HISTORY

OF THE

MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS

01?

ABERDEENSHIRE.

A HISTORY

[L.

OF THE

MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS

i6UU

OF

SCOTLAND,

AS FOUND IN THE NORTH-EASTERN DISTRICT,

PARTICULARLY IN THE SHIRES OF ABERDEEN, KINCARDINE,
AND BANFF;

TO WHICH IS APPENDED

AN ACCOUNT OF THE

CIRRIPEDAL ANIMALS

OF THE SAME DISTRICT.

BY

WILLIAM MACGILLIYRAY, A.M.,

PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY
IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MARISCHAL COLLEGE, ABERDEEN ;
MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH,
THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA,

THE LYCEUM OF NEW YORE, *'

THE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH CAROLINA,

THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF BOSTON,

AND THE MEDICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETIES
OF ABERDEEN.

SECOND EDITION.

LONDON :

H. G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COYENT GARDEN.
1844.

TO

ALEXANDER BANNERMAN, ESQ., M.P.,

IN TESTIMONY

OE GRATITUDE FOR BENEFITS
CONFERRED ON THE UNIVERSITY
OF THE CITY WHICH HE SO WORTHILY REPRESENTS
IN PARLIAMENT,

THIS WORK

IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED,

BY

WILLIAM MACGILLIVRAY.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Pages

Preface, .... ix

Introduction, .... xv

Systematic Index, . . . I

MALACOZOA or MOLLUSCA, . . 13

Cephalopoda, .... 20

Synopsis of Cephalopoda, . . 21-23

Descriptions of Cephalopoda, . . 23-40

Pteropoda, .... 40

Gasteropoda, .... 41

Synopsis of Gasteropoda, . . 42-72

Descriptions of Gasteropoda, . . 72-200

Tropiopoda, . . . . 201

Synopsis of Tropiopoda, . . 203-221

Descriptions of Tropiopoda, . . 222-306

Brachiopoda, .... 307

Apoda, .... 307

Synopsis of Apoda, . . . 309

Descriptions of Apoda, . . 310-314

Supplement, containing additional Species, . 315-348

Emendations, .... 349 350

MALENTOZOA or CIRRIPEDIA, . 351-366

Synopsis of Malentozoa, . . 353-356

Descriptions of Malentozoa, . . 356-366

Concluding Remarks, . . . 367-370

Index of Genera, . . . 371-372

Rerum creatarum indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis

SEMPER iESTIMATA j A VERE ERUDITIS ET SAPIENTIBU 8 SEMPER
EXCULTA $ MALE DOCTIS ET BARBARIS SEMPER INIMICA FUIT.

L1NN&US.

PREFACE.

The motives which induced me to collect the materials
for this work, were such as, I think, may reasonably be
approved of by those for whom it is intended. Having
been recalled to my native place, in May, 1841, I
naturally felt a desire of renewing my acquaintance with
the productions of a district often traversed by me while
prosecuting my studies at the Universities there, and not
being aware of any very important investigations having
been conducted in this much neglected, though not un¬
interesting, part of Scotland, with reference to its Zoology,
I thought it might be useful to describe some or all of
its numerous animals. I therefore at once commenced
an examination of the Mammalia, Birds, Reptiles, Fishes,
Mollusca, Insects, and Radiata, the results of which I
intend, in due time, to lay before the public. Thinking,
however, that the pupils whom I have to initiate in the
Science to which my labours have, for many years, been
directed, could not acquire much practical acquaintance
with most of these tribes of animals, in the winter season,
when engaged with their various academical studies, I
selected a branch of Zoology which I thought capable of
affording them greater facilities for observation than any
other. I was further induced to undertake the work by
remembering that a descriptive catalogue of the Mol¬
lusca of the district was a desideratum to the Zoologists
of other parts of the kingdom.

My observations having been continued, as opportunity
was afforded, until the number of species had increased
to a much greater extent than, from the apparently un¬
favourable nature of the district, and the evil reports of
the very few shell-gatherers known to me, I could have

X

PREFACE.

anticipated, I revised my notes, compared my descrip¬
tions with those of others, and my specimens with similar
objects procured from various parts of Britain, recom¬
posed the whole, and succeeded in finding a person
willing to undertake, chiefly from patriotic motives, the
publication of a work of no consideration in a pecuniary
point of view.

The labour required for such an investigation cannot
be at all appreciated by those who have not directed their
energies toward such an object. The rocky coasts and
sandy beaches of the sea, the valleys and hills of the
interior, the pastures, mossy banks, thickets, woods,
rocks, ruins, walls, ditches, pools, canals, rills, and rivers,
were all to be assiduously searched. No collections of
Mollusca made in the district were known to me, nor do
any of our libraries contain the works necessary to be
consulted, although that of King’s College supplies some
of great value. In a situation so remote from the great
centres of civilization, the solution of doubts is often
difficult of attainment, and there is always a risk of
describing as new what may already have been entered into
the long catalogue of known objects. But the pleasure of
continually adding to one’s knowledge, the sympathy of
friends, the invigorating influence of the many ramblings
required, the delight of aiding others in the same pur¬
suits, and many other circumstances, amply suffice to
carry one through greater difficulties than those alluded
to, even should the sneers of the ignorantly-wise, or the
frowns of the pompously-grave, be directed toward the
unconscious wight, who, immersed in mud, gropes with
the keenness of a money-gatherer, for the to them insig¬
nificant objects, which have exercised the wisdom and
providence of the glorious Creator.

Through life I have ever met with kind friends. On
the present occasion, I have been most efficiently aided
by them. With a zeal and energy, worthy of all praise
and gratitude, Mr. Alexander Murray, of Nethermill,
Cruden, an enlightened and sincere lover of nature, has
collected for me whatever he could find in the district of

PREFACE.

XI

Buchan. His contributions have been most ample and
important ; and among the objects transmitted by him I
have found several species hitherto unknown, many not
previously observed in Scotland, and several minute or
submicroscopic creatures which could hardly have been
expected on our northern shores. Mr. Gray, of Peter¬
head, has sent me a great number of species collected in
the neighbourhood of that place. My daughter Isabella
has anxiously collected materials in part of Banffshire
and the adjoining portions of Aberdeenshire. Her
assistance has been most valuable, as has that of my
daughters Marion and Anne, who have supplied many
small species. My son John, at present on a natural-
history expedition to New Holland and Papua, has also
furnished a few. Mr. John Clark has collected for me
the shells of Banff, Macduff, and Portsoy. Mr. Alexander
Davidson, who obtained a class prize for the largest col¬
lection of Mollusca, Mr. William Fergusson, Mr. William
Leslie, Mr. James Smith, Mr. James Duncan, Mr. William
Mitchell, Mr. Alexander Beaton, Mr. William Robert¬
son, and others of my pupils, have also contributed,
whether, in a very few instances, by presenting speci¬
mens, or, generally, by bringing objects to be named.
To Dr. Dyce, of Aberdeen, I am indebted for permission
to examine two cuttle-fishes in his collection, and to
Andrew Murray, Esq., Advocate, for many kind offices.
I have especial pleasure also in acknowledging the friendly
aid of Mr. James Leslie, of Old Aberdeen, who, enthusi¬
astically devoted to the study of Zoology, has accom¬
panied me on many of my excursions, freely permitted
me to examine whatever objects he happened at any time
to procure, and supplied several species first found by
himself. But with all the assistance thus generally
afforded, I should not have been able to reduce my ob¬
servations to the state in which they now appear, without
the further aid of a very distinguished naturalist, whose
collection of Mollusca has enabled me to compare some
of our shells with authentic specimens from other districts,
and whose library has supplied several important works

XU

PREFACE.

to which reference was indispensible. To that gentle¬
man, the Reverend Dr. Fleming, of King’s College,
whose generous interest in the progress of the work has
been peculiarly encouraging to me, I feel most truly
grateful. The naturalists of other places to whom I am
indebted on this occasion are Mr. Gray, of the British
Museum; Dr. Johnston, of Berwick-on-Tweed ; Mr.
J enyns, of Cambridge ; Mr. Thompson, of Belfast ; Mr.
Harley of Leicester ; and Mr. Hepburn, of Haddington¬
shire.

I believe that more than two-thirds of the species de¬
scribed were gathered by myself. The discoveries of my
friends and pupils are mentioned in the proper places. I
may here explain that I mean thus to record the aid I
have received, and to indicate the progress of investiga¬
tion, with reference solely to this work, and without the
least intention of interfering with the labours of others,
who may have found some of the same species years or
hours before they occurred to me or my friends, and
without alluding to those observed by myself in 1817,
and 1818, when, having just commenced my Zoological
studies, I collected about thirty species.

It may further be mentioned, that all the specific
descriptions are taken from objects found in the district,
and have reference to them only, not to the same species
as occurring elsewhere ; that I have admitted none that
I have not seen and examined myself, with the exception
of one species ; that, in cases of doubt, I have compared
the objects with others obtained from various quarters ;
that I have submitted some of them to the examination
of one or other of the eminent Naturalists mentioned
above ; and that if, owing to my remoteness from
museums and extensive libraries, I have, in some in¬
stances, failed in giving the objects their proper names,
the authentic descriptions made will yet serve to shew
what they are. The classic, ordinal, and generic cha¬
racters, when not entirely original, which the latter
usually are, have been taken from the works of Milne-
Edwards, Blainville, Lamarck, Gray, Montagu, Turton,

PREFACE.

Xlll

Sander Rang, Muller, and other eminent Malacozoologists.
For the arrangement I am indebted to these authors ;
but I have modified their views to suit my own notions,
as every one, I believe, does, on such occasions. The
synopses, specific descriptions and remarks, are entirely
original.

The work being intended for the use of my pupils, and
for persons commencing the study of the Mollusca, I
have given a general account of the structure of those
animals, together with their classification, and the prin¬
cipal characters of the classes and orders. Although
descriptive of the county of Aberdeen, with the adjoin¬
ing portions of those of Banff and Kincardine, it will be
useful to persons residing in any part of Scotland, es¬
pecially to those in the more northern districts. I pre¬
sent it with confidence to the public ; because I am
conscious of having prepared it with great care, and be¬
cause I think it will be useful. The specific descriptions
I have made fuller than usual, because I am anxious to
induce my pupils, not to content themselves merely with
learning the names of objects, as I have observed to be
the prevailing practice both here and elsewhere. It is,
in fact, a matter of no importance to an individual, by
what name an object is known to him, provided he be
acquainted with its structure and relations ; although a
fixed nomenclature is essential to the general progress of
knowledge. For this reason, I have not withheld the
various species, which have appeared to be new to
science, although the want of access to all the works
and essays published of late years, leaves it probable
that some of them have already been named. It is but
a pitiful manifestation of self-esteem to withhold the
knowledge of an object, lest it should ultimately be
found to have been already communicated in some work
inaccessible to the student. Besides, if I have ignorantly
given new names to objects already named, who of the
most successful cultivators of Zoology, has not often
committed similar errors ?

In fine, such as it is, being the first Zoological work

b

XIV

PREFACE.

that has emanated from the University of which I am a
member, I cannot but look upon it as indicating the not
distant dawn of an era, destined, I trust, to produce investi¬
gations, the importance of which will tend to give our city
a rank, certainly not yet acquired, among those distin¬
guished for the cultivation of Natural History, the most
delightful of all sciences, the source of all knowledge,
the study best adapted to refine our affections, and to
bring us continually into the presence of our Creator,
the maker and preserver of us, and all those wonderful
objects that everywhere present themselves to our view.
The time is almost gone when a little Latin, a little
Greek, a little Mathematics, a little Natural Philosophy,
and a little Moral Philosophy, in such spare quantities
as “ one small head could hold,” made an accomplished
scholar. The book of Nature has been opened to us,
and whatever profit there may be in storing our minds
with phrases, it would require some ingenuity to shew
that the knowledge of things is not more useful than
that of words. Some defend the system of wasting five
or six years of a man’s life in learning so much Latin as
may barely suffice to enable him to read a page of a
classical author without the aid of a Dictionary, on the
ground of its being an exercise calculated to fix the at¬
tention, and to exercise the memory ; but a more useful
and far nobler study is that of Nature, which calls into
action every faculty of the mind, engages the best affec¬
tions, and has reference to the perfect works of a perfect
Creator. “Ask now the beasts, and they shall teach
thee ; and the fowls of the air, and they shall tell thee ;
or speak to the earth, and it' shall teach thee ; and the
fishes of the sea shall declare unto thee. Who knoweth
not in all these that the hand of the Lord hath wrought
this?” Let Latin and Greek have their due share of
attention, but let not the incubus of classic lore be per¬
mitted to smother the mind, that, if unrestrained, would
inhale with delight the pure air of heaven.

Chanonry, Old Aberdeen,

6th March, 1843.

INTRODUCTION.

The District of which the Mollusca are described in the
following pages, constitutes the north-eastern portion of
the middle Division of Scotland. Besides the extensive
County of Aberdeen, it includes the smaller Counties of
Kincardine and Banff, the former on its southern, the
latter on its north-western side. Bounded toward the east
and north by the German Ocean, it stretches inland
toward the central ridges of the Grampians, in which
are some of the highest summits in Britain, giving rise
to the sources of the Dee and the Don, as well as tribu¬
taries of the Spey. The latter river bounds the district
to the north-westward, while the southern boundary runs
eastward from the western sources of the Dee to Mount
Battock, and thence to the neighbourhood of Bervie.
The upper part of the district is mountainous, with
narrow valleys, partially wooded ; but the land declines
eastward and northward, although still hilly, and toward
the coast becomes comparatively level. The rocks are

XVI

INTRODUCTION.

for the most part primary, chiefly of granite, gneiss, and
slate, in all the higher tracts, and even in most of the
lower, in which latter there is a thick covering of diluvial
matters, consisting of the debris of primary rocks.
Secondary strata, however, occupy considerable portions
of the lower tracts, especially in Forfarshire, and in the
northern parts of Aberdeenshire. Although not gene¬
rally remarkable for fertility, and but scantily wooded,
it presents all the varieties of situation fitted for the in¬
habitation of Molluscous Animals, which, however, are
much more numerous toward the sea. From Bervie to
a little north of Stonehaven the coast is rocky, and com¬
posed of conglomerate and red sandstone ; from thence
to Aberdeen, of gneiss rocks, intersected by granite and
ignigenous veins. From Aberdeen to a little beyond the
Ythan, is a sandy beach margined by hillocks of drifted
sand. A rocky coast of gneiss succeeds, until we come
to the sandy Bay of Cruden ; from which to Peterhead
the rocks are chiefly of granite and gneiss. From thence
northward, and round the north-eastern extremity of the
district, to Troup Head, are sandy beaches, gneiss cliffs,
and latterly red sandstone and conglomerate. Grey-
wacke, sandstone, and primary rocks succeed. The sea,
generally shallow along the sandy coasts, and slowly
deepening eastward, has its bed partly rocky, partly of
sand, and sometimes of clay and other detritus.

The currents being strong, and the coast exposed to

INTRODUCTION.

XVII

the fury of frequent eastern gales, while very few inlets
occur, our seas might be supposed not very favourable
to the production of Mollusca. In fact, the entire
district has generally been considered extremely barren
in this respect. Thus, in the Statistical Report of Aber¬
deen, it is stated, that “ in consequence of the sandy
nature of the beach, it affords no resting-place or shelter
for shell-fish ; and the shells which are found on the
beach, are, therefore brought by the sea from other situ¬
ations, and generally the fish have decayed before the
shells are washed ashore.” Very few Mollusca are men¬
tioned in the other reports of the parishes ; and even in
that of St. Fergus, of which the writer holds out some
prospect of “a rich harvest of gratification,” the number
collected on the coast by Mr. Alexander Murray, a very
acute observer of nature, amounts only to thirty-three,
as named by Dr. Fleming.

These discouraging statements, the melancholy ac¬
counts given by the very few persons known to me who
have gathered shells in the district, the bleak appear¬
ance of the coasts, and even of the greater part of the
interior, together with the granitic nature of a great
portion of the land, said to be peculiarly unfavoura¬
ble to Mollusca, might naturally enough lead one to
despair of much success. But this sterility is only
seeming ; for I have found the district as productive as
any of equal extent in any part of Scotland, not except-
b 2

XV 111

INTRODUCTION.

ing “ the sunny south.” Instead of searching the ex¬
posed beaches and rocky headlands only, if collectors
had betaken themselves also to the fishing stations, and
searched the boats and lines, they might have found a
great variety of interesting species. The pastures, woods,
marshes, lakes, ditches, streams, and estuaries, also, are
far from being so unprolific as they might seem. The
nature of the rock, it appears to me, makes little differ¬
ence. The granite of the Buffers of Buchan, and the
gneiss of the Cove, are not less productive than the con¬
glomerate of Stonehaven, or the greywacke and sand¬
stone of the Northern coasts. The only difference
seems to be, that individuals are more numerous in the
secondary than in the primary tracts ; for the same
species occur in both ; and I am not aware of any geolo¬
gical deposit in the district, or any particular kind of
rock, fostering any peculiar species, with the exception
of Helix hispida, and Bulimus obscurus, which have
been found among sandstone near Stonehaven, but as
yet nowhere else.

A search continued at intervals, for twenty-two
months only, has produced three hundred and forty
species — a number greater than might reasonably be
expected ; and there can be little doubt that many species
remain to be added, insomuch that, I think, the entire
number will ultimately exceed four hundred. When
the bays are dredged, and the rocky coasts more mi-

INTRODUCTION,

XIX

nutely explored, numerous Nudibranchiate Gasteropoda
will reward the collector. The land will probably sup¬
ply few additional species. Many years may be required
to complete the series. Let a few other individuals
meet with equal success, and our Molluscous Fauna will
make as respectable an appearance as that of any in
Britain. In the meantime, it is hoped, the present work
will prove of considerable utility both to students, and
to more advanced malacologists.

It will be found to present a general view of the sub¬
ject, as well as sufficiently full descriptions of the species
hitherto met with. After the general characters of each
class, will be found a Synopsis of the Aberdeenshire
species, in which are given the generic and specific cha¬
racters, and etymologies. The genera and species are
then more fully described. The measurements are given
in twelfths of an inch. References are made, under each
species, to various authors who have described it : for
example, ‘‘Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1232,” that is Linnaeus,
Sy sterna Naturae, vol. i. page 1232 ; “ Mont. Test. Brit.
335, pi. 11, f. 12,? Montagu, Testacea Britannica, page
335, plate 11, figure 12. Subjoined is a List of the
principal works to which reference is thus made.

As to the Nomenclature — I have adopted the usual
method of giving to the genera and species the names
imposed upon them by the persons who first described
them.

XX

INTRODUCTION.

Specimens of many exotic species have been brought
to me ; but these I have considered it prudent to sup¬
press. One species, however, is deserving of notice,
although it has come too late for insertion. It is the
beautiful Spirula australis, of which fourteen specimens
were gathered by myself on the sands to the north of
Don-mouth, on the 4th and 6th of March, 1843, but
of which the first example was found by one of my
pupils, Mr. William Robertson, and the second by Mr.
Leslie.

Several species supposed to be new to science are de¬
scribed. Respecting these it is proper to apprise the
student, that, although apparently not mentioned in any
of the works to which I have access, some of them
have probably been already noticed. They amount to
about thirty, and are named as follows: — Polysto-
mella Gulielminse, P. crenulata, P. nautilina ; Discorbis
pulchellus ; Vermiculum disciforme, V. planatum ; Tex-
tularia oblonga, T. obtusa ; Dentalina Davidsonii ; La-
genula reticulata ; Natica rutila, N. squalida ; Rissoa
gracilis ; Odostomia scalaris, 0. plicatula, 0. Marionae,
0. Annae, 0. oblonga; Tornatella pellucida, T. oblonga;
Fusus Buchanensis ; Bullaea catenulifera ; Halia Fle-
mingiana ; JEolis Murrayana, M. Lesleiana ; Sphaeros-
toma Jamesonii ; Pecten Isabella ; Cyclas flavescens ;
Pisidium Joannis ; Ascidia opalina ; Tritonia atrofusca.

WORKS TO WHICH REFERENCE IS MADE.

Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot.

Notes on the Land and Fresh- water Molluscaof Great Britain.
By Joshua Alder. In Magazine of Zoology and Botany. Yol. ii.

p. 101.

In King’s College Library.

Blainv. Man.

Manuel de Malacologie et de Conchyliologie ; contenant : 1 0 Une
Histoire abregeede cette partie de zoologie; 2° Des principes de
Conchyliologie; 3° Un systeme general de Malacologie. Par. H.
M. Ducrotay De Blainville. Paris, 1825. 2 vols. rl. 8vo., 'with

numerous plates.

Brown, Illustr.

Illustrations of the Conchology of Great Britain and Ireland,
Drawn from Nature, by Captain Thomas Brown, F. R. S.E., &c.
Edinburgh, 1827.

No descriptions. The figures generally good, often beautiful,
sometimes incorrect; the colouring bad; the nomenclature fre¬
quently strange.

Belle Chiaje, Anim. di Nap.

Memorie sulla Storia e Notomia degli Animali senza Yertebre
del Regno di Napoli; scritte da Stefano Delle Chiaje, Professore,
&c. Naples, 1829. Quarto, four volumes, with uumerous plates.
In King’s College Library.

XX 11

LIST OF AUTHORITIES.

Drap. Moll. Terr, et Fluv.

Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques Terrestres et Fiuviatiles de
la France, ouvrage posthume de Jacques-Philippe-Raymond
Draparnaud, Professeur d’Histoire Naturelle a l’Ecole de Medicine
de Montpellier, &c. A Paris, an. xiii. 4to. avec xiii. Planches.

The descriptions and figures most accurate.

Flem. Brit. Anim.

A History of British Animals, exhibiting the Descriptive Cha¬
racters and Systematic Arrangement of the Genera and Species of
Quadrupeds, Birds, Reptiles, Fishes, Mollusca, and Radiata of the
United Kingdom, &c. By John Fleming, D.D., F.R.S.E., M.W.S.,
&c. Edinburgh, 1828. 8vo.

In King’s College Library.

Forbes, Malac. Mon.

Malacologia Monensis. A Catalogue of the Mollusca inhabiting
the Isle of Man and the neighbouring sea. By Edward Forbes,
For. Sec. B. S.,&c. Edinburgh, 1838.

Gray's Turton.

A Manual of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the British
Islands, by William Turton, M.D. New Edition, by John
Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c. Post 8vo., with 12 Plates.

Jenyns , Monogr.

Monograph of the Genus Pisidium, in the Cambridge Philoso¬
phical Transactions. Not seen by me.

Johnst. Berw. Trans., and Ann. Nat. Hist.

Description of the Mollusca of Berwickshire, in the third vo¬
lume of the Transactions of the Berwickshire Natural History
Society.

Descriptions of Scottish Mollusca, in the first volume of the
Annals of Natural History.

In King’s College Library.

Larnk. Syst.

Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertfebres, presentant les
caract^res generales et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribu-

LIST OF AUTHORITIES.

XXlll

tion, leurs classes, leurs families, leurs genres, et la citation des
principales espfeces qui s’y rapportent, &c. Par M. le Chevalier
De Lamarck, Member de l’lnstitut. Royal de France, &c. Paris,
1815-1822. 6 vols. 8vo.

Lamk. Si/ st. Ed. 2.

Deuxifeme Edition. Revue et augmentee de notes presentant
les faits nouveaux dont la science s’est enrichie jusq’a ce jour ; Par
MM. G. P. Deshayes et H. Milne Edwards. Paris, 1835.

In King’s College Library.

Linn. Syst. Nat.

Caroli a Linne Sy sterna N aturce per Regna tria Natuvse. Ecli-
tio duodecima, reformata. Holmiae, 1766. 3 vols. 8vo.

Lister , Anim. Angl.

Martini Lister e Societate Regia Londini Historic Animalium
Anglia? tres Tractatus. Londini, 1678. 4to.

Mont. Test. Brit.

Testacea Britannica, or Natural History of British Shells,
Marine, Land, and Fresh- water, including the most minute; syste¬
matically arranged and embellished with Figures, by George Mon¬
tagu, F.L.S. London, 1803.

Supplement to Testacea Britannica, with additional Plates, by
George Montagu, F.L.S. & M.W.S. London, 1808.

4to., with 30 plates. The figures rather rude but generally
correct; the descriptions always intelligible, though often ill
arranged and ungrammatical. A most valuable work.

Muller , Verm. Terr, et Fluv.

Vermium Terrestrium et Fluviatilium, seu Animalium Infuso-
riorum, Helminthicorum et Testaceorum, non Mari norum, Suc-
cincta Historia, Auctore Othone Friderico Muller, Regi Danite a
consiliis Justitise, &c. Havnise et Lipsite, 1773-4. 2 vols. 4to.

The descriptions most accurate.

XXIV

LIST OF AUTHORITIES*

Penn. Brit. Zool.

Pennant's British Zoology. Vol. iv. London, 1777.

In King’s College Library.

Rang. Man. des Moll.

Manuel de l’Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques et de leurs
Coquilles. Par M. Sander Rang, Officier au Corps Royal de la
Marine. Paris, 1829. 12mo.

In King’s College Library.

Risso, Eur. Merid.

Histoire Naturelle des Principals Productions de l’Europe
Meridionale, et particulierement de celles des Environs de Nice et
des Alpes Maritimes; par A. Risso, AncienProfesseur des Sciences
Physiques et Naturelles au Lycee de Nice, &c. A Paris. 8vo.
Tome Quatrieme, 1826. Avec Planches 12.

In King’s College Library.

Turt. Brit. Biv ., and Conch. Diet.

Conchylia Insularum Britannicarum. The Shells of the British
Islands systematically arranged. By W. Turton, M.D. Exeter,
1822. 4to. 20 Plates.

It contains the Bivalves only, treated as Shells, without reference
to the Animals, the “connexion” of these subjects being, he says,
“ unnecessary if it were possible, and impossible if it were neces¬
sary.” The descriptions are good, and the figures very beautiful
and accurate.

Conchological Dictionary of the British Islands. London,
1819. 12mo.

Walker , Test. Min. Rar.

Testacea Minuta Rariora, nuperrime detecta in Arena Littoris
Sandvicensis; A Gul. Boys, Arm. S.A.S. Multa addidit, et omnium
Figuras ope Microscopii ampliatas accurate delineavit Geo. Walker.
London, 1784. 4to.

The figures seldom very accurate, the descriptions too brief, and
imperfect

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Pages

MALACOZOA. MOLLUSCA, 13

CLASS I. CEPHALOPODA, . 20

ORDER I. CEPHALOPODA CRYPT ADIBRAN -

CHIATA, . . . . 22,26

FAMILY I. SEPIINA, . . 22, 26

SECTION I. DECACERATA, . 22,26

1. Sepiola. Sepiole, . . . . 22,26

1. Sepiola Rondeletii. Common Sepiole, . . 22,27

2. Sepia. Cuttle, . . . . 22, 28

2. Sepia officinalis. Common Cuttle, . . 22, 29

3. Loligo. Calmary, . . . . 22,29

3. Loligo vulgaris. Common Calmary, . . 22, 29

SECTION II. OCTOCERATA, . 23,31

4. Eledone. Eledone, . . . . 23, 31

4. Eledone Pennantii. Pennant’s Eledone, . 23, 31

5. Eledone Aldrovandi. Aldrovandus’s Eledone, . 23, 32

ORDER II. CEPHALOPODA SIPHONIFERA, 23,33

ORDER III. CEPHALOPODA FO RAMIN 1FERA, 32, 33, 315
FAMILY I. DISCORBINA, . 315

5. POLYSTOMELLA. POLYSTOMELLA, . . . 23,33,315

6. Polystomella crispa. Crenated Polystomella, . 23,33,315

7. Polystomella Gulielminae. Williamina’s Polystomella, 315

8. Polystomella crenulata. Crenulated Polystomella, 316

9. Polystomella umbilicatula. Umbilicated Polystomella, 317

10. Polystomella nautilina. Nautiline Polystomella, 317

11. Polystomella depressula. Smooth Polystomella, 318

6. Nummulina. Nummuline, . . . 24,34,318

12. Nummulina marginata. Margined Nummuline, 24, 34, 318

7. Discorbis. Discorbis, . . . 24, 34, 318

13. Discorbis lobatulus. Lobulate Discorbis, . 24, 34

Var D. lobatulus reversus. Reversed, . 24, 35

14. Discorbis pulchellus. Delicate Discorbis, 318

A

9

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

Pages

8. Rotalia. Rotalia, . . . . 24,35

15. Rotalia Beccarii. Beccaria’s Rotalia, . . 24, 35

Var. R Beccarii reversa. Reversed, . 24, 35

9. Spiroloculina. Spiroloculine, . . . 24, 36

16. Spiroloculina concentrica. Concentric Spiroloculine, 24, 36

10. Vermiculum. Vermiculum, ... 24, 36

17. Vermiculum subrotundum. Roundish Vermiculum, 24, 36

18. Vermiculum intortum. Oval Vermiculum, . 24, 37

19. Vermiculum oblongum. Oblong Vermiculum, 24, 37

20. Vermiculum disciforme. Disciform Vermiculum, 319

21. Vermiculum planatum. Flattened Vermiculum, 319

FAMILY II. TEXTULARIINA,

11. POLYMORPHINA. POLYMORPHIC,

22. Polymorphina lactea. Plaited Polymorphine, 1

Vermiculum lacteum, . . /

12. Textularia. Textularia,

23. Textularia oblonga. Oblong Textularia,

24. Textularia obtusa. Blunted Textularia,

FAMILY III. VAGINULINA,

13. Dentalina.. Dentaline, .

25. Dentalina linearis. Semistriated Dentaline,

20. Dentalina Davidsonii. Davidson’s Dentaline,

27. Dentalina rectiuscula. Straightish Dentaline,

14. Vagin ula. Vaginule, ....

28. Vaginula Legumen. Common Vaginule,

15. Lagenula. Lagenula, ....

29. Lagenula laevis. Smooth Lagenula,

30. Lagenula reticulata. Reticulated Lagenula,

16. Ccecalium. Ccecalium, ....

31 Ccecalium glabrum. Smooth Ccecalium,

32. Ccecalium imperforatum. Imperforated Ccecalium,

33. Ccecalium Trachea. Annulate! Ccecalium,

320

320

25, 37, 320

25, 37

25, 38

320

321

26, 40
26, 40

321

322

322
322
25, 38
25, 38

25.38

25.39
25, 39

25, 39

26, 39

CLASS II. PTEROPODA, . 40

CLASS III. GASTEROPODA, 4i

ORDER I. GASTEROPODA PULMOBRANCHIATA, 42, 72

SECTION I. TERRESTRIA. 2, 72

FAMILY I. LIMACINA. . 42, 72

1. Arion. Arion-Slug, . . . . 43, 73

1. Arion ater. Black Arion-Slug, . . 43, 73

2. Limax. Slug, . . . . . 43, 74

2. Limax cinereus. Spotted Grey Slug, . . 43, 75

3. Limax variegatus. Variegated Slug, . . 43, 76

4. Limax agrestis. Field Slug, . . . 43, 77

5. Limax marginatus. Margined Slug, . . 43, 78

FAMILY II. HELICINA, . 43, 79

3. Helix. Snail, . . . . . 44, 79

6. Helix aspersa. Spotted Snail, . . 44, 80

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 3

Pages

7. Helix arbustorum. Single-banded Snail, . 44, 81

8. Helix hortensis. Garden Snail, . . 44, 82

A. H. hortensis fasciata, . . . 44, 83

B. H. hortensis unicolor, . . 44, 83

C. H. hortensis arenicola, . . 44, 83

9. Helix caperata. Wrinkled Snail, . . 44, 84

10. Helix hispida. Bristly Snail, . . 44, 85

11. Helix Trochulus. Pyramidal Snail, . . 44,85

12. Helix lamellata. Lamellate Snail, . . 44, 86

13. Helix aculeata. Prickly Snail, . . 45, 86

14. Helix pulchella. Little White Snail, . . 45, 87

4. Zonites. Zone-Snail, . . . . 45, 87

15. Zonites rotundatus. Radiated Zone-Snail, . 45, 88

16. Zonites pygmseus. Pigmy Zone-Snail, . 323

17. Zonites cellarius. Cellar Zone-Snail, . . 45, 88

18. Zonites nitidulus. Nitidulous Zone-Snail, . 45, 89

19. Zonites lucidus. Lucid Zone-Snail, . . 45, 90

20. Zonites alliarius. Garlic-scented Zone-Snail, . 45, 91

21. Zonites radiatulus. Minute Striated Zone-Snail, 46, 91

22. Zonites purus. Clear Zone-Snail, . . 46, 92

23. Zonites crystallinus. Crystalline Zone-Snail, . 46, 92

24. Zonites fuscus. Membranous Zone-Snail, . 46, 93

5. Vitrina. Glassy-Snail, . . . . 46, 94

25. Vitrina pellucida. Green Glassy-Snail, . 46, 94

6. Succinea. Amber-Snail, . . . . 46, 95

26. Succinea putris. Oval Amber-Snail, . . 47,95

A. S. putris gracilis. Slender, . . 47, 96

7. Bulimus. Bulimus, . . . . 47, 97

27. Bulimus lubricus. Glossy Bulimus, . . 47, 97

28. Bulimus obscurus. Lustreless Bulimus, . 47, 98

8. Pupa. Chrysalis-Snail, . . . . 47, 99

29. Pupaumbilicata. Umbilicated Chrysalis-Snail, 47,99

30. Pupa marginata. Margined Chrysalis-Snail, . 47, 99

9. Vertigo. Whorl-Snail, .... 47, 100

31. Vertigo eden tula. Toothless Whorl-Snail, . 48,101

10. Clausilia. Clausilia, .... 48, 101

32. Clausilia perversa. Dusky Clausilia, . . 48, 102

11. Balea. Balea, ..... 48,104

33. Balea perversa. Reversed Balea, . . '48, 104

SECTION II. AQUATICA, . 48, 105

FAMILY III. LIMNAEINA, . 48, 105

12. Limnjeus. Mud-Shell, .... 48, 105

34. Limnreus pereger. Wandering Mud-shell, . 49, 106

A. L. pereger ovatus. Ovate, . . 49,106

B. L. pereger communis. Common, . 49, 107

C. L. pereger limosus. Brook, . . 49,108

35. Limnseus palustris. Marsh Mud-shell, . 49, 109

36. Limmeus truncatulus. Little Mud-shell. . 49,110

A. L. truncatulus oblongus. Common, . 49,110

B. L. truncatulus fossarius. Ditch, . 49,111

C. L. truncatulus minutus. Dwarf, . 49, 111

13. Physa. Bubble-Shell, .... 49, 111

4

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

Pages

37. Physa fontinalis. Stream Bubble-shell, . 49,112

14. Planokbis. Coil-Shell, .... 49,113

38. Planorbis Vortex. Angular-mouthed Flat Coil-shell, 49,114

A. P. Vortex crassulus. Thickish, . 50,116

B. P. Vortex spirorbis. Round-edged, . 50, 117

39. Planorbis contortus. Contorted Coil-shell, . 50,118

40. Planorbis albus. Bristly Coil-shell, . . 50, 119

41. Planorbis imbricatus. Crested Coil-shell, . 50, 120

15. Ancylus. Lid-Shell, .... 50, 120

42. Ancylus fluviatilis. Oval Lid-shell, . . 50, 121

ORDER II. GASTEROPODA PECTINIBRANCHIATA 50, 121

SECTION I. ASIPHONATA, . 50, 122

FAMILY I. PALUDININA, . 51,122

16. Paludina. Marsh-Shell, ... 51, 122

43. Paludina vivipara. Viviparous Marsh-shell, . 51,123

17. Bythinia. Bythinia, . . . 51,123

44. Bythinia tentaculata. Tentaculated Bythinia, . 51, 124

FAMILY II. NATICINA. . 51, 124

18. Natica. Nattca, ..... 61,124

45. Natica monilifera. Beaded Natica, . . 51, 125, 345

46. Natica rutila. Ruddy Natica, . . 51,126

47. Natica Alderi. Alder’s Natica, . . 52, 126

48. Natica nitida. White Natica, . . 52, 127

49. Natica helicoides. Helicine Natica, . . 52, 128

50. Natica squalida. Dull-coloured Natica, . 52, 128

19. Neritina. Neritine, .... 52, 129

51. Neritina fluviatilis. River Neritine, . . 52,129

FAMILY III. TURBININA, . 52, 130

20. Trochus. Pyramid-Shell,

52. Trochus zizyphinus. Zizyphine Pyramid-shell

53. Trochus conuloides. Conuloid Pyramid-shell,

54. Trochus millegranus. Granulated Pyramid-shell,

Trochus Martini. Martin’s Pyramid-shell,

55. Trochus umbilicatus. Umbilicated Pyramid-shell

56. Trochus cinerarius. Grey Purple-streaked Pyramid-shell, 53,133

57. Trochus tumidus. Tumid Pyramid-shell, . 53, 133

52. 131

53. 131

53. 132
53, 132, 340

53, 132

21. Monodonta. Monodonta,

58. Monodonta crassa. Solid Monodonta,

325

325

22. Phorcus. Phorcus, .... 53, 134

59. Phorcus Margarita. Pearly Phorcus, . 53, 134

23. Skenea. Skenea, .... 53, 134

60. Skenea depressa. Brown Skenea, . . 54, 134

61. Skenea serpuloides. Serpuline Skenea, . 54, 135

62. Skenea divisa. Semistriated Skenea, . . 54, 135

24. Littorina. Periwinkle, .... 54, 135

63. Littorina littorea. Common Periwinkle, . 54, 136

64. Littorina jugosa. Ridged Periwinkle, . . 326

65. Littorina ruilis. Coarse Periwinkle, . . 54, 137

66. Littorina saxatilis. Rock Periwinkle, . . 54, 138

67. Littorina tenebrosa. Marsh Periwinkle, . 54, 138

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 5

Pages

68. Littorina petrsea. Smooth Periwinkle, . 55, 139

69. Littorina Beanii. Bean’s Periwinkle, . 55, 139

70. Littorina neritoides. Flat-topped Periwinkle, . 55, 140

25. Turbonilla. Turbonilla, . . . 326

71. Turbonilla reticulata, Reticulated Turbonilla, . 327

26. Turritella. Turritella, . . . 55, 140

72. Turritella Terebra. Auger Turritella, . 55, 141

27. Eulima. Eulima, .... 55, 141

73. Eulima elegantissima. Reticulated Eulima, . 55,142

74. Eulima nitidissim a Round-whorled Eulima, . 55,142

75. Eulima polita. Polished Eulima, . . 55, 142

76. Eulima subulata. Banded Eulima, . . 56, 142

77. Eulima decussata. Decussated Eulima, . 343

28. Lacuna Lacuna, .... 56, 143

78. Lacuna vincta. Variable Lacuna, . . 56, 143

A. L. vincta quadrifasciata. Four-banded, . 56, 144

B. L. vincta bifasciata. Two-banded, . 56, 144

C. L. vincta unicolor. One-coloured, . 56, 145

79. Lacuna fasciata. Banded Round Lacuna, . 56, 145

80. Lacuna pallidula. Pallid Lacuna, . . 56, 145

81. Lacuna sulcata. Glossy Lacuna, . . 56,146

29. Stylina. Stylina, .... 343

82. Stylina st-ylifera. Acuminate Stylina, . . 343

30. Rissoa. Rissoa, ..... 56, 146

83. Rissoa ulvse. Marsh Rissoa, . . 57,147

84. Rissoa muriatica. Horn-coloured Rissoa, . 57, 148

85. Rissoa subumbilicata. Subumbilicated Rissoa, . 342

86. Rissoa ventricosa. Ventricose Rissoa, . 57, 148

87. Rissoa rubra. Red Rissoa, . . . 328

88. Rissoa parva. Thick-lipped Ribbed Rissoa, - 57,149

89. Rissoa alba. Thin-lipped Ribbed Rissoa, . 57, 149

90. Rissoa semistriata. Semistriated Rissoa, . 57, 149

91. Rissoa tristriata. Tristriated Rissoa, . . 58,151

92. Rissoa puncturata. Punctured Rissoa, . 327

93. Rissoa reticulata. Reticulated Rissoa, . 57, 150

94. Rissoa interrupta. Spot-banded Rissoa, . 57, 150

95. Rissoa cingillata. Banded Rissoa, . . 328

96. Rissoa Pullus. Oval Banded Rissoa, . . 58, 151

97. Rissoa truncata. Blunt Rissoa, . . 58, 152

98. Rissoa Bryerea. Bryer's Rissoa, . . 341

99. Rissoa vitrea. Glassy Rissoa, . , 329

100. Rissoa striata. Striated Rissoa, . . 58, 152

101. Rissoa gracilis. Slender Rissoa, . . 58,152

FAMILY IV. TORNATELLINA, . 58, 153

31. Odostomia. Odostomia, . . . . 58, 123

102. Odostomia unidentata. One-toothed Odostomia, 58, 154

103. Odostomia plicata. Oblong Odostomia, . 59, 154

104. Odostomia scalaris. Scalar Odostomia, . 59,154

105. Odostomia interstincta. Oblong Ribbed Odostomia, 59, 155, 345

106. Odostomia insculpta. Engraved Rissoa, . 329

107. Odostomia spiralis. Spiral Odostomia, . 59, 155

108. Odostomia semicostata. Half-ribbed Odostomia, 59, 155

109. Odostomia plicatula. Plicalulate Odostomia, . 59, 156

110. Odostomia Marion se. Marion’s Odostomia, . 59,156

111. Odostomia Annse. Anne’s Odostomia, . 59,157

112. Odostomia oblonga. Oblong Odostomia, . 60,157

32. Tornatella. Tornatella, ... 60, 158

113. Tornatella tomatilis. Two-banded Tornatella, . 60,158

114. Tornatella pellucida. Pellucid Tornatella, . 60,159

A 2

6

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

Pagcg

115. Tomatella pusiUa. Diminutive Tornatella, . 60,159

FAMILY V. SIGARETINA, . 60, 160

33. Velutina. Velutina, .... 60, 160

116. Velutina striata. Striated Velutina, . . 61, 160

34. Coriocella. Coriocella, .... 61

117. Coriocella flexilis. Flexible Coriocella, . 61,161

SECTION II. SIPHONATA, . 61 ]g2

FAMILY VI. BUCCININA, . 6l’ 162

35. Buccinum. Buccine, .... 61, 162

118. Buccinum undatum. "Waved Buccine, . 61,162

119. Buccinum anglicanum. English Buccine, . 61, 164

120. Buccinum breve. Short Buccine, . . 61,164

121. Buccinum minimum. Brown Buccine, . 344

36. Nassa. Nassa, . . . . . 61,164

122. Nassa incrassata. Black-spot Nassa, . . 61, 164

37. Purpura. Whelk, .... 62, 166

123. Purpura Lapihus. White Whelk, . . 62, 166

FAMILY VII. FUSINA, . 62, 167

38. Mu rex. Rock-Shell, ... 62, 167

124. Murex Erinaceus. Hedgehog Rock-Shell, . 62, 168

39. Fusus. Spindle-Shell, .... 62, 168

125. Fusus antiquus. White Spindle-Shell, . 62, 168

126. Fusus comeus. Horny Spindle-Shell, . 63, 169

127. Fusus Buchanensis. Buchan Spindle-Shell, . 63, 170

40. Pleurotoma. Pleurotoma, . . . 63,171

128. Pleurotoma Banffium. Banff Pleurotoma, . 63, 171

129. Pleurotoma Turricula. Turret Pleurotoma, . 63,171

130. Pleurotoma Trevelhanum. Trevellyan's Pleurotoma, 63, 172

131. Pleurotoma decussatum. Decussated Pleurotoma, 63, 172

132. Pleurotoma reticulatum. Reticulated Pleurotoma, 63,173

41. Trichotropis. Trichotropis, . . . 329

133. Trichotropis umbilicata. Umbilicated Trichotropis, \ 329

Fusus Laskeyi. Laskey’s Spindle-Shell, . / 63, 170

42. Rostellaria. Rostellaria, ... 64, 173

134. Rostellaria Pes-pelecani. Pehcan’s-Foot Rostellaria, 64, 173

FAMILY VIII. CYPRiEINA, . 64,174

43. Cyprea Cowrie, ..... 64, 175

135. Cyprsea Europsea. European Cowrie, . 64,175

A. C. Europseaarctica,

ORDER III. GASTEROPODA TUBULIBRAN-

CHIATA, .... 64,176

ORDER IV. GASTEROPODA SCUTIBRANCHIATA, 64, 176
FAMILY I. FISSURELLINA, . 65, 176

44. Lottia. Lottia, . . . . . 65, 176

136. Lottia virginea. Delicate Lottia, . . 65,177

45. Emargjnula. Slit-Limpet, ... 65, 177

137. Emarginula Fissura. Common Slit-Limpet, . 65, 178

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

138. Emarginula curvirostris. Curved-tipped Slit-Limpet,

46. Rimula. Chink-Limpet, .

139. Rimula Flemingii. Fleming’s Chink-Limpet, 1
Rimula Noachina. Antique Chink-Limpet, J

47. Fissurella. Fissurella, ....

140. Fissurella Nubecula. Red-rayed Fissurella,

FAMILY II. CALYPTRiEINA,

48. Capulus. Capulus, ....

141. Capulus Hungaricus. Fool’s-cap Capulus,

14*2. Capulus militaris. Military-bonnet Capulus,

143. Capulus antiquatus. Antiquated Capulus,

ORDER V. GASTEROPODA CYCLOBRANCHIATA,

FAMILY I. PATELLINA,

49. Patella. Limpet,

144. Patella vulgata. Common Limpet, . ,

145. Patella lsevis. Smooth Limpet,

146. Patella pellucida. Transparent Limpet,

FAMILY II. CHITONINA,

50. Chiton. Canoe-Shell, . . .

147. Chiton fascicularis. Tufted Canoe-Shell,

148. Chiton maiginatus. Bordered Canoe-Shell,

149. Chiton cinereus. Yellow-grey Canoe-Shell,

150. Chiton fuscatus. Dusky-grey Canoe-Shell,

151. Chiton lsevigatus. Smooth Canoe-Shell,

ORDER YI. GASTEROPODA INFEROBRAN
CHIATA, ....

ORDER VII. GASTEROPODA TECTIBRAN-
CH1ATA, ....

FAMILY I. BULLjEINA,

51. BULL.EA. BuLLJEA, ....

152. Bullsea punctata. Punctulate Bullsea,

153. Bullsea Catena Oval Chain-streaked Bullsea,

154. Bullsea catenulifera. Oblong Chain-streaked Bullsea,

52. Bulla Buli.a, .....

155. Bulla Cranchii. Cranch’s Bulla,

156. Bulla Candida. Glossy Bulla,

157. Bulla minuta. Minute Bulla,

53. Halia. Halia, .....

158. Halia Flemingiana. Fleming’s Halia,

54. Bullina. Bullina, ....

159. Bullina umbilicata. Oblong Bullina, .

160. Bullina truncata. Semiplicate Bullina,

161 . Bullina pellucida. Pellucid Bullina, .

162. Bullina producta. Produced Bullina,

163. Bullina cylindracea. Cylindric Bullina, .

ORDER VIII. GASTEROPODA NUDIBRAN-
CHIATA, ....

FAMILY I. JEOLIDINA,

Pages
331
65, 178

65. 178

346

346

331

331

331

331

332

66. 179

66, 179
66, 179
66, 180
66, 182
66, 182

66, 183

66. 183

67, 183

67. 184

67. 184

67. 185
67, 185

67, 186

67, 186

67. 186

68, 186

68. 187
68, 187
68, 187

68, 188
68, 188

68, 189
334

68, 169

69. 189

69. 190
69, 190

69, 191

334

335
69, 191

69, 191
69, 192
69, 192

55. iEoi.ls. iEoLis,

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

1<54- jEolis papillosa. Papillate ..Eolis,

165. -Eolis Murrayana. Murray's .Eolis, .

166. iEolis Cuvierii. Cuvier's .Eolis,

167. .Eolis Lesliuua. Leslie's Eolis,

FAMILY II. TRITONIINA,

56. Tritoxia. Tritoxia, ....

168. Tritouia arborescens. Arborescent Tritonia,

169. Tritonia plebeia. Plebeian Tritonia,

170. Tritonia atrofusca. Brownish-black Tritonia,

57. Sph-KRostoma. Sph^rostoma,

171. Sphaerostoma Jamesonii. Jameson's Sphserostom a,

FAMILY III. DORINA,

58. Doris. Doris, .....

172. Doris tuberculata. Tuberculated Doris,

173. Doris obvelata. Veiled Doris,

174. Doris bilamellata. Papillate Doris,

175. Doris aspera. Rough Doris,

ORDER IX. GASTEROPODA C I RRO B RAN C H I AT A

FAMILY I. DENTALIIXA,

59. Dextalicm. Tooth-Shell,

176. Dentalium Entalis. Common Tooth-Shell,

CLASS IV. TROPIOPODA, .
ORDER I. TROPIOPODA LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

SECTION I. MONOMYARIA,

FAMILY I. PECTIXINA,

1. Pectex Scallop, .....

1. Pecten maximus. Great Scallop,

2. Pecten opercularis. Common Scallop, .

3. Pecten varius. Variegated Scallop,

4. Pecten Isabellas. Isabella's Scallop,

5. Pecten sinuosus. Distorted Scallop,

6. Pecten Pusio. Dwarf Scallop,

7. Pecten Islandicus. Icelandic Scallop, .

8. Pecten obsoletus. Striulate Scallop,

9. Pecten la? vis. Smooth Scallop,

10. Pecten similis. Laskey's Smooth Scallop,

11. Pecten tumidus. Unequal-sided Scallop,

2. Lima. Rasp-Scallop, ....

12. Lima Loscombi. Loscombe's Rasp-Scallop,

3. Crexella. Crexella, ....

13. Crenella decussata. Decussated Crenella,

4. Axomia. Scale-Otster, ....

14. Anomia Ephippium. Saddle Scale-Oyster,

15. Auomia Squamula. Thin Scale-Oyster,

16. Anomia undulata. Undulated Scale-Oyster,

17. Anomia aculeata. Prickly Scale-Oyster,

18. Anomia punctata. Punctulated Scale-Oyster,

Pages

70. 192

70. 193
70, 193
70, 194

70, 195
70, 195

70. 195

70, 196
346

335

336

71. 196

71. 197

71, 197
71, 19S
71, 198
71, 199

71. 199

72. 199

72. 199

72.200

201
, 203, 222

203,222
203, 222

203.222

203. 223
203, 224
203, 224

203, 225

204, 225
204, 226
204, 226
204, 226
204, 227
204, 227
204, 228

204, 228

204, 228

205, 229
205, 229

205, 230
205, 230
205, 231
205, 231
205, 232
205, 232

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

19. Anomia cylindrica. Lamellate Oval Scale-Oyster,

20. Anomia striolata. Striolate Oval Scale-Oyster,

SECTION II. DIM YARIAj
FAMILY II. MYTILINA,

•6. Mytilus Mussel, ....

21. Mytilus edulis. Eatable or Common Mussel,

A. M. edulis vulgaris. Common, .

B. M. edulis pellueidus. Thin-Shelled,

C. M. edulis incurvatus. Incurved,

D. M. edulis angulatus. Angulate,

E. M. edulis pusillus. Dwarf,

6. Modiola. Modiole,

22. Modiola barbata. Great Modiole. Horse Mussel,

23. Modiola discrepans. Compressed Ribbed Modiole,

24. Modiola discors. Tumid Ribbed Modiole,

7. Pinna. Fan-Mussel, ....

25. Pinna ingens. Great Fan-Mussel,

FAMILY III. UNIONINA,

8. Anodon. Mud-Mussel, ....

26. Anodon anatinus. Duck Mud-Mussel,

9. Alasmodon. Pearl-Mussel,

27. Alasmodon margaritiferus. Oblong Pearl-Mussel,

FAMILY IV. ARCINA,

20. Prctunculus. Pectunclr,

28. Pectunculus Glycimeris. Ribbed Pectuncle,

11. Nucula. Nucule, ....

20. Nucula Nucleus. Common or Pearly Nucule,

30. Nucula tenuis. Thin Nucule,

31. Nucula rostrata. Beaked Nucule,

32. Nucula minuta. Minute Nucule,

FAMILY V. CYCLADINA,

12. Cyclas. Cycle, .....

33. Cyclas flavescens. Yellowish Cycle,

13. Pisidium. Pisidium, ....

34. Pisidium Joannis. John’s Pisidium,

35. Pisidium Jenynsii. Jenyns’s Pisidium,

36. Pisidium pulchellum. Beautiful Pisidium,

37. Pisidium nitidum. Shining Pisidium, .

38. Pisidium pusillum. Dwarf Pisidium,

39. Pisidium amnicum. River Pisidium,

FAMILY VI. VENERINA,

14. Lucina. Lucina, .....

40. Lucina Radula. Wrinkled Lucina,

41. Lucina spinifera. Spinous Lucina,

42. Lucina lactea. Milk-white Lucina,

43. Lucina leucoma. White Lucina,

15. Cytrina. Cyprina, ...

9

Pages

205, 232

206.233

206, 233

206, 233

206.234
206, 231
206, 235
206, 235
206, 235
206, 236
206, 236

206, 236
206, 237
206, 238
206,239

206, 239

206, 240

207, 240

207, 241
207, 241
207, 242
207, 242

207, 243

337

338

207, 243

208, 243
208, 244
208, 244
208, 245

208, 245
208, 246
208, 246

209, 248

209.248

209. 249
209, 252
209, 253

209, 253
3:38

210, 254
210, 254
210, 255
210, 255
210, 255
210, 256
210, 256

10

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

44. Cyprina Islandica. Icelandic Cyprina,

16. Astarte. Astarte,

45. Astarte Danmoniensis. Devonshire Astarte,

46. Astarte Scotica. Scottish Astarte,

47. Astarte sulcata. Roundish Grooved Astarte,

48. Astarte elliptica. Elliptical Astarte,

49. Astarte multicostata. Many-ribbed Astarte,

50. Astarte compressa. Compressed Astarte,

17. Cytherea. Cttherea,

51 . Cytherea exoleta. Worn Cytherea,

52. Cytherea lincta. Glossed Cytherea,

53. Cytherea undata. Waved Cytherea,

18. Venus. Venus, ....

54. Venus Casina. Thick-ridged Venus,

55. Venus reflexa. Thin-ridged Venus,

56. Venus Gallina. Hen Venus, .

A. V. Gallina lamiuosa. Laminated,

B. V. Gallina stiialuta. Common,

57. Venus Prideauxiana. Prideaux's Venus,

58. Venus fasciata. Banded Venus,

59. Venus ovata. Ribbed Ven \»s, .

60. Venus triangularis. Triangular Venus,

19. Venerupis. Rock-Venus,

61. Venerupis virginea. Virgin Tiock-Venus,

62. Venerupis Pullastra. Pullet Rock-Venus,

63. Venerupis decussata. Decussated Rock-Venus,

FAMILY VII. CARDIINA,

20. Cardium. Cockle,

64. Cardium eckinatum. Prickly Cockle, .

65. Cardium edule. Eatable Cockle,

66. Cardium fasciatum. Banded Cockle,

67. Cardium exiguum. Diminutive Cockle,

68. Cardium lievigatum. Smooth Cockle, .

69. Cardium elongatum. Oval Cockle,

21. Donax. Don ax, ....

70. Donax Trunculus. Oblong Donax,

71. Donax den ticulata. Denticulated Donax,

FAMILY VIII. TELLININA,

22. Kellia. Kellia,

72. Kellia suborbicularis. Suborbicular Kellia,

73. Kellia rubra. Red Kellia,

23. Lepton. Lepton,

74. Lepton nitidum. Shining Lepton,

24. Cryptodon. Cryptodon, .

75. Cryptodon flexuosus. Flcxuous Cryptodon,

25. Tellina. Tellina,

76. Tellina solidula. Little Thick Tellina, .

77. Tellina crassa. Thick-Ribbed Tellina, .

78. Tellina proxima. Brown Tellina,

79. Tellina tenuis. Thin-shelled Tellina,

Page*
211, 257
211,258
211,258

211.258

211, 259

211.259

211.260
211, 261

211, 261

212, 262
212, 262

212. 263

212, 263

212. 264
212, 264
212, 265
212, 265
212, 266
212, 266
212, 267

212. 267

212. 268

212, 268

212, 269
212, 269

339

213, 270
213, 270
213, 271

213. 272

213, 272

213. 273

214, 273

214. 274

214, 274
214, 275

214. 275

214, 276
214, 276

214, 276

215, 277

215, 277
215, 277
215, 278
215, 278
. 215, 279

215, 279
215, 280

340

216,280

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

80. Tellina Fabula. Streaked-shelled Tellina,
FAMILY IX. SOLE NINA,

26. SOLEN. SOLEN, ....

81. Solen Siliqua. Razor-case Solen,

82. Solen Ensis. Sabre-case Solen,

83. Solen pellucidus. Pellucid Solen,

27. PSAMMOBIA. PSAMMOBIA, .

84. Psammobia Feroensis. Feroese Psammobia,

28. Saxicava. Saxicava,

85. Saxicava rugosa. "Wrinkled Saxicava, .

86. Saxicava arctica. Arctic Saxicava,

FAMILY X. MACTRINA,

29. Mactra. Mactra,

87. Mactra stultorum. Simpleton’s Mactra,

88. Mactra solida. Thick-shelled Mactra, .

89. Mactra elliptica. Elliptical Mactra,

90. Mactra suotruncaca. Small Triangular Mactra,

30. Goodallia. Goodallia,

91. Goodallia triangularis. Denticulate Goodallia,

92. Goodallia minutissima. Edentulate Goodallia,

31. Lutraria. Lutraria,

93. Lutraria elliptica. Elliptical Lutraria, .

94. Lutraria Listeri. Lister’s Lutraria,

32. Amphidesma. Amphidesma,

95. Amphidesma album. White Amphidesma,

96. Amphidesma tenue. Triangular Amphidesma,

97. Amphidesma prismaticum. Iridescent Amphidesma

32. Anatina. Anatina,

98. Anatina prsetenuis. Delicate Anatina, .

99. Anatina truncata. Truncated Anatina, .

34. Thracia. Thracia,

100. Thracia declivis. Sloping Thracia,

101. Thracia pubescens. Roughish Thracia,

35. Ervilia. Ervilia,

102. Ervilia pellucida. Pellucid Ervilia,

FAMILY XI. MYINA, .

