-
dages.
125. P. levis. Smooth Shan.—Margin of the dorsal fin
waved, and with the anal, disjoined from the tail.
Alauda non cristata, Wii. Ich. 133.—Blennius Pholis, Linn. Syst. i.
443. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 208.—Don. Brit. Fishes, t. xxix.—E, Mul-
granoc, Bulcard.—Under stones, common.
Length 5 inches. Colour marbled black, olive and white. D. 32, P. 13,
V. 2, A. 19, C. 12.—This species is commonly found lurking under stones
and sea-weeds.
Gen. LX. GUNNELLUS. Guwnwer.—Dorsal, anal, and
caudal fins, united.
124. G. vulgaris. Common Gunnel.—Body compressed ;
margin of the dorsal fin continuous.
G. Cornubiensium, Will. Ich. 115.—Blennius Gunnellus, Linn. Syst. i.
443. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii, 210. Don. Brit. Fishes, 8. 27.—#, Buller-
fish ; NV, Swaar-fish, Swordick.—Common on the coast, lurking under
stones.
Length 6 to 10 inches. Body yellowish-brown, the belly whitish, with a
row of ten or twelve dark ocellated spots along the back, at the base of the
dorsal fin. Gapeascending. D. 82, P. 12, V. 2, A. 43, C. 16.—Mr Low, in
his Fauna Orcadensis, p. 203., mentions a variety of a reddish-purple colour.
“¢ It likewise wants the spots on the back, the other has; instead of eleven in
the former, this has only a single one, and that placed near the beginning of
the back fin.”
125. G. viviparus. Viviparous Gunnel.— Body subcylindri-
cal anteriorly ; the margin of the dorsal fin suddenly waved
near the tail.
1
208 FISHES. ACANTHOPT. Catuionymus.
Mustela vivipara, Sibb. Scot, 25. Will. Ich. 122.—Blennius viviparus,
Linn, Syst. i. 43. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 211. Don. Brit. Fishes,
t. xxxiv.—S, Eelpout, Guffer, Greenbone.—Common under stones.
Length 12 to 15 inches. Body, above, yellowish-brown, marbled with
darker spots and streaks; beneath, yellow. Upper jaw longest. D. 92,
P. 48, V. 2, A. 68, C. 48. This species has been long known as an ovovivi-
parous fish. When boiled, the back-bone is green.
Grn. LXI. CALLIONYMUS. Draconst—Head depres-
sed ; eyes approximated above.
126. C. Lyra. Gemmeous Dragonet.—The first ray of the
dorsal fin reaching to the tail.
Lyra, Merr. Pin. 186.—Dracunculus marina, Bor. Corn. 270.—Cal. Lyra
Linn. Syst. i. 433. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 164. Don. Brit. Fishes,
t. ix.—H, Yellow Gurnard, Rotchet, Illeck; S, Chanticleer, Gowdie.
—Not uncommon.
Length 12 inches. Body, splendidly adorned with blue, yellow and white ;
rounded, smooth. Gill-covers spinous. Mouth wide. The last rays of the
dorsal and anal fins longest. 1. D. 4, 2. D. 9, P. 20, V. 5, A. 9, C. 10.—Mr
Neill (Wern. Mem. i. 529) having observed this fish invariably a male, was
led to conclude, that the Sordid Dragonet, C. Dracunculus (Will. Ich. 136.)
was the female, an opinion probably correct, since the latter differs only in
the first. ray of the dorsal fin being shorter, the body smaller, and the colours
less brilliant.
Gen. LXIT. ANARHICHAS. Wotr-risu.—Mouth armed
with conical incisors, and flat grinders.
127. A. Lupus.—Body, above, greyish, beneath, yellowish,
with irregular waved transverse bands of a darker colour.
Lupus marinus, Sibd. Scot. 25. Will. Ich. 130.—A. L. Linn. Syst. i.
430. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 151.—S, Cat-fish—Frequent in the Ger-
man Ocean.
Length from 2 to 3 feet. Head depressed; body compressed, smooth.
The dorsal fin extends the whole length of the back, 73-rayed. P. 18, A. 46,
C. 16, rounded.—This species feeds on Univalve, molluscous and crustaceous
animals, and it constitutes excellent food, when boiled.
Gen. LXIIJ. CRENILABRUS. Wrassr.—The distal free
margin of the preopercule denticulated.
128. C. Tinca. Common Wrasse.—Back nearly straight,
descending gradually to the mouth.
Turdus vulgatissimus, Will. Ich. 319.—Goldsinny, Jago, Ray, Pisc. 163,
—Labrus Tinca, Linn. Syst. i. 477.-Ancient Wrasse and Goldsinny,
Penn. Brit. iii. 244, 251.—Goldsinny, Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 1xxii—£’
Old Wife; S, Brassy.—English and Scotch coast.
Length about a foot. Body very variable in its colouring, more or less
red, variegated with blue and yellow. Mouth ascending; front teeth conical,
lengthened, incurvated. D. 17, P. 14, V. 4, A. 3, C.18 The last rays of
Larus. FISHES. ACANTHOPT. 209
the dorsal fin in the rest of the group elongated.—In some varieties there is
a black spot on the tail, and another at the beginning of the dorsal fin, con-
stituting the Goldsinny of Jago.
129. C. gibbus. Gibbous Wrasse.—Back arched, carinated ;
descending suddenly to the mouth.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 250.—Anglesea.
Length 8 inches. Body with blue, orange, black, and green spots and
stripes ; above each eye, a dusky semilunar spot. D. 3,°, P. 13, V. 4, A. x4-
—Pennant is the only naturalist who has noticed this species.
Gen. LXIV. LABRUS. Bexreri.—Margin of the preoper-
cle entire.
130. L. Balanus. Body oblong, red, with spots and stripes
of blue and orange.
Ballan Wrasse, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 246—Labrus Tinca, Don. Brit.
Fishes, t. 1xxxiii—Rocky shores.
Length about 18 inches. D. 29, P. 14, V.1, A. 3. This fish, from the
variable colour which it exhibits, has been described under different names.
When marked on the sides with parallel longitudinal blue and olive stripes,
it is the Striped Wrasse of Pennant (Brit. Zool. iii. 249., and of Donovan,
t. xxi.) Those having two dark spots at the base of the dorsal, and a third
between the dorsal fin and the tail constitute the Trimaculated Wrasse of
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iii. 248., and of Donovan, Brit. Fishes, t. xlix. This
variety is probably also the Bimaculated Wrasse of Pennant, Brit. Zool. iii.
247., found by Mr Brunich, at Penzance, and referred by him to the L. bi-
maculata of Linnzeus.—In Orkney, where this species is called Bergil, it is
esteemed as food.
131. L. Comber.—Beneath, and parallel with the lateral
line, a smooth even silvery stripe from the gills to the tail.
Comber, Jagu, Ray, Pisc. 163? Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 252.—Cornwall.
“ It was of a slender form. The dorsal fin had twenty spiny, eleven soft
rays: The pectoral fourteen: the ventral five: the anal three spiny, seven
soft. The tail rounded. The colour of the back, fins and tail, red: the
belly yellow,” Pennant.
132. L. lineatus——Body green, with numerous yellowish
longitudinal lines,
Don. Brit. Fishes, t. lxxiv.—Cornwall.
Length 7 inches. D. 22, P. 14, V. 8, A. 3, C. 15. A specimen was taken on
the Cornish coast, by Captain Bray, which Donovan has delineated.—It is
provincially known by the name of Green Fish.
183. L. Coguus. Cook.—Back purple, belly yellow.
Jago, Ray, Pisc. 133.—Cornwall.
_ The first notice of this species is by Mr Jago: “ Dorso est purpureo et
indico, ventre flavescente: squamosus est, et ad longitudinem 10 digitorum
plus minus accrescit- Magna copia interdum capiuntur.” In the last edi-
tion of the British Zoology (1812), it is added: ‘“‘ Among the drawings of
fishes caught near Penzance, the editor has received one of a species of
Wrasse called at Cornwall the Cuckoo-fish, and which may probably be the Cook
Wrasse of Ray. The headis large, and slopes rapidly to the nose ; the mouth
large; the lips fleshy ; the teeth few and sharp; the pupil of the eye dark,
VOL. I. ¢)
210 FISHES. ACANTHOPT. . SJULts.
the irides yellow; the dorsal fin straight, the rays extending: rather beyond
the web, and are thirty-one in number, twenty-two of which appear soft, and
are of a yellow colour; the fore part of the fin a bright blue, tipt with yel-
low; the colour of the head blue, mottled with olivaceous; the same tints
extend to about one-third of the upper part of the back, and below the late-
ral line to the tail, which is slightly rounded; the remainder of the back
deep orange, the belly of a lighter shade; the tail azure; the anal and ven-
tral fins yellow, tipt with blue; the upper part of the pectoral fin blue; the
lower yellow. This species is said to grow to the length of one foot,” iii.
341.
Gen. LXV. JULIS.—Cheeks and gill-covers destitute of
scales.
184. J. vulgaris.— Above fuscous-green: beneath white,
with a fulvous dentated stripe on each side; two fore-teeth
longest.
Labrus Julis, Linn. Syst. i. 476. Don Brit. Fishes, t. xciv.—Corn-
wall.
' Length 7 inches. Form elongated. D. ¥;, P. 12, V. 1, A. 23, C.13. A
specimen procured by Miss Pocock, on the coast of Cornwall, in 1802, was
communicated to Mr Donovan.—It is common in the Mediterranean.
Grex. LXVI. BRAMA.—Teeth slender, numerous ; front
abrupt. Breadth of the dorsal and anal fins extended at
their commencement. Tail lunate.
135. B. marina.—Bluish silvery; two teeth in the lower
jaw produced.
B. mar. cauda forcipata, Johnson, Will. Ich. 17.—Toothed Gilt-head,
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 243. Mont. Lin. Trans. vii. 292.-Sparus Raii,
Don. Brit. Fishes, t. xxxvii—Rare on the English coast.—Occasion-
ally in the Frith of Forth.
Length upwards of 2 feet, depth about 1 foot; slender towards the tail
The dorsal and anal fins extended. D. 37, P. 24, V. 7, A. 31, C. 25. This
species has received by different authors various appellations. It is Sparus
Raii of Bloch, S. castaneola of Lacepede, S. Raii and S. eastaneola of Shaw,
S. niger of Turton, and S. dentatus of Stewart.
—_———
As connected with this section, the CazTopon noticed in Cornwall by Mr
Couch, merits a place, though too imperfectly described, to permit its inser-
tion in any of;the modern genera into which that group is now divided.
“¢ Only one specimen of this genus has come within my notice. This was
taken at Looe, swimming alive on the surface of the water, in August 1821 ;
and as I have not been able to refer it to. any described species, I subjoin a
description: It was about 17 inches long, and, exclusive of the dorsal fin,
34 inches deep; the snout was blunt, slopmg suddenly above the eyes ; the
angle of the mouth depressed; the teeth numerous, sharp, incurved, four in
front of the under jaw very long; the body deep, thin; two dorsal fins, the
first having flexible rays; the second long and narrow; tail very deeply
lunated ; the pectorals long; the ventrals double, or having a wing, by which
means it seemed to have four ventral fins; the anal fleshy, and somewhat
3
SPARUS. FISHES. ACANTHOPT. 211
expanded, at the origin, obscure in its progress towards the tail; no lateral
line; a broad band from eye to eye; the colour blue, deeper on the back
than on the belly; covered with large scales, as well the body as the fins, so
that the dorsals and anals seem like an extension of the body. I was unable
to count the rays of the dorsal fins.” Lin. Trans. xiv. 78.
Gen. LXVII. SPARUS. GttrHEeap.—Four or six teeth in
each jaw, in one row; the rest of the jaws paved with
large round teeth, with blunt summits.
136. S. awrata.—Between the eyes a semilunar gold-coloured
spot.
Aurata Rondeletii, Wil. Ich. 307.—S. aur. Linn. Syst. i. 467. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iti. 240. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 1xxxix.—Near bold rocky
shores.—Not common.
Length upwards of 18 inches. Back dusky-green, belly silvery; a black
spot at the origin of the lateral line, and another on the gill-cover. Body
thickest over the pectoral fin. Posterior nostril ovate, oblique, and near the
eye. D. 11, P.15, V.1, A. 3. Six conical teeth in each jaw produced.
Inner arch of the gills with short round processes, rough on the surface.
Stomach with three czeca.—This species seems to be more frequent on the
southern shores than to the north. I have seen it once caught in the estuary
of the Tay, in August.
Gen. LXVIII. PAGRUS. Braize.-—Tceth in front, nume-
rous, in several rows.
137. P. vulgaris. Common Braize.—Body red; divisions
of the tail equal.
P. Rondeletii, Will. Ich. 312.—Sparus Pagrus, Linn. Syst. i. 469. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iii. 242._F, Becker, Sea-Bream ; S, Braize.—Common on
south coast of England and west of Scotland.
Length about 18 inches. A dark spot at the base of the pectorals. D. 32,
P. 16, V. 4, A. 34. Irides silvery ; mouth red within.
138. P. lineatus.—Dusky blue, with pale longitudinal lines ;
upper division of the tail largest.
Sparus lin. Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 451. t. xxii—Coast of Devon.
Length about 15 inches. Body more compressed and arched, and the fins
broader, and the eye smaller~than in the preceding. Irides dusky and sil-
very. This species is taken near the shore by hook or net, along with the
preceding, in considerable abundance.—This is probably the species to which
Mr Couch refers, under the title Sparus Vetula, or Old Wife, (Lin. Trans. xiv.
79. and of which he gives the following description:—‘“ The body is deep,
compressed, and has a considerable resemblance to the S. Pagrus (P. vulgaris) ;
the lips are fleshy, and the jaws furnished with a pavement of teeth, of which
those in front are the longest ; the gill membrane has five rays; the gill-covers
and body are covered with large scales. he ten first rays of the dorsal fin
are spinous ; the anal fin also has four spinous rays, after which it becomes
more expanded ; the tail is concave.—This fish has a membranous septum
across the palate, as in the Wrasse genus. When in high season the colour
behind the head is a fine green, towards the tail it is a reddish orange. The
o8
212 FISHES. ACANTHOPT. SERRANUS.
belly has a lighter tinge of the same colour. When out of season, the whole
has a dusky lead colour. It weighs about three pounds.”
Gen. LXIX. DENTEX. — Fore-teeth produced, hooked,
with smaller ones behind; on the sides a row of conical
teeth.
139. D. vulgaris.—Body silvery, fins yellow or red.
Sparus Dentex, Linn. Syst. i.471. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. xxiii —On the
coast of Sussex.
Length upwards of 2 feet. The back and sides have a tinge of red, the
belly of yellow, with fuscous clouds. D. #7, P. 12, V. 5, A. 3, C. 19.—An
example of this fish was procured by Donovan from the Billingsgate market,
9th April 1805.
Gen. LXX. SERRANUS. (Cuvier.)—Head scaly. Mar-
gin of the preopercle dentated; the opercle spinous.
140. S. Norvegicus.—Preopercle with five teeth. Scales
with denticulated margins.
Perca marina, Sibd. Scot. 24. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 483—P. Norvegica,
Fab. Fauna, Gr. 167. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 258.—Not common.
Length about a foot. Body oblong, compressed, reddish above; belly
white. Mouth large. Teeth small, numerous. Head depressed. Subor-
bitars dentated; spines on the head above the eye; opercle pointed, with
two strong spines. D. 15, P. 18, V. 4, A. 3,C. 18 The soft rays of the
dorsal fin produced. Tail nearly even.—The late Dr Skene observed this
fish on the Aberdeenshire coast. In Zetland, where I have found it, it is
termed Bergyit, or Norway Haddock.
Gren. LXXI.CERNUA. Rurr.—Head pitted, without scales.
Preopercle dentated ; opercle with a spine,
141. C. fluviatilis. Common Ruff.—Back and sides yellow-
ish-green, with black spots.
Merr. Pin. 190. Will. Ich. 334.—Perca cernua, Linn. Syst. i. 487.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 259. Don. Brit. Fishes, t- xxxix.—In rivers in
England.
Length about 6 inches. Scales with denticulated margins. Mouth small,
teeth numerous. D. 34, P. 15, V.1, A.2. Tail formed with transverse
bands. Gregarious, spawning in March, and frequenting deep water.
—[—
The Black Fish of Mr Jago approaches the ruff in form, but the short
description which he has left, and the manufactured figure which Borlase
has published, render it impossible to identify the species at present. Bor.
Corn. p. 271. tab. xxvi. f. 8.
Gen. LXXII. PERCA. Percu.— Snout short, without
scales. Preopercle dentated, opercle spinous. Teeth nu-
merous. Scales denticulated.
Scr2na.’ ° FISHES. ACANTHOPT. 213
142. P. fluviatilis. Common Perch.—Opercle with one spine:
the first dorsal fin longer than the second.
Perca, Merr. Pin. 190. Sibb. Scot. 25.—P. fluv. Will. Ich. 291. Linn.
Syst. i. 481. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 254.—In lakes and pools.
Length about a foot. Back arched, greenish-black, sides with five trans-
verse biack bands; belly reddish-white, ventral, anal, and caudal fins, red.
Irides golden. 1. D. 14, 2. D. 14, P. 12, V. 3, A. 2. Tail lunate. Spawns
in June.—This fish is occasionally found in estuaries, having been carried by
floods from its ordinary haunts.
143. P. Labrax. Basse.—Opercle with two spines: dorsal
fins of equal length.
Lupus Rondeletii, Will. Ich. 271.--Perca Lab. Linn. Syst. i. 482. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iii. 257. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. xliii—On the coast, and in
estuaries, not frequent.
Length 18 inches. Body cblong, bluish-black above, silvery below. Nos-
trils with tavo continuous circular openings. Irides clouded silvery. 1. D. 9,
2. D. 12 P. 18, V. 1, A. 12, C. 18, slightly forked. Stomach with a process
and three pyloric czeca; intestine with one fold.
Gey. LXXIII. SCIAZNA.—Snout produced, scaly. Pre-
opercle dentated, opercle spinous.
144. S. Aquila.—Scales large, oblique, silvery: dorsal, pecto-
ral, and ventral fins, red.
Cuv. Regne An. ii. 298.—Perca Vanloo, Risso, Ich. Nice. p. 298. t. ix.
f. 30.—Zetland.
Length above 3 feet. Nose rounded; jaws equal. Teeth separate, sharp,
hooked. Irides golden. Ist D. 10, 2d 27; P.17; V.1; A. 2; c.20. The
anal fin is small, and the tail is even. M. Cuvier states, that the air-bag is
large, with numerous lateral processes.—A specimen of this fish, caught
off Uyea in Northmavine, Zetland, in November 1819, and which was sent
to Mr Neill in 1820, is the only example of its appearance on our shores.
This specimen was 5 feet 4 inches in length: lateral line nearly straight, and
at its termination at the tail forming a strong central scaly ray in that organ.
Scales on the back large, 3 to 4 inches in circumference ; of an irregular
trapezoidal form, set on obliquely to the axis of the body. It was first ob-
served by the fishermen endeavouring to escape from a seal. When taken
into the boat, it made its usual purring sort of noise. Mr Neill has record-
ed, (Edin. New Phil. Journ. No. I.) some notices respecting the capture, and
the appearances exhibited by the specimen, which came into his possession in
too mutilated a state to permit him to give its characters in detail. It is
common in the Mediterranean. Is this the fish referred to by Mr Couch as
the Stone Basse, which approaches the shores of Cornwall, following pieces of
wood covered with Bernacles ?—Linn. Trans. xiv. 81.
Gen. LXXIV. TRACHINUS. Weaver.—Body length-
ened; head compressed. 1 spine on the opercle; 2 in
front of the eye : dorsal and anal fins long.
145. T. Draco. Common Weaver. — Pectorals and tail
rounded. Head ascending.
214 FISHES. ACANTHOPT. — Lopmius.
‘Araneus, Merr. Pin. 187.—Draco marinus, Sibb. Scot. 24. Will. Ich.
288.—English coast.
Length about a foot. Above yellowish, beneath silvery; the sides with
two or three longitudinal and numerous transverse yellow lines. Throat
sloping ; back straight, belly prominent. Ist D. 5, 2d 25; P. 15; V. 6; A.
25; C.10. The first dorsal fin is black; and the wound made by its spines
is said to be very painful.
146. 'T. major. Greater Weaver. — Tail even; pectorals
emarginate ; head sloping.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 171. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 107.—English coast.
Length 11 inches. Body lengthened; scales disposed obliquely, with lines
of yellow and black in the same direction. Ist D. 5, 2d D32; P.14; V.5;
A. 32; C. 13. This fish is occasionally brought to the London market in
spring.
Gen. LXXV. LOPHIUS.— Body without scales; mouth
wide ; snout with two osseous flexible moveable tentacula.
147. L. piscatorius. Angler.—Head depressed, teeth nu-
merous ; chin bearded.
Rana piscatrix, Merr. Pin. 186. Sibb. Scot. 24. Will. Ich. 85.—Loph.
pise. Linn. Syst. i. 402. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 120. Don. Brit. Fishes,
t. 101.—£, Monk, Toad, Nass, Devil fish, Frog-fish ; S, Wide-gab ;
N, Marool.—_Common in the North Sea.
Length 3 to 5 feet. Body broad in front, slender towards the tail; brown
above, white beneath. Under jaw longest. Nostrils on the inside of the
mouth. Eyes coronal, irides white, radiated with black. Pectorals large, on
footstalks ; the gill covers concealed, aperture small. Ist D. 4, 2d D. 14; P.
27; V.5; A.8;C.8. The sides have fleshy filaments. The skeleton is
cartilaginous. The Mountsbay Angler of Borlase (Corn. 266. t. 27. £ 6.),
and the one from Bristol (Phil. Trans. liii. p. 170. t. 13.), appear to be only
the common Angler, the specimens having been more or less mutilated.
Gen. LXXVI. TRIGLA. Gurnarp.— Three detached
rays at the base of the pectorals.
* Pectorals large, reaching beyond the vent.
148. T. Hirundo. Sapphirine Gurnard. — Pectoral fins rich
green and blue; lateral line rough.
Hirundo, Will. Ich. 280.—T. Hir. Linn. Syst. i. 497. Penn. Brit. Zool.
iii. 280.—Z, Tub.— South coast of England, rare in Scotland.
Length about a foot. Body slender; back greenish, belly white; sides
reddish ; pupil green. A row of spines on each side of the dorsals at the base.
Ist D. 9 (the second ray longest), 2d D. 18; P. 10; V. 1; A. 19; C. 10.
149. T. levis. Smooth Gurnard.—Pectorals clouded with
blue and red ; lateral line elevated, smooth.
Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 455.—E, Yillock.—Coast of Devon.
Length 2 feet. Yellowish-brown above, tinged with red; belly white.
Snout slightly bifid, denticulated. Back slightly serrated at the base of the
TRIGLA. ~ FISHES. ACANTHOP'T. 215
dorsals. Ist D. 9, 24D 16; P.9; V.6; A. 15. The 2d ray of the first dorsal
perceptibly longest. Tail nearly even.—This species is taken by the hook,
and by shore-nets at Torcross; and, by the fishermen, confounded with the
preceding.
** Body with fine transverse thread-like ridges.
150. T. adriatica.—Lateral line with large serrated spines.
Mullus imberbis, Wili. Ich. 278.—Cuculus lineatus, Jago, Ray Pisc. 165.
T. lineata, Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 4.— T. ad. Risso, Ich. 2.—South coast
of England.
Length about a foot. Body red above, beneath white. Transverse ridges
pass from the back across the lateral line, and become ramose on the belly.
Nose bifurcated with small spines. Base of the dorsal fins spinous. Ist D.
10, 2d D.17; P.10; V.6; A. 15; C. 16.—This species, which appears to have
been first described by Brunnich under the above title, and afterwards by
Lacepede as T. Jastoviza, is recorded by Donovan as a native of the British
seas.
151. T. lineata—Lateral line simple; the second ray of the
first dorsal fin large and produced.
Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 460.—Coast of Devon, common.
Length 15 inches. Body, above, red, clouded with brown; beneath white.
Snout slightly bifid and crinated. The transverse ridges confined to the re-
gion of the lateral line. Base of the dorsal fin spinous. Ist D. 9, 2d D. 18; P.
10; V.6; A. 18. Taken by whiting bait, and shore-nets. First noticed by
Montagu, who considers the great length and thickness of the second ray of
the dorsal fin the best mark of discrimination.
*** Pectorals and sides common.
152. T. Gurnardus. Grey Gurnard.—Above grey, cloud-
ed; beneath, silvery; nose bifurcated with three spies on each
side.
Cuculus, Merr. Pin. 186.—Lyra, Sibb. Scot. 24.—Gornatus, Will. Ich.
279.—T. Gurn. Linn. Syst. i. 497. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 276.—S8,
Crooner.—Common.
Length about 18 inches. Eyes large; cheeks finely striated. Lateral
line broad, and, with the base of the dorsal fin, serrated. The three first rays
of the dorsal fin tuberculated. Ist D. 8, 2dD.19; P.10; V.4; A. 19.—Easily
taken with a hook.
153. T. Cuculus. Red Gurnard.—Body red; the first dor-
sal fin with a black spot.
A Rotchet, Merr. Pin. 186.—Cuculus, Will. Ich. 281.—T. cuculus,
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 278.—Coast of Cornwall common.
Length about 1 foot. Nose with three spines on each side. Lateral line
strongly serrated. The two first rays of the dorsal fin rough. Ist D. 7, 2d D.
19; P. 10; V.6; A.18. The pectorals are bluish, the ventrals and anal
white.
154. T. Lyra. Piper.—Red; snout divided into two den-
tated processes.
Tub, Merr. Pin. 186.—Lyra, Will. Ich. 282.—T. Lyra, Linn. Syst. i.
496. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 279: Don. Brit. Fishes, i. 118.—Coast of
England,
216 FISHES. ACANTHOPT. Cortus.
Length 2 feet. Lateral line nearly smooth; base of the dorsals spinous.
Ist D. 10, 2d D. 18; P.12; V.1; A. #;. Lower jaw much shorter than the
upper.
Gen. LX XVII. CATAPHRACTUS. Poccr.—Body an-
gular ; mailed with large spinous scales ; bearded.
155. C. Schoneveldit. Common Pogge.—Snout armed with
four recurved spines.
Sibb. Scot. 25. Will. Ich. 211.—Cottus Cat. Linn. Syst. i. 451. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iii. 217.—S, Lyrie, Sea Poacher, Pluck, Noble-—Common
on the coast.
Length 5 inches. Head large, subtriangular ; chin with numerous cirri.
Body ies, with pointed scales. Ist D. 5, 2d D.7; P. 18; V.3; A.6;C.
10. Tail rounded; the body growing slender to its base.
Gey. LXXVITI. COTTUS. HarpuEeav.—Body smooth,
without appendages at the pectorals or chin. Head arm-
ed with spines.
156. C. Scorpius. Father-Lasher.— Preopercle with two
spines ; one in front of the eye.
Scorpius marinus, Sibb. Scot. 24.—Scorpzna Bellonii, Will. Ich. 138.—
Cottus Scorpius, Linn. Syst. i. 452, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 218.—E,
Sea Scorpion; S, Lucky-Proach.— Common near rocky coasts.
Length 9 inches. Colour yellowish-brown, with dark spots and clouds.
Mouth large, upper jaw longest. Opercle with one strong spine. Lateral
line straight near the back, and rough. Ist D. 9, 2d D.13; P.14; V.3; A.
10; C. 14.—This species is sometimes used as food.
157. C. Gobio. Bullhead.—Preopercle with one spine. First
dorsal fin small, coloured.
Gobio capitatus, Merr. Pin. 190. Will. Ich. 137.—Cottus Gobio, Linn.
Syst. i. 452. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 216.—£, Miller’s Thumb.—Rivers
in England.
Length 4 inches. Body dusky, clouded with yellow, belly whitish. Head
broad and flat; eyes small; irides yellow. Lateral line near the middle of
the body, smooth. Ist D. 6, 2d D.17; P.13; V.4; A. 13; C. 12.—This
species is found in clear brooks, depositing its spawn in a hole in the gravel.
Gen. LX XIX. MULLUS. Sourmuttet.—Chin with two
beards. Gill-membrane of three rays. Head sloping, with
large scales.
158. M. Surmuletus. Striped Surmullet.—Sides with lon-
gitudinal lines of yellow.
M. major, Will. Ich. 285.—H. Sur. Linn. Syst. i. 496. Penn. Brit. Zool.
274. Don, Brit. Bishes, t- 12.—South coast of England.
Length upwards of a foot. Body tinged with red; white on the belly.
Mocit. FISHES. ACANTHOPT. 217
Eyes large ; irides purple. Ist D. 7,24 D.9; P.16; V.7; A.8; C. 20.—
The tail is much forked.
=
In reference to the Red Surmullet, M. barbatus, which for some time has
occupied a place in the British Fauna, it may be stated, that its claim rests
on the following vague remark of Mr Pennant. “ We have heard of this
species being taken on the coast of Scotland, but had no opportunity of exa-
mining it; and, whether it is found on the west of England with the other
species, or variety, we are not at this time informed.”—Brit. Zool. iii. 273.
No notice, however, is taken of this fish in the list of Scottish animals pre-
fixed to Lightfoot’s Flora Scotica, and composed by Mr Pennant.
Gren. LXXX. MUGIL. Mutter.—Suborbitals denticulat-
ed on the margin. Middle of the under jaw with a ridge,
with a corresponding groove in the upper. Gill-flap of 6
rays.
159. M. Cephalus. Common Mullet.— Sides with broad
longitudinal lines on a silvery ground.
Will. Ich. 274. Linn. Syst. i. 520. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 329. Don.
Brit. Fishes, t. 15.—In the sea and estuaries.
Length upwards of 18 inches. Back dusky ; belly silvery. Irides dusky.
Vomer, palatines, and tongue, with small teeth. Ist D. 4 (with large scales
at the base), 2d D. 9; P. 17; V. 4 (with a triangular process on each side, and
one in the middle); A. 3. Tail forked; peritoneum black. When enclosed
in a net they endeavour to effect their escape by leaping over the edges,
which they do with great agility.
Gen. LXXXI. ATHERINA.—Jaws protrusile. Cheeks
with scales.
160. A. Hepsetus. Atherine.—Side with a silvery longitu-
dinal stripe: margin of the dorsal scales with black dots.
Pisciculus anguella, Will. Ich. 209.—A. Hep. Linn. Syst. i. 519. Penn.
Brit. Brit. Zool. iii. 318. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 87.—£. Smelt, Melet.
—In the sea and estuaries.
Length 5 inches. Body, above, yellowish-brown, silvery beneath; pellu-
cid. Head broad, depressed, with a mesial ridge. Ist D. 8, 2d D. 11; P. 13;
V. 6; A. 14-17; C. 15. Spawns in June.
Grex. LXXXII. SCOMBER. Mackerei.—Posterior por-
tions of the second dorsal and anal fins subdivided into
spurious finlets.
161. S. vulgaris. Common Mackerel.—Five spurious fins
above and below. Second dorsal and anal fins triangular.
S. Merr. Pin. 187. Sibb. Scot. 24. Will. Ich. 181.—S. Scomber, Linn.
Syst. i. 492. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 264. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 120.—
British Seas common.
Length 15 inches. Body compressed, angular and slender towards the
tail; bluish green above, with dark transverse bands; beneath silvery. Ist
218 FISHES. ACANTHOPT. T RACHURUS.
D.10,.2d.D. 13; P. 13; V.6; A-11; C. 22. The tail is forked. Easily taken
by a bait on the surface in a breeze.—A gregarious fish ; and, like the herring,
approaches the shores to spawn.
162. S. Thynnus. 'Tunny Mackerel.—Eight spurious. fin-
lets above and below. Second dorsal and anal fins falcate.
Thunnus, Sidb. Scot. 23. Will. Ich. 176.—S. Th. Linn. Syst. i. 493.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 266. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. v—£, Spanish Mac-
kerel; S, Stoer Mackerel—Rare in England, frequent on the west
coast of Scotland.
Length about 3 to 7 feet. Body round, slender and angular towards the
tail; black above, silvery beneath, tinged with purple. 1. D. 14, 2d D. 14;
P. 34; V.6; A. 13. Tail lunate-—This species feeds on herrings and pil-
chards.
—a
According to Mr Stewart, the S. Pelamis “* has been taken, though rarely,
in the Frith of Forth.”—Elements, i. p. 363.
Gen. LXXXIII. TRACHURUS. Scap.— Dorsal and
anal fins entire. A row of large imbricated spinous scales
on. the lateral line. ‘
163. T. vulgaris. Common Scad.—Body variegated, blue
and.green ; the belly white.
Will. Ich. 290.—Scomber Trach. Linn. Syst. 494. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii.
269.—H orse-Mackerel.— Rare.
Length 15 inches. Lower jaw longest; no teeth; eyes large, irides sil-
very. ‘The lateral line with a curve; the broad scales are produced into a
spine in the middle of the free edge, the rest of the margin denticulated ;
smaller scales between. Ist D. 8, 2d D. 34; P. 20; V.6. Tail forked.—Wil-
loughby, Pennant, and Donovan, mention the occurrence of this fish on the
English coast. I found a mutilated example cast ashore in the estuary of
the Tay, June 1823.
—<—
Mr Couch adds, in reference to the T. glaucus, or Abacore, as a native of
the Cornish seas ; “* I believe this fish is not uncommon in the summer ; but
keeping at a distance from the shore, and seldom taking a bait, is but rarely
taken.”—Linn. Trans. xiv. 82.
Gen. LXXXIV. ZEUS. Dorer.—Two anal fins. Jaws
protrusile; gape wide. The spinous portions of the dor-
sal and anal fins divided from the cartilaginous by a de-
pression. Ventrals thoracic.
164. Z. Faber.—Spinous rays of the first dorsal with long fi-
laments.
Faber, Merr. Pin. 187. Will. Ich. 294.-Zeus Faber, Linn. Syst. 1. 454.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 221. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 8—On the English
coast. 4
GastERostEus. FISHES. ACANTHOPT. 219
Length 17 inches. Body oval, compressed, olive, blue, and white, with a
round black spot onthe side. Ist D. 10, 2d D. 24; P. 14; Ist A. 4, 2d A. 22;
C. 14. Tail round. Spinous scales on the back and belly, at the base of the
fins. Lateral line waved.—Willoughby mentions this fish as common in
Cornwall. It is occasionally brought to the London market.
Grn. LXXXV. SPINACHIA.—Lateral line armed with
large pointed imbricated scales. Ventrals, of a single ray,
supported by a spinous shield.
165. S. vulgaris.—Back with fifteen spines.
Aculeatus marinus major, Sibb. Scot. 24. Will. Ich. 340.—Gasterosteus
Spin. Linn. Syst. i. 492. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 263. Don. Brit. Fishes,
t. 45.—In the sea rare.
Length 6 inches. Snout produced; mouth tubular; teeth small 2d D.
7, P. 10, A. 3, C. 12. Tail even at the end.
Gren. LXXXVI. GASTEROSTEUS. Sricxressck.—
Ventrals of a single spine; the bone of the pelvis forming
an intervening shield, pointed behind.
166. G. P. aculeatus.—Three spines on the back ; scales on
the sides large, transverse.
Pungitius, Merr. Pin. 189. Sibb. Scot. 25.—Pisciculus aculeatus, Will.
Ich. 341. Gast. acul. Linn. Syst i. 489. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 261.
Don. Brit. Fishes, t. xi—Common in rivulets, ditches, and lakes.
Length 2 inches. Body square near the tail. 2d D. 11, P. 10, A. 4, C.
12. A voracious fish. Spawns in April. Sometimes found in estuaries,
after floods, where it attains a large size.
167. G. Pungitius.—Ten spines on the back ; sides smooth.
Piscis aculeatus minor, Will. Ich. 342.—G. Pung. Linn. Syst. i. 491.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 262. Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 32.—In the sea and
rivers.
Length about an inch and a half; olive above, white below. Dorsal spines
irregular in their direction. 2d D. 9, P. 9, A. 3. Tail rounded.
——=—
Mr Couch states in referenee to the Centronotus ductor, or Pilot-fish,
that “‘ Two of this species a few years since accompanied a ship from the Me-
diterranean into Falmouth, and were taken in a net.”—Linn. Trans. xiv. 82.
Gren. LXXXVII. LAMPRIS. Opau.—Snout short ; ven-
trals abdominal.
168. L. Luna,—Fins red; body above greenish blue, with
silvery spots.
Piscis maculis aureis aspersus, Sibb. Scot. t. vi. f. 3. Wallace, Ork. 37.
—Opah, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 223. Sower. Brit. Misc. i. p. 45, t. 22.
Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 97,-In the British seas rare.
220 FISHES. ACANTHOPT. XIPHIAS.
Length from 3 to 5 feet. Mouth small, tongue thick and rough, with re-
flected prickles. Lateral line irregular. Pectorals long; the dorsal and anal
fins falcate at their commencement. D. 54, P. 28, V. 10, A. 26, C. 30. Se-
veral examples of this splendid fish have, at different times, been captured
in our seas, or cast ashore during storms.
Gen. LX XXVIII. XIPHIAS. Sworprisnu.—Snout sword-
shaped, No ventral fins.
169. X. giladius. Common Swordfish. —Snout long, de-
pressed. Anal and dorsal fins entire.
Xiphias, Sibd. Scot. 23. Will. Ich. 161.—X. Glad. Linn, Syst. i. 432.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 160.—X. Rondeletii, Leach, Wern. Mem. ii. 58.
Occasionally captured in the British seas.
Length of the body from 6 to 15 feet, and of the snout from 2 to 3 feet.
Colour dusky above, the belly white. Gape wide; the lower jaw short and
pointed. The dorsal fin begins over the gills, suddenly reaches its greatest
elevation, then becomes very low, until near the tail, when it suffers a slight
elevation; the intervening low membrane is frequently lacerated, and has
led several observers to conclude that this fish possessed two dorsal fins. The
anal fin bears a near resemblance to the dorsal in shape. On each side of the
body, at the setting on of the tail, there is an elevated ridge. In a specimen
which I inspected, (Brewster’s Journal, vol. ii. 187.), found in the Tay, the
ridge on the left side was much more produced than on the right, and the
same side of the body was of a darker colour; as if the fish in swimming did
not always preserve a vertical position. The stomach contained numerous
remains of the Loligo sagittata, and its mouth is so constructed as to be able
to swallow entire objects, not to tear off morsels,—circumstances which in-
duce me to call in question the accuracy of those who deem this fish as vora-
cious and destructive to Tunnies in particular. Sibbald first noticed this fish
as an inhabitant of our seas. Willoughby states his having seen them of 10
cubits. The snout of this fish has been supposed hard enough to penetrate
the planks of ships. Mr Scoresby, in the Edin. Phil. Journ. vol. iii. p. 411.,
states an instance of a ship from the coast of Africa, the bow of which had
been penetrated by a bone, which he considers as the snout of the sword-fish.
The proportions and structure of this bone, as stated, intimate, that, if it be
the snout of a Xiphias, it must have belonged to an individual of a species
differing greatly from the common sort.
Gren. LXXXIX. CENTRISCUS. — Body oval; compres-
sed ; belly carinated ; the first ray of the first dorsal fin a
serrated spine.
170. C. Scolopax. 'Trumpet-Fish.—Scales small, rigid, point-
ed. Colour reddish.
Scolopax Rondeletii, Wiil. Ich. 160.—Centriscus Scol. Bloch, t. 123. f 1.
Don. Brit. Fishes, t. 63. Couch, Lin. Trans. xiv. 89, and ib. viii. 358.
—Occasionally on the south-western coasts of England.
Length about 4 inches. The snout occupies about one-third of the length.
of the fish. Eyes large, irides white, with a reddish tinge. Ist D. 4, 2d D.9;
P. 15; V. 7; A. 13; C. 15.—This fish may be considered as one of the rare
kinds, but interesting as the only species we can claim to our Fauna of the
interesting group to which it belongs.
FISHES. 221
In the preceding enumeration of British Fishes, I have taken notice of
a few species which seem entitled only to the rank of stragglers, such as the
Flying Fish, Remora, and a few others. The geographical distribution of
these species is so far ascertained, that individuals occurring in particular
places may, with some confidence, be regarded as having strayed from their
ordinary haunts, and not likely either to remain permanently, or to multi-
ply. But there are a few species, in the genera Wrasse and Gurnard, for
example, which, though they have been seldom observed on our coasts, are
still permitted to occupy a place in the British Fauna. The geographical
distribution of these species is too little known to permit any accurate opi-
nion being formed respecting their ordinary haunts. They may, probably,
be found more frequently in our seas, as the products of our fishing boats are
examined with more attention. In this department there is much which has
been neglected, so that a rich harvest of discovery still awaits the zealous and
practical cultivators of the science of Ichthyology who have access to exten-
sive fishing stations.
The revolutions which have taken place in the different epochs of the earth’s
duration, and which have left memorials of their influence, in the numerous
relics of extinct species which the different strata contain, have extended
their destructive operations to fishes ; an occurrence attested by the remains
of teeth and vertebrze, and entire impressions of fish, exhibited by many stra-
ta. But those parts which have been preserved, exhibit so imperfectly the
characteristic mark of the species, as to render it difficult, if not impossible,
in the present state of ichthyological osteology, to give notices of their his-
tory at all calculated to interest the reader.
The circumstances which regulate the physical distribution of Fishes, appear
as yet to be imperfectly determined. Living in a medium, less influenced
by changes of temperature than the atmosphere, the mere action of heat
exercises but little control. Yet it is probable that the attachment of the
Pilchard to Cornwall and the Tusk to Zetland, may arise from this circum-
stance. Fish appear, however, to have peculiar local attachments, frequent-
ing certain banks, shores, or tideways, in preference to others. Thus, the
Hake and the Braize, while they are distributed along the south-western
shores of England, and the coast of Ireland, are likewise extended, though less
abundantly, to the Hebrides, while their northern limits on the east coast
are much more circumscribed. Suitable food is probably the great regulator
of these distributions.
The migrations of fishes, in compliance with the arrangements of their
reproductive system, exhibit the most singular movements, often complex,
but always useful to man. Those which inhabit the inaccessible depths of
the sea, in ordinary cases, approach the shores, towards the season of spawn-
ing; and, after depositing their eggs in suitable situations, again retire to
their inaccessible haunts. The fry occupy for a time their littoral birth-
place, and then follow the course of the older individuals, though in several
cases the young seem to execute movements different from the full grown
fish. Not a few species, as the salmon, which have their ordinary residence
in the sea, approach, towards the spawning season, the shores, enter estuar-
ies and ascend rivers, where, having selected a suitable place, they deposite
their eggs, and again return to the sea. The fry, after a certain period, like.
wise leave the fresh waters and betake themselves to the sea. Similar move-
ments are executed by the fish which inhabits lakes. As the spawning sea-
son approaches, several species, as the Gwiniad, leave the deep water, and
approach the margin; while others, as the Roach, not only approach the
margin of the lake, but ascend the neighbouring streams.—With a few other
species, as the Eel, for example, these movements are reversed; the spawn-
ing fish leave the fresh-water lakes and rivers, and retire to the sea to give
birth to their progeny.
222 FISHES.
But there are other movements executed by fishes of a more anomalous
character, the necessary conditions of which remain to be investigated) The
Herring, Pilchard and Haddock, for example, after frequenting certain parts of
the coast for many years, at stated intervals, suddenly withdraw themselves to
other stations, to which they had not been accustomed to resort. It is pro-
bable that these shiftings of fish may depend on the movements of those
animals on which they subsist, or on the changes in the quantity of food, oc-
casioned by excessive consumption.
The Fisheries of this kingdom are objects of vast importance, yet, though
they have frequently occupied the attention of Parliament, a great deal re-
mains to be done before they be placed in that state of improvement of which
they are susceptible. In point of importance, our fisheries probably rank in
the following order: 1. Gaduside, or fisheries having for their object the
capture of Cod, Coal-fish, Haddock, Ling, Hake, Tusk. 2. Salmonide, in-
cluding Salmon, Trout, Char, and Smelts. 3. Clupeade, including Herring,
Pilchard, Shad. 4. Pleuronectide, including Turbot, Holibut, Flounder, and
Sole. 5. Scomberoide, or Mackerel. 6. Raiade, including Rays and Skates.
7. Cyprinide, including Carp, Bream, Tench, &c. 8. Anguillade, including
the Kel and Conger.
To those interested in the improvement of these fisheries the following re-
marks may not be deemed out of place. 1. The fisheries sustain much in-
jury in consequence of the capture of fish ready to spawn. No one can wit-
ness the exhibition of the large roes of the Cod, Ling, or Haddock, on the
stalls of our fish-markets, without being convinced of the propriety of some
legislative enactment (capable of application) to prevent this prodigal waste
of our stores, by prehibiting the fishery of each species for a certain time,
at the ordinary spawning season. 2. The fisheries are injured by the des-
truction which takes places in the fry, in consequence of the operations being
carried on at improper seasons, or with improper engines. The injury done
to the salmon-fishery by the destruction of the fry has been frequently stat-
ed to the public, but few seem to be aware of the vast extent of injury to the
fry of many kinds of fish from the use of improper nets, by the trawlers of the
Channel Fisheries. On this subject the reader will find some important re-
marks in Mr Cornish’s ‘* View of the present state of the Salmon and Chan-
nel Fisheries,” Lond. 1824. 3. The fisheries might be extended and render-
ed more valuable by enlarging the system of bownties, or rather, perhaps, by
directing them to new objects. The Turbot and Eel fisheries are neglected
in many places where they might be prosecuted to advantage; and hundreds
of our fresh-water lakes, which at present are useless and waste, might be ren-
dered productive of much wholesome food. It becomes a question of great
national importance, whether these, and other obvious improvements in our
fisheries, might be most effectually promoted, by public statutes, or by Boards
furnished with suitable powers.
The reader who wishes to consult accurate delineations of our native Fish-
es, should have recourse to the valuable plates of Donovan. Should mi-
nute description be the object of his search, the pages of Willoughby will not
fail to gratify him.
( 223 )
INVERTEBRAL ANIMALS.
( 224 )
INVERTEBRAL ANIMALS.
I. GANGLIATA. — Brain surrounding the gullet, and
sending out nervous filaments, which in their course ex
pand into ganglia.
Class I. Motiusca.—Brain surrounding the gullet, and send-
ing out filaments, which separate irregularly.
Class. II. ANNuLosa.—Brain surrounding the gullet, and send-
ing out a knotted filament to the posterior extremity of
the body.
II. RADIATA.—Nervous system obscure, disseminated,
not appearing in the form of a collar round the gullet,
nor of a longitudinal cord.
Although the Radiata appear here as the last of the Invertebral Animals,
it is my intention to proceed to the consideration of the species which belong
to the division immediately after the enumeration of the Mollusca. This
course I am induced to follow, because an intimate relationship appears to
subsist between certain groups of radiated and molluscous animals. Besides, |
by such an arrangement, the whole of the Annulose animals will remain con-
nected, and occupy exclusively the second volume of this work. |
——
( 225)
MOLLUSCA.
Orver I. MOLLUSCA CEPHALA.—Head distinct from
the body, bearing the lips or jaws.
Secor. I. NATANTIA.—Organs of progressive motion fitted
for swimming.
CEPHALOPODA.—Fins in the form of tentacula, surrounding the
mouth. Marine.
NavTitip#.—With a multilocular shell.
SEp1ap&.—Destitute of a multilocular shell.
Secr, II. GASTEROPODA.—Organs of progressive motion
Jitted for creeping.
pulmonary cavity.
TerRIcoLa.—Resident on land.
| Aqauatica.—Resident in the water.
Il. BRANCHIFERA.—Respiring in water.
Nupiprancuia.—Branchiz external, pedunculated, and plu-
mose.
| I. PULMONIFERA.—Respiring in air by means of a single
Pecrin1prancura.—Branchiz in the form of sessile, pecti-
nated ridges, contained in a cavity.
Orver II. MOLLUSCA ACEPHALA.—Destitute of a
distinct head or neck.
Secr. I. CONCHIFERA.—Covering testaceous.
[" BRACHIOPODA.—Mouth with a spiral arm on each side,
fringed with filaments.
PepuncutatTa. Shell supported by a cartilaginous stalk.
Sressiz1a- One valve of the shell cemented, fixed.
| ie BIVALVIA.—Mouth destitute of spiral fringed arms.
oe,
AstpHonrpa.—Cloak open, without syphons.
SrpHonrpa.—Cloak more or less closed, forming syphons.
Sect. II. TUNICATA.—Covering soft.
Dicurronipa.—Inner tunic detached from the external one,
and united only at the two orifices.
Monocuitonipa.—Inner tunic adhering throughout to the
external one.
VOL. I. Pp
( 296 )
NAUTILIDE.
I. Partitions of the chambers with simple margins, forming harmonic
sulures.
a. Shell spiral.
6. Whorls discoid.
ec. Last chambers produced.
Spirula.
Spirolina.
ec. Last chambers uniform.
d. Sides similar, the mouth mesial.
Nautilus.
dd. Sides dissimilar, convex above, flat beneath, the
mouth lateral.
Rotalia.
Lobatula.
Nummulita.
6b. Whorls globular.
Vermiculum.
Arethusa.
Lagenula.
aa. Shell produced.
Orthocera.
Belemniia.
Conularia.
Il. Partitions of the chambers with waved margins forming serrated
sutures.
a. Spiral.
&. Spirally discoid.
Ammonita.
Orbulita.
Scaphita.
bb. Spirally turrited,
Turvilita.
/ aa. Shell straight or bent.
Baculita.
Amplexus.
SPIRULA. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA.
res)
2
=~
CEPHALOPODA.
NAUTILID.
Gen. I. SPIRULA.—Whorls regularly involute, separate ;
mouth orbicular ; partitions concave, perforated by a proxi-
mal continuous pipe.
1. S. australis—Shell with fine smooth whorls; partitions
slightly depressed externally.
Nautilus exiguus, albus, pellucidus, teres, Lister, Conch. t. 550. f. 2.—
Naut. Spirula, Linn. Syst. i. 1163.—Turton, Conch. Dict. 117-—West
coast of Ireland.
Shell about an inch in breadth. The first chambers, at the apex, are a lit-
tle inflated ; but, as they gradually increase in size, in the outer whorls, their
surface becomes more even, and the line of separation less distinct ; partitions
perlacious. The last chambers are nearly cylindrical, and produced in a
straight line. According to Lamark, (Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans
Vertebres, vii. 600.), the shell is imbedded in the posterior extremity of the
sac, a portion only of the last whorl being visible. The head is surrounded
with eight arms and two feet. ‘Two specimens of the shell of this animal
were found on the strand between Kenmare Harbour and Ballyskellegs Bay,
in the county of Kerry, by Mr O’Kelly of Dublin, in the summer of 1817.
It is probable that the remains of many other animals, the ordinary inhabi-
tants of the West Indian seas, will occasionally occur on the Irish coast, as
in the present instance ; but we have to determine their capability of living in
our seas before their right to a place in our Fauna can be established. The
claims of the present species are doubtful.
Gen. II. SPIROLINA.—Whorls contiguous.
2. S. subarcuatula.—Outer margin carinated ; inner margin
rounded ; partitions of the chambers raised on the sides.
Naut. subarcuatus, geniculis exertis, Walker, Test. Min. t. iii. f. 73.
Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 80. t. xix. f. 1.—Sheppy Island, rare; Mr
Walker,
Size about one-eighth of an inch. Chambers widest externally, making
the margin of the mouth oblique; about twelve in number, the last four
forming the produced portion. Syphon near the inner or proximal margin.
When the produced portion is broken off, the remaining convoluted part is
considered by Montagu as having been figured by Walker, at t. iii. f. 66.
3. S. semilitwa—Outer margin rounded; the partitions of
the chambers raised on all sides.
Nautilus sem. Mont. Test. Brit. 196. Sup. $0. t. xix, f 3.—Sandwich and
Sheppy, Mr Boys.—Rare.
P2
228 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Naovrtius.
Colour opake brown. Chambers diminishing in size to the mouth, which
is contracted. Syphon near the distal margin, produced. The partitions are
represented in Montagu’s figure as tuberculated, though this character is
not noticed in the description.
4. S. carinatula.—Outer margin slightly carinated. Cham-
bers increasing regularly in size.
N. oblongus carinatus apertura lineari ovali, Walker, Test. Min. t. iii.
f. 72.— Mont. Test. Brit. 195.
Colour white, transparent. Chambers seven. The first globose. Montagu
states, that the drawing of this shell, sent to him by Mr Boys, differs from
the figure which Walker published,—an occurrence too frequent in the same
quarter.
Grn. IT. NAU'TILUS.—Sides equal; the last whorl em-
bracing and concealing the previously formed ones.
5. N. crispus.—Exteriorly carinated. Spaces between the
partitions crenated. Sides convex.
Linn. Syst. i. 1162. Walker, Test. Min. t. iii. 65. Mont. Test. Brit.
187. t. xviii. f 5.—Among old shells and corals.—Common.
Size about ;,th of an inch. Chambers in the last whorl about 20; the par-
titions flexuous, elevated, canaliculated. Mouth cordate; the aperture or
syphon minute, near the proximal edge. In the young shells, the partitions
are destitute of the gutter, and the margin is more rounded,
6. N. calcar.— Exteriorly carinated. Spaces between the
partitions smooth. Sides convex.
Mont. Test. Brit. 189. t. xv. f. 4.—N. rotatus, Turt. Conch. Dict. 118.—
On shells and corallines on the English coast.
Chambers in the last whorl 6; the partitions marked by elevated flexuous
lines, which do not reach, however, to the carinated margin. Mouth semi-
cordate, clasping.
4. N. levigatulus.—Exteriorly subcarinated. Mouth with
arim. Sides convex.
N. spiralis geniculis levibus, Walker, Test. Min. 19. t. iii. f. 67. Mont.
Test. Brit. 188; Suppt. 75. t. xviii. f. 7-8.—English or Scottish shores.
Chambers about 10, glossy, smooth; the partitions marked by subelevated
flexuous rays. Mouth triangular, with a rim which does not clasp the body
whorl. Aperture near the distal edge. The mouth seems liable to vary in
form, as in a specimen which I found in Zetland, in which it is rounded and
turned to one side.
8. N. depressulus.—Depressed, exteriorly rounded ; the cham-
bers and partitions nearly even.
N. spiralis utrinque subumbilicatus geniculis depressis plurimis, Wadker,
Test. Min. 19. t. iii. f. 68..N. dep. Mont. Test. Brit. 190; Suppt. 78.
t. xviii. f. 9.—English and Scottish shores.
Chambers about nine in number ; the partitions slightly curved, ending at
the centre in a pellucid spot.
9. N. umbilicatulus.—Depressed, exteriorly rounded ; parti-
tions sunk, with a subtuberculated elevation in the middle.
NAUTILUS. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 229
N. spiralis umbilicatus geniculis sulcatis, Walker, Test. Min. 19. t. iii.
f. 69.—N. umb. Mont. Test. Brit. 191; Suppt. 78. t. xviii. f. 1—Eng-
lish and Scottish shores.
Chambers ten, rounded on the sides, but nearly even on the margin, with
a frosted appearance on the surface. Partitions flexuous, ending at the centre
in a pellucid spot. The geographical range of this species is extensive. It
occurs on the coasts of Devon and of Zetland, and I have even detected it on
corallines found on the surface of the sea, about the middle of Hudson’s
Straits, in 1821, by Captain Parry.
10. N. crassulus.—Depressed, umbilicated, and shewin'g part
of the interior volution.
N. spiralis, crassus, utrinque umbilicatus, geniculis lineatis, Walker, Test.
Min. t. iii. f{ 70.—N. crassulus, Mont. Test. Brit. Suppt. 79. t. xviii.
f. 2.—English coast, rare.
Shell opake brown, with numerous close-set:elevated joints. Sides similar.
Mouth placed a little oblique, scarcely clasping the body, and furnished with
a syphon.—The internal structure of these recent species can scarcely be sa-
tisfactorily determined.
—
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. N. imperialis.—“ Involute, umbilicate. Aperture lunate. Septa entire,
concave, broadest in the middle, truncated, and slightly recurved at their
ends. Siphunculus nearest to the inside.’’—Sowerby’s Mineral Conchology,
t. i—In the London clay, Highgate.
2. N. centralis.—“* Involute umbilicate. Aperture bluntly lunate. Septa
entire, concave, not recurved at their ends. Siphunculus central.”—Sowerby’s
Min. Conch. t. i. left hand figure.—London clay.
3. N. inequalis.—“ Sphervidal umbilicate, aperture nearly round; septa
distant in the inner whorls, and approaching near together in the outer
whorls; siphunculus near the inner margin of the septum.”—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. xl. lower figures.—In Chalk Marl, Folkstone.
4. N. undulatus.“ Gibbose; surface largely undulated, sides rather coni-
cal, edge flat; aperture obcordate, inner whorls concealed.” Siphunculus
near the centre.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xl. In Green Sand, Nutfield, Surrey.
5. N. lineatus.—“ Flatted spheroidal, umbilicate, surface obscurely striated,
back flat, broad, with a concave line in the interior (which appears convex
around the cast). Aperture rather square, deeply indented by the preceding
whorl, septa numerous, concave, siphunculus central.””—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. xlii—Inferior Uolite, Comb-down, Bath.
6. N. eleguns.—“ Gibbose, umbilicate, with numerous linear, reflexed, ra-
diating sulci.”— Siphunculus central.— Sower. Min. Conch. t. exvi. Mantell’s
Fossils of the South Downs, p. 112, t. xx. f. 1.—In Chalk Marl, Sussex.
7. N. Comptoni.—< Lenticular, carinated ; centre covered; surface smooth ;
keel obtuse ; aperture acutely triangular.” Less than a line.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. cxxiitin Chalk Marl, Wilts.
8. N. simplex.‘ Depressed, spheroidal, umbilicate, plain; mouth lunate,
with the angles truncate, embracing the preceding whorl; siphuncle nearest
to the inner edge of the septum.”—Sower. Min. Conch. t. exxii. In Green
Sand.
9. N. truncatus.—“* Thick, flatted, plain, umbilicate; back flat, mouth
elongated, four-angled; siphuncle (oval) nearest to the inner margin of the
septum,”’—.Sower, Min. Conch. t. exxiii—In Lias Limestone, Bristol.
230 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Nauttuiws.
10. N. obesus.—“ Gibbose, umbilicate, plain; back broad, flat; mouth
large, squarish ; septa very numerous, not recurved; siphuncle nearly cen-
tral.”— List. Conch. 1048. ? Sowcr. Min. Conch. t. exxiv. (transversely oval—
Inferior Oolite, Norton-under-Ham.
11. N. dilobatus. —“ Subglobose, umbilicated; septa two-lobed ; aperture
three or four times as wide as long.” Margin a little flattened; umbilicus
small, nearly cylindrical ; syphon central.— Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecxlix. f. 2,
3.—In the Limestone of the Old Red Sandstone, Closeburn, Dumfriesshire.
12. N. regalis.—“ Gibbose, plain, not umbilicate; front flattish; sides con-
vex; aperture rather wider than long.”—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eccly.—In
London Clay.
13. N. radiatus.—“ Gibbose, umbilicated; surface marked with curved ra-
diating undulations; sides and front rounded; aperture orbicular, deeply in-
dented.”—Sower. Min. Conch. t- ceclvi.—In Green Sand, Maltor.
14. N. Wrightii—“ Gibbose, smooth, rounded exteriorly, partitions distant,
slightly waved; syphon nearer the exterior than the centre of the chamber:
shell increasing rather suddenly.”—Flem. Wern. Mem. iii. 96. I owe the
specimen of this species which I possess to Samuel Wright, Esq., who found
it in the Transition Limestone, Cork. It bears a near resemblance in form to
NN. elegans.
—>—_
In the twelve following species, the inner whorls are more or less conspi-
cuous, in consequence of the body-whorl not clasping the inner whorls so
completely as in the preceding species.
15. N. discus.—“ Depressed, edge flat, aperture oblong, volutions not con-
cealed by each other.” Outer edge of the aperture narrower than the inner
one, and notched by a marginal groove; syphon near the inner edge.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. xiii—In Carboniferous Limestone, Kendal.
16. N. intermedius.—“ Gibbose, umbilicate, concentrically striated; back
broad, flattened, mouth squarish: siphuncle nearest the external edge.”—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxxv-—In limestone in the Lias at Keynsham.
17. N. striatus. —“ Slightly depressed; umbilicate; concentrically stri-
ated ; aperture half the diameter of the shell, nearly orbicular.”—The whorls
increase rapidly ; the front a little compressed; the striz elevated.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. clxxxii—In Lias, Lyme Regis.
18. N. pentagonus.— Discoid, subcarinated ; inner turns partly concealed ;
aperture orbicular, obscurely 5-angled, and impressed by the preceding whorl,
nearly half the diameter of the shell.” Sides a little flattened; septa not
very concave, with a central siphuncle.”—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecxlix. f. 1.
—lIn limestone of the Old Red Sandstone, Closeburn.
19. N. tuberculatus.—“ Discoid, thick, largely umbilicate ; one row of large
tubercles on each side; front rounded; aperture transversely elongated, 2-
angled.”—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccxlix. f 4.—In the limestone of the Old
Red Sandstone, Closeburn.
20. N. Luidii.—Whorls apparent, rounded with longitudinal serrated striz ;
septa concave, with the syphon placed near the exterior margin.—Martin,
Petrificata Derbiensia, t. xxxv- f| 12.—In clay in the Coal formation, Derby-
shire.
21. N. ingens.—Volutions three, nearly external, even, round, gradually
tapering; septa oblique, slightly waved.—Mart. Pet. Derb. t. xli. f 5.—In
Carboniferous Limestone, Derbyshire. This is probably the species which Ure
refers to in his Natural History of Rutherglen and Kilbride, p. 307. “ The
Navutitus.)s MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 231
spires of the one are smooth and round, without any depression or sulci: the
specimen is about 6 inches broad.”
22. N. excavatus.—A deep central cavity; the whorls smooth, wide, carina-
ted, conical on the sides, and flattened or slightly emarginated exteriorly :
chambers numerous, the syphon nearly central. The specimens which I pos-
sess are about 3 inches in diameter, and 2 inches wide, and were given me
by Samuel Wright, Esq., from the Carboniferous Limestone, Limerick,
23. N. marginatus.—Exteriorly carinated, sides arched; septa waved ; sy-
phon nearest the outer margin. In young shells the whorls are more round-
ed, the ridges on the back and sides being obsolete. This is probably the shell
to which Mr Sowerby referred, at his N. pentagonus; ‘ the first specimen I
received of this Nautilus was found in black limestone, at Bathgate, Scotland.
and given to me by my friend, Dawson Turner, Esq.” My own specimens
collected in the same neighbourhood, appear to belong to a species different
from N. pentagonus. In Carboniferous Limestone.
24. N. funatus.—Elliptical, discoid, volutions apparent, ‘“ with numerous
transverse simple rounded risings, relieved by rather wider grooves, at inter-
vals, a kind of constriction distinguished by a small protuberance on the in-
ner part of the rising immediately beyond it.’””—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xxxii.,
where it is considered as the type of the genus Ellipsolithes. Its structure
is unknown.—In Transition Limestone, Cork.
25. N. compressus.— Elliptical, flat, smooth; margin broad, flat, perpen-
dicular to the sides; volutions four or five, almost wholly exposed; aperture
oblong, rectangular.” — Ellipsolithes compressus, Sower. Min. Conch. t. xxxviii.
Structure unknown, probably nearly similar to the following species, which,
in the quadrangular form of its whorls it so closely resembles, as it likewise
dues the N. complanatus.—In Transition Limestone, Cork.
26. N. quadratus.—Discoid, whorls quadrangular, sides flat, smooth; outer
edge flat, with numerous transverse concave striz, and fine longitudinal
ridges, four or five in number near the margin: chambers shallow, the sy-
phon near the outer edge. In the cast, the outer margin is flat in the mid-
dle, sloping off angularly to the edge; the sides with three longitudinal
grooves. In Carboniferous Limestone, West Lothian.
——
In the four following species, the partitions have a remarkable concave
bend on the side, making an approach to the genus Ammonita.
27. N. ziczac.— Involute, inner turns concealed, aperture bluntly trian-
gular, septa concave, much recurved at their ends with a deep indenture in the
edge on each side, siphunculus nearest to the inside.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. 1. lowest figure—In the London Clay, Highgate.
28. N. sinwatus.—‘‘ Thick, umbilicate, concentrically striated ; side depres-
sed, conical ; front convex ; aperture obtusely sagittate, truncated ; the septa
have a large sinus on each side.”— Sewer. Min. Conch. t. cxciv.—In the In-
Serior Oolite near Yeovil.
29. N. complanatus. —‘* Discoid, compressed, smooth; sides flat; inner
turns exposed; aperture lanceolate. A reversed sinus in the edge of each
septum, near the inner angle.”—Sower. Min. Conch. cclxi.—In Transition
Limestone? at Scarlet, Isle of Man.
30. N. ovatus.—Oval, gibbose, umbilicated, edges rounded, inner volutions
nearly concealed by the outer; surface smooth; aperture obtusely sagittate.
—Ellipsolites ovatus, Sower. Min. Conch. t. xxxvii. In some specimens in
my possession, which I owe to the kindness of Samuel Wright, Esq., the
septa have a deep lateral wave like the three preceding species; the cham-
bers are numerous, and there appear to be constrictions at intervals on the
larger whorl.—In Transition Limestone, Cork.
232 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Roratta.
Gen. IV. ROTALIA.—The lower disc occupied by the last
formed whorl, the partitions of which radiate from the
centre to the margin; the whorls on the upper disc ex-
posed.
11. R. Beccaria.—Chambers nearly flat, numerous, the whorls
dextral.
N. spiralis, umbilicatus, geniculis insculptis, Walk. Test. Min. t. iii. f. 63.
—N. Bec. Mont. Test. Brit. 186. t. xviii. f. 4.—On fuci and coral-
lines.
Volutions four or five, forming, above, a slightly convex disc; the parti-
tions sunk, and convex on the sides; aperture ovate, transverse near the in-
ner margin: the rays of the partitions of the lower disc obscure towards the
centre.
12. R. Beccariz-perversus.—Chambers nearly flat, numerous,
the whorls sinistral.
N. B-p. Walk. Test. Min. t. iii. f. 6. Mont. Test. Brit. 187. t. xviii.
f. 6.
This shell is found along with the last, and is said by Montagu to be
equally plentiful. On the Scottish coast it is greatly more abundant, and
grows to a superior size.
13. R. inflata—Chambers tumid, few.
Naut. inflatus, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 81. t. xviii. f 3.—Among sand,
Devonshire.
Volutions three, the last having five ventricose articulations. The upper
dise is more tumid, and the chambers less crowded than in either of the pre-
ceding species. Ina single specimen found on corallines, Zetland, which I
possess, the whorls are sinistral, though in other respects it agrees with the
description of Montagu.
Gey. V. LOBATULA.—The upper disc occupied by the last
formed whorl, the partitions of which radiate from the
centre to the margin; the whorls on the lower disc ex-
posed.
14. L. vulgaris —Surtace of the chambers frosted ; five or
six on the upper dise.
N. spiralis, lobatus, anfractibus supra rotundatis subtus depressioribus,
Walk. Test. Min. t. iii. f. 71.—Serpula lobata, Mont. Test. Brit. 515.
—On shells and corallines, common.
Upper disc convex, the partitions and centre slightly depressed, the cham-
bers a little rounded. Lower disc uneven, conforming to the body on which
it rests or adheres; of three whorls ; aperture at the inner margin, trans-
verse, and nearest the lower disc. A variety, with the whorls sinistral, oc-
curs in nearly equal abundance. Both are subject to great variations of
growth.
Nummutira. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 233
15. L. concamerata.—Surface of the chambers glossy and
smooth.
Serpula con. Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 160.
This species, found by Montagu on the coast of Devon, is thus described :
** Shell suborbicular, compressed, flat beneath, slightly convex above, and of
a subpellucid white colour, with three irregular volutions, and numerous dis-
similar concamerations ; the exterior whorl has about nine glossy and tumid
cells, of unequal size, but usually a larger and smaller alternate. Diameter
halfa line. ‘This very minute species is at once distinguished from S. Jobata,
by possessing much more numerous and infinitely more minute chambers,
which are smooth and glossy, and not of that frosted appearance the Jobata is
invariably found to be, when examined by a microscope.” 'The author whom
we have quoted, was inclined to consider the adhesion of these species to co-
rallines and other bodies as identifying them with the genus Spirorbis. They
are not (at least the Lobatula vulgaris), however, cemented, but seem to ad-
here by the intervention of some animal matter.
Gen. NUMMULITA. — Lenticular, with an internal dis-
coidal multilocular spire, divided into numerous chambers
by transverse imperforated septa, and covered by several
plates, the wall of each turn being complicated, extended
and united on each side to the other discs.
1. N. levigata.—Convex on both sides, and smooth.
Lamark, Syst. Vert. vii. 629. Park. Org. Rem. iii. 152. t. x. f. 13.—In
the London Clay, Hubbington Cliff.
Gen. VI. VERMICULUM.—Chambers gibbose, the mouth
alternately at the opposite ends of the axis.
16. V. intortum.—Mouth compressed, with a simple tooth
attached to the proximal side.
Serpula seminulum, Linn. Syst. i. 1264.—Serp. subovalis umbilico per-
vio, Walk. Test. Min. t. i. f. 1.—Serp. ovalis, Adams, Linn. Trans. v.
p- 4. t. i. f 28, 29, 30.—Ver. in. Mont. Test. Brit. 520.—Flem: Wern.
Mem. iv. 564. t. xv. f. 3.—Cominon on corallines and old shells.
Size about ,';th of an inch, a little compressed, the external margin sub-
acute. Three chambers are usually visible on one side, and four on the
other, slightly striated across with the line of separation distinct. The tooth
is a triangular thin plate, a little recurved at the tip, and so persistent as
frequently to remain after the outer side of the chamber has been destroyed.
1%. V. oblongum.—Mouth round, with a pedunculated fork-
ed tooth.
Mont. Test. Brit. 522. t. xiv. £9. Flem. Wern. Mem. iv. 565. t. xv. f 4.
—Common.
Rather less than the preceding. Three chambers are usually visible on
one side, and two on the other; in the former the middle chamber is par-
tially embraced by the outer ones, so that a shallow depression is formed at
the outside of the line of junction. On the other side of the shell a similar
984 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Akreruusa.
depression is observable, and produced by the margin of the last chamber
rising on the side of the second. The chambers are rounded externally.
18. V. swbrotundum.—Mouth depressed, toothless.
Serpula subrotunda dorso elevato, Walk. Test. Min. t. i. f 4.—Ver. sub.
Mont. Test. Brit. 521. Flem. Wern. Mem. iv. 565. t. xv. f. 5.—Com-
mon.
Globular, chambers three, rarely four, inflated and wrinkled. The fourth
chamber, when present, seems always imperfectly formed.
19. V. bicorne.—The last formed chamber striated longitudi-
nally.
Serpula bicornis ventricosa, Walk. Test. Min. t. i. f 2.—Ver. bicorne,
Mont. Test. Brit. 519.—-Sandwich and Reculver, Mr Boyes.
Length one line; chambers three, the middle one small, raised or depres-
sed; the last chamber is suboval, compressed, striated longitudinally on the
longer side from the aperture; the other side is smooth: It contracts to-
wards the mouth, which is very small and orbicular.
These species belong to the genus Milista of Lamark, instituted many years
subsequent to the Vermiculum of Montagu. The fossil species of France are
numerous.
Gen. VII. ARETHUSA? (0f Montfort). — Cells arranged
obliquely and alternately along an axis, with the mouths
of all the chambers having an aspect towards the same
pole; forming a subturriculated shell.
20. A. lactea.—Chambers ovate, aperture circular.
Serpula tenuis ovalis levis, Walk. Test. Min. t. i. f. 5.—Vermiculum
lacteum, Mont. Test. Brit. 522. Flem. Wern. Mem. iv. 566. t. xy.
f. 6.—Among corallines, English and Scotch coasts.
Length about 5th of an inch, delicately transparent, with the inner walls
of the chambers appearing as white veins. ‘The chambers are six or seven in
number, well defined on one side, obscure on the other, contracted towards
the mouth. Walker and Montagu obtained this species at Sandwich and
Devon, Captain Laskey at Dunbar, and I have it from Leith and Zetland.
Gen. VIII. LAGENULA.—Shell with a globular body, ha-
ving a produced neck or tube.
* With longitudinal markings.
21. L. striata.—Shell pellucid, with opake, fine, longitudinal
strize.
Serpula (Lagena) striata sulcata rotundata, Wak. Test. Min. t. 1. f 6.
—Vermiculum striatum, Mont. Test. Brit. 523.—Not uncommon in
sand on the English shores.
In shape, this species resembles a Florence flask ; rounded retrally ; the
mouth is slender and produced, with a small round aperture ; length not
half a line.
Orxtruocerna. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 235
22, L. perlucida.—Shell with six equidistant, longitudinal
ribs.
Ver. per. Moni. Test. Brit. 525, t. xiv. f..3.—At Seasalter, Mr Boys.
Length about jth of an inch; smooth; rounded retrally with a small
knob ; aperture very small.
** With decussating striae.
23. L. squamosa.—Striz undulated, giving the shell an im-
bricated appearance.
Verm. squam. Mont. Test. Brit. 526, t. xiv. f 4.—At Seasalter, Mr
Boys.
Shell minute, subglobose, the aperture a little produced.
*** Surface smooth.
24. L. globosa.—Nearly ovate, the mouth not produced.
Serp. Lag. laevis globosa, Walk. Test. Min. t. 1. f. 8.—Sandwich, rare.
Shell white, transparent ; the aperture round.
25. L. levis.—Ovate, with a produced cylindrical neck.
Serp. Lag. levis ovalis, Walk. Test. t. 1. f. 9.—At Sandwich, rare.
Bluish-white, transparent ; it differs from the last in its more oblong shape
and produced mouth.
26. L. marginata.—Compressed, marginated.
Serp. Lag. marginata, Walk. Test. Min. t. 1. ££ 7.—Verm. marg. Mont.
Test. Brit. 524.—On the English coasts, rare.
Shell nearly ovate ; the mouth but little produced. In a single speci-
men, which I found in sand, from Zetland, and which, by accident, was
broken on the stage of the microscope, appearances of internal plates, the
partitions of chambers, were indistinctly observed.
27. L. wrna. Globular, with a produced knob retrally.
Verm. urne, Mont. Test. Brit. 525, t. xiv. f 1.—In sand from Shepey
Island.
Length about a line; slopes suddenly into a short conic neck.
The place of this genus is far from being satisfactorily determined, and the
minuteness of the species composing it present great obstacles to an accurate
examination.
Gen. IX. ORTHOCERA.—Shell (naked ?) nearly straight,
the chambers separated by transverse perforated septa.
a. Recent species.
* With longitudinal ribs.
28. O. jugosa.—Subcylindrical, slightly curved, with nume-
rous longitudinal ribs.
Nautilus jug. Mont. Test. Brit. 198, t. xiv. f: 4.—On the Kentish coast,
Mr Boys.
Length about 3th of an inch; tapering little, chambers globose, nine in
236 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Onrruocena.
number, the first the longest, the last produced into a conical neck, with a
round aperture. The colour brown.
29. O. costata—Subcylindric, straight, with four longitudinal
ridges.
N. Mics Mont. Test. Brit. 199, t. xiv. f. 5—On the Kentish coast, Mr
oys.
Length }th of an inch; tapering little; chambers subglobose, twelve in
number; the ribs strong; the neck of the last chamber shorter than in the
preceding species. A variety is recorded by Mont. ib. Supp. 84, t. xix, f 2,
as having only five joints and seven ribs, anteally truncate; retrally termi-
nating in a [solid produced process. A second variety is likewise noticed at
the same page, in which the joints are five in number.
30. O. bicarinata.—Subcylindric, arcuated, the joints bicari-
nated.
N. bicar. Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. p. 86.—Sandwich, Mr Boys.
Length }th of an inch; joints eleven, globose, the ribs on the convex and
concave sides; anteally the mouth is produced; retrally there is a rounded
point.
31. O. linearis.—Straight, compressed, the retral half with
faint oblique ribs.
N. lin. Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 87, t. xxx. f. 9.—Dunbar, Capt. Laskey.
Length }th of an inch, nearly linear ; the chambers are about fourteen in
number, the septa oblique ; the anterior end smooth, terminating in a pro-
duced mouth, the other rounded.
** With spines or tubercles.
82. O. spinulosa.—Spines numerous, reflected.
N. spin. Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 86, t. xix. f 5.Sandwich, Mr Boys.
Joints three, globose, the last produced to form the mouth. Montagu no-
tices a variety with eight subglobose joints which are tuberculated, which he
found in the Boysian cabinet. Its length j>th of an inch.
*** Chambers smooth.
33. O. recta.—Shell nearly straight, joints transverse, cham-
bers subcylindric.
N. rectus, Mont. Test. Brit. 197, t. xix. f 4. 7._Sandwich, Mr Boys.
Form a little tapering, length about jth of an inch, with eight or nine
chambers.
34. O. radicula.—Shell straight, joints transverse, chambers
subglobose.
N. rad. Mont. Test. Brit. 197, t. vi. f. 4, and t. xiv. f. 6—Sandwich.
“ This species appears to be subject to very considerable variation with
respect to the extreme joint at each end, as well as in the number. In some
the aperture is extended to a conic point ; in others it is only a small round
opening on the extreme articulation, which is globose ; the smaller end, in
some, is rounded; in others conic, pointed.”
35. O. subarcuata.—Shell subcylindric, subarcuated, with
Ortnocera. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 237
three conspicuous globose articulations at the larger end, the
remaining joints being scarcely visible.
N. sub. Mont. Test. Brit. 198, t. vi. £. 5.—From Sandwich, Mr Boys.
Length ;,th of an inch; aperture a small produced syphon. A variety
was found by Mr Boys “ having ten distinct articulations ; the extreme one
at the smaller end longer than any of the others, except the anterior one, in
which the aperture is placed.”
36. O. legumen.—Compressed with oblique septa.
N. rectus, geniculis depressis, Walk. Test. Min. t. iii. f. 74. N. Fig.
Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 82. t. xix. f. 6.—Coast of Kent and Devon.
Subarcuated, ith of an inch, nearly of equal size, ends rounded. The an-
terior end surrounded by an oblique ridge, above which rises an obtuse sy-
phon, with a considerable aperture near the concave side.
How far these species possess claims to continue in the genus Orthocera,
I have not been able to determine, as, in the course of numerous microscopi-
cal examinations of shell-sand from different parts of the Scottish coast, I
have not as yet detected a single individual of any of the species here no-
ticed. 'The existence of a continuous syphon would alone entitle them to
remain in this genus, otherwise they would belong to the genus, Nodosaria
of Lamark, in which genus the three following species might be included,
though their history is at present involved in considerable obscurity. Their
multilocular character was first pointed out to me (in the case of the imper-
forata) by Mr Miller, the learned author of the Treatise on Crinoid Animals.
At present, however, I shall retain them in the genus Orthocera, and give
their characters from a single chamber, as the shells, entire, have not as yet
been met with.
37. O. imperforata.—Chamber cylindric, subarcuated, and
slightly striated transversely.
Dentale apice imperforata transversaliter substriata, Walk. Test. Min.
t. i. f. 15.—Dentalium imp. Mont. Brit. 496.—On the English coasts.
Length of the chamber }th of an inch; aperture round, a little contracted
at the margin, the opposite end closed, truncated and furnished with a small
protuberance.
38. O. Trachea.—Chamber subcylindric, and regularly an-
nulated.
Dent. Trachea, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 497, t. xiv. f. 10.—On the English
and Scottish coasts.
Length about jth of an inch, and the diameter about 4d of its length. Co-
lour white. Rings regular, close set, sharp in a young specimen, but round-
ed in a larger one in which those near the mouth are largest, and. the whole
are crossed by obsolete longitudinal ridges. It tapers little. The extremi-
ty is truncated with a raised acute margin, with a lateral tubercle on the disc,
the place of the syphon.
39. O. glabra.—Chamber cylindrical, smooth, and glossy.
Dent. glabrum, Mont. Test. Brit. 497.—Czecum glabrum, Flem. Edin.
Encye. vii. 67, t. cciv. f. 7.—English and Scottish coasts.
The length of the chamber is about a line, and its diameter about 4th of
its length. It is cylindrical, smooth, glossy, and transparent, the extremity
hemispherical and submarginated. A variety of this shell, from Zetland, ta-
238 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Orrnocena.
pers a little to the extremity, which is more obliquely placed than in the
others, and produced into a blunt knob-at the upper margin. The aperture
is likewise a little contracted.
b. Extinct species.
* Surface of the shell smooth.
1. O. levis.—Shell conical, partitions waved; chambers large; syphon
small and central. The length of the specimen which I possess is upwards
of 3 inches. ‘The breadth at the base is ths, and at the apex ~;ths. The
shell is very thin; chambers about ths of an inch in depth; partitions
waved on both sides ; syphon in the middle of the shell about 35th of an inch
wide.—O. superficie levi, Ure’s Rutherglen, 306, t. xvi. f. 3.—O. levis, Flem.
Annals of Phil. v. 201, t. xxxi. f. 1.—In Carboniferous Limestone.
2. O. pyramidalis.—Shell tapering, partitions slightly waved; chambers
large, syphon small and central. ‘This is longer in proportion to its breadth
than the preceding; the length of one specimen is upwards of 6 inches; 1 inch
and ;2;ths at the larger end, and ,%,ths at the apex; the last formed chambers
are nearly ,3,ths of an inch in depth, while the oldest, towards the point, are
scarcely th. A fragment found contiguous measured 2 inches in diameter.
—Flem. An. Phil. v. p. 202, t. xxxi. f 2.—In Carboniferous Limestone.
3. O. cylindracea.—Nearly cylindrical, partitions slightly waved, chambers
numerous, pipe minute and central. In a specimen 33th inches in length,
~;ths at the base, and 3,th of an inch at the apex, the chambers are scarcely
th in depth. When the shell is removed, the chambers appear very dis-
tinct, with a flat surface.—J’/em. An. Phil. v. p. 202, t. xxxi. f 3.—In Carbo-
niferous Limestone and Siate-clay of the coal-field.
4. O. convera.—Nearly cylindrical, partitions thin and concave; syphon
large and lateral. In a specimen 4} inches long, the diameter at the base
was 11th, and at the apex ,8,ths. The lower chambers are about jth of an
inch in depth. The syphon is about ,',ths of an inch wide, and placed about
midway between the centre and margin.—Fem. An. Phil. v. p. 202. t. xxxi.
f.4. O.circularis, Sower. Min. Conch. t. 60. f..6. 7. ?—In Carboniferous Limestone.
5. O. attenuata.—Tapering, partitions nearly circular; chambers large.
The shell of this species in one specimen is very thin, transparent, and glos-
sy, and in some places is minutely striated across. Another specimen ,°,ths
long, 4th at the base, and ,;th at the apex, contains fifteen chambers.—In
Slate-clay of the coal-field.
6. O. Breynii.—Conical, partitions waved on the syphon side; the syphon
itself is lateral, small, and cylindrical. Martin, Pet. Derb. t. 39, f4 Sower.
Min. Conch. t. 60. f. 5.—Carboniferous Limestone.
7. O. undulata.—Shell oval, thin, smooth; partitions numerous, oblique,
their edges rising, oval, with a wave on each side ; syphon lateral.—In Carbo-
niferous Limestone.
8. O. conica.—Shell long, conical, aperture oval; chambers numerous; sy-
phon small, oval, nearly touching the margin.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. lx. f. 1,
2, 3.—In Lias. In the Geology of England and Wales, p. 268, this is con-
sidered as the alveolus of a Belemnite.
9. O. cordiformis.—“ Obconical ; base contracted; sides convex ; aperture
round;” septa numerous, placed directly across; syphon not quite in the
centre, the tube of which is inflated into a globular form between each sep-
tum.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecxlvii—In Limestone of the Old Red Sand-
stone, Closeburn, Dumfriesshire.
2
OrtHocera. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 239
** Striated transversely.
10. O. striata.—Nearly cylindrical, septa numerous, deep ; syphon nearly
central ; surface regularly striated transversely.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. lviii.
Flem. Wern. Mem. iii. 96.—Transition Limestone, Cork. In the clay-slate of
the same formation, at the Cove of Cork, another species occurs, the charac.
ters of which are not established.
11. O. Steinhauverii—Tapering ; chambers deep, partitions distant, even
edged, circular; syphon close to one side; striz of the surface regular and
even.—Sower. Min. Conch. Ix. f. 4.-In Carboniferous Limestone.
12. O. gigantea.—Shell gradually tapering, finely striated, aperture up-
wards of 8 inches in diameter ; septa direct, numerous, deep; syphon a small
distance from the centre.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecxlvi._iIn limestone of
the Old Red Sandstone, Dumfriesshire.
*** Surface with transverse ridges.
13. O. sudcata.—Shell tapering ; ridges waved and striated ; syphon small,
central. The length of one specimen is 2 inches and ,‘,ths, diameter at
the base ;%ths, and at the apex ;% ths. It contains thirty-one ridges, which
are twice waved in going round the shell: both the ridges and intervening
grooves are finely striated.—Ure’s Ruth. 306, t. xvi. f. 2. Flem. An. Phil. v.
202, t. xxxi. 6.—In slate-clay of the Coal Formation.
14. O. undata.—Shell tapering, ridges waved and smooth ; pipe small, cen-
tral. In a specimen 1 inch and ,°,ths in length, it is ,’,ths in diameter at
the base, and upwards of ,5,ths at the apex; with eleven ridges, more deep-
ly waved, and less numerous than the preceding. There is the appearance
of an epidermis of a black colour, and obscurely striated ; where the shell is
exposed, both the ridges and the grooves are perfectly smooth. An imper-
fect specimen of an Eschara adheres to the shell.—_Flem. An. Phil. v. 203.—
In slate-clay of the Coal Formation.
15. O. annularis.—Subcylindrical ; ridges distant, nearly even and smooth.
The largest portion of the shell which I possess is about ] inch in length,
and upwards of .3,ths in diameter; ridges nearly ith distant ; more obtuse
than the preceding, with at least two chambers in the interval.—F/em. Ann.
Phil. v. 203.—In Carboniferous Limestone. ;
16. O. annulata.—Tapering, subcompressed, with strong, waved, slightly
oblique ridges, and intervening striz: syphon sublateral; a space near the
aperture without ridges.—Sower. Min. Con. t. cxxxili.—Carboniferous Lime-
stone, Colebrookedale.
17. O. rugosa.—Subcylindrical ; ridges waved, and tuberculated with longi-
tudinal lines; syphon minute, and placed close to the edge. The length of a
specimen which I possess is 1} inch ; the diameter ,5,ths; the ridges are ,2,ths
asunder, and contain two chambers 1n the interval.—F/em. Ann. Phil. v. 203.
—In Carboniferous Limestone.
*#** With longitudinal planes or furrows.
18. O. Gesneri.—Conical, with numerous longitudinal furrows, regularly
concave and close.—Mart. Pet. Derb. t. 38. f. 1, 2.—In Carboniferous Lime-
stone, Derbyshire.
17. O. angularis.—Nearly cylindrical, angular, with about 16 smooth lon-
gitudinal planes; syphon small and lateral. I possess about half an inch of
this shell, which is nearly of equal thickness, scarcely exceeding the tenth of
an inch in diameter.—Filem. Ann. Phil. v. 203. t. xv. £10.—In Carboniferous
Limestone.
240 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Conwtarta.
Gry. BELEMNITA.—Apex solid, having a conical cavity
towards the base occupied by a shell divided transversely in-
to chambers, with a syphon.
1. B. fusiformis.—A receptacle for the alveolus exists towards the base in
the form of a cone, from the point of which the body of the fossil again swells,
and continues of a compressed roundish shape, with a longitudinal sulcus for
an inch or two, when it terminates with a tapering point.—Parkinson’s Or-
ganic Remains, iii. 127. t. viii. f. 13.—In Lower Oolite, Stonesfield, Oxford.
2. B. Listeri.—Subfusiform, cylindrical, with one longitudinal sulcus, apex
pointed. Siphunculus central, extending through the alveolus to the apex
of the spathose part.—B. min. List. An. Ang. 227, f. 32. B. List. Mant.
Fossils, 88, t. xix. f. 17, 18. 23.—In Chalk-Mari.
3. B. coniformis.—Conical or produced, pointed, with one or more longitu-
dinal grooves.—Park. Or. Rem. iii. 127. t. viii. f- 15.—In Lias.
4. B. Allani.—Nearly cylindrical, the apex conical, with a slender produced
point. Alveolus conical, pointed, the point sublateral—Belemnite, Allan,
Edin. Trans. ix. p. 407. t. xxv. Mant. Fossils, 201, t. xvi. f. 1.—In Chalk.
Many species, not yet determined, occur in the chalk lias, and interme-
diate beds.
Gry. CONULARIA.—Conical, hollow, divided into chambers
by partitions destitute of a syphon; mouth half closed.
1. C. guadrisulcata.—F our-sided, straight, transversely sulcated, and longi-
tudinally striated; the four angles sulcated. In the centre of each side, the
sulci are bent, the spaces between these form very narrow ridges, and the
longitudinal strize are most conspicuous within the hollows. Two of the op-
posite are longer than the others. A curious fossil.—Uve’s Ruth. 330. t. xx. f. 7.
—Con. quad. Sower. Min. Con. t. cexl. f. 3, 4, 5, 6.—Carboniferous Limestone.
2. C. teres.—Conical, round, slightly bent, transversely striated, a smooth
space near the apex; striz irregular, as well as the curvature; the general
form approaches towards cylindrical, but the smooth part near the apex is
more conical.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eclx. f. 12.—In Carboniferous limestone.
Gren. AMMONITA.—Sides equal, whorls contiguous and ap-
parent.
* Surface of the whorls smooth.
1. A. Henslowi.—Discoid, sides flat, front rounded ; whorls 4, exposed ; par-
titions with three entire tongue-shaped lobes on each side ; aperture obovate.
—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccelxii—In Transition Limeston 2 Scarlet,Isle of Man.
** Surface striated or ribbed.
2. A. acuta.—Depressed, whorls 3 or 4, the inner ones half exposed; sur-
face with straight projecting radii on the inner half of each whorl; the mar-
gin slightly carinated, and crenated ; aperture triangularly cordate.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. xvii. f. 1.—In the London Clay at Munster Cliff.
3. A. cordata.—Depressed, whorls 4 or 5, the inner ones half exposed ; sur-
face with angular, projecting, undulating radii, extending over the inner
half of each whorl, the remaining half covered by diverging undulations, end-
4
Ammontta. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 241
ing in a carinated margin; aperture cordate.—In limestone of the Upper
Oolite, at Shotover, Oxfordshire.
4. A. quadrata.—Depressed, whorls 4 or 5, the inner ones half concealed ;
surface with projecting, furcate, undulating radii, extending into a crenated
margin ; aperture obtusely square.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xvii. f. 3.—In a
gravel-pit, Suffolk.
5. A. serrata.—Depressed, whorls 5, the inner ones two-thirds concealed ;
surface radiated and undulated near the circumference, keel distinct, nearly
cylindrical, with a concavity in the shell on each side, sharply crenated, con-
taining the siphunculus ; apertures narrow, five-angled.—Sower. Min. Conch.
xxiv.—At Worlinghame.
6. A. Manielli.—Depressed, whorls 3 or 4, two-thirds concealed, edge three
sided, broad and flattish ; sides flattish, ridges alternately entire, and extend-
ing only about two-thirds across the whorl; the outer edges of the partitions
have five principal folds; aperture obscurely six-sided.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. lv.—In Chalk Marl, Ringmer, Sussex.
7. A. planicostcz.—Depressed, whorls 6, exposed, with transverse, obtuse
vibs, flattened in front ; mouth circular, slightly indented by the preceding
whorl.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. lxxiiii—In Chalk Marl, and Lias 2
8. A. jugosa.—Depressed, keeled, whorls 4, half concealed, with regular,
straight, transverse, obtuse ribs; aperture ovate, narrowest at the front.—
Sower. Min. Conch. f. xcii. f. 1.—In the Inferior Oolite, Ilminster.
9. A. triplicata.—Whorls 4, exposed, ribs twice curved, alternately one
long and three short ; a smooth line along the front ; aperture obovate.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. xcii. f. 2.—Upper Oolite, Portland Isle.
10. A. elliptica.—Depressed, keeled, inner whorls two-thirds exposed; ridges
broad, slightly curved, few, and obscure near the margin; aperture acutely
elliptical ; keel sharp.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xcii. f. 4.—In Lias, Char-
mouth.
11. A. stellaris.—Depressed, with a groove on each side of an obtuse keel ;
whorls four, flattish on the sides, about two-thirds exposed; ribs numerous,
straight, two of which cross each partition; syphon in the keel; aperture
longer than wide. Surface with obscure, distant, decussating striz.— Sower.
Min. Conch. t. xciii—In Lias at Lime.
12. A. elegans.—Depressed, acutely keeled, whorls 3, the inner ones two-
thirds concealed ; ribs numerous, equal, twice curved; keel distinct, entire,
aperture acutely triangular, the inner angles truncate.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. xciv. upper figure.— Inferior Oolite, Ilminster.
13. A. concava.—Depressed, keeled, whorls 4, two-thirds concealed, a large
central cavity, ribs numerous, curved, unequal in length, obsolete near the
centre; keel sharp, entire ; aperture acutely triangular, external angle round-
ed, internal angles obliquely truncate.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xciv. lowest
figure.—Inferior Oolite, Ilminster. A. t. clxvi. this species is said to occur
likewise in the Middle Oolite at Dry Sandford, Berkshire.
14. A. splendens.—Depressed, front flat, with crenulated edges; whorls 3,
quickly diminishing, three-fourths concealed; sides flat; ribs alternately
long and short ; aperture long, narrow in front.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. 103.
— Chalk Marl, Folkestone.
15. A. Callovicensis.—Depressed, subumbilicate ; whorls 5, three-fourths con-
cealed; front flat, ribs small, numerous, alternately one long and from two
to five short ; aperture orbicular when young, deltvid, with the angles trun-
cated when old.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. 104.—Middle Oolite, Kellaways
Bridge.
VOL. I. Q
242 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Amnownira.
16. A. excavata.—Lenticular, subumbilicate, keel sharp, crenulated; whorls
6, in full-grown shells three-fourths concealed; ribs curved, obscure ; aper-
ture sagittate, the inner angles truncated.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. 105.—In
Middle Oolite, Shotover, Oxford.
17. A. Walcottii.—Depressed, whorls 4, three-fourths exposed, with a con-
centric smooth furrow along the inner margin ; the keel with lateral furrows;
sides flattish, with obscure lunate ribs ; aperture oblong.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. 106.—In Lias.
_ 18. A. angulata—Whorls 6, exposed, with an inner marginal groove ; [ribs
prominent, divided over the rounded front.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. 107. f. 1.
—In Lias, Whitby.
19. A. communis.—W horls 6, exposed, rounded, ribs prominent, divided and
anastomosing on the outer margin; aperture cireular.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. 107. f. 2, 3.—In Lias, Whitby.
20. A. Nutfieldiensis.—Whorls 4, half concealed, front rounded; ribs nu-
merous, prominent, rounded, with short intermediate ones on the front ; par-
titions numerous; aperture cordate.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eviii—In Green
Sand.
21. A. gigantea.—Depressed, whorls 5, exposed ribs rounded, alternately
entire and short, sometimes bifurcated; aperture ovate. Sometimes 2 feet
and upwards in diameter.—List. Conch. t. 1046. Sower. Min. Conch. t. exxvi.
—Upper Oolite, Wilts.
22. A. Bucklandi.—Depressed, whorls 5, exposed, back flattish, with two
concentric grooves, and an intermediate keel ; ribs large, obtuse, swollen to-
wards the back ; aperture quadrate.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxxx.—In Lias,
Bath.
23. A. Conybeari.—Depressed, whorls 8, exposed, keel large, with a shal-
low groove on each side; ribs large, rounded ; aperture oblong.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. exxxi.—In Lias, Bath.
24. A. Greenoughi.—Depressed, whorls 4, two-thirds concealed, obscurely
undulated, back rounded; chambers numerous; aperture elliptical, deeply
indented by the preceding whorl.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxxxii.—In Lias,
Bath.
25. A. fimbriata.a—Whorls cylindrical, exposed; lines of growth obtuse or
acute, undulated or fimbriated ; shell thin, margins of the septa with rounded
lobes; mouth orbicular.—Sower. Min. Conch. t.'clxiv.—In Lias at Lyme Regis.
26. A. plicatilis—Whorls 6, exposed, sides flat, front round, plain in the
centre; ribs numerous, equal, straight, furcate; septa acutely sinuated ;
aperture squarish, with rounded angles.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. elxvi.—In
Middle Oolite, Berkshire.
27. A. obtusa.—Whorls 4, exposed; front with two slight furrows and an
obtuse keel; ribs large, curved, sharpest in the middle; aperture oblong.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxviii—In Lias, Lyme Regis.
28. A. Brackenridgit—Depressed, front rounded, whorls 3, exposed; ribs
prominent, numerous, sharp and furcate ; lip expanded into two oblong lobes.
—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxxxiv.— Under Oolite, near Bristol.
29. A. Brooki.—Whorls 4 or 5, the inner ones half exposed, depressed, ca-
rinated, with a sulcus on each side the keel, ribs strong, simple, arched ; aper-
ture oblong.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxc.—In Lias at Lyme.
30. A. Stokesi.—Lenticular, depressed; inner whorls half exposed, keel
crenated, ribs broad, undulated, and slightly elevated; aperture sagittate.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. exci.—-Under Oolite, Dorset.
Amnonita. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 243
31. A. Herveyi.—Gibbose, the inner whorl two-thirds concealed; ribs nu-
merous, sharp, bi- or tri- furcated; aperture lunate, with obtuse angles.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. excev.—Under Oolite, near Spalden.
32. A. Brocchiii—Compressed, sides hollow ; whorls 3 or 4, half concealed,
very round, front circular, with many obtuse ridges ; aperture lunate.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ecil.—Under Oolite.
33. A. anniulata.—Depressed, whorls 5 to 7, exposed, rounded; ribs nu-
merous, prominent, divided on the front; aperture roundish.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. ecxxii.—In Lias.
34. A. Lamberti.Depressed, inner whorls partly concealed, front sharp
and crenated; ribs strong, obtuse, bent over the front, alternately long and
short, rarely furcate; aperture lanceolate, short.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cexlii.
f. 1, 2, 3.—Upper Oolite, Weymouth.
35. A. Leachii.—Depressed ; inner whorls half concealed ; front sharp and
crenated; ribs undulated, curved over the front, often furcate; aperture
ovate; like the preceding, but more gibbous, with fewer and more promi-
nent ribs.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cclxii. f. 4.—Upper Oolite, Weymouth.
36. A. omphaloides.—Gibbose, whorls increasing rapidly, inner ones half
concealed, front rounded, broad; ribs prominent, waved, bent forward in the
middle of the front, generally furcated ; aperture transversely oblong.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. cexlii. f. 5.—Upper Oolite, Weymouth.
37. A. Strangewaysi.—Discoid ; whorls 5, exposed, margin flattened, cari-
nated ; inner edges of the whorls obliquely flattened ; sides nearly flat, wich
an obseure concentric furrow ; ribs twice furrowed ; aperture oblong.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ccliv. f. 1, 2, 3.—Under Oolite, Ilminster.