36. Mya- Gaper, ....

103. My a truncata. Abrupt Gaper,

104. Mya arenaria. Sand Gaper,

105. Mya ovalis. Oval Gaper,

37. Lyonsia. Lyonsia,

106. Lyonsia Norwegica, Pearly Lyonsia, .

38. Sphenia. Sphenia,

107. Sphenia Swainsonii. Swainson’s Sphenia,

108. Sphenia costulata. Ribbed Sphenia,

11

Pages
216, 280

216, 281
216, 281
216, 282
216, 282
216, 283

216, 283

216.284

217.284

217.285

217, 285

217, 286
217, 287

217. 287

217.288
217, 288

217, 289

218, 289
218, 289
218, 290

218, 290
218, 291
218, 291

218, 292
218, 292

218, 293
218, 294

219, 294
219, 294
219, 295

219, 295
219, 296
219, 296

341
341
219, 297

219, 297

220, 298
220, 298
220, 299

220, 299
220, 300
220, 300
220, 301
220, 301

12

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

39. Montacuta. Montacuta, ....

109. Montacuta bidentata. Bidentate Montacuta,

110. Montacuta oblonga. Oblong Montacuta,

111. Montacuta glabra. Smooth Montacuta.

112. Montacuta substriata. Substriated Montacuta, .

40. Corbula. Corbula, ....

113. Corbula inequivalvis. Common Corbula,

FAMILY XII. PHOLADINA,

41. Pholas. Borer or Piddock,

114. Pholas crispata. Curled Piddock,

115. Pholas Candida. White Piddock,

CLASS V. BRACHIOPODA, .
CLASS VI. APODA,

ORDER I. APODA HETEROBRANCHIATA,

FAMILY I. ASCIDIINA,

1. Cynthia. Cynthia, ....

1. Cynthia tuberosa. Tuberous Cynthia,

2. Ascidia. Ascidia. Ascidia,

2. Ascidia Prunum. Plum-like Ascidia,

3. Ascidia Opalina. Opaline Ascidia,

4. Ascidia intestinalis. Intestinal Ascidia,

Pa

220, 301
220, 302
220, 302

220, 30#

221, 303
221, 303
221, 303
221, 304
221, 304
221, 300
221, 306

307

307

309, 310
309, 310
309,310
309, 311
309, 311
309, 312
309, 312
309, 313

MALENTOZOA. CIRRIPEDIA, 351

ORDER T. MALENTOZOA PEDUNCULATA, 353,350
FAMILY I. LEPADINA, . 353, 356

1. Lepas. Barnacle, .... 353, 356

1 . Lepas anatifera. Common Barnacle, . . 354, 357

2. Lepas striata. Striated Barnacle, . . 353, 357

3. Lepas sulcata. Grooved Barnacle, . . 353, 358

2. Scalpellum. Lancet-Barnacle, . . . 354,358

4. Scalpellum vulgare. Common Lancet-Barnacle, . 354, 359

ORDER II. MALENTOZOA SESSILIA, 354,359

FAMILY I. BALANINA, . 354, 359

3. Balanus. Acorn-Shell, .... 354, 360

5. Balanus balanoides, Smooth Acorn-Shell, . 355, 360

6. Balanus Comubiensis. Dwarf Acorn-Shell, . 355, 361

7. Balanus costatus. Bibbed Acorn-Shell, . 355, 362

8. Balanus communis. Common Acorn-Shell, . 355, 362

9. Balanus elongatus. Elongated Acorn-Shell, . 355, 363

10. Balanus candidus. White Acorn-Shell, . 355, 364 ,

4. Clitia. Wart-Shell, .... 355, 365

11. Clitia Verruca. Common Wart-Shell, . . 355,365

5. Cetopirus. Whale-Barnacle, . . . 356, 365

12. Cetopirus balamaris. Common Whale-Barnacle, . 356, 366

MALACOZOA. MOLLUSCA.

Soft, symmetrical, inarticulated animals; enveloped
in a muscular skin or mantle, which generally has
attached to it, externally or internally, a calcareous
part or shell, of one or several pieces ; and hav¬
ing a complete double circulation, with white
blood ; branchial or pulmonic respiration ; an in¬
testinal canal with two apertures ; a nervous system
composed of a cerebriform ganglion, placed under
or surrounding the oesophagus, and communicating
with the ganglia of the various functions ; those
subservient to locomotion being lateral.

M akaiaa and *0 (TTpaKofiepixa, Aristotle. Mdllict and
Testacea, Pliny. Vermes , Pay, Linnaeus, Pennant.
Mollusca , Cuvier. Malacozda , Blainville. MakaKos, soft ;
Zwov , animal.

B

14

MALACOZOA.

The vast series of animals destitute of a brain and
spinal cord, protected by a skull and vertebrae, lias, by
Cuvier and many other Zoologists, been considered as
naturally divisible into three distinct portions, forming,
as it were, three different types of organization. To these
three groups have been given the names of Mollusca,
Articulata, and Radiata, or Soft Animals, Jointed Ani¬
mals, and Rayed Animals. The Greek terms Malacozoa,
Entomozoa, and Actinozoa, also employed to designate
these groups, are more appropriate.

The Malacozoa, although some of them approach
more nearly in structure to the Osteozoa or Yertebrata,
are, as a whole, inferior in their organization and
faculties to the Entomozoa, but superior to the Actino-
zoa, and may therefore be viewed as forming the third
type or series of the animal kingdom.

Considered with respect to their external form, the
Malacozoa vary extremely, insomuch that no general
idea can be given of it. Their internal parts are always
soft, although, in a small number of them, there are
some solid internal pieces intended for the protection of
certain organs. Their nervous system is composed of
ganglia and nerves. The principal mass of these ganglia,
which may in some respects be compared to the brain,
forms a kind of collar round the oesophagus, and other
ganglia are dispersed through the body, but not in sym¬
metrical order, nor forming a chain, as in the Entomozoa.
A few species have organs analogous to the ear ; many
are furnished with eyes ; but it is not certain that any
have a particular organ for smell ; and it appears that, in
very many of them, there are no other organs of sense
than those subservient to touch and taste. The organs

MALACOZOA.

15

of sense and locomotion are generally disposed sym¬
metrically. The muscles are attached to the skin ; and
it is by the alternate elongation and contraction of certain
parts that they crawl on the ground, swim in the water,
and lay hold of objects ; but, as their limbs are not
supported by bones or other solid parts, their motions are
in general very slow. They are never furnished with feet
arranged in series on each side of the body, as in the
Osteozoa and Entomozoa.

The blood of the Malacozoa is white, bluish, or limpid.
The circulation is double : the heart, composed of a single
ventricle, receives from one or two auricles the blood
which comes from the respiratory organ, and propels it
into the arteries which distribute it through the body,
whence it returns to the branchiae. As some molluscous
animals live in the air, and others in the water, some
have lungs, or rather a pulmonic cavity, and others
branchiae.

They all have a more or less convoluted alimentary
canal, open at both ends, but varying in structure.
Their mouth is sometimes furnished with horny jaws,
or with hard or cartilaginous parts, or is variously pro¬
longed. The stomach is sometimes simple, sometimes
divided into several parts. The intestine is never sup¬
ported by a mesentery ; but there is always a very large
liver, and most of the species have salivary glands.

In some the sexes are separated, in others united.
They all produce eggs, which however are sometimes
deposited externally, sometimes hatched in the interior
of the animal, which is thus oviparous or ovo-viviparous.
In all cases the young have from the first nearly the form
which they present when mature.

16

MALACOZOA.

Tlie skin, always soft, and generally sensitive, often
forms plaits or folds, which envelope the body in whole
or in part. The portion of integument thus raised is
named the Mantle. It is often almost entirely free, form¬
ing two large laminae or lobes, which cover the rest of
the animal ; or the two laminae unite so as to form a sort
of tube ; but sometimes the mantle forms a kind of
disk, of which the margins only are free ; or surrounds
the body in the form of a bag.

In very many cases the soft skin is protected by a
kind of calcareous crust, named the Shell, which is a
secretion from the mantle, deposited in successive layers.
The secreting glands or follicles, generally lodged in the
edges of the mantle, pour forth a kind of horny sub¬
stance mixed with carbonate of lime, which soon hardens;
and internal laminae are successively formed, so that the
shell is gradually increasing in extent and thickness. The
outer surface is generally covered by a horny membrane
composed of the united margins of the laminae, and
named the Ejndermis. Sometimes the whole shell is
horny, but most commonly the calcareous part predomi¬
nates, and the inner surface is more compact. In some
cases the shell is internal or lodged in the skin, but
generally it is external, and affords complete protection
to the animal. Those Malacozoa which have no shell
are said to be Naked ; those having a shell are called
Testaceous or Conchiferous. The shell varies in form,
sometimes resembling a shield which covers the back of
the animal, more frequently a conical tube spirally twisted ;
or it may be composed of two distinct pieces united by a
joint : whence a distinction of these animals into Univalve
and Bivalve. The shells are often ornamented with

MALACOZOA.

17

colours, variously disposed, which are deposited by the
edges of the mantle.

In a Univalve shell, there are distinguished, the body
or larger part ; the spire or tapering portion ; the turns
or whorls ; the suture or line of junction of the turns ;
the columella or pillar , the axis of the shell ; the mouth
or aperture , with its peristome or margin, which may be
complete or not, and may be described as forming an
outer lip, and an inner lip. The spiral turns may be
smooth, or variously marked with strise, laminae, ribs,
nodosities, or spines, the markings being longitudinal
or transverse. It is to be remembered that, in its natural
position, the mouth of the shell is beneath and forward,
the spire pointing backwards, and to the right side.
Some shells have the mouth on the left side, and are
called sinistral, those of the ordinary form being dextral.

Bivalve shells are those composed of two pieces, kept
together by a sort of hinge. When the two valves are
equal, the shell is said to be equivalve ; when unequal,
inequivalve. They may be round, elliptical, ovate, linear,
or of various forms. The more or less prominent part
of the valve at the joint is the umbo. When the umbo
is nearly in the middle, the shell is said to be isomeral
or equilateral ; when not, anisomeral or inequilateral .
The hinge may be plain, but generally it presents various
prominences, called teeth , with depressions ; the teeth of
one valve fitting into the depressions of the other. The
valves are further kept together by an elastic fibrous
ligament, which tends to throw them open. They are
approximated by a pair of strong muscles extended in¬
ternally from the one valve to the other, and leaving
strong impressions on the inner surface. The teeth are

IS

MALACOZOA.

distinguished into central and lateral. The surface
may be convex in various degrees, concentrically striate,
laminate, or rugose, or radiated from the umbones with
strife, ridges, grooves, ribs, or spines. In the natural
position, the hinge is uppermost on the back ; that end
of the shell to which the ligament is nearest is above,
and is called the posterior end ; the other or lower,
toward which is the head of the animal, being the an¬
terior end ; the thin edges of the valves are their ventral
margins. On the inner surface of the valves are seen
the impressions made by the muscles, and that left by
the mantle.

Some Mollusca live on land, others in fresh-water,
but by far the greater number in the sea ; some residing
along the shore, others in deep water, and some floating
free. They are more abundant in warm than in cold
climates ; larger and more brightly coloured the greater
the heat and light to which they are subjected. This
influence is perceptible within the range of even our own
island ; for in the South of England the same species
of Snail, for example, are larger and more beautiful than
in the North of Scotland.

The district of which the natural productions are de¬
scribed in this work, although hitherto represented as
extremely unproductive, contains a fair proportion of
the British Mollusca ; but on this subject some remarks
will find a more appropriate place at the end than at
the beginning of the description of the species.

It may be observed, that the Malacozoa have been
variously arranged by authors, and that one might dis¬
play a great deal of useless ingenuity in exposing and
criticising t he proposed systems. According to the method

MALACOZOA.

19

liere adopted, they form six classes, of which three contain
animals having a prominent or distinct head, and the
other three, animals in which the head is not apparent.

MALACOZOA CEPHALATA.

I. Cephalopoda. — The body enclosed in a sac, open
anteriorly, from which emerges the head, surrounded by
filaments, which are at once organs of prehension and
locomotion.

II. Pteropoda. — The body not saccate, nor the head
surrounded by filaments ; but the sides of the neck fur¬
nished with membranous expansions.

III. Gasteropoda. — None of the characters of the pre¬
ceding classes ; but a fleshy foot occupying the lower
surface of the body, enabling the animal to crawl or swim.

MALACOZOA ACEPHALATA.

IY. Tropiopoda. — Four lamellar branchiae, and a com¬
pressed fleshy foot.

Y. Brachiopoda. — Branchiae not distinct from the
mantle ; twro ciliated filaments in place of a foot.

YI. Afoda. — The body enclosed in a cartilaginous sac ;
branchiae not distinct ; no special organs of motion.

20

CLASS I.— CEPHALOPODA.

Body enclosed in a sac formed by the mantle ; head
distinct, furnished with all the organs of sense, and sur¬
rounded with fleshy filaments, which act as organs of
prehension and locomotion.

Cephaldphora, Blainville. Antlio-brachi6phora , Gray.
Cephaldpoda , Cuvier. Kec/mXi), head ; nob a, feet : feet
attached to the head.

Body enveloped in the mantle, which forms a muscular
sac or bag, open anteriorly. Head distinct, protruded
from the sac. Mouth situated anteriorly, armed with a
pair of horny or calcareous mandibles, resembling the
bill of a bird, and placed at the bottom of a cavity
formed by the base of the flesby appendages ; tongue
covered with horny points ; oesophagus dilated into a
kind of crop ; stomach a muscular gizzard, succeeded by
a membranous, somewhat spiral sac ; intestine termi¬
nating near the neck. Liver large, discharging the bile
into the membranous stomach. Circulatory appara¬
tus, a systemic heart and an arterial system, and in
many, two pulmonic hearts. Branchiae equal, symme¬
trical, communicating externally by an infundibulum,
into which the rectum also opens. Generative system
of distinct sexual organs : there being in the male a
testis, vas deferens, and fleshy penis — the latter situated
on the left side of the vent ; in the female, an ovary si¬
tuated in the bottom of the mantle-sac, and two ovi¬
ducts. The head terminated by a circle of elongated
fleshy organs, generally furnished with acetabula, or

MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA.

21

suckers, and forming organs of locomotion and prehen¬
sion. Brain-ganglion in a cartilaginous cavity in the
head; two eyes formed of numerous membranes, and
covered by skin, which is transparent in front ; ears, a
small cavity on each side, near the brain, without ex¬
ternal tube, and containing suspended a membranous
sac, in which are a limpid fluid and a small compact
ossiculum. Some species naked, others partially con¬
tained in a shell.

The Cephalopoda may be primarily divided into three
orders: — 1. Cryptadibranchiata, 2. Siphonifera, and
3. Foraminifera ; but as our species are not numerous,
it is inexpedient to offer any more general observations.
The Foraminifera probably belong to a different series ;
but as their nature is not yet clearly understood, and as
they have usually been placed among the Cephalopoda,
we may for the present consider them as belonging to
that class. Several of the species are very abundant
along our coasts, and some, not hitherto observed in
other parts of Scotland, have occurred to me. They
will be found among fine shell-sand, or adhering to dead
shells, corallines, and other objects brought up by the
fishing-lines. Although very minute, all the species
here described may be distinctly seen with the aid of a
good lens.

SYNOPSIS OF THE ABERDEENSHIRE SPECIES.
ORDER I.— CEPHALOPODA CRYPTADIBRANCHIATA.

Branchiae laminated, concealed within the mantle ;
head with eight arms, to which are sometimes added

22

MALAC0Z0A. CEPHALOPODA.

two long tentacula ; tlie body naked, sometimes par¬
tially enclosed in a shell,

Cephaldpoda Testacea Monothalama and Non-testdcea,
Lamarck. KpviTTaSios, concealed ; B pay^ia, gills.

Family I. — Sepiina.

The mantle continuous round the body ; an internal
horn or calcareous lamina ; head with eight or ten mus¬
cular appendages, furnished with acetabula; eyes very
large.

Genus Sepia , Linnaeus. 2^7 rta. Sepia, Cuttle-fish.

Dececerata. Blainville . A e*a, ten; Kepara , horns .

Genus 1. Sepiola. — Body short, sacciform, rounded
behind, with two rounded lobes ; eight sessile arms
nearly equal ; two pedunculated arms. Diminutive of
Sepia , Cuttle-fish. Leach.

1 . Sepiola llondeUtii. — Body orbicular, natatory lobes
round. Named after llondelet, a French naturalist.

Genus 2. Sepia. — Body sacciform, rounded behind,
depressed, margined on each side with a narrow mem¬
brane ; eight triangular fleshy arms, and two pedun¬
culate arms ; acetabula with entire horny margins ; in¬
ternal dorsal shell elliptical, lamellar, calcareous. T^nia,
Sepia, a Cuttle-fish. Linnaeus.

1. Sepia officinalis. — Body smooth ; pedunculate
arms, very long. Named from the bone being sold in
officinis, in the shops.

Genus 3. Loligo. — Body elongated, tapering, mar¬
gined behind on each side with a broad membrane ;
eight long fleshy arms, and two very long pedunculate
arms ; acetabula with denticulate horny margins ; inter¬
nal dorsal shell elongated, horny. Loligo , a Sleeve-fish
or Calmary. Lamarck.

1. Loligo vulgdris. — Natatory appendages semi-
rhomboidal ; tip of the body free. Vulgaris, common.

MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA.

23

Octocerata. Blainville. Oktw, eight ; id para, horns.

Genus 4. Eledone. — Body sacciform, rounded behind ;
eight arms connected at the base, and having each a
single row of acetabula. EXeScbp?;, a species of Polypus
or Cuttle-fish. Leach.

1. Eled6ne Pennantii. — Body globoso-elliptical, mi¬
nutely granulated and dusky on the dorsal surface ;
arms nearly twice the length of the body, tapering to a
fine point. Named after Pennant, a celebrated English
naturalist.

2. Eledone Aldrovdndi. — Body elliptical, smooth,
white ; arms of the same colour, nearly twice the length
of the body, tapering to an extremely attenuated point.
Named after Aldrovandus, a celebrated naturalist.

ORDER II.— CEPHALOPODA SIPHONIFERA.

Animal with a shell divided into chambers by trans¬
verse partitions, through which a siphon passes. Sipho ,
a tube; fero , to bear. D’Orbigny.

ORDER III.— CEPHALOPODA FORAMINIFERA.

Body bursiform, containing the shell in its hind part ;
the head very small, terminated by numerous tentacula ;
shell many-celled, destitute of siphon, but with one or
several holes between the cells. Foramen , a hole ; fero ,
to bear. D’Orbigny.

Genus 1. Polystomella. — Shell disciform, subcari-
nate, many-celled ; the centres umbilicate, the partitions
forming grooves, radiating from the centres to the cir¬
cumference, the turns concealed by the last. noAvv,
many ; o-ro/za, mouth. Lamarck.

1 . Polystomella crispa. — Shell disciform, equally con¬
vex on both sides, the last turn with flexuous ridges,
having the intervals crenated. Crispus , curled or waved.

24

MALACOZOA.

CEPHALOPODA.

Genus 2. Nummulina. — Shell discoid, with a pluri-
locular spire in the same plane ; the two surfaces convex,
the margin thin. Nummus, money ; like a coin. Lamarck.

1 . Nummulina marginata. — Shell discoid, convex on
one side, conico-convex on the other, with a very thin
broad margin. Margindtus, edged.

Genus 3. Discorbis. — Shell discoid, spiral, many-
celled ; the upper surface occupied by the last-formed
whorl. Discus , a disk ; drbis, a ball. Lamarck.

1 . Discorbis lobdtulus. — Shell generally roundish,
convex above, with the centre depressed ; the last or
upper turn of several convex frosted lobes. Name from
Idbus , a lobe.

Var. The shell reversed.

Genus 4. Rotalia. — Shell discoid, spiral, many-celled ;
the lower surface occupied by the last-formed whorl.
R6ta , a wheel. Lamarck.

1 . Rotalia Beccarii. — Shell orbicular, depressed, con¬
vex above ; of four or five obliquely lobate turns, the
last with about twelve lobes. Named after Beccaria, an
Italian philosopher.

Var . The shell reversed.

Genus 5. Spiroloculina. — Shell suborbicular, de¬
pressed, with the cells curved, and opposed to each other
in a single plane, and completely exposed, or not em¬
bracing each other. Spiray a whorl; loculus , a cell.
D’Orbigny.

1. Spiroloculina concentrica . — Shell suborbicular, de¬
pressed, concave on both sides. Concentricus, disposed
round a centre.

Genus 6. Vermiculum. — Shell roundish, depressed,
of few cells, alternately folded upon each other. Ver-
micula, a little worm. Montagu. Miliola of Lamarck.

1. Vermiculum subrotundum. — Shell orbicular, de¬
pressed, of three glossy white turns ; the mouth tooth¬
less. Subrotundus , roundish.

MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA.

2. Vermiculum intdrtum. — Shell suboval, of several,
glossy, white turns ; the mouth divided by a thin tooth.
Intdrtus, bent inwards.

3. Vermiculum obUngum. — Shell subelliptical, of seve¬
ral, glossy, white turns ; the mouth divided by a tbick-
ish bifid tooth. ObUngus, of greater length than breadth.

4. Vermiculum lacteum. — Shell oblongo-elliptical, of
several glossy white elongated lobes, arranged obliquely
along a common axis ; the mouth circular. Lacteus ,
milky.

Genus 7. Textularia. — Shell subpyramidal, of two
vertical, alternating series of cellules ; aperture of each
cell semilunar, on the inner side. Textus, plaited. De-
france.

1. Textularia obUnga. — Shell oblong, somewhat com¬
pressed, pointed, with the cells horizontal, minutely bul-
lato-tuberculate, olivaceous. Oblongus, longer than
broad.

Genus 8. Lagenula. — Shell flask-shaped. Lagenula ,
a small flask. Fleming.

1. Lagenula Icevis. — Shell flask-shaped, having an
ovate body, smooth, bluish-white, with a subcylindrical
prolongation ; aperture a little raised, circular. Lcevis,
smooth.

2. Lagenula reticuldta. — Shell ovato-globose, con¬
siderably compressed, glossy, white, pellucid, with
opaque white reticular internal markings. Reticulatus ,
marked with hues resembling network.

Genus 9. Ccecalium. — Shell subcylindrical, more or
less arcuate, closed at one end, open at the other.
Caecum , a tube closed at one end. Fleming.

1. Coecdlium gldbrum. — Shell cylindrical, subarcuate,
very thin, transparent, glossy, white, closed at one end,
with a circular aperture at the other. Glaber, smooth.

2. Coecdlium imperforatum . — Shell cylindrical, arcu¬
ate, glossy, circularly substriated. Imperforatus , closed
at the end.

c

26 MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. SEPIINA. SEPIOLA.

3. Ccecdlium TrachSa. — Shell subcylindrical, arcuate,
glossy, annulated. Trachea, the windpipe.

Genus 10. Dentalina. — Shell subcylindrical, some¬
what tapering, more or less arcuate, composed of nu¬
merous oblique cells disposed in a single series ; aperture
submarginal. Bens, a tooth, or Bentdlium, a tooth-
shell. D’Orbigny.

1. BentaUna linearis. — Shell subcylindrical, a little
compressed, slightly arcuate, glossy, smooth, posteriorly
longitudinally striato-sulcate, of about fourteen oblique
cells. Linedris, very slender.

ORDER I.

CEPHALOPODA CRYPTAD1BRANCHIATA.

Branchiae laminated, concealed by the sac formed by
the closed mantle. Head surrounded with eight fleshy
appendages, by some called feet, by others arms, to
which, in certain genera, are added two long tentacula
or pedunculated arms. The body generally naked, some¬
times partially enclosed in a shell.

Family I. — Sepiina.

Animal with the body globose, oval, or oblong ;
the mantle united so as to form a sac ; an internal dorsal
horny or calcareous lamina ; eyes generaUy very large ;
head terminated by eight or ten fleshy appendages, fur¬
nished with acetabula or suckers ; a sac, containing an
inky fluid, opening into the infundibulum.

SECTION I.— DECACERATA.

With eight arms, and two tentacular appendages.

Genus 1. Sepiola. Sepiole.

Head nearly as broad as the body, with eight ta¬
pering fleshy arms, furnished with suckers on their inter¬
nal surface, and two more elongated slender tentacula,
enlarged at the end ; the first pair of arms shortest ;

MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. SEPIINA. SEPIOLA. 27

tlie third pair largest, and equal in length to the se¬
cond pair. Body semioviform or globose, with two sub¬
dorsal, semicircular, thin natatory appendages ; mantle
continuous behind with the skin of the head.

1. Sepiola Rondeletii. Common Sepiole.

Body, or visceral sac, short, somewhat flattened, semiovate,
much rounded at the end; with two subdorsal, thin flaps or
fins, of a nearly circular form, and curved forward ; their
narrowed base longitudinal, and occupying the middle third
of the body. The surface is even, of a whitish colour, covered
all over with numerous discrete, roundish, reddish-brown spots
and dots, which are slightly elevated ; the ventral surface paler,
with fewer spots, especially along the middle ; the fin-flaps
white anteriorly, pale behind, with few dots. The margin of
the sac or mantle is free, unless at the back, where it is con¬
tinuous with the skin of the head ; its edge reddish- white, with
a slight groove on each side. The infundibulum is considerably
flattened, tapering, obtuse, and extends to the base of the arms.
The head, including the eyes, is nearly as broad as the body.
The eyes are very large, with a somewhat prominent fold
beneath, resembling a rudimentary eyelid. The head is
crowned with a circle of large fleshy, tapering, subtrigonal
arms. The four upper or dorsal arms are much more slender
than the four inferior or ventral. The two middle dorsal are a
little shorter, but thicker, than those of the second pair, or
lateral dorsal. The third pair or lateral ventral are very thick,
and rather longer than the second pair. The fourth pair, or
the two ventral arms, are more slender, and a little shorter.
These two medial ventral arms have at their base internally a
prominent smooth space, and for more than two-thirds of their
length are furnished with two irregular series of obtuse promi¬
nent tubercles or suckers. These arms are close together,
but separated, at their base. They are connected with the
next pair by a delicate membrane, extending to about a fourth
of their length. These next, or lateral ventral arms, which are
the largest, have also a bare space at the base, and are furnished
with two series of suckers. The two upper or dorsal pairs,
which are more' slender, have the suckers almost uniserial, or
rather irregularly and alternately disposed in two close series.
The horny disks are small, with entire margin. On one of the
upper arms the prominences are very irregular, and some of
them abnormously developed. Two very long, slender, cy-

28 MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. SEPIINA.

SEPIOLA.

lindrical filaments or tentacula a little flattened and enlarged at
the end, where they have membranous margins, come off
between the medial pair and the next, internally of the con¬
necting membranes. They are smooth, unless at the enlarged
terminal portion, where they are furnished with a number of
irregularly disposed very small suckers. The head and outer
surface of the tentacula are dotted with reddish-brown, like

the body, but paler ; the long tentacula are
dotted at the end only.

Length from the end of the abdominal sac

white.

Inch.

, slightly

Lines.

to that of long tentacula .

2

2

„ to end of upper pair of arms .

1

7

,, ,, anterior margin of mantle .

0

7

,, ,, mouth .

0

11

,, ,, base of upper pair of arms .

Breadth of body, excluding fins .

0

10*

0

8

,, ,, head, across the eyes .

0

6

Greatest breadth of fin .

0

H

Length of first pair of arms .

0

H

,, ,, second do. .

0

9

,, ,, third do. .

0

84

,, ,, fourth or anterior .

0

8

,, ,, pedunculated arms .

1

4

Diameter of transparent part of eye .

0

14

The above description is from an individual found by one of
my pupils, Mr. Blake, in February, 1842, and by him presented
to me. It occurred in the Bay of Aberdeen.

Sepia Sepiola, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1096. — Sepia Sepiola, Penn*
Brit. Zool. iv. 54. PI. 29. f. 46. — Sepiola Rondeletii, Risso, Eur*
Merid. iv. 7. — Loligo Sepiola, Delle Chiaje, Anim. di Nap. iv. 59*
PI. 58. f. 30. — Loligo Sepiola, Flem. Brit. Anim. 253.

Genus 2. Sepia. Cuttle.

Head very large, distinct, with eight short, triangular,
tapering, fleshy arms, furnished with two rows of aceta-
bula, having entire horny margins, and two more elon¬
gated, pedunculate, claviform, acetabulate arms. Body
oval, obtuse, depressed, margined on each side with a
narrow membrane, or natatory appendage. An internal,
dorsal, oval or elliptical, thick, lamellar, cellular, calcu-

MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. SEPIINA. LOLIGO. 29

reous shell, convex on both faces, and terminated behind
by a harder median point.

1. Sepia officinalis. Common Cuttle.

Body smooth; pedunculate arms very long; dorsal shell
elliptical, with a small sliglitly-curved point behind.

A shell or bone of this species, found on the coast, by
Andrew Murray, Esq. Aberdeen, is in my possession. Dr.
Dyce also informs me that he has seen several bones of this
species. I have not, however, met with any myself, nor seen
the animal.

Sepia officinalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1095. — Sepia officinalis,
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 55. — Sepia officinalis, Lamk. Syst. vii. 668.
— Sepia officinalis, Delle Cliiaje, Anim. S. Yert. di Nap. iv. 60.
— Sepia officinalis, Flem. Brit. Anim. 252.

Genus 3. Loligo. Calmary.

Head large, distinct, with eight unequal, tapering,
fleshy arms, furnished with two rows of acetabula, having
denticulated horny margins, and two very long pedun¬
culate, claviform, acetabulate arms. Body elongated,
subcylindrical, tapering behind, and there margined on
each side with a large, angulate, natatory appendage.
An internal, dorsal, elongated, narrow, horny or cartila¬
ginous shell.

1 . Loligo vulgaris. Common Calmary.

Body, or visceral sac, subcylindrical, considerably depressed,
tapering behind to an obtuse point ; and having two large,
semirhomboidal flaps, or fins, attached to the dorsal region,
for two-thirds of the length of the body. Together, they
form a large, broadly rhomboidal expansion, which is attached
nearly in its whole length, leaving only the terminal portion
free. The dorsal aspect of the body is minutely punctate with
reddish-brown on a greyish-yellow ground ; the ventral aspect
yellowish-white. The mantle is free all round at its anterior
margin, which forms an obtuse point behind. The infundi-
bulum compressed, tapering, truncate. The head comparatively
small ; the eyes large, but with a rather small circular aperture,
of which the margins are rugose. The eight fleshy arms are
short, and taper to a minute, acuminate point ; the dorsal pair
shortest, the lateral dorsal, and the ventral pairs nearly equal,

c 2

30 MALACOZOA.

CEPHALOPODA.

SEPIINA. LOLIGO.

and much longer than the dorsal, the lateral ventral much
thicker and longer. They are connected at the base by very
short membranes. The acetabula are pedunculate, cup-shaped,
with a thin horny, minutely denticulate margin, and are
irregularly disposed in two rows — there being on each of the
ventral pair about two hundred, besides some very minute at
the tip. The two pedunculate arms are nearly two-thirds of
the length of the head and body, slender, at first round, then
compressed, ultimately clavato-lanceolate, with numerous ir¬
regular cup-sliaped, pedunculate acetabula, like those on the
other arms. Surrounding the mouth are two pyramidal pro¬
minences on each side, a lower prominence behind, and two
ridges before. The lip is radiatingly rugose ; the mandibles
brown, at the tip black.

Inch. Lines.

Length from mouth to end of body . 11 6

Breadth of body anteriorly . 2 9

,, at the commencement of the fin 3 6

,, about the middle of the fin . 4 0

Greatest breadth of fins . 8 0

Space between the fins anteriorly . 2 3

Length of dorsal arms . 2 3

,, „ ventral arms . 4 0

,, ,, pedunculate arms . 7 G

„ from the mouth to the dorsal

peak of the mantle . 1 3

,, from the mouth to the ventral

margin . 2 0

The above description is that of a specimen preserved in
spirits, and belonging to Dr. Dyce, who obtained it from the
Bay of Aberdeen, in 1836. He informs me that several other
specimens have been in his possession. I have heard of two
Loligines, which other individuals had; but, as they were
simply esteemed to be “Cuttle-fish,” I cannot say whether
they were of this or of other species. Pennant’s figure, refer¬
red to below, agrees remarkably well with the specimen here
described — differing only in having the pedunculate arms ra¬
ther shorter. It represents the form of the body and fins much
more accurately than that of Delle Chiaje.

Sepio Loligo, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1096. — Sepia Loligo, Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 53. PI. 27. f. 43. — Loligo vulgaris, Delle Chiaje,
Anim. S. Vert, di Nap. iv. 57. PI. 59. f. 2. — Loligo vulgaris,
Lamk. Syst. vii. 662. — Loligo vulgaris, Flem. Brit. Anim. 252.

MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. SEPIINA. ELEDONE. 31

SECTION II.— OCTOCERATA.

With eight arms , but no tentacular appendages.

Genus 4. Eledone. Eledone.

Head large, distinct, with eight fleshy, tapering
arms, furnished with a single series of acetabula on their
internal surface, and connected by basal membranes.
Body subglobose, or sub elliptical, and somewhat de¬
pressed, without natatory appendages. Mantle conti¬
nuous behind with the skin of the head.

1. Eledone Pennantii. Pennant's Eledone.

Body globoso-elliptical, somewhat flattened, much rounded
at the end ; with the surface minutely granulated and dusky
on the dorsal aspect, smooth and yellowish-white on the
ventral ; which is also the case with the head. The mantle is
continuous with the head behind, anteriorly free, with the mar¬
gin moderately thin, and even. The infundibulum conical,
compressed, truncate. The head very large, but narrower than
the body. The eyes rather small, with a circular aperture,
without eyelids. The arms very long, nearly equal, com¬
pressed, tapering gradually to a fine point, for a fourth of their
length connected by membranes, the margins of which run
along the back of each arm to the end. The dorsal surface
of six of the arms more or less dusky — the rest yellowish- white.
The acetabula are placed so closely that many of them, appa¬
rently by pressure, have assumed a squarish form. They are
sessile, large, with a thick undulated margin, and internally
radiated, the larger with from twenty to twenty-five rays ;
the fifth or sixth acetabulum from the base largest. On one
of the dorsal arms are sixty-five, and on one of the ventral
seventy-five. The two branchiae consist each of twenty-four
pinnae.

Inch Lines.

Length of the body . 2 6

Breadth . 2 0

Length from the mouth to the end of the

body . 3 6

„ of dorsal arms . 5 6

,, ,, ventral arms . 6 3

The above description is from an individual, preserved in
spirits, and in the possession of Dr. Dvce, who obtained it
in October, 1836 — it having been taken in the Bay of Aber-

32 MA1AC0Z0A.

CEPHALOPODA. SEPIINA. ELEDONE.

deen. It agrees very well with Pennant’s figure referred to
below. As the species represented by it is not Sepia octa-
podia of Linnaeus, Mr. Forbes has named it Eledone Pen-
nantii.

Sepia octopodia, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 53. PI. 28. f. 44. —
Octopus octapodia, Flem. Brit. Anira. 254. — Eledone Pen-
nantii, Forbes, Malac. Mon. i.

2. Eledone Aldrovandi. Aldrovandus' s Eledone.

Body elliptical, somewhat flattened, much rounded at the
end; with the surface even, smooth, and of a bluish-white
colour. The margin of the sac free, unless at the back,
where it is continuous with the skin of the head. Measured
across the eyes, the head is narrower than the body, but seems
larger, owing to the great size of the bases of the arms. The
eyes, although large, are comparatively small. The head is
crowned by a circle of large, fleshy, compressed tapering arms,
of unequal length, and extremely slender at the end ; the
dorsal arms shortest — the ventral pair longest. They are
covered internally with a single series of sessile cups ele¬
vated on broad tubercles, of which there are from sixty to
seventy. These suckers are not in mutual contiguity, but
placed at a little distance from each other, and enlarge from
the first to the fifth, which measures three-twelfths across ;
the horny portion cup-shaped or hemispherical. For more
than a third of their length, the arms are connected by wide
membranes, the margins of which run out upon them. The
mandibles are brownish-black, with a portion of the base white;

Inch. Lines.

Length from mouth to end of sac . . . 3 6

Breadth of body . 2 2

Length of upper or dorsal arms . . 2 10

,, „ lateral dorsal . 3 4

„ „ lateral ventral . 3 6

,, ,, ventral . 3 9

The above description is that of one of two individuals — one
of which was found on the sands near Don-Mouth, in Novem¬
ber, 1841, by my son J ohn — the other by myself. Their smell
was in no degree musky. The body being smooth and white,
and the arms proportionally short, this species cannot be con¬
founded with the last, which has the acetabula crowded,
whereas in this they are well separated. It appears to me
to accord best with Delle Chiaje’s Octopus Aldrovandi, cor-
pore, brachiis, et alis concoloribus.

MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. FORAMINIFERA.

33

Octopus Aldrovandi, Delle Chiaje, Anim. di. Nap. iv. 57. PI.
56. f. 2. — “ Octopus Aldrovandi, Montfort, Sur les Cephalop. 62.”
— “ Octopus leucoderma, Sangiovanni. Ann. des Sc. Nat. xvi. 315.”

ORDER II.— CEPHALOPODA SIPHONIFERA.

Animal with a shell partially or entirely internal, and
divided into chambers by transverse partitions, through
wdiich a siphon passes. To this order belong the families
of the Spirulina , Nautilina, Ammonitina , and Belemni-
tina — of which no species have been found on the
Aberdeenshire coasts in a recent or living state.

ORDER III.— CEPHALOPODA FORAMINIFERA.

Animal bursiform, containing the shell in its hind
part ; the head very small, scarcely distinct from the
body, sometimes almost entirely enclosed in the anterior
folds of the skin, and terminated by numerous tentacula
forming several rows around the mouth, which is central.

Shell many-chambered, altogether internal ; the last
dissepiment terminal ; no siphon, but only one or several
apertures between the different cells.

Genus 1 . Polystomella.

Shell discoid, subcarinate, many-celled ; the centres
umbilicate, the partitions numerous, forming grooves
radiating from the centre to the circumference ; the turns
contiguous, not apparent externally, being concealed by
the last ; the aperture of several holes or notches vari¬
ously disposed.

1. Polystomella crispa. Crenated Polystomella.

Shell discoid, with both sides equally convex, carinated on
the margin ; the last turn entirely concealing the rest, of about
twenty cells, marked by flexuous ridges, the spaces between
which are crenated ; the aperture subeordate, closed.

34 MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. FORAMINIFERA.

Several specimens found in shell sand from Cruden Bay,
sent to me by Mr. Alex. Murray, in November, 1842.

Nautilus crispus. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1162. — Nautilus spiralis
geniculis crenatis. Walker. Test. Min. Rar. PI. 3. f. 65. — Nautilus
crispus. Mont. Test. Brit. 187. PI. 28. f. 5. — Nautilus crispus*
Flem. Brit.Anim. 228. — Polystomella crispa. Lamk. Syst. vii. 625.

Genus 2. Nummulina. Nummuline.

Shell discoid, sub orbicular, depressed, with a plurilo-
cular spire, with complex walls, and arranged in the same
plane ; the two surfaces convex, the margin thin.

1. Nummulina marginata. Margined Nummuline.

Shell suborbicular, depressed, glossy, convex on one side,
conico-convex on the other, yellowish-white, with a very thin,
broad margin, separated by a circular groove from the body
of the shell ; the internal spiral tube with few volutions.
Diameter about a fourth of a twelfth of an inch, height nearly
half the breadth.

Individuals vary a little in form, some being perfectly orbicu¬
lar, others less so, some with a slight angle.

Found by me among shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden,
sent by Mr. Alexander Murray, in November, 1842.

Renoidea marginata. Brown, Illustr. PI. 1. f. 25. The re¬
ferences wrong, the shell indicated by them being Lagenula
marginata, fig. 30, 31, of the same plate.

Genus 3. Discorbis.

Shell discoid, spiral, formed of a series of oblique
lobiform cells, flattened beneath, convex above ; the upper
surface occupied by the last-formed whorl, the partitions
of which radiate obliquely from the centre to the margin ;
the whorls on the lower disk exposed ; the partitions
generally imperforate ; the aperture small.

1. Discorbis lobatulus. Lobulate Discorbis.

Shell depressed, spiral, lobed, generally roundish, but diversi¬
form, convex above, with the centre depressed; of two or
three whorls of oblique oblong or ovate lobes ; the first turn
exposed on the lower surface, the last occupying the upper,
both surfaces obliquely radiated from the centre by the parti¬
tions of the cells, which are convex, frosted, and greyish-white ;

MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. FORAMINIFERA.

35

aperture very minute, on the rounded extremity of the last turn.
Diameter a twelfth of an inch.

A shell exactly similar, but with the spire reversed, or
turned from right to left, I have repeatedly found on Flustrae
from deep water.

Very common on Flustrae, Tubulariae, and other zoophytes,
as well as Pectens, Anomiae, Fusi, Buccina, and other shells,
from deep water off Aberdeen. First observed by me, in
September, 1842, on Tubularia indivisa. Equally common at
Banff, Gamrie, Fraserburgh, Peterhead, and Cruden, as shewn
by specimens from Mr. Alex. Murray and Miss Macgillivray.

“Nautilus lobatulus. Turt. Linn. Syst. iv. 307.” — Serpula
lobata. Mont. Test. Brit. 515. Suppl. 160. PI. — Discorbis vesicu-
laris. Lamk. Syst. vii. 623. — Lobatula vulgaris. Flem. Brit.
Anim. 232. — “Nautilus farctus. Fichtel. PI. 9. f, g, h, i.” — Nau¬
tilus spiralis, lobatus, &c. Walker, Test. Min. Rar. PI. 3. f. 71. —
Discorbis vesicularis. Blainville, Malac. PL 5. f. 3.

Genus 4. Rotalia.

Shell discoid, spiral, flattened beneath, convex above,
formed of a series of oblique cells ; all the whorls ap¬
parent on the upper disk, the lower occupied by the
last whorl ; the partitions radiating from the centre to
the margin, generally imperforate ; the aperture small,
trigonal.

1. Rotalia Reccarii. Beccartd’s Rotalia.

Shell orbicular, depressed, spiral, lobed, convex above, flat¬
tened beneath ; of four or five turns, which are obliquely lobate,
convex, with the separating lines rather deep ; the last turn
with about twelve lobes, and solely occupying the lower sur¬
face, although also apparent above ; the aperture small, directed
rather downwards ; the colour reddish-white, but varying.
Diameter about half a twelfth of an inch.

First foimd by me, at Aberdeen, in September, 1842, on
an Echinus. It occurs on various Algae and Zoophytes ; but
is not nearly so common with us as Discorbis lobatulus, which
it exceeds in regularity of form. Mr. Alexander Murray has
also sent it from Fraserburgh, and the Bay of Cruden.

Nautilus Beccarii. Linn. Syst Nat. i. 1162. — Nautilus Spiralis,
umbilicatus Geniculis in sculptis. Walker, Test. Min. Rar. 18.
Pl. 3. f. 63. — Nautilus Beccarii. Mont. Test. Brit. 186. Pl. 18. f. 4.
— Rotalia Beccaria. Flem. Brit. Anim. 232.

A shell in all respects similar, unless in being convoluted in

36

MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. FORAMINIFERA.

the opposite direction, is considered by some as a distinct
species, and by others as a sinistrorse variety of Rotalia Beccarii.
I have found it on shells and Flustrae from deep water, but it is
very uncommon with us.

Genus 5. Spiroloculina. Spiroloculine.

Shell suborbicular, depressed, with the cells curved
and opposed to each other in a single plane, and com¬
pletely exposed, or not embracing each other ; the aper¬
ture roundish at one end of the last turn.

1. Spiroloculina concSntrica. Concentric Spiroloculine.

Shell elliptico-orbicular, depressed, concave on both sides,
very thin, of about five opposite arcuate cells, distinctly sepa¬
rated by a groove ; the outer cells externally flattened, or
slightly convex ; the colour white, generally with two brown or
blackish streaks on each turn ; the aperture nearly square,
with an erect tooth-like process, and thick brown margin.
Diameter nearly half the twelfth of an inch.

The centre is frequently perforated, but apparently from
accident.

Found by me among shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden,
sent by Mr. Alexander Murray, in November, 1842.

Miliola concentrica. Brown, Illustr. PI. 1. f. 22.

Genus 6. Vermiculum.

Shell roundish, depressed, of few cells, which are alter¬
nately folded upon each other ; the aperture at the end
of that last formed.

1. Vermiculum subrotundum. Roundish Vermiculum.

Shell orbicular, depressed, flat beneath, of three smooth,
glossy, opaque, white turns, of which the last two are incurved
and margin the disk, the first running across its centre ; their
upper surface convex, the anterior end rounded, with the mouth
depressed, oval, toothless. Diameter about a fourth of the
twelfth of an inch.

Found by me adhering to an old cockle, from deep water
off Aberdeen, 28th September, 1842; in October, by Mr.
Alexander Murray, at Fraserburgh, and iu Cruden Bay.

Serpula subrotunda dorso elevato. Walker, Test. Min. Rar.
PI. 1. f. 4. — Vermiculum subrotundum Mont. Test. Brit. 521. —
Vermiculum subrotundum. Flem. Brit. Anim. 234; Wern. Mem.
iv. 565. PI. 15. f. 5.

MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. FORAMINIFERA.

37

2. Vermiculum intortum. Oval Vermiculum.

Shell suboval, somewhat compressed or trigonal, of several
smooth, glossy, opaque, white turns, three being generally
visible on one side, four on the other; the last folds arcuate,
or subcarinate, angular on the margin ; the aperture roundish,
divided by a thin plate or tooth attached to the proximal margin.
Length from half a twelfth to nearly a twelfth of an inch.

Found by me in October, 1842, among sand and broken
shells adhering to an Ascidia from deep water, off Aberdeen ;
and by Mr. Alexander Murray at Fraserburgh, and Cruden.

Serpula Seminulum? Linn. Syst. Nat. 1264. — Serpula subovalis
umbilico pervio. Walker, Test. Min. Rar. PI. 1. f. 1. — Vermiculum
intortum. Mont. Test. Brit. 520. — Vermiculum intortum. Flem.
Wern. Mem. iv. 564. PI. 15. f. 3. — Vermiculum intortum. Flem.
Brit. Anim. 233.

3. Vermiculum oblongum . Oblong Vermiculum.

Shell subelliptical, or lanceolate, somewhat compressed, of
several smooth, glossy, opaque white turns, there being gene¬
rally three visible on one side, and two on the other, the last
folds arcuate, their inner margins partially embracing the central
turn, their outer margin somewhat compressed, but rounded ;
the aperture suboval, with a pedunculated, thickish bifid tooth.
Length half a twelfth of an inch.

Found by Mr. Alex. Murray, at Fraserburgh, Cruden, and
Slains, and by me at Aberdeen, in October, 1842.

Vermiculum oblongum. Mont. Test. Brit. 522. PI. 14. f. 9. —
Vermiculum oblongum. Flem. Wern. Trans, iv. 565. PI. 15. f. 4.;
Brit. Anim. 233.

4. Vermiculum lacteum. Plaited Vermiculum.

Shell oblongo-elliptical, of several smooth, glossy, semi¬
transparent white elongated lobes or chambers, arranged ob¬
liquely and divergently along a common axis; the aperture
circular. Length half a twelfth of an inch.

First found by me in October, 1842, on a dead shell, from
off Aberdeen. In shell sand from Cruden : Mr. A. Murray.

Serpula lactea. Turton’s Linn. iv. 609. — Vermiculum lac¬
teum. Mont. Test. Brit. 522. — Vermiculum lacteum. Flem.
Wern. Mem. iv. 566. PI. 15. f. 6. — Aretbusa lactea. Flem. Brit.
Anim. 234.

Genus 5. Textularia.

Shell subpyramidal, compressed, with the summit
pointed, the base rounded ; having on each side an angular
JD

38

MALACOZOA. CEPHALOFODA. FORAMINIFERA.

or sinuous groove extending from the summit to the
base ; and composed of two series of alternating cellules ;
the aperture semilunar, on the inner side of each cellule.

1. Textularia oblonga. Oblong Textularia.

Shell oblongo-lanceolate, pointed, somewhat compressed, of
two alternate vertical series of horizontal, rather convex, de¬
pressed, glossy, somewhat tuberculate olivaceous cellules.
Length half a twelfth of an inch, breadth about half the height.

Found among sand sent by Mr. Alex. Murray, in October,
1842, from Fraserburgh.

Genus 8. Lagenula.

Shell somewhat resembling a Florence flask, being
globose or ovate, with a more or less produced neck.

1. Lagenula Icevis. Smooth Lagenula.

Shell ovato-claviform, smooth, glossy, bluish-white, having
an ovate body with a prolongation, gradually tapering into a
cylinder ; the larger end broadly rounded, the other with a
depression and central aperture. Length about the twelfth of
an inch.

First found by me, in October, 1842, adhering to fuci, and
among the byssi of Modiola barbata, on the Girdleness, at
Aberdeen.

Serpula (Lagena) laevis ovalis. Walker, Test. Min. Rar. PI. 1. f.
9. — Lagenula laevis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 235.

2. Lagenula reticulata. Reticulated Lagenula.

Shell ovato-globose, considerably compressed, highly glossed,
smooth, pellucid, with numerous opaque white internal reticu¬
lar markings, bounding irregular areolar spaces; the internal
cavity simple, the cells being only parietal ; the aperture ter¬
minal, rather large, oval. Length a third of a twelfth, breadth
a fourth less.

Found by me in November, 1842, among shells and coral¬
lines, from the Bay of Aberdeen.

Not finding any description agreeing with this species, I
have named it as above.

To these may be appended the Dentalium glabrum of Mon¬
tagu, the nature of which seems to be unknown. As it does
not agree with the Orthocerse, although some have placed it
among them, it may be here described under the name of
Ccecalium, given to the genus by Dr. Fleming, in his Philosophy
of Zoology. Two other species have also occurred.

MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. FORAMINIFERA.

39

Genus 9. C<ecalium.

Shell cylindrical, more or less arcuate, of one cell,
closed at one end, open at the other.

1. Coecalium gldbrum. Smooth Ccecalium.

Shell cylindrical, very slightly narrowed downwards, a little
arcuate, of a single cell, very thin, transparent, smooth, glossy,
iridescent, or opaline white, rounded at the lower end, open at
the other, with the aperture circular. Length one-twelfth,
breadth nearly a fourth of the length.

Several specimens among small shells sent by Mr Alex.
Murray, who found them at Fraserburgh, in October, 1842.
Many others found by me among shell sand, from the Bay of
Cruden.

Dentalium glabrum. Mont. Test. Brit. 497. — Brochus glaber.
Brown, Illustr. PI. 1. f. 3. — Ortliocera glabra. Flem. Brit. Anim.
237. — C cecum glabrum. Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 67. PI. 204. f. 7.

2. Coecalium imperfordtum. Imperforated Coecalium.

Shell cylindrical, arcuate, glossy, finely and obsoletely stri¬
ated transversely, of a single cell, rather thick, somewhat
pellucid, white or greyish, closed and truncato-convex, or
hemispherical at the lower end, open at the other, with the
aperture round, and having a thin, slightly contracted margin.
Length an eighth of an inch, breadth about a fifth of the length;

This species is considerably larger than Coecalium glabrum,
from which it differs in being annulated with delicate striae.

Found by me in shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden, sent
by Mr. Alex. Murray, in November, 1842.

Dentalium imperforatum. Mont. Test. Brit. 496. — Dentale
apice imperforata transversaliter substriata. Walker, Testae Min;
Rar. PI. 1. f. 15. — Orihocera imperforata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 237.

3. Ccecalium Trachea.

Shell subcylindrical, arcuate, annulated, or marked with cir¬
cular striae, and intervening convex rings, of a single cell,
very thin, semitransparent, glossy, white or brownish, closed
and truncated at the lower end, open at the other, with the
aperture circular. Length a twelfth and a-half, or a little
more, breadth about a fifth of the length.

Found by me in shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden, sent
by Mr. Alexander Murray, in November, 1842.

Dentalium Trachea. Mont. Test. Brit. 497. PI, 14. f. 10. —
Orthocera Trachea. Flem. Brit. Anim. 237.

40

MALACOZOA.

CEPHALOPODA.

FORAMINIFERA.

Genus 10. Dentalina. Dentaline.

Shell subcylindrical, somewhat tapering, more or less
arcuate, composed of numerous more or less oblique cells
disposed in a single series ; aperture small, submarginal.

1 . Dentalina linearis. Semistriated Dentaline.

Shell elongated, subcylindrical, tapering a little toward the
lower end, glossy, white, in its lower half marked with distinct
longitudinal, somewhat oblique strife and ridges ; of fourteen
somewhat oblique, transparent cells, rendered apparent by the
opaque white dissepiments more than by the contractions,
which are very slight ; the lower end rounded ; the last cell
convex, with the aperture very small, circular, with a slightly
thickened margin, and placed toward one side. Length two-
twelfths of an inch, breadth about an eighth of the length.

This is evidently Nautilus linearis of Montagu, which how¬
ever he represents as straight, with the cells transverse, and
the mouth produced.

Found by me among shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden,
sent in November, 1842, by Mr. Alexander Murray.

Nautilus linearis, Mont. Test Brit. Supplt 87. PI. 30. f. 9. —
Ortliocera linearis, Fleni. Brit. Anim. 236.

CLASS II.— PTEPvOPODA.

Body partially covered by the mantle, and frequently
furnished with a shell ; head distinct, destitute of arms ;
the sides of the neck with membranous appendages for
swimming.

Aporohranchiata , Blainville. Pterdpoda , Cuvier.

II repov, wing; 7roda, feet.

No species of this class has hitherto occurred to me
on our coast. The Pteropoda are of small size, organ¬
ized for swimming, and for the most part inhabit the
tropical seas, although some species occur in vast abun¬
dance in those of the polar regions.

41

CLASS III.— GASTEROPODA.

Body partially covered by the mantle, and generally
furnished with a shell ; head distinct, tentaculate ; a
muscular disk, or foot, for creeping, attached to the
body beneath.

Trachelipoda and Heterdpoda, Lamarck. Paracephalo-
phora and Polyplaxiphora, Blainville. Gasteropoda ,
Cuvier. Tao-rfjp , the belly ; novs, a foot.

Body elongated ; the back furnished with a mantle,
which is sometimes bare, more frequently covered by
a shell. Head distinct, protruded beyond the mantle.
Mouth surrounded by contractile lips, sometimes armed
with teeth inserted on the palate. Stomach, intestine
and liver, with the other viscera lodged beneath the
mantle ; the anus generally on the right side of the
body anteriorly. Circulatory apparatus a systemic heart,
and an arterial system, together with pulmonic arteries
and veins. Respiratory organs sometimes pulmonic,
more frequently branchial. Generative system various.
Nervous system composed of ganglia and filaments ;
eyes very small, sometimes adhering to the head, some¬
times to the base, or side, or tip of the tentacula, some¬
times wanting ; two or four retractile tentacula, which
are organs of touch, attached to the head, always above
the mouth. Organ of locomotion a ventral fleshy mass,
generally in the form of an oblong disk, sometimes a
vertical fin. The shell generally large enough to con¬
tain the entire animal, and usually tapering and spirally
convoluted. The mass of the viscera always enclosed
D 2

42 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA.

in the upper part of the spire or cone ; but the head and
foot are protruded when the animal is in motion, and
retracted when at rest. In many species, a solid horny
or calcareous lid or operculum, which closes the aper¬
ture of the shell, when the animal has retired into it.
Some species are terrestrial, but more are aquatic. Of
the latter most live in the sea, the rest in fresh water.

Slugs, snails, welks, buccines, and other common
mollusca afford familiar examples of this order, any
species of which may be at once known by its fleshy disk
or foot.

The Gasteropodous Malacozoa, being very numerous,
are divided into several orders : — 1 . Pulmonata, or
Pulmobranchiata ; 2. Pectinibrancliiata ; 3. Tubuli-
branchiata ; 4. Scutibranchiata ; 5. Cyclobranchiata ; 0.
Inferobranchiata ; 7. Tectibranchiata ; 8. Nudibranclii-
ata; 9. Cirrobranchiata.

SYNOPSIS OF THE ABERDEENSHIRE SPECIES.

ORDER I.— GASTEROPODA PULMOBRANCHIATA.

Respiratory apparatus a pulmonary cavity on the back,
opening by an aperture on the margin of the mantle
over the neck, on the right side. Individuals bisexual.

Pulmobranchiata, Blainville. Pulmunes, Lungs.

Terrestria. Residing on land.

Family I. — Limacina.

Body elongated, contractile, with a shield-like mantle
above, and united in its whole length with the foot be¬
neath ; four retractile tentacula ; eyes on the summits of
the upper ; generally no external shell, but an internal
thin scale in the mantle.

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. FULMOBRANCHIATA. TERRESTRIA. 43

Limdciens, Lamarck. Limacinea, in part, Blaimille.
Nudilimaces, Latreille. Limax, a slug.

Genus 1 . Arion. — Animal elongated, convex above ;
with the shield granulated ; a mucous pore at the end
of the body above ; pulmonary orifice near the fore part of
the shield. Arion was a horse remarkable for its speed ;
but our Arion is remarkable for its slowness. Ferussac.

1 . Arion dter. — Shield granulated, mantle with longi¬
tudinal, branched ridges ; upper parts generally black.
Ater, black.

Genus 2. Limax. — Animal elongated, convex above ;
with the shield marked with concentric lines ; pulmonary
orifice near the hind part of the shield. Limax, a slug.
Linnseus. Ferussac.

1. Limax dnereus. — Shield elongated, mantle with
parallel, somewhat undulated ridges ; a prominent acute
undulated keel on the posterior third of the body ; the
upper parts dusky brown with five pale-brown longi¬
tudinal bands, or variously spotted. Cinereus , ash-grey.

2. Limax variegdtus. — Shield short, sulcato-granulate,
the posterior fourth of the body with a medial crenate
keel ; upper parts reddish or yellowish-brown, thickly
spotted with blackish-brown. Variegdtus, of different
colours.

3. Limax agrestis. — Shield large, striato-sulcate ; a
short obliquely bent keel toward the end of the body,
upper parts yellowish-grey or pale-brown, somewhat
mottled with dusky and whitish. Agrestis , residing in
fields.

4. Limax margindtus. — Shield elongated, with large
undulated ridges, a rather obtuse white keel in the whole
length of the body, the shield yellowish-grey with two
longitudinal brown bands, the hind part of the body
bluish-grey. Margindtus , having a margin.

Family II. — Helicina.

Body elongated, spiral, united anteriorly with the foot,
and covered by a spiral shell ; four retractile tentacula ;
eyes on the summits of the upper.

44 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. TERRE8TRIA.

Trachdlipodes Colimacds, Lamarck. Limacmea , in
part, Blainville. Geocochlides, Latreille. Genus Helix ,
Linnoeus.

Genus 1. Helix. — Shell orbicular, subglobose, subconi-
cal, or depressed, umbihcate, thin, spiral, with the aper¬
ture roundish or semilunar, its margin thickened, and
more or less reflexed, but incomplete behind. Helix, a
snail. Linnseus. Lamarck.

1 . Helix aspersa. — Shell subglobose, imperforate, ru¬
gose, and subreticulate, reddish-brown with four longi¬
tudinal bands of blackish-brown, interrupted by yellowish
curved spots. Aspersus, sprinkled with dots.

2. Helix arbust6rum. — Shell subglobose, perforate,
faintly rugose, brown, marbled with brownish-yellow, and
having a longitudinal dark-brown band. Arbustum , a
copse or orchard.

3. Helix hortensis. — Shell subglobose, imperforate,
yellow, with five longitudinal brown bands, the mouth
with the margin white. Hdrtns, a garden.

A. H. hortensis vulgaris. Vidgdris , common.

B. H. hortensis maritima. Maritima , living near the sea.

C. H. hortensis arenicola. Arenicola , inhabiting sand.

4. Helix caper at a. — Shell moderately depressed, deeply
striate, of six convex turns, the last subcarinate, the um¬
bilicus rather large, aperture semilunar with the margin
thin ; the colour yellowish-grey, irregularly spotted or
banded with brown above, the base with interrupted
brown bands. Caper dtus, wrinkled like the horns of a
goat, caper.

5. Helix hispida. — Shell moderately depressed, very
thin, horny, pale yellowish-brown, covered with numerous
short glistening, yellowish-wliite hairs, tha last turn sub¬
carinate, the keel paler, a rather narrow deep umbilicus,
aperture with the margin thin. Hispidus, bristly.

6. Helix Trdchidus. — Shell conico-convex, of six well-
rounded turns, faintly striate, transversely ; the base con¬
vex with a shallow, undefined umbilicus. Trdchulus, a
little “top wherewith children play.”

7. Helix lamelldta. — Shell conico-convex, of six

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. TERRESTRIA. 45

rounded turns, covered with very numerous transverse
lamellae ; the base convex with a deep umbilicus. Lamel-
Idtus, covered with s r ail plaits.

8. Helix aculedta. — Shell globoso-conical, of six
rounded turns, the epidermis rising into thin spinous
processes. Aculedtus, prickly.

9. Helix pulchella. — Shell depressed, equally convex
on both sides, deeply umbilicate, greenish-white, the
aperture circular with the margin thick, flat, and re¬
flexed. JPulchellus, small and beautiful.

Genus 2. Zonites. — Shell orbicular, depressed, flat or
little convex above, umbilicate, very thin, spiral ; with
the aperture roundish-semilunar, having a very thin
margin, incomplete behind. Name from Zc^, a zone or
belt. Montfort, Gray.

1. Zonites rotunddtus. — Shell flattisli, slightly con¬
vex above, deeply and regularly striate, variegated with
spots of reddish-brown and greyish-yellow, the umbili¬
cus very large, the aperture semilunar. Rotunddtus ,
rounded.

2. Zonites celldrius. — Shell flattened, slightly con¬
vex above, somewhat rugose, shining, transparent, pale
yellowish-brown, the last turn opaque and white to a
great extent beneath, umbilicus, rather large and deep.
Celldrius , living in cellars.

3. Zonites nitidulus. — Shell depressed, considerably
convex above, somewhat rugose, glossy, transparent,
light yellowish-brown, the last turn with a small part
of the under side along its inner margin whitish and
very slightly opaque, umbilicus rather large and deep.
Nitidulus, somewhat shining.

4. Zonites lucidus. — Shell depressed, considerably con¬
vex above, rather strongly striato-rugose, transparent,
glossy above, shining beneath, dull greyisli-brown, the
whorls convex and indexed at the suture margin, the
last destitute of whiteness or opacity beneath, umbi¬
licus large and deep, aperture oblique, longer than
broad. Lucidus , shining.

5. Zonites allidrius. — Shell nearly flat, somewhat

46malacozoa. gasteropoda, pulmobranchiata.terrestria.

wrinkled, shining, transparent, yellowish-brown, with
the suture margin planulate, part of the last turn beneath
somewhat opaque and whitish, umbilicus rather large
and deep. Allium , garlic. Alliarius , smelling of
garlic.

6. Zonites radidtulus. — Shell depressed, very slightly
convex above, regularly striate, transparent, glossy, pale
greenish-grey, of tliree-and-a-half whorls, which are flat¬
tened at the suture margin, with the strise more distinct
there, umbilicus large and deep. Radiatiduss having
small rays.

7. Zonites purus. — Shell flattened, somewhat convex
above, wrinkled or striate, transparent, moderately glossy,
greenish-white, of four whorls, which are a little convex
and incurved at the suture margin, umbilicus rather
large and deep. Purus , clean or clear.

8. Zonites crystdllinus. — Shell flattened, very slightly
convex above, extremely thin, transparent, shining, green¬
ish-white, of five or six whorls, which are slightly flat¬
tened at the suture margin, and faintly striato-rugose,
umbilicus deep, of moderate width. Crystdllinus , clear
like crystal, or glass.

9 . Zonites fuscus. — Shell rather convex, extremely thin,
flexible, the turns striato-sulcate. Fuscus , brown or
dusky.

Genus 4. Vitrina. Animal with a linguiform process
extending backwards over the shell, on the right side.
Shell spiral, of few turns, semiorbieular, imperforate,
extremely thin, transparent ; the last turn disproportion¬
ately large ; the aperture roundish, with the margin very
thin. Vitrum, glass. Draparnaud.

1 . Vitrina pellucida. — Shell ovato-orbicular, consider¬
ably depressed, very thin, brittle, glossy, pale apple-green,
or hyaline ; with the aperture very large, roundish, sub-
lunate. Pellucidus , permeable to light.

Genus 5. Succinea. — Shell oval or oblong, imperforate,
very thin, with a short spire ; the aperture very large,
obovate or oblong, with the margin thin, and disunited
behind. Succinum , amber. Draparnaud.

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOB RAN C HI ATA . TERRESTRIA. 47

1. Succinea putris. — Shell ovato-oblong, very tliin,
transparent, glossy, with the spire short, the mouth
ovate, vertical, two-thirds of the whole length. Putris ,
filthy.

A. S. putris gracilis. Gracilis, slender.

Genus 6. Bulimus. — Shell ovate, oblong, or subcylin-
drical, spiral, thin ; the last turn proportionally larger
than the next ; the aperture oval, entire, toothless, not
half so long as the spire ; peristome incomplete, thick¬
ened. The name perhaps from povMgos, insatiable
hunger. Bruguiere.

1 . Bulimus lubricus. — Shell ovato-cylindrieal, shining
faintly striated, with the aperture ovato-trigonal, the
peristome thicked, but not reflexed. Lubricus , smooth,
slippery, or glossy.

2, Bulimus obscurus. — Shell ovato-oblong, slightly
lossed, faintly striated, with the aperture subovate, the

peristome somewhat thickened and spread. Obscurus ,

dusky or dull.

Genus 7. Pupa. — Shell oblongo - cylindrical, thin,
spirate ; the last turn not much larger proportionally ;
the aperture semioval, with the peristome incomplete,
thickened, and reflexed. Pupa, a doll or puppet ; also
an insect in the second state of its existence, in which
it resembles this shell.

1 . Pupa umbilicdta. Shell oblongo-cylindrical, with
the aperture semiovate, subangulate, the peristome thick
and flattened, a laminar tooth in or near the angle
formed by the junction of the outer lip, the umbilicus
narrow. TJmbilicdtus, having an umbilicus.

2. Pupa margindta. — Shell oblongo-cylindrical, with
the aperture nearly circular, the peristome thin, but
with a strong convex external rib behind it on the outer
lip, an obtuse, often obsolete tooth in the middle of the
columellar space. Marginatus , having a rim.

Genus 8. Vertigo. — Shell subcylindrical, very thin,
spirate ; the last turn not proportionally larger ; the
aperture semiovate, toothless, the peristome slightly

48 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. AQUATIC A,

thickened, incomplete. Vertigo, a whirling or turning
round. Muller.

1. Vertigo edentula. — Shell ovato-cylindrical, sub-
conical, with the second turn much larger than the
first, greatly exceeded by the third, which is little less
than the fourth, the fifth not much larger. Edentulus ,
toothless.

Genus 9. Clausilia. — Shell slender, turrite, subfusi-
form, thin, of numerous generally reversed turns, the
last smaller than the next, the aperture suboval, ob¬
lique, with the peristome continuous, free, marginate,
and toothed ; the throat with an internal plait capable
of closing the cavity. Claudo, to close. Draparnaud.

1. Clausilia perversa. — Shell turrito-fusiform, rather
glossy, with from ten to twelve little convex, trans¬
versely sulcato-striate turns, the last narrowed, with
two wide grooves, the aperture subovate, narrowed near
the upper end, and having generally two plaits on the
columella. Perversus, turned the wrong way.

Genus 10. Balea. — Shell slender, turrite, thin, of nu¬
merous reversed turns, the last proportionally larger than
the next, the aperture roundish or oval with the peris¬
tome thin and simple. Name unintelligible. Leach,
Gray.

1. Balea perversa. — Shell oblongo-turrite, reversed,
slender, with the aperture subovate, the peristome thin,
simple, the umbilicus distinct. Perversus , turned the
wrong way.

Aquatica. Residing in fresh water.

Family III. — Limn^iina.

Body ovate or elongated, spiral or conical, with a
spiral or conical shell ; the head surmounted by a large
expansion or veil ; tw'o contractile tentacula, having the
eyes situated at their base. Limndcea, Blainville.
Limnceadce , Gray. Named from Limnceus, one of the
genera.

Genus 1. Limnasus. — Head with two flattened, sub-

MALACOZOA. GASTEROI*ODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. AQUATICA. 49

obtuse tentacula ; foot oval, anteriorly bilobate. Shell
oval or oblong, tliin, fragile, with a tapering pointed
spire, the aperture longer than wide, oval, thin-edged,
the columella with an oblique plait. Alfivrj, a marsh or
pool. Draparnaud.

1 . Limnceus pereger. — Shell ovate, thin, horny, with
the spire short, acute, the last turn very large, the
aperture ovate. Peregrinor , “ to travel through strange
places.”

A. L. pereger ovatus. Ovatus, egg-shaped.

B. L. pereger communis. Communis , common.

C. L. p&reger limosus. Limosus , living in mud.

2. Limnceus palustris. — Shell oblong, conical pointed,
with the spire rather elongated, the turns forming an
acute margin along the suture, the aperture ovato-
oblong. Palustris , residing in marshes.

3. Limnceus truncatulus. — Shell ovato-oblong, coni¬
cal, pointed, the turns somewhat abruptly curved at
their upper margin, the aperture ovate or ovato-oblong.
Named from the flattening or truncation of the turns.

A. L. truncatulus oblongus. Oblongus, longer than broad.

B. L. truncatulus fossarius. Fossarius, in ditches.

C. L. truncatulus minutus. Minutus , very small.

Genus 2. Physa. — Animal with two long, slender,

tapering tentacula, the mantle with two expansile digi¬
tate lobes. Shell sinistrorse, oval, glossy, transparent,
the last turn very large, ovate, ventricose, the aper¬
ture ovato-oblong, very narrow and acute behind. Qvo-aco,
to inflate or blow out. Draparnaud.

1. Physa fontindlis. — Shell oval, transparent, glossy,
with the spire very short, the aperture ovato-oblong,
occupying about half the size of the inferior surface.
Fontindlis, residing in springs or streams.

Genus 3. Planorbis. — Animal very slender, elongated,
involute, with two very long, setaceous tentacula. Shell
orbicular, flat, coiled nearly in the same plane. Planus ,
flat ; drbis, ball. Muller.

1. Planorbis Vortex. — Shell orbicular, extremely de¬
pressed, pellucid, slightly concave above and beneath,
E

50 MALACOZOA. GASTEROFODA. PECTINIBRANCH1ATA.

with six gradually increasing volutions, the last with an
acute angle or keel along the lower margin of the disk,
the aperture roundish, somewhat rhombic. Vertex, a
whirlpool, circular movement, or coil.

A. P. Vortex crassulus. Dim. of crdssus, fat or thick.

B. P. Vortex Spirorbis. Spira , a whorl ; 6 rbis, a ball.

2. Plandrbis contdrtus. — Shell orbicular, depressed,
widely and slightly concave above, with six nearly equal,
narrowr, distinctly striated volutions, the last rounded,
leaving a wide and deep cavity beneath ; mouth narrow',
semilunar. Contdrtus , twisted together or coiled.

3. Plandrbis dibus. — Shell orbicular, extremely de¬
pressed, wddely concave above and beneath, with the
volutions longitudinally sulcato-striate, transversely striu-
late, and hispid. Albus , white.

4. Plandrbis imbricdtus. — Shell orbicular, extremely
depressed, widely and very deeply concave beneath,
slightly concave in the middle above, with the volutions
obliquely sulcato-striate. Imbricdtus,

Genus 4. Ancylus. — Animal conoidal, with two de¬
pressed, elongated, triangular, obtuse, tentacula. Shell
elliptical, conoidal, with the point curved backwards,
and nearer the posterior end. AyKvXrj, a kind of cup.
Geoffroy.

1. Ancylus fluvidtilis. — Oval, conoidal, striulate lon¬
gitudinally and concentrically. Fluviatilis , residing
in rivers.

ORDER II.— GASTEROPODA PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

Respiratory apparatus a branchial cavity on the back,
containing two fimbriated branchise, and communicating
externally by a large aperture between the edge of the
mantle and the body. Sexes separated.

Chismobranchidta, Blainville. Trachelipoda, Lamarck.
Pectinibranchidta, Cuvier. Pec ten, a comb ; Branchiae ,
gills.

MAL AC0Z0 A . GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCIIIATA.

51

Asiphonata. Without a Branchial Tube.

Family I. — Paludinina.

Body elongated, spiral, with a spiral shell ; two coni¬
cal, elongated tentacula, having the eyes situated at their
base externally ; the aperture of the shell oval, with the
peristome complete ; a corresponding operculum. The
name from the Genus Paludina .

Genus 1 . Paludina.-— Animal with the tentacula taper¬
ing, of moderate length. Shell oval, with the peristome
thin ; operculum horny. Pdlus , a marsh.

1. Paludina vivipara. — Shell oval, rather thin, with
the turns very convex, horn-coloured, with three spiral
brown bands. Viviparus, producing live young.

Genus 2. Bythinia. — Animal with the tentacula slender
and elongated. Shell oval, with the peristome thickened
internally ; operculum calcareous. Name, I suppose,
from fivOios, dwelling in the deep.

1 . Bythinia tentaculata. — Shell ovato-conical, of five
convex turns ; the mouth nearly half the entire length.
Tentaculdtus , having remarkable tentacula.

Family II. — Naticina.

Body elongated, spiral, with a spiral shell ; two conical
tentacula; eyes on short pedicels at the outer side of
their base ; the aperture of the shell roundish ; a horny
or calcareous operculum. Name from the Genus Natica .

Genus 1. Natica. — Shell globose or oval, spiral, um-
bilicate ; the aperture roundish or semicircular, with the
outer lip thin, the inner partly covering the umbilicus.
Nates , a buttock or prominence. Lamarck.

1 . Natica monilifera. — Shell globose, of five very con¬
vex turns, having a series of purple spots near their
upper margin ; spire very short and convex. Monilis, a
necklace or string of beads ; fero, to bear.

2. Natica rutila . — Shell subglobose, rather broader
than high, of four very convex turns, dull-red, with a
white baud margining the narrow canaliculate suture ;

52 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA/

the spire very short and convex ; umbilicus transversely
sulcate. Rutilus, reddish.

3. Ndtica Alderi. — Shell subglob'ose, of five very con¬
vex turns, having five series of red spots ; spire very
short and rather acute, umbilicus longitudinally striated.
Named after Mr. Alder, an English naturalist.

4. Ndtica nitida. — Shell ovato-globose, of five very
convex turns, white without spots ; spire very short and
rather acute, umbilicus longitudinally striated. Nltidus,
shining.

5. Ndtica helicdides. — Shell ovate, thin, with a deli¬
cate epidermis, of five turns, separated by a canali¬
culate suture ; spire short, convex, rather obtuse, mouth
ovate, continuous. Helicoides , a spurious compound
of Helix, a snail, and etSov, aspect, appearance, like¬
ness.

6. Ndtica squalida . — Shell subglobose, rather thick,
of three and a-half turns, separated by a canaliculate
suture ; spire depressed, obtuse ; mouth ovate, conti¬
nuous. Squdlidus, slovenly or ill-favoured.

Genus 2. Neritina. — Shell semiglobose or oblong,
with the spire very small, the aperture oblique, reduced
to a hemispherical form by the thickening of the colu¬
mella, which shelves to a thin edge. Name altered
from Nerita, for a portion of that genus. Lamarck.

1. Neritina fluviatilis. — Shell transversely oblongo-
elliptical, convex, rather thick, banded, tesselated, or
spotted with olivaceous and white. Fluviatilis , living
in rivers.

Family III. — Turbinina.

Body elongated, spiral, with a spiral shell ; two coni¬
cal tentacula ; eyes on prominences at their base ex¬
ternally ; mouth with a spiral lingual filament ; shell
globose, ovate, conical, or turrite, with the aperture
round, subangulate, ovate, or oblong, anteriorly rounded,
without notch. Name from the genus Turbo.

Genus 1 . Trochus. — Shell conical, with the spire
moderately elevated or low, the aperture somewhat square

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 53

or angulate, the columella arcuate, and often a little
projecting. T poxbs, a potter’s wheel, or a top. Lin¬
naeus.

1. Trdchus Sisyphinus . — Shell imperforate, conical,
acuminate, with the turns flat, spirally grooved, each
with a prominent rim on the angle, the upper turns
granulate. Named, I suppose, from some fancied ana¬
logy to the rolling stone of Sisyphus ; if so, it is erro¬
neously written zizyphinus.

2. Trdchus conuloides. — Shell imperforate, conical,
acute, with the turns flat, spirally grooved, with the
marginal ridge more prominent. Name from its re¬
semblance to a cone.

3. Trdchus Martini. — Shell imperforate, conical,
acuminate, with the turns flat, with cord-like ridges,
the angular margin of the turns with a very prominent
crenulated rim. Named by Mr. Smith after Major
Martin.

4. Trdchus cinerarius. — Shell umbilicate, depressedly
conical, convex, of five sulcato-striate turns, of a pale-
grey colour, with radiating, undulated, reddish purple
lines. Cinerarius , ash-grey.

5. Trdchus tumidus. — Shell umbilicate convexo-conical,
of five turns, which are depressed above, sloping, striate,
brownish white, with transverse waved dusky or purple
lines. Tumidus , swelled or bulging.

Genus 2. Phorcus. — Shell roundish, rather depressed,
thickish, with the turns convex, the aperture circular,
subangulate anteriorly ; the umbilicus deep. Phorcus ,
according to Hesiod, a son of the sea and the earth.
Risso.

1. Phdrcus Margarita . — Shell roundish, rather de¬
pressed, smooth, glossy, light-brown or olivaceous, with
the interior pearly. Margarita , a pearl.

Genus 3. Skenea. — Shell orbicular, discoid, with the
turns rounded, the aperture circular, the peristome com¬
plete, the umbilicus wide. Named by Dr. Fleming after
Dr. Skene, an Aberdeen physician and naturalist.
e 2

54 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

1 . Skenea depressa. — Shell orbicular, depressed, trans¬
parent, horny, with four transversely rugous olivaceous
turns. JDepressus, pressed down.

2. Skenea serpid'oides.— Shell orbicular, depressed,
pellucid, glossy, white, flat above, very widely umbi-
icate. Named from its resemblance to a Serpula.

3. Skenea divisa. — Shell orbicular, depressed, pellu¬
cid, glossy, white, slightly convex and smooth above,
spirally striate beneath. Divisus , separated into two parts.

Gemjs4. Littorina. — Shell imperforate, ovoidal, ovato-
conical, or subglobose, with the spire short, the last
turn very large, ventricose ; the aperture roundish, the
peristome incomplete behind, the outer lip bevelled to
a thin edge. Named, by Ferussae, from their inhabiting
the sea-shore, littns. Ferussae.

1. Littorina littorea. — Shell subovato-conical, thick,
with the spire half the length of the last turn, which
is very convex, longitudinally striate ; the aperture
roundish, white on the inner lip, streaked on the outer,
which forms an acute angle at its junction. Littdreus ,
residing on the sea-shore.

2. Littorina rudis. — Shell subovato-conical, thick,
with the spire half the length of the last turn, which
is very convex, longitudinally striate, transversely ru-
goso-striate ; the aperture oval, the peristome very
thick, the outer lip forming an acute angle at its junc¬
tion. Rudis, coarse.

3. Littorina saxdtilis. — Shell subgloboso-conical, as
broad as long, moderately thick, with the spire scarcely
a third of the whole length, the last turn somewhat flat¬
tened above, angulate below, longitudinally striate ; the
aperture very large, roundish, the outer lip united at
right angles. Saxdtilis , living on or among stones.

4. Littorina tenebrdsa. — Shell subovato-conical, ra¬
ther thin, with the spire as long as the last turn, which
is very convex, longitudinally striulate, transversely ru-
goso-striate, the exterior dusky, often banded or tes-
selated with lighter tints ; the aperture roundish-oval,
the outer lip united at right angles. Tenebrusus, dusky.

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 55

5. Littorina petrcea. — Shell globoso-conical, rather
thin, with the spire shorter than the last turn, which is
very convex, transversely rugoso-striate ; the aperture
roundish, the outer lip united at a rather acute angle.
Petrceus , living on or among rocks.

6. Littorina Beanii. — Shell globoso-conical, obtuse,
of three convex turns, the last very large, somewhat
glossy, faintly striated transversely and longitudinally,
and marked with alternate dark-brown and white lines
disposed in a tessular manner. Named after Mr. Bean,
a Yorkshire naturalist.

7. Littorina neritoides. — Shell sub globose, thick, with
the spire depressed and rounded, the aperture round¬
ish-ovate, the colour various. Neritoides , resembling a
Nerita .

Genus 5. Turritella. — Shell turrite, with the spire
very elongated, tapering to a fine point, the aperture
roundish, entire, with the peristome incomplete behind,
the outer lip very thin, and having a wide sinus. Name
from Turris, a tower. Lamarck.

1 . Turritella Terebra. — Shell turrite, acuminate, with
from fifteen to twenty moderately convex turns, each
with three longitudinal narrow ridges, and curved trans¬
verse lines. Terebra , an auger or wimble.

Genus 6. Eulima. — Shell turrite, with the spire very
elongated, tapering to a fine mammilliform point ; the
aperture ovate, entire, with the peristome incomplete be¬
hind, the outer lip thick and even. Risso.

1. Eulhna elegantissima. — Shell turrite, very elon¬
gated, of numerous, flat, transversely grooved and obtusely
ridged turns. Elegantissimus, very elegant.

2. Eulhna nitidissima. — Shell very elongated-turrite,
of about nine rounded, smooth, glossy turns ; the aper¬
ture subovate, with the outer lip thick. Nitidisshnus ,
very glossy.

3. Eulima polita. — Shell very elongated-turrite, taper¬
ing to a fine point, of about ten flat, smooth, very glossy

56 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

turns ; the aperture oblong, very narrow behind.
Politus, polished.

4. Eul'ima subuldta. — Shell very elongated-turrite,
tapering to a fine point, of about ten flat, smooth, very
glossy turns, which are white with two brown bands ;
the aperture oblong, very narrow behind. Subuldtus,
slender and tapering.

Genus 7. Lacuna. — Shell ovato-conical, thin, with a
delicate epidermis ; the aperture oval or roundish, the
peristome incomplete behind, the columella flattened,
and forming a deep groove, continued from the umbilicus.
Lacuna , a furrow, trench, or hollow. Turton.

1. Lacuna vincta. — Shell ovate, conical, thin, semi-
transparent, with a delicate epidermis, the whorls five,
variously coloured, convex, the last somewhat angulate,
obsoletely striated transversely, with minute undulated
longitudinal striulse ; the aperture roundish-ovate, the
columellar groove curved, narrow. Vinctus, girt.

A. L. vincta quadrifasciata. Four-banded.

B. L . vincta bifasciata. Two-banded.

C. L. vincta unicolor. Of one colour.

2. Lacuna fasciata. — Shell subglobose, broader than
long, with the spire depressed, the turns three, very thin,
transparent, the last extremely large, with four white
and three reddish-brown bands. Fasciatus, banded.

3. Lacuna pallidula. — Shell semiovato-globose, sub-
conical, thin, of four turns, with the spire very short,
and having the margin of the turns sloping towards the
suture, the aperture extremely large, the inner lip ex¬
tended somewhat in the manner of that of a Nerita.
Pallidulus, diminutive of pallidus, pale-coloured.

4. Lacuna sulcdta. — Shell subglobose, broader than
long, rather thin, of three and a-half turns, marked with
oblique growth-lines at intervals, the spire very short, the
aperture semicircular, extremely large, the inner lip
nearly straight, with a very wide umbilical groove. Sul -
catus, grooved.

Genus 8. Rissoa. — Shell conical, with the spire elon-

MALACOZOA. GASTEBOPODA. PECTINI3BANCHIATA. 57

gated, the apex mammilliform, the aperture roundish,
ovate, or pyrate, with the anterior end rounded, the pos¬
terior acute ; operculum horny. Named after M. Risso,
a naturalist of Nice. Freminville.

1 . Rissoa idvce. — Shell oblongo-turrite, rather thick,
opaque, the spire elongated, the turns seven, flat, ob¬
scurely striate transversely, the last convex and more or
less angulate. Ulva, sea-weed, from its living in salt
marshes.

2. Rissoa muriatica. — Shell oblongo-turrite, rather
thin, transparent, the spire elongated, the turns six,
slightly convex, faintly striate transversely, the last well-
rounded. The name refers to its living in salt water.

3. Rissoa ventricosa. — Shell ovato-turrite, of five or
six thin, pellucid, glossy, convex, slightly striate turns ;
aperture roundish-ovate, more than a third of the whole
length. Ventricdsa, bellying or bulging.

4. Rissoa parva. — Shell ovato-turrite, rather thick,
nearly opaque, glossy, of six rounded turns, with strong,
convex, slightly waved, transverse ribs, those of the last
turn not reaching the aperture, which is roundish ovate,
the outer lip thickened externally. Pdi'vus , small.

5. Rissoa alba. — Shell ovato-turrite, rather thin, semi¬
transparent, glossy, of six rounded turns, with short,
convex, slightly waved, transverse ribs, those of the last
turn not reaching more than half-way ; the aperture
roundish, the outer lip thin. Albus, white.

6. Rissoa semistridta. — Shell ovato- conical, pellucid,
spirally striate, glossy, of five rather convex turns, the
last sulcato-striate anteriorly, white, with two rows of red
spots, aperture roundish ovate, outer lip thin. Semi -
striatus, half-striated.

7. Rissoa interrupta. — Shell ovato-conical, pellucid,
smooth, glossy, of five rather flat turns, white, with a
spiral series of reddish-brown oblong spots near the
upper margin of each turn, and a band on the last. The
name has reference to the broken or interrupted reddish
band.

8. Rissoa reticulata. — Shell ovato-turrite, rather thick,

58 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIArA.

opaque, of five rounded turns reticulated with longitu¬
dinal and transverse slender ridges, the aperture roundish,
the outer lip thickened externally. Reticuldtus , covered
with net-work.

9. Rissoa Pullus. — Shell ovate, of five little convex,
glossy turns, the last as long as the spire, and banded
with red ; the aperture roundish-ovate. Pullus , a
chicken, or any young animal.

10. Rissoa tristriata . — Shell ovate, of five convex,
glossy turns, having three impressed lines along their
upper margin, the last with three rows of rhomboidal
red spots ; the aperture roundish. Tristriatus , with
three striae.

11. Rissoa truncdta. — Shell oblong, subcylindrical,
abruptly obtuse, of five turns, separated by a distinct
suture, and transversely striato-sulcate ; the aperture
ovate. Truncatus, abruptly terminated.

12. Rissoa stridta . — Shell oblongo-turrite, subcylin¬
drical, opaque, of six rounded, spirally striate turns, with
obsolete ribs at their upper margin ; the outer lip pro¬
jecting and considerably thickened. Stri&tus , striated,
scored with fines.

13. Rissoa gracilis. — Shell turrite, subcylindrical, thin,
pellucid, glossy, of six turns, the aperture ovate, little
narrowed behind, the outer lip thickened. Gracilis ,
slender.

Family IV. — Tornatellina.

Shell spiral, ovate, oblong, or turrite, with the aperture
oblique, ovate, oblong, or narrow, entire anteriorly, nar¬
rowed behind by the convexity of the last turn, the inner
lip ending in an oblique plait on the columella. Named
from the genus Tornatella.

Genus I. Odostomia. — Shell ovato-conical, with the
apex rather obtuse or mammillate, the aperture suboval,
the peristome incomplete behind, and having a tooth-
like plait. ’O 8ovs, tooth ; crrofia , mouth. Fleming.

1 . Odostdmia unidentdta. — Shell ovate, of four or five
moderately convex, glossy turns, the last ventricose,

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCIIIATA. 59

longer than the spire, the aperture ovate, with a thick
tooth-like plait. XJnus, one ; dens, tooth.

2. Odostdmia plicata. — Shell ovato-oblong, of five or
six glossy, transversely plicato-striate turns, which are
rather flat, but convex toward the suture, the aperture
ovate, with a distinct plait. Plicatus, having a plait.

3. Odostdmia scaldris. — Shell ovato-conical, of five
thin, transparent, glossy, faintly striated, moderately
convex turns, the suture canaliculate, the aperture ovate,
with a prominent plait. Scalaris , like a stair.

4. Odostdmia inter stincta. — Shell ovato-conical, of
five thin, transparent, glossy, rather flat, finely plicato-
costate turns, the aperture ovate, nearly half the whole
length, with a very small plait. Interstinctus.

5. Odostdmia spiralis. — Shell ovato-conical, of five
thin, transparent, glossy, nearly flat, finely ribbed turns,
the last spirally striated in its anterior half, the two
upper striae deeper and running along the spiral suture.
Spiralis, spiral, in reference to the lines mentioned.

6. Odostdmia semicostdta. — Shell ovato-conical, of five
thin, transparent, glossy, rounded turns, marked with
obsolete longitudinal striulae, and distant, delicate, trans¬
verse ribs on the upper half of the last turn, no plait on
the columella. Semicostatus, half-ribbed.

7. Odostdmia plicdtula. — Shell ovato-conical, of five
rather thick, opaque, glossy, flat, finely plicato-striate
turns, the last with the plicae ending about the middle,
and succeeded by three or four spiral striae, the terminal
part plain ; a very slight plait, no umbilicus. Plicatulus,
finely plaited.

8. Odostdmia Marionce. — Shell ovato-conical, of five
convex, thin, transparent rather glossy turns, finely pli¬
cate transversely, delicately striated spirally, and having
the upper margin in the form of a rib. Named after
Miss Marion Macgillivray.

9. Odostdmia Anna. — Shell oblongo-turrite, of five
rather thick, opaque, glossy turns, the last convex and
proportionally larger, the rest flattened, the aperture ovate.

60 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

nearly a third of the whole length, with a small plait.
Named after Miss Anne Macgillivray.

10. Odostomia obUnga. — Shell oblong, subcylindrical,
of five flattened turns, the last two finely ribbed, the
spire very obtuse, the suture distinct, the aperture ovate.
ObldnguSy much longer than broad.

Genus 10. Tornatella. — Shell ovato-conical, subeylin-
drical, spirate, the spire short and pointed, the aperture
oblong, very narrow behind, the peristome incomplete,
the outer lip thin, the columella with an obtuse plait.
Name from TornatuSy fashioned in a turner’s wheel.
Lamarck.

1 . Tornatella tornatilis. — Shell ovato-conical, subcylin¬
drical, moderately thick, glossy, with the spire convex,
the last turn longitudinally crenato-striate, pale red, with
two white bands, each mai’gined with two reddish purple
lines.

2. Tornatella pellucida. — Shell ovato-conical, sub-
cylindrical, very thin, transparent, glossy, with the outline
of the spire straight, the last turn longitudinally punc-
tato-striate, with two deeper striae along the suture, the
colour hyaline white, with three faint reddish bands.
Pellucidus, transmitting light.

3. Tornatella pusilla. — Shell ovato-conical, subfusi-
form, very thin, transparent, glossy, with the spire ob¬
tuse, the last turn distantly punctato-striate, the colour
hyaline white. Piisillus, diminutive.

Family Y. Sigaretina.

Animal with the body slightly spiral, the head with
a frontal veil ; large conical tentacula, with eyes at their
outer base ; the foot oval, very large and thick. Shell
oval or roundish, external, much depressed, with a very
small spire, and large aperture, without columella. Name
from the genus Sigaretus .

Genus 1 . Velutina. — Shell ovate or roundish, convex,
with a diminutive spire, and extremely large, roundish,

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. FECTINIBRANCHIATA. 61

or ovate aperture. Velutinus , velvety, tlie epidermis

being so in some of the species.

1. Velutina striata. — Shell roundish ovate, brittle,
whitish, striated, with an olivaceous villous epidermis.
Stridtus, streaked.

Genus 2. Coriocella. — Shell oblong or ear-shaped,
extremely thin, membranous in part, concealed in the
mantle.

1. Coriocella Jlexilis. — Shell ear-shaped, membran¬
ous, flexile, olivaceous, with a thin calcareous layer on
the inner lip and spire. Flexilis, capable of being easily
bent.

SlPHONATA.

Family YI. — Buccinina.

Body elongated, spiral ; head with two conical, de¬
pressed tentacula ; eyes on basal external lobes, mouth
with an annulated proboscis ; mantle with an open canal,
foot large. Shell generally ovate, spirate, with a very
short notch or canal in the anterior part of the aperture,
and a horny operculum. Name from the genus Buc-
cinum.

Genus I. Buccinum. — Shell ovate, with the spire
moderate, pointed, the aperture oval or oblong, with
a deep notch anteriorly, the columella plain, the outer
lip toothless. Buc.

1. Buccinum unddtum. — Shell ovato-conical, thick,
with the turns convex, longitudinally striate and sulcate,
with oblique waved convex ribs. Undatus, waved.

2. Buccinum Anglicdnum. — Shell oblong-conical, thin,
with the upper margin of the turns rather thick, and
irregularly plicato-nodulose, the turns obsoletely ribbed
and striate. Anglicanus , English.

3. Buccinum breve. — Shell ovato-conical, with five
convex, transversely ribbed, and longitudinally sulcato-
striate turns, the notch wide and oblique. Brevis , short.

Genus 2. Nassa. — Shell ovate, with the spire mode¬
rate, pointed, the aperture oval or oblong, with a deep
F

62 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

notch anteriorly, the columella callous, the outer lip
toothed.

1 . Nassa incrassata. — Shell ovato-conical, thick, with
the turns convex, longitudinally grooved, transversely
ribbed, nodulose ; the notch with a black spot. Incras -
satus , thickened.

Genus 3. Purpura. — Shell ovate, thick, with the
spire short, the aperture elliptical or semioval, the outer
lip tliin-edged, the columella flattened, the canal short.
Purpura , purple, some animals of this and allied genera
yielding a purple dye.

1. Purpura Lapillus. — Shell ovato-fusiform, thick,
with the turns convex, longitudinally ribbed, transversely
lamelloso-striate ; aperture elliptical, the outer lip in¬
ternally grooved or toothed. Lapillus , a small shell.

Family VII. — Fusina.

Body elongated, spiral ; head with two conical, some¬
what depressed tentacula, eyes on basal external pro¬
minences ; mouth with a long cylindrical annulated
proboscis ; mantle with a long open canal ; foot rather
large. Shell more or less -fusiform, spirate, "with a long
canal at the anterior part of the aperture, and a horny
operculum. Name from the genus Fusus.

Genus 1 . Murex. — Shell fusiform, oval or oblong ; with
rows of ridges, tubercles, or spines, generally in regular
order, aperture oval, terminated anteriorly by an elon¬
gated closed canal. Murex , the ancient name of a
shell. Linnaeus.

1 . Murex Erinaceus. — Shell ovate, with seven or eight
turns, which are transversely costate and longitudinally
sulcate ; the aperture ovate, with the outer lip thick,
internally dentate; the canal long and closed. Erina¬
ceus , a Hedgehog.

Genus 2. Fusus. — Shell fusiform, with the spire point¬
ed, the aperture oval or oblong, with an elongated,
slightly recurved canal. Fusus, a spindle.

1. Fusus antiquus. — Shell ovato-fusiform, with the

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 63

turns very convex, faintly striated longitudinally and
transversely, yellowish-wliite, with the inside of the
mouth yellow.

2. Fusus cdrneus. — Shell oblongo-fusiform, moderately
thick, white, with the turns little convex, with distinct
longitudinal and very faint transverse strise, and a yellow¬
ish-grey epidermis. Cdrneus , horny.

3. Fusus Laskey i. — Shell ovato-turrite, subfusiform,
moderately thick, with a greyish-yellow epidermis, the
turns convex, somewhat flattened above, with five large
and several smaller longitudinal ridges, and fine trans¬
verse strise. Named after Captain Laskey.

4 . Fusus Buchanensis. — Shell fusiform, rather thick, of
six moderately convex turns, transversely ribbed, with
raised spiral lines decussating the ribs, of which there
are twelve on the last turn, the aperture oblong, nearly
half the entire length.

Genus 3. Pleurotoma. — Shell fusiform, with the spire
pointed, the aperture oval or oblong, with an elon¬
gated, slightly recurved canal, the outer Up with a
notch or slit near its upper angle.

1 . Pleurdtoma Banffium. — Shell oblongo-fusiform,
rather thick, white, the turns rounded, with numerous
thin-edged, laminar, transverse ribs, bent toward the aper¬
ture. Named from Banff, where it was first noticed.

2. Fleurdtoma Turricula. — Shell oblongo-fusiform,
thin, white, the turns angulate at their upper part, ribbed,
and striate. Named from its resembling a turret or spire.

3. Pleurdtoma Trevellianum. — Shell ovato-fusiform,
thin, white, the turns angulate at their upper part, ribbed
and striate. Named by Dr. Turton after Mr. Trevellyan.

4. Pleurdtoma decussatum. — Shell elongated fusiform,
rather thick, the turns rounded, with transverse ribs, de¬
cussated by numerous spiral thin laminae. Decussdtus,
with lines crossing each other.

5. Pleurdtoma reticuldtum. — Shell oblongo-fusiform,
with the spire a little convex in outline, the whorls
slightly angulate at their upper part, with numerous

64 MALAC0Z0A. GASTEROPODA. SCUTIBRANCHIATA.

transverse narrow ribs, reticulated with longitudinal
raised lines, tlie ribs on the last turn divided into several.
Reticulatus , marked like network.

Genus 4. Rostellaria. — Shell turrite or fusiform ; its
aperture oblong, with a prolonged canal, the outer lip
much expanded, usually digitate or dentate. Named
from the long beak, Rostrum, formed by the canal.
Lamarck.

1 . Rostellaria Pes-pelecdni. — Shell turrite, of ten con¬
vex turns having a medial series of oblique compressed
obtuse odules, the outer lip extremely expanded, and
angulate. Named from a fancied resemblance to a Peli¬
can’s foot.

Family YIII. — Cypr^ina.

Body elongated, spiral; the head with two filiform
tentacula at the thickened base of which externally are
the sessile eyes ; mouth with a thin ribbon-like tongue,
minutely eckinate ; the mantle with two very large lobes,
capable of being extended over the back of the shell ;
which is oval or oblong, convolute, with the spire very
short or concealed, the aperture linear, as long as the
shell, and denticulate on one or both sides. Name from
one of the genera, Cyprcea.

Genus 1 . Cyprcea. — Shell oval, convolute, very convex
above, with the aperture longitudinal, linear, having a
recurved notch at each end, both lips denticulate.
Named after Venus .

1 . Cyprcea Europcea. — Shell ovate, very convex above,
with numerous transverse grooves. The only species
of northern Europe.

A. C. Europcea , arctica. Arcticus , northern.

ORDER III.— GASTEROPODA TUBULIBRANCHIATA.

ORDER IV.— GASTEROPODA SCUTIBRANCHIATA.

Respiratory apparatus a cavity on the back, con¬
taining pectinate or filamentous branchiae, and coinmu-

MALACOZOA.

GASTEROPODA. SCUTIBRANCHIATA. 65

nicating externally by an opening between tbe margin of
the body and the mantle ; unisexual.

Cervicobranchiata and Chismobranchidta , Blainville.
Gastrdpoda Calyptracia, and Trachelipoda Neritdcea,
Lamarck. Scutibranchidta, Cuvier. Scutum , shield ;
branchiae , gills.

Family I. — Fissurellina.

Body conical, not spiral; two large triangular, thin
tentacula; eyes on slight prominences at their outer
margin ; foot large, nearly circular ; branchial cavity
opening widely before. Name from the genus Fissured a.

Genus 1 . Lottia. — Shell conical, with the apex nearer
the anterior end, the aperture extremely large, oval
or roundish. Gray.

1. Lottia virginea. — Shell ovato-elliptical, little ele¬
vated, subpellucid, with obsolete radiating striae, and co¬
loured with reddish rays. Named from its beauty and
dehcacy.

Genus 2. Emarginula, — Shell conical, with the sum¬
mit inclined backward, a vertical notch or slit in the
anterior margin. Named from the slit in the margin.
Lamarck.

1. Emarginula Fissura. — Shell conical, somewhat
compressed, cancellated with about forty radiating ribs,
and numerous scalar lamellae, the margin crenulate.
Fissura , a cleft.

Genus 3. Rimula. — Shell conical, with the summit
inclined backward, and near it a ventrical sht. Ri¬
mula, a little chink. Defrance.

1. Rimula Flemingii. — Shell conical, compressed,
with twenty-four radiating ribs, alternating with smaller,
and cancellated, the margin crenulate. Named after
Dr. Fleming.

F 2

66 MALAC0Z0A. GASTEROPODA. CYCLOBRANCHIATA.

ORDER V.— GASTEROPODA CYCLOBRANCHIATA.

Respiratory organs a continuous fringed lamina, sur¬
rounding the foot.

Phyllidia , Lamarck. Cldsmobrancliiata and Poly -
pldxiphora, Blainville. Cyclobranchidta, Cuvier. Cy-
clus, a circle ; branchice, gills.

Family I. — Patellina.

Body convex, covered by a conical shell, having the
apex nearer the anterior end. Named from the Genus
Patella .

Genus 1. Patella. — Shell conical, with the aperture
extremely large, elliptical, ovate, or roundish. Linnaeus.

1 . Patella vulgdta. — Shell conical, with the apex di¬
rect, the surface radiated with about eighteen ribs, al¬
ternating with striae, and crossed by striulae, the margin
angulate or crenate. Vulgatus , common.

2. Patella Icevis. — Shell moderately thick, horny,
with the apex obtuse, much nearer the anterior end, the
surface concentrically striate, and usually marked with
strong growth-lines, the colour yellowish-brown, often
rayed with reddish. Lcevis, smooth.

3. Patella pellucida. — Shell thin, fragile, transpa¬
rent, with the apex incurved, obtuse, close to the
smaller end, the surface with about twenty-eight faint
ribs, and intermediate striae, yellowish-brown, w ith some
bright blue lines. Pellucidus , nearly transparent.

Family II. — Chitonina.

Body elliptical, depressed, or little convex, covered
by a shell composed of generally eight pieces. Name
from one of the genera.

Genus 1. Chiton. — Shell of eight transverse plates,
moveable upon each other by muscular bands. Xituv,
a coat of mail. Linnaeus.

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. TECTIBRANCHIATA. 67

1. Chiton fasciculdris. — Shell elliptical, moderately
convex, subcarinate ; the valves shagreened ; the mar¬
ginal band with eighteen tufts of greyish hairs. Fasci¬
culdris, having fasciculi or tufts.

2. Chiton margindtus. — Shell elliptical, moderately
convex, subcarinate; the valves shagreened, varying in
colour; the marginal band granulated, with alternate
dusky and whitish spots, and edged with minute spinclets.
Margindtus , having a margin or edging.

3. Chiton cinereus. — Shell elliptical, moderately con¬
vex, carinate ; the valves shagreened, with distinct growth¬
lines ; the marginal band narrow, minutely reticulated,
with the edge spinulose. Cinereus , ash-grey.

4. Chiton fuscatus. — Shell oblongo-elliptical, a little
narrower anteriorly ; carinate, the valves shagreened with
irregularly disposed granules ; the marginal band granu¬
late, with a membranous border. Fuscatus , dusky.

5. Chiton laevigdtus. — Shell broadly elliptical, a little
narrower anteriorly, subcarinate; the valves minutely
granulato-striate ; the marginal band smooth. Laevigdtus,
smoothed.

ORDER YI.— GASTEROPODA INFEROBRANCHIATA.

ORDER YII.— GASTEROPODA TECTIBRANCHIATA.

Respiratory organs composed of branched or pecti¬
nated laminae, attached along the right side, or on the
back, and covered by the mantle, which generally con¬
tains a shell.

Gasteropoda Laplysia and Bullcea , Lamarck. Mono-
pleurobranchidta, Blainville. Tectibranchidta, Cuvier.
Tectus , covered; branchiae , gills.

Family I. — Bulljeina.

Body divided into two parts, the anterior often with
lateral lobes ; tentacula none or minute ; shell very thin

68 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. TECTIBRANCHIATA.

and convolute, or none. Named from one of the genera,
Bullcea .

Genus 1. Bullcea. — Shell in the substance of the
mantle, over the branchiae, very thin, partially curved
in a spiral form, but without spire or columella, the
aperture very wide, and extending the whole length of
the shell. Bulla , a bubble.

1. Bullcea punctulat a. — Shell broadly ovato-elliptical,
transparent, glossy, with numerous longitudinal striae,
and transverse raised lines, leaving between them regu¬
lar series of squarish depressions. Punctulatus , marked
with little dots.

2. Bullcea Catena. — Shell oval, transparent, glossy,
subtruncate at the upper end, rounded at the other, the
surface with regular distinct divergent, catenulate striae.
Catena , a chain.

3. Bullcea catenulifera. — Shell oblongo-cylindrical,
transparent, glossy, truncate at the upper end, wider and
rounded at the other, the surface with regular distinct
divergent catenulate striae. Catenula , a little chain ;
fero , to bear.

Genus 2. Bulla. — Shell partly external, very thin,
involute, with the aperture extending its whole length,
oblongo-linear, wider below. Bulla , a bubble.

1. Bulla Cranchii. — Shell ovato-elliptical, subtrun¬
cate, with a small spiral pit, the surface somewhat glossy,
longitudinally divergingly striate, about ten striae at the
upper and eighteen at the lower end large, all punctate.
Named after Mr. Cranch.

2. Bulla Candida. — Shell broadly ovate, semitranspa¬
rent, glossy, with faint growth-lines, the apex prominu-
lous, obtuse, but with a slight scrobiculus, the aperture
ovato-oblong. Cdndidus , white.

Genus 3. Halia. — Shell obovate ; the last turn very
large, ventricose ; the spire prominent, convex, obtuse ;
the aperture ovato-trigonal, curved anteriorly to the left.
Name that of one of the Nereids. Risso.

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. NUDIBRANCHIATA. 69

1. Hdlia Flemingidna. — Shell obovate, thin, glossy,
white, with faint striae. Named after Dr. Fleming.

Genus 4. Bullina. — Shell cylindrical, involute, the
last turn concealing the rest ; the spire generally sunk :
the aperture straight, very narrow, a little widened ante¬
riorly. Named from Bulla. Ferussac.

1. Bullina umbilicata. — Shell oblongo- cylindrical,
semitransparent, glossy, with faint growth-lines, the
posterior extremity rounded, with a deep and narrow
umbilicus. Umbilicatus , having a pit in the spire.

2. Bullina truncata. — Shell subcylindrical, thin, semi¬
transparent, glossy, with distinct shallow sulci on half
its length from the posterior extremity, which is truncate,
with a wide and shallow umbilicus. Truncdtus, cut off
at the end.

3. Bullina cylindrdcea. — Shell cylindrical, thin, trans¬
parent, glossy, smooth, or with faint growth-lines, sub¬
truncate with a deep umbilicus. Cylindrdceus , elon¬
gated and round.

ORDER VIII.— GASTEROPODA NUDIBRANCHIATA.

Respiratory apparatus consisting of branchial tufts
or papillae, placed on the back, and exposed.

Tritonia , Lamarck. Polybranchiata and Cyclobranchi-
ata , Blainville. Nudibranchiata, Cuvier. Nudus , bare ;
branchiae, gills.

Polybranchiata.

With numerous branchice on the sides of the body.

Family I. — .ZEolidina.

Body oval, oblong, or elongated, with papilliform or
filamentous branchiae disposed along the sides of the
body above ; two pairs of tentacula ; eyes behind the
upper. Named from the Genus jFolis.

Genus 1. iEoLis. — Body oblong, tapering to a point,
with numerous filamentous or papilliform branchiae in
rowrs on the sides above. Name from z Bolus . Cuvier.

70 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. NUDIBRANCHIATA.

1 . JEolis papillosa. — Body oblong, tapering to an ob¬
tuse point ; the sides of the back with numerous subu¬
late branchial filaments ; the colour dusky, tinged with
purple, the branchiae brownish-black. Papillosus, with
small soft prominences.

2. JEolis Murray ana. — Body oblong, tapering to an
obtuse point ; the sides of the back with numerous very
large oblongo-conical, round branchial papillae ; the co¬
lour bluish- white, the papillae bluish-grey. Named after
Mr. Alexander Murray.

3. JEolis Cuvierii. — Body slender, tapering to a fine
point ; the sides of the back with elongated, tapering,
obtuse papillae in transverse series ; upper parts pale
purplish-grey, the branchiae pink. Named after the illus¬
trious Cuvier.

4. JEolis Leslidna. — Body slender, tapering to a
bidentate point ; the sides with upwards of three hun¬
dred lanceolate oblong whitish compressed papillae, in
oblique series ; the bare dorsal space linear-lanceolate,
white, with a brown oval central prominence. Named
after Mr. James Leslie.

Family II. — Tritoniina.

Body oval or oblong, with branchiae in the form of
tufts or plumes arranged symmetrically on the sides of
the body above; a pair of tentacula retractile into a
kind of sunk sheath. Named from the Genus Tritonia.

Genus 1. Tritonia. — Body oval or oblong, convex
above, with a row of branchial tufts on each side ; the
mouth with two thin-edged laminar teeth. Named after
Triton.

1 . Tritdnia arborescens. — Body oblong, convex above,
smooth, with four feathery appendages on the margin of
the superoral veil, the branchiae in six distinct decom¬
posed tufts on each side ; the colour above dusky, the
branchiae darker. Arbor Sscens, with tree-like tufts.

2. Tritonia plebeia. — Body oblong, tapering to an
obtuse point, convex above, greyish-yellow, with seven
prominent papillae on the veil, and on each side six small

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. CIRROBRANCHIATA.

71

branchial tufts. Named, I suppose, from its plain or
ignoble aspect.

C YCLOBRANCHI ATA .

Branchioe in a circle behind .

Family HI.* — Dorina.

Body oval or elliptical, convex above, with the bran¬
chial tufts arranged circularly on the upper part of the
body behind ; four tentacula. Named from the Genus
Boris.

Genus 1. Doris. — Body oval or elliptical, more or less
convex and tuberculate above ; the branchiae in a circle
behind ; the mouth a short fleshy tube, with a denticu¬
late lingual mass. Boris, “the mother of the Nereids.”

1 . B6ris tuberculcita. — Ovato-elliptical, convex above,
grey, covered above with small unequal depressed, gra¬
nulated papillae ; the margin of the mantle thick and
considerably expanded. Tuber culdtus, covered with
tubercles.

2. Bdris obvelata. — Oval, depressed, pale yellowish,
covered above with numerous unequal, much depressed,
granulated tubercles ; the margin of the mantle thin, re-
pand, projecting far beyond the foot ; upper tentacula
rugoso-granulate. Verrucdsus, warty.

3. Bdris bilamelldta . — Oval, depressed, covered
above with small, unequal, round tubercles, longer and
more crowded toward the margin ; the edge of the
mantle thin, considerably extended ; upper tentacula
with the margin of their sheath bituberculate. Bilamel-
Idtus, with two plates,

4. Boris dspera. — Ovato-elliptical, very convex above,
covered with rather large, nearly equal, round tubercles,
the margin of the mantle not extending far beyond the
foot ; upper tentacula rugoso-granulate. Asper, rough.

ORDER IX.— GASTEROPODA CIRROBRANCHIATA.

Respiratory apparatus of tufts of tentacular filaments
on the sides of the neck.

72

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA.

Cirrobranchiata , Blainville. Cirrus, a filament ;
branchice, gills.

Family I. — Dentaliina.

Animal much elongated, conical, with a conico-tu-
bular shell, open at both ends. Named from the Genus
Dentalium.

Genus 1. Dentalium. — Shell much elongated, conical
slightly curved, open at both ends, with the aperture
circular. Named from resembling a tooth, dens . Lin¬
naeus.

1. Dentalium Tint alis. — Shell elongated-conical, slight¬
ly curved, tapering to a fine point, but truncate at the
tip, and having a small slit in the margin of its upper
aperture, the surface glossy, obsoletely striulate, white.
Entalis , perhaps a corruption of Dent alis.

ORDER I.— GASTEROPODA PULMOBRANCHIATA.

Respiratory apparatus a pulmonary cavity on the
back, on which the vessels form a complex network,
and communicating externally by an opening on the
margin of the mantle, over the neck, on the right side,
capable of being closed at will.

Although they all respire air, many of them reside
habitually in water, but come occasionally to the surface.
They aU feed on vegetable substances.

SECTION I. — TE RRE STRIA.

Family I. — Limacina.

Animal with the body elongated, contractile, becom¬
ing convex or induplicate, united in its whole length
with the foot, and covered anteriorly above with a shield¬
like mantle ; the head and tentacula retractile into the

MALACOZOA. G A8TEROPOD A . PULMOBRAN CHIATA. 73

skin, which covers them as a sheath ; four slender ten¬
tacula ; the eyes situated at the tip of the upper pair of
tentacula ; orifice of the pulmonary cavity on the right
side, near the edge of the mantle ; anus opening into
the pulmonary aperture ; that of the generative or¬
gans near or immediately under it ; foot very elongated.

Shell very delicate, variously developed : sometimes
wanting or merely a thin scale, or agglutinated calcareous
grains, in the substance of the skin ; sometimes a par¬
tially external shell, sometimes entirely external ; but
always very small, and incapable of containing the
animal.

The species are herbivorous, feeding on the tender
parts of plants, on fruits, and mushrooms. They come
abroad chiefly in the morning and evening, or after rain ;
remain concealed among the herbage, or under stones,
or in holes, during the heat of the day ; and in winter,
having buried themselves in the ground, become torpid.

Genus 1. Arion. Arion Slug.

Animal elongated, linear-oblong, convex above ; with
the mantle shield-like and granulated ; the head retrac¬
tile, with four tentacula, of which the upper are longer
and oculiferous; the mouth with an upper tooth and
granuliferous tongue ; the foot very large, oblong ; the
pulmonary cavity under the scutum, and opening near
its right border anteriorly ; the orifice of the anus at
the posterior border of that of the respiratory cavity ;
the genital organs united, and placed on the right side
anteriorly, immediately under the respiratory opening ;
a mucous pore at the end of the body above.

Shell rudimentary, internal, thin, or composed of
calcareous particles.

1. Arion dter. Black Avion Slug.

Shield granulated, cloak with numerous longitudinal
branched or anastomosing ridges ; upper parts black, mar¬
gined with alternate brown and black lines, lower surface
greyish-blue.

The general form oblong, flat beneath, convex above, margi-
G

74 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA.

nate. The four tentacula rather short, cylindrical, a little
enlarged at the end. The shield soft, granulated, or marked
with small rounded prominences ; the rest of the surface with
numerous longitudinal ridges and furrows, which are often
nearly simple, frequently more or less branched or anastomo¬
sing. The pulmonary orifice circular, large, on the right side
near the margin, toward the anterior part of the shield. The
narrow, thin margin of the body transversely striated with
brown and black ; the colour of the upper parts black, some¬
times brownish-black, or blackish-brown, or dusky, or light-
grev; the lower surface greyish-blue, paler in the middle.
Length from three to five inches.

The shell is composed of calcareous granules loosely aggre¬
gated.

The colour of this species appears to be easily modified by
local circumstances. Most of the large individuals are black,
brownish-black, or greyish-black ; but some are brown or
even reddish. Young individuals are grey, whitish, bluish-
white, yellow, orange, or amber-coloured. The globular semi¬
transparent eggs are deposited among the roots of plants.
The species is very voracious, and injurious to garden produce.
It feeds on almost every sort of herbage, as well as strawber¬
ries, turnips, and apples.

Generally distributed. Very common in gardens, pas¬
tures, fields, thickets, woods, and by hedges and walks.

Limax ater. Linn. Fauna Suec. 507. Syst. Nat. i. — Limax sub-
rufus. Linn. Syst. Nat. — Limax rufus. Linn. Fauna. Suec. 508. —
Limax ater. Muller. Verm. Terr, et Aquat. 2. — Limax ater. Lis¬
ter. Anim. Angl. 131. — Limax ater. Drap. 122. T. 9. f. 3, 4, 5. —
Limax rufus. Drap. 123. T. 9. f. 6. — Arion empiricorum. Ferus.
Hist. Moll. 60. 17. T. 1, 2, 3. — Limax rufus. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2.
49. Ed. 2. vii. 716. — Arion ater. Flem. Brit. Anim. 256. — Arion
ater. Aid. Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 105. — Arion ater. Gray’s Turt.
104.

Genus 2. Limax. Slug.

Animal elongated, linear-oblong, or lanceolate, con¬
vex above, carinate behind ; with the mantle shield¬
like, elliptical, and marked with concentric lines ; head
retractile, with the upper tentacula longer and oculife-
rous ; pulmonary cavity under the scutum, and opening
near its right border posteriorly ; orifice of the anus at
the posterior border of that of the respiratory cavity;

JIALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA.

/O

genital organs united, and placed on the right side ante¬
riorly near the larger tentaculum.

Shell flat, nail-like, within the substance of the
mantle.

Limax differs little from Arion. In the former, the
shield is concentrically striated, the pulmonary aperture
near the hind part of its border, the tail carinate ; in
the latter, the shield is granulated', the pulmonary aper¬
ture near the fore part of its border, the tail with a large
mucous pore or cavity.

The species feed on tender herbage, fruits, mush¬
rooms, and vegetable substances in general. They are
most voracious after rain, or in the morning and even¬
ing, remain concealed during the heat of the day, and
in long droughts suffer severely. In winter they are
torpid, and concealed under the ground, or in crevices.