38. A. falcifer.—Discoid; inner whorls half exposed, margin convex, carie
nated ; inner edge of the turns elevated and obtuse; ribs numerous, curved,
and suddenly bent in the middle; aperture elliptical.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. ecliv. ££ 2.-_Under Oolite, Ilminster.
39. A. Goodhalli.—Discoid, carinated ; both edges of the whorls gradually
rounded ; sides nearly flat ; inner whorls two-thirds exposed ; ribs large, un-
dulated, irregular, obscurely tuberculated at each end; keel very prominent,
thin; aperture oblong.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecly.—In Green Sand, Black-
down, Devonshire.
40. A. Kenigi.—Discoid, convex, margin rounded, whorls 6, half exposed,
marginal undulations numerous; central undulations few, very prominent ;
aperture cordate, elongated.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cclxiii. f. 1, 2, 3.—Middle
Oolite, Kelloway.
41. A. triplicata.—Discoid, whorls 5, exposed, with two or three oblique
contractions ; ribs straight, large, each divided into three as it passes over
the rounded front; aperture suborbicular.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cexcii.
cexciil. f. 4..—Middle Oolite.
42. A. biplex.—Discoid, whorls 5, exposed, ribs numerous, small, obtuse,
split over the rounded front ; aperture oblong.— Sower. Min. Conch. t. cexciii.
£1, 2.—In Clay, but the formation unknown.
43. A. rotunda.—Discoid, ribs thick, numerous, split over the front, sides
subventricose ; aperture orbicular.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cexciii. f. 3.—
Upper Oolite.
44. A. decipiens.—Discoid, depressed, whorls 5, exposed, rounded on the
front, ribs large and few on the sides, numerous and small on the front ; aper-
ture orbicular.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecxciv.—In Clay, but the formation
unknown.
Q2
244 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Ammonita.
45. A. Parkinsoni.—Whorls numerous, exposed ; ribs numerous, elevated,
slightly arched, bifid near the front, which is very narrow, and plain; aper-
ture oblong.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccviii—In Lias, Bath.
46. A. dentata—Whorls increasing rapidly, inner ones much concealed,
umbilicate, front square; ribs prominent, and forked near their commence-
ment, terminating upon the edges of the front.—A. serratus (Parkinson,
Trans. Geol. v. 57.) Sower. Min. Conch. t. cceviii.—Chalk-Marl.
47. A. perampla.— Discoid, whorls 4, half concealed, ventricose, front
rounded, plain; ribs few, large, obtuse; aperture transversely oval.—Man-
tell’s Fossils of the South Downs, p. 200.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecclvii.—In
Chalk, South Downs.
48. A. Lewesiensis.—Whorls rapidly increasing in size, depressed, the inner
ones half exposed; ribs large and obtuse; front narrow, rounded, plain;
aperture sagittate.—Mantell’s Fossils, p. 199. t. 22. f. 2.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. ecelviii.—In Chalk, Lewes.
49. A. plicomphala.—Discoid, umbilicate, with eight or ten diverging sharp
ridges, extending over a part of the sides; front rounded, plain; aperture
ovate. In the young state, the front is transversely furrowed.—Sower. Min.
Conch. ceclix. and eccciv.—_Inm Sandstone (Middle Oolite ?) Bolingbroke, Lin-
colnshire.
50. A. Smithii.—Depressed, ribbed and keeled; inner whorls few, almost
wholly exposed ; ribs slightly curved; keel obtuse; sides flattened ; aperture
oblong.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eceevi.—In Chalk Marl.
51. A. striatula.—Discoid, carinated, radiated ; sides of the whorls convex ;
the inner whorls exposed; radii numerous, slender, undulated; surface co-
vered with minute strize, parallel to the radii; aperture elliptical_—sSower.
Min. Conch. t. eccexxi. f- 1.—In Marly Limestone, Scarborough.
52. A. subradiata.—Lenticular, umbilicated, carinated, and radiated; radii
twice curved, obscure, excepting near the margin, where they are bifid;
umbilicus small; keel entire; aperture sagittate. — Sower. Min. Conch.
eccexxi. f. 2.—Oolite, between Bath and Bristol.
53. A. parva.—Discoid ; surface marked with diverging, undulating, striz ;
inner whorls exposed; front rounded: aperture oval —Sower. Min. Conch.
t. eccexlix. f. 2.—Tunbridge.
54. A. leviuscula.—Discoid, carinated, umbilicated, obscurely radiated ; ca-
rina distinct; radii waved, alternately long and short, slightly elevated ; um-
bilicus small, exposing part of the inner whorls; aperture sagittate.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ccccli. f- 1. 2.—In Oolite, Dundry.
55. A. corrugata.—Discoid, carinated and umbilicated, strongly radiated ;
carina distinct ; radii waved, sometimes furcated, elevated ; umbilicus broad,
exposing parts of the inner whorls; aperture obovate; front obtuse.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ecccli. f1 3.—In Oolite, Dundry.
56. A. Turneri.—Depressed, radiated, carinated, a furrow on each side of
the keel ; inner whorls exposed ; radii numerous, equal, curved towards the
front; aperture oblong, quadrangular.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ececlii—In
Lias, Wymondham Abbey and Walchet.
*** Whorls knobbed.
57. A. nodosa.—Depressed, keeled, ribs straight for two-thirds of their
length, then rising into a small knob, from which they extend towards the
keel, curving upwards, rather distant, with a gentle concavity between them;
Ammonita. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 245
keel broad, obscure, crenulated within.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xcii. £ 5.—In
clay, Middle Oolite, Scarborough.
58. A. bina.—Depressed, keeled, whorls 4, the inner ones two-thirds ex-
posed ; ribs diverging in pairs from round tubercles, swelling and then turn-
ing up towards the front, and disappearing ; aperture oblong rectangular, the
angles rounded.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xcii. f. 3.— Plastic Clay, Bramerton
Norfolk.
59. A. armata.—Whorls 6, exposed, with many annular undulations, arm-
ed with two rows of large conical short furrowed spines; aperture obscurely
four sided.—_Sower. Min. Conch, t. xcv.—In Lias, Whitby.
60. A. monilis.—Whorls 4, exposed, subumbilicate, the outer margin rather
depressed ; ribs tuberculated, striated ; aperture transversely ovate.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. exvii.—Green Sand, Folkstone.
61. A. aurita.—Depressed, whorls 5, exposed, with obscure radiating un-
dulations, tuberculated at their origin; back deeply channelled, bordered by
large alternating compressed tubercles.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxxxiv.—In
Green Sand.
62. A. Duncani.—Depressed, inner whorls partly exposed ; edge flat, bound-
ed by two rows of tubercles; ribs numerous, undulated, irregularly furcate ;
aperture ovato-sagittate.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clviii—In the clay of the
Middle Ooilite.
63. A. vertebralis.—Whorls 4, inner ones partly concealed, carinated ; ribs
numerous, prominent, tuberculate in the middle, then furcate, with a tuber-
cle on each branch; keel serrato-tuberculate ; aperture orbiculate.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. clxv.—In Middle Oolite, near Abingdon, Berkshire.
64. A. Henleyi.—Whorls few, increasing rapidly, the inner ones exposed ;
ribs numerous, with two compressed tubercles upon each; the ribs usually
divided from the outer tubercle; aperture large, slightly round.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. clxxiiii—In Lias, Dorsetshire.
65. A. rostrata.—Shell depressed, carinated ; whorls 4, exposed; ribs large,
obtuse, with three or four tubercles, largest in front ; aperture elliptical, with
a compressed reflected beak.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxxiiii—In Chalk Marl,
Oxfordshire.
66. A. varians.-—Depressed, carinated, whorls 3, half exposed; a row of
large tubercles near the front, and one or two rows of lesser tubercles placed
upon furcate radiating undulations.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxxvi—In Chalk
Marl.
67. A. inflata.a—Depressed, inner whorls exposed, carinated, sides and front
flattish ; ribs commencing with a compressed tubercle, then furcate ; keel
distinct ; aperture square.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxxviii—tIn Green Sand,
Isle of Wight.
68. A. rustica.—Depressed ; whorls 3; gibbose, exposed, with 6 or 8 conical
tubercles upon the sides of each, and two rows of obtuse tubercles around the
front, which is flat; aperture quadrangular.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxxvii.
—In the Lower Chalk, near Lyme.
69. A. Banksii.—Whorls 5, exposed, sides concave, largely tuberculated ;
front fluted, slightly convex; aperture transverse, almost three times as long
as wide.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cc.—Under Oolite.
70. A. Blagdeni.—Subcylindrical, obtusely fluted, umbilicate; umbilicus
reaching to the margin, conical, with large radii, terminating upon the edge
246 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Ammownira.
in a tubercle; apertures transverse, quadrangular, three times as wide as
long.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cci. (indistinct.)— Under Oolite.
71. A. Sowerbii.—Discoid, carinated, whorls 4, inner ones half concealed,
about eight spiniform tubercles upon each whorl; keel round, entire; aper-
ture elliptical. Var. a. aperture circular; keel sometimes impressed.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. cexiii.— Under Oolite.
72. A. Brownii.— Discoid, inner whorls half exposed, with large tubercles
on each side; marginal undulations many, central ones few, rising into tu-
bercles ; front rounded with a distinct keel; aperture cordate.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. cclxiii. f. 4, 5.—Under Oolite, Dundry.
73. A. Birchi.—Discoid, whorls 6, exposed, increasing gradually, sides con-
cave, front rounded, transversely and obscurely sulcated ; two involuted rows
of spiniform tubercles; aperture transverse.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eclxvii.
—In Lias at Lyme.
74. A. lauta.—Discoid, inner whorls half concealed ; front narrow, slightly
concave; principal ribs slender, varicose or tuberculated near their com-
mencement, shorter ribs alternating, united in pairs, to form compressed tu-
bercles upon the edges of the front.—(Park. Trans. Geol. v. 58.) Sower. Min.
Conch. ccecix.—- Mant. Suss. 91. t. xxi, f. 11.—Chalk Marl.
75. A. tuberculata.—W horls gibbose, half concealed ; front rather flat ; ribs
arising in threes from large round tubercles, and uniting in pairs to form
large compressed tubercles upon each edge of the front ; aperture suborbicu-
lar.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccex. f..1, 2, 3.—Chalk Marl.
76. A. proboscidea.—W horls ventricose, partly concealed ; front concave, tu-
bercles upon the sides of the last whorl, and both edges of the front subeylin-
drical ; aperture orbicular.— Sower. Min. Conch. t. eccx. f. 4, 5.—Chalk Mari.
77. A. Gulielmit.—Lenticular, with a narrow front; whorls exposed; ribs
dissimilar, terminating in small tubercles, principal ribs furnished with two
tubercles near their commencement ; aperture elliptical._-Sower. Min. Conch:
t. ccxi.— Middle Oolite.
78. A. Davesi.cWhorls exposed; sides nearly flat, with numerous ribs,
and a few distant obtuse tubercles, each tubercle connected with about 4 sul-
ci; aperture nearly orbicular —Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccl—tIn Lias, Dorset-
shire.
79. A. Brodiei.—Largely umbilicate, gibbose; ribs radiating, large, nu-
merous, terminating on the sides of the whorls by obtuse tubercles, front
rounded, plicated ; aperture transversely oblong, curved.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. ccclii—Under Oolite.
80. A. perarmata.-—Depressed, whorls exposed; front.rounded, armed
with two concentric rows of large pointed tubercles, connected by obtuse
ridges; aperture nearly orbicular—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecclii.— Under
Oolite.
81. A. mutabilis—Depressed ; cuter whorls compressed, plain and smooth ;
inner whorls two-thirds exposed, tuberculated, plicated ; plicee interrupted
over the front ; aperture ovato-sagittate—In the young state the front is
flattened.—Sower. Min. Conch. cecev.—In Clunch Clay of the Middle Oolite
near Horn Castle.
$2. A. subarmata.—Depressed, concave, ribbed, inner whorls almost wholly
exposed ; ribs curved, often united in pairs by smooth spines ; aperture trans-
versely oblong, arched; the spines disappear on'the last whorl—(Voung and
Bird’s Geol. of York. 250. t. 13. f. 3.) Sower. Min. Conch. t. eecevii. £ 1.—
Lias, Whitby.
Ammonita. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Q4:'7
83. A. fibulata.—Depressed, ribbed; inner whorls almost wholly exposed,
sides of the whorls flattened, their inner margins plain ; ribs numerous, unit-
ed in pairs by smooth solid spines.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ceccvi. f: 2.—In
Lias at Whitby.
84. A. catena.—Depressed, furnished with two rows of short tubercles up-
on each side; whorls 6 or 8, smooth, with flat sides, the inner ones exposed ;
front rather convex; aperture square. —Sower. Min. Conch. t. ceccxx.—
Middle Oolite, near Abingdon, Berkshire.
85. A. cristata.—Lenticular flattened ;. carinated; keel thin, deeply notch-
ed; inner whorls concealed.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecccxxi. f. 3.—Middle
Oolite, Weymouth.
86. A. Johnstoni.—Discoid ; whorls 6 or 8, two-thirds exposed, with nu-
merous short straight coste upon the exposed parts; front plain.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ccccxlix. f. imIn Lias at Watchet.
87. A. varicosa.—Depressed, costated ; inner volutions exposed; carinated
when young, and furnished with an irregular row of tubercles upon the in-
ner edges of the whorls; coste curved, large, obtuse, in old shells crossing
the front ; carina distinct ; aperture oblong.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccccli. f.
4, 5.—Sandstone, Blackdown. .
88. A. rotiformis.—Depressed, ribbed, carinated, a furrow upon each side of
the keel; inner whorls exposed, many ; ribs many, strong, each terminating
in a tubercle ; aperture nearly square.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccccliii.
89. A. multicostata.— Depressed, costated, carinated, a furrow on each side of
the keel; inner whorls exposed, few; ribs strong, sharp, numerous, with a
tubercle near the end of each ; aperture oblong,—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecccliv.
—In Lias, near Bath.
90. A. Humphriesiana.—Discoid, thick, radiated ; inner whorls exposed ; front
rounded ; radii large, numerous, rising into a tubercle on each side the whorl,
where they branch into three ; aperture arched, oblong. Sower. Min. Conch.
t. D. tf. l.—Imferior Oolite, Sherborne.
91. A. contracta.—Subglobose, umbilicated, radiated ; radii rising into tuber-
cles upon the border of the umbilicus, there dividing into three or four branches
that pass over the much rounded front ; aperture oblong, arched ; inner whorls
almost concealed.—Sower. Min. Conch. p. f: 2. Dundry.
92. A. Listeri.—Subdiscoid; inner whorls partly concealed ; front convex,
broad, crossed by numerous small ribs; sides inversely conical, ribbed; ribs
terminated by tubercles.— Mart. Pet. Derb. t. xxxv. f 3.—Sower. Min. Conch.
or. f. 1.— Carboniferous Limestone.
93. A. longispina.—Discoid, thick, with two concentric rows of spines upon
each side; whorls few, half exposed ; front round.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. D1.
£ 2.— Weymouth.
94. A. Taylori.—Discoid, radiated; inner whorl exposed; radii about 12, with
one large spiniform tubercle upon each side of the front, and one or two slight
elevations on the rounded sides of the whorls ; aperture nearly round.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. D. xiv. f 1.—Jn clay, Happisburg Cliff:
95. A. hippocastanum.—Gibbose, umbilicated, radiated, spinose ; inner whorls
almost concealed ; radii ten or more, unequal, much elevated, each furnished
with three tubercles upon the front, and most of them with two obtuse spines
upon each side; aperture transversely ovate.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxiv.
£ 2.—In chalk, Dowlands,
248 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. ORBULITA.
96. A. rhotomagensis.—Discoid, radiated, umbilicated; inner whorls partly
concealed ; radii about 20, furnished with three short tubercles upon the front,
and two, more or less elevated, upon each side; whorls thick, with flattish
sides ; aperture oblong. Cuv. Oss. Foss. ii. 319. t. vi. f 2. A. Sussexiensis,
Manteil. Suss. 114. t. xx. f. 2. t- xxi f 10. A. rhot. Sower. Min. Conch. t. Dxv.
—Chalk-mari.
_97. A. Beneitiana.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxxxix.—No description as yet
given.
98. A. biplicatus.—Depressed, slightly umbilicate; volutions inserted, trans-
versely radiated; rays prominent, curved, bifurcated, arising from a row of
oblong projections on the inner edge of the volutions, and terminating in
tubercles on the outer margin; carene flat, bordered by alternating, com-
pressed tubercles. —Mant. Suss. 91. t. xxii. f. 6.—In blue chalk-mazri.
99. A, Woollgari.—Discoidal, depressed, volutions one-third inserted, trans-
versely costated: costze remote, slightly curved, inclined towards the aper-
ture, terminating on the outer margin, in compressed tubercles, or spinous
projections ; carene acute, deeply serrated.—_Mant. Suss. 197. t. xxi. fi 16.
t. xxii. {| 7.—Upper chalk.
100. A. planorbis.—Discoid, smooth ; whorls two or four, two-thirds exposed
Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccecxlviii—in Lias, at Walchel. Probably not of the
genus, or even of the group Cephalopoda.
It is probable that not a few of the preceding species will, upon more ac-
curate comparison, be degraded to the rank of varieties. 'The following ob-
servation by Mr Sowerby merits attentive consideration. ‘‘ There appears
to be no regular rule amongst Ammonites for their change of form, some be-
coming more globose, and others more compressed by age ; but they generally
lose some of the ornaments from their last whorls; and, in their infant state,
are also smooth, or free from tubercles.” t. 405.
—
Gren. ORBULITA.—Sides equal, the last whorl embracing
and concealing the previously formed ones.
1. O. disca. — Discoid, outer edge acuminated; aperture sagittate, half
the diameter of the shell in length, and one-sixth in breadth.—Ammonitis
discus, Sower. Min, Conch. t. xiii In limestone of the Lower Qolite, Bed-
ford.
2. O. striata.—Discoid, gibbose, obscurely undulated, finely striated lon-
gitudinally ; septa rather distinct, with four large angular folds. Aperture
semicircular, with nearly parallel edges; siphunculus marginal ; a deep cen-
tral cavity.—Am. str. Sower. Min. Conch. t. liii. f| 1—In Carboniferous Lime-
stone, Derbyshire. In the Min. Conch. it is stated, at t. 130, that Dr Buck-
land has found this species in Transition Slate at Filliagh, near South Mol-
ton, Devonshire.
3- O. spherica.—Orbicular, umbilicate; septa with four broad angular
folds; aperture narrow; syphon on the inner margin. — Conchyliolithus
Nautilus sphzericus, Martin, Pet. Derb. t. vii. f. 3, 4,5. Am. sph. Sower. Min.
Conch. t. liii. f: 2.—Carboniferous Limestone, Derbyshire.
4. O. minuta.—Orbicular, with about 24 distant longitudinal striae ; aper-
ture lunate, rounded at the sides.—Am. min. Sower. Min. Conch. liii. f 3.—
In Chalk Marl, Folkstone.
5. O. modiolaris.—Orbicular, central cavity large, with an angular edge,
exposing the inner whorls; septa numerous, with five principal undulations,
Scapuita. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 249
which are repeatedly diviéed into many lesser rounded gnes ; aperture semi,
cir cular, truncated at the sides; syphon at the outer margin.—Naut. mod
Luidii, Ichn. t. vi. f. 292, p.19. Am. sublzevis, Sower. Min. Conch. t. liv.—
In limestone, Middle Oolite, at Christian Malford and Kellaways.
6. O. Luscombi.—Depressed, umbilicated ; front rounded; ribs many, shal-
low, waved, surface smooth ; aperture oblong.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxxxiii.
—In Lias, at Lyme.
7. O. Brongniarti.—Gibbose umbilicate ; ribs bent, furcate ; aperture trans-
verse, oblong, arched, with a thick or inflected lip.—Sower. Min. Conch. t.
elxxxiv. A. f. 2.—Under Oolite, at Yeovil.
8. O. heterophylla. — Lenticular, umbilicated, striated; sinuosities of the
septa of two kinds, small and acute-angular, or large and ovate; front round-
ed; sides convex; aperture elliptical, with a notch for the reception of the
preceding whorl.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cclxvi.—In Lias, Whitby.
9. O. Bechii.—Gibbose, umbilicated, concentrically striated ; with numer-
ous thin ribs ; front rounded; each side furnished with two rows of numerous
small tubercles ; aperture large.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cclxxx.—In Lias, at
Lyme.
Grn. SCAPHITA.—Shell commencing with a depressed volu-
tion, the last turn of which, after being enlarged and elon-
gated, is diminished and reflected inwards.
1. §. equalis.—Involute, umbilicate, the inner whorls" concealed; surface
with projecting distant ribs extending all round the whorl; outer part round-
ed, with about two projecting strise between and equal to each of the radii;
outer whorl ventricose, the ribs upon it much enlarged, and abruptly ter-
minated before they reach the edge.—Sower. Min. Conch. i. xviii. f. 1, 2, 3.
—Green Sand, Yeovil.
2. S. obliqua.—Obliquely involute, umbilicated, inner whorls concealed,
covered by transverse striz, dividing into two or three near the outer half
of the whorl, which is rather flattish and broad, and uniting again on the
other side.—Park. Or. Rem. iii. p. 145. t. x. f. 10.—Sower. Min. Conch. tab.
xviii. f 4, 5,6, 7.—In Chalk. In the Geology of England and Wales, p. 268
it is stated as an inmate of the Lias beds.
3. S. striata.—Volutions transversely striated ; striee numerous, oblique,
annular, bifurcate ; dorsum tumid; aperture produced, transversely ovate,
marginate ; siphunculus internal ?— Mant. Suss. 119. t. xxii. f. 3.—In Grey
Chalk Marl.
4. S. costata.— Volutions convex, laterally compressed, transversely striat-
ed, inner whorls concealed, inserted ; strize furcate, numerous, embracing
the ambit: sides of the outer volutions smooth, with eight or ten distant,
oblique, nodular projections ; dorsum broad, convex.— Mant. Suss. 120. t. xxii.
f. 8-12.—Grey Chalk Mari.
Gen. TURRILITA.—Whorls contiguous, partitions of the
chambers sinuous, perforated.
* Spires sinistral.
1. T. costataa—Whorls beset with short ribs, beneath which are two rows
of smaller tubercles.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xxxvi.—In Chalk Mari and
Green Sand.
£50 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Bacutira.
2. T. tuberculata.—Whorls beset with one row of large obtusely conical tu-
bercles, and three rows of smaller tubercles below them.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. Ixxiv.—Chalk Marl.
3. T. undulata—Whorls with many undulating ribs, mostly continuing
from the upper to the lower part of each.—Sower. Min. Conch. t, xxv. f. 1,
2, 3.—Chalk Marl.
** Spires dextral.
4. 'T. obligua.—Upper part of ths whorls contracted; below the middle is
placed a row of large oblique tubercles.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. Ixxv. f. 4.—
In Green Sand. :
Grn. BACULITA.—Shell hooked or bent into two parallel
limbs ; syphon near the outer edge —Hamites of Parkin-
son and Sowerby.
* Without spines or tubercles.
1. B. compressa.—‘* Depressed, curved at right angles; undulations sharp,
slightly waved, most prominent at the back.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xii. f. 7.
8.—In Chalk Marl, Folkstone.
2. B. tenuis.—Slender, depressed, undulation obtuse, slightly waved, dis-
appearing on the back of the limbs. The undulations are irregular, some
reaching nearly to the back, others only half way ; tapering.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. lsxi. f. 1.—In clay in the Chalk Marl, Folkstone.
3. B. rotunda. — Aperture round, undulations obtuse, annular, numer-
ous; the curve of the shell very gradual.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. lxi. f. 2, 3.
—Chalk Marl, Folkstone.
4. B. attenuata.—Suddenly attenuated just below the curve; undulations
obtuse, numerous.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. lxi. f. 4, 5.—MJant. Suss. 93. t. xix.
f. 29.—Chalk Mari, Foikstone.
5. B. maxima.— Slightly depressed ; undulations even, rounding, disap-
pearing at the back ; curvature gradual.” (S.)—Parkinson’s Organic Remains,
iii. p. 144. t. x. f 4. Sower. Min. Conch. t. lxii. f! i—Chalk Marl, Folk-
stone.
6. B. intermedia.—“ Depressed, undulations obtuse, annular, waved, cur,
vature rounding.” (S)—Park. Org, Rem. iii. p. 143. t. x. f 1, 2.——Sower.
Min. Conch. t. lxii. f. 2, 3, and 4, except the right hand figure.—1In Chalk
Marl, Folkstone.
7. B. gibbosa.—“| Gibbous, undulations acute, prominent at the front, ra-
ther distant.” Very flat at the back.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. Ixii. ft 4. right
hand figure.—Chalk Marl, Foikstone.
8. B. Parkinsoni—Curvature obtuse, annulations distinct. —Park. Org.
Rem. iii. p. 144. t. x. f 5.—In Green Sand, Wiltshire.
———_
The Hamites adpressus of Sower. Min. Conch. t. lxi. f. 6. “* Aperture round,
lesser limb acute, pressed close to the larger ; no undulations ; septa? distant-
not waved,” from Folkstone, is a shell still in obscurity.
** With spines or tubercles.
9. B. armata.—“ Flatted ; undulations simple, every second or third arm-
ed with a large thick spine on each side near the front.”-—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. clxvili. and t. eexxxiv. i 2,.—In Chalk Marl, Oxfordshire and Sussex.
2
2
AmpLexus. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Q51
10. B. spinulosa.— Depressed, undulations regular, every other one arm-
ed with two sharp spines; ;opening elliptical; curvature very gradual;”’ struc-
ture obscure.—-Sower. Min. Conch. t. cexvi. f. 1.—Green Sand, Blackdown.
ll. B. spiniger—“ Depressed; undulations many, slender; two rows of
sharp tubercles upon each side, those nearest the front largest ; curvature
gradual.”—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cexvi. f. 2.
12. B. tuberculata.—“ Depressed ; undulations unequal, every third one
largest, with two tubercles on each side, the lateral ones obscure; curvature
gradual.”—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccxvi. f: 4, 5.—Chalk Marl, Folkstone.
13. B. twrgida.—* Depressed ; front irregularly swelled; undulations re-
gular, disappearing over the back; two rows of obscure tubercles near the
front; curvature rather sudden.”—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccxvie f. 6,.—Chalk
Marl, Folkstone.
14. B. nodosa.—‘* Nearly round, undulations regular; two rows of obtuse
tubercles upon the front, each tubercle placed upon two undulations; aper-
ture obovate.”—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecxvi. f. 3.—Chalk Marl, Folkstone.
15. B. plicatilis —“ Slightly depressed, with numerous annular ridges ; two
rows of large, equal, flat tubercles upon each side ; curvature gradual.—Sow-
er. Min. Conch. t. cexxxiv. f. 1.—Chalk Mari, Warminster.
Gen. AMPLEXUS.—Nearly cylindrical, divided into cham-
bers by numerous transverse septa, which embrace each
other with their reflexed margins.
1. A. coralloides.—Tube irregularly bent, longitudinally striated; margins
of the septa deeply reflected, and regularly plaited. The septa seem to have
no perforations.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. lxxiii— Transition Limestone, Cork.
- >_
Orthocera paradoxa.—Lanceolate, curved, three-angled, with a flat front,
and convex sides; aperture an equilateral triangle ; siphuncle nearly central.
—Sower. Min, Conch. t. cccclvii.
SEPIAD.
1. Head surrounded with eight arms and tivo feet.
Sepia.
Loligo.
Il. Head surrounded mith eight arms, but destitute of feet. The
arms equal.
Octopus.
Gen. X. SEPIA.—The sac furnished with a narrow fin on each
side throughout its whole length.
40. S. officinalis. Cuttle-bone.—Body smooth, arms pedun-
culated, lengthened ; dorsal plate elliptical.
S. supina, Jonst. Exang. t. i. f. 3.—S. off. Zinn. Syst. i. 1095. Amen.
Acad. i. 609. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 55.—Not common.
Body oval, compressed, whitish, with purple dots. Arms nearly as long
as the body, dilated towards the extremity, and covered with suckers. The
dorsal plate, known in the shops under the name of Cuttlebone, was former-
ly used in medical practice as an absorbent. This plate is occasionally thrown
ashore on all parts of the coast, but the living animal is seldom found.
Grn. XI. LOLIGO. Catamary.—Sides of the sac only fur-
nished partially with fins.
* Fins united with the tail on each side.
41. L. vulgaris.—The fins, together with the tail, forming
a rhomboidal expansion.
Loligo, a Sleeve, List. Conch. Tab. Anat. ix. fs. Borl. Corn. 260. t.
xxv. f. 27.—Sepia Lol. Linn. Syst. i. 1196. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 53.
—Not rare.
Body compressed, whitish, with dark spots; these spots in the living ani-
mal, and even in a portion of the skin when detached, exhibit remarkable
3
Lotico. MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. 253
contractions and dilatations, as in other species of the class. The feet are
nearly of the same length as the body, and covered with suckers towards their
distal extremity. There is no eye-lid. The bone is elliptical, elongated,
produced at the upper extremity, a groove along the middle, the edges thin.
The appendage to the stomach is straight, and the oviduct is single.
42. L. sagittata.—The fins with the tail forming a triangu-
lar expansion.
Sepia Loligo, Monro, Phys. of Fishes, p. 62. t. 41. and 42.—L. sagit.
Lam. An. sans Vert. vii. 665. Flem. Edin. Encye. xiv. 610.—Com-
mon in the Scottish seas.
The feet are shorter than the body, and covered with suckers nearly to
the base. The two arms between the feet, and the two dorsal ones, are the
smallest. The skin surrounding the mouth unconnected with the two feet
and the two dorsal arms, though united at the base between them. Suckers
in two rows. A duplicature of the skin round the eye forming an eyelid.
The dorsal plate or bone is narrow, thin, expanded at both ends, and strength-
ened by one central and two marginal ribs. ‘The appendage to the stomach
is spiral, and the oviduct is double.
** Fins occurring near the tail, but not continued to its ex-
tremuty.
43. L. media.—Body long, fins elliptical, tail pointed.
Sepia med. Linn. Syst. i. 1095. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 54. t. xxix. fi 45.
—Rare.
Body slender, almost transparent, cylindrical; arms with a double row of
suckers. Eyes large, blue.
44, L. Sepiola.—Body short, fins thip and rounded, outline
of the tail semicircular.
Sepia Sep. Linn. Syst. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 54. t. xxix. f 46.—Rare.
Body scarcely exceeding an inch in length, and about 3ds in breadth.
Arms with two rows of pedunculated suckers; those on the feet small, and
confined to an oblong disc near the extremity.—This seems to be a rare
species. Pennant obtained it from the Flintshire coast. A specimen in
my possession was found in the Frith of Forth, and presented to me by Mr
Chalmers, surgeon, Kirkcaldy, and another specimen has subsequently been
found in the Forth by Dr Grant. It was observed by Captain Parry in Da-
vis’ Straits.
Gen. XII. OCTOPUS.—Suckers sessile.
45. O. vulgaris.—Body smooth; suckers a little remote, ar-
ranged in a double row.
Sepia octopus, Sower. Brit. Misc. t. xliiii— Oct. vul. Lam. An. sans Vert.
vil. 657.
Body oblong, tinged with brown. Arms nearly six times the length of
the body, and furnished with about two 240 suckers. Oviduct double ; mar-
gin of the anus simple.—This species is recorded by Mr Sowerby as having
been sent to him from Dover by Mr Richard Phillips. It occurs, according
to the observations of Mr Neill and Dr Grant, in the Frith of Forth, not
unfrequently.
254 MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. Octopus.
46. O. octopodia.—Body rounded, smooth, mantle connect-
ed with the head behind ;” suckers sessile, arranged in a single
row.
Sepia Oct. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 53. t. xxviii. f. 44.
This species appears to have been confounded with the preceding. Pen-
nant states, that it inhabits our seas; and Montagu is said, by Mr Sowerby,
to have communicated a specimen to him, probably from the coast of Devon.
Dr Grant has obligingly communicated to me the following observations
ona recent, apparently full grown specimen from the Frith of Forth, pre-
sented to him by Mr John Coldstream. Length of the body 44 inches, of the
head 2 inches; breadth of the body 3% inches; arms 12 inches long, webbed
at the base as high as the twelfth sucker, compressed, strong, the extremities
filiform. Suckers becoming larger to the sixth, and then diminishing to-
wards the extremity, with a broad muscular margin; about 111 can be
counted, with the aid of a lens, on each arm. Eyes very small, with a sub-
dorsal aspect, and near covered with distinct eyelids, and having the iris
white. 'The absence of the musky smell distinguishes this species from the
Octopus moschatus of Lamarck.
—=>>>
The different species of Sepiadze secrete an inky Jiuid, differing, however,
in the shade of colour according to the species, which they eject upon being
pursued or captured.
——
The collection of Mr Miller of Bristol is said to contain a specimen, from
the Lias, resembling the back of one of the Sepiade.—Geol. Eng. and Wales,
267.
4
MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 255
PULMONIFERA.
TERRICOLA.
Tentacula usually round, and four in number. The eggs are
hatched on land.
I. Limacipx. Cloak and foot parallel, enclosing the viscera.
a. Pulmonary cavity placed near the head, covered by a thick shield.
Arion
Limax.
aa. Pulmonary cavity near the tail, covered by a spiral open shell.
Testacella.
II. Cocuteaps. Cloak and foot not parallel ; the viscera con-
tained in a spiral, dorsal protuberance, protected by
a shell.
a. Foot with a lid for closing the mouth of the shell.
Cyclostoma.
Helecina.
aa. Foot destitute of a lid.
&. Hexricrip#. Last formed whorl larger than the penultimate
one.
c. Animal capable of retiring within the shell, the peristome of
which, with the exception of Achatina, becomes thick at
maturity.
d. Shell depressed or globose.
e. Peristome entire, raised on the pillar.
Carocolla.
ee. Peristome interrupted on the pillar.
Helix.
dd. Shell turrited.
Bulimus.
Achatina.
ec. Animal incapable of withdrawing within the aperture of the
shell, the margin of which is thin.
Succinea.
Vitrina.
bb. Purapm. Last formed whorl nearly of the same size as the
penult one, or even less, giving the shell a subcylindrical
form.
c. Whorls dextral
Pupa.
Azeca-
Carychium.
ec. Whorls sinistral.
Balea.
Clausilia.
Vertigo,
256 MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. ARIoN.
LIMACID&.
Gen. XIII. ARION.—A mucous orifice at the retral termi-
nation of the cloak ; shield strengthened by soft calcareous
matter.
47. A. ater.—Tentacula and snout black ; body generally of
the same colour.
Limax ater, List. An. Ang. 131. Conch. t. 101. f: 102, and t. 101. a. f,
103. Muil. Verm. Hist. ii. p. 2.—Arion ater, Ferussac, Hist. Moll. i.
60. t. i. f. 1-3.—Common.
Body rounded above, becoming ridged towards the tail. Shield granulated ;
cloak with numerous anastomosing furrows, the margin with transverse pa-
rallel ridges. Orifice of the pulmonary cavity near the anterior margin of
the shield, with the sexual orifice underneath. Deposits its bluish eggs in a
cluster in May at the roots of plants. Feeds on dead and living vegetables ;
and even on the common earthworm when dead, according to Mr Power.—
Linn. Trans. ix. 323—This species is subject to considerable variation of colour,
being sometimes of a brownish tinge (Limax rufus); or with the margin of
the cloak reddish or yellowish.
Gen. XIV. LIMAX.—No mucous orifice ; shield strengthened
by a shelly plate ; the pulmonary cavity and sexual orifice
under the right tentaculum.
48. L. cinereus.—Grey, with dark brown spots; tentacula
veined.
List. An. Ang. 127. Conch. t. 101. a. f. 104. Mull. Verm. Hist. ii. p. 3.
Fer. Hist. Moll. i. 65. t. iv.—Common.
Length 5 or 6 inches, Three black lines between the tentacula. Shield
nearly smooth; the cloak with branched furrows. The foot whitish. Shell
of the shield white, smooth, depressed, and translucent. Eggs white, depo-
sited in spring, under stones. Food vegetables. aries much in the colour-
ing. Lives in old damp walls, and shaded places.
49. L. agrestis —Grey, clouded, tentacula black.
L. cin. parvus, List. An. Ang. 130. Conch. t. 101. f 101.—L. ag. Mull.
Verm. Hist. ii. p. 8. Fer. Hist. Moll. i. 73. t. v. £ 7-10.—Common.
Length about an inch. Tentacula short. Body convex above, ending in
a ridge at the tail. Shell of the shield oval, pellucid. When touched its
body becomes covered with a white mucus. Lurks under stones and rotten
timber.—This species is capable of forming a thread, and suspending itself
from trees, a kind of locomotion in the slugs, first noticed by Lister dn. Ang.
3., and afterwards by other observers, Linn. Trans. vol. i. 182, and vol. iv.
. 85.
: M. Ferussac adds as a synonime to his L. flavus, “‘ lutescens, fusco tessera-
tus, tentaculis cceruleis ; clypeo postice rotundata,” i. p. 71. t. v. f. 1-6, a re-
ference to Pennant’s Brit. Zool. iv. 41, where, under the name Yellow Slug,
a species is described “ of an amber colour, marked with white.” This is
|
TrstaceELLa. MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. R57
obviously the “ Limax succini colore, albidis maculis insignitus,” of Lister,
Conch. t. 101. 6., but as the letter A is not placed at the figure, which is the
usual mark of an English species, there is no evidence of its being native.
Gen. XV. TESTACELLA.— Vent and pulmonary cavity
nearly terminal. Foot extending on each side beyond the
body.
50. T. Maugii.—Reddish, with scattered brown spots, and
a stripe of brown on each side.
Fer. Hist. Moll, i. 94. t. viii. f 10-12. Miller, Annals of Phil. xix. 380.
—In nursery grounds, Bristol.
Tentacula filiform; mouth orange. Shell ovate, lengthened, convex, co-
vered with a dusky cuticle, striated by the layers of growth; rounded and
effuse anteally, ending retrally in a short spine, with a slightly prominent
knob ; margin of the opening entire, subquadrangular.—This species was ob-
served by Mr T. Drummond (at present engaged in exploring the Arctic
Botany of North America) in 1812, in the nursery grounds of Messrs Sweet
and Miller. Specimens were transmitted by Dr Leach to Baron Ferussac.
It feeds on the earth worm, into the holes of which it effects its entrance.
Eggs few, ovate. It inhabits Teneriffe, and was probably introduced along
with exotic plants.
51. T. haliotoidea.—Greyish clouded, or reddish, without
spots.
Draparnaud, Hist. Nat. des Mollusques, p. 121. t. ix. fi 12,13. Fer.
Moll. i. 94. t. viii. f: 5-9.—T. scutata, Sower. Gen. Ric. Shells, 1, 3, 6.
---In a garden at Lambeth.
Tentacula cylindrical; a groove on each side, from the head to the shell.
Shell ovate, depressed, rounded anteally, thick, brown, striated by the layers
of growth: acuminated retrally, with an imperfect spire, in the form ofa
minute light coloured knob.—This species was found in Mr Sowerby’s gar-
den at Lambeth. The specimens obligingly presented to me by Mr J. C.
Sowerby, incline me to consider them as identical with the species long ago de-
scribed by Draparnaud. In the description Mr G. B. Sowerby adds, “ the
animal of this species bears a near resemblance to that of T. haliotoidea, not
having the double row of tubercles running from the head to the anterior
part of the shell so conspicuous in T. Maugii.”’
COCHLEAD-.
Gen. XVI. CYCLOSTOMA.—Peristome of the shell thick-
ened, entire. Tentacula linear, subretractile, the second
pair minute, bearing the eyes.
52. C. elegans.—Whorls 5, ventricose, spirally and longitu-
dinally striated,
VOL. I. Rk
258 MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. Cyctostoma.
Cochlea cinerea, List. An. Ang. 119, Conch. t. xxvii. f. 25.—Nerita ele-
gans, Mull. Hist. Verm. ii. 177.—Turbo tumidus, Penn. Brit. Zool.
iv. p. 128.—Turbo elegans, Mont. Test. Brit. 343.—Cycl. el. Drap.
Moll. 32.—Under moss and the roots of ferns, England.
Length of the shell upwards of half an inch, brownish, spiral striz dis-
tinct ; a minute pillar cavity ; lid diverging, striated. ‘The animal is brown-
ish, with a long emarginate snout. Some details of anatomical structure are
given by Lister, Tab. Anat. iv. f. 1, 2, 3.
53. C. subcylindricum.—Whorls 4 to 5, cylindrical, sum-
mit obtuse, with numerous rounded transverse ridges.
Helix subcylindrica, Pultney’s Dorset. 49.—C. truncatulum, Drap. Mol
40.—On marsh plants.
Length of the shell a quarter of an inch; colour brown, mouth ovate, pe-
ristome thick, pillar cavity indistinct : summit as if truncated, ending sud-
denly in a small smooth button-like whorl. The animal, according to Dra-
parnaud, !is white, transparent, with a long contractile snout: tentacula
short, little acuminated; eyes above the retral base of the tentacula ; foot
short ; lid thin, semioval, with bent striae. Dr Pultney found his on “* water
plants in rivers and ponds.” Draparnaud states, that it is found on the shores
of the Mediterranean, on the borders of marshes, on the earth among plants,
and even burried in sand; and expresses a suspicion that it may prove a ma-
rine shell. In 1806 I found a specimen in the cavity of a dead Spatangus
purpureus from the Frith of Forth. This species is probably the “ Bucci-
num exiguum rufum quinque orbium” of List. Conch. 22. f. 19.—Donovan, in
his Brit. Shells, t. lxxx, figures this species, by mistake, for Pupa muscorum.
a
EXTINCT.
Gen. HELECINA.—Peristome entire, with a callous pillar.
1, H. compressa.— Spire flattish, an elevated thread surrounding the up-
per part. Mouth a little angular above.’”—Sower. Min. Conch. t. x. three
middle figures.—In Lias limestone, Leicestershire.
2. H. expansa.—‘ Carinated; above, depressed, conical, obscurely striated ;
beneath, ventricose; callus expanded.””— Sower. Min. Conch. t. cclxxiii. f. 1-3.
—Blue Lias at Lyme.
3. H. solarioides.—“ Subdiscoid, obtusely carinated ; whorls depressed a-
bove, convex beneath.”—Sower. Min Conch. t. cclxxiii. f. 4.—In Lias.
4. H. polita.—Subdiscoid, polished ; spire elevated, acute ; volutions mark-
ed with an impressed band, depressed above, below ventricose ; callous, thin,
expanded ; aperture nearly square.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cclxxxv.—At Co-
predy, in marly sandstone of the Lower Oolite.
Gen. XVII. CAROCOLLA.—Shell carinated, mouth trans-
verse, not reversed.
54. C. lapicida.—Shell convex, transversely striated ; peris-
tome reflected, white.
Cochlea pulla, sylvatica, spiris in aciem depressis, List. An. Ang. 127,
Conch. t. 69. f- 68.—Helix lap. Linn. Syst. i. 1241. Drap. Moll. iii.
Mont. 'Test. Brit. 435.—Woods and old walls, England.
HE ix. MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 259
Shell depressed, #ths of an inch in breadth; brown, variegated, rough.
Whorls five, nearly flat, carinated. Pillar cavity large, exposing part of the
inner volutions; mouth subovate, Animal dark brown; upper tentacula
very long, the lower short and slender; neck shagreened. Is not the Helix
Somershamiensis of the Reverend R. Sheppard, Linn. Trans. xiv. 159, the
young of this species ? The shell described by Captain Brown under the
name Helix cochlea, Wern. Mem. ii. 528. t. xxiv. f. 10, and by Dr Turton,
H. terebra, Conch. Dict. 61. t. xiv. f. 55, found in the garden of Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, by Mr Stevens, seems to be a‘produced variety of this shell, the
effect of disease in early life.
Gen. XVIII. HELTX.—Shell globose, aperture without teeth,
transverse, lunated.
a. Witha pillar cavity.
* Preceding whorls not exposed by the pillar-cavity.
55. H. Pomatia.—Shell inflated, yellowish-brown, with three
dark longitudinal bands ; wrinkled transversely.
Cochlea cinerea, List. An. Ang. iii—Conch. t. 48. f. 46.—H. Pom. Linn.
Syst. i. 1244. Mont. Test. Brit. 405.—Middle districts of England.
The shell sometimes attains two inches in diameter. Whorls 5, rounded.
Animal dusky grey. Eggs from 25 to 50, deposited in a hole in the earth ;
when hatched, the shell has one volution and a half'—Previous to winter, this
species retires to acavity, which it diggs in the earth by means of its foot, aided
by the mucus, and closes the aperture of the shell with a calcareous lid. In
this state it remains torpid until spring. On the continent of Europe the
animal is used as food. By some it is conjectured that this species was in-
troduced into England by Mr Howard about the middle of the sixteenth
century. ‘Two varieties of the shell occur; the first has the whorls disjoin-
ed and turrited ; the second has the whorls sinistral.
56. H. Pisana.—Shell white, with interrupted brown bands ;
peristome, internally, pink coloured.
Mull. Verm. ii. p. 60.—H. zonaria, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 137. t. 85. f.
133.—H. cingenda, Mont. Test. Brit. 418.—H. rhodostoma, Drap.
Moll. 86.—South of England.
Shell about $ths of an inch in breadth, subpellucid, minutely striated, lon-
gitudinally and transversely; the last band, with irregular edges, entering
the mouth; mouth wide, rounded, peristome rising on the side of the pillar
cavity. Animal pale yellow; tentacula dark coloured, with a dusky streak
at the base of each, extending backwards on the neck of the animal.
57. H. subrufescens.—Shell transparent, horn coloured, with-
out bands,
Miller, Annals of Philosophy, vol. xix. p. 379.—Environs of Bristol.
Shell of 5 whorls, separated by a deep groove; the apex depressed. the
edge indistinctly carinated, transversely striated by the lines of growth ;
mouth rounded externally, narrow near the pillar, where the lip is reflected,
in part, over the cavity. In none of the specimens in my possession, which
I owe to the kindness of Mr Miller, has the mouth acquired the peristome’
of maturity. It seems, however, to be a distinct species.
R 2
260 MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. Het Ix.
58. H. albella.—Shell flat above, with a carinated edge; gib-
bous beneath.
Cochlea alba, List. Conch. t. 80. f. 81.—H. alb. Linn. Syst. 1242. Drap
Moll. 113.—On the shore, St Andrew’s.
Shell dusky yellowish-white, minutely striated by the lines of growth.
Whorls 3 or 4, the line of separation distinct, but the spire very little raised.
Mouth rather wide at the pillar. Draparnaud states, after Muller, that three
spires can be seen in the pillar cavity; a mistake, probably arising from the
latter contemplating a dead specimen of Planorbis corneus, instead of the true
albella. By the former, that animal is said to frequent rushes on the coast.
A single dead specimen of this shell, in my possession, was found in 1810, on
the shore at St Andrew’s.
59. H. terrestris.—Spire conical, whorls flat, carinated at
the base.
Trochilus Monspessulanus, List. Conch. t. 61. f. 58.—Trochus terrestris,
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 127. Don. Brit. Shells, t. iii. Mont. Test. Brit.
287.—H. elegans, Drap. Moll. 79.—England, rare.
Shell whitish, striated longitudinally ; whorls 5 or 6, nearly flat, divided
by a very small depressed line, with a prominent ridge at the base of each ;
apex produced, but not very pointed; mouth compressed, angulated; base
flat, striated from the centre—This species has hitherto been found only in
Northamptonshire by Morton, and Cumberland by Hudson.
60. H. T'rochilus.—Spire conical ; whorls rounded.
Buccinum parvum sine Trochilus sylvaticus, List. An. Ang. 123.—H.
Troch, Mull. Verm. ii. 79.—H. trochiformis, Mont. Test. Brit. 427.
—lIn moist situations, rare.
Shell thin, pellucid, horn coloured ; whorls 6, rounded, and strongly divid-
ed by the separating line ; ‘apex considerably produced; mouth transverse,
narrow ; lip a little reflected on the pillar cavity. Montagu has found this
species in Wiltshire and Devonshire among decayed wood. A specimen,
found in the south of Fife, was presented to me by Mr Chalmers, surgeon,
Kirkcaldy.
61. H. Turtont.—Shell flat on both sides, with a rounded
margin.
H. rotundata, Turton, Conch. Dict. 53.
“« Shell quite flat and level on both sides, dark horn coloured, with trans-
verse chesnut marks or blotches, which, however, are not in a regular ra-
diate manner, with the perforation rather large, but not exhibiting the inter-
nal volutions ; spires 6, rounded and well defined, crossed with regular, close
set, fine, rather oblique, raised lines ; the larger volution rounded at the mar-
gin and without the faint keel-like appearance; aperture large, roundish,
crescent shaped, the margin thin and not reflected over the perforation; dia-
meter not a quarter of an inch.” Such is the description of a singular spe-
cies found by Dr Turton in the woods near Brecon. It is not the H. rotun-
data of Muller, though probably a variety of his H. obvoluta, Hist. Verm.
ii. 27.
** Preceding whorls in part exposed by the pillar cavity.
62. H. ericetorwm.— Whorls six, rounded, subdepressed ;
mouth suborbicular ; pillar cavity very wide.
HELIx. MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 261
Cochlea cinerea albidave, fasciata, ericetorum, List. An. Ang. 126.—H.
ericetorum, Muti. Verm. ii. 33.—H. albella, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 132.
—H. er. Mont. Test. Brit. 437.—Sunny banks.
Shell about $ths of an inch in breadth; white, or whitish with"dark brown
bands, or brownish with whitish bands; the upper band of the body whorl
seen along the separating line of the preceding ones. Mouth rounded exter-
nally, the lips Sop ecting internally. 3 or 4 whorls visible in the pillar ca-
vity. Animal with a pellucid foot, tentacula clavated; body dusky. The
shell figured by Lister, Conch. t. 78. f. 78, and so generally referred to this
species, is surely widely different.
63. H. virgata—Whorls 6, rounded, a little produced ; pil-
lar cavity in part covered by the lip.
Cochlea alba, leviter umbilicata pluribus fasciis circumdata, clavicula
productiore, List. Conch, t. 59. f. 56.—H. zonaria, var. a. Penn. Brit.
Zool. iv. 137. t. 85. f. 133. a.—H. virg. Mont. Test. Brit. 415.—H.
variabilis, Drap. Moll. 84.—Maritime pastures and dry banks, Eng-
land and Ireland,
Breadth about half an inch; colour whitish, with brown bands, the upper
one jon the body whorl continuing along the separating line to the apex.
Mouth wide at the pillar margin ; peristome brown, with a white thread-like
elevation ; pillar cavity a little contracted by the lip, exhibiting only one ve-
lution. This species is very common on the limestone rocks in the neigh-
bourhood of Cork.
64. H. cantiana.—Shell with 6 rounded, wrinkled, volutions,
inner lip in part closing the pillar cavity.
Cochlea dilute rufescens, var. List. An. Ang. 126. Mont. Test. Brit.
422. t. 22. f. 1.—H. pallida, Don. Brit. Sh. t. 157. f 2.2. Woods and
hedges, England and Ireland.
Breadth nearly an inch. Margin rounded with a whitish band; the base
of the shell and mouth rufous; the thickened peristome white. One whorl
only visible in the pillar cavity.
65. H. rufescens.—Shell with 6 rufous, rounded, whorls,
subcarinated on the margin, pillar cavity large.
Cochlea dilute rufescens, List. An. Ang. 125, Conch. t. 71. lower fig.—
H. hispida, Mul. Verm. ii. 73.—H. ruf. Mont. Test. Brit. 420.—Un-
der stenes and moss, common.
Breadth upwards of half an inch; spire little elevated ; brown, covered
with numerous short hairs; finely striated by the layers of growth; mouth
rounded externally, rather narrew at the pillar, where the lip is a little re-
flected , pillar cavity large, rounded, exhibiting two or three volutions. Ani-
mal dusky.
66. H. hispida.—Shell thin; pale coloured; whorls five,
rounded ; pillar cavity with steep sides.
Mont. Test. Brit. 423. t. xxiii. f. 3. Drap. Moll. 103.—Among moss in
England and Scotland.
Breadth about }th of an inch; it is covered with minute short hairs 3 Spire
but little raised; aperture lunate, rather contracted in the middle; the lip
a little reflected on the cavity, within which, one or two volutions are visible.
The shape of the mouth and pillar cavity, and the absence of a subcarina, dis-
tinguish this species from the young of rufuscens, with which it has very fre-
quently been confounded. 5,
]
262 MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. HE.rix.
67. H. aculeata.—Whorls four, crossed by regular membra-
naceous ridges, which are produced into hair-like spines about
the middle.
Muil. Hist. Verm. ii. 81.—H. spinulosa, Light. Phil. Trans. vol. 76. 166.
t. 11. lower f. 1, 5. Mont. Test. Brit. 426. t. xi. f 10.—Among moss,
not uncommon.
Breadth about the tenth of an inch; whorls brown, thin, rounded, well de-
fined, rather produced ; mouth rounded, the lips white, approaching ; pillar-
cavity distinct. ‘
68. H. nitida.—Shell depressed, transparent, glossy, green-
ish, with a tinge of white on the pillar-cavity.
List. Conch. t- 71. upper £ Mull. Hist. Verm. ii. 32.—H. lucida, Mont.
Test. Brit. 425. t. xxiii. f 4——-Common among moss and under stones.
Breadth nearly half an inch; whorls five or six, the lower one rounded,
the upper ones nearly even, with a deep line of separation ; minutely striated
by the lines of growth; margin of the mouth thin ; pillar-cavity wide, ex-
posing two of the whorls.—The young shells of this species seem to be the
Hi. nitidula of Drap. Moll. 117, and described by the Rev. R. Sheppard, Linn.
Trans. xiv. 160. as occurring in Essex; and the fry do not seem to differ
from the H. pygmea of Drap. Moll. 114, described by Dr Turton as found in
England abundantly in ditches, under leaves,—Zool. Journ. N°. viii. p. 565.
The Helix alliaria of Miller, Annals of Philosophy, t- xix. is probably also
only a variety of this species. He described it as “ an umbilicated, depressed,
pellucid, shining, horn-coloured shell, having no more than four volutions.
This species never arrives to the size of H. nitens, has one volution less, and
is found under moss on old trees. Its inhabitant smells strongly of garlick.’*
The Rev. Mr Sheppard takes notice of this fetid smell in the animal of
nitida, which, in some instances, he adds, “‘ is not observable till the shell has
been immersed in boiling water.” The H. nitida, hispida, and rufeseens, are
sometimes found under water.
69. H. wmbilicata.—W horls five, rounded ; apex slightly pro-
duced ; pillar-cavity large, exposing the whorls to the end.
Mont. Test. Brit. 434. t. xiii- f| 2H. rupestris, Drap. Moll, 82.—Un-
der stones and moss, in England and Scotland.
Breadth about a tenth of an inch; brown; whorls finely and closely
striated across, deeply divided by the separating line; mouth suborbicular,
margin thin; upper tentacula short; under ones mere tubercles. Before
reaching maturity, this species appears to be the H. Kirbii of the Rev. R.
Sheppard, Linn. Trans. xiv. 162, which differs merely in having four volu-
tions, and being half a line in breadth.
70. H. crystallina.—Shell transparent, glossy, of four de-
pressed whorls, the last large.
Mull. Verm. 23.—H. pellucida, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 138.—H. cryst-
Drap. Moll. 118.—At the roots of grass, England.
Breadth about 3th of an inch; whorls smooth, with a deep line of separa-
tion, and the spire depressed ; aperture wide, the margin slightly thickened.
The specimens in my possession are from Battersea, and were sent to me by
Dr Leach
71. H. caperata—Whorls six, subcarinated, with interrupted
brown bands, and deep transverse striz.
FLELIx. MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 263
Mont. Test. Brit. 430. t. xi, f. 11.—H. striata, Drap. Moll. 106.—In dry
situations.
Breadth about half an inch ; convex on both sides ; a broad brown band above
the keel, and another below it; the keel itself white; the brown bands are
mottled with white; aperture rounded, thin on the margin, with a white
raised band within ; pillar-cavity exposing the preceding whorl.—This species
is probably the H. maculata of Muller,
72. H. rotundata. — Whorls six, depressed, subcarinated,
strongly striated across, with a very wide pillar-cavity.
C. terrestris, compressa, maculata et leviter striata, List, Conch. t. 1058.
f. 11.—H. rot. Mull. Verm. ii. 29.—_H. radiata, Mont. Test. Brit. 432.
t. xxiv. fi 3.—H. rot. Drap. Moll. 114..Common under leaves and
stones.
Breadth about 3th of an inch; radiated above with brown lines; whorls
strongly divided by the separating line; aperture transverse; pillar-cavity
exposing the previous whorls.
73. H. costata.—Whorls four, rounded ; the peristome thick,
suborbicular.
H. cost. et pulchella, Muli, Verm. ii. 31.—Turbo helicinus, Light. Phil.
Trans. vol. Ixxvi. 167. t. iii. f. 1, 4.—H. paludosa, Walk, Test. Min.
t- i, 23.—H. pal. and crenella, Mont. Test. Brit. 404.—Under damp
moss, common.
Breadth about jth of an inch; whorls covered with a brown epidermis,
raised into numerous transverse ridges; colour of the shell white, slightly
striated transversely ; margins of the aperture nearly uniting on the body-
whorl; pillar-cavity exposing the inner volutions.
74. H. elegans.—Shell with seven rounded produced volu-
tions.
Brown, Wern. Mem. ii. 528. tab. xxiv. f. 9.—H. disjuncta, Turton,
Conch. 61. t. xvi. f. 63,—Near Dublin. Mr Stephens.
“ Shell subpellucid, somewhat glossy, with seven ventricose and very
deeply divided volutions, tapering to rather an obtuse apex; the first or
body-whorl is much inflated ; a white band runs spirally from the base to the
apex, giving it a strong appearance of being carinated, and the volutions are
slightly wrinkled across. It is furnished with a deep and wide umbilicus,
which, viewed directly from the base, is partly hid by the reflected lip of the
shell ; aperture subrotund, lip very thin, and reflected on the columella. The
colour is of a dirty white, with several interrupted dark umber-coloured
bands, which run spirally from the base to the apex; length §ths of an inch;
breadth 34eighths,” Brown.—This is probably only a monstrous variety of some
of the more common species.
b. Without a pillar-cavity. Globose.
75. H. aspersa.—Shell brown, with white transverse stripes ;
mouth subascending.
Cochlea vulgaris, List. An. Ang. 113. Conch. t. xlix. 47.—H. aspersa,
Mull. Verm. ii. 59.—H. hortensis, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 136.—H. asp.
Mont. Test. Brit. 408.—Gardens and old walls, common.
Breadth about 14 inch, with four whorls, slightly striated and wrinkled
across ; mouth elongated upwards, margin white, thickened, a little reflected.
264 MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. HEtix.
76. H. arbustorwm.—Shell mottled with a single brown
longitudinal band.
Cochleg maculata, List. An. Ang. 119. Conch. t. lvi. f 53.—H. arb.
Mull. Verm. ii. 55. Penn. Brit. Zool.iv. 136. Mont. Test. Brit. 413.
—In boggy places, common.
Breadth scarcely an inch; whorls slightly striated longitudinally, and
wrinkled transversely ; mouth obliquely transverse, rounded ; margin white,
thick, reflected.
77. H. nemoralis.—Peristome brown; margin next the pil-
lar nearly straight.
Cochlea citrina, List. An. Ang. 116. Conch. t. lvii. f. 54.—H. nem. Mull.
Verm. ii. 46. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 137. Mont. Test. Brit. 411.—
Shady places, common.
Breadth about an inch; whorls five, wrinkled across. Colour yellowish,
without bands, with a single band, or with several bands. These varieties
are considered by the Reverend Revitt Sheppard as distinct species, because
they do not unite indiscriminately in the season of love; and he adds, “ from
the one-banded and many-banded sorts I have taken the spicula or love-darts ;
that of the former is four-sided in the middle, and perfectly straight ; in the
latter it is also four-sided in the middle, but curved as in H. aspersa.”
78. H. hortensis—Margin of the mouth invariably white ;
even near the pillar.
Cochlea citrina, No. 1. List An. Ang. 117.—H. hort. Mull. Verm. 52.
Mont. Test. Brit. 412.—Not common.
This species closely resembles the preceding, of which it is considered by
many as only a variety. It is smaller in size, and less common.
79. H.,fusca.—Shell thin, pellucid, horn-coloured, with five
or six whorls.
Mont. Test. Brit. 424. t. xiii. f| 1.—In England and Ireland, not uncom-
mon.
Breadth less than half an inch ; smooth ; mouth lunated, narrow near the
pillar, thin, not reflected ; whorls rounded, the last large. This seems to be
the H. fulva of Muller, No. 249.—A variety of a white colour, glossy, and
pellucid, was sent to Montagu from Scotland by Mr Boyes.
——=>__
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. H. carinata.—Spire short, conoidal, of three or four turns; a raised,
flat, ribband-like projection passes from the lateral edge of the mouth along
the middle of the last turn, till it meets the inner edge of the mouth, whence
it continues between the volutions to the end. Umbilicus open.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. x. upper and lower figures.—In Carboniferous Limestone, Set-
tle, Yorkshire.
2. H. Gentii.—Discoid, gibbose, smooth, with a spiral band along the upper
part of the whorl; aperture large, expanded, elliptical— Sewer. Min. Conch.
t. cxlv.— Green Sand near Devizes.
3. H. globosa.—Globose, slightly elongated, obscurely transversely striat-
ed; whorls but gradually increasing in size; outer-lip reflected.—Sower. Min.
Conch, t. clxx. Crag Fresh water Limestone, Isle of Wight.
Butrwvs. MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 965
4. H. striata. — Conical, depressed, subcarinated, obliquely striated, a
rising band around the edge, crossed by arched strize ; columella solid, aper-
ture subtriangular.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxxi. f 1.— Carboniferous Lime-
stone, Derbyshire.
5. H. cirriformis.—Conical, acute, umbilicate, decussato-striated ; with a
band around the middle of the whorl, crossed with arched striz ; aperture
nearly round.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxxi. f. 2.—In Carboniferous Limestone,
Derbyshire.
6. H. levis—Whorls three; surface smooth; spire elevated. —Mantell,
Geol. Suss. 263. t. xviii. f. 19, 20.—In Plastic Clay, Bath.
7. H. pusilla—Depressed, smooth, umbilicated, convex beneath. Volu-
tions round and tapering ; their number about three. Mouth roundish.—
Mart. Pet. Derb. t. lii. ££ 3.—In a fossil pericarp, in Clay Ironstone, Derby-
shire.
Gen. XIX. BULIMUS.—Aperture of the shell longer than
broad, the margin near the pillar entire.
80. B. acutus. — Whorls nine, rounded, white, with trans-
verse interrupted brown stripes.
Buccinum exiguum fasciatum et radiatum, List. Conch. t. xix. f. 14.—
Helix acuta, Mull. Verm. ii. 100.—Turbo fasciatus, Penn. Brit. Zool.
iv. 131. Mont. Test. Brit. 346.—Bul. acutus, Drap. Moll. 77.—On
dry banks near the sea.
Length 3ths of an inch; whorls strongly wrinkled across, sometimes a
single or double longitudinal brown band on the lower side of the body-whorl.
Margin of the mouth a little reflected on the small pillar-cavity.—Animal
pale yellow.
81. B. obscurus.—Shell brown, oblong, subcylindrical in the
middle, with a blunt spire; outer-lip of the mouth nearly
straight.
Buccinum rupium majusculum circiter senis orbibus circumvolutum,
List. An. Ang. 122.—Helix obscura, Mull. Verm. ii. 103.—Turbo sex
anfractibus striatis apertura subrotunda marginata, Walk. Test. Min.
Rar. t. iif. 41. Mont. Test. Brit. 391.—B. obs. Drap. Moll. 74.—Moist
woods and rocks.
Length ths of an inch; breadth about one-third of its length: whorls
from five to seven, with faint lines of growth, slightly rounded, ending in a
blunt knob; pillar-lip nearly perpendicular, a little reflected on the pillar-
cavity ; peristome white.
82. B. Lackhamensis.—Shell brown, oblong, subcylindrical
in the middle, with a blunt spire; outer-lip rounded.
Helix Lack. Mont. Test. Brit. 394.—Bul. montanus, Drap. Moll. 74,—
In woods, England.
Length ths of an inch; breadth one-fourth of the length. Similar in
other respects to the B. obscurus except size, the lines of growth stronger, and
the outer edge of the mouth a little more rounded. Judging from an au-
thentic specimen sent to me by the late Mr Montagu, it seems to be only a
large variety of the preceding species.
83. B. lubricus.—Shell glossy, horn-coloured, bluntly taper-
ing; mouth, externally, narrow.
266 -MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. Buuimous.
Buccinum exiguum, quinque anfractum, mucrone acuto, List. An. Ang.
122.—Helix lubrica, Mull. Verm. ii. 104. Mont. Test. Brit. 390.—
Bul. lub. Drap. Moll. 75.—In moist woods, common.
Lenth jth inch ; breadth one-third of its length; whorls five or six, near-
ly smooth. Mouth a little oblique, margin white, or with a rosy tinge.
84. B. tuberculatus—Mouth with a single tubercle on the
body-whorl, near the outer angle.
Turton, Zool. Journ. No. vii. 363. t. xiii. f 4—Pershore, Worcester-
shire.
Length 4 an inch; breadth ths. Shell oval, oblong, with six whorls,
rather flat, of a whitish colour; the lower half of the body-whorl, as well as
the slightly reflected peristome, milk-white ; a small pillar-cavity.
* Naturalized Species.
1. B. Goodallit.—* A subperforated, turrited, pellucid, pale,
corneous or almost white shell, having from six to seven volu-
tions, and an ovate aperture.”
* Helix Goodalli,” Miller, Ann. Phil. xix. 381.—Pine-beds, Bristol.
Length upwards of ,{,ths of an inch; the whorls rather fiat, sometimes
eight in number; separating line distinct ; finely striated across by waved
lines of growth. This is the Cochlicella clavulus of Ferrussac. We are in-
debted to Mr Miller for publishing a notice of this curious species. Mr
Thomas Drummond, in a letter now before me, says, ‘‘ The Helix Goodallii
was first pointed out by me in 1816, when I was in the habit of feeding
them, and when I wanted a supply, I merely placed a flat board upon the
surface of the tan, and left two or three small worms beneath it (dead ones
of course), and J never saw it fail of being covered with them in a few days.”
2. B. decollatus.—Shell subcylindrical, truncated at the apex.
Buccinum album clavicula productiore fere abrupta, List. Conch. t. xvii.
f. 12.—Bul. decoll. Drap. Moll. 76.
Dr Turton gives the following notice respecting this species: ‘* Bulimus
decollatus was observed to breed in great abundance, for many successive
years, in the green-house at Watton, in the south of Devon, the seat of H.
Studdy, Esq., lodged in the earth, under the wood-work, whence they wan-
dered abroad in the summer. This wood-work and the earth were removed,
and replaced with stone, by which the colony was lost; and all that were
reserved we owe to the care of Mrs Griffiths and Miss Hill.”"—Zool. Journ.
0. Vili. 565.
—>——_.
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. B. ellipticus.—Elliptical, elongated, rather obtuse, longitudinally ribbed ;
ribs numerous, very small, straight ; aperture small, twice as long as wide,
upon the left side.—Sower. Min. t. 337.—Fresh-water Formation, Isle of
Wight.
2. B. costillatus..-Ovate, rather acute, longitudinally costated ; costz small,
numerous; aperture elongated, acute above.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. 366.—
Fresh-water Formation, Isle of Wight.
3
Acuatina. MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 267
Gren. XX. ACHATINA. — Aperture of the shell longer
than broad ; the lip at the pillar truncated.
85. A. acicula-—Shell slender, tapering, the last whorl near-
ly as long as all the preceding ones.
Buccinum acicula, Mill. Verm. ii. 150.—B. turritum quinque anfracti-
bus apertura ovali, Walk. Test. Min. t. 11. f: 60.—B. terrestre, Mont.
Test. Brit. 248. t. viii. f. 3.—At the roots of grass and moss, England.
Length }th of an inch; whorls six, white, glossy, rather flat; separating
line distinct ; mouth, with the outer lip thin, nearly even, ending at the
pillar in a short gutter; inner-lip at the extremity of the pillar subrecurved.
Ee ~-
The Achatina octona; the Buccinum tenue album octo minimum orbium o
List. Conch. t, xx. f. 15.; the Helix octona of Dr Maton and Mr Rackett,
Linn. Trans. vol. viii. t. v. f. 10., has been hastily considered as referred to
by Dr Pultney, under the title of Helix octona, Dorset, Cat. p. 49. This is
an extra European species, and the shell of Dr Pultney is probably only the
Lymnea octona.
Grn. XXI. SUCCINEA.—Shell with a short pointed spire ;
mouth longer than broad.
86. S. putris.—Shell oblong, of three whorls, with a yellow-
ish tinge.
Buccinum subflavum pellucidum trium spirarum, List. An. Ang. 141.
t. ii £ 24.; Conch. t. 123. f. 23.—Helix putris, Linn. Syst. i. 1249.
—H. succinea, Mull. Verm. ii. 97.—H. putris, Mont. Test. Brit. 376.
t. xvi. f. 4.—Among subaquatic plants, common.
Length about $ths of an inch, of a yellow or green tinge, finely striated by
the layers of growth. Body-whorl very large, the other small, pointed ; aper-
ture very wide in front, thin. Animal cinereous; the longest tentacula
contracted in the fore part. A variety of the shell sometimes occurs with a
thickened, expanded subreflected white lip.
Gen. XXII. VITRINA.— Shell with a depressed spire;
mouth transverse.
87. V. pellucida.—Whorls three, glossy, transparent.
Helix pellucida, Mull. Verm. ii. 15.—Vitrina pellucida, Drap. Moll. 119.
—Hel. elliptica, Brown, Wern. Mem. ii. 525. t. xxiv. f. 8.—Vit. pell.
Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 459. t. iv. f. 1.—Common among moss and grass.
Breadth nearly 2,ths ; mouth rounded, the lip thin, slightly reflected at
the small pillar cavity. The margin of the shield of the animal is double ;
the upper fold divided into several lobes, which are capable of being reflected
over the shell. In 1809, I sent this shell from Zetland, to the late Mr Mon-
tagu, who considered it as the fry of the Helix nitida.
268 MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. Pura.
Gen. XXIII. PUPA.—Tentacula four, aperture of the shell
rounded, in the direction of the axis.
a. Aperture of the shell toothed.
* Teeth confined to the pillar lip.
88. P. muscorum.—Whorls six, the three last subcylindri-
cal; the margin of the mouth broad, reflected.
Buccinum exiguum subflavum, mucrone obtuso, sive cylindraceum, List.
An. Ang. 121.—Turbo muscorum, Linn. Syst. i. 1240. Mont. Test.
Brit. 335.—P. muse. Drap. Moll. 59.—Among moss, common.
Length about 4th of an inch; whorls six, increasing rather rapidly from
the apex to the fourth; separating line distinct ; finely striated across ; of a
horn colour. Mouth with the margin white; a single tooth on the pillar,
even with the outer lip, and near the inflected junction of the outer lip with
the body-whorl: pillar-cavity, behind, wide, the sides steep.
89. P. marginata.—Whorls six, the three last cylindrical ;
the margin of the mouth narrow, reflected.
Drap. Moll. 61.—Turbo Chrysalis, Turt. Conch. Dict. 220.—P. marg.
Sheppard, Linn. Trans. xiv. 154.—-Not uncommon, under stones and
among grass, England.
Length about 3th of an inch; the whorls increasing rapidly from the apex
to the third; separating line distinct ; finely striated across; of a brownish
horn colour: margin of the mouth white; a single tooth on the pillar, a lit-
tle within, and nearly in the middle; pillar-cavity, behind, small. This spe-
cies was sent me many years ago, by Dr Leach, from Battersea, under the
title Pupilla marginata.—Mr Sheppard states, that it is common in Suffolk
and Essex.
** Teeth on both lips.
90. P. juniperi—Whorls nine ; mouth with three teeth on
the outer lip, and four on the pillar.
Turbo jun. Mont. Test. Brit-—-Pupa avena. Drap. Moll. 54.-Among
moss and juniper-bushes, England.
Length about 3th of an inch, opake brown ; whorls, increasing gradually
from the apex to the fourth, and then continuing nearly cylindrical, rounded ;
separating line distinct ; obliquely striated across ; peristome white, reflect-
ed; pillar-cavity, behind, small.
91. P. seadentata—Whorls five; mouth with six or seven
teeth ; three of which are on the body lip.
Turbo sexdentatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 337.-P. antivertigo, Drap. Moll. 60.
Turbo sex. Sheppard, Linn. Trans. xiv. 156.—At the roots of grass.
Length about a line; of a brown colour; whorls increase progressively in
size ; aperture suborbicular; the outer lip slightly inflected in the middle.
92. P. pygmea.—Whaorls five ; mouth with four teeth, one
of which is on the body-lip.
Drap. Moll. 60.—Among moss, frequent.
Length about jth of an inch; brown; whorls increase progressively ;
peristome a little reflected; outer lip with two teeth, and a third at the an-
AZECA. MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 269
teal junction with the pillar. This species was confounded with the preced-
ing, by the late Mr Montagu, as appears from his having sent me, on two
different occasions, specimens of P. pygmea for P. sexdentatas—It is not a
rare shell.
b. Aperture of the shell destitute of teeth.
93. E. edentula.—Shell obtusely conical, of five or six whorls ;
peristome simple.
Drap. Moll. 59.—Turbo Oftonensis, Sheppard, Linn. Trans. xiv. 155.—
Among grass in woods, England.
Length about a line, brown, pellucid, glossy, finely striated across. In
1822, Mr Miller sent me specimens of this shell from Bristol, and afterwards
informed me of his possessing a variety having six volutions, with the lip
slightly reflected, and a very minute tooth on the pillar.—In the shell re-
ferred to by Mr Sheppard, the whorls are seven in number.
94. P. obtusa—Shell nearly cylindrical; peristome thick-
ened.
Drap. Moll. 63.—Among moss near old walls.
A shell corresponding with this species, except in size and the number of
whorls, was sent me in 1813, by Mr Chalmers, surgeon, Kirkaldy, who found
it in the parish of Balmerino, Fifeshire. It is not a line in length, while
Draparnaud’s shell is about half an inch; this has only five whorls, his has
eight. The whorls increase suddenly to the third, and then continue nearly
of the same size: they are rounded with a deep separating line ; aperture a
little longer than broad; the outer lip inclining to straight, and anteally
where it joins the pillar, it is a little reflected, so as to form a minute pillar-
cavity.
Gren. XXIV. AZECA.—Aperture of the shell oblique, nar-
row retrally.
95. A. tridens—Whorls six or seven, slightly raised ; form
ovate.
Turbo tridens, Pult. Dorset. 46. Mont. test. Brit. 338. t. xi. f. 2. Shep-
pard, Linn. Trans. xiv. 154.—In England and Scotland, rare.
Length upwards of jth of an inch; brown, translucent, glossy, with dis-
tinct striz. The aperture is rounded at the pillar, becoming very narrow
and gutter-like at the junction of the body-whorl ; this last circumstance pro-
duces the appearance of a dark band along the somewhat indistinct separat~
ing line; outer-lip with one tooth, inner-lip with two long and two short
teeth ; peristome entire, no pillar-cavity. This species was first observed
by Dr Pultney, in Dorsetshire, and subsequently by different observers in
other places. Itis not the Helix tridens of Muller, or the Pupa tridens of: Dra-
parnaud, It was sent to me by Dr Leach, under the name of Azeca Maloni.
The generic name I have adopted, but the specific one has been rejected as
an unnecessary change.—Its true place will probably be found in the follow-
ing genus.
270 MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. Carycnium.
Gren. XXV. CARYCHIUM.—Tentacula two, eyes at the
base behind, aperture oblique.
96. C. minimum.——Whaorls five or six, rounded, smooth,
glossy.
Mull. Verm. 125.—Turbo, Walk. Test. Min. t. ii. f. 51.—T. Car. Mont.
Test. Brit. 339.—Auricula minima, Drap, Moll. 5j.—Among moss,
common.
Length about a line, of a pale white colour, the lines of growth very mi-
nute. Aperture slightly contracted retrally ; outer-lip with one tooth, the
inner-lip at the pillar with two teeth. Peristome thickened, reflected.—La-
marck substituted Awricula in place of Carychium, a change in which he has
been followed, of course, by his countrymen.
97. C. fuscum.—Whorls six, the lines of growth distinct,
the mouth without teeth.
Turbo quinque anfractibus striatis apertura subovali, Walk. Test. Min.
t. ii. f. 42.—T. fuscus Mont. Test. Brit. 330.—Auricula lineata, Drap.
Moll. 57.—Bulimns lineatus, Turton, Zool. Journ. No. viii. 565.—
England.
Length about 4th of an inch, glossy, brownish; separating line distinct,
marginated ; aperture rounded anteally, narrow retrally ; peristome slightly
thickened, white. Tentacula long, between which and the eyes behind are
two jagged spots. This species was first observed at Bysing Wood, near
Faversham, by Walker. Mr Miller, in 1822, informed me that General
Bingham had found it about eleven miles from Bristol, and Dr Turton ob-
serves, that “it is found abundantly in wet springy places in various parts of
Devonshire, imbedded among the Jungermannie, constantly exposed to the
drippings of springs. —A variety is also found of a pale yellowish colour.”
ee
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. C. inerassata.—Ovate, ventricose, transversely sulcated, longitudinally
striated ; spine short; mouth angular above, with very thick lips; columella
three-plaited.—Auricula ringens, Park, Org. Rem. iii. 84. t. v. f. 4.—A. in-
crassata, Sower. Min. Conch. t- clxiii. f: 1-3.—Green Sand, Blackdown.
2. C. turgida.—Ovate acute, turgid, transversely striated, shining; spire
short, acute; aperture oblong, with thickened lips; columella two-plaited ;
outer-lip smooth within ; thickest in the middle.—Auricula turgida, Sower.
Min. Conch. t. clxiii. f. 4.——London Clay, Highgate.
3. C. simulata.—Oval, pointed with transverse laterally toothed costa;
whorls slightly ventricose; mouth angular above; outer-lip sharp, striated
within ; two broad plaits upon the columella. (Bulla sim. Brander, 61.) Sowers
Min. Conch. t. clxiii. f. 5-8.—London Clay.
4. C. pyramidalis.—Ovate, pointed, smooth; spine pyramidal; volutions
rounded above, the last subcylindrical, short; aperture half the length of
the shell, with a sharp outer-lip, and two plaits upon the columella.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ecclxxix.—In Crag. It is probable that these three fossil spe«
cies are marine, and belong to a different genus-
BaLeEa. MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 271
Gen. XXVI. BALEA.—Tentacula four ; pillar simple.
98. B. perversa.—Whorls eight or nine, tapering, rounded.
Buccinum alterum pellucidum subflavum, List. An. Ang. 124.—Turbo
perversus, Mont. Test. Brit. 355. t. xi. f. 12.—Pupa fragilis, Drap.
Moll. 68.—In moss at the roots of trees.
Length nearly half an inch, translucent, with minute sharp lines of growth ;
apex blunt ; whorls tapering regularly ; mouth rounded anteally, becoming
narrow at the retral externai angle ; peristome thin on the body, with one
tooth, slightly reflected at the pillar, forming behind a small cavity. Ac.
cording to Lister, the individuals pair in March, a smaller with a larger.—
This genus, instituted by Mr Prideaux, has been described by Mr Gray,
Zool. Journ. No. i. 61.
Gen. XXVIII. CLAUSILIA.—Tentacula four; pillar with
an attached pedunculated testaceous scale, for closing the
aperture.
99. C. bidens—Whorls eleven, smooth, glossy ; the pillar-
scale emarginate.
Buccinum exiguum, List. Conch. t. xli. large fig.—Helix bidens, Mull.
Verm. 116.—Turbo bidens, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 131.—T. laminatus,
Mont. Test. Brit. 359. t. xi. f. 4.—Cl. bidens, Drap. Moll. 68.—Eng-
land.
Length about 3ths of an inch; whorls slightly rounded, and well defined
by the separating line; aperture rounded, subquadrangular; peristome ad-
hering to the body, slightly reflected at the pillar; two conspicuous teeth or
folds on the body, lip, and three others, concealed within the aperture.
100. C. perversa.—Whorls twelve, striated, aperture entire,
rounded ;_pillar-scale entire.
Buccinum pullum fopacum ore compresso circiter denis spiris fastigia-
tum, List. An. Ang. 123. Conch. t. xli. f 39.— Helix perversa, Mull.
Verm. 118.—Turbo bidens, Mont. Test. Brit. 357.—Clausilla rugosa,
Drap. Moll. 73.—Turbo nigricans, Maton and Rackett, Linn. Trans.
viii. 180.—In walls and trees, common.
Length about halfan inch, somewhat swollen in the middle, of'a brown colour.
Whorls rounded at first, becoming more flat towards the mouth; lines of
growth distinct ; aperture detached from the body-whorl, rounded anteally,
narrow retrally, with a ridge on the body-whorl behind; peristome white,
reflected, with two teeth on the pillar-lip ; pillar-scale entire —Judging from
specimens obligingly sent me by Mr Millar, I am inclined to consider his
Turbo Everetti (cus of Phil. xix. 377.) as belonging to this species.
101. C. biplicata—Whorls twelve or thirteen, aperture en-
tire, compressed ; pillar-scale entire.
Turbo bip. Mont. Test. Brit. 316. t. ii. f. 5.—In Wiltshire.
Length about $ths of an inch, brown, with distinct lines of growth ; whorls
slightly rounded ; aperture narrow at both ends; peristome entire, detached,
slightly reflected, with two approaching teeth on the body-lip. This species,
specimens of which were sent me by Mr Montagu, does not seem to corre-
spond with any of those described by Draparnaud.—The Helix papillaris of
Q72 MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. Venrrico.
Muller (Verm. 120.), to which Montagu refers his species with doubt, is
more probably the T. bidens of Dr Pultney (Dorset, 46.), which he describes
as having the “ sutures of the-volutions elegantly crenated,” and which Ma-
ton and Rackett (Linn. Trans. viii. 178. t. v. f: 3.) consider as the Turbo
bidens of Linnzeus, but a species not of British growth.
102. C. plicatula.—Aperture with five or six teeth on the
body-lip.
Drap. Moll. 72.—C. Rolphii of Leach, Turt. on Zool. Journ. No. viii.
565.— England.
Length about halfan inch, swollen in the middle; whorls ten or more, round-
ed towards the apex; lines of growth well marked, those near the aperture
wrinkled ; aperture subquadrangular, contracted on the outer retral angle.
The teeth vary in number, one at the end of the range large, the interme-
diate ones small. Examples of this shell were sent me by Dr Leach, as a
new species, from Charleston Woods, Kent. I agree, however, with Dr
Turton, in referring it to the C. plicatula of Draparnaud, although the figure
given in his work, expresses less perfectly the shape of the British shell than
the one which represents C. bidens.—Dr Turton, when noticing this shell, adds,
« At Torquay we found a perfectly formed specimen of the C. parvula, men-
tioned by Dr Leach. It is much less and more slender than C. rugosa of Dra-
parnaud, and is very faintly striate or smooth, except on the lower volution.
'The two possessed by the Provost of Eton, are no doubt the same. The
aperture resembles that of C. rugosa.”
103. C. labiata.—Whorls nine, flat ; the lines of growth strong,
continuous.
T. labiata, Mont. Test. Brit. t. 362. t. xi. f. 6.—On trees near London,
Mr Swainson.
Length ths of an inch, lengthened, light brown, opake ; separating line
obsolete, not interrupting the strize; aperture suborbicular, contracted re-
trally ; pillar-lip with two teeth ; peristome broad, thick, white, nearly free,
reflected._This shell, which has escaped the notice of more recent collec-
tors, is probably only a variety of C. perversa, which exhibits considerable
modifications of growth.
Gen. XXVIII. VERTIGO.—Tentacula two, with eyes at
the tips; pillar simple.
104. V. pusilla.— W horls five; aperture with teeth on both
sides.
Mull. Verm. 124.—Turbo vertigo, Mont. Test. Brit. 363. t. xii. f. 6.—
Pupa vertigo, Drap. Moll. 61.—Ivy-walls, England.
Length about half a line, bluntly conical; whorls rounded, with distinct
lines of growth; aperture subtriangular, the base or lip on the body-whorl
has two conspicuous teeth ; the pillar-lip has one near its retral extremity ;
the outer-lip has likewise one; besides these there are sometimes two or
three smaller intermediate teeth; perisome reflected at the pillar, forming a
distinct cavity.
MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 273
AQUATICA.
Tentacula two, usually flat, with eyes at the base. Respire at
the surface of the water. Sexes united; spawn deposited
under water on aquatic plants. PuytTivorovs.
a. Shell spiral.
4. Shell turrited.
ec. Whorls dextral.
Limnea.
Assiminia.
ec. Whorls sinistral.
Physa.
Aplexa.
5b. Shell discoid. Tentacula filiform.
Planorbis.
Segmentina.
aa. Shell simple, conical.
Ancylus.
Gren. XXIX. LIMNEA.—Aperture of the shell longitudinal ;
the outer lip, in bending in on the pillar, forming an oblique
entering fold. 'Tentacula lanceolate.
* Shell turrited.
105. L. stagnalis—Whorls six or seven; the last large in
proportion.
Bucce. longum 6 spirarum, List. An. Ang. 137. Conch. Tab. 123, f. 21.—
B. stag. Mull. Verm. ii. 132.—Helix stag. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 138.
tab. Ixxxvi. f 136. Mont. Test. Brit. 367.—In lakes and stagnant
waters.
Length nearly 2 inches; brownish, translucent ; lines of growth distinct,
with numerous longitudinal wrinkles ; the upper whorls smooth; the separat-
ing line distinct. Lister mentions having seen a variety with branched ten-
tacula.
106. L. fragilis ——Whorls six, diaphanous ; upper whorls
with a shallow oblique separating line.
Helix fragilis, Mont. Test. Brit. 369, tab. xvi. f. '7..-In canals in Eng-
land and Ireland. :
This species is less than the preceding ; the aperture is narrower; the
spires increase more gradually, and the first formed ones are less rounded.
It was observed by Montagu, in the Kennet and Avon Canal, Wiltshire. It
likewise occurs in the Grand Canal near Dublin. The specimens I possess
were sent to me by Dr Leach, from the Croydon Canal.
107. L. detrita—Shell thick, obtusely conical, of six whorls,
with a brown band along the line of separation.
VOL, I. s
274 MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. LimneEa.
Helix detrita, Pult. Dorst. 49. Mont. Test. Brit. 384, tab. xi. £ 1.—
In England and Ireland.
Length 3ths of an inch; lines of growth numerous, fine, with minute lon-
gitudinal striz, sometimes plain or with one, two, or three brown bands ;
whorls nearly flat; aperture narrow ; pillar-lip reflected, forming a distinct
cavity behind. Mr Bryer found this shell in a pool near Weymouth, and in
a stream near Dorchester. Dr Turton adds, that it is found at Dublin.
Judging from English and foreign specimens sent to me by the late Rev-
James Lambert senior, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, I am inclined to
consider the Helix detrita of Pultney, and the Bulimus radiatus of Drapernaud,
as distinct species, the latter being a land shell.
108. L. palustris.—Shell brown; whorls six, tapering to a
sharp point.
Buce. minus fuscum, List. An. Ang. 139. Conch. tab. 124. f. 24.—H-
stagnalis, var. B., Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 139.—H. pal. Mont. Test. Brit.
370, tab. xvi. f. 10.—H. fragilis et fontinalis, Don. Brit. Shells, tab. 175,
f. 1, 2.—In ditches and swamps. Common.
Length about ths of an inch, with numerous lines of growth, and longitu-
dinal wrinkles ; whorls rounded ; peristome thickened, purplish.
109. L. octona.—Whorls eight ; shell subcylindrical, pointed.
Helix octona, Linn. Syst. i. 1248.—Bucce. glabrum, Mull. Verm. ii. 135.
H. oct. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 138, tab. Ixxxvi. f. 135. Pult. Dorst. 49.
—H. octanfracta, Mont. Test. Brit. 396, tab. xi. f. 8.—L. elongatus,
Drap. Moll. 53.—In slow running ditches.
Length ths, breadth of the body-whorl about ith of an inch; yellow-
ish-brown ; whorls rather flat, striated across; mouth narrow ; fold on the
pillar elevated. Animal dusky; foot short; tentacula narrow, flat; eyes at
the internal base, in a shallow cavity, covered by a small protuberance, re-
sembling the rudiments of tentacula. This seems a very local species. Mon-
tagu found it in Cornwall ; and it has occurred to me in several ditches in the
upper part of Linlithgowshire. The Physa scaturiginum of Drapernaud,
(Moll. 56), and named as British by Dr Turton (Zool. Journ. N*. VIII. 565.)
seems to be only the young of this species.
110. L. fossaria.—Whorls five, rounded ; pillar-lip broad, re-
flected.
H: foss. Mont. Test. Brit. 372, tab. xvi. f. 9.—In shallow muddy pools.
Common.
Length gths of an inch ; whorls increasing more rapidly than in the preced-
ing ; striated across, and wrinkled longitudinally ; separating line deep ; mouth
wide; lip, in descending on the pillar, broad and reflected, exhibiting the
oblique fold very indistinctly.—This is probably the Turbo striatus quatuor
anfractibus apertura ovali marginata of Walker, Test. Min. tab. ii. f. 57, called
T. rivulus, by Montagu, and Limnea minuta by Drap. Moll. 53.—This spe-
cies and the L. octona frequently creep out of the water, and remain for some
time in a quiescent state.
** Shell ventricose.
111. L. limosa.—Whorls five ; the first four rounded ; mouth
slightly contracted.
H. lim. Linn. Syst. i. 1249.—Buce. peregrum, Mull. Verm. ii. 130.—H .
putris, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 139, tab. Ixxxvi. f. 137.—H. peregra,
Limnea. MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. Q75
Mont. Test. Brit. 373, tab. xvi. f. 3.—L. ovatus, Drap. Moll. 50.—In
ponds and rivers. Common.
Length seldom exceeding an inch; translucent, with minute lines of
growth, and longitudinal wrinkles——This shell, every where abundant, exhi-
bits considerable differences in its mode of growth and forms, according to the
places it inhabits, and has given rise to the construction of many spurious
species.
112. L. auricularia.—Whorls four, the three first minute,
flat pointed.
Buccinum pellucidum, subflavum, quatuor spirarum, mucrone acutissi-
mo, testa apertura omnium maxima, List. An. Ang. 139. Conch.
tab. 123, f. 22._H. auricula, Linn. Syst. i. 1250. Penn. Brit. Zool.
iv. 138. Mont. Test. Brit. 375, tab. xvi. f.2.—In stagnant pools. Eng-
land.
Length about an inch, thin, subpellucid, striated across, and wrinkled lon-
gitudinally ; mouth wide; the outer lip semicircular.—This species is often
confounded with the preceding, from which it differs in the apex being more
pointed, the three first spires more minute, and the outer lip more expanded.
113. L. glutinosa.—Whorls three; the two first minute, the
last ventricose, and diaphanous.
Buce. glut. Mull. Verm. ii. 126.—Helix glut. Mont. Test. Brit. 379,
tab. xvi. f. 5.—In ponds. England.
Length about half an inch, thin, fragile, glossy, nearly smooth; aperture
oval, without the fold on the pillar-lip. Animal large in proportion to its
shell ; of a yellow colour.
114. ZL. dutea.—Whorls scarcely three; the last large in pro-
portion ; pillar-lip spreading.
H, lutea, Mont. Test. Brit. 380, tab. xvi. f. 6. Twurt. Conch. Dict. 69.
Shepp. Linn. Trans. xiv. 169. England.
Length half an inch, suboval, subpellucid, yellow, smooth, apex obtuse,
aperture patulous, oval.—The two authors first quoted seem to consider this
as a sea-shell; while the last states that he has taken it in abundance at
Winthorpe, on the banks of the Trent, after a food, and at least thirty miles
above its junction with the salt-water. He adds, ‘* it probably inhabits the
depths of rivers.”
115. Asstm1nea Grayana.—Dr Leach sent me, several years
ago, a shell, from Greenwich marshes, constituting “ a new fresh
water genus,” under the title AsstmingEa Grayana. The lip is
thickened on the pillar, and reflected over the cavity, but is des-
titute of the oblique fold; and the lip does not extend over the
body-whorl. The colour is brown; the whorls six in number,
conical, regularly increasing in size, glossy, with minute lines of
growth. Length about {2,ths of an inch.
——[—<=
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. L. fusiformis.—Subfusiform, smooth ; sides of the spire nearly straight ;
aperture narrow, half the length of the shell, Sower. Min. Conch. tab. 169,
f. 2, 3.—Fresh water formation, Isle of Wight.
S12,
276 - MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. Puysa.
2. L. minima.—Elongated, smooth ; volutions rather convex ; aperture less
than half the length of the shell, ovate; last whorl not ventricose, Sower.
Min. Conch. tab. 169, f. 1.—Fresh water formation, Isle of Wight.
3. L. longiscata.—Elongated, smooth ; aperture ovate, elongated ; two-fifths
the length of the shell ; plait upon the columella obscure, Sower. Min. Conch.
tab. 343.—Upper fresh water formation, Headon Hill.
4. L. maxima.—Ovate elongated, rather obtuse; whorls about six, slight-
ly concave ; aperture narrow, occupying less than half the length of the shell,
Sower. Min. Conch. tab. 538. f. 1.—Fresh water formation, Isle of Wight.
5. L. columellaris.—Ovate pointed; spire short; whorls about 5, convex;
aperture wide, above half the length of the shell; culumella much twisted,
and very thick, Sower. Min. Conch. tab. 528, f. 2.—Fresh water strata, Hord-
well Cliff.
6. L. pyramidalis.—Ovate acute; whorls convex; aperture half as long as
the shell, dilated; plait of the pillar obscurely divided, Sower. Min. Conch.
tab. 528, f. 3.—In the fresh water formation of Headon Hill, Isle of Wight-
Gren. XXX. PHYSA.—Shell convoluted; aperture longitu-
dinal ; peristome wanting in the body-whorl ; margin of the
cloak loose, divided into lobes, and capable of being reflect-
ed over the surface of the shell, near the mouth.
116. P. fontinalis—Whorls four, increasing suddenly from
the apex to the body-whorl, which is very large.
Buccinum exiguum, List. An. Ang. 142. Conch. tab. 134, f. 34.—Pla-
norbis Bulla, Mull. Verm. ii. 167.—Bulla fontinalis, Linn. Syst. i.
1185. Mont. Test. Brit. 226.—Ph. font. Drap. Moll. 54.—Common
in lakes and slow running streams,
Length about half an inch; pellucid, glossy, horn-coloured, with minute
lines of growth; whorls rounded ; aperture narrow behind; the body-whorl
projecting. Animal pale dusky yellow; an interesting object when viewed
crawling against the surface of the water, and extending its delicate, trans-
parent, divided cloak over the surface of the shell. The P. alba of Dr Tur-
ton, Zool. Journ. vol. ii. p. 363. t. xiii. f- 3, does not appear to be distinct.
Gen. XXXI. APLEXA.—Shell convoluted; peristome en-
tire ; pillar-lip with a fold; margin of the cloak entire, and
incapable of being reflected over the shell.
117. A. hypnorum.—Spire lengthened ; aperture rounded an-
teally.
Buce. heterostrophon, List. Conch. tab. 1059, f. 5.—Planorbis turritus,
Muil. Verm. Hist. ii. 169.— Bulla hypnor. Linn. Syst. i. 1185.—Turbo
stagnalis, Walk. Test. Min. 15. tab. ii. f. 54,—Bulla hyp. Mont. Test.
Brit. 228.—Not uncommon in lakes and slow running streams.
Length upwards of half an inch, deep horn-colour, glossy, translucent ;
whorls four or five, rather flat, the last one occupying two-thirds of its whole
length ; aperture narrow behind, the outer-lip nearly straight ; pillar-lip thick,
refiected,
=f
Pranorsis. MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 277
118. A. rivalis.—Spire short, pointed ; aperture contracted
anteally.
Bulla riv. Maton and Rackett, Linn. Trans. viii. 126. tab. iv. f. 2. Turt-
Conch. Dict. 26.—Physa subopaca, Lamark, Hist. Vert. vol. vi. p. 2.157:
—In slow streams, rare.
Length scarcely half an inch; pale horn-coloured, glossy ; whorls five, the
last occupying ¢ths of the whole length; apex pointed; aperture with the
outer-lip more rounded than the last, and the pillar-lip more recurved an-
teally.—This shell was first recorded as having been found in Hampshire, by
Mr Hay. Dr Turton has seen it alive at Naas, in Ireland. Other localities
have been mentioned, but they are regarded as spurious.—It is a common
shell from the West Indies.
Gen. XXXII. PLANORBIS.—Cavity of the shell entire,
sinistral ; the vent, pulmonary cavity, and sexual organs on
the left side ; tentacula filiform.
* Whorls rounded on the margin.
119. P. corneus.—Whorls four, rounded; concave above;
mouth suborbicular.
Cochlea pulla, List. An. Ang. 143. Conch. t. 137. f. 41.—Planorbis
purpura, Mull, Verm. ii. 154.-Helix cornea, Zinn. Syst. i. 1243.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 134. Mont. Test. Brit. 449.—In ponds and slow
streams. England. ‘
Breadth about an inch; brown, glossy; lines of growth distinct ; whorls
above, increasing rapidly, and forming a central cavity ; below, the whorls are
nearly on the same plane, well defined by the separating line; last whorl! pro-
jecting into the cavity of the aperture. When irritated, the animal pours
forth a purple fluid from the sides, between the foot and margin of the cloak.
The H. nana of Pennant is the young of this species.
120. P. spirorbis.—Whorls five, rounded ; flat above; aper-
ture suborbicular.
Mull. Verm. ii. 161. H. spir. Linn. Syst. i, 1244. Mont. Test. Brit.
455, Suppl. tab. xxv, f| 2—In pools.
Breadth about .3;ths of an inch; nearly equally flat on both sides; of a
brown colour; whorls round, slender, and increasing in size very gradually ;
deeply divided by the separating line; aperture nearly round, scarcely inter-
rupted by the body-whorl.—This species is stated by Montagu as common in
England. In Scotland it has occurred to us only in Livingstone Woods,
West Lothian-
121. P. contortus.—Whorls six, compressed ; flat above, con-
cave below.
Helix con. Linn. Syst. i. 1244.—Plan. con. Mull. Verm. ii. 162.—H. con.
Mont. Test. Brit. 457. tab. xxv. f. 6.—In pools and ditches, not com-
mon.
Breadth about ,2,ths of an inch; whorls compressed, rounded, even on the
upper side, narrow, and deeply divided by the separating line ; beneath, a
large central cavity ; aperture narrow, bent.
278 MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. Ptanorzis.
122. P. albus.—Concave on both sides, striated transversely
and longitudinally ; aperture oblique, dilated.
Mull. Verm. ii. 164.-—Helix umbilicata quatuor anfractibus apertura sub-
rotunda, Walk. Test. Min. 5. tab. 1. 19.—Helix alba, Mont. Test. Brit.