1. Limax cinSreus. Spotted Grey Slug.

Shield elongated, with fine concentric striae, cloak with nume¬
rous parallel somewhat undulated ridges ; the posterior third
of the body with a prominent acute undulated keel ; upper
parts dusky-brown with five pale-brown longitudinal bands ;
surface of the foot with three longitudinal bands.

The form is very elongated, flat beneath* very convex
above, laterally marginate. The upper tentacula very long,
tapering, granulated, a little enlarged at the end ; the lower
short, but similar. The shield is elongated, and marked with
fine concentric striae ; the rest of the upper surface with nu¬
merous longitudinal parallel somewhat undulated ridges ; the
posterior third of the body with a thin projecting undulated
keel; the tail rather pointed; the surface of the foot with
three longitudinal bands, of which the two lateral are longi¬
tudinally striated. The pulmonary aperture large, and near
the hind part of the shield. The head and tentacula are pale
yellowish-grey or reddish ; the shield pale-brown spotted
with black, the mantle dusky-brown, with five pale-brown
longitudinal bands, that continuous with the keel pale yel¬
lowish-brown ; the lower surface pale-grey. Length six, se¬
ven, or eight inches.

Shell thin, flat, oblong, yellowish-white ; “ fabse fere mag-
nitudine, multo tamen humilior, compressusque magis, modice
transparens, insequalis, admodum glaber, parte altera pla-

76 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA.

nior, altera veluti in oculum protuberans, sed dentibus fria-
bilis, ita ut in arenulas atteratur.”

“ Eosdem limaces circa Mensem Jimiiim in sylvis opacis
observavi ex arborum ramis demissos, singulos singulis funi-
bus bipedalibus, crassis et validis satis ; at e propria saliva
confectis. Est sane magna affinitas inter humorem ilium
e quo Araneorum Erucarumque fila fiunt, atque horum ani-
malium salivam.” Martinus Lister.

Not common. Plentiful in some places about Old Bridge
of Don. At Torry, on the south side of the Harbour of
Aberdeen. Occurs in thickets, pastures, hedges, and gardens.

Limax cinereus. Muller, Verm. Terr. et. Fluviat. ii. 5. —
Limax cinereus. Drap. Verm. Terr, et Fluviat. 1 24. PI. 9. f. 1 0.
— Limax antiquorum. Feruss. Hist. Moll. 68. T. 4. — Limax ci-
nereus, maximus, striatus et maculatus. List. Anim. Angl. 127.
PI. 2. f. 15. — Limax maculatus. Nunneley. Trans. Phil. Soc.
Leeds, i. 46. T. 1. f. 2. — Limax cinereus. Ferus. Hist. Moll. i.
65. T. 4. — Limax cinereus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 256. — Limax
maximus. Grey’s Turt. 1 13. — Limax cinereus. Lamk. Syst. vi.
2.50. Ed. 2. vii. 717.

2. Limax variegatus. Variegated Slug.

Shield short, broadly rounded behind, concentrically sul-
eato-granulate ; cloak with numerous longitudinal undulato-
granulate ridges ; the posterior fourth of the body with a
medial crenate keel ; upper parts dull reddish-brown, thickly
spotted with blackish-brown.

The form oblong, very convex above. The upper tenta-
cula nearly cylindrical, a little enlarged at the tip, and granu-
lato-rugose ; the lower very short ; the neck about the same
length as the shield, with a medial granulate ridge, and lateral
oblique, broad, convex, granulato-crenate ridges ; the shield
short, broadly rounded behind, marked with concentric granu¬
late furrows ; the rest of the surface with numerous undulated
or granulate ridges ; the keel medial, crenate, occupying the
posterior fourth of the body ; the tail rather pointed ; the sur¬
face of the foot with three longitudinal bands. The upper
surface thickly and irregularly spotted with blackish-brown
on a light dull reddish-brown ground ; the neck paler and
tinged with red ; the lower surface yellowish-grey. It varies
however in colour, individuals being darker or lighter.
Length about an inch and a half.

It differs from Limax cinereus in having only the end of the
tail keeled, in its inferior size, different markings, and other

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA.

77

circumstances ; from Limax agrestis in not having the keel
oblique.

Its slime is limpid; hut, when irritated, it secretes a thicker
bluish-white mucus. When on a twig, or other place, whence
it cannot proceed in the direction intended, it allows itself to
drop, being at first slowly lowered by the thread of adhesive
mucus, which at length gives way.

In damp places, as beneath turf or stones, by walls,
among plants, or sometimes about houses.

Limax flavus. Linn. Fauna. Suec. 363. — Limax variegatus.
Drap. Hist. Moll. 127. — Limax variegatus. Nunneley. Trans.
Phil. Soc. Leeds. J. 47. T. 1. f. 3. — Limax flavus. Grey’s Turt.
114. — Limax variegatus. Feruss. Hist. Moll. 71. T. 5. f. 1-6. —
Limax variegatus, Desh. Lamk. Syst. Ed. 2. vii. 722.

3. Limax agrestis. Field Slug.

Shield large, broadly rounded behind, subconcentrically
striato-sulcate ; body with numerous longitudinal interrupted
broad subgranulate ridges ; a short keel bent obliquely toward
the end ; upper parts yellowish-grey, or pale brownish-yel¬
low, somewhat mottled with dusky and whitish.

The form oblong, very convex above. The upper tenta-
cula long, tapering for half their length, then cylindrical, very
slightly enlarged at the tip ; the lower very short ; the neck
protruding to nearly half the length of the shield, with a nar¬
row convex medial ridge ; the shield large, broadly rounded
behind, marked with subconcentric striae, the ridges between
which are subgranulate ; the rest of the surface with nume¬
rous interrupted broad, convex subgranulate ridges ; the keel
about a fifth of the whole length, and bent obliquely toward
the end ; the tail pointed ; the surface of the foot with three
longitudinal bands. The head, neck, and upper tentacula
light brown, the eyes black ; the upper surface light brown¬
ish-yellow, or yellowish-grey, somewhat mottled with lighter
and darker tints, and with the sulci dark-coloured ; the keel
yellowish ; the lower surface pale grey, margined with yel¬
lowish. Length about an inch and a-half.

It varies considerably in colour, being sometimes whitish
or cream-coloured, or grey, or somewhat dusky.

When irritated it emits from the sulci a thick milky fluid,
which leaves a white film when dry. It drops from a height
by means of the slimy thread of its mucus.

Abundant, and generally distributed, occurring in fields, pas¬
tures, gardens, thickets, and on grassy banks, and by fences.
G 2

78 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA.

Limax agrestis. Linn. Syst. Nat.i. 1082. — Limax cinereus, par¬
vus, immaculatus, pratensis. List. Anim. Angl. 130. — Limax
agrestis. Nunneley, Trans. Phil. Soc. Leeds, i. 47. PI. 1. f. 4. —
Limax agrestis. Gray’s Turton. 117. — Limax agrestis. Lamk.
Syst. Ed. 2. vii. 717. — Limax agrestis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 256.

4. Limax marginatus. Margined Slug.

Shield elongated, free anteriorly for more than half its
length, with large concentric undulated ridges, cloak with
numerous parallel undulated ridges, interrupted behind ; the
whole length of the body with a rather obtuse keel, more pro¬
minent and undulated behind ; neck scarcely extending a
fourth of the length of the shield, which is dull yellowish-
grey with two longitudinal pale-brown bands; hind part of
body bluish-grey, the keel yellowish-white ; surface of the foot
with three longitudinal bands, of which the medial is less
than half the breadth of the lateral.

The form is very elongated, flat beneath, laterally com¬
pressed, very convex above, with thin, transversely sulcate
margins. The upper tentacula rather short, cylindrical, knob¬
bed, granulated; the lower very short. The neck projecting
about a fourth of the length of the shield, with a narrow
medial ridge, and two broad transversely grooved ridges.
The shield is elongated, broader and rounded behind, but
with a slight apex. It is marked with strong undulated con¬
centric ridges, and toward the hind part has an irregular pro¬
minence over the shell, which is broadly elliptical, nearly flat,
thick, irregularly rugose, shining, white, covered above with
crystalline granules. The body marked with longitudinal
convex, undulated ridges, which toward the hind part are
interrupted. An obtuse keel extends its whole length, be¬
coming more elevated and somewhat undulated behind ; the
tail much compressed and rather pointed. The lateral mar¬
gins are thin, with transverse rather distant sulci. The foot
very narrow, with the lateral bands more than twice the
breadth of the medial. The tentacula and a band running
from them along each side of the neck, pale-brown ; the eyes
black ; the shield yellowish-grey with two broad lateral pale-
brown bands ; the keel yellowish-white, the rest of the body
of a delicate light bluish-grey ; the foot bluish-grey, with paler
margins. Length two inches. The pulmonary aperture less
than a third of the length of the shield distant from its hind part.

It differs from Limax cinereus, to which it comes nearest,
in many essential respects, as will be seen on comparing the
descriptions of the two species.

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. /9

I first met with it in my garden, in May, 1 842, while search¬
ing for specimens of Limax agrestis, and was at once struck by
its very elongated form. Even when contracted, it is nearly
as slender as Limax agrestis when extended. Its slime is
colourless and transparent ; hut leaves a shining whitish, opa¬
lescent trace, and it exudes, when irritated, an opaline greenish-
blue mucus. At night, or by day in gloomy weather, it very
frequently ascends trees, to a great height. From the middle
of June it disappears; but I have found it again in October
and November.

Common in many places about Old Aberdeen.

Limax marginatus. Mull. Yerm. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 10.

Limax marginatus of Draparnaud appears to be different.

Family II. — Helicina.

Animal with the body elongated, united anteriorly
with the foot, spirally rolled, and covered with a shell ;
the head and tentacula retractile into the skin, which
covers them as a sheath; four tentacula; the eyes situated
at the tip of the upper pair ; orifice of the pulmonary
cavity on the right side of the neck ; the mantle forming
a collar; the orifice of the generative organs near the outer
base of the right upper tentaculum ; the foot very large.

Shell spiral, orbicular and depressed, globose, ovate,
or cylindrical ; with the mouth roundish, ovate, or semi¬
lunar, its margin thickened ; the axis perforated in young
shells, but the umbilicus often concealed by the reflec¬
tion of the inner lip in old individuals.

The species are herbivorous, feeding on the tender
parts of plants. They come abroad chiefly in the morn¬
ing and evening, or after rain ; remain concealed in
obscure places during the heat of the day; in long
droughts close the mouth of the shell w ith a membrane
secreted by the part of the mantle which encloses the
foot ; in winter, having retired into a hole or crevice, or
among moss, close the mouth of the shell in the same
manner, and remain torpid until the return of heat.

Genus 1. Helix Snail.

Animal elongated; the body spiral; the mantle forming

SO MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA.

a fleshy collar, closing the shell ; the head distinct ; the
mouth opening longitudinally, with a fleshy lobe on
each side, and internally a lingual mass and an upper
denticulate hard piece ; tentacula four, retractile, sub¬
ulate, all terminating in a knob, the upper long and
each bearing an eye at the tip, the lower short; the
foot large, elongated, depressed, flat beneath, tapering
behind ; orifice of the pulmonary cavity on the right
side, on the collar; anal aperture beside it; genital organs
united, and opening near the upper right tentaculum.

Shell orbicular, subglobose, subconical, or depressed,
umbilieate, thin, spirally twisted ; the aperture roundish
or sumilunar with the margin thickened, and more or
less reflexed, but incomplete behind.

The number of species being very great, and present¬
ing great differences in the form of the shell and its
aperture, various subdivisions have been instituted by
authors, which however it would be of no utility to in¬
dicate in the present case, our species not being numerous
enough to render it difficult to distinguish them.

The Snails are equally destructive to vegetables as
the Slugs, which they resemble in their habits. When
the animal is in motion, the shell is balanced obliquely on
its back, and the tentacula are^continually advancing and
retiring.

1 . Helix aspersa. Spotted Snail.

Shell subglobose, imperforate, moderately thick, rugose
and subreticulate ; the whorls four, the last very convex ; the
aperture roundish, lunate ; the margin thickened, reflexed ;
the colour reddish or brownish-yellow, with four longitudinal
bands of blackish-brown, interrupted by yellowish curved spots ;
the margin internally white. Diameter an inch and a-lralf.

It varies greatly in colour : sometimes the bands are very
distinct, sometimes apparent only on the spire ; in some the
last whorl is nearly all yellow, in others nearly all dark-
brown, but move frequently variegated with brown and yellow
in transverse undulating bands.

The animal, when in motion, presents an oblongo-lance-
olate foot, tapering behind to a somewhat acute tip, of a pale
yellowish-grey colour beneath, margined with a corrugated

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PtLMOBRANCHIATA. 81

yellowish band, on the sides and upper part rugoso-granu-
late, as is the neck. The general colour grey, with a broad
band of brown along the side of the foot and neck, succeeded
on the latter by a pale band, and an upper brown band, with
a medial narrow whitish line above. The upper tentacula
are very long, subulate, granulated, dusky-brown, and termi¬
nated by a globose knob, on the summit of which is the black
eye, the fore part of the head convex, declinate, granulate ;
the lower tentacula short, but similar, the mouth covered by
a bifid obtuse flap.

Found here and there in the maritime and lower inland
tracts, especially in gardens, about' old walls, and on hedge-
banks, but chiefly along the coast. At the approach of
Winter retires into holes, where great numbers are often found
adhering to each other.

The eggs, which are covered with a soft white membrane,
are deposited in July among the roots of the herbage, and by
the end of Autumn the young are about the size of a hazel¬
nut. Where numerous, this species is very destructive to
garden produce. “ Olera depascunt et omnigenam herbam ;
neque ipsa poma intacta relinquunt,” says Martin Lister, who
gives a much better account of its structure and habits than
one who had read our more modern works on British Mollusca
could expect.

Helix aspersa. Muller, Venn. Terr, et Aquat. ii. 59. — Helix
aspersa. Mont. Test. Brit. 407. — Helix hortensis. Penn. Brit.
Zool. 136. PI. 84. f. 129.— Helix aspersa. Flem. Brit. Anim. 263.
— Helix aspersa. Drap. Moll. Terr, et Flew. 89. PI. 5. f. 23. —
Helix aspersa. Grey’s Turt. 128. — Helix aspersa. Lamk. Sj'st.
vi. 2. 68. — Helix hortensis. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 136. T. 84. f.
129. — Cochlea vulgaris major, pulla, maculata, et fasciata, hor¬
tensis, List. Anim. Angl. 1 13. PI. 2. f. 2.

2. Helix arbustorum. Single-handed Snail.

Shell subglobose, perforate, moderately thick, faintly rugose ;
the whorls four, the last very convex ; the aperture semi¬
elliptical or roundish, lunate, the margin thick, reflexed, and
white ; the whorls brown, marbled with brownish-yellow, and
having a longitudinal dark-brown band. Diameter about an
inch.

Animal generally with the head and upper part of the foot
greyish-black, the rest of the body dusky, variegated with
whitish, a black line corresponding to that on the shell, the
lower surface of the foot yellowish-grey.

82 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRAN CHIATA .

In the more coloured, regularly banded individuals, the ani¬
mal has the neck, head, and tentacula black ; in those which
are paler, grey ; and in such as are of a nearly reddish-grey
colour, with a few markings, and without the band, the part
of the animal protruded is of a light yellowish-brown colour.
Similar variations are observed in other species, not of the
genus Helix only, but of other genera also ; so that the colour¬
ing of the animal cannot with propriety be considered as of
much importance as indicative of specific distinction.

As to the shell in this species, it presents numerous vari¬
ations, both in form, and more especially in colour. The spire
is much more prominent in some individuals than in others ;
some are very thin, almost transparent, and of a nearly uniform
brownish-yellow colour, while others are variegated, with a
brown band, and some strongly marked, with the band black.
Their shells have the peristome less thick, but with a white
rib near the margin internally ; thick shells have no appear¬
ance of an internal rib, but present a uniform thick peristome.

“ Juniores pellucidae, fuse®, vix lineis luteis notat®, at alia
nota noscuntur ; intra marginem apertur® acutum alter quasi
margo elevatus candidus, a prima ®tate observabilis ; testa
vero ad justam magnitudinem producta, hie secundus margo
evanescit, vel in labium subreflexum album perditur.” Muller.

Generally dispersed in the lower districts. Common on
the grassy banks along the roeky coast of Kincardineshire,
on the banks of the Don near the bridges, and many other
places about Aberdeen. Extremely abundant among Iris
Pseudacorus, on the coast to the north of Stonehaven. Plenti¬
ful also on the rocky coast of Buchan, from Colliston to Peter¬
head; and on the northern coast, as at Auchmedden and Banff'.

Helix arbustorum. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1045. — Helix arbus-
tornm. Muller. Term. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 56. — Helix arbus-
torum. Mont. Test, Brit. 413. — Helix arbustorum. Penn. Brit.
Zool. iv. 136. PI. 85. f. 130. — Helix arbustorum. Drap. 38. T. 5. f.
18. — Helix arbustorum. Grey’s Turt. 137; — Helix arbustorum.
Flem. Brit. Anim. 264. — Helix arbustorum. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 80.
— Cochlea maculata, unica Fascia pulla, &c. List. Anim. Angl.

1 19. PI. 2. f. 4.

3. Helix hortensis. Garden Snail .

Shell subglobose, imperforate, of five convex whorls, finely
striated, yellow, with five longitudinal brown bands ; the
mouth sublunate, with the margin thick, somewhat reflexed,
white. Diameter ten-twelfths of an inch.

MALACOZOA.

GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 83

It varies in colour, being yellow, reddish, or whitish, some¬
times without bands, sometimes with one, or any number up to
five ; the bands generally brown. When there is only one
band, it sometimes covers nearly the whole surface.

Foot, when extended, oblong, rather pointed behind, margi-
nate, rugoso-granulate above, pale-grey ; neck compressed,
granulate, purplish-grey, with a medial narrow, and two lateral
broad pale bands; head darker, its fore part decimate and con¬
vex ; the upper tentacula long, subulate, clavate, granulate,
dusky-grey, with the tip pale-grey, the eye black ; lower tenta¬
cula short, but semilunar. Another individual, of which the
shell is similarly banded, has the neck and tentacula a little
darker ; while another has the tentacula and their sheaths
grey, and the colours of the head, neck and foot much paler.
In general, the animal is of a pale-grey colour ; the head and
neck purplish-grey above, the neck with a medial whitish line ;
the hind part of the foot white, or yellow'ish-white. Some in¬
dividuals are much darker than others, being all over of a
purplish-grey tint.

“Helicem hortensem speciem a nemorali diversam suadent
parvitas (ilia enim adulta aetate hac semper minor) nitor testae
splendidus, ac labium in majori, sive H. nem. constanter fus-
cum, in minori, sive H. hortensi album. His accedit, quod
varietates nemoralis cum variet, kortensis nunquam copula
jungi vitae sint, etiamsi in eas hoc respectu plures annos inqui-
siverim.” Muller. Helix nemoralis, so abundant in the south
of Scotland, I have never met with in our district.

V ery common in pastures along the coast, especially among
the sand-hills, in the shelter of furze, and on the grassy
slopes of cliffs, as well as by walls and on banks in the interior ;
but not in the highland tracts.

A. Helix hortensisfascidta. Common banded variety.

B. Helix hertensis unicolor. Similar, but not banded.

C. Helix hortensis arenicola.

Shell subglobose, very thin, diaphanous, hyaline, wfith five
opaque white bands ; the epidermis thin, pale sulphur-yellow ;
the peristome thin, with an internal opaque white rib.

Animal pellucid, yellowish-white, diaphanous ; with the foot
oblong, rounded before, rather pointed behind, granulated on
the sides ; the neck and head granulated ; the upper tentacula
very long, subulate, with a small knob, the lower small, but
similar.

84 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA.

This variety is somewhat larger than the maritima, with the
spire more convex. The animal, which is remarkable for its
nearly uniform hyaline tint, tinged with yellow, emits a faint
alliaceous odour, like that of Helix alliaria, which is perceptible
even after it has been killed in hot water. This circumstance,
the more elongated tentacula and foot, the transparency of
the shell, and the thin margin of its aperture, might induce
one to think it distinct from Helix hortensis; yet I cannot
find any decided differences in the form of either the animal
or the shell. The white bands, generally five, vary to four,
six, or seven.

First found by me, while with Dr. Fleming and Mr. Leslie,
on the sand hillocks near Black Dog Farm, in the Parish of Bel-
helvie. It is there abundant, and unmixed with any other
variety.

Helix hortensis. Muller, Venn. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 52. —
Helix hortensis. Drap. 95. PI. 6. f. 6. — Helix hortensis. Mont.
Test. Brit. 412. — Helix hortensis. Grey’s Turt. 130. — Helix hor¬
tensis. Fie in. Brit. Anirn. 264. — Helix hortensis. Lamk. Syst, vi.
2. 81.

4. Helix caper at a. Wrinicled Snail.

Shell moderately depressed, somewhat hemispherical, deeply
and regularly striate ; the whorls six, convex, and very dis¬
tinctly separated by the suture, the last whorl subcarinate ; the
base convex, with a rather large and deep umbilicus ; aperture
semilunar, oblique, with the margin thin and direct ; the colour
yellowish-grey, irregularly spotted or banded with brown above,
the keel of the last whorl whitish, the base with faint interrupted
brown bands ; the peristome whitish. Diameter four-twelfths
and a-half, height two-twelfths and three-fourths.

It varies greatly in its colour-markings; but is always
easily distinguishable from any other species.

Animal with the foot compressed, oblong, obtusely pointed
behind, transversely rugose on the margins, pale-yellowish,
with series of minute prominences on the upper part ; the
neck pale greyish-yellow with oblong tubercles in longitudinal
series, and two lateral bands of dark grey, the upper tenta¬
cula dusky-grey, granulated, capitate ; the lower very short,
clavate, light-grey. Some individuals have the foot pale bluish-
grey, margined with darker ; the neck and tentacula dark
bluish-grey. Others have the neck and tentacula black.

Found in June, 1842, by Miss Isabella Macgillivray, by an
old granite wall near the Brick-kilns at Old Aberdeen ; and

MaLACOZOA. gasteropoda, pulmobranchiata.

85

afterwards gathered there by me in great abundance, along
with Zonites alliarius, Pupa umbilicata, and Bulimus lubricus.
This is the only spot in the district in which it has been met
with.

Helix caperata. Mont. Test. Brit. 433. PI. 11. f. 11. —
Helix striata. Drap. 106. PI. 6. f. 18-21. — Helix caperata. Gray’s
Turton, 162. — Helix caperata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 262.

5. Helix hispida. Bristly Snail .

Shell moderately depressed, somewhat hemispherical, very
thin, horny, semitransparent, glossy, covered with numerous
short, spreading, straight, tapering, glistening, yellowish-white
hairs, each ai-ising in a scrobiculus ; the whorls six, convex,
distinctly separated by the suture, transversely striate, the last
whorl subcarinate ; the base convex, with a rather narrow,
deep umbilicus ; aperture semilunar, oblique, wTith the margin
thin and direct ; the colour pale yellowish-browrn, with a lighter
band along the blunt keel or angle. Diameter four-twelfths,
height three-twelfths.

The animal has the foot pale-grey, the tentacula granulated
and dusky ; the neck light-grey, granulated with brown, the
collar white on the margin, with a transverse dusky band.

Several species are very nearly allied to this. Helix granu-
lata, which is also hispid, is much more convex above. Helix
sericea is also more globular. Helix concinna differs little un¬
less in being somewhat larger and less hairy. All the individuals
of the present shell which I have gathered are downy, with
rather closely-set, shortish, spreading, straight hairs, which
do not appear to be deciduous, and in fact cannot be rubbed off
without some difficulty. The greatest size is four-twelfths in
diameter, three-twelfths and a-fourth, or three-twelfths in
height ; the colour varying from pale yellowish-brown, to a
deeper brown on the one hand, and yellowish-grey on the other.

First found by me, while with my class, under stones among
the ruins of Dunottar Castle, where it is abundant, along with
Zonites cellarius, Zonites rotundatus, Pupa umbilicata, Vitrina
pellucida, snd Balea perversa.

Helix hispida. Muller, Term. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 73. —
Helix hispida. Drap. 103. PI. 7. f. 20, 21, 22.— Helix hispida.
Lamk. Syst. Ed. n. viii. 73. — Helix hispida. Gray’s Turton,
154.

6. Helix Trocliulus. Pyramidal Snail.

Shell conico-convex, with six whorls, which are well rounded,
thin, transparent, glossy, faintly striate transversely, and very
H

86 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCUIATA.

distinctly separated bjr the suture ; the base rather convex, with
a shallow undefined umbilicus, encroached upon by the peri¬
stome ; aperture semilunar, oblique, with the margin thin, but
reflected and a little thickened near the umbilicus ; the colour
olivaceous, or deep yellowish-grey. Diameter a tenth of an
inch or somewhat more, height nearly the same.

Found by me, in April, 1842, among moss in the Links
near Don-Mouth, along with Bulimus lubricus, Helix pulchella,
and Vitrina pellucida ; also on the Banks of the Don, near the
Old Bridge. In September found by Mr. Leslie near In-
verury; in August and September by Miss Macgillivray in
the Den of Auchmedden, and at Delgaty.

Helix fulva. Drap. 81. T. 7. f 12-13.— Helix Trochulus. Mul¬
ler, Verm. Terr, et Fluv. ii. 79. ? — Helix trochiformis. Mont. Test.
Brit. 427. PI. 1 1. fig. 9. — Helix Trochulus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 260.
—Helix fulva. Gray’s Turton, 148. PI. 5. f. 47.

This evidently is not Helix fulva of Muller, which he de¬
scribes as attaining a diameter of three lines, with the tip acute
and white, and the whorls seven.

7. Helix lamellata. Lamellate Snail.

Shell conico-convex, with six whorls, which are well rounded,
thin, semitransparent, glistening or sattiny, with numerous,
regular, thin, lamellae, and very distinctly separated by the
suture ; the base convex, with a small but deep umbilicus ;
aperture narrow crescent-shaped, thin ; the colour reddish-
brown. Diameter a twelfth of an inch, height nearly the same.

Distinguishable from Helix Trochulus by its laminae, umbili¬
cus, less convex and regularly tapering spire.

Found by Mr. Dickie, the most distinguished of our botanists,
in the Den of Rubislaw, on leaves of the Acer Pseudo-platanus.
Both he and Mr. Cruickshank have favoured me with speci¬
mens.

Helix Scarburgensis. Turton, Land and Fresh Water Shells,
Ed. i. 162. — Helix lamellata. Jeffreys, Linn. Trans, xvi. 333.—
Helix lamellata. Gray’s Turton, 150. PI. 5. f. 48.

8. Helix aculeata. Prickly Snail.

Shell globoso-conical, with five whorls, which are rounded,
thin, semitransparent, glistening, with a longitudinal series of
oblique pointed laminae ; the suture deep ; the base convex,
with the umbilicus moderate; the aperture roundish-lunate;
the colour greyish-brown. Diameter about the tenth of an inch.

Found by Mr. Dickie, in the Den of Rubislaw.

MALACOZOA.

GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRAN C III ATA . 87

Helix aculeata. Muller, Venn. Terr, et Fluv. ii. 81. — Helix
aculeata. Drap. Moll. 82. PI. 7. f. 10, 11. — Helix spinulosa
Mont. Test. Brit 549. PI. 11. f. 10. — Helix aculeata. Gray’s
Turton, 149. PI. 4. f. 38.

9. Helix pulchella. Little White Snail.

Shell depressed, equally convex on both sides, deeply urn-
bilicate ; the whorls deeply striate transversely ; greenish-
white, nearly opaque ; the aperture circular, with the margin
thick, flat, and reflexed. Diameter, one-twelfth of an inch.

The animal white, or yellowish-white.

The peristome is nearly complete ; the spiral turns trans¬
versely grooved, often at intervals marked with prominent
ridges, being the remains of former reflexed peristome margins.
The shell thin, usually semitransparent and greenish-white,
sometimes opaque and white.

Abundant among moss on the inner sand-hills between the
Dee and the Don ; under stones in the pasture adjoining the
Bay of Nigg; and in various other parts along the coast, as
well as far inland.

Helix pulchella. Muller, Venn. Terrestr. et Aquat, ii. 30. —
Helix pulchella. Drap. 112. T. 7. f. 30, 31, 32, 33, 34.— Helix
erenella. Mont Test. Brit. 441. T. 13. f. 3. — Helix pulchella.
Grey’s Turt. 141. — Helix costata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 263.

Genus 2. Zonites. Zone-Snail.

Animal elongated, very slender; with an elongated
extremely compressed foot, which extends far behind ;
four tentacula, the upper long, the lower short, all ter¬
minating in a knob. In other respects like that of Helix.

Shell orbicular, depressed, little convex above, widely
umbilicate beneath, very delicate, generally transparent
and glossy ; the aperture roundish-semilunar, with a very
thin margin.

The last-mentioned character, and the discoid or flat¬
tened form of the shell, distinguish this genus from
Helix.

When the animal is in motion, the shell is balanced
obliquely or nearly horizontally on its back, the umbili-
cated surface being lowest. The tentacula are protruded
and withdrawn with surprising quickness. The species

88 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PIJLMOB RAN CH I AT A .

feed on vegetable substances, and reside in damp or
shaded places, as under stones, or among grass or moss.

1. Zonites rotundatus. Radiated Zone-Snail.

Shell flattish, slightly convex above, deeply and regularly
sulcato-striate, variegated with undefined spots of reddish-brown
and greyish-yellow ; the umbilicus very large, exposing all the
turns ; the lower surface more glossy and less strongly striate ;
the wrhorls six, convex, the last slightly angulate ; the aperture
semilunar, oblique. Diameter four-twelfths of "an inch.

This species, easily distinguishable by the deep transverse
striae on the whorls, varies in the degree of convexity of the
spire, and in its colours, although it is generally marked in
a somewhat radiating manner with spots of brown and yel¬
lowish-grey or whitish, or of dusky-brown and reddish-grey.

The animal is of a pale bluish-grey colour, anteriorly tinged
with green, and spotted above with whitish.

Very abundant under stones, on walls, among grass and
other herbage, in dry and moist places, on dead leaves and
decayed wood, in short in a great variety of situations, along
the coast and in the interior. Ruins of Dunottar Castle, rub¬
bish of Saltworks in the Bay of Nigg, about Old Machar
Cathedral. About Slains Castle, and the Bullers of Buchan.
Also in the interior, as far as theHighland valleys. Den of
Auchmedden, Delgaty, Banff, and Turriff; Miss Macgillivray.

Helix rotundata. Drap. Moll. 1 14. PI. 8. f. 4, 5, 6, 7. — Helix
rotundata. Muller, Term. Teriestr. et Aquat. ii. 29. — Helix
radiata. Mont. Test. Brit. 431. PI. 24. f. 3. — Helix rotundata.
Lamk. Syst. Edit. 2. viii. 74. — Helix rotundata. Flem. Brit.
Anim. 263. — Helix Turtoni. Flem. Brit. Anirn. 260. — Zonites
rotundatus. Gray’s Turton, 165.

2. Zonites cellarius. Cellar Zone-Snail »

Shell flattened, slightly convex above, somewhat wrinkled,
shining, transparent, pale yellowish-brown or yellowish-grey,
of six whorls, which are slightly depressed at the suture-margin,
and of which the last has a large extent of the under side
somewhat opaque and whitish ; the umbilicus rather large and
deep ; the aperture oblique, semilunar of about equal length
and breadth. Generally five or six, sometimes eight-twelfths
in diameter; height a third of the breadth.

This, the largest of our Zonitse, has the shell highly glossed,
marked with faint, but sometimes strong irregular convex

MALACOZOA.

GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 89

wrinkles ; generally pale yellowish-brown or yellowish-grey or
horn-colour, sometimes variegated with a lighter tint ; the
whorls well defined, the last rounded ; the mouth oblique, semi-
lunate ; the lower surface generally paler, and more or less
tinged with a somewhat opaque milky or opaline white. In
very dry situations, the shell is thicker, often firm, somewhat
opaque and of a pale horn-colour; in moist situations, often very
thin, fragile, and yellowish -brown, always however paler than
Zonites nitidulus. When long dead, it becomes opaque white.

The animal is of a pale grey or greyish-white colour, with
the tentacula purplish-grey or dull lilac, the upper marked
with a dusky shade ; the eyes blackish ; the foot extremely
thin, linear beneath, and pointed behind.

Common in damp shady places, by walls and hedges,
and among stones, chiefly near the sea-coast. I have not found
it far in the interior. Very abundant below stones, among
grass and nettles', and in the buildings, among the ruins of
Dunottar Castle. Plentiful about Old Aberdeen ; at Delgaty,
and Banff*, where it was found by Miss Macgillivray.

Helix cellaria. Muller, Venn. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 28. —
Helix lucida. Mont. Test. Brit. 425. Pl. 23. f. 4.— Helix nitida.
Drap. Moll. 117. PI. 8. f. 23, 24, 25.— Helix cellaria. Lamk.
Syst. Ed. 2. viii. 71. — Zonites cellarius. Gray’s Turton, 170.
— Helix nitida. Plena. Brit. Anim. 262.

3. Zonites nitidulus. Nitidulous Zone-Snail.

Shell depressed, considerably convex above, somewhat
wrinkled, transparent, glossy, light yellowish-brown, of five
whorls, which are direct and slightly convex at the suture-
margin, and of which the last has a small part of the under
side along its inner margin whitish and very slightly opaque ;
the umbilicus rather large and deep ; the aperture oblique,
subelliptical, longer than broad, Diameter four-twelfths of
an inch, height nearly ten-twelfths.

This species is so nearly allied to Zonites lucidus that a not
very careful collector might readily confound them. It is
smaller than Zonites cellarius, of a richer colour, generally yel¬
lowish-brown, with a kind of waxy appearance in light reflected
from its interior, of a duller external gloss, higher in proportion
to its breadth, and with the whorls not bent at the suture-
margin, so as to form a flattened or concave space. There is
comparatively very little opacity or whiteness on the lower
surface, and only along the inner part of the whorl ; the um¬
bilicus is a little larger, and the mouth less obliquely placed.

H 2

90 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. FULMOBRANCHIATA.

Not uncommon among herbage close to the foot of walls,
or under stones. First found by me, on the 21st of June,
1842, along the north side of the south wall of Seaton Park,
where it occurs rather plentifully, along with Zonites cellarius,
Zonites rotundatus, Pupa umbilicata, and other species.
About Slains Castle, and the Bullers of Buchan, 5th August,
1842.

It extends from the sea-coast far into the interior, being
found, for example, among the ruins of Dunottar Castle, and
among those of Corse Castle.

Helix nitida. Muller, Verm. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 32. — Helix
nitidula. Drap. Moll. Terr, et Flux. 117. — Helix nitidula. Shepp.
Linn. Trans, xiv. 1G0. — Helix nitidula. Alder. Mag. Zool. and
Bot. ii. 107. — Helix nitidula. Lamk. Syst. Ed. 2. Tiii. 87. —
Zonites nitidulus. Gray’s Turton, 173.

4. Zonites lucidus. Lucid Zone-Snail.

Shell depressed, considerably convex above, rather strongly
striato-rugose, transparent, glossy above, shining beneath, dull
greyish-brown, of five whorls, which are convex and indexed
at the suture-margin, and of which the last is destitute of any
whiteness or opacity beneath ; the umbilicus large and deep ;
the aperture oblique, roundish, subelliptical, longer than broad.
Diameter three-twelfths of an inch, height nearly half the
breadth.

This species is very nearly allied to Zonites nitidulus,
from which it differs in having the lustre not waxen, the
colour with less red, the convexity above rather greater, the
suture-margins convex and indexed, the striae stronger and
more regular, the umbilicus wider. When the animal has not
been withdrawn, the shell is of a dark chocolate-brown.

The animal has the foot dull grey, the tentacula and neck
greyish-brown, the body dusky. The eggs are elliptical, with
a very firm white calcareous shell. One in my possession was
deposited by the animal in the vial in which I was carrying
it home.

First found by me, on the 5th of July, 1842, in Seaton
Haugh, and at Don Bridge ; by Miss Macgillivray, in the
Den of Auchmedden, in September.

It inhabits moist places among the herbage.

Helix lucida. Drap. Moll. 103. PI. 8. f. 11, 12. — Helix lucida.
Gray’s Turton, 174. PI. 4. f. 38. — Helix nitida. Alder. Mag. Zool.
and Bot. ii. 107.

MALACOZOA. gasteropoda, pulmobranchiata. 91

5. Zonites alliarius. Garlic-scented Zone-Snail.

Shell nearly flat, being but slightly convex above, some¬
what wrinkled, shining, transparent, yellowish-brown, of four
or five whorls, having the suture-margin planulate, and of
which the last has part of the under side somewhat opaque
and whitish ; the margin of the aperture forming three-fourths
of a circle ; the umbilicus rather large and deep. Diameter
about three-twelfths of an inch.

Smaller than Zonites cellarius, and somewhat higher in
proportion to its breadth, and having the mouth less oblique.
It is also of a darker colour, and has a spiral turn less. Zonites
nitidulus is much less glossy, more convex above, and hav¬
ing the suture-margin of the turns not planulate.

The animal is black above, light grey beneath; with the
foot extremely compressed, and pointed behind ; the upper
tentacula of moderate length, claviform, and granulate ; the
lower very short, pale grey ; the neck transversely rugose,
with a median ridge and two grooves.

When irritated, torn, or crushed, the animal emits a very
strong smell resembling that of garlic, which is also given
out on its being immersed in hot water. It ceases after death,
if heat has been applied. Frequently, especially in wet
weather, the smell of a single small specimen, on being
gathered, may be felt at the distance of several feet.

Very abundant, on banks among moss, in woods, thickets,
among herbage, decayed leaves, and under stones, along the
coast and in the interior, in very dry, ordinary, and moist
situations. Plentiful among moss on the inner sand-hillocks of
the Links near Don-Mouth, on both sides, and in the Parish
of Belhelvie, along with Bulimus lubricus, Helix pulchella,
Helix Trochulus, Pupa umbilicata, and Vitrina pellucida ; also
at Peterhead, and about the Bay of Cruden. Abundant imder
stones at the Bay of Nigg, Old Machar Church, and Don
Bridge; about Auchmedden, Gamrie, Banff, and Turiff. Very
rare in the higher valleys of the interior, in Glen Tannar, for
example, and not occurring in heathy tracts.

Zonites alliarius. Miller, Ann. Phil. N. S. vii. 379. — Helix
alliaria. Alder. Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 108. — Zonites alliarius.
Gray’s Turton, 168.

6. Zonites radidtulus. Minute Striated Zone-Snail.

Shell depressed, very slightly convex above, regularly
striate, transparent, glossy, pale greenish-grey, of three and a-
half whorls, which are flattened at the suture-margin, -with

92 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA.

the striae more distinct there, the last whorl proportionally
large ; the umbilicus large and deep ; the aperture oblique,
lunate, as broad as long. Diameter nearly three-fourths of a
twelfth, height half the breadth.

It differs from Zonites crystallinus in being less highly
glossed, more regularly and strongly striate, of a duller co¬
lour, with the last turn proportionally double the size. It re¬
sembles the young of Zonites lucidus, but is less convex,
paler, more striate, and more glossy.

First found by me, on the 5th of July, 1842, among de¬
cayed leaves in a damp place under the shade of trees,
near Seaton House ; in September, by Mr. Leslie, near In-
verury ; by Miss Macgillivray, at Delgaty, Parish of Turriff,
and in the Den of Auchmedden.

Helix radiatula. Alder. Cat. 12: Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii.
270. — Zonites radiatulus. Gray’s Turton, 174. — Helix nitidulus.
var. 3. Drap. PI. 8. f. 21, 22.

7. Zonites purus. Clear Zone-Snail.

Shell flattened, somewhat convex above, wrinkled or
striate, transparent, moderately glossed, greenish- white, of
four whorls, which are a little convex and incurved at the
suture-margin, and of which the last is proportionally large,
not thickened or opaque beneath ; the umbilicus rather large,
and deep ; the aperture oblique, longer than broad, subellip-
t-ical. Diameter two-twelfths of an inch, height rather more
than half the breadth.

It resembles Zonites nitidulus in form, but differs in being
of a different and paler colour, in having the mouth less ob¬
lique, and in its much smaller size.

Animal bluish-white, with the tentacula pale lilac or bluish,
the mantle variegated with dusky.

First found by me and Miss Marion Macgillivray, on the
27th June, 1822, about stumps of felled trees, in moist
ground, in Seaton Park. In September found by Mr. Leslie
near Inverury ; by Miss Macgillivray at Gamrie, in Banff¬
shire, and in the Den of Auchmedden.

Helix pura. Alder. Cat. 12. — Zonites purus. Gray’s Turton, 171.

8. Zonites crystallinus. Crystalline Zone-Snail.

Shell flattened, very slightly, convex above, extremely thin,
transparent, shining, greenish-white, of five or six whorls,
which are moderately convex above, slightly flattened at
the suture-margin, and faintly striato-rugose ; the turns re-

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 93

gularly increasing, the last not proportionally larger ; the
umbilicus of moderate width, and deep ; the aperture ob¬
lique, semilunar, wider than long. Diameter nearly a twelfth
and a quarter, height a third less.

Animal with the foot and neck white, with a tinge of lilac,
the tentacula purplish ; the hind part of the body of a pale
reddish tint, which appears through the shell.

The brilliant gloss, and delicate, clear, glassy transparency
of the shell of this species, distinguish it from all the others.

First found by me among moss and grass, and around
the stumps of felled trees, in moist places, in Seaton Haugh,
on the 23<^ and 27th of June, 1842. In September, found by
Mr. Leslie, near Inverury and in the Parish of Cluny ; by Miss
Macgillivray at Banff', Gamrie, Auchmedden, and other
places along the northern coasts.

Helix crystallina. Muller, Venn. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 23. —
Helix crystallina. Drap. Moll. 118. PI. 8. f. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.
— Helix crystallina. Jeffreys, Linn. Trans, xiii. 341. — Helix
crystallina. Fleru. Brit. Anim. 262. — Zonites crystallinus. Gray’s
Turton, 176. PI. 4. f. 42.

9. Zonites fiiscus. Membranous Zone-Snail.

Shell suborbicular, depressed, slightly convex above, ex¬
tremely thin, being quite membranaceous, flexible, transpa¬
rent, glossy, and very strongly wrinkled; of five spiral turns,
of which the last is proportionally larger ; the suture deep,
the turns being considerably rounded toward the margin ; the
aperture large, oblique, roundish-lunate ; umbilicus very small,
encroached upon by the thin inner lip ; the colour greenish-
hyaline or pale greenish-brown. Diameter four-twelfths of an
inch, height as one to two.

The animal, unlike that of Vitrina, can retreat within the
shell as far as that of a Zonites or Helix, leaving a large space
vacant. It is of a pale greenish-grey, and the shell is so
transparent that the pulsations of its heart are distinctly seen
through it. It resides among moss, nettles, or other herbage in
small recesses on banks.

When we consider that some species of Helix, and in parti¬
cular Helix aspersa, H. arbustorum, and H. hortensis, often
occur in a semimembranaceous state, we might reasonably
suppose that the Zonitae, which are much thinner, might
present individuals perfectly membranaceous, and thus might
be led to imagine the shells here described as merely unde¬
veloped individuals of some species ; but no Zonites found

D4 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA.

in the district has the umbilicus so narrow, it being in fact
obliterated so as to present only a slight pit, or the aperture
so wide. It is certainly therefore a perfectly distinct species,
forming in some respects, especially in the mouth and umbili¬
cus, a transition to the Genus Vitrina.

First found by me, on the 27th June, 1841, on a bank
near Old Machar Cathedral, where it occurred along with mul¬
titudes of Vitrina pellucida, and Pupa umbilicata ; in Sep¬
tember, by Miss Macgillivray, in the Den of Auchmedden,
where it is not uncommon.

It appears to be the species figured by Captain Brown, un¬
der the name of Vitrina membranacea, and which he states
to have been found by him on the Lomond Hills, in Fife-
shire. In the young state, and when as yet only two or three
whorls have been formed, it presents a different aspect, the
mouth not having received its ultimate form. I have ob¬
tained it in this state also, in which it appears to be repre¬
sented by Capt. Brown’s Vitrina margaritacea (Illust. PI. 40.
f. 54, 55, 56), from specimens found by Mr. Gerard amongst
moss on an old wall at Corstorphine Hill, near Edinburgh.
Specimens of Helix fusca, from Ireland, sent to me by Mr.
Thompson, agree entirely with my Aberdeenshire shells, un¬
less in being a little less wrinkled and more glossy.

Helix fusca. Mont. Test. Brit. 424. PI. 13. f. 1.- — Helix fusca.
Alder. Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 107. — Helix fusca. Gray’s Turton,
147. PI. 4. f. 36. — Helix fusca. Flem. Brit. Anim. 264. Vitrina
membranacea. Brown, Illustr. PI. 40. f. 3, 4, 5.

Genus 4. Vitrina. Glassy-Snail.

Animal moderately elongated, spiral ; with the foot
large and depressed; four tentacula, the upper rather
long, all clavate ; the mantle protruding anteriorly so
as to cover part of the shell, and having a linguiform
process extending backwards externally on the right
side.

Shell spiral, of few turns, semiorbicular, moderately
convex above, imperforate, extremely delicate, trans¬
parent, glossy ; the last whorl disproportionately large ;
the aperture roundish, with a very thin margin.

1 . Vitrina pellucida. Green Glassy~Snail.

Shell ovato-orbicular, considerably depressed ; with th#

MALAC0Z0A. GASTEROPODA. I'ULMOBRANCHIATA. 95

aperture large, roundish, sublunate ; the lip thin, the pillar-
cavity small ; the whorls convex, rapidly diminishing to an
obtuse point ; their substance very thin, brittle, pellucid,
glossy, pale apple-green or hyaline, sometimes partially
opaque and whitish. Breadth three-twelfths ; height a twelfth
and a -half.

The animal light-grey, with the head and tentacula black¬
ish : when young, very active, and incapable of withdrawing
entirely within the shell ; but when full-grown, as I have ob¬
served, it can withdraw itself completely. Very common
among moss, in the shelter of whins or broom, and under
stones, in dry as well as moist places, near the coast, and
in the interior. Vast numbers are destroyed by insects, and
little heaps of the empty shells are frequently met with. It
extends far into the Highland valleys, being found, for ex¬
ample, in Glentannar and Glenmuick.

Vitrina pellucida. Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. PI. 24. f. 1. — Helix
elliptica. Brown, Wem. Mem. ii. 525. PI. 24. f. 8. — Vitrina
pellucida. Gray’s Turton, 120. — Helicolimax pellucida. Feruss.
Hist. Moll. PI. 9. f. 6. — Vitrina pellucida. Flem. Brit. Anim. —
Vitrina pellucida. Drap. Hist. Mol. 119. PI. 8. f. 34-37. —
Vitrina pellucida. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 53 ; Ed. 2. vii. 728.

Genus 5. Succinea. Amber-Snail.

Animal with the body ovato-oblong, slightly spiral
at the end ; four short flattened tentacula ; the foot very
large, oblong, flat beneath.

Shell oval or oblong, very thin, with a short spire ;
the aperture very large, obovate or oblong, with the
peristome thin, and disunited behind, the pillar imper¬
forate.

The Succinese, so named from the colour of the
shell, which has some (very remote) resemblance to
that of amber, succinum, live in damp places, marshes,
and the grassy or mossy margins of rills.

1. Succinea putris. Oval Amber-Snail.

Shell ovato-oblong, very thin, transparent, glossy, striated,
light brownish-yellow ; whorls three ; the spire short ; the
mouth vertical, ovate, two-thirds of the whole length, poste¬
riorly acute, the margin very slightly thickened and blunt.
Length from half an inch to eight-twelfths.

Animal with the foot elliptical, oblong, yellow or yellow-

96 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBHANCHIATA.

ish-grey beneath, granulated with dusky on the sides above ;
the neck and head corrugated, dull-green, the collar green¬
ish-grey ; the mantle grey, covered all over with small dots
of black ; the hind part of the body black, marbled with bluisli-
grey ; until emptied, the shell appears greenish-black.

“ Auctores hanc cognomine amphibium dixere, minus vero
accurate ; maximam enim vitae partem in sicco vivit, et in
aqua non perire pluribus commune est. Sponte in aquam de-
scendere nunquam vidi, et e contra quoties eum aqua immisi,
confestim egrediebatur. Characteribus quoque terrestrium non
dubiis, licet omnes (claris. Schroter excepto) eum fluviatilibus
annumeraverunt, instruitur; tentacula quatuor distincta (Lis¬
ter ei duo perperam tribuit) ac oculos apice majorum habet,
aperturamque testae spuma membranacea claudit, Putris
dicitur, quia limo obducta, quod pluribus commune est, in-
terdum reperietur, saepius tamen testa laevis est, verme etiam
foeta, nitida, pura.” Muller.

Abundant among the herbage, in marshy places, and on
the banks of streams and pools ; among sedges and Iris
Pseudacorus on the coast of Kincardineshire, near Stonehaven ;
among sedges and grasses on the margins of the Don, near
Seaton ; also by the Inverury Canal. Individuals vary consi¬
derably in form — in the width of the mouth, in the thickness
of the shell, and in its striae or rugae. Yet it appears to me
that the variations which this species presents are not nearly so
great as those of Limnaeus pereger ; and that if certain of these
variations are to be considered as specific in the one case, so
ought certain of those, still more remarkable, to be so viewed
in the other. As described above, Succinea putris is of rarer
occurrence with us than another variety, the form which it
more usually presents being that to which the name of graci¬
lis has been given by Mr. Alder. Whether this be a really
distinct species or not, I cannot affirm, as it sometimes
occurs along with the other, and often by itself. It is always
of smaller size, with the shell generally thicker, of a duller
colour, and frequently in part somewhat opaque.

Helix succinea. Muller, Verm. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 97. —
Helix putris. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1249. — Helix putris. Mont.
Test. Brit. 376. PI. 16. f. 14. — Succinea amphibia. Drap. Moll.
Terr, et Fluv. FI. 3. f. 22, 23. — Succinea putris. Flem. Brit.
Anim. 267. — Succinea amphibia. Lamk. Syst. vi. 135 ; Ed. 2.
viii. 316. — Succinea putris. Grray’s Turton, 178.

A. S. putris gracilis. Slender Amber-Snail.

Shell ovato-oblong, very thin, transparent, glossy, striated,

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCIIIATA. 97

light brownish-yellow ; whorls three ; the spire very short ;
the mouth oblique, ovato-oblong, three-fourths of the whole
length, posteriorly acute, the outer lip thin. Length from
five-twelfths to half an inch.

The animal has the body black, the foot oblong, with its
lower surface greyish- blue ; the shell until emptied appears
greenish-black; part of the last turn and the spire are fre¬
quently whitish and opaque.

Abundant by rills, as on the south hank of the Don be¬
tween the bridges, and on the north side near the Cruives,
crawling on the rocks, straws, and leaves ; not in the water,
but generally bedewed with it ; also on plants by the Canal,
and in mill-dams.

Succinea Pfeifferi. Gray’s Turton, 179. — Succinea gracilis.
Alder. Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 106. — Succinea putris var. a. Jef¬
freys. Linn. Trans, xvi. 325, 505. — Succinea Levantina. Des-
hayes, Lamk. Syst. Ed. 2. viii. 317.

Genus 6. Bulimus.

Animal with the body elongated, spiral, the head with
four tentacula, the upper long, the lower short, all ter¬
minating in a knob ; the foot small, elongated.

Shell ovate, oblong, or subcylindrical, spirate, thin ;
the last or body-whorl proportionally larger than the
next ; aperture oval, entire, toothless, not half so long
as the spire ; peristome incomplete, thickened.

When the animal is in motion, the shell is balanced
obliquely on its back, or dragged along the ground. In
dry weather, or at the approach of winter, it retires
within the shell, and closes its aperture with a thin
membrane.

1 . Bulimus lubricus. Glossy Bulimus.

Shell oblongo-cylindrical, shining, semitransparent, of six
moderately convex whorls, which are faintly striated trans¬
versely, and distinctly separated by the well-marked suture ;
the apex blunt ; the mouth ovato-trigonal, with the peristome
thickened, but not reflexed, the columella covered by the thin
inner lip ; the colour olivaceous, the peristome whitish, or
pale purplish-red. Length three-fourths of an inch ; breadth
less than half the length.

The animal has the foot oblong, thick, obtuse behind, grey
beneath, dusky and granulated above ; the neck dusky, rugoso-

98 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA.

granulate, with a median groove ; the upper tentacula mo¬
derately long, cylindrical-clavate, dusky, with the tip paler,
the eyes black; the lower tentacula very small, pale-grey. In
walking it drags the shell after it, but now and then jerks it
forwards, raising it obliquely. Its motions are rather slow.

Young individuals have the peristome thin, the mouth
much shorter. The colour varies in tint, some shells being
partially reddish or whitish ; some pale-grey, with streaks of
white ; some nearly opaque.

Common among moss and fine grass, or under stones, in
the three counties, more especially along the coast, as at Stone¬
haven, Aberdeen, Cruden Bay, the Bullers of Buchan, Peter¬
head, Auchmedden, Gamrie, and Banff ; but also extending
into the interior as far as the Highland glens.

Helix lubrica. Mont. Test. Brit. 390. PI. 22. f. 6. — Helix lu-
brica. Muller. Verm. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 104. — Bulimus lubri-
cus. Drap. Moll. 75. PI. 4. f. 24. — Bulimus lubricus. Flem. Brit.
Anim. 265. — Helix lubiica. Mont. Test. Brit. 390. — Helix sub-
cylindrica. Linn. Svst. Nat. i. 1248. — Zua lubrica. Gray’s Turt.
188. — Bulimus lubricus. Lamk. Syst. Ed. 2. viii. 237.

2. Bulimus obsciirus. Lustreless Bulimus.

Shell ovato-oblong, slightly glossed, semitransparent, of
six moderately convex whorls, which are faintly and ir¬
regularly striate, and distinctly separated by the well-marked
suture ; the apex blunt ; the mouth subovate, with the peri¬
stome somewhat thickened, and spread, the inner lip leaving
the narrow umbilicus apparent ; the colour dull yellowish-
brown, the inside of the lip white. Length five-twelfths of
an inch, breadth little more than a third of the height.

The animal has the neck compressed, rounded above, longi¬
tudinally striate, transversely rugose ; the upper tentacula long,
slender, cylindrical, terminated by a large knob ; the lower
very short, clavate ; the mouth with two large lips ; the foot
oblong, compressed, transversely rugose, pale grey beneath,
on the margin transversely rugose and spotted with brown,
its sides above pale-grey with five longitudinal rows of brown
tubercles. It crawls with considerable speed, carrying the
shell inclined at an angle of about 50°, and directed back¬
wards a little to the right. When at rest, the shell is directed
at an angle of 45°.

First found by Mr. James Duncan, while with me on an ex¬
cursion among the ruins of Dunnottar Castle. The specimen
obtained by him, and which he politely presented to me, I
kept alive for some time, in order to observe its habits.

MALACOZOA.

GASTEROPODA. PULMORRANCHIATA. 99

Helix obscura. Muller. Verm. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 103. —
Helix obscura. Mont. Test. Brit. 391. PI. 22. f. 5. — Buliraus
obscurus. Drap. Moll. 74. PI. 4. f. 23. — Bulimus obscurus.
Gray’s Turton. 183. — Bulimus hordeaceus. Lamk. Syst. Ed. 2.
viii. 236. — Bulimus obscurus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 265.

Genus 7. Pupa. Chrysalis-Snail.

Animal with the body elongated, spiral ; the head
with four tentacula, of which the upper are long, the
lower short, all clavate ; the foot small, elongated.

Shell oblongo-cylindrical, spirate, thin, with the apex
obtuse, the last whorl not proportionally much larger ;
the mouth semioval, with the peristome incomplete,
thickened, and reflexed.

The Pupae, so named from their fancied resemblance
to chrysalids, dolls or puppets, are similar in their habits
to the Bulimi : they feed on vegetable substances, reside
among moss or herbage, or under stones ; remain inert
in continued drought ; and search for food at night, or
when the grass is moist.

1. Pupa umbilicdta. Umbilicated Chrysalis-Snail.

Shell oblongo-cylindrical, glossy, with six moderately con¬
vex turns, which are transversely striated and distinctly se¬
parated by the suture ; the aperture semiovate, subangulate,
with the peristome thick, reflexed, and flattened; a single
laminar tooth in the angle formed by the junction of the outer
lip ; the umbilicus narrow ; the colour dark-olive, the peri¬
stome pale yellowish-grey, or tinged with reddish. Length
two-twelfths of an inch, breadth about half the length.

The animal has the foot oblongo-elliptical, greyish-white :
the neck and tentacula blackish-grey, the eyes black. It
moves slowly, bearing the shell at an angle of about 15 degrees.

Very common, among moss, under stones, in the fissures
of walls, along the coast, and in the interior, in dry and moist,
sunny and shaded places.

Turbo muscorum. Mont. Test. Brit. 335. PI. 22. f. 3. — Pupa
umbilicata. Drap. Moll. Terr, et Fluv. 62. PI. 3. f. 39, 40. — Pupa
umbilicata. Lamk. Syst. Ed. n. viii. 179. — Pupa umbilicata.
Gray’s Turton, 193. — Pupa muscorum. Flem. Bi*it. Anim. 268.

2. Pupa marginata. Margined Chrysalis-Snail.

Shell oblongo-cylindrical, slightly glossy, with six little-con-

100 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA.

vex turns, which are transversely striated and distinctly sepa¬
rated by the suture ; the aperture nearly circular, the peri¬
stome thin, but with a strong, convex external rib behind it
on the outer lip ; a single obtuse, often obsolete, tooth in the
middle of the columellar space between the two lips, and uncon¬
nected with either ; the umbilicus narrow ; the colour olivace¬
ous, or yellowish-grey, the peristome and rib greyish or
yellowish-white. Length two-twelfths, breadth about half
the length.

The animal has the foot oblong, rounded behind, trans¬
parent, hyaline-white ; the neck and head brownish-black ;
the tentacula dusky, the upper long, subulate, clavate, the
lower short.

Very nearly allied to Pupa umbilicata; but easily distin¬
guishable, it being more cylindrical, with the last turn smaller,
the tooth or plait not connected with the outer lip, as in that
species, but free, and placed nearly half-way between the two
lips, considerably within the mouth. Sometimes the tooth is
entirely absent, the shell remaining in other respects the
same. The mouth, instead of having the margin flattened
and expanded, is tliin-edged, but with a strong convex external
rim. Individuals much exposed to the weather, are often grey,
or whitish, and opaque ; those well sheltered, and especially
such as live in grassy places, are olivaceous, or light brown,
and more or less glossy and transparent.

Found by me, on the 5th of August, 1842, on the banks of
the Bay of Peterhead; and on the 6th among the sand-banks
of the Bay of Cruden, and on rocks, under stones, and among
moss, at Slains Castle, and at the Bullers of Buchan ; in all
which places it is very abundant. In the end of August I
found it on the inner sand-hillocks of the Links of Old Aber¬
deen, where it is abundant in some places, while Pupa umbili¬
cata is equally so in others.

Pupa marginata. Drap. Moll. Terr, et Fluv. 61. PI 3. f. 36, 37,
38. — Pupa marginata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 268. — Pupa muscorum.
Lamk. Syst. Ed.2. viii. 180. — Pupa marginata. Gray’s Turton, 196.

Genus 8. Vertigo. Whorl-Snail.

Animal with the body elongated, spiral ; the head
with the two upper tentacula elongated subulate and
clavate, the lower very short or rudimentary ; the foot
small, elongated ; the orifice of the pulmonary cavity on
the right side of the neck, near that of the intestine ;

HALAC0Z0A. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 101

generative organs united, and having their orifice near
the right tentaculura.

Shell sub cylindrical, spirate, very thin, transparent ;
with the apex obtuse, the whorls convex, compressed,
the last whorl not proportionally larger ; the aperture
moderate, with the peristome circular, incomplete, more
or less thickened, but not reflexed.

Vertigo differs very little from Pupa, the animal being
similar, with the exception of not having the lower ten-
tacula developed, and the shell with the peristome thinner.

1. Vertigo edentula. Toothless Whorl-Snail.

Shell ovato-cylindrical, subconical, moderately glossed,
transparent, with five convex turns, which are transversely
striated, and distinctly separated by the suture, the second
whorl much larger than the first, greatly exceeded by the third,
which is little less than the fourth, the fifth not much larger ;
the aperture semiovate, toothless, with the peristome slightly
thickened, incomplete ; the umbilicus narrow ; the colour dark
olive, the peristome paler. Length three-fourths of a twelfth,
breadth rather more than half the length.

A single specimen found by me, on the 25th of June, 1842,
when with my class on an excursion, beneath a fragment of
serpentine, on a hill of that rock, at Potterton, Parish of Bel-
helvie, six miles from Aberdeen. Another found by Mr.
Leslie, in September, near Inverury; and one by Miss Mac-
gillivray in the Den of Auchmedden.

Pupa edentula. Drap. Moll. Terr. et. Fluv. 59. PI. 3. f. 28, 29’
— Pupa edentula. Flem. Brit. Anim. 269. — Vertigo edentula.
Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 112.

Genus 9. Clausilia.

Animal with the body elongated, spiral; the head
with four tentacula, of which the upper are short or
moderate, filiform, the lower very short, all capitate;
the foot small, compressed, oblongo-lanceolate.

Shell slender, turrite, subfusiform, thin, wfitli the spire
tapering to an obtuse point ; the whorls numerous, the
last smaller than the next ; the aperture generally re¬
versed, suboval, oblique, with the peristome continuous,
free, marginate, and toothed or plicate ; the throat with

102 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. rULMOBRANCHIATA.

an internal spiral calcareous plait, attached to an elastic
pedicel, and closing the cavity when the animal has
withdrawn.

1. Clausilia perversa. Dusky Clausilia.

Shell slender, turrito-fusiform, rather glossy, slightly trans¬
parent, with from ten to twelve little convex, transversely sul-
cato-striate, distinctly separated turns, the first two shining,
smooth, forming an obtuse apex, the rest gradually enlarging
to the penultimate, the last three faintly striated spirally, the
ultimate narrowed, with two wide grooves ; the aperture sub-
ovate, narrowed near the posterior end, which forms a rounded
angle, the margin thick, continuous, reflexed, elevated from
the columella, on which are two plaits, the posterior near the
angle, thin, and running out upon the lip, the anterior thicker,
less elevated, and not running so far out ; the colour deep
chestnut-brown, or blackish-brown, that ofthe peristome brown¬
ish-white. Length half an inch, breadth from a twelfth to an
eighth.

The shell varies considerably in form, as well as in colour.
Some individuals are much thicker and more fusiform than
others. The number of spiral turns is sometimes nine, often
ten, not unfrequently eleven, sometimes twelve. The colour
is reddish-brown, dusky-brown, or blackish-brown. Indivi¬
duals occurring in dry places, much exposed to the sun, have
the shell thicker, and of a grey colour, as if weathered ; and
many have streaks of grey. The peristome, which is always
thickened, entire, raised, more or less reflexed, and whitish,
varies in form, being roundish-ovate or ovate, more or less
narrowed toward the posterior end, sometimes oblong, or-
subquadrate. The varieties which I have observed in the
mouth, in specimens gathered in the same spot, are the follow¬
ing : — A single thin plate on the collumella near the posterior
angle of the mouth, (the shell elongated, narrow, thin, and
less prominently streaked). A thin posterior plate, and a
less elevated but slender posterior plate, scarcely apparent, and
not reaching the mouth. The posterior thin plate, a thick an¬
terior plate not reaching the mouth, and a third concealed
plate formed by the dorsal fold of the shell. Two plaits, and
between them a very slender parallel plait. Two slender plaits
between the two larger. Three plaits, the middle one bipartite.
Very often the anterior plait appears thus bipartite, which
depends upon a prominent fold of the columella, more or less
apparent. Often also there is a transverse rib internally above

MALACOZOA. gasteropoda, pulmobbanchiata. 103

the outer lip. The bipartite tooth then is not characteristic
of Clausilia dubia, which differs only in being more fusiform.

The clausilium is curved, thin, with a thick revolute smooth
margin.

The animal is very slender and elongated. When it is in
motion, the foot is compressed, linear-oblong beneath, about
a third of the length of the shell, pale grey, semitransparent ;
the neck semicylindrical, striato-sidcate, transversely rugose,
dusky grey ; the upper tentacula short, nearly cylindrical, with
a large terminal knob, and black ; the lower very short, form¬
ing two cylindrical knobs, and of a lighter tint. The shell is
dragged in the same line as the foot and neck, the animal
being incapable of raising it, unless when about to repose,
when it inclines at an angle of about 70°.

First found by me, on the 18th of June, 1842, among wet
moss by a spring in Thorny-hive near Stonehaven ; next on
the 6th of August, under stones and turfs, by a mill in a creek
near Slains Castle, and in a Cove near the Bullers of Buchan,
where it is abundant ; in September, by Miss Macgillivray, in
the Den of Auchmedden, at the Old Castle of King Edward,
in Aberdeenshire, and at Gamrie, in Banffshire, in great pro¬
fusion.

Helix perversa. Muller, Venn. Terr, et Aquat. ii. 118. — Turbo
nigricans. Dillu. Cat. 375. — Turbo perversus. Penn. Brit. Zool.
Ed. n. iv. 311. PI. 85. f. 3. — Turbo bidens. Mont. Test. Brit.
357. PI. 11. f. 7. — Clausilia perversa. Flem. Brit. Anim. 271. — ■
Clausilia rugosa. Lamk. Ed. n. viii. 201. — Clausilia rugosa.
Drap. Moll. 73. PI. 4. f. 19, 20. — Clausilia nigricans. Gray’s
Turton, 217. PI. 5. f. 58.

Clausilia dubia scarcely deserves being adduced even as a
variety. Its description, taken from specimens found in
various places, is as follows : —

Shell slender, turrito-fusiform, glossy, semitransparent, with
about twelve little convex, transversely sulcato-striate, dis¬
tinctly separated turns, the first two shining, smooth, forming
an obtuse apex, the rest gradually enlarging to the penulti¬
mate, the last three faintly striate spirally, the ultimate nar¬
rowed, with two wide grooves or undulations; the aperture
subovate, narrowed near the posterior end, with the margin
thick, continuous, reflexed ; the columella with two plaits, of
which the anterior is forked internally ; the colour deep red¬
dish-brown, with silky lustre ; toward the margin of most of
the whorls small grey indistinct spots at intervals formed

104 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA.

generally by three of the transverse grooves being of that
colour. Length half an inch, breadth an eighth.

Deshayes’ description agrees precisely : — “ This species seems
intermediate between Clausiliee rugosa and ventricosa. It is
elongated, fusiform, finely and regularly striated ; its colour is
chestnut brown ; the tip is obtuse, the spiral turns little convex,
and the last turn bears on the back, before its termination, a
pretty deep groove which divides it into two ; in this part in
which the groove is, the striae are deeper and larger. The
aperture is oval, posteriorly angular ; it is white, and the
columella bears two prominent plaits, of which the most an¬
terior does not advance like the other to the margin ; in the
bottom of the aperture is a third transverse plait. The length
is 13 millimetres, the breadth a little more than three.”

Clausilia dubia. Drap. Moll. 70. PI. 4. f. 10, 11. — Clausilia
dubia. Grav’s Turton. 216. — Clausilia dubia. Lamk. Syst. Ed. 2.
vii. 209.

Genus 10. Balea.

Animal with the body elongated, spiral ; the head
with four tentacula, the upper long, cylindrical, clavato-
capitate, oculiferous, the lower short, conical, obtuse or
capitate ; the foot small, slender, oblong, compressed.

Shell oblongo-turrite, thin, with the spire tapering to
an obtuse point, the last whorl proportionally larger
than the next ; the aperture reversed, roundish or oval,
with the peritreme thin and simple.

1 . Balea perversa. Reversed Balea.

Shell oblongo-turrite, slender, glossy, transparent, of eight
convex, transversely striated, distinctly separated turns, the
suture being deeply impressed; the spire tapering to an ob¬
tuse point ; the aperture subovate, with the peristome thin,
simple, a little reflexed on the columella ; the umbilicus distinct ;
the colour yellowish-grey, yellowish-brown, or dusky-brown.
Length from four to five-twelfths of an inch, breadth nearly a
twelfth.

Animal with the head and tentacula black ; the upper tenta¬
cula long, filiform, with an enlarged rounded tip, the lower
very short, conical, obtuse ; the foot oblong, depressed, semi¬
transparent, pale purplish-grey.

First found in June, 1842, by Mr. Leslie, while searching

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 105

for Helices, with me, at the foot of the wall behind Old Machar
Cathedral ; afterwards gathered there by Miss Macgillivray
and myself. On the 18th of June, found by me among the
ruins of Dunottar Castle.

Turbo perversus. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1240. — Turbo perversus.
Mont. Test. Brit. 335. PI. 11. f. 12. — Pupa fragilis. Drap. Moll.
68. PI. 4. f. 4. — Pupa fragilis. Lamk, Syst. vi. 2. 110; Ed. n.
viii. 178. — Balaea perversa. Flem. Brit. Anim. 271. Balaea per¬
versa. Gray’s Turtou. 207.

SECTION II.— AQUATICA.

Family III. — Limn^eina.

Animal with the body ovate or elongated, spirally bent
or coiled, or conical, covered by the mantle, the thin
edge of which forms a circular collar around the neck ;
the head surmounted by a large expansion or veil ; two
generally depressed, contractile tentacula, having the eyes
situated near their base ; orifice of the pulmonary cavity
on the collar, near the anal aperture ; genital organs
separated ; foot ovate or elongated, depressed.

Shell delicate, fragile, spiral, involute, rarely conical,
of a uniform colour, with a firm, olivaceous, brownish,
or yellowish-grey epidermis ; the outer margin of its aper¬
ture thin.

The species live in brooks, rivers, ditches, pools, and
lakes, generally immersed in the water, and crawling on
the mud, on stones, or plants, but coming occasionally
to the surface to respire. They are capable of advancing
along the surface of the water with the disk of the foot
applied to it, “and the body reversed. Their food consists
of vegetable substances.

Genus 1. LimnjEus. Mud-Shell.

Animal oval, spiral ; head with two flattened subtrian-
gular, obtuse tentacula, bearing the eyes at their base
internally ; mouth with an upper piece for mastication,
and surmounted by a short veil ; foot oval, anteriorly
two-lobed, narrowed behind ; pulmonary orifice on the

10G MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. FULMOBRANCHIATA.

right side, in the form of a groove on the collar, and
capable of being covered by a fleshy appendage by which
it is margined beneath; intestinal aperture near the
pulmonary ; genital organs distant, the orifice of the
male under the right tentaculum, that of the female
organ at the pulmonary aperture.

Shell oval or oblong, thin, fragile, dextral, with a
tapering, pointed spire ; the aperture longer than wide,
oval, sharp-edged ; the columella with an oblique plait.

They inhabit still water, brooks, rivers, and ditches.
In a state of repose, they adhere to stones or plants by
their foot. They crawl slowly, can advance along the
surface of the water, in a reversed position, are capable
of remaining long under water, and in drought sink
partially into the mud, or creep into shady places.

Some of the species vary so much in form, that authors
are not agreed as to what ought to be considered as
varieties.

1. Limnceus pereger. Wandering Mud-Shell.

Shell ovate, thin, horny, semitransparent, of four trans¬
versely striated, convex turns, the last very large ; the spire
very short, acute ; the aperture ovate, acute behind, with the
inner lip reflexed on the columella, leaving a concealed nar¬
row groove from the umbilicus ; the colour varying from pale
greyish-yellow to umber or dark reddish-brown. Length from
half an inch to an inch, breadth generally two-thirds of the
length.

Helix limosa. Linn. Syst. Nat. — Buccinum peregrum. Drap.
Verm. Terr. et. Fluv. ii. 130. — Limnea limosa. Flem. Brit. Anim.
274. — Limnaeus pereger. Gray’s Turton. 233.

The principal varieties which this species presents, are the
foil owing : —

A. Limnceus pereger ovatus. Ovate Mud-Shell.

Shell ovato-elliptical, ventricose, very thin, brittle, semi¬
transparent, glossy; with the spire extremely short; the aper¬
ture obliquely extended, oval, acute behind, four-fifths of the
■whole length ; the tip often eroded ; the last turn oblique,
finely but distinctly striate transversely ; the colour pale greenish-
yellow. Length ten-twelfths of an inch, breadth seven-twelfths.

M1LAC0Z0A. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 107

The animal has the lower surface of the foot yellowish-
green, its margins greenish-yellow ; the broad bilobate flap
above the mouth greenish-yellow ; the tentacula of the same
colour, broad, thin, and broadly rounded ; the collar, or an¬
terior induplicate fold of the mantle, yellowish-green anteriorly,
greenish-grey on the margin, grey variegated with black above ;
the body yellow, variegated with black, its hind part chiefly of
the latter colour, with the tip yellow.

This species differs from any of the following, in having the
spire extremely small, although convex forming a minute
point or acumination, or frequently truncate by decay or
erosion ; the shell so thin as to be semitransparent, or even so
clear that one can see an object through it, with fine regular
striae, but very seldom any longitudinal angular ridges on the
last turn ; the inside glassy. When it has lain dead for some
time, the shell becomes opaque, pale yellow externally, and
white within.

Individuals of this species, shorter and broader than usual,
make a close approximation to Limnaeus auricularius.

It occurs plentifully in the Loch of Skene, where I found it
on the 2d J uly, 1 842 ; in pools of the Dee, on the 1 6th ; in a
mill pond near the base of the Hill of Fare, on the 30th, and
in various other localities.

Limnaeus ovatus. Drap. Moll. Terr, et Fluv. 50. PI. 2. f. 30,
31. — Lymnaea ovata. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 161 ; Ed. n. viii. 413. —
Limneus pereger. Far. i. L. ovatus. Drap. Alder. Mag. Zool. and
Bot. i. 115. — Limnaeus pereger. Var. Gray’s Turt. 234. — Lim-
nea limosa. Flem. Brit. Anim. 274. — Lymnaea ovata. Brown,
Illustr. PI. 42. f. 10, 11.

B. Limnceus pereger communis. Common Mud-Shell.

Shell ovate, ventricose, very thin, brittle, semitransparent,
glossy with the spire short ; the aperture oval, acute behind,
three-fourths of the whole length ; the last turn oblique, dis¬
tinctly striate transversely, generally marked with obscure
longitudinal ridges ; the colour pale brown, yellowish-brown,
or dull yellow. Length about nine-twelfths of an inch, breadth
five-twelfths.

The animal has the head, foot, and lower 'surface of the
broad thin collar, greenish-grey, the upper or posterior sur¬
face of the collar grey, variegated with black ; the rest of the
body blackish-brown, spotted with whitish-grey, or light
brown, the terminal portion umber-brown.

The shell, when the animal is in it, appears of a dusky-

1 08 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRAN C HI ATA .

green, olivaceous, or blackish-green colour, usually variegated
with light brown or yellowish-grey. It is thicker and much
less transparent than that of the last species.

Common, in ditches, pools, and rivers ; generally distributed.

Limnseus pereger. Drap. Moll. Terr. et. Fluv. 50. PI. 2. f. 34,
35. — Buccinum peregrum. Muller, Moll. Terr, et Fluv. 130. —
Lymncea peregra. Lamk. Svst. vi. 2. 161 ; Ed. n.viii. 413. — Helix
peregra. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3659. — Helix putris. Penn. Brit.
Zool. iv. 139. PI. 86. f. 137. — Lymnaea peregra. Brown, Illustr.
PI. 42, 36, 38. — Limnaea limosa. Flem. Brit. Aniin. 274. — Lim-
naeus pereger. Gray’s Turton. 233. — Helix peregra. Mont. Test.
Brit. 373. PI. 16. f. 3.

C. Limnceus pereger limosus. Brook Mud-Shell.

Shell ovato-ohlong, very thin, brittle, semitransparent,
glossy, with the spire short ; the aperture oval-oblong, acute
behind, two-thirds of the whole length ; the last turn oblique,
very faintly striated transversely ; the colour light brown.
Length about five-twelfths of an inch, breadth about half the
length.

The animal has the head and foot greyish-green, the hind
part of the collar variegated with black ; the rest of the body
black, spotted with light brown.

Although brown, the shell is so transparent that an object
can be seen through it. When it contains the animal, it ap¬
pears black, with brown spots.

Helix limosa. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1249. — Helix limosa. Brown,
Wern. Trans, ii. 530. Pl.‘ 24. f. 11, 12; Illustr. PI. 42. f. 39, 40.
— Limnsea limosa. Flem. Brit. Anim. 274.

It occurrs in brooks, and marshy places. Powis Burn at
Old Aberdeen ; Ditches with running -water near the same
place ; Burn of Cruden ; Auchmedden.

There certainly is much difference in form and size between
the largest and broadest individuals of Limnseus ovatus, and
the smallest or narrowest of Limnaeus limosus ; yet the three
supposed species so graduate into each other that, I think,
they must be merely races or varieties. Many more might be
given, were one so disposed ; but the task would be useless.
It appears to me that we have but one species, which varies in
the size, colour, and thickness of the shell, according to cir¬
cumstances. The larger and more ventricose it is, the shorter
is the spire. In still water, especially if of great extent, it
assumes the form of Limnaeus ovatus ; in running water, espe-

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 1 09

daily small brooks, that of Limnseus limosus. When not ex¬
posed to the effects of drought, it is plump and glossy ; but
when the reverse it becomes wrinkled, and has the shell flat¬
tened or marked with longitudinal ridges, or irregular sink¬
ings, like the skull of a New Hollander. It never leaves the
water, in so far as I have observed, although the water in
summer often leaves it. Yet Muller says, “ Buccinum hoc,
uti Helix succinea, vere amphibium est ; tempore enim bru-
mali, truncis et ramis Tiliarum ultra centum passus ab omni
aqua remotarum plurima mhaerentia reperi : ” — quod vere mi-
rum est.

2. Limnaus palustris. Marsh Mud-Shell.

Shell oblong, conical, pointed, thin, horny, semitransparent,
of about six turns, which are little convex, distinctly separated
by the moderately impressed suture, along which they form an
acute but thickened margin, transversely striolate, the last
turn large, with faint longitudinal angular ridges ; the mouth
ovato-oblong, nearly half the length of the shell, with the
pillar-lip expanded so as partially or entirely to cover the um¬
bilicus ; the colour varying from greyish-yellow to umber or
dusky reddish-brown, that of the interior from horn-colour to
dusky purplish-brown, of the inner lip from white to purple.
Length half an inch, breadth two and a-half twelfths.

This species might be divided into as many varieties as the
last, for, being subjected to the same influences, it undergoes
similar modifications. I have not met with it alive of a size
approaching to that of specimens from England, its greatest
length with us being seven-twelfths, the size and form being
about those of Draparnaud’s Fig. 2. PI. 3. Not unfrequently
the spire is trunculate from erosion or decay of the first turns.
A dead specimen, however, found at Don-Mouth in Septem¬
ber, 1842, although having the spire broken, measured seven
and a-half-twelfths in length, and three and three-fourths in
breadth.

The animal elongated, spiral ; with the foot oblong, de¬
pressed, obtuse behind, dusky green ; the head, tentacula, and
neck greenish-black ; the neck transversely rugose ; the collar
with the margin thickened, dusky green ; the mantle black,
variegated with pale green ; the rest of the body black.

In pools, lakes, marshy places, and streams, in the maritime
and lower inland tracts.

Buccinum palustre. Muller, Verm. Terr, et Aquat. ii. 131. —
Helix palustris. Mont. Test. Brit. 370. PI. 16. f. 10. — Helix
K

110 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. Pl’LMOBRANCHIATA.

fragilis. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1249? — Lymnaea palustris. Laink.
Syst. vi. 2. 162; Ed. n. viii. 409. — Limnsea palustris. Flera. Brit.
Anim. 274. — Lymnaea palustris. Brown, Illustr. PL 42. f. 17,18.
— Limnaeus palustris. Gray’s Turton.

3. Limnceus truncdtulus. Little Mud-Shell.

Shell ovato-oblong, conical, pointed, thin, horny, semi¬
transparent, of about six turns, which are well rounded, deeply
separated by the suture, somewhat abruptly curved at the
upper margin, transversely striate, the last turn large with
faint longitudinal ridges ; the mouth ovato-oblong or ovate,
rather obtuse behind, nearly half the length of the shell, with
the pillar-lip expanded so as partially or entirely to cover the
umbilicus ; the colour varying from yellowish-grey to umber
or dusky purplish-brown, that of the interior from horn-colour
to purplish-brown, of the inner lip from white to purple.
Length from five-twelfths of an inch, breadth about half the
height.

It differs from Limnaeus palustris in having the turns of the
spire more convex, and somewhat abruptly bent toward the
suture. Muller has clearly expressed this character. “ An-
fractus quinque, quilibet, qua majorem spectat, declinatus,
qua minorem truncatus est, quo caractere a reliquis europaeis
differt.”

Generally .distributed, occurring abundantly in pools, rivers,
brooks and rills ; as in Hilton Quarries, the mill-pond near
the New Bridge of Don, the Inverury Canal, and similar places,
from the coast far into the interior.

It presents very great differences in size and form, the de¬
gree of smoothness or rugosity, the outline of the mouth, the
extent of the inner lip, the prominence of the spire, which is
frequently truncate or eroded. The most remarkable varieties
are the following : — •

A. Limnceus truncdtulus ohlongus. Common Little Mud-Shell.

Shell ovato-oblong, pointed, with the turns moderately con¬
vex, thin, glossy, distinctly striulate ; the mouth oval-oblong,
the inner lip expanded and reflexed ; the umbilicus generally
covered, but sometimes distinct ; the colour light purplish-
brown, of the interior yellowish-brown, of the inner lip
pinkish.

This variety is common in clear still water ; as the pools in
Hilton Quarries.

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. FULMOBRANCHIATA. 1 1 1

B. Lbnnceus truncdtulus fossarius. Ditch Mud-Shell.

Shell oblong, pointed, but generally abrupt by erosion, with
the turns moderately convex, thickisb, distinctly striulate and
often rugose ; the mouth oval-oblong, the inner lip expanded,
the umbilicus covered ; the colour yellowish-brown, frequently
with a tinge of reddish or purplish, of the interior yellowish-
brown, of the inner lip pink or white.

Common in still muddy water, as in ponds and ditches.

C. Limnaeus truncdtulus minutus. Dwarf Mud-Shell.

Shell ovato-oblong, pointed, with the turns well rounded,
glossy, striate ; the mouth ovate, the inner lip moderately ex¬
panded ; the umbilicus covered ; the colour clear deep red¬
dish-brown, of the interior similar, of the mouth pinkish.

Occurs in clear brooks, rills, and sometimes mossy springs.

Lymnaea minuta. Yar. Drap. Moll. Terr, et Fluv.

To one or other of these varieties belong the following re¬
ferences : —

Buccinum truncatulum. Muller, Venn. Terr, et Fluv. ii. 130.
— Helix fossaria. Mont. Test. Brit. 372. PI. 16. f. 9. PI. 16. f. 9.
bad. — Lymnaea minuta. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 162. Ed. n. viii. 415.
— Lymnaea minuta. Drap. Moll. Terr, et Fluv. 53 ; PI. 3. f. 5,
6, 7. — Lymnaea fossaria. Brown, Illustr. PI. 42. f. 12, 13. —
Limnaea fossaria. Flem. Brit. Anim. 274. — Limnaeus truncatulus.
Gray’s Turton. 240.

There is a character by which Limnaeus palustris may
readily be distinguished from Limnaeus truncatulus, in all
their forms. In the former, the upper margin of the spiral
turns gradually slopes to a sulcato-crenulate edge, which
although thin has a slight rim, and is laid over the next turn
so as to form a little-impressed suture. In Limnaeus trunca¬
tulus, the upper margin of the spiral turns curves in rather
abruptly, forming a deeply impressed suture, without any ap¬
pearance of a rim or border.

Genus 2. Physa. Bubble-Shell.

Animal oval, spiral ; head with two long, slender,
tapering tentacula, bearing eyes at their base internally;
mantle with two digitate lobes capable of being much
extended ; foot long, rather pointed behind.

Shell sinistral, subglobose, oval, or oblong, delicate,

112 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA.

extremely fragile, smooth, glossy; with the spire generally
short, the last turn very large ; the aperture oval, nar¬
rowed behind ; the columella a little twisted, the edge of
the outer lip thin.

1 . Physa fontinalis. Stream Bubble-Shell.

Shell sinistrorse, oval, glossy, transparent, pale greenish-
grey ; with the spire very short, convex, and obtuse ; the turns
four, obsoletely striate, the first three extremely small, the last
ovate, ventricose ; the aperture ovato-oblong, very narrow and
acute behind ; the inner lip thickened, white. Length about
three-twelfths of an inch, breadth more than half the length.

Physa fontinalis, as described by authors, varies considerably
in form, the length of the spire, the size of the aperture, and
other characters, in which respects it resembles 4he species of
Limnaeus, and affords materials for supposed species. The
individuals which I have seen, many thousands in number,
vary little from the above description. The spire is from a
fifth to a fourth of the whole length ; the breadth is greater or
less ; but the aperture is always about half the size of the
entire outline of the shell. The spire is always convex and
obtuse, sometimes eroded or trunculate.

First found by me, while with my class, on an excursion to
the Loch of; Skene, on the 2d of July, 1842. Having walked
all round, and partly through the lake, we found it everywhere
cast ashore or lying in patches at the bottom, in vast profusion,
intermixed with Cyclas flavescens. N one of the individuals ex¬
amined exceeded four-twelfths of an inch in length, or two and
a-half in breadth. A specimen was found by Mr. Mitchell,
while searching with me, in a pool in the Dee, on the 16th
of July ; and on the 22d of August, I found one in the Don,
near Seaton. The last individual I kept alive for a fortnight.

The following account of the habits of the species may prove
interesting : —

This animal, which is herbivorous, resides, with us, in lakes
and rivers, frequenting more especially beds of Potamogeton,
on the leaves of which it feeds. Its foot, when extended is
oblong, obtuse before, rather pointed behind ; the neck of
moderate length, the fore part of the head obtuse ; the tenta-
cula long, tapering, very slender, almost sectaceous ; the eyes
situated at the inner base of the tentacula, and, being black,
very conspicuous, all the other parts being yellowish- white
and semitransparent ; the body oblong, spiral ; the mantle with

MALACOZOA.

GASTEROPODA. FULMOBRANCHI ATA. 113

the margins extended into digitiform contractile lobes, which
can be spread out on the columellar side, behind, and over
part of the outer lip of the shell, and may sometimes be seen
meeting above ; the veil, or supraoral flap broad, emarginate,
projecting over the anterior edge of the foot.

In its ordinary mode of progression under the water, it glides
along with a uniform, moderately quick motion performed by
minute undulations of the foot, which does not then extend to
the anterior edge of the shell, but projects a little beyond its
hind part or apex ; the margin of the head or flap scarcely
appearing, the tentacula extended. It moves equally well in
a reversed position, with the foot applied to the surface of the
water. Ordinarily, the digitations of the mantle are not ex¬
tended. If the animal be turned on its back in the water, it
protrudes the foot, head, and tentacula, writhes the foot, of
which the margins then form obtuse lobes, and emits the digi¬
tations of the mantle which move in various directions, until it
either ascends to the surface or regains its ordinary position,
when the mantle-lobes are withdrawn. When in shallow water,
beyond the surface of which part of the shell protrudes, it ex¬
tends the head and neck, as well as the foot, the latter then
not reaching as far as the end of the spire, and at intervals
jerks forwards the shell. In the air, it does not erect the
tentacula, and advances by jerks. Its movements are rather
quick, and it turns with rapidity on meeting an obstacle.
Montagu states that it “ will sometimes let itself down gradu¬
ally by a thread affixed to the surface of the water, in the
manner of the Limax Alans from the branch of a tree but I
have not seen it do so.

Planorbis Bulla. Muller, Verm. Terr, et Fluv. ii. 167. — Phvsa
fontinalis. Drap. Moll. Terr, et Fluv. 54. PI. 3. f. 8, 9. — Bulla
fontinalis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1 185. — Bulla fontinalis. Mont. Test.
226. — Phvsa fontinalis. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 156; Ed. n. viii. 401.
— Pliysa fontinalis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 276. — Buccinum exiguum,
trium spirarum a sinistra in dextram convolutarum. Lister. Anim.
Angl. 142. PI. 2. f. 25.

Genus 3. Planorbis. Coil-Shell.

Animal very slender, elongated, involute ; head with
two very long, tapering, setaceous tentacula, bearing the
eyes on their dilated base internally ; mouth surmounted
by a bilobate veil, and having a crescent-shaped tooth
above, and a lingual mass armed with small hooks below ;

114 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA.

foot small, oval or elliptical, depressed ; orifice of the pul¬
monary cavity on the collar, near the anus, on the left
side, as are those of the separated genital organs.

Shell orbicular, flat, coiled nearly in the same plane,
generally delicate and more or less transparent ; with
a roundish, sublunate, or squarish aperture, somewhat
encroached upon by the convexity of the preceding turn,
and having a thin border, and a simple cavity. The
shell is dextral, as several observers have proved, not
sinistral, as many have alleged. This will be apparent
on placing a Helix, a Zonites, and a Planorbis beside
each other. In Helix in its natural position, the oblique
aperture of the shell has its upper and anterior margin
more advanced, and the spire projecting to the right. In
Zonites, the same circumstances are observed, the spire
being little prominent, or quite flat. Planorbis is similar,
but with the spire flat or more generally sunk.

The species live in still and running water, generally
on plants.

Planorbis Vortex. Angular-mouthed Flat Coil-Shell.

Shell extremely depressed, very thin, pellucid, glossy,
slightly and regularly concave above and beneath, with six, or
sometimes seven, gradually increasing volutions, which are con¬
vex above, rather flattened beneath, and transversely rugoso-
striate, the outer rounded but sloping so as to form a rather sharp
sometimes obtuse keel on the lower margin of the disk ; mouth
oblique, roundish-elliptical, somewhat rhombic. Diameter
four- twelfths, height less than half a twelfth.

This species, as it presents itself with us, has the keel much
less acute, and the lower surface of the turns much less flat¬
tened, than in specimens from England and the South of Scot¬
land. In young shells the keel is often acute, but in old indi¬
viduals it is often obtusely angular, and even rounded toward
the mouth, which in that case is not rhombic, but roundish, or
broadly elliptical.

The animal, in moving, presents an apparatus which at first
sight appears scarcely adequate to the task of dragging forward
so large a mass as the shell and body. It consists of an ellip¬
tical, depressed or flattened foot, a twelfth and a third in
length, little more than half a twelfth in breadth, of a choco-

2&ALAC0Z0A. GASTEROPODA.

PULMOBRANCHIATA. 115

late-brown colour, rarely reddisli-brown, tinged with grey
toward the margins. Extending this foot, it produces in it a
series of undulations, by means of which it slowly glides along
the solid surface of a stem, leaf, or other immersed body.
Every now and then, the shell is jerked forward by a sudden
movement, which is not performed by the foot, but by the
muscles which pass from it or along the neck into the body.
Sometimes the shell is laid flat, the more advanced edge or lip
of its oblique aperture being above tbe anterior part of the
outer whorl, to the left hand, as in a Zonites. The dextral
nature of the shell is thus apparent. But the animal often also
keeps the shell inclined at an angle of from 15° to 20°, or even
so much as 45° or 60°, the right margin of the disk touching
the plane on which it moves. It can even raise the shell on
edge, so as to be quite perpendicular. Moreover, as the neck
is so slender, it can easily be twisted without receiving injury,
so that sometimes the animal is seen advancing at the bottom
of the water, with the shell reversed, or having the prolonged
lip of its aperture below, and the right margin of the disk
above ; or it may be turned over, so as to have its lower sur¬
face uppermost. An individual seemed to prefer this arrange¬
ment, and I thought it might be natural to it, or that it might
be sinistrorse ; but, on taking it out of the water and replacing
its shell in the ordinary position, it kept it so. Sometimes the
animal moves along with a continuous progress, without jerk¬
ing the shell forwards at intervals. Generally however, it
combines both methods. Like many other mollusca, it can
move on the surface of the water. In this case, the plane of
the shell is parallel to the surface, the extended foot of the
animal is applied to the surface of the atmosphere in contact
with that of the water, forming a concavity, and the undulatory
contractions of the foot cause a slow advance ; but the animal
does not usually travel this way. It readily changes its direc¬
tion, the foot turning to either side with ease, on the slender
pedicel formed by the body. The mantle forms but a slight
margin or collar; the head projects with a rounded extremity;
over the mouth is a broad flap of two rounded lobes, and be¬
low it the foot, anteriorly rounded and decurved, projects a
little. The tentacula, nearly as long as the foot, or a twelfth
and a third in length, are extremely slender or setaceous,
dilated at the base, then contracted, and thence gradually
tapering to the point. They are contractile, hut not in the
manner of the tentacula of snails and slugs, and can be moved
in any direction, but seem to be not generally employed as

116 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA.

organs of touch, nor to be nearly so sensible as those of snails.
The eyes, small globose, black dots, are placed at the base of
the tentacula internally, on the middle of their dilated part,
which is of a reddish colour, the long taper portion being dusky
brown. The tentacula have no auricle at the base, a character
given in most books as generic, which it therefore is not. The
orifices of the pulmonary, alimentary, and genital organs are
on the left side, but these organs themselves on the right.
When the foot and head are protruded, a large portion of the
last spiral turn is filled with air, so that probably the shell is
very little heavier than water. Out of the water, the animal
in advancing drags the shell flat, or lying in the natural position,
with the right side of the disk to the right, and it cannot ad¬
vance in any other position. These observations are quite
sufficient to prove that this species is truly dextral, and that
the Concave surface of the disk is the upper.

Planorbis vortex resides, not in the mud, but on its surface,
and more especially on the stems and leaves of plants, generally
in the water, but often also out of it ; and it retires to rest into
cavities or recesses on the banks, formed by overlying stems
and leaves, or upon the plants themselves. Individuals fre¬
quently crowd together to repose. In long-continued droughts,
it closes the aperture of the shell with a whitish membranous
substance, like that of the Helices.

Planorbis vortex is liable to considerable distortion, some of
the turns frequently projecting beyond their proper level, and
sometimes the whole disk preter-naturally hollowed out on one
side, and protruding on the other.

First found bv me, on the 20tli of July, 1842, on aquatic
plants, and on the mud, in a ditch with stagnant and rather
putrid water, in the hollow between Aberdeen and the Spital,
where it is abundant.

Planorbis vortex. Muller, Verra. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 158. —
Planorbis vortex. Var. a. Drap. Moll. 45. PI. 2. f. 4, 5. — Helix
spirorbis. Mont. Test. Brit. 455 ; Suppl. PI. 25. f. 2. — Planorbis
vortex. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 154. Ed. 2. viii. 385. — Planorbis spiror¬
bis. Gray’s Turton, 267. PI. 8. f. 91. — Planorbis vortex. Flem.
Brit. Anim. 277.

A. Planorbis Vortex crassulus. Thiclcisli Flat Coil-Sliell.

Shell extremely depressed, very thin, pellucid, shining,
regularly and equally concave above and beneath ; with five
gradually increasing volutions, which are convex above and
beneath, and transversely obsoletelv striulate, with scarcely

MAXACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. r-ULMOBRANCHIATA. 117

perceptible longitudinal striulse ; the outer whorl rounded, but
flattened on the periphery so as to form a rounded angle on
the upper and an obtuse angle on the lower margin of the disk ;
mouth nearly square, but with the upper angle more rounded.
Diameter two twelfths and a half, height half a twelfth.

This variety, although closely allied to Planorbis Vortex,
is easily distinguished from it. Compared with young indi¬
viduals of that species of the same size, it is found to be some¬
times twice the height or thickness, it being, although not
much more than half the diameter, thicker than even a full-
grown vortex. Its glossy, delicately striolate surface is very
different from that of the other shell ; its periphery is almost
flat, although slightly sloped, in place of being rounded and
considerably sloped ; and its mouth is either square, in young
individuals, or square with the angles rounded, in old ones.
The turns are more convex above, as well as much more so
beneath, where the cavity is much deeper. At first sight one
might almost mistake it for a large Planorbis contortus. The
colour of the shell is a rich yellowish-brown, like that of
Zonites nitidulus.

The animal is similar to Planorbis Vortex, but with the lobes
of the veil less deeply separated, and the tentacula less dilated
at the base. Its habits are similar.

It occurs in the same ditch as the last species, where I first
found it at the same time.

The next species or variety is connected with Planorbis
V ortex by the present, which, if merely a variety, belongs as
much to the one as to the other.

B. Planorbis Vortex Spirorbis. Round-edged Coil-Shell.

Shell extremely depressed, very thin, pellucid, glossy, regu¬
larly and equally concave above and beneath ; with five, some¬
times six, gradually increasing volutions, which are convex
above and beneath, and transversely obsoletely striolate ; the
outer whorl rounded on the periphery, forming an obtuse angle
on the lower margin of the disk ; mouth nearly square, a little
oblique, sometimes roundish. Diameter nearly three-twelfths
of an inch, height a third of a twelfth.

It varies considerably in the form of the aperture, the degree
of carination of the margin, and the thickness ; but may always
be distinguished from PI. Vortex by having the turns fewer,
smaller, more finely striate, and more glossy ; and from Plan¬
orbis Crassulus, by being larger and much thinner. At the

118 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA.

PULMOBRAXCHIATA.

same time, all these shells differ much less from each other
than the varieties of Limnaeus pereger.

First found by Miss Marion Macgillivray in a ditch at Ban¬
ner Mill, near Aberdeen, where it exists in great profusion,
among Ranunculus aquatilis, and other plants ; afterwards
by Miss Isabella Macgillivray.

Planorbis spirorbis. Muller, Verm. Terr, et Aquat. 161. — Plan-
orbis spirorbis. Mont. Test. Brit. 455. PI. 25. f. 2. — Planorbis
vortex. Var. B. I) rap. Moll. Terrestr. et Aquat. 44. PI. 2. f. 6,J7.
— Planorbis spirorbis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 277. — Planorbis spirorbis.
Gray’s Turton, 268. PI. 8. f. 98.

2. Planorbis contortus. Contorted Coil-Shell.

Shell widely and slightly concave above, with six nearly
equal, narrow, distinctly striated volutions ; the last rounded,
leaving a wide and deep cavity beneath, exposing part of all
the other whorls ; mouth narrow, semilunar ; colour light
brown, glossed or bronzed. Diameter nearly two-twelfths,
height one-twelfth.

This, the smallest British species, is very abundant in pools,
ditches, rivers, and brooks. Its actions are in all respects
similar to those of the species described above. In advancing
in the water, it extends its foot, which is elliptical, depressed,
scarcely a twelfth of an inch in length, and moves regularly
and continuously onwards, but also at intervals exhibits the
sudden jerking motion above mentioned. The foot is of a
dusky brown colour; the neck and head are black, the latter
projecting with a rounded extremity. The tentacula, longer
than the foot, are setaceous, a little dilated at the base, taper¬
ing to a fine point, and a dusky grey colour ; the eyes black,
on the dilated base of the tentacula internally. The shell is
generally kept in the normal position, nearly horizontally, a
little declined to the right; but the animal can raise it con¬
siderably. It advances on the surface, in the manner described,
keeping the shell horizontal. On land, it creeps in the same
manner ; but should the shell be turned round by twisting the
neck, it can proceed equally well with it in that manner. It
lives habitually among the roots, stems, and leaves of aquatic
plants.

First found by Mr. John Macgillivray in a pool in the Old
Aberdeen Links, in May, 1841 ; in May, 1842, by Mr. Leslie,
in a small pond in the garden of file Professor of Medicine of
King’s College, where it is very abundant on the grass and

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRAN C H IATA . i 1 9

decayed leaves of trees ; in June by Miss Macgillivray in a
stripe of the Don, near Seaton House ; in July by myself in
the Loch of Skene, the Inverury Canal, and subsequently in
many other localities, it being generally distributed in the
lower tracts.

Planorbis contortus. Muller, Verm. Terr, et Fluv. ii. 162. —
Planorbis contortus. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1244. — Helix contorta.
Mont. Test. Brit. 457. PI. 25. f. 6. — Planorbis contortus. Drap.
Moll. Terr, et Fluv. 42. PI. 1. f. 39,40, 4 1 .—Planorbis contortus.
Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 154. Ed. n. viii. 387. — Planorbis contortus. Flem.
Brit. Anim. 277.— Planorbis contortus. Gray’s Turton, 270.

3. Planorbis albas. Bristly Coil-Shell .

Shell widely concave above and beneath, with three and a-
half or four rapidly increasing volutions, which are convex on
both sides, longitudinally finely sulcato-striate, minutely striate
transversely, delicately hispid with tapering shreds of the epi¬
dermis ; the last turn disproportionately enlarged, considerably
depressed, with the outer margin convex ; the mouth a little
oblique, semiovate or nearly elliptical, dilated, with the peri¬
stome somewhat thickened and slightly spreading ; the colour
pale horny or yellowish-grey. Diameter two-twelfths and a-
half, height nearly a fourth of the breadth.

The animal in walking in the water bears the shell inclined
at an angle varying from 70° to 80°, the right margin, as usual,
touching the ground, or other surface. Out of the water, it
drags the shell, laid flat, by sudden jerks. The foot is ovato-
triangular, pale grey beneath, brown above, in length about a
third of the diameter of the shell. The neck is short, dusky ;
the head oblong in front, dusky, with a large emaryinate veil ;
the tentacula subulato-setaceous, pale grey or white, with a
medial brown line, dilated and transparent at the base, on the
inner side of which is the small black eye. The head, and
especially the veil, can be expanded to a great breadth. This
species is found with us on various species of Potamogeton, as
well as other plants, particularly Veronica Beccabunga and
Poa fluitans, on which it feeds.

First found by me in the Aberdeen Canal, on the 22d of
August, 1842.

It occurs abundantly there, chiefly on the different species
of Potamogeton, on the foliage of which it feeds, with great
voracity, as I ascertained by keeping it alive for many days.
Its actions are similar to those of the species already described.

120 MALACOZOA. QASTEROPODA . PULMOBRANCHIATA.

As the shell is not really white, I think Muller's name albus
ought to be rejected, and that of Draparnaud employed.

Planorbis albus. Mull. Verm. Terr, et Flnv. ii. 164. — Planorbis
hispidus. Drap. Moll. Terr, et Fluv. ii. 43. PI. 1. f. 45, 46, 47. —
Planorbis hispidus. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 154. Ed. 2. viii. 387. —
Helix alba. Mont. Test. Brit. 459. — Planorbis albus. Flem. Brit.
Anim. 278.

The shell when emptied is generally very pale yellowish or
greenish-grey, sometimes greyish-white ; when containing the
animal, dusky.

4. Planorbis imbricalus. Crested Coil-Shell.

Shell flat, slightly concave in the middle, above, widely and
very deeply concave beneath, with three rapidly increasing,
depressed, obliquely sulcato-striate volutions, which are convex
above, sloping deeply to the suture, more convex beneath ; the
last turns disproportionately enlarged, depressed, sloping to an
obtuse medial angle, and much widened toward the mouth,
which is somewhat oblique, subelliptical, with the peristome
complete, a little thickened, and spreading or slightly reflexed;
the colour pale yellowish-grey. Diameter two-twelfths of an
inch.

In form and colour this shell resembles Planorbis albus ;
from which however it is distinguished by the greater con¬
cavity of its lower surface, by its having the turns more flat¬
tened, the periphery with a kind of blunt keel, the mouth wider,
the peristome thicker, the turns destitute of spiral striae, and
strongly marked with transverse grooves, almost in the man¬
ner of Zonites rotundatus. It appears to be Planorbis imbri-
catus of Draparnaud, with whose description and figure it
agrees in every particular, with the exception of the lamellar
epidermis, which may have been abraded, the specimen being
a dead one, and the “lames,” according to him, being “tres-
caduques.”

Planorbis imbricatus. Drap. Moll. Terr, et Fluv. 44. PI. i.
f. 49, 50, 51. — Muller, Verm. ii. 165. — Gray’s Turt. 261. — Lamk.
Syst. vi. 2. 155.

Genus 4. Ancylus. Lid-Shell,

Animal conoidal, with an elliptical outline beneath ;
head with two depressed, elongated, triangular, obtuse,
contractile tentacula, mouth with a flattened, carinate.

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 121

spiral, elongated tongue, having numerous triangular
spinelets ; foot elliptical, very large ; orifice of the pul¬
monary cavity on the left side, close to the anus ; mantle
adherent to the shell all round.

Shell elliptical, conoidal, with the point curved back¬
wards, and nearer the posterior end, thin, fragile, striate.

The Ancyli adhere, like Limpets, to stones and plants
in running and still waters, and although pulmonated,
are very seldom seen out of it.

1. Ancylus Jluvidtilis. Oval Lid-Shell.

Shell conoidal, with the point recurved, and nearer the pos¬
terior end, diaphanous, slightly striated longitudinally, more
distinctly striated concentrically, pale yellowish-grey or horn-
colour ; the aperture oval ; the inside whitish, and highly
glossed. Nearly a fourth of an inch long, two-fourths high.

It varies somewhat in form, and greatly in the prominence
of its ridges, of which the longitudinal are sometimes strongly
marked. Old shells, in still water, sometimes have the margin
much expanded, considerably thickened, and a little reflected.

The foot is broadly elliptical, pale grey ; the head oblong,
pale grey, minutely dotted with darker ; the flap broad and of
the same colour ; the tentacula depressed or flattened, some¬
what triangular, obtuse ; the eyes black ; the body conical,
yellowish-grey, partly dotted with dark grey, olivaceous-
brown toward the apex.

Abundant in brooks and rivers, on stones and plants, espe¬
cially potamogetons ; occurs also in pools, as in those of the
granite quarries of Rubislaw and Hilton, and in mill-dams.

Ancylus fluviatilis. Muller, Verm. Terrestr. et Flur. ii. 201. —
Ancylus fluviatilis. Drap. Moll. 48. PI. 2. f. 23,24. — Patella fluvi¬
atilis. Mont. Test. Brit. 482. — Ancylus fluviatilis. Gray’s Turton,
249. — Ancylus fluviatilis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 280. — Ancylus fluvi¬
atilis. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2, 27. — Patella fluviatilis. Mont. Test. Brit.
482. — Patella fluviatilis fusca, vertice mucronato, infiexoque.
Lister, Anim. Angl. 151. PI. 2. f. 32.

ORDER II.— -GASTEROPODA PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

Respiratory apparatus a branchial cavity situated on
the back, containing two branchiae, composed of parallel
rows of laminae or fimbriae attached to its upper part,
L

122 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

and communicating externally by a large aperture between
the body and the edge of the mantle.

Some species have a respiratory tube, formed by a
prolongation of the margin of the branchial cavity on
the left side, and passing along a channel or notch in
the shell ; but others are destitute of this branchial
siphon, and cannot respire without partially emerging
from the shell.

SECTION I.— ASIPHONATA.

Branchial aperture plain ; shell with the mouth entire.

Family I. — Paludinina.

Animal with the body elongated, spiral, and covered
with a shell ; head proboscidiform ; mouth with a small
serrulate lingual mass ; twro long slender, conical or seta¬
ceous contractile tentacula ; eyes at the outer side of
their base ; orifice of the branchial cavity without tube or
canal ; branchiee pectinated or reticulated ; orifice of the
intestine on the floor of the branchial cavity ; sexes
separated ; the foot large and depressed. A horny
operculum.

Shell spirally bent, globose, ovate, conical, or discoid,
thin, generally covered with an epidermis.

The species inhabit fresli-water, and occur chiefly in
the warmer parts of the globe.

There is little distinction between this family, and
the operculated brancliiferous pulmonated Cyclostomina
of the first order, of which there are no representatives
in our district, and the next family of the Turbinina.

Genus 1. Paludinina. Marsh-Shell.

Animal elongated, spiral, with the head proboscidi¬
form ; two contractile, tapering tentacula, bearing the
eyes on prominences at the base externally ; the mouth
w ith a small hispid lingual mass ; the foot oval.

MALAC0Z0A. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBEANCHIATA. 123

Shell ovato-conical or subglobose, spiral, covered with
a thin epidermis ; the turns convex, rapidly enlarging,
the last ventricose ; the aperture roundish-oval, angular
behind, with the peristome complete, tliin-edged, reflexed
on the columella. Operculum thin and horny, with
concentric striae.

1 . Paludlna vivipara. Viviparous Marsh-Shell.

Shell thin, ovato-conical, with the apex pointed, the turns
five, thin, very convex, transversely striated ; the last turn
very large, olivaceous with three brown bands, two of which
are apparent on the other turns ; the suture deeply impressed ;
the aperture roundish-ovate, the inner lip nearly covering the
umbilicus. Length about an inch and a fourth, breadth nearly
an inch.

A dead shell was found on the beach near the mouth of the
Dee, in the spring of 1842, by Mr. Alexander Cruickshank;
another by Mr. Martin, at Tome. The species has not been
found alive in the district. Its occuiTence on our coasts in¬
dicates the source whence probably are derived the shells of
Bythinia tentaculata, Littorina muriatica, and Neritrina flu-
viatilis, sometimes cast on the beaches.

Helix vivipara. Linn. Fauna. Suec. 529. — Cochlea maxima, fusca
sive nigricans, fasciata. Lister, Anim. Angl. 133. PI. 2. f. 18. —
Cyclostoma viviparum. Drap. MolL Terr, et Fluv. 34. PI. 1. f. 16,
17. — Paludina vivipara. Larnli. Syst. vi. 173. — Paludina vivipara.
Flem. Brit Anim. — Paludina vivipara. Gray’s Turton, 90. PI. 18.
f. 118.

Genus 2. Bythinia.

Animal elongated, spiral ; with theheadproboscidiform ;
two contractile, tapering, setaceous tentacula, bearing the
eyes on prominences at their base externally ; the mouth
with a small hispid lingual mass ; the foot oval, with
a marginal groove at the anterior part.

Shell ovato-conical, spiral, covered with a thin epider¬
mis ; the whorls convex, rapidly enlarging, the last about
as long as the spire ; the aperture oval, angular behind,
with the peristome complete, tliin-edged, reflexed on the
columella. Operculum somewhat calcareous, with con¬
centric striae.

124 MALAC0Z0A. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

1. Bythinia tentaculata. Tentaculated Bythinia.

Shell ovato-conical, with the apex pointed, the turns five or
six, pellucid, rather glossy, faintly striated transversely, convex,
the last very large, ventricose ; the mouth nearly half the
whole length, ovate, angulate behind, with the peristome thin,
reflexed on the left side ; the colour yellowish-grey. Length
five-twelfths of an inch, breadth rather more than half the
length.

Although very common in England, this species has not
been met with in the eastern parts of Scotland. In August,
1 842, a single specimen was found by Miss Anne Macgillivray
while searching the beach with me, near the mouth of the Dee,
and in the beginning of October another specimen by myself
in the same place. At the former time there was a profusion
of small shells along high water mark, among which we found
many marine species, together with specimens of Limnseus
pereger, Limnseus truncatulus, Clausilia perversa, Ancylusflu-
viatilis, and Neritina fluviatilis. Whether these shells may
have come from the Dee or Don, or from among ballast in the
harbour, or been drifted from a distant coast, can only be con¬
jectured.

Helix tentaculata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1249. — Helix tentaculata.
Penn. Brit. Zool. 140. PI. 86. f. 140. — Nerita Jaculator. Muller,
Verm. Terr, et Fluv. ii. 185. — Helix tentaculata. Mont. Test. Brit.
389. — Paludina impura. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2, 175. Ed. n. viii. 514. —
Paludina tentaculata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 315.

Family II. — Naticina.

Animal with the body elongated, spirally rolled into
a globose form, and covered with a shell; head flat¬
tened, semilunar, emarginate ; two long conical tenta-
eula, eyes on short pedicels at the outer side of their
base or sessile ; orifice of the branchial cavity an oblique
slit, without tube or canal; two unequal pectinated
branchiae ; orifice of the generative organs near the base
of the right tentaculum ; the foot very large, thick, and
roundish. A horny or calcareous operculum.

Shell spiral, globose or ovate, with the aperture large,
roundish, semicircular, or ovate, without anterior canal
or notch ; the columellar margin straightish, or septU
form.

MALACOZQA.

GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 125

Genus 1. Natica. Lamk.

Animal elongated, or oval, spiral ; head broad, with
two flattened tentacula ; mouth with two unequal lips
and a short proboscis ; foot very large, thin, bilobate
anteriorly; mantle enveloping a portion of the shell.
Operculum horny.

Shell globose, or oval, spiral, umbilicate ; the aper¬
ture entire, roundish, semicircular, or obovate ; the
umbilicus narrowed, and sometimes covered by callus,
the outer lip thin, internally even.

1. Natica monilifera. Beaded Natica.

Shell globose, rather thick, glossy; with the spire very
short and convex ; the suture deep ; the turns five, very con¬
vex, faintly striate transversely, the last turn ventricose ; the
mouth oblique, semicircular, the outer lip thin, the inner cover¬
ing but not narrowing the spirally grooved umbilicus with a
mass of white callus ; the colour brownish-yellow, reddish-
yellow, or pale greyish-purple, with a series of dark purple
spots near the upper margin of each turn, and four additional
series, often obliterated, on the last ; the base of the shell
white ; the inside white or tinged with red. Length an inch
and a fourth, breadth somewhat less.

Young individuals are of the same convex form, but less
glaucous, being banded on a flesh-coloured or yellowish-red
ground, with five series of brownish-red or reddish-purple spots.
The red markings vary in form, but are generally linear and
oblique. Frequently they are all obliterated, excepting the upper
series ; but in young shells they are generally distinct. The
umbilicus is obscurely spirally grooved, and is sometimes not
intruded upon by the callus, but more commonly is partially
covered by it.

Not very common on the beach at Aberdeen, after storms.
Found also about Peterhead.

Cochlea rufescens,fasciis maculatus. Lister. Anim. Angl. 163. PI.
3. f. 12. — Nerita glaucina. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 140. PI. 87. f. 141 ;
Ed. 2. PI. 90. f. 1. — Nerita glaucina. Mont. Test. Brit. 469. —
Natica glaucina. Flem. Brit. Anim. 319. — Natica monilifera.
Lamk. Syst. vi. 2, 200. Ed. n. vii. 636. — Natica monilifera. Johnst.
Berw. Trans, iii. 265. — Natica monilifera. Forbes. Malac. Mon. 30.

L 2

126 MA1AC0Z0A. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCH1AT A.

2. Ndtica nitila. Ruddy Natica.

Shell subglobose, rather broader than high, thick, glossy ;
with the spire very short and convex ; the suture channelled
but narrow ; the turns four, very convex, transversely striulate,
the last turn ventricose; the aperture oblique, subovate, its
inner side nearly straight, the outer lip thin, the inner thick¬
ened, slightly reflexed at the umbilicus, but not forming a pro¬
minence there ; the umbilicus strongly sulcate ; the colour dull
greyish-red, with a white band margining the suture, at which
the margin of the turns is sharply indexed, the base of the
shell paler, the inside reddish-white ; operculum semicircular,
horny, spirate.

This species does not agree with any that I have seen de¬
scribed; but seems to be intermediate between Natica moni-
lifera, and Natica rufa of Montagu. It was found in October,
1842, by Mr. Alexander Murray, at Fraserburgh.

3. Natica Alderi. Alder's Natica.

Shell subglobose, rather thick, highly glossed ; with the
spire very short and rather acute ; the suture simply linear,
with the edge of the turns closely overlying ; the turns five,
very convex, faintly striate transversely, the last turn ventri¬
cose ; the mouth oblique, semicircular, the outer lip thin, the
inner partly covering and narrowing the longitudinally striated
umbilicus with a mass of white callus ; the colour light reddish-
yellow, with an undefined band of yellowish-white along the
margin of the whorls, another from the umbilicus to the
mouth, and on the last turn five series of red spots, generally
alternating with white or whitish spots ; a brown band enter¬
ing the umbilicus, and a brown spot or band on the callosity
of the inner lip. Length half an inch, breadth about the same.

The ground-colour varies from yellowish-white to orange-
red, and the spots are linear, square, roundish, direct or oblique,
curved, angularly bent, sagittiform, or even cruciform. Fre¬
quently the bands are articulated with white, or the red spots
seem painted on a white band. Individuals sometimes occur
without markings.

This species, very nearly allied to Natica monilifera, may be
distinguished by its having the spire much less convex, the
general form less globose, the umbilicus narrower and com¬
pressed by the callus. The red spot or band on the callus is
not distinctive of this species, for it occurs occasionally in
both.

MALACOZOA.

GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 127

Plentiful off Aberdeen and Peterhead, at Gamrie and Banff ;
sometimes cast on the beaches ; very frequently brought up on
the lines, but usually the shells only, containing Paguri.

Natica glaucina. Var. B. Turt. Conch. Diet. — Natica Alderi.
Forbes, Malacol. Mon. 31. — Natica Alderi. Johnst. Benv. Trans,
iii. 266.

4. Natica nitida. White Natica.

Shell ovato-globose, rather thick, highly glossed ; with the
spire very short, and rather acute ; the turns five, faintly stri¬
ated transversely, flattened toward the margin, so that those on
the spire are but slightly convex, with the suture inconspicuous ;
the last turn ventricose ; the mouth oblique, semicircular ; the
outer lip thin, forming at its junction an acute angle filled by
callus, the inner partly covering and narrowing the longitu¬
dinally striated umbilicus with a mass of callus ; the colour
milk-white, with a band of more opaque white margining the
whorls, and another encircling the umbilicus. Length four-
twelfths of an inch, breadth three-twelfths.