459. Supp. tab. xxv. f 7.—P. hispidus, Drap. Moll. 43.—In ponds, com-
mon.
Breadth about a quarter of an inch; whorls four, last whorl greatly larger
than the preceding one, slightly depressed ; aperture entire; lower-lip join-
ing the body, ascending ; the upper-lip advanced.
123. P. nautilus. — Shell flat above, concave below, with
transverse ridges, which, on the margin, form a spinous ridge.
Turbo Nautilus, Linn. Syst. i. 1241.—P. imbricatus, Mull. Verm. ii-
165.—Helix, Walk. Test. Min. 6. t. i. f. 20, 21.—Turbo Naut. Mont.
Test. Brit. 466. Supp. t. xxv. f. 5.—In ditches in England, common.
Breadth 4th of an inch ; whorls four, flat, but well defined by the separat-
ing line ; below, a deep cavity, exhibiting more rounded whorls ; aperture en-
tire, suborbicular. As the transverse ridges are partly cuticular, they are
liable to be rubbed off.
124. P, nitidus.—Glossy ; a central cavity on both sides ;
aperture interrupted by the preceding whorl.
Mull. Verm. ii. 163.—Helix fontana, Lightfoot, Phil. Trans. 1786, 165.
t. 11. f.1, 4. Mont. Test. Brit. 462. t. vi. f£. 6—In ditches, England
and Scotland.
Breadth about ,2,ths of an inch; nearly equally convex on both sides ;
above, the body-whorl is highest on its central edge, sloping downwards to
the exterior margin ; the shallow central cavity exhibits the preceding whorls;
below, the body-whorl is nearly fiat, and the deep central cavity scarcely dis-
plays the preceding whorl; aperture subtriangular, the lips on both sides em-
bracing the body-whorl.
** Whoris carinated-
125. P. vortew.—Whorls six or seven; slightly concave above;
beneath flat.
Cochlea exigua subfusea, List. An. Ang. 145. Conch. t. 138. f. 43.—He-
lix vort. Linn. Syst. i. 1243.—Planorbis vort. Madi. Verm. ii. 158.—
H. vort. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 133. Mont. Test. Brit. 454. Supp. t. xxv.
f. 3.—1n ditches, England and Ireland.
Breadth ths of an inch; whorls increasing gradually, narrow, broadest on
the under side; slightly carinated near the lower edge ; mouth subtriangular.
—In its young state, this seems to be the Helix rhombea of Dr Turton, Conch.
Dict. 47.
126. P. complanatus.——Whorls five, carinated at the lower
edge ; above, nearly concave ; beneath slightly flat.
Helix comp. Linn. Syst. 1242.—Plan. umbilicatus, Mul. Verm. 160.—
H. comp. Mont. Test. Brit. 450. Supp. t. 25. f. 3.—P. marginatus, Drap.
Moll. 45.—In ponds and ditches, common.
Breadth upwards of half an inch; whorls increasing so as to ferm a slight
concavity ; rounded ; line of separation deep ; close upon the under margin is
the keel, which does not enter the subquadrangular aperture; the whorls be-
low slightly rounded ; lines of growth distinct ; tentacula dusky, dark in the
middle.
Secmentina. MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. 279
127. P. carinatus—Whorls four ; keel near the middle of the
whorl, and entering the aperture.
Cochlea fusca, List. An. Ang. 145. Conch. t. 138. f; 42.—Helix Planor-
bis, Linn. Syst. i. 1242.—P. car. Mull. Verm. ii. 157.—H. car. Mont.
Test. Brit. 451. Supp. t. xxv. f 1.—In ditches.
This shell chiefly differs from the preceding, in the whorls above increasing
more rapidly, forming a larger central cavity ; in the greater flatness below ;
in the ridge entering the aperture; and in the tentacula being pellucid yel-
low. :
—
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. P. cylindricus.—Cylindrical ; left side concentrically striated; volutions
three or four, adpressed ; aperture oblong, quadrangular.— Sower, Min. Conch.
t. 140. f 2.—Fresh-water formation, Isle of Wight.
2. P. obtusus.—Depressed; left side most concave; volutions embracing»
slightly compressed on the right ; aperture obliquely and obtusely obcordate-
—Sower. Min. Conch. t. 140. £3. Isle of Wight.
3. P. lens.—Lenticular, subcarinated ; volutions embracing ; aperture very
oblique, obcordate.—Sower. Min. Conch, t. 140. f. 4. Isle of Wight.
4. P. hemestoma.—Depressed, smooth; right side convex, umbilicate; left
side flat; aperture oblique, subtriangular.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. 140. f. 6.
Plastic-clay, Plumstead.
5. P. radiatus.—Lenticular, radiated ; left side umbilicate; volutions near-
ly concealed ; aperture obcordate.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. 140. f. 5. Green-
sand,
6. P. euomphalus.—Depressed, subcarinated ; concentrically striated; right
side flat; left side largely umbilicate ; aperture subtriangular.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. 140. f. 7,9. Isle of Wight.—The P. rotundatus of Brongniart is
nientioned in the Mineral Conchology as occurring in Hordwell Cliff, along
with Limnea columellaris, t. 528. The three last species are probably marine,
and belong to the genus Skenea.
Gen. XX XIII. SEGMENTINA.—Shell divided internally
by transverse partitions, into several chambers, which com-
municate with each other by triradiated apertures.
128. S. lineata.—Shell convex above, flat beneath, with a
eentral cavity on both sides.
Helix lineata dorso convexo umbilicata margine acuto, Walk. Test. Min.
8. t. 1. f. 28.—Nautilus lacustris, Lightfoot, Phil. Trans. 1786, 160. t. 1.
f.1,7. Mont. Test. Brit. 191. t. vi. f. 3.—On aquatic plants in ditches,
England.
Breadth scarcely a quarter of an inch, glossy, horn-coloured, with a whitish
spiral line at the junction of the whorls above; whorls below, flat, with an
acute margin ; aperture obliquely semioval, the lips clasping the body ; cham-
bers distant, three in the body-whorl; partitions of three subtriangular dis-
tinct plates, two lateral and one on the central side; these partitions form
white centroperipheral lines externally.
280 MOLLUSCA. PULMONIFERA. Srcmentind.
Gren. XXXIV. ANCYLUS.—Shell conical; foot short ; tenta-
cula short, flat, and a little truncated.
129. A. fluviatilis—Aperture suborbicular ; apex lateral.
Patella fluviatilis, List. An. Ang. 151. Conch. t. 141, f 39.—P. lacustris,
Linn. Syst. i. 1260.—An. fluv. Mull. Verm. ii. 201.—P. fluv. Mont.
Test. Brit. 482. Don. Brit. Shells, t. 147.—On stones in rivulets,
common.
Length about gths, breadth 3ths of an inch; height nearly equal to the
breadth ; horn-coloured, with concentric wrinkles crossed by faint lines; apex
pointed, a little recurved.
130. A. lacustris.—Aperture oblong ; apex nearly central.
Mull. Verm. 199.—Patella oblonga, Light. Phil. Trans. 1786, 168. t. 111.
f. 1, 6.—P. lac. Mont. Test. Brit. 484. Don. Brit. Sh. t. 150.—On
plants in ditches and lakes.
Length :th of an inch; breadth 1th, height scarcely ;jth of an inch, thin
smooth, greenish, compressed ; apex low, pointed, recurved.
=<
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. A. elegans.—Convex, subconical ; aperture longitudinally obovate ; apex
oblique, eccentric, near the narrowest part of the aperture.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. 533.—Found in dark-grey sand of the London clay, at Hordwell, by
Charles Lyell, Esq. jun. :
MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. 281
BRANCHIFERA.
I. Trree.—Nudibranchia.
a. Branchiz when at rest not covered by a lid. Nuprprancuta.
é. Branchiz issuing from the cloak dorsally.
c. Body destitute ofa shell. Marine.
d. Anus situate near the posterior extremity of the back,
and surrounded with a fringe of plumose branchiz.
Doris.
Polycera.
dd. Anus on the right side unconnected with the branchie,
: which are disposed along the back and sides, and un-
connected with membranaceous expansions. Jaws
corneous.
e. Tentacula two in number.
Tergipes.
Tritonia.
ee. Tentacula four in number.
; Montagua.
Eolida.
ec. Body covered by a spiral shell. Lacustrine.
Valvata.
bb. Branchiz issuing latterly from between the cloak and the foot.
Body protected dorsally by a shell. Cyclobranchia. Marine.
Patella.
Chiton.
ae. Branchiz single, when at rest concealed under a lid. TEctTrpran-
cH1a. Marine.
b. Head with tentacula.
Aplysia.
Pleurobranchus.
bb. Head destitute of tentacula.
Bulba.
Il. Tripe.—Pectinibranchia.
a. Heart entire, and detached from the rectum. CRYPTOBRANCHIA-
aa. Heart with two auricles, and traversed by the rectum. Scurt-
BRANCHIA.
282 MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. Doris.
Gren. XX XV. DORIS.—Oral, tentacula two; vent destitute
of scales.
131. D. Argo. — Body nearly smooth; branchial plumes
about twelve in number.
Linn. Syst. i. 1083. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 43. t. xxii. £.22._Among the
sea-weeds and crevices of rocks near low water-mark, common.
The usual length is about 3 inches, convex above, and rounded at each ex-
tremity ; of a lemon-yellow colour, slightly freckled, sometimes tinged with
brown. Spawn white, gelatinous and compressed.
132. D. verrucosa.—Cloak closely covered with prominent
tubercles ; branchial plumes about 24 in number.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 43. t. xxi. f. 23. Cuvier, Ann. Mus. iv. t. lxxiii.
f. 4, 5.-Common with the preceding; frequently cast ashore by
storms.
Length about an inch, of a whitish colour, more or less freckled with
brown. The tubercles are rough, and of different sizes, those at the base of
the ‘upper tentacula are compressed; they are pervious at the summits.
Margin entire, waved. 'Tentacula round and smooth towards the base, com-
pressed and imbricated towards the summit. Branchial plumes arranged in
a semicircle, those at each end shortest.
133. D. levis.—Cloak smooth in the middle, slightly tuber-
culated towards the margin ; branchial plumes 8 in number.
Mull. Zool. Dan. t. xlvii. f/ 3-5.-Common among the Zetland Isles.
Length about half an inch, rounded in front, narrow behind; of a milk-
white colour.
134. D. marginata—Cloak smooth, tinged with pink; an
undulating membranaceous border, usually four pointed, in
front.
Mont. Linn. Trans. vii. 79. t. vii. f. 7.—Coast of Devonshire.
Length about a quarter of an inch, oval, whitish; tentacula wrinkled ; the
branchial plumes are figured as 7 in number, and the head as slightly emar-
ginate.
This species is certainly distinct from the D. levis of Muller, to which
Montagu refers it; though it may be no other than the D. electrina of Pen-
nant, whose notices, however, are too imperfect to give much weight to the
conjecture.
135. D. nodosa.—Cloak with four equidistant papilla on
each side the medial line.
Mont. Linn. Trans. ix. 107. t. vii. f. 2.—-Coast of Devon.
Length about half an inch ; white, with a tinge of pink on the back. Foot
broad in front, pointed behind, forming a membranaceous border. Upper
tentacula short, perfoliated towards the extremity.—According to Montagu,
this species is rare on the coast of Devon. I have once observed it among
the rocks at St Andrew’s.
Porycera. MOLLUSCA.. BRANCHIFERA. 283
136. D. quadricornis-—Cloak smooth in the middle, with a
row of obsolete tubercles on each side; tentacula approximat-
ing in pairs.
Mont. Linn. Trans. xi. 17. t. iv. £ 4.—Coast of Devon.
Length &ths of an inch, mottled with brown and white; tentacula long,
slender; branchial plumes about 8 in number.
137. D. nigricans.—Cloak thickly covered with short lan-
ceolate tubercles ; branchial plumes about 8 in number.
Flem. Edin. Encye. vol. xiv. p. 618.—Zetland.
Length about half an inch, pale, freckled with dusky ; cloak emarginate
anteally ; sheath of the superior tentacula notched in the margin.
Gen. XXXVI. POLYCERA.—Oral, tentacula exceeding
two in number; branchie, when at rest covered, by two
scales.
138. P. flava.—Oral, tentacula four; superior tentacula awl
shaped ; branchial scales smooth, produced.
Doris flava, Mont. Linn. Trans. vii. 79. t. vii. f. 6.—Coast of Devon.
Length upwards of half an inch, narrow behind ; body spotted with bright
orange yellow; branchial plumes’7 in number, behind which are the long
scales or fleshy appendages.
139. P. pennigera.—Upper tentacula subclavate, perfoliate,
with a bifid basilar sheath.
Doris penn. Mont. Linn. Trans. xi. 17. t. iv. f 5.—Devon coast, rare.
Length an inch; bifid anteally, acuminated behind; spotted with orange
and black; branchial plumes 5, with two bifid appendages.—The absence of
the oral tentacula, and the peculiar character of the superior ones, and of the
branchial appendage, mark this species as the type of a new genus, which may
be termed 'THECACERA.
In 1814 I observed an animal in a pool among the rocks on the shore near
Aberbrothock, Angus-shire, which probably belonged to the genus Polycera,
but which I was unable to secure. The oral tentacula were 6 in number;
the superior tentacula produced, and beautifully pinnate ; the branchial plumes
were numerous; body wide before, becoming very narrow behind the vent.
Gren. XXXVII. TERGIPES.—Branchiz, furnished with
a sheath at the base, in a single row on each side, and ca-
pable of acting as suckers,
140. T. maculatus.—Branchiz, 4 on each side and 1 near
the extremity of the body, consisting of a clavate sheath with
a sexpartite margin, and a concave summit with a central pa-
pilla.
Doris maculata, Mont. Linn. Trans. vii. 80, t. vii. f. 8, 9.—Coast of
Devon.
284 MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. Tritonta.
Length about a quarter of an inch, of a slender form, the front obtuse, ta-
pering behind, of a pale yellow, with minute pink spots; tentacula slender,
filiform, with a large trumpet-shaped basilar sheath.
Gren. XXXVIII. TRITONIA. — Branchial plumes in a
row on each side the back, and destitute of basilar sheaths.
141. T. Hombergit.—Branchie forming a continuous plu-
mose crest on each side the cloak, between which and the mar-
gin of the foot, the body is compressed and smooth.
Cuv. Ann. Mus. i. t. xxxi. f. 1, 2.(Limace de mer palmifere, Diguemare,
Journ. Phys. Oct. 1785, t. ii.)— Firth of Forth.
Length upwards of 2 inches, sometimes approaching to 8; of a purplish
colour. Cloak convex, thickly covered with unequal soft tubercles; tenta-
cula consisting of five plumose divisions, each surrounded at the base by a
prominent ring.—This, the largest species of the genus, was first detected in
our seas by J. G. Dalyel, Esq. the learned author of the treatise on the
Planaria.
142. T. arborescens.—Branchiz, 5 or € on each side, in the
form of plumose tubercles.
Doris arb. Mull. Zool. Dan. Prod. p. 229.—Fab. Fauna gr. 346. T. arb.
Cuv. Ann. Mus. vi. t. lxi. f. 8-10. Flem. Edin. Encyc. xiv. 619.
Length about an inch; foot narrow, sides compressed; cloak smooth, its
margin above the mouth with four plumose appendages; branchiz decreas-
ing in size towards the tail; tentacula conical, transversely striated; the
sheath with a divided margin. I have found this species in the Zetland
Isles, agreeing with the characters of Cuvier, with this difference, that the
branchiz in his are only 5 on each side, while in our specimen they appeared
to be 6. But as the two posterior ones are very small, and as his examples
were preserved in spirits, it is probable that they have escaped detection. It
has likewise been found in the Frith of Forth, by Dr Grant, who, when keep-
ing it confined in a glass vessel, observed that it possessed the power of emit-
ing distinctly audible sounds.
143. T. pinnatifida.—Branchie 9 on each side, ovate and
imbricated with conical papille.
Doris pin. Mont. Linn. Trans. vii. 79. t. vii. f 2, 3.—Coast of Devon.
Length .3,ths of an inch; body slender, rounded in front, tapering behind,
of a grey colour, spotted with green. Tentacula filiform, with a trumpet-
shaped basilar sheath. The branchie are longer than the breadth of the
the body, and the papilla, which have black tips, are arranged in 5 or 6
whorls.
144. T. bifida—Branchie, in a single row on each side, nu-
merous, unequal, ovate, pedunculated.
Doris bif. Mont. Linn. Trans. xi. 198. t. xiv. f. 3.—Coast of Devon.
Length about a quarter of an inch; body linear, acuminated behind, the
front rounded, of a whitish colour, with a reddish brown line on each side of
the back. Sheath of the tentacula broad, erect, bifid; behind which are two
black eyes. Branchiz, 12 on each side, 3 in each division larger than the
xest, the club semitransparent, uniform on the surface, but complicated
within.
Montacua. MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. 285
Gen. XXXIX. MONTAGUA.—Branchiz in continuous
rows across the back; a cluster of short papillz on the
right side.
145. M. longicornis.—Anterior tentacula filiform, produced,
superior ones short ; branchize linear.
Doris long. Mont. Linn. Trans. ix. 107. t. vii. f ii—Coast of Devon.
Length half an inch; body slender, acuminated behind, of a yellowish-
white, tinged with pink; eyes 2, at the base of the superior tentacula. The
cluster of papillae near the eyes; branchiz, in four transverse rows, pink,
spotted with white.
146. M. cerulea.—Tentacula linear, nearly of equal length;
branchize ovate. j
Doris coer. Mont. Linn. Trans. ix. 78. t. vii. f. 4,5.<-Coast of Devon.
Length a quarter of an inch; of a green colour; the eyes at the base of
the superior tentacula. Papillze two, oval, of a pink colour, placed between
the second and third row of branchiz, and a little inclining to one side ;
branchize in 5 or 6 rows, green at the base, blue in the middle, and orange at
the tip; body of a linear form.
Gen. XL. EOLIDA.—Branchiz interrupted on the back.
147. E. papillosa. —Sides thickly covered with subulate
branchie.
Doris, Baster. Op. Sub. i. 81. t. x. £ 1.—Limax papillosus, Linn. Syst. i.
1082.—Purple Doris, Cordiner, Rem. Ruins, No. xxi. f: p.—Dor. pa-
pil. Mull. Zool. Dan. t. cxlix. f. 1-4. Mont. Linn. Trans. xi. 16. t. iv.
f. 3.—D. vermigera, Turton, Brit. Fauna, 133.—Common, among sea-
weeds, near low water.
Length nearly 3 inches, of a brownish colour, tinged with purple. Ten-
vacula linear, the lower ones smooth, the upper ones annulated. The bran-
chize appear to be disposed obliquely in rows, containing about ten in each ;
they cease before reaching the retral extremity.
148. E. plumosa.—A_ single row of simple linear branchiz
on each side.
Tritonia plumosa, Flem. Edin. Encyc. xiv. 619.—In Zetland.
Length about half an inch. The superior tentacula pinnated towards the
dextral extremity ; the front ones simple.
149. E. pedata.—Branchia collected in four tufts on each
side. 'Tentacula subclavate, wrinkled.
Doris ped. Mont. Linn. Trans. xi. 197. t. xiv. f. 2.—Coast of Devon.
Length half an inch, body slender, acuminated, of a pink colour. The
eyes behind the superior tentacula. Branchiz inclining to a scarlet colour,
filiform, numerous in each tuft. Foot with a lateral fleshy expansion on
each side.
150. E. purpurascens.—Five bundles of branchiz on each
side. ‘Tentacula linear.
286 MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. — Vatvara.
Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 470. t. iv. f. 2.—Frith of Tay.
Length about an inch, slender, pointed behind, rounded in front, of a pink
colour. Anteal tentacula, shorter than the superior ones, which have the
eyes behind. Three filiform branchiz in each bundle.
Grex. XLI. VALVATA. — Shell spiral; aperture circular,
operculated. Branchiz single, plumose issuing from the
neck.
151. V. cristata.—Shell depressed, of three or four whorls,
nearly flat above, concave below.
A Fa
Mull. Verm. ii. 198.—Helix cornea quatuor anfractibus apertura rotun-
da, Walk. Test. Min. 5. t. i. f. 18.—Helix exist. Mont. Test. Brit.
460. fig. i. f. 7, 8.—In rivers and ditches, England.
Breadth about #;th of an inch, light horn-coloured ; whorls rounded, in-
creasing gradually, slightly wrinkled across; the central cavity exposes all
the whorls ; aperture attached to the body-whorl, but not interrupted by it ;
operculum spirally striated. ‘Animal dusky, tentacula three, two placed in
front, at the base of which are the eyes, and one on the right side, corres-
ponding with the branchia, setaceous and produced. Front emarginate.
152. V. piscinalis.—Shell turrited, whorls four or five, round-
ed, with a large central cavity.
Nerita pis. Mull. Verm. ii. 172.—Turbo tribus anfractibus, umbilicatus
apertura subrotunda, Walk. Test. Min. 13. t. ii. £ 56.—Turbo fonti-
nalis, Mont. Test. Brit. 348. t. xxii. f 4—In lakes and slow running
streams, common.
Breadth and height about a quarter of an inch. Whorls increasing rapid-
ly, yellowish-brown, distinctly striated across; central cavity distinct, but
not large ; apex obtuse; aperture orbicular, lip thin, slightly attached to the
body-whorl; operculum spirally striated, with a central knob.» Animal like
the last.
Gen. XLII. PATELLA. Luiret.—Shell entire, conical ;
snout with two pointed tentacula, with eyes at the base ;
tongue long, strap-shaped, covered with three rows of in-
terrupted reflected short spines.
153. P. vulgata. Common Limpet.—Shell with about four-
teen obsolete angles; apex nearly central, blunt.
P. ex livido cinerea, striata, List. An. Ang. 195. ; Conch. t. pxxxv. 14.
P. vul. Linn. Syst. i. 1258. Mont. Test. Brit. 475.—Common on
rocks, near low water-mark.
Shell sometimes 24 inches long, and 2 inches broad in the aperture, and 14
inch in height. It is subject to great variation in the height of the apex,
the elevation and number of the markings, the form of the aperture, and the
thickness. Foot oval, snout subcylindrical ; margin of cloak fringed ; bran-
chial circle complete.—This species is of great value as a dai¢ in our fisheries,
and even as an article of food.
154. P. inforta.—Shell with numerous rough ribs; apex
prominent, submarginal, and slightly decurved.
3
Pargetna. MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. 287
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 143. t. xc. f: 148. Don. Brit. Sh. t. cxlvi. Laskey,
Wern. Mem. i. 411. Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 154.—Shores of Angle-
sea, coast of Devon, and Frith of Forth, rare.
Length three quarters, breadth half an inch, slightly depressed anteally,
of a brown colour; the ribs are unequal, covered, especially towards the mar-
gin, with arched reflected scales. Montagu compares it, when at a distance,
to a nutmeg.
155. P. pellucida.—Shell ovate, thin, pellucid, with lines of
rich azure spots from the apex to the margin.
P. mima, levis, pellucida, aliquot cceruleis lineis eleganter insignita,
List. Conch. t. pxliii. f. 27.—P. minor, Wail. Ork. 41.—P. pull. Linn.
Syst. i. 1260. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 143.—Common, on the broad
leaves of various Fuci.
Length sometimes nearly an inch, breadth &ths, height 3ths; nearly
smooth, glossy, apex near the margin, frequently obsolete. ‘The coloured
lines vary in number; in young specimens thev are sometimes wanting, but
in their place lines of brown. The branchial circle is interrupted at the
head. The margin of the cloak is fringed with filaments of unequal length.
156. P. levis.—Shell concentrically wrinkled, apex tubercu-
lar, subcentral.
List. Conch. t. pxlii. f. 26. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 144. t. xc. f. 151.—
P. coerulea, Mont. 'Test. Brit. Supp. 152.—On the stalks of the larger
Fuci, common. '
Length upwards of an inch, breadth ;§ths, height ths, of a brown colour,
with purple lines from the apex. It is more or less wrinkled concentrically,
and in old specimens ribbed longitudinally. In the young state, two small
black spots are sometimes observable. It is distinct in its growth and habit
from the preceding species, with which it has been frequently confounded.
157. P. virginea.—Shell oval, slightly wrinkled concentri-
cally, with numerous reddish lines from the apex to the margin.
Mull. Zool. Dan. Prod. 237; Zvol. Dan. t. xii. f. 2, 3.—P. parva, Mont.
Test. Brit. 480.—On rocks and stones near low water-mark, common.
Length about ths, breadth ths, and height },th of an inch, of a red-
dish-white colour, translucent ; apex a little in front of the centre, obtuse.
Old shells become opake, and cease to exhibit the coloured lines. Tentacula
white; cloak subrufous, with an entire margin.—The P. tesswlata of Zool. Dan.
nearly resembles this species, and, perhaps on our shores has been confound-
ed with it.. It is distinguished by the coloured lines being interrupted, and
the margin of the cloak ciliated.
a
The P. Clealandi described by Mr Sowerby, in the extracts from the Mi-
nute-Book of the Linn. Soe. vol. xiii. 621., as found on stones at low water-
mark, near Bangor, by James Clealand, Esq., is stated as possessing the fol.
lowing characters: “‘ Shell oval, white. with red, brown, or purple spots;
faintly sttiated longitudinally, and still more faintly transversely ; summit
obtuse, lateral, tinged with light purple; margin entire; inside white, with
a dark brown muscular impression.—-The young shells are very thin, but the
old are nearly opake. The size of the largest specimen yet found, is 94 tenths
of an inch in length, ths in breadth, and “,ths in height. There is a dark
brown variety, with two indistinct rays from the apex, one on each side.
288 MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. Cuirton.
It is impossible to determine, from the scanty notices which are given by
Walker, what was the true character of his P. plana orbiculata margine re-
gulariter dentato. ‘The colour white and opake.—Test. Min. Rar. 5. t i. f. 16.
———
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. P. datissima.—Nearly orbicular, flat, smooth, thin; umbo excentric.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxxxix. f. 1-5.—In Slaty Clay, Lincolnshire.
2. P. levior.—Depressed, conical, smooth, shining ; base obovate; apex ex-
centric.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxxxix. f. 3, 4.—Alum Clay, Whitby.
3. P. equalis.—Conical, smooth ; base obovate; back nearly perpendicular.
—Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxxxix. f. 2.—In Crag, Suffolk.
4. P. rugosa.—Depressed, obovate, radiated ; apex excentric, depressed,
slightly recurved ; back concave above, with reflected undulations.—Patellite,
Park. Or. Rem. iii. 50. t- v. f. 21.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxxxix. fi 6.—
In Lower Oolite, Gloucestershire.
5. P. striata.—Oblong, irregularly conical, with numerous acute radii;
umbo forward, sharp.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccclxxxix.—London Clay, Stub-
bington.
6. P. lata.—Obovate, depressed, nearly smooth, radiated ; radii about 30.
distant, roundeds apex very excentric.—Sower. Min Conch. t. eccelxxxiy.
f. 1.—Lower Oolite, Stonefield.
7. P. ancuyloidis—Convex, smooth; apex spiral; base oval.-Sower. Min.
Conch. t. cecelxxxiv. f. 2.—Ancliff.
8. P. nanus.—Obliquely smooth; base oval; apex obtuse.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. cecclxxxiv. f. 3.—Ancliff.
Mr Mantell notices “‘a small species of Patella of an oval shape, conical,
depressed; the casts of the interior of the shell only have been discovered”
in Green Sand, Parham Park.—Geol. Suss. 72.
Grn. XLIII. CHITON.—Shell divided, constituting a series
of imbricated dorsal plates, eight in number ; mouth with
a semicircular curved membrane above, destitute of tenta-
cula. ‘Tongue short, armed with spines.
* Marginal band with tufts of spines.
158. C. fascicularis.—Shell oblong, ovate, roughly shag-
reened on the sides, with a striated longitudinal mesial stripe.
Linn. Syst. i. 1106. Mull. Zool. Dan. p. 250. No. 3017. Pult. Dorset,
25. Mont. Test. Brit. 5. t. xxvii. f. 5.—On oysters, but not com-
mon.
Length upwards of half an inch, breadth about a quarter ; freckled with
green and brown. The granular tubercles are circular, with flat summits ;
they are numerous on the sides of the plates, but not on the subcarinated
centre. The border is rough, with a spinous margin. The tufts consist of
eylindrical, blunt, smooth, solid, calcareous spines of unequal size; one at
the junction of each valve, six on the anteal margin, and two at the retral
yalye, making twenty in number.—I am inclined to think that the Chiton
Cuiton. MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. 289
crinitus of Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. 71. t. xxxvi. f. 1., which he describes
‘‘ with seven valves; thick set with short hairs; 3ths of an inch long,” as
inhabiting the sea near Aberdeen, is no other than this species. In the figure
. may be traced the tufts and the central striated ridge; characters unnoticed
in the description,—and, it may be added, that the figure given by Maton and
Rackett of the Chiton fascicularis, Linn. Trans. viii. t. i. f. 1., bears no remote
resemblance to the one by Pennant, now referred to.
* Marginal band rough.
159. C. marginatus.—Shell with a central ridge, regularly
shagreened.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 71. t.xxxvi. £2. Mont. Test. Brit.i. Maton and
Rackett, Linn. Trans. viii. 21. t. i. f. 2. Flem. Edin. Encye. vi. 102.
. C. cinereus, Lowe, Zool. Journ. vol. ii. p. 99.—On stones about low
water-mark, common.
Length about ths of an inch, breadth 2ths. Colour greyish or reddish,
sometimes freckled. Anteal and retral valves with about ten notches on the
margin of each, on the lower edge; the intervening valves with only one notch
on each side, the termination of a flexure in the shell, which extends ob-
liquely to the back of the ridge, and divides each side of the valve into two
triangular compartments, the retro-lateral ones being always more elevated.
In the last valve the lines of growth are elliptical and entire. The margin
of the shell, around, is a little depressed. Body rough, dusky brown, some-
times freckled with white, with a spinous margin. Branchize about twenty
on each side.—I possess a variety of this shell, which I found under a stone
at Newhaven in 1811, with only six valves. Is the Chiton Asselloides of Mr
Lowe, Zool. Journ. vol. ii. 100. t. v. f. 5., any thing else than an indistinctly
marked variety of the present species. ‘The fringe being short and indis-
tinct, might lead to the suspicion that it was the same as C. marmoreus of Fa-
bricius, though that species is probably not distinct from C. marginatus.
160. C. ruber.—Smooth, glossy, marked by distinct lines of
growth.
Patella articulata cymbiformis, Wallace, Ork. 41.—C. ruber. Linn. Syst.
Nat. i. 1107.—C. levis, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 72.—-C. ruber. Flem.
Edin. Encye. viii. 102. Lowe, Zool. Journ. ii. 101. t. v. f 2.,—On
stones at low water-mark, common.
Length about half an inch, breadth a quarter. Colour reddish, mottled
or striped with brown and white. This is more sharply arched than the pre-
ceding, producing a higher dorsal ridge ; valves with blunt beaks, perfectly
smooth, except by the lines of growth, with marginal notches nearly like the
last ; border broad, striped brown and white, with a nearly entire margin.—
This species is very common in Orkney and Zetland: we have found it like-
wise in abundance on the shores of Loch Broom, whence Pennant’s specimens
were obtained.—Mr TLowe has found it on the Yorkshire coast.
161. C. cinereus. — Valves short, depressed, moniliformly
striated.
Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1107. Mont. Test. Brit. 3. | Flem. Edin. Encye. vii.
102.—C. Assellus, Lowe, Zool. Journ. ii. 101. t. v. f. 3.—On stones
and old shells at low water, not uncommon.
Length about half an inch, breadth about a quarter. Colour greyish, with
dusky stripes; valves little raised in the middle, and but slight beaked ;
markings of growth indistinct ; strize longitudinal on the anteal, and diago-
nal on the retral compartment ; under margin of the valves granulated, not
notched. Border narrow, with an indistinct fringe.
VOL. I. T
290 MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. Ap tysta.
*** Marginal band striated, and lke hair-cloth.
162. C. levis.—Valves smooth, with distinct lines of growth.
Mont. Test. Brit. 2. Flem. Edin. Encye. vii. 102. Lowe, Zool. Journ. ii.
97.—On stones, not common.
Length rarely half an inch; breadth about a quarter, reddish, mottled
with white. Walves arched, slightly beaked, raised at the sides; when highly
magnified, they appear minutely punctured ; border broad, striped brown and
white, the margin with a short fringe—A specimen found by Captain Car-
michael at Appin, is 1 inch and ,%ths in length. Montagu mentions a va-
riety with seven valves, which he has termed Chiton septemvalvis.
163. C. albus.——Valves minutely punctured, the first very
large.
Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1107. Fab Faun. Gr. 422. Mont. Test. Brit. 4.
Flem. Edin. Encye. viii. 103-—On hills, rare.
Length 2ths, breadth 4th of an inch, narrow, white. Valves short in pro-
portion to their breadth, considerably elevated in the middle, slightly beak-
ed; the lines of growth distinct on the sides. Border narrow, margin near-
ly entire.
**** Marginal band smooth.
164, C. levigatus.—Valves regularly shagreened, the: lines
of growth distinct.
Flem. Edin. Encye. vii. 103.—C. latus, Lowe, Zool. Journ. ii. 103. t. v.
f. 6, 7.—Under stones, but not common.
Length nearly an inch, breadth about half an inch, colour rufous, moitled
with brown and white; the colouring of the front valve frequently disposed
in transverse zigzag lines, which is the case, but less distinctly, in the other
parts of the surface. Valves high in the middle, slightly beaked; diagonal
fold elevated; border smooth, with a nearly entire margin.—This species I
have found plentiful in Zetland, and on the shores of Lochbroom: Captain
Carmichael and Mr Lowe have likewise found it on the coast of Argyle.
The references of the preceding species to the Testacea Britannica, cited
above, may be relied on, in consequence of interchange of specimens
between the late Mr Montagu and the author.
Gen. XLIV. APLYSIA.—Tentacula four ; branchiz lateral ;
lid corneous.
165. A. depilans.—Body of a purplish colour, with black
dots.
Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1082. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 42. t. xxi. f. 21.—A. hy-
brida, Sower. Brit. Muse. t. lili. depilans and mustilina, Penn. Brit.
Zool. ii. ed. iv. 79.—Not uncommon among sea-weeds a little beyond
low water-mark.
Length from five to six inches and upwards ; ovate, with a produced neck ;
foot narrow ; head slightly emarginate, with a tentaculum on each side; in front
of the superior tentacula on the neck are two black points or eyes ; branchis
PLevroprancuus. MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. 291
on the right side, under a lid, capable of expanding into a complicated plu-
mose ridge ; within the longitudinal lips are two corneous plates or jaws.
This animal pours outa purple fluid from under the branchial lid when taken.
166. A. punctata.—Body brown, with numerous white spots.
Cuv. Moll. t. i. f 3-5. Flem. Edin. En. xiv. p. 623.—-Coast of Devon
and Orkney. ’
This species resembles the last in structure, and differs in nothing but co-
jour. Cuvier indeed states, as a distinguishing character, the naked central
spot on the lid; but this is accidental. Montagu informed me, by letter 17th
February 1811, that this animal was common along with the other kind (of
which he considered it, probably justly, as a variety), and so large “ as to fill
a moderate sized tea-cup.” It has only once occurred to myself in the Bay
of Kirkwall, though the A. depilans is common on the Scottish coast.
167. A. viridis.—Body of a green colour.
Mont. Linn. Trans. vii. t. vii. f. 1.—Coast of Devon.
“ With the fore-part of the body like a common Limaz ; tentacula or feel-
ers two, flat, but usually rolled up, and appear like cylindric tubes ; at a little
distance behind the tentacula, on each side, is a whitish mark, in which is
placed a small black eye ; the body is depressed, and spreads on each side into
a membranaceous fin, but which gradually decreases from thence to the tail,
or posterior end; this membranous part is considerably amorphous, but is
usually turned upwards on the back, and sometimes meeting, though most
times the margins are reflected; this, as well as the back, is of a beautiful
grass-green colour, marked on the superior part of the fins or membrane with
a few small azure spots, disposed in rows; the under part with more numer-
ous, but irregular, spots of the same; the fore-part of the head is bifid; the
lips marked by a black margin ; the sustentaculum is scarcely definable, as it
most commonly holds by a small space close to the anterior end, and turns
the posterior end more or less to one side; it sometimes, however, extends
itself for the purpose of locomotion, in which it scarce equals a snail.”—* Al-
though this animal does not strictly correspond with the characters prefixed
by Linnzeus to the genus Laplysia, yet it approximates so nearly to the de-
pilans, in its external form, that we cannot hesitate to place it with that ani-
mal, though we could not discern any membranaceous plate or shield under
the skin on the back.” Mont.—The characters here assigned to this species
are such as to excite the belief that it is not an Aplysia; but they are not
sufficiently minute to enable us to establish another genus for its reception.
It is probably related to the Planariz.
Grex. XLV. PLEUROBRANCHUS.—Tentacula two ; cloak
and foot expanded, the former strengthened by a thin ex-
panded subspiral shell.
168. P. plwmula—Cloak broad, reticulated ; foot pointed.
Bulla plumula, Mont. Test. Brit. 214. vig. 2. f. 5; the shell t. xv. f. 9.
—Coast of Devon.
Length about an inch ; pale yellow ; tentacula broad, with eyes at the base
above ; feet large, with waved edges; branchia, a plumose appendage on the
right side.—'The shell is oval, depressed, pellucid, thin, concentrically
wrinkled, with a minute single whorl near one end.
169. P. membranaceus.—Cloak covered with conical papillee ;
foot rounded, with an irregularly indented margin.
7 2
292 MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. Butta.
Lamellaria mem. Mont. Linn. Trans. xi. 184. t. xii. f. 3; the shell fig. 4.
—English coast.
Length and breadth about two inches; of a brownish colour, paler above,
and spotted with bluish-grey beneath ; tentacula subcylindric, with two eyes
at the base; a cylindrical snout; shell ovate, very thin,fflat, with a minute
lateral whorl ; silvery, tinged with pink.
Grn. XLVI. BULLA.—Body in front with a fleshy expan-
sion or tentacular disc; behind with a membranaceous ap-
pendage or lid; shell conyoluted ; aperture the whole length
of the shell.
* Shells with a cuticle, external.
170. B. lignaria.—Shell ovate, spirally striated ; mouth wide,
anteally, rendering the pillar visible to the end.
Concha veneris major leviter et dense striata, List. Conch. t. lxxiv. f. 71-
—B. lig. Linn. Syst. i. 1184. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 116.—B. scabra,
Mull. Zool. Dan. t. 71.—B. lig. Mont. Test. Brit. 205.—Not uncom-
mon.
Length upwards of 2 inches ; width 14th ofan inch ; epidermis brown; aper-
ture contracted retrally by the body-whorl ; the apex depressed; pillar-lip
rounded ; outer lip nearly straight ; gullet large, folded ; stomach fortified by
three testaceous plates.
171. B. akera.—Shell ovate, smooth ; aperture wide, and.ren-
dering the pillar visible.
g p
Akera bullata, Madi. Zool. Dan. t. Ixxi. f. 2, 9.—B. resiliens, Don. Brit-
Shells, t. Ixxix.—B. akera, Mont. Test. Brit. 219.—On the shores of
Banff and Devon.
Length about 3ths of an inch ; breadth half an inch ; translucent, elastic,
glossy, with a greenish tinge. Aperture wide anteally ; retrally it is very
close to the body-whorl, but does not adhere until it has taken almost one vo-
lution ;. apex: concave, exhibiting two or three volutions. The Rey. Charles
Cordiner observed this shell in the Murray Frith, and transmitted specimens
to the Duchess of Portland.—On some parts of the English coast it is not un-
common.
172. B. hydatis.—Shell subglobular, minutely striated spiral-
ly ; aperture wide anteally; the pillar-lip rounded, but the pil-
lar not visible to the end.
Linn. Syst. i. 1183.—B. ampulla, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 116.--B. hyd.
Don, Brit. Shells, t. Ixxxviii—_On the English coast.
Length 1 inch; breadth 3ths ; translucent, with a brownish epidermis ;
aperture interrupted by the rounded body-whorl ; apex concave, but not ex-
hibiting volutions. Animal purplish-brown; and, when expanded, double
the length of the shell; two eyes on the tentacular disc, sunk in small white
depressions.—Mont. Linn. Trans. ix. 106. t. vi. f. 1.
173. B. Cranchii.—Shell subcylindrical, strongly striated spi-
rally ; aperture narrow, rendering the continuation of the pillar
invisible ; pillar-lip straight.
Mr Prideaux, Plymouth Sound.
Burra. MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. 295
een +;ths, breadth ,4,ths of an inch; translucent, horn-coloured ; strize
in bands, slightly waved by indistinct lines of growth ; the pillar-lip is a little
reflected, forming a pillar cavity, and is slightly waved where it joins the
outer lip; the latter projects very little; the apex is concave, without visi-
ble whorls. The specimen from which the preceding description was taken
was sent me, under the above title, several years ago, by my friend Dr Leach.
The detailed description of its characters may be expected in his long wished.
for work on the British Molluscous Animals.
174. B. ampulla,—Shell oblong, ovate, smooth, mottled with
brown.
Mont. Test. Brit. ccvi. t. vii. £ 1.—In Falmouth Harbour, Montagu ; Dun-
bar, Laskey.
Length sths of an inch; opake; aperture moderately wide; on the lower
end of the pillar-lip the shell is thickened, of an opake colour, but the dupli-
cature does not spread up the body of the shell. Montagu was probably mis-
taken in referring his species to the Ampulla of Linnzeus, with which it does
not agree in shape or form of the aperture.
175. B. wmbilicata. — Shell oblong-oval, smooth; aperture
narrow, a little dilated anteally.
Mont. Test. Brit. ccxxii. t. vii. fi 4. Turton, Conch. Dict. 22.—Coast of
England and Ireland.
Length 4th of an inch ; breadth #;th; of a white colour; apex rounded in-
to a cavity.
176. B. cylindracea.—Shell lengthened cylindrical ; aperture
narrow ; pillar-lip with an indistinct fold.
C. V. exigua alba vere cylindracea, List. Conch. t. pecxiv. f. 70.—B. cyl.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 117. t. lix. f. 85. Don. Br. Sh. t. 120. Mont.
Test. Brit. xxi. t. vii. f. 2—In sandy bays, common.
Length gths of an inch.; smooth, glossy white; outer lip thin, straight ;
pillar-lip thickened with an oblique fold; apex truncated, depressed.—Per-
haps this species should be transferred to the genus Volvaria of Lamarck, as
he has hinted.
177. B. truncata.—Shell subcylindrical, truncated, and deep-
ly marked with the lines of growth retrally, rounded and smooth
anteally.
B. crassa, Walk. Test. Min. xvii. t. iii. f. 62.—B. tr. Adams, Linn. Trans.
vol. v. 1. t.if12. Mont. Test. Brit. 223. t. vii. f. 5.._Not uncommon.
Length about the eighth of an inch, white, closely pellucid ; aperture nar-
row, opposite the body, suddenly widening at the pillar, exhibiting the in-
ternal volutions ; apex with a cavity.
178. B. obtusa.—Shell subcylindrical ; apex exhibiting a pro-
jecting obtuse spire of three or four whorls.
Voluta alba opaca longitudinaliter striata, Walk. Test. Min. 17. t. iii. f.
61.—B. ob. Mont. Test. Brit. 223. t. vii. f. 3, common.
Length ths, breadth 3th of an inch, with a brownish epidermis; lines of
growth distinct ; aperture narrow retrally, widening at the pillar; outer li
slightly incurved in the middle. ; 8 pillar; outer lip
294 MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. Buia.
179. B. alba.—“ Shell oval, oblong ; slightly striated longi-
tudinally ; entirely white ; crown umbilicate ; at each extremity
three transverse punctured striz.” ;
Dy Turton, Zool. Journ. No. vii. 364. t. xiii. f. 6.—British Channel.
Dr Turton adds, “‘ They are more elongated than the Bulla ampulla (the
reference is evidently here intended for the B. striata of Lamarck, not to the
true Ampulla), and essentially differ in having only three rather remote trans-
verse strize at each end, whereas on the latter shell there are seven or eight
strize on the lower extremity, and none on the upper.”
** Shells probably concealed, destitute of a cuticle, and under
the integuments.
180. B. aperta.—Shell smooth, with indistinct lines of growth ;
suborbicular, depressed ; aperture expanded ; pillar short.
Linn. Syst. i. 1183, Pult. Dorset. 40. Don. Brit. Shells, t. cexx. Monté-
Test. Brit. 208. vig. ii. f. 1, 3—Not common.
Length 1 inch, breadth 3ths, thin, pellucid, white; apex simple ; body
slightly involuted. Animal pellucid, white, with minute opake specks ; sto-
mach of three testaceous plates.
181. B. punctata.—Shell suborbicular, patulous, moniliform-
ly striated longitudinally.
Adams, Linn. Trans. v. 2. t. i. f 6, 8.—B. catena, Mont. Test. Brit.
215. t. 7. f. vii—On the English coast, not common.
Length about 4th of an inch; breadth rather less; apex rounded, with a
cavity exposing a volution. Montagu mentions “ a variety with a more
transparent zone, taking in eight or ten of the catenze, which are more strong-
ly defined ; the rest of the shell appears as it were frosted, and not so glossy,
possessing a subumbilicus ; and the outer margin of the aperture, close to the
body, is winged, or reflected a little, forming a depression or sulcus on that
part.”
182. B. emarginata.—Shell gibbous ; aperture emarginate ;
pellucid, smooth ; lip subarcuated.
Adams, Linn. Trans. v. 2. t. i. f. 9, 11.—On the English coast, rare.
183. B. denticulata.—Shell white, pellucid, oblong, nearly
equal, obtuse, smooth; outer lip ending in a tooth retrally.—
Perhaps only the young of B. aperta.
Adams, Linn. Trans. v. 1. t. i. f 3, 6—Coast of Pembroke.
184. B. flexilis.—Shell pellucid, horn-coloured ; apex white,
opake, with a single volution.
Laskey, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 168. Wern. Mem. i. 396. t. 8. f 6.—
Dunbar, rare.
Length half an inch, wrinkled ; flexible in a moistened state; brittle when
dry.—This shell probably belongs to the genus Sigaritus. 3
Butta. MOLLUSCA. BRANCHIFERA. 295
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. B. convoluta.—Cylindrical, smooth ; aperture linear, expanded a little
way from the base; vertex obtuse, perforated.— Sower. Min. Conch. t.
eecelxiv. f 1.—In Crag.
2. B. constricta—Subcylindrical, contracted in the middle; vertex trun-
cated, perforated; base obscurely striated ; aperture linear, expanded at the
base.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eccclxiv. f. 2.—London clay, Barton.
3. B. elliptica.—Elliptical, elongated, transversely striated ; vertex perfo-
rated ; aperture widest at the base.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccclxiv. f. 6.—
London clay, Barton.
4. B. attenuata.—Elliptical, transversely striated ; superior portion elon-
gated, truncated, perforated ; aperture curved, widest towards the base ; strize
distant in the middle.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccclxiv. f: 3.—Zondon clay.
Hordwell.
5. B. filosa.—A fragment. “ Its numerous strize and expanded lip distin-
guish it from B. attenuata.”—-Sower. Min. Conch. t- cccelxiv. f. 4.
296 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA.
PECTINIBRANCHIA.
CRYPTOBRANCHIA.
Heart entire, and detached from the rectum. Sexes distinct on dif-
ferent individuals. The shells of the female more ventricose in the
body-whorl than those of the male.
a. Shell external.
& Aperture of the shell entire, together with the anterior margin
of the cloak at the entrance of the branchial cavity. Hotos-
TOMATA.
c. Foot with a lid for closing the aperture of the shell. Txc-
TIPEDA.
Tursonipz. Aperture of the shell ovate or round.
Neritap#. Aperture semicircular, with an oblique
straight pillar-lip.
Trocnuusip#&. Aperture subquadrangular.
cc. Foot destitute of a lid. Nuprprepa.
Janthina.
Velutina.
bb. Aperture of the shell canaliculated, for the reception of the sy-
phon of the branchial cavity. SoLENOsTOMATa.
aa. Shell internal.
Sigaretus.
MOLLUSCA. HOLOSTOMATA. 2Q'7
HOLOSTOMATA.
TURBONID.
* Marine.
a. Aperture ovate, inner-lip formed by the body-whorl on which the
peristome is spread.
é. Pillar-lip simple, or without teeth.
c- Peristome incomplete retrally.
Turbo.
Phasianella.
Turritella.
cc. Peristome complete retrally.
Cingula.
6b. Pillar-lip with a tooth.
Odostomia.
Monodonta.
aa. Aperture circular, peristome entire, and more or less disjoined from
the body-whorl.
6. Whorls with transverse ridges, the last formed one constituting a
thickened margin to the mouth.
Scalaria.
Cyclostrema.
bb. Whorls destitute of the transverse ridges, forming, in succession,
the peristome.
¢. Shell armed with tubercles or processes.
Delphinula.
Cirus.
cc. Shell destitute of processes.
Skenea.
Euomphalus.
** Fluviatile.
a. Peristome entire.
Paludina.
Ampullaria.
5. Peristome incomplete retrally.
Melania.
298 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Turpzo.
Gen. XLVII. TURBO.—Shell ovoid, the body-whorl oc-
cupying upwards of one-half of the length; aperture with
the peristome incomplete retrally ; pillar-lip flattened.
185. T. littoreus. Periwinkle. — Whorls five, separating
line shallow ; outer-lip joming the body at an acute angle.
Cochlea fusca, List. Ari. Ang. 162. Conch. 585. f. 43.—Turbo lit. Linn.
Syst. Nat. i. 1232. Mont. Test. Brit. 301.—Common within tide-mark.
Length about an inch; breadth three quarters, various in colour, dusky,
with lighter stripes, or with a white band, or orange-yellow ; apex blunt, nearly
smooth or spirally striated; animal striped with black, the tentacula annu-
lated._Extensively used as fuod. Mr Sowerby has figured a shell which he
considers as identical with this species, and another similar to 7. rwdis, (Min.
Conch. t. 71.), as from the Crag formation. We are inclined, in this instance,
to suspect, that some products of a deposition of modern marine diluvium have
been confounded with the genuine inmates of the Crag.
186. T. petreus——Whorls five, conical, nearly flat; outer-
lip joining the body at an acute angle, and embracing a portion
of the whorl.
Helix pet. Mont. Test. Brit. 403.—-South coast of England.
Length about {2,ths, breadth ;5th of an inch, of a dark brown colour; des-
titute of spiral striz, but is marked transversely by irregular minute lines of
growth ; pillar-lip remarkably broad, grooved anteally ; outer-lip thin ; body-
ip slightly convex.—This species, according to Montagu, lives on the rocks
a little below high water-mark.
187. T. rudis—Whorls five, rounded ; outer-lip thick, join-
ing the body nearly at right angles.
Maton, Don. Brit. Shells, t. xxxiii. Mont. Test. Brit. 304—T. jugo-
sus, ib. 586. Maton and Rackett, Linn. Trans. viii. 158.—Common.
Length and breadth nearly equal ; colour yellowish or brown ; separating
line deep. The surface of the whorls is, in some individuals, nearly smooth,
except by the markings of the lines of growth, constituting the 7. rudis ;
while, in others, the surface is grooved by spiral lines, the intermediate spaces
flat or sharp edged, becoming the 7. jugosus. The colours of the animal are
usually plain——The form and mode of junction of the outer-lip with the
body seem the distinguishing features of the species.
188. T. éenebrosus.—Whorls five, rounded ; outer-lip thin,
joining the body-whorl nearly at right angles.
Mont. Test. Brit. 303. Turt. Conch. Dict. 197.—On the English and
Irish coasts.
Length §ths, breadth §ths ; separating line distinct ; colour dark purple,
with yellowish spiral bands; lines of growth minute, finely or coarsely striat-
ed spirally.—This species is found on mud near high water-mark, and in
brackish marshes.
189. T. fabalis.—“ Subglobular, very obtuse, smooth, with
three hardly produced volutions, of a chesnut colour, with ob-
scure pale bands ; pillar and throat chesnut.”
Turton, Zool. Journ. ii. 366, t. xii. f. 10.-On the rocks at Scarborough,
Mr Bean.
Turso. MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 299
Length about 3th of an inch ; bands about twelve, apparently interrupted,
so as to give the surface a checkered appearance ; finely striated spirally.—
Probably the fry of the preceding species.
190. 'T. mammillatus.—Whorls five, slightly rounded ; spi-
rally striated with raised dots.
Don. Brit. Shells, t. clxxiii—Scilly Rocks.
Length and breadth nearly equal; aperture rounded, a few ridges of
larger dots give to the whorls a subangulated form. According to a memo-
randum in the handwriting of Da Costa, annexed to one of the specimens
figured by Donovan, this shell has been found by Mr Platt on the Scilly
Rocks.
191. T. crassior.—Shell conical, yellowish-white, with five
rounded and deeply divided whorls. pil
Turbo levis, quinque anfractibus apertura subrotunda marginata, Walk.
Test. Min. 10. t. ii. f. 34.T. crass. Mont. Test. Brit. 309. t. xx. f. 1.
—T. pallidus, Don. Brit. Shells, t. clxxviii. f. 4-—-Common in deep
water.
Length half an inch; breadth ,,ths; covered with a pale epidermis,
which rises in numerous sharp oblique ridges, beneath which are a few obso-
lete spiral striz. The whorls are sometimes slightly flattened in the mid-
dle; they are thick and opake. Pillar-lip flattened anteally ; outer-lip thin,
joining the body-whorl nearly at right angles.
192. T. quadrifasciatus—Pillar with a groove, ending re-
trally in a perforation. Shell striated spirally.
Mont. Test. Brit. 328. t. xx. f. 7.—T. vinctus, 75. 307. t. xx. f. 3.—T.
canalis, ib. 309.e-Among sea-weeds, a little beyond low water-mark,
common.
Length from three to five-tenths of an inch, glossy, of a yellowish horn-
colour, with four dark spiral bands on the body, two of which enter the aper-
ture, and two are external; between these pairs there is usually a whitish
band, where the whorl bends in, rather suddenly, towards the pillar; the outer-
lip, at its junction with the whorl, covers a portion of this white space, the
external part, however, is usually exposed, and appears as a white band along
the line of separation ; the whorls are more or less rounded, and subcarinated
on the body-whorl; but in all, the surface is marked by waved spiral striz,
slightly decussated by the lines of growth. The outer-lip, when young, is
thin; but towards maturity it becomes thick, sloping outwardly to a sharp
edge; operculum membranaceous, smooth, yellowish.
193. T. decussatus—Whorls five, rounded ; strongly striated
transversely ; finely striated spirally.
Mont. Test. Brit. 322. t. xii. f. 4.—Among shell-sand, rare.
Length about the eighth of an inch, breadth one-half less ; white, glossy ;
apex rather blunt; aperture suboval, a little contracted retrally.
194. 'T. margarita.—Whorls four, the first very large, pil-
lar-cavity wide ; inside of the aperture with a mother-of-pearl
gloss.
Helix Marg. Laskey, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 143. Wern. Mem. i. 408.
t. viii. f. 5-Common on fuci.
Breadth and height about one-eighth of an inch; smooth glossy, greenish ;
sometimes with one spiral rufous band; when bleached, it is ofa brownish-white
colour ; whorls increase rapidly ; rounded, the spire short and blunt ; aperture
300 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Twrxo.
suborbicular, the outer-lip thin and prominent, retrally, where it joins the
_ body-whorl nearly at fica angles; pillar-lip reflected, forming the cavity
behind; operculum finely striated spirally. We have little doubt in con-
sidering the Helix fulgidus of Adams (Linn. Trans. iii. 254.), and the Turbo
fulgidus of Montagu, as the fry of this very common species.
195. T. ntvosus——Whorls five, smooth, rounded, slender,
tapering to an obtuse point.
Mont. Test. Brit. 326.—Coast of Devon, rare.
Length about a line; breadth two-thirds less. Whorls with the separat-
ing line deep ; aperture suboval ; inner-lip and pillar quite smooth and even;
without cavity.
The history of the remaining recent species is involved in obscurity, but
their characters are subjoined, according to the best information in my pos-
session.
—=—>__
196. T. strigatus.—Shell white, whorls three, with three spiral ridges on
the larger volution.— Walk. Test. Min. 11. t. ii. f 38.—Sea-salter.
197. T. scriptuss—Whorls three, smooth, marked with brown, letter-like
lines: aperture suborbicular.—Adams, Linn. Trans. iii. 65. t. xiii. f. 11-12.
—Coast of Pembrokeshire.
198. T. subrufus.—Smooth, opake, dull red, the upper part of each spire
marked with a white spiral band; whorls five, somewhat angular above.—
Adams, Linn. Trans. v. iii. t. i. f 18-19.—Pembrokeshire.
199. T. canaliculatus.x—Pellucid, whitish ; the whorls five, fluted across,
and separated by an elevated line.—Adams, Linn. Trans. iii, 253.—Coast of
Pembrokeshire.
200. T. resupinatus.—Semipellucid, glossy, horn-coloured; aperture large,
the whorls at the tip turned backwards.—Helix, Waik. Test. Min. 1. t. i.
f. 24..-Sandwich, very rare.
201. T. globosus.—White, opake, glossy, smooth, globose; whorls two ;
aperture roundish.— Helix. Walk. Test. Min. 1. t. i. f 25.—Sandwich, not
common.
202. T. reticulatus.—White, subpellucid ; one whorl; reticulated; a slight
pillar-cavity ; aperture round.—Helix, Walk. Test. Min. 1. t. i. f 26.—Re-
culvir, rare.
203. T. striatus.—Greenish-white, pellucid; whorls striated, reflected on
the back ; aperture oval—Helix, Walk. Test. Min. 8. t. i. f. 29.—Sandwich,
rare. ;
204. T. coarctatus.—White, pellucid ; whorls two; aperture roundish, con-
tracted near the pillar-cavity.-Helix, Walk. Test. Min. 8. t- i. f. 30.—Sand-
wich, not common. This is considered by Montagu (Test. Brit. 445.), as the
fry of a Helix.
205. T. fasciatus.——W hite, pellucid, smooth; whorls three, the first tumid,
and marked with three spiral belts, of a rich marone colour, the middle one
broad, the lateral ones narrow ; aperture large, a slight pillar-cavity—Helix
fas. Adams, Linn. Trans. v. 3. t. i. f. 20-21.—Tenbigh.
206. 'T. nitidissimus.—Corneous, pellucid, glossy; whorls two, finely stri-
ated across; with a pillar-cavity.—Helix nit. Adams, Linn. Trans. v. 4. t. i.
f. 22, 23, 24.
4
PuastaneLtta. MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 301
207. 'T. bicolor.—Smooth, dull, inside white ; whorls two; pillar-cavity in-
distinct.—Helix bicolor, Adams, Linn. Trans. v. 4. t. i. f: 25, 26, 27.—Ten-
bigh.
208. 'T. variegatus.-—Subpellucid, smooth ; whorls four, the first ventri-
cose, with red lines; margin of the aperture very much spread; no pillar-
cavity.—Helix var. Adams, Linn. Trans. iii. 67.—Coast of Pembrokeshire.
209. T. tubulatus.—Whorls three, striated ; pillar-cavity produced into a
marginated tube. Helix tub. Adams, Linn. Trans. iii. 67.—Coast of Pem-
brokeshire.
—<—
EXTINCT SPECIES. (TURBO.)
1. 'T. ornatus.—Conical, spirally striated ; three or four tuberculated ridges
run along each whorl, the middle one the largest.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. cexl. f. 1, 2.—In Lower Oolite, Dundry.
2. 'T’. carinatus.—Conical, with five or six spiral crenulated ridges ; whorls
carinated.—Sower. Min. Conch, t. ccxl. f. 3.—In Green Sand.
3. 'T. moniliformis. —Short, conical, spirally striated; whorls separated
above by a canal, their edges granulated ; pillar-cavity large, wrinkled.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. cecxcev. f. 1.—In Green Sand, Blackdown. ~Probably
not of this genus.
4. T. suleatus.—Conical, sulcated spirally, striated transversely; whorls
rounded, separated above by a canal; pillar-cavity small; aperture sulcated
within.— Pilkington, Linn. ‘Trans. vii. 118. t. xi. ££ 9.—T. sculptus, Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ccexev. f. 2.—In London Clay.
5. 'T. conicus.—Ovato-conical, acute, whorls very convex, spirally striated ;
with a pillar-cavity.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccexxxiii. f. 1.—In Green Sand,
Blackdown.
6. 'T. rotundatus.—Ovate, subglobose, pointed, smooth; aperture rather
longer than wide, pointed retrally.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ececxxxiii. f. 2.—
In Green Sand, Blackdown.
Gen. XLVITI. PHASTANELLA.—Shell conical ; aperture
lengthened, contracted by the projection of the body-
whorl; peristome incomplete retrally ; pillar-lip smooth,
nearly straight.
210. P. polita.—Whorls nine or more, conical, strong, flat,
smooth, closely united.
Helix pol. Pult. Dorset, p. 49. Mont. Test. Brit. 398.—Turbo albus,
Don. Brit. Shells, t. clxxvii—On the English shores.
Length $ths of an inch, breadth ,%ths; aperture oval, contracted retrally
by the body-whorl.
211. P. subulata—Whorls about ten, subulate; with two
spiral brown bands along the separating line.
Turbo sub. Don. Brit. Shells, t. clxxiii—Helix sub. Mont. Test. Brit.
Sup. 142.—-On the English and Scottish coast, not common.
Length about three quarters of an inch; smooth, glossy, white; the two
bands are on the retral edge of’ the nearly obsolete line of separation ; whorls
nearly flat; aperture lengthened, rounded anteally, contracted retrally ;
outer-lip nearly straight.
302 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Tvrnriretra,
212. P. decussata.—Whorls eight or nine, strongly striated
transversely ; minutely striated spirally.
Helix dec. Mont. Test. Brit. 399. t. xv. f. 1.—On the shore at Wey-
mouth, Mr Bryer.
Length ths of an inch; breadth »,th; white, slender; whorls nearly
flat, the separating line extremely fine ; aperture narrow, suboval, contract-
ed at both ends; outer-lip somewhat expanded, and a little thickened at the
back; inner lip slightly replicated.
213. P. pallida.—Whorls six or seven, smooth ; outer-lip
arcuated.
Turbo pal. Mont. Test. Brit. 325. t. xxi. f. 4.—In sand, Salcomb Bay.
Length 3th of an inch; breadth 2ds less; slender, tapering to a fine point ;
whorls separated by a well-defined line; aperture suborbicular, a faint du-
plicature on the pillar-lip, forming behind a small cavity.
—=>——_
In the Mineral Conchology, the following fossil shells are referred to the
genus, though it is more probable that they belong to Limnea or Paludina.
1. P. orbicularis—Conical, acute, smooth ; whorls about six, ventricose ;
aperture nearly round.—Sower. Min. Cench. t. clxxv. f1 1.— Fresh water Lime-
stone, Shalcomb, Isle of Wight.
2. P. angulosa.—Conical, smooth; whorls subcarinated; aperture nearly
round.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxxv. f: 2.—Along with the last.
3. P. minuta.—Elongated, smooth ; whorls five or six ; obscurely squared ;
aperture oblong.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxxv. f. 3.—Along with the last.
Gen. XLIX. TURRITELLA.—Shell elongated ; the whorls
numerous, produced ; aperture wide ; the pillar-lip slightly
rounded.
214. 'T. terebra.—Whorls about sixteen, with numerous spi-
ral ridges.
Buccinum tenue, List. An. Ang. 161. Conch. t. pxci. £57. Turbo Ter.
Linn. 8. Syst. i. 1239. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 130. t. yxxxi. f 113. Mont.
Test. Brit. 293.—Common.
Length sometimes exceeding two inches; breadth of the body-whorl half
an inch, of a reddish or purplish brown ; whorls sometimes eighteen in num.
ber, ending in a fine point ; the larger whorls rounded, with five or six pro-
minent ridges, besides smaller ones, crossed by the layers of growth. In the
young shells the ridges are less numerous, and the anteal edge of the body-
whorl is flattened. ‘The aperture, in young shells, is subquadrangular ; in an
old specimen the outer lip is round and thin, and the pillar-lip nearly straight.
The animal is yellow, striped with dusky, with the tentacula short.—This
species resides in deep water, but is frequently thrown ashore after storms.
215. T. exoleta.—Whorls about twelve, spirally striated, with
two broad rounded spiral ridges.
Cochlea variegata, List. Conch. t. pxci. f. 58.—Turbo exol. Linn. Syst. i.
1239.—Turbo cinctus, Don. Brit. Shells, t. xxii. f. 1. Moné. Test.
Brit. 295.—On the English coast, rare.
Turriretta.. MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 303
Length 24 inches; white. purple, or variegated with brown ; whorls raised,
deeply divided by the separating line. Lister seems to have been acquainted
with this shell as British; afterwards Da Costa obtained it from the coasts of
Lincoln and Lancashire; Montagu received it from Kent.
216. T. duplicata. —Whorls about fourteen, and spirally
striated, with two acute spiral ridges.
Buccinum crassum, List. An. Ang. 160. t. iii. f. 7. Conch. t. pxci. 59,—
Turbo dup. Linn. Syst. i. 1239. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 129. t. uxxxi. f.
112. Don. Brit. Shells, t. cxii- Turton, Conch. Dict. 216.—English
coast, rare.
Length about 24 inches, thick, heavy, of a brownish colour ; the two ridges
are of unequal size.—This species was obtained by Lister from the Scar-
borough fishermer ; and Dr Turton announces that it was “ said to have been
lately discovered on the western coasts by Dr Leach.”
Q17. T. subtruncata—Whorls about seven, rounded, and
obscurely striated spirally.
Turbo sub. Mont. Test. Brit. 300. t. x. f 1.—In sand, rare.
Length about ,3,ths of an inch ; white; whorls from five to seven, and (in
a specimen in my possession) gradually tapering to an obtuse point ; outer lip
rounded ; pillar-lip nearly straight, a little reflected, so as to form a small ca-
vity behind.
218. 'T. eleganiissima.—Whorls about ten, flat, with numer-
ous regular transverse grooves.
Turbo turritus novem anfractibus striatis apertura rotunda, Walk. Test.
Min. ii. t. ii: f 39.—Turbo eleg. Mont. Test. Brit. 298. t. x. f 2.—In
deep water, not common.
Length about ,',ths of an inch, breadth about ith of its length; colour of
the shell white, glossy ; of the epidermis brown ; ridges and grooves rounded,
slightly oblique, separating line distinct ; outer lip slightly rounded ; pillar-
lip nearly straight, thick, forming a slight angle anteally. It isa very strong
shell in proportion to its size.
219. 'T. truncata.—Whorls four or five, flat, decreasing sud-
denly ; apex abrupt.
Turbo trun. Mont. Test. Brit. 300. t. x. f 7.—Common.
Length about ;2;ths of an inch; white, glossy; whorls nearly six in num-
ber, deeply divided by the separating line, and faintly striated transversely ;
aperture ovate ; pillar-lip slightly rounded, and a little reflected.
220. T. wnica.—Whorls nine, finely striated spirally, with
numerous undulated transverse ridges.
Turbo turritus septem anfractibus strigatis apertura ovali, Walk. Test.
Min, ii. t. ii. £ 40.—Turbo unicus, Mont. Test. Brit. 299. t. xii. £ 2.—
Among shell-sand, rare.
Length about ,2,ths of an inch; white, glossy, slender; whorls rounded and
deeply divided by the separating line ; aperture ovate ; the pillar-lip rounded.
221. 'T. simillima. — Whorls eight, with fourteen distant
ridges parallel with the axis of the shell.
Laskey, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 136. Wern. Mem. i. 406, t. viii. f. 15.
—Shores of Jura.
3
304 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Turritetta.
Length ths of an inch; white, slender; whorls slightly elevated; the
spaces occupied by the depressions larger than those of the ridges; aperture
subovate.
222. 'T. nitidisstma.—Whorls nine, rounded, smooth.
Turbo nit. Mont. Test. Brit. 299. t. xii. f. 1.—Among fine sand, rare.
Length 3th of an inch; slender, pointed; brownish-white, glossy ; whorls
much rounded and oblique ; aperture ovate, pillar-lip rounded.
223. 'T. indistincta.—Whorls eight, flattened, ribbed trans-
versely, striated spirally.
Turbo ind. Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 129.—English and Scottish shores,
rare.
Length nearly 3,ths of an inch; breadth lessthan 35th; colour brown, with
darker spiral bands, glossy ; separating line deep ; transverse ridges numerous,
rounded, waved, wanting on the lower part of the body-whorl, where the
spiral striz are most conspicuous; these last do not cross the ridges, but
merely occupy, though faintly, the furrows. Montagu described this beauti-
ful species from the Boysian cabinet. I obtained my specimen, which is
quite fresh, from Loch Broom.
224. T. carinatula.—Whorls seven to ten, bent towards the
apex, with numerous transverse ribs, with a contracted margi-
nated aperture.
Turbo turritus carinatus, Walk. Test. Min. 12. t. xi, f. 44.—T. sub-
arcuatus, Adams, Linn. Trans. iii. 66. t. xiii. f: 27-28.—On the English
coast.—An obscure species.
——=
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. T’. conoidea.—Whorls about eighteen, lower part of each angular, slightly
projecting, longitudinal strize equally distant, seven or more, with intermediate
smaller ones, all acutely crenulated.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xli. f, 1. 4.—In
London clay.
2. T. elongata.—Whorls about fifteen, flattened in the middle, lower parts
projecting ; strize more distant near the middle of the whorls, inconspicuously
crenulated, with some finer intervening strize.—Sower. Min. Conch, t. xli. f. 2.
—In London clay.
3. T. brevis.—Whorls about twelve; spire rather short ; upper and lower
parts of the whorls equally rounded ; strize ten or twelve, finely crenulated.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. xli. f. 3.—In London clay.
4. 'T. incrassata-—Whorls about fourteen, flattish, with the lower part an-
gular, and three smooth longitudinal threads ; outer lip thickened in the mid-
dle.—In Crag, Holywell.
5. 'T. edita.—Whorls about twenty, rounded, slightly depressed in the mid-
dle; lower parts rather prominent, with many obscure longitudinal strize.
(Brander, Foss. t. iii. f 48.) Sower. Min. Conch. t. xli f 7.—In London clay.
6. T. muricata.a—Whorls flattened on the upper side ; spirally striated, with
transverse ribs rising into small spires at the outer sections.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. cecexcix. f 1-2.—In Coral Ray, Steeple Ashton, and Robin Hood’s
Bay.
7. T. cingenda.—Whorls with a round crenated band upon the lower edge ;
spirally striated; the upper whorl with transverse ribs.—Sower. Min. Conch.
1, t. xcix. f. 3.—In shale with the last, Robin Hood’s Bay, near Scarborough.
Cincuta. MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 305
8. 'T. Urii.—Elongated, striated transversely. Ure’s Hist. Ruth. 308.
t. xiv. f. 7.—Limestone of the Coal Formation.
9. 'T. elongata.—Elongated, striated spirally. Ure’s Hist. Ruth. 308. t. xiv.
ff.
10. 'T. constricta.—Turrited, smooth ; whorls eight or ten; convex below,
contracted above, with an adpressed crenated margin. ‘Turbo con. Mart. Derb.
t. xxxviil. f 3.—Melania con. Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccexviii. f. 2.—Carboni-
Serous Limestone.
Gen. L. CINGULA.—Aperture of the shell with the peristome
complete, being united retrally.
* Outer lip thickened by a rib.
225. C. cimex.—Whorls four, strong ; ribbed coarsely, trans-
versely and spirally.
Turbo cim. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1233. Don. Brit. Shells, t. ii. f 1. Mont.
Test. Brit. 315.—Southern coasts, not common.
Length about {th of an inch; white; whorls with the separating line deep
and ragged ; meshes of the ribs forming quadrangular pits, in six rows on
the body-whorl, and two on the second.
226. C. subcarinata.—Whorls three, little produced, with
three spiral ridges, and numerous transverse strize.
Helix sub. Mont. Test. Brit. 438. t. vii. f. 9.—Trochus rugosus, Brown,
Wern. Mem. ii. 520. t. xxiv. f. 5.—Coasts of England and Ireland.
Breadth about ;th of an inch, depressed ; glossy, frosted s two of the spi-
ral lines are on the lower part of the body-whorl, and one on the upper ; _pil-
lar-cavity wide and deep; aperture oval.
227. C. calathisca.—Whorls six, with numerous transverse
and spiral ribs.
Turbo cal. Laskey, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 152. t. xxx. f. 5.—West
coast of Scotland and England, rare.
Length 4th of an inch; brown; conical; the pits formed by the intersection
of the ribs are more numerous than the last, being in eight rows on the body-
whorl, and four on the next ; aperture with the outer lip denticulated within.
228. C. striatula.—Whorls five, spirally ribbed, longitudi-
nally striated, each terminating in a flat top.
Turbo stri. Mont. Test. Brit. 306. t. x. f. 5.—Turbo monilis, Turton,
Conch. Dict. 200.—On the English coast, rare.
Length {,ths of an inch; ovate, obtuse, white; whorls with fine spiral
strie, which, towards the upper part of each volution, rise into three mem.
branaceous ridges; those near the pillar are likewise elevated and strong; the
transverse striz are numerous, but principally obvious in the furrows, yet
giving to the shell a pretty cancellated appearance ; aperture suborbicular,
angulated at the upper part.
229. C. costata.—Whorls five, spirally striated, and trans-
versely ribbed ; a groove behind the outer lip, extending behind
the pillar to the aperture.
Turbo crassus, clathratus, quinque anfractibus apertura rotunda margi-
VOL. I. U
306 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Crineuta.
nata, Walk. Test. Min. 13. t. ii. f.47.—T. cost. Adams, Linn. Tyans.
iii. 65. t. xiii. ff 13-14. Mont. Test. Brit. 311. t. x. f. 6.—Common on
the English shores, on fuci; rare in Scotland,
Length ~;ths of an inch; breadth about 3th; white, glossy ; whorb a lit-
tle rounded ; the ribs are strong, slightly waved ; on the body-whorl they end
ina aries sneer rib, which extends from the body-lip, behind the pillar, to
the outer lip; this spiral rib is followed by a groove; the spiral striz are most
conspicuous between the ribs.
230. C. parva.—Whorls five, strong, with transverse ribs,
without spiral strie.
T. quinque anfractibus subcarinatis apice purpureo apertura ovali, Walk.
Test. Min. 12, t. ii. f. 43.—T. lacteus, Don, Brit. Shells, t. xce.—T.
parvus, Mont. Test. Brit. 310.—Among fuci, common. *
Length upwards of 3th of an inch, conical; white, brown, or tinged with
purple; whorls rounded, with about twelve obtuse ribs, sometimes reaching
to the pillar, or only to the middle of the body-whorl ; aperture slightly ovate.
Montagu, in his account of this species, refers to the Turbo aéreus and T. sub-
Juteus of Adams, Linn. Trans. iii. 65.
231. C. marginata.—Shell subcylindrical ; whorls six, finely
striated spirally, with about six transverse ribs.
Laskey, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 128. Wern. Mem. i. 406. t. viii. f 13.
—Hitherto found only at Guernsey and Dunbar.
Length 3ths of an inch; breadth $ths less; white; very strong, the ribs
gradually becoming obsolete at the line of separation ; aperture patulous.
232. C. reticulata.—Shell conical, having six, rounded, regu-
larly reticulated spires, with a slight pillar-cavity.
T. subumbilicatus quatuor anfractibus reticulatus, apertura subrotunda,
Walk. Test. 9. t. ii. f 32.—T. ret. Mont. Test. Brit. 322. t. xxi. f. 1.
—Among shell-sand, rare.
Length about 2,th of an inch; breadth jth; white or brown; aperture
suborbicular ; the transverse strize do not appear on the lower part of the bo-
dy-whorl, where the spiral strize are most conspicuous. The Turbo punctura
of Montagu, Test. Brit. 320. t. xii. f 2. appears to be the young of this species,
or before the rib of the lip is formed ; the same also as Turbo reliformis, Walk.
Test. Min. 20. t. ii. f 37.
233. C. conifera.— Shell conical; whorls six, with about
twelve transverse undulated ribs; the interstices at the top of
the whorls formed into small cavities.
T. con. Mont. Test. Brit. 314. t. xv. f. 2..Found by Mr Bryer, at Wey-
mouth, rare.
Length }th of an inch; breadth 2ds less ; white ; the cavities of the top of
the spires give the separating line a denticulated appearance ; the spiral striz
are numerous and fine ; aperture oval, oblique, strongly marginated.
234. C. denticulata. — Shell conical; whorls six, with ten
transverse straight ribs projecting at the top of each.
Turbo dent. Mont. 315.—Weymouth, Mr Bryer.—St Andrew’s, Miss Lam-
bert.
Length about th of an inch; breadth about one-half less; white, subpel-
lucid; no spiral strize; the ribs join the pillar-lip, covering the whole body-
whorl ; aperture suborbicular ; pillar-lip with one or two tubercles at the base,
adjoining the ribs.
Cincura. MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 30%
235. C. semicostata.—Shell short, conical; whorls five, spi-
rally striated, with abbreviated transverse ribs.
Turbo elegans; Adams, Linn. Trans. iii. 66. t. xiii. f. 31-32.—T. sem. Mont.
Test. 326. t. xxi. f. 5.——Coast of Devon and Dunbar.
Length half a line ; white ; whorls rounded, well defined by the separating
line ; neither the strise nor ribs conspicuous on the upper whorls ; the ribs do
not extend to the lower part of the body-whorl, where the spiral striz are
most conspicuous; aperture suborbicular ; pillar-lip a little reflected.
236. C. Bryerea.—Shell conical; whorls seven, with about
eighteen transverse ribs ; destitute of spiral striz.
Turbo B. Mont. Test. Brit. 313. t. xv. f 8.—In shell-sand, rare.
Length about 1th of an inch; white, glossy ; whorls rounded, well defined
by the line of separation, which scarcely interrupts the ribs; aperture oval,
patulous ; pillar-lip slightly reflected.
237. C. striata.—Whorls six, rounded, regularly striated spi-
rally, with transverse obsolete ribs at the top of each volution.
Turbo sex anfractibus reticulatis apertura ovali submarginata, Walk.
Test. Min. 13. t. ii. f. 49.—T. striatus, Addams, Linn. Trans. ili. 66.
Mont. Test. Brit. 312.—Among sea-weeds, common.
Length upwards of 3th of an inch; cuticle brownish ; whorls with a deep
separating line; aperture oval, narrow retrally ; outer lip slightly thickened.
238. C. disjuncta—Whorls six, smooth ; with the deep line
of separation flat or concave.
Turbo dis. Laskey, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 128. Wern. Mem. i. 405,
t. viii. f 3.— Belton Sands, Dunbar.
Length about ith of an inch, slender, white ; whorls much rounded, divid-
ed by a broad and deep line of separation ; aperture nearly orbicular; pillar-
lip reflected, forming a small cavity.
** Outer lip not thickened by a rib.
239. C. labiosa.—Whorls seven ; the three largest faintly
ribbed transversely ; aperture patulous.
Turbo lab. Mont. Test. Brit. 400. 1. xiii. f. 7.—T. membranaceus, Adams,
Linn. Trans. v. ii. t. i. f. 14-15.—English coast, not uncommon; rare
in Scotland.
Length about ths; breadth less than ,3,ths ; subpellucid, horn-coloured ;
whorls but little raised, the upper enes smooth, the under ones with about
fifteen faint ribs ; aperture oval, with the outer lip thin; the pillar-lip much
reflected, forming a cavity behind.—This shell varies much in its thickness,
and in the disposition or presence of the ribs.
240. C. ventricosa.—Whorls six, tumid, smooth and glossy.
T. quinque anfractibus ventricosis apertura subrotunda, Walk. Test,
Min. 10. t. ii. f 36.—T. vent. Mont. Test. Brit. 317. t. xii. f 13.—
English coast, common.
Length 3th of an inch; breadth 2ds less, of a horn colour, with minute lines
of growth’; aperture suborbicular ; pillar-lip reflected, forming, behind, a small
cavity ; lid thin, wrinkled, and cormeous.
241. C. auricularis—Whorls five, rounded; aperture ear-
shaped ; inner lip with an angle.
Turbo aur. Mont. Test. Brit. 308.—Near Southampton, rare.
u 2
308 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Crneura.
Length gths of an inch; breadth about 2ths; conic, smooth, subpellucid,
horn-coloured ; whorls deeply divided by the separating line ; apex moderate-
ly pointed ; inner lip forming an angle about the middle, behind which is a
narrow cavity. Montagu compares this species to Limnea fossaria, to which,
it may be added, some of the numerous varieties of Turbo quadrifasciatus bear
a pote resemblance, and with which the present species is probably con-
nected.
242. C. pulla.—Whorls five, rounded, the first large; striated
or spotted with pink.
Turbo pullus, Linn. Syst. i. 1233. Don. Brit. Shells, t. ii. f. 2-6. Mont.
Test. Brit. 319.—On fuci, on the English and Irish coasts.
Length gths of an inch; breadth one-half less, smooth, glossy, finely va-
riegated with pink, purple, or brown ; strong; whorls decreasing rapidly, deep-
ly divided by the separating line ; aperture suborbicular; pillar-lip reflected,
and forming behind a small cavity ; opereulum strong, thick, testaceous, very
convex, white and smooth externally ; the interior part, when separated from
the animal, is a little concave, and has a small and singular spiral turn near
one end.
243. C. ulv@.—Whorls five to seven, nearly flat; outer lip
even retrally.
Turbo. ulvee, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 132. t. lxxxvi. f.120. Mont. Test. Brit.
313.—In muddy inlets, common.
Length 2ths, breadth 4th of an inch; corneous, thick, opake ; whorls with
a distinct separating line, and slightly wrinkled across by lines of growth;
outer lip nearly straight retrally ; pillar-lip reflected and forming behind a
slight longitudinal cavity ; operculum radiated with arched striz from the
inner margin.
244. C. subumbilicata.—Whorls five to seven, rounded, the
first occupying above half the length of the shell.
Turbo sub. Mont. Test. Brit. 316.—Abeut the roots of fuci, common.
Length 3;ths, breadth jth of an inch; greenish-grey, smooth, glossy ;
whorls well defined by the separating line ; apex obtuse ; aperture suborbi-
cular, the outer lip rounded ; the pillar-lip reflected, forming behind a small
cavity.
245. C. interrupta.—Whorls five or six, slightly rounded,
with interrupted spiral brown bands.
Turbo in. Adams, Linn. Trans. v. 3. t. i. f. 16,17. Mont. Test. Brit.
329.—On fuci, common.
Length about ith of an inch; breadth 2ds less; pellucid, glossy, pale
brown ; the coloured bands frequently form rows of oblong spots; aperture
wide ; outer lip rounded, very thin ; pillar-lip scarcely reflected.
246. C. rubra.—Whorls five, rounded, translucent, glossy,
brown, with a fine separating line.
Turbo ruber, Adams, Linn. Trans. iii. 66. t. xiii. f. 21. Mont. Test. Brit.
320.—At the roots of fuci, not uncommon.
Length ith of an inch; breadth 2ds less; the pillar distinctly visible from.
the outside ; aperture suborbicular ; pillar-lip slightly reflected.
247. C. vitrea—Whorls. four, rounded, nearly transparent,
white.
Cinevta. MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 309
Turbo vit. Mond. Test. Brit. 321. t. xii. f| 3.—In Cornwall and Zetland,
rare.
Length 1th of an inch; breadth ths less; smooth, glossy, subcylindric ;
separating line deep and oblique ; aperture large ; outer lip rounded, slightly
compressed in the middle ; pillar-lip a little reflected, forming behind a small
cavity.—This seems a rare shell. ‘Two examples occurred to me among sand
from Bressay, Zetland.
248, C. unifusciata.—W hors five, smooth, white, with one
or two spiral bands of purplish brown.
Turbo uni. Mont. Test. Brit. 327. t- xx. f. 6. On the English coast, rare:
Length about 3th of an inch; breadth about one-half less; conical, thick ;
whorls little raised, divided by a small line ; aperture wide; outer lip slightly
reflected.
249. C. cingilla.—Whorls six, slightly raised, spirally striated ;
the separating line deep.
Turbo trifasciatus, Adams, Linn. Trans. v. ii. t. i. £12. B—T. cing. Mont.
Test. Brit. 328. t. xii. f. 7.--T. vittatus, Don. Brit. Shells, t. clxxviii.
f. 1.—T. graphicus, Turton, Conch. Dict. 200. f. 34. Brown, Wern.
Mem. ii. 521. t. xxiv. f| 6.—Among the roots of fuci.
Length 4th of an inch, breadth 2ds less; subpellucid; with alternate spiral
bands of horn-colour and chesnut-brown, becoming obsolete towards the apex ;
the separating line appears deep, in consequence of the upper margin of each
volution suddenly bending inwards; aperture oval; outer lip nearly straight
retrally.
250. C. alba.—Whorls six, smooth, with about sixteen trans-
verse ribs on the body-whorls.
Turbo albus, Adams, Linn. Trans. iii. 66. t. xiii. £17, 18.—Roots of fuci,
common.
Length about ;';th of an inch, breadth one-half less ; smooth, glossy, subpel-
lucid, pale brown, when recent, or with spiral brown bands; whorls not much
rounded, smooth, glossy; the ribs, which are rounded and slightly waved,
sometimes do not reach even to the body-whorl ; the shell then appearing not
unlike C. interrupta ; aperture suborbicular ; pillar-lip a little reflected.—'This
species has probably been confounded with C. parva, to which it bears a con-
siderable resemblance. It is, however, more rounded in the aperture, and pro-
duced in the spire, and the outer lip is thin.
251. C. semistriata.—Whorls five or six, rounded, smooth in
the middle, and spirally striated on both sides.
Turbo semi. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 136.—South coast of Devon.
Length ith of an inch ; breadth one-half less, conical ; apex obtuse ; white ;
whorls well defined by the separating line; the striae extend to the body-
whorl, as far as the junction of the lip; aperture subovate, angulated at the
retral end.
252. C. dispar.—Whorls four, the first large ; striated spiral-
ly, wrinkled obliquely, and subcarinated at the base.
Turbo dispar, Mont. Linn. Trans. xi. 195. t. xiii. f. 4—Found at Poole,
by the Rev. Mr Bingley.
Length th of an inch; breadth very little less; grey ; upper whorls small,
usually worn ; aperture suborbicular, within of a dark purple, with one pale
band near the lower extremity.—The opinion expressed by Dr Turton, that
310 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Opostomta.
the Turbo Ziczac of Maton and Rackett, Linn. Trans. viii. 160.°t. iv. f 14°
found near Sunderland by Lady Wilson, is probably similar to this species,
may be regarded as correct.
Gen. LI. ODOS'TOMIA.—Shell conical ; aperture ovate ;
peristome incomplete retrally, and furnished with a tooth
on the pillar.
253. O. unidentata. — Shell smooth, whorls five, slightly
rounded, subpellucid.
Turbo un. Mont. Test. Brit. 324. t. xxi. f. 2—From deep water, not
common.
Length 4th of an inch; breadth 2ds less; white, glossy, delicate ; sepa-
rating line distinet ; apex blunt ; aperture ovate, a little expanded anteally ;
pillar-lip slightly reflected, ending retrally in a small tooth.
254. O. plicata.—Shell smooth ; whorls seven, nearly flat.
Turbo plicatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 325.—In deep water, not common.
Length 2,ths of an inch; breadth less than j;th; white, opaque, solid; se-
parating line distinct ; aperture ovate ; the outer lip nearly straight retrally ;
pillar-lip reflected, with a cavity behind; the tooth, in the form of a ridge,
near the middle of the pillar.—The descriptions of these two species have, by
some accident, been intermingled in Testacea Britannica.
255. O. spiralis—Whorls 5, the lower part of the largest
striated spirally ; the remainder of the shell ribbed transversely.
Turbo longitudinaliter striatus quinque anfractibus apertura subrotun-
da, Walk. Test. Min. 13. t. ii. f. 46.—Turbo spiralis, Mont. Test.
Brit. 322. t. xii. f 9.—In Salecomb Bay, and Zetland.
Length ;;th, breadth jth of an inch; pellucid, ‘glossy, white; whorls
nearly flat; the two upper spiral lines are the largest, join the outer lip, and
are continued along the separating line; the transverse ribs are numerous,
and slightly raised; aperture ovate, the outer lip nearly straight retrally ;
pillar lip reflected, with a slight cavity behind ; the tooth or fold is minute.
256. O. interstincta.—Whorls 5, rather fiat; and finely rib-
bed across.
T. int. Mont. Test. Brit. 324. t. xii. f. 10.—Coast of Devon, rare.
Length one line, breadth 3ds less; glossy, white; whorls divided by a
small separating line; apex obtuse; aperture suboval; pillar lip a little re-
flected, with a small tooth. Montagu refers to this species the Turbo inter-
stinctus of Adams, Linn. Trans. iii. 66. t. xiii. f 23, 24.
257. O. insculpta.—Whorls 6, rounded, and regularly striat-
ed spirally.
Turbo in. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 129.—-Coast of Devon, rare.
Length 3th of an inch, breadth 3ds less ; subpellucid, white ; taper, apex
obtusely pointed ; aperture subovate ; pillar-lip a little reflected, with a small
cavity behind.
258. O. Sandvicensis.—“‘ The three spired elegantly reti-
eulated turbo, with a one-toothed oval aperture, from Sand-
wich, rare.”"— Walk. Test. Min. 15. t. 11. f. 55.
ScaLaria. MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 311
Gren. MONODONTA.—Pillar-lip notched or suddenly in-
dented, so as to exhibit an imperfect canal.
1. M. muricatus.—Short, conical, whorls 5, with many equal muricated
spiral ridges ; lip plaited.—Turbo mur. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cclx. f. 4.——Co-
ral Rag.
Grn. LII. SCALARIA.—Spire produced; transverse ridges
on the body-whorl continuous with the pillar.
259. S. Clathrus—Whorls 10, pointed, crossed by about
ten regular continuous ribs; the intermediate spaces smooth.
Cochlea variegata, List. Conch. t. pixxxviii. f. 51. Bor. Corn. 276. t.
xxviii. f 9.—Turbo clath. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 129. t. lxxxii. f. 3. d.
t. 3. a.—T. clathratulus, Don. Brit. Sh. t. xxviii. upper figures.—Not
common.
Length about an inch and a half, breadth at the base half an inch; colour
usually white; volutions rounded; deeply divided by the separating line,
across which the ribs are extended; pillar behind imperforated. The body-
whorl is destitute of the keel-like spiral ridge which distinguishes the S. /a-
mellosa of Lamarck, a species confounded with the preceding by Linnzus.
Animal mottled black and white ; discharges a purple dye; snout produced ;
tentacula slender, black ; operculum coriaceous, black and spirally striated.
260. S. clathratulus.—Whorls 8, obtuse, crossed by upwards
of 15 regular continuous ribs, the intermediate spaces smooth.
List. Conch. t. DIxxxviii. f. 51. lower figures.—Turbo clath. Walk. Test.
Min. 12. t. ii. f. 45. Maton and Racket, Linn. Trans. viii. t. v. f. 1.—
Mont. Test. Brit. 297..Not common.
Length about half an inch, breadth about »,ths; like the preceding, but
more slender in its growth, the ribs more numerous and less elevated.
261. S. T'wrtoni—Whorls about 12, pointed, crossed by
about as many ribs, interrupted by a separating line; the in-
termediate spaces spirally striate.
Turba clathratus var. Don. Brit. Shells, t. xxviii, the lowest figure —T.
Turtoni, Turton, Conch. Dict. 208. f 97.—On the Irish and English
coasts.
Length two inches and a half, breadth three-quarters of an inch; pale
brown, with two or three spiral dark bands. Shell strong; whorls rounded ;
the ribs are but little raised, rounded, bent at the line of separation ; some are
large, and longitudinally wrinkled ; lips white, pillar-lip a little reflected.
In a paper by Mr Winch on the Geology of Lindisfarn, (Annals of Phil.
xx. 434.) there is a notice of a recent species of this genus from the neigh-
bouring sea, and which is there designated, “ Scalaria Trevelyana, Leach
MS.” J have not seen any specimens, or met with any description of this
species.
—=a——
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. S. stmilis.—-Whorls about 7, contiguous ; spire with 5 or 6 rounded trans-
verse elevations, close to each other, and somewhat decussated, the lowest
312 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Scatanria.
most prominent. Ribs distant, circular. Length an inch and a half, breadth
about half an inch.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xvi. two upper figures.—In Crag,
from Bramerton.
2. S. semicostata.—Whorls about 7, contiguous ; spire transversely striated,
ribs numerous, but slightly raised, lower part of each volution smooth, naked.
—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xvi. middle figure.—In London Clay, from Barton
Cliff, and in Crag of Suffolk, (76. t. 390.)
3. S. acuta. —Whorls about 7, rather distant ; spire with three slight trans-
verse risings, and a fourth very prominent one, near the lower part of each
turn. Ribbs recurved, expanded, and acutely angular at their upper ends ;
outer lip produced retrally.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xvi. lowest figure.—In
London Clay, Barton Cliff.
4. §. subulata.—Whorls contiguous; ribs 10 or 12, thick, reflected ; the in
tervening spaces smooth.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccxe. f. 1.—Crag, Suffolk.
5. S. foliacea.—Whorls separate; ribs distant, slender, broad, leaf-like, re-
flected in the middle.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccexc. f. 2.—Crag, Suffolk.
6. S. minuta.—Whorls contiguous: ribs about 20, thin, obtuse, elevated.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccexe. f. 3, 4.— Crag, Suffolk.
Gen. LITI. CYCLOSTREMA. — Spire short; transverse
ridges on the body-whorl disjoined from the pillar by a
crenulated groove.
262. C. Zetlandica.—Shell conical; whorls 5, ribbed spiral-
ly and transversely, with angular tubercles at the points of de-
cussation.
Mont. Linn. Trans. xi. 194. t. xiii. f. 3.—Zetland.
Length 2 lines; ‘white; apex obtuse; whorls tumid; longitudinal ridges
do not extend to the lower part of the body-whorl, where the spiral ridges
are very prominent; aperture nearly orbicular, and marginated. A single
example of this species occurred to me among shell-sand at Noss, Zetland.
It was lent to my valued correspondent the late Mr Montagu, who omitted
to return it, so that I can add nothing to the description which he has pub-
lished.
Gen. LIV. DELPHINULA.—Spire depressed, produced,
and tuberculated.
263. D. calcar.—Whorls 4, the upper ones depressed, form-
ing a flat summit.
Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 137, t. xxix. f. 3.—On the shore of Iona, Mr
Laskey.
Breadth about a quarter of an inch; ofa pale pink colour; round; on the
body and part of the second whorls are large, smooth, lanceolate spines, ra-
diating in straight lines from the shell, about 13 in number; base convex,
with a central cavity ; aperture orbicular.
—<—>_-_ —
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. D. coronata.—Discoid flat above, with broad flat pointed spines around
its edge; concave beneath. Euomphalus coronatus, Sewer. Min. Conch. t.
eeccl. f. 3.—Lower Oolite, Ancliff.
Sxenva. MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 313
2. D. nodosa.—Upper side with a nearly central ridge; under side with a
row of rather large nodular projections ; aperture nearly round.—Euompha-
lus nodusus, Sower. Min. Conch. t. xlviitCarboniferous Limestone, Derby-
shire.
3. D. discors.—Whorls three or four, above subimbricated, with four spiral
projections ; beneath concave, smooth.—Euomphalus dis. Sower. Min. Conch,
t. li. f£ 1.—Carboniferous Limestone, Colebrook Dale.
4. D. rugosa.—Above imbricated, with four spiral projections; beneath
plaited; margin rather acute.— Park. Or. Rem. iii. 77. t. vi. f. 7, 8—Euom-
phalus rug. Sower. Min. Conch. t. lii. f 2.—Carboniferous Limestone, Cole-
brook Dale.
5. D. angulosa.—Above subimbricated, with three spiral projections ; be-
neath striated, with five obscurely plaited spiral projections; aperture ob-
securely octangular.—Euomphalus ang. Sower. Min. Conch. t. lii. f. 3.—Car-
boniferous Limestone, Benthall Edge.
6. D. twbereulata.—Discoid, whorls striated spirally and transversely, with
a row of transverse tubercles on each side.—In Carboniferous Limestone, West
Lothian.
Grn. CIRUS.—Spire produced.
1. Leachit.—Longitudinally striated ; whorls many, with several rows of
tubercles crossed by numerous small ridges; upper row of tubercles spiri-
form, compressed.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccexix. f. 3.— Under Oolite, Dundry.
2. nodosus.—Conical, acuminated, or discoid, with an acuminated spiral
umbo; spire reversed; whorls many, with two rows of longitudinally ex-
tended tubercles, crossed by numerous small ridges.—Sower. Min. Conch.
(cast) t. exli. f\2. and t. cexix. f. 1, 2, 3.—Under Oolite, Dundry.
Grn. LV. SKENEA. — Spire depressed, and destitute of
spinous processes.
264. S. depressa.—Whorls three or four, wrinkled across,
with a deep groove for the separating line.
Serpula cornea, Adams, Linn. Trans. v. v. t. i. f 33.—Helix depressa,
Mont. Test. Brit. 439, t. xiii. f. 5. At the roots of fuci, common.
Breadth one line; colour brown; whorls round; beneath, a large central
cavity exposing the upper volutions ; above, the whorls are nearly on a level,
their central edge bending suddenly at the separating line, and forming a
deep groove ; the transverse lines of growth are irregular and rough; aper-
ture circular, detached from the bedy-whorl, sometimes slightly reflected.
265. S. serpuloides.— Whorls three, white, smooth, and
glossy.
Helix utrinque umbilicata apertura rotunda unici anfractus, Walk. Test.
Min. 7. t. i. f. 26. (the fry).—Helix serp. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 147.
t. xxi. f 3.—Not uncommon from deep water.
Breadth about 1 ;th of an inch; subopake; whorls round, nearly on a level
above, with a deep separating line; beneath, with a central cavity, round
which there are traces, under a high magnifier, of diverging lines of growth ;
aperture circular, with the margin a little reflected.
314 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Skewes.
266. S. divisa.—Whorls three or four; the upper half of
each smooth, the under half spirally striated.
Turbo divisus, Adams, Linn. Trans. iii. 254.—Common from deep water.
Breadth scarcely a line; white, glossy, subpellucid; whorls round, nearly
on a level above, with a deep separating line; beneath, the central cavity is
large, and exposes the superior volutions; aperture circular, and usually de-
tached from the body-whorl.
—<>—_
The following Extinct Species appear to belong to this genus.
1. S. equalis.—Equilaterally concave, with one obscure keel on the right
side, and two on the left; smooth; whorls exposed; aperture orbicular.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxl. f. 1.—In Carboniferous Limestone.
2. S. concava.—Discoid, involute, flat on one side, concave on the other;
whorls four, the last but slightly attached.—_Vermicularia con. Sower. Min.
Conch. t. lvii. f. 1-5. —In Green Sand.
3. S. umbonata.—Discoid, involute ; umbonated above, concave beneath;
whorls three, the smallest concealed in the umbo.—Vermicularia umb. Sower.