This species is very closely allied to Natica Alderi, from
which it differs in being less ventricose, with the spiral turns
flattened, and the colour white, without any markings. It
differs from Natica Mammilla in many respects.

A single specimen found by me, in a fishing-boat, at Bod-
dam, near Peterhead, on the 5th of August, 1842.

Nerita nitida. Donov. Brit. Shells. 144. — Nerita nitida. Mont.
Test. Brit. Suppl. 149. — Natica nitida. Flem. Brit. Anirn. 319.

5. Natica helicoides. Helicine Natica.

Shell ovate, thin, covered with a delicate epidermis ; of four
turns, which are convex, separated by a canalicidate suture,
and obsoletely striulate transversely and longitudinally; the
spire short, convex, rather obtuse ; the mouth oblique, ovate,
rather angulate anteriorly, the outer lip thin, the inner con¬
tinued over the columella, but very thin, and leaving a narrow
fissure in the umbilical space, on which there is no callosity ;
the colour white, that of the epidermis yellowish-white.
Length four-twelfths of an inch, breadth a fourth less.

The above description is taken from a specimen which I
found, on the 5th of August, 1842, in a fishing-boat, at Bod-
dam, or Buchan-Ness, near Peterhead. The shell is quite
perfect, and is identical with a fossil shell found by Mr. Lyell,
in the Norwich Crag. It has been described by Dr. John-

128 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTIN IBRANCHIATA.

stone, as well as by Mr. Lyell, under tlie name of Natica heli-
coides. At first sight it seems to have no resemblance to a
Natica, but rather to belong to the genus Bythinia or Paludina,
and Mr. Lyell has remarked that it closely resembles in shape
Paludina solida of Say ; but a comparison with various Naticae
has led to its being placed among them, and this arrangement
may be correct, although, as both Mr. Lyell and Dr. John¬
stone observe, it departs from the normal form of the genus,
and the latter gentleman remarks that it is closely allied to the
Natica canaliculata of Gould. I had determined my specimen
to be identical with that described by the eminent naturalist
just mentioned, when I was favoured by Dr. Fleming with Mr.
Ly ell’s paper on the Fresh-water deposits of Eastern Norfolk,
in which is a figure of “ Natica helicoides.” On comparing it
with my specimen, I find no essential difference between them.
The spire being however a little shorter in mine, and the
mouth a little narrower at its anterior extremity, where there
is a slight angular appearance, as in all Naticse, but which has
not been represented in Mr. Lyell’s figure. The only other
instance of its occurrence in a recent state is that mentioned by
Mr. Jeffreys, who found a specimen while dredging in Ler¬
wick Sound.

Natica helicoides. Johnst. Berw. Trans. 1835. p. 266. — Natica
helicoides. Lyell, Phil. Mag. S. 3. v. xvi. p. 365. f. 12. — Natica
helicoides. Jeffreys, in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. viii. 165.

6. Natica squdlida. Dull-coloured Natica.

Shell subglobose, thick ; of three-and-a-half very convex
turns, which are convex, separated by a subcanaliculate suture,
and striated transversely ; the spire depressed, convex, rather
obtuse ; the mouth nearly twice the length of the spire, oblique,
ovate, rather angulate anteriorly, the inner lip continued over
the columella, but very thin, and leaving a rather deep fissure
in the umbilical space, on which there is no callosity; the
colour yellowish-wliite. Length three-and-a-half twelfths,
breadth three-twelfths.

A single specimen, dead, decayed, and having part of the
outer lip broken, was found by Miss Anne Macgillivray, in
October, 1842, among corallines brought up from deep water
off Aberdeen. It bears a great affinity to Natica helicoides, of
which it may possibly be merely a variety, should that shell
be found to vary as much in form as Bythinia tentaculata,
which it also somewhat resembles. The specimen however

iULACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. FKCTINIBRANCHIATA. 129

presents characters perfectly distinct from those of either of
the species just mentioned.

Genus 2. Neritina. Lame.

Animal elongated, spiral ; head broad, with two long,
setaceous tentacula ; eyes at their outer base, on a small
tubercle ; mouth with two unequal lips ; foot large,
depressed ; a horny operculum, marked with lines di¬
verging from the inner to the outer margin.

Shell semiglobose or oblong, of moderate thickness,
with a persistent glossy epidermis ; the spire very small;
the aperture oblique, roundish or elliptical, but reduced
to a semiglobular form by the thickening of the columella,
which shelves to a thin edge nearly parallel to the axis.
Operculum horny slightly calcareous.

The species, with very few exceptions, are fluviatile.

1 . Neritina fluviatilis. River Neritine.

Shell transversely oblongo-elliptical, convex, rather thick ;
with the spire very short, and as if lateral, the last turn ex¬
cessively disproportionate, being extended obliquely to the
axis, so as to render the outline of the mouth elliptical, but
half filled up by the shelving callosity of the columellar lip,
which ends in a thin outer edge ; the margin of the outer lip
thin hut firm ; the colouring of the exterior various, banded,
tesselated, or spotted. Length about two-and-a-half twelfths,
breadth four-twelfths.

It occurs in slow rivers in England and Ireland, also in the
Loch of Stennis in Orkney. A perfect shell, but without the
animal, was found by me on the 1st of July, 1842, among
shell sand on the beach, between the mouth of the Dee and
the Don ; and, in September, another was picked up by my
son, Paul. The first specimen has the exterior dark olive-
green, with numerous oblong, greenish-white spots, disposed
longitudinally, the inside bluish-white.

According to Draparnaud, “ the animal is transparent,
blackish ; with the foot of a pale colour beneath ; the tenta¬
cula long, setaceous, very flexible ; the eyes small, black, situ¬
ated at the outer base of the tentacula on a little tubercle.
When the animal walks, it is entirely concealed under the
shell, and shews only the anterior edge of the head and the
tentacula.”

130 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

The occurrence of dead terrestrial and fluviatile shells of
other districts on our shores may he accounted for in various
ways. For example, Nerita fluviatilis, and Bithinia tentaculata,
may have come to Aberdeen in mud or sand, from England,
used as ballast.

Nerita fluviatilis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1253. — Nerita fluviatilis.
Muller, Verm. Terr. et. Fluv. ii. 194. — Nerita fluviatilis. Drap.
Moll. Terr. et. Fluv. 31. PI. 1. f. 1, 2, 3, 4. — Nerita fluviatilis.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 141. PI. 88. f. 142 ; Ed. n. iv. 345. PI. 90
f. 2. — Nerita fluviatilis. Mont. Test. Brit. 470. — Neritina fluviatilis.
Flem. Brit. Anim. 321. — Neritina fluviatilis. Lamk. Syst. vi. ii.
188 j Ed. n. viii. 576. — Neritina fluviatilis. Gray’s Turton.

Family III. — Turbinina.

Animal with the body elongated, spiral, and covered
with a shell ; head with a frontal veil ; two large conical
tentacula ; eyes on prominences at their base externally ;
mouth toothless, but with a spiral lingual filament ;
respiratory cavity containing two unequal pectiniform
branchiae, its opening without tube ; organs of genera¬
tion in the female opening into the branchial cavity, in
the male near the base of the right tentaculum. A horny
or calcareous operculum.

Shell spiral, globose, ovate, conical, or turrite, with
the aperture round, ovate, pyrate, semicircular, or ob¬
long, rounded anteriorly, without canal or notch.

All the species are marine, although some inhabit
brackish water, and are phytophagous, living chiefly on
Algae.

This family, of which the organization is similar
throughout, has been variously subdivided by authors
according to the form of the shell, and especially of its
aperture into a number of distinct families. F or example,
Blainville arranges his order Asiphonobranches into Fam.

1 . Goniostomes, or angular-mouthed shells ; Fam. 2.
Cricostomes, or round-mouthed ; Fam. 3. Ellipostomes,
or elliptical-mouthed. These three families however
present no essential differences in the structure of the
animal, and are all here included under the general name
of Turbinina, Used even sectionally such an arrange-

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTIN IBRANCHIATA. 1 3 1

ment would be useless, for in many cases the student
could not decide whether a mouth should be considered
as angular, round, or pyrate ; and all these forms occur
even in a single most natural genus, Littorina.

Genus 1. Trochus. Linn. Pyramid-Shell.

Animal spiral ; head broad, with two long, slender
tentacula ; eyes at their outer base ; mouth with a long
spirally rolled lingual filament, passing into the abdomen ;
foot rather short, thick, rounded at both ends. A thin
horny operculum, with numerous narrow spiral turns.

Shell conical, with the spire moderately elevated, or
low, the turns flat or somewhat convex, longitudinally
sulcate or striate, the last large, angulate along the
middle ; the aperture somewhat square or angulate, ob¬
lique, the margin incomplete behind, the columella some¬
what arcuate and often projecting a little, the outer lip
thin ; the inner layers of the shell pearly.

The Trochi feed on vegetable substances ; adhere to
rocks, stones, and other hard bodies, or to plants, and
creep in the manner of snails.

1. Trochus Sisyphinus. Sisyphme Pyramid-Shell.

Shell conical, with the pillar closed, the base flattened, the
aperture somewhat square, oblique ; the interior pearly and
iridescent, the lip very thin ; the last turn angulate ; all the
turns, eight or ten in number, flat, glossy, faintly striate trans¬
versely, marked longitudinally with from three to five grooves
and corresponding inconspicuous delicate ridges, of which tire
upper is larger, and a lower prominent rim with a single
groove upon it ; the colour pale reddish-yellow, the raised band
on the spire and angle of the last turn with alternate whitish
and red spots, the apex often purple ; the base concentrically
grooved, and radiatingly striate ; the outline of the spire rather
concave, the apex very acute, the ridges of the upper turns
granulate.

I have seen only a few live specimens, of which four are in
my collection, brought up by the fishing lines, off Aberdeen.
The first was found by Miss Marion Macgillivray. Mr. Alex.
Murray has also found it on the coast of Peterhead and St.

13*2 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHI ATA .

Fergus; and Miss Macgillivray at Gamrie, in Banffshire. I
have found at Aberdeen, a most beautiful white individual,
with the apex purplish.

Trochus zizyphinus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. PI. 80. f. 103. — Tro-
chus zizyphinus. Mont. Test. Brit. 274. — Trochus zizyphinus.
Larak. Syst. vii. 23. — Trochus zizyphinus. Flem. Brit. Aniin. 323.

2. Trochus conuloides. Conuloid Pyramid-Shell.

Shell conical, with the pillar closed, the base flattened, the
aperture somewhat square, oblique ; the interior pearly and
iridescent ; the lip thin ; the last turns obtusely angulate ; all
the turns, eight or ten in number, flat, little-glossed, rude,
marked longitudinally with from three to five prominent nar¬
row ridges, and corresponding broader grooves, the upper and
lower ridges larger, but the latter not forming a conspicuous
rim, as in the last species ; the colour reddish- white, with patches
of rose-red across the turns ; the base concentrically grooved
and radiatingly striulate. Height an inch and ten-twelfths,
breadth about the same.

This species, generally confounded with the last, differs in
being much thicker, coarser, strongly ridged, with the spire
less pointed, its outline rather convex. It is abundant in the
Islands of Lewis and Harris.

One specimen found by Miss Isabella Macgillivray, at
Gamrie, in Banffshire, in September, 1842; others by Mr.
Murray, at Fraserburgh.

Trochus conuloides. Lamk. Syst. vii. 24.

3. Trochus Martini. Martm’s Pyramid-Shell.

Shell conical, with the pillar closed, the base flattened, the
aperture somewhat square, oblique ; the interior pearly and
iridescent ; the lip very thin ; the last whorl angulate ; all the
whorls, eight or ten in number, flat, with from four to eight
cord-like ridges, beautifully granulato-crenulate with trans¬
verse furrows, and on the lower margin and the angle of the
last whorl, a very prominent larger rope-like granulated ridge,
the granulations formed by the oblique striae or lines of growth ;
the lower surface grooved and crenulate, but less distinctly ;
the colour pale yellow, with some deeper blotches. Diameter
six-twelfths of an inch, height seven-twelfths.

Two specimens, dead and partially decayed, brought up
by fishing-lines from deep water and hard ground, about
eight miles off Aberdeen, in March, 1842, both found by myself.

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA . 133

This most elegant shell appears to be Trochus Martini of
Mr. Smith, described and figured by Capt. Brown, in vol. viii.
Wernerian Transactions. The figure there given agrees in all
respects, excepting the lower ridges of the whorls not being
granulate, although described as being so.

Trochus Martini. Smith, Wem. Trans, viii. 99. PI. 1. f. 26.

4. Trochus cinerdrius. Grey Purple-streaked Pyramid-Shell.

Shell depressedly conical, somewhat convex, umbilicate,
with about five longitudinally sulcato-striate whorls, the last
angulate ; the sutures somewhat distinct ; the umbilicus nar¬
row ; the mouth roundish, obliquely depressed ; the colour
pale grey, with radiating undulated reddish-purple lines, the
interior pearly. Diameter about eight-twelfths of an inch,
height about seven-twelfths.

Individuals vary much in form, and considerably in colour.
When young, the^cone is much depressed, and scarcely convex,
of a grey or whitish tint, or reddish-grey, distinctly radiated
with purplish-red lines or bands, which are more or less un¬
dulated. As it enlarges, the spire becomes proportionally
more elevated and convex, and the markings less distinct.
Ultimately the height of the cone is equal to its breadth, and
the umbilicus becomes nearly covered. The apex is very
minute and thin, and being not unfrequently abraded, the
pillar cavity is open at both ends. Generally the lines next
the sutures, especially on the last whorl, are somewhat granu¬
late.

Abundant on stones and rocks, among fuci, especially in
pools left by the tide.

Trochus umbilicatus. Mont. Test. Brit. 2S6. — Trochus umbili-
caris. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 126. PI. 80. f. 106. — Trochus cinerarius.
Mont. Test. Brit. 284. — Trochus umbilicatus. Flem. Brit. Anim.
322. — Trochus cinerarius. Flem. Brit. Anim. 322. — Trochus cine¬
rarius. Lamk. Syst. vii. 29.

5. Trochus tumidus. Tumid Pyramid-Shell.

Shell convexo-conical, with the pillar perforated by a small
aperture ; the base rather flat ; the mouth roundish ; the in¬
terior pearly and iridescent ; the whorls five, depressed above,
the last sloping and angulate, all longitudinally striate, yel¬
lowish or brownish-white, with transverse waved lines of dusky
or purple. Diameter about four-twelfths, height about three-
twelfths.

M

i 34 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

Several specimens found on fisliing-lines at Aberdeen and
the Cove. The first obsei*ved by Mr. Leslie, others by Mr.
Davidson, one by Miss Marion Macgillivray, in the Winter of
1841-2. In August, 1842, I found it also in fishing-boats at
Boddam, near Peterhead ; in September, it was found at Cru-
den by Mr. Alexander Murray ; and, in December, by Mr.
Clark, at Banff.

Trochus tumidus. Mont. Test. Brit. 280. PI. 10. f. 4. — Trochus
tumidus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 322.

Genus 2. Phorcus.

Shell roundish, rather depressed, thickish, with the
suture distinct, the turns convex, the aperture circular,
subangulate anteriorly, the peristome almost complete,
its columellar portion straightish ; umbilicus deep.
Risso, Eur. Merid. iv. 133.

1. Phorcus Margarita . Pearly Phorcus.

Shell roundish, rather depressed; with the mouth nearly
circular, the peristome rather thin, and discontinued only for
a small space ; the umbilicus deep and of moderate width ;
the last whorl very large, convex, the rest rapidly decreasing
to an obtuse tip ; the surface smooth, glossy, light brown, oli¬
vaceous, or reddish, paler beneath, or whitish, the interior
nacreous and iridescent. Height two-twelfths, breadth three-
twelfths.

Individuals vary much in colour. Frequently there is a
single reddish longitudinal band along the whorls.

Common on Fuci ; as in the Bay of Nigg, at Slains, and
Banff. Frequent in shell sand on the beaches.

Turbo margarita. Flem. Brit. Anim. 299. — Helix margarita.
Laskey, Wern. Mem. i. 408. PI. 8. f. 5.

Genus 3. Skenea.

Animal elongated, spiral ; with two filiform contrac¬
tile tentacula, and round horny operculum.

Shell orbicular, depressed, discoid; the whorls rounded;
the aperture circular, with the peristome complete.

1. Skenea deprGssa. Brown Skenea.

Shell orbicular, depressed, horny, transparent, glossy, almost
flat above, widely umbilicate beneath ; with four transversely

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 135

rugous whorls ; the suture deep ; the aperture circular, the
peristome complete, and free ; the colour yellowish-brown or
olivaceous, the interior white. Diameter one-twelfth of an
inch.

Found by me in April, 1842, among shell sand on the beach
at Aberdeen ; by Mr. Murray at Cruden and Ugie-mouth.

Skenea depressa. Flem. Brit. Anim. 313. — Helix depressa.
Mont. Test. Brit. 439. PI. 13. f. 5. — Skenea depressa. Joknst.
Berw. Trans, ii. 273.

2. Skenea serpuloides. Serpuline Skenea.

Shell orbicular, depressed, pellucid, glossy, flat above, very
widely umbilicate, of three convex turns, which are faintly
striato-rugose above, and smooth beneath; the suture chan¬
nelled ; the aperture roundish, angulate anteriorly, the peri¬
stome complete, but reflexed and adherent behind ; the colour
white. Diameter half a twelfth of an inch.

Found among sand at Fraserburgh by Mr. Alex. Murray, in
October, 1842; also in Cruden Bay, and at Ugie-mouth.

Helix serpuloides. Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 147. PI. 21. f. 3. —
Skenea serpuloides. Flem. Brit. Anim. 313.

3. Skenea divisa. Semistriated Skenea.

Shell orbicular, depressed, pellucid, glossy, slightly convex
and smooth above, umbilicate and spirally striate beneath, of
three convex turns ; the suture deep ; the aperture circular,
the peristome complete, reflexed and adherent for a short
space; the colour hyaline-white. Diameter little more than
half a twelfth of an inch.

Found at Fraserburgh, by Mr. Alexander Murray, in Oc¬
tober, 1842 ; Cruden Bay, Ugie-mouth, Aberdeen.

Turbo divisus. Adams, Linn. Trans, iii. 254. — Skenea divisa.
Flem. Brit. Anim. 314.

Genus 4. Littorina. Periwinkle.

In their dismemberments of the Linnsean genus Turbo,
authors have differed as to what group ought to retain
the original name ; but without entering here into any
discussion on so intricate a subject, it seems necessary
to state that our common Periwinkle, Turbo littoreus of
Linnaeus, is that which has been taken to form the
type of the genus Littorina. Some of our species deviate

136 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPOEA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

considerably from it in form, such as Turbo neritoides ;
and were mere outline to be assumed as indicating generic
difference, we might form of them two or three genera ;
but it seems expedient to leave them together. Several
of the most recent authors still refer the species here
described to the genus Turbo.

Animal with the body elongated, spiral ; mouth with
two triangular thick lips, and a spiral ribbon-like tongue,
marked with numerous transverse denticulate striae ; two
tapering, depressed, obtuse, contractile tentacula, bear¬
ing the eyes near their base, which is dilated ; foot oval,
short ; operculum ovate, horny or calcareous, spirally
marked.

Shell ovoidal, ovato-conical, or subglobose ; with the
spire short, the whorls convex, longitudinally striate, the
last very large, ventricose ; the aperture roundish, the
peristome incomplete behind, the pillar-lip thickened
and generally covering the umbilicus, the outer lip
thick, bevelled to a thin edge.

They feed on vegetable substances ; adhere to rocks,
stones, and other hard bodies, or to plants, and move
about with ease, creeping in the manner of snails. The
species, being generally not confined to particular kinds
of situation, vary much in appearance.

1. Littorina littorea. Common Periwinkle.

Shell subovato-conical, thick ; with the spire half the length
of the last whorl, the apex acute ; the whorls convex, longi¬
tudinally striate ; the suture distinct but very small ; the
mouth roundish ; the peristome very thick, bevelled to a thin
edge, the outer lip forming an acute angle at its junction, the
inner thickened by callosity ; the exterior dusky, with irregular
greyish or whitish longitudinal lines or bands ; the interior
dusky grey, the inner thickened part of the peristome white,
its thin margin dusky with light-coloured lines. Length, an
inch and a quarter, breadth three-fourths of an inch.

Animal with the head and tentacula black or spotted ; the
foot whitish, yellowish, or grey, ovato-elliptical, transversely
rugous, with a medial depressed line, and crenate margins ;
the neck grey ; the thin margin of the mantle yellowish-grey.

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA . PECTIN IBRANCHIATA. 137

The shell varies in the degree of prominence of the longi¬
tudinal ridges, in colour, and thickness. In young shells the
ridges are prominent and acute, in old individuals obsolete.
Young shells have the peristome thin without being bevelled,
the whole inside blackish-brown ; very old shells have the in¬
side wholly white, others partly white. Frequently the surface
is corroded or crusted, so that the markings are obliterated.

Occurs abundantly on all the rocky coasts ; also in estuaries
on stones.

The animal affords an article of food, of little value, and not
much esteemed. In most seaport towns it is sold, chiefly to
the poorer people, who consider it a kind of luxury.

Turbo littoreus. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1232. — Turbo littoreus.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 128. PI. 81. f. 109. — Turbo littoreus. Flem.
Brit. Anim. 298. — Turbo littoreus. Mont. Test. Brit. 301. — Turbo
littoreus. Lamk. Syst. vii. 47. — Littorina littorea. Johnst. iii. 267.

2. Littorina rudis. Coarse Periwinkle.

Shell subovato-conical, thick ; with the spire half the length
of the last whorl, the apex acute ; the whorls very convex,
subangulate above, longitudinally striate, transversely rugoso-
striate ; the suture distinct and deeply impressed ; the mouth
oval, the peristome very thick, bevelled to a thin edge, the
outer lip united at right angles ; the exterior dusky, pale olive,
dull yellowish-grey, yellow, or red ; the interior purplish-
black, reddish-purple, yellow, or red. Length eight-twelfths,
breadth nearly seven-twelfths.

Animal with the head, tentacula, and collar blackish-brown ;
the foot yellowish-grey, elliptical, transversely rugous. In
the red and yellow shells, the head and tentacula are brown,
the foot and mantle white.

It varies considerably in form, the spire being shorter or
longer ; in thickness, being sometimes remarkably solid and
ponderous, sometimes thin and light ; in its striae, which may
be obsolete, moderately developed, or very conspicuous; in
colour, individuals being dusky, or brown, or light red, or
orange, or yellow, banded, or variegated. In almost all cases,
however, it may be recognised by the somewhat angular round¬
ing of the upper part of the last spiral turn. The strongly
striate varieties have by some been considered as a distinct
species, named by Montagu Turbo jugosus.

Abundant on all the rocky coasts, near high-water mark.

Turbo rudis. Mont. Test. Brit. 304. — Turbo rudis. Flem. Brit.

M

138 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

Anim. 298. — Turbo rudis. Lamk. Syst. vii. 49. — Littorina rudis.
Johnst. Berw. Tr. 1835. 268. — Turbo jugosus. Mont. Test. Brit. 586.

3. Littorina saxatilis. Rock Periwinkle.

Shell subgloboso-conical, as broad as long, moderately thick ;
with the spire scarcely a third of the whole length, the apex
obtuse ; the whorls three, longitudinally striate, the suture
distinct and deeply impressed, the last turn somewhat flattened
above, and angulate toward its lower part ; the mouth very
large, roundish, the peristome thin, the outer lip united at right
angles ; the exterior white, banded or tesselated with dusky,
brown, or green ; the interior deep chocolate-brown, the mar¬
gin white or yellow, unless on the callosity of the inner lip,
where it is pui*plish-brown. Length four-twelfths of an inch,
breadth nearly the same.

This species, very nearly allied to Littorina rudis, but appa¬
rently distinct, varies little in form, but considerably in the
prominence of its spiral ridges, and greatly in colour.

It first attracted my notice, as plentiful among Balani, on a
large block of gneiss, known as “the Black Deg,” on the
sands of Belhelvie, about three miles north of Don-Mouth.
Abundant on the rocky coasts of Buchan and Kincardine,
about high-water mark, in crevices and among Balani.

Turbo saxatilis. Bean. — Littorina saxatilis. Johnst. Berw. Tr.
iii. 268.

4. Littorina tenebrosa. Marsh Periwinkle.

Shell subovato-conical, rather thin ; with the spire as long as
the last whorl, the apex acute ; the whorls very convex, longi¬
tudinally striulate, transversely rugoso-striate ; the suture
distinct and deeply impressed ; the mouth roundish-oval, the
peristome thin, unless on the columella, the outer lip united at
right angles ; the exterior dusky, often banded or tesselated
with lighter tints ; the interior dark purplish-brown, the cal¬
losity of the inner lip deep purple. Length nine-twelfths of
an inch, breadth from six to seven-twelfths.

Animal with the head, tentacula, and collar black ; the foot
greyish, elliptical, transversely rugous, with a medial depres¬
sion, and crenate margins.

It varies in form, the last whorl being sometimes broader
than the length of the spire, sometimes equal to it ; in having
distinct or obsolete longitudinal lines ; and in colour, being
plain, or banded, or tesselated. It is always distinguishable

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 139

From young individuals of Littorina littorea by its having the
outline of the spire a little convex, the spiral turns more con¬
vex, the suture deeper, the junction of the upper edge of the
last whorls coming off directly, and the outer lip consequently
forming a right angle, whereas in Littorina littorea it forms a
very acute angle, and by its inside being always of a deep
purple-brown colour. But it approaches very closely to some
of the varieties of Littorina rudis, of which, in fact, it is probably
only a variety, individuals occurring which might with equal
propriety be referred to either species. In its most charac¬
teristic state, it differs from that shell, in being much thinner,
in having the spire longer, the whorls more convex, the last
much rounded, and without the angular band usually seen on
that of Littorina rudis above, and of Littorina saxatilis below.

First observed by me on an excursion with my class, on the
18th of July, 1841, in a small inlet or salt-marsh, near New¬
burgh, on the Estuary of the Ythan, where it resides among
Poa maritima and Salicornia herbacea, near high-water mark,
and creeps about on the clayey mud, along with Rissoa Ulvae.

Turbo tenebrosus. Mont. Test. Brit. 303. PI. 20. f. 3. — Turbo
tenebrosus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 298.

5. Littorina petrcea. Smooth Periwinkle.

Shell globoso-conical, rather thin ; with the spire shorter
than the last whorl, the apex obtuse ; the whorls very convex,
transversely rugoso-striate, the suture distinct; the mouth
roundish ; the peristome thin, the outer lip united at a rather
acute angle ; the exterior glossy black, often banded or varie¬
gated with white ; the interior dark purple. Length three-
twelfths of an inch, breadth nearly the same.

Nearly allied to Littorina saxatilis, but distinguishable by its
glossy surface, destitute of spiral striae.

On the Kincardineshire coast at high-water mark. Among
shell sand on the beaches from Aberdeen to Fraserburgh.

Turbo petraeus. Dillw. Rec. Shells. 820. — Helix petraea. Mont.
Test. Brit. 403. — Turbo petraeus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 298. — Litto¬
rina petraea. Jolinst. Berw. Trans, iii. 268.

6. Littorina Beanii. Beans Periwinkle.

Shell globoso-conical, obtuse, of three convex, rather thick
turns, separated by a moderately deep suture ; the last turn
very large, somewhat glossy, faintly striated transversely, with
hardly perceptible indications of longitudinal grooves, and

140 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA .

marked with alternate dark brown and white lines, presenting
a tesselar appearance ; the aperture roundish, or somewhat
semicircular, with the margin thin, white spotted with brown,
the interior dark purplish-brown. Height two-twelfths of an
inch, breadth rather more.

This is so nearly allied to Littorina saxatilis, from which it
differs only in not being so conical, in wanting the longitudi¬
nal ridges on the turns, and in being less angulate beneath,
that I can hardly consider it distinct.

It occurs abundantly on many parts of the rocky coast, from
Stonehaven to Peterhead, among Balani and in crevices, near
high-water mark. On the stones of the Pier-head at Aber¬
deen, along with Turbo saxatilis.

Dr. Turton, in dedicating this species to Mr. Bean, playfully
named it “ fabalis but as this would lead one to suppose the
shell to resemble a bean, and as Mr. Bean is not known abroad
by the name of Faba, I have given the specific name the usual
form.

Turbo fabalis. Turt. Zool. Journ. ii. 366. PI. 12. f. 10. — Turbo
fabalis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 298,

7. Littorina neritoides. Flat-lopped Periwinkle.

Shell subglobose, thick, with the spire depressed and round¬
ed, the suture distinct, the last whorl extremely large, ventri-
cose, longitudinally stimulate, transversely striate ; the mouth
roundish-ovate, laterally dilated, the outer lip thinned at the
margin, and forming an acute angle with the last whorl ; the
colour olivaceous brown, dusky, greenish, yellow, orange,
plain, banded, or chequered; the inside dusky, purple, pink,
yellow, or white. Length eight or nine-twelfths of an inch,
breadth six or seven.

Very abundant on the rocky coasts, generally among fuci,
between the tide-marks : Stonehaven, Aberdeen, Collieston,
Peterhead, Gamrie, Banff, Portsoy.

Turbo neritoides. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1232. — Nerita littoralis. Linn.
Svst. Nat. 1258. — Nerita littoralis. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 141. PI.
87. f. 143; Ed. n. 346. PI. 90. f. 3. — Turbo retusus. Lamk. Syst.
vii. 48. — Turbo neritoides. Lamk. Syst. vii. 48. — Nerita littoralis.
Flem. Brit. Anim. 31 8. — Littoidna neritoides. Johnst. Berw. Trans,
iii. 269.

Genus 5. Turritella.

Shell turrite, with the spire very elongated and taper¬
ing to a fine point, the whorls convex, longitudinally

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA . PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 141

striate, the last not proportionally larger ; the aperture
roundish, entire, the peristome incomplete behind, the
outer lip very thin, and having a wide sinus, the pillar-
lip thickened. The operculum roundish, horny.

Animal very elongated, spiral ; head furnished with a
fringed veil, and a proboscis ; tentacula long, slender,
bearing the eyes at their base externally ; foot oblong.

1. Turritella Terebra. Auger Turritella.

Shell turrite, acuminate, with from fifteen to twenty mode¬
rately convex whorls, each with three longitudinal narrow
ridges, several small raised lines, and curved transverse lines,
the last whorl with an additional ridge, angulate, and flat¬
tened beneath ; the aperture somewhat square ; the colour
whitish or reddish. Length two inches, breadth half an inch.

It varies somewhat in form, but more in colour, individuals
being pure white, others light reddish, and some reddish-white
with transverse red bands on the whorls.

In deep water off the coast ; often brought up by the lines,
and frequently cast on the beach : Stonehaven, Aberdeen,
Peterhead, Banff, Macduff, Portsoy.

Turbo Terebra. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1239. — Turbo Terebra. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 130. PI. 81. f. 113. — Turbo Terebra. Mont. Test.
Brit. 293. — Turritella Terebra. Lamk. Syst. vii. 56. — Turritella
Terebra. Flem. Brit. Anim. 302.

Genus 6. Eulima.

Shell very elongated, turrite, regularly tapering, with
the apex slender, mammilliform ; the whorls numerous,
generally flat, distinctly separated by the suture ; the
aperture subovate, with the anterior end rounded, the
posterior acute ; the peristome incomplete behind.

1. Eulima eleganiissima. Reticulated Eulima .

Shell turriculate, very elongated, tapering ; the turns sepa¬
rated by a narrow but rather deep suture, about twelve, flat,
with transverse rounded ribs, and narrower intervening grooves,
marked with about eight transverse deeply impressed lines ;
the ridges direct from the base to the apex ; the last turn with
its anterior half plain, but spirally striated ; the aperture sub-

142 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

ovate, anteriorly rounded, subangulate, narrowed behind ; the
peristome rather thick, reflexed on the columella for a short
space, leaving a slight groove. Length four-twelfths of an
inch, breadth about a fourth of the length.

First found by Mr. Davidson in the Spring of 1842, adher¬
ing to an Actinia from deep water, off Aberdeen. Rather
thick, dull white ; said when recent to be glossy, with a brown
epidermis.

Turbo elegantissimus. Mont. Test. Brit. 298. PI. 10. f. 2. — Tur-
ritella elegantissima. Flem. Brit. Anim. 303.

2. Eulima nitidissima. Ronnd-whorled Eulima.

Shell very elongated-turrite, tapering to a somewhat obtuse
point, of about nine very convex, smooth, glossy turns, sepa¬
rated by a distinct suture ; aperture subovate, with the outer
lip thickened; the colour pale brown. Length an eighth of an
inch, breadth a fourth of the height.

Found by Miss Macgillivray in shell sand, from the Bay of
Cruden, sent by Mr. Alexander Murray, in November, 1842.

Turbo nitidissimus. Mont. Test. Brit. 299. PI. 12. f. 1. — Turri-
tella nitidissima. Flem. Brit. Anim. 304.

3. Eulima polita. Polished Eulima.

Shell very elongated-turrite, slender, tapering to a fine
point ; of about ten almost quite flat, smooth, semitransparent,
exquisitely glossy turns ; the suture scarcely perceptible ; the
aperture oblongo-acuminate, being very narrow behind, the
outer lip slightly thickened, the inner reflexed ; the colour
white. Length three-twelfths of an inch, breadth a fourth of
the length.

Found plentifully by Miss Macgillivray and myself, among
shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden, sent by Mr. Alexander
Murray, in November, 1842 ; one specimen curved.

Helix polita. Mont. Test. Brit. 398. — Phasianella polita. Flem.
Brit. Anim. 301. — Turbo politus. Gmel. Linn. Syst- Nat. 3612. —
Turbo Isevis. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 130. PI. 29. uppermost figure?
— Eulima polita. Desh. Lamk. Syst. 2d. Ed. viii. 453.

4. Eulima subulata. Banded Eulima.

Shell very elongated-turrite, slender, tapering to a fine
point ; of about ten, flat, smooth, semitransparent, very glossy
turns, which are very slightly concave toward the somewhat
distinct but very slender suture ; the aperture oblong, very

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCI1IATA. 143

narrow beliind, tlie outer lip thin, the inner reflexed ; the
colour whitish, each turn with two submarginal faint brown
bands. Length five-twelfths of an inch, breadth a fourth of
the height.

Very similar to Eulima polita, but larger, stronger, and pro¬
portionally broader at the base.

Not uncommon in shell sand, from Cruden Bay.

Turbo subulatus. Donov. Brit. Sh. PI. 162. — Helix subulata.
Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 142. — Phasianella subulata. Flem. Brit.
Anim. 301. — Eulima subulata. Desh. Lamk. Syst. Ed. 2. viii. 455.

Genus 7. Lacuna. Turton.

Animal with the body elongated, spiral ; mouth pro-
boscidiform, with two thick lips, and a spiral filiform
tongue ; two slender contractile tentacula, bearing the
eyes on small pedicels near their base ; foot oval, broader
behind ; operculum horny, spirally marked.

Shell ovato-conical, or subglobose, thin, with a deli¬
cate horny epidermis, the spire short, the whorls convex,
rapidly enlarging, the last ventricose ; the apex rather
obtuse ; the aperture oval or roundish, the peristome in¬
complete behind ; the columella flattened, and forming
within the peristome an elongated groove continued
from the umbilicus.

Nearly allied to Littorina and Phasianella, this
genus may at once be known by the groove from the um¬
bilicus, bounded internally by the decurved margin of
the pillar.

1. Lacuna vincta. Variable Lacuna.

Shell ovato-conical, thin, semitransparent, with a delicate
epidermis ; the spire rather obtuse ; the whorls five, well sepa¬
rated by the suture, moderately convex, glossy, obsoletely
striate transversely, with minute undulate longitudinal striulae ;
the mouth roundish-ovate ; the outer lip united nearly at a
right angle, very thin, the inner forming with the columella a
large obsoletely striate canal continuous with the pillar-cavity ;
the colour various, generally whitish, or greenish-blue, with
four reddish-brown or chestnut bands on the last whorl, two
of them entering the mouth, two only appearing on the next
turn, and the apical turns uniform brown, more glossy, and

144 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA<

without longitudinal striulse, the pillar-groove white. Length
five-twelfths of an inch, breadth three-twelfths.

Tt varies much in colour, and considerably in form, and
thickness. Sometimes it is of a uniform yellowish-grey ; rarely
reddish-grey or rose-colour; often with one broad purplish-
brown band, or with two broad brown, and two narrow white
bands ; or with three brown and four white bands. It has
accordingly been made into several species by authors. “ In
all,” as Dr. Johnston remarks, “the body whorl is obscurely
angulated near the base, and at the suture, which is made
more obvious by a whitish hand winding up the spire.”

According to the same accurate observer, “ The snail is of
a pale flesh-colour, the proboscidiform mouth reddish-orange,
the sides, and sometimes the head, dusky or black ; tentacula
setaceous, contractile, the eyes on short pedicles at their base ;
foot oval, rounded at both ends, widest behind, the anterior end
capable of being extended considerably beyond the head, the
margins plain, but there are two very short filaments between
the hinder part and operculum. It swims on the surface in
a reversed position, and it frequently leaves the water to settle
on the surface of fuci exposed to the atmosphere.”

On Fuci, near low-water mark, on the Kincardineshire
coast. On the Pier-head at Aberdeen. Abundantly on the
sandy beach between the Dee and the Ythan ; where it is often
found alive on algae ; found also on the coast from Cruden to
St. Fergus, by Mr. Alex. Murray.

The principal varieties that occur with us are : —

A. L. variabilis quadrifasciata, as described above.

Turbo quadrifasciatus and vinctus. Mont. Test. Brit. 308.
Turbo quadrifasciatus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 299. — Lacuna quadri¬
fasciata. Turt. Zool. Joum. iii. 192. — -Lacuna vincta. Johnst.
Berw. Trans, iii. 270.

B. L. variabilis bifasciata. Two-banded.

Shell broadly ovato-conical, of four rapidly enlarging convex,
thin, pellucid whorls, which are faintly striated transversely,
and obscurely marked with undulated longitudinal striulse ;
the last turn very large, with two broad brown and two narrow
white bands, of which the two upper appear on the next turn ;
the mouth round, with the peristome thin and white ; a deep
broad groove from the umbilicus margined by the slightly re¬
flected columellar margin. Length two-twelfths of an inch,

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 145

breadth about a fourth less. Broader in proportion to its
length than the last variety, and with the turns less convex.

Found by me, in August, 1842, among shell sand, on the
beach, between the Dee and the Don ; and in September on
Algae, alive.

Phasianella bifasciata. Brown, Illustr. PI. 46. f. 44, 45.

C. L. variabilis unicolor. One-coloured.

Shell ovate, the last turn generally thick, sometimes thin,
and of a reddish or yellowish-grey or browrn tint.

Turbo canalis. Mont. Test. Brit. 309. PI. 12. f. 11.

2. Lacuna fascidta. Banded Round Lacuna.

Shell subglobose, broader than long, with the spire depressed,
of three very thin, transparent, rapidly enlarging volutions,
which are glossy, faintly striated transversely, distinctly sepa¬
rated by a rather deep suture ; the last turn extremely large,
with four white and three reddish-brown bands, the middle
brown band broader, and sometimes separated into two by a
pale line ; the mouth roundish, with the peristome thin and
whitish ; a deep and wide groove from the umbilicus, margined
by the slightly reflexed columellar margin.

Very similar in texture and colouring to Lacuna vincta or
quadrifasciata, but differing entirely in its form, which resem¬
bles that of Helix aspersa.

Adams, Linn. Trans, v. PI. 1. f. 20, 21. — Helix fasciata. Mont.
Test. Brit. 446. — Phasianella fasciata. Brown, Brit. Sh. PI. 46.
f. 54.

3. Lacuna pallidula. Pallid Lacuna.

Shell semiovato-globose, subconical, thin, subdiaphanous, of
four whorls, with the spire very short, the suture distinct and
having the margin of the turns sloping toward it, the last whorl
disproportionately dilated, convex, smooth, glossy, somewhat
striated transversely ; the mouth roundish-ovate, the peristome
thin, the inner lip extended somewhat in the manner of a
Nerita, but forming behind a wide groove continuous with the
large pillar-cavity ; the colour yellowish-grey, olivaceous, or
pale yellowish-brown, the columellar space white. Length
two-twelfths and a-half, breadth three-twelfths.

This shell has a remarkably close resemblance to Velutina
striata in its form.

Found by me, in August, 1842, on the sands at Aberdeen ;
in September by Mr. Alexander Murray, on the beach of St.

N

146 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA,

Fergus; and in October by me, in abundance on fuci on the
rocky coast of Kincardineshire.

Neritapallidula. Mont. Test. Brit. 468. — Nerita pallidula. Flem.
Brit. Anim. 320. — Lacuna pallidula. Turton, Zool. Journ. iii. 190.
— Lacuna pallidula. Johnst. Berw. Trans, iii. 270.

4. Lacuna sulcata. Glossy Lacuna.

Shell subglobose, broader than long, rather thin, semitrans¬
parent, of tliree-and-a-half rapidly increasing, convex whorls ;
the spire very short, obtuse, the suture moderately distinct, the
last whorl very large, glossy, smooth, but with oblique growth¬
lines at intervals ; the mouth circular, when considered as
bounded on the left by the ridge margining the broad concave
striated pillar groove, or semicircular if the nearly straight
margin of the columella be taken as its limit ; the colour grey¬
ish-white, with a slight tinge of red near the outer lip. Dia¬
meter nearly a twelfth and a-half.

The specimen described is considerably worn, and damaged
in the outer lip. It was found by me in shell sand, on the
beach between the Dee and the Don. This species approaches
to Natica, as much as the last to Sigaretus or Velutina.

Nerita sulcata. Turt. Conch. Diet. 124. f. 56, 57. — Natica sul¬
cata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 320. — Nerita glabrissimus ! Brown, Wem.
Mem. ii. 532. PI. 24. f. 12.

Genus 8. Rissoa.

Animal elongated, spiral ; with the head proboscidi-
form, the mouth somewhat prolonged ; the tentacula
subulate, with the eyes on a small prominence near their
base externally ; the foot oval or elliptical.

Shell conical, with the spire elongated, the apex mam¬
milliform; the whorls generally convex, the suture dis¬
tinct ; the aperture roundish, ovate, or pyrate, with the
anterior end rounded, the posterior acute, the peristome
complete. Operculum roundish, oval or pyrate, spirally
marked, thin and horny.

The species are all diminutive, the largest of those
occurring on our coasts not exceeding a third of an inch
in length, and the smallest being scarcely a twenty-
fourth. They are phytophagous, and reside among
fuci, in clefts of rocks, on stones, or on mud or sand ;

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. rECTINIBRANCHIATA. 147

and in tlieir liabits resemble the Littorinm. Most of
them may be found on the sandy beaches, along the line
of the last tide, or among shell sand.

Rissoa is closely allied to Littorina, Melania, Phasianel-
la, Eulima, Odostomia, and several other genera. The
genus, as M, Desliay es remarks, was first “ instituted by
M. de Freminville for some small shells observed by M.
Risso, a distinguished naturalist of Nice, and described
in 1814 by M. Desmarest in the New Bulletin of the
Philomatliic Society.” Dr. Fleming, in 1828, proposed
the genus Cingula for the same shells, in his History of
British Animals. In the second edition of Lamarck, M.
Deshayes defines the genus and describes forty-four
species. But in these works there are placed in the
genus some species which do not belong to it, while
some of its proper species are referred to other genera.
Those admitted here will, I think, be found to agree
with the above generic character.

1. Rissoa uIvcb . Salt-Marsh Rissoa.

Shell oblongo-turrite, rather thick, opaque, somewhat cor¬
neous ; the spire elongated, tapering to a small but bluntish
point ; the whorls seven, flattened, transversely obscurely ru-
goso-striate ; the last turn always more or less angulate ; the
suture distinct ; the aperture ovate, acute behind, the peristome
thin, slightly reflected on the columellar side, leaving a narrowed
space between it and the whorl, and but partially concealing
the umbilicus; the exterior brown, olivaceous, or yellowish,
often crusted or corroded, the interior whitish. Length four-
twelfths of an inch, breadth a twelfth and a-half.

Animal with the head, tentacula, and collar black ; the
mouth proboscidiform ; the tentacula tapering, with the eyes
near their base externally ; the foot subelliptical, yellowish-

grey.

In great profusion, along with Littorina tenebrosa, in a
small salt-marsh, near Newburgh, on the Estuary of the Ythan,
where I first met with it in July, 1841.

Turbo ulvae. Mont. Test. Brit. 318. — Cingula ulvae. Flem. Brit.
Anim, 308. — Littoi-ina ulvae. Johnst. Beiw. Trans, iii. 270.

148 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

There is confusion among the references to this species even
in the most recent works. The species above described is very
certainly that of Montagu and Fleming ; but Paludina muri-
atica of Lamarck, and Cyclostoma acutum of Draparnaud, as
well as Turbo ulvse of Pennant, refer to quite a different
animal.

2. Rissoa muriatica. Horn-coloured Rissoa.

Shell oblongo-turrite, rather thin, transparent, somewhat
corneous ; the spire elongated, tapering to a small but bluntish
point ; the whorls six, slightly convex, obscurely striated
transversely, the last turn rounded, without an angle ; the
aperture ovate, acute behind, the peristome thin, considerably
reflected on the columellar side, leaving a slight fissure, but
concealing the umbilicus ; the colour pale yellowish or green¬
ish-grey. Length about two-twelfths and a-half, breadth less
than half the length.

Several specimens found by me and my daughter Anne, in
August, 1842, on the sands between the Dee and the Don.
I have not however met with it alive in the district.

Turbo ulvse. Penn. Brit. Zool. — Cyclostoma acutum. Drap.
Moll. Terr. et. Fluv. 40. PI. 1. f. 23. — Paludina muriatica. Lamk.
Syst. vi. 2, 175 ; Ed. 2. viii. 463. — Paludina acuta. Flem. Brit.
Auim. 315.

3. Rissoa ventricosa. Ventricose Rissoa.

Shell ovato-turrite, of five or six thin, pellucid, glossy, con¬
vex volutions, which are distinctly separated, and slightly
rugoso-striate ; the aperture more than a third of the whole
length, roundish-ovate, little narrowed behind, with the peri¬
stome thin, the outer lip semicircular, the inner raised, slightly
reflexed, with an umbilical groove ; the colour light yellowish-
brown. Length two-twelfths of an inch, breadth nearly half
the height.

Somewhat resembling Rissoa ulvae at first sight, but easily
distinguishable by its thinness, semitransparency, and rounded
volutions.

Found by me, in June, 1842, among shell sand, on the
beach, near Don-Mouth.

Turbo ventrosus. Mont. Test. Brit. 317. PI. 12. f. 13. — Cingula
ventricosa. Flem. Brit. Anim. 307. — Pyramis ventrosus. Brown,
Illustr, PI. 51. f. 27, 59.

MALACOZOA.

GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 149

6. Rissoa parva. Thick-lipped Ribbed Rissoa.

Shell ovato-turrite, rather thick, nearly opaque, glossy ; the
spire nearly half as long again as the last turn, directly taper¬
ing, rather obtuse ; the whorls six, rounded, with strong, con¬
vex, slightly waved, transverse ribs, but without spiral strise ;
the ribs of the last whorl ten or twelve, not reaching the mouth ;
the suture distinct, the aperture roundish-ovate, the outer lip
thickened externally by a broad convex rib, the inner a little
reflexed, and leaving a groove behind, but no perforation ; the
colour white, tinged with red, or reddish with the ribs white.
Length an eighth of an inch, breadth nearly half the length.

It varies in colour, number, and extent of the ribs.

Among shell sand on the beach between the Dee and the
Don ; also in Cruden Bay, at Fraserburgh, and Gamrie.

Turbo parvus. Mont. Test. Brit. 310. — Rissoa parva. Johnst.
Berw. Trans, iii. 272. — Cingula parva. Flem. Brit. Anim. 306. —
Turbo quinque anfractibus subcarinatis, apice purpureo, apertura
ovali. Walker, Test. Min. Rar. 12. PI. 2. f. 43.

5. Rissoa alba. Thin-lipped Ribbed Rissoa.

Shell ovato-turrite, rather thin, semitransparent, glossy ; the
spire nearly half as long again as the last turn, directly taper¬
ing, rather obtuse ; the whorls six, rounded, with convex,
slightly waved transverse short ribs, those of the last whorl
from twelve to sixteen, not extending beyond the middle ; the
suture very distinct; the aperture roundish, the outer lip thin,
the inner a little reflexed, and leaving a slight groove ; the
colour white, reddish, or pale brown, sometimes with brown
bands. Length an eighth of an inch, breadth less than half
the height.

Nearly allied to Rissoa parva. It varies greatly in the ex¬
tent and number of the ribs.

Among sand and shells sent by Mr. Alexander Murray from
Fraserburgh, Cruden, and Ugie, in 1842 ; also on the beach at
Aberdeen.

Turbo albus. Adams, Linn. Trans, iii. 66. PI. 15. f. 17, 18. —
Rissoa alba. Forbes, Mai. Mon. 16 — Cingula alba. Flem. Brit.
Anim. 309.

6. Rissoa semistridta. Semistriated Rissoa.

Shell ovato-conical, pellucid, spirally striated, glossy ; the
spire shorter than the last turn, directly tapering to a rather
obtuse point ; the whorls five, rather convex, the last sulcato-
striated anteriorly ; the suture distinct ; the aperture roundish-

150 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA;

ovate, the outer lip thin ; the colour white, with two rows of
red spots on the whorls, and a third on the last, or the spots
of the two anterior rows of the last whorl united into one hand.
Length an eighth of an inch, breadth rather more than half
the length.

Distinguished from Rissoa interrupta hy its broader form,
spiral striae, and more convex whorls.

Found by me among shell sand between the Dee and the Don.

Turbo semistriatus. Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 136. — Cingula
semistriata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 309. — Rissoa semistriata. Johnst.
Berw. Tr. iii. 271.

7. Rissoa interrupta. Spot-banded Rissoa.

Shell ovato-conical, pellucid, smooth, glossy; the spire a
little shorter than the last turn, directly tapering to an obtuse
point ; the whorls five flattish, the suture distinct ; the aperture
roundish or very broadly ovate, the outer lip rather thin ; the
colour white, with the apex purplish, a spiral series of reddish-
brown oblong spots near the upper margin of each whorl, and
a band on the last. Length one-eiglith of an inch, breadth
half the length.

It varies in colour, being sometimes brown with a white
spiral band.

Common on the rocky coasts between tide-marks. Frequent
among shell sand between the Dee and the Don ; also in Cru-
den Bay.

Turbo interruptus. Mont. Test. Brit. 329. PI. 20. f. 8. — Cingula
interrupta. Flem. Brit. Anim. 271. — Rissoa interrupta. Johnst.
Berw. Tr. iii. 271.

8. Rissoa reticulata. Reticulated Rissoa.

Shell ovato-turrite, rather thick, pellucid, white ; of five
rounded volutions, strongly reticulated with numerous longi¬
tudinal and transverse ridges, the last turn with only spiral
ridges anteriorly ; the suture distinct ; the aperture roundish,
the outer lip thickened externally by a convex reticulated rib,
the inner reflexed on the columella, leaving a small groove
behind. Length nearly a twelfth of an inch, breadth rather
more than half the length.

When long dead the shell is thicker, opaque, and brownish
or dull white ; or, among sand, thinner, more transparent, and
hyaline-white. I have seen it transparent, yellowish, with the
spiral ridges brown.

First found by Miss Isabella Macgillivray, in October, 1842,

Malacozoa. gasteropoda, pectinibranchiata. 151

among corallines from rather deep water off Aberdeen ;
afterwards by Mr. Alexander Murray at Fraserburgh.

Turbo reticulatus. Mont. Test. Brit. 322. Suppl. PI. 21. f. 1.
— Cingula reticulata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 306. — Turbo subumbili-
catus quatuor anfractibus reticulatus apertura subrotunda. W alker,
Test Min. Rar. PI. 2. f. 32.

9. Rlssoa Pullus. Oval Banded Rissea.

Shell ovato-turrite, of five thin, semitransparent, glossy,
slightly convex turns ; the last about as long as the spire ; the
suture deep; the aperture ovato-rotundate, rather acute be¬
hind ; the outer lip scarcely thickened, the peristome complete,
a little reflexed on the left side, without umbilicus, but with a
small groove ; the colour yellowish-white, the last turn with a
band of oblique elongated red spots toward the upper margin,
and two bands of the same toward the end. “ Operculum re¬
markably strong, thick, testaceous, very convex, white and
smooth externally, the inner part a little concave, with a small
and singular spiral groove near one end.” Mont. Length a
twelfth and a-half of an inch, breadth nearly half the length.

It varies greatly in its markings, being pale red with dark
red lines, or deep red spotted with white.

Among shell sand from Stonehaven, Aberdeen, and Cruden.

Turbo pullus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1233. — Turbo pullus. Mont.
Test. Brit. 319. — Cingula pullus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 308.

10. Rissoa tristridta. Tristriated Rissoa.

Shell broadly ovato-conical, of five thin, glossy, semitrans¬
parent, moderately convex turns, the last ventricose, and longer
than the spire, of which the outline is convex, and the tip ra¬
ther obtuse ; the suture moderately impressed, hut rendered
conspicuous by a narrow rim bordering the turns behind, and
accompanied by two smaller raised lines, and three striae ; the
colour hyaline-whitish, with three series of square or rhombic
red spots on the last turn ; the aperture large, roundish-ovate,
nearly half the entire length ; the peristome thin, incomplete
behind. Length a twelfth of an inch, or more.

This beautiful species scarcely belongs to the genus Rissoa,
it not having the peristome complete.

Several specimens found by me in shell sand, from the Bay
of Cruden, sent by Mr. Alexander Murray, in November,
1842.

Rissoa tristriata. Thompson, Ann. of Nat. Hist. v. PI. 2. f. 10.

152 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTIXIBRANCHIATA*

1 1 . Rissoa truncdta. Blunt Rlssoa.

Shell oblong, subturrite, slowly tapering, but with an abruptly
rounded tip; of five turns, which are transversely striato-sul-
cate, longitudinally striulate, flattened, but separated by a
deeply impressed suture ; the aperture ovate, with the inner
margin reflexed ; the colour greyish-white. Length two-
twelfths of an inch, breadth about a third of the length.

Found by Miss Marion Macgillivray among shell sand, from
the Bay of Cruden, sent by Mr. Alexander Murray, in Novem¬
ber, 1842.

Turbo truncatus. Mont. Test. Brit. 300. PI. 10. f. 7. — Turritella
truncata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 303. — Truncatella costulata. Risso,
Europ. Merid. iv. 125. PI. 4. f. 57.

12. Rissoa striata. Striated Rissoa.

Shell oblongo-turrite, subcylindrical, rather thick, opaque,
glossy ; the spire about half as long again as the last turn,
convexly tapering, rather obtuse ; the whorls six, rounded,
spirally striate, with obsolete ribs at their upper margin, and
separated by a deep suture ; the aperture ovate, rather acute
behind, the outer lip considerably thickened, the inner thin ;
the colour of the exterior pale brown, reddish or yellowish-
brown, often with two reddish irregular bands on the last turn ;
the mouth brownish-purple ; the peristome white. Length an
eighth of an inch, breadth a third of the length.

Abundant on the rocky coasts. Plentiful in shell sand, on all
the beaches, where it is white, and when the reddish bands are
present, they are often then more conspicuous. Found also
among corallines from deep water off Aberdeen, by Miss Mac¬
gillivray.

Turbo striatus. Adams, Linn. Trans, iii. 66. PI. 13. f. 25, 26. —
Turbo sex anfractibus reticulatis apertura ovali submarginata.
Walker, Test. Min. Rar. PI. 2. f. 49. — Turbo striatus. Mont. Test.
Brit. 312. — Cingula striata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 307. — Rissoa
striata. Johnst. Berw. Trans, iii. 271.

13. Rissoa gracilis. Slender Rissoa.

Shell turrite, subcylindrical, of six thin, pellucid, glossy,
moderately convex turns, distinctly separated by the rather
deep suture ; the mouth about a fourth of the whole length,
ovate, oblique, a little narrowed behind, with the peristome
complete, thickened externally on the outer lip, thinner and

HALAC0Z0A.

GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 153

direct on the inner, leaving a very small cavity ; the colour
hyaline- white, the last turn brownish-red around the mouth.
Length a twelfth and a fourth, breadth a fourth of the height.

This shell is nearly allied to Rissoa rubra, which however
differs in being less attenuated, with the mouth rounder. It
resembles Rissoa striata in form, but is much more elongated,
and, being destitute of markings, cannot be mistaken for that
species.

Found, in August, 1842, by Miss Anne Macgillivray, in
shell sand on the beach between the mouths of the Dee and
the Don.

Family IY. — Tornatellina.

Shell spiral, ovate, oblong, or turrite, with the aperture
oblique, ovate, oblong, or narrow, entire anteriorly, nar¬
rowed behind by the convexity of the last volution, the
inner lip ending in an obhque plait on the columella.

The structure of the animals of this group seems to
be httle known ; but any shell belonging to it may be
at once known by comparing it with the above definition.

Genus 1. Odostomia.

Shell ovato-conical, with the apex rather obtuse or
mammillate, the aperture suboval, with the peristome
incomplete behind, and having a tooth-like plait on the
columella.

This genus, instituted by Dr. Fleming, who named it
by its most prominent character (oSovs, a tooth, and scopa,
mouth), closely resembles Rissoa, and is composed of
similarly minute shells, which are to be looked for on
the sandy shores. Montagu, in describing Turbo spiralis,
observes, “ the pillar-lip turns inward and forms an
apparent small denticle, which in fact is a plication or
ridge, that runs spirally some way up the columella ; a
character in this and the three following species (Tur¬
bines interstinctus, unidentatus, and plicatus), not subject
to vary hke the denticulations in some other shells, but
is the constant formation of the Columella, occasioned
by the intortion of the pillar lip, as in the Voluta tor-
natilu ; to which genus they become a sort of link.”

154 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

1. Odostomia unidentata. One-toothed Odostomia.

Shell ovate, of four or five moderately convex, rather thick,
glossy turns, distinctly separated by the suture ; the last turn
ventricose, longer than the spire ; the mouth ovate, acute be¬
hind, with the outer lip thin, the inner reflexed, and termi¬
nating in a thick tooth-like plait on the columella; the um¬
bilicus small ; the colour white. Length two-thirds of a
twelfth, breadth half the length.

Found by me and Miss Anne Macgillivray, in August,
1 842, among shell sand, on the beach, between the mouths of
the Dee and the Don; Cruden Bay, Mr. Murray.