Min. Conch. t. lvii. f 6, 7.—Mr Mantell adds, that the outer volution is pro.
duced, and marked with distant annular ridges.—Geol. Suss. iii. t. xviii. f.
24.—Grey Chalk Marl.
4, §. ovata.—Discoid, involute, rudely ovate, a little concave beneath ;
whorls three.—Vermicularia ovata, Sower. Min. Conch. t. lvii. f. 8.—Upper
Oolite.
5. S. catillus.—Depressed ; beneath nearly flat, above concave, somewhat
contracted, crossed with oblique striz; whorls three, externally broad, con-
vex, oblique, transversely striated, and bordered on each side by a sharp edge.
—Helix catillus, Mart. Derb. t. vii. f 1, 2.—Euomphalus cat. Sower. Min.
Conch. t. xlv. f. 3, 4.—In Carboniferous Limestone.
6. S. perangulatus.—A prominent central ridge or rising angle on the up-
per side, within which is a flat obliquely depressed space to the separating
line; the other side obtusely angulated; striz of hair-like growth; whorls
almost wholly exposed; aperture obscurely pentangular, rounded on the outer
side.—Park. Org. Rem. iii. 77. t. vi. £7, 8.—Euomphalus pent. Sower. Min.
Conch. t. xlv. f 1, 2.—Carboniferous Limestone, Ireland.
7. S. funata.—Conical, very short; with many spiral threads, united by
more numerous transverse lines; central cavity rather small. Euomphalus
fun. Sower. Min. Conch. t. ceccl. f 1, 2.—-Carboniferous Limestone, Dudley.
8. S. carinata.—Discoid, smooth, whorls five ventricose, obtusely carinat-
ed; convex below, central cavity large; aperture transverse, obovate.—
Cirus car. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccexxix. f 3, 4.—Lias, Cheltenham.
Gen. EUOMPHALUS.—Spire produced.
1. E. acutus.—Whorls eight, conical, sharp, with an obtuse ridge near the
upper part of each, within which there is a flat space; aperture round.—
Sower Min. Conch. t. exli.—In Carboniferous Limestone, Ireland.—It is near-
ly related to Skenea pentangularis, from which it differs in the produced
spire, and in the flat space on the top of each whorl not reaching to the
centre.
2. E. rotundatus.—Conical, nearly smocth, whorls convex; central cavity
large; aperture round.—Cirus rotundatus, Sower. Min. Conch. t- eceexxix. f.
1, 2.——Carboniferous Limestone, Yorkshire.
Patupina. MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 3815
3. E. plicatus.—-Conical, transversely striated, base angular, sides flattened,
central cavity plaited or deeply striated; aperture oblong.—Cirus plicatus,
Sower. Min. Conch. t. exli. f: 3.—Chalk Marl, Folkstone.
4. E. perspectivus.—-Obtusely conical; spirally striated, central cavity deep,
exposing one-third of each whorl; aperture transversely oblong.—Cirus per.
Mant. Geol. 194. t. xviti. f. 12, 21. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cecexxviii. f. 1, 2.
—In Chalk.
5. E. depressus.—Subdiscoid, concentrically striated; central cavity wide,
exposing a small portion of each whorl; an angular canal runs round the
spire; aperture obtusely angular. —Cirus depressus, Mant. Geol. 195. t.
xviii. f. 18, 22. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cecexxviii. f 3.—In Chalk.
6. C, granulatus.—Conical; whorls five or six, obscurely quadrangular, or-
namented with regular transverse granulated strize.—Mant. Geol. 195.—-Up-
per Chalk.
7. C. Sowerbii.—Conical, spiral, smooth, umbilicate; inner wreaths anchy-
losed slightly inserted ; aperture indented by the preceding volution.—Ver.
micularia Sower. Mant. Geol. iii. t. xviii, f. 14. 15.—Grey Chalk Marl.
8. C. Bognorensis.—Spiral, last volution much produced, inferior side deep-
ly umbilicate.—Verm. Bog Mant. Geol. 272.
Gren. LVI. PALUDINA.—Shell conical, mouth a little long-
er than broad ; pillar-lip simple.
267. P. vivipara—Whorls five or six, rounded ; separating
line deep ; apex like a minute tubercle.
Cochlea maxima, List. An. Ang. 133. t. ii. £18. Conch. t. exxvi. f 26.
—Helix vivipara, Linn. Syst. i. 1247.—Nerita viv. Mull. Verm. ii.
182,—Hel. viv. Mont. 'Test. Brit. 386.—Cyclostoma viviparum and
achatinum, Drap. Moll. 34, 36.—In the slow running rivers of Eng-
land.
Length sometimes an inch and a half, the breadth one inch ; olive-green,
with three brown spiral bands ; whorls with an abruptly fine apex, irregular-
ly wrinkled by layers of growth; the body-whorl occupying about two-thirds
of the length of the shell ; aperture nearly semicircular ; pillar-lip a little re-
flected, behind which is a small cavity; operculum corneous; concentrically
striated. Young about ten in number.—This varies a little in the shape of
its aperture, and in the relative size and distance of the coloured bands.
268. P. tentaculata.—Whorls five or six, a little rounded ;
apex entire.
Cochlea parva, List. An. Ang. 135. t. ii. f. 19. Conch. t. exxxii. 32.—
Helix tentaculata, Linn. Syst. i. 1249._Nerita jaculator, Mull. Verm.
ii. 185.—Hel. tent. Mont. Test. Brit. 389.—In stagnant waters, Eng.
land and Ireland.
_ Length half an inch, breadth one quarter, ‘smooth, glossy, horn-coloured,
with fine lines of growth ; whorls increasing less rapidly than in the preced-
ing species, the body whorl occupying about the half of the length of the
shell; aperture ovate, slightly contracted retrally; pillar-lip a little refiect-
ed ; tentacula setaceous, and continually in motion. The young of this spe-
cies constitute the Nerita spherica of Muller, and the Cyclostoma simile of Dra-
parnaud.
269. P. acuta.—Whorls five or six, a little rounded, taper-
ing ; apex entire.
316 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Pa upiya.
Cyclostoma acutum, Drap. Moll. 40. t.i. f. 23.—Turbo Leachii, Shep-
pard, Linn. Trans. xiv. 152.—Cyc. acutum, Turton, Zool. Journ. ii-
565.—In stagnant ditches, England.
Length from 2 to 3 lines, breadth nearly 3ds less; diapkanous, of a horn
colour; the body-whorl occupies about one-half of the shell; aperture ap-
proaching to semicircular ; pillar-lip a little reflected, with a slight cavity be-
hind. This shell is subject to some variety in its growth. The specimens
in my possession from Bristol, were communicated by Mr Thomas Drum-
mond.
—
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. P. fluviorum.—W horls four to six, convex ; shell about twice the length
of the aperture ; lines of growth rather sharply conspicuous, giving the shell
a finely striated appearance.—Vivipara fluv. Sower. Min. Conch. t. xxxi. fi 1.
—Mantell, Geol. Suss. 45. t. xvii. f. 56.—In Limestone above and below the
Iron sand.
2. P. extensa.—Whorls four or five, subconvex, lower part rather angular ;
inner lip swelling a little at the umbilical side, outer lip extended outwards ;
shell about twice the length of the aperture.— Viv. est, Sower. Min. Conch.
t, xxxi. f| 2.— With the preceding.
3. P. denta.— Smooth ; whorls five or six, scarcely angular ; lines of growth
occasionally conspicuous ; aperture nearly round, entire. Sower. Min. Conch.
t. xxxi. f. 3.—London Clay, at Hordwell and Barton.
4. P. concinna.—Shell rather conical; whorls four or five; slightly convex ;
lower part rather angular.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xxxi. fi_4, 5.—Barton
Cliff.
5. P. suboperta.—Whorls five, convex, with a depressed line along the up-
per part; {a little wrinkled; outer lip folding partly over the upper part of
the aperture; shell about twice the length of the aperture.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. xxxi. f. 6.—Crag, Holywells.
The three preceding species probably belong to the marine genus Cingula,
nor is it certain that the two following are true Paludine.
6. P. elongata.—Ovato lanceolate, smooth ; whorls five, convex; aperture
elongated. Sower. Min. Conch. t. pix. f. 1, 2.— Weald Clay.
7. P. carinifera.-—Ovato-conical, smooth ; whorls four, convex, the upper
two bounded by a linear keel at the lower edge.—Sower. Min. Conch. t.
pix. f 3.—Purbeck Limestone.
Gren. AMPULLARIA.—Shell globose, pillar-lip prominent
and reflected.
1. A. acuta.—Ventricose, smooth, with a small acute spire; pillar-cavity
small, half closed ; aperture ovate, elongated.—(Helix mutabilis, Brander, f-
58, 59.) Sower. Min. Conch. t. cclxxxiv. three upper figures.—London Clay.
2. A. patula.~Ventricose, smooth, with a short spire; pillar-cavity large,
open, lined with a spiral adpressed plate ; aperture obovate,—(Helix muta-
bilis, Brander, f. 57.) Sower. Min. Conch. t. cclxxxiv. two middle figures.—
London Clay, Barton.—This species seems nearly related to Turbo quadrifas-
ciatus.
3. A. segaretina.—Ventricose, short, spire small, acute, with sharp trans-
verse striz ; pillar-cavity covered, small, half filled by a spiral plate; aper-
Amputtarra. MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 317
ture suborbicular; right lip enlarged.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eclxxxiv. two
lower figures.—London Clay.
4. A. ambulacrum.—Globose, with a canal round an acute spire; pillar-ca-
vity plain within.— Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccelxxii.— London Clay.
5. A. nobilis—Subglobose, smooth; spire conical, composed of a few con-
vex whorls; base very convex; no pillar cavity; aperture elliptical, sublu-
nate, pointed above.— Sower. Min. Conch. t. Dxxii. f. 1.—Carboniferous Lime-
stone.
6. A. helicoidis—Almost discoid, smooth; spire very short, blunt; whorls
nearly blended, round; base with a pillar cavity ; aperture oblong.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t- Dxxii. f| 2.—Carboniferous Limestone, Ireland.
7. A. canaliculata.—* Ventricose, whorls three or four; transversely and
obliquely striated ; the strize decussating each other; spire short; turns of
the spire separated by a deep channel.”—Mant. Geol. Suss. 87. t. xix. f. 13.
Blue Chalk Marl.—Myr Mantell likewise refers another shell to this genus,
but with doubt, ‘‘ a subglobose, ventricose, univalve,” p. 111. t. xviii. f 11.
Gen. MELANIA.—Shell turrited; aperture oblong; pillar-
lip smooth, and bent in the middle.
1. M. sulcata.—Spire more than five times the length of its diameter, with
spiral strize ; a concave furrow between each whorl ; whorls fourteen.—Sower.
Min, Conch. t. xxxix. middle figure.—Zondon Clay, Stubbington Cliffs.
2. M. Heddingtonensis.—A shell about three times as long as the diameter ;
whorls eight or more, the surface of each concave near the middle, with an
obtuse angled rising near the upper part.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xxxix. right
and left hand figures.— Upper and Middle Oolite.
3. M. striata.—Length two and a half times as long as the diameter ; whorls
six or more, with about sixteen rounded spiral ribs, nearly equal on the outer
part of the whorls, but widened on the concealed parts.—Sower- Min. Conch.
t. xlvii.—Lias.
4. M. lineata.—Acuminated ; whorls nine, finely striated across; aperture
angular above.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cexviii. f. 1.—Jnferior Oolite, at Dun-
dry.
5. M. fasciata.—Turrited, short ; whorls six, spirally striated, marked with
three coloured bands, coronated; aperture ovate.—Sower. Min. Conch. t.
ecxli. f. 1.—F resh-water Formation, Isle of Wight.
6. M. costata.—Turrited, spirally striated, transversely ribbed ; mouth ob-
ovate.——Sower. Min. Conch. t. cexli. f. 2.—London Clay, Hordwell.
7. M. minima.—Turrited, smooth; sides straight; mouth ovate, pointed
above; base slightly produced.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccxli. f 3.—London
Clay, Brakenhurst, Hants.
8. M. éruncata.—Conical, elongated, smooth ; whorls angular below ; mouth
ovate, acute above, truncated below.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cexli. f: 4,Lon-
don Clay, Brakenhurst.
With the exception of M. fasciata, it is doubtful if any of the preceding
species belong to the genus Melania. It is more probable that they are re-
lated to the marine Twurbonide.
9. M. costellata.—Turrito-subulated spirally, with numerous longitudinal
ribs ; anteal lip with a canal in the inside.— Lam. Hist. Vert. vii. 543. (Bran-
der, Foss, Hant. f 27.)—Mant. Geol. 269,
318 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Nenrira.
NERITAD-.
* Marine.
Nerita.
Natica.
*" Fluviatile.
Neritina.
Gey. LVII. NERITA.—Pillar-lip flat, entering the cavity,
entire behind.
270. N. littoralis—Whaor!s five, nearly smooth, the outer lip
thin on the edge, thickened within.
Nerita ex fusco-viridescens, List. An. Ang. 164, t. iii. f. 11, 12,13. Conch.
t. pevii. f. 39-44.—N. litt. Linn. Syst. 1253. Mont. Test. Brit. 467.
—Common on sea rocks, covered with the tide.
Length and breadth about three-quarters of an inch. Shell thick and
strong, variously coloured; whorls increase rapidly, spire short, depressed,
the separating line small; aperture semicircular, but the pillar is more round-
ed anteally, where it joins the outer lip, than is usual in the genus; hence
Lamarck has placed the shell in the genus Turbo (7. retusus, Hist. Vert. vii.
48.) ; a subperforation appears on the pillar. This shell is subject to consi-
derable variation in the shape, arising from the spire being more or less pro-
duced; the body-whorl round or compressed, and the outer lip retrally join-
ing the upper or middle part of the whorl.
271. N. Virginea.—Smooth, polished ; pillar-hp toothed.
Nerita, List. Conch. t. pevi. f. 35. Turton’s Conch. Dict. 127.—West
coast of Ireland.
Breadth of those found by Dr Turton hardly the eighth of an inch, pale,
ferruginous, with black zigzag lines running in various directions ; whorls lit-
tle raised, a black line round the junctions.
—=>>—
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. N. devigata.—Pointed, smooth; spire conical, with straight sides; base
convex.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccxvii. ft ii—Jnferior Oolite.
2. N. sinwosa.—Obtuse, uneven ; spire short, with convex whorls; aperture
with a rounded sinus near the base, and an angular sinus near the middle.—
Sower. Min. Conch. ecxvii. f. 2.—Portland OQolite at Chilmarsh.
3. N. globosa.—Subglobose, transversely sulcated ; spire apparent ; one tooth
upon the inner lip; outer lip plain within.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eccexxiv.
f. 1.—London Clay.
4. N. aperta.—Subhemispherical, smooth; spire visible, depressed; aper-
ture orbicular, expanded; inner lip obscurely crenated, bearing one large
tooth.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eceexxiv. f. 2, 3, 4.—London Clay.
5. N. minuta.—Hemispherical, smooth ; spire indistinct, aperture oval ;
pillar-lip not toothed.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eccclxiii. £ 3, 4. Oolite at An-
cliff.
i
Natica. MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. — 319
G. N. costata. Hemispherical; spire conspicuous, impressed; whorls trans-
versely costated ; costee thin, sharp, numerous; aperttre expanded, orbicu-
lar; columellar lip prominent, obtuse. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cecclxiii. f. 5,
6. Oolite, Ancliff.
7. N. spirata. Semiglobose, smooth ; spire small, partly immersed ; upper
parts of the whorls flat, when old, concave; aperture transversely oval.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. cecelxiii. fi 1, 2. Mountain Limestone.
8. N. I possess some imperfect specimens of a species differing
from the preceding in size, and in the spire being larger. From the 7ran-
sition Limestone of Cork.
9. N. striata. Spire slightly produced ; whorls flat, crossed by numerous
narrow rounded ribs. I found an imperfect specimen of this shell in Carboni-
ferous Limestone at Corry,{Arran 5th June 1807. It bears a close resemblance
to the recent Nerita polita.
Gen. LVITI. NATICA.—Pillar-lip entire, not entering the
aperture, with a cavity or callus behind.
272. N. glaucina.—Whorls six, smooth, pillar-lip thick and
reflected, forming a large and deep cavity.
Cochlea rufescens, List. An. Ang. 163. t. iii. f£ 10. Conch. 568. £719.—
Nerita glaucina, Linn. Syst. i. 125i. Mond. Test. Brit. 469. Inhabits
deep sandy bays, common.
Length about an inch and a half, breadth rather less; whorls little elevat-
ed; apex pointed; colour brownish white, with interrupted bands of brown
on the upper volutions; outer lip considerably advanced at its junction with
the body ; operculum divergingly striated. Myr Hog has demonstrated, that
the substance known under the name of Flustra arenosa, is the nidus of this
species, in the cells of which the eggs are deposited. Linn. Trans. xiv. 318.
The Nerita pellucida and alba of Adams, ib. iii. 67. are probably the fry of
this species.
273. N. nitida.—Whorls five ; pillar cavity half closed.
Nerita nit. Don. Brit. Shells, 144. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 149. On
different parts of the coast, not common.
Diameter scarcely half.an inch; glossy, white ; spire short ; whorls nearly
flat, with the separating line nearly obliterated.
274. N. rufa.—Smooth, purplish, with a white band round
the top of the volutions, and two others on the body-whorl.
Nerita rufa, Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 150. t. xxx. f 3. English and Scot-
tish coast, rare.
Breadth about half an inch ; pillar-lip forms a large projection over the ca-
vity behind, producing an indenture on each side of it. The second whorl
in this is larger in proportion than in N. glaucina.
275. N. mtricata.—Pillar-cavity furnished with two spiral
ridges and two grooves.
Nerita in. Don. Brit. Shells, t. clxvii. N. canrena, Mont. Test. Brit.
Sup. 148. Weymouth, rare.
Length about half an inch ; smooth, livid, with bands of sagittate ferrugi-
320 MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Nartca.
nous lines; pillar-cavity very large. This species has occurred only to Mr
Donovan.
276. N. tuberosissima.—Whorls four, marked with four spi-
ral broken tubercular ridges.
Nerita tub. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 150. t. xxix. f| 5.—At Dunbar, Mr
Laskey.
Breadth about }th of an inch; pellucid, white; upper volutions small ;
pillar-cavity large.
277. N. sulcata.—Whorls four, with remote oblique trans-
verse striz.
Nerita sul. Turton. Conch. Dict. 124. fig. 56, 57.—N. glabrissimus,
Brown, Wern. Mem. ii. 532. t. xxiv. f. 12.—T'wo specimens found in
Dublin Bay by Dr Turton.
Breadth ith of an inch; globular, semitransparent, bluish-white; whorls
swollen, well defined ; pillar-lip flat, projecting a little in the middle over
the cavity behind, which is long and deep.
278. N. pallidula.— Whorls three, pillar-lip with a wide
groove leading to the cavity.
Ner. pall. Don. Brit. Sh. t. xvi. fi. Mont. Test. Brit. 468.—Turbo pal-
lidus and puteolus, Twrt. Conch. 192.—Among sea weeds, about low
water-mark, common.
Length 3 an inch, breadth gths; yellowish-brown; whorls rounded, with
a grooved separating line, the upper ones small, lateral, and little produced,
slightly wrinkled by the layers of growth; pillar-cavity deep, the retral ex-
tremity of the lip partly folded over it ; operculum with diverging wrinkles.
279. N. lacuna. — Whorls four; pillar-lip with a narrow
groove leading to the cavity. ,
Ner. lac. Mont. Test. Brit. 428. t. xiii. f. 6.—Turbo lacuna, Turt. Conch.
Dict. 193. t. xxv. f. 87, 89.—On the English shores, rare.
This shell bears a very close resemblance to the preceding. Judging from
an authentic example which I received from Mr Montagu, it chiefly differs
in the less enlargement of the body-whorl towards the aperture, the second
whorl being better defined, the pillar-groove narrower, and the anteal cur-
vature of the lip more restricted : there are likewise some faint traces of spi-
ral strie.
—=
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. N. glaucinoides.—Nearly globose spire, rather elongated ; pillar-cavity
simple, partly covered ; upper part of each whorl slightly depressed.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. v. three upper figures, and t. cecelxxix. f. 4.—London Clay and
Suffolk Crag.
2. N. similis.—Shell rather rhomboidal ; spire short; pillar cavity divided
by a spiral projection; aperture slightly angular above.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. vy. two middle figures.—London Clay.
3. N. depressa.—Nearly globose, subumbilicated ; upper part, and the side
of each whorl, flattened, so as to appear nearly square ; columella depressed
beneath ; aperture angular at the upper part.—Sower. Min. Conch, t. v. lower
figures.— Crag-mart.
Neretina. MOLLUSC. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 321
4. N. patula.—Hemispherical, smooth, spire small, depressed ; pillar cavi-
ty open, containing a spiral ridge.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccclxxiii. three lower
figures.—Suffolk Crag.
5. N. striata.—Subhemispheroidal, smooth ; spire small, depressed ; pillar
cavity open ; base concentrically striated.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccclxxiii.
two upper figures.—London Clay.
6. N. cirriformis.—Globose ; whorls slightly compressed laterally; spire
conspicuous ; pillar cavity large, deep, open; pillar lip thick, with a sinus in
the middle; aperture small, oblong.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccclxxix. f. 1.
— Suffolk Crag.
7. N. hemiclausa.—Subglobose ; spire small, conical, pointed; cavity half
closed by the upper part of the pillar lip ; aperture oval.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. ececlxxix. f. 2.—Crag,
8. N. sigaratina.—Much depressed ; pillar cavity large, filled with a lenti-
cular callus.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cecclxxix. f. 3.—London Clay.
Gen. LIX. NERETINA.—Pillar lip broad, flat, entire ; outer
lip patulous.
280. N. fluviatilis—Transversely oval, outer lip thin.
Nerita fluviatilis, Zist. An. Ang. 136. t. ii. f 20. Conch. t. 607. f. 43.—
Linn. Syst. 1253. Mont. Test. Brit. 470.—On stones in slow running
rivers in England and Ireland.
Length 3ths of an inch, breadth 2ths; variously streaked or spotted with
urple white and brown ; the whorls rounded, the upper ones small ; slight-
y striated across by the lines of growth; pillar lip white; lid yellow, with
a lateral tooth behind, imbedded in the foot.
—<=>———_
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. N. concava.—Obovate, with a prominent obtuse spire; upper part of
each whorl concave ; aperture semicircular ; lip entire.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. ecelxxxv. f. 1-8.—In various strata from the London Clay to the Crag.
2. N. uniplicata.—Subglobose, with a concealed spire, and one plait upon
the rather convex pillar lip.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccclxxxv. f. 9. 10.—Lon-
don Clay.
TROCHUSIDA.
Gen. LX. TROCHUS.—Base flat or concave; aperture
transversely depressed.
* Pillar perforated.
281. T. Magus.—Spire subdepressed ; whorls six, flattened
nth iad the deep separating line; the last whorls tuber-
culated.
T. planior, List. Conch. t. 641. 31—T. Magus, Linn. Syst. i. 1228.
Mont. 'Test. Brit. 283.—In deep water, not common.
VOL. I. x
322 MOLLUSCA. TROCHUSIDA. TRocuus.
Breadth about an inch, height one-fourth less; variously marked with
red, blue, and white; base slightly convex; whorls spirally striated; the
upper part of the two last waved or tuberculated, and a raised rib round the
base of each ; pillar cavity wide, with an open spiral groove.—Specimens of
a shell exactly corresponding with Turbo carneus of Mr Lowe (Zool. Journ.
vol. ii. p. 107. t. v. f. 12. and which Mr Gray has identified with the Marga-
rita striata of Leach (Ross’s Voyage of Discov. App.), Zool. Journ. vol. ii. 567.),
which I found plentifully in Zetland, were sent to Mr Montagu in 1809, who
pronounced them the fry of a Trochus. There can be little doubt of their
relation to the present species.
282. 'T. wmbilicutus.—Spire bluntly conical; whorls nearly
even, obsoletely striated at the base. y
. 'T. crebris striis fuscus, List. An. Aug. 1669. t. iii. f. 15. Conch. pexli.
f. 31.—T. umbilicaris, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 126.—T. cinerarius, Don.
Brit. Shells, t. xxiv. three middle figures.—T. umbilicatus, Mont. Test.
Brit. 286.—On Fuci near low water-mark.
Breadth ths, height Sths of an inch; whitish, with waved purple stripes.
Whorls five, imperfectly marked by the separating line; striated, smooth ;
pillar cavity with sloping wrinkled sides; the margin of the cavity and of
the body whorl rounded.
283. T. cinerarius.—Spire subdepressed, with a minute
apex; whorls with a well defined separating line; strongly
striated at the base.
Penn Brit. Zool. iv. 127. Don. Brit. Shells, t. lxxiv. two upper and
two lower figures. Mont. Test. Brit. 284..-Near low water-mark-
Height and breadth about 3ths of an inch; grey, with numerous lines of
purple; whorls five ; strongly striated, the striz interrupted by the lines of
growth, giving the surface a rough feel; pillar cavity large: the tentacula
and lateral filaments not so dark nor so strongly marked with annular rings
as the preceding.—I am not satisfied with the claims of this species as dis-
tinct from the preceding. They are probably only varieties constituting the
Trochus cinerarius of Linnzeus.
284. T. twmidus.—Whorls subquadrangular, with numerous
spiral striz slightly decussated by the lines of growth.
Mont. Test. Brit. 280. t. x. f. 4. 4.—In deep water.
Length about ,+ths, and breadth about ;ths of an inch; dusky white
with spotted transverse lines of purplish-brown ; whorls five, flat at top,
nearly even on the sides, or rather slightly concave, with the lower edge
subcarinated ; base a little rounded, the lines of growth diverging from the
pillar cavity, which is variable in size—The Trochus umbilicatus of Walker
(Test. Min. tab. ii. f: 58.) is considered as referable to this species.
The Trochus cinereus of Da Costa (Brit. Conch. 42. t. iii. f 9, 10.), List.
Conch. t."Dexxxiii. f| 21. ; Don. Brit. Shells, t. clv, f 2, has not occurred to any
other collector of British shells. He states it as common on many parts of
the coast. The species, however, to which he refers, is of foreign growth,
and readily distinguished by its concave base, wide pillar cavity, and jagged
pillar lip.
** Pillar closed.
285. T. crassus.—Whorls five, rounded, wrinkled ; the pil-
lar lip with a blunt tooth,
Trocnvs. MOLLUSCA. TROCHUSID. 923
T. lineatus (Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 100. t. vi. £ 7.), Don. Brit. Shells,
t. 71.—T. crassus, Mont. Test. Brit. 281—English coast, on rocks
about mid tide.
Length and breadth about an inch; purplish-brown, with numerous white
zigzag lines; shell strong, whorls coarse and wrinkled by the lines of
growth ; base convex ; aperture rounded ; pillar lip concave in the middle,
in front of whichis the tooth. According to,Montagu there is a sort of plume
behind the left eye, composed of simple contiguous fibres.
286. T. papillosus.—Whorls eight, flat, with numerous spi-
ral tuberculated ridges and strie.
(Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 38. No. 20. t. iii. f 3.) Don. Brit. Shells,
t. cxxvii.—T. tenuis, Mont. Test. Brit. 275. t. x. £ 3.—South coasts
of England and Ireland.
Length 14th inch, breadth rather less ; pale reddish-brown, with red spots ;
whorls scarcely distinguished by the separating line; the tubercles on the
ridges are transverse, smooth, the intervening strize are slightly decussated
by the lines of growth; base with numerous, spiral grooves, finely striated
across by the lines of growth; aperture slightly angular ; pillar-lip concave.
287. T. ziziphinus.— Whoris eight, flat, separated by a
smooth circular ridge, obsoletely striated spirally.
T. albidus, List. An. Ang. 166. t. iii. f| 14. Conch. t. pexvi. f. 1.
T. ziz. Linn. Syst. 1231. Mont. Test. Brit. 274..-_Not uncommon,
near low water mark.
Length and breadth about an inch; livid, the separating ridge with darker
and lighter coloured spaces; spire conical, pointed; base smooth, spirally
striated with diverging curved lines of growth; aperture quadrangular;
the pillar-lip slightly concave, with an obsolete tooth at the anteal extre-
mity.—A white variety of this shell was sent me several years ago by Dr
Leach, with the name 7. Lyonsii, from Tenby.
288. 'T. exasperatus—Whorls seven, flat, separated by a
tuberculated circular ridge.
T. pyramidalis parvus, List. Conch. t. pexvi. f. 2.—T. exasp. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 126.—T. conulus, Don. Brit. Shells, t. viii. £ 2.—T.
exiguus, Mont. Test. Brit. 277.—Southern coasts, rare.
Length 2ths of an inch, breadth 3ths; crimson-red, with white spots ;
whorls with four smaller slightly tuberculated spiral ridges, the intervening
spaces pitted; base with nearly smooth spiral strize, slightly convex where
the body-whorl enters the aperture.
289. 'T. striatus. — Whorls seven, flat, with an indistinct
separating ridge, smooth on its upper surface.
Linn. Syst. i. 1230. Pri. Dorset, p. 44. Mont. Test. Brit. 278.—T.
conicus, Don. Brit. Shells, t. clv. f. 1.—T. erythroleucos, Turt. Conch.
Dict. 191.—On the southern coasts.
Length ths of an inch, breadth 2ths; grey, with transverse waved black
lines ; spiral striz, on the base and surface of the whorls, numerous, crossed
by sharp oblique lines of growth, which extend across the outer edge of the
separating ridge; base flat, the body-whorl, where entering the aperture,
slightly concave ; aperture angulated.
a pes
324 MOLLUSCA. ‘TROCHUSID. Trocuus,
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. 'T. agglutinans.—Depressed, conical, smooth; base expanded, with a
broad waved margin; whorls externally deformed; pillar-cavity plicate ;
aperture oblong.—(T. umbilicaris, Brander, Foss. Hant. f. 4-5.) —Sower. Min.
Conch. t. xeviiii—Smaller figure.—London Clay.
2. T. Benettie.—Depressed, conical; upper surface obliquely wrinkled ;
base expanded, with a broad waved margin; whorls externally irregular 5
pillar-cavity plicate, partly covered ; aperture narrow.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. xcevilii Larger figure.—London Clay.
3. T. anglicus.—Conical, base rather convex ; volutions squarish, with tu-
bercles upon their angles, transversely carino-striate, and a rounding eleva-
tion in their centres; lines of growth decussating the three central striz ;
pillar imperforate.—List. Conch. t. mpceccxxxvi. f. 16. Sower. Min. Conch. t.
exlii.— Lias.
4, T. levigatus.—Conical, nearly smooth ; sides straight ; base convex, with
an obtuse margin; aperture rhomboidal, with rounded angles ; no pillar cavi-
ty.— Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxxxi. f. 1.—Crag.
5. T. similes.—Conical, sides straight, ornamented with many transverse
ridges, two or three of which upon each whorl are granulated ; base flattish,
concentrically striated ; aperture quadrangular ; pillar direct.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. clxxxi. ff 2.— Crag.
6. 'T. angulatus.—Conical, sides of the whorls concave ; base flattish ; mar-
gin carinated ; aperture acutely rhomboidal; no pillar cavity.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. clxxxi. f. 3.—Jnferior Oolite.
7. T. duplicatus.—Conical, sides of the whorls concave; a double deeply
crenulated carina round the base; pillar cavity open, with a tubercular mar-
gin; aperture quadrangular.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxxxi. f. 5.—Under Oolite.
8. 'T. dimidiatus.—Conical, base convex, with a carinated margin; upper
part of the whorl concave, with an entire carina in the middle ; aperture pent-
angular ; pillar direct and solid —Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxxxi. f 4.-Under
Oolite.
9. T. punctatus.—Conical, with straight sides, transversely striated ; upper
strize upon each whorl crossed by oblique undulations ; lower ones minutely
granulated ; a narrow band between the two sets.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxclil.
f. 1.—Jnferior Oolite.
10. T. elongatus.—Conical, elongated, transversely striated ; strize near the
apex granulated ; each whorl slightly undulated near the upper edge, with an
obscure band before the middle; the inferior margin prominent.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. cxciii. f. 254.-—Inferior Oolite.
1l. T. abbreviatus.—Conical shortened, transversely striated ; striae obscure-
ly decussated by oblique lines of growth; inferior margin of each whorl very
prominent, obtuse, with an obscure band above it.—Sower. Min. Conch. t.
exciii. f. 5.—Jnferior Oolite.
12. 'T. fasciatus.—Conical, umbilicate, decussate striated ; whorls slightly
convex, with a band around their middle ; base flattish ; aperture quadrangu-
lar.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cexx. f. 1.—Jnferior Oolite.
13. T. arenosus.—Conical, very short, granulated, whorls rather convex
above, with a band along the middle ; base convex, in part nearly smooth.
—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccxx. f. 2.—Inferior Oolite.
14. T. prominens.— Conical, short, whorls convex, finely striated, with s
TROCHUs. MOLLUSCA. TROCHUSID. 325
sulcus around the middle; base flattish. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cexx. f. 3.—
Inferior Oolite.
15. T. pallium.—Conical, depressed, with concentric furrows, and diverging
striz ; whorls above depressed, with many tubercular undulations; in the
middle flattened, with a longitudinal band; base convex, umbilicated; mar-
gin largely crenulated.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccxxi. f 1.—Jnferior Oolite.
16. T. tiava.—Depressed, conical, with diverging striz ; volutions obscure-
ly bicarinated, deeply undulated above, concentrically striated beneath; base
convex, with a large pillar-cavity.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccxxi. f. 2.—Green
Sand.
17. T. Sedgwicki.—Conical, smooth ; base carinated ; whorls concave above,
convex below ; margin and base striated.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cclxxii. f. 1.
—Suffolk Crag.
18. 'T. imbricatus.—Pyramidal, with several transverse threads upon each
whorl, crossed by fine longitudinal striz ; whorls angular, imbricating, flat
above, very convex beneath; pillar-cavity closed.—Sower. Min. Conch. t.
celxxii. f. 3, 4.—Jn Lias Clay.
19. T. reticulatus.—Conical, transversely reticulato-striated ; whorls bicari-
nated ; base convex.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cclxxii. f. 2.—Upper Oolite.
20. T. Gibsii—Conical, short, umbilicated ; sides straight ; edge obtusely
carinated ; base convex, reticulato-striated ; in the centre of the upper part
of the whorls, is an elevated band, crossed by curved strize; aperture rhom-
boidal.— Sower. Min. Conch. t. eclxxviii. f. 1.—Chalk Marl.
21. T. extensus.—Depressed, conical ; above rugged, obliquely striated ;
beneath convex, smooth; base expanded, with a broad undulated thin mar-
gin; aperture oblong; pillar-cavity not plicated, closed when old.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t, cclxxviii. f- 2, 3.—Zondon Clay.
22. 'T. monilifer.—Conical, transversely striated ; volutions rather convex,
with three rows of tubercles, and crenated edges; base slightly convex, bear-
ing six rows of granules; aperture quadrangular ; pillar-cavity, along one
edge of the aperture, truncated. (‘T. nodulosus, Brander, Foss. Hant. f. 6.)
—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ceclxvii.—London Clay.
23. 'T. linearis.—“ Conical, wreaths slightly convex, transversely striated,
with a prominent line along the centre and base of each volution ; base flat ;
umbilicus obscured by the last volution ; aperture transversely depressed.’
Mantell, Geol. Suss. 110. t. xviii. £17. Ingrey chalk-marl. Indications of three
other species, from the same formation, are given by Mr Mantell, ib. t. xviii.
f. 7. f. 9. and 16.
Gren. SOLARIUM.—Pillar cavity spreading, and crenulated
at the margin of the whorls.
1. 8. patulum.— Depressed, whorls smoothish ; margin keeled and crenulated;
margin of the cavity strongly denticulated. Sower. Min. Conch. t. xi. ; lower
right hand figures.—Jn London Clay.
2. S. discoideum.—Discoid, outer edge sharply carinated ; edge of the pillar-
cavity rounded, transversely wrinkled ; aperture obliquely elliptical, pointed
at each end. Sower. Min. Conch. t. xi.; upper right hand figures.—London
Clay. p
3. S. conoidewm.—Conical, smooth ; aperture quadrangular ; pillar-cavity
deep, narrow.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xi.; three middle figures.— Upper Oolite.
326° MOLLUSCA. TROCHUSIDA. Ianrurya.
4. §. canaliculatum.—Convex, ornamented on both sides, with granulated
unequal lines ; edge prominent, crenated ; pillar-cavity furrowed and crenated
within ; aperture round.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxxiv. f 1.—Zondon Clay.
5. S. plicatum. Convex, wrinkled, concentrically sulcated; pillar-cavity
bounded by a more or less projecting crenated ridge. Sower. Min. Conch.
t. Dexxiv. f 2. London Clay.
Gren. LXI. [ANTHINA. — Aperture triangular, pillar-lip
straight, body-lip slightly convex and oblique. Foot with
a buoyant spongy body.
290. I. communis.—Purple, striated transversely by the lines
of growth ; obsoletely striated spirally.
Cochlea marina Ianthina, List. Conch. t. plxxii. f. 24.—Helix Ian. Linn.
Syst. i. 1246. Turt. Conch. Dict. 58—On the Irish coasts, not un-
common; rare in England.
Breadth and height about half an inch ; fragile ; whorls four, apex obtuse,
the body-whorl subcarinated; outer-lip thin, pillar-lip a little reflected.
When the animal is irritated, 2 purple fiuid is ejected from the cellular mar-
gin of the cloak above the gilis—This species was added to our Fauna by
the late Miss Hutchins, in consequence of recent specimens which occurred to
her in Bantry Bay. It has since been found at several places on the coast of
Ireland and west of England.
Gren. LXIL. VELUTINA.—Aperture circumscribed, no pil-
lar, body-lip oblique; foot simple.
291. V. levigata.— Whorls three, transversely wrinkled,
striated spirally.
Helix levigata, Linn. Syst. i. 1250.—Bulla velutina, Mull. Zool. Dan.
t. ci. f. 1, 4. Helix haliotoides, Fab. Faun. Groen. 390.—Helix lev.
Don. Brit. Shells, t.cv. Moni. Test. Brit. 382.—In deep water, not rare.
Length ,§;ths, breadth ,*,ths of an inch; cuticle brown, rough, with regu-
lar equidistant spiral ridges; two first whorls minute, rounded ; the body-
whorl ventricose; aperture patulous, outer-lip thin, body-lip a little thick-
ened, and slightly reflected; the inside of the aperture is frequently tinged
with purple.
292. V. Otis.—Whorls three, smooth, transversely oblong.
Helix apertura patentissima, Walk. Test. Min. t. i. f 17.—Helix Otis,
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 70.—Interstices of rocks covered at high wa-
ter, Devonshire.
Length and breadth about a line; semitransparent, glossy; aperture
transversely oblong ; body-lip a little thickened and flattish.
293. V. stylifera—Whorls five, smooth, longitudinally ob-
long. .
Phasianella styl. Turton, Zool. Journ. No. 7. 367. t. xiii. f. 11.—At Tor-
bay, attached to the spines of Echinus esculenius.
Length one line, breadth not so much; yellowish horn-coloured, transpa-
rent ; the body-whorl very large, the others forming a short pointed spire ;
aperture suborbicular, the margin thin and incomplete on the body retrally.
VELUTINA. MOLLUSCA. TROCHUSIDA. 327
—This species differs from the genus Phasianella, in which Dr Turton has
placed it, by the absence of the lid; and it differs likewise from the Velutina,
in the aperture being partly filled by the projection of the body-whorl ; in
the body-lip being incomplete retrally, and in possessing an imperfect pillar-
lip. In the absence of the lid, the size of the body-whorl, and wideness of
the aperture, it claims a place near Velutina, and should probably constitute
a new genus.—STYLINa.
a
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. V. canaliculata.—Obovate convex, spirally striated ; whorls three, late-
ral, adpressed, rounded ; body-lip reflected, forming a large central cavity.—
Sigaretus canaliculatus, Sower. Min. Conch. 384.—-London Clay.
328 MOLLUSCA. SOLENOSTOMATA.
SOLENOSTOMATA.
I. Shell convoluted. The nhorls are small segments of large
circles, wrapped round the pillar, the last formed one embra-
cing or inclosing the preceding one: aperture lengthened.
A. Conusip#. Shell compressedly convoluted ; aperture linear
and simple, with a small lid. Proboscis long, tentacula
produced, with the eyes near the summit, on the out-
side.
Conus.
Terebellum.
Seraphs.
B. Cyprz#ap#. Shell, involute; outer-lip incurved, plaited ;
no lid. Cloak enlarged, and capable of folding over the
shell.
Cyprzea
(Cypreovula.)
C. OvutapD#. Shell involute; both extremities of the aper-
ture ending in a canal. Cloak enlarged, and capable of
folding over the shell.
(Ovula.)
Volva.
Calpurna.
D. Votutap#. Shell with a single anteal canal, not produ-
ced; pillar with oblique folds.
Voluta.
Volvaria.
Mitra.
Cancellaria.
E. Marcinetrap#. Outer-lip thickened ; pillar plaited.
Marginella.
Columbella.
F. Oxrvap#. A spiral callous ridge on the base of the body-
whorl, joining the pillar.
Oliva.
Ancillaria.
G. TorNATELLAD#. Canal circumscribed, effuse.
Tornatella.
Acteon.
H. Berxtereruon. Involute, aperture transverse, simple,
with a sinus in the outer-lip.
MOLLUSCA. SOLENOSTOMATA. 329
II. Shell turrited ; whorls subconical, slightly embracing.
1. Buccin1p#. Shell truncated or rounded anteally; the canal
scarcely produced beyond the anterior margin of the lip, and
bent towards the left.
2. Muricip#. Shell acuminated at the base ; the canal produced
beyond the anterior margin of the lip, and either straight or
bent.
3. CeniTuH1aD#. Aperture of the shell oblique; canal short, trun-
cated or recurved.
4. Stromsusip#, Outer-lip spreading with age, and having a
notch or sinus near the commencement of the canal for the
passage of the head.
330 MOLLUSCA. SOLENOSTOMATA. Conus.
CONUSID.
Gren. CONUS —Convoluted, inversely conical, spire short,
composed of the upper edges of the whorls; aperture ob-
lique, with parallel sides.
1. C. dormitor.—Short, fusiform, spirally striated, the intermediate species
neatly crenulated.—(Brander, Foss. i. f. 24.)—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecci.—
London Clay.
2. C. concinnus.—Fusiform, angular in the middle, spire ornamented with
knobs and granulated strize; base produced, suleated.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. cecil. f. 2.—London Clay.
3. C. scabriusculus.—F usiform, rather short, striated ; strize elevated, tooth-
ed.—(Brander, Foss. f. 21.)—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccciii—London Clay.
Gey. TEREBELLUM. Convoluted, elongated; spire ex-
posed, pointed ; aperture longitudinal, narrow retrally, be-
coming broader and truncated anteally.
1. T. fusiforme.—Subfusiform, cylindrical, with a visible obtuse spire ;
aperture about 3ths of the length of the shell, with an adpressed straight
canal, proceeding from its retral angle, to the apex of the space.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. cclxxxvii.—London Clay.
Gren. SERAPHS.—Convoluted, elongated, spire concealed ;
aperture longitudinal, retrally narrow, and extending to
the apex.
1. S. convolutus.—Subcylindrical, apex obtuse; base truncated; the sur-
face even.—(Bulla sopita, Brander, f. 29, a.—B. volutata, id. f. 75.)—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. celxxxvi.
CYPREHEADA.
Gen. LXIII. CYPR4A.—Involuted, ovate, spire concealed ;
aperture longitudinal, narrow ; open at both ends; lips
dentated.
294. C. ewropea.—Shell crossed by numerous smooth striz ;
no dorsal groove ; outer-lip thickened, longer than the inner.
Concha veneris, List. An. Ang. 168. t. iii. £17. Conch. t. Deevi. Dy.
Cypr. Pediculus, var. Eur. Linn. Syst. i. 1180. Don. Brit. Shells,
t. xliii—Cy. europea, Mont. Test. Brit. 200, and Supp. 88.—-£, Nuns ;
S, Jonny Groat’s Buckie.—Common in sandy bays,
Votva. MOLLUSCA. SOLENOSTOMATA. 331
Length about ths of an inch; breadth jths; of a pink colour with or
without (C. arctica) dark dorsal spots; strize distinct, bifurcated at the sides.
In the young state, the shell is smooth, except some appearances of striz on
the inner-lip, and the apex exhibits two or three whorls,—in which state it
is the C. bullata of Mont. Test. Brit. 202. t. vi. f. 1. The C. pediculus dif-
fers from the present species, with which it has been frequently confounded,
by the roughness of the strise, and the presence of a longitudinal dorsal
groove.
———
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. C. oviformis.—Egg-shapped, tumid, smooth, slightly marginate ; aperture
widest at the lowest end, left side of the aperture obscurely toothed; right
lip involute, tumid.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. iv.—London Clay.
2. C. coccinelloides.—Ovate ‘spheroidal, transversely striated; striz nu-
merous, acute, not interrupted; aperture slightly arched, not contracted in
the middle.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccclxxviii. f 1.—Suffolk Crag.
3. C. retusa.—Obovate, spheroidal, transversely striated ; striz elevated,
uninterrupted, few, remote ; aperture a little curved at the narrowest end.
—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccclxxviii. ft 2.
4. C. avellana.—Obovate, spheroidal, transversely striated ; strie nume-
rous, remote, elevated, interrupted by a longitudinal sulcus; aperture a little
curved at the narrowest end.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ceclxxviii. fi 3.
OVULAD£.
Gen. LXIV. VOLVA.—Canal at each extremity, produced ;
external lip simple.
295. V. patula.— Oblong, white, spirally striated ; pillar
with a shallow furrow.
Bulla patula, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 117. t. 70. f. 85, A. Don. Brit. Shells,
t. cxlili, Mont. Test. Brit. 207.—North and South Britain, rare.
Length about an inch, breadth half an inch; outer-lip regularly rounded ;
inner-lip protuberant in the middle, twisted and subreflected retrally ; back,
rounded.
GEN. CALPURNA. — Canals abbreviated; external lip
simple.
1. L. Leathesi.—Elliptical, elongated, rather ventricose in the middle ;
smooth ; a large plait on the pillar; outer-lip smooth, very thick, and rather
flattened.—Ovula Leath. Sower. Min. Conch. t- cceclxxviiii—In the Crag at
Walton.
332 MOLLUSCA. SOLENOSTOMATA. Votura.
VOLUTAD<.
Gren. LXV. VOLUTA.—Pillar plaited, the anteal folds the
largest ; extremity of the canal emarginate.
296. V. catenata—Shell pellucid, white, with four spiral
bands of opake white spots, connected by rufous streaks.
Mont. Test. Brit. 236. t. vi. f. 2.—Coast of Devon. Mr Swainson, Dund-
bar, Mr Laskey.
Length 2ths, breadth ith, of an inch; shell strong, spire nearly con-
cealed ; body-whorl slightly conical; aperture the whole length of the shell ;
outer-lip obsoletely denticulated within; pillar-lip thick, with two strong
and two faint folds.
_—<
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. V. luctator.—Shell ovate-acute, covered with tubercular spines, termi-
nating longitudinal ribs, transversely striated or sulcated; whorls concave
above, with a rounded edge; outer lip plain within; aperture oblong.—
(Strombus dubius, Brander, f. 68.)—-Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxy. f 1, and
t. ceexcevil.—London Clay.
2. V. spinosa.—Ovate-acute, ventricose, covered with large spines, extending
into the longitudinal ribs, and a row of smaller spines near the upper edge
of the whorl; whorls concave above, transversely striated below; aperture
ovate, elongated ; outer-lip plain within. —(Strombus luctator, Brander, f. 56.)
—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxv- f. 2, 3, 4.—London Clay.
3. V. suspensa.—Ovate, pointed, obscurely costated, transversely striated ;
spire with a broad canal,around it, bounded by an erect, flat, dentated crown ;
base produced.—_(Murex suspensus, Brander, f. 70.)—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. exy. f. 5.—London Clay.
4. V. costata.—Ovato-fusiform, acute, costated, striated, with about three
plaits on the pillar.—(Brander, f. 45.) Sower. Min. Conch. t. eexe. £ 1, 2, 4.—
London Clay.
5. V. Magorum. — Ovato-fusiform, obtuse, costated, obscurely striated ;
with many plaits upon the pillar.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. 290. £. 3.—London
Clay.
6. V. Athleta.—Rhomboidal, ventricose, acute, crowned with large spread-
ing spires ; base obscurely sulcated ; pillar with three unequal folds; lip plain
within.—(Strombus Ath. Brander, f. 66.) Sower. Min. Conch. t. ceexevi. f. 1,
2, 3.—London Clay.
7. V. depauperata.—Ovato-rhomboidal, acute, costated ; crowned with one
series of erect spines; base sulcated ; pillar with one fold; lip smooth within.
—(Strombus luctator, Brander, f. 67,) Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccexevi. f. 4.—
London Clay.
8. V. ambigua.—Shell ovato-elongated ; acute, costated, transversely sul-
cated ; costee angular above; spire rough ; pillar with three plaits; lip plaited
within, its edge granulated, aperture narrow above.—(Strombus ambiguus,
Brander, f. 69.) Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccexcix. f. ii London Clay.
3
Votvaria. MOLLUSCA. SOLENOSTOMATA. 333
9. V. nodosa.—Ovate, pointed; obscurely costated, transversely sulcated ;
spire with two rows of nodiform spines; pillar with three folds; lip striated
within.— Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccxcix. f. 2.—London Clay.
10. V. geminata.—Ovate, ventricose, pointed, costated ; costz terminated
by two obtuse connected spines ; pillar with one large and several small plaits,
curved.—Sower. Min. Conch. t, ccexcviii. f. i. London Clay.
1l. V. Lima.-- Ovato-elongated, acute, costated, and transversely striated ;
costze numerous, dentato-crenated ; upper edges of the whorls toothed ; pillar
with three unequal folds; lip smooth within, its edge crenulated.—(Buccinum
scabriusculum, Brander, f. 71.) Sower. Min. Conch. t. cecxcviii. f 2.
Gren. LXVI. VOLVARIA.—Spire very short, aperture nar-
row, the length of the shell; pillar plaited; extremity of
the canal effuse.
297. V. pallida.—Shell cylindrical, smooth, glossy, with four
strong folds on the pillar.
List. Conch. t. pecxiv. f. 70. outer fig—Voluta pall. Linn. Syst. i. 1189.
Adams, Linn. Trans. iii. 253.—Bulla pall. Don, Brit. Shells, t. Ixvi.—
Vol. pal. Mont. Test. Brit. 232.—English coasts, rare.
Length half an inch, breadth a quarter; separating line scarcely visible ;
outer lip straight, inner lip slightly concave at the pillar; the four teeth
nearly of equal size.
298. V. alba.—Shell oval, white, faintly striate longitudinal-
ly ; with two folds on the pillar.
Voluta alba, Mont. Test. Brit. 235. Twurton’s Conch. Dict. 250.—Ire-
land and Scotland, rare.
Length about 5th of an inch, breadth 3ds less; oval, tapering to an ob-
tuse point, whorls five or six, quite flat, and not visibly raised; the first very
large, and occupying three-fourths of the shell; aperture narrow, oval; pillar
quite smooth, sometimes a little spread.—This species, as described by Dr
Turton, from specimens found in Dublin Bay, (and which, according to Mr
Lowe, (Zool. Journ. ii. 106.) agree with those found at Oban in Argyleshire),
seems to differ from the specimen described by Montagu, in the Supplemert
to Test. Brit. 103. as having been found by Mr Laskey at Dunbar, and which
is stated as having four folds on the base of the pillar, besides some slight
denticulations higher up.
—<—_ —
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. V. acutiuscula.—Nearly cylindrical, with a pointed apex ; spire conceal-
ed; strize numerous, composed of squarish impressions; plaits upon the pil-
lar variable.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccelxxxvii.—London Clay.
Gen. MITRA.—Turrited, pillar plaited, the anteal folds the
smallest ; extremity of the canal emarginate.
1. M. Lamberti.—Fusiform, short, smooth; base elongated, obscurely trun-
cated ; pillar with three or four plaits; aperture acute above, outer lip sharp,
not expanded towards the base—Voluta Lamberti, Sower. Min, Conch. t.
exxix.—Crag Marl.
3384 MOLLUSCA. SOLENOSTOMATA. Cancinrartia.
2. M. scabra.—Ovato-fusiform, rough, with decussating striz; lip thicken-
ed with one obtuse tooth upon its margin.—This probably belongs to the
genus Colluwmbella.—(Buccinum scabriusculum, Brander, f. 20.) Sower. Min.
Conch. t. ececi.—London Clay.
3. M. parva.—Ovate, fusiform, short, transversely sulcated ; upper edges
of the whorls defined, entire; aperture elongated, lip plaited within; four
folds on the pillar.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cecexxx. f. 1.—ZLondon Clay.
4. M. pumila.—Ovate, fusiform, short, transversely sulcated ; upper edges
ot the whorls defined, crenated; sulci decussated by longitudinal coste; aper-
ture elongated; lip, plaited within; four folds on the pillar.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. ceccxxx. f. 2.
Gen. LXVII. CANCELLARIA.—Last whorl subventri-
cose; aperture ovate, ending in a short canal; pillar plait-
ed.
299. C. hyalina.—Whorls six, smooth, folds of the pillar nu-
merous.
Voluta hyalina, Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 101. t. xxx. f 1.—Found at
Dunbar by Mr Laskey.
Length a quarter of an inch, breadth nearly two-thirds less; pellucid,
white ; whorls flat, scarcely defined by the separating line, tapering to an ob-
tuse point ; body-whorl more than half the length of the shell ; aperture con-
tracted retrally ; outer lip nearly straight, smooth; folds of the pillar fine
thread-like striz, originating from behind the pillar-lip.
—<——
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. C. quadrata.—Ovate elongated, cancellated, without either varices or
beak ; two obtuse plaits on the pillar, besides the spiral edge; outer lip sharp,
entire, striated within.—Sower. Min Conch. t. ecclx.—London Clay.
2. C. leviuscula.—Short, ovate, pointed, furnished with varicose sutures
and costze, crossed by numerous obtuse elevated lines; pillar biplicated ; aper-
ture scarcely canaliculated.— Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccclxi. f 1.—Zondon
Clay.
| 3. C. evulsa.—Short, ovate, pointed, furnished with varicose sutures and
costee, crossed by several acute carinze, most elevated upon the costz ; pillar
biplicated ; aperture scarcely canaliculated—(Buccinum evulsum, Brander,
f. 14.) Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccclxi. f. 2, 3, 4,—London Clay.
The two last species evidently belong to the group indicated by Brander.
Manrcinetta. MOLLUSCA. SOLENOSTOMATA, 335
MARGINELLAD2.
Gry. LXVIII. MARGINELLA.—Spire short ; outer lip
with an external border ; pillar folds equal ; no lid.
300. M. voluta.—Whorls two, greenish, the outer lip white.
Cyprea voluta, Mont. Test. Brit. 203. t. vi. f. 7.—Voluta levis, Don.
Brit. Shells, t. clxv.—Inhabits deep water, rare.
Length about half an inch, subconical, strong, smooth; aperture linear ;
both lips denticulated ; pillar subplicated. The Bulla diaphana of Montagu,
Test. Brit. 225. t. vii. f 8. is regarded as the young of this species.
Grex. COLOMBELLA.—Aperture oblique; outer lip with
an internal callus contracting the cavity ; pillar plaited ; no
lid.
1. C. Bartonensis.—Shell oval, contracted close to the beak, strongly reti-
culated; whorls about four or five, the last about two-thirds the lencth of
the shell ; aperture elongated, curved, acute at both ends; right hand lip ex-
panded, undulated, toothed within ; left-hand lip smooth at the edge, toothed
within.—Murex Bart. Sower. Min. Conch. t. xxxiv. lower figures.— London
Clay.
2. C. ventricosa.—Subovate, inflated, transversely striated ; spire short,
pointed, base notched ; three sharp plaits upon the pillar; body-lip callous. —
Auricula vent. Sower. Min. Conch. 465. f. 1.—In the Crag at Ipswich.
3. C. buccinea.—Subovate inflated, smooth ; spire short, acute ; base notch-
ed ; three sharp plaits upon the pillar ; left lip callous; right lip with a thick
border.—Auricula buc. Sower. Min. Conch. t- cccclxv. f, 2—In the Crag at
Ramsholt.
OLIVAD.
Gren. OLIVA.—Shell subcylindrical ; aperture longitudinal,
emarginate ; separating line canaliculated, by the inflection
of the edge of the last whorl.
1. O. Branderi.—Ovate, pointed, smooth; spire prominent, last whorl con-
vex; mouth oblong; right lip thickened.—(Voluta Ispidula, Brander, Foss.
f. 72.) Sower. Min. Conch. t. cclxxxviii. upper figure.—London Clay.
2. O. Salisburiana.—Subfusiform, short, ventricose, smooth; mouth oblong,
both lips tumid above.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eclxxxviii. lower figures,—
London Clay.
836 MOLLUSCA. SOLENOSTOMATA. TornaTeEtta.
Gren. ANCILLARIA.—Shell oblong, subcylindrical ; aper-
ture longitudinal, effuse ; separating line not canaliculated.
1. A. avéniformis.—Oval, elongated, smooth; spire acute; varix with two
laits ; extension of the inner lip short; aperture little more than half the
ength of the shell, inner lip extended over about one-third of the exposed
part of each whorl; surface shining.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xcix. middle
figures.—London Clay.
2. A. turritella.—Subcylindrical, with an acute subturrited spire, minutely
and transversely striated ; upper part of each whorl shining, middle minute-
ly decussated; an obscure spiral sulcus near the varix; pillar with three
plaits, and one deep sulcus.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xcix. larger figures.—
London Clay.
3. A. swbulata.—Subulate, smooth and shining; spire and base polished ;
spire elongated, acute; the varix at the base of the pillar striated.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ceexxxiiii—London Clay and Upper Marine Formation.
TORNATELLAD.
Gen. LXIX. TORNATELLA.—Body-lip simple ; separat-
ing line canaliculated by the inflection of the edge of the
whorl; with a corneous lid.
301. T. tornatilis-—Whorls eight ; spirally striated ; the pil-
lar with one fold, near the retral extremity.
Buccinum parvum, List. Conch. t. pecexxxv. f. 58.—Voluta tornatilis,
Linn. Syst. i. 1187. Mont. Test. Brit. 231.—In Sandy bays.
Length $ths of an inch; purplish red, with two white spiral bands; body-
whorl large, the others forming a short conical spine; aperture contracted be-
hind by the projection of the body-whorl ; outer lip thin, slightly rounded.
—
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. T. Nog.—Oval, transversely striated ; with one plait near the extre-
mity of the pillar; strize equidistant, numerous, impressed, obscurely decus-
sated ; lip sulcated within.—Acteon Now, Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccclxxiii—
In Crag.
2. T. cuspidatus.—Subcylindrical, smooth; spire immersed, cuspidated ;
one plait upon the pillar; aperture nearly the whole length of the body
whorl.—A. cusp. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cecclv.—Oolite at Ancliffe.
3. T. acutus.—Subcylindrical, smooth ; spire conical acute; one plait up-
on the pillar—A. acutus, Sower. Min. Conch. t. eccclv. f 2.—At Ancliffe.
Probably the young of the preceding.
4. T. crenatus.—Ovate, elongated, spirally striated ; pillar minutely crena-
ted.—A. cren. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccclx. f 1.—London clay.
5. T. striatus.—Ovate, acute, spirally striated; pillar without a plait;
striz not punctated.—A. str. Sower. Min. Conch. t- cccelx. f. 2.—Crag.
Actrton. MOLLUSCA. TORNATELLADA. 337
6. T. elongatus.—Elongated, obtuse, spirally striated ; the last whorl near-
ly cylindrical; aperture short, narrow above ; lip expanded ; pillar without
plait.—A. elon. Sower. Min. Conch. t. ececlx. f. 3.—London clay.—This shell
is surely out of place in the present group.
Gen. LXX. ACTEON.—Body lip toothed ; separating line
simple.
302. A. denticulatus.—Whorls seven or eight ; body lip with
two folds; outer lip denticulated within.
Voluta dent. Mont. Test. Brit. 234, t. xx. f. 5.—On sea-weed near high
water-mark, England.
Length half an inch, breadth not a quarter; horn colour; body whorl
large, slightly rounded, the others forming a conical subproduced spire, all
slightly wrinkled by the lines of growth; aperture oblong-oval, half the
length of the shell; the body lip has one tooth less in size than the two on
the pillar; the teeth in the outer lip vary in number, and in some young in-
dividuals are absent. The Voluta ringens and reflera of Dr Turton (Conch.
Dict. 251.) appear to be only varieties of A. denticulatus.
303. A. bidentatus——Whorls six or seven; body lip with
one tooth; outer lip simple.
Voluta bid. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 100. t. xxx. f. 2.—At Dunbar, Mr
Laskey ; Devonshire, Mr Montagu.
Length a quarter of an inch ; white; strong, thick, conic, wrinkled by the
. lines of growth; body whorl about two-thirds, and the aperture about half
the length of the shell; the last is narrow retrally ; with the inner lip thick-
ened and reflected.
304. A. triplicatus——Whorls six, flat; body lip with two
folds ; outer lip simple.
Voluta trip. Don. Brit. Shells, t. cxxxviii, Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 99.
—Guernsey.
Length half an inch; ovate, smooth, chesnut-brown ; the body whorl oc-
cupying three-fourths of the shell; aperture contracted retrally ; the whorls
of the conical spire are so flat as to be distinguished only by the separating
line.
305. A. fusiformis.—Whorls four, flat, inner lip with a gib-
bosity in the middle.
Voluta fus. Turt. Conch. Dict. 251.—Exmouth, Mrs C. W. Luscombe.
“ Shell glossy white, transparent, quite smooth, swollen in the middle, and
tapering to both ends ; spires four, very flat, and only defined by a fine lucid
circular line, the first very large and occupying more than three-fourths of
the shell, inflated in the middle and tapering towards the base, which is
rounded and a little reflected ; aperture oblong-oval, reaching to the top of
the primary volution; the outer lip very thin and plain; pillar lip smooth,
not spreading nor reflected, without teeth or folds, but furnished with a small
oblique gibbosity in the middle: length ,3,ths of an inch; breadth half its
length.”"—Probably the type of a new genus.
306. A. heteroclita—Whorls reversed.
Voluta heteroclita, Laskey, Wern. Mem. i. 398, t. viii. £1, 2. Mont. Test.
Sup. 169.—Dunbar.
ws
388 MOLLUSCA. TORNATELLADA. ‘Be.xieropnon.
* Shell glossy, white, veined like ivory in a longitudinal direction, and
furnished with eight or nine reversed volutions, slightly tapering to an ob-
tuse point ; the lower whorl occupies two-thirds of the shell; the aperture
is narrow, not quite half the length of the shell ; and the columella possesses
one plication. Lengtha quarter of an inch ; breadth one-third of its length.”
Mont.—This species, in all probability, is likewise the type of a new genus. —
—=<>—_
Gen. BELLEROPHON.—Shell spiral, involute, the last
whorl enclosing the others; aperture arched, extremities
simple, with a sinus in the middle of the outer lip.
* With a mesial band.
1. B. hiuleus.—Globose, expanded ; closely striated, the striz sharp, ele-
vated, passing obliquely from the mesial band, which is flat, broad, with its
sides defined by sharp depressed lines ; a central cavity on each side.—Conchy-
liolithus Nautilites hiulcus, Mart. Pet. Derb. t. xl. f. 2.—Bel. hiuleus, Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ceeclxx. f. 1.—Carboniferous limestone, Derbyshire.
2. B. tenuifascia.—Spherical, with a well defined central cavity, finely stria-
ted 5: mesial band linear, elevated.—Conch. Naut. hiuleus, var. c. Mart. Pet.
Derb. p. 15.—B. ten. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cecclxx. f. 2, 3.—Carboniferous
Zimestone, Derbyshire and Yorkshire.
3. B. costatus.—Globose, expanded, subcarinated, with slender sharp ribs
diverging from the undefined broad convex band ; with a central cavity.—
Conch. N. hiulcus, Mart. p. 15, t. xl. £1. Park. Or. Rem. iii. 141. t. x. £ 6,
Lore cost. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cceclxx. f. 4.Carboniferous limestone, Der-
byshire.
4. B. decussatus.—Shell somewhat ovate longitudinally, with numerous
spiral ridges, crossed by finer ones, giving the points of union a subtubercu-
lar aspect; mesial band rounded, longitudinally striated, decussated by the
transverse fine ridges, which in crossing have a concave bend.—In my cabi-
net from slate-clay of the coal formation, Linlithgowshire.
5. B. striatus——Longitudinally ovate; with numerous, fine, slightly rough,
spiral ridges: mesial band slightly flattened, and longitudinally striated.
This species differs from the last in the mesial band being more elevated,
and in the nearly total absence of the transverse ridges. In one specimen
there is a thick inner lip spreading on the surface of the last whorl—From
the same place as the last.
** Destitute of a mesial band.
6. B. apertus.—Nearly spherical; sides of the aperture expanded; shell
smooth, thick; with a well defined central cavity.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. cecelxix. f. 1.—In Carboniferous Limestone, Lowth. I have a specimen from
carboniferous limestone in Linlithgowshire, agreeing in form with one pre-
sented to me by Mr Wright from Lowth.
7. B. cornu-arietis——Elongated; sides of the aperture expanded ; shell very
thick, smooth, faintly marked by the lines of growth. The shell, when a little
corroded, becomes coarse and laminated.—Nautilus, Ure, Hist. Ruth. 308.
t. xiv. fi 8&.—B. corn. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccclxix. f. 2—Mr Sowerby’s
specimens are from Limestone, Kendal; mine are from Carboniferous Limestone,
Linlithgowshire. { ;
8. B. Urii.—Globular ; sides of the aperture expanded; shell smooth, re-
gularly sulcated spirally ; the furrows shallow, the ridges rounded.—Nauti-
Cassis. MOLLUSCA. BUCCINID 4. 339
lus, Ure’s Ruth. 308. t. xiv. f. 9.—In Carboniferous Limestone.— have ven-
tured to name this shell in memory of the Rev. David Ure, the author of
the “ History of Rutherglen and Kast Kilbride,” a work which contains the
best enumeration of the fossils of the independent coal formation which has
yet been published in this country.
NN
BUCCINID.
a. Right lip of the canal with a raised edge, and a groove behind; outer
lip thickened, denticulated within ; pillar hp thick, spreading or
forming a longitudinal ridge.
Cassis.
Morio.
Nasa.
aa. Right lip of the canal obsolete.
b. Outer lip thickened. |
(Ricinula.)
Purpura.
Monoceros.
(Concholepas. )
Harpa.
bb. Outer lip plain.
Dolium.
Buccinum.
Eburnea.
Gren. LXXI. CASSIS.—Spire short; canal slightly pro-
duced and recurved.
307. C. bilineata.—Glossy brown, with spiral bands of brown
spots.
List. Conch. t. pececxeviii. f. 63.—Buccinum decussatum, Penn. Brit.
Zool. t. xxix. lower figures.—B. poreatum, Pult. Dorst. 41.—B. bi-
lin. Mont. Test. Brit. 244.-Weymouth, Mr Pennant; Dunbar, Mr
Laskey ; very rare.
Length from one to two inches; whorls five or six, the upper part set
round with two series of tubercles; outer lip slightly toothed ; pillar lip rug.
ged and granular.. In a young specimen which I received from the late Rev.
James Lambert, Cambridge, as from Plymouth Sound, the whorls have nu-
merous, fine, waved, spiral strie. These are crossed by more numerous and
fine longitudinal striz, together with obsolete wrinkles of growth, which, on
the top of the spires, constitute well defined subtubercular ridges. The
white cover of the tube at the base of the pillar is finely granular.
—< a
EXTINCT SPECIES. —
1. C. bicatenata.—Ovate, ventricose, with many depressed spiral ridges, de-
cussated by small longitudinal costze towards the upper parts of the whorls;
aperture ovate; left lip obscurely tuberculated.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cli.
—Crag,
2. C. striata.—Shell ovate; spire acute; volutions oval, longitudinally
striated, with one obscure nodose ridge; beak nearly straight.—Sower. Min.
Conch, t. vi. ; four lower figuresieeLondon Clay.
x 2%
340 MOLLUSCA. BUCCINIDA. Monto.
Gen. MORIO.—Aperture longitudinal, narrow, ending in a
recurved canal.
1. M. carinatus.—Shell pyriform ; spire short ; volutions depressed, angular,
with many longitudinal striz, and three nodose ridges. —(Buccinum nodosum,
Brander, front. No. 131).—Cassis car. Sower. Min. Conch. t. vi; the three
upper figures.— London Clay.
Grey. LXXII. NASA.—Spire produced ; canal very short,
obliquely truncated.
308. N. reticulata.—Outer lip simple externally ; the longi-
tudinal ridges decussated by narrow, deep, spiral grooves.
Bue. cancellatum, List. Conch. t. peccelxvi. f 21.—B. reticul. Linn. Syst.
i. 1204. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 122. t. lxxii. f. 92. Mont. Test. Brit.
240.—Not uncommon.
Length an inch and a half; breadth three quarters; of a brownish colour ;
whorls seven or eight, rather flat; aperture lengthened; outer lip nearly
straight retrally ; inner lip slightly tuberculated.—This shell is subject to
slight variations in the relative size of the ribs.
309. N. incrassata.—Outer lip thickened by a strong exter-
nal rib ; whorls slightly rounded ; longitudinal ridges decussated
by narrow flattened spiral ridges.
Tritonium incrass. Mull. Zool. Dan. Prod. 244, No. 2946.—Buc. minu-
tum, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 122. t. 79.—B. macula, Mont. Test. Brit.
241. t. viii. f 4. Near low water-mark, common.
Length half an inch; breadth above a quarter; colour various, mottled ;
whorls six or seven ; aperture orbicular ; outer lip rounded, denticulated, with
a short tooth at the junction with the margin of the canal; inner lip concave,
faintly tuberculated; canal with a black end. Dr Turton notices two varie-
ties, A having the outer lip thin, and not toothed on the inside, and B “ with
a notch or cut at the upper angle of the outer lip, separating it from its at-
tachment to the body volution, similar tc that which is found in the Murex
gracilis.”-—Conch. Dict. 15. He has likewise described a very common va-
riety of this shell, with the pillar white externally, under the title Tritonia va-
ricosa, Zool. Journ. No. vii. 365. t. xiii. f. 7.
310. N. ambigua.—Outer lip thickened by a strong external
rib; whorls slightly depressed towards the junction ; the longi-
tudinal ridges decussated by numerous spiral striz.
Buc. amb. Put. Dorset. 42. Mont. Test. 242. t. ix. f 7.—On the Eng-
lish and Trish coasts, not common.
Length half an inch, breadth three-eighths ; white, whorls six, with from
eleven to fifteen ribs; aperture suborbicular ; outer lip denticulated, with an
obsolete tooth at the canal; outer lip with two distant folds.
811. N. cincta.—Outer lip thickened by a strong external
rib; whorls nearly even ; interstices of the ribs obsoletely striated
spirally.
Bue. cinctum, Mont. Test. 246. t. xv. f 1.—Found at Weymouth, Mr
Bryer.
Length about a quarter of an inch ; white, with a rufous spiral band ; whorls
Purpura. MOLLUSCA. BUCCINIDA. 344
six or seven, closely ribbed ; apex sharp; aperture oval, narrow; outer lip
denticulated within ; inner lip crenulated by the spiral strize at the base.
$12. N. tuberculata.—Outer lip simple externally ; inner lip
strongly marked with oblique strie.
B. tuber. Turé. Conch. Dict. 16.—Found in the sand at Exmouth, Mrs
C, W. Luscombe.
“« Shell taper, white, but not glossy ; spires six, rounded, and well defined
by the line of junction, with numerous strong longitudinal ribs, crossed by
fine transverse lines, giving them a tubercled appearance ; aperture oval ; the
outer lip thin and toothed within; inner lip strongly marked with oblique
striae, and ending in a short, reflected, rather cloven canal ; length six-tenths
of an inch; breadth not a third of its length.” Turton.
—<=>_
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. N. granulataa—Shell ovate, pointed, transversely striated, and with
twenty rows of longitudinal tubercles; outer lip thickened, many toothed
within.—Buccinum gran. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cx. f. 4.—In Crag, [pswich.
2. N. canaliculata. Ovato-elongated, transversely striated ; spire costated ;
whorls separated by a canal; lip thickened, sharp, dentato-striated within.
(Bue. desertum, Brander, f. 18, 19); B. can. Sower. Min. Conch. t. ececxv.
f. 2. London Clay.
Gen. LX XIIT. PURPURA.—Shell strong ; aperture ovate ;
outer lip flattened, denticulated ; inner lip flattened ; canal
short, imbedded.
313. P. Lapillus.—Whorls six, spirally striated, with waved
longitudinal strize and wrinkles.
Buccinum minus, List. An. Ang. 158. t. iii. f. 5, 6. Conch. t- peccelxv.
f. 18, 19.—B. Lap. Linn, Syst. i. 1202. Mont. Test. Brit. 239.—Com-
mon in rocks below high water-mark.
Length from 1 to 2 inches ; white, yellowish, or banded with brown or yel-
low; whorls slightly elevated, varying greatly in the spiral striz or ridges,
and likewise in the longitudinal markings, which last are sometimes scaly ;
aperture ovate; outer lip sloping outwards to a thin edge, the inner edge of
the slope denticulated, and terminating abruptly at the canal; _pillar-lip
broad, the pillar slightly concave towards the base ; in young shells the outer
lip is thin.—This species is very destructive to mussel beds, by perforating
the shell, in order to feed on the contained animal.
—_—_
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. P. erispatum.—Ovate, acuminated, roughened by imbricated, concave
scales, placed upon numerous close transverse carine; whorls convex ; lip
subdentated ; beak subcanaliculated. — Buc. crisp. Sower. Min. Conch. t.
ecccxiii.—Crag.
2. B. tetragonum.--Squarish, ovate, pointed, costated ; costee crossed by four
large and several small ridges; aperture oblong; lip toothed within.—Buc.
Sower. Min. Conch. t. ceccxiv. f. 1.—Crag.
3. P. incrassatum.—Thick ; ovate, pointed, ridged ; with about five carinz,
the uppermost largest ; aperture oval ; lip obscurely furrowed within.—Buc.
Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecccxivy.—Crag.
342 MOLLUSCA. BUCCINIDE. Harpa.
4. P. desertum.—Ovate, oblong, costated, transversely striated ; whorls con-
tracted above by a rounded canal ; lip striated within.—(Buc. Brander) f. 15.
Sower. Min. Conch. t. eecexv. f. 1.—In London Clay.
Gun. LK XIV. MONOCEROS.—Aperture longitudinal, emar-
ginate retrally ; pillar reflected, with a tooth at the canal.
314. M. hepaticus.—Whorls eight, with longitudinal ridges,
and a spiral tuberculated ridge at the top of each whorl.
Bue. hep. Pult. Dorset 41. Mont. Test. Brit. 243. t. viii. f. 1—On the
English and Irish coast, rare.
Length an inch, breadth five-eighths ; colour brownish, sometimes spotted ;
whorls tumid, strongly divided, smooth, striated at the base of the body-
whorl; outer lip thick, turning inwards to a denticulated edge.
Gen. HARPA.—Aperture ovate, lips smooth ; canal patulous
on the right; pillar flattened, and pointed at the base;
whorls with longitudinal ridges.
1. H. Trimmeri.—A fragment of a fossil species referred to the genus Har-
pa, from “ its parallel compressed and obliquely inclined ribs, with the point-
ed angle at their summit, and the smooth columella,” by Mr Parkinson, was
found in a stratum of dark pyritous clay (probably London Clay?) at Brent-
ford, on the premisses of Messrs Trimmers.—Org. Rem. iii. 59.
Gen. LX XV. DOLIUM.—Shell ventricose; aperture lon-
gitudinal, patulous on the right ; spiral ridges entering the
inner lip.
315. D. Perdix.—Ovate, spiral ridges depressed, and broader
than the intervening spaces.
Bue. striatum fuscum, List. Conch. t. pececlxxxiv. f 43.—B. Perdix,
Linn. Syst. i. 1137. Pult. Dorset. 41. Mont. Test. Brit. 244. t. viii.
f. 5.-On the English coast, rare.
English specimens of the size of a nut; yellowish-brown, mottled with
white ; aperture ovate; outer lip thin, inner pillar lip reflected, forming a
cavity behind.
——<
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. D. nodosum.—Obovate, ventricose, with spiral rows of obtuse knobs.
Cast of a species of Dolium ?—Mant. Suss. 196.—D. nod. Sower. Min. Conch.
t. ececxxvi. ccccxxvii.— Upper Chalk. ;
Gren. LX XVI. BUCCINUM.—Shell ovate, aperture longi-
tudinal ; canal slightly edged obliquely on the left ; pillar
rounded, somewhat gibbous and bent anteally.
316. B. wndatwm.—Whorls seven or eight, ventricose, with
Buccinum. MOLLUSCA. BUCCINIDA. 343
spiral ridges and intermediate striz, crossed by the lines of
growth, and waved furrows on the upper whorls.
B. crassum rufescens, List. An. Ang. 156. t. cxi. f. 2, 3. Conch. t. eceelxii-
f.14, 15. Linn. Syst. i. 1204.—B. und. and striatum, Penn. Brit.
Zool. 121. t. xxiii. £ 90, t. Ixxiv. f. 91.—B. und. Mont. Test. Brit.
237..—Common beyond low water-mark.
Length from 3 to 5 inches, breadth upwards of 2; shell white, sometimes
tinged with brown or pink, the cuticle is brown, with numerous longitudinal
ridges of short hairs; whorls rounded; the body whorl of the female large
in proportion; the spiral ridges are crossed by the lines of growth.— This
species is used as a bait, and caught in baskets in which carrion is placed.
317. B. glaciale.—Whorls nine, tapering, obsoletely striated
spirally, finely striated longitudinally ; upper whorls with lon-
gitudinal waved furrows, the body whorl with a spiral ridge.
Linn. Syst. i. 1204. Don. Brit. Shells, t. cliv.—In the north seas, rare.
Length about 2 inches, breadth less than 1; white, with a reddish tinge,
the keel en the body whorl vanishes on the superior ones; this shell is more
produced, and the longitudinal furrows better marked, than in the preceding
species.—It appears to have been found in Orkney by Mr Agnew, gardener
to the Duchess of Portland. I possess a slightly mutilated specimen, which
I found in Zetland.
318. B. carinatwm.—Shell oblong, oval; whorls seven, thin,
inflated with an elevated circular rib at the top of each, from
which they suddenly slope to the separating line.
Turt. Conch. Dict. 13. t. xxvi. f. 94.—Irish coast, Mr O’Kelly and Mr
Tardy.
Length 4} inches, breadth 2} ; white, with a broad rufous band round the
middle of each whorl; spirally and longitudinally striated, with obsolete
longitudinal ribs; the body whorl is swollen, but the upper ones are flat-
tened ; aperture dilated ; outer lip with a thick edge, inner lip smooth and
spread on the pillar.
319. B. anglicanum.—Shell thin ; whorls eight, strongly
striated spirally with waved longitudinal ridges on the upper
part of the whorls; lower part of the body whorl nearly
smooth.
List. Conch. t. peccelxiil. f. 17.—B. ang. Lam. Syst. vii. 264.—B. Hum-
phreysianum, Bennet, Zool. Journ. i. 398. t. xxiii—Zetland and Cork.
Length 2 inches, breadth 1 inch; shell white; the cuticle brown, pilose,
sometimes with reddish-brown spiral bands; whorls slightly rounded, and a
little depressed above towards the separating line; the spiral strize seem to
vary in size as well as the longitudinal furrows, in different specimens; the
striz produced by the lines of growth are numerous and fine; aperture
ovate ; pillar smooth or wrinkled.—In 1809, I found two specimens .of this
shell in Zetland, in a fishing-boat, brought from deep water ; those described
by Mr Bennet were found in the harbour of Cork by Mr Humphreys.
320. B. ovwm.—“ Shell oval, inflated, thin, ivory white,
smooth ; volutions six, tumid; outer lip thin and smooth.
Turton, Zool. Journ. ii. 366, t. xiii. f. 9.—Plymouth Sound.
l
344 MOLLUSCA. BUCCINIDA. Buccixum.
Length an inch and three quarters, breadth rather more than an inch.
—Only one specimen has occurred.
321. B. pictum.—* Shell oval, oblong, glossy, whitish, with
ochraceous blotches; volutions eight, decussate; outer lip
smooth.”
Purpura picta, Turt. Zool. Journ. ii. 365. t. xiii. f. 8.—British Channel.
“ Length ,4,ths of an inch, breadth hardly two; termination of the pillar
pointed.” Judging from the drawing, the aperture seems subquadrangular
lengthened, with the outer lip nearly straight in the middle.
322. B. lineatum.—Shell smooth, glossy, with numerous
spiral bands of brown and white.
Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p..130, t. viii. f. 5. Pudt. Dorset. 41. Don. Brit.
Shells, t. xv. Mont. Test. Brit. 245.—B. pediculare, Lam. Syst. vii.
275.—Southern coasts of England.
Length 2ths, breadth 3th of an inch; conic, strong; towards the base of
the body whorl thz narrow white bands become excavated into spiral strize ;
aperture oval, outer lip a little spreading—It is very common among West
Indian shells.
——=>>_
The following shells, being probably the fry of different species, may here
be noticed, though the descriptions and accompanying figures of the authors
referred to be very imperfect.
a. B. obtusulum.—Whorls three, bellied, aperture oval; colour opake white.
— Walk. Test. Min. 16. t. xi. f. 59.—Faversham.
b. B. breve.—Whorls five, longitudinally ribbed, transversely striated,
opake ; canal short.——
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. F. longevus.—Ventricose, smooth, spire turrited, with a few large knobs
upon the upper part of the latter whorls; beak as long as the spire, slightly
curved near the end.—(Murex longzevus, Brander, f. 40, 70. and 93.) Sower.
Min. Conch. t. lxiiii_-In London Clay.
2. F. bifasciatus.—Elongated, rugosely reticulated; whorls keel-formed ;
base produced.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccxxviii—In London Clay.
3. F. acuminatus.—Elongated, acicular, obscurely costated, and longitudi-
nally striated; whorls tumid, with eight or ten elevated striz.—(Murex por-
rectus, Brander, f. 36.) Sower. Min. Conch. t. cclxxiv. f 1, 2, 3.—London
Clay.
4. F. asper.—Elongated, costated; whorls tumid; costz decussated by
four or five elevated, rather acutely knotted, striz or ridges.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. cclxxiv. f. 4~7.—London Clay.
5. F porrectus.—Elongated, subcancellated, with many prominent costz ;
volutions tumid, with about eight elevated strize upon each.—(M. porrectus,
Brander, f. 35.) Sower. Min. Conch. t. cclxxiv. f. 8, 9.—London Clay.
6. F. bulbiformis.—Ovate, ventricose, nearly smooth; spire mucronated ;
beak obscurely striated, ;gently curved.—(Murex bulbus, f. 54. and M. Py-
rus, f. 52, 53. Brander.) Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccxci. f. 1-6.—London Clay.
7. F. ficulneus.—Ovato-fusiform, turgid, costated ; whorls subspinose above;
base striated; baek twisted; pillar uniplicated.—(Murex herzedus, Brander,
f. 51.)—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccxci. f. 7.— London Clay.
8. F. errans.—Oblong-ovate, conical at both ends, transversely striated ;
whorls bicarinated ; upper carina largest.—(Strombus errans, Brander, f. 42.)
—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccce.—-London Clay.
9. F. regularis.—Rather elongated with many longitudinal undulations,
crossed by strong elevated striz; whorls convex, the last contracted to-
wards the beak, open, rather slender; aperture obovate.—(M. antiquus,
Brander, f. '74.)— Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxxxvii. f. 2, and t. cecexxii. f. 1.—
London Clay.
10. F. complanatus.—Ovato-fusiform; pointed, costated, and transversely
striated ; superior edges of the whorls elevated, and pressed upon the spire ;
strize contiguous; pillar curved.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eccexxiii, f. 2, 3.—
London Clay.
11. F. Lima. — Ovato-fusiform, pointed, carinated; upper edges of the
whorls elevated, and pressed upon the spire; carinze many, acute, the cen-
tral ones decussated by small sharp costz ; lines of growth acute.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ecccxxiii. f. 4.—London Clay.
12. F. coniferus.—Elongated, with many longitudinal undulations; cros-
sed by numerous unequal elevated striz ; whorls few, inversely conical, their
upper parts depressed, and nearly smooth ; beak open, rather short, aperture
ovate.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxxxvii. f. l-London Clay.
Fusus. MOLLUSCA. MURICID2. 353
13. F. carinelia.—Rather elongated, with many longitudinal undulations,
crossed by strong elevated unequal striz; whorls convex, subcarinated in
the middle, the last contracted towards the beak ; beak open, rather slender ;
aperture obovate.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxxxvii. fi 3, 4.
14. F. striatus.—Shell ventricose, with many transverse rounded projec-
tions, and from three to five parallel striz between each, crossed by other
striz or sutures; whorls from three to six; beak nearly straight; aperture
oval.—Murex striatus, Sower. Min. Conch. t.xxii. A variety occurs in which
three or four of the spiral ridges are more prominent than the rest, espe-
cially the upper ones, t. cxix.—In Crag.
15. F. contrarius.—Whorls reversed, five or six, slightly expanded at the
upper part, and contracted towards the beak: surface with many rounded
projections, or smooth; aperture irregularly ovate; beak rather short.—
Murex con. Park. Org. Rem. t. vi. f. 5.-Sower. Min. Conch. t. xxiii—In
Crag.
16. F. rugosus.—Spire acute, of about six whorls, rather gibbose, with
about ten longitudinal undulations, that intersect many deepish transverse
strie; beak nearly straight, lip thick; canal rather broad.—Murex rug.
Park, Org. Rem. iii. p. 64. t. v. f. 16.—Sower. Min. Conch._t. xxxiv., upper
figures, and t. exix. f. 1, 2.—In Crag.
17. F. trilineatus.—Shell elongated, with many transverse projecting nar-
row bands, each obscurely divided into three threads; whorls five or six;
beak straight, pointed; aperture elongated, several folds within the outer
lip.— Murex tril. Sower. Min. Conch. t. xxxv. f. 4, 5.—London Clay.
18. F. datus.—Shell slightly ventricose, smooth, covered with alternately
large and small transverse linear projections ; whorls five, upper part of each
undulated ; aperture strongly striated within; beak straight, expanded,
truncated.—Murex latus, Sower. Min. Conch. t. xxxv. left hand lower figure.
— Plastic Clay, Plumstead.
19. F. costellifer.—Subturrited, transversely striated, longitudinally cos-
tated ; whorls rather ventricose ; aperture ovate, expanded towards the beak ;
beak very short, spreading; costee numerous, slender.—Murex cost. Sower.
Min. Conch. t. cxix. f. 3.—In Crag.
20. F. echinatus.—Turrited ; whorls round, reticulated, with acute tubercles
upon the angles of the meshes; outer-lip striated within, beak short.—Mu-
rex ech. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxix. f 4.—In Crag.
21. F. curtus.—Ovate, pointed, subventricose, longitudinally ribbed, trans-
versely striated; aperture oval; beak short, recurved; whorls internally
striated with elevated lines—Murex curt. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxix. f. 5.—
London Clay.
22. F. gradatus.—Ventricose, longitudinally ribbed, transversely striated ;
spire short, acute ; costee varicose above; aperture oval, with a short ex-
panded beak.— Murex grad. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxix. f. 6.—Plastic Clay,
Plumstead.
23. I. interruptus.—Subturrited ; body covered by broad transverse sulci ;
the remaining whorls smooth, with two sulci along their upper edges.—Murex
int. Pilkington, Linn. Trans. vii. 117. t. xi. f.5.— Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecciv.
—London Clay.
_ 24. F. quadratus.—Short, conical, transversely striated and obscurely bica-
rinated ; base produced; beak short; aperture subrhomboidal: — Murex
quad. Sower. Min. Conch. t. eccex. f ii—Green Sand.
VOL. I. Z
354 MOLLUSCA. MURICID. PLEUROTOMA.
25. F. peruvianus.—Subfusiform, ventricose, smooth, with fifteen thin cos-
tee; beak a little recurved.——-Murex per. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cecexxxiv.
f. 1.—In Crag.
26. F. alveolatus.—Turrited; volutions ornamented with two spiral ob-
tuse carinz, crossed by thick ribs; beak half cylindrical, ribbed.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. eceexxv. f. 1.—In Crag, Suffolk.
27. F. cancellatus.—Lanceolate, acute, covered with acute decussating rid-
ges, with short spines at the points of their intersection ; whorls ventricose ;
aperture oblong, produced into a short beak.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cecexxv-
f 2.—In Crag.
Gren. LXXX. PLEUROTOMA. — Shell turrited, canal
straight ; a gutter or notch at the junction of the outer-lip
with the body-whorl.
349. P. evacilis—Whorls ten ; ribs interrupted at the sepa-
rating line by a depressed spirally striated space; canal pro-
duced.
Murex gracilis, Mont. Test. Brit. 267. t. xv. f 5.—M. emarginatus,
Don. Brit. Shells, t. clxix. f: 2.—In deep water, not common.
Length an inch, breadth a quarter ; yellowish-white, with light coloured
and brown bands; whorls tapering, little rounded, with numerous obtuse
longitudinal ribs, crossed by well defined spiral striz ; aperture ovate, the
outer-lip slightly crenulated by the spiral striz ; canal rather open, but pro-
duced in consequence of the bending in of the outer-lip, giving to the base
an acuminated aspect.
350. P. sinwosa. — Whorls six, longitudinal ribs slightly
interrupted by a depressed space at the separating line.
Murex sin. Mont. Test. Brit. 264. t. ix. f. 8.—In deep water, rare.
Length 3ths of an inch, breadth a quarter, white, strong; whorls slightly
compressed, and a little flattened at the top of each; ribs numerous, ele-
vated, bent at the angle of the flattened space, and diminishing towards the
separating line: regularly striated spirally; aperture oblong, oval; canal
open; very short, in consequence of the outer-lip continuing entire; the
base has a blunt aspect. In a specimen which I found in Zetland, the spiral
strize are strong, giving the shell a coarsely reticulated appearance.
—<—>—_
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. P. attenuata.—F usiform, base attenuated ; longitudinally undulated; un-
dulations five or six, with a large compressed tubercle at the upper end o1
each; volutions transversely striated; aperture narrow, straight.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. cxlvi. £ 1.—Zendon Clay.
2. P. exorta. —Turrited, base conical, elongated; whorls concave and
smooth above, below, longitudinally undulated and convex, with many éle-
vated subtuberculate dlines ; aperture ovate, elongated, canaliculated.)—Mu-
rex exortus, Brander, f. 32.—(Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxvi, f. 2.)—London Clay.
3. P. rostvata-—FEusiform, with many transverse ridges and short cost,
volutions obscurely decussated, expanded, and slightly concave above, rather
ventricose and roughish below: aperture elongated, canaliculated.—(Murex
ros. Brander, £. 34.)—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxvi. f 3.—London Clay.
Murex. MOLLUSCA. MURICIDA. 355
4. P. acuminata.—Turrited, acuminated, longitudinally ribbed, transverse-
ly striated; whorls above, concave, edge fimbriated; below, sulcato-striated ;
aperture elongated, canaliculated, one-third the length of the shell; beak
broad.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxlvi. f. 4.—London Clay.
5. P. comma.—Turrited, beaked with acute transverse rising lines; whorls
smooth in the middle, with many short curved costz; aperture ovate, cana-
liculated ; beak slightly curved.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. exlvi. f: 5.—London
Clay.
6. P. semicolon.—Turrited, elongated, striated, with many curved costz ;
whorls swelled with a granulated margin, base conical, decussated; aperture
ovate, beaked.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxlvi. f: 6.—London Clay.
7. P. colon.—F usiform, striated ; whorls concave above, with a crenulated
margin below, with many rugged transverse ridges and small short longitu-
dinal undulations ; base conical, aperture elongated.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. exlvi. f. 7, 8.—London Clay.
8. P. priscus.—Fusiform, turrited, smooth; base transversely sulcated ;
margins of the whorls striated; lip wing-shaped. (Murex priscus, Brander,
f. 25, 44.)—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccclxxxvi.—London Clay.
9. P. fusiformis.—Fusiform, elongated, rough, with deep transverse striz,
and obscure longitudinal costz; whorls subcarinated, with a striated band
upon their upper parts; aperture lanceolate.— Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecclxxxvii.
f. 1.—London Clay.
10. P. brevirostrum.—T urrited, acute, costated, transversely striated ; aper.
ture obovate, with a defined beak of equal length; whorls ventricose.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ceclxxxvii. f. 2.—London Clay.
11. P. devigata.—Turrited, nearly smooth ; spire subcostated ; whorls ven-
tricose, concave above; aperture elongated; beak produced.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. ceclxxxvii. f: 3.—London Clay.
Gren. MUREX.—Oval, aperture suborbicular, canal produ-
ced ; ribs tubercular or spinose, three or more united ob-
liquely on different whorls.
1. M. asper.—Ovate, oblong, transversely striated; sutures in three rows,
foliaceous, dentated, bearing one spine upon the upper part of each; aperture
obovate; canal rectrved.—(Brander, f. 77, 78, 79.)—M. tricarinatus, Sower.
Min. Conch. t. cecexvi- f: 1.—London Clay.
2. M. bispinosus.—Ovate, elongated, with three rows of foliaceous sutures
and two or three transverse ridges; sutures simple, bearing two concave
spines to each whorl; canal nearly straight.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ececxvi.
f. 2.—London Clay.
8. M. frondosus.—Ovate, oblong; sutures in eight or nine rows, subspi-
nose, deeply piaited ; transverse ridges numerous, rough ; aperture obovate ;
canal straight.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccexvi. f. 3.—London Clay.
_4. M. calear.—Ovato-acuminated, transversely striated, costated ; last whorl
bicarinated ; each suture supports two or three long sharp spines ; aperture
round, with a long canal.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccccex. f. 2.—Green Sand.
5. M. tortuosus.—Turrited, subfusiform, largely cancellated ; varices in
three tortuous rows, with two or three knobs between each; whorls ventri-
cose ; beak contracted. Sower. Min. Conch. t. ceecxxxiv. f. 2.—In Crag ?
z2
356 MOLLUSCA. MURICID. Typuis.
Gen. TY PHIS. — Oval, aperture suborbicular, canal short,
covered ; whorls with numerous tubular pervious pro-
cesses.
__ 1. T. fistulosus—Oblong, varicose; each varix foliated and produced above
in a recurved tube; aperture obovate, entire; beak nearly straight, closed.
—(Murex pungens, Brander, f£. 82.)\—M. fist. Sower. Min. Conch, t. clxxxix.
f. 1, 2.London Clay.
2. 'T. tubifer.—Ovate, with four rows of erect tubes alternating with four
solitary tubes upon each whorl; aperture obovate, entire; beak arched,
closed.—(Murex pungens, Brander, f. 81.)—T. tubifer, Park, Org. Rem. iii.
65. t. v. ££ 15.—London Clay.
Gen. LXXXI. TRITON.—Ovate, oblong; canal produced,
subascending, or bent to the left ; ribs alternate or remote,
not continuous on the whorls.
351. 'T. erinaceus—Whaorls eight, with seven rugose, longi-
tudinal ribs crossed by strong spiral striee.
Murex er. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 123. t. Ixxvi. fi 95. Don. Brit. Shells,
t-xxxv. Mont. Test. Brit. 259.—Rocky shores.
Length nearly 2 inches, breadth 1 inch; brown; strong; whorls angular,
sloping abruptly at the junctions, with imbricated arched scales; aperture
oval; canal subtubular ; outer-lip striated internally, pillar-lip smooth.
—_
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. 'T. tuberosus.—Ovate, pointed, transversely striated, with many blunt
short costae upon each whorl ; base convex.—Murex tub. Sowers Min. Conch.
t. ecxxix. f. 1.—London Clay.
2. T. minax.—Short, transversely striated ; spire tuberculated, acute ; last
whorl ventricose, with two rows of tubercles; the upper ones spiniform, fur-
rowed; base sulcated ; beak curved.—Murex-minax (Brander, f. 62.) Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ccxxix. f 2.
3. 'T'. cristatus.—Ovate, transversely striated ; longitudinal coste promi-
nent, sharp, with three large plaits in each, the upper plait subspiniform ;
beak curved.—Murex crist. Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccxx. f. 1, 2.—London Clay.
4. 'T. coronatus.—Oblorg, transversely furrowed ; costae numerous, sharp ;
upper part of the volutions concave, bounded by a sharp ridge and a strong
spine upon each of the costee. Murex cor.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xxiii. f 3.
—London Clay.
5. 'T. argutus.—Ovate, pointed, costated, spirally striated; costz knotted ;
strize many, elevated, several of them large; varices few ; whorls inflated be-
yond each varix ; aperture toothed; beak ascending.—Murex varg. (Brand-
er, £13.) Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccxliv.—London Clay.
6. T. alveolatus.—Ovate acuminated ; surface divided into square cells by
many acute sutures that decussate eight or ten prominent carinz ; whorls
ventricose, flattened above; aperture oval; the outer lip toothed within.—
Murex alv. Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccecxi. f. 2.—In Crag.
7. T. defossusx—Ovate acuminated, smooth ; whorls ventricose, bearing
many obtuse carine ; sutures numerous, acute, linear ; aperture elongated,
with many lamelliform teeth within its outer lip.—Buccinum def. Pik. Linn-
Ceritui1um.e MOLEUSCA. CERITHIAD. 357
Trans. vii. 117. t. xi. f 2.—Murex def. Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecccxi. f: 1.—
In London Clay.
8 T. sexdentatus. —Ovate acuminated, costated, longitudinally. striated,
transversely carinated ; whorls convex; aperture elongated, with five or six
teeth within its outer lip—Murex sex. Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccecxi. f1 3.—
Marine formation, Colwell Bay, Isle of Wight.
CERITHIAD.
a. Marine.
Cerithium.
(Strutheolaria.)
aa. Fluviatile.
Potamedum.
Melanopsis.’
(Pirena.)
Gren. LXX XII. CERITHIUM.—Outer margin of the aper-
ture rounded, with an obsolete canal, in many species, at its
retral junction with the body-whorl.
352. C. costatum.—Whorls ten, a spiral line at the base of
each, becoming double on the body-whorl.
(Strombiformis costatus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 118. t. viii. f. 14.) Strom-
bus cost. Don. Brit. Shells, t. xciv. Mont. Brit. Shells, 255.—English
coast, rare.
Length about half an inch; brown; tapering to a fine point; transverse
ribs numerous, rounded, slightly waved; aperture ovate; the outer lip a lit-
tle expanded ; inner lip smooth; canal very short and patulous.
353. C. turbiforme.—Whorls seven, destitute of a thread-like
spiral line at the base of each.
Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 110. t. xxx. f. 7.—Found by Mr Laskey on the
shores of Nun’s Island, Iona.
Length about a quarter of an inch; breadth two-thirds less ; brown ; aper-
ture white ; whorls well-defined by the separating line ; transverse ribs about
eighteen; base smooth; aperture suborbicular; outer lip thickened at the
margin, and a little spreading.