Turbo unidentatus. Mont. Test. Brit. 324. — Jaminia unidentata.
Brown, PI. 50. f. 34, 35.

2. Odostomia plicdta. Oblong Odostomia.

Shell ovato-oblong, subturrite, of five or six thin, glossy,
transversely plicato-striate turns, which are distinctly separated,
rather flat, but convex toward the suture ; the mouth ovate,
rather narrow, less than half the whole length, with the outer
lip slightly thickened, the inner reflexed and ending in a
distinct plait, expanded over the narrow umbilicus, from which
proceeds a groove ; the colour hyaline-white. Length rather
more than a twelfth of an inch, breadth less than half the
length.

Resembles Odostomia interstincta, but differs in being longer,
in having the pillar-lip reflexed, and the tooth-like plait large.

Found by me, in August, 1842, in shell sand, between the
mouths of the Dee and the Don ; Cruden Bay, Mr. Murray.

Odostomia plicata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 310. — Turbo plicatus.
Mont. Test. Brit. 37. PI. 21. f. 2.

3. Odostomia scaldris. Scalar Odostomia.

Shell ovato-conical, of five thin, transparent, glossy, faintly
striated, moderately convex turns, which are distinctly sepa¬
rated by the spirato-canaliculate suture, toward which the
upper margin is suddenly inflexed ; the mouth ovate, nearly
half the whole length, with the peristome thin, the columellar
lip rather inflexed, and terminating in a prominent plait on the
columella ; no umbilicus ; the colour hyaline-white. Length
two-thirds of a twelfth, breadth half the height.

This species differs from all the others in having the pillar-
lip inflexed, in wanting the umbilicus, and in the subscalar
form of its spire.

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 155

Found by me, in August, 1 842, among shell sand, between
the mouths of the Dee and the Don.

4. Odostomia inlerstincta. Oval Ribbed Odostomia.

Shell ovato-conical, of five thin, transparent, glossy turns,
which are distinctly separated, rather flat, finely plicato-costate
transversely ; the mouth ovate, nearly half the whole length,
with the peristome rather thick, the pillar-lip not reflexed, but
ending in a very small tooth-like plait, and leaving exposed a
very narrow umbilical groove, the colour hyaline-white. Length
three-fourths of a twelfth, breadth about half the height.

Easily distinguished from Odostomia spiralis by its more
ovate form, and its want of spiral striae.

Found by me, in August, 1 842, in shell sand, between the
mouths of the Dee and the Don.

Montagu’s figure of this species is too elongated, and that
of Odostomia spiralis too short.

Turbo interstinctus. Mont. Test. Brit. 324. Pl. 12. f. 10. — Odo¬
stomia interstincta. Flem. Brit. Anim. 310.

5. Odostomia spiralis. Spiral Odostomia .

Shell ovato-conical, of five thin, transparent, glossy turns,
which are distinctly separated, nearly flat, finely ribbed trans¬
versely, the last turn spirally striated in its anterior half, the
uppermost pair of striae deeper and running along the spiral
suture, which thus appears ridged ; the mouth widely ovate,
a third of the whole length, with the peristome of uniform
thickness, the pillar-lip not reflected, but ending in a small
tooth-like plait, and leaving exposed the narrow umbilicus,
from which a groove proceeds ; the colour hyaline-white.
Length one-twelfth of an inch, breadth nearly half the height.

Found by me, in August, 1842, in shell sand, between the
mouths of the Dee and the Don; and, in September, alive
from deep water off Aberdeen.

Turbo spiralis. Mont. Test. Brit. 323. PI. 12. f. 9. — Odostomia
spiralis. Plem. Brit. Anim. 310. — Turbo longitudinaliter striatus
quinque anfractibus, apertura subrotunda. Walker, Test. Min.
Rar. PI. 2. f. 46.

6. Odostomia semicostata. Half-ribbed Odostomia.

Shell ovato-conical, of five thin, transparent, glossy turns,
which are distinctly separated, rounded, with obsolete longitu¬
dinal striulae, and distant, delicate, transverse ribs, on the

156 MaLACOZOA. gasteropoda, pictinibranchiata.

upper half of the last turn, which is ventricose on the right
side ; the aperture roundish-oval, obtuse behind, nearly half
the whole length, with the peristome of uniform thickness, in¬
complete for a short space above, a little reflexed over the um¬
bilicus, and terminating in an indexed fold, not rising so
prominently as to form a tooth, and leaving a groove from the
umbilicus. Length half a twelfth, breadth more than half the
length.

This species, although destitute of a tooth, has the general
conformation of the genus. The peristome not being com¬
plete, it cannot be referred to Rissoa. It closely resembles
Odostomia spiralis, but differs, as Montagu has remarked, in
the volutions being more rounded, in the ribs being coarse,
and in being destitute of the tooth-like plication on the co¬
lumella. The mouth is large, the spiral striae not forming a
ridge along the suture.

Found by me, in September, 1842, among shell sand, on
the beach, between the mouths of the Dee and the Don.

Turbo semicostatus. Mont. Test. Brit. 326. PI. 1. f. 5. — Pyramis
semicostatus. Brown, Brit. Sh. Pi. 50. f. 1, 2. — Cingilla semicos-
tata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 307.

7. Odostomia plicatula. Plicatulate Odostomia.

Shell ovato-conical, of five rather thick, opaque, glossy
turns, which are distinctly separated by a deep suture, flat,
finely plicato-striate transversely, the last turn with the plicae
ending about the middle, and succeeded by three or four
spiral striae, the terminal part of the turn plain ; the mouth
ovate, subangulate anteriorly, acute behind, less than half the
whole length, with the peristome rather thin ; a very slight
plait on the columella ; no umbilicus or groove. Length
nearly half a twelfth, breadth about half the height.

Similar in form to Odostomia interstincta, but differing in
having the turns more flattened, the plicae more numerous,
the columellar plait smaller, and in having the spiral striae on
the last turn.

Found by me, in September, 1842, among shell sand, on
the beach, near the Broadhill.

8. Odostomia Marionce. Marion's Odostomia.

Shell ovato-conical, of five convex, thin, transparent, rather
glossy turns, which are finely plicate transversely, and delicately
striate spirally, the upper margin of each in the form of a plait¬
ed rib ; the mouth ovate, nearly half the whole length, with

MAEACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECT1NIBRANCHIATA. 15/

the peristome slightly thickened, not reflexed on the pillar,
but ending in a very slight plait behind the umbilicus, which
is very small ; the colour hyaline-white. Length half a twelfth
Of an inch, breadth half the length.

The peculiar markings of this species render it one of the
most easily recognized of the genus. The tooth is so little ap¬
parent that, were not the peristome incomplete for a short
space, it might be referred to the genus Rissoa, to which it
forms the transition. I have named it after one of my daugh¬
ters, Marion, who has greatly aided me in collecting the Mol-
lusca of the district, and evinced the greatest pleasure in find¬
ing anything that could be useful to me.

Found by me, in August, 1 842, in shell sand, between the
mouths of the Dee and the Don.

9. Odostomia Anna. Anne's Odostomia.

Shell oblongo-turrite, of five, rather thick, opaque, glossy
turns, destitute of markings, and separated by a not deeply-
impressed line ; the last turn convex and proportionally large,
the rest flattened ; the mouth ovate, nearly a third of the whole
length, with the peristome thin, its columellar portion rather
inflexed, and terminating in a small plait on the columella,
opposite the slight umbilicus ; the colour pure white. Length
half a twelfth of an inch, breadth a third of the length.

Found, in August, 1842, by me and my daughter Anne,
after whom I have named it, her conchilegal propensity hav¬
ing often been indulged in my behalf.

This species is easily distinguished from all the rest by its
peculiar form.

10. Odostomia oblonga. Oblong Odostomia.

Shell oblong, subcylindrical, very slowly tapering, and end¬
ing in an obtuse point ; of five flattened turns, of which the
upper three are smooth, the rest transversely marked with
numerous fine ribs ; the suture deeply-impressed ; the aperture
a fourth of the whole length, ovate, with the peristome endin
about the middle of the inner side in a prominent plait runnin
into the interior. Length scarcely half a twelfth, breadth
third of the length.

Very similar in form and markings to Rissoa truncata; but
not a third of the size, and having the essential character of
an Odostomia.

Found by me among shell sand from the Bay of Cruden,
sent by Mr. Alexander Murray, in November, 1842.

O

& CfQ Cfcj

158 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA,

Genus 2. Tornatella.

Shell ovato-conical, subcylindrical, spirate, longitu¬
dinally striate ; the spire short, pointed ; the aperture
oblong, very narrow behind, entire before, with the
peristome incomplete behind, the outer lip thin, the
columella with a strong obtuse plait at the base.

The transition from Odostomia to Tornatella is ob¬
vious, although authors place these genera at very great
distances, and even in different families or orders.

1. Tornatella tornatilis. Two-banded Tornatella.

Shell ovato-conical, subcylindrical, of moderate thickness,
glossy ; with the spire convex, tapering to a small point ; the
turns little convex, longitudinally striate, transversely striulate,
and slightly marked with growth-lines; the last whorl twice
as broad as the length of the spire ; more deeply striate an¬
teriorly ; and towrards the suture, the anterior striae minutely
crenulate ; the suture distinct, the edge of the whorls being
abruptly involute ; the aperture narrow-oblong, much narrowed
behind by the convexity of the last turn, the outer lip very
thin, the columella with an obscure prominent plait ; the
colour pale-reddish, with two longitudinal bands of white on
the last whorl, each band margined with two reddish-purple
lines. Length ten twelfths of an inch, breadth nearly half an
inch.

Not uncommon in deep water off Aberdeen and Peterhead ;
frequently brought up by the lines, but seldom alive, and some¬
times found on the beaches.

Voluta Tornatilis. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1187. — Voluta Tornatilis.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 117. — Voluta Tornatilis. Mont. Test. Brit.
231. — Tornatella fasciata. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 220. — Tornatella
Tornatilis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 336. — Speo bifasciatus. Risso. Eur.
Merit!, iv. 236. PI. viii. f. 107.

2. Tornatella pellucida. Pellucid Tornatella.

Shell ovato-conical, subfusiform, very thin, transparent,
glossy ; with the spire having a straight outline, and tapering
to a small point ; the turns little convex, longitudinally striate,
transversely striulate ; the last whorl nearly twice as broad as
the length of the spire, more deeply striate anteriorly and
toward the suture, where there are two punctulate impressed
lines, the anterior striae minutely crenulate ; the suture distinct,

MALACOZOA.

GASTEROPODA. PECTIN IBRAXCIIIATA. 159

the edge of the whorls simply incurved ; the aperture narrow-
oblong, much narrowed behind by the convexity of the last
turn, the outer lip extremely thin, the columella with an ob¬
scure obtuse plait ; the colour hyaline-white, with two very
faint reddish bands on the last whorl. Length two-and-a-lialf
twelfths, breadth one-and-a-half twelfths.

The above description from a specimen from the Bay of
Aberdeen, found by me in a fish-basket, in the middle of Oc¬
tober, 1842.

It closely resembles a young Tornatella fasciata of the same
size, but differs in having the spire longer and more pointed,
in wanting the channel in the suture formed by the involution
of the spiral turns, in having two impressed lines near the
posterior margin of the turns, and in being differently coloured.
The three reddish bands however are analogous to the reddish
spaces between the white bands in Tornatella fasciata.

Risso’s account of Speo tornatilis does not agree with the
present species ; but his notices are very frequently incorrect,
and his description of Speo bifasciata, which is Voluta Torna¬
tilis of Linnaeus, is very imperfect.

The ti*ansition from this species to the genus Odostomia is
almost direct.

3. Tornatella pusilla. Diminutive Tornatella.

Shell ovato-conical, subfusiform, very thin, transparent,
glossy, with the spire tapering to an obtuse point ; the turns
four, little convex, the last turn about thrice as broad as the
length of the spire, marked with longitudinal punctulate striae,
which are stronger at the anterior part, obsolete and distant on
the upper two-thirds, crowded toward the suture, which is
distinct ; the aperture narrow-oblong, much narrowed behind
by the convexity of the last turn, the outer lip extremely thin,
the columella with an inconspicuous oblique obtuse plait or
nodosity terminating the inner lip ; the colour hyaline-white.
Length one-twelfth of an inch, breadth half the length.

This species has the spire shorter than the two preceding,
and is narrower than Tornatella pellucida. It seems to agree
in most respects with Turton’s Voluta fusiformis, but differs in
being only a third of the size, and spirally striate.

Voluta fusiformis. Turt. Conch. Diet.? — Acteon fusiformis.
Flem. Brit. Anim. 337 ?

Many specimens of Tornatella fasciata are equally or more

160 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRaNCHIATA.

fusiform, and whether the species may have been described or
not, it is clearly a Tornatella.

Family V. — Sigaretina.

Animal with the body oval, convex, slightly spiral, and
covered with a shell ; head with a frontal veil ; tentacula
large, conical ; eyes at the outer side of their base ;
orifice of the branchial cavity an oblique slit, without
tube; two unequal pectinated branchiae; the mantle
with an anterior thin margin ; the orifice of the genera¬
tive organs near the base of the right tentaculum ; the
foot oval or roundish, very large and thick.

Shell oval or roundish, external or internal, much de¬
pressed, with a small spire, its aperture very large,
without columella.

Genus 1. Velutina.

Animal oval, convex above, little spiral ; with the head
broad, depressed ; two large tapering tentacula ; eyes
sessile at the base of the tentacula externally ; mouth
with a short tube ; the mantle double toward the margin ;
the foot very large, oval. No operculum.

Shell ovate or roundish, convex, with a diminutive
spire; the aperture extremely large, round or ovate,
entire, the margin thin, almost continuous ; no umbili¬
cus ; the surface covered with epidermis.

1. Velutina striata. Striated Velutina.

Shell roundish-ovate, very thin, brittle, transparent, whitish
or pinkish, longitudinally striate, invested with an olivaceous
or greyish-yellow epidermis, covered with transverse lamellae
in shreds or minute points, so as to present a villous appearance ;
spire extremely small, the last turn excessively dilated toward
the margin ; aperture roun dish-ovate, with the edges reflexed
and almost continuous, the inside purple or whitish. Length
about eight-twelfths of an inch, breadth nearly the same.

Animal with two short, tapering, obtuse tentacula, bearing
the eyes on a lobe at their base externally ; foot elliptical, of
moderate size ; margin of the mantle plain.

MALACOZOA.

GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. lGl

Not uncommon off the coast, in deep water.

This shell having been erroneously referred to Helix laevi¬
gata of Linnaeus, characterized as “laevissima” and “ magni-
tudine pisi,” I offer no apology for giving it a specific name
consistent with truth.

The impropriety of converting specific into generic names
is very apparent in this genus, in which V elutina is applicable
to one of the species only.

Helix laevigata. Mont. Test. Brit. 382. — Velutina laevigata.
Flem. Brit. Anim. 326. — Velutina laevigata. Johnst. B. Tr. iii.
275.

Genus 2. Coriocella.

Animal with the body elliptical, much depressed, hav¬
ing the borders of the mantle very thin, notched in front,
and spreading out widely all round ; the foot oval, very
small ; the head scarcely distinct ; two tentacula con¬
cealed under the shield, rather thick, short, contractile ;
the eyes at the base of the tentacula externally.

Shell extremely thin, membranous in part, concealed
in the mantle, ear-shaped, with a small spiral turn at
the apex.

1 . Coriocella flexilis. Flexible Coriocella .

Shell ear-shaped, membranous, flexile ; being formed of a
layer of epidermic substance, transversely lamelloso-striate,
and of a pale olivaceous colour, with an extremely thin glossy
opaque, white layer of calcareous matter, along the inner lip
and spire. It may further be described as oval-oblong, with the
aperture extremely large and oval, the inner lip thin but
obtuse, the outer very thin and edged, the apex convoluted
into a single turn, the upper surface convex, the interior glossy.
Length half an inch, breadth four-and-a-half twelfths.

A shell, without the animal, found by me, at Aberdeen, in
the Winter of 1841 ; another, by Mr. Alexander Murray, on
the Buchan coast, in September, 1842.

Bulla flexilis. Laskey, Wern. Mem. i. 396. PI. 8. f. 6. — Bulla
flexilis. Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 168. — Sigaretus flexilis. Brown,
Illustr. PI. 44. f. 3, 4. — Bulla flexilis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 294.

O

o

162 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

SECTION II. — S I PH ON AT A.

Branchial aperture with a tube formed by the edge of the
mantle , and occupying a canal or notch in the shell.

Familt I. — Buccinina.

Animal with the body elongated, spiral, and covered
with a shell ; the head with two conical depressed ten-
tacula, which bear the eyes on a lobe or prominence at
their base externally ; the month furnished with a long
cylindrical annulated proboscis, and a small tongue ; the
mantle forming a thin-edged flap over the branchial
cavity, and on the left side an elongated open canal,
which emerges by a notch or groove in the shell ; bran¬
chiae two, elongated, unequal, pectinate ; foot large,
generally broad ; a horny operculum.

Shell various, generally elongated, spiral ; its aperture
with a notch or very short canal at its anterior part.

Most of the species are marine, and feed on animal
substances.

Genus l. Buccinum. Buccine or Whelk.

Animal elongated ; the body spiral ; with two tapering
depressed tentacula, on a lobe at the base of each of which
externally is a very small eye ; the proboscis long, cylin¬
drical ; the foot large, subelliptical ; the operculum ovate,
concentrically striate, thin, horny.

Shell ovate, elongated ; the spire moderate, pointed ;
the aperture oval or oblong, with a deep notch anteriorly ;
the columella plain or callous ; the outer lip plain.

Most of the species are marine. The proboscis being
armed with minute teeth, and the tongue beset with
prominences like a rasp, they have the power of perforat¬
ing shells of mollusca and Crustacea, their food consisting
of animal substances.

1. Buccinum undatum. Waved Buccine.

Shell ovato-conical, thick ; with the spire tapering to a fine
point, the turns convex, longitudinally striate and sulcate,
obliquely undulated with convex curved ribs, and transversely

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRAN C HI ATA . 163

striate ; the last whorl rather broader than the length of the
spire ; the suture distinct ; the mouth ovato-oblong, with the
outer lip rather thin, but sometimes thickened, the notch
distinct, the columella with an oblique indistinct groove ; the
colour whitish, pale red, or brownish-red ; the epidermis more
or less villous, yellowish-grey or brownish ; the inside white,
tinged with red or yellow. Length from four to five inches,
breadth from two to two-and-a-half.

Animal elongated, spiral ; with the head anteriorly depressed,
with two tapering flattened contractile tentacula, each having
a lobe at the base externally, bearing a very small black eye ;
in the mouth an exsertile, cylindrical proboscis, about an inch
long, containing 'a long filiform bright red lingual mass, the
foot large, oval-oblong, marginate ; the operculum of an irre¬
gular oval shape, concentrically striate ; the penis very large,
about two inches long, flattened, subclavate, obliquely striate,
with a papillar prominence on the left side near the end ; an¬
terior part of the mantle membranous, a little thickened at the
margin ; the siphonal canal short, and emarginate ; the bran¬
chiae long, unequal, striate ; the muscle of adhesion large,
flattened. The general colour is yellowish- white, the tentacula
yellow, the margin of the mantle reddish or yellow.

The shell varies greatly in the prominence of the undulated
ribs, which are sometimes obsolete on the spire, and entirely
absent on the last whorl. Individuals having the shell very
thin, without ribs, have by many been considered as a distinct
species and named Buccinum striatum. Young shells are fre¬
quently banded with brownish-red.

The nidus is composed of a great number of whitish mem-
brano-cartilaginous, roundish, thin sacs, convex on one side,
concave on the other, united by a ligament into a roundish
mass ; each sac with an internal delicate membrane and con¬
taining three or four young, which at the period of exclusion
have the shell already well-formed, with about four whorls.

The animal is sometimes used for bait.

Abundant along the coast from Stonehaven to Banff ; very
frequently taken up by the fishing-lines, and often cast on shore.

Buccinum undatum. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1204. — Buccinum unda¬
tum. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 121. PI. 73. f. 90. — Buccinum striatum.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 121. PI. 74. f. 91. ; Ed. n. iv. 272. 1*1.77. —
Buccinum undatum. Mont. Test. Brit. 237. — Buccinum crassura,
rufescens, striatum et undatum. List. Anim. Angl. 156. PI. 3. f. 2.
• — Buccinum tenue, leve, striatum et undatum. Lister, Anim. Angl.
157. PI. 3. f. 3. — Buccinum undatum. Flem. Brit. Anim. 342.

164 JIALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTIN IBRANCHIATA,

2. Buccinum, Anglicanum. English Buccine.

Shell oblongo-conical, thin ; with the last turn somewhat
ventricose, depressed toward the upper margin ; the other turns
little convex below, and less concave above ; the suture distinct ;
the upper margin of the turns rather thick, and irregularly
plicato-nodulose ; the turns transversely obsoletely ribbed
and striate, and longitudinally striate ; three of the striae on
the last turn larger, more prominent and suhnodulose, one of
them a little more prominent than the rest ; the mouth ovate,
with the outer lip thin ; the notch distinct ; the columella with
an oblique spiral groove ; the colour white, tinged with reddish
in three obsolete longitudinal hands. Length an inch and a-
lialf, breadth nine-twelfths.

This description is taken from a specimen, dead and worn,
with the epidermis abraded, found by Mr. A. Davidson, at the
Cove, in the Winter of 1841.

Buccinum Anglicanum. Flem. Brit. Anim. 322? — Buccinum
Anglicanum. Larnk. Svst. vii. 264. — Buccinum Anglicanum, Mart.
Conch, iv. PI. 126. f. 1212. — Buccinum Norvegicum. Brug.

3. Buccinum hr foe. Short Buccine.

Shell ovato-conical, ventricose ; with five convex whorls, of
which the upper three are smooth and glossy, the rest trans¬
versely ribbed and longitudinally sulcato-striate ; the apex
obtuse ; the suture distinct; the aperture about half the length
of the shell, ovate, the pillar twisted, the outer lip plain and
thin, the notch oblique ; the colour whitish, with two reddish-
brown bands on the last whorl, but varying to chestnut-
brown.

Itgreatly resembles the youngof Nassa incrassata; butdiffers
in having the ribs more numerous, in being thinner and more
transparent, and in having the mouth larger, and its notch
wider, than the shell of the fry of that species.

Not uncommon in shell sand on the beach between the Dee
and the Ythan, where I found it in April, 1842.

Buccinum breve. Adams, Linn. Trans, iii. 64. PI. 13. f. 3, 4. —
Buccinum breve. Mont. Test. Brit. 250. — Buccinum breve. Flem.
Brit. Anim. 344. — Buccinum breve. Jolinst. B. Tr. iii. 238.

Genus 2. Nassa.

Animal elongated ; the body spiral ; with two slender
tentacula, having the eyes placed half way up on their

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 165

outer side ; the proboscis long, cylindrical ; thicker
toward the end ; the foot rather large, elliptical ; the
operculum ovate, concentrically striate, thin, horny.

Shell ovate, elongated ; the spire moderate, pointed ;
the aperture roundish or oval, with a deep narrow oblique
notch anteriorly ; the columella rounded, plaited, generally
with a mass of callosity ; the outer lip thickened with a
strong external rib.

Marine mollusca, similar in habits to the Buccina.
Young shells, not having the lip thickened, present all
the characters of that genus.

1. Nassa incrassata. Blade-spot Nassa.

Shell ovato-conical, thick; with the spire tapering to a
bluntish point ; the turns convex, longitudinally grooved, trans¬
versely ribbed, nodulose at the intersections of the ridges; the
first three turns smooth and glossy, the last about the same
breadth as the length of the spire ; the suture distinct ; the
mouth ovato-elliptical, the outer Up much thickened with a
strong external rib, and internal plicae ; the notch short, deep,
and narrow ; the columella callous, with oblique ridges ; the
exterior white, reddish, pink, brown, or variegated, the tip
pink; the mouth and lips white, a dusky spot over the notch.
Length half an inch, breadth a quarter.

Sometimes covered with a yellowish or olivaceous epidermis ;
the rib of the outer lip sometimes smooth and white, or white
and grooved, or of the same colour as the rest of the shell.
Some individuals elongated, others abbreviated.

Animal pale yellow, spotted with black ; the tentacula fili¬
form, but bulging at the base ; the branchial siphon long,
variegated with brown and black ; the proboscis long, thicker
toward the end ; the foot large, pale yellow.

Tritonium incrassatum. Mull. Zool. Dan. Prodr. 244. — Nassa
incrassata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 340. — Nassa incrassata. Jolinst. Berw.
Tr. iii. 238. — Buccinum Macula. Mont. Test. Brit. 241. PL 8.
f. 4. — Buccinum minutum. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 122. PI. 79.

About low-water mark, and in deep water, at Stonehaven,
near Aberdeen, Cruden, Peterhead, Boddam, Banff, Portsoy,
and other parts of the coast ; frequently cast on the beach,
and sometimes brought up by the lines.

166 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

Genus 3. Purpura. Whelk.

Animal elongated ; the body spiral ; the head large,
with two approximated tapering, flattened tentacula,
supporting the eyes on an enlargement at their middle
externally ; the proboscis short ; the foot large, broad,
two-lobed anteriorly ; the operculum semioval, horny.

Shell ovate, thick, with the spire short, the last whorl
very large, its breadth being at least three times the
length of the spire ; the aperture elliptical or semioval,
with the outer-lip thin-edged, the columella flattened,
and often ending in a point anteriorly, the canal short
and wide.

Marine, inhabiting the rocky shores. The genus
obtains its name from the purple dye yielded by some of
the species.

1. j Purpura Lapillus. White WheUc.

Shell ovato-fusiform, thick ; with the spire small and pointed ;
the turns convex, the last very large, longitudinally ribbed,
transversely lamelloso-striate ; the aperture elliptical ; the outer
lip thin-edged, undulated or denticulate, and somewhat grooved
internally ; the columellar lip rather flattened, externally trans¬
versely rugose ; the notch small, a little recurved ; the colour
generally white, the mouth tinged with purple. Length an
inch and four-twelfths, breadth seven-twelfths.

Animal with the tentacula tapering and depressed, with the
eyes situated in a notch near their middle on the outer side;
the proboscis short ; the foot oval, yellowish, with the brown
horny operculum placed on its back. The fluid which yields
the purple colour is found in a vessel on the back of the animal.
It is of a yellowish-white colour, but on being exposed to the
air becomes bright yellow, then pale green, bluish-green, and
purplish-red. It has been used for marking linen.

The nidus is an oblong, somewhat cup-shaped, semitrans¬
parent yellow cartilaginous sac supported on a short pedicel,
attached to a rock or stone, and covered with a convex lid.
It contains a viscid fluid, in which are numerous ova, which
on being developed so as to present a regularly-formed shell
of four turns, make their escape by the bursting of the lid.

The shell varies in colour, individuals being grey, purplish,
yellow, brown, black, purple, pink, or white, plain or variously

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA.

PECTINIBRAN C IIIATA . 167

Danded. In young shells the ribs and undulated lamellar striae
are generally well defined, but in old shells obsolete.

Abundant on all the rocky coasts.

Buccinum minus albidum, asperum. Lister, Anim. Angl. 158.
PL 3. f. 5, 6. — Buccinum Lapillus. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1202. —
Buccinum Lapillus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 118. PL 72. f. 89. — Pur¬
pura Lapillus. Lamk. Syst. vii. 244. — Purpura Lapillus. Flem.
Brit. Anim. 341. — Buccinum Lapillus. Mont. Test. Brit. 239.

Family II. — Fusina.

Animal with the body elongated, spiral, and covered
with a shell ; the head with two somewhat conical de¬
pressed tentacula, which bear the eyes on a prominence
at their base externally ; the mouth furnished with a
long cylindrical annulated proboscis, and a filiform
tongue ; the mantle forming a thin-edged flap over the
branchial cavity, and on the left side an elongated open
canal, which emerges by a groove in the shell ; branchiae
two, unequal, pectinate ; foot very large, generally broad ;
a horny operculum.

Shell various, more or less fusiform, spiral ; its aper¬
ture with a prolonged canal for the respiratory tube at
its anterior part.

The species are marine, and zoophagus. There is
perhaps no real zoological distinction between the Buc-
cinina and Fusina ; but the latter may always be known
by their elongated canal, which in some of the species is
even as long as the spire.

Genus 1. Murex. Rock-Shell.

Animal elongated ; the body spiral : with two taper¬
ing depressed tentacula, much dilated at the base, and
having the eyes, which are small, situated near their
base externally ; the proboscis long, exsertile, cylindri¬
cal ; the foot large, oval, rugose ; the operculum ovate,
concentrically striate, horny.

Shell generally oval, "with the spire pointed ; the
turns traversed by three or more prominent varices or
ribs ; the aperture rather small, ovate, or oblong, pro-

168 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. EeCTINIBRAN CHIAl’A .

longed anteriorly into a nearly straight narrow canal,
sometimes closed by the meeting of its margins.

1. Murex Erinaceus. Hedgehog Rock-Shell.

Shell ovate, with seven or eight moderately convex turns,
which are scabrous, with six or seven transverse prominent
ribs, crossed by spiral elevated striae, and imbricated all over
with small arcuate squamiform lamellae ; the spire tapering to
a small point ; the aperture oval, with the outer lip thick and
denticulate internally, the inner lip smooth and glossy, the
canal elongated and closed by the meeting of its two edges ;
the colour dull white, or brownish, sometimes banded or tesse-
lated with dark brown or reddish-brown. Length an inch and
a-half or somewhat more, breadth about two-thirds of the
length.

Two broken specimens, or rather fragments, found among
shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden, sent by Mr. Alexander
Murray, in November, 1842.

Murex Erinaceus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1276. — Murex Erinaceus.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. — Murex Erinaceus. Mont. Test. Brit. 259. —
Triton Erinaceus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 356.

Genus 2. Fusus. Spindle-Shell.

Animal elongated ; the body spiral ; with two taper¬
ing depressed tentacula, much dilated at the base, and
having the eyes, which are small, situated in a notch
near their middle externally ; the proboscis long, exser-
tile, cylindrical ; the foot large, oval, rugose ; the oper¬
culum ovate, concentrically striate, thin, horny.

Shell ovato-fusiform, elongated ; the spire pointed ;
the aperture oval or oblong, with a more or less pro¬
longed and slightly recurved canal at its anterior part ;
the outer lip thin, the columella smooth.

The Fusi reside generally in deep water, and feed on
animal substances.

1. Fusus antiquus. White Spindle-Shell.

Shell ovato-fusiform, thick ; with the spire tapering to a
small but obtuse point ; the whorls very convex, the last ven-
tricose, broader than the length of the spire, with distinct

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCIIIATA. 169

longitudinal and faint transverse striae, which however are
prominent and lamelliform at the columella ; the mouth oval,
with the outer lip thin-edged, the columella with an oblique
groove ; the canal short ; the colour white, or yellowish-white,
that of the interior yellow, orange, or white. Length from five
to six inches, breadth more than half the length.

Animal elongated, spiral, yellowish-white ; with the tenta-
cula short, depressed, rounded, each having a rounded lobe at
the base externally, bearing a small black eye; in the mouth
an exsertile cylindrical proboscis, about an inch long, contain¬
ing a long, filiform, bright red lingual mass ; the foot large,
oval, rugose, tinged with yellow ; the operculum ovato- oblong,
concentrically striate ; the penis about an inch long, depressed,
transversely striolate, abruptly terminated ; the margin of the
mantle plain, with an open tapering canal on the left, often
spotted with black externally.

Sometimes used as bait.

Very abundant in deep water, on hard ground, off the coast
from Stonehaven to Banff ; frequently brought up by the lines.

Buccinum album laeve, maximum. Lister, Anim. Angl. 155. PI.
3. f. 1. — Murex antiquus. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1222. — Murex des-
pectus. Mont. Test. Brit. 256. — Fusus antiquus. Flem. Brit. Anim.
348. — Murex despectus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv\ 124. PI. 78. — Fusus
antiquus. Lamk. Syst. vii. 125. — Fusus antiquus. Johnst. 235.

2. Fusus Cornells. Horny Spindle-Shell.

Shell oblongo-fusiform, moderately thick, covered with a thin
epidermis ; the spire tapering to a small but obtuse point ; the
whorls little convex, the last rather broader than the length of
the spire, with distinct longitudinal and very faint transverse
striae ; the mouth oblong, with the outer lip thin ; the canal
rather long, and considerably recurved ; the colour white, that
of the interior bluish-white ; the epidermis yellowish-grey or
liorn-colour.

Animal white ; with the foot short, oval, and rugose ; the
operculum brown.

Not uncommon in deep water, on hard ground, off the coast,
from Aberdeen to Peterhead, also at Gamrie, Fraserburgh, and
Banff ; often brought up by the lines.

Buccinum angustius, tenuiter admodum striatum. Lister. Anim.
Angl. 157. PI. 3. f. 4. — Murex corneus. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1234.
— Murex corneus. Mont. Test. Brit. 258. — Murex corneus. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 124. PI. 76. f. 99. — Fusus corneus. Flem. Brit. Anim.
348. — Fusus corneus. Johnst. Berw. Tr. iii. 235.

P

I/O MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTIKIBRANCHIATA.

3. Fusus Laskeyi. Laskey’s Spindle-Shell.

Shell ovato-turrite, subfusiform, rather thick, covered with
a thin greyish-yellow epidermis ; the spire tapering to a small
but obtuse point ; the whorls convex, the last broader than the
length of the spire, with five prominent, compressed, rounded
longitudinal ridges, alternating with smaller ridges, and having
on its rather flattened sloping posterior space two small
ridges ; on the other turns five ridges apparent, one of them
much larger and medial ; the turns transversely marked with
fine rather deeply impressed striae, rendering the ridges crenu-
late ; the aperture roundish-ovate, with a narrow canal taper¬
ing to a point ; the inner replicate and smooth. Length three-
twelfths of an inch, breadth nearly two-twelfths.

Two specimens found by Mr. Alexander Davidson, in the
Winter of 1841, among substances brought up from deep water
off Aberdeen. One of them, the smallest, agrees in all respects
with that figured by Capt. Laskey in the first volume of the
Wernerian Transactions; the other, much larger, is as de¬
scribed above. Both have the outer lip unformed, being thin,
with the ridges running out upon it, and producing notches in
their intervals ; and the larger has the mouth somewhat dis¬
torted by a mended fracture. Captain Laskey believed it to
be the young of Fusus carinatus, which however it does not
appear to be. I have therefore given it a different name.

Murex carinatus. Laskey, Wera. Mem. i. 400. PI. 8. f. 9.

4. Fusus Buchanensis. Buchan Spindle-Shell.

Shell fusiform, rather thick ; with the spire tapering to a
small nipple-shaped point ; the whorls six, moderately convex,
with prominent obtuse strong ribs, separated by wider concave
spaces, and nodulose by the decussations of the strong spiral
raised lines ; the last turn with twelve ribs, the two first ribless
and glossy ; the suture distinct ; the aperture narrow-oblong,
nearly half the entire length, the canal moderate, narrow,
straight, the outer lip thickened by a rib and crenate ; the
colour dull grey, the spiral striae and nodules of the ribs dusky,
the tip of the spire pale brown. Length three-twelfths of an
inch, breadth a third of the length.

The above description from a specimen found by Miss Mac-
gillivray, in shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden, sent by Mr.
Alexander Murray, in November, 1842. It comes very near
to Pleurotoma Smithii, from which however it differs in having
the aperture proportionally longer, and the canal much nar-

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 171

rower, besides wanting the sinus characteristic of the genus
Pleurotoma. I have compared it with Fusus linearis of Mon¬
tagu, but find it different in many respects.

Genus 3. Pleurotoma.

Shell ovato-fusiforni ; the spire pointed ; the aperture
oval or oblong, with a more or less prolonged and slightly
recurved canal at its anterior part, the outer lip with a
distinct notch, slit, or sinus at its upper angle, the
columella smooth.

1. Pleurotoma Bdnffium. Banff Pleurotoma.

Shell oblongo-fusiform, rather thick ; with the spire tapering
to a fine point; the whorls rounded, with numerous rather
irregular, thin-edged, laminar, transverse ribs bent toward the
mouth of the shell, and marked with rather obsolete transverse
and spiral striae ; the suture distinct ; the last whorl about the
same breadth as the length of the spire ; the mouth oval, with
a moderately wide canal deflected to the left and somewhat
recurved ; the colour of the exterior dull white or yellowish -
white, of the mouth white. Length eight-twelfths, breadth
three-twelfths and a-half.

From deep water off Aberdeen; apparently rare. Found
also by me, on the 5th of August, 1842, in a fisliing-boat at
Boddam, or Buchan-Ness. A live individual found at Aber¬
deen, by Miss Macgillivray, in September, 1842.

Murex Bamffius. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 284. PI. 82. f. 5. — Murex
Bamfius. Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 1 17. — Fusus Bamfius. Flem.
Brit. Anim. 351.

2. Pleurotoma Turricula. Turret Pleurotoma.

Shell oblongo-fusiform, thin ; with the spire tapering to a
fine point ; the whorls ungulate at their upper part, giving the
spire a remarkable scalar appearance; the last whorl of less
breadth than the length of the spire ; the suture distinct ; the
whorls with transverse narrow, convex ribs, which are nodose
on the angle, and slender longitudinal, unequal ridges, giving
the surface a cancellated aspect ; the mouth narrow, oblong,
with the outer lip thin, more or less sinuate at the angle ; the
canal rather short ; the colour of the exterior white or yellow¬
ish, of the mouth white. Length eight-twelfths of an inch,
breadth nearly three-twelfths.

1/2 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRAN CHIATA.

Very common in deep water, on hard ground, oft Aberdeen;
and frequently brought up by the lines, but seldom alive ; the
dead shells usually occupied by Pagurus Bernhardus. Found
also at Peterhead, Gamrie, and Banff.

Murex Turricula. Mont. Test. Brit. 262. PI. 9. f. 1. — Murex
angulatus. Donov. Brit. Sh. PI. 156. — Fusus Turricola. Flem.
Brit. Anim. 349.

3. Pleurotoma Trevellianum. Trevellyan's Pleurotoma.

Shell ovato-fusiform, thin ; with the spire tapering to a fine
point ; the whorls angulate at their upper part, giving the spire
a remarkable scalar appearance, and marked with numerous
transverse narrow ribs, and very numerous slender longitudinal,
nearly equal raised lines ; the mouth ovato-oblong, with the
outer lip thin, and having a distinct notch near its upper angle,
the canal rather short ; the colour of the exterior yellowish-
white, of the mouth white. Length seven-twelfths of an inch,
breadth three-twelfths and a half.

First distinguished by me in October, 1842, among speci¬
mens of Fusus Turricula, from deep water off Aberdeen. It
very closely resembles that shell, but differs in having both
the ribs and striae much more numerous, in being broader in
proportion to its length, and in having a more distinct notch
in the outer lip. I much suspect however that it is merely
a variety of the species mentioned.

Pleurotoma Trevellianum. Turton, Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 351.

4. Pleurotoma decussatum. Decussated Pleurotoma.

Shell elongated fusiform, rather thick ; with the spire taper¬
ing to a fine point ; the suture distinct ; the whorls rounded,
with transverse ribs, narrower than their interstices, and nu¬
merous spiral thin laminae traversing the interstices, and decus¬
sating the ribs, on which they form small oblong tubercles ; the
mouth ovato-oblong, with the canal very oblique and elongated;
the colour yellowish-white.

The only specimen I have obtained at Aberdeen is a dead
and mutilated shell, a quarter of an inch long, but with the
tip of the spire and the tail broken off. Another, complete,
excepting the outer lip, was found by me, in August, 1842, in
a fishing-boat at Boddam, near Peterhead. It appears to agree
with Captain Brown’s Fusus decussatus, which he says was
found at Killough, in the County of Down, Ireland. The
Aberdeen specimen was brought up from deep water by a
fishing-line, in the Winter of 1841-2.

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 173

5. Pleurotoma reticulatum. Reticulated Pleurotoma.

Shell oblongo-fusiform, thin ; with the spire tapering to a
rather obtuse point, and somewhat convex in outline; the
whorls slightly angulate at the upper part, giving the spire
somewhat of a scalar appearance, but with the space between
the angle and the suture convex and sloping ; the last whorl
of rather less breadth than the length of the spire ; the suture
distinct ; the whorls with numerous transverse narrow ribs, on
the last dividing into several raised lines, and on all reticulated
with longitudinal raised lines ; the aperture oblong, narrow,
deeply sinuate at the suture, with the outer lip thin, the canal
very short, the inner lip with a rather thick, smooth layer ; the
colour dull white. Length half an inch, breadth a third of
the length.

A single specimen sent by Mr. Alexander Murray, who
found it at Slains, in N ovember, 1 842.

Pleurotoma reticulatum. Brown, Illustr. PI. 38. f. 43, 44.

Genus 3. Rostellaria.

Animal with the body elongated, spiral ; the head
with two conical tentacula, bearing the eyes on a pro¬
minence at their base externally; the mouth at the end
of a long cylindrical annulated proboscis, and a filiform
tongue ; mantle forming a thin-edged flap over the
branchial cavity, and on the left side an elongated open
canal, which emerges by a groove in the shell ; branchiae
two, unequal, pectinate ; foot large, generally broad ; a
horny operculum.

Shell more or less turrite or fusiform, spiral ; its
aperture oblong, with a prolonged canal for the respi¬
ratory tube, and the outer lip much expanded in old in¬
dividuals, entire, dentate, or digitate.

1. Rostellaria Pes-pelecani. Pelican' s-foot Rostellaria.

Shell turrite, with the spire tapering to a point, the suture
distinct, the whorls ten, convex, with a medial series of oblique
compressed obtuse nodules, and fine spiral striae, the last
whorl with two additional nodulose hands, the lower smaller
and approximated ; the aperture oblique, oblong, with the
outer lip extremely dilated, angulate, very thick, sinuated
P 2

1/4 MALAC0Z0A. GASTEROPODA. FECTINIBRANCHIATA.

above and below, and marked witli three or four grooves, one
of which extends halfway up the spire ; the canal bent down¬
wards ; the colour pale reddish-grey, the mouth yellowish-
white. Length an inch and three-fourths, breadth an inch
and a fourth.

Young individuals have the lip less expanded, or merely
thin and simple.

Dr. Johnston gives the following account of this species: —
“ Animal with two long cylindrical slightly tapered tentacula
of a scarlet colour spotted with pale yellow, yellowish on the
under side : eyes at the base, external, prominent, sessile :
mouth at the end of a long cylindrical snout, scarlet, speckled
with pale yellow ; the tongue slender, cartilaginous, jointed,
invested in a sheath : body whitish, freckled with scarlet :
margin of the cloak plain, reflected, with a very short canal
in place of a siphon : penis placed under the opposite tentacu-
lum, retroflexed, curved, flattened ; rectum opening above the
penis with a narrow orifice : foot somewhat pedunculate, ob¬
long, truncate anteriorly, tapered behind, rather short, plain,
white : operculum fixed on the back of the foot, horny, ellip¬
tical, and rather small. Creeps very slowly, the tentacula
being widely extended and used as feelers.”

In deep water off Aberdeen, Banff, and Macduff, not un¬
common.

Strombus Pes-pelecani. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 122. PI. 75. f. 94. —
Strombus Pes-pelecani. Mont. Test. Brit. 253. — Rostellaria Pes-
pelecani. Lamk. Syst. vii. 193.— Rostellaria Pes-pelecani. Flem.
Brit. Anim. 359. — Chenopus Pes-pelicani. Johnst. B. Tr. iii. 233.

Family III. — Cypr^ina.

Animal with the body elongated, spiral, and covered
with a shell ; the head distinct, with two filiform or subu¬
late tentacula, at the thickened base of which are situated
externally the sessile eyes ; the mouth at the bottom of
a small cavity, and furnished with a thin ribbon-like
tongue, beset with minute prickles in transverse lines ;
the mantle with two very large lobes, of which the
margins can be extended so as to meet externally on the
back of the shell ; siphon short, tubular but slit beneath;
branchiee two, pectinated ; foot very large, elongated ;
no operculum.

Shell ovate or oblong, convolute so as that the last

MALACOZOA.

GASTEROPODA. PECTIN1BRANCHIATA. 1/5

turn almost entirely covers the rest ; the spire very short
or covered ; the aperture linear, extending the whole
length of the shell, with a notch at the anterior end ;
the surface glossy, without epidermis.

Genus 1 . Cypraea. Cowrie.

Animal elongated, spiral ; with two slender, tapering
tent^cula, at the base of each of which externally is a
small eye ; the mouth with a long thin tongue beset
with small prickles, and extended into the abdomen ;
the foot elongated, large ; no operculum.

Shell oval, very convex above, convolute ; with the
aperture long tudinal, linear, having a recurved notch at
each end, the lips denticulate or grooved, the outer in¬
volute ; a longitudinal dorsal mark left by the margins
of the mantle.

1. Cyprcea Europcea. European Cowrie.

Shell ovate, very convex above, with numerous transverse
grooves ; the spire covered ; the aperture linear, both lips
denticulate, the outer involute, posteriorly extended beyond
the spire and curved ; the lower surface white, the upper grey
or purplish-grey, with three dusky spots. Length five-twelfths
of an inch, breadth three-and-a-half.

There is a smaller variety, similar in form, hut with the
upper surface flesh-coloured without the dusky markings.

Both kinds occur along the coast, but are uncommon.

Found by Miss Marion Macgillivray, in the Autumn of
1841, at Don mouth; by Mr. Davidson, in the following Win¬
ter. I have specimens obtained at Collieston ; Mr. Murray
has gathered it on the coast of St. Fergus, Fraserburgh, and
Peterhead; and Miss M.icgillivray at Gamrie. Mr. Gray
has also sent me numerous specimens found about Peterhead.
1 have not, however, seen this species alive.

Cypraea Europaea. Dillw. Rec. Shells. 467. — Cypraea Pedicu-
lus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 115. PI. 70. f. 82; Ed. 2. 252. PI. 73. —
Cypraea coccinella. Lamk. Syst. vii. 404. — Cypraea pediculus.
Mont. Test. Brit. 200. — Cypraea arctica. Mont. Test. Brit. 201. —
Cypraea Europaea. Flem. Brit. Anim. 330. — Cypraea Europaea.
Johnst. Berw. Trans, iii. 240. — Concha veneris exigua alba, striata.
List. Anim. Angl. 168. PI. 3. f. 17.

176 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA.

SCUTIBRANCHIATA.

ORDER III.— GASTEROPODA TUBULIBRANCHIATA.

No species of this order have been met with in our
seas.

ORDER IV.— GASTEROPODA SCUTIBRANCHIATA.

Respiratory apparatus a cavity on the back, contain¬
ing pectinate or filamentous branchiae attached to its
roof, and communicating externally by an opening
between the margin of the mantle and the body, either
on the back or to the left.

Family I. — Fissurellina.

Animal with the body conical, not spiral ; the head
broad, depressed; the tentacula two, large, triangular,
thin ; the eyes situated on a slight projection of the
middle of their outer margin ; the mantle very thin ;
the foot large, nearly circular; the branchial cavity
opening widely before, and containing filamentous
branchiae.

Shell conical, with the summit direct, or curved.

The species are all marine, and occur chiefly in warm
climates. Three only have been found in our district.

Genus 1. Lottia.

Animal elliptical or roundish, convex, covered by a
univalve conical shell ; head with two tapering tenta¬
cula, bearing the eyes near their base externally ; mouth
fleshy, with a short proboscis, and containing a lingual
denticulate filament ; foot very large, elliptical or
roundish; mantle marginate, with an inner circle of
filaments between it and the foot ; respiratory cavity
containing a vascular elongated scaliform or pectinate
branchia.

Shell conical, with the apex nearer the anterior end ;
the aperture extremely large, elliptical, oval or roundish.

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. SCUTIBRANCHIATA. 177

1. Lottia virginea . Delicate Lottia.

Shell ovato-elliptical, little elevated, thin, subpellucid, glossy,
smoothish, but with obsolete radiating stria; and faint con¬
centric ridges; the umbo pointed, nearer the anterior endr
being at about a third of the length ; the colour yellowish-grey,
whitish or duskv, with radiating bands of red ; tbe inside
smooth, glossy, purplish. Length about half an inch, breadth
a third less, height two-twelfths.

Found by me and my daughter Anne, in August, 1842, on
the sands between the mouths of the Dee and the Don ; in
October, by Mr. Alexander Murray, at Fraserburgh.

According to Mr. Alder, a falciform process, containing two
large vessels running on opposite sides through its whole
length, and crossed at right angles by smaller vessels forming
projecting rings, with the whole surface ciliated, is attached to
the branchial cavity. It is capable of great extension and con¬
traction, and a free action from side to side of the cavity, and
may he seen emerging in a curved form on the right side of
the head. There is also “a dense fringe of filaments com¬
pletely surrounding the cloak, and bearing a strong resemblance
both in position and appearance to the branchial fringe of
Patella,” but placed nearer the margin, and instead of being
composed of flat leaflets, as in that genus, consisting of nearly
linear filaments of unequal length, with thickened ends.

Patella parva. Mont. Test. Brit. 480. — Patella virginea. Flem.
Brit. Anim. 287. — Lottia virginea. Alder, Ann. and Mag. of Nat.
Hist. vi. 404.

Genus 2. Emarginula. Slit-Limpet.

Animal conical or convex, oval or elliptical beneath,
covered by a univalve shell ; head with two short, conical
tentacula, bearing the eyes on large tubercles near their
base internally ; mouth proboscidiform ; foot very large,
oval, margined externally with tentacular appendages ;
mantle very large, with its margins replicate, widely
open in front, and also communicating by a fissure with
a corresponding slit in the shell ; two equal pectinated
branchiae ; intestinal aperture at the extremity of a
small tube opening into the respiratory cavity.

Shell conical, with the aperture oval and wide, the
summit inclined backward ; a vertical notch or slit in the

178 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. SCUTI3RANCHIATA.

anterior margin ; muscular impression forming three-
fourths of a circle.

1. Emarginula Fissura. Common Slit-Limpet.

Shell conical, somewhat compressed, with the aperture oval,
narrow before ; a vertical median slit extending from its an¬
terior part to a third of its height ; with an external groove,
and corresponding internal ridge to the apex, which is
pointed, placed behind the middle, and curved a little back¬
ward ; the anterior median outline convex, the posterior con¬
cave below the point, afterwards nearly straight; from the
apex to the margin about forty prominent, narrow, but convex
ribs, cancellated by scalar concentric laminae, at the intersec¬
tions of which the radiating ribs are nodose ; the margin cre-
nated, having a notch at each of the ribs ; the colour yellow¬
ish-white. Length of the aperture four-twelfths and three-
fourths, height four-twelfths.

The above description from dead and partially damaged
shells ; one found on the Buchan coast in the middle of Sep¬
tember, 1 834 ; the other brought up from deep water off
Aberdeen, and found by Mr. Leslie, on the 27th of that
month. When recent, it is said by Montagu, to be brown ex¬
ternally, glossy and flesh-coloured within.

Patella Fissura. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1261. — Patella Fissura. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 144. PI. 90. f. 161. — Patella Fissura. Mont. Test.
Brit. 490. — Emarginula Fissura. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 5. Ed. 2. vih
582. — Emarginula Fissura. Flem. Brit. Anim. 365.

Genus 3. Rimula. Chink-Limpet.

Shell conical, with the aperture oval or elliptical and
wide, the summit inclined backward ; a vertical slit an¬
terior to the summit, opening internally by a roundish
semimarginate aperture half-way down the anterior side.

This genus differs from Emarginula only in having the
slit toward the summit instead of being at the margin.

1. Rimula Flemingii. Fleming's Chink-Limpet.

Shell conical, compressed, with the aperture oval, narrower
before ; the apex recurvate, pointed, and adherent ; a canal
of a somewhat triangular form commencing internally, half¬
way up the anterior medial line, and opening externally in a
vertical slit, gradually narrowed, near the apex, and having a
groove from it extending to almost the extreme point ; from

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. CYCLOBRANCIIIATA. 1/9

the apex to the margin twenty-four prominent convex ribs,
alternating with smaller, and decussated by numerous irregu¬
lar concentric rugae ; the margin crenulate ; the colour yel¬
lowish-white, the interior white. Length of the aperture three-
twelfths, breadth two-twelfths, height two-twelfths.

This species resembles Emarginula Fissura in form and
markings, but differs in the curvature of the apex, and es¬
pecially in having the fissure at the top. It is nearly allied
to Emarginula Fissurella, from which it differs in having the
external opening of the canal, not vride and of a rhomboidal
form, but a narrow chink. One malacologist has named it
after Noah, another after Dr. Fleming. I am unable to de¬
termine the priority, and therefore take the living godfather.

The above description from a dead shell, brought up from
deep water off Aberdeen, and found by Miss Isabella Mac-
gillivray, on the 30th of September, 1842.

Sypho striata. Brown, Illustr. 36. f. 14, 15, 16. — Cemoria
Flemingii, Leach. Fissurella Noachina, Sowerby.

ORDER V.— GASTEROPODA CYCLOBRANCHIATA.

Respiratory organ a continuous fringed lamina placed
in the groove which separates the mantle from the foot.

They are all marine, adhere to rocks, stones, slieUs, or
plants, feed on vegetable substances, and are covered
with a wide-mouthed more or less conical shell.

Family I. — Patellina.

Animal with the body broad, convex or conical, covered
by a conical expanded shell, to which the mantle adheres,
until toward the margin, beneath which, in the groove
between the mantle and the foot, the branchiae are dis¬
posed in the form of a thickened border ; the head with
two conical tentacula ; the eyes situated near their base
internally ; orifice of the anus and generative organs over
the head toward the right side ; foot very broad, firm,
marginate.

Shell of the form of a short cone, with the apex nearer
the anterior end.

All the species marine.

180 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. CYCLOBRANCKIATA.

Genus 1. Patella. Limpet.

Animal elliptical or roundish, convex, covered by a
univalve conical shell ; head with two conical tentacula,
bearing the eyes at their base internally ; mouth fleshy,
transverse, with a short proboscis, and containing an
extremely elongated, linear, flattened organ, covered on
one side with tufts of small spines symmetrically disposed,
and directed backwards into the intestine ; stomach
membranous ; intestine long, convoluted; foot very large,
elliptical or roundish, marginate ; branchiae apparently
formed of the lower thickened margin of the mantle.

Shell conical, with the apex nearer the anterior end ;
the aperture extremely large, elliptical, ovate, or round¬
ish.

The species adhere to rocks, stones, fuci, and other
objects.

1. Patella vulgata. Common Limpet.

Shell conical, with the outline of the mouth ohovate or ro-
tundato-obovate ; the apex nearer the anterior or smaller end ;
the surface radiated with about eighteen ribs alternating with
striae, and crossed by concentric striae ; the colour dusky-green
with rays of yellowish-grey, the interior greyish-white, beyond
the attachment of the mantle rayed with dusky and yellow,
appearing through a transparent iridescent layer. Length an
inch-and-a-half or more, height ten-twelfths or more.

Varies greatly in form, some individuals being roundish,
others ovate, some very high, others low ; in the number and
size of the ribs, the degree in which they render the margin
undulated; and in the colours, which may be yellow, grey,
red, olivaceous or dusky, plain or in bands. “ Quiconque
n’aurait qu’un exemplaire de cette coquille, pourrait se trouver
fort embarrasse pour le rapporter a son espece, tant celle-ci est
variable ; aussi les auteurs different-ils beaucoup dans les
descriptions et les figures qu’ils en donnent/’

The animal may be described as flat and with an oval out¬
line beneath, convex above. If examined from beneath, it
will be seen to present a roundish expanded, flat, foot, of
which the surface is smooth, and of an olivaceous colour, mar¬
gined with a thick yellow rim, and attached to the shell by in-

MALACOZOA. gasteropoda, cyclobranchiata. 181

terlaced muscular fibres all round, forming anteriorly two
strong ligaments, one on each side of the head. Anteriorly is
seen the head, convex in front, decurved, terminating in a
short proboscis, having a thick rugose margin, of a somewhat
reno-cordate form ; the two tentacula conical, extensile, dusky
toward the end ; the eyes at the outer base of the tentacula.
Behind or above the head is a large cavity opening widely,
and by some supposed to contain the respiratory apparatus,
consisting of a kind of network covering its surface. In it are
seen on the right side of the animal, the anal aperture, and that
of the generative organs. All round the insertion of the foot
and anterior cavity is a soft, fimbriated flap, supposed by Cu¬
vier and others to be the respiratory organ ; and beyond it is
the skin or mantle, forming a double-rimmed, crenulate, flap,
contractile, and very sensible. If we now remove the animal
from the shell, by cutting its attachments, we find the mass of
the viscera situated over the foot. In the mouth, besides the
cartilaginous folds, and muscular apparatus, is seen attached
to a fleshy pedicel, a very slender, flattened filament, having
on one surface, in its whole length, three series of hard denti¬
culate plates, those of the medial series transverse, the lateral
oblique. This tongue or lingual filament passes backward in¬
to the intestine, and is about two inches and a half in length.
The stomach is membranous ; the intestine long, and con¬
voluted. The liver forms a large olivaceous-brown mass ;
and the ovary, of a yellowish-colour lies behind it. The heart
is placed over the neck, a little to the right side. The disk
of the foot will now be seen to be very thick, of cartilaginous
firmness, composed of interlaced muscular fibres, and having
a deep medial groove on its upper surface.

On the shell, of which the inner surface is smooth and
iridescent, will be seen the two anterior impressions of the
ligaments, and continuous with them a narrow band of an oval
outline, to which the foot was attached all round, unless in
front.

Abundant on all the rocky coasts ; in exposed places crusted
or corroded, most perfect when among large fuci. It is used
for bait, and sometimes as an article of food.

Patella exlivido cinerea, striata. Lister, Anim. Angl. 195. PI. 5.
f. 40. — Patella vulgata. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1258. — Patella vul-
gata. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 142. PI. 89. f. 145. — Patella vulgata.
Mont. Test. Brit. 475. — Patella vulgata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 286. —
Patella vulgata. Lamk. Syst. vi. 331 ; Ed. 2. vii. 535.

Q

182 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. CYCLOBRANCHIATA;

2. Patella lavis. Smooth Limpet.

Shell of moderate thickness, and horny appearance, with
the outline of the mouth oval, the apex obtuse, much nearer
the smaller end ; the surface concentrically striate, generally
with well-marked growth-lines, one of which is near the apex ;
the colour generally yellowish-brown, frequently with some and
occasionally with numerous rays of purple or brown from the
apex ; the inside glossy, opaline ; the margin thick and plain.
Length about ten-twelfths of an inch.

It varies in form, in the position of the apex, and in colour,
being sometimes dusky, or brown, or yellowish-grey, with or
without bands.