—<_——_
EXTINCT SPECIES,
1. C. pyramidalis—Pyramidal, with six projecting tuberculated angles;
whorls ten or eleven, transversely tricarinated, carinz tuberculated; six com-
pressed tubercles on the upper part of the last whorl ; outer lip expanded.—
(Murex angulatus, Brander, f. 46.) Sower. Min. Conch. t. exxvii. f 1.—
London Clay.
2. c geminatum.— Conical, elongated, smooth, with seven or eight longitu-
dinally disposed pairs of acute tubercles on each whorl; whorls about twelve,
lip even. Sower. Min. Conch, t. cxxvii. f. 2.—London Clay. "
358 MOLLUSCA. CERITHIADA. = Poramipum.
3. C. funatum.—Conical, elongated, with two obtuse crenulated transverse
ridges upon each whorl ; upper part cf each whorl thickened and tuberculated ;
mouth squarish ; base smooth. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxxviiii—In Plastic
Clay.
4. C. funiculatum.—Pyramidal; sides straight ; whorls with four, nearly
equal, crenulated carinze on each; base with several plain elevated ridges.
Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxlvii. f. 1, 2.— Plastic Clay.
5. C. intermedium.—Pyramidal, sides straight; whorls with a largely cre-
nulated margin, and five or six unequal carinz on each; base with several
elevated ridges. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxlvii. f. 3, 4.—Plastic Clay.
6. C. dubium.—Turrited ; whorls with a row of compressed tubercles near
the middle, and two transverse rows of lesser tubercles below ; base with one
or two rows of tubercles. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxlvii. f. 5.—London Clay.
7. C. melanoides.—Turrited, obscurely longitudinally undulated; whorls
convex, bearing above the middle a large tuberculated carina, below with two
or three transverse tuberculated carinee; beak very short. Sower. Min.
Conch. t. cxlvii. f: 6, 7; and t. 339. f. 3.—Plastic Clay.
8. C. rigidum.—Subulato-conical, nearly smooth ; lower whorls surrounded
by a keel near their upper parts. (Buccinum. rig. Brander, f. 43.)—Potami-
dis reg. Sower. Min. Conch. t. 338.—London Clay.
9. C. concavum.—Subulato-conical; spirally striated ; whorls rather concave
towards the upper part; costated; costz obscure, arched, with a slight emi-
nence above the middle of each; base with one or two granulated carine,
convex; lip enlarged below, with a small groove in its upper angle.—Pota-
mnides con. Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecexxxix. f. 1, 2.—Upper marine formation,
Isle of Wight.
10. C. margaritaceum.—Conical, turrited, five close rows of bead-like gra-
nules surround each whorl, the first and fourth rows minute, the fifth larger
than the other two; lip expanded, plicated; pillar recurved, obtusely cari-
nated.—Potamides marg. Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccexcixe f 4.—Upper marine
formation, Isle of Wight.
11. C. plicatum.—Subulato-conical, or subcylindrical ; whorls longitudinal-
ly plaited, transversely sulcated and striated; sulci three or four; base con-
vex ; lip crenulated.—Potamides plic. Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecexl. f 2,— Up-
per marine formation, Isle of Wight,
12. C. duplex.—Subulato-conical, with two rows of tubercles upon the up-
per, and three upon the lower whorls; upper rows of tubercles largest ; sides
of the whorls flat; base flat, with two carine near its edge ; beak short, inner
edge rising upon the pillar.-Potamides duplex, Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccexl.
f. 3.—Upper marine formation, Isle of Wight-
Gren. POTAMIDUM.—Canal very short ; aperture entire re-
trally ; outer-lip patulous.
1. P. acutum.—Conical, turrited ; whorls convex, bicarinated ; carinze acute ;
base convex, bistriated ; aperture orbicular, with a narrow short beak, Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ecexli. £ 2.—Lower fresh water formation, Isle of Wight.
2. P. ventricosum.—Conical, turrited; whorls ventricose, custated, trans-
versely striated ; striz two or three upon each whorl, most elevated upon the
costee ; aperture orbicular, with an extremely short beak.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. cecxli. f. 1.—Fresh water formation, Isle of Wight and Cowes.
Metanopsis. MOLLUSCA. STROMBUSIDA. 359
Grex. MELANOPSIS.—Canal short, emarginate ; aperture
produced, and ending in a gutter retrally ; outer lip entire ;
pillar-lip callous.
1. M. fusiformis—Fusiform in the middle, subcylindrical, smooth, mouth
half the length of the shell.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eccxxxii- f. 1, 7.—Upper
marine formation, Isle of Wight, &c.
2. M. subulata.—Conical-subulate, smooth; mouth ovate, one-third the
length of the shell, Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccxxxii. f- 8.—Along with the last
species ; the relations of both imperfectly understood.
3. M. carinata. Ovate, acuminated, with a sharp carina wound round the
spire. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccexxiii. f. 1.—Fresh water formation, Isle of
Wight and Cowes.
4. M. brevis. Ovate, pointed, short ; whorls ventricose ; contracted in their
upper parts; aperture oval; inner lip thick, callous, not very prominent, Sower.
Min. Conch. cccexxiii. f. 2.—Fresh water formation, Hampshire coast.
STROMBUSID.
Strombus.)
Pterocera.)
Rostellaria.
Gen. LXXXIII. ROSTELLARIA.—Shell turrited ; canal
produced, and somewhat subulate; lip entire or dentated,
with the notch contiguous to the canal.
354. R. Pes-pelecani—Whorls ten, with tubercular spiral
ridges, and fine strize ; outer lip quadrifid.
Bucemum, List. Conch. t. pecclxv. f. 20. t. pecclxi. f. 21, 6. Strombus
Pes-pelecani, Linn. Syst. 1207. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 122. t. xxv. f. 94.
Mont. Test. Brit. 253. In sandy bays.
Length about two inches; white, more or less tinged with brown; whorls
nearly flat, except in the middle, where the spiral tuberculated ridge runs ;
the separating line is well defined; the tubercles are oblong, transverse, and
oblique. Besides the primary ridge, which extends over all the whorls,
there are two or three on the base; aperture narrow ; outer lip much expand-
ed into three principal angular points, ridged on the back, and grooved in
front, with a projecting wing retrally attached to the whorls; canal shallow,
subulate. Animal with a long pink, coloured snout, spotted with white ; ten-
taqgl filiform ; foot short, white ; eyes black at the base of the tentacula be-
neath.
—_—
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. R. lucida. Fusiform, longitudinally ribbed, transversely striated ; lip
thick, with an obscure sinus at the inferior edge, and a very short channel at
the superior ; beak straight, short. Sower. Min. Conch. t. xci. f.1, 2,3. Lon-
don Ciay.
360 MOLLUSCA. CERITHIADA. SIGARETUS.
2. R. rimosa. Fusiform, whorls slightly convex, longitudinally ribbed,
transversly striated ; lip reflected, with a sinus at the inferior edge, below an
expansion of the margin, and a canal at the superior edge, extending nearly
the length of the spire; beak straight. (Murex rimosus, Brander, f. 27.)—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. xci. f. 4, 5, 6.—London Clay.
3. R. macroptera.—F usiform, smooth ; lip large, nearly circular, with a ca-
nal extending along the spire; beak straight, pointed. (Strumbus amplus,
Brander, f. 76.) Sower. Min. Conch. t. cexeviii, ccxcix, ecc.—In London
Clay.
4. R. Parkinsonii.—Subfusiform ; whorls seven or eight ; convex, with lon-
gitudinal ribs, and numerous transverse striz ; outer lip dilated ; armed with
one styloid process, beneath which is a broad truncated expansion. Rostella-
ria, Park. Organic Remains, iii. 63. t. v. f. 11. J. Park. Mantell. Suss. 72,
and 108. t. xviii. f. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10.—In Green Sand and Grey Chalk-marl.
5. R. Sowerbii.—Turrited, costated, transversely striated ; last whorl tri-
carinated; aperture expanded, with a one-angled entire lip; superior canal
short.—R. Parkinsonii, Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecexlix. f. 1, 5.—London Clay.
6. R. calcarata.—Turrited, costated, transversely striated; costz linear,
curved ; last whorl carinated ; outer lip furnished with a large oblong process,
the upper angle of which is formed into a long curved spire; beak pointed;
superior canal obtuse. Park. Org. Rem. iii. 63. t. v. f. 2.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. cccxlix. fi 6, 7.—Green Sand.
Gey. LXXXIV. SIGARETUS.—Shell patulous, imbedded
in the cloak, the anterior sinistral margin of which is
notched at the branchial opening ; tentacula two, with the
eyes at the external base.
$55. S. halhotoideus.—Tentacula short, flat, the foot rounded
behind.
Bulla hal. Mont. Test. Brit. 211, Shell t. vii. f 6, Animal vig. 2. £ 6—
In deep water, not common.
Shell gths in length, and 4ths of an inch in breadth ; oval, depressed, pel-
lucid, whitish, wrinkled by the lines of growth ; whorls two, the first very
small, forming the rudiment of a spire near the margin, the second rapidly
increasing and forming a shallow basin; outer lip thin, inner lip concave,
and slightly inflected. Animal oval, convex; skin tough; cloak broad, di-
vided from the foot by a groove ; mouth in the form of a short proboscis.
356. S. tentaculatus.—Tentacula produced, filiform; the
foot pointed behind.
Lamellaria tentaculata, Mont. Linn. Trans. xi. 186. t. xii. f. 5, 6.—Coast
of Devon.
Shell more depressed and opake than the preceding. Animal suborbicular,
depressed, convex above, yellowish, with sulphur coloured and black spots ;
foot ovate, broad; the breadth about three quarters of an inch.
MOLLUSCA. PECTINIBRANCHIA. 361
PECTINIBRANCHIA.
SCUTIBRANCHIA.
Heart with two auricles traversed by the rectum ; sexes incorporated ;
body covered mith a patulous shell ; the foot destitute of a lid.
I. Shell ear-shaped, with a lateral and nearly concealed spire.
Haliotis.
(Padola.)
(Stomatia.)
Il. Shell oblong or conical, simple or subrevolute.
CrREPIDULID#. Cavity of the shell interrupted by a testaceous
plate.
a. Marine.
b. Plate of the cavity spirally decurrent.
Calyptrzea.
Infundibulum.
bb. Plate of the cavity horizontal.
Crepidula.
Pileolus.
aa. Fluviatile.
Navicella.
Caputip#. Cavity and margin of the aperture entire.
Capulus.
(Carinaria.)
FissuRELLAD#. Cavity entire; shell with a perfora-
tion or slit.
Fissurella.
Emarginula.
Scissurella.
362 MOLLUSC. PECTINIBRANCHIA. Hatioris,
HALIOTID.
Gen. LXXXV. HALIOTIS.—Left margin of the shell
pierced by a row of holes.
357. H. tuberculata.—Ovate-oblong, spirally striated with
irregular transverse folds.
Auris marina major, List. Conch. t. pexi. f 2.—Hal. tub. Linn Syst. i.
' 1256. Mont. Test. Brit. 473.—On rocks at low water-mark at Guern-
sey and Jersey; rarely thrown ashore on the southern coasts of
England.
Length from three to four inches, breadth from two and a quarter to
three inches ; strong, opake, brownish on the cutside, beautifully iridescent
within ; apex with a single spiral turn, slightly produced; outer lip thin,
inner lip thickened, inflected, and smooth. Animal with the sides ornament-
ed with filaments, some of which pass through the holes in the shell; hood
emarginate, proboscis with two corneous cheek-plates, and a narrow spinous
tongue.
CREPIDULIDA.
Gren. LXXXVI. CALYPTREA.—Shell conical, with a
central subspiral apex ; cavity with a restricted subspiral
plate.
358. C. chinensis.—Shell depressed, apex central, blunt, with
a single whorl ; unequally striated spirally.
Patella rotunda, List. Conch. t. pxlvi. f 39.—P. chinensis, Linn. Syst. i.
1257.—P. albida, Don. Brit. Shells, t. 129.—P. chin. Mont. Test. Brit.
489. t. xiii. f. 4.— West coast of England and Dublin Bay, on oysters.
Breadth 2ths, height 2ths, brownish-white; widely conical; surface rough
with short concave scales ; inside smooth and glossy ; the spiral strie mark
the direction of the growth of the shell.
———
EXTINCT SPECIES.
“Mr Parkinson has figured a shell from the Crag of Essex (Organic Re-
mains, iii. 52. t. v. f. 10.), which he considers as agreeing with Lister’s Pa-
tella rotunda. ‘‘ It forms a depressed cone, with a circular base and mammil-
lary apex.” Some specimens from Harwich “ had their upper parts com-
pletely invested with a mineralized sponge, or aleyonic mass.”
Gen. INFUNDIBULUM.—Shell conical, with a spiral groove
marking the whorls; aperture orbicular, with a regular
decurrent spiral plate occupying the cavity.
1. I. rectum.—Conical, concentrically striated; apex central, acute, turns
of the spire obsolete ; plate aoe nil pillar slender.—-Sower. Min. Conch.
t. xevil. f. 3.—In Crag at Holywell.
CaPuLus. MOLLUSCA. CAPULID. 363
2. I. obligquum.—Flattish, smooth ; apex curved, adpressed, oblique; inter.
nal plate two-thirds the diameter of the mouth, and reflected near the pillar.
—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xcvii. f. 1.—London Clay.
3. I. tuberculatum.—Gibbous, conical, oblique, rugosely tubereulated.—
(Trochus apertus, Brander, t. i. f. 1, 2.) Sower. Min. Conch. t. xevii. f. 7) fA
London Clay.
4. I. echinulatum.— Gibbous, depressed, conical, oblique; apex acute,
smooth; last turn obscurely echinulated.— Sower. Min. Conch. t. xcvii. f. 2.—
Plastic Clay.
5. I. spinulosum.—Conical, apex acute, nearly central; whorls obscure,
surface covered with numerous short hollow spines or small tubercles.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. xcvii. f: 6.—ZLondon Clay.
Grn. CREPIDULA.— Shell oblong, widely conical, with a
depressed marginal spiral apex ; aperture in part closed by
a projecting horizontal plate.
1. C. sinwosa.—“ Shell roundish oval, smooth, entirely milk-white ; with
the margin sinuate. Length half an inch; breadth four-tenths. Found at
Scarborough in Yorkshire by Mr Bean. The outer surface is polished, and,
under a glass appears to be very finely and irregularly striate transversely ;
but it has no ribs, nor prickles, nor colourings of any kind.”—Dr Turton,
Zool. Journ. No. vii. 364. t. xiii. f 5. (The editors of the Journal add, “We
cannot agree with Dr Turton in placing this Crepidula ‘on the British list,
as Mr Bean informed us that he took it from the bottom of a ship just ar-
rived from North America.’’)
Gren. PILEOLUS.—Conical, a short internal spire ; aperture
in part closed by a projecting horizontal plate with a cre-
nulated margin, and an opposed prominent lip.
1. P. plicatus.—Obtusely conical, with diverging ridges extending to the
edge; margin irregularly crenated, the centre of the base divided.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. eccexxxii. f. 1-4.—In Oolite at Ancliff and Hinton.
2. P. levis.—Shell rather flat, smooth, with an entire margin. Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ccccxxxii. f, 5-8.—Found along with the last.
CAPULID..
Gen. LXXXVII. CAPULUS.—Shell conical, with the apex
towards the margin recurved and subspiral ; muscular im-
pression semicircular; foot complicated on its anterior
margin ; gills in a single series across the branchial cavity.
359. C. hungaricus.—Shell acuminated at the spiral apex,
and divergingly striated.
The Fool’s-cap, Borl. Corn. 276. t. xxviii. f. 4.—Patella ungarica, Linn.
Syst. i, 1259. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 143. t. xc. £147. Don. Brit.
364 MOLLUSCA. FISSURELLAD. Fissure tua.
Shells, t. xxi. fi 1. Mont. Brit. Shells, 486.—On rocks and shells in
rather deep water.
Breadth sometimes reaching to an inch and a half; white, with a carna-
tion tinge; cuticle brown, rough with a pilose margin; aperture round,
slightly waved.
360. C. antiquatus.—Apex blunt, the layers of growth form-
ing concentric scale-like wrinkles.
Patella rugosa, List.. Conch. t. pxliv. f. 31.?—P. ant. Linn. Syst. i. 1259.
Pult. Dorset. 51.—Mont. Test. Brit. 485.—On different parts of the
coast, rare.
Breadth about half an inch; thick, opake, white, apex variable in form ;
aperture oval or round.
361. C. militaris.—Shell decussated by longitudinal and
transverse striz.
Patella alba, List. Conch. t. pxliv. f 32.—P. mil. Plt. Dorset. 51. Don.
Brit. Shells, t. clxxi. Mont. Test. Brit. 488. t. xiii. f. 11.—On diffe-
rent parts of the coast, rare.
Breadth about half an inch; subpellucid, white ; cuticle brown, pilose ;
apex much reflected and recurved ; aperture round ; inside glossy white.
——
EXTINCT SPECIES.
pt C. unguis.—Depressed, suborbicular, obscurely radiated; vertex ob-
lique, recurved, extended beyond the base, acute.—Patella unguis, Sower.
Min. Conch. t. exxxix. f. 7.—In Crag, Holywell.
FISSURELLAD-.
Gen. LXXXVII. FISSURELLA.—Shell ovate, conical,
with a perforated apex ; tentacula with eyes at the external
base.
362. ¥. gr@ca.—Oval, decussated by unequal longitudinal
ribs and transverse strie; apex truncated.
Patella cancellata, List. Conch. t. pxxvii. f. 2.—P. greeca, Linn. Syst. i.
1262 Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 144. t. lxxxix. f. 153. —P. reticulata,
Don. Brit. Shells, t. xxi. f. 3.— Western coasts, not common.
Length of the aperture about three quarters of an inch, breadth half ap
inch ; height a quarter ; thick, brown, inside white or rayed with brown;
perforation of the apex oblong ; margin of the aperture waved, crenulated.
363. F. apertura.—Conical, with a reflected subspiral apex.
Patella apertura, Mont. Test. Brit. 491. t. xiii. f| 10.—South of England
and Zetland.
Length about Zths, height ith, subpellucid, white, strong, the longitudinal
tubercled ribs crossed by a few circular ridges; apex adhering, the perfora-
tion in front rhomboidal ; margin of the aperture oval, crenated by the ribs.
Emarcinuta. MOLLUSCA. FISSURELLADZE. 365
Dr Turton (Conch. Dict. 142. t. xxii. f 81.) describes a shell as Patella
Nubecula, List. Conch. t. Dxxxix., belonging to this genus, in the following
terms: ‘¢ Shell oblong, oval, sometimes a little contracted in the middle,
semitransparent, a little convex, white, with red or brownish rays, which are
broader or narrower, sometimes interrupted, and often not extending quite
to the crown, with numerous obscure longitudinal ribs, and a few irregular
transverse furrows, which give it a rather rugged appearance towards the
margin, crown not quite central, with an oblong perforation round which is
often a purplish ring ; inside white, glossy, with a purplish ring round the
perforation at the bottom ; the margin plain : length 3ths of an inch ; breadth
and height about 3ths.—These shells have been freyuently brought to us, as
having been dredged off the Land’s End, on the Cornish coast ; but it has not
occurred to us, as yet, to find them ourselves.
—<=>—_
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. F. greca 2—* Ovate, oblong, convex, radiated; radii decussated by ele-
vated lines, and thickened at the intersections; perforation small, elongated ;
margin of the base crenulated.”—Sower. Min. t. cccclxxxiii—In Crag, Ips-
wich.
2. F. calthrata.—An elevated curved cone; sides coarsely reticulated ; lon-
gitudinal ribs about six on each side, and one central, which is split more
than half way down from the apex; base oval; apex bent almost down to
the base.—-Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxix. f 1.—Oolite at Ancliffe.
Gen. LXXXIX. EMARGINULA.—Conical, the anterion
margin of the aperture with a longitudinal slit; tentacula
on footstalks ; foot fringed with filaments.
364. E. jissura.—Strongly cancellated by longitudinal and
transverse ribs; apex reflected.
Patella exigua, List. Conch. t. pxliii. f: 28.—P. fissura, Linn. Syst. i.
1261. Penn. Brit. Zool. lv. 144. t. xc. f. 151. Don. Brit. Shells,
t. iii. f. 2. Mont. Test. Brit. 490.—Various parts of the coast, not
common.
Length half an inch, breadth and height $ths; subpellucid, brown when
alive, white or flesh-coloured when worn ; longitudinal-ribs strong; vertex
more or less reflected, margin oval, crenated; the branchial slit extending
about one-fourth of the height of the shell; inside glossy flesh-coloured.—
Mr Bell describes a shell apparently belonging to this species, in the Zool.
Journ. i. 52. t. iv. f 1., as having been found at Poole Harbour, under the
title Z. rosea. It only differs from ZL. fisswra in the variable characters of the
apex being higher and more recurved, and the inside of a delicate rose-
colour.
——
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. E. crassa.—Oval, obtusely conical, furrowed; with four or five stri be-
tween each furrow; fissure wide.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xxxii., upper fi-
gures.—In Crag, Ipswich.
2. E. reticulata.—Shell oval, reticulato-striated, vertex rather acute; prin-
cipal radii twenty-four or more.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xxxiii., lower figures.
—In Crag? Holywell.
3
366 MOLLUSCA. FISSURELLADA. Scissurguna.
3. E. tricarinata.—Conical, with the apex bent down ; surface marked with
three principal, and several lesser ribs, the spaces between them nearly
smooth; base oblong.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxix. f. 2.—In Oolite at An-
cliff.
4. E. scalaris.—Conical, ribbed ; apex excentric ; ribs many, connected by
numerous cross lines; base obovate.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxix. f. 3.—In
Oolite at Ancliffe.
Gen. XC. SCISSURELLA.—Shell with a depressed spire ;
the outer-lip notched with a deep slit, following the
growth of the volutions, obliterated to within a short dis-
tance of the margin, and forming a sort of keel upon the
back of the shell.
365. S. crispata.—-Transversely ribbed, and spirally striated ;
imer-lip reflected on the body-whorl.
In shell-sand at Noss, Zetland, after a storm.
Breadth about the fifteenth of an inch; white, and without any apparent
cuticle: whorls three, increasing rather rapidly from the slightly elevated
apex, and sloping, with a gentle convexity, from the separating line to the
keel; under side with a central cavity, from which the whorl extends, a lit-
tle convex, to the keel. The whorls are marked by numerous fine trans-
verse arcuated ribs, narrower than the intervening spaces, crossed by fine
longitudinal strize (most conspicuous in the spaces), giving to the shell its
peculiar reticulated appearance; the ribs on the upper side are coarser than
those below. The aperture is suborbicular, slightly depressed, the outer-lip
thin; the inner-lip slightly reflected over the cavity, spread on the body-
whorl, and continuous with the outer-lip. From the pillar-cavity a shallow
gutter extends anteally, and joins the pillar-lip ; this is chiefly conspicuous
on the largest specimens. The longitudinal slit in the middle of the outer-
lip extends backwards about two-thirds of the diameter of the shell, where it
joins the narrow groove in the keel of the shell which it had formerly occu-
pied. The margin of the slit is slightly elevated, as well as the groove,
which is seen winding round the whorls at the separating line, nearly to the
apex ; the groove itself is slightly ribbed across.—I found this shell in 1809,
and specimens then transmitted to Mr Montagu, were pronounced by him
the fry of a Trochus. It is, however, a well marked shell, and belongs to
the genus Scissurella of M. D’Orbigny.
(667 4)
Orver II. MOLLUSCA. ACEPHALA.
SecTION I. BRACHIOPODA.
Shell with two valves ; lobes of the cloak free anteriorly ; arms is-
suing from between the lobes at the margin of the mouth ; all the
species are marine and permanently attached.
PEDUNCULATA.
a. Shell supported on a fleshy peduncle.
Linguia.
b. Peduncle passing through the apex of one valve.
Terebratula.
Spirifer.
Magas.
SESSELIA.
Discina.
Criopus.
Obscure genera, apparently free, and extinct.
Pentamerus.
Productus.
$68 MOLLUSCA. ACEPHALA. Lineuna.
PEDUNCULATA.
Gren. LINGULA.—Valves equal, oval, flat, without teeth or
elastic ligament ; peduncle cylindrical and cartilaginous ;
margin of the cloak fringed with fine hairs.
1. L. mytilloides.—Ovate, anterior end slightly truncated ; beak indistinct.
—Mussel, Ure, Ruth. 310. tab. xvi. 6.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xix. f. 1, 2.—
Carboniferous Limestone.—Casts of a shell imbedded in shale in the coal for-
mation, figured by Ure, Hist. Ruth, 310. t. xvi. f. 5., probably belong to a
species of this genus. They seem to have a mesial ridge, with diverging
strize.
2. L. tenuis.—Elongated, lanceolate, anterior end truncated.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. xix. f. 3.—London Clay.
3. L. ovalis.—Depressed, oblong-oval, anterior edge circular, beak very
short.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xix. f. 4.—London Clay 2
Gren. XCI. TEREBRATULA.—Inequivalve, apex of the
largest valve perforated or emarginated for the passage of
the circular ligament ; hinge consisting of a projection on
each side the apex, and two elongated processes for sup-
porting the arms on the smaller valye, projecting into the
cavity.
366.—T. cranium.—Shell ventricose, semitransparent, front
margin slightly truncated; surface finely shagereened, and
slightly wrinkled concentrically.
Mull. Prod. 249. No. 3006.—Zool. Dan. t. xciv. f. 1.—T. vitrea, Flem.
Edin. Encyc. vol. vii. 96. t. 206. f 2.—T. cranium, Moné. Linn.
Trans. xi. 188. t. xiii. f| 2—Occasionally brought from deep water by
the cod-fishing-lines, Zetland. G
Length an inch and jth, breadth ,2,ths less; brownish-white; the shag-
greening is remarkably delicate, and seen only by the help of a lens; the la-
teral teeth of the large valves are bifid; those in the small valve give origin
to the two projecting processes, which have a small tooth near their base,
and project horizontally, upwards of three-fourths across the shell; the con-
centric wrinkles of growth occur irregularly ; peduncle simple.—To this pro-
bably belongs the Anomia Terebratula of 'Turton’s Conchological Dictionary,
p- 5., where a reference is made to Da Costa’s Elements, 292. t. vi. f. 3., and
where it is stated that a single specimen was dredged up alive in Dublin Bay,
and placed in the Museum of the Dublin Society.
367. 'T. psittacea.—Shell oval, with regular fine longitudinal
striz ; the beak much produced and curved ; the margin waved.
List. Conch. t. ecii. f. 46. Turt. Conch. Dict. 5. t. xi. f. 42. Biv. Brit.
236.— Cast ashore, after a severe gale, at Teignmouth, where Dr Tur-
ton has. since seen several fragments.
Teresratuta. MOLLUSCA. ACEPHALA. 369
Length nearly an inch and a quarter ; breadth one inch, convex, of a black-
ish horn-colour ; sides abruptly turned in, and flattened, and marked with a
few irregular strie; front margin a little indented on each side, and project-
ing in the middle; perforation somewhat triangular.
368. T. aurita—Regularly ribbed ; the large valve broadest
in the middle, semicircular in front, and becoming narrow at the
apex.
Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 498. t. iv. f. 5.—T. costata, Lowe, Zool. Journ. ii.
105. t. v. f. 8, 9.—West coast of Scotland.
Length about ,3,ths, breadth ~,ths of an inch; whitish; the ribs, from the
beak to the margin, the most distinct, rounded, and about eight in number,
obsoletely wrinkled concentrically ; the ribs, towards the sides, indistinct ;
margin crenulated by the ribs; the small valve nearly orbicular; the hinge
margin subtruncated, or rather obtusely angular, and having the sides de-
pressed ; inner surface punctated ; peduncle short, of numerous unequal and
tubular threads attached to a complicated tendino-muscular apparatus, and
chiefly to the lower valve. I obtained a small specimen of this species at
Ullapool, in Loch Broom. The one, of a larger size, described by Mr Lowe,
was found by Mr J. Berkely, at Oban.
—>—
EXTINCT SPECIES.
* Margin of the valves entire, or slightlg waved.
1. 'T. subrotunda.—Circular, depressed, smooth ; valves regularly and equal-
ly convex.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xv. f. 1, 2.—In Chalk.
2. 'T. ovata.—Ovate or oblong-ovate, depressed, smooth ; small valve flat-
tish, slightly pentangular.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xv. f 3.—In Green Sand.
3. 'T. punctata.—Oblong, depressed ; valves equally convex ; edge straight -
ened at the front ; the whole surface finely punctated.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. xv. f. 4.—In Lias.
4. T. carnea.—Depressed, smooth, obtusely five-sided; front edge short ;
valves equally convex, slightly flattened along the middle.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. xv. f. 5, 6.—In Chalk,
5. 'T. subundata.—Nearly circular, depressed, smooth; valves equally gib-
bous ; front margin straight or slightly depressed in the middle, with one un-
dulation on each side of it.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xv. f, 7.—In Chalk.
6. 'T. intermedia.—Obscurely five-sided, rather depressed, smooth; larger
valve most convex ; front margin undulated ; three depressions in the smaller
valve, and two in the larger.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xv. f. 8.—Green Sand.
7. T. semiglobosa.—Nearly circular, gibbous, smooth ; largest valve deepest,
and uniformly gibbous; front margin undulated, with two risings in the
smaller valve.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xv. f. 9.—In Chalk.
8. T. biplicata.—Oblong, gibbous; beak prominent; sides rounded; front
straightish when full grown, elevated with two distant large plaits.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. xc. and t. ecccxxxvii. f. 2, 3.—In Green Sand.
9. T. digona.—Triangular, oblong, gibbous ; beak prominent; sides round-
ed; front either convex or concave; when old, bounded by two prominent
angles, alike in each valve.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xevi.—Oolite.
10. T. ovoides.Ovate, elongated ; beak prominent; larger valve gibbous,
VOL. I. Aa
370 MOLLUSCA. ACEPHALA. TEREsRaATULA.
subcarinated ; lesser valve convex.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. c.; upper figure.—
In Green Sand. ‘7
11. T. Jata.—Orbicular, depressed ; beak prominent ; larger valve subcari-
nated at the back.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xc. ; lower figure—In Green Sand.
12. T. ornithocephala.—Ovato-rhomboidal ; depressed when young; elon-
gated and gibbous when old; front straight, bounded by two obtuse lateral
depressions, similar in each valye.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ci. f. 1, 2, 4.—In
Lias.
13. 'T. Jampas.—Ovato-rhomboidal gibbous ; front straight, produced, lesser
valve depressed.— Sower. Min. Conch. t. ci. f. 3—In Lias, at Lyme.
14. T. obovata.—Obovate, transverse, gibbous, flattish; beak prominent ;
front straightish, bounded by two obsolete plaits.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ci-
f. 5.—In Lias.
15. 'T. retorquata.—Oblong, ovate, front depressed by a large rounded plait ;
sides elevated, rounded; lower valve obtusely carinated, with a sharp beak,
and a longitudinal ridge along each side.—T. resupinata, Sower. Min. Conch.
t. cl. f. 3, 4.—Inferior Oolite.
16. 'T. coarctata.—Subheptagenal, gibbose, hispid, and decussated ; lesser
valve convex, subtrilobated; larger valve biplicated, with a deep angular
sulcus between the plaits—Park. Org. Rem. iii. 229. t. xvi.f 5. Sower. Min-
Conch. 312. f. 1, 4.—Oolite. .
17. reticulata.—Obovate, gibbose, subhispid, decussated ; front obscurely
three-sided ; lesser valve convex; larger valve obtusely biplicated, with a
shallow channel between the ridges.—Sower. Min. Conch. t- ccexii.— Oolite.
18. 'T. acuminata.—Heart-shaped ; front much elevated, with a deep acute
angular sinus in the margin ; surface finely striated—Mart. Derb. t. xxxii,
xxxili. £5, 8. Sower. Min. Conch. t. ceexxiv. and t. eeeexcv-—In Carboni-
ferous Limestone.
19. T’. afinis.—Orbicular, strongly striated; upper valve gibbose, with an
elevated sinus in the front; lower valve nearly flat.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. cecxxiv. f. 2.—In Carboniferous Limestone.
20. T. resupinata.—Transversely ovate, longitudinally striated ; striz mi-
nute, numerous, and equal; imperforate valve most convex; perforation tri-
angular.——Mart. Derb. t. xlix. f. 13, 14.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecexxy.— In
Carboniferous Limestone.
21. T. dineata.—Transversely oval, gibbose; minutely striated longitudi-
nally, and transversely sulcated; sulci distant, Mart, Derb. xxxvi. f. 3.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ecexxxv. f.1,:2.—Carboniferous Limestone.
22. 'l'. imbricata.—Transversely oval, gibbose, imbricated, longitudinally
suleated ; front slightly elevated; sulci obsolete—Sower. Min. Conch, t.
ceeexxxv. f. 3, 4.—In Carboniferous Limesione.
23. T. elongata.—Oval, convex, smooth; margin even; beak incurved.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. ececxxxiv. f. 1, 2.—In Chalk.
24. T. spheroidalis.—A depressed spheroid, with a slightly produced beak.
—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eecexxxv. f. 3.—Oolite.
25. T. bullata.—Orbicular, ventricose, with a produced and recurved beak ;
front indented ; depth greater than width.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cceeXxXxv.
f. 4.-Upper Oolite.
26. T. emarginata.—Subrhomboidal ; the lesser valve nearly flat, the other
Teresratuta. MOLLUSCA. ACEPHALA. 371
convex; front defined by two angles, or emarginate ; edge becoming blunt
by age.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cecexxxv. f. 5.—Upper Oolite.
27. 'T. globata.—Subglobose ; front elevated with two obtuse folds, and
slightly produced; surface often minutely punctated.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. ceccxxxvi. ft 1.—Upper Oolite.
28. T. perovalis.—Ovate, convex, with two elevated sinuses at the front,
which is depressed between them; beak incurved.—Sower. Min. Conch. t.
cecexxxvi. f. 2,.5.—Under Oolite.
29. T. maxillata.—Subquadrangular, convex ; two acute rising sinuses in
the front, and one obtuse sinus on each side; three conspicuous furrows in
the upper, and two in the lower valve; front rounded.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. cecexxxvi. f, 4.— Upper Oolite.
30. T. Sedia.—Subquadrangular, convex; front considerably elevated, nar-
row, emarginated when old; sides depressed, slightly rounded.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. cecexxxvii. f. 1.— Upper Oolite.
31. 'T. obtusa.—Suborbicular, rather depressed; front broad, elevated ;
edge obtuse.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cecexxxvii. ft 4..—From Cambridge.
32. T. obesa.—Ovate, gibbose, front elevated considerably, witha slight
broad sinus in the middle; beaked valve regularly convex to the edge; beak
incurved, short.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cecexxxviii. f. 1.—In Chalk.
33. T. bucculenta.— Rather square, with rounded sides, convex; front. pro«
duced, truncated, very slightly elevated ; beak short —.Sower. Min. Conch.
t. cecexxxviii. f. 2.—In Green Sand.
34. T. triquetra.—Suborbicular, with a produced incurved beak; valves
equally convex; front slightly indented; beak obtusely keel-shaped, with a
carina on each side.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cceextv. f. 1.—In Oolite.
35. T. indentata.—Elliptical, smooth, more or less gibbose ; valves equally
convex; front deeply notched; beak small, much incurved.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. cecexlv. f. 2.—In Limestone at Banbury.
36. 'T. Sacculus.—Obovate, gibbose, with a longitudinal groove along the
larger valve; the smaller valve slightly grooved ; front emarginate.—Anomia
laevis, Ure’s Ruth. 313. t.-xvi. f. 9.—A sacculus, Martin’s Derb. t. xlvi. f. 1, 2.
—Ter. Sace. Sower. Min. Conch: t. ececxlvi. f. 1.—In Carboniferous Limestone.
By Ged hastata.— Elliptical, subrhomboidal, rather depressed ; front trun-
cated and indented; edges sharp.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ceeexlvi. ft 2, 3.—
Greywacke Limestone, Cork.
38. T. cornuta.—Short, convex, with blunt edges, four-lobed ; the two
middle lobes produced ; the others very short-—Sower. Min. Conch. eecexlvi.
f. 4.—In Oolite.
39. T. ambigua.—Subpentangular, gibbose, perforated valve with a broad
mesial groove, with a mesial ridge, having a shallow central furrow enlarging
at the margin.—Spirifer ambiguus, Sower. Min. Conch. t. 376-—Carboniferous
Timestone.
** Margin of the valves dovetailed.
40. 'T. /ateralis—Oval, broader than long, gibbous; middle of the front
much elevated, with three deep but short plaits; sides with two plaits each,
much below the middle.-—Sower. Min. Conch. t. Ixxxiii, f 1.-In Carbonife-
vous Limestone.
Al. 'T. crumendimeDeltoid, gibbous, plaited; middle of the front elevated,
Aa
372 MOLLUSCA. ACEPHALA.. TEresratuta.
with three long plaits; sides with four or more plaits below the middle;
beak prominent.—Anomia striata, Ure, Ruth. 313. t. xiv. f| 6—Ammonites
crumena, Mart. Derb. t. xxxvi. fi 4.—Ter, erum. Sower. Min. Conch. t.
Ixxxiii. f. 2, 3.—Carboniferous Limestone.
42. T. tetraedra—Obtusely deltoid, gibbous, plaited ; front elevated in the
middle, with four or five sharp plaits ; four or more sharp plaits on each side ;
beak rather incurved.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. Ixxxiii. f. 4.In Oolite.
43. T. media.—Very obtusely deltoid; gibbous, plaited; front rounded,
with a rising in the middle, composed of six sharp plaits approaching those
in the middle; beak a little incurved.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. Ixxxiii. f. 5.—
In Ooilite.
44. T. concinna.—Nearly globose; acutely plaited; middle elevated by
seven plaits; twelve or more plaits on each side ; beak projecting. —Sower-
Min. Conch. t. Ixxxiii. f. 6.—In Oolite.
45. T. obsoleta.—Nearly round, gibbous, plaited ; middle of the front a lit-
tle elevated by seven plaits; sides having from seven to eleven plaits; beak
projecting.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. lxxxiii. f. 7. In Oolite.
46. T. plicatilis. Gibbose, transversely obovate, finely and obtusely plait-
ed; middle elevated by twelve plaits ; fifteen or more plaits on each side ;
beak slightly projecting. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxviii. f 1. In Chalk.
47. 'T. octoplicata. Gibbose, transversely obovate, obtusely plaited ; middle
elevated by eight plaits; twelve or fourteen plaits on each side; beak pro-
Jjecting. Sower. Min. Conch. exviii. f 2. In Chalk.
48. T. Wilsoni.—Circular, plaited; front cylindrical, margin acutely den-
tated, elevated in the middle with seven plates, nine or ten plates on each
side; valves compressed towards the beaks.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ¢xviii.
f, 3.—In Carboniferous Limestone at Mordiford, E.S.E. of Hereford.
49. T. pectita—Orbicular, gibbose, plicato-striated, with a flattish space
extending from the front to the beaks; beak of the lower valve prominent,
slightly incurved, back of the upper valve straight, with an incurved beak.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxxxviii. f: 1.—In Green Sand.
50. T. Lyra.—Oblong, convex, with diverging furcated plaits ; beak of the
lower valve greatly elongated, with two longitudinal septa, that of the up-
per valve short, incurved.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxxxviii. f. 2—In Green
Sand.
51. T. aeuta.—Ovato-triangular, slightly transverse; middle elevated by
one large acute angular plait; sides with one large and several small, plaits
each.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxl. f. 1, 2.—Jnferior Oolite.
52. 'T. Mantie.—Depressed, subtrigonous; with 16 angular plaits, half of
them on one side elevated; upper valve convex.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. eclxvii. ft 1.— Carboniferous Limestone, Ireland.
53. T. obliqua.—Depressed, transversely obovate, with 15 angular plaits,
the 5 central ones obliquely elevated from one side ; beak prominent.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. cclxxvii. f. 2.—In Chalk.
54. 'T. inconstans.—Globose, with about 26 angular plaits, half of them, on
one side, elevated; beak incurved.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cclxxvii. f 3, 4—
Middle Oolite.
55. T. dimidiata.—Transversely obovate, subdepressed, with a projecting
beak, plaited; upper valve convex; plaits about 30, half of which, on one
side, are elevated.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eclxxvii- f. 5.—In Green Sand.
TeEREBRATULA. MOLLUSCA. ACEPHALA. 373
56. 'T. Fimbria.—Orbicular, globose; margin undulato-plicated. — Sower.
Min. Conch. t, ecexxvi.— Under Oolite.
57. T. cordiformis.—Heart-shaped, front much elevated, with a deep sinus
in the margins sides rather convex, sharp-edged; middle ornamented with
several acute furrows, reaching almost to the beaks.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. cecexev. f 2, 4.-Carboniferous Limestone, Ireland.
58. T. reniformis.—Reniform, middle furnished with 3 or 4 longitudinal
ridges, terminated by acute plaits in the much elevated margin of the front ;
sides inflated below the entire edges.—Sower. Min. Conch. t, eccexevi. f. 1-4.
—Carboniferous Limestone, Ireland.
59. T. platyloba.—Transversely obovate, depressed; front elevated, with
several acute plaits in the middle of the sinus ; sides with one or two obscure
plaits upon their edges.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eceexcvi. f 5, 6.—In Carboni-
ferous Limestone at Clitheroe.
60. T. Pugnus.—Obovato-deltoid, rather depressed; front much elevated,
with from 4 to 6 plaits in the middle of the sinus ; sides convex, with several
plaits upon their edges—Anomites Pugnus, Mart. Derb. t. xxiii. f. 4, 5.—T.
Pug. Sower. Min. Conch. t. eecexevii.—In Carboniferous Limestone.
61. 'T. data.—Transversely oblong, convex, regularly plaited ; front elevat-
ed; the perforated valve flattest, with a produced beak; plaits 40.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. vii. f. l.—In Green Sand.
62. 'T. depressa.—Triangular, depressed, regularly plaited ; front elevated ;
lateral angles rounded ; beaks produced ; plaits 20.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pii.
f. 2.—In Green Sand.
63. T. nuciformis.—Transversely oblong, globose, regularly pliated; front
elevated; beak produced; plaits 30, rounded.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pii.
f. 3.—In Green Sand.
64. T. acuta.—Transversely oblong, gibbose, largely plaited ; front elevat-
ed with six plaits, of which the lateral are the largest; beak slightly pro.
duced; plaits 20, sharp.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pil. f. 4—In Lias, Clieve
Hill, near Cheltenham.
65. T. plicatella—Subglobose, rather square, plaited ; front elevated ; beak
small, with a broad oblong concave space on each side ; plaits 40, rounded.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. piu. f. 1.—In Inferior Oolite.
66. T. serrata.—Rounded triangular, convex, with a blunt margin, largely
plaited ; beak small, with a large, nearly flat, space on each side of it; plaits
sharp, about 11, of which, 5 are a little raised in front.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. Dili. f. 2.—In Lias.
67. T. flabellula.—Depressed, plaited; plaits about 16, simple, rounded ;
lesser valve transversely obovate ; larger valve with a straight, rectangular,
projecting beak.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxxxv. f. 1.—In Oolite.
68. T. furcata.—Nearly orbicular, plaited ; plaits rounded, about 9 in num-
ber, forked when full grown; the larger valve most convex; its beak large,
curved.— Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxxxv. f. 2.—In Oolite.
69. T. orbicularis.— Uniformly convex, plaited; plaits angular, simple,
about 15; lesser valve orbicular, the other with a large curved beak.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. pxxxv. f. 3.—In Lias.
70. T. oblonga.—Oblong, gibbose, plaited; plaits 16 or more, forked, their
edges rounded; beaks large, broad, slightly incurved.-Sower; Min. Conch.
t. Dxxxy. f 4, 5, 6.=-In Green Sand.
374 MOLLUSCA. ACEPHALA. SPIRIFER.
71. T. hemispherica.—Hemispheerical, with a produced incurved beak, lon-
gitudinally striated; strize very numerous.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccxxxvi.
f. 1.—In Oolite.
72. T. rigida.-—Orbicular, plaited ; plaits granulated, increasing in number
towards the margin; lesser valve nearly flat, the other convex, with a small
beak.—Sower. Min. Conch. t- Dxxxvi. f. 2.—In Chalk.
73. T. striatula.—Imperfectly bilobate, compressed, longitudinally ovate
and striated ; front truncated, sometimes with a sinus ; striz granulated, re-
peatedly forked.-- Mant. Geol. Suss. 131. t. xxv. f. 7, 8, and 12. Sower. Min.
Conch. t. Dxxxvi. f. 3, 4, 5.—In Chalk.
74. T. pisum.—Suborbicular, rather square, thick, depressed, plaited ; plaits
numerous, simple, sometimes granulated ; front slightly elevated, beak small,
incurved.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. Dxxxvi. f. 6, 7.—In Chalk Mari.
75. T. rostrata.—Suborbicular, gibbose, plaited; plaits many, rounded ;
beak large, produced, slightly incurved, pointed ; front slightly elevated.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxxxvii. f. 1, 2,—In Chalk Marl.
. 76. T. truncata.—Semicireular, plaited ; plaits sharp, from 9 to 20, some of
them forked ; front elevated with from | to 5 plaits ; hinge-line straight, equal
to the width of the shell; lesser valve nearly flat, the other subconical, with
a straight beak, which is flat in the front.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. Dxxxvii.—
In Green Sand.
77. T. Gibbsiana.—Suborbicular, rather triangular, ventricose, with nume-
rous rounded, simple plaits ; front much elevated, with about 10 er 12 plaits,
flattened; beak small, incurved, pointed; small valve most convex.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. pxxxvii. f: 4.—In Green Sand.
78. Mantelliana.—Transversely obovate, gibbose, plaited; plaits 10, sharp,
front elevated with 4 to 6 plaits; beak prominent but small.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. Dxxxvii. f 6.—In Chalk Marl.
‘Besides the above extended list of extinct species. (of which not a few will
probably be found to be varieties), there are indications of a few other species
in the writings of British geologists ; but too obscure to warrant their imser-
tion here.
—
Gren. SPIRIFER. — Hinge transverse ; perforation for the
ligament triangular, in a longitudinal flattened space un-
der the beak ; two spirally coiled linear appendages to
the hinge, nearly filling the shell.
1. S. cuspidatus.—Apex of the perforated valve broadly truncated, forming
a flat triangular space, the-base of which is in the hinge, longitudinally rib.
bed with a broad mesial furrow ; the other valve ribbed, with a mesial ridge
—Anomia cusp. Mart. Linn. Trans. iv. 45. t. iii.—Spir. cusp. Sower. Min.
Conch. t. exx and t. eccelxi. f. 2.—In Carbonifercus Limestone.
2. S. trigonalis.—Gibbose, transversely striated, with:about twenty-six ra-
diating sulei; hinge-line as. long as the shell is wide; front. semicircular ;
the three central ridges elevated; beaks incurved, approximating.—Ano.
mi striata, Ure, Ruth. 314. t. xv. f£ 1.—An. trigonalis, Mart. Derb. t. xxxvi.
f. 1.—Spir. trig. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cclxv.—In Carboniferous Limestone.
3. S. triangularis.—“ Differs from 8. trigonalis principally in the sides being
direct or straight, not rounded, forming acute angles with the hinge; and,
SPIRIFER. MOLLUSCA. SPIRIFERA. 375
in the sinus, which is smooth and angular, instead of being rounded and stri-
ated.”Mart. Derb. t. xxxvi. f. 2.—In Carboniferous Limestone, Derbyshire.
4. S. oblatus. —Gibbose, transversely obovate, smooth, with an obtuse,
rather square, elevation along the middle ; beaks approximated.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. eclxviii—Carboniferous Limestone.
5. S. glaber.—Nearly twice as wide as long, generally sharp-edged.— Mart.
Derb. t. xlviii. f- 9-10.—Sower. Min. Conch. celxix., two upper fig.—In Car-
boniferous Limestone :—probably identical with the last.
6. S. obtusus.—Gibbose, transversely oval, very obscurely striated, with an
obtuse, rounded elevation along the middle; beaks rather distant.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. cclxix., two lower figures.—In Carboniferous Limestone.
7. 8. striatus—Hinge-depression extending the whole breadth of the shell ;
longitudinal ribs numerous, unequal, branched, mesial ridge rounded.—Ano-
mites striatis. Mart. Derb. t. xxiii. —Spir. striatus, Sower. Min. Conch.
t. cclxx., and 8. rotundatus, ib. t. cecclxi. f 1 —Carboniferous Limestone.
8. S. pinguis.—Gibbose, transversely obovate, with a straight back, longi-
tudinally sulcated, elevated in the middle; sulci eight or nine on each side,
and one in the centre of the elevation.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eclxxi.—Car-
boniferous Limestone.
9. S. acutus.—Valves convex, semicircular, with deep equal ribs, the me.
sial edge and furrow smooth; hinge-space short; beak of the perforated
valve prominent, incurved.—-Anomites acutus, Mart. Pet. Derb. t. xlix. f. 15,
16. Spirifer minimus, Sower. Min. Conch. t. ceclxxvii. f. 1.—Carboniferous
Limestone.
10. 8. Walcottii—Suborbicular, gibbose, with one large, rounded, elevated
fold in the middle, and four smaller ones on each side.—-Sower. Min. Conch.
t. ecclxxvii. f. 2. In Lias.
11. 8S. dineatus.—Gibbose, covered with numerous diverging sharp strive ;
front semicircular, elevated in the middle; from the elevation of the front
a convex band proceeds to the beak; hinge-line long and straight; beaks
rather distant.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cceexcii. f 1, 2.—In Carboniferous
Limestone.
12. §. attenuatus:—Convex, covered with numerous linear furrows, which
increase in number towards the margin ; front rounded, elevated in the mid-
dle, from each side of the elevation a deep furrow proceeds to the beak ;
sides produced, pointed; hinge-line long, straight ; space between the beaks
flat, with nearly parallel edges.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cceexciii. f. 3, 4, 5.—
In Carboniferous Limestone.
13. S. bisuleatus.—Semicircular, gibbose, longitudinally sulcated, elevated in
the middle, a deep furrow on each side the elevation; hinge-line long,
straight ; beaks close.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ceecxciv.—Carboniferous Lime-
stone. ©
14. §. distans.—Semicircular, gibbose ; sides sulcated longitudinally ; front
elevated, elevation extending to the beaks, concave along the middle ; beaks
incurved, distant, the space between them curved, triangular.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. eecexciv. f. 3.— Carboniferous Limestone.
15. S. resupinatus.—Transversély oval, with numerous longitudinal striz
and distant marks of growth; perforated valve slightly convex towards the
beaks, depressed towards the margin; the other valve mire convex ; mar-
376 MOLLUSCA. SESSILIA. Discrna.
gin not waved; hinge patulous, short.—Anomiz striata, Ure, Ruth. 314.
t. xiv. f. 13, 14.—A. resupinatus, Mart. Derb. t- xlix. £13, 14.—In Carboni-
Ferous Limestone.
16. S. Martini.—Transversely oval, convex, decussatedly striated; the
longitudinal striz close, equal, minute; the transverse ones broad, promi-
nent, remote; beak incurved, pointed ; hinge patulous, short.—Anomitis
lineatis, Mart. Derb. t. xxxvi. f. 3.—In Carboniferous Limestone.
17. S. Urii.—Smooth, a mesial furrow in each valve, ending in front in a
straight wave of the margin; imperforate valve nearly flat, with a straight
gibbosity at the apex; perforated valve with a gibbous lengthened incurved
beak ; hinge patulous, short.—Ure, Ruth. 313. t. xiv. f. 12.—Carboniferous
Limestone.
18. S. exaratus.—Perforated valve with broad, smooth, flattened ribs, di-
vided by shallow narrow furrows ; beak gibbous, incurved, hinge very short.
I have frequently found the perforated valve of this well marked species,
but always mutilated, and without the other valvee-—In Carboniferous Lime-
stone, West Lothian.
Gen. MAGAS.—“ An unequilateral unequivalved bivalve ;
one valve with an angular sinus along an incurved beak ;
line of the hinge and back of the other valve straight, with
two projections near the middle. A partial longitudinal
septum, with appendages attached to the hinge within.” —
( Sowerby.)
1. M. pumilus.—The beaked valve is hemispherical, smooth, with a circu-
lar edge, and small, incurved beak; the other valve nearly flat, with a long
transverse straight beak.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxix.—In Chalk.
SESSILIA.
Gen. XCII. DISCINA.—Shell convex, upper valve with an
entire subcentral apex, under valve with the apex promi-
nent and pierced by an oblong fissure, for the passage of
the ligament.
369. D. ostreoides.—Upper valve with fine longitudinal ribs,
crossed by concentric wrinkles.
Lamark, Hist. pt. i. 236.—Orbicula Norvegica, G. B. Sowerby, Lin.
Trans. xiii. 468. t. xxvi. f. 2.— Habitat uncertain.
Length about ths, breadth ;ths of an inch; brown, the lower valve
white ; the margin is more or less waved; the ribs, as they proceed from the
apex, are slightly bent, the concentric wrinkles of growth are numerous and
unequal, especially near the margin ; inside, under the apex, with two irre-
gular callous ridges; under valve concentrically wrinkled, a dise round the
EE
CrRioPus. MOLLUSCA. SESSILIA. 877
fissure, to which the peduncle adheres; inside thickened round the fissure,
with a vertical grooved tooth. I have been induced to give this species
(which was found attached to stones used as ballast, and brought to Lam-
beth) its present place, but even without good proof of its British origin, for
the purpose of rectifying some strange mistakes in nomenclature, which have
been committed in reference to this and the following genus. The specimen
in my possession I owe to the kindness of Mr J. Sowerby.
—
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. D. reflewa.—Shell subelliptical, most pointed towards the back, polish-
ed; upper valve rather convex, with the vertex near the posterior margin ;
lower valve flat, with a nearly central vertex, the margin reflected ; sinus for
the byssus large, elongated.—Orbicula ref. G. B. Sower. Zool. Journ. ii. 321.
t. xi. f.7. Min. Conch. t. dvi. f 1.—LZias. .
2. D. Humphreisiana.—Conical, orbicular, marked with diverging striz ;
apex elevated, rather excentric, obtuse—Orbicula Humph. Sower. Min.
Conch. t. pvi. f. 2.—Oolite.
3. D. granulata.—Conical, orbicular, marked with granulated radii; apex
elevated.—Orbicula gran. Sower. Min. Conch. t. Dvi. f 3, 4.—Oolite at An-
cliffe.
Gen. XCIII. CRIOPUS. (Pott1.)—Under valve cemented to
stones ; upper valve depressed, the inside with two round-
ed marginal, and two arculated subcentral muscular im-
pressions.
370. C. anomalus.—Shell rough, with obsolete concentric
wrinkles, apex prominent.
Patella anomala, Mull. Prod. 237. No. 2870. Zool. Dan. t. v. f. 1-8.—
Patella distorta, Flem, Edin. Ency. vii. 65. t. 204. f. 4.—Mont. Linn.
Trans. xi. 195. t. xiii. f 5.—Orbicula Novegica, Lam. Hist. vi. pt. i.
242,.—-Crania personata, G. B. Sowerby, Linn. Trans. xiii. 471. t. 26.
f. 3.—Criopus anomalus, Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 499.—Discina ostreoi-
des, Turt. Biv. Brit. 238.—On loose stones from deep water, Zetland.
Length §,ths, breadth ,4,ths, and height ,;ths of an inch; brown; sub-
quadrangular, wrinkled by the lines of growth, apex subcentral, inside punc-
tated ; lower valve very thin, in young specimens membranaceous ; four mus-
cular impressions. Muller states, that the spiral arms are white. Accord-
ing to Mr G. B. Sowerby the C. turbinatus, the type of the genus Criopus of
Poli, and Orbicula, of Lamark, from the Mediterranean, differ only in the
greater thickness and irregularity of the lower valve. A specimen referred
to the Mediterranean species has been found by Mr Miller, at Bristol, on
the Arca Noze. It is probable that the genus Crania of Lamark is nearly
related to, yet distinct from, the Criopus.
——=
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. C. Parisiensis.—Suborbicular, depressed; upper valve thin, obscurely
granulato-spinose, smooth in the centre ; lower valve thick, with the margin
much elevated, and of a conspicuously cellular structure.—Crania Par. Sower.
Min, Conch. t. 408.—-On Echini in Cha/k.
378 MOLLUSCA. SESSILIA. PENTAMERUS.
Grey. PENTAMERUS.—Shell bivalve, equilateral, inequi-
valved ; one valve divided by a longitudinal internal sep-
tum into two parts, the other by two septa into three parts
or valves. Beaks incurved, imperforate ; both valves con-
vex.
1. P. Knightii—Circular, with many longitudinal furrows ; tripartite valve
much depressed, with a short slightly incurved beak ; bipartite valve conical,
gradually produced into a long incurved beak.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xxviii.
upper figure.— Carboniferous Limestone.
2. P. Aylesfordii.—Nearly circular, with longitudinal furrows; tripartite
valve convex, with a prominent incurved beak ; bipartite valve gibbous, in-
curved, conical, with a much incurved beak.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xxix.—
Carboniferous Limestone.
3. P. levis—Smooth, triangular, front rounding beaks incurved.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. xxviii. right hand figure.—Carboniferous Limestone.
Gren. PRODUCTUS.—Shell bivalve, equilateral, inequivalve;
hinge transverse ; one valve convex, the other flat or con-
cave.
1. P. dongispinus.—Eared ; convex valve gibbous, with a mesial depression,
the other valve concave ; hinge long; the convex valve with several unequal
cylindrical hollow spines; obsoletely ribbed longitudinally with transverse
wrinkled layers of growth.—Anomiz echinatz, Ure Ruth. 314. t. xv. f 4.—
Prod. long. Sower. Min. Conch. lxviii. f. i P. Flemingii, Ib. f. 2.—Carboni-
ferous Limestone.
2. P. spinosus.—Roundish, very gibbose, obsoletely ribbed ; destitute of the
mesial depression ; convex valve with many strong spines..—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. Lxix. f..2.—In’ Carboniferous Limestone.
3. P, spinelosus.—Semicircular, flattish ; hinge long and straight ; convex
valve gibbous towards the beak, with many small spines spread over it; the
other valve also spinous, with irregular depressions, and very concave.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. xviii. f 3.—Carboniferous Limestone.
4. P. aculeatus.—Roundish, concave valve smooth ; the other with adpres-
sed’ reflected spines ; gibbous ; front slightly indented ; hinge half the breadth
of the shell.—Anomites acul. Mart. Derb. t. xxxvii. f. 9, 10.—P. acul. Sower.
Min. Conch. t. xviii. f 4.— Carboniferous Limestone.
5. P. scabriusculus.—Nearly round, flat valve obscurely punctato-striated,
the other :gibbous, marked with longitudinal strie, and prominent tubercles
ranged nearly in quincunx order ; hinge straight, equal te the breadth of the
shell.—Anomites scab. Mart. Derb. t- xxxvi. f 5. P. scab. Sower. Min.
Conch. t. Ixxix. f. 1.—Carboniferous Limestone.
6. P. scoticus.—Semicircular, with fine longitudinal strize and a few obso-
lete spines,'gibbous towards the beak ; sides expanded into the line of the
thinge, with a mesial depression ; ‘hinge nearly twice the length of the shell.
Sower. Min. Conch, 't.' bxix. f. 3. and P. antiquatus, Jd. t. ecexvii. f. 1,5, 6.
—Carboniferous Limestone.
PRopvuCcTUs. MOLLUSCA. SESSILIA. 379
7. P. Martini.—Semicylindrical, convex above, with a flattened front,
deeply striated ; a few spines ; lesser valve nearly flat, deeply inserted ; hinge
line equal to the width of the shell_~Ammonites prod. Mart. Derb. t. xxii.
f. 1,2,3. P. Martini, Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccxvii. f 2,3, 4; and P. concin-
nus, Jb. t. cccxviii. f. i—In Carboniferous Limestone, common.
8. P. Jobatus.—Convex valve with a mesial groove; spines few; the ribs
coarser, and the sides more compressed than the preceding species, with which
it may be readily confounded.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eccxviii. f. 2-6; and
P. sulcatus, Jb. t. cccxix. f 2.—-In Carboniferous Limestone.
9. P. horridus.—Quadrangular, with a large furrow along the middle, ear-
ed, thorny ; ears prominent, subcylindrical; beak much incurved, large.—
Sower Min. Conch. t. cccxix. f. 1.—In Magnesian Limestone.
10. P. humerosus.—Oblong, squarish, depressed, striated, spinose? or his-
pid ? hinge line less than the width of the valve ; in the larger valve are two
very deep cavities near the beak, and a third connected with the beak; front
flattish.—_ Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccxxii.—In Magnesian Limestone.
11. P. giganteus.—Transversely oblong, with dilated sides and rugose irre-
gular striz, longitudinally undulated or sulcated ; larger valve’ gibbose.—
Amonites giganteus, Mart. Derb. t. xv. P. gig. Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecexx.
— Carboniferous Limestone.
12. P. crassus— Rounded, longitudinally sulcated, ard striated; stris tu-
bercular; sides not dilated.—Ammonites crassus, Mart. Derb. t. xvi.—Car-
boniferous Limestone.
13. P. personatus.—Hemispherical, irregularly striated, beneath very con-
cave; within the larger valve are three deep cavities, one connected with
the beak, and two remote.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccxxi.—Carboniferous
Limestone.
14. P. punctatus.—Shell rounded, slightly elongated, with a shallow mesial
depression transversely sulecated; the anterior part of the furrows and the
ridges thickly covered with long cylindrical spines, concealing the shell.—
Conche pilose, Ure, Ruth. 316. t. xv. f. 7. Anomites punctatus, Mart.
Derb. t. xxxvii. ft 6,7, 8. P. punct. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccxxiii—In Car-
boniferous Limestone.
15. P. fimbriatus.—Shell slightly elongated, rounded, gibbous towards the
apex, with rather distant transverse ridges; thinly spinous.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. cecclix. f. 1.—Carboniferous Limestone.
16. P. semireticulatus.—Semiorbicular, with a shallow mesial depression ;
longitudinally striated, the striz rude, strong, and unequal; transversely
wrinkled._Anomites semi. Mart. Derb. t. xxxii. f. 1-4.—In Carboniferous
Limestone.
17. P. hemisphericus.—Hemispherical, longitudinally striated ; striz fine ;
lower valve very concave.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecexxviii.—Carboniferous
Limestone.
18. P. comoides.—Semicircular, gibbose, very finely striated ; disk inflated ;
back straight, extending the whole width of the shell.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. cecxxx.— Carboniferous Limestone.
19. P. latissimus.—Transverely oblong, depressed, coarsely striated; beak
much incurved ; hinge line very long.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eccxxx.—Car-
boniferous Limestone.
380 MOLLUSCA. SESSILIA. Propuctus.
20. P. plicatilis—Transversely oblong, convex above, depressed in the
middle, longitudinally striated and transversely wrinkled, spinose ; front
smooth.<—-Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccclix. f. 2.— Carboniferous Limestone.
21. P. depressa.—Nearly semicircular, depressed, corrugated, longitudinal-
ly striated ; upper portion convex near the beak, concave near the margin ;
front abruptly descending.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccclix. f. 3.—Carboniferous
Limestone.
The species of this genus, appear to have a strong analogy with the Bra-
chiopoda in the singular shagreened aspect of the shell externally, when well
preserved ; and in the process which rises vertically, into the cavity, from
the inside of the concave valve, besides several elevations near the hinge. It
is probable that all the Producti and Pentameri were free shells,
MOLLUSCA. BIVALVIA. 381
BIVALVIA.
ASIPHONIDA.
Cloak open, like the aperture of the shell, and permitting the
water to come immediately in contact with the mouth and
gills. 'The margin of the cloak has a double fringe of fi-
laments.
I. Valves closed by one adductor muscle.
A. Shell free, or adhering to other bodies by a byssus only ;
furnished with a foot.
a. Ligament narrow, and confined to a space under the beaks.
PECTENIDAY
b. Shell compact.
Pecten.
Lima.
Plagiostoma.
(Pedum.)
bb. Shell foliated.
Gryphea.
(Vulsella.)
(Placuna.)
aa. Ligament? marginal, sublinear, simple or interrupted by the
hinge teeth or pits ; shell foliated. PERNaDz&.
Perna.
Gervillea.
Crenatula.
Inoceramus.
(Malleus.)
AA. Shell fixed or cemented to other bodies ; inequivalve.
a. Hinge plain or destitute of teeth. Ostreade.
Ostrea.
Dianchora.
(Hinnites.)
Anomia.
aa. Hinge furnished with teeth. Spondylide.
Spondylus.
Plicatula.
382 MOLLUSCA’ BIVALVIA.
II. Valves closed by two adductor muscles.
A. Hinge with teeth.
a. Teeth numerous in both valves,
b. Teeth of the hinge simple. Arcap#.
ce. Hinge teeth on a straight line; a transverse area be-
tween the beaks.
Arca.
Cucullea.
cc. Hinge-teeth on a bent line.
Pectunculus.
Nucula.
bb. Teeth of the hinge transversely striated. T'rigoniade.
Trigonia.
(Castalia.)
aa. Hinge with a single tooth.
Avicula.
AA. Hinge without teeth.
(Meleagrina.) .
Pinna.
PECTEN. MOLLUSCA. BIVALVIA. 383
PECTENID2.
Gren. XCIV. PECTEN. Scattor.—Shell suborbicular ;
beaks approximate ; ligament internal, seated in a triangu-
lar cavity, a byssus issuing under the ear of the right valve ;
foot small, pedunculated; mouth with branched tentacula.
* Ears of the shell equal, or nearly so.
371. P. maximus.—The left or upper valve flat, depressed
towards the beak, the ribs rounded and striated longitudinally.
List. An. Ang. 184. Conch. t. clxiii—Ostrea maxima, Linn. Syst. i.
1144,—P. max. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 99. t. lix. f. 61. Mont. Test.
Brit. 143. Turt. Bev. 207.—Gregarious on many parts of the coast.
Length about 5 inches ; under valve whitish, upper valve variegated with
brown; ribs 12 to 16, longitudinally grooved and ‘transversely striated.
Dredged and used as food; it is said by old fishermen, to be taken in great-
est quantity after a fall of snow.
372. P. Jacobceus—The upper valve flat, depressed, towards
the beak, the ribs rounded and destitute of longitudinal striz.
P. magnus, List. Conch. t. clxv.—Ostrea Jac. Linn. Syst. i. 1144.—P.
Jac. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 100. t. lx. f. 62. Mont. Test. Brit. 144.
Turt. Biv. 208.—On the coast of England, rare.
Length about 3 inches; lower valve white, upper valve rufous; ribs about
16, in the upper valve rough, subquadrangular, with a few longitudinal
grooves, the interstices nearly smooth; the ribs in the lower valve rounded,
and, together with the grooves, transversely striated.
373. P. opercularis—The left valve convex; ribs rounded,
nearly smooth.
P. tenuis, List. An. Ang. 185. Conch. t. cxix.—P. oper. Linn. Syst. i.
1147.—P. subrufus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 100. t. lx. f 63.—P. oper.
Mont. 'Test. Brit. 145. Twurt. Biv. Brit. 209.,and P. subrufus, p. 210.
—Common on oyster beds.
Breadth from 2 to 3 inches; coloured plain or variegated ; ribs about 18,
the whole shell obsoletely striated longitudinally, and finely striated trans-
versely, especially in the furrows.
374. P. lincatus.—The left valve convex; a red line along
the rough ridge of each rib.
(Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 147. t. x. f 8.) Pult. Dorset. 36.—Ostrea lin.
Don. Brit. Shells, t. cxvi.—Southern coast of England. ~
This shell. is smalker than the preceding, the sides do not rise quite so
high towards the ears; and the ribs are much finer. It seems to have been
first noticed by Dr Pultney. Dr Turton considers it as a variety of P. oper-
cularis.
384 MOLLUSCA. BIVALVIA. PEcTEN.
375. P. sinuwosus.—Distorted with numerous foliated or spi-
nous rays.
P. minimus, angustior, List. An. Ang. 186. Conch. t. clxxii. and clxxxix.
— Wallace, Ork. 44.—P. Pusio, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 101. t. lxi. f. 65.
P. distortus, Mont. Test. Brit. 148.—P. sinuosus, Turt. Biv. Brit. 210.
—In crevices of sea rocks.
Length seldom two inches, and breadth an inch and a half; colour various ;
lower valve convex, tke left nearly flat, especially towards the extremity ;
ribs numerous, unequal, and covered with foliaceous spines along the layers
of growth. This species, when lodging in the crevices of rocks, is apt, like
the Mytili, to become distorted by confinement ; a circumstance which has led
some naturalists to believe (though they admit the existence of a dyssus,)
that the shell is attached by its lamellar spines, to the rock; and that it be-
longs to the genus HrnnireEs of De France.
376. P. glaber.—Shell with seven obsolete ribs and interme-
diate longitudinal strize, nearly smooth.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 102. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 59. t. xxviii f. 6.—
Anglesea and Firth of Forth, rare.
Length and breadth about an inch, mottled with brown and yellow, or
plain ; the largest ear reticulated, the other striated; the valves are rather
flat; minutely striated concentrically by the layers of growth; inside with
21 slender rays, the middle ones in fours.
377. P. tumidus.— Shell equivalve, inequilateral, quite
smooth, with one of the sides produced.”
Turt. Biv. Brit. 212. t. xvii. f/ 3.—Taken from the Serpula tubularia, in
Torbay.
“ Shell a quarter of an inch in diameter, orbicular ; glossy white, transpa-
rent, and without strie, ribs, or marks of any kind; the sides are not equal,
in consequence of one of them being prominent in a rounded manner : ears
very nearly equal.”
** Ears of the shell unequal.
378. P. varius—Ribs thirty-two, rounded, with numerous
scaly spines.
P. subrufus, List. Conch. t. 180.—Ostria var. Linn. Syst. i. 1146.—Pec-
ten var. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 101. t. lxi. f 64. Mont. Test. Brit. 146.
Turt. Biv. Brit. 214.—On oyster beds.
Length upwards of two inches ; white, red, or mottled ; spinous scales con-
cave on the layers of growth ; furrows finely reticulated.
379. P. niveus—Ribs forty-two, rounded, with few scaly
spines.
Maegillivray, Edin. Phil. Journ. vol. xiii. 166. t. iii. f| 1—From the
outer Hebrides.
This species differs from the preceding in the pure whiteness of its colour;
the greater number of its ribs, with their few scaly spines, and in the fur-
rows being marked with transverse waved striz, instead of reticulations. I
owe the specimen in my possession to the kind attention of Mr Macgilli-
vray.
Pecren. MOLLUSCA. BIVALVIA. 385
380. P. Pusio.—*< Shell oblong oval equivalve, with forty
rounded and nearly smooth striz, which are alternately smal-
ler.”
P. parvus, List. Conch. t. elxxxix.—Ostrea Pusio, Linn. Syst. i. 1146.—
Pecten Pusio, Turt. Biv. Brit. 215. t. xvii. f 2—From the rocks in
Torbay.
* Shell Sths of an inch long, and § an inch broad; brownish-white, with
chocolate transverse zigzag bands, often saffron or crimson, but variable in
colours; the under valve usually clear white; with about 40 fine rounded
striz, which are mostly alternately larger and smaller, and very slightly mu-
ricate about the margin.” — Turion.
381. P. Islandicus—Ribs numerous, rough, unequal, irregu-
larly grouped.
List. Conch. t. mivii.f. 4. Turt. Conch. Dict. 258 Biv. Brit. 216,—
West coast of Scotland.
Length upwards of 3 inches; colour reddish; ribs from 70 to 100, with
rough scales, the ribs are grouped in pairs or otherwise; the furrows are re-
ticulated. A specimen in my possession, from the silt of the Clyde, given
me several years ago by Mr Laskey, is 3} inches in length, and 3 inches in
breadth.
382. P. obsolctus.—Surface of the shell delicately shagreened.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 102. t. lxi. f. 66. Don. Brit. Shells, t. i. f. 2. Mont.
Test. Brit. 149. Sup. 57.—Ostrea levis, Maton and Racketi, Linn.
Trans. viii. 100. t. iii. f 5.—P. ob. Turt. Biv. Brit. 213. t. ix. f. 6.—In
sandy bays.
Shell rarely exceeding an inch in diameter ; colour purple, or mottled with
brown ; surface sometimes even, with obsolete ridges, or with the margin re-
gularly ribbed; but in all cases the reticulated surface, when seen by a lens,
is a sufficiently distinguishing mark of this, otherwise, variable species.
383. P. levis—Smooth and glossy, with unequal striated
ears.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 102. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 61. Turi. Biv. Brit.
212.—Western coasts of England.
Diameter about half an inch; colour white ; slightly and irregularly wrink-
led concentrically ; thin, and semitransparent.
384. P. similis—Shell thin, semitransparent, smooth, beau-
tifully clouded with brown, of a compressed globose form, with
unequal ears.
Laskey, Wern. Mem. i. 387. t. viii. f. 8.—Found in the Frith of Forth.
The under side of the shell is more prominent than the upper. The P. tw-
midus is probably only a variety of this species.
—_—<=>_
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. P. quadricostata.— Triangular, nearly even, front semicircular, margin
notched ; convex valve ribbed, larger costs six, three smaller between each ;
posterior attricle large.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. lvi. f. 1, 2.—In Green Sand.
2. P. quinquecostata. — Subtriangular, rather oblique, front semicircular,
VOL. I. Bb
386 MOLLUSCA. BIVALVIA. Prcren.
toothed ; convex valve gibbous, ribbed, principal costz 6, with 4 lesser ones
between each ; surface finely transversely striated ; upper valve flat-toothed.
—Sower. Min. Conch. t. lvi. f. 4-8.—In Chalk and Green Sand.
3. P. equivalvis—Lenticular, with rounded diverging ribs, and many acute
concentric striz; valves equally convex, the lower one smoothest; ears
equal.—-Sower. Min. Conch. t. exxxvi. f. imUnder Oolite.
4. P. fibrosus.—Depressed, orbicular, with a rectangular beak, nine or ten
broadish diverging grooves, and numerous sharp concentric strize; ears equal,
rectangular ; margin undulated internally.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. exxxvi.
f. 2.—Under Oolite.
5. P. Beaveri.—Depressed, orbicular, smooth, with irregular longitudinal
costee ; ears as wide as the shell, nearly equal.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clviii.
—Chalk Marl.
6. P. orbicularis.— Orbicular, much depressed, concentrically striated ; striz
elevated, sharp; one valve smooth ; ears nearly equal, broadest at the base.
Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxxxvi.—In Green Sand.
7. P. corneus.—Orbicular, much depressed, smooth; ears small, nearly
equal; two obtuse teeth near the ear within each valve.— Sower. Min.
Conch. t. cciv.—London Clay.
8. P. obscwrus.—Suborbicular, depressed, with obscure arched longitudinal
. rugze upon the surface ; ears large.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccv. f. 1.—Under
Oolite.
9. P. lens. —Orbicular, convex; surface marked with diverging arched
striz ; strizee deeply punctured.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccv. f 2, 3.—Under
Oolite.
10. P. Jaminatus.—Suborbicular, depressed, striated; striae arched, diver-
ging; ears triangular, unequal; the largest plaited.—Sower. Min. Conch.
ft. ecv. £. 4.—Under Oolite.
11. P. areuatus.—Orbicular, depressed, with arched, punctured, and diver-
ging striz upon the surface ; ears large; the side beneath the largest is
arched.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cev. f. 5-7.—Middle Oolite.
12. P. similis.—Suborbicular, depressed, striated ; striz arched, diverging ;
ears unequal; sides straight.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccv. f 6.—Under Oodlite.
13. P. rigidus.—Orbicular, depressed ; strongly striated; striz arched, di-
verging; ears large, unequal, decussated.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cev. f. 8.—
Under Oolite.
14. P. Jarbatus.—Orbicular, depressed, transversely striated; rays four-
teen, those upon one valve spinose; spines long, acute, depressed; ears
nearly equal.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccxxxi.— Under Oolite.
15. P. lamellosus.—Orbicular, convex, with concentric erect lamellz upon
the surface, and diverging striz near the beaks; ears large, distinct.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ccxxxix.— Upper Oolite.
16. P. papyraceus.—Depressed, obliquely oval, with large unequal rectangu-
lar ears; numerous elevated strize, decussated by the lines of growth; shell
thin.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cecliv.—In shale of the Coal formation.
17. P. asper.—Nearly orbicular, convex on both sides, bearing about seven-
teen sets of rays (from five to seven in each, according to the age of the
shell), roughened by subtubular imbricated scales; margin internally fim-
briato-crenated ; ears distinct, nearly equal.—Zisé. Conch, t. ceeclxx.— Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ceclxx. f. 1.——In Green Sand.
PECTEN. MOLLUSCA. BIVALVIA. 387
18. P. obliqguuss—Obliquely oval, convex on both sides; radii very nume-
rous, roughened by semicircular imbricated scales; ears large, distinct.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecclxx. f. 2.—In Green Sand.
19. P. cinctus.—Orbicular, gibbose, longitudinally striated, imbricated ;
edges of the laminse thin, erect; ears small; edge entire.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. eeclxxi.— Under Oolite 2
20. P. sulcatus. — Obliquely orbicular, with twenty obscurely tripartite
rays, the intermediate spaces longitudinally striated, the whole rough with
minute scales; internally sulcated; ears nearly equal.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. ecexcili. f. 1.—Suffolk Crag.
21. P. gracilis—Orbicular, thin, convex, with many small longitudinal
ridges, concentrically striated ; striz close, elevated, sharp; ears unequal ;
margin entire.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccxciii. f: 2—In Crag.
22. P. striatus.—Oval, convex; valves nearly equal, with numerous smooth
or scaly ridges ; within plain, margin entire; ears equal, rather large—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ecexciv. f. 2, 3, 4.—In Crag.
23. P. nitidus.—Obovate, one valve nearly flat, with numerous, nearly
smooth ridges, the interstices minutely striated transversely, the other valve
convex, with as many crenulated ridges; margin entire; ears nearly equal
—Mant. Suss. 202. t. xxvi. f. 4-9.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cecxciv. f 1.—In
Chalk.
24. P. obsoletus ?—Equivalved ; ears very unequal; surface finely striated ;
strize obliquely diverging.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxli.—In Crag.
25. P. princeps.—Orbicular, compressed ; decorated with ninety rounded
nearly equal radii, surmounted with erect concave scales; ears large, un-
equal, squamose ; valves equal.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxlii. f 2.—In Crag.
26. P. annulatus.—Orbicular, convex; numerous thin, erect, concentric
lamine, and fine longitudinal striz ornament the surface, passing over the
large ears.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxlii. f: 1.—Zower Oolite.
27. P. vimineus.—Convex, rather longer than wide, concentrically striated ;
ribs about twenty, prominent, close beset with thick elevated scales, which
are less numerous upon the left valve; ears nearly equal. (P. varius, Geol.
Surv. Yorksh. 223. t. ix. f 9.)—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxliii. f. 1, 2—Lower
Oolite.
28. P. vagans.—Rather convex, a little longer than wide; ribs eleven,
large, convex, decorated with large erect concave scales, that are very close
upon the right, but distant upon the left, valve; ears nearly equal, crossed
by larger scales.—(P. sulcatus, Geol. Surv. York. 233. t. ix. f. 3.)—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. pxliii. f. 3, 4, 5.—Lower Oolite.
29. P. triplicatus.—Subtriangular, longitudinally striated, with three deep,
longitudinal furrows, which form angular plicze on the front; margin crenu-
lated.—_Mant. Geol. Suss. 128. t. xxv. f. 9.—In Grey Chalk Marl.
30. P. laminosus.—Suborbicular, much depressed, concentrically laminated,
ears nearly equal. ant. Geol. Suss. 128. t. xxvi. f. &—In Grey Chalk
Marl.
31. P. dissimilis.—Suborbicular, slightly lengthened, the right or lower
valve with numerous ribs, slightly scaly ; ears nearly equal, ribbed trans-
versely and longitudinally ; the lett or upper valve concave, regularly mark-
ed concentrically with flat obsolete ribs, which become scaly in crossing the
longitudinally ribbed ears. In my cabinet, from the shale and limestone of
the Independent Coal formation.—In the concavity of the left valve, it agrees
with the recent P. marinus and P. Jacobeus.
Rb2
388 MOLLUSCA. BIVALVIA. Lima.
Gen. XCV. LIMA.—Shell longitudinally oblong, with ears ;
beaks remote ; ligament external.
385. L. fragilis—Shell with irregular longitudinal rough
ribs ; the ears oblique.
Pecten frag. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 62.—L. bullata, Turt. Biv. Brit. 217.
t. xvii. f. 4, 5.—On different parts of the coast, rare.
Length sometimes exceeding an inch and a half; breadth an inch; white ;
valves equal, little raised ; one side with the edge straight; the other arcu-
ated ; ribs numerous, unequal, irregularly grouped, most prominent on the
middle of the shell, and rendered rough by the irregular lines of growth ;
margin nearly smooth; beaks prominent. This shell (which may prove a
var. of Ostrea glacialis of Poli, Test. 11. t. xxviii. f. 19, 20.) was observed by
Montagu on the coast of Devon, afterwards by Dr Turton, at Bray, in Ire-
land; and more recently on the coast of Scotland, near Appin, by Captain
Carmichael.—A single valve, communicated by the last observer, is 1,%ths
of an inch in length.
386. L. subauriculata.—Shell finely striated longitudinally,
the ears nearly rectangular.
Pecten sub. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 63. t. xxix. f. 2.-L. sub. Turt. Biv-
Brit. 218.—On different parts of the coast, from Devon to Zetland,
rare.
Length 2ths; breadth ith of an inch; pellucid, nearly equilateral; two
conspicuous mesial opake strize; margin slightly crenulated.
—=a>—
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. L. gibbosa.—Elongated, gibbose, smooth, longitudinally pticate in the
middle; ears undefined.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clii.—Under Oolite.
2. L. rudis—Obovate, oblique, with seven longitudinal costz ; anterior
ear open with thickened lobes.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccxiv. f. 1.—Middle
Oolite.
3. L. antiquata. — Elliptical, depressed, coarsely striated; anterior ear
deeply wrinkled, open.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecxiv. f 2.—In Lias.
4. L. proboscidea.—Broad, ovate, convex, with twelve ribs, each furnished
with several large tubular processes; ears small.— Sower. Min. Conch.
t. celxiv.—Inferior Oolite.
Gren. PLAGIOSTOMA.—* An oblique eared bivalve ; hinge
destitute of teeth or internal pit; line of the hinge straight
in one valve, in the other deeply cut by an angular sinus.”
—( Sowerby.)
1. P. gigantewn.—Smooth, depressed, deltoid, with the posterior side round-
ed in to the front ; ears small, anterior one longest, placed in a large broad
and straight furrow; beaks pointed; surface obscurely marked with diver-
ging striz.---Sower. Min. Conch. t. lxvii—In Lias.
2. P. spinosum.—Obovate, longitudinally furrowed; sides nearly equal,
PLAGIOSTOMA. MOLLUSCA. BIVALVIA. 389
straightish ; one valve spinous, spines half the length of the shell.—Sower’
Min. Conch. t. Ixxxilii—In Chalk.
3. P. punctatum.—Depressed, obliquely ovate, with numerous diverging
strize ; anterior side long, straight ; ears nearly equal; diverging striz trans-
_versely marked with other very fine strize or points. —Sower. Min. Conch. t.
cxiil. f. 1, 2.—In Lias. 7
4. P. cardieforme. — Gibbous, nearly circular, longitudinally furrowed,
smooth; anterior side short, straight; wings equal.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. exiii. f. 3.—In Oolite.
5. P. rigidum.—Gibbous, obliquely ovate, with many diverging sharp thread-
like ribs, and very minute intervening transverse striz ; anterior side long,
straight, very concave ; ears nearly equal.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. exiv. f. 1.
—In Ooilite.
6. P. ovale——Rather gibbous, oblique, elongated, oval, with many small
ribs, and minute intervening transverse striz ; anterior side concave, slightly
recurved.— Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxiv. f: 3.—I1n Oolite.
7. P. obscurum.—Rather gibbous, oblique, ovate, smooth, externally ribbed ?
with twenty-five internal sulci; anterior side flattish ; beaks prominent.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxiv. f. 2.—In Oolite.
8. P. pectinoides.—Depressed, a little oblique, obovate, rather angular at
the back; beak pointed; surface with twenty or more carinated ribs, trans-
versely striated; internally plain; margin toothed.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. exiv. f. 4.—In Lias.
9. P. Hoperi.—Transversely ovate, oblique, valves convex, obscurely punc-
tato-striated ; strize diverging, deepest upon the sides ; anterior slope straight,
concave.— Mant. Suss. 204. t. xxvi. f. 2, 3-15.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecclxxx.
—In Chalk.
10. P. rusticum.—Transversely oblong, oblique, longitudinally sulcated ;
valves convex; sulci deep; ears obscure; anterior slope straight, convex
along the middle.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecclxxxi.—In Oolite.
11. P. deviusculum.—Transversely{obovate, oblique, convex, longitudinally
ribbed; ribs close, broad, irregular, very little elevated, convex ; anterior
slope straight, hollow ; ears small, unequal.— Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccclxxxii.
—In Oolite. ;
12. P. Brightoniensis.—Obovate, depressed, longitudinally costated; pos-
terior side eared ; anterior side lunulate, concave, small, acuminated; mar-
gin crenulated.—Manté. Suss. cciv. t. xxv. f. 15.—Upper Chaik.
‘GEN. GRY PHA A.—Inequivalve ; larger valve concave ; with
a large involutely curved subspiral beak ; lesser valve nearly
flat ; hinge a transversely striated pit, with an internal li-
gament.
1. G. incurva.—Elongated, very involute, right side an obscure lobe ; lesser
valve oblong, externally concave.—Park. Org. Rem. iii. 209. t. xv. f. 3—
In Lias.
2. G. obliquata.—Oblong, slightly involute, oblique; right side an obscure
lobe; lesser valve irregularly ovate, externally concave.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t, exii. f 3.—In Lias.
390 MOLLUSCA. PERNAD. GRYPHAA.
3. G, dilatala.—Orbicular, obscurely lobed; upper valve flat, lower valve
hemispherical.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. exlix. f. 1. var. ib. f. 2.—In Oolite.
4. G. sinuata.—Suborbicular ; one side cuneiform; beaks very small, late-
rally incurved; one valve convex, subcarinated; the other nearly flat, with
a sinus above the angle of the cuneiform side; hinge-pit marginal, long, nar-
row, and curved.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eeexxxvi.—Jron Sand.
5. G. bullata.—Transversely obovate, irregular, smooth, thin, depressed,
beaks small; upper valye concave ; lateral lobe obscure, when old.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ecclxviii..—Middle Ooolite.
6. G. vesiculosa.—Subrhomboidal, oblong, deep; lesser valve concave,
small, thin ; larger valve curved, composed of several distant coats.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ceclxix.—In Green Sand.
7- G. columba.—Ovate, rounded, expanded posteriorly, smooth; beak at-
tenuated, incurved, oblique.—-Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccelxxxiii. f. 1, 2.—In
Green Sand.
8. G. nana.—Oblong, ovate, rugged, gibbose, beak oblique, incurved ; up-
per valve pointed, thick.k—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccclxxxiii. f 3.—Middle
Oolite.
9. G. gigantea,—Orbicular, rather smooth; upper valve thin, concave ;
lower valve convex, with a small, sharp, incurved beak ; hinge small.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ceexci.—-Under Oolite.
10. G. Maccullochii.—Obovate, oblique, gibbose ; beak produced, much in-
curved; posterior lobe more or less distinct; the front rather angular.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t.-pxlvii. f. 1, 2, 3.—-In Oolite.
11. G. minuta.—Orbicular, gibbose; beak spiral: lobe obscure.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. pxlvii. f. 4.—In Oolite.
PERNAD£.
Gren. PERNA.—Shell subequivalve, oblique ; hinge with nu-
‘merous transverse parallel teeth, receiving the ligament in
the interstices ; a sinus at the beak for the passage of the
byssus,
1. P. quadrata. — Quadrilateral, one side shorter than the other three ;
valves. gibbose, unequal, the shorter side very concave, bounded by two ob-
tuse carine; beaks prominent. Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccccxcii.— Under
Oolite.
Gen. GERVILLIA.—Shell inequivalve, inequilateral, beaks
near the anterior extremity ; hinge long, with numerous
fob
pits and lamelliform teeth for the reception of the liga-
ment.
1. G. solenoides.—Transversely much elongated, depressed, smooth; edges
parallel ; anterior extremity truncated, open ; teeth of the hinge numerous,
variously disposed.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. px. f. 1-4.—In Green Sand.
CRENATULA. MOLLUSCA. PERNAD. 391
2. G? acula.—Ovate lanceolate, oblique, narrow, depressed, slightly cur-
. ved; anterior extremity acute; teeth in the hinge variously disposed.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. px. f. 5.—In Calcareous Sandstone, at Colly weston.
3. G. aviculoides.—Obliquely ovato-lanceolate, curved ; both extremities
pointed ; hinge-line nearly half the length of the shell ; hinge-teeth few.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. lxi. and t. plxvi—In Green Sand and Oolite.
Gen. CRENATULA.—Shell subequivalve, depressed ; hinge
with numerous pits, without teeth for the reception of the
ligament.
1. C. ventricesa.—Ovate, elongated, ventricoso-carinated ; posterior side
impressed ; beaks pointed.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ceccxliii ?
2. C. Listeri.—List. Conch. t. cecelxvii. f, 34-6.— Park. Org. Rem. iii. 220.
t. xv. f. 5.—Upper Oolite.
3. C. producta.—Park. Org. Rem, iii. 221. t. xv. f. 6, 7.—_‘¢ In a Marl-pit
near Shefford, in Bedfordshire.”
Gren. INOCERAMUS.—Shell inequilateral, irregular ; hinge
a marginal, subcylindrical, transversely sulcated callus, sup-
porting a ligament; beaks conspicuous at one end of the
hinge.
1. I. Cuvierii—Obovate, curved, convex, with transverse, distant, obtuse
waves ; posterior side concave, with a small lobe near the beak.—Sower.
Linn. Trans. xiii. 457.—Mant. Suss. 213. t. xxvii. f. 4. t. xxviii. f. 1-4.—Ca-
tillus Cuvieri, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. 251. t. iv. f. 10.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. eceexli. f- 1.—In Chalk,
2. I. Brongniarti.—Oblong, gibbose, with large transverse undulations ;
anterior side angular, lobed; posterior side flat, truncated and smooth ; beaks
small, curved, and pointed.—Mant. Suss. 214. t. xxvii. f. 8.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. eccexli. f. 2, 3.—In Chalk.
3. I. mytiloides.—Equivalved, elongated, depressed, with slight irregular
waves ; convex and obtuse towards the beaks; hinge-line oblique; anterior
side pruduced ; beaks short.—Mané. Suss. 215. t. xxviii. ££, 2.——-Sower. Min.
Conch. t. eecexlii—In Chalk.
4. I. cordiformis.—Equivalved, heart-shaped, transversely and interrupted-
ly waved ; beaks large, incurved ; anterior side angular.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. eecexl.—In Chalk.
5. I. concentricus.—Unequivalved, ovate, one of the beaks much produced,
incurved.—( Park. Geol. Trans. v. 58. t. i. f. 4.)—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecev.
—In Chalk Mari.
6. I. sulcatus.-Unequivalved, oblong, with prominent beaks, and about
nine large longitudinal plaits ; beak of one valve, incurved, acute.—( Park.
Geol. Trans. v. 59. t. i. f. 5.)—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ceevi—In Chalk Marl.
7. I. Lamarkii—Valves equal, very convex, with a few obscure longitudi-
nal undulations, and distant transverse ridges; surface covered with nume-
rous concentric striz ; posterior slope subdepressed ; anterior side lobate, ex-
panded; hinge nearly transverse.— (Park. Geol. Trans. v. 55.)— Mant.
Suss. 214. t. xxvii. f. 1.—-In Chalk.
392 MOLLUSCA. OSTREAD. OsTREA.
8. I. dalus.—Valves convex near the beaks, fiat and expanded towards the
front; surface marked with distant transverse ridges, and numerous concen-
tric stria ; posterior slope smooth, depressed ? anterior side expanded ; hinge
oblique.—Mant. Suss. 216. t. xxvii. f. 10.—In Chalk.
9. I. Webstert.—Convex, smooth, with distant, irregular, transverse ridges ;
beaks rounded, posterior slope nearly flat; anterior side expanded; hinge
very oblique.—Mant. Suss. 216. t. xxvii. f. 2.—In Chalk.
10. I. striatus. —Gibbous, rounded, even, with numerous transverse striz ;
hinge oblique ?—Mant. Suss. 217. t. xxvii. f. 5.—In Chalk.
11. I. wndulatus.—Convex, marked with numerous regular transverse ele-
vations and depressions ; posterior slope truncated; hinge side expanded.—
Mant. Geol. 217. t. xxvii. f£ 6._-In Chalk.
OSTREAD.
Gren. XCVI.—OSTREA.—Shell inequivalve, irregular, liga-
ment half internal, placed in a pit, which, in the fixed
valve, increases with age, as the upper valve is displaced
and advanced.
387. O. edulis ——Shell roundish-oval, with scaly foliations,
the upper valve less and flattened, the immer margin very en-
tire.
Ostreum vulgare, List. An. Ang. 176.—Conch. t. cxciii—Linn. Syst. i.
11148.—Gregarious on a hard bottom.
This shell varies much in size and shape, according to its locality. Oys-
ters are in season from September to April, during which period they are
procured by dredging, and eaten either in a raw or pickled state, or placed in ar-
tificial ponds, and fattened. They spawn in May, and the detached eggs, like
candle-drops, adhere to stones or other objects. Although oysters abound
in many parts of the coast, there are other places, especially among the
Hebrides, where the formation of productive beds could be easily executed
to advantage.
388. O. parasitica.—Shell oblong, nearly smooth, the upper
valve convex.
Tut. Biv. Brit. 205. t. xvii. f. 6, 7.—Attached to different marine sub-
stances.
Length seldom reaching two inches; colour greenish, with longitudinal
brownish bands. In some cases, the upper valve is semicylindrically tumid,
and the under valve concave underneath, as if it had accommodated its shape
to a piece of stick of the size of the fore finger, with the beaks much incurved
on one side, and not extending beyond the margin.
The Ostrea Crista-Galli, distinguished from our other recent species by its
triangular plaits, is sometimes found adhering to the bottom of foreign ves-
sels.—Turt. Br. Brit. 204.
OsTREA. MOLLUSCA. OSTREADA. 393
EXTINCT SPECIES.
* Valves not plaited.
1. O. gigantea.—Depressed, longer than wide, pit of the hinge large, tri-
partite, placed upon a straight perpendicular eminence, its sides flat, striated ;
sides near the edge obscurely crenulated ; muscular impressions deep.—
Brand. Foss. f. 88. Sower. Min. Conch.—London Clay.
2. O. acuminata.—Depressed, very long, curved, with large subimbricated
transverse waves beneath ; beaks and front acuminated.— Sower. Min. Conch.
t. exxxv. f. 2, 3.—Lower Oolite.
3. O. canaliculata.—Depressed, very long, curved, two eared, a descending
sinus or two in the anterior margin, near the front; sides nearly parallel.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxxxv. f. 1.—In Chalk.
4. O. deltoidea.—Equivalved, flat, thin, orbicular, with a sinus on one side,
and a produced straight beak.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxlviiii— Upper Oolite.
5. O. expansa.—Broad, deltoid, angles obtuse ; hinge-pit wide, flat, slightly
elevated, and nearly straight ; cicatrix broad, with a sinus at the back.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. cexxxviii. f. 1.—Upper Oolite.
6. O. undulata.—Recurved, subtriangular, deep, posteriorly rounded ; sur-
face radiated ; laminz imbricated, undulated ; cicatrix elongated, ovate, ob-
lique ; hinge-pit slightly elevated.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cexxxviii. ft 2.—
Plistic Clay.
7. O Meadii.—Tongue-shaped, thick, elongated, attached valve very con-
cave, longitudinally undulated ; the other plain and flat.— Sower. Min. Conch.
t. cclii. f. 1, 4.—In Oolite.
8. O. tener.—Depressed, elongated, thin, nearly plain; attached valves
nearly flat, with a canaliculated beak,.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. celii. f. 2, 3.—
Plastic Clay.
9. O. pulchra.—Orbicular, depressed; one valve nearly flat, with a short
incurved beak; the other valve convex, with numerous radiating undula-
tions; beak short ; hinge line straight ; laminz thin, close pressed.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. cclxxix.— Plastic Clay.
10. O. bellovacina.—Thick, oblong, wedge-shaped, front rounded; lower
valve convex, composed of undulating laminze, the other flat and plain, Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ceelxxxviii. f. 1, 2.—Plastic Clay.
11. O. edulina.—Suborbicular or obovate ; lower valve rather concave,
composed of undulating laminz ; the other smooth and fiat ; beak pointed,
curved.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eeclxxxviii. f 3, 4.—In Plastie Clay...
12, O. leviuscula.—Depressed, rounded, triangular ; surface obscurely im-
bricated, smooth; beak acute; scales distinct.—Sower. Min. Conch. t.
eeecelxxxviii. f. 1.—In Lias.
13. O. obscwra.— Oblong, uneven, small; lower valve very deep, the other
flat ; beak curved.—Sower. Min. Conch. ececlxxxviii. f. 2.—In Oolite.
14. O. dorsata.__Convex, subimbricated ; upper valve marked with numer
ous longitudinal branched striz ; inner margin toothed.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. eccclxxxix. f. 1, 2.—London Clay.
15. O. semiplana.—Oval, depressed, largely undulated ; in the middle flat ;
attachment small. Ostrea, Mant. Suss. 207. t. xxv. f. 4.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. eecclxxxix. f. 3.—In Chalk.
16. O. vesicularis.—Subglobose, oblique, smooth, thin ; beak largely trun-
cated; upper valve immersed, concave.—Cuv. Oss. Foss. ii. t. iii. f, 5.—Gry-
phza globosa.—-Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecexcii.
394 MOLLUSCA. OSTREADA. ANOMIA.
** Valves plaited.
17. O. Marshii.— Oblique, both valves deeply plaited in seven or eight an-
gular diverging undulations ; edge thick, flatted.— Sower. Min. Conch. t. xlviii.
—Lower Oolite.
18. O. gregaria,—Clustered, oblong, curved, plaited; plaits many, rugged,
diverging from a longitudinal plait or sulcus; valves unequally convex ;
beaks produced and curved.—Sower. t. cxl. f. 1, 3.—Lower Oolite.
19. O. palmetia.—Ovate, roundish, obscurely one-eared, depressed, with a
plaited margin ; plaits diverging from a longitudinal space; beaks straight.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. cxl. f. 2.—Lower Oolite.
20. O. flabelluta.—Oblong, arched ; larger valve deep, longitudinally stria-
ted, with a toothed margin; the other flat and imbricated, with an entire
margin. (Chama plicata, Brand. Foss. f. 84, 85.) Sower. Min. Conch. t. celv.
—In Lendon Clay.
21. O. carinata.—Elongated, pointed at both ends, arched ; sides flattened ;
middle longitudinally cariniformed ; plaits numerous, angular and regular ;
ears two, variable-—Mytilus Crista Galli, White, Selb. i. 12. O. car. Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ecelxv.—In Green Sand.
22. O. solitaria.—Obovate ; one valve flattish; plaits deep, sharp, rugged,
and branched; beaks short.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eccelxviii. f 1.—Found
near Weymouth.
23. O. macroptera.—Falciform depressed, with a large rectangular ear or
wing within the curve; margin deeply toothed ; one valve attached by a great
part of its surface. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cceclxviii. f 2, 3.—Jron Sand.
24. QO. costaia.—Orbicular; lower valve deep, ribbed; ribs numerous,
branched; upper valve flat, with an undulated margin.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. eecelxviil. f. 3.—In Ooliie.
Gren. DIANCHORA.—Inequivalved ; the attached valve ha-
ving an gpening in place of a beak ; the other beaked and
eared.
1. D. striata.—Oblique, ovate, triangular; beak prominent ; free valve ob-
scurely ribbed.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. lxxx. f: 1.—In Green Sand.
2. D. Jata.—Semicircular ; beak rising ; free valve plain.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. xxx. f. 2.—Mant. Suss. 205. t. xxvi. f. 21.—Podopsis striata, Cuv.
Oss. Foss. ii. 319. t. v. £ 2.—In Chalk.
3. D. obligua.—Obliquely obovate ; upper valve convex, marked with nu-
merous diverging striz ; margin serrated.—Mant. Suss. 206. t. xxv. fi 1. t.
xxvi. f. 12.—In Chalk, ;
Gren. XCVIT. ANOMIA. — Inequivalve, irregular ; under
valve with a notch or perforation near the beak, for the
passage of the tendon, by which the shell adheres to foreign
bodies ; ligament internal, placed transversely under the
beak.
389. A. electrica.—Shell somewhat orbicular, with the sur-
face a little undulate, transparent, and amber colour.
ANOMIA. MOLLUSCA. OSTREADA. 395
Ostrea sylvestris, List. Conch. t. ecv.—aA. elect. Linn. Syst. i. 1151.
Turt. Biv. Brit. 227. t. xvii. f. 8, 9.—West coast of Ireland, Dr Tur-
ton.
About an inch and a quarter in diameter; colour bright transparent yel-
low inside and out; surface irregular, but not rough, plaited or scaly ; beak
pointed, not quite terminal ; the under valve flat, and scale-like, with a large
interrupted perforation.
390. A. ephippiwm.— Shell orbicular-oval, rather rough,
wrinkled and plaited at the margin, and partly within.
Ostreum parvum, List. An. Ang. 181. Conch. t. 204. An. Eph. Linn.
Syst. i. 1150. Mont. Test. Brit. 155. Twurt. Biv. Brit. 227. t. xviii.
f, 1, 3—On rocky coasts, common.
Sometimes three inches in diameter, more or less pearly, and tinged with
green ; surface more or less ribbed longitudinally, and becoming scaly with
age ; operculum oval, large, thick, rough.
391. A. cepa.—Shell oboval, flattish, rough ; rosy-red within,
but not pearly.
Linn. Syst. i. 1151. Turt. Biv. Brit. 228. t. xviii. f. 4.—Rocks at low
spring-tides in Torbay, Dr Turton.
Length 2, breadth 1} inches, oblong, inclining to oval, rather flat, with a
rough but not an undulating surface ; beaks terminal; the under valve thin
but not scaly.
392. A. squamula.—Shell somewhat orbicular, smooth, trans-
parent, and horn-coloured.
Linn. Syst. i, 1151. Mont. Test. Brit. clvi.and pixxxi. Turé. Biv. Brit.
cexxix. t. xviii. f. 5, 6, 7.—On stones, shells, and sea-weeds.
Diameter about half an inch; flat, or a little tumid about the beaks, and
smooth. The substance is always thin and brittle; the plug of attachment is
tendinous, seldom hard at the base, with a testaceous termination.
393. A. undulata.—Shell rounded, or oblong, with longitu-
dinal rounded strize, and a triangular cavity on the under valve,
beneath the hinge.
Ostrea subviridis, List. Conch. t. ccii.—O. striata, Mont. Test. Brit. cliii.
and plxxx.—An. und. ib. 157. Turt. Brit. ccxxx. t. xviii. f. 8, 9, 10.
—0On old shells and the crevices of rocks.
Diameter upwards of an inch; variable in figure and consistence ; margin
erenate, inside iridescent ; on one side of the perfuration in the under valve,
is a triangular striated cavity; the plug terminates in a thin oval layer,
strongly striate transversely, and crossed with fine longitudinal lines.
394. A. punctata.—Shell orbicular, with raised dots on the
upper valve, and concave ones on the under valve.
Turi. Biv. Brit. ccxxxi. t, 18. f. 11._-Cn crabs and shells, on the south
coasts of England.
Diameter about half an inch, thin, transparent, purplish white; a little
truncate at the base ; beaks terminal.
395. A. cylindrica.—Shell oval, somewhat cylindrically con-
vex, and transversely rugged, with the beak curved backwards.
396 MOLLUSCA. OSTREAD. ANOMIA.
Turt. Linn. iv- 288.—A. cymbiformis, Maton and Rackett, Linn. Trans.
viii. 104. t. iii. f 6. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 64.—A. cylin. Turt. Biv.
Brit. 232.—On fuci and sertulariz.
Length about half an inch, breadth a quarter, narrower towards the beak,
which curves over the under valve, and ends in an obtuse point ; sometimes
smooth, but usually with some rough transverse marks, but no longitudinal
ones.
396. A. striolata——Shell oval, somewhat cylindrically con-
vex, and striate longitudinally, with the beak curved backwards.
Turt. Biv. Brit. 233.—Roots of fuci.
Resembles the last, but is marked with fine, rather remote, longitudinal
raised lines.
397. A. aculeata.—Shell orbicular, with numerous longitudi-
nal prickly strie.
Mont. Test. Brit. 157. t. iv. fi 5. Turt. Biv. Brit. 233.._On fuci and
among rocks.
Diameter about half an inch ; depressed, whitish prickles ; rounded above,
concave, and somewhat concentrically disposed by the lines of growth ; under
valve wrinkled concentrically ; seldom prickly.
398. A. fornicata. — Shell somewhat orbicular, and finely
striate, the upper valve furnished with a vaulted chamber on the
inside, under the beak.
Lamk. Syst. vi. 228. Turt. Biv. Brit. 234. t. xviii. f. 12, 13.—From Tor-
bay, Dr Turion.
Diameter about half an inch; flat, white, margin sinuous; longitudinal
striz towards the margin, and fine regular transverse ones towards the point-
ed beak ; inside silvery ; under the hinge is a large vaulted chamber, which,
on one side, is much curved, and scaly on the outside ; perforation of the un-
der valve round, and nearly closed.
399. A. tubularis.—“ Shell orbicular, with the perforation of
the under valve entire, and forming a cylindrical tube.”
Turt. Biv. Brit. cexxxiv.—On fuci.
Shell about a quarter of an inch in diameter; whitish, with the beak ter-
minal; the under valve has the perforation entire all round, and produced
into a raised cylindrical tube; the plug of attachment is tendinous.”
It is probable that several of the preceding shells may yet be reduced to the
rank of varieties. In the mean time, we have followed the arrangement of
Dr Turton.
ie
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. A. dineata.—Suborbicular, convex; when old, contracted towards the
beak ; longitudinally striated; perforation of the lower valve circumscribed.
~—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eceexxy.—In London Clay.
SPONDYLUS. MOLLUSCA. ARCADE. 397
Gren. SPONDYLUS.—Shell eared, beak of the under valve
produced, with an exposed oblique truncation, having a
longitudinal groove; hinge of two teeth, with an interme-
diate groove for the reception of the internal ligament.
1. S. radula—_Myr Parkinson refers to a shell of this species (of Lamark,
from Grignon), which he suspects to have been from Worcestershire. ‘ It is
slightly eared, and the inferior valve is marked with rough longitudinal strize:
It is rough, oblique, and of an oval orbicular form. The stronger and most
raised of the strize of the lower valve have small spinous squame placed at
about half an inch distant, these striae being separated by from six to nine
small granular strize.”
Gen. PLICATULA.—Shell destitute of ears; narrow at the
base ; the opposite margin rounded and plaited ; beaks un-
equal entire; teeth two, with an intermediate pit for the
subinternal cartilage.
1. P. spinosa.—Ovate depressed, spinose ; margin entire; spines adpressed ;
smallest on the deep valve.—Harpax, Park. Org. Rem. iii. 221. t. xii, f. 14,—
P. spin. Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccxlv.—In Lias.
2. P. pectinoides.—Oblong, ovate, curved, gibbose when old; longitudinal
ridges numerous, furnished with depressed spines ; free valve externally con-
cave.——Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecccix. f. 1.—Chalk Marl.
3. P. inflata.—Suborbicular, gibbose, rather smooth, furnished with a few
ridges and depressed spines; both valves convex. P. spinosa, Mant. Geol.
Suss. 129. t. xxvi. f: 13, 16,17. BP. inf: Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccccix. f. 2.—
Chalk Mart.
ARCAD.
Gen. XCVIII. ARCA.—Shell transverse ; beaks remote ;
teeth numerous, enlarging from the middle, but without
lateral teeth ; ligament external.
400. A. Nocw.—Shell oblong, decussated in a punctured man-
ner, angular at the anterior side, with the upper margin trans-
versely elongated, sinuous and open.
Musculus striatus, List. Conch. t. ccelxviii. Borl. Corn. cclxxvii. t. 28.
f. 16.—A. Now, Linn. Syst. i. 1140.—A. tortuosa, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv.
97.—A. Noze, Don. Brit. Shells, t. clviii. f. 1, 2. Mont. Test. Brit. 139.
Turt. Biv. Brit. 166.—Western coast of England and Guernsea, rare.
Shell about half an inch long, a little more in breadth; rufous, with dark
zigzag bands, rounded at the longest end, angular at the other, to which the
incurved beaks approximate.
401. A. fusca.—Shell oblong, decussated, angular at the ante-
398 MOLLUSCA. ARCADA. ARCA.
rior side, with the upper margin shorter, straight, and nearly
closed.
Balanus Bellonii, List. Conch. t. cevii.—Musculus striatus, Borl. Corn.
277. t. xxviii. f. 15.—Arca Nov var. Don. Brit. Shells, t. clviii. f. 3.
A. fusca, Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 51. t. 4. £3. Turt. Biv. Brit. 167.—
Southern coasts of England, and Frith of Forth, rare.
This species nearly resembles the last, of which it is perhaps only a varie-
ty. It differs, however, in being narrower, the beaks more lateral, a greater
convexity, straighter margin, and finer decussations.
402. A. tetragona.—Shell rhombic, with granular decussa-
tions, and an oblique longitudinal rib, open at the margin.
Lamk. Hist. vi. 37. Turt. Biv. Brit. 167. t. 13. f 1.—At the Calves,
west of Ireland, Dr Turton.
“* Shell ths of an inch long, and an inch broad, of an oblique square figure,
tumid at the beaks, from which proceed a nearly central rib, to the angular
point of the opposite margin ; hinge not quite straight, in consequence of the
marginal slope; colour whitish-brown, inside white, with a purple blotch at
one end.” Turt.
403. A. barbata.—Shell oblong, with longitudinal bearded
ribs, decussated by minute striz ; the margin straight and near-
ly closed.
Brown, Wern. Mem. ii. 512. t. xxiv: f 3.—A. reticulata, Turt. Biv. Brit.
168. Found in Loch Strangford, by Dr Magee.
Length half an inch, breadth one inch; shell white; cuticle chesnut ; ribs
about twelve, nearly equidistant and flat ; inside striated longitudinally,
margin finely crenulated.
404. A. lactea—Shell oblong, decussated and bearded, an-
gular at the anterior end, and slightly open at the margin.
Pectunculus exiguus, List. Conch. t. cecxxxv.—A. lac. Linn. Syst. i. 1141.
—aA.barbata, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 98. t.lviii. f. 59.—A. lac. Mont. Test.
Brit. 138.— A. perforans, Twrt. Biv. Brit. 169. t. 13. f. 2, 3.—Different
parts of the coast, but not common.
Length half an inch, breadth three quarters; shell white, with a brown
pilose cuticle ; ribs numerous, fine, crossed by the wrinkles of growth ; inter-
stices punctured ; inside white, margin plain.
———-
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. A. subacuta. Gibbose ; margin an obtuse scalene triangle, deeply plait-
ed; breadth greater than the length ; surface longitudinally striated.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. xliv. Upper fig.—In Chalk Mazi.
2. A. carinata.—Very convex parallelopipedal, anterior side flattish, sepa-
rated by an acute angle, truncated at nearly a right angle; posterior side
rounded ; surface longitudinally ribbed.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xlive Lower
figure.—In Green Sand.
3. A. Branderi.—Transversely elongated, rhombic, gibbose, finely decus-
sated ; beaks distant ; longitudinal striz strongest ; teeth numerous; edge in-
ternally entire.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cclxxvi.—London Clay.
4, A. appendiculata.a—Transversely elongated, rhombic, gibbose, decussated ;
beaks rather distant; two oblong appendages upon the space between the
CucuL”a. MOLLUSCA. ARCADE. 399
beaks; edge toothed within.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cclxxvi. f 3.—London
Clay.
5. A. quadrisulcata.—T wice as wide as long, convex, longitudinally striated ;
anterior side truncated, defined by a keel, and marked by four deep furrows;
posterior side small, rounded; marginal sinus large.—Sower. Min. Conch. t.
ceceelxxiii. f. 1.—In Oolite.
6. A. pulchra.—Transversely ovate-elongated, depressed, finely striated ;
anterior side rather impressed, obliquely truncated ; beaks close.—Sower, Min.
Conch. t. eecelxxili. f. 3.—In Oolite.
7. A. duplicata.—Transversely ovate-elongated, convex, longitudinally rib-
bed; ribs sulcated along the middle; margin toothed; beaks close.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. eccelxxiv. £ 1.—In London Clay.
8. A. depressa-—Elongated transversely, depressed, marked with elevated
and crenulated striz ; extremities rounded ; marginal sinus obscure.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. cccclxxiv. f. 2.—In Plastic Clay.
9. A. tumida._-Transversely elongated, gibbose, costated? Anterior side
pointed ; marginal sinus short, deep; beaks distant.—Sower. Min, Conch. t.
ececelxxiv. f. 3.—In Magnesian Limestone.
10. A. cancellataa—Twice as wide as long, convex, longitudinally and
transversely sulcated; anterior side defined by a keel, truncated ; posterior
side rounded; marginal sinus short, but deep; beaks nearly close.—Mart.
Derb. t. xliv. £. 7.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eecclxxiii. f 2.— Carboniferous Lime-
stones
11. A. rostrata.—* Valves equal, scaleniform ; one end of the shell length-
ened into a straight, smooth, conical rostrum; the other end short, gibbous,
and marked from the beaks to the margin with very neat equal and acute
striz; the margin in this part of the shell crenulated; the beaks are small,
pointed, and approximate, placed over the shorter extremity.”— Mart. Derb.
t. xliv. f. 6. In Carboniferous Limestone.
Gen. CUCULMA.—Shell subtransverse, ventricose ; hinge
with numerous small teeth, with from two to five parallel
plates ; ligament subexternal; anterior muscular impres-
sion with an elevated margin.
1. C. glabra.—Khomboidal, anterior angle obtuse, posterior edge of the
front rounded ; surface covered by fine longitudinal lines, decussated by the
lines of growth ; teeth of the hinge deeply striated.—Park. Org. Rem. iii.
171. Sower. Min. Conch. t. lxvii.—Green Sand.
2. C. decussata.—Transversely ovate; gibbose, with flattish longitudinal
ridges ; anterior side angular; lines beneath the cartilage few.—Park. Org.
Rem. iii..171. Sower. Min. Conch. t. cevi. f. 3, 4.—Green Sand.
3. C. oblonga.—Transversely oblong, gibbose, longitudinally striated; an-
terior side wedge-shaped; lines beneath the cartilage numerous.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. cevi. f. 1, 2.—Jnferior Oolite.
_4. C. carinata.—Obliquely cuneiform, smooth ; anterior side pointed, and
distinguished by a ridge running up the beak.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cevii.
f. 1.—In Green Sand. :
5. C, fibrosa.—Obovate, gibbose, with numerous longitudinal elevated striz
400 MOLLUSCA. ARCADE. PECTUNCULUS.
upon the surface ; anterior margin straight, prominent near the hinge.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. cevii. fi 2.—In Green Sand.
6. C. elongata. Elongated, subcylindrical, finely striated; anteriorly
pointed ; posterior side very short.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccexlvii. f. 1.—
Inferior Oolite.
7. C. costellata.—Transversely oblong, gibbose, longitudinally striated ; an-
terior lobe wing-shaped, ribbed ; posterior side rounded, ribbed; beaks in-
curved, distant from each other.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccexlvii. £ 2.—Green
Sand.
8. C. minuta.—Elongated-ovate, convex, striated, anteriorly submucrona-
ted; anterior lobe small, separated by a keel; beaks nearly close.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. ecccxlvii. f: 3.—Ooliie. -
9. C. rudis.—Transversely oblong, convex, rugged, and longitudinally rib-
bed; beaks incurved, nearly close together; anterior lobe not defined.—
Sower. Min. Conch, t- eccexlvii. f. 4.—Oolite.
Grn. XCIX. PECTUNCULUS.—Shell orbicular, subequi-
lateral ; hinge line semicircular, the teeth in the middle ob-
solete ; ligament external.
405. P. pilosus.—Shell tumid, nearly equilateral, with nu-
merous longitudinal striae and transverse lines of growth.
P. ingens, List. Conch. t. ecxlvii. f 82.—Arca “pilosa, Linn. Syst. i. 1143.
Arca Glycymeris, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 98, t. lvii. f. 58.—A. pilosa,
Mont. Test. Brit. 137.—Pect. Glycymeris, pilosus, and undatus, Twrz.
Biv. Brit. 171.—Inhabits deep water.
Diameter upwards of 2 inches, covered with a thick, brown, pilose cuticle,
underneath which the shell is whitish, with brown interrupted stripes, either
transverse or longitudinal ; beaks tumid, and slightly recurved ; inner mar-
gin notched.—This species differs from the P. glycymeris of Lamark in the
absence of the longitudinal ribs, with their intermediate striz.
406. P. decussatus.—“ Shell orbicular, flat, decussate, with
clouded coloured marks.”
Turt. Biv. Brit. 173, t. xii. f. 5.—British Channel.
‘¢ Shell an inch in diameter, quite orbicular, flattish, with numerous fine
raised decussate lines, which are clothed with a silky brown pile; colour
yellowish-white, with purple and crimson clouded patches, which are often
disposed in zigzag angles, giving the shell a beautifully marked appearance :
inside Iglossy white, with frequently a dark red blotch near the centre ; the
margin very strongly serrate.”—Twurion. :
407. P. nummarius.— Shell lenticular, with the beaks per-
manent, covered with numerous rounded red dots.”
P. exiguus, List. Conch. t. ccxxxix. f 81. Turt. Biv. Brit. 174. t. xii.
f. 6.—Torbay and British Channel.
“ Shell about half an inch in diameter, rather convex, very finely decus-
sate, yellowish white, or cream colour, with numerous round red dots, which
very rarely become confluent about the margin, and form short lines; beaks
tumid dnd prominent, causing the margin on each side of them to appear a
little projecting, or, as it were, slightly eared like a pecten.’’—Twurton.
PECTUNCULUS. MOLLUSCA. ARCADE. 401
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. P. decussatus.—Transversely obovate; sides rather straight; surface
covered with numerous longitudinal strize ; hinge teeth 25 to 30; margin
thick, plain. —Sower. Min. Conch. t. xxvii. f. 1.—London Clay.
2. costatus.—Orbicular, depressed, with 25 longitudinal sharp ridges, and a
few transverse striz ; hinge of 14 teeth; margin serrated within.—(Arca de-
leta of Brander. Sower. Min. Conch. t. xxvii. f. 2.—London Clay.
3. P. Plumstediensis.—Transversely obovate, slightly oblique, with longi.
tudinal obscure furrows, and minute transverse striz ; margin serrated with-
in.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xxvii. f. 3.—-Plastic Clay.
4. P. variabilis—Obliquely suborbicular, rather convex, finely striated
longitudinally, becoming smooth or sulcated by wear; teeth of the hinge
and lines upon the area of the ligament, numerous ; beaks short, nearly close.
—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eccclxxi. f: 1.—In Crag.—It is probable that this shell
is merely the Pectunculus pilosus, found in modern marine diluvium, instead of
a species connected with the anterior epoch.
5. P. brevirostris—Transversely obovate, rather oblique, and inequilate-
ral, convex, obscurely costated, concentrically striated ; hinge line rather
straight; beaks short, not oblique; hinge teeth few.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. ceeclxxii. f. 1.—London Clay.
6. P. scalaris.—Obovate, convex, longitudinally ribbed, ribs narrow, sharp,
area of the ligament short, projecting at the extremities, with a triangular
pit in its centre; margin irregularly toothed. —Soewer. Min. Conch. t. clxxii.
f. 2.London Clay.
7. P. sublevis.—Transversely obovate, equilateral, rather gibbose, with
many slightly elevated ribs ; beaks shert, nearly close ; sides smooth.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. eccclxxii. f1 2,—In Green Sand.
8. P. wmbonatus.— Orbicular, gibbose, nearly equilateral, longitudinally
striated and obscurely costated ; beaks prominent, obliquely curved, a lobe
on the anterior side.—Cardium umbonatum, Sower. Min. Conch. t. clvi. f. 2,
3, 4, and P. umb. id. t. eccclxxii. f. 3.—In Green Sand.
9. P. minimus.—Orbicular, convex, smooth ; hinge line straight, promi-
nent at the extremities ; margin not toothed.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cece] xxii.
f, 5.—In Oolite.
10. P. oblongus.—Transversely oblong, inequilateral, rather convex, smooth;
sides obliquely truncated; margin not toothed.-—Sower. Min. Conch. t.cccc] xxi.
f, 6.—In Oolite.
Grn. C. NUCULA.—Shell inequilateral, beaks approximate ;
hinge line bent in the middle, with a spoon-shaped pro-
jecting tooth at the angle, and numerous lateral sharp-
pointed tecth ; ligament internal.
* Margin crenulated.
408. N. nuclea—Shell subtriangular ; beak near the short
énd with an oval impression beneath.
Arca nucleus, Linn. Syst. i. 1148. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 98. Mone. Test.
Brit. 141.—N. nucleus, Turi. Biv. Brit. 176, t. xiii. f. 4.—Not un-
common.
VOL. I. cc
402 MOLLUSCA. ARCADA. Nucu.a.
Length about half an inch, breadth a little more; cuticle olive-green, with
yellow rays; faintly streaked longitudinally with numerous fine lines of
growth.
ill Margin plan.
409. N. minuia.—Shell oval, transversely striated, with the
anterior side produced, curved, and truncated.
Arca oblonga, striata, antice angulata, Walk. Test. Min. ii. t. cxi. f. 81.
—A. caudata, Don. Brit. Shells, t. Ixxviiii—aA. min. Mond. Test. Brit.
140.—N. min. Turi. Biv. Brit. 178.—In deep water, not common.
Length ths, breadth {ths of an inch; colour white ; three or four strong
concentric ridges; beak very small, turning a little towards the angulated
side, beneath which is a smooth depression reaching to the end.
410. N. rostrata.—Shell oval, transversely striated, anterior
side produced, curved, and slightly ribbed longitudinally.
Arca rostrata, Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 55, t. xxvii. i 7.—N. rus. Turt.
Biv. Brit. 178.—In the Frith of Forth, Mr Laskey.
Length half an inch, breadth three quarters; glossy, and of a horn colour ;
strie fine, regular, and reflected; from the beaks to the produced extremity
the striz are irregular in crossing the longitudinal ribs; inside polished.—
In this and the preceding species the central tooth is obsolete.
411. N. ¢enuis.—Shell obliquely heart-shaped and smooth.
Arca ten. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 56, t. xxix. f. 1.—N. ten. Turt. Biv. Brit.
177.—In the Frith of Forth, Mr Laskey.
Length scarcely a quarter of an inch; white, with an olivaceous cuticle ;
beaks small, slightly inflected ; hinge with six teeth on one side of the cen-
tral tooth, and nine on the other ; margin thin.
——
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. M.-areuata.—Ovate, smooth, back and anterior margin arched ; shell of
an uniform thickness; posterior side smallest ; hinge narrow ; lateral teeth
striated.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clx. f 1. 6—In Crag at Holywell.
2. M. dubia.—Ovato-triangular, transversely elongated, smooth, thickened
towards the margin, sides equal-—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clx. fie Satin
Crag.
3. M. ovalis.—Oval, equilateral, smooth, thickness uniform.—Sower. Min.
Conch, t. clx. f 5.—-In Crag.
Goopatia. MOLLUSCA. MACTRADA. 429
4. M. cuneata.—Ovate, smooth, depressed towards the front, anterior
margin acute-angular.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clx- f 7.—In Crag.
Gen. CXIII. GOODALLIA.—Shell triangular, equivalve
inequilateral, closed ; hinge with two teeth in one valve,
and a triangular cavity between them; in the other valve
a single tooth ; a lateral simple tooth in each valve on the
produced side.
453. G. triangularis.—Shell with the inner margin toothed.
Mactra tri. Mont. Test. Brit. 99. t. iii. f. 5.—G. tri. Turt. Biv. Brit. 77.
t. vi. f. 14.-English and Irish coasts.
Length 2 lines, breadth 3 lines; strong opake, smooth, white ; beaks pro-
minent, obtuse.
454. G. minutissima.—Shell with the inner margin plain.
Mactra min. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 37.—G. min. Turt. Biv. Brit. 77.
t. vi. f. 15.—Coast of Devon and Cornwall.
This species resembles the preceding, but the shell is not quite so angu-
lated, nor so long in proportion to its breadth; nor has it ever occurred so
large.
Gen. CXIV. LEPTON.—Shell flat, nearly orbicular, equi-
valve inequilateral, a little open at the sides; hinge of
one valve with a single tooth and a transverse linear lateral
one on each side of the other valve; with a cavity in the
middle, and a transverse, deeply cloven, lateral tooth on
each side, the segments of which divaricate from the
beak.
455. L. squamosum.—Shell punctured in a scale-like man-
ner.
Solen squam. Mont. Test. Brit. 565.—L. squam. Trt. Biv. Brit. 62. t. vi.
f. 1, 2, 3.
Length ;ths, breadth ;;ths of an inch; pellucid, thin, white ; obscurely
wrinkled concentrically ; beak small, pointed ; inside with very fine longitu-
dinal strize radiating from the hinge.
456. L. nittdum.—Shell glossy, slightly striate transversely.
Turt. Biv. Brit. 63....F rom corallines, in Torbay.
Shell half the size of the last, which it resembles in shape and hinge, but
is of a lucid, pale, glossy horn-colour, without punctures.
430 MOLLUSCA. MACTRADA. Kenia.
Gen. CXV. KELLIA. —Shell somewhat globular, equi-
valve, closed; hinge with two approximate teeth, and a re-
mote lateral tooth in one valve, and a concave tooth and
remote lateral one in the other.
457. K. suborbicularis.—Shell equilateral, gibbous.
Mya sub. Mont. Test. Brit. 39. t. xxvi. f vi—Kellia sub. Turt. Biv.
Brit. 57. t. xi. f.5, 6.—In cavities of limestone or the roots of sea-
weeds.
About half an inch in diameter; cuticle thin, greenish, prismatic, faintly
striated ; valves convex, the ventral margin nearly straight, the ends round-
ed; beaks not very prominent, slightly turned to one side. Montagu con-
sidered it to be a dorer,in limestone, in some situations, but apparently with-
out sufficient evidence.
468. K. rubra.—Shell slightly transverse, inequilateral.
Cardium lve apice minuto, Walk. Test. Min. 24. t. iii. f. 86.—Cardium
rubrum, Mont. Test. Brit. 83. t. xxvii. f. 4.—Kellia rubra, Twurt. Biv.
Brit. 57. t. xi. f 7, 8.—Crevices of marine rocks and roots of sea-weeds
towards low water-mark.
About the tenth of an inch in diameter, smooth, or appearing as if very
finely shagreened, of an uniform rich crimson, often paler, or covered with a
rough green or brown coat ; inside glossy purple; beaks near one end, pro-
minent, under which the margin slopes in an incurved manner towards the
smaller end; teeth minute, as in the last.—The preceding description is that
of Dr Turton, to which he has added, that, in the month of June, he has
found the old shells containing about twelve perfectly formed young ones.
I have found a shell in abundance, in Zetland, at the roots of sea-weeds to-
wards low water mark, agreeing with the preceding, except in the cuticle
being thin and of a pale greenish colour, with prismatic hues.
Gen. CXVI. LORIPES.—Lenticular, teeth obsolete, behind
which is a linear marginal groove for the ligament; sy-
phons short, united, the foot long and cylindrical.
459. L. lactews.—Orbicular, nearly equilateral, slightly trun-
cated retrally.
Tellina lactea, Linn. Syst. i. 1119. Mont. Test. Brit. 10. t. ii. f. 4.—
Lucina lactea, Turt. Biv. Brit. 112. t. vii. f. 4, 5.—English shores.
Diameter about three quarters of an inch; whitish; irregularly striated
transversely, beaks prominent, slightly inclining, before which is a small lu-
nule; a plain tooth in one valve closing between two plain ones in the
other. :
460. L. lewcoma.—Shell with regular transverse strize.
Lucina leucoma, Turt. Biv. Brit. 113. t. vii. f. 8.—South shores of Eng-
land.
Resembles greatly the last, but is distinguished, according to Dr Turton,
by a greater convexity, by more regular, crowded, raised, transverse striz,
which are crossed by extremely fine longitudinal lines; the last, however,
not always visible.
3
ErviI.ia. MOLLUSCA. MACTRAD-. 431
Gren.CX VII. ERVILIA.—Shell oval, equivalve, inequilateral,
closed ; hinge with a single strong erect cloven tooth in
one valve, closing into a deep cleft between two small la-
minar divergent elevations in the other.
461. E. nétens.—Beaks prominent, rounded at both extre-
mities, regularly and finely striated concentrically.
Mya nitens, Laskey, Wern. Mem. 1. 375, t. viii. f. 4. Mont. Test. Brit.
Sup. 165.—Ervilia nitens, Turt. Biv. Brit. 56, t. xix. f. 4—At Dun-
bar, Mr Laskey.
Length nearly a quarter of an inch, a little more in breadth ; flattish, a
little tapering at the longest side ; colour glossy pink ; margin entire.
Gen. CXVIII. AMPHIDESMA.—Shell inequilateral; hinge
with a projection for the support of the internal cartilage
in each valve, and one or two small adjacent teeth.
* No lateral teeth.
462. A. converum.—Shell convex, transversely ovate, round-
ed anteally, truncate retrally.
Mya declivis, Don. Brit. Shells, t. lxxxiii— Anatina con. Turt, Biy. Brit.
44, t. iv. f 1, 2.—Sandy bays, rare.
Length 14, breadth nearly 23 inches ; very convex, thin, and brittle, of a
rusty white colour ; irregularly wrinkled concentrically, with two or three ob-
solete longitudinal folds ; support for the ligament narrow.
463. A. pubescens.—Shell slightly compressed, transverse,
anteally rounded, retrally broadly truncate ; surface rough.
Mya pubescens, Pult. Dorset. 27. Mont. Test. Brit. 40.—Anatina pub.
Turt. Biv. Brit. 45. t. 4. f. 3.—Southern shores of England.
Length 2, breadth 23 inches; white, the surface of the shell closely cover-
ed with minute tubercles, giving it a rough aspect ; slightly wrinkled by the
lines of growth, ventral margin and the dorsal one behind the beaks nearly
straight, the latter with a contiguous ridge ; support for the ligament broad,
with an elevated retral margin. Thisis probably the Mya declivis of Pennant,
Brit. Zool. iv. 79. and the young state of which, seems to be the Tellina fra-
gilis of the same author, Ib. 86. t. xlvii. f. 26.
464. A. truncatum.— Convex, wedge-shaped, anteal end
short, obliquely truncate.
Anatina truncata, Twurt. Biv. Brit. 46. t. iv. f. 6.—In cavities of rocks.
—Torbay.
Length 4, breadth 3ths of an inch; rough, striate transversely ; anteally,
the dorsal margin slopes rapidly, the retral margin is truncate; the retro-
dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight.
In the three preceding species, the support for the ligament is triangular,
and the point of attachment is the centro-umbonal margin; in the remain-
ing species, the point of attachment is on the flat surface of the tooth, which
is parallel with the mesial plane.
432 MOLLUSCA. MACTRADA. Ampuipesma.
465. A. compressum. — 'Triangularly ovate, compressed,
rounded at both extremities. :
Concha tenuis, List. An. Ang. 174. Conch. t. cclii. f| 88.—Venus borea-
lis, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 96.—Tellina plana, Don. Brit. Shells, t. lii.
f. 1.—Ligula compressa, Mont. Test. Brit. 96.—Listera compressa,
Turt. Biv. Brit. 51. t. v. f. 1.—In the mud of estuaries.
Length 1,8,th, breadth 2,8,th inches; thin, translucent, yellowish-white,
finely but irregularly striated by the lines of growth; beaks very small; a
single tooth in one valve locking into a bifid tooth in the opposite, adjacent
to the ligament.
466. A. declive—Compressed, oval-oblong, angular, trun-
cate, and open retrally.
Mya declivis, Mont. Test. Brit. t. i. f. 2—Anatina declivis, Tart. Biv.
Brit. 47.--Torbay, Dr Turton.
Length 1, breadth 14 inches; slightly compressed, white, minutely sha-
greened, beak nearest the retral extremity; anteal extremity broad, round-
ed. This species nearly resembles the A. pubescens, but is distinguished, ac-
cording to Dr Turton, “‘ by the large oval projecting teeth, which extend
forwards, and have no lateral attachment.”
467. A. preetenue.—Shell slightly compressed, transversely
ovate, and rounded at both extremities.
Mya pretenuis, Pult. Dorset. 28. Mont. Test. Brit. 41.—Anatina
pret. Turt. Biv. Brit. 48. t. iv. f. 4—Southern shores of England.
Length 1 inch, breadth 13 ; rough, retral extremity longest. It is distin-
guished from the preceding by its rounded retral extremity.
468. A. distortwum.—Convex, suborbicular, wrinkled.
Mya distorta, Mont. Test. Brit. 42. t.i. f 1—Anatina dist. J'urt. Biv.
Brit. 48. t. iv. f 5.—In crevices of rocks, rare.
Diameter nearly an inch; variable in form from confined situations in
which it occurs; rough, wrinkled by the layers of growth; distinguished
readily from the preceding by the rounded projecting support for the liga-
ment.
** Hinge, with a lateral tooth on each side, in one of the
: valves.
469. A. prismaticum.—Transversely oblong, rounded an-
teally, pointed retrally.
Mya prismatica, Laskey, Wern. Mem. i. 377. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup.
23. t. xxvi. f 3.—A. prism. Turt. Biv. Brit. 52. t. v. f 3.—Sandy
bays.
Length half an inch, breadth an inch; thin, transparent, glossy, and iri-
descent ; obsoletely striated concentrically, ventral margin slightly rounded ;
a single erect tooth in both valves, with corresponding pits for their recep-
tion. A specimen, presented to me by Mr Laskey, by whom the shell was
first discovered, is greatly more obtuse at the retral extremity.
470. A. album.—Transversely ovate, subtriangular ; round-
ed at both ends, the beak nearest the retral extremity.
4
Donax. MOLLUSCA. DONACIDAS. 433
Mactra alba, Wood, Linn. Trans. vi. 174. t. xvi. f. 9-12. Ligula Boy-
sii, Mont. Test. Brit. 98. t. iii. f 7.—Amphidesma Boysii, Turt. Biv.
Brit. 53. t. v- f 4, 5.—Sandy shores, frequent.
Length half an inch, breadth three-quarters, glossy, pellucid ; slopes from
the beak on both sides; the ventral margin rather suddenly rounded ; a sin-
gle umbonal denticle in each valve, and a large lateral tooth on each side in
one valve ; it is readily distinguished by its shortness and pellucidity.
471. A. tenwe.—Subtriangular, equilateral with a rounded
ventral margin.
Ligula tennis, Mont. Test. Brit. 572. t. xvii. fi 7.—A. tenue, Turt. Biv.
Brit. 53.—South coast of England.
Length a quarter of an inch, breadth a little more ; white, concentrically
wrinkled, compressed, beaks produced, central; hinge with one bifurcated
tooth, and a remote lateral one in one valve, and a single plain tooth in the
other.
DONACID£.
Gren. CXIX. DONAX.—Transversely subtriangular, retrah
ly short and truncated; hinge with two teeth in both
valves ; lateral teeth rather remote.
* Inner margin crenulated.
472. D. trunculus. —Shell with numerous minute simple
longitudinal striee, becoming obsolete towards the anteal extre-
mity.
Tellina intus ex viola purpurascens, in ambitu serrata, List. An. Ang
190. Conch. t. eeclxxvi. f. 217.—D. trun. Linn. Syst. i. 1127. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 93. t. lv. Mont. Test. Brit. 103. Turt. Biv. Brit. 123.
—Sandy shores, common.
Length five-eighths of an inch, breadth one inch and a quarter; a yellow-
ish-white cuticle, inside purple, retrally obliquely truncated, the anal angle
rounded; anteally compressed, rounded, with the dorsal margin nearly
straight.
473. D. denticulata.—Shell with numerous fine punctured.
longitudinal striee.
Tellina purpurascens, List. Conch. t. ccclxxvi. f. 218.—D. dent. Linn.
Syst. i. 1127. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 93. Mont. Test. Brit. 104. Turt.
Biv. Brit. 124.—English shores, rare.
Length about half an inch, breadth an inch; whitish, rayed with purple-
It is more suddenly truncated retrally than the preceding species, and rough
with ridges.
** Inner margin entire.
474. D. complanata.—Transversely elongated, smooth, with:
a longitudinal white band.
VOL. I. Ee
4B4 MOLLUSCA. DONACID. Capsa.
Tellina variegata, List. Conch. t. ecelxxxiv.—D. comp. Mont. Test. Brit.
106. Turt. Biv. Brit. 125.—English shores, rare.
Length three-quarters of an inch, breadth an inch and a half; glossy, va-
riegated, with a white band from the beak towards the anal angle ; a few ob-
solete concentric furrows, the inside purple ; retral extremity more produced
than in either of the preceding species.
475. D. plebeta.—Triangularly ovate, smooth, with two lon-
gitudinal fulvous bands.
Tellina parva, List. Conch. t. ecclxxxix. Pult. Dorset. 32. Mont. Test-
Brit. 107. t. v. f, 2. Turi. Biv. Brit. 126.—English and Scottish
shores, rare.
Length half inch an inch, breadth three-quarters ; broad, thick and strong;
yellowish ; the teeth large ; the fulvous bands are sometimes absent.
476. D. rubra.—Wedge-shaped, smooth, uniformly red.
Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 38. Turt. Biv. Brit. 129. t. x. fi. 14.—Southern
shores of England, rare.
About an eighth of an inch in diameter, semitransparent; inside reddish ;
beaks prominent.
Gen. CXX. CAPSA. — Shell transverse, abbreviated an-
teally; hinge with two teeth in both valves; no lateral
teeth.
477. C. castanea.—Strong, transversely oblong, with a few
obsolete concentric ridges.
Donax cast. Mont. Test. Brit. 573. t. xvii. f. 2.—Capsa cast. Turt. Biv.
Brit. 128. t. x. £. 13.—Southern shores of England, rare.
Length a quarter, and breadth half an inch; chesnut, with a deeper co-
loured curved band from the hinge towards the longest side; inside chesnut,
margin plain ; one of the teeth large, the other small, in each valve.
Gren. CXXI. TELLINA.—Shell transverse or suborbicu-
lar, with a flexuous plait at the posterior side; hinge with
two teeth in one or both valves; lateral ones generally re-
mote.
* With two teeth in one valve, and the shell oval.
478. 'l’. fragilis —Transversely ovate, subsuleated by the
layers of growth; retrally truncated.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 86. t. xlvii. f. 26.—English shores.
Length nine-tenths, breadth one inch and three-tenths; white; the left
valve largest; the strie wrinkled behind the fold; indistinct longitudinal
strixe, and some minute oblique ones, apparently confined to the cuticle; in-
side striated near the margin at which the shell is slightly bevelled; an in-
distinct ridge from the beak to the posterior muscular impression ; no lateral
teeth. The specimens in my possession which agree with the figure in
“ British Zoology,” have the teeth indistinct.
TELLINA. MOLLUSCA. DONACIDA. 435.
479. 'T. lineata.—Shell oval, with crowded transverse striz,
one valve double toothed, one of the teeth cloven, with a lateral
one on each side, the other valve with a single cloven tooth and
no lateral ones.
Tut. Biv. Brit. 99. t: vii. f. 1.—Teignmouth Bay.
Length 4ths, breadth Zths of an inch; white, with a pale and longitudinal
stripe from the beaks to the oral extremity ; thin, semitransparent, with nu-
merous fine transverse striz, strongest at the extremities.
480. T. punicea.—Oval, oblong, with transverse strie, and
minute longitudinal ones; one valve double toothed, with a
single lateral one, the other with a single primary and lateral
tooth.
Turt. Lin. Trans. iv. 194.—T. leeta, Pult. Dorset. 29. Mont. Test. Brit.
57.—T. inzequistriata, Don. Brit. Shells, t. cxxiiii—T. punicea, Twrt.
Biv. Brit. 100.—South coast of England and Dunbar, rare.
Length three-quarters of an inch, breadth upwards of an inch; variously
tinged with pink ; the concentric striz are regular and strong; one of the
primary teeth bifid, the lateral one contiguous, broad and oblique.
481. T. fabula.— Shell oval, contracted retrally; the left
valve obliquely striated.
Turt. Linn. iv. 194.—Don. Brit. Shells, t. xeviii—Moné. Test. Brit. 61.
—Turt. Biv. Brit. 101.—Sandy coasts, common.
Length half an inch, breadth three quarters; thin, glossy, white and iri-
descent ; concentrically striated irregularly ; a single tooth in the right valve,
with a minute adjacent denticle; two teeth in the left, and a rounded lateral
one.
482. 'T. similis.—Shell oval, with both valves obliquely stria-
ted.
Sower. Brit. Misc. t. Ixxv.— Trt. Biv. Brit. 102.—Southern shores of
England.
This shell is not so broad as the preceding, being broader and more abbre-
viated retrally ; the oblique striz are finer and more remote, and there is a
lateral tooth in each margin.
483. 'T. donacina.—Shell oval, transversely striate, very ob-
tuse anteally ; in one valve two teeth, and a lateral one on each
side; in the other a single primary tooth.
Linn. Syst. i. 1118.—Mont. Test. Brit. 58. t. xxvii. f 3.—Turi. Biv.
Brit. 103.—Various parts of the coast, rare.
Length three quarters, breadth one inch and a quarter; yellowish, with
red, often interrupted, longitudinal rays ; hinge with a single cloven tooth in
one valve, and no lateral ones; in the other, two teeth, one of them cloven,
and. a strong, rather remote, lateral tuoth on each side.
484. 'T. bimaculata—Oval-triangular, slightly striate trans-
versely, a little angular retrally ; in one valve two teeth, and
lateral ones ; in the other a single tooth, and lateral ones.
T. lata, List. Conch. t. ecelxxxv.—T. bim. Linn. \Syst. 1120.—Don. Brit-
Shells, t. xix. f. 1—Mont. Test. Brit. 69.—Turt. Biv. Brit. 103. t. viii.
1 eae
Ee
436 MOLLUSCA. DONACIDA. TELLINA.
Length half an inch, breadth a little more, with two red spots under the
beaks, or with interrupted sagittate rays.
485. 'T. squalida.—Oval-oblong ; produced and pointed re-
trally ; in one valve two teeth, and a single lateral one; in the
other a single tooth and two lateral ones.
Pult. Dorset. 29.—Mont. Test. Brit. 56.—T. depressa, Don. Brit. Shells,
t. clxiii.— Turt. Biv. Brit. 105.—English and Irish coasts.
Length about an inch, breadth nearly two inches ; colour reddish ; eoncen-
trically striated, with irregular ridges of growth.
** With two teeth in each valve, and the shell oval.
486. 'T. striata—Oval-triangular, with crowded transverse
strize, and minute longitudinal ones ; each valve with two lateral
teeth.
Mont. Test. Brit. 60. t. xxvii. f. 2.—Turt. Biv. Brit. 106.—Southern
shores of England, rare.
Length an inch, breadth three quarters ; rosy-white, with fine and regular
concentric strize.
487. 'T. tenwis.—Oval-triangular ; irregularly striate trans-
versely ; one of the valves with a lateral tooth.
T. levis, List. Conch. t. ecccev. f. 251.—T. planata, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv.
87. t. xlviii. £ 29.—T. tenuis, Don. Brit. Shells, t. xix. f. 2.— Mont. Test.
Brit. lix.—Turt. Biv. Brit. 107.—Sandy shores, common.
‘Length about half an inch, breadth three quarters ; reddish, with generally
deeper bands; compressed, somewhat truncated, and angular at the
anal extremity.
*** In each valve two teeth, and the shell somewhat orbicular.
488. T. maculata—Suborbicular, and equivalve, with rough
transverse striae, and minute longitudinal ones, each valve with
two lateral teeth.
Turt. Biv. Brit. 108.—Bantry Bay.
Length an inch, breadth an inch and quarter; whitish, with dark irregular
spots; the interstices of the distinct concentric striz are longitudinally stria-
ted, which gives a roughness to the aspect of the shell.—This is probably
identical with T. obtusa of Sowerby, Min. Conch. t. clxxix. f. 4, a reputed
crag fossil.
489. T. crasse.—Suborbicular, unequivalve, nearly equilate-
ral, with transverse striz, and obscure longitudinal ones; the
left valve with a remote lateral tooth on each side.
Pectunculus planus, List. Conch. t. 299.—T. crassa, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv.
87. t. xlviii. f. 28.—T. proficua, Pult. Dorset. 29. Mont. Test. Brit.
69. 'T. reticulata, Maton and Rackett, Linn. Trans. viii. 54. t. i. £ 9.
T. fausta, Puilt. Dorset. 29. Mont. Test. Brit. 64. Don. Brit. Shells,
t. xeviii. rigida, ib. t. ciii Southern shores of England and Irelana,
rare in Scotland.
Length from 1.to 2 inches, and a little more in breadth ; strong, semitrans-
parent, whitish, tinged with yellow, or rayed longitudinally with pink; left
Psammosira. MOLLUSCA. PSAMMOBIAD A. 437
valve shallow; internally a ridge from the beak to the anteal muscular im-
pression.
—=——
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. T. obliqua.—Nearly orbicular, convex, oblique, smooth ; anterior side
slightly defined by a longitudinal wave.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxi. f. 1.—
Crag.
2. T. ovata.—Ovate, convex, smvoth; equilateral, with a slight retral
wave.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxi. f. 2.—Crag.
3. T. obtusa.—Transversely ovate, convex, concentrically striated; margin
obtuse; sides very unequal.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxxix. f. 4.—In Crag.
4. T. Branderi.—Obovate, depressed, smooth, with a small sinus on the
anterior margin; beak rather prominent.—(T. bimaculata, Brander, f. 102.—
Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccccii. f. 1.—-London Clay.
5. T. filosa.a—Obovate, depressed, transversely striated ; posterior side an-
gular; anterior ronnded; strize elevated, acute, numerous, enlarged poste-
riorly.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccccii. f. 2.—London Clay.
6. T. ambigua.—Oval, elongated, convex, obscurely sulcated; left valve
thickest, curved, and with only one huge tooth.—Sower. Min. Conch. cecciii.
—London Clay.
7. T. striatula.—Transversely elliptico-lanceolate, convex, smooth ; poste-
rior part shortest, longitudinally striate ; strize obscure.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. eecelvi. f 1.—Green Sand.
8. T. inequalis.—Oval, convex, smooth; posterior extremity obtuse ; its
surface finely striated from the beak; anterior side largest, rounded.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. eccclvi. f. 2.—Green Sand.
Gen. CX XIT.—PSAMMOBIA.—Shell transverse, oblong, or
oval, a little gaping, with a flexure from the beak to the
anal angle ; hinge with two teeth in one or both the valves ;
Jateral teeth none.
* With two teeth in one of the valves only.
490. P. florida.—Oval-oblong, with close-set transverse strie,
and minute longitudinal ones,
Turt. Biv. Brit. 86. t. vi. f. 9.—English and Irish coasts.
Length half an inch, breadth an inch, rather convex; variously marked
with different colours; sloping gently from the beaks; nearly equally round-
ed at both extremities ; a single cloven tooth in one valve, and a cavity on
each side for the reception of the two teeth of the opposite valve.
491. P. costulata—Oval-oblong, with transverse striae, and
minute longitudinal ones, and oblique longitudinal ribs at the
posterior end.
Twit. Biv. Brit. 87. t. vi. f. 8.—Torbay.
Length half an inch, breadth an inch; variously coloured; dorsal margin
nearly even; slightly truncated obliquely on the retral extremity, where
438 MOLLUSCA. PSAMMOBIADA. Psammosia.
there are about twelve longitudinal ribs; a slightly cloven tooth in one valve,
closing between two in the other, one of which is slightly cloven.
492. P. fragilis——Suboval, tumid, fiexuous and produced
at the posterior end, with transverse laminal striae, and minute
longitudinal ones.
Tellina fragilis, Linn. Syst. i. 117.—T. jugosa, Brown, Wern. Mem. ii-
506. t. xxiv. f. 2.—P. fragilis, Turi. Biv. Brit. 88. t. vii. f 11, 12—
Coast of Ireland.
Length about an inch, breadth an inch and a half; brownish; very tumid
at the larger end, and sloping to a rough flexuous point at the other; teeth
strong, elevated; in one valve a cloven tooth, with a cavity on each side for
the reception of the two teeth of the opposite valve.
493. P. Laskeyt.—Oval-oblong ; slightly contracted retrally,
with a few obsolete concentric ridges.
Tellina Lask. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 28. t. xxviil. £ 3—Frith of Forth,
Mr Laskey.
Length half an inch, breadth three quarters ; purplish white, with an oval
cuticle ; beaks slightly prominent, retrally ; slightly obtuse; two approximate
subbifid teeth in one valve, and a single tooth in the other.
494. P. Ferroensis.—Transversely-oblong ; obliquely trun-
cated retrally ; concentrically striated, with a few longitudinal
ribs behind the fold.
Tellina rufo maculata, List. Conch. t. eecxciv.—T. incarnata, Penn. Brit.
Zool. iv. 8@. t. xlvii. f. 31.—T. Fer. Mont. Test. Brit. 55.—P. Fer.
Turt. Biv. Brit. 94.—Sandy bays, common.
Length three quarters of an inch, breadth two inches; reddish, with longi-
tudinal rays; compressed; rounded anteally ; concentric striz distinct, espe-
cially behind the fold, where they are decussated on the longitudinal ridges,
the markings strongest on the left valve ; hinge with two teeth in each valve,
one large and bifid.
495. P. solidula.— Suborbicular, slightly angular retrally,
with minute transverse striae, and distant obsolete ridges of
growth.
Concha parva, List. An. Ang. 175.—Conch. t. cecev. f. 251.—T. carnaria,
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 88. t. 49. f£ 32.—T. sol. Monit. Test. Brit. 63.—
P. sol. Turt. Biv. Brit. 95.—On gravelly shores imbedded near low
water-mark.
Length about three quarters of an inch; breadth a little more; white,
more or less tinged or banded with pink; convex ; the cartilage side sloping
rather suddenly.
496. P. rotundata—Nearly orbicular ; convex ; beaks pro-
minent, with numerous obsolete transverse strize.
Tellina rot. Mont. Test. Brit. 71. t. ii. f. 3—Lucina rot. Turt. Biv. Brit-
114. t. vii. f£ 3.—South coasts of England and Ireland.
Diameter about an inch ; yellowish-white ; thin, translucent ; slightly trun-
cated retrally; beaks a little inclining; hinge with two teeth in one valve,
whe largest bifid, and slightly diverging; inner margin slightly striate longi-
tudinally. ;
Astartse. MOLLUSCA. PSAMMOBIADAL. 439
497. P. polygona.—Subovate, with transverse and minute
longitudinal striae; retral extremity angular, and undulate at
the margin.
Tellina pol. Moné. Test. Brit. Sup. 27. t. xxviii. f. 4.—P. pol. Turt. Biv.
Brit. 96.—Frith of Forth.—_ Mr Laskey.
Length half an inch, breadth a little more; whitish; anteally rounded;
teeth, in one valve, two, large and distinct ; in the other a large triangular
bifid tooth, with an approximate small one.
498. P. strigillatus.—Oblong, striate in two directions on the
anteal side, with one of the teeth oblique and laminar.
Chama angusta, List. Conch. t. cecexvi.—P. stri. Turt. Biv. Brit. 97. ts vi.
f. 13.—Torbay and Cornwall.
Length an inch, breadth 2 inches; narrower at the retral side; yellowish-
white; ventral margin straight ; about 30 longitudinal strize.
499. P. scopula.—Kidney-shaped ; striate in two directions
on the retral side, with all the teeth erect.
Turt. Biv. Brit. 98. t. 6. £11, 12. Exmouth.
Length three-eighths, breadth six-eighths ; glossy white- It is distin-
guished from the last by the sides being more open where the valves are a
little reflected; in the middle there is an evident contraction ; the oblique
striz are not more than 20, the beaks are more prominent, and the teeth are
all erect, and close together.
—<=>__—
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. P. solidu.—Transversely elongated, depressed, tumid, nearly smooth,
slightly curved ; an obtuse carina marks the retral side.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. 342.—Upper marine formation, Headon Hill.
Gen. CX XIII. ASTARTE.—Suborbicular or transverse ;
subinequilateral; hinge with two diverging teeth; a de-
pression before the beaks ; impression of the cloak entire,
exhibiting no syphon cicatrix.—This genus, instituted by
Sowerby (Min. Conch. ii. 85.), is identical with the subse-
quently announced Crassina of Lamarck.
* Margin crenulated.
500. A. sulcata.—Shell suborbicular, flattish, with broad,
concentric furrows, obsolete towards the beaks and sides.
Venus sulcata, Mont. Test. Brit. 131.—England, and north of Scotland.
Diameter about seven-eighths of an inch; white, with an opake brown cu-
ticle ; strong and thick ; beaks prominent, inclining, under which is a lanceo-
late depression ; cartilage side likewise depressed, but narrower, exterior
margin rounded ; inside white, smooth and glossy at the margin, the middle
dull and rough ; edge crenulated ; hinge with three teeth in one valve, the
middle one larger than the others, with a deep cavity in one valve, into which
the two teeth of the other valve lock. Montagu states his having received
this shell as English from Mr Sowerby, and that according to Mr Swainson,
440 MOLLUSCA. PSAMMOBIAD A. ASTARTS.
it is known in the north of Scotland by the trivial name of “ Brown cireular
furrowed northern Cockle,”’—a descriptive epithet we have not heard of, and
which seems somewhat different from the usual provincial appellations.
501. A. Danmonie.—Shell transversely ovate, with strong,
regular, equidistant, concentric smooth ridges.
Venus Dan. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 45. t. xxix. f 4.-Crassina sulcata,
Turi. Biv. Brit. 131. t. xi. f. 1, 2.—English and Scottish coasts.
Length an inch, breadth an inch and a quarter; shell white, with a dark
brown cuticle ; beaks nearly central, inclining, below which is a lanceolate
depression ; margin within glossy and crenulated ; teeth, two in each valve.
* Margin plain.
502. A. Scotica.—Shell transversely ovate, with strong, re-
gular, equidistant, concentric, smooth ridges.
Venus Scotica, Maton and Rackett, Linn. Trans. viii. pt. 1. t. ii. ££ 3. —
Moni. Test. Brit. Supp. 44.—Crassina Scotica, Turt. Biv. Brit. 130.
t. xi. f. 3, 4.—Various parts of the coast, from Devon to Zetland.
Length ;ths, breadth an inch; white with a brown cuticle. It is princi-
pally distinguished from the preceding by the greater compression of the
ventral margin, the shortuess of the lunule, and in the inside being less
rough, and the margin entire.
503. A. compressa.—Shell subtriangular, rounded in front ;
beaks very prominent, and inclining ; obsoletely and irregularly
sulcated transversely.
Venus compressa, Moni. Test. Brit. Sup. 43. t. xxvi. f. 1.—Maton and
Rackett, Linn. Trans. viii. t. ii. f 2.—Cyprina compressa, Turt. Biv.
Brit. 136. t. xi. f. 20-23.—Coast of Scotland.
Diameter about half an inch; shell white, with a brown cuticle; cartilage
slope but little rounded ; the depression in front of the beaks sudden. While
the figure in the Linn. Trans. above quoted belongs to this species, the de-
scription is that of A. suleata. I possess dead valves from St Andrew’s Bay
upwards of an inch and three-tenths in length. Is this distinct from Cras-
sina semisulcata of Dr Leach, Annals of Philosophy, xiv. 204. ? Even by the
aid of authentic specimens, I have failed to procure a specific difference.
—=—S——
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. A. durida.—Transversely oblong, convex, depressed, with many trans-
verse undulations ; lunette elliptical, sharp ; margin crenulated within, near-
ly straight ventrally.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. exxxvii. f. 1.—JInferior Oolite.
2. A. elegans.—Transversely oblong, convex, depressed, with many small
transverse costa, lunette cordate; margin crenulated within.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. cxxxvii. f. 3.—Jnferior Oolite.
3. A. cuneata.—Subcordate, acuminated, gibbose, with small transverse
costz; lunette cordate; margin entire within.—Sower. Min. Conch. t.cxxxvii-
f, 2.—-Upper Oolite.
4. A. plana.—Nearly orbicular, depressed, surface plain ; lunette elongated,
acute, deep; margin entire.—Sower. Min. Conch. 179. f: 2.—Crag ?
5. A. obliquata.—Obovate, transversely depressed; with many oblique con-
centric strise upon the surface; margin crenulated.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. clxxix. f 3.—In Crag.
ASTARTE. MOLLUSCA. LUCINADA. 441
6. A. lineata. —Obovate, transversely depressed; slightly truncated; with
a few concentric acute ridges, and many minute intervening striz upon the
surface; lunette lanceolate, small; margin entire.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. clxxix. f. 1.—Upper Oolite.
7. A. excavata.—Obovate, convex, concentrically costated, truncated re-
trally ; lunette hemispherical, excavated ; cartilage enclosed in a sulcus;
margin toothed.— Sower. Min. Conch. t. cexxxiii.— Under Oolite.
8. A. planata.—Transversely obovate, gibbose, with small obtuse concentric
ridges; edges crenulated ; lunette concave.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cclvii—
In Crag.
9. A. rugata.—Obovate, anteriorly subtruncated, when young transversely
costated, afterwards slightly wrinkled ; edge internally crenulated; lunette
concave, obovate, pointed—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccxi.—London Clay.
10. A. obovata.—Obovate, uniformly convex, corrugated; lunette com-
pressed ; anterior margin subtruncated, inner edge crenulated.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. cccliii—Jron Sand.
ll. A. étrigonalis—Cordato-triangular, depressed, transversely sulcated ;
beak pointed; anterior side separated by an angle, smooth.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. eccexliv. f. 1.—Inferior Oolite.
12. A. orbicularis.—Lenticular, with many concentric reflected lamellz up-
on its surface ; edge smooth.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecccxliv. f. 2, 3.—Upper
Oolite.
13. A. pumila.—Obliquely obovate, slightly convex, with numerous con-
centric ridges ; edge crenated within.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccxliv. ‘f. 4.
5, 6.—Upper Oolite,
14. A. striata.—Lenticular, transversely striated ; lunette ovate, flat, deep-
ly sunk, shell thick.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxx. f: 1.—Green Sand.
15. A. orbicularis—Lenticular, rather gibbose, concentrically furrowed ;
furrows small; posterior surface plaited with an angle at its edge, lunette
elongated, very deep.—Sower. Min. Conch. t, pxx. f. 2.—Oolite.
16. A. imbricata.—Cordate, orbicular, largely imbricated, convex ; tooth in
the left valve beneath the lunette small; lunette elongated, flat ; hinge line
arched; edge finely crenulated.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxxi. f. 1.—Suffolk,
Crag:
17. A. nitida.—Transversely obovate, angular above, rather depressed, mi-
nutely sulcated near the beaks, the rest even; beaks pointed; lunette lan-
ceolate ; edge crenated.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxxi. f. 2.—Suffolk, Crag.
18. A. bipartita.—Obcordate, gibbose ; six or eight large undulations upon
a flat space near the beak, the rest of the surface even; beaks acute; edge
toothed.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxxi. f. 3.—Suffolk, Crag.
19. A. oblonga.—Transversely oblong, convex; surface largely waved ;
beaks small ; lunette cordate, pointed, concave ; edge crenated.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t, Dxxi. f. 4.-Suffolk, Crag.
Gen. CXXIV. LUCINA.—Orbicular, two teeth in each valve,
with lateral teeth.
* Strie concentric.
504. L. radula.—Shell with numerous raised strize, and shal-
low, broad, intervening spaces.
442 MOLLUSCA. LUCINAD. Luctna.
Pectunculus subfuscus, List, Conch. t. ccxciiii—Tellina radula, Mont.
Test. Brit. 68. t..ii. £1, 2—Venus borealis, Don. Brit. Shells, t. cxxx.
hs radula, Turt. Biv. Brit. 116.—Deep water on various parts of the
coast.
Diameter about an inch and a half; white; lenticular, the margin slightly
irregular retrally ; beak prominent, slightly inclining; the concentric strize
in the young shell are very regular (in which state it appears to be the L. alba
of Dr Turton, Biv. Brit. 114. t. vii. f. 6, 7.), but with age they become irre-
gular, and less distinct towards the margin; one of the hinge teeth cloven ;
right valve with an anterior lateral tooth.
505. L. jlewwosa.—Obsoletely striated transversely; the beaks
prominent, and the retral margin much waved.
Tellina flexuosa, Mont. Test. Brit. 72—Cryptodon flexuosus, Just. Biv.
Brit. 121. t. vii. f. 9, 10.—Not uncommon from Devon to Zetiand.
Diameter scarcely half an inch; white, thin and translucent ; two grooves
on the retral extremity, extending from the beaks to the margin, and a
rounded depression before the beaks ; the teeth are indistinct, seldom more
than one tooth developed in each valve. It bears a very close resemblance
to L. pennsylvanica, List. Conch. t. ecev.
** Stric oblique and arched (Strigella of Turton).
506. L. carnaria.—Oval, inequilateral, with oblique strize in
three directions, forming acute angles retrally, and waved arches
anteally.
Pectunculus tenuis, Zist. Conch. t. ecexxxix.—Tellina carnaria, Linn.
Syst. i. 1119.—Pult. Dorset. xxx.—Don. Brit. Shells, t. xlvii—Mont.
Test. Brit. 73.—Strigilla carnaria, Turt. Biv. Brit. 117.—Weymouth
and Poole, Dr Pulteney.
Diameter about 3ths of an inch; white, more or less tinged with rose-co-
lour, back a Little inclining, under which is an oval impression.
507. L. pisiformis——Shell somewhat globular, and nearly
equilateral, with oblique longitudinal strize on one side, forming
acute angles, on the other waved.
Tellina pisiformis, Linn. Syst. i.-1120.—Cardium discors, Mont. Test.
Brit. 84.—Strigilla pisiformis, Twrt. Biv. Brit. 119.—One dead speci-
men found at Falmouth by Mr Montagu.
Diameter about a quarter of an inch; convex, glossy white; beaks small,
inclining ; two teeth in one valve, one of which is very small, one in the
other, with remote lateral teeth like laminz. The Strigilla divaricata of
“« Bivalvia Britannica,” appears to belong to this species. ‘* Shell half an
inch in diameter, white, thin, brittle, orbicular, with a slight flexuosity on
the hinder side, rather convex, with regular but not very close striz, which
form rather oblique curved lines, and turn off at both the sides nearly in
right angles; beaks central, very prominent ; hinge with a single cloven
tooth in one valve, closing between two plain ones in the other; the lateral
teeth remote and small.” Shores of Teignmouth.
508. L. arcuata.—Orbicular, with oblique doubly waved striz.
Cardium ar. Mont. Test. Brit. 85. t, 3. ££ 2—Falmouth harbour.
Diameter about half an inch; white, thin, fragile, finely and regularly
striated obliquely, with a few irregular concentric furrows; beak central,
pointed and arching; hinge with one primary tooth in each valve, lateral
teeth remote.
Myrtea. MOLLUSCA. VENERIDA. 443
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. L. divaricatula—Orbicular, gibbose, marked with two sets of oblique
arched striz, and three or four deep lines of growth.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. eccexviie—London Clay.—Lamark and Sowerby agree in considering it as
identical with the recent LZ. divaricata of the West Indies !
2. L. mitis. —Orbicular, convex, ornamented with minute longitudinal
striae, and numerous small regular concentric laminz ; lunette oval, very con-
cave; cardinal teeth obscure, no lateral tooth-—Sower. Min. Conch. t. plvii.
—London Clay.
3. L. antiquata.—Orbicular, convex, ornamented with concentric laminze ;
surface irregular; anterior side angular; lunette flat, lanceolate.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. plvii. f 2.—In Crag.
4. L. crassa.—Nearly orbicular, convex; covered with thick slightly ele-
vated concentric laminz ; superior margin obtuse; lunette linear ; concealed ;
valve thick.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. plvii. f. 3. —Oolite.
Gen. CXXV. MYRTEA.—* Oval-triangular, equivalve,
nearly equilateral, closed ; hinge of one valve, with a single
tooth and lateral one each side; of the other valve, two
teeth, the lateral ones obscure.”— Turton.
509. M. spinifera.—Shell with about thirty-six regular, con-
centric, elevated, and somewhat reflected, ridges.
Venus spin, Mont. Test. Brit. 577. t. xvii. f! i—M. spin. Turt, Biv.
Brit. 133.—Western coasts of England, rare.
Length half an inch, breadth a little more; yellowish-white; the ridges
become confluent in pairs on the retral edge, forming short obtuse reflected
spines; beaks small, nearly central, inclining, below which is a lanceolate de-
pression.
VENERID.
Gren. CXXVI. CYPRINA. — Shell subcordiform, nearly
equilateral, closed, hinge with three diverging teeth, and a
remote lateral one at the retral termination of the liga-
ment ; syphons not produced, leaving the marginal impres-
sion of the cloak entire, resembling, in this character, the
genus Astarte.
510. C. 2slandica.—Obliquely heart-shaped, beaks prominent,
concentrically striated, and covered with a thick brown cuticle.
Concha e maximis, Lisi. An. Ang. 173. Conch. t. celxxii—Venus isl
Linn. Syst. i. 1131. Mull. Zool. Dan. t. xxviii. f. 1-5. Mont. Test.
444 MOLLUSCA. VENERID. CypRINa.
Brit. 114.—C. isl. Turt. Biv. Brit. 135.—Not uncommon on all parts
of the coast. ,
This is the largest British bivalve shell, measuring sometimes 13 inches
in circumference, and, exclusively of the animal, weighing upwards of 9
ounces ; it is slightly truncated retrally ; the ligament at the beak is lodged
in a deep cavity ; there is no lunette in front of the beaks. At St Andrew’s
it is called Daikie, and in Zetland Cuvie.
511. C. triangularis—Subtriangular, smooth, with a length-
ened cordiform depression in front of the beaks.
Venus tri. Mont. Test. Brit. 577. t. xvii. f. 3.—C. tri. Turt. Biv. Brit. -
136. t. xi. f. 19, 20.—South of England and Dublin bay.
Diameter about half an inch; yellowish-white ; strong, with a few obsolete
concentric ridges; the beaks are produced, and the slope is nearly equal on
both sides; in one valve two teeth, and a curved lateral one, in the other
three teeth and a curved lateral one.
512. C. minima. — Suborbicular, compressed, with broad,
smooth, transverse ribs.
Venus min. Mond. Test. Brit. 12]. t. iii. f 3.—C. min. Turt. Biv. Brit.
137.—Southern coasts of England.
Length a quarter of an inch, breadth rather more; flesh-coloured, with
two red spots near the beaks, and two near the margin, connected by two
white jlines; glossy, strong. Dr Turton assigns to this species only two
hinge teeth besides the lateral ones.
—<>>—
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. C. equalis.—Uniformlyzconvex, obcordate, or nearly circular, covered
with numerous transverse concentric strize ; thick, particularly in the middle ;
margin acute, extended, entire; cicatrix obscure.—Venus equalis, Sower.
Min. Conch. t. xxi.—In Crag.
2. C. angulata.—Obtusely cordate, broader than long, beak short jangular,
rising on the posterior side, which is slightly truncated, smooth; margin en-
tire ; larger hinge-teeth placed at an angle of about 60°.—Venus ang. Sower.
Min. Conch. t. lxv.—In Green Sand.
3. C. rustica.—Suborbicular, gibbose, smooth ; posterior side obscurely de-
fined, convex, with a thick lateral tooth.— Venus rustica, Sower. Min. Conch.
t. excvi.—In Crag.
Gen. CX XVII. CYTHEREA.—Shell suborbicular or trans-
verse, unequilateral ; hinge, on the right valve, of three
diverging teeth and one transverse and detached at the
side under the lunule; three diverging teeth in the other
valve, with an adjacent transverse cavity anteriorly ; sy-
phon marks distinct.
513. C. chione.—Shell ovately-subtrigonal, smooth, glossy,
with slight concentric lines of growth ; a lanceolate lunule raised
in the middle.
Cytuerra. MOLLUSCA. VENERID. 445
Venus Ch. Linn. Test. i. 1131. Don. Brit. Shells, t. xvii. Mont. Test
Brit. 115.—C. Ch. Twit. Biv. Brit. 161. t. viii. f. 11.—Southern coasts
of England ; where the shells are called Queens.
Length about 3 inches, breadth 4; cuticle chesnut, with darker bands;
beaks incurved, little elevated and inclined ; edge obtuse.
» 514, C. Guineensis.—Subcordate, with numerous close re-
gular sharp ridges.
Pectunculus ruber, List. Conch. t. 306.—Venus Guin. Mont. Test. Brit.
Sup. 48.—C. Guin. Turt. Biv. Brit. 161.—At Weymouth, Mr Bryer,
and at Dunbar, Mr Laskey.
Length an inch and a quarter, breadth one inch and a half; white, with
purple rays ; the heart-shaped lunule and cartilage depression purple; slight-
ly truncated retrally.
515. C. exoleta.—Shell suborbicular, nearly equilateral, dis-
tinctly striated transversely.
Pectunculus dense fasciatus, List. Conch. t- cexci.—Venus exoleta, Linn.
Syst. i. 1134. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 94. t. lix. f: 49. Don. Brit.
Shells. t. xlii. f 1. Mont. Test. Brit. 116.—C. ex. Turt. Biv. Brit.
162. t. viii. f. 7.—Sandy bays, in deep water.
Diameter about two inches; brownish white with dark zig-zag stripes;
compressed ; the ridges are sharp on the umbonal edge, and broader than the
intervening striz ; syphon margin slightly truncated.
516. C. lincta.—Suborbicular, oblique, inequilateral, with
fine concentric striz.
Pectunculus, rostro productiore, List. Conch. t. cexe.—Venus exoleta,
var. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 95. t. lvi. f. 49. —V. lincta, Pult. Dorset. 34.
V. exol. Maton and Rackeit, Linn. Trans. viii. 87, t. iii, f. 2.—C. sinua-
ta, Turt. Biv. Brit. 163. t. x. f. 10.—Sandy bays in deep water.
Length an inch and a half, breadth about one-tenth less; glossy white.
It is chiefly distinguished from the preceding by the greater prominence of
the beaks, by the cartilage slope being longer and less rounded; and, above
all, by the striz being more numerous, and the intervening ridges flatter on
the corresponding parts. By Montagu it was considered as the young of C.
exoleta.
517. C. tigerina.—Suborbicular, compressed, with numer-
ous longitudinal striae crossed by finer lines of growth.
Pectunculus magnus, List. Conch. t. cecxxxviiiVenus tigerina, Linn.
Syst. i. 1133. Pult. Dorset. 24. Mont. Test. Brit. 119. t. iv. fi .—
C. tigerina, Turt. Biv. Brit. 164. t. x. f. 12.—English shores.
Diameter about an inch ; white, with a crimson tinge; dorsal edge slightly
depressed, with the beaks small and prominent, the ventral edge rounded.
518. C. ovata.—Subtriangular, with longitudinal ribs, ren-
dered scaly by transverse strize ; no impression at the cartilage.
Pectunculus parvus, List. Conch. t. cccxiitVenus ovata, Penn. Brit.
Zool, iv. 97. t. lvi. f. 56.—Cardium striatum, Walk. Test. Min. 23.
t. iii. f. 82._-V. ovata, Mont. Test. Brit. 120. Turt. Biv. Brit. 150.—
On various parts of the coast from Devon to Zetland.
Length ths, breadth 4ths of an inch; brownish white; towards the mid-
dle the ribs have intermediate striz ; an obscure cordiform depression, raised
in the middle before the beaks. .
446 MOLLUSCA. VENERIDA. CYTHEREA.
519. C. orbiculata.—Orbicular, compressed and cancellated ;
beaks small, with a minute cordiform impression in front.
Venus orb. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 42. t. xxix. f 7.—Cyprina orbiculata,
Turt. Biv. Brit. 138.—Dunbar, Mr Laskey.
Diameter 2ths of an inch; white; margin plain; two approximating teeth,
and one transverse, and rather remote where the margin is angular.
—_—
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. C. lentiformis.—Orbicular, depressed, with concentric, reflected, minute,
imbricated ridges; posterior slope depressed, terminated by an angle at the
margin.— Venus exoleta, Park. Org. Rem. iii. 189. V. lent. Sower. Min.
Conch. t. cciii.—Crag.
2. C. scutellaria—Mant. Geol. 263. t. xxv. f 2.— Plastic Clay.
Gren. CX XVIII. VENUS.—Shell suborbicular, mequilater-
al; hinge with three diverging teeth in each valve, the mid-
dle one in the left valve strong and bifid. /
-* Margin within crenulated.
520. V. verrucosa.—Shell tumid, heart-shaped, with numer-
ous conceniric ridges, broken into tubercles by longitudinal
grooves at both extremities.
Pectunculus omnium, crassissimus, List. Conch. t. cclxxxiv.—Concha
cinerea, Borl. Corn. 275. t. xxvii. f. 32.—V. ver. Linn. Syst. i. 1130.—
V. erycina, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 94. t. liv. f. 48.—V. ver. Don. Brit.
Shells, t. xliv. Mont. Test. Brit. 112. Turt. Biv. Brit. 140.—Eng-
lish and Irish shores.
Length two inches and a quarter, breadth a little more; rufous ; strong;
depression before the beaks heart-shaped, the posterior, or cartilage depres-
sion, distinctly displayed only on the left valve; the ridges are sharp, reflect-
ed and striated, and, towards the beaks the furrows are striated longitudinal-
ly; the margin crenulated within.
521. V. cassina.—Shell slightly compressed and heart-shaped,
with numerous concentric entire ridges.
Linn. Syst. i. 1130.—V. erycina worn, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. t. liv. f 48.
A.—V. lactea, Don. Brit. Shells, t. cxlix.—V. cass. Maton and Rae-
kett, Lin. Trans. viii. 79. t. ii £1. Turt. Biv. Brit. 141. t. ix. £ 1.—
Various parts of the coast.
Diameter about two inches; whitish; ridges irregular in size, curving to-
wards the hinge ; left valve at the ligament depressed and striate; margin
sometimes very obtuse.—This species is distinguished from the preceding by
being less tumid, and by the ridges being entire.
522. V. refleva.—Shell compressed, dorsal margin behind the
beaks nearly straight; concentric ridges rising into thin plates
retrally, where they are waved and deflected. .
Laskey, Wern. Mem. i. 384. t. viii. f. 1. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 40.
Flem. Encyc. Edin. vii. 95. t. cevi. £1. Turt. Biv. Brit. 142. t. x. pit
2.—Various parts of the coast from Devon to Zetland,
3
VENUS. MOLLUSCA. VENERID#. 447
Diameter sometimes reaching two inches and a half; brownish or yellow-
ish white, with faint red rays. It is much more compressed than either of
the preceding, especially towards the ventral margin, and the depressed space
at the ligament more distinctly marked on the right valve.
523. V. fasciata—Compressed, with remote rounded smooth
transverse ribs.
V. paphia, Pult. Dorset. 33. Mont. Test. Brit. 110.—V. fase. Don. Brit.
Shells, v. 170. Twurt. Biv. Brit. 146. t. viii. f. 9.—Not uncommon from
Devon to Zetland.
Diameter about an inch; colour reddish, with darker rays; beaks promi-
nent; depression before the beaks much raised in the middle; dorsal margin
behind the beaks sloping rapidly ; ridges sometimes divided into groups by
distant deeper furrows.—This species has been frequently confounded with
V. Paphia of Linnzeus, a West Indian shell, from which, however, as has been
well observed by Donovan, it differs in the structure ef the concentric ridges,
which, in V. Paphia, “ are remarkably thick and prominent in the middle, but
in approaching each extremity, become suddenly obtuse, and are then conti-
nued in‘an attenuated ridge.”
524, V. cancellata.—Shell round, heart-shaped, angular on
the posterior side, with remote transverse plates, which are close-
ly cancellated, and the impression before the beaks heart-shaped.
Linn. Syst. i. 1130. Turt. Biv. Brit. 144. t. x. £3.—Shores of Guernsea.
Diameter about half an inch; white, with sometimes a rosy tinge; beaks
prominent; ridges nine or ten, remote, membranaceous, slightly tubercled
posteriorly, the interstices with close set rib-like longitudinal ridges.
525. V. subcordata.—Subcordate, slightly truncated anteal-
ly ; with strong longitudinal costated strise, and remote transverse
ridges.
Mont. Test. Brit. 121. t.iii.f. 1. Turt. Biv. Brit. 144.—Found by Mon-
tagu in sand from Falmouth Harbour.
Diameter a quarter of an inch; white, strong; the decussations are long
squares; the beaks turning inwards, and much incurvated ; cartilage margin
smooth, sloping rapidly.
526. V. granulaita.—Shell suborbicular, granularly reticula-
ted, by the longitudinal ribs being crossed by rather shallow
concentric grooves.
Don. Brit. Shells, t. Ixxxiii.. Mond. Test. Brit. 122. Twurt. Biv. Brit.
144.—Shores of Devon and Cornwall and Frith:of Forth.
Length ths of an inch, breadth 1 inch; thiek ; white, with purple blotches;
beaks prominent.
527. V. Dyscra.—Subtriangularly heart-shaped, remote con-
centric ridges, with longitudinal striz im the interstices and
slightly marking the ridges.
Pectunculus maculatus, List. Conch. t. cclxxviii—V. Dys. Linn. Syst. i.
1130. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 42. Turt. Biv. Brit. 147. t. ix. f 4
Frith of Forth, Mr Laskey.—Shores of Guernsey, Dr Turton.
Diameter about an inch ; white, variously marked with brown; ridges
about twelve in number; beak small, inclining with a depression at both ex-
tremities.
448 MOLLUSCA. VENERIDE. VENUs.
528. V. rugosa.—Subtriangularly heart-shaped, with numer-
ous concentric sharp ridges.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. t. lvi. £.50.—V. cancellata, Don. Brit. Shells, t. exv-
—V. laminosa, Laskey, Wern. Mem. i. 384. t. viii. f 16.—Mont. Test.
Brit. Sup. 38.—7Turt. Biv. Brit. 148. t. x. f 4.-Various parts of the
coast.
Length about an inch, breadth an inch and a quarter ; coleur white, tinged
with brown; the margin of the ridges thin, slightly waved, and faintly striated
on the distal side.
529. V. Gallina —Subtriangularly heart-shaped, with numer-
ous glossy, transverse, rounded ricges, with sharp reflected edges.
Pectunculus fuscus, List. Conch. t. cclxxxiii—V. Gal. Linn. Syst. i. 1130.
—V. rugosa, var. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 95.—Venus striatula, Don. Brit.
Shells, t. lxviii. Mont. Test. Brit. 113.—V. Gal. Turt. Biv. Brit. 149.
t. ix. f. 2.-Sandy shores, common.
Diameter about an inch; yellowish-brown, with two or three pale rays, and
numerous zig-zag streaks ; the ridges are sloping externally, with the proxi-
mal edge low and sharp. It differs from the preceding, besides the form of
the ridges, in being more tumid, the cartilage slope not so straight, and the
depression in front of the beaks not so much produced.
530. V. pallida.—Triangularly heart-shaped ; slightly pro-
duced retrally, with obscure transverse parallel ribs crossed by
fine close longitudinal lines.
Turt. Biv. Brit. 150. t. x. f. 5.__Found at Dowlish.
Length about an inch, breadth nearly two ; thin, semitransparent ; yellow-
ish-white; beaks prominent, puinted, the slopes on each extremity smooth ;
margin thin.
** Margin plain.
531. V. wndata.—Orbicular, convex, irregularly striated con-
centrically, margin thin.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 95. t. lv. f: 51. Mont. Test. Brit. 117.—T. Lucina
rotundata, Turt. Biv. Brit. 115.—Sandy shores, common.
Diameter upwards of an inch; yellowish-white, thin, with one or two obsu-
lete waves from the beak to the margin on the retral side; a very small de-
pression in front of the beaks, which are prominent and inclining ; the third
or posterior tooth of the right valve very small.
532. V. substriata.—Transversely ovate, concentrically wrink-
led, with obsolete undulated longitudinal striae.
Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 48. t. xxix.f. 6. Turt. Biv. Brit. 151.—Frith of
Forth, Mx Laskey.
Length half an inch, breadth a little more ; white, subpellueid ; beak small,
placed near to one side; hinge with three teeth, the two anterior ones short,
the posterior one long and oblique, forming a cavity between it and the mar-
gin, for the reception of the cartilage.
533. V. subrhomboidea.—Subrhomboidal, rounded anteally,
truncated retrally, and irregularly wrinkled concentrically.
Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 49.—Crassina sub. Turt. Biy. Brit. 120.—Frith
of Forth, Mr Laskey.
VENUS. MOLLUSCA. VENERID. 449
Length half an inch, breadth three quarters; white, with a rufous tinge ;
finely striated longitudinally ; beaks small, nearly central; in each valve are
two strong plain teeth, and a smooth long posterior one under the cartilage.
534. V. sinuosa.—Suborbicular, with a longitudinal sinuosity
from the beaks, flat transverse striae and obscure longitudinal
ones.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 95. t. lv. f. 51. A. Don. Brit. Shells, t. xlii. fi 2.
Mont. Test. Brit. 120. Turt. Biv. Brit. 154. t. x. f. 9—English and
Irish shores.
Diameter 2ths of an inch; rounded at both sides; beaks nearly central, with
a heart-shaped slightly carinate impression in front ; inside rich yellow, in one
valve two of the teeth are cloven, and one in the other.
V. 535. aurea.—Transversely ovate, tumid in the middle, and
sloping to each side, with numerous concentric striz, and obso-
lete longitudinal ones.
Tellina fasciata, List. Conch. cccciv. f. 249:—V. nebulosa, Pulé. Dor-
set, 34.—V. aurea, Mont. Test. Brit. 129. Twurt. Biv. Brit. 154. t. ix.
_ £. 7, 8.—South of England and Ireland.
Length about an inch; breadth an inch and a quarter; yellowish-white,
with brownish zig-zag lines; retral extremity slightly truncated obliquely ;
shell at the margin of the cartilage tumid; a broad lanceolate impression be-
fore the beaks.
536. V. enea.— Oval, taper, and elongated retrally, with
crowded transverse striz and obscure longitudinal ones ; two
of the teeth cloven.
Turt. Biv. Brit. 152. t. x. £. 7.—Dublin Bay.
“ Shell an inch long, and an inch and a half broad, white, covered with a
shining bronzed skin, oval, convex, rounded at one end, regularly tapering,
and much produced at the other, without forming any angle ;. with regular
close set transverse strize, and minute longitudinal lines ; beaks much point-
ed, curved near the larger end with an elongated areola under them; teeth
strong, two of them cloven in one valve, and one in the other.”
5387. V. nitens.—* Shell rhombic-oval, tumid in the middle,
with crowded transverse strize and obscure longitudinal ones, and
the middle tooth cloven.”
Turt. Biv. Brit. 157. t. x. f. 8—Dublin Bay.
‘¢ Shell hardly three quarters of an inch long, and a little more in breadth,
resembling the V. aurea in its outline; but there is an evident angle at the
posterior side, and the colour is transparent horny, with some few scattered
longitudinal marks. From V. (Venerupis) virginea, it differs in having ob-
scure longitudinal lines, in the transverse striz not becoming broader at the
posterior end, and in having only one of the teeth cloven.” It is probable
that this and the preceding are merely varieties of V. aurea.
—=
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. V. lineolata.—Rather gibbous, ovato-subcordate ; four-fifths of the sur-
face covered with obscure zig-zag striz ; posterior side smooth; edge entire,
—V. castrensis, Park. Org. Rem. iii. 187.—V. lin. Sower. Min. Conch. t. xx.,
upper figures.—Green Sand.
VOL. I. Ff
450 MOLLUSCA. VENERIDA. VENUS.
2. V. plana.—Rather depressed, subcordate, slightly angular towards the
posterior side ; surface smooth ; edge entire.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xx., low-
er figures.—Green Sand.
3. V. incrassata.—Orbicular, oblique, subdepressed, smooth ; posterior slope
straightish ; lunule large, obscure ; edge entire; a conical tooth under the
lunule.—Sower. Min. Conch. t: clv. f. 1, 2.—London Clay.
4. V. gibbosa.—Orbicular, gibbous, with many transverse rugze; lunule
large and short ; edge subcrenu!ated ; hinge rather large.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. elv. f. 3, 4.—Crag.
5. V. turgida.—Orbicular, gibbuse, with concentric ridges; valves thick,
with tumid crenulated edges.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. eclvi.—Crag.
6. V. varicosau.—Subglobose, with projecting beaks, transversely furrowed,
two longitudinal varicose ridges within each valve. An obscure cast.—Sower-
Min. Conch. t. cexcvi. f. 1, 2.—Oolifz.
7. V. transversa.—Transversely ovate, elongated, gibbose ; nearly smooth ;
anterior side small, rather pointed ; shell thin.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ceccxxxii.
f. 1.—London Clay.
8. V. rotundata.—Obovate, gibbose ; marked with numerous, minute, trans-
verse strie—.(Brander, f. 91.)—V. lineolata, Sower. Min. Conch. t. eccexxii-
f 2.__London Clay.
9. V. elegans.—Ovate, convex, transversely sulcated; lunette ovate; the
"spaces between the sulci rounded and shining.—(V. gallina, Brander, f. 90.)
—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cecexxii. f. 3.—London Clay.
10. V. pectinifera.—Transversely oblong; carinated ; surface longitudinally
sulcated, and supporting a few erect lamelle, commencing at the keel; pos-
terior side smooth, truncated.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cecexxii. f. 4.—London
Clay.
ll. V. caperata.—Orbicular, rather depressed, covered with small, rounded
eoncentric ridges; lunette cordiform, inconspicuous.— Sower. Min. Conch.
t. DXviii. f| 1.— Green Sand.
12. V. parva.—Transversely obovate, rather convex, smooth ; lunette nar-
row.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xviii. f. 4, 5, 6.— Green Sand.
13. V. ovalis.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. plxvii. £ 12.
14. V. Faba— ae
15. V. Ringmeriensis.—Suborbicular, with numerous, transverse concentric
striz, beaks incurved, approximate; margin entire. A cast.—Mani. Geol.
126. t. xxv. f. 5.—Grey Chalk Mari.
—>->—_
Mr Sowerby has described two shells connected with this group, under a
Genus which he terms TueEris, with the following character: ‘“ An equi-
valved, subequilateral bivalve; more or less orbicular, and convex ; ligament
marginal; three or four small acuminated teeth about the hinge; the line
of attachment of the mantle ? hds a deep sinus extending nearly to the beak ;
muscular impressions rounded, small, distant from the hinge.”
16. Thetis major.—Convex, orbicular ; posterior edge rather angular; beaks
small.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxiii. f. 1-4.—Green Sand.
17. Thetis minor.—Gibbose, wider than long; posterior edge rounded. Ve-
nus, No. 12.Mant. Geol, Suss. 73.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xiii, f 5, 6—
In Green Sand.
Veneruris. MOLLUSCA. VENERIDA. 451
Grn. CX XIX. VENERUPIS. — Transverse, anterior side
short ; teeth three, erect, approximate and parallel; sy-
phon impression large.
538. V. perforans.—Shell subrhomboidal, concentric striz,
forming ridges retrally, and crossed by fine longitudinal ones ;
teeth slender, and slightly recurved.
Venus per. Mont. Test. Brit. 127—Venerupis per. Turt. Turt. Biv.
Brit. 29.—Lodged in Limestone. |
Length about an inch; breadth two inches and a half; white or brownish,
with ziz-zag purple stripes, anteriorly short and truncate; dorsal and ventral
margins nearly parallel; two of the teeth cloven; the syphon-mark broad,
and adjacent to the marginal impression.
539. V. Irus.—Suboval, with elevated concentric reflected
ridges, the interstices striated longitudinally.
Donax Irus, Linn. Syst. i. 1128. Don. Brit. Shells, t. xxix. Mond. Test.
Brit. 108.—Petricola Irus. Turt. Biv. Brit. 26.—In Limestone Rocks,
which it perforates.
Length half an inch, breadth three quarters; white, with a tinge of brown ;
variable in its outline, usually truncate anteally, and rounded retrally, with
the dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight, and parallel; the ridges are
distant ; the syphons, according to Montagu, are long, slender, white, and
pellucid, united to near the extremity, where the diverge become pink co-
loured, with openings ciliated with feathered fibres.
540. V. pullastra. —'Transversely oblong with concentric
strize, becoming rough at the retral extremity, minutely striated
longitudinally ; syphon-mark broad, and parallel with the mar-
ginal impression.
Wood, Linn. Trans. vi. t. xvii. f. 13, 14—Wenus pull. Mont. Test. Brit.
125. Turt. Biv. Brit. 159.—In Clay, common.
Length an inch and a half, breadth two inches; white, tinged with brown
or purple, especially at the retral extremity, where it is slightly truncated.
541. V. decussata. — Trans¥ersely oblong, with concentric
and longitudinal striz, becoming tubercular on the retral extre-
mity ; syphon-mark receding from the marginal impression to-
wards the centre of the shell.
Concha quasi-rhomboides, List. An. Ang. 171. t. iv. £ 20. Conch.
t. ecccxxiiii—_ Venus decuss. Linn. Syst. i. 1135.—V. littorata, Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 96. t. lvii. f£. 53. Mont. Test. Brit. 124. Twurt. Biv.
Brit. 158. t. viii. f. 10.—English Shores.
Length two, breadth three inches ; principally distinguished from the pre-
ceding by superior size and strength, greater coarseness of striz, a more dis-
tinct impression in front of the beaks; the position of the syphon-mark, and
the syphons themselves, which are separate nearly to their origin in this,
while they are connected almost their whole length in V. pullasira, furnish
internal marks of difference, easily detected.
rf2
452 MOLLUSCA. CYCLAD. Cyctas.
542. V. virginea.—Transversely oblong, with numerous
smooth, flat, concentric ridges, with narrow intervening fur-
rows.
Tellina lata, List. Conch. t. ccclxxxv.—Venus virginea, Linn. Syst. i.”
1136.—V. rhomboides, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 97, t. lv.—V. vir. Mont.
Test. Brit. 128. Turt. Biv. Brit. 156, t. viii. f. 8.—South coast of
England, and west coast of Scotland.
Length 13, breadth 2 inches; white with reddish markings ; retral extre-
mity more or less obliquely truncated with an obsolete angle from the beak
to the outer edge ; margin of the shell, at the cartilage, tumid ; a lanceolate
mark before the beaks ; ventral margin obtuse.
543. V. sarniensis.—Transversely ovate, with smooth, regu-
lar transverse strize.
Tellina fasciata, List. Conch. t. cccciii—Venus sarn. Turt., Biv. Brit.
153, t. x. f. 8.—Guernsey and Zetland.
Length 2 inches, breadth a little more. It chiefly differs from the prece-
ding, of which it may prove to be only a variety, in its more rounded and
tumid form, the strize not increasing retrally, and in the indistinctness of
the anal angle.
—=
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. V. Zaminosa.— Sower. Min. Conch. t. D)xxiii.
CYCLADA.
Gen. CX XX. CYCLAS.—Orbicular, tumid, with two pri-
mary teeth in each valve, and a remote transverse lateral
one on each side: the primary teeth sometimes bifid; ge-
nerally minute and obscure; ovoviviparous, .
544. C. corneus.—Equilateral, finely streaked concentrically ;
no impression in front of the beaks; ligament indistinct exter-
nally.
Musculus exiguus, List. An. Ang. 150, t. ii. f{ 31.—Tellina cornea, Linn.
Syst. 1. 1120.—Tellina rivalis, Mud. Verm. ii. 202.—T. cornea, Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 89, t. xlix. f36.—Cardium corneum, Mont. Test. Brit.
86.—Cyclas rivalis, Drap. Moll. 129, t. x. f: 4, 5.—Cyclas cornea, La-
mark, Hist. v. 558. Turt. Biv, Brit. 249, t. xi. f. 14.—In muddy
pools.
Length ¥;ths, breadth ,5,ths of an inch; cuticle yellowish or olive, often
dark, with a pale band; the outline slightly obtuse ventrally and retrally ;
irregularly furrowed by the stages of growth. There are three varieties of
this species: 1. Compressed, nearly lenticular; 2. Gibbous at the beaks, but
becoming thin or compressed towards the edges; 3. Nearly globular. The
C. pusilla of authors seems to be the fry of this species.
545. C. rivicola—Equilateral, finely streaked concentrical-
ly ; a distinct oval impression in front of the beaks, and another
Cycias. MOLLUSCA. CYCLAD. 453
behind, with prominent edges for the cartilage, which is dis-
tinct.
Pectunculus subviridis, List. Conch. t. clix. ft 14.—Cyclas cornea, Drap.
Moll. 128. t. x. £1, 2, 3.—Cyclas rivicola, Lam. Hist. v. 558.—Turt.
Biv. Brit. 248, t. xi. £'13.—Slow running streams, England.
Length ,,ths, breadth ,’,ths of an inch ; cuticle yellowish or olive; often
darker, with pale bands; less tumid, and more regularly curved in the out-
line than the preceding, of which it was supposed to be only a large variety
by Lister who had it from Doncaster, Linnzeus from Iceland, and Montagu
from the Thames. The transverse grooves and coloured bands of both spe-
cies, depending on circumstances accelerating or retarding the growth of the
animal, furnish characters of uncertain value, though generally employed by
modern authors.
546. C. lacustris.—Subinequilateral, with minute concentric
strie ; beaks prominent, with the margin in front thin and ele-
vated.
Tellina lacustris, Mudd. Hist. Verm. ii. 204.—Cardium lac. Mont. Test.
Brit. 89.—Cyclas lac. Drap. Moll. 130, t. x. f. 6. 7.—Turt. Biv. Brit.
249, t. xi. f. 18.—In slow running streams, England.
Length 3,ths, breadth ;4,ths of an inch; thin, glossy, transversely sub-
rhomboidal ; margin thin.
547. C. amnicus.—Inequilateral, transversely ovate, and sul- »
cated concentrically.
Tellina amnica, Muli. Hist. Verm. ii. 205.—T. rivalis, Maton, Linn.
Trans. iii. 44, t. xiii. f. 37, 38.—Cardium amnicum, Mont. Test. Brit.
86.—Cyclas palustris, Drap. Moll. 131, t. x. £17, 18.—C. amnica,
Turt. Biv. Brit. 250, t. xi. f. 15.—In slow running streams.
Length about three-eighths, breadth half an inch ; greenish ; slightly pro-
duced anteally ; the margin in front of the beaks prominent ; the furrows of
the sulci are finely striated.
———
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. C. deperditus.—Ovato-transverse, rather gibbous, umbonate; lines of
growth elevated, irregular ; central hinge teeth three, lateral ones two.
Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxii. f. 1.——Plastic Clay.
2. C. cuneiformis.-Transversely cuneate-ovate, gibbous ; lines of growth
numerous, fine; central hinge teeth three; lateral ones two.—C. deperdita,
Park. Org. Rem. 111. 189, t. xiii. f. 5.—C. cun. Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxii. -
f. 2, 3.—Plastic Clay.
REO obovatus.—Obovate, gibbous, anterior side obtuse; beaks large; cen-
tral hinge teeth three; lateral ones two.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. clxii. f. 4, 5,
6.—Plastic Clay.
4. C. medius.—Transversely obovate, depressed, thick, smooth, anterior (?)
side small, posterior rather pointed ; one tooth near the beaks in each valve.
—Cyrena media, Fitton, Annals of Phil. Nov. 1824, 376. Cyclas medius,
Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxxvii. f. 2.—Jn the fresh water Formation between the
Green and Iron Sand. "
5. C. membranaceus.—Transversely obovate, depressed, smooth, very thin ;
anterior side small, posterior rather pointed.—Cyrena memb. Fitton, Annals
of Phil. Nov. 1824, 376. Cyclas memb. Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxxvii. fi 3.
—Weald Clay under Green Sand.
454 MOLLUSCA. TEREDINADA. TEREDO:
Gren. CY RENA.—Suborbicular, with three primary teeth in
each valve, and transverse lateral teeth ; ligament on the
longest side.
1. C. pulchra.—Suborbicular convex, smooth, slender; posteriorly trun-
cated; one sharp-edged and two bifid teeth in each valve; lateral teeth
plain and obtuse.—Cyclas pulcher, Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxxvii. f. 1.—
Hampstead, Isle of Wight, Professor Sedgwick.
TEREDINAD. :
Gren. CXXXI. TEREDO. Sure Worm.—Shelil orbicular,
hemispherical, equivalve ; hinge with a long curved tooth
in each valve, inserted under the margin; ligament imper-
fect, the tube open at both extremities. Burrowing in
wood.
. * The ear-shaped process on the mside of the valves, at the
outer angle under the hinge, having the mner margin de-
tached, and forming a straight transverse edge, and the out-
er margin much reflected.
548. 'T. bipinnata.—Accessorial appendages long, linear, and
feathered ; an oblique rib on the margin above the teeth.
Turt. Corich. Dict. 184, t. xi. f. 38, 39, 40.; Biv. Brit. 15.—In drifted
timber, Exmouth.
Diameter upwards of three quarters of an inch; tube simple ; appendages
about the tenth of an inch in diameter ; silvery white, with numerous pearly
tubercles, the outer half with verticillate, lanceolate, fringed filaments.—
This is nearly allied to T. palmulatus of Lamarck.
549. T. malleolus.—Accessorial appendages transverse and
mallet-shaped, with a slender point rising like a handle from
the middle. ‘
Turt. Biv. Brit. 255, t. 2. f. 19.—Drifted timber, Torbay.
Diameter about a quarter of an inch; striae on the triangular proeesses re-
mote ; the tube consists of a slight testaceous deposit on the surface of the
chamber, the termination of which is slightly semiconcamerated.
** The ear-shaped process with the inner margin on the in-
side furnished with a rib only, and not a detached margin,
and the outer edge as not reflected.
550. T. navalis.—Accessorial appendages elongated and
spoon-shaped.
Linn. Syst. i. 1267.—Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 147. Mont. Test. Brit. 527.
Home, Phil. Trans. 1826, 278. t. xii. f. 3. Turt. Biv. Brit. 14. t. ii.
f. 1, 2, 3.—-In timber exposed to the sea; the scourge of shipping.
Xyrornaca. MOLLUSCA. TEREDINID. 455
Shell about three quarters of an inch in diameter, with the valves trian-
gular, and forming a circular hemisphere when closed together, elegantly
striate in various directions, each with a triangular projection in front bend-
ing a little inwards; syphons nearly divided to their origin at the junction
of the accessorial appendages ; the largest or branchial one has the inside of
the orifice fringed with about twenty small tentacula; foot with a convex
extremity ; mouth round; gullet short, leaning to the left side of the neck ;
on the right side of the neck are two large glands ; stomach of two distinct
bags communicating at the lower extremity; the intestine begins close to
the termination of the gullet, is small, dilates into a cavity, containing a hard,
white globular body of the size of a large pin’s head. In the intestine Sir
E. Home found a yellow-coloured pulp, which Mr Hatchett, after examina-
tion, considered as “* vegetable saw dust.”
551. T. nana.— Valves rounded and without. auricles be-
hind, a strong conic tooth on the margin above the teeth.”
Turt. Biv. Brit. 16.t. 2. f.6, 7.—Drifted wood in Torbay.
Diameter about an eighth of an inch; the conical tooth on the margin of
the hinge pointing rather obliquely.
Gren. CXXXII. XYLOPHAGA.—Shell globular, oblique,
equivalve, very open anteally, and closed retrally, furnished
with accessorial valves about the hinge, which is destitute
of long curved teeth under the margin.
552. X. dorsalis.—Shell rounded, with a triangular striated
projection in front of the head of each, and a longitudinal rib
on the inside.
Tut. Biv. Brit. 16. and 253, t. ii. f. 4, 5.—Drifted wood, Torbay.
Less than Teredo nuvalis; a mesial groove on the outside, corresponding
with the jointed rib on the inside. There is no evidence of its possessing the
lengthened calcareous syphons or tube, with their basal appendages, of the
Teredo. It is probably nearly related to Gastrochena.
Grn. FISTULANA.—Shell equivalve, gaping, with a dorsal
plate over the hinge ; tube closed at the immer end.
1. F. personata.—Valves transversely striated on the retral half; the fine
strize on the anteal half regularly and minutely toothed; dorsal plate thick,
four-lobed, with rounded edges.— Park. Org. Rem. iii. 202, t. xiv. f 10.—
Teredo antenautz, Sower. Min. Conch. t. cii-Imbedded in the fossil wood
of the London Clay.
Gren. CLAVAGELLA.—Tube open at the outer end, termi-
nating at the inner claviform extremity in tubular pro-
cesses; one of the valves cemented to the tube.
1. C. coronata.mTube elongated, crowned with dichotomously branched
tubes around a sulcated disk.——Sower. Min. Conch. t. cccclxxx.—— London
Clay.
456 MOLLUSCA. PHOLAD. PuHOo.LAs.
PHOLAD£.
Gren. CX XXIII. PHOLAS.—Shell transverse; ligament
slender, and covered by a reflected fold of the cloak, and
sometimes protected by calcareous plates; hinge with a
curved process under the margin in each valve, receding
into the cavity.
* Valves divided by a longitudinal groove.
553. P. crispata.—Transversely oblong, rounded, and gap-
ing retrally, obliquely truncated, and open anteally.
P. latus, List. Conch. t. cccexxxvi. An. Ang. 192. t. v. f 38. Anat:
t. xix. f. 3.—P. crisp. Linn. Syst. i. 1111. Mont. Test. Brit. 23. Tut.
Biv. Brit. 6.—In calcareous and argillaceous rocks.
Length 2 inches, breadth 3; white; a groove runs from the hinge to the
middle of the ventral margin, where the valves come in contact, dividing
the shell into two compartments; the anterior is very rough, with numerous
thin waved concentric ridges, with obsolete longitudinal furrows; the poste-
rior is comparatively smooth; margin of the shell at the hinge reflected,
smooth, covered by a fold of the cloak, and strengthened by an obscure im-
bedded calcareous plate ; projecting tooth linear ; foot or sucker large, the sy-
phon tubes produced.
554. P. lamellata.—An erect triangular plate at the hinge,
placed retrally with respect to the recurved tooth.
P. papyracea, Turi. Biv. Brit. 2. t. i. f 1-4.—T. lamellata, Jd. 4. t. i.
f. 5, 6.
Length half an inch, breadth an inch; white; anterior compartment with
the waved ridges broken into thin denticular processes in bent longitudinal
rows; posterior compartment comparatively smooth; the valves shut, close
tetrally from the mesial furrow; behind the hinge, dorsally, the margin is
closed, compressed, and prominent; before the hinge the margin is a little
open, and reflected on each side into a thin, nearly erect, plate ; the anteal ex-
tremity is obliquely truncated and open.—This is the condition of the shell
when of a certain age (and constituting Dr Turton’s P. lamellata.) It seems
afterwards to change its form; the oblique truncated anteal aperture is filled
by the deposition of shell nearly smooth, bringing the now tumid edges
nearly in contact; retrally the shelly matter deposited, is broadest towards
the extremity, now become truncated and a little open, to which is attached
a coriaceous expanding cup, divided longitudinally, and thickened at the
margin dorsally and ventrally; this seems destined to be a basal sheath for
the syphons; anteally the margiys approximate, and are thick and elevated
before the hinge. The cloak is now closed, with only a small opening for
the foot. In this last state, Dr Turton has described this shell as the Pholas
papyraceus of Solander’s MSS, and regards it as quite distinct from P. /amellata.
A comparison, however, in reference to their mode of growth, of specimens
of both shells, obligingly furnished to me by Mr G. B. Sowerby, has left no
room for hesitating regarding their specific identity. The structure of the
hinge, so different from the other species, and the singular changes of form,
with age, would justify the erection of the genus Pholadidia, originally con-
templated by Dr Goodall for its reception.
Puotas. MOLLUSCA. PHOLAD. 457
555. P. tuberculatus.—Shell open at the anterior end, with a
rough tubercle on the margin above the teeth, and a single
oval calcareous plate at the hinge extending to the anteal ex-
tremity.
Tut. Biv. Brit. v. t. i. f. 7, 8—Torbay.
Length three-quarters of an inch, breadth an inch and a half; white; front
of the shell slightly elongated into a beak ; anterior compartment with rough
ribs, which gradually disappear towards the retral truncated extremity.
556. P. conoides.—Transversely elongated, anteal division
short, tumid, rounded, the retral division produced and subcom-
pressed.
Parsons, Phil. Trans. 1765, i. t. 1.—P. striatus, Linn. Syst. i. 1111.—
P. nanus, Puilt. Dorset. 27.—P. stri. Don. Brit. Shells, t. exvii. Mont.
Test. Brit. 26. Turt. Biv. Brit. 11.—In ship planks,
Length half an inch, breadth an inch; ridges in the anteal compartment
crowded, rough; in the retral wider and smoother, well marked along the
furrow ; nearly closed retrally ; when young, very open anteally, and beaked,
but filling up with smoother shell (ike P. papyracea) towards maturity ; one
large rounded accessory plate over the hinge, behind which is a lengthened
one, and a third connecting the ventral margins of the shells; a long slender
curved tvoth in each valve.
** The valves not divided by a groove.
557. P. dactylus. — Conically transverse, with concentric,
waved, muricated ridges, having longitudinal grooves, most con-
spicuous anteally ; margin above the beaks reflected, circular,
with four accessory plates.
P. striatus, “List. Conch. t. cecexxxiii. Anat. t. xix. fi J, 2.—P. dact.
Linn. Syst. i. 1110. Bori. Corn. 278. t. xxviiii-xxxi. Mont. Test.
Brit. 20. Turt. Biv. Brit. 8—In rocks and submarine trees.
Length sometimes 2 inches, and breadth 7 ; wide and open before; slight-
ly compressed behind; shell in front of the hinge produced into a kind of -
beak, with the edge thin and reflected.
558. P. parous.—Shell open, and produced into a beak an-
teally, with a smooth tubercle on the margin above the teeth,
and a single accessorial valve at the hinge. |
Mont. Test. Brit. 22. t. i. f. 7,8. Turt. Biv. Brit. 9.—Submarine wood
on the south coast of England.
Length 3ths, breadth 14 inches; transversely striated, with longitudinal
ridges anteally ; the anteal opening is oval, and the fold above the beaks des-
titute ofcells. Montagu is inclined to consider this shell as the P. parvus of
Pennant, (Brit. Zool. iv. 77. t. xl. f. 13.) though it is not improbable that it
is related to the young of P. papyracea.
559. P. candidus.—Shell nearly closed anteally; a tooth-
like process on the hinge ascending obliquely and retrally ;
margin above the hinge reflected, and covered with an elongated
accessorial plate.
Concha candida, List, An, Ang. 193. t. v. £39. Conch. t. ceccxxxv.—P.
458 MOLLUSCA. PHOLADA. GASTROCHENA.
cand. Linn. Syst. i. 1111. Mont. Test. Brit. 24. Turt. Biv. Brit. 10.
In clay rocks.
Length I inch, breadth 2} inches ; white, fragile, and rounded at both ends ;
concentrical ridge divided into longitudinal rows of short prickles.
—=a
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. P. cylindricus.—Transversely elongated, nearly cylindrical; anterior
side muricated, pointed, with a sinus in the edge; beaks concealed by a re-
flection of the edges of the back. —Sower. Min. Conch. t. exeviii—tIn Crag.
Gren. CXXXIV. GASTROCHANA. — Shell transverse,
equivalve, inequilateral, with a large oblique anteal open-
ing ; hinge with a single transverse laminar tooth in each
valve ; ligament external, rather remote from the beaks.
560. G. hians.—Beaks nearly terminal, rather promment.
Mya dubia, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 82. t.xliv. Mont. Test. Brit. 28.—
G. pholadia, Turt. Biv. Brit. 18. t. ii. f 8, 9—In Limestone, near low
water-mark, England.
Length half an inch, breadth an inch; finely striated concentrically ; from
the beak to the ligament the margin is nearly straight, then rounded retral-
ly ; the oblique anteal truncation extended beyond the middle of the ventral
margin 5 a narrow border in front of the beaks, where the valves are in con-
tact.
———
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. G. tortuosa.—Obliquely lanceolate and twisted.—Sower. Min. Conch.
t. pxxvi, f. 1.—In Sandstone, Robin Hood’s Bay, near Scarborough.
2. G. contorta.—Sheath clavate, bent nearly at a right angle ; valves ovate,
elongated ; marked with very slender striz; the sinus between them wide,
oval, pointed.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxxvi. f 2.—London Clay.
SOLENID.
Gren. CXXXV. SOLEN.—Shell transversely produced, the
dorsal and ventral margins nearly parallel; the extremities
gaping ; teeth projecting ; cuticle strong.
* Hinge terminal, the anteal extremity truncated.
561. S. Vagina.—A single tooth in each valve, with a stric-
ture across the anteal extremity of the shell.
List. Conch. t. mlvi. Linn. Syst. i. 1113. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 83.
Mont. Test. Brit. 48. Turt. Biv. Brit. 79.—English and Irish coasts.
Length 1 inch, breadth 5 inches; subcylindrical, becoming more compressed
towards the truncated retral extremity; the anteal extremity is slightly
SOLEN. MOLLUSCA. SOLENIDA. 459
oblique, shortest dorsally ; teeth flattened on the rubbing surface ; the oppo-
site sides strengthened by a rib; syphons connected ; pale yellow, longitudi-
nally striated, and annulated with brown, the openings fimbriated.
562. S. novacula.—A single strong, curved, blunt tooth in
each valve; shell destitute of the terminal stricture.
Mont. Test. Brit. 47. Turt. Biv. Brit. 80.—English and Irish coasts.
Length 1 inch, breadth 8; nearly resembling the following, but differing
in the number of teeth and the absence of the lateral teeth.
563. S. Siliqua.—Shell straight, two teeth im one valve, one
in the other; with a tooth-like lammar marginal process behind
each.
Concha fusca, List. An. Ang. 192. t- v. £57. Conch. t. ccccix.—S. sil.
Linn. Syst. i. 1113. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 83. t. xlv. f. 20. Mond.
Test. Brit. 46. Turt. Biv. Brit. 80.—On sandy shores, common.—
E, Rasor fish ; S, Spout fish. f
Length upwards of an inch; breadth from seven to eight; cuticle olive-
brown, darkest at the anteal extremity; the lateral teeth are remote, rising
behind into an angular plate.—The animal is used as food, and considered as
a delicacy; when a little stale, it forms a tempting bait for the cod and
haddock. Dr Turton describes a shell under the title S. ligula (Biv. Brit. 82.
t. vi. f. 6.) differing only from this species in the single tooth being “ compres-
sed, rounded, and obtuse at the top, where it is slightly cloven.”
564. S. Ensis.—Shell a little recurved, two teeth in one
valve, and one in the other ; one of the lateral teeth grooved.
S. curvus, List. Conch. t. ccecxi.—sS. ensis, Linn. Syst.i. 1114. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 83. Mont. Test. Brit. 48. Turt. Biv. Brit. 82.—San-
dy shores, common.
Length $ths of an inch, breadth 6 inches, but usually much smaller ; cur-
vature of the shell regular; the lateral marginal teeth are low, with the left
one recurving the opposite into a linear groove.
565. S. purpureus.—Obliquely truncate retrally, and irregu-
larly striated transversely.
Mya purp. Moni. Test. Brit. Sup. 21.—Agina purp. Turt. Biv. Brit. 54.
t. iv. £ 9.—In rocks, Torbay.
Length one-eighth of an inch, breadth a quarter; convex; opake, with a
glossy cuticle, beaks prominent, nearly terminal ; hinge, with a strong conic
tooth in each valve, penetrating a cavity of the opposite valve.
** Hinge not terminal, the anteal extremity rounded.
566. S. pelluctdus——Dorsal margin nearly straight, ventral
margin slightly curved.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 84. t. xlvi. f. 22. Mont. Test. Brit. 49. Turét. Biv.
Brit. 83.—In sandy bays.
Length a quarter, breadth upwards of an inch ; pellucid, fragile; rounded
at each end; the hinge is removed but a short way from the extremity, and
consists of one tooth in one valve, and two teeth in the opposite with conti-
guous lateral processes.
567. 8. Legwmen.—Dorsal and ventral margins slightly round-
ed ; compressed, and narrow retrally.
2
460- ~MOLLUSCA. SOLENIDA-. SANGUINOLARIA.
Chama subfusca, List. Conch. t. eeccxx.—S. 1. Linn. Syst. i. 1114. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 84. t. xlvi. f 24. Mont. Test. Brit. 50.—Psammobia
legumen, Turt. Biv. Brit. 90.—South coast of England and Ireland.
Length §ths ofan inch, breadth nearly 4 inches ; thin, pellucid, fragile ; fine-
ly striated by the lines of growth; hinge nearly in the middle, with one tooth
in one valve, and two in the other, lateral teeth single in one valve, winged
in be other; the hinge is strengthened by an Aiba internal rib in each
valve.
568. S. antiquatus—Transversely oblong, extremities round-
ed; the dorsal margin slightly convex, the ventral slightly con-
cave.
S. cultellus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 85. t. xlvi. f. 25.—S. ant. Pult. Dorset.
Mont. Test. Brit. 52.—Psammobia ant. Turt. Biv. Brit. 91.—English
shores, rare.
Length about an inch, breadth two inches ; thin, subpellucid, concentri-
cally striated by the lines of growth, most conspicuous towards the extremi-
ties; hinge in the middle, one tooth in one valve (with sometimes the rudi-
ments of a second), and two teeth in the other, behind which the margin is
callous.
569. S. declivis—Transversely oblong ; extremities rounded ;
dorsal margin slightly convex ; ventral margin straight.
Chama angustior, List. Conch. t. ecccxxii—S. dec. Turt. Conch. Dict. 164.
t. xxii. f. 80.—Scilly Islands.
Length three quarters of an inch, breadth two inches; thin, semitranspa-
rent, with a thick dark brown cuticle, irregularly and concentrically striated ;
beaks nearly central, sloping gradually to both extremities ; a slight indenta-
tion behind the beaks; teeth strong, two on each valve, one of them concave ;
and in one valve one of them is oblique, behind which the margin is callous.
5170. S. fragilis—Transversely oblong, rounded at the ex- _
tremities; a little contracted in the middle; dorsal and ventral
margins nearly parallel.
Puit. Dorset. 28. Mont. Test. Brit. 51.—Psammobia teniata, Turt. Biv.
85.—English and Irish coasts, rare.
Length half an inch, breadth nearly an inch; thin, transparent, smooth,
with a greenish cuticle, sometimes marked with a longitudinal reddish stripe
from the hinge to the ventral margin ; beaks nearly central ; in one valve two
erect teeth, one of which is pointed, the other with one subulate tooth ; a lon-
gitudinal rib internally.
—=>—_
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. S. afinis.—Shell linear, subarcuate, rounded at each extremity, hinge
placed near one extremity, surface smooth. Nearly resembling S. pelluci-
dus, Sower. Min. Conch. t. iii—London Clay.
Gey. CXXXVI. SANGUINOLARIA.—Shell transversely
oblong, dorsal and ventral margins not parallel; hinge with
two projecting prominent teeth in each valve.
571. S. vespertina.—Compressed, concentrically striated ; re-
tral extremity slightly angular.
HIATELLA. MOLLUSCA. SOLENIDZ. 461
Tellina depressa, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 87. t. xlvii. f| 27.—T. variabilis,
Don. Brit. Shells, t. xli. f. 2S. vesp. Mont. Test. Brit. 54.—-Psam-
mobia vespertina, Turt. Biv. Brit. 92. t. vi. f. 10.—Southern coasts of
England and Zetland.
Length an inch and a half, breadth 3 inches; opaque; cuticle dark-brown,
with purplish longitudinal rays ; striz on the retral extremity coarse ; a slight
oblique fold from the beaks to the hinder extremity ; one of the teeth in one
valve thin, laminar, and oblique.
572. S. deflorata.—Valves convex, obsoletely truncated. re-
trally, with numerous waved longitudinal strize, crossed by the
layers of growth.
Venus defl. Linn. Syst. i. 1133. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 96. t. lvii. fi 54.
Mont. Test. Brit. 123. t. iii. f. 4. —Psammobia defl. Turt. Biv. Brit. 93.
South coast of England, rare.
Length an inch, breadth an inch and three quarters ; purplish ; from the fold
to the margin behind the cartilage, the longitudinal striz are large and rough ;
two teeth in each valve, une of them small. ;
—<—P—- —-
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. S. Hollowayisii.—Depressed, transversely elongate, ovate, and striated ;
posterior side gradually expanded; anterior side very small.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. clix.—London Clay.
2. S. undulata.—Three times as wide as long, transversely undulated ; con-
vex ; anteriorly rounded, posteriorly subtruncate, gaping a little ; beaks pro-
minent.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxlvuii. f 1, 2.--JInferior Oolite.
3. S. gibbosa.—Three times as wide as long, gibbose, smooth; sides rather
acuminated, a little gaping.—Sower. Min. Conch. t- pxlviiii—Carboniferous
Limestone, Queen’s County, Ireland.
Gren, CXXXVIT. HIATELLA.—Transversely oblong ; dor-
sal and ventral margins nearly parallel; hinge with the
teeth obscure, or with one tooth in one valve received into
a cavity in the other.
573. H. rugosa.—Rounded anteally, subtruncated retrally,
with a slight constriction towards the middle of the ventral mar-
gin.
Pholas noster, List. An. Ang. 172. t. iv. f 21.—Mytilus rugosus, Linn.
Syst. i. 1156. Mull. Prod. 249. Zool. Dan. t. lxxxvii. f: 1, 2.—Mya
byssifera, Fab. Green. 408.—Mytilus rugosus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iy.
110. t. Lxiii. f 72. Mont. Test. Brit. 164.—Saxicava rugosa and §. Pho.
ladis, Turt. Biv. Brit. 20. t. ii. f 10.—In cavities of limestone and the
roots of fuci.
Length haif an inch, breadth an inch and a half; white, with a greyish
wrinkled cuticle ; irregularly sulcated concentrically ; the ridges most conspi-
cuous on the angle from the beaks to the retral extremity; the animal em.
ploys a byssus, when not lodged in the cavity of a stone. .
574. H. arctica.—Shell with two diverging spmous ridges
from the hinge to the retral extremity.
Sd
162 MOLLUSCA. SOLENIDA. PANOP#A:
Chame-pholas angusta, Lisf. Conch. t. cecexxvi—Solen minutus, Linn-
Syst. 1115.—Mya arctica, ab. Fauna Groen. 407.—Curious Muskle.
Cordiner’s Ruins, Plate No. 24. f. A.—Solen minutus, Mont. Test. Brit.
53. t. i. f. 4.-Hiatella minuta, and H. oblonga, Turt. Biv. Brit. 24. t. ii.
f. 12, 13.—Anatina arctica, ib. 49. t. iv. f 7, 8.— Roots of fuci.
This species, when young, has the spinous ridges very distinct ; and, when
not imbedded in stone, it adheres by a byssus. When old, the spinous ridges
disappear, and then in size, and other circumstances, it so exactly resembles
the preceding, as to leave little room for suspecting a specific difference. The
Mytilus precisus of Montagu, (Test. Brit. 165. t. iv. f. 2.) seems to be a varie-
ty in which the anterior end is truncated, and very short, and the beaks ele-
vated; while the WM. plicatus of the same author only differs in the beaks be-
ing small and slightly incurvated.
—
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. H. sulcata.—Beak nearly terminal; both extremities rounded; shell
thin, concentrically sulcated, the ridges large retrally, formed by the union
of two or more ribs; closely and obsoletely striated longitudinally, the
strize consisting of minute tubercles.—Not uncommon in the Carboniferous
Limestone of the Forth Coal-Field.
Gen. CX XXVIII. PANOP A A.—Shell transverse, unequal-
ly open at the sides ; a single conic tooth in each valve, with
an adjoining short compressed callus, to which an external
ligament is attached.
575. P. Aldrovandi.—Truneated at both extremities, and
coarsely wrinkled transversely.
Chama Glycimeris, List. Conch. t. ecccxiv.—M ya Glycimeris, Don. Brit.
Shells, t. cxlii—_P. Gly. Turt. Biv. Brit. 42.— English coast, rare.
Length about 4 inches, breadth 8; coarse and thick; a series of wrinkles
behind the teeth. One specimen from the Dogger-bank occurred to Mr Do-
novan, and a fragment of a valve found on,the beach at Teignmouth, by Dr
Turton, are the only British examples of this shell, which is sometimes found
on the coast of France and Spain.
MYAD-. ~
Gen. CXXXIX. MYA. — Equivalve, transverse, gaping ;
hinge with a single projecting dilated tooth in the right
valve, for supporting the ligament, with a pit in the left.
576. M. truncata.—Shell rounded anteally, abruptly trun-
cated retrally ; the ventral margin nearly straight.
Concha levis, List. An. Ang. 191.—Conch. t. cecexxviii.—M. trun. Linn.
Syst. Nat. i. 1112. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 78. t. xli-fil4. Mont. Test.
Brit. 32. Turt. Biv. Brit. 31.—.Common near low water-mark, lodged
in sand or gravel.
Mya. MOLLUSCA. MYAD. 463
Length about 2 inches, breadth 3 inches ; white, with a thin cuticle often
of rusty colour; concentrically striated; smooth in the middle; the broad
vertical tooth has usually an oblique rib from the beak to its retral angle, and
is marginated anteally ; the pit in the opposite valve for the ligament is hori-
zontal, with a small tooth or projection on its anteal margin. The animal
is frequently used as food, when boiled. In Zetland it is so used, and is call-
ed Smurstlin.
577. M. arenaria.—Shell rounded at both extremities; the
retral one slightly produced and attenuated.
Linn. Syst. i. 1112. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 79. t. xii. Mont. Test. Brit.
30. Tur. Biv. Brit. 32—Common near low water-mark, lodged in
sand or gravel.
Length sometimes reaching 3 inches, breadth five and a half; it chiefly dif-
fers from the last in the production of the posterior extremity, by the presence
of a few obsolete longitudinal ridges, in being more compressed, and the tooth
rounder, syphon impression more conical.—This species, called at Southamp-
ton Old Maids, and at Cork Sugar Loons, is more frequently found in estuaries
under the influence of fresh water, than the preceding. ‘The M. ovalis of Dr
Turton, Biv. Brit. 33. t. iii. f 1, 2, seems nothing more than the young of M.
arenaria, ‘* with the tooth flattened at the top, and flexuous.”
578. M. Norwegica.—Dorsal margin nearly straight, waved
and truncated retrally, rounded anteally.
* Turt. Linn.’ iv. 178.—M. striata, Moné. Linn. Trans. xi. 188. t. xiii. f. 1.
—M. pellucida, Brown, Wern. Mem. ii. 505. t. xxiv. f| 1.—Lyonsia
striata, Turt. Biv. Brit. 35. t. iii. f. 6, 7—English and Irish coasts.
Length half an inch, breadth an inch ; thin, semitransparent, with a brown
euticle, rugged retrally ; longitudinally striated; inequivalve. According to
Dr Turton (whom I have followed in bringing together the preceding syno-
nims, not, however, without considerable hesitation), the tooth is an indepen-
dent process, moveable with the ligament.
579. M. decussata.—Ovate, with irregular concentric ridges,
decussated by regular longitudinal striz.
Mont. Test. Brit.. Sup. 20.—Frith of Forth, Mr Laskey.
Diameter about half an inch; white; margin waved; umbo-obtuse, re-
curved, and placed nearest to one end; a tongue-shaped syphon mark ; in one
valve a broad erect tooth, in the other a projecting plate, with a small inden-
ture for the reception of the tooth of the opposite valve. Its generic relations
uncertain.
—>—_
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. M. mandibula.—Gibbose, flattish in the middle, transversely undulated ;
retral side square, gaping, anteally straightish—Sower. Min. Conch. t. xliii.
—In Green Sand.
2. M. intermedia.—Depressed, smooth, twice as wide as long; sides round-
ed, the anteal one small, the retral one expanded and gaping a little. —Sower.
Min. Conch. t. Ixxvi. f. 1, and t. ceccxix. f. 2.—London Clay.
3. M. plana.— Rather depressed, smooth ; wider than long ; ovate ; nearly
equilateral ; retral side rather elongated,—Sower. Min. Conch. t. Ixxyvi. f. 2.—
Plastic Clay.
464 MOLLUSCA. MYADA. Lurrarta.
4. M. subangulata.—Rather depressed, smooth; wider than long; nearly
equilateral, oblong-ovate; an angle from the beak to the retral margin; ven-
tral margin slightly restricted.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. lxxvi. f. 3.—London
Clay.
5. M. data.—Ovate, depressed; retral side acuminated and truncated,
slightly gaping.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. lxxxi.—In Crag.
6. M.? literata.—Transversely oval, subequilateral, convex, smooth, thin,
with obtuse angularly bent ridges on the central part; angles of the ridges
in a longitudinal direction——Park. Org. Rem. iii. 196. t. xiii. f: 16.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. cexxiv. f. 1.—Jnferior Oolite.
7. M ? scripta.—Transversely oval, subequilateral, convex, smooth, thin,
with oblique angularly bent ridges on the central part ; angles of the ridges
in an oblique direction.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cexxiv.—Inferior Oolite.
8. M ? angulifera.—Transversely elliptical, elongated, gibbose, with oblong
angularly bent ridges upon the surface, retral half widest, gaping ; angles of
the ridges acute, in an oblique direction.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. cexxiv. f. 6,
7.—Oolite.
9. M ? gregaria.—Obovate, convex, subdeltoid, smooth ; retrally produced
and truncated.— Sower. Min. Conch. t. ccclxiii.— Upper fresh water Formation,
Isle of Wight.
10. M. arenaria.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecclxiv. and t. pxxxi. f. 2,.--Nor-
folk and Suffolk Crag.
11. M. depressa.—Obovate, depressed, very slightly gaping; anterior side
shortest ; beaks prominent incurved, hinge-line straight, depressed.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. eecexviii—Middle Oolite. This is probably a Panopea, as it
is stated that the ligament is external and short.
12. M. gibbosa.—Obovate, transversely furrowed, gibbose ; beaks prominent,
incurved ; anteal side very short ; retral side rather attenuated and gaping.
—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ecccxix.— Middle Oolite.
13. M. plicata.—Oblong, ventricose, straight, anterior side short, and trans-
versely plaited ; posterior gaping, truncated.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. ececxix.
f. 3.—Green Sand.
14. M ? angustata.—Valves unequal; transversely elongated, thin, anti-
quated, irregularly compressed; extremities obtuse, gaping; lower edge of
the lesser valve concave.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. Dxxxi.— Upper marine For-
mation, Isle of Wight.
Grn. CXL.—LUTRARIA.—Equivalve, transverse, gaping ;
hinge with a broad vertical plate for the cartilage, sup-
porting one or two teeth on its anteal margin.
580. L. vulgaris.—Nearly equilateral, and rounded at both
extremities.
Concha longa, List. An. Ang. 170. Conch. t. xiv.—Mactra lutraria,
Linn. Syst. i. 1126. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 92. t. ii. £44. Mont. Test,
Brit. 99.—Lutraria elliptica, Turt. Biv. Brit. 65.—In sand about low-
water mark.
Length 24 inches, breadth 5; yellowish-white, with a thin close cuticle ;
slightly striated concentrically by the layers of growth, with remote obsolete
ridges.
1
SPHENIA. MOLLUSCA. MYAD. 465
581. L. hians. — Retral extremity slightly produced, with
the dorsal margin nearly straight and subrecurved.
Mactra hians, Pult. Dorset, 32.—Don. Brit. Shells. t. cxl. Mont. Test.
Brit. 101.—L. oblonga, Turi. Biv. Brit. 64. t. v. f. 6.—In sand, be-
yond low-water mark.
Length 21 inches, breadth 5 inches; thick, coarsely striated ; it chiefly
differs from the last in its shortness, great breadth, the straightness of the
dorsal and ventral margins, and the subrecurved aspect of the posterior ex-
tremity. In the L. vu/garis the syphon-mark has a smooth polished border ;
in this species the margin is a little raised.
——
The following shells, which Dr Turten has included in his genus Monta-
cuta, with the following character: “‘ Shell oval or oblong, equivalve, inequi-
lateral; mostly closed ; hinge with two teeth in each valve, and a cavity be-
tween them; lateral teeth none; ligament. internal,” appear to be the fry of
the species of the genera Mya and Lutraria, before they have begun to bur-
row in the sand or mud.
1. substriata.—Shell oval, with obscure longitudinal ribs; 4th of an inch in
length; Ligula substriata, Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 25.—M. substriata, Turt.
Biv. Brit. 59.—Adhering to Coraillines and the spines of Echini.
2. bidentata.—Shell oval, smooth, with one of the teeth oblique and spoon-
shaped.—Mya bidentata, Mont. Test. Brit. 44. t. xxvi. f 5.—M. bid. Turt. Biv.
Brit. 60.—In cavities in old Oyster Shells.
3. ferruginosa.—Shell oblong, slightly striated transversely, with one of the
teeth incurved and spoon-shaped.—Mya jer. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. 22. t. xxvi.
f. 2M. fer. Turt. Biv. Brit. 60.—In Sand and Clay.
4. oblonga.—Shell oblong, smooth, with all the teeth erect.—M. ob. Turt.
Biv. Brit. 61. t. xi. f. 11, 12.—In Sand.
————_
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. L. gibbosa.—Retral side widest, recurved, truncated and gaping.—Sower.
Min. Conch. t. xlii.—Oolite.
2. L? striata.—Transversely oval, compressed, concentrically striated ; pos-
terior side smallest, rather pointed, gaping ; beaks prominent.—Sower. Min.
Conch. t. Dxxxiv. f: 1.—Green Sand.
3. L? carinifera.—Transversely oval, elongated, convex, longitudinally
striated ; posterior side smooth, bounded by an obtuse carina, truncated, its
edge straight.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxxiv.—Lower Chalk.
4, L ? oblata. —Compressed, transversely oval, with obtuse extremities
slightly bent ; beaks prominent.—Sower. Min. Conch. t. pxxxiv. f. 3.—Lon-
don Clay.
Gren. CXLI. SPHENIA.—Transverse, inequivalve, inequi-
lateral, open retrally; hinge of the right valve with an
elevated transversely dilated tooth, of the left valve with a
concave tooth, and small denticle before it.—T'urton.
582. S. Binghami.—Shell wedge-shaped, with the concave
tooth oblique and inflected.
Turt. Biv. Brit. 36. t. cxi. f. 4, 5. and t. xix. f. 3.—In rocks, Torbay.
VOL. I. cg
466 MOLLUSCA. MYADA. PANDORA.
Length a quarter of an inch, breadth half an inch ; cuticle brown, wrink-
led ; truncate anteally ; beaks rather prominent, with the points not quite
opposite, but divaricating from each other; the elevated tooth running in a
gradually narrower and wedge-shaped manner, nearly half way along the
back margin.
583. S. Swainsont.—Shell oval, wedge-form, with the con-
cave tooth projecting horizontally inwards.
Turt. Biv. Brit. 37. t. iii. f. 3. t- xix. f| 2.—In rocks, Torbay.
Length a quarter of an inch, breadth half an inch ; rounded retrally.
Gren. CXLII. PANDORA. — Shell inequivalve, inequilate-
ral; two unequal teeth in each valve.
584. P. inceequivalvis.—Dorsal'margin behind, nearly straight;
left valve smooth, the right valve concentrically striated.
Tellina in. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1118. Don. Brit Shells, t. lxi. Mont. Test.
Brit. 75. ib—Solen pinna. ib. 566. t. xv. f 3..—P. margaritacea, Turt.
Biv. Brit. 40. t. cxi. f 11, 12, 13, 14.—-English shores, rare.
Length half an inch, breadth an inch ; oblong, white, glossy ; anterior ex-
tremity rounded ; retral extremity produced and subrecurved ; the left valve
along the dorsal margin angular and incurved.—It appears from the observa-
tion of M. Eudes Deslongchamp, that on each side the mouth are two long
tentacula, directed retrally ; and that the marginal impression of the cloak
consists of a series of from 15 to 16 rounded muscular markings, two or three
of which are connivent.— Bulletin des Sciences, Fev. 1827, 297.
Gen. CXLIII. GALEOMA.—Equivalve, equilateral, trans-
verse ; with a large oval gape at the front margin ; hinge
without teeth.
585. G. Turtoni. —'Tumid in the middle, compressed to-
wards the extremities, which are rounded and closed.
Turt. Zool. Journ. No. 7- 364. t. xiii. f. 1.—English Channel.
Length two lines and a half, breadth not quite half an inch; dirty white,
the surface covered with close set, irregular transverse interrupted opaque
lines ; beaks prominent.
( 467 )
MOLLUSCA TUNICATA.
DICHITONIDA.
Inner tunic detached from the external one, and united only at
the two orifices. The branchiz are large, equal, and spread
on the central surface of the inner sac, and the branchial ori-
fice has an inner membranaceous ring, or circle of tentacula.
All the British Dichitonida are fixed, and the branchial and
anal orifices are not opposite to each other.
A. Body simple.
a. Apertures furnished with four rays. The body sessile; branchize
four on each side, the meshes uninterrupted.
Pandocia.
aa, Apertures with indistinct rays, or more than four, the tunic soft ;
branchiz destitute of longitudinal folds.
b. Body pedunculated.
Clavellina.
bb. Body sessile.
e, Tunic and branchial cavity straight.
Pirena.
Ciona.
ce. Tunic turned up at the base.
Phallusia.
AA. Body compound.
a. Branchial orifice radiated.
6. Branchial and anal orifices with six regular rays; body sessile.
Polyzona.
6b. Branchial orifice only with six regular rays.
c. Body pedunculated ; system single, circular, and terminal.
Sydneum.
cc. Body sessile, polymorphous. .
Alpidium. ‘
aa. Branchial orifice simple.
Botryllus.
468 MOLLUSCA. TUNICATA. Panpocta.
Gen. CXLIV. PANDOCIA.—Ovarium single, and situate in
the fold of the intestine, the latter strengthened by a cy-
lindrical rib from the pylorus to the anus.
586. P. conchilega.—Cylindrical or oval, wrinkled, subdia-
phanous, and generally covered with the fragments of shells.
Ascidia conch. Mull. Zool. Dan. t. 34. f. 4, 5,6. Stewart's El. i. 392.—
P. mytiligera, Savigny, Mem. ii. 158. t. viii. f 2—On different parts
of the Scottish coast, common.
Length upwards of an inch, the breadth about one-third less ; orifices lit-
tle raised, and rather remote ; the inner tunic bluish-white ; tentacular fila-
ments of the branchial orifice, long, slender, and upwards of twenty in num-
ber. The Modiolus discors is frequently found imbedded in the integument.
Gen. CXLV. CLAVELLINA.—Branchial and anal orifices
without rays; the angles of the branchial meshes simple ;
the intestine destitute of a rib.
587. C. lepadiformis.—Body transparent, exhibiting the dark
coloured branchial sac, intestine and stomach.
Ascidia lep. Mull. Zool. Dan. t.lxxix, f: 5.—C. lep. Sav. Mem. ii. 174,
and 237.—Not common, adhering to sea-weeds.
Length about two inches ; thick at the base, where the stomach is placed ;
narrow during the course of the intestine, and then expanding into a blunt
head for the branchial cavity ; at the base there are numerous branched tubes,
with a central medullary Iine. Dr Leach communicated this species, from
the British seas, to M. Savigny in 1816. I have obtained it by dredging in
Kirkwall bay, Orkney.
Gen. CXLVI. PIRENA.—The branchial sac as extended
as the tunic; stomach not resting on the intestine.
588. P. prunum.—Ovate, smooth, greenish, and diaphanous.
Ascidia prunum, Muii. Zool. Dan. t. xxxiv. f.1, 2,3. Stewart's El. i.
392.—Adhering to fuci, not common.
Upwards of an inch in diameter; inner tunic white, the orifices with 7 or
8 red lines.
Grey. CXLVII. CIONA.—Branchial sac shorter than the
tunic, and exceeded by the viscera.
589. C. intestinalis.—Lengthened, bifid at the extremity ;
grey, with the orifices yellow.
Ascidia int. Linn. Syst. i. 1087. Ellis’s Zooph. 49.—A. corrugata, Mull.
Zool Dan. t. Ixxix. f. 3, 4.—Adheres to fuci beyond low water-mark.
Length about two inches; thickest at the base, where it adheres by nu-
merous coarse threads, soft and transparent: the orifices are approximate,
Puattusra. MOLLUSCA. TUNICATA. 469
tubular, with divided margins, and intermediate scarlet spots; the anal ori-
fice is a little below, with six spots, the upper branchial one with eight.—It
is not uncommon in the Zetland seas.
Gen. CXLVIII. PHALLUSIA.—Branchial sac extending
beyond the viscera into a pouch of the tunic ; stomach rest-
ing on the viscera.
590. P. mentula.—Oval, compressed, hairy, the inner tunic
red. a
Ascidia ment. Mull. Zool. Don. t. vii. i 1-4. Mont. Test. Brit. 542.
Stewart’s Elem. i. 391.—Adheres to rocks.
Length 2 or 3 inches; brown; rough, often with adhering fragments of
corals and shells; apertures distant, reddish.
591. P. rustica.—Subcylindrical, rough, the apertures ap-
proximate.
Ascidia rust. Linn. Syst. i. 1087. Mull. Zool. Dan. t. xv. f. 1-5. Stew-
art’s E1. i. 391.—Adheres to stones, shells, and fuci.
Length about two inches; outer tunic yellowish ; rough and obtuse when
old, red and hemispherical when young, whitish inside ; inner tunic reddish.
Gen. CXLIX. POLY ZONA.—Body polymorphous, with
many systems arranged subcircularly.
592. P. variolosa.—‘ Crustaceous and leathery, with scat-
tered papillae, and two subdentated mouths.”
Alcyonium ascidioides, Stewarts El. ii. 432. Turt. Brit. Fauna, 208.—
Adhering to the fucus palmatus on the coast of Cornwall.
This species, which was first observed by Gaertner, and communicated by
him to Pallas (Spicil. Zool. fasc. x. t. iv. f 7.) is thus described by its disco-
verer: ‘* Crusta, coriacea, tenax, crassiuscula, subtus plana, supra verrucis
crebris, varizeque magnitudinis conspersa, coloris vel dilute rubicundi vel ex
eroceo albicantis. Verrucae seu tubercula maximam partem ovalia et ex
croceo rubra sunt : singulum autem duplici perforatum est orificio minimo
coccineo, quod turgidulus margo ejusdem coloris atque sex distinctus radiis,
quasi in tot discessus fuerit dentes, cingit.”—Sav. Mem. 38.
Gen. CL. SYDNEUM.—Body inversely conical ; anal orifice
simple and tubular.
593. S. turbinatum.—Pale red, gelatinous, and transparent.
Sav. Mem. 238.—On rocks.
Length about half an inch above the common base, which spreads on the
rocks; narrow below, and gradually becoming thicker towards the top, the
summit of which is slightly concave ; mouths prominent, freckled with yel-
low, with short blunt conical tentacula; stomach surrounded with glands ;
470 MOLLUSCA. TUNICATA. ALPIDIUM.
intestine spirally folded; ovarium pedunculated.—Dr Leach communicated
this species to M. Savigny, from the British shores in 1816. I have found
what I am inclined to consider as the same species, on the shore of the Isle
of May, in the Frith of Forth.
Gen. CLI. ALPIDIUM.—Individuals in a single row round
the common centre; systems destitute of a central cavity,
and the angles of the branchial meshes without papillee.
594. A. ficus.—Fleshy, lobed, yellowish.
Alcyonium pulmonis instar lobatum, Elis, Cor. 82. t. xvii. f. 6.—A. fi-
cus, Linn. Syst. i. 1295.—A. ficus, Sav. Mem. 183.
Spreading and dividing into flattish lobes, about an inch and a half in dia-
meter; ofa dark olive colour; and, when opened, emitting a very disagree-
able smell; numerous granules, connected by filaments distributed through
the mass in the intervals of the systems.
Gen. CLI]. BOTRYLLUS.—Systems consisting of one or
more regular concentric rows, furnished with a central ca-
vity.
* Individuals disposed in a single row, with the central cavity
apparent and denticulated.
595. B. Schlosseri.—Lead coloured, the branchial orifices
white, with a circle of yellow spots.
Aleyonium carnosum, Schlosser, Phil. Trans. 1756, 449. t. xiv. Bor.
Corn. 254. t. xxv. f. 1, 2.—A. Schlosseri, Zinn. Syst. 1294.—B. Sch.
Sav. Mem. 200. t. 20. f. 5.—On rocks and sea-weeds.
Many inches in breadth, and sometimes an inch in thickness; semitrans-
parent ; individuals claviform, variegated with yellow and red; tentacular
filaments 8, alternately short and long.—M. Savigny refers to this species
the A. Borlasit of Dr Turton’s British Fauna, described by Dr Borlase, Corn.
254. t. xxv. f. 3, 4. though it probably belongs to a different genus.
** Individuals disposed in several rows.
596. B. conglomeratus.——-Gelatinous, convex, with conglo-
merate finger-like divisions, and toothless terminal mouths.
(Gaert. Pal. Spic. Zool. 16. 39. t. iv. f. 6.)—Alcyonium con. Turt. Brit.
Fauna, 208.—B. con. Sav. Mem. 204.—On the Cornish Coast.
This species is still involved in considerable obscurity. The same remark
is applicable to Aleyonium constellatum Borl. Corn, 254. t. xxv. £ 5, 6. of Dr
Turton’s British Fauna.
Satpa. MOLLUSCA. MONOCHITONIDA. 471
MONOCHITONIDA.
Gen. CLIII. SALPA.—Branchial cavity open at both ends,
the orifice valvular.
597. S. moniliformis.——Both extremities produced, the an-
teal one the longest.
MacCulloch’s Description of the Western Isles, ii. 188. t. 29. f. 2. Flem.
Edin. Phil. Journ. ix. 248.—Common in the sea among the Western
Islands in August.
When young, the individuals adhere laterally in such a manner as to form
achain upwards of a foot in length; when full grown, and detached, they
exceed an inch in length. At each extremity of the back, there is a conical
longitudinal process, nearly equal to the body in length; the retral process
exhibits some appearance of a vascular structure; the stomach is of a dark
brownish-orange, and (as well as the branchial band) is distinctly seen
through the transparent gelatinous body.
AT2 RADIATA.
RADIATA.
Crass I. ECHINODERMATA.—Skin coriaceous or crusta-
ceous ; intestinal canal distinct, and contained in an
abdomen; numerous apparent vessels connected with
circulation aud reproduction. Marine.
Il. ACALEPHA.—Skin soft, frequently gelatinous ;
stomach and intestines never floating in a particular
cavity ; traces of circulating vessels obscure. Ma-
rine.
Ill. ZOOPHYTA.—Mouth surrounded by a circle of
tentacula; body generally compound, and assuming
plant-like forms.
IV. INFUSORIA.—Apparently destitute of a visible
nrouth, stomach, or internal vessels.
RADIATA. ECHINODERMATA. 473
I.—ECHINODERMATA.
Orver I.—Free.
Secor. I—Locomotion executed by means of suckers. These
consist of tubular extensile processes, with a terminal, usually
fringed disc, which serves either as an organ of motion or rest;
the central canal admitting water to the aérating organs.
A. Covering of immoveable testaceous plates, without projecting
arms. EcHINID&.
A A. Covering crustaceous and moveable.
a. Body produced. Fistulide.
aa. Body depressed, or orbicular, and divided into arms or
rays. Asteriade.
Sect. II.—Destitute of suckers for locomotion.
Sipunculus.
Priapulus.
Orver II.—Fixed ; the body covered by articulating plates,
supported by an articulated column.
Crinoide. Margin of the oral disc supporting numerous articu-
lated arms.
Blastoide. Margin of the oral disc destitute of arms ; body with
avenues of branchial pores.
4°74 RADIATA: ECHINODERMATA.
ECHINID.
The covering consists of numerous angular plates, adhering by
simple or serrated sutures, and pierced by numerous pores.
These pores give passage to the canal of the tentacular pro-
cesses whieh are connected with the investing integument.
The plates are also covered with tubercular processes, sup-
porting moveable spines. The body, when at rest, is sup-
ported on the oral disc.
JT. Anocysti.—Vent in the dorsal surface.
a. Vent central, in the axis of the body.
Cidaris.
Echinus.
Clypeus.
a.a. Vent lateral above the margin.
Cassidula.
Nucleolitis. )
II. Prevrocyst1.—Vent marginal.
Echinarachnius.
Spatangus.
Ill. Carocystr1.—Vent in the under surface.
a. Mouth central.
b. Avenues of pores limited.
Echinocyamus.
Echinanthus.
Echinodiscus. )
6.6. Avenues of pores complete.
Conulus.
(Echinoneus)
a a Mouth not central.
Echinocorys.
( 475 )
ANOCYSTI.
In those species in which the mouth and vent are at opposite ends
of the axis of the animal, the body is globular or hemispherical, and di-
vided into ten compartments by ten avenues of pores. The avenues
approach in pairs, making five of the compartments smaller than the
others with which they alternate. The smaller compartments consist
of a double row of plates, united to each other by a zig-zag line, and
to the larger compartments by a straight subserrated suture. Each
plate is covered with tubercles, on the surface next its fellows, in the
same compartment, but on the surface towards the opposite side, it is
perforated with pores, in pairs, and arranged in oblique lines, with an
oral direction. The portions of the plate, with the pores, are frequent-
ly compound. ‘These plates increase in size, from the mouth to the
middle of the body, where the avenues of the pores are at the greatest
distance, and then decrease to the pelvis, where the pores approach,
and terminate in a pentagonal costal plate. In the inside of the mouth
there are five plates perpendicular to the margin, and perforated in the
middle, from which the smaller compartments take their rise. The
large compartments likewise consist of a double row of plates, united
by a zig-zag line, covered with tubercles without pores, widest in the
middle of the body, and terminating in the five plates of the pelvis,
one of which, termed the wart, is curiously puckered, and all of them
have a large perforation. These plates form the ring of a circular
space, covered by a tough skin, with tubercles, and perforated in the
centre by the vent. Around the mouth there is likewise a circular
space, formed by a tough muricated skin. The whole body is covered
with an integument, more or less intermixed with muscular fibres.
‘The appendices of the skin are of three kinds. 1. The prickles are of
different sizes, and are seated on the convex surface of the tubercles,
which are received into their concave bases, thus forming a ball and
socket joint, surrounded by the integument, and put in motion by its
agency. These serve the purpose of defence, and assist locomotion.
Their structure is radiated from the centre, with distinct traces of con-
centric layers of growth. Mr Haidinger, in his translation of Mohs’s
Mineralogy, vol. ii. p. 91, has stated, that, in a fossil state, “‘ every
one of the spines of Echinz consists of a single individual (Rhombohe-
dral Lime Haloide) perfectly cleavable, and the axis of which is paral-
lel to the axis of the spine. But, what is still more remarkable, the
spines of these animals possess the same property, even im recent
specimens of the latter, and it appears, that the carbonate of lime crys-
476 RADIATA. ANOCYSTTI.
tallizes as rhombohedral lime-haloide upon the body of these animals.”
We suspect that this acute mineralogist has been deceived by consi-
dering as recent what were, in fact, fossil specimens. At least no
such crystalline arrangement as is here described, exists in the spines
of the recent British Echini, not even in the large prickles of Ce-
daris papillata, one-eighth of an inch in diameter. 2. The jointed
bodies, which have long been considered as distinct animals, and
constituting the genus PepicELLARiA of Miiller, are dispersed among
the prickles. They are supported on a moveable spinous stalk, en-
veloped by the integument, furnished with one or more joints, and
terminating in a head, which, when alive, is continually in motion. At
the base, where they adhere, a small eminence may be observed, diffe-
rent, however, from the ordinary tubercles, with articular surfaces.
These are conjectured by Monro to be similar in their functions to the
antennz of insects. 3. The suckers are placed on the avenues of pores.
They consist of longitudinal and circular muscles, with a terminal dise
for adhesion. These are connected with the integument. The perfo-
ration in the disc is single, and leads into a canal, which divides and
enters the shell by two pores; each pair of pores belonging to a single
sucker. By means of these suckers, assisted by the spines, the ani-
mal moves slowly along the rocks in search of food or shelter. The
mouth is furnished with five converging teeth, fixed in large complex
sockets. These are connected by a strong ligament, with five proces-
ses, which project perpendicularly inwards from the margin of the aper-
ture, and serve as points of insertion for the muscles of the jaws. The
eullet, after some convolutions, enters a larger intestine, which de-
scribes some waving circles, and then opens at the vent. The intes-
tine is accompanied by a mesentery and two parallel vessels, which
probably perform systemic and pulmonic functions. The water is ad-
mitted into the interior, for the purpose of aérating the blood bya very
singular organization. On the inside of the shell, from the pelvis to
the mouth, there is a straight vessel, under the ziz-zag line of each of
the smaller compartments. This vessel, in its course, communicates
by parallel lateral canals, with a row of vascular, foliaceous membranes,
situate on each side and underneath the avenues of pores. These
membranes consist of convoluted anastomosing vessels, communicating
by two ducts with two of the external perforated suckers, each sucker
sending a tube to two different leaves. These five vessels near the
mouth, subdivide, enter large receptacles at the base of the sockets of
the teeth, and then open externally, probably through the tubular pro-
cesses of the oral plate, though, according to Monro, by canals through
Crparis. RADIATA. ANOCYSTI. AVY
the sockets of the teeth. According to this author, the water enters
the perforated suckers, passes along the five tubes, and escapes at the
mouth. Future observation, however, will probably assign an oppo-
site direction to the current, and the perforated tubes on the oral disc
as the orifices at which the water enters. The organs of reproduction
appear to be limited to five ovaria, intimately connected, and opening
by five oviducts, in the perforations of the five plates of the pelvis.
When in season, the roe fills a great part of the cavity of the shell. It
is eaten when boiled, and has a flavour not unlike a lobster.
Gen. I. CIDARIS.—Tubercles and spines connected by a
central ligament. ‘The avenues of pores are parallel and
closely placed, rendering the smaller compartments narrow,
tortuous, and fit only for supporting small spines. The
plates of the larger compartments have an elevated tuber-
cle in the middle, with a groove round the base, surround-
ed with a broad smooth space, which is inclosed on the
margin of the plate, with a border of small! tubercles, des-
titute of a pit in the summit. On each central tubercle
there is placed a large spine, connected by the central li-
gament and investing integument. M. Lamarck (Hist.
Vert. iii. 53.) considers this central lgament as a muscle
issuing from the interior, for moving the spine. But it has
no communication with the interior of the shell. He like-
wise supposes that the tubular suckers can be withdrawn
into the shell by the animal. But the division of the canal
at the base, for the passage of each branch through a dif-
ferent pore, renders this impossible. Round the base of
these large spines, smaller ones are placed, on the ring of
tubercles, which surround them likea sheath. Each avenue
consists only of a double row of pores, in pairs, correspond-
ing with a single row of tubular suckers.
1. C. papillata.—Primary spines nearly cylindrical, with nu-
merous rough longitudinal ridges.
C. p. major, Leske apud Klein, Ech. p. 125. tab. vii. A. and xxxix.—
2. Echinus Cidaris ? var. a. Sower. Br. Mus. tab. xliv.—Found in deep
water, Zetland, where it is called the Piper.
The body of the shell is about two inches in diameter, and depressed at
both ends. The longest primary spines are about four inches in length. The
shortest near the mouth do not exceed half an inch. These last are spatu-
late as well as the small ones on the oral plate. The plates of the division be-
478 RADIATA. ANOCYSTI. EcHints.
tween the pores, consist each of a large and small tubercle, supporting small
spines, and scattered eminences to which the articulated bodies adhere, and
two pores. ‘The five bones of the pelvis are subquadrangular, from the ring
of the vent, and, externally, are wedged in by fine subtriangular costze.
— ——
The characters of the preceding species of the Linnean genus Medusa, re-
quire revision, and the species should be studied with reference to the
changes in form which they experience by age. The Medusa simplex of Pen-
nant and M. scintillans of Macartney, are probably the fry of some of the es-
tablished species.
Grex. XXV. BEROE.—Body with vertical ciliated ribs; tu-
bular vessels traverse the axis of the body, with lateral and
terminal apertures.
65. B. ovatus.—The body orbicular, slightly depressed at
the summit, and a little protuberant at the base.
Bast. Op. i. 123, t. xiv. f. 5.—B. infundibulum, Fad. Fauna Groen. 360.—
Beroe, Flem. Wern. Mem. iii. 401, t. xviii. £3, 4—Frith of Tay.
The following observations were made from an inspection of the only spe-
cimen of this animal which I have had an opportunity of seeing: “* There
were eight vertical bands or ribs, extending from the summit to the base.
These were narrow, denticulated on the margin, confined to the surface, and
of a denser substance than the gelatinous interior. From the central sur-
face of the ribs, a number of filaments proceeded, which were lost in the sub-
stance of the body. ‘The mouth, or the opening at the base, had some ap-
pearance of having its margin divided into four lobes. The tube which con-
ducts from the mouth to the centre of the body, and is prolonged in its axis
to the summit, had on each side a compressed organ adhering to its walls.
Brnoe. RADIATA. ACALEPHA. 503
These terminated in the centre, each in an ovate head, apparently containing
air. Immediately below each head, there were numerous twisted vessels,
some of which contained a reddish fluid. The tube which descended from
the summit, as it approached the centre, suddenly expanded, and sent off a
branch to a vesicle on each side; after which it appeared to unite with the
one from the mouth. Each of the lateral vesicles terminated below in a blind
cavity, which contained a glandular body, to the upper surface of which, se-
veral white threads were attached. The upper extremity of each vesicle was
open, and terminated on the surface, on each side, in the space between two
ribs. From each side of the vesicle, near its connection with the central ves-
sel, there arose a tube, which, after dividing, sent 2 branch to each conti-
guous rib. The cavity of these tubes, at their union with the ribs, appeared
to be filled with a whitish coloured pulp. Each rib is furnished with a tube,
uniting with it near the middle. In consequence of this peculiar structure,
I could easily observe the water enter the tube at the summit, pass into the
lateral vesicles, and go out at their external openings; and, in some cases,
the motion of the current was reversed. There did not appear to be any ex-
ternal opening at the extremity of the tubes joining with the ribs, although
water obviously moved backwards and forwards in them. While the animal
was active, there were numerous small spaces in the different tubes where
the contained fluid circulated in eddies. 'This was particularly observable
towards the centre, and in the tube which descends from the summit. I was
unable to detect, with the naked eye, any structure in the tubes which could
produce these partial motions ; and the orbicular form of the animal prevent-
ed the application of high magnifiers. The species here described approaches,
in many respects, to the Beroe ovata of Baster, Opuscula subseciva, vol. i.
p- 123. tab. xiv. £5. It differs, however, in having only eight ribs, appa-
rently smooth on the surface, with denticulated margins ; whereas the spe-
cies which Baster notices has nine ribs, thickly set with moveable hairs.
The season in which ours was found, would likewise intimate that it is distinct
from Baster’s species, provided we attach much importance to his remarks.
“ Tn nostris hzc Beroe invenitur littoribus, et in ipsis hujus urbis portubus,
Aprili potissimum mense ; singularis enim variarum Medusz specierum pro-
prietas est, quod alize aliis frequentissime inveniuntur mensibus.” Ellis ap-
pears to have been acquainted with this species, when he says, “* The Beroe
is a marine animal found on our coasts; of a gelatinous transparent nature ;
and of an oval or spherical form; about half an inch to an inch diameter ;
divided, like a melon, into longitudinal ribs, each of which is furnished with
rows of minute fins, by means of which this animal, like the animalia infuso-
ria, can swim in all directions with great swiftness.”—Phil. Trans. vol. lix.
p- 144.
66. B. cwcwmis.—Body oblong, the oral aperture wide.
Fab. Fauna Groen. 361.—B. fulgens, Macartney, Phil. Trans. 1810, 264.
t. xv. f. 1-8.—Shore of Kent.
‘“* This most elegant creature” (says Mr Macartney) “ is of a colour
changing between purple, violet, and pale blue; the body is truncated before
and pointed behind ; but the form is difficult to assign, as it is varied by par-
tial contractions, at the animal’s pleasure. I have represented the two ex-
tremes of form that I have seen this creature assume. The first is some-
what that of a cucumber, which, as being the one it takes when at rest, should
perhaps be considered as its proper shape. The other resembles a pear, and
is the figure it has in the most contracted state. The body is hollow, or
forms internally an infundibular cavity, which has a wide opening before, and
appears also to have a small aperture posteriorly, through which it discharges
its excrement. The posterior two-thirds of the body are ornamented with
eight longitudinal ciliated ribs, the processes of which are kept in such a rapid
rotatory motion, while the animal is swimming, that they appear like the con-
tinual passage of a fluid along the ribs. The ciliated ribs have been described
504 RADIATA. ACALEPHA. PLevrosracuia.
by Professor Mitchill as arteries, in a luminous Beroe, which I suspect was no
other than the species I am now giving an account of. When the Beroe fulgens
swam gently near the surface of the water, its whole body became occasionally
illuminated in a slight degree ; during its contraction, a stronger light issued
from the ribs; and when a sudden shock was communicated to the water, in
which several of these animals were placed, a vivid flash was thrown out.
If the body were broken, the fragments continued luminous for some se-
conds, and, being rubbed on the hand, left a light like that of phosphorus.
This, however, as well as every other mode of emitting light, ceased after
the death of the animal.” Mr Macartney observed this species in Hearne
Bay, on the northern coast of Kent, in October 1804. None were to be
found in the same place in the month of September in the following year, al-
though some Medusz occurred which had been the companions of the Beroe
in the preceding season.
—<—
There is a third animal, nearly related to the genus Beroe, which is figured
by the late Rev. Charles Cordiner of Banff, in his “‘ Remarkable Ruins,”
No. xi. Patella, fig. gG. The magnified representation which he has given,
appears to intimate a subcylindrical animal, open at buth ends, with a raised disc
near one of the extremities, surrounded with diverging spines, and exhibiting
two spots, whence probably issue tentacula. The author has failed in this,
as in many other instances, to give descriptions in illustration of the designs
of his pencil.
Gen. XXVI. PLEUROBRACHIA.—Body suborbicular,
with eight ciliated ribs and two ciliated arms, one on each
side.
67. P. pilews.—The lateral arms equal.
Beroe, Bast. Op. i. 124, t. xiv. f 6.—B. pileus, Fab. Fauna Groen. 361.
Scoresby, Arctic Reg. i. 549, t. xvi. f. 4.—In the British seas, rare.
The late George Montagu, Esq. in a letter to me, dated 22d November
1812, says, “ I have lately added Beroe pileus to the British Fauna.” My
friend Dr Leach, who subsequently met with the same animal, sent me in
1819 an outline drawing of its form. I have since been informed by my
friend John Graham Dalyell, Esq. advocate, that it occurs in the Frith of
Forth.
( 505 )
ZOOPHYTA.
I. CARNOSA.—Polypi connected with a fleshy substance.
II. CELLULIFERA.—Polypi lodged in calcareous cells,
imperforate at the base.
Ill. THECATA.—Polypi surrounded by a membranaceous
tube, covering the subdivisions of their compound body.
IV. NUDA.—Polypi naked, the mouth with marginal tenta-
cula.
V. VIBRATORIA.—Polypi having the mouth furnished
with vibrating hairs.
( 506 )
CARNOSA.
I. Free; marine; moving by the contraction or expansion of the fleshy
part ; form symmetrical ; axis of the body supported by a bone
contained in a sac.
Pennatula.
Virgularia.
Il. Fixed or stationary.
A. Polypiferous matter covering a solid axis.
a. Axis with stellular discs —LAMELLIFER 2.
b. Stellular, discs terminal.
Sarcinula.
Lithostrotion.
Caryophyllea.
Turbinolia.
Cyclolites.
6b. Stellular discs aggregated.
Explanaria.
Astrea.
Porites.
Pocillopora.
aa. Axis destitute of stellular discs.
b. Axis corneous and flexible; polypiferous basis cretaceous ;
the axis with spines.
ec. Polypi developed.—_G orGon1ap2.
Gorgonia.
Primnoa.
ce. Polypi not developed.—_CoraLLinaD&.
Tania.
Corallina.
Halimeda.
bb.. Axis stony.
Isis.
B. Polypiferous basis destitute of a continuous solid axis.
a. Polypi developed.
b. Polypi with eight tentacula; the basis fibrous.
Lobularia.
Cydonium.
Cliona.
bb. Polypi with tentacula exceeding eight in number ; basis
nearly uniform.
Alcyonium.
Cristatella.
aa. Polypi not developed—Sroncrap*.
Tethya.
Halichondria.
Spongia.
Grantia.
PENNATULA. ZOOPHYTA. CARNOSA. 507
PENNATULAD~.
Gen. XXVII. PENNATULA.—Base of the body fleshy, and
subcylindrical, supporting an oval, expanded, compressed
head, consisting of soft processes, proceeding obliquely from
a mid-rib, and supporting, on one side, the denticles or cells
containing the polypi.
68. P. phosphorea. 'The Sea-pen.—Stem villous, and desti-
tute of a spine at the base of each lateral process; colour pur-
ple.
Penna marina, Sib. Scot. ii. p. 28. Wat. Or. p. 38.—Pennatula phos.
Linn. Syst. 1322. Ellis, Ph. t. liii. t. xix. f. 1, 5.—P. Britannica Sol.
Zoop. p. 61.—Penna marina, Cord. R. No. 18. Adheres to the mussel-
baits of the fishermen, on the east coast of Scotland, not uncommon.
The length is from 2 to 8 inches. Stem round and fleshy at the base, and
closely set with minute spines ; compressed and grooved in the middle be-
tween the processes, and terminating in a point. The processes commence
about the middle of the stem, increase in length gradually, and then decrease
in the same manner, to the point, forming, in the outline, the segment of a
circle on each side. Along the upper side cf each process, is a row of tubular:
denticles, having the margins of the mouths armed with moveable spicula.
The polypi have cylindrical stems, with eight long tentacula, which are ca-
pable of retiring within the denticle.
Grex. XXVIII. VIRGULARIA.—Body linear, supporting,
towards the upper extremity, sessile, lunate lobes, embrac-
ing the stem obliquely, and bearing a row of cells on their
margin. |
69. V. mirabilis.—Stem filiform, with alternate lobes trans-
versely ridged.
Pennatula mirabilis, Linn. Mus. Ad. t. xix. £. 4. (copied Phil. Trans. liii-
t. xx. f. 17.)—Amoen. Acad. iv. p. 257. Pal. Zoop. 371. Sower. Brit.
Misc. i. p. 5}. t. xxv-—On the east and north coast of Scotland, where
it is believed by the fishermen to have one end lodged erect in the
mud; in Zetland it is called the Sea-Rush.
Length about a foot. The central bone is white, filiform, and cylindrical.
When broken across, it appears striated from the centre (like a Belemnite),
as Lamarck found in his V. australis. On the fleshy back there is a groove
from the ridge, on each side of which the lobes arise. These resemble a crest,
embrace the side of the stem, and a portion of its front obliquely, and termi-
nate in a recurrent manner, the point of one meeting with the bend of the
higher one from the opposite side. Each lobe is subpectinated with about
eight or ten ridges, constituting as many cells, with a simple pore on the
margin for a polypus.
I have ventured to unite under this species, the preceding synonimes,
though three species are constituted by Lamarck, out of the Pennatula mira-
bilis of Linnzeus, Pallas, and Muller. A comparison, however, of the descrip-
508 ZOOPHYTA. CARNOSA. SARCINULA.
tions of these authors with the figures which they have given, and with spe-
cimens, leave no doubt of their identity. On this subject, indeed, Lamarck
appears to be singularly inaccurate. Under his Funiculina cylindrica (Hist.
ii. p. 423), which is the Pennatula mirabilis of Pallas, he quotes the figure of
Linnzeus, Mus. ad.; and, under Virgularia juncea, the very same figure is
again referred to, and the copy thereof in the Philosophical Transactions.
LAMELLIFERZ.
Gen. SARCINULA.—Free, massive, consisting of vertical
parallel tubes, united by intervening matter.
1. D. punctata.—Inferior surface concentrically undulated ; superior with
cylindrical tubes, crenulated on the margin by subordinate pores, and divided
internally by transverse partitions.—Porpital Madreporite, Park. Org. Rem.
ii. 69. t. vii. £ 4.-Gloucestershire and Staffordshire.
2. S. angularis.—Inferior surface with diverging striz ; superior with crowd-
ed polygonal tubes.—Porpital Madreporite, Park.{Org. Rem. ii. 69. t. vii. f 3.
—Dudley, Staffordshire.
Gen. LITHOSTROTION.—Coral of aggregated prismatical
parallel tubes, with single terminal stellular discs.
1. L. striatum.—Hexangular ; striated longitudinally ; slightly waved
transversely ; each plane with about ten striz ; the rays of the star unite with
a small solid central axis.—Lwuid. Lith. 122. t. xxiii. Park. Org. Rem. ii. 43.
t. v. f. 6, 3.—In Carboniferous Limestone.
2. L. floriforme.—This chiefly differs from the preceding in its greater size,
and the axis occupying a greater space; to which Martin adds, “ centres pro-
jecting, pointed, and writhed or twisted like a rope.”—Mart. Derb. t. xlii.
44,.—In Carboniferous Limestone.
3. L. oblongum.—Pentangular, striated, the stems about one-twentieth of
an inch from each other ; the rays diverge from the centre, branching towards
the circumference. Park. Org. Rem. ii. 56. t. vi. f 12, 13.—Oolite.
4. L. marginatum.—Hexangular ; each angle with a raised rib, and numer-
ous distant, small, short obtuse processes ; the planes flat and smooth; the
star consists of plates from the centre to each angle, with a few transverse
ones. ‘T'wo detached columns of this species, about the tenth of an inch in
diameter, have occurred to me in Carboniferous Limestone.
Gen. XXIX. CARYOPHYLLEA.—Turbinated or cylin-
drical, simple or branched, adhering by the base to other
bodies.
70. C. cyathus.—Primary lamellz of the star about forty in
number, with intermediate smaller ones, and a prominent curved
centre.
Madrepora cyathus, Sol. Zoop. 150.— C. eyathus, Flem. Wern. Mem. ii.
Torsinonia. ZOOPHYTA. LAMELLIFERA. 509
249. Two specimens found in 1809, growing on a dead valve of Pec-
ten opercularis, from deep water off Foulah, in Zetland.
The largest specimen is inversely conical ; a little compressed ; half an inch
in height ; two-tenths, in its broadest diameter at the base, and six-tenths at
the star, where it is four-tenths across ; externally it is longitudinally striated
and rough. The disc is oval, and a little compressed. The lamelle are dis-
posed in fours, and may be distinguished into three different kinds. The first
are the highest and the broadest at the margin, but as they descend into the
disc they become narrower before they join the central plate. The second
kind are narrower than the preceding at the margin, but towards the middle
they suddenly enlarge and join the middle plate. The third kind are the
smallest, and terminate before reaching the middle plate. The space included
between a pair of the first kind of plates, contains one of the second kind in
the middle, with one of the third kind in each of the lateral spaces. Those
on the sides are rough, with small scattered tubercles, and their margins are
curled. This last circumstance occasions the roughness externally, where the
longitudinal striz are the remains of the gills. The plate which occupies the
bottom of the concavity is smooth, various twisted, and connected with the
base of the lateral plates. When first observed, the disc was covered with
black putrid animal matter.—It has been reported that the C. musicalis (Ellis,
Phil. Trans. 1763, t. xx. f. 14.) has been cast ashore on the Irish coast.
——_
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. C. annularis.—Branched, nearly cylindrical, with transverse plates, which
exteriorly seem like a series of ligatures; surface not muricated.—Madrepo-
rite, Park. Org. Rem. ii. 67. t. v- f. 5.—In Oolite.
2. C. fasciculata—Crowded, branched, round, nearly cylindrical, slightly
flexuous, and about a quarter of an inch in diameter.—Madreporite, Park.
Org. Rem. 51. t. vi. f. 8.—Madrepora cespitosa, Mart. Derb. t. 17.—Carboni-
Serous Limestone.
3. C. duplicatus.—Tubes cylindrical, adjacent, unequal ; centre proliferous ;
margin dilated.—_Madrepora dup. Mart. Pet. Derb. t. xxx.—Carboniferous
Limestone.
4. C. affinis.—Stems slightly branched, cylindrical, equal, smooth, rather
distant, and about half an inch in diameter.—M. aff. Mart. Derb. t. 31.—Car-
boniferous Limestone.
5. C. juncea.—Stems slightly branched, cylindrical, smooth, or slightly
wrinkled transversely, and about one-tenth of an inch in diameter.—Junci
lapidei, Ure, Ruth. 337. t. xix. f. 12.—Very common in Carboniferous Lime-
stone.
6. C. centralis.—Root spreading, indented; stem narrow at the base; en-
larging subcylindrically towards the tip; longitudinally striated; the striz
alternately larger and smaller ; no transverse striz ; disc with small and large
plates from the circumference to the centre.—Corallite, Park. Org. Rem. ii.
32. t. iv. f. 15, 16.—Madrepora centralis, Mant. Geol. 159. t. xvi. f. 2, 4.—In
Chalk.
It is probable that Amplexus coralloides, p. 251. though inserted by Mr
Sowerby among the multilocular testacea, may yet be found connected with
the present genus.
Gen. XXX. TURBINOLIA.—Turbinated, detached, base
acute, not adhering ; star single.
71. T. borealis—Widely conical, slightly bent.
510 ZOOPHYTA. LAMELLIFERA. Cyctorires.
Fungia turbinata, Flem. Wern. Mem. ii, 250.—Zetland.
This species occurred in the same boat in which I picked up the Caryophyl-
lea cyathus. ‘Though greatly defaced, it still exhibits proofs of its recent ori-
gin. It is inversely conical, pointed, subarcuated, with a concave disc and a
prominent centre; the plates appear to have been equal. It is about five-
tenths of an inch in height, and nearly the same in breadth across the star.
—>_
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. T. suleata.—Inversely conical, with twenty-four longitudinal strize, the
interstices striated by pairs of pores in each, disposed in numerous parallel
transverse rows.—Lamouroux Zoop. 51. t. Ixxiv. f. 18, 21. Geol. of Eng. 3.
London Clay.
2. T. Konigi.—Inversely conical, aperture circular, divided into numerous
perpendicular lamellz, radiating from the axis to the circumference; axis
simple ; margin crenulated; external surface longitudinally striated; strize
from 25 to 30, distinct, prominent, base convex.—Mant. Geol. Suss. 85. t. xix.
p- 22, 28.—Blue Chalk Marl.
3. T. Fungites.—Inversely conical, lengthened ; more or less bent; longi-
tudinally striated, with irregular transverse wrinkles; star concave, with a
large central axis. Fungites, Ure, Ruth. 327. t. xx. f. 6.—In Carboniferous
Limestone, common ; frequently termed Ram’s Horns. The specimens in my
possession differ greatly in their breadth compared with their length ; in one
the plates converge to the centre, without a solid axis; and in another, there
are external drooping cylindrical processes from the sides near the small end.
Gren. CYCLOLITES. — Hemispherical ; star convex, with
smooth slender jamelle ; the centre depressed ; below flat,
with concentric lines.
1. C. elliptica.— Elliptical ; lamellze obsolete; the central cavity length-
ened.—Lamarck, Hist. ii. 234.-Geol. Eng. 245.—Inferior Oolite.
Gen. EXPLANARIA.—Stem irregular, foliaceous, waved,
lobed, with the extremities covered with sessile, stellife-
rous discs.
1. E. flexuosa.—Stem compressed, proliferous, reticulated at the base, with
transverse and longitudinal striz ; the superior stellated surface covered with
stars, closely set, and formed of raised undulating radiii—Madreporite, Park.
Org. Rem. ii. 49. t. vii. f. 11.—E. mesenterica, Geol. Eng. 245 ?—Inferior
Oolite.
GEN. ASTREA.—Massive, the stelliferous discs rounded, and
imbedded in the nearly even surface.
1. A. arachnoides.—Stelliferous discs close, smooth ; the plates proceeding
from the centre are waved across the margin, and are lost in the surrounding
matter.—Madrepora arach. Park. Org. Rem. ii. t. vi. f 4.—Oolite.
2. A. undulata.—Stars continuous, the rays unequal, bifurcated and bend-
ing.—Madrepora und. Park. Org. Rem, ii. 56.—Bristol.
Gorcontas ZOOPHYTA. GORGONIAD. 511
Gren, PORITES.— Massive, obtuse, stellular discs regular,
subcontiguous, with imperfect margins; the plates of the
stars filamentous, chaffy, or cuspidated.
1. P. cellulosa. —Cells angular, walls thin; true structure not yet dis-
covered.—Park. Org. Rem. ii. 39. t. v. f. 9.—Carboniferous Limestone? Mas-
bury, Mendip.
Gren. XX XI. POCILLOPORA.—Branched, the surface co-
vered with stelliferous deep-seated discs, with the interme-
diate spaces porous.
72. P. interstincta. — Cylindrical, with distant immersed
stars.
Madrepora interstincta, Mudl. Prod. Zool. Dan. 252.
A specimen, probably of this species, which I have seen, was obtained by
Dr Hibbert in Zetland, a detailed description of which, I had reason to ex-
pect, would by this time have been published.
‘
GORGONIADA.
Gen. XXXII. GORGONIA.—Cells for the polypi sessile.
The axis is, in some species, of the hardness of horn, or
_ wood, in others of the softness of leather. In its young
state, at the ends of the branches, it has a soft central pith.
. It consists of concentric layers, homogeneous, tubular, or
consisting of osseous spicula. The flesh consists of two
plates, an external and internal. The external plate is
more or less thickened with cretaceous matter, under dif-
ferent forms, and bears the cells, for the protrusion of
the polypi, either simple and imbedded, or in the form of
warts, with notched or spinous margins. On the inner
plate (termed by Ellis periosteum) may likewise be ob-
served perforations (through which it is probable an inti-
mate connection subsists between the polypi and the in-
terior of the axis), and a crowded arrangement of perpen-
dicular tubes, which are supposed destined to secrete the
corneous matter of the axis. Between these plates the
fleshy matter is pulpy, with interspersed osseous spicula in
some species.
a. Cells imbedded, with simple margins.
73. G. flabellum.—Venus’s Fan.—Compressed, branches nu-
merous, and reticularly united.
512 ZOOPHYTA. GORGONIADA. Gorconra.
Ellis, Cor. p. 61. t. xxvi. A. Linn. Syst. 1293.—Cast ashore, Mount’s
Bay, Cornwall, Borlase.—Leith shore, Mr John Mackay.
The axis is black, the cells minute, scattered, and occurring chiefly on one
side. There is no satisfactory evidence that this species is indigenous to our
rocks. The specimens which have been found among the rejectamenta of
the sea, have probably belonged to some wrecked vessel from the West In-
dies. At the same time, Mr Neill informs me that he saw Mr Mackay’s
specimen shortly after it was found, and that it had all the aspect of being
fresh and recent.
74. G. anceps.—Subdichotomously branched, the branches
free, compressed, with cells on each margin.
Keratophyton dichotomum ; caule et ramulis leviter compressis, Ray,
Syn. p. 32.—Sea-willow, Ellis, Cor. p. 68. tab. xxvii. f. 2-9.—G. an.
Linn. Syst. 1292.-Margate, Mr Dale (Ray).—Ireland, Ellis.
The axis is of a horny nature, inclining to leather. The cells are in rows.
b. Cells prominent, with armed margins.
75. G. placomus.—Maregins of the cells spinous.
Keratophyton flabelliforme, cortice verrucoso obductum, Ray, Syn. 32?
Warted Sea-Fan. Ellis, Cor. p. 67. tab. xxvii. fl. a. A. A. L. A. 2.
A.3. Borl. Corn. p. 238. tab. xxvii. No.1. Linn. Syst. 1290.—Rocks,
Cornwall.
The axis is ligneous. The branches are dichotomous, a little compressed,
irregularly incurved, but rarely uniting. The flesh is full of denticulated
spicula. The cells are conical, ‘angular, and covered on the margin with
little spines or pointed scales. It is probable that the references to Ray
should be added to the following species, as Linnzeus has done.
76. G. verrucosa.—Margins of the cells denticulated.
Ellis, Phil. Trans. i. t. xxxiv.f.19.a. Linn. Syst. i.1291. Cav. Mem.
p- 32. tab. i. f 1-11.—G. viminalis? Sowerby, Brit. Mise. tab. xl—
Cornwall, Ellis, and Mr Batten.—Devonshire, Montagu. -- Scotland,
Sowerby.
The axis is woody, and the flesh granular. The branches grow in a flat
fan-shaped manner, subdichotomous. The cells are crowded irregularly, and
their margins are denticulated. In Mr Sowerby’s figure, one of the notches
is represented as much larger than the others, forming about one-third of the
margin. This appearance, however, is irregular, as in 4 specimen which I
received from Mr J. D. C. Sowerby, as the G. viminalis of his father; the
margin of the cells was regularly denticulated in some, and in others the large
tooth was variable in the proportion of the margin which it occupied. Though
this circumstance has been overlooked by preceding authors, there is little
reason to consider it the indication of a new species, unless genuine speci-
mens of G. verrucosa can be produced destitute of this character; and there
is no ground for considering it as the G. viminalis of Ellis. According to Ca-
volini, the tentacula of the polypi are flat, tapering, and pinnated, and the
body or head supporting these, protrudes considerably beyond the margin.
3
PRIMNOA. ZOOPHYTA. CORALLINADA. 513
Gen. XX XIII. PRIMNOA.—Cells subpedunculated pendu-
lous. The axis, when young, is corneous, but in the older
branches it becomes like bone. The flesh is covered with
minute fixed scales. The cells are crowded, bell-shaped,
and with the aperture, according to Baster, closed by two
valves, covered with imbricated moveable scales. The
branches are dichotomous. M. Lamouroux, who first se-
parated this genus from Gorgonia, considers the pendulous
cells as the polypi themselves.
77. P. lepadifera. .
Gorgonia lep. Bast. sp. 11. 130. t. xiii. f J. Ellis, Zoop. p. &4, tab. xiii.
Lg ee
This species, which is common on the Norwegian coast, has been found,
according to Professor Jameson (Wern. Mem. i. p. 560.), at Zetland and
Aberdeenshire.
CORALLINAD.
The objects of this group, forming the genus Corallina of Linnzus,
are usually plant-like or branched, and consist of two substances, a
central corneous axis, and an external calcareous crust. The axis is
- sometimes fleshy, and shrinks by drying, leaving a tubular cavity. The
substance is fibrous, and united with the exterior crust. This last is
hard; studded on the surface with minute marginated pores, and usually
covering the axis in an irregularly interrupted manner, giving the body
a jointed appearance. When the calcareous matter is removed by a
weak acid, a granular-looking skeleton remains, the granules appearing ©
to be united with the extremities of the fibres which proceed from the
axis, and seem to be the remains of the polypi. Reproduction appears
to take place by means of enlargements or processes, on the sides, or
at the extremities, forming hollow cells, chiefly derived from the corti-
cal layer. Ellis observes, “‘ That we may perceive the pores or cells
of this class the more distinctly, it is necessary they should be viewed
immediately upon being taken out of the sea ; for, as they dry, the cre-
taceous or coralline matter shrinks, and unites the pore-like cells on
the surface, scarcely to be distinguished from a polished superficies,
without the help of the very best glasses-” All the species reside in
shallow water, in places accessible at low water of spring-tides.
VOL. I. Kk
514 ZOOPHYTA. CORALLINADAZ. JaNIA.
Gren. XXXIV. JANIA.—Branches subdividing dichotomous-
ly; filiform, with cylindrical joints.
78. J. rubens.—Summits of the lower joints of the stem sim-
ple.—Not uncommon on the English, Irish, and Scottish coasts.
This species is subject to considerable variation in its general appearance
and growth, arising from age and station.
A. Nearly uniform in thickness throughout, branches terminating in short
bifid processes..—Corallina ramulis dichotomis, teneris, capillaribus, et ru-
bentibus, Ellis, Cor. p. 50. No. 5. tab. xxiv. f. e. E.—C. rubens, Paillas, El.
p- 426. No. 7.
B. The last joint but one, swollen at the summit, a character more or less
conspicuous on the other joints. The terminal ones blunt.—C. dichotoma,
capillis densis, cristatis, spermophoris, fucis minimis teretibus adnascens,
Ellis, Cor. p. 51. No. 7. tab. xxiv. fi f. F.—Cor. cristata, Pall. El. p. 425.
No. 6.—Cor. rubens, Linn. Syst. p. 1304. No. 3.
C. Joints supporting the two last subdivisions clavate, terminal ones in
pairs slender, many-jointed, seldom dividing.—Cor. alba spermophoros, ca-
pillis, tenuissimis, Ellis, Cor. p. 51. No. 8. tab. xxiv. fg. G. Both Pallas
and Linnzeus make this a variety of var. B.—It seems to be in the last stage
of growth. The Cor. plumosa nivea, fuco minimo’tereti adnascens of Ei.
Cor. p. 52. No. 9. tab. xxiv. fi h. H. H. 1., the C. globifera of Turt. B. Fauna,
No. 701. p. 212, is certainly this species in its first stage of growth, and when
it consists of only two or three joints rising from a globular base. Var. A.
is the next stage. In some cases, a few of the lower joints are two-horned,
like the following species.
79. J. corniculata.—Summits of the lower joints of the stem
subcompressed, and produced on each side.
Cor. al&a exigua, ramulis dichotomis segmentis corniculatis, fucis mini-
mis teretibus adnascens, Ellis, Cor. p. 50. No. 6. tab. xxiv. f. d. D.—
Cor. corn. Pallas, El. p. 424. Linn. Syst. p. 1305.—On the English
coast, Ellis. .
Gren. XXXV. CORALLINA.—Branches subdividing tricho-
tomously. In consequence of this mode of growth there
is always the appearance of a primary stem, and the sum-
mits of the joints are compressed and dilated, except in
old specimens, where the lower joints are cylindrical, and
destitute of lateral branches.
80. C. officinalis.—The short lateral shoots of the branches
rounded, and blunt or capitate.
Cor. anglica, Raii, St. Br. p.33. Ellis, Cor. p. 48. tab. xxiv. No. 23. a. A.
A, 1. A. 2. B. B. 1. B. 2.—-Cor. off. Pallas and Linneus.—Common on
all parts of the coast.
__ This is subject to vary greatly in its appearance, according to the station
it occupies. At certain seasons the heads of the pinnules are enlarged into
cells, and similar tubercles occur on the sides of the joints, out of which
Ellis squeezed “little twisted figures.”
Hatimepva. ZOOPHYTA. CORALLINADA. 515
84: C: squamata.—The short lateral shoots of the branches
compressed, and two-edged.
Cor. anglica erecta, ramulis dense pennatis, lanceolze forma terminantibus,
segmentis ad utrinque latus paululum compressis, Ellis, Cor. p. 49.
No. 4. tab. xxiv. f. c. C-—English shores.
This species is considered both by Pallas and Linnzeus as a variety of the
preceding.
Gen. XXXVI. HALIMEDA.—Joints compressed, crowded.
82. H. Opuntia.—Branches trichotomously divided, the joints
waved on the margin, and kidney-shaped.
' Cor. op. Ellis, Cor. p. 53. tab. xxv. fig. a. A. b. B. and Zooph. p. 110.
tab. xx. fi 6.
This species has not hitherto been recorded as a British zoophyte, but is
said to inhabit the Atlantic and Mediterranean. I, however, possess a spe-
cimen, formerly belonging to the late Dr Walker, to which the following note
was annexed, in his own handwriting : * Submarine plant from the rocks at
Salterness, in Kirkbane. An Bombycina? It covers the rocks with a close
turf.” It thus appears to be a native of the shores of the Solway Frith.
When a joint was macerated in weak acid, the branched tubes supporting the
polypi appeared as they are represented by Ellis, ib. tab. xxv. f. A. 1.
Gen. ISIS.—Axis branched, striated, articulated; the fleshy
crust deciduous after death.
1. Remains of an Isis “ found at Calne, in Wiltshire, in a light yellow co-
loured limestone.”—Park. Org. Rem. ii. 73.
Gen. XXXVII. LOBULARIA —Internally carneous, with
‘reticulated cartilaginous fibres, and distinct converging cells,
opening by stellate pores; the base where it is attached is
broad and compact ; the polypi have a single opening, and
8 pinnated tentacula.
83. L. digitata. Dead-man’s-hand.—Polypi with thin: pin-
nated, pointed, tentacula.
Alcyonium ramoso-digitatum molle asteriscis undequaque ornatum.—
Ray. Syn. p. 31. Ellis, Cor. 83. t. xxxii. a. A. A2. Phil. Trans. liii.
p- 431. t. xx. f. 10-13.—A. digitatum, Linn. Syst. i. 1294. Sol. Zooph.
175. t. i. f. 7.—F. lobatum, Pallas, FE). 351.—Common in the British
seas, adhering to shells, rocks, and fuci.
The figure is bluntly ovate, especially when young, dividing with age into
short rounded lobes, varying from a reddish-orange to a greyish-white; the
pores are stellate and prominent ; the cells are inversely conical. The poly-
pi, according to Ellis, when exserted, are conico-tubular, with 8 ridges ; these,
I have observed to be armed near the summit, on each side, with a row of
diverging spicula, like the particles composing the crust of the Gorgonia ver-
rucosa, Ellis, Cor. t. xxvii. No. i. A.3. The tentacula are depressed, broadest
at the base, and terminate in a point; the pinnule, are opposite at first, but
kKk@2
516 ZOOPHYTA. CORALLINADA. Losurarra
towards the tip become alternate; they are clavate with rough ends.—M.
Lamouroux has strangely confounded his Alcyoniwm lobatum and the A. eros
of Dr Spix with this species. With every allowance for the discrepancy
which may prevail among the representations of the same animal, examined
under different circumstances, by unconnected observers, it is impossible to
admit that the figures given by Ellis, which have been referred to and those
communicated by the above named observers, can have been taken from in-
dividuals of the same species. The tentacula in Ellis’s figures (and having
compared these with nature we can pronounce on their accuracy) are pinnate
and pointed. In the Alcyoniwm exos of Dr Spix (Annales du Mus. xiii-
t. xxxiii. f. 7.) the tentacula are subclavate, blunt, and villous; while in the
A. lobatum of M. Lamouroux (Hist. Cor. 336. t. xiii. B, C, H.) they are subcy-
lindrical, rounded at the extremity, and covered above and on the margin
with blunt tubercles. In our examination of several specimens, from differ-
ent parts of the coast, varying in form and colour, we have only met with
the species figured by Ellis. It is probable, however, that the others may
be detected in our seas.
Gen. XX XVIII. CYDONIUM.—A coriaceous skin, inter-
nally carneous, with numerous straight ridged spicula, per-
pendicular to the surface; polypi with a central opening,
and an orifice at the base of each of the eight pmnated ten-
tacula.
84. C. Mudleri.— Skin yellowish, with numerous stellate
pores; internally brown.
A. cydonium, Mull. Zool. Dan. t. 81. f. 3,4, 5. Jameson, Wern. Mem.
i. 563.—Zetland.
Base of adhesion narrow, body massive, surface irregular; the skin consists
of animal matter cementing innumerable round siliceous grains ; the cells lead-
ing from the stellate pores are indistinct ; the spicula, which converge towards
the centre, are fusiform, grouped in small bundles, and many of them at the
skin are tricuspidate. In a dried specimen from Zetland, which I have had
an opportunity of examining through the kindness of Professor Jameson, the
surface is slightly villous, owing probably to the contraction of the skin, leav~
ing the extremities of the fibres free. With the exception of the stellate pores,
it agrees with the Alcyonium primum Dioscoridis of Donati (Adriat. 56. t. ix.
f. i.) in the villous skin and the simple and tricuspidate spicula.
Gren. XXXIX. CLIONA.—Substance fleshy, irritable, with
siliceous spicula ; imbedded in cavities of shells and protrud-
ing tubular contractile papilla, on the margin of which
are placed cylindrical polypi, with 8 tentacula.
85. C. celata—Flesh yellow, spicula cylindrical, tubular,
closed, slightly curved, pointed at one end, and terminated by
a small hollow round head at the other.
Grant, New Edin. Phil. Journ.—In old shells, especially oysters, com-
mon.
Perforations circular, leading into unconnected cavities, filled with the
fleshy matter; the tubular papille project through the.circular perforations,
CxIiona. ZOOPHYTA. CORALLINAD 4. 517
and are connected internally with ramified canals, in the vicinity of which
small yeliow ova make their appearance in March and April; the papilla
eject a current of water; the marginal polypi are long, slender, and transpa-
rent, and their broad tentacula are slightly dilated at the extremities.
Grey. XL. ALCYONIUM.—Circle of tentacula complete ;
fleshy bases, arborescent, investing or adnate, and regularly
covered with polypiferous papillae.-—Marine.
86. A. gelatinosum.—Sea-ragged staff or grain. Arborescent,
the polypi with 12 equal tentacula.
Fucus spongiosus nodosus, Ray. Syn. St. p. 49. Ellis, Cor. p. 87. t. xxxii.
f. d. D.—Al. molle, ramosum, Bast. Op. Sub. i. p. 25. t. i. fi v.i—A. gel.
Mull. Zool. Dan. t- exlvii. f. 1-4.-Not uncommon in deep water.
Body adheres by a narrow base to stones and shells, in from 5 to 20 fa-
thums water, ascending and subdividing irregularly into rounded branches,
with subacute terminations; the surface is covered with minute, rounded tu-
bercles, having pale, perforated, quadrisulcated summits, from which issue
polypi, inversely bell-shaped, with 12 equal tentacula; internally, it is sub-
cellular, with scattered round black bodies, which are probably the eggs.
The whole is greenish, translucent, with a smooth and gelatinous aspect.
This species has frequently been claimed by botanists, without due consi-
deration, as a subject of the vegetable kingdom. It is the Fucus gelatinosus
of Hudson’s Flora Anglica, the Ulva diaphana of Smith’s English Botany,
and the Aleyonidium diaphanum of Hooker’s Flora Scotica.
87. A. hirsutum.—Body investing, the polypi with from 18
to 20 tentacula.
Investing fuci, common.
This species differs from the preceding in the following particulars. It
grows in shallower water, among fuci and confervee, while the other is the
companion of Sertulariz and Fiustre. Its growth is irregular, frequently
anastomosing, surrounding or connecting fuci, sometimes rising into blunt,
thinly subdivided, branches. It is of a closer texture, and the surface, being
covered witb close set conical accuminated papillz, gives it a hairy appear-
auce. The polypi are not protruded so far from the orifice of the papillze,
and the feelers, which are more numerous, are constantly in motion. Some
doubts may be entertained if part of the synonimes prefixed to the preceding
species do not belong to the hirsutum. The one, however, in the Zool. Dan.
is too faithful a representation of the gelatinosum to admit of such a suspi-
cion.
88. A. echinatum.—Body incrusting dead univalve shells ;
the polypi with 12 tentacule.
This species incrusts dead univalve shells exclusively; and is about the 34th
of an inch in thickness. When first taken out of the water it is soft and
spongy, but becomes rigid on drying; the surface is closely covered with tu.
bular papillz about jth of an inch in length.
The late Mr Montagu, in a letter to me, dated J2th July 1811, intimated,
in reference to a specimen which I had sent him: “ The crusts on shells,
which gives them a muricated appearance, is what I have called Alcyonium
echinatum. I do not know that it has been described or ascertained to be the
518 ZOOPHYTA. CORALLINADAS. Atcyonium.
aggregate fleshy tubular cells of polypi, having about 12 radiating short ten-
tacula. It is the drying of the tubes that forms the rigid spinule.”
89. A. parasiticum.—I place here provisionally a parasitical
species, which invests the old stalks of several of the Sertula-
riade. It is destitute of fibres, but strengthened by denser
bands, which, by anastomosing irregularly, enclose the spaces
of the cells ; these seem to have rounded orifices, and to be dis-
tant from each other; the surface is rugose when old, the ori-
fices of the cells become more apparent, and the whole much
mixed with mud. I have not had an opportunity of observing
it in a recent state.
Gren. XLI. CRISTATELLA.—Body gelatinous, branch-
ed, with terminal polypiferous papille ; the circle of tenta-
cula disposed in the form of a crescent.
90. C. campanulata.—Body divided, palmate.
Polype a panache d’eau douce, Trembly, Pol. p. 227. t. x. f: 8, 9.—Tubu-
laria camp. Linn. Syst. 1303. Berk. Syn. i. 215. Turt. Brit. Fauna,
211.—Adheres to Lemnze.
The body is translucent and palmately branched, the ends of the branches
forming cells ; the body of the polypi is cylindrical, where exserted, narrow at
the summit, with numerous tentatacula ; an esophagus, stomach and intestine,
together with two threads, descending into the fleshy base, are observable.
It may admit of doubt whether the animal described by Roesel (iii. 559.
t. xci.) constituting the Cristatella mucedo of Cuvier, and Cristatella vagans of
Lamarck, and which is free, belongs to the same genus with the Polype a pa-
nache of 'Trembly, above referred to, which seem to be fixed, and to be near-
ly related to the genus Plumatelia.
SPONGIAD.
THE sponges, which have long occupied the attention of naturalists,
and given rise to considerable difference of opinion regarding their
true place in the System of Nature, have at length been examined
by an observer possessing the requisite leisure, opportunity, industry,
and talent for conducting such intricate researches. I here refer to
the papers which have appeared in the Edinburgh Philosophical Jour-
nal by Dr R. E. Grant, now Professor of Zoology in the University of
London. He has succeeded in determining the functions of the pores,
and the origin and mode of development of the ova.
Sponges consist of an albuminous skeleton and gelatinous matter,
forming a mass not irritable, with numerous holes, connected internal-
ly with anastomosing canals. The skeleton is either simple, consisting
TETHYA. ZOOPHYTA. SPONGIAD. 519
of horny fibres, as the species so commonly used for domestic pur-
poses ; or compound, being strengthened by calcareous or siliceous
spicula. The gelatinous matter, abounding in transparent globules,
connects the different parts of the skeleton, lines the various canals,
and forms the margins of the openings. The pores are minute open-
ings with a gelatinous margin, strengthened or defended by the skele-
ton or spicula, into which the water enters in currents, generated pro-
bably by a ciliary apparatus which has not yet been perceived by the
microscope. The water, after traversing the interior canals, is ejected
by means of orifices, which are larger than the pores, and in many spe-
cies are elevated above the surface, in the form of perforated papille,
The ova are numerous, at first appearing like groups of minute, irre-
gular-shaped, opaque granules, derived from the gelatinous matter, which
unite into ovate bodies, falling at maturity into the canals, and expelled
by the orifices. These ova float in the water, and exhibit spontaneous
motion by the rapid action of the cilize, which cover the anterior por-
tion of the body, and at length attach themselves, and then expand in-
to the forms of maturity.
The currents from the orifices are best exhibited by placing the re-
cent animal in a shallow dish of water, and throwing a little powdered
chalk on the surface, the motions of which will indicate the direction
of the streams. For the purpose of examining the skeleton, it is requisite
to macerate the sponge in hot water, which removes the gelatinous mat-
ter, and leaves the remainder in a state fit to be examined under a micro-
scope. When the spicula are siliceous, the animal matter may be re-
moved by nitric acid or by combustion, as was practised by Muller
(Zool. Dan. t. Ixxxv.), when the vitreous needles will appear unaltered.
In examining cabinet specimens of sponges, care must be taken to
make allowance for the degree of maceration they may have under-
gone, as, upon this circumstance, their porosity, friability, or softness
depend. ’
Gen. XLII. TETHY A.—Hemispherical, with numerous fibres
radiating from the centre toe the surface, and consisting of
linear, fusiform, siliceous spicula—An intermediate ge-
nus between Cydonium and Halichondria.
91. T. craniwm.—Surface regular and closely villous.
Alcyonium cranium, Muli. Zool. Dan. t. Ixxxv. f. 1.—A. Lyncurium,
Jameson, Wern. Mem. i. 563.—Spongia pilosa, Mont. Wern. ii. 119,
t. xili. f| 1, 2.—Adheres to stones in deep water, Zetland, where it is
termed Sea-Apple. ;
520 ZOOPHYTA. SPONGIAD. Haticuonprtia.
Hemispherical ; one or two inches in diameter; attached by a flat, soft
base ; pale green, with a tinge of yellow; when fresh, it exhales an offensive
ammoniacal odour; the surface is nearly smooth, but by drying it becomes
villous, and when worn a little, muricate by the extremities of the bundles
of fibres; the fibres decrease in size from the circumference; the spicula are
long, of unequal lengths, fusiform, and where they reach the centre they are
extremely fine, forming a dense, villous nucleus; the animal matter separa-
ting the fibres is small in quantity ; from the arrangement of the fibres a
horizontal section may be easily made, while a vertical one cannot be eftect-
ed without difficulty.
92. T. spherica.—Surface thickly covered with tubercles
destitute of hairs.
Donati, Mer Adriat. 62, t. x. f/ 1—Aleyonium Lyncurium, Linn. Syst.
i. 1295 —Spongia verrucosa, Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 117, t. xiii. f. 4,
° 6.—Coast of Devon.
Diameter about an inch and a quarter; ‘¢ globose, of a yellowish colour,
extremely verrucose, and fleshy, which becomes very hard by drying, and is
of considerable gravity even in that state; the warts on the surface are ap-
proximating, irregular in shape, and destitute of any pore; the internal part
or nucleus is composed of fasciculate fibres, connected by the animal gluten ;
these fill the whole internal cavity, and radiate to the centre, appearing like
threads of asbestus.””— Mont.
Gen. XLITI. HALICHONDRIA (Xeass silex, and Xodg0s car-
tilago).—Porous, the cartilaginous skeleton strengthened
by siliceous spicula; form various.
* Inhabiting the Sea.
93. H. papillaris.—Encrusting ; orifices large, subtubular,
with entire smooth margins; pores villous; the spicula fusi-
form, slightly curved.
Spongia informis durior, compressa, Ray, Syn. Stirp. 30.—Crumb of
Bread Sponge, Ellis (Coral. 80, t. xvi. f. d.), Phil. Trans. 1765, t. x.
f. A.—Cock’s-comb Sponge, ib. t. xi. f£ G.—Spongia panacea and pa-
pillaris, Pallas, El. Zooph. 388, 391.—S. cristata and urens, Sol. Ellis.
Zooph. 186, 187.—S. compacta, Sower. Brit. Misc. i. 45, t. xliii—s.
tomentosa and cristata, Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 99. and 103.—S. papill.
Grant, Edin. New Phil. Journ. ii. t. ii. f. 21.—Encrusting rocks and the
stalks of the larger fuci, very common.
Crust about a quarter of an inch thick, yellow, uniform, with regular tu-
bular orifices where growing in a sheltered situation, but uneven where ex-
posed, the orifices short or elevated on crest-like ridges; the canals are nu-
merous and wide ; when dry, the sponge is friable, not unlike the crumb of
bread ; when heated to destroy the animal matter, the remaining spicula, if
rubbed on the skin, excite a painful itching. The ova make their appear-
ance in spring.
94. H. panicea.—Substance spreading, dense, surface even,
the orifices large, rather imbedded; spicula short, cylindrical,
obtusely pointed at one extremity, rounded at the other.
Spongia panicea, Grant, Edin. New Phil. Journ. i. 347; it t. ii. f 4—
On rocks.
Haticuonprra. ZOOPHYTA. SPONGIAD. 52)
Crust extended sometimes an inch in thickness; when dried, the surface
is flat and very porous, and the orifices, which are rather sunk, have irregu-
lar margins, and the divisions of the interior canals being usually visible,
give the openings a stellular aspect. When dry, it is remarkably friable. I
am inclined to consider this species as the S. fava of Montagu, Wern. Mem.
ii. 115. He says, “‘ This sponge, though harsh to the feel, yields to the
pressure of the finger nail without elasticity ; when recent is orange-yellow,
and full of gelatinous flesh, but when exposed for a time on the shore, and
the fleshy parts decayed and washed out, the pores are observed to be round-
ish. When examined by a lens, has a slight resemblance to a honey-comb ;
the pores, however, are not regular in size. If taken fresh and artificially
dried, the pores are greatly obscured by the contracted gluten, and the colour
becomes of a dark brown. If it has undergone a natural decomposition of
the more perishable parts on the sea-shore, by the conjoined action of the
water and the air, the pores are cleared, and it retains a light yellowish co-
lour. A specimen in this state before me, is flat. and broad ; round the edges
(which appear to have been broken) there are many large round openings in-
tersecting the smaller pores, and communicating with those on the flat sur-
faces. This piece is three inches long, two broad, and about half an inch
thick.
95. H. parasitica.—Substance rather loose, harsh to the feel,
and somewhat brittle ; spicula slightly curved, and pointed at
one extremity.
Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 114.—Investing fuci and corallines, not uncom-
mon.
Surface rough, with the extremities of fasciculated spicula; pores angu-
lar, unequal ; orifices scattered, slightly elevated, with the margins not
thickened.
96. H. cinerea.—Three inches long and one broad, circular, a
little depressed ; pores minute, unequal; orifices scattered, few,
spicula short, curved, and double pointed.
Spongia cin. Grant, Edin. New Phil. Journ. ii. t. ii. f{ 3.—On rocks,
Frith of Forth, rare.
About half an inch thick, blackish-grey, the surface smooth, convex, fleshy
and transparent.
97. H. columbe.—Irregularly latticed by rounded inoscula-
ting branches; spicula double pointed and curved.
Spongia col. Walker's Essays, 126.—S. cancellata, Sower. Brit. Misc. i.
131, t. vii—Icolumbkil, Dr Walker; Brighton, Mr Fellows.
Branches about a quarter of an inch thick; pores minute, angular; the
orifices, seated chiefly at the union of the branches, are conical, wide, with
the margins not thickened. As this species is different from either the S.
cancellata of Gmelin or Lamarck, I have ventured to change the name, im.
posed by Mr Sowerby, for the term employed by Dr Walker, in the convic-
tion that the sponge referred to by both is identical.
98. H. sanguinea.—Colour deep blood-red, encrusting ;_ spi-
cula long, curved, single-pointed.
Spongia sanguinea, Grant, Edin. New Phil. Journ. ii. t. ii. f. 9.—Shores
of the Hebrides.
Crust on the under surface of exposed rocks, sometimes six inches in dia-
meter, and with a thickness of more than half an inch; general surface flat,
522 ZOOPHYTA. SPONGIADA. MHaticuonprera.
with small rounded elevations and depressions, in the latter of which the
small orifices are usually placed pores minute ; slimy.
99. H. hirsuta.—Crust very thin, with long projecting spi-
cula.
Sponge, Cordiner’s Ruins, No. 24, f. e. E.—On Eschare from deep wa-
ter, coast of Banff and Zetland.
Base when dry very thin, granular, with long single-pointed spicula, the
surface hirsute with the projecting free extremities. Cordiner represents
some of theJspicula as triradiate, a circumstance which I have not observed
in my Zetlandic specimen. cs
100. H. suberica—Crust compact, pores very minute; spi-
cula fusiform and slightly curved.
Spongia suberica, Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 100.—On old univalve shells,
Devonshire.
Crust tough, the pores scarcely visible, yellow ; it is more dense in its sub-
stance, the spicula are smaller, and the fibres less interwoven than H. pa-
pillaris ; besides, there are no orifices on the surface. I have found this spe-
cies encrusting Corallines in the Frith of Forth.
101. H. fruticosa.—Fibres distant, nearly smooth, forming
by their junctions large irregular meshes; spicula linear, ob-
tusely pointed at one extremity.
Sponge, Cordiner’s Ruin’s, No. 7. f. d, D.—S. frut. Mont. Wern. Mem.
ii. 112. t. xiv. f. 3, 4.—In deep water.
Irregular, cavernous, very loose in texture, and, from the largeness of the
cells, very pervious to light; the fibres are crooked, and frequently throw
out irregular processes, with scattered spicula on the sides and points.
102. H. coalita.—Branched in an irregular distorted man-
ner; orifices tubular, small; spicula large, fusiform and curved.
Alcyonium ramosum molle, medullz panis intus simile, Ray, Syn. Stirp.
31.—Spongia coalita, Mull. Zool. Dan. t. exx. Mont. Wern. Mem.
ii. 80.—Coast of Devon rare, Frith of Forth very common.
Growth very irregular, branches {more or less compressed, frequently
uniting ; substance resembling H. papillaris ; tubular processes sometimes oc-
cur on the sides of the branches, with small round orifices, It grows on
dead shells or invests corallines, beyond low-water mark.
103. H. hispida.—Round, slender,, hirsute, branches with
tapering pointed subdivisions ; spicula linear, coarse, and obtuse-
ly pointed.
Spongia hispida, Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 81. t. v. f. 1, 2-—In deep-water
on the coast of Devon.
The substance is hard, and the surface covered with stiff hairs; the
branches are slightly divided ; some of the spicula are slightly curved.
104. H. Montaguiit.— Base sending out numerous erect
branched tubes, the walls of which become very thin towards
the extremity ; spicula lengthened, fusiform.
Spongia tubulosa, Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 91.—On stones at low-water,
Kingsbridge, Devonshire.
HaticHonpzia. ZOOPHYTA. SPONGIADA. 523
Tubes smooth on the surface, their walls thick at the base, becoming thin
as paper towards the orifice, and internally porous.—Montagu refers this spe-
cies to the Spongia tubulosa of Ellis’s Zooph. 188. t. lviii. f. 7, which differs
in the presence of lateral tubes and firm eiastic reticulations on the surface.
105. H. ramosa.—Soft, tough, erect branches, round or
compressed, separate or confluent; with short double-pointed
spicula.
Spongia ramosa, Ray, Syn. Stirp. 29. ilis, Coral. 80. t. xxxii. f. fi F.
Phil. Trans. 1765, t. x. f. B. C. t. xi. f: 1.—S. oculata, Padlas’s El. 390.
—S. oc. and dichotoma, Linn. Syst. i. 1298.—S. oc. dich. and stuposa,
Sol. Ellis’s Zooph. 184. Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 78. t. iii. iv. vi—
Hanging from the under surface of rocks about the low-water mark
of spring tides.
The mode of drying determines the degree of softness of this species ; the
orifices are generally disposed on one side of the branches; there arise from
a single stem, about a quarter of an inch in diameter, dichotomously divided
branches; the arms long or short, round or compressed; sometimes the
branches assume a fan shape, the spaces become filled up, and the whole ap-
pears palmate, with proliferous edges; the height seldom reaches a foot.—
Instead of adopting these different forms, which are often connected with
the same stem, as distinct species, as has been generally done by modern
authors, I have preferred following Ray, in viewing them as varieties.
106. H. palmata.—Hard, tough, erect branches, with nu-
merous raised orifices on the one side; spicula short, double
pointed.
Spongia pal. Sol. Ellis’s Zooph. 189. t. lviii. f. 6. Mont. Wern. Mem.
ii. 80.—In deep water on different parts of the coast from Devon to
Zetland.
The stem rises from a spreading woody root, and is about an inch in thick-
ness, it is irregularly branched, compressed, subpalmated, and upwards of a
foot in height; the fibres have a centro-peripheral and distal direction ; the
pores are numerous, unequal, and angular; the orifices are confined to one
surface, with the margins but little elevated.—This species is coarser in the
texture, branches less regular, and inhabits deeper water, than the preced-
ing, to which it is nearly related.
107. H. ventilabra.—Widely funnel-shaped or foliaceous,
with woody veins; rough and brittle when dry; spicula long,
linear and pointed.
Sea-Fan Sponge, Ellis, Phil. Trans. 1765, 289. t. xi. f. H.—S. ventila-
bra, Linn. Syst. i. 1296.—S. ventilabra and Zetlandica, Jameson,
Wern. Mem. i. 561.—S. vent. and sypha, Mont.; Wern. Mem. ii. 105.
t. xv. f. i—lIn deep water on the Scottish coast; in Zetland termed
Ling-hoods.
This sponge is extremely variable in form, forming an entire cup, becom.
ing shallower with age, of upwards of a foot in diameter ; or with a cup divid-
ed into irregular lobes at the margin, or split, and exhibiting a fan-shaped
leaf; the base, by which it adheres to stones, is solid, and the stem is very
short; the substance is thick at the base, becoming thinner towards the
margin ; when old, the central part thickens, becomes reticular, with a brit-
tle exterior covering, which may be rubbed off, leaving a skeleton not unlike
some Gorgonie; the pores are of various sizes, those on the inside of the cup
or leaf are larger and less angular than the external ones; the spicula are
numerous, and much matted; the gelatinous matter abounds in the young
2
524 ZOOPHYTA. SPONGIADA. Haticuonpria.
portions, especially towards the margin, and produces a cracked surface when
drying.
108. H. infundibuliformis.— Widely funnel-shaped, thin,
uniform, and brittle ; spicula long, linear, and pointed.
Spong. inf. Linn. Syst. i. 1296. Jameson, Wern. Mem. 562.—-Northern
Islands rare.
Body cup-shaped, when dry tender; nearly of uniform thickness; the
pores are not half the size of the preceding ‘species, the substance is softer,
and the spicula shorter and less matted.
** Inhabiting fresh water. Spongilla of Lamarck.
109. H. fluviatilis —Soft, brittle, and slenderly fibrous when
dry; spicula linear and doubly pointed.
S. fluv. Linn. Syst. i. 1299.—Pallas, E/. 384.—S. friabilis, Grant, Edin.
Phil. Journ. xiv. 270.—In rivers and lakes.
Massive, with the surface rising into narrow ridges or pointed branches ;
sometimes slenderly branched and acuminated (then constituting the S. ca-
nalium of Gmelin ; Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 614. t. v. f. 4.) The fibrous structure
very obvious, the fibres fine, and diverging from the centre; pores small.
110. H. dacustris—Hard, brittle, and coarsely fibrous; spi-
cula linear, and doubly pointed.
S. lac. Linn. Syst. i. 1299. Don’s Animals of Forfarshire, 36.—In lakes
in Angus and Fife.
Massive, rising into short rounded branches; the fibres are coarser, and
the substance denser than the preceding ; the spicula, too, though similar in
form, are thicker, and about one-fourth shorter. It is difficult to determine
the true place of the two fresh water Sponges noticed by Ray, under the
titles “‘Spongia ramosa fluviatilis” and “* Spongia fluviatilis ramosa fragilis.”
—Syn. Stirp. 30.
Gen. XLIV. SPONGIA.—Porous, the cartilaginous skele-
ton simple, or destitute of earthy spicula.
111. S. pulchella.—Massive, irregular, consisting of finely re-
ticulated simple fibres.
Sower. Brit. Misc. t. xliii—Southern and western coasts.
The texture is open, pervious to the light, the surface muricated by the
free extremities of the fibres; these have an ascending direction, and fre-
quently anastomose, forming irregular meshes.
Gen. XLV. GRANTIA.—Porous, the cartilaginous skele-
ton strengthened by calcareous spicula. I have ventured
to dedicate this genus to Dr Grant, to commemorate his
valuable services in elucidating the physiology of sponges,
already referred to.
112. G. compressa.—Subtubular, compressed, with simple,
terminal, and lateral orifices; spicula of two kinds, triradiate
and clavate.
GRANTIA. ZOOPHYTA. SPONGIADA. 525
Spongia comp. Fab. Fauna Groen. 448.—§S. foliacea, Mont. Wern.
Mem. ii. 92. t. xii.—S. comp. Grant, New Edin. Phil. Journ. i. 166.-ii.
t. ii. £ 11, 12, 13-23.—On the under side of rocks near low water-
mark, common.
Length seldom above an inch, white, ovate, and of uniform thickness
throughout. The external surface is crowded with nnmerous spicula, thick,
and bent at one end, tapering to the other; the pores on the inner surface
are larger, and the spicula triradiated; besides these two well-marked forms
of spicula, there are others linear, pointed, and of unequal lengths.—It is
probable that the radiated spicula of this or the following species constitute
the Asterias of Walker, Test. Min. t. iii. f. 90.
113. G. botryoides— Tubular, branched, inosculating, with
subclavate terminal simple orifices ; spicula triradiated.
Spongia bot. Sol. Ell. Zooph. 190. t. 58. f. 1-4.—-S. complicata, Mont.
Wern. Mem. ii. 97. t. 9. f. 3, 4.—At the roots of fuci, about low water-
mark, not uncommon.
Branches in tufts, of a white colour, round, in some places adhering; ex-
ternally the triradiated spicula are numerous ; internally they are few, and
the pores more obvious. The late Mr Montagu, to whom I communicated
specimens of this species, having employed lenses with very weak magnify-
ing powers, did not detect its peculiar spicula, and was in consequence led
to constitute a spurious species.
114. G. ciltata.—Tubular, slightly contracted towards the
terminal aperture, the margin of which is ciliated.
Spongia cil. Fab. Fauna Groen. 448.—S. cornata, Sol. Eli. Zooph. 190.
t. lviii. f. 89. Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 88.—On fuci, near low water-
mark, not uncommon.
About half an inch in length, and }th in thickness; the surface is closely
covered with linear pointed spicula, having a terminal direction ; in the sub-
stance of the sponge, besides these linear, there are other triradiated spicula.
The internal surface is full of irregularly shaped pores.
115. G. pulverulenta.—Ovate, thick, pulverulent, villous.
Spongia ananas, var. Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 97. t. xvi. f. 3.—On coral-
lines, rare.
The substance of this species is thicker than the preceding, and the linear
e surface are longer and more crowded; Montagu found his
spicula on th r : : I
Cellaria scruposa ; mine were obtained from Sertularia cupressina
specimens on
Zetland.
116. G. nivea.—Sessile, encrusting, with minute pores and
circular orifices ; spicula triradiate and quadriradiate.
Spongia nivea, Grant, New Edin. Phil. Journ. i. 168-11. t. ii. f. 14, 15,
16._-Under surface of sheltered rocks, Prestonpans Bay, Frith of
Forth.
Crust in patches, one or two inches in diameter, and about two lines in
thickness; the orifices are slightly elevated, thickened at the base, and very
thin towards the margin; spicula unequal, the side-arms of the quadriradiate
ones usually short.
Sponges, the situation of which in the three preceding genera is doubtful.
1. S. digitata.—“ With very slender, dichotomous branches, digitated at
3
526 ZOOPHYTA. SPONGIADA. SPoncia.
their summit ; tne surface granulated.”—Mont. Wern. Mem. ii. 84. t. vii.—
Deep water, Devonshire.
2. S. ramosa.—“* Palmated, and digitated round the top.”—ib. 84. t. viii.—ib-
3. 8. conus.—“ With numerous, short, flattish divarications issuing from the
sides.” —ib. 85. t. x.—ib,
4. S. lobata.—“ With clustered, ovate divarications.”—ib. 85. t. ix.—ib.
5. S. perlevis.—* Form indeterminate, texture close, surface covered with
obtuse papillze.”—ib. 86. ib.
6. S. aurea.-—“ Broad, flat, and slightly divided at the top. ib.—86.
7. S. rigida.—“ With obtuse spreading, irregular flattish divarications,
arising from the same base; usually a short stalk.”—ib. 87. t. xi. f. 1, 2.—ib,
8, S. penicellus.—“* With a yellowish gelatinous base, supported by inter-
nal spicula, and having on its surface white flexible spongy tubes.”—ib. 93.
t. xiii. f! 7.—ib.
9. S. levigata.— Soft, compressible and elastic; texture extremely fine,
and reticulated.” —ib. 95. t. xvi. f. 4.—ib.
10. S. ananas.—“ Ovate, rugous, tubular, the summit crowned with spines
surrounding the aperture.”—ib. 36. t. xvi. f. 1, 2.—ib.
11. S. dimbata.—“ With the fibres formed into larger and smaller circular
pores, resembling lace.”’—ib. iii. t. xv. f. 2, 3.—ib.
12. S. fragilis—“ Fragile, friable, coarsely reticulated ; the fibres rugose,
as if covered with minute sand.”—ib. 114. t. xiv. f. 1, 2.—ib.
13, S. plumosa.—“ Irregular, rather soft and tough when deprived of its ge-
latinous flesh, somewhat resembling compressed tow.”—ib. 116.—ib.
14. S. coriacea.——“‘ Shape’ indefinite, wrinkled, and cavernous, not unlike a
piece of burnt leather.”—ib. 116.
—
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. S. ramosa.—Thinly branched ; nearly cylindrical. Park. Org. Rem. ii.
91. t. vii. f. 12.— Mant. Geol. 162. t. xv. f. 11.—In Chalk.
2. §. lobata.—Irregularly subcylindrical rounded lobes.—Park. Org. Rem.
92. t. vii. 6.—In Chalk.
3. S. Townsendi.—Cyathiform, containing a conical cavity ; substance po-
rous ; base enlarged, with diverging processes of attachment.— Wiltshire, Al-
cyonite, Park. Org. Rem. ii. 125. front.—Spongus Town. Mani. Geol. 164.
t. xv. f. 9.—Chalk.
4. S. hemispherica.—Hemispherical turbinated, or subcylindrical; the supe-
rior surface marked with flexuous depressions ; base perfurated.—Spongus lab.
Mant. Geol. 160. t. xv. f. 7.—In Chalk.
5. S. radiatus.—Funnel-form ; externally with eylindrical, diverging, anas-
tomosing fibres ; meshes elongated ; internally with perforated papilla.—Ven-
triculites radiatus, Mant. Geol. 168. t. x.—In Chalk.
6. S. aleyonoides:—Conical or disciform ; meshes circular.—Alcyonite, Park.
Org. Rem. ii. 213. t. x. f. 12.—Ventriculites aleyon. Mant. Geol. 176.
7. S. quadrangularis.—Inversely conical cyathiform ; quadrangular ; the
pip very minute.<=Ventriculites quad. Mant. Geol. 177. t. xv. f. 6—In
SPONGIA. ZOOPHYTA. SPONGIADA. 527
8. S. Benettig.—Inversely conical ; hollow externally ; the meshes are ob-
long, irregular, and rather distant ; internally with circular depressions; mar-
gin broad, smooth, and nearly flat.—Ventriculites Ben. Mant. Geol. 177. t.
xv. f. 3.—In Chalk.
9. S. subrotundus.—Depressed, subrotund; central cavity small; external
surface smooth.—-Choanites sub. Mant. Geol. 179. t. xv. f. 2.—In Chalk.
10. S. fexuosus.—Cyathiform ; margin of the central depression marked
with flexuous indentations; radical processes long and fibrous.—Choanites
flex. Mant. Geol. 179. t. xv. f. l.——In Chalk.
11. S. Konigii—Inversely conical ; externally marked with irregular fibres,
some of which penetrate the substance, and terminate in openings on the in-
ner surface; central cavity cylindrical, deep, narrow; base fixed by radical
processes.—Choanites Kon. Mant. Geol. 179. t. xvi. f. 19.—In Chalk.
Many other species are obscurely announced in Park. Org. Rem. ii. (1.)
p. 95. t. ix. f. 4.5 (2.) p. 100. t. ix. f 1.3 (3.) p. 130. t. xi. fi 4.5 (4) p. 182. t.
xii. f. 5.; (5.) p. 133. t. xii. f. 7.3 (6.) p. 102. t. ix. f. 9.
The resemblance of these fossil bodies to the recent species of sponges is
very considerable, and would justify any one acquainted with the structure
of the latter, to refer the whole to the genus Halichondria. The forms of
the recent species, however, are variable, and the utmost caution is requisite
in establishing species founded on so vague a character. Yet Dr Mantell,
otherwise a sagacious geologist, has not hesitated to adopt two new genera,
Ventriculites and Choanites, depending on the form of the substances contem-
plated, and to which, while recent, he has, in the absence of all proof, some-
what incautiously, assigned an expansive and contractile power. It is in-
teresting to observe the remains of the radiated siliceous spicula yet preserved
in stone, as has been demonstrated by Mr Parkinson, in his Org. Rem. ii. 95.
1. vii. f 8.
Ox
2
28 }=~=ZOOPHYTA. CELLULIFERA. Mrueporaps.
CELLULIFERA.
A. Substance rigid, stony.
I. Cells in the form of minute pores, imbedded. MrLiEporap2.
Millepora.
IT. Cells tubular, and produced beyond the surface. Tunrporaps-
Tubipora.
Favosites.
Tubulipora.
Discopora.
Filipora.
Terebellaria.
ITI. Cells utricular, adjacent, or superimposed. Escnaran2.
Eschara.
Retepora.
Cellepora.
Berenicea.
Hippothoa.
Alecio.
A. A. Substance flexible. Fuustrapm.
Farcimia.
Flustra.
MILLEPORADE.
Gren. XLVI. MILLEPORA.—Pores very minute, perpendi-
cular to the surface, giving the interior a finely striated
fracture ; form irregular.
117. M. lichenoitdes.—Subincrusting, with semicircular plates,
variously united ; minute pores on the under side.
Corallium cretaceum, lichenoides, Ellis, Coral. 76. t. xxvii. f.d.D. Borl.
Corn. 239. f. 2, 5.—-Miil. lich.— Sol. Ell. Zooph. 131. t. 23. f 10, 12.—
English coast.
Variously shaped, sometimes hemispherical ; when young it is extremely
thin and brittle, in which state it seems to be the Corallina auricularieformis
of Sower. Brit. Misc. t. lvi; the semicircular plates are of various sizes, and
coustantly grow horizontally; their margins bend over, which makes them
convex on their upper side, and concave underneath. i
118. M. polymorpha.—Irregularly ramose, tuberculated, or
incrusting.
Corallium album pumilum nostras, Ray, Syn. Stirp. 32. Ellis, Coral. 76.
t. xxvii. f. C.—M. pol. Linn. Syst. i. 1285.—Common on submarine
rocks, in shallow water.
When young, this species appears in thin irregularly circular patches, ap-
parently constituting the genus Melobesia of Lamouroux ; on shells and fuei ;
it usually continues a thin crust of a purple colour; on rocks it thickens,
forming irregular lobes, spreading tubercular masses, or rising into irregular
short branches.
iS)
ile}
‘TUBIPORA. ZOOPHYTA. CELLULIFERA. 5
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. M. ramosa.—Dichotomously branched,’ cylindrical ; pores visible by a
lens, of unequal size.— Park. Org. Rem. ii. 71. t. viii. f. 3.—ZLimestone, Wilt-
shire.
TUBIPORAD.
Gren. TUBIPORA.—Tubes cylindrical, erect, parallel, sepa-
rate, connected by transverse plates or tubes.
1. T. catenata.—Tubes approximate, each emitting from its sides distant,
horizontal, tubular branches, which enter the surrounding tubes, and unite
the whole into one irregularly formed mass.—Mart. Pet. Derb. t. xlii. Park.
Org. Rem. ii. 13, t. i. £ 1.—Carboniferous Limestone.
2. T. strues.x—Tubes diverging, bending, united by horizontal tubular
branches.—Park. Org. Rem. ii. 16, t. ii. f 1.—Oolite.
3. T. ramulosa.—Tubes connected by oblique, dichotomous ramifications.
Park. ii. 18, t. iii. f. 1.—Carboniferous Limestone.
4. T. radiatusx—Tubes distant, erect, parallel, striated, and connected by
transverse plates, the surface of which is marked with radiated undulated
strie.— Mart. Pet. Derb. t. 18.—Carboniferous Limestone.
Gry. FAVOSITES.—Massive, consisting of ascending, pa-
rallel, adjacent, prismatical tubes.
1. F. septosus.—Hemispherical, nearly 2 inches in diameter, the tubes ra-
diating from the centre irregularly, divided internally by simple transverse
plates. —Carboniferous Limestone.
2. F. depressus.—An extended plate, about an inch in height, tubes verti-
cal, rather smaller than the preceding, and less divided.— Carboniferous Lime-
stone.
Grn. XLVIL. TUBULIPORA.—Branched, cells cylindrical,
tubular.
119. 'T. serpens.—Stem flat, branches narrow, ascending,
striated on the back ; the tubes disposed on both sides of the
front, and united in transverse rows.
Eschara millepora, Ellis, Coral. 74, t. xxvii. f. E.—Tubipora serpens,
Linn. Syst. i. 1271.—Millepora liliacea, Pail. El. 248.—Millepora tu-
bulosa, So/. Ell. Zooph. 136.—On corallines, common.
The whole mass seldom exceeds half an inch in length, or the tenth of an inch
in breadth ; the tubes, though usually united at the base, have the orifices
free, and even in some cases are disjoined throughout ; a groove, destitute of
cells, winds along the middle of the stem and branches ; the colour when re-
cent has a purplish tinge.
120. 'T. truncata.—Stem round, branched, ending with en-
VOL ¥: wl
530 ZOOPHYTA. TUBIPORADZ. Discorora.
larged globular heads, radiated with plates of united vertical
cells.
In deep water, Zetland.
About an inch in height, the branches scarcely exceeding one-eighth ; the
branches are short, pierced by numerous pores, the openings of cells con-
verging towards the centre ; the head is stellate, the rays are highest in the
middle of their course, diminishing towards the centre and lower margin of
the head ; each ray is compressed, and consists of two rows of tubular cells,
united, crowded, with subangular orifices; the tubes have a central direc-
tion, and give to the sides of the plates a striated appearance. This species
has probably been referred to as an inhabitant of the north seas, under the
title of Millepora truncata, but it differs widely from ths Myriozoos of Donati,
to which the term was restricted by Pallas.
Grn. XLVIII. DISCOPORA.—A subcircular crust, adhering
in the middle, circumscribed, and raised at the margin,
forming a cup, bearing on the inside a disc of tubular cells.
121. D. verrucaria.—Margin thin, concentrically wrinkled,
disc with the centre nearly smooth, the tubular cells diverging
and submarginal.
Madrepora verrucaria, Linn. Syst. i. 1272. Pallas, El. 280.—Millepora
verr. Sol. Ellis Zooph. 137.—On fuci and corallines, common.
About a quarter of an inch in diameter; the centre is generally punc-
tured with the traces of the obliterated rays, the tubes are sometimes slight-
ly cohering, and disposed in rays ; the orifices are round and simple.
122. D. hispida—Margin thin and waved, the cells distri
buted or radiated, with denticulated orifices.
Coral resembling the cups and foliage of flowers, Cordiner’s Ruins,
No. xxii—On corallines from deep water, Zetland.
Breadth nearly an inch; hispid, the cells seem distributed over the whole sur-
face, and more vertical than the preceding ; there are, however, waved porous
grooves, and the cells seem disposed on each side of these in irregular trans-
verse rows, united or free, short, with expanding orifices, dividing into irre-
gular spinous processes. This species is very common in Zetland, adhering
to Cellepora cervicornis, and the figure of Cordiner is a tolerably accurate re-
presentation. He does not, however, state his examples as Scottish.
Gen. XLIX, FILIPORA.—Massive, consisting of numerous
long, cylindrical, linear tubes, slightly branched, variously
united and twisted.
123. F. filograna.—Tubes about jjth of an inch in diame-
ter, fasciculating and twisting, forming large irregular meshes.
Serpula filograna, Linn. Syst. i. 1265.—S. corallifica, Pallas, El. 239.—
Common on old shells and the roots of fuci a little beyond low water-
mark.
The masses sometimes occur upwards of a foot in diameter ; the tubes are
slightly wrinkled transversely, and nearly of equal size throughout, except
where divided; the colour is white.
]
EscHara. ZOOPHYTA. ESCHARADA. 531
Gen. TEREBELLARIA.—Branched, spirally twisted ; pores
tubular, disposed spirally.
1. 'T. ramosissima.—Branches numerous, divaricated, nearly cylindrical,
obtuse.—Lamouroux, Zooph. 84, t. lxxxii. f. 1. Geol. Eng. 214.—Oolite.
ESCHARAD.
Gen. L. ESCHARA.—Frondescent, with a single layer of
cells on each side.
124. E. retiformis—Plates broad, winding, uniting irregu-
larly.
Ray, Syn. Stirp. 31.—E. foliacea, Ellis, Coral. 71, t. xxx. f. 3. Borl.
Corn. 239, t. xxiv. f: 6.—Millepora fascialis, Linn. Syst. i. 1283.—
English coast.
In masses from a few inches to upwards of a foot, furmed, by the union of
the plates, inte irregular cavities ; surface rough, the orifices of the cells are
round, usually with a blunt tooth on one side, the intervening spaces rough.
125. E. fascialis—Expansions narrow, compressed, branch-
ed, occasionally united.
Italian coral, Ellis, Coral. 72, t. xxx. f. 6.—E. fase. Pallas, El. 43.—
English coast.
This chiefly differs from the preceding in being branched, and the divi.
sions being flat and narrow. In the opinion of Pallas it is only a variety.
Gen. LI. RETEPORA.—Expanded, with regular openings,
forming a net-work ; cells on the upper side.
126. R. reticulata—Rough on both sides, the divisions
rounded ; the cells with the orifices declining, and protected by
a spinous process on the central margin.
Millepora retepora, Borl. Corn. 239, t. xxiv. f 8.—M. reticulata, Linn.
Syst. i. 1284. Fab. Faun. Gr. 433.—Coral, Cordiner, Ruins, t. No. 6.
—In deep water.
Expanding to the extent of two or three inches; more or less cup-shaped,
waved, uniting; the holes are oval, regular, the intervening spaces support-
ing two or three pores in oblique rows. This species is very distinct from
the R. cellulosa, with which it has been confounded.
—>——_
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. R. flustriformis—Form unknown, spreading ; holes suboval, the walls
striated and porous.—Millepora flust. Mart. Pet. Derb. t. xliii. f. 1, 2.—Car-
boniferous Limestone.
2. R. elongata.—Holes quadrangular lengthened, unequal.—Fan coral, Ure,
Ruth. 329, t. xx. f. 3, 4.—Carboniferous Limestone.—The cast of the holes of
these two species exhibits a file-like appearance.
bike
532 ZOOPHYTA. ESCHARADA. Crxiepora.
Gen. LIT. CELLEPORA.—Cells agglomerated, presenting
various forms.
127. C. pumicosa.—Substance loosely cellular, the cells or-
bicular, the mouth round, with a produced marginal process.
Eschara millepora lapidea, instar pumicis porosa, Ellis, Coral. 75, t. xxx.
f. D.—Millepora pumicosa, Pallas, El. 254—F lustra bullota, Sol. Ellis
Zooph. 16.—Investing the stems of fuci-
When young the cells are remarkable for their rounded form, but they be-
come less regular as they multiply gemmiparously, and are piled upon one
another without order, when the mass hears a very close resemblance to pu-
mice-stone.
128. C. cervicornis.—Branched, compressed, rough, mouths
of the cells slightly marginated, with a blunt process on the
upper side.
Porus cervinus Imperati, Borl. Corn. 240, t. xxiv. f. 7.—Millepora cerv.
Pail. 252.—M. compressa, Sower. Brit. Misc. t. lxi—In deep water,
not rare.
Stem rising to the height of several inches, dichotomously divided, the
branches spreading; rough, with the half formed cells; the extremities of
the branches are compressed, even, and thin, consisting of a single layer of
cells on each side regularly placed. In this state it accords with the Mille-
pora Skenii of Sol. Ellis, Zooph. 135. It afterwards increases irregularly in
thickness, becoming rounder. It is of a pale brownish colour, and looks
sometimes as if varnished.
129. C. palmata.—Base round, suddenly expanding on each
side into a compressed, slightly divided head, the cells with a
tooth on the proximal margin.
A single specimen from deep water, Zetland.
Height about half an inch, breadth an inch, stem about two-tenths ; rough,
the little branches are short and truncated ; the orifices of the cells are de-
clining, and nearly concealed by the spinous processes, which are rather long,
and give the surface a muricated aspect ; the substance is somewhat compact-
130. C. levis.—Dichotomously branched, cylindrical, the
pores wide, with simple mouths.
A single specimen from deep water, Zetland.
Height an inch and a quarter, diameter one-tenth; the branches are
smooth, with the orifices of the cells smooth and concave; towards the ex-
tremities the branches are rough with the forming cells, and the orifices are
more declining, circumscribed, a little prominent, with a blunt process at the
proximal margin.
131. C. ramulosa.—Dichotomously branched, the branches
round and confluent ; cells prominent, with a produced spinous
process on the proximal margin.
Linn. Syst. i. 1285.—Millepora pumicosa var. Sol. Ellis, Zooph. 136.
Cordiner’s Ruins, No. xiv.—In deep water, not rare.
Height of the largest specimen in my possession about an inch and a half,
the thickness of the branches scarcely a line, and their length less than halt
Berenicea. ZOOPHYTA. ESCHARAD. 533
an inch; the surface is rough with the long stout spinous processes ; it is
brittle, light, and usually of a white colour.
—
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. C. Urii.—Branched, round, about a quarter of an inch in diameter,
form round.—Millepore, Ure, Ruth. 228, t. xx. ft 1.
Gen. LITI. BERENICEA.—Cells united in a spot-like crust,
adhering throughout, and not circumscribed ; mouth at
the distal extremity of the cells.
132. B. coccinea.—Cells subcylindrical, adjacent, in diverg-
ingly bifid rows ; mouth wide, a single blunt tooth on the outer
margin, and two or three spines on the inner.
Cellepora coc. Mull. Zool. t. clxvi. f. 1, 2.—Discopora bispinosa, John-
ston, Edin. Phil. Journ. xiii. 222.—On the under side of stones near
low water-mark.
_ Occurring in circular patches upwards of an inch; towards the centre it
is commonly rough with the ovaria ; the surface of the cells looks as if frosted,
though glossy.
133. B. hyalina—Diaphanous, the cells forming an even,
smooth crust, with tubular simple mouths.
Cellepora hyal. Linn. Syst. i. 1286.—On stones, shells, and corallines
from deep water.
The crust is semitransparent, the divisions of the narrow cells indicated by
whitish lines, and the orifices are narrow, cylindrical, simple tubes. The
crust is not circumscribed, otherwise it resembles the genus Discopora.
134. B. immersa.—Cells forming an even, rough crust ; the
mouths declining, small, with a blunt tooth on the proximal
margin.
On shells and corallines from deep water.
Crust rather thick, of a brownish colour; the divisions of the cells indis-
tinct, the cells themselves being only a little elevated towards the aperture ;
the whole surface minutely granular.
135. B. utriculata.—Cells bladder-shaped, sitting, aperture
with five or six teeth, the proximal one the largest.
On stones and shells from deep water.
The cells appear as unconnected, though adjacent, raised, rounded, the
mouth scarcely terminal, restricted, contracted, and slightly prominent.
136. B. nitida.—Cells subcylindrical, prominent, and trans-
versely ridged.
Cellepora nit. Fab. Faun. Gr. 435.—On shells, rare.
Cells contiguous, the mouth terminal, transverse, simple.
—_
EXTINCT SPECIES.
1. B. diluviana.—Cells pyriform, openings large.—Lamour. Zooph. 81.
t. Ixxx. f. 1. Geol. of Eng. 214.-In Oolite.
534 ZOOPHYTA. ESCHARADA. Hiprroruoa.
Gren. LIV. HIPPOTHOA. — Crust adherent, interrupted
and reticulated by branching and coalescing chains, formed
of lengthened cells, united with each. other at the extremi-
ties.
137. H. catenularia.—Cells rounded anteally, tapering to
the other extremity, aperture oval.
Tubipora catenularia, Jameson, Wern. Mem. i. 561 ?—On shells in deep
water, not uncommon.
This species differs from the Hippothoa divaricata of Lamouroux (Zooph. 82.
t. lxxx. f. xv.), in the superior size and width of the cell at the anterior ex~
tremity ; the margin .of the mouth is slightly thickened and elevated ; the
branches proceed nearly at right angles, issuing from the margin beside the
mouth.
Gen. ALECTO.—Adherent cells, nearly cylindrical, united
with each other at the extremities, and disposed in forked
branches.
1. A. dichotoma.—Filiform, mouth near the anterior extremity of the cells.
Lamour. Zooph. 84. t. lxxxi. f. 12.—Geol. Eng. 214,—In Oolite.
FLUSTRAD.
Gen. LV. FARCIMIA.—Ramose, branches cylindrical, joint-
ed, with cells diverging from the axis.
138. F. fistulosa.—Dichotomous, joints lengthened, cylindri-
cal, with lozen-shaped impressed cells.
Bugle coralline, Ellis, Coral. 46. t. xxiii—Tubularia fistulosa, Zinn.
Syst. i. 1302.—Cellularia salicornia, Pall. El. 61.—Cellaria fareiminoi-
des, Sol. Ellis, Zooph. 26.—C. salicornia, Lamouroua, Cor. Flex. 126.
—Various parts of the coast, from Devon to Zetland.
Height from two to three inches, diameter not exceeding the twentieth of
an inch; the structure is tubular and proliferous; the spaces between the
joints calcareous and brittle, the cells internally are arranged round the axis,
sublongitudinally, opening by a small orifice towards the summit of the
rhombic impression. Pallas states, as a proof of the rapid growth of this co-
ralline, that he has seen specimens an inch and a half in height, growing on
the egg of a shark, containing an immatured foetus.
FLustTRA. ZOOPHYTA. FLUSTRAD. 535
Gen. LVI. FLUSTRA.—Foliaceous or encrusting, cells con-
tiguous, arranged in regular series, forming mat-like ex-
pansions ; polypi fixed to the bottom of the cell, retractile ;
ovaria like pearly excrescences on the summits of the cells.
* Foliaceous and branched, with cells on both sides of the leaves.
139. F. foliacea.—Extremities rounded, cells narrow at the
proximal, and arched at the distal, extremity, with scattered
marginal denticles.
Fucus telam lineam sericeamve textura sua emulans, Ray, Syn. Stirp. 42.
—Eschara fol. Ellis, Coral. 70. t. xxix. f 2.—Flustra fol. Linn. Syst. i.
1300.—Esch. fol. Pall. El. 52.—Common on hard ground, in a few
fathoms water.
Height several inches, dividing irregularly, frequently palmate; the teeth
on the margin of the cells are short conical processes, usually in pairs, on
each side at the upper angles. The substance is rigid. Body of the animal
is nearly twice as long as the cells, with about fourteen long slender tenta-
cula.
140. F. papyracea.—Extremities hatchet-sha ped ; cells slight-
ly enlarged distally, margins smooth.
Eschara pap. Ellis, Coral. t. xxxviiii— Sol. Ellis Zooph. 13.—T. charta-
cea, Lamour. Cor. 104.—English coast-
Height about two inches, irregularly divided; of a slender delicate tex-
ture, like thin semitransparent paper, and of a very light straw-colour. Is
this species distinct from the preceding ? A specimen sent me from the coast
of Devon by Mr Montagu, as the species referred to by Ellis, had the cells
of the same shape, with similar marginal denticles as F. foliacea, and only
differed in being less rigid, a character not to be relied on.
141. F. truncata. — Strap-shaped, dichotomously divided,
truncated at the extremities, with lengthened quadrangular
cells, having smooth margins.
Fucus marinus scruposus albidus angustior compressus, extremitatibus
quasi abscissis, Ray, Syn. Stirp. 43.—Narrow-leaved Horn-wrack, Ellis,
Cor. 69. t. xxviii. f. 1.—F. trun. Linn. Syst. i. 1300.--Eschara securi-
frons, Pail. El. 56.—Common on hard ground, in a few fathoms water.
Height several inches; in some cases the branches are nearly of equal
breadth throughout ; in others, numerous leaves arise from the sides of the
principal ones, which are at first narrow, but speedily reach their usual
breadth, rendering the coralline proliferous. It is less rigid in its growth
than F’. foliacea, and smooth.
** Fohaceous and branched, with cells confined to one side.
142. F. carbasea.—Irregularly divided, flat, thin, cells nume-
rous, oblong, narrow, and truncated at the base.
Sol. Ellis, Zooph. 14. t. cxi. f. 6, 7. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 104.—Coast of
Scotland, where it was first observed by Dr David Skene of Aberdeen.
Height several inches; base destitute of tubular roots; leaves narrow at
the base, increasing in breadth towards the slightly rounded extremity. The
substance is thin and transparent, with a tinge of brown-; smooth, from the
536 ZOOPHYTA. FLUSTRADA. FLustTRra.
absence of prominent denticles on the walls of the cells ; dorsal surface glossy.
Body of the animal cylindrical, head subglobular, surrounded by twenty-two
tentacula of nearly equal thickness throughout, and about one-third of the
length of the body. Ova produced singly in the cells, ovate and ciliated.—
See a valuable paper by Dr Grant on the history of this species, in the Edin-
burgh New Philosophical Journal.
143. F. setacea.—Dichotomously divided, rounded dorsally,
the face with two or three rows of oval cells, having a setaceous
notched tooth.
F. Ellisii, Flem. Wern. Mem. ii. 251. t. xvii. f. 1.—Along with Cellepora
cervicornis, from deep water, Zetland.
Height nearly two inches; branches linear, not the tenth of an inch in
diameter ; substance firm, brittle; the base consists of small tubes, which,
by their union, form the branches; dorsally carinated by the union of the
tubes, which, diverging to each side and dividing, form two denticles and a
long bristle, the latter serrated on one side; cells oblique.
144. F. avicularis.—Dichotomously divided, flat, thin ; cells
in two, three, four, or five rows, with spines at the end.
Corallina cum appendiculis lateralibus avium capitum forma, Ellis, Coral.
t. xx. f. 2., and t. xxxviii. f. 7.—Sertularia av. Linn. Syst. i. 1315.—
Cellularia av. Pall. El. 68.—F. av. Sower. Brit. Misc. t. lxxi. Cellaria
av. and Flustra angustiloba, Lamk. Hist. ii. 141. and 158.—Crisia av.
and flustroides, Lamour. Cor. Flex. 141.—On various parts of the coast.
Height upwards of an inch; leaves narrow, slightly truncated; back
smooth ; sides denticulated with appendages from the middle of the cells, —
nearly resembling a parrot’s head and bill, the rudiments of tubular proces-
ses; cells quadrangular, lengthened, with produced spinous processes at the
sides or summit. In its young and most slender condition it has only two rows
of alternate cells, in which state it has been considered a Cellaria ; but, in
the same branch we have observed the cells in two, three, or four rows. It
is not rare in the Frith of Forth, and it likewise occurs in the Zetland seas.
*** Spreading, adnate.
145. FE. membranacea.—Expansion with the margin undi-
vided ; cells quadrangular, lengthened, with spinous processes
at the angles.
Linn. Syst. i. 1301. Sol. Ellis, Zooph. 18.—On broad-leaved fuci, com-
mon.
Encrusting uniformly the surface; rough ; cells linear; the processes at
the angles are blunt, and not equal to the breadth of the cell.
146. F. wnicornis——Expansion with the margin divided ;
cells ovate or subquadrangular, with a blunt hollow conical pro-
cess at the summit of each.
F. membranacea, Mull. Zool. Dan. t. cxvii. f 1, 2.—F. un. Flem. Edin.
Phil. Journ. ii. 87,—Common, especially on stones, near low water-
mark.
The margins of the cells are a little thickened ;\ the cells themselves are
shorter and wider than the preceding species, with which it has hitherto beer
confounded.
FLustra. ZOOPHYTA. FLUSTRAD-. 537
147. F. pilosa.—Cells rather remote, nearly circular, the
margin with numerous inflected teeth.
Eschara millepora, Zilis, Coral. 73. t. xxxi.—F. pil. Linn. Syst. i. 1301.—
F. lineata, Fad. Fauna Groen. 437.—Common on fuci.
This species invests the stalks of narrow-leaved marine plants, and some-
times appearing as if foliaceous, with cells on both sides; the cells below are
gibbous, and the intervening spaces are covered with pellucid points; the
teeth vary in number, from six to eight, the one near the base is usually pro-
duced into a long simple hair, giving the whole a hispid appearance. When
this long hair is absent, the coralline has been termed Flustra dentata (Sol.
Ellis, Zooph. 15.), and is figured by Ellis (Phil. Trans. 1753, 631. t. xxii. f. 4.)
with the base of the polypi tubular, and the head with twelve tentacula.
148. F. haspida.—Substance fleshy, cells remote, aperture
contracted ; armed at the top with spinous processes.
Fab. Faun. Groen. 438. Jameson, Wern. Mem. 563.—Investing Fucus
serratus ; every where common.
Substance thick, tough, full of mucus; brown; base of the cells, where
attached, contiguous and angular; at the surface the cells are ovate, the
aperture lunate; polypi with an enlarged head, and from twenty to thirty
tentacula. The F. hispida of Pallas is a different species, ’
( 538 )
THECATA.
I. Sheath slightly calcareous ; cells single, or in rows.
1. Sheath slightly calcareous, cells enlarged, in rows, united or single.
—CELLARIADZ.
a. Cells united.
b. Cells with the orifices opening on the upper surface.
Cellularia.
Tricellaria. ;
Crisia.
bb. Cells in pairs, attached by the back, the orifices with
opposite aspects.
Notamia.
aa. Cells single.
Eucratia.
Anguinaria.
II. Sheath membranaceous, cells enlarged externally and lateral.—
SERTULARIADE.
I. Base of the cells broad, coalescing with the stem.
a. Cells on opposite sides of the stem.
Sertularia.
Dynamena.
Thuiaria.
aa. Cells unilateral.
Antennularia.
Plumularia.
Serialaria.
II. Base of the cells narrow, or pedunculated.
Campanularia.
Valkeria.
Cymodocia.
III. Sheath membranaceous, the cells are the simple extremities
of the branches.—T UBULARIADA.
Tubularia.
Plumatella.
Cettutarnra. ZOOPHYTA. CELLARIADA. 589
CELLARIAD.
Gen. LVIT. CELLULARIA.—Cells in two rows, alternate,
ovate, the openings with sessile margins; sides of the
branches denticulated.
149. C. fastigiata—Cells semicylindrical, slightly rounded
at the top, with a blunt process at the summit on the outer side
of each.
Corallina cellifera erecta, ramosissima ; tenerrima, et plumosa, Elis,
Coral. 33. t. xviii. f. 1—Sertularia fast. Linn. Syst. 1314.—C. plu-
mosa, Pall. El. 66.—Crisia plumosa, Lamour. Cor. Flex. 143.—Not un-
common, beyond low water-mark.
Height several inches, dichotomously branched, upright, tufted, irregu-
larly jointed ; at the lower part invested with tubular radicles from the up-
per branches ; the cells are rather narrow, with pearly ovaria on their upper
part.
150. C. neritina.—Cells quadrangular, lengthened, with a
truncated summit, the outer angle projecting.
Snail-bearing coralline, Ellis, Coral. 35. t. xix.—Sertularia neritina, Linn.
Syst. i. 1315.—Cellularia neritina, Pall. El. 67.—Acamarchis nerit.
Lamour. Cor. Flex. 135.—On the English coast.
Height several inches, dichotomously divided, spreading, the cells are nar-
row, rather diverging, and more than the half of the outer summit is free ;
the pearly, helmet-shaped ovaria, opening transversely, were at one time con-
sidered by Ellis as the young of Neritz. I possess a specimen from the col-
lection ef the late Dr Walker, which he received from Miss Blackburne from
the coast of Cheshire.
151. C. Hookeri.—Cells rounded, diverging, projecting.
Found by Dr Hooker at Torquay, 1812.
Height upwards of an inch, dichotomously branched, branches straight,
stiff, brittle, divaricate ; the cells are protuberant dorsally, and their rounded
top is nearly free, projecting laterally, giving the edge a remarkably jagged
outline, and the pearly ovaria are rounded.—I observed this species, in a col-
lection of zoophytes obligingly presented to me by the celebrated individual
to whom, as a mark of my respect and gratitude, I have inscribed it.
152. C. scruposa.—Cells oval, with a projecting, lateral, trun-
cated, pointed wing.
Creeping stony Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 37. t. xx. f. 4.—Sertularia scrup.
Linn. Syst. 1315.—C. scrup. Pall. El. 72.—Crisia scrup. Lamour. Cor.
Flex. 139.—Adhering to corallines, common.
Height about an inch, creeping, and frequently sending out tubular ra-
dicles, dichotomously divided, branches rather broad ; lateral process some..
times deniticulated on the upper margin; pearly ovaria round, on the top of
the cell.
540 ZOOPHYTA. CELLARIADA. Tricetraria.
153. C. reptans.—Cells inversely conical, rounded, project-
ing, with short spinous processes at the top.
Creeping Coralline, Elis, Cor. 37. t. xx. f. 3.—Sertularia rep. Linn. Syst.
Syst. i. 1315.—C. rep. Pail. El. 73.—Crisia rep. Lamour. Cor. Flex.
140.—Common on submarine bodies, especially{Flustra foliacea.
Height upwards of an inch, creeping, dichotomously divided, branches di-
verging, jointed, with frequent connecting tubular radicles; the extreme
branches free ; the lateral projecting summits of the cells have from one to
four short spines.
154. C. ciliata.—Cells remote, funnel-shaped, diverging, the
summit with long hairs. .
Ciliated Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 38. t. xx. f. 5.—Sertularia cil. Linn. Syst.
i. 1316.—C. cil. Pall. El. 74.—Crisia cil. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 139.—
On corallines*and fuci, common.
Height seldom an inch, dichotomously branched, loose ; cells projecting on
the sides of the branches, mouths oblique, spines unequal.
Gen. LVITI. TRICELLARIA.—Cells ternate, with a joint
above and below ; mouths ovate, with sessile margins.
155. T. ternata.—Cells lengthened, rounded at top, with
spinous processes.
Cellaria ternata, Sol. Ell. Zooph. 30.—Crisia tern. Lamowr. Cor. Flex.
142.—Scottish coast.
Height scarcely an inch, dichotomously branched ; the cells enlarge gra-
dually in breadth towards the top, which is armed with two or three spines ;
when the outermost one is short, the cell externally has an angulated ap-
pearance ; at the joints the stem is narrow. This species was sent to Mr
Ellis from Aberdeen by Dr Skene. My specimens were found in Zetland.
Gen. LIX. CRISIA.—Cells in two rows; the mouths tu-
bular, with produced margins.
156. C. eburnea.—Cells loosely aggregated, cylindrical, bent,
tubular orifices free.
Tufted Ivory Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 39. t. xxi. f. 6.—Sertularia eb. Linn.
Syst. Nat. i. 1316.—Cellularia eb. Pail. El. 75.—Crisia eb. Lamour.
Cor. Flex. 158.—On marine plants about low water-mark.
Height about half an inch, dichotomously branched, jointed ; surface ha-
ving a frosted appearance ; cells narrow, long, and bent outwardly, placing
the mouths far asunder ; ovarium an enlarged cell.
15%. C.lwxata.—Cells closely aggregated, cylindrical, nearly
straight, with short tubular orifices ; joints black.
On corallines, not rare, from various parts of the coast.
Height scarcely an inch, of a firmer substance than the preceding, with
which it has probably been confounded, though differing in the following par-
ticulars: the branches are broader and thicker in the middle, the cells are
shorter and more closely connected, the orifices are less tubular and elevated,
NotTaMIia. ZOOPHYTA. CELLARIAD AE. 541
the joints are black, and the tubular radicles are annulated with the same
colour.
Gren. LX. NOTAMIA.—Cells in pairs, united by the back,
a joint above and below.—Loricaria, the term employed
by M. Lamouroux to designate this genus, having long
been pre-occupied in ichthyology, I have substituted No-
tamia,—vwres, deorsum, and raesoy, Cella.
158. N. loriculata.—Cells subcylindrical and obliquely trun-
cated.
Coat of mail Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 40. t. xxi.—Sertularia cor. Linn. Syst.
i. 314.—Cellularia lor. Pall. El. 64.—Loricaria europzea, Lamour. Zooph.
7.—Common a few fathoms beyond low water-mark.
Height several inches, dichotomously branched, fastigiated ; the cells are
but little prominent, and, as Ellis has well observed, “‘ the opening of each
is on a slant near the top, and looks the contrary way to the other; so that
the pair together resembles a coat of mail, or pair of stays ; and the entrances
of the cells look like the places for the arms tc come out at.”
159. N. bursaria.—Cells compressed and attenuated.
Shepherd’s-purse Coralline, Evlis, Cor. 4. t. xxii. f. 8.—Sertularia bur.
Linn. Syst. i. 1314.—Cellularia bur. Pall. El. 65.—Dynamena bur.
Lamour. Cor. Flex. 179.
Height scarcely an inch, slightly branched dichotomously ; a mesial tube
extends throughout the branches, to which the cells are applied like wings ;
the cells themselves are inversely conical, with a thin edge; the mouth is
tubular, produced, and arises near the axis. This species, though related to
the former in the position of the cells in pairs, is evidently the type of a new
genus, which may be termed Epistomia.
Gen. LXI. EUCRATIA.—Branches consisting of a single:
row of bent cells, the orifices of which have all one aspect.
160. E. cornuta.—Branches subalternate, cells, nearly cylin-
drical, with a tubular orifice, above which is a long spinous
process.
Goat’s-horn Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 42. t. xxi. f. 10.—Sertularia corn. Linn.
Syst. i. 1316.—Cellularia falcata, Pall. El. 76.—E. corn. Lamour. Cor.
Flex. 149.—Adhering to fuci beyond low water-mark, not common.
Height scarcely an inch, bending; each cell forms a joint, gradually
curved, and becoming a little wider towards the top, where ,it is bent in-
wards to form an orifice ; and on the outer angle the base of the succeed-
ing cell takes its rise, between which and the orifice is the long bristle; ova-
rium an enlarged, bladder-shaped cell.
161. E. loricata.—Branched, subalternate, cells conical, with
a raised orifice, beneath which is a spinous process.
Bull’s-horn Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 42. t. xxii. f 9.—Sertularia lor. Linn.
Syst. i. 1316.—Cellularia chelata, Pall. El. 77.--E. chelata, Lamour.
149.
542 ZOOPHYTA. SERTULARIADA. Serrutarta.
Height scarcely an inch ; shape of the cells like a bull’s horn, the base nar-
row, slightly curved and enlarging to the summit, when it is bent inwards to
form a wide marginated orifice; the bristle on the inferior margin is short.
Gren. LXIIT. ANGUINARIA.—Stem adhering, irregular,
cells scattered, tubular, produced, with the orifice on the
side towards the extremity.
162. A. anguina.—Stem branched, with irregular swellings,
from which the cells arise.
Snake Coralline, Eliis, Cor. 43. t. xxii. f| 11.—Sertularia ang. Linn. Syst.
i. 1317.—Cellularia ang. Pall. El. 78.—Anguinaria spathulata, Za-
marck, Hist. An. ii. 143.—Actea ang. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 153.—On
fuci, rare.
Cells cylindrical, a little swollen towards the rounded and closed extre-
mity, where it is slightly bent, on the upper side of which is a flat, mem-
branaceous, perforated space, the orifice of the cell.
SERTULARIAD.
Gen. LXITI. SERTULARIA.—Cells-alternate, usually with
a joint above and below each.
163. S. polyzonias.—Loosely branched, cells smooth, not
crowded, wide at the base, with a produced subtubular mouth.
Great tooth Coralline, Eis, Cor. 5. t.ii. f.3.—S. pol. Linn. Syst. i. 1312.
—S. ericoides, Pail. EK]. 127.—-On dead shells and the roots of fuci, be-
yond low water-mark.
_ Height seldom above two inches; more or less branched irregularly; the
produced cells give the branches a zig-zag appearance ; the margins of the
orifices of the cells are irregularly notched, and in some large specimens they
are slightly wrinkled across towards the summit ; the vesicles (as the ovaria
have been denominated) are placed irregularly on the sides of the branches,
ovate with a narrow base, wrinkled across, and denticulated at the summit.
164. S. rugosa.—Loosely branched, cells wrinkled trans-
versely, crowded, ovate.
Snail trefoil Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 26. t. xv. f. 23.—S. rug. Linn. Syst. i.
1308.—Pall. El. 126.—On fuci about low water-mark.
Height about an inch, irregularly attached to fuci; the crowded cells give
the branches a very coarse aspect ; the margins of the orifices are jagged ;
the vesicles resemble those of the preceding species ; but they are more deep-
ly wrinkled and notched at the summit.
165. S. halecina.—Stem compound, pinnated by alternate
branches ; cells tubular, produced.
Herring-bone Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 17. t. x.—S. hal. Linn. Syst. i. 1308.
—Pall. El. 113.—Thoa hal. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 211.—Common, at-
tached to oyster shells.
DynamEnA. ZOOPHYTA. SERTULARIADA. 543
Height several inches, erect and stiff; base of numerous tubes, which, by
uniting, form those larger parallel connected tubes of which the stem consists:
the smaller branches are simple, and diverge at a regular angle, each support-
ing a few alternate tubular cells, with one or two transverse wrinkles ; vesicles
on the sides of the branches, irregularly oval, with a tube on one side, a little
produced at the summit.
166. S. muricata.—Stem compound, irregularly branched,
cells short and narrow.
Sol. Ellis, Zooph. 59. t. vii. f. 3.—In deep water, on old shells, several
fathoms beyond low water-mark.
Height two or three inches; stems erect, irregularly divided ; branches short
and simple, the joints are well marked ; the cells are short and narrow ; the ve.
sicles, which are attached to the stem by a short and narrow stalk, are globular,
with longitudinal spinous ridges. Though not uncommonly brought ashore
by the Newhaven oyster-boats from the Forth, I have never obtained a per-
fect specimen. The cells, when most entire, seem cylindrical, wrinkled
across, and somewhat contracted towards the notched orifice.
167. S. Templetont.—Stems simple ; cells short and narrow.
Flem. Edin. Phil. Journ. ii. 88.—Loch of Belfast, Mr Templeton.
Height about an inch ; slightly branched ; cells narrow, tubular, produced ;
the vesicles oval, lengthened, narrow at the base, covered towards the sum.
mit, with lanceolate spines.—This species is of a more delicate texture than
the preceding, the vesicles are of a different shape, and the stem is simple.
It was given to me by an accomplished naturalist, the late Mr Templeton of
Orange Grove, Belfast. It adheres apparently to a gramineous leaf, proba-
bly of a zostera, and therefore may be considered an inhabitant of shallow
water.
Gen. LXIV. DYNAMENA.—Cells in pairs, opposite, usually
with a joint above and below each.
168. D. tamarisca.—Loosely branched alternately ; cells cy-
lindric, truncated, with an uneven margin.
Sea Tamarisk, Ellis, Cor. 4. t. i. f. 1.—Sertularia tam. Linn. Syst. i. 1307.
Pall. E). 129. Lamb. Cor. Flex. 188.—On old shells in deep water.
Height sometimes nearly a foot ; branches few, spreading; cells oblique ;
vesicles narrow at the base, wide at the top, where it is truncated with a short
central tube.
169. D. abietina.—Branches rather close, alternate, making
the stem bifariously pinnated ; cells subcylindrical, with even
margins.
Sea Fir, Ellis, Cor. 4. t. i. f. 2.—Sertularia ab. Linn. Syst. i. 1307. Pall.
El. 133.—Lamour. Cor. Flex. 187.—Very common beyond low water
mark.
Height nearly a foot ; stem arising from wrinkled tubes, which adhere to
stones or shells; the cells are usually opposite, sometimes alternate, and the
stems seldom exhibit any joints ; vesicles egg-shaped, with a narrow base, and
a contracted subtubular summit.
170. D. cupressiné.—Stem with alternate branches, which are
544 ZOOPHYTA. SERTULARIADA. Dywnamena.
subdivided and panicled; cells subcylindrical, obliquely trun-
cated, and rather close to the stem.
Sea cypress, Ellis, Cor. 7.—Sertularia cup. Linn. Syst. i. 1308. Pail.
El. 141. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 192.-Common on oyster-beds.
mer upwards of a foot; subordinate branches twice or thrice divided ;
the cells are short, subopposite ; the vesicles are narrow at the base, ovate,
truncated, with a subtubular orifice, and a wing-like pointed process at each
side.
171. D. argentea.—Stem with alternate branches, which are
subdivided and panicled ; cells conical, diverging, pointed.
Squirrel’s tail, Ellis, Cor. 6. t. ii. f. 4.—Sertularia cupressina, var. arg.
Linn. Syst. i. 1308. Pall. El. 141.—Sert. arg. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 192.
— Common on oyster-beds.
Height upwards of a foot ; branches sometimes thin and bifarious, or close
and panicled; cells subopposite, diverging; vesicles oval; nearly related to
the preceding, of which, by many, it is supposed to be a variety.
172. D. operculata.—Dichotomously branched, divisions dis-
tant ; cells opposite, inversely conical, truncated.
Sea-hair, Ellis, Cor. 8. t. iii. f 6—Sertularia op. Linn. Syst. i. 1307.—S.
usneoides, Pall. El. 152.—Dynamena op. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 176.—
Common about low water-mark, on fuci.
Height two or three inches; growth usually in tufts; cells pointed exter.
nally ; vesicles ovate, narrow at the base, rounded at the summit, with a short
tubular operculated centre.
173. D. pumila.—Irregularly branched bifariously ; cells op-
posite, subcylindrical, diverging and free towards the aperture,
which is blunt and emarginate.
Sea oak coralline, Ellis, Cor. J. t. v. f. 8.—Sertularia pum. Linn. Syst. i.
1306. Pail. El. 130.—Dynamena pum. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 179.—On
Fucus serratus, common.
Height about an inch; growth tufted ; each cell seems jointed towards the
base; vesicles subglobular, with a narrow foot-stalk, and a slightly contracted
truncated summit.
174. D. rosacea.—Thinly branched bifariously ; cells oppo-
site, cylindrical, and spreading.
Lily coralline, Eliis, Cor. 8. t. iv. f. 8.—Sertularia ros. Linn. Syst. i. 1306.
S. nigellastrum, Pall. El. 129.—Dynamena ros. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 178.
On old shells beyond low water-mark.
Height two or three inches; branches few; cells, where united with the
stem, becoming tubular and narrow, suddenly diverging nearly at right
angles, and slightly truncated at the extremity ; the vesicles are subcylindri-
cal, slightly enlarged atthe summit, with several spinous processes.
175. D. filicula—Dichotomously branched, with a cell in the
angle; branches short ; cells opposite, oval, diverging, with a
tubular orifice.
Sertularia fil. Sol. Ellis, Zooph. 57. t. vi. fc. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 188.—
On the stems of fuci, about low water-mark ; not common.
Height about an inch ; branches alternate ; cells wide at the base, contract-
ed towards the orifice, which is slightly tubular, with a wrinkle or depression
Tuurarta. ZOOPHYTA. SERTULARIADE. 545
forming a shoulder on the upper side ; vesicles ovate, with a narrow base, and
a contracted subtubular orifice.
176. D. Evansii.—Branches opposite ; cells opposite, short.
Sol. Ellis, Zooph. 59.—Found at Yarmouth, by Mr Evans.
Height 2 inches; very slender ; of a bright yellow colour ; vesicles “ arise
from opposite branches, which proceed from the creeping adhering tube, lo-
bated, and the lobes are placed opposite to one another.”
177. D. pinnata.—Branches dusky, bifarious, alternate; cells
opposite, tubular, and slightly diverging.
Bast. op. 1. t. i. f. 6.—Sertularia pin. Pail. El. 136.—S. fuscescens, Turt.
Brit. Fauna, 213.—On oyster-beds, common.
Height 2 or 3 inches ; stems arising from irregular tubular roots; branches
rather stiff; cells narrow, where adhering to the stem ; summit free, tubular,
but less divergent than in S. rosacea. According to Pallas, the cells incline to
one side (a character I have failed to observe), and from which side the in-
versely conical vesicles, with their tubular ciliated summits, take their rise.
178. D. nigra.—Stem ascending, black, pinnated, compress-
ed; cells opposite, minute.
Pail. FE). 135. Jameson, Wern. Mem. 565.—Rare.
Height 4 inches; branches rounded, linear, depressed, slender at the base ;
cells subtubular, minute; vesicles on one side of the stem, subquadrangular.
—This species is stated by Pallas as occurring at Cornwall ; and, according to
Professor Jameson, it has been found on the Aberdeenshire coast, by that il-
lustrious botanist Robert Brown, Esq.
Gen. LXV. THUIARIA.—Cells thin, and imbedded in the
substance of the stem and branches.
179. T. Thuia.— Stem waved, branches dichotomously divid-
ed ; celis adpressed, or imbedded in the sides of the branches.
Planta marina equisiti facie, Sibd. Scot. Ill. 55. t. xii. f. 1.—Bottle-brush
coralline, Ellis, Cor. 10. t. v. f. 9.—Sertularia thuia, Linn. Syst. i. 1308.
Pall. El. 140. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 193.—On oyster-beds, common.
Height upwards of a foot ; stem with alternate branches, which, falling off
on the lower part, give it a zig-zag appearance; divisions of the branches
slightly tapering ; cells compressed, wide at the base, slightly tapering, short,
with a small orifice; vesicles ovate, on a narrow short stalk, with a rounded
summit, having a subtubular mouth.
180. T. articulata.—Stem pinnated, with simple alternate
branches ; cells adpressed, subalternate.
Sea Speenwort, Ellis, €ox. ii. t. vii—Sertularia art. Pall. El. 137.—S. lon-
chitis, Sol. Ell. Zooph. 42.—S. lichenastrum, Lamour. Cor. Flex. 194.
—On stones in deep water.
Height 3 inches; stem straight, erect, jointed at intervals; branches stiff,
a little depressed; cells compressed, broad at the base, a little narrower to-
wards the slightly truncated orifice ; vesicles on one side of the stem, ovate,
subrugose.
VOL. I. Mm
546 ZOOPHYTA. SERTULARIADA. Prumuraria.
Gey. LXVI. ANTENNULARIA.—Stem verticillated, with
slender simple branches ; cells distant.
181. A. antennina.—Stem erect, simple or alternately branch-
ed; branches of the whorls slender, incurved.
Corallina Astaci corniculorum zemula, Ray, Syn. Stirp. 34.—Lobster’s
horn Coralline, El/is, Cor. 15. t. ix.—Sertularia an. Linn. Syst. i. 1310.
Pall. Fl. 146.—Ant. indivisa and ramosa, Lam. Hist. 2. 123.—Nemer-
tesia antennina and ramosa, Lamour. Cor. Flex. 163.—On oyster-beds,
common.
Height upwards of a foot; stem either straight and simple, or slightly
branched, arising from .a matted tubular root ; cells on the inside of the ver-
ticillate branches, distant, unequal, slightly campanulate ; vesicles at the up-
per base of the branches, pedunculated, ovate, with obliquely truncated
mouths.
Gen. LXVII. PLUMULARIA.—Stems not verticillated ;
cells sessile, uniformly distributed on one side of the branch.
* Stem simple.
182. P. pluma.—Stem pimnated ; cells cup-shaped, with a
denticulated margin.
Podded Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 13. t. xii. f. 12.—Sertularia pluma, Linn.
Syst. i. 1309. Pall. El. 149.—Plumularia cristata, Lam. Hist. ii. 125.
—Aglaophenia pluma, Lamour. Cor. Flex. 178.—On fuci, near low wa-
ter mark, rare.
Height about two inches ; frond lanceolate; branches alternate, simple ;
cells with a wide mouth; the vesicles are pedunculated, ovate, compressed,
slightly bent, with a mesial band above and below, and transverse muricated
ribs.
183. P. pennatula.—Stem pinnated ; cells cup-shaped, with a
denticulated margin, supported on the under side by a length-
ened incurved spmous process.
Sertularia pen. Sol. Ellis, Cor. 56. t. vii. f. 1, 2.—P. pen. Lamark, Hist. ii.
128.—Aglaophenia pen. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 168.—Sert. pen. Flem. Edin.
Phil. Journ. ii. 83.—Shores of Devon, Mr Montagu.
Height from about 3 to 6 inches ; stem of a brown colour, jointed ; branches
opposite, curved; the cells are short and wide.—The late Mr Montagu de-
tected this species on the shores of Devon, in 1808, and to whom I am in-
debted for a specimen.
184. P.falcata.—Stems waved, dichotomously divided ; pin-
nated by alternate branches ; cells subcylindrical, crowded.
Sickle coralline, Ellis, Cor. 12. t. vii. f. 11. and t. 38. f. 5.—Sertularia falc.
Linn. Syst. i, 1309.— Pall. Fl. 144.—PI, fale. Lamark, ii. 123.—Aglaophe-
nia fal. Lam. Cor. Flex. 174.—-Very common on vld shells, a little be-
yond low water mark.
Height nearly a foot ; weak, leaning ; cells closely connected along the side
of the branch, and divided by the joints into pectinated masses (thus ap-
proaching a Serialaria), the summits obliquely truncated; vesicles ovate,
SerratagtrA. ZOOPHYTA. SERTULARIADA. 547
slightly attenuated at the summit. Dr Grant has observed only two ova in
each, “ large, of a light brown colour, semiopaque, nearly spherical, composed
of minute transparent granules, ciliated on the surface, and distinctly irrita-
ble.”
185. P. setacea.—Stem pinnated ; branches alternate, a lit-
tle bent ; cells minute, distant.
Corallina setacea, Ellis, Cor. 19. t. xi. f. 16., and t. xxxviii. f. 4.—Ser-
tularia pinnata, Linn. Syst. 1312.—S. set. Pail. El. 148.—Plum. set.
Lamarck, Hist. ii. 129.—Aglaophenia set. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 172.—-On
fuci in deep water.
Height about 3 inches; stem simple, slender; branches alternate, with a
joint between each pair; cells short, distant, and slightly pointed externally ;
vesicles oblong, subcampanulate, with spinous summits, the spines 10 to 12
in number, base narrow, attached to the stem or at the upper side of the base
of the branches.
** Stems compound.
186. P. myriophyllum. — Stem slightly divided, pinnated,
branches recurved ; cells cylindrical, adherent, supported at the
base by a short obsolete spinous process.
Pheasant’s Tail, Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 14. t. viii—Sertularia myr. Linn.
Syst. i. 1309. Pail. El. 155.—P. myr. Lamarck, Hist. ii. 124..-Agla-
ophenia myr. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 168.—On the English and Irish coast,
in deep water.
Height nearly a foot ; stem composed of tubes, closely adhering together ;
at intervals swollen, marking, probably, the stages of growth; branches sim-
ple, alternate, curved ; cells with a joint between each, longitudinal, with an
even mouth.
187. P. frutescens.—Stem slightly divided, pinnated; branches
bending upwards ; cells cylindrical, adherent.
Sert. frut. Sol. Ellis’s Zooph. 55. t. vi. f. a.—S. gorgonia, Pail. El. 158. (in
part.)}—Aglaophenia frut. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 175.—Scarborough, rare.
Height several inches; stem black and hard ; branches alternate ; the cells
are narrower, and more remote than in the preceding species and are simple
at the hase.
Gey. LXVIII. SERIALARIA.—Cells cylindrical, paral-
lel, adjacent, in linear masses.
188. S. lendigera.—Stem jointed, masses of cells distant, the
margins united.
Nit. Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 27. t. xv. f. 24.—Sertularia lend. Linn. Syst.
i, 1311. Pallas, El. 124.—Seral. lind. Lamarck, Hist. ii. 130.—Amathia
lend. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 159.—On fuci beyond low-water mark.
Height about an inch; fine, dichotomously divided; cells numerous, to-
- wards the upper part of each joint, the upper ones shortest.
Mm 2
548 ZOOPHYTA. SERTULARIAD. Campanuragia.
Gren. LXIX. CAMPANULARIA. — Cells bell-shaped,
supported on twisted footstalks ; tentacula numerous.
* Stems simple.
189. C. geniculata.—Stem free, flexuous, with bent subcla-
vate joints ; cells alternate campanulate.
Knotted Thread Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 22. t. xii. f. 19.—Sertularia gen.
Linn. Syst. i. 1312. Pall. El. 117. Abild. Zool. Dan. t. exvii. f. 1, 2,
3. Lamarck, iii 120.—Laomedia gen. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 208.—-Com-
mon on fuci within low-water mark.
Root a creeping thread on the surface of fuci, giving rise to simple or
slightly branched stems, seldom reaching 2 inches in height; the joints are
bent, and an enlargement at the summit supports the lengthened twisted
foot stalk of a wide cell with an even margin; the tentacula of the polypi are
ciliated with hairs in whorls; the vesicles are placed at the base of the foot
stalks of the cells, above, on short stalks, and nearly of the same shape as the
cells, truncated with a central, slightly tubular, orifice.
190. G. dichotoma. — Stem free, dichotomously branched,
joints linear ; cells alternate, campanulate.
Sea Thread Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 21. t. xii. f. 18.—Sertularia dich. Linn.
Syst. i. 1312.Sert. longissima, Padi. El. 119.—-Camp. dich. Lamarck,
Hist. ii. 113.—Laomedia dich. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 207.—On old shells
in deep water.
Height about a foot ; stems numerous, arising from a tubular mass, slen-
der, rigid, brown; cells like the preceding; vesicles ovate.—The Cymodocia
simplex of M. Lamouroux (Cor. Flex. 216. t. vii. f. 2.) given him by the ce-
lebrated botanist Dawson Turner, Esq. as found at Yarmouth, appears to
have been established from an individual of this species in a depauperated
state.
191. C. volubilis.—Stem creeping, attached ; cells campanu-
late, with denticulated margins.
Small Climbing Coralline, Ellis, Cor.'24. t. xiv. f. 21. A.——Sertularia vol.
Linn. Syst. i. 1311.—S. uniflora, Pall. El. 121.—Camp. vol. Lamarck,
Hist. ii. 113.—Clytia vol. Lamour. Cor Flex. 202.—On corallines from
deep water.
Stem embracing other bodies, and sending out slender, twisted, free, foot-
stalks, supporting wide bell-shaped cells.
192. C. syringa.—Stem creeping, cells cylindrical, with en-
tire margins.
Small climbing Coralline, var. Ellis, Cor. 25. t. xiv. f 21. B.—Sertularia
syr. Linn. Syst. i. 1311.—S. volubilis, Pal. El. 122 —Camp. syr. La-
marck, ii. 113.—Clytia syr. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 203.—On corallines
from deep water.
Stem embracing other bodies; footstalks shorter than the preceding, the
cells are narrower, and slightly truncated obliquely.
** Stem compound.
193. C. dumosa.—Stem slightly branched, cells nearly ses-
sile, cylindrical, and irregularly distributed.
CampanuLaria. ZOOPHYTA. SERTULARIADE. 549
Sertularia dumosa, Flem. Edin. Phil, Journ. ii. 84.—Tubularia tubifera
(young), Johnston, Edin. Phil. Journ. xiii. 222. t. iii. f. 2, 3.—On Co-
rallines from deep water from Devon to Zetland.
Height nearly two inches, stem erect, slightly branched dichotomously,
and composed of several vertical tubes, becoming simple towards the extre-
mity; cells arising from the stem, round, and projecting nearly at right an-
gles ; their base narrow, wrinkled, short, their length about twice the breadth
of the stem, with an even truncated extremity.—This species has been known
to me since 1808, having then found it in the refuse of the oyster boats of
the Forth, and subsequently on other parts of the coast. Mr Montagu had
likewise observed it in Devon about the same time. It is not unlikely that
the yet obscure Sertularia imbricata of Adams (Linn. Trans. v. ii. t. ii. f. 5.),
may be identified with this species; though the cells be exhibited as ovate
or subclavate, and the stem simple.
194. C. gelatinosa. — Subordinate branches dichotomously
branched, cells on twisted footstalks, campanulate, with even
margins.
Corallina filiformis (young), Ellis, Cor. 22. t. xii. f. c. C. and t. xxxviil.
f. 3.—Sertularia gel. Pall. El. 116. Flem. Edin. Phil, Journ. ii. 84.
and Phil. Zool. ii. 616. t. v. f. 3.—On stones near low-water mark,
common.
The base of this sertularia, by which it adheres to stones, is spreading
and spongy, and consists of numerous closely interwoven tubular fibres,
which rapidly approach to form the stem. The stem rises to nearly a foot
in height, and is so flexible as to move with every agitation of the water ;
it is thickest at the base, where it consists of numerous tubes; but as these
diminish in number, until, at the top, there can only be perceived a single
branched thread, it tapers gradually to a pont: it is nearly straight through-
out, and is seldom divided. The branches are disposed round the stem in
nearly an alternate order, and as they are longest towards the base, and gra-
dually diminish in length towards the summit, a graceful tapering outline is
produced ; they occur in pairs which have their origin nearly at the same
point; they are not formed from the external tubes, as in some of the other
Sertulariz, with compound stems, but from the central ones, those at the
surface turning aside to admit their exit; these branches proceed from the
stem in nearly a perpendicular direction, and diverge from each other at an
angle of about 45°; each branch is acutely conical, giving out, towards the
base, subordinate branches, likewise in pairs, similar to those on the main
stem; at last these become alternate, and, gradually shortening, the subor-
dinate stem supports only alternate cells, and either terminates in twin cells,
in a single one, or in a clavate mass, containing the rudiments of a future
cell and polype. The cells are terminal, and are supported on short foot-
stalks which issue from the stem in alternate order; they are bell-shaped,
somewhat produced, with an entire margin. The vesicles are ovate, ap-
proaching to cylindrical, with a contracted truncated mouth, covered with a
hemispherical lid; they are solitary, nearly sessile, and arise in the divisions
of the branches or of the foot-stalks of the cells; at the point of separation of
the larger branches there is usually a small twig, supporting 2 or 3 cells
with vesicles. The stems are of a brownish colour, opake, and of a firm
tough consistence, but in approaching the extremities they become soft, co-
lourless and transparent, so that the central stem of the polype can be easily
distinguished; immediately above every division, whether formed by a
branch or foot-stalk, there are several transverse wrinkles, varying in num-
ber, being seldom fewer than 3, or more than 6; similar wrinkles occur on
the foot-stalks at the base of the cells. The stems at the divisions of the
branches are a little thickened, while the foot-stalks at the base of the cells
550 ZOOPHYTA. SERTULARIADA. VaALkeEpria.
are slightly attenuated. The body of the polype is distinctly visible through
the transparent covering. In the branches it is somewhat dusky, but be-
comes paler towards the cells. The foot-stalk of the polype, which corres-
ponds with the foot-stalk of the cell, is narrow, but it suddenly enlarges in
the cell to form the body, nearly of the same shape with its covering, at
the summit of which the tentacula are disposed in a a circle ; these are about
20 in number, linear, blunt at the extremity, and divided into about 10
rough raised joints. Above the circle of tentacula there is a globular head,
containing the mouth. The polypes are not very irritable; for, even when
pricked with a needle, they seldom retreat completely within their covering,
and when left at rest, soon expand themselves, the summit of the body be-
coming even with the margin of the cell, and the tentacula diverging or fold-
ing backwards on its external surface. When in an active state, I have ob-
served the water taken in at the mouth descend, for the space of several se-
conds, through the gelatinous parenchyma of the body and foot-stalk, and
again return to be ejected. ‘The fluid thus circulating, did not seem to move
in a solid body through tubular vessels, but to be divided into minute glo-
bules, which permeated a cellular structure.—This species is vivacious, the
polypes bearing to be kept out of the water for more than a day without pe-
ishing. It is, indeed, a littoral species, living in places left dry every tide.
When kept in water, without being changed, the polypes soon contract with-
in the cells, and the body of the polype ceases to be visible in the stems. In
some specimens, which I had neglected for upwards of a fortnight, the water
not having been renewed during that time, I found all the polypes in the
cells shrivelled up, and numerous white threads projecting from the branches.
Upon examining the origin of these threads, I found that some of them pro-
ceeded from the base of the stems, but in general they were formed from an
elongation of the foot-stalk of the denticle, its cup havitg disappeared. The
filaments consisted, as in the stalks from which they proceeded, of a soft co-
vering, and a contained medullary cord. The extremities of these filaments
were club-shaped; and soon assumiug the form of a cell, gave opening to the
tentacula of a polype which had been formed within. The base of this new
cell was annulated, as in the older ones.
195. C. verticillata—Stem erect, slightly branched; cells
campanulate, with denticulated margins, supported on long
twisted foot-stalks, arising m whorls from the stem.
Horse-tail Coralline, Eilis, Cor. 23. t. xiii. f. 20. A.—Sertularia ver.
Linn. Syst. ii. 1310. Pall. El. 115.—Camp. vert. Lamarck, Hist. ii.
113.—Clytia vert. Lamour. Cor. Flex. 202.— Coast of Cumberland,
Dr Brownrig, rare.
Height several inches, stem of straight tubes, each tube giving out cells
at equal distances with the other; the foot-stalks are narrow, the cells large
and wide.
Gen. LXX. VALKERIA.—Cells ovate, with a narrow
base ; polypi with 8 regularly ciliated tentacula; stems de-
licate—This genus is dedicated to the late Dr Walker,
Professor of Natural History in the University of Edin-
burgh, a laborious and an accomplished naturalist.
196. V. cuscuta.—Stem with subverticillate branches ; cells
usually in pairs, opposite.
Climbing Dodder-like Coralline, Ellis, Cor. 28. t. xiv. f. 26. c—Sertula-
Vatkernta. ZOOPHYTA. SERTULARIAD-A. 551
ria cus. Linn. Syst. i.1311. Pall. El. 125. Abild. Zool. Dan. t. exvii.
f. 1, 2, 3.—Valkeria cus. Flem. Wern. Mem. iv. 485. t. xv. f. 1.—On
Corallines in deep water.
Height seldom above two inches; several stems usually arise from the
same base, filiform, jointed, waved, and support the branches and cells bifa-
riously ; branches opposite, nearly perpendicular to the stem, with a joint
immediately above their insertion ; cells oval, sessile, upwards of 10 times
the breadth of the stem, in pairs, at remote distances, projecting, and are
probably ultimately converted into branches ; sometimes thev occur in pairs
or crowds in the axillz of the branches; polypi extend considerably beyond
the margin, tentacula with hairs, which, by their motions, cause the water to
ascend in a current on one side, and descend on the other, acting, probably,
as aérating organs.
197. V. Uva.—Stem creeping, irregularly branched, cells
scattered.
Grape coralline, Ellis, Cor. 27, t. xv. f. 25. D.—Sertularia uva, Linn.
Syst. i. 1311.—S. acinacea, Pall. El. 123.—Clytia uva, Lamour. Cor.
Flex. 203.—On Flustra foliosa.
Stem creeping, much waved, cells oval. This is a species, the true cha-
racters of which are involved in considerable obscurity.
* Stem compound.
198. V. spinosa.—Stem erect, dichotomously divided, waved ;
cells on one side.
Silk coralline, Ellis, Cor. 20. t. xi. f. 17. B.—Sertularia spin. Linn. Syst.
i. 1312.—S. sericea, Pail. El. 114.-Laomedia spin. Lamour. Cor. Flex.
208.—On oyster beds.
Height upwards of a foot ; slender, like silk; principal stem formed by
the union of several tubes, dichotomously divided ; subordinate branches al-
ternate, and dichotomously divided ; the cells seem confined to one side, ra-
ther distant, oval, sessile.
Grex. LXXI. CYMODOCIA.——Stem tubular, annulated
below, united above, without any internal partitions ; cells
cylindrical, filiform, alternate or opposite.
199. C. comata.—-Stem erect, branches verticillate and
waved.
Lamour. Zooph. 15, t. Ixvii. f. 12, 13.—Coast of Devon, Dr Leach.
Stem straight, cylindrical, slightly divided ; branches capillary, jointed, a
minute cell at each joint, with a wrinkled base. Structure yet obscure.
———
At the close of this group of animals may be noticed the doubtful Sertula-
ria pustulosa of Ellis, Cor. 57, t. xxvii. f. B. It is described as jointed, and
alternately but thinly branched; towards the upper part of every joint are
several shallow cells, having a little circular rim with a point in the middle
of each. Its relations remain to be determined.
552 ZOOPHYTA. TUBULARIADA. Tousurarta.
TUBULARIAD£.
Grn. LXXII. TUBULARIA.—Stem cylindrical, jointed,
branched ; polypi with a prominent mouth; tentacula
with suckers, the ovaries seated at their base.
200. T. tndivisa.—Straight, nearly simple; head with two
rows of tentacula.
Tubular coralline, Ellis, Cor. 31, t. xvi. f. C.—T. ind. Linn. Syst. i. 1301.
—T. calamaris, Pail. El. €1.—-Common on shells from deep water.
Height several inches, some upwards of a foot, rigid, brown; arising from
tubular roots; the stem upwards of ,th of an inch in diameter; animal
with a slender neck, enlarging towards the outer tentacula, above which the
mouth is produced and fringed with a circle of smaller tentacula.
201. 'T. muscotdes.—Stems nearly simple, and closely wrinkled;
head with two rows of tentacula.
Tubular coralline, wrinkled like a windpipe, Ellis, Cor. t. xvi. f. 6.—Po-
lypus ruberrimus, Bast. Op. i. 28. t. iii. f| 2—T. mus. Linn. Syst. i.
1302. Pall. El. 82.—On shells beyond low water-mark.
Stems numerous, two or three inches in height, regularly jointed or
wrinkled, more slender than the last ; animal like the last; outer tentacula
about 18, inner ones about 12 in number.
202. T. ramosa.—Stem dichotomously divided, branches al-
ternate, tentacula in a single row.
Ramified tubular coralline, Elis, Cor. 31. t. xviie A—T. ram. Linn.
Syst. 1302.—T. trichodes, Pali. El. 84.-On stones within low water-
mark.
Height two or three inches, slender, brownish, branches ascending, annu-
lated at their origin; animal colourless, ovate, tentacula about 10, in an ir-
regular circle.
Gren. LX XIII. PLUMATELLA.—Stem cylindrical, branch-
ed, simple; polypi with a depressed mouth and ciliated
tentacula.
203. P. repens. —Stem adhering, tentacula disposed in a
crescent.
Tubularia repens, Mull. Hist. Ver. i. part ii. 16.—On the under side of
stones, Lochmill-loch, Fife.
Stem extending several inches, irregularly branched, slightly enlarging
towards the aperture, dilatable; tentacular margin divided into two lobes,
tentacula ciliated in opposite directions. Besides a gullet, stomach, and gut,
there is a distinct rectum, terminating in a tubular orifice seated externally
to the tentacular margin, out of which I have witnessed the remains of the
food swallowed but a short time before, forcibly ejected.
Coryna. ZOOPHYTA. NUDA. 553
204. P. gelatinosa.—Free, branched, tentacula circularly
disposed.
Tubularia gel. Pail. El. 85.-Found along with the preceding.
Height about two inches, tufted, shrubby; stem dichotomously branched ;
scarcely enlarging at the extremity ; polypi with a bell-shaped disc, the ten-
tacula regularly disposed, and appearing as if webbed at the base; mouth
with a valve.
NUDA.
Gren. LXXIV. CORYNA.—Base fixed, head clavate, with
distributed tentacula, furnished with suckers.
205. C. squamata.—Stem simple, carneous, tentacula linear.
Hydra squamata, Mull. Zool. Dan,—C. squam. (from Pall. Spic. Zool. x.
36. 41. t. iii. f. 9.—Tubularia affinis, Turt. Brit. Faun. 210.—Cor.
squam. Lamarck, Hist. ii. 62. Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 616, t. v. fi L—
On fuci.
Height about half an inch ; stem round, swelling into an ovate head, va-
rying in form; the mouth is sometimes truncated with a radiated disc; the
tentacula are from 5 to 15 in number, longer than the head over which they
are distributed, and nearly of equal dimensions throughout ; the vesicles are
lobular, and adhering to the body, at the base of the tentacula, by a short
footstalk, The whole colour is pink, with a dark medullary band.
206. C. glandulosa.—Dichotomously branched, coriaceous,
tentacula with globular heads.
Tubularia Coryna, Turt. Brit. Faun. (from Pall. Spic. Zool. x. 40, t. iv.
f. 8.)—Cor. gland. Lamarck, Hist. ii. 62. Flem. Phil. Zool. 606, t. v.
f. 2.—On stones near low water-mark.
Height nearly two inches, branches wrinkled, head lengthened, oval,
mouth small; tentacula thick, wrinkled, with globular heads, which adhere
to the fingers when applied; vesicles globular, sessile, scattered over the
head ; colour tinged with pink, with a dark medullary band.
—__—
We are inclined to consider the Coryna as one of the Tubwariade, having
a reduced sheath, and agreeing in the tentacular origin of the ovaria. The
Plumatella, on the other hand, probably belongs to the Sertulariade, though
its vesicular mode of reproduction has not been detected.
Gen. LXXV. HYDRA.—Free, tentacula terminal, and dis-
posed in a circle, and furnished with suckers.
* Inhabiting fresh water.
207. H. viridis—Body linear, tentacula from six to twelve,
about the length of the body.
Polype verd, Trembley, Mem. 22, t.i. f. L—H. vir. and H. grisea, Linn.
Syst. i. 1320. Ellis, Cor. t. xxviii. f. C—-Common on aquatic plants
in shallow slow running streams.
554 ZOOPHYTA. NUDA. Hypra.
igen, i about an inch, transparent, brownish, or greenish, and consisting
of a gelatinous matter, interspersed with minute granular glands. The body
is tubular, and open at both ends; simple or branched; tentacula varying
in number of height. The food, consisting of small annulose animals, is
seized by the tentacula, and conveyed to the alimentary canal, whence, after
digestion, it is ejected by the mouth. The absorbed nourishment is dispersed
through the glands even to the tentacula. The animal displaces itself and
creeps like a leech by the help of its mouth and tail, and even suspends it-
self from the surface of the water by its tail, which it expands like a funnel
for the purpose. ‘The reproduction of this singular being, by buds, issui
from the sides of the parent polype, acquiring tentacula, and then falling off
and becoming independent individuals, or by the regeneration of parts when
artificially divided, has long engaged the attention of the curious observer.
The animals may easily be procured by placing a quantity of the stems of
plants growing under water in any slow running ditch, in a basin of clean
water ; and in a short time the polypi will expand, and exhibit themselves
readily to the naked eye.
** Inhabiting the Sea.
208. H. lutea.—Branched, ovate, truncated, with about ten
short tentacula.
Lamarck, Hist. ii. 60.—On fuci, Belfast, Mr Templeton.
Height upwards of half an inch, stem narrow, head much enlarged; ten-
tacula thick, not equal in length to the breadth of the body. The above de-
scription is from the drawing of an animal communicated to me by the late
Mr Templeton.
209. H. coronata.—Body slender, head suborbicular, trun-
cated, with a flat disc; the tentacula issuing at the margin
from sheaths which radiate from the centre.
Ellis, Cor. t. xxxviii. f. 5.—On Plumularia falcata.
Mr Ellis has given a figure of this animal, which does not seem to have
attracted the notice of subsequent observers. He states that it was of a red
colour, and that the tentacula “ issued out of their sheaths like a star-
flower.”— The true place in the system, of this and the preceding species, re-
mains to be determined.
——=
Facilius nurart et commentari quam vera dignoscere et definire.
INDEX.
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INDEX.
The Vernacular Names and Titles of the Genera of the Extirpated, Extinct,
and Naturalized Animals are here printed in Italics.
ABRAMIS, .
Accentor,
Achatina, .
Acipenser, .
Acteon,
Actinea,
Actiniocrinites,
Adder, :
Alasmodon,
Alauda, é
Albicore,
legs |
Alcedo,
Alcyonium,
Alecto, .
Aleuco,
Alpidium, .
Ammoceetes,
Ammodytes,
Ammonita, -
Amphidesma,
Amplexus,
Ampullaria, .
Anarhichas,
Anas,
Anchovy, .
Ancillaria,
Ancylus, .
Angler, -
Anguilla,
Anguinaria,
Anguis,
Anodon,
Anomia,
Anser,
Antennularia,
Anthus,
Antilope,
Ae See ee 8 48
4: ister ice is
Apiocrinites,
Aplexa,
Aplysia,
Aquila,
Arca,
Arethusa,
Argentine, .
Arion, “
Arvicola, .
Ass, - a
CHEN amir eee eter ieee}
Assiminia,
Astarte,
Asterias,
Astrophyton,
Astrea,
Atherina,
Auk, :
Avicula,
Avoset,
Azeca,
Baculita,
Badger, «
Balzena,
Balznoptera,
Balbusardus,
Balea, c
Band-fish,
Bartel, 3
Barbus,
Barn-owl,
Basse,
Bat,
Bear,
Bewer,
Coe eee emt)
558
Bee-eater,
Belemnita,
Bellerophon, .«
Belone,
Beluga,
Berenicea, .
Bergil,
Bergylt,
Beroe,
Bernacle-goose,
Bib, :
Bittern,
Blackbird,
Blackcock,
Blade-fish,
Bleak,
Blennius,
Blenny,
Blind-worm, .
Boar, . .
Bombycilla,
Bos, . :
Botryllus,
Bounce,
Brama,
Braise,
Bream, .
Brent-goose,
Brin, . °
Brosmus, .
Bubo, ;
Buccinum,
Bufo,
Bulimus,
Bulla,
Bulfinch,
Bull-head,
Bunting,
Burbot,
Burgo-master,
Bustard, .
Buteo,
Buzzard,
Cachalot, :
Calamary,
Calidris,
Callyonimus,
Calpurna,
Calyptrea,
Campanularia,
Cancellaria, .
Canis,
Capercaillie, .
Capra, .
Caprimulgus,
Capsa,
Capulus,
Carcharias,
INDEX.
90 Cardita,
240 Cardium,
338 Carina,
184 Carocolla,
36 Carp, . :
533 Carychium, .
209 Caryophyllea,
212 Cassis, . F
502 Cassiopea,
127 Cat, i
191 Cataphractus,
95 Cataractes,
65 Catodon,
43 Cellepora,
204 Cellularia,
188 Centriscus,
206 Centronotus,
206 Cephus,
155 Cepola,
28 Cerithium,
64 Cernua,
24 Certhia, .
470 Cervus,
165 Charadrius, .
210 Chaffinch,
211 Chama,
187 Char,
127 Chat,
196 Chatterer,
194 Chetodon, .
57 Chub, :
342 Chelonia,
159 Chough,
265 Chimera,
292 Chiton,
82 Ciconia, :
216 Cidaris, =
77 Cingula,
192 Cinclus,
139 Ciona,
115 Circus,
54 Cirus,
54 Clangula,
Clausilia, .
Clavellina,
39 Clavagella,
252 Cliona,
112 Clupea,
208 Clypeus,
331 Coccothraustes,
362 Corallina,
548 Corbula,
334 Cock,
10 Cockle,
46 Gh ea
25 Colombella,
61 Columba,
434 Colymbus,
363 Comatula,
167 Conger-eel,
Conularia,
Conus,
Conulus,
Cook, . ;
Cook, ° .
Coot-foot,
Coulterneb,
Coregonus, -
Coriudo,
Cormorant,
Corvus,
Coryna,
Corythus, .
Coturnix, ~
Cottus,
Cracker,
Crake, -
Cramp-fish, .
Crane, - c
Crassatella,
Crenatula,
Creeper, R
Crenilabrus, .
Crepidula,
Criopus,
Crisia,
Cristatella,
Crocodile,
Crow, - 3
Crusian,
Cuckoo,
Cuculus, 4
Cucullea, .
Curlew, 5
Curruca,
Cursorius,
Cuttle-bone,
Cuvieria,
Cyanzea, .
Cyathocrinites,
Cyclas,
Cyclopterus, .
Cyclolites,
Cyclostoma, .
Cyclostrema,
Cydonium,
Cygnus,
Cymodocia, .«
Cypreea, <
Cyprina,
Cyprinus,
Cypselus, .
Cyrena, a4
Cytherea
Dab,
Dace,
Deer, . 2
Delphinaptera
INDEX.
240
330
481
209
100
100
Delphinula, .
Delphinus, .
Dentex,
Discina,
Dianchora, .
Didelphis, .
Dipper ie
Discopora, -
Diver,
S
3
i
Dynamena,
Eagle, ‘
Eagle-owl, .
Eburnea,
Echinarachnius,
Echineus,
Echinus,
Echinocyamus,
Echinocorys, .
Eel, z j
Eft, : “|
Egret,
Fider, ;
Elk, “ <
Emarginula, .
Emberiza, .
Engraulis, .
Eolida,
Esox,
Equus,
Ermine,
Erne, 5
Erinaceus, .
Ervilia, 4
Eschara,
Eucratia,
Eulimena, .
Euomphalus, .
Exocetus,
Lexplanaria,
Falco, . -
Falcon,
Farcimia,
Fatherlasher,
Favosites,
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