Occurs on fuci, especially the stalks of the tangle ; not un¬
common on the rocky coasts : Stonehaven, Aberdeen, Cru-
den, Peterhead, Fraserburgh, and Gamrie.

Pa'tella la?vis. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 144. PI. 90. lowest figure. —
Patella easrulea. Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 152. — Patella laevis.
Flem. Brit. Anim. 287. — Patella pellucida. Lamk. SysU vi. 334 ;
Ed. 2. vii. 540.

3. PatSlla pellucida. Transparent Limpet.

Shell very thin, fragile, transparent, with the outline of the
mouth oval, the apex incurved, obtuse, close to the smaller
end ; the surface with about twenty-eight very faint ribs and
intermediate stria?, together with faint concentric striae, more
marked toward the margin, which is thin and even ; the
colour generally yellowish-brown or dusky, with some light-
blue interrupted rays from the apex ; the inside greyish- white,
toward the margin horn}-. Length about two-thirds of an
inch.

It varies in being more or less convex, with the apex nearer
to the edge or more remote from it, in colour, and in the num¬
ber of blue lines. In all stages it is easily distinguishable
from Patella leevis, with which however many authors have
confounded it.

Common on fuci near low-water mark, on all the coasts;
and frequent on the beaches.

Patella pellucida. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1260. — Patella pellucida.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 143. PI. 90. f. 150. — Patella pellucida. Mont.
Test. Brit. Suppl. 152. — Patella pellucida. Flem. Brit. Anim.
287. — Patella pellucida. Lamk. Syst. vi. 334 ; Ed. 2. vii. 240.

M4LAC0Z0A. GASTEROPODA. CYCLOBBANCHIATA. 183

Family II. — Chitonina.

Animal with the body elliptical or oblong, covered
with a shell formed of several distinct transverse plates,
adherent to the mantle, which is very thick at the margin,
and extends beyond the shell ; the branchiae disposed
around the body between it and the mantle ; the head
without tentacula or eyes ; the orifice of the anus at the
posterior extremity.

All the species marine, and adherent to rocks, and
other bodies, like limpets.

Genus 1. Chiton. Canoe-Shell.

Animal elliptical or oblong, convex, covered by a shell
composed of eight transverse pieces ; head destitute of
tentacula or eyes ; mouth fleshy, transverse, with a very
long tongue armed with minute horny teeth ; stomach
membranous ; intestine long, foot very large, elliptical,
marginate ; branchiae between the mantle and the body,
and consisting of a row of small triangular laminae or
protuberances.

Shell of eight transverse plates, moveable upon each
other by means of muscular bands attached to their
under surface, and margined with the thickened mantle.

They live attached to rocks, shells, and other bodies,
in the manner of limpets.

1. Chiton fascicularis. Tufted Canoe-shell.

Shell elliptical, moderately convex, subcarinate, of eight
minutely tuberculate (shagreened) valves, of a dark-grey
colour ; the marginal band thick, tuberculate, with eighteen
tufts of yellowish hairs, and edged with minute spinelets.
Length nearly three-fourths of an inch, breadth about five-
twelfths.

An individual found on the pier of Aberdeen, by Mr. Alex.
Davidson, in March, 1842.

Chiton fascicularis. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1106. — Chiton fascicu¬
laris. Mont. Test. Brit. 5. — Chiton fascicularis. Flem. Brit. Anim.
288. — Chiton fascicularis. Lamk. Syst. yi. 321; Ed. 2. yii. 492.

184 MaLACOZOA. gasteropoda, ctclobranchiata.

2. Chiton margindtus. Bordered Canoe-Shell.

Shell elliptical, moderately convex, subcarinate, of eight
minutely dotted (shagreened) valves, of a greyish or reddish
colour, or variegated ; the anterior and posterior valves semi¬
circular, quinciuicially granulated, the rest nearly even, the
areas being but faintly defined, and having the granules dis¬
posed in curved lines ; the marginal band also granulated,
coloured with alternate dusky and whitish spots, and edged
with minute spinelets. Length about three-fourths of an inch
or more, breadth nearly half an inch.

It varies greatly in colour, being sometimes plain, grey,
greenish-grey, or brownish, or reddish, more frequently va¬
riegated with numerous spots. Often the beaks are very
distinct, and the posterior margins of the valves somewhat
tuberculate, the prominences usually whitish.

Not uncommon on the rocky coasts, at Peterhead, Port¬
soy, Collieston, and in the Bay of Nigg.

Found by Mr. Leslie and by Mr. Alexander Murray on the
coast of Gamrie and Peterhead. Plentiful in pools on the
Girdleness, and about the Cove.

Chiton marginatus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 71. PL 36. f. 2. — Chi¬
ton marginatus. Mont. Test. Brit. i. — Chiton marginatus. Flem.
Brit. Anim. 289. — Chiton marginatus. Lamk. Syst. vi. 321.

Ed. 2. vii. 492.

3. Chiton cinereus. Yellow-grey Chiton.

Shell elliptical, moderately convex, carinate, with the
sides sloping, and even ; and the valves eight, moniliformly
striated ; the anterior semicircular, emarginate behind, con¬
centrically rugose, and radiatingly striulate ; the posterior si¬
milar, its anterior half subcarinate ; the rest narrow, carinate,
slightly beaked, striulate, with the striae of the anterior area
longitudinal, those of the two posterior areae, which are
elevated, radiatingly transverse ; the border narrow, minutely
reticulated, with the edge spinulose ; the colour yellowish-
grey, with the posterior areae of the valves variegated with
brown. Length four-twelfths, breadth two-and-a-half twelfths.

An individual found on a star-fish, at Gamrie, in Septem¬
ber, 1842, by Miss Macgillivray ; others by Mr. Murray.

Chiton cinereus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1107. — Chiton cinereus. Mont.
Test. Brit. 3. — Chiton cinereus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 289.

MALACOZOA. GA8TEROPODA. CYCLOBRAN'CHIATA.

185

4. Chiton fuscdtus. Dualcy-yrey Chiton.

Shell oblongo-elliptical, a little narrower anteriorly, carinate,
with the sides sloping and marked with a faint longitudinal
depression ; the valves eight, minutely granulate ; the an¬
terior semicircular, marginate, with dots in quincuncial striae ;
the posterior similar, with its anterior half carinate ; the rest
narrow, marginate, carinate, somewhat beaked, with an ob¬
lique, obtuse ridge on each side, somewhat more elevated in
the middle, from the beak to the extremity of the anterior
margin, the anterior area with rather irregular longitudinal
series of granules, the two posterior with irregularly-disposed,
somewhat quincuncial granules ; the border granulate, with
the margin membranous ; the colour uniform dull leaden-grey,
that of the interior bluish. Length seven-twelfths, breadth
four-twelfths.

Found by Mr. Alexander Murray, in September, 1842, in
Cruden Bay.

This species is quite distinct from Chiton cinereus, of which
the markings are finer and more regularly disposed.

Chiton fuscatus. Brown, Illustr. PI. 35. f. 17.

5. Chiton Icevigdtus. Smooth Canoe-Shell

Shell broadly elliptical, a little narrower anteriorly, sub-
carinate, with the sides sloping and slightly convex ; the
valves eight, minutely granulato-striate ; the anterior lunato-
semicircular, with minute radiating granulated striae ; thfc pos¬
terior semicircular, with growth-lines, and radiated in the
same maimer; the rest narrow, marginate, obtusely subcarinate,
not beaked, with the posterior areas very slightly raised and
radiatingly striulate, the anterior with longitudinal striulae,
the prominent medial part nearly smooth ; the border granu¬
late, narrow ; the colour dull reddish-white with longitudinal
streaks of reddish-brown, radiating on the anterior and pos¬
terior valves ; the interior flesh-coloured. Length three-
twelfths of an inch, breadth two-twelfths.

Found by Miss Isabella Macgillivray on a shell from deep
water off Aberdeen, on the 30th September, 1812.

Chiton laevigatus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 290.

186 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. TECTIBRANCHIATA.

ORDER VI.— GASTEROPODA INFEROJBRANCHIATA.

The Infero-brancliiate Gasteropoda, having the respi¬
ratory organs in the form of lamellae beneath the pro¬
jecting edge of the mantle, the body always naked and
more or less tubercular, have no representatives in our
seas.

ORDER VII. — GASTEROPODA TECTIBRANCHI ATA.

Respiratory organs composed of branched or pectinated
laminae, attached along the right side or on the back,
and more or less covered by the mantle, which generally
contains in its substance a thin shell.

They are all marine, and have a very complex digestive
apparatus.

Familt I. — Bull^ina.

Animal with the body subglobose, oval, or oblong,
divided into two parts, of which the anterior is often
furnished with lateral lobes ; head destitute of tentacula,
or having these organs rudimentary or united to form an
anterior tentacular disk ; the branchiae placed on the
back, protected by the mantle, often also by a shell.

Shell none, or if present external or internal, generally
very thin and convolute.

Genus 1. Bulimia.

Body oval, elongated, somewhat convex above, trans¬
versely divided into two parts ; lateral lobes of the foot
with a thickish margin, and bent upwards ; head scarcely
distinct, without tentacula ; branchiae dorsal, placed
under the posterior part of the mantle.

SlieU concealed in the substance of the mantle, over
the branchiae, very thin, partially bent in a spiral form,
without spire or columella, the aperture very wide.

MALaCOZOA.

GASTEROPODA. TECTIBRANCHIATA. 187

1. Bullcea punctata. Punctulate Bullcea.

Shell broadly ovato-elliptical, very thin, transparent, glossy,
with numerous longitudinal striae, and transverse raised lines,
leaving regular series of squarish depressions between them, or
presenting longitudinal lines of alternate prominences and de¬
pressions ; the apex truncate, but with the first turn very
slightly projecting; the aperture wide, obovate, hut very nar¬
row at the right side ; the columellar margin exposed and a
little thickened, the outer edge thin, at the right end forming
a rounded lobe ; the colour hyaline-white. Length about a
twelfth, breadth nearly a third less than the length.

Intermediate in form between Bullaea aperta and Bullaea
Catena, but differing from the latter in having the striae not
catenulate, but punctate.

A specimen found by me among shell sand on the beach near
Aberdeen, 3d May, 1842; another in August.

Bulla punctata. Adams, Linn. Trans, vi. PI. 1. f. 6, 7, 8. — Bul¬
laea punctata. Turt. Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 353.

2. Bullcea Catena. Oval Chain-strealced Bullcea.

Shell oval, very thin, transparent, glossy, brittle, pure white ;
subtruncate at the right extremity, rounded at the other ; the
aperture extending its whole length, very wide, narrowed in
its upper fourth ; the outer lip very thin, crenulate, the colu¬
mella exposed ; the apex depressed, scarcely umbilicate, with
two turns, the suture deep ; the surface with numerous regular
distinct divergent longitudinal elevated striae, which present
the appearance of two undulated lines intersecting each other,
or of a chain. Length three-twelfths of an inch, breadth two-
twelfths.

Exactly similar in its markings to Bullaea catenulifera, but
more oval, and differing in the umbilicus.

Not uncommon at Aberdeen, adhering to Actiniae and Asci-
diae, and often on the beach. First observed by me in January,
1842 ; about the same time by Mr. Davidson.

Bulla Catena. Mont. Test. Brit. 215. PI. 7. f. 7. — Bulla Catena.
Flem. Brit. Anim. 294.

3. Bullcea catenulifera. Oblong Chain-streaked Bullcea.

Shell oblongo-cylindrical, very thin, transparent, brittle,
pure white ; truncate at the right extremity, wider and rounded
at the other ; the aperture extending its whole length, narrow
.for a fourth only, then dilated into an oblongo-truncato form,

18S MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. TECTIBRANCHIATA.;

the outer lip very thin, the columella exposed and gently
waved ; the surface with regular distinct divergent longitudinal
striae, which are moniliformly marked, or present the appear¬
ance of two undulated lines intersecting each other, and faint
lines of growth ; the colour white. Length two-eighths, breadth
one-eighth.

The markings are exactly similar to those of Bullaea Catena,
to which however this species has no other direct resemblance.

Common in deep water off Aberdeen, frequently brought up
by the lines adhering to Actiniae, Ascidiae, Shells, and other
bodies ; generally dead, and opaque dull white, or tinged with
brown, but sometimes alive, in which state I have several times
found it.

Genus 2. Bulla.

Body oval or oblong, somewhat convex, transversely
divided into two parts ; hind part of the mantle bent
upwards ; head scarcely distinct, without tentacula;
branchiae dorsal, placed under the hind part of the
mantle.

Shell partially covered by the mantle, oval, or oblong,
convolute, with the aperture wide at one end, the outer
lip thin, the place of the spire occupied by a cavity.

1. Bulla CrdncMi. CrancKs Bulla.

Shell subelliptical, subtruncate at the right extremity, some¬
what narrowed at the left ; the aperture extending its whole
length, narrow at the right end, widened at the other, the outer
lip extending a little beyond the spiral depression, which is
small and deep, with the margin rounded, the columella visible
for a third of its length, and there decurved ; the surface rather
glossy, but longitudinally divergingly striate, about ten of the
striae at the right end, and eighteen at the left larger, all punc¬
tate, and crossed by fine faint lines of growth ; the colour
white, with a broad medial zone of a faint reddish tint. Length
five-twelfths of an inch, breadth three-and-a-half twelfths.

The above description is from an individual found by Mr.
Alexander Davidson, in the Winter of 1841, adhering to a
fishing-line, at Footdee, Aberdeen. Another specimen, in my
possession, was found by Mr. James Smith. It is considered
by Dr. Fleming as identical with his Bulla Cranchii, and pre¬
sents, on being compared with his specimen of that shell, no
other difference than that of size. It was recognized by him,

MADACOZOA.

GASTEROPODA. TECTIBRANCHIATA. 189

it having been accidentally in company with a shell sent to him
for inspection.

Bulla Cranchii. Flem. Brit. Anim. 292.

2. Bulla Candida . Glossy Bulla..

Shell broadly ovate, thin, semitransparent, glossy, with faint
growth-lines ; the apex prominulous, obtuse, two very small
volutions being apparent, but with a slight scrobiculus ; the
aperture wide, ovato-oblong, acute behind, the columellar
margin a little thickened and reflexed, the outer margin thin ;
the colour white. Length two-eighths, breadth more than
half the length.

Found by me in shell sand from the beach near Aberdeen.

Diaphana Candida. Brown, Illustr. PI. 38. f. 13, 14.

Genus 3. Halia,

Shell subovate, spiral ; the spire short, convex, ob¬
tuse ; the turns rapidly enlarging, separated by an im¬
pressed suture, the last very large, tumid ; the aperture
large subovato-trigonal, acute behind, anteriorly curved
outwards and ending in a rather wide notch, the outer
lip thin, the inner formed by the thin-edged sinuous
columella before, without peristome or umbilicus.

This genus, instituted by Risso, is correctly placed
by him in the family of “Aceres,” and between the
genera Bullina and Acera. But its affinities, one might
at first think, to be most obviously among the Bucci-
nina and Fusina. The form of the mouth is, in fact,
almost the same as that of a young, thin-lipped Bucci-
num undatum of the same size.

1. Halia Flemingidna. Fleming's Halia .

Shell subovate, thin, brittle, glossy, semitransparent ; of four
turns, which are convex, obsoletely striated longitudinally and
transversely ; the apex very obtuse ; the suture distinct ; the
aperture two-thirds of the whole length, subovato-trigonal,
acute behind, the thin-edged outer lip forming the fourth of a
circle, the inner side sinuous, its posterior half formed by the
body-whorl, the anterior by the thin flexuous edge of the colu¬
mella, the anterior extremity curved to the left in the form of
a short and rather wide canal ; the colour pure white. Length
seven-twelfths of an inch, breadth half the length.

190 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. TECTIBRANCHIATA.

The only specimen seen by me, and which is in my collec¬
tion, was presented to me by one of my pupils, Mr. James
Smith, in the Spring of 1842. It was brought up from deep
■water, off Aberdeen, by one of the fishing-lines.

Although most closely allied to Halia helicoides of Risso : —
Hist. Nat. des principals Productions del’Europe Meridionale,
iv. 2. PI. 6. f. 79. it differs specifically, that shell being de¬
scribed as “ opaca, anfractibus quinque, striis transversis (non-
nullis antiquatis) sculp tis,” and according to the figure having
the spire narrower, the canal longer, and the striae more distinct.
That species is stated to be an exanimate denizen of the
“ Argile tertiaire de Magnan.”

This being one of the most interesting additions that could
be made to our Scottish Fauna, I have thought it worthy of
being dedicated to one who by his many discoveries has added
so much to our knowledge of nature, and who is the only Ma-
lacologist personally known to me in the north of Scotland.

Neither it nor Risso’s Halia helicoides have any affinity to
Natica helicoides of Dr. Johnston. Every naturalist to whom
I have shewn it, has suspected it to be a young Fusus or Buc-
cinum, to which it bears that general resemblance which a
cow has to a sheep.

Genus 4. Bullina.

Sliell internal, cylindrical, convolute, with the aper¬
ture very narrow, a little wider anteriorly, the outer lip
very thin, the place of the spire occupied by a cavity.

1. Bullina umbilicata. Oblong Bullina.

Shell oblongo-cylindrical, thin, semitransparent, glossy,
with faint growth-lines; the left extremity rounded, with a
deep and narrow umbilicus ; the aperture extending the whole
length, very narrow for more than half, then oblong, the outer
lip thin, extending slightly beyond the margin of the spiral
depression, the columella visible for a fourth of its length, and
there reflected; the colour white. Length an eighth of an
inch.

Found by me in shell sand from the beach near Aberdeen ;
also in shell sand from Cruden Bay, sent by Mr. Murray.

Bulla umbilicata. Mont. Test. Brit. PI. 7. f. 4. — Bulla umbili-
cata. Turt. Conch, Diet. — Bulla umbilicata. Flem. Brit. Anim.
293.

MALACOZOA.

GASTEROPODA. NUDIBRANCHIATA. 191

2. BulUna truncata. Semiplicate Bullina,

Shell subcylindrical, thin, transparent, glossy, with distinct
shallow sulci extending over half its length from the left ex¬
tremity, which is truncate, with a wide and shallow umbilicus,
exposing a whorl and the central obtuse apex ; the aperture
extending the whole length, very narrow for about half, then
.ovato-oblong, the outer" lip thin, the columella visible for a
third of its length, and there reflected ; the colour white.
Length nearly two-twelfths, breadth half the length.

Found by me in shell sand from the beach near Aberdeen ;
also in shell sand, from Cruden Bay, sent by Mr. Alex. Mur¬
ray.

Bulla truncata. Adams, Linn. Trans, i. PI. 1. f. 12. — Bulla
truncata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 293. — Bulla truncata. Mont. Test.
Brit. 223. PI. 7. f. 5.

3. Bullina cylindracea. Cylindric Bullina.

Shell subcylindrical, rather thin, or thick, transparent, glossy
rugose, with strong growth-lines, and covered with a greenish
or yellowish epidermis, truncate, with a deep umbilicus, expos¬
ing two whorls ; the aperture extending the whole length, ex¬
tremely narrow for nearly two-thirds, then ovato-oblong, the
outer lip thin, the inner reflected, and having a slight promi¬
nence at the end of the columella ; the colour of the shell
hyaline-white. Length four-twelfths, breadth less than half
the length.

Frequently brought up by the lines adhering to ascidiae,
and not uncommon in shell shand, on the beach at Aberdeen,
where it has become opaque and white. Found also at Slains
by Mr. Alex. Murray, and at the Cove, by Mr. Fergusson.

Bulla cylindracea. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 117. PI. 70. f. 85. —
Bulla cylindracea. Mont. Test. Brit. PI. 7. f. 2. — Bulla cylindra¬
cea. Fiem. Brit. Anim. 293.

ORDER VIIL— GASTEROPODA NUDIBRANCHIATA.

Respiratory apparatus consisting of branchial tufts or
papiUae on the back, exposed, and symmetrically arranged,
whether in the middle or along the sides.

192 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. NUDIBRANCHIATS.

The animals of this order, all marine, have a consi¬
derable resemblance to Slugs, and crawl much in the
same manner as they.

SECTION I. — POLYBUANCHIATA.

Branchice numerous , in the form of arbuscules, lamina, or
papilla, disposed along the sides of the body above.

Family I. — ^Eolidina.

Body oval, oblong, or elongated, limaciform, with the
skin smooth ; the branchiae in the form of shreds, cirri,
or papillae, disposed along the sides ; two pairs of tenta-
cula, the one occipital, the other frontal; the eyes
placed behind the latter.

Genus 1. JEolis.

Body oblong, tapering to a point behind, convex above,
flat beneath ; head short, with four tentacula, two upper
and two labial ; eyes two, placed at the base of the upper
tentacula ; branchiae of numerous soft filaments or
laminae, disposed in rows along the sides of the back ;
genital and alimentary organs terminating on the right
side.

1 . JEolis papillosa. Papillate IE oils.

Body linear-oblong, tapering behind to an obtuse point,
convex above, flattened beneath, laterally compressed ; the
head with four tentacula, the upper conical, obtuse ; the back
smooth, its sides with numerous soft, subulate, branchial fila¬
ments, extending their whole length, those nearest the foot
shorter; the mouth with a thick circular margin, an internal
very thin circular lip, and opening by a vertical slit, bounded
by two thin horny plates, of which the tip is pointed; foot
oblong, anteriorly abrupt, with the angles pointed, obtuse be¬
hind ; the colour dusky, tinged with purple, the branchiae
brownish-black. Length about two inches.

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. NUD1BRANCHIATA. 193

The above description from an individual found, in April,
1842, by Mr. Leslie, among the rocks at Collieston.

Limax papillosus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 285. — Eolida papillosa.
Flem. Brit. Auim. 285. — Eolidia papillosa. Johnst. Ann. of Nat.
Hist. i. 118.

2. JEolis Murraydna. Murray's JEolis.

Body oblong, tapering behind to an obtuse point, convex
above, bare along the middle of the back, at its sides continu¬
ously covered with very large oblongo-conical, round or some¬
what compressed obtuse branchial papillae, in several series ;
head depressed ; upper tentacula conical, obtuse, granulate ;
mouth proboscidiform, with a very thick external, circular
margin, a very thin inner, and opening by a vertical slit,
bounded by two large thin, anteriorly convex, horny plates ;
foot oblong, anteriorly abrupt, rounded at the angles, on the
margin waved, gradually narrowed, obtuse behind ; the back
bluish-white, with the papillae bluish-grey, the upper tentacula
rose-red, the mouth reddish-white, the foot white. Length
seven-twelfths of an inch.

Found by Mr. Alexander Murray, in September, 1842,
under a stone, on the beach at St. Fergus; several specimens
also sent by him in December.

In this species the papillae are larger and more closely set
than in JEolis papillosa, from which it differs further in having
the anterior angles of the foot rounded. Not finding a de¬
scription exactly agreeing with it, I have named it as above.

3. JEolis Cuvier ii. Cuvier's JEolis.

Body slender, tapering behind to a fine point, convex above,
bare along the middle of the back, at its sides covered with
elongated tapering, obtuse papillae, arranged in transverse
series ; head depressed, somewhat truncate ; upper tentacula
elongated, subulate; mouth with two long similar tentacula
on each side; foot linear-oblong, slightly marginate, its an¬
terior part acutely biangulate, or extended into tentacula ;
upper parts pale purplish or reddish-grey, the branchiae pink ;
the tentacula hyaline-white ; the foot reddisli-wliite. Length
an inch and a-half.

Two specimens found by me, in a pool among the rocks, at
Collieston, in April, 1842.

EolisCuvierii. Lamk. Svst. vi. 1. 302. — Eolidia Cuvierii. Johnst*
Ann. of Nat. Hist. i. 120. PL 3. f. 9, 10, 11.

R

194 MALACQZOA. GASTEROPODA.

NUDIBRANCHIATA.

4. JEolis Leslidna. Leslie's JEolis.

Body elongated, tapering behind, flat beneath, convex above ;
the medial bare space along the back very narrow, linear-
lanceolate, white, with an oval brown obtuse prominence about
the middle ; on each side about a hundred and sixty papillae,
disposed, in about thirty transverse rows, or, if examined when
the animal is in a state of repose, of about fifteen oblique
rows ; those near the middle of the back lanceolate, compressed,
rather obtuse, rugoso-undulate, those along the sides shorter,
linear, a little enlarged at the tip, their colour a faint pinkish
tint, margined and tipped with white ; a tuft of about forty
smaller papillae on each side, about and anterior to the upper
tentacula, which are conico-subulate, rather obtuse, granulate,
brown, at the end pale reddish-yellow, and arising each from
an oblong elevated brown space ; the anterior tentacula long,
subulato-setaceous, hyaline, with a white line in each, running
backward into a triangular white space before the upper ten¬
tacula, and from which proceeds backward a medial narrow
white line, between the two elongated brown spaces mentioned,
expanding into a triangular white space, succeeded by the
brown dorsal prominence, which is margined by a curved white
line on each side, the two meeting behind it, in the tapering
white line which extends to the end of the body ; the margin
of the mantle thin, considerably extended ; the foot hyaline-
white, oblong, anteriorly rounded in a semicircular form, with
a small decurved tapering point on either side, the margins
very thin, undulated, the hind part gradually attenuated into
a point, having a small denticle on each side. Length an inch
and a-half.

This remarkable, and prominently marked species, I first
found in the beginning of October, 1842, in crevices of the
rocks on the Girdleness, at Aberdeen. It being, in so far as
I can learn, not described, and certainly not by Dr. Fleming,
Dr. Johnston, or Mr. Alder, in their respective works or
memoirs, I have named it after my good friend James Leslie,
Esq., who was writh me at the time of its discovery, and also
obtained a specimen.

It resides in crevices filled with water, and when at rest
presents somewhat of the appearance of an Actinia with its
filaments extended. Its movements are very slow. When
advancing, it continually moves its anterior tentacula, appa¬
rently using them as instruments of touch, and keeps the
upper extended divergently. The tentacula are retractile, and
the upper can be entirely withdrawn. The tail or hind part

MALAGOZOA. GASTEROPODA. NUDIBRANCHIATA. 195

of the foot, protrudes far beyond the last papillae. It can also
creep or repose at the surface of the water, with its back below.
When reposing it assumes an elliptical form, contracts the an¬
terior antennae, but leaves the upper extended. In a vessel
with sea-water, it has a habit of reposing for hours at the sur¬
face with the back beneath, the foot contracted to an elliptical
form, the oval tentacula half-contracted and curved backwards.
It also frequently creeps out of the water, and reposes in the
air.

Family II. — Tritoniina.

Body oval, oblong, or elongated, with the branchiae
in the form of arbuscules or papillae disposed along the
sides, two tentacula retractile into a kind of sunk sheath ;
a membranous veil over the mouth ; terminations of the
genital and alimentary organs distant, on the right side.

Genus 1 . Tritonia.

Body oval or oblong, convex above, flattened and hav¬
ing a broad muscular disk or foot beneath ; the head
broad, with two retractile, pectinate or tufted tentacula ; a
broad semicircular veil over the mouth, which is furnished
with two lateral thin-edged and denticulate teeth ; bran¬
chiae in the form of tufts or plumes arranged symmetri¬
cally on the two sides of the body.

1. Tritonia arbor escens. Arborescent Tritonia.

Body oblong, convex above, smooth ; with four feathery
appendages on the margin of the veil over the mouth ; tenta¬
cula conical, transversely striated ; branchiae in distinct decom¬
posed tufts, six on each side, decreasing in size from the head
backwards ; foot narrow ; the colour above dusky, of the bran¬
chiae darker, of the lower parts whitish. Length about an inch,
height nearly half the length.

An individual brought up by the lines from deep water off
Aberdeen, presented to me in the Winter of 1841.

Tritonia arborescens. Cuv. Mem. 28. PI. 1. f. 8, 9, 10. — Tritonia
arborescens. Flem. Brit. Anim. 284. — Tritonia arborescens. Johnst.
Ann. of Nat. Hist. i. 115.

19G MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. NUD1BRANCHL4TA.

2. Tritonia plebeia. Plebeian Tritonia.

Body oblong, tapering to an obtuse point, convex above,
laterally compressed, flat beneath ; the mantle slightly rugoso-
granulate, not forming a margin laterally, but prolonged an¬
teriorly into a kind of veil having seven prominent papillae, of
which the lateral are longest ; tentacula cylindrical, obtuse,
divided into several pinnatifid segments, their sheaths with the
margin entire ; branchial tufts small, six on each side ; foot
oblong, without prominent margin ; upper parts greyish-
yellow, sides yellowish, variegated with tortuous branched
dusky lines, lower parts pale yellow. Length eight-twelfths
of an inch, height two-and-a-half twelfths.

An individual from deep water off Aberdeen found by my
son John in March, 1842.

Tritonia plebeia. Johnst. Edinb. New Phil. Joum. v. 77 ; Ann.
of Nat. Hist. i. 1 15. PI. 3. f. 3, 4.

SECTION II.— CYCLOBRANCHIATA.

Branchiee in the form of arbuscules symmetrically disposed
around , or anteriorly to the anus ; which is placed in the
median line , near the posterior part of the body above; the
shin tuberculated .

Family I. — Dorina.

Animal with the body oval or elliptical, flat beneath,
more or less convex above ; the head indistinct ; the
tentacula four, two larger on the head above, two smaller
near the mouth, under the edge of the mantle ; mouth
with a denticulate lingual mass ; the mantle covering the
body above, and projecting all round, so as to extend
beyond and conceal the head and foot, when the animal
is viewed from above ; the foot large, oval, elliptical, or
oblong ; the branchiae tufted, and disposed in a circular
form at the hind part of the body above, before the anal
aperture.

The species, which are all marine, have a great resem¬
blance to Slugs, and crawl much in the same manner.

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. NUDIBRANCHIATA. 197

Some of them however employ the expanded margins of
the mantle for swimming.

Genus 1 . Doris.

Body oval, flat beneath, convex above, where it is
covered by the mantle, the margin of which projects all
round over the foot and mouth. Four tentacula: two
upper obtuse, capable of being withdrawn into a cavity ;
two lower or anterior very small, near the mouth, under
the edge of the mantle. Mouth near the anterior edge
of the foot, in the form of a short fleshy tube, toothless,
but with a denticulate lingual mass. Foot elongated,
oval or oblong, broader before. Branchiae in the form
of tufts, arranged circularly, on the superior, posterior,
medial part of the body, immediately before or surround¬
ing the anal aperture. Genital organs terminating in a
common tubercle or papilla at the anterior third of the
right side, between the foot and the edge of the mantle.

Marine, residing in clefts of rocks, under stones, or
on fuci, and creeping in the manner of Slugs.

1. Doris tuberculdta. Tuber culated Doris.

Body ovato-elliptical, convex above, and covered with
small, unequal, depressed, granulated tubercles ; the margin
of the mantle thick, somewhat undulated, projecting con¬
siderably beyond the foot, rounded and repand anteriorly ;
the foot elliptical, broader before, with the margin waved ;
the two upper tentacula distant, mammilliform, with the
terminal half pinnatifido-lamellate ; the two oral tentacula
thick, obtuse, near the mouth, at its base ; the mouth small ;
the branchial tufts eight, tripinnate, circularly disposed on the
hind part of the body above ; the space between the edge of
the mantle and the foot minutely granulate, nearly smooth ;
the genital organs terminating in a prominent conical rugose
papilla, in a cavity on the right side, under the mantle-edge,
at the anterior third of the length of the body ; the colour pale
leaden grey above, partly with a tinge of yellowish, and irre¬
gularly spotted with dark-grey, as well as a few pink dots.
Length an inch and three-fourths, breadth nine-twelfths.

The above description from three specimens found by Mr.
Alex. Murray, on the coast of Cruden, in December, 1812.

R 2

198 MALACOZOA> GASTEROPODA. NUDIBRANCHIA7A,

Doris Argo. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 43. PI. 22. f. 22. — Doris tu¬
berculata. Cuv. Mem. 23. PI. 2. f. 4. — Doris tuberculata Lamk.
Syst. vi. 31 1. — Doris tuberculata. Delle Chiaje, Anim. di Nap. iii.
134. PI. 38. f. 21. — Doris Argo. Flem. Brit. Anim. 282. — Doris
tuberculata. Joknst. Ann. of Nat. Hist. i. 50. PI. 2. f. 1, 2, 3.

2. Doris obvelata. Veiled Doris.

Body oblongo-elliptical, depressed, little convex above, and
covered with very small, unequal, much depressed, granulated
tubercles ; the margin of the mantle thin, somewhat un¬
dulated, projecting far beyond the foot, rounded anteriorly ;
the foot oblong, broader before, with the margin repand ; the
two upper tentacula distant, mammilliform, rugoso-granulate ;
the two oral tentacula thick, obtuse, near the mouth, the space
over which is roughish ; the branchial tufts numerous, bipin-
nate, circularly disposed on the hind part of the body above ;
the space between the edge of the mantle and the foot mi¬
nutely granulate ; the genital organs terminating in a pro¬
minent conical rugose papilla, in a cavity on the right side,
under the mantle-edge, at the anterior third of the length of
the body ; the colour pale yellow above, and of a lighter tint
beneath. Length an inch and a-half, breadth more than a
third of the length.

The above description from a specimen found by Mr. Leslie
on the coast of Kincardineshire.

Doris obvelata. Lamk. Syst. vi. 311. — Doris obvelata. John
ston, Ann. of Nat. Hist. 52.

3. Doris bilamelldta. Papillate Doris.

Body oval, depressed, and covered with numerous unequal
diversiform papillae, generally hemispherical above, more
crowded and elongated toward the margins, somewhat de¬
pressed at the anterior part ; the margin of the mantle thin,
slightly repand, projecting considerably beyond the foot, and
rounded at both ends ; the foot elliptical, with the margin
slightly waved, somewhat emarginate before, rounded behind ;
the two upper tentacula conico-acuminate, retractile into a
cavity, on each side of which is a tubercle, and minutely tuber-
culate or rugous ; a short semicircular veil over the mouth,
somewhat crenate on the margin ; the mouth transversely ob¬
long, small, close to the edge of the foot; branchial tufts
numerous, pinnate, disposed in a semicircle ; genital papilla
on the right side, at about a third of the length of the body ;

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. CIRROBRANCHIATA. 199

the colour yellowish-white. Length nearly an inch, breadth
nearly half the length.

The above description from two specimens found by Mr.
Leslie on the coast of Kincardineshire.

Doris bilamellata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1083. — Doris fusca. Lamb.
Syst. vi. 1. 312 ; Ed. 2. vii. — Doris verrucosa. Penn. Brit. Zool.
iv. 43. PI. 21. f. 23? — Doris verrucosa. Flem. Brit. Anim. 282. —
Doris bilamellata. Johnst. Ann. of Nat. Hist. i. 53.

4. Doris aspera. Rough Doris .

Body ovato-elliptical, very convex above, and covered with
rather large, nearly equal, round tubercles ; the margin of the
mantle thick, not extending far beyond the foot, and at its
fore part crenate ; the foot ovato-oblong, somewhat repand
before, obtusely pointed behind ; the two upper tentacula dis¬
tant, subcylindrical, obtuse, rugoso-granulate ; the two lower
very small, approximated ; the space over the mouth granu¬
lated ; the mouth transversely oblong, small, close to the edge
of the foot; branchial tufts of about ten small pectinated
laminae, disposed in a circle and retractile ; the space between
the mantle and the foot minutely granulated ; the colour
hyaline- white ; the upper tentacula with a faint tinge of a red¬
dish-yellow. Length of an individual nearly half an inch,
breadth two-and-a-half twelfths, height two-twelfths and a
fourth.

Found by me in September, 1842, on fuci cast on the
sands, near Don mouth, and at the Black Dog of Belhelvie.

Doris aspera ? Alder and Hancock. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist,
ix. 30.

ORDER IX.— GASTEROPODA CIRROBRANCHIATA.

Respiratory apparatus composed of tufts of tentacular
filaments situated on the sides of the neck.

Family I.- — Dentaliina.

Animal much elongated, conical, covered with a conico-
tubular shell, open at both ends.

Genus 1. Dentalium. Tooth-Shell.

Animal much elongated, conical, covered with a long
tapering, slightly curved shell, the dorsal surface of the

200 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. CIRROBRANCHIATA.

animal corresponding with the convexity of the shell ;
mantle attached posteriorly to the origin of the foot, free
and thickened anteriorly by a circular muscle capable of
closing the shell, and through the centre of which is
protruded the foot, which is elongated, subcylindrical,
with a conical protuberance in the middle of its anterior
corolliform extremity ; the head indistinct, situated about
a third up, composed chiefly of a mouth having two in¬
ternal horny spherical jaws, and two lips, each with three
pairs of labial tentacula ; oesophagus short, stomach
pyriform, containing a complex dental apparatus ; intes¬
tine straight, slender, terminating at the posterior ex¬
tremity of the body ; branchiae two, symmetrically
disposed on the upper and lateral parts of the neck, and
composed of numerous tentacular filaments.

Shell much elongated, conical, slightly curved, open
at both ends with circular apertures.

1. Dentdlium Entails. Common Tooth-Shell.

Shell tubular, elongated-conical, slightly curved, tapering
almost to a point, but truncate at the tip, and having a small
slit in the margin of its posterior aperture on the dorsal side ;
the surface glossy, nearly smooth, being obsoletely longitu¬
dinally and transversely striulate ; the colour white. Length
two inches, breadth nearly two-twelfths.

Although placed by M. Deshayes in the section including the
species which have the tip not slit, this, when perfect, always
has a small fissure at the end. This error has of course arisen
from the very rare occurrence of entire shells. Of twenty of
the best specimens which I could obtain only five have the
slender extremity complete.

Abundant in deep water off Aberdeen, Boddam, Peterhead,
and Cruden, and very frequently brought up by the lines,
seldom with the animal, but often containing a siphunculus.

Dentalium Entalis. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1263. — Dentalium En-
tabs. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 145. PI. 90. f. 154. — Dentalium En
tabs. Lamk. Syst. v. 345. — Dentabum Entalis. Mont. Test. Brit.
494.

201

CLASS IV.— TROPIOPODA.

Body compressed, covered by the mantle, and enclosed
in a bivalve, hinged shell ; head not distinct ; mouth
with four flattened labial appendages ; a compressed
muscular foot attached to the abdomen.

Acephala . Cuvier. Mollusca Bivalvia. Tponis, a
keel, or Tponr), turning ; 7 rovs, foot.

Animal compressed, higher than broad, with two
nearly equal and similar sides, and enclosed in a bivalve
hinged shell. Head not distinct. Mouth situated an¬
teriorly, between four flattened labial palpi ; oesophagus
generally short ; stomach pyriform ; intestine convoluted
within the liver and ovary, continued along the back to
the vent, of nearly equal width throughout. Liver very
large, discharging the bile into the stomach by biliary
crypts. Circulatory apparatus, a ventricle and an arterial
system, and a venous system with two auricles. Two
pairs of laminiform transversely striated branchiae, situ¬
ated between the mantle and the body. Generative
system an ovary enveloped in the visceral mass. Ner¬
vous system very simple ; no cerebral mass, or head ;
nor any organs of sense besides those of taste and touch.
A generally compressed muscular foot. Two adductor
muscles, sometimes approximated so as to seem single,
generally distant, for the valves of the shell. Mantle
very large, thin, laminiform, induplicate, and enclosing
the body. Shell of two distinct pieces, or valves, cover¬
ing the mantle, and having at its upper part an elastic

202

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA.

ligament, which throws them open, when the adductor
muscles are relaxed.

The Tropiopoda so graduate into each other that the
attempts to separate them into orders have been unsuc¬
cessful. Lamarck instituted a division of them into
Monomyaria and Dimyaria, or those with one adductor
muscle, and those with two, and many authors have
adopted this arrangement, confessing however that there
is no real distinction between the groups, and that species
considered by some as Monomyarian are in fact furnished
with two muscles, although the anterior muscle is very
small. A little more complexity in the organization of
a cockle than in that of a clam does not appear to me to
furnish a sufficient reason for referring these animals to
two distinct orders. It is even difficult to divide this
class into well-characterized families, founded on promi¬
nent distinctions in the organization of the animals,
while nothing can be more easy than to form groups
depending merely on differences in the shells.

Many of these animals live absolutely fixed to a par¬
ticular spot, others have merely a little locomotion in a
hole in sand or mud, some are enclosed in stone or wood,
and few move about from place to place, the foot or
fleshy appendage of most of them not being formed for
creeping. They are all aquatic, and feed on organic
particles. Many species are used as food, some being
generally esteemed delicious, and in this respect they rank
much higher than the Gasteropoda.

MALACOZOA.

TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 203

SYNOPSIS OF THE ABERDEENSHIRE SPECIES.

ORDER I.— TROPIOPODA LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Respiratory organs of two unequal pairs of very thin
expanded branchiae, on the sides of the body, within the
mantle.

Lamella , a thin plate ; branchiae, gills. Elainville.

Monomyaria. A Single Adductor Muscle.

Family I. — Pectinina.

Body roundish, compressed, with the lobes of the
mantle disunited beneath, their margin thickened and
fringed with filaments ; the foot very small. Shell in-
equivalve, auriculate, more or less radiatingly costate or
striate, the hinge toothless, with a central depression for
the ligament ; the muscular impression very large, sub¬
central. Named from the genus Pecten.

Genus 1. Pecten. — Shell free, regular, inequivalve,
roundish, compressed, divergently costate ; umbones
very small, pointed ; ligament internal, trigonal. Pecten ,
a comb. Lister.

1. Pecten mdximus. — Shell nearly orbicular, inequi¬
valve, with sixteen convex ribs, which, with their nearly
equal convex interstices, are longitudinally striate ; the
upper valve flat. Named from being the largest known.

2. Pecten opercularis. — Shell nearly orbicular, inequi¬
valve, with twenty-two convex subcarinate ribs, which,
with their concave interstices, are longitudinally striate,
and transversely lamelloso-striate ; the upper valve con¬
vex. Opercularis , resembling a lid.

3. Pecten vdrius. — Shell roundish, somewhat oval,
nearly equivalve, with about thirty-two rounded, some¬
what compressed, irregularly echinato-laminate ribs.
Varius, of different colours.

4. Pecten Isabellas. — Shell roundish- oval, nearly equi¬
valve, little convex, with twenty-four slender, compressed.

204 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCI1IATA.

rounded ribs, witli very numerous thin-edged lamellae,
toward the margin rising into triangular spines. Named
after Miss Isabella Macgillivray.

5. Pecten sinudsus. — Shell somewhat orbicular, irre¬
gularly undulated or distorted, with about forty crowded,
unequal, more or less scaly or spinous ribs. Sinuosus,
winding, or uneven.

6. Pecten Pusio. — Shell ovate or ovato-oblong, equi-
valve, with about forty alternately large and small, re¬
gular, somewhat nodose ribs, becoming somewhat spinous
toward the margin ; one of the ears almost obliterated.
Pusio , a dwarf.

7. Pecten Islandicus. — Shell suborbicular, subequi-
valve, with about forty, crowded, narrow, convex, lamel-
loso-striate, subscabrous ribs, which subdivide, so as to
amount to more than a hundred toward the margin.
Named from being found in Iceland.

8. Pecten obsoletus. — Shell triangulari-orbicular, thin,
subdiaphanous, little convex, minutely shagreened with
divergent striulee crossed by smaller, variously costate or
striate, and varying in colour. Obsoletus , worn smooth.

9. Pecten Icevis. — Shell orbicular, subtriangular, little
convex, very thin, semitransparent, glossy, smooth ; the
two sides equal ; the auricles unequal, radiatingly stri¬
ated ; the colour various. Leeds, smooth.

10. Pecten similis. — Shell orbicular, flattisli, very
thin, semitransparent, glossy, smooth; one side more
produced ; the auricles nearly equal in length, smooth ;
the colour various. Similis, similar to the last.

1 1 . Pecten tumidus. — Shell suborbicular, flattisli, thin,
smooth, semitransparent hyaline toward the margins,
opaque-white in the centre ; one side tumid, or much
produced and rounded. Tumidus , swollen.

Genus 2. Lima. — Shell free, oval or oblong, equivalve,
anisomeral, thin, fragile ; the hinge-line straight ; an
external triangular depression for the ligament ; the
valves radiatingly striate or costulate. Lima , a file.
Lruguiere.

1 . Lima Loscdmbi. — Shell obliquely oval-oblong, tumid,

MALACOZOA. TROPIOFODA. LAMELLIBRANCH1ATA. 205

pellucid, with numerous radiating costulse and interven¬
ing striae. Named after Mrs. Loscombe.

Genus 3. Crenella. — Shell free, subelliptical, equi-
valve, isomeral, convex, pearly ; the hinge with a single
abrupt fold in each valve ; the ligament external, in a
narrow groove, under the umbones, which are prominent
and contiguous ; the valves radiatingly striate, and con¬
centrically striulate. Named by Capt. Brown apparently
from its crenulate appearance.

1. Crenella decussdta. — Only one species known.
Decussdtus, marked with lines crossing each other.

Genus 4. Anomia. — Shell adherent, irregular, inequi-
valve, delicate, fragile ; the lower valve flat, with an
aperture or notch near the hinge, for the attachment of
the animal to some hard substance. Linnaeus.

1 . Andmia Ephippium. — Shell roundish, but variable ;
the upper valve little convex, irregularly undulated,
sqamoso-lamellate, with the umbc small. Ephippium ,
a saddle.

2. Anomia Squdmula. — Shell roundish, very thin ; the
upper valve little convex, smooth, with the umbo small.
Squdmula , a little scale.

3. An6mia unduldta. — Shell roundish, moderately
thin ; the upper valve little convex, concentrically rugose,
and radiated with irregular undulated ribs. Unduldtus ,
waved.

4. Andmia aculeata. — Shell roundish, thin, opaque,
white ; the upper valve with numerous radiating lamel-
loso-spinous ridges ; the umbo glossy and projecting.
Aculedtus , prickly.

5. Andmia punctata. — Shell orbicular, thin, trans¬
parent ; the upper valve little convex, undulatingly ru¬
gose, with roundish pustular prominences ; the dorsal
outline even or little rounded. Punctditus, covered with
raised dots.

C. Andmia cylindrica. — Shell subovate, thin, subpel-
lucid; the upper valve very convex, squamoso-rugose,

s

206 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

with the umbo convex, narrowed to an obtuse decurved
projecting point. Cylindricus, long and round.

7. Andmia strioldta. — Shell subovate, thin, subpellu-
cid ; the upper valve very convex, somewhat gibbous,
squamoso-rugose, with radiating striae. Striolatus, with
small streaks or ridges.

Dimyaria. With two adductor muscles.

Family II. — Mytilina.

Animal oblong, with the mantle open beneath, co¬
herent behind, forming a single orifice ; the foot slender,
tongue-shaped, with a byssus at its base behind. Shell
regular, equivalve, very inequilateral ; the hinge tooth¬
less ; the ligament linear and dorsal ; the anterior mus¬
cular impression very small. Named from the genus
Mytilus.

Genus 1. Mytilus. — Shell oblong or obovate, equi¬
valve, extremely inequilateral, convex ; the umbones
small, prominulous, terminal. Mytilus , a mussel.
Linnaeus.

1 . Mytilus edulis. — Shell ovato-oblong, extremely
variable in form, size, and colour. Edulis , eatable.

A. M. edulis vulgaris. Common.

B. M. edulis pellucidus. Pellucid.

C. M. edulis incurvatus. Incurved.

D. M. edulis angulatus. Angulate.

E. M. edulis pusillus. Diminutive.

Genus 2. Modiola. — Shell oblong or obovate, equi¬
valve, very inequilateral, convex ; the umbones small,
prominulous, nearly terminal.

1 . Modiola barbdta. — Shell obovato-oblong, very con¬
vex, more or less covered with filamentary processes of
the epidermis. Barbatus, bearded.

2. Modiola discrepans. — Shell obovate, compressed,
anteriorly and posteriorly radiatingly striate, smooth in
the middle. Discrepans, discordantly marked.

3. Modiola discors. — Shell ovate, tumid, anteriorly

MALACOZOA. TROPIOrODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 207

and posteriorly radiatingly striate, smooth in the middle.
Discors , discordant, or with diversiform markings.

Genus 3. Pinna. — Shell elongated, obovato-triangular,
equivalve, inequilateral, moderately convex, compressed
behind, thin, horny, semitransparent, fragile. Pinna,
a sea-fan. Linnaeus.

1 . Pinna ingens. — Shell oblongo-triangular, moderately
convex, with the dorsal line nearly straight, the end
rounded, the valves thin, brittle, yellowish-brown or
dusky, with about ten longitudinal narrow, obtuse ridges
on the half next the ligament, disappearing beyond the
middle. Ingens, very large.

Family III. — Unionina.

Animal oblong, elliptical, or roundish, with the mantle
open beneath, coherent behind, forming two orifices, the
lower barbate ; the foot large, compressed, tapering ;
both adductor muscles large. Shell regular, equivalve,
inequilateral, with a strong epidermis ; the ligament
linear and dorsal; the anterior muscular impression large.

Genus 1. Alasmodon. — Shell equivalve, very inequi¬
lateral, compressed, concentrically rugose ; umbones
small, incurved, carious ; hinge with an irregular pro¬
minent crenulated tooth in one valve, two in the other.

1. Alasmodon margaritiferus. — Shell ovato-oblong,
rather compressed, thick, rugose, becoming curved when
old. Margarita, a pearl ; fero , to bear.

Genus 2. Anodon. — Shell equivalve, very inequilateral,
convex, concentrically rugose, thin ; umbones small ;
hinge toothless, but with a lamina under the ligament.
’A, without; 68ovs , a tooth. Lamarck.

1. Anodon anatinus. — Shell ovate, moderately con¬
vex, thin, rugose, the anterior end short and rounded,
the posterior truncato-angulate. Anatinus, from anas,
a duck.

Family IY. — Arcina.

Animal oblong, or roundish, with the mantle open in
its wdiole length, and destitute of tubes ; the foot very

208 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELL1BRANCHIATA.

short, thick, truncated ; two adductor muscles. Shell
equivalve, inequilateral, with an epidermis ; the hinge
with numerous small interlocking teeth ; the ligament
partly external.

Genus 1. Nucula. — Shell ovato-trigonal or oblong, in¬
equilateral ; umbones small, contiguous ; incurved ;
hinge with a central oblique cavity, and on each side
numerous small, compressed teeth. Nucula , diminutive
of Nux, a nut. Lamarck.

1 . Nucula Nucleus. — Shell obliquely ovato-triangular,
with the margin internally crenate. Nucleus , a nut.

2. Nucula tenuis. — Shell obliquely ovate, with the
margin internally smooth. Tenuis , thin.

3. Nucula rostrata. — Shell elongated, with the pos¬
terior end rounded, the anterior extended, narrowed,
and truncate ; the surface concentrically rugoso-striate.
Rostrdtus , having a beak.

4. Nucula minuta. — Shell ovato-lanceolate, with the
posterior end rounded, the anterior extended, narrowed,
and truncate ; a depression under each umbo, separating
the teeth ; the surface concentrically striulate, with a
few convex ridges toward the margins. Minutus , very
small.

Family Y. — Cycladina.

Animal oval or roundish, more or less compressed,
with the mantle-lobes free beneath, united behind, and
forming an internally double tube ; the foot very ex¬
tensile, elongated. Shell suboval or roundish, very thin,
with a delicate epidermis ; the umbones prominent ; the
hinge with two or three divergent laminar teeth ; the
ligament external. Name from the Genus Cyclas.

Genus 1 . Cyclas. — Shell elliptical or oval, subglobose,
very thin ; umbones tumid, obtuse, about the middle ;
siphons separated toward the end. Named from its
globular form ; Cyclus, a circle. Lamarck.

1 . Cyclas jlavescens. — Shell rhomboido-elliptical, ven-
tricose, somewhat inequilateral; the valves very thin.

MALAC0Z0A. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIIiRANCHIATA. 209

finely striate ; the epidermis pale greyish-yellow. Fla-
vescens , yellowish.

Genus 2. Pisidium. — Shell suboval, subtrigonal, very
thin ; umbones tumid, nearer one end ; siphons united.
Pisum , a pea. Scopoli, Pfeiffer.

1 . Pisidium Joannis. — Shell broadly ovate, mode¬
rately convex, thin, glossy, distinctly concentrically stri¬
ate, with more marked growth-lines ; the umbones
tumid, obtuse, smooth at the apex, somewhat nearer the
anterior end ; the dorsal slope a little convex, both ends
rounded ; the colour greyish-yellow. Named after Mr.
John Macgillivray.

2. Pisidium Jenynsii. — Shell obliquely ovate, mode¬
rately convex, very thin, glossy, finely but distinctly and
regularly concentrically striate, with a few more marked
growth-lines ; the umbones tumid, obtuse, considerably
nearer the anterior end ; the dorsal slope about a third
longer than the frontal, and convex ; the colour yellow¬
ish-white. Named by Mr. Gray after the Rev. Leonard
Jenyns, of Cambridge.

3. Pisidium pulchtllum.. — Shell obliquely ovate, rather
ventricose, very thin, glossy, finely and deeply concen¬
trically striate, with a few more marked growth-lines,
and with faint radiating striulse ; the umbones tumid,
obtuse, considerably nearer the anterior end ; the dorsal
slope descending, little convex ; the colour pale yellowish-
grey, or yellowish- white. Pulchellus, small and beau¬
tiful.

4. Pisidium nitidum. — Shell orbicular-ovate, com¬
pressed, thin, glossy, finely and regularly concentrically
striate, with a few more marked growth-lines ; the um¬
bones obtuse, subcentral, marked with several stronger
grooves ; the colour greyish-white. Nitidus, shining.

5. Pisidium pusillum. — Shell orbicular-ovate, rather
compressed, thin, glossy, finely concentrically striate ;
the umbones obtuse, rather prominent, subcentral ; the
dorsal slope descending and convex ; the colour greyish-
white. Pusillus, dwarfish.

210 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Family VI. — Yenerina.

Animal roundish or oblong, compressed, with the
mantle-lobes free beneath, united behind to form a tube
containing two siphons ; the foot compressed, extensile ;
two large adductor muscles. Shell varying from
orbicular to oblong, subcordate, convex, concentri¬
cally striate, the umbones prominent, the hinge with
from two to four divergent teeth, and elongated lateral
teeth, the ligament external ; the frontal slope with a
cordate impression. Name from the Genus Venus.

Genus 1. Lucina. — Shell suborbicular, subinequila-
teral; umbones small, hinge generally with two small
teeth in each valve ; pallial impression entire. Lucina ,
“the goddess of child-bearing.” Bruguiere.

1. Lucina Radula. — Shell orbicular, convex, with
numerous concentric narrow rugae, becoming lamelliform
at the two extremities. Radula, a rasp.

2. Lucina spinifera. — Shell elliptical-orbicular, com¬
pressed, thin, with concentric narrow ridges, becoming
lamelliform at the two extremities, and at the anterior
especially forming spines. Spina, a prickle; fero, to
bear.

3. Lucina Idctea. — Shell orbicular, equilateral, convex,
with numerous concentric narrow, rather irregular striae.
Ldcteus , milk-white.

4. Lucina leucoma. — Shell roundish, inequilateral,
little convex, thin, with numerous concentric deeply im¬
pressed striae, and faint radiating striulae. AevKos, white
or shining.

Genus 2. Cyprina. — Shell ovato-orbicular, equivalve,
obliquely cordiform, concentrically striate, with a per¬
sistent lamellar epidermis, two strong divergent teeth in
each valve ; the ligament external ; the pallial impression
entire. Cyprina, a title given to Venus, from the Island
of Cyprus. Lamarck.

1 . Cyprina Isldndica. — Shell obliquely cordate, round¬
ish-ovate, thick, concentrically rugoso-striate, with the

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. L AMELLIRR ANCHI AT A . 211

epidermis dusky, reddish, or yellowish. Named from
its being found in Iceland.

Genus 3. Astarte. — Shell roundish or elliptical, com¬
pressed or moderately convex, with a persistent epider¬
mis, one valve with a thick tooth and two pits, the other
with two thick teeth and a triangular pit ; the pallial
impression entire. Astarte, a name of Venus. Sowerby.

1. Astarte Damnoniensis. — Shell rotundato-trigonal
or suborbicular, thick, with concentric convex ridges,
narrower than their interstices, the margin crenate within.
Danmonia , Devonshire.

2. Astarte Scdtica. — Shell rotundato-trigonal or sub-
orbicular, thick, with concentric convex ridges, nar¬
rower than their interstices, the margin plain within.
Scoticus, inhabiting Scotland.

3. Astarte sulcata. — Shell rotundato-trigonal, convex,
subangulated behind, the anterior end longer, very thick,
with concentric convex ridges, of the same breadth as
the interstices, the margin crenate within. Sulcdtus ,
furrowed.

4. Astarte elliptic a. — Shell ovato-elliptical, compress¬
ed, the anterior end much shorter, moderately thick,
with broad little elevated concentric ridges, becoming ob¬
solete at the two ends, the margin plain. Named from
its elliptical form.

5. Astarte multicost at a. — Shell trigonal, moderately
convex, the anterior end slightly longer, thick, with
about forty regular concentric convex ridges, the margin
plain. Named from its numerous ribs.

6. Astarte compressa. — Shell ovato-trigonal, com¬
pressed, the anterior end shorter, moderately thick, w ith
irregular flattened ridges and shallow grooves, obliterated
toward the margins, which are plain. Comprcssus,
flattened vertically.

Genus 4. Cyther^ea. — Shell suborbicular, moderately
convex, concentrically striated ; umbones small ; three
divergent teeth in one valve, four in the other ; pallial
impression invaded by an oblique tapering sinus. Cy-
thercea, a title given to Venus, from the island of Cythera.

212 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

1 . Cythercea exoleta. — Shell orbicular, subequilateral,
moderately convex, with concentric striae, dull yellowish
or reddish-white, with radiating reddish or purplish
bands. Exoletus, worn.

2. Cythercea lincta. — Shell sub orbicular, inequilateral,
moderately convex, with tine concentric striae, glossy,
grevish-white. Linctus , licked.

3. Cythercea undata. — Shell suborbicular, convex,
thin, with numerous concentric striae and larger rugae,
the margin sinuous. Undatus , wavy.

Genus 5. Venus. — Shell suborbicular, subtri angular,
or cordato-ovate, moderately convex, concentrically stri¬
ated ; umbones prominent ; three divergent teeth in
each valve. Named after the goddess Venus. Linnaeus.

1. Venus Casina. — Shell suborbicular, moderately
convex, very thick, with concentric elevated thick entire
ridges.

2. Venus rejlexa. — Shell suborbicular, compressed,
rather thin, with concentric elevated, reflexed, thin-
edged ridges. Rejlexus, bent back.

3. Venus GalUna. — Shell cordato-trigonal, moderately
convex, concentrically lamelloso-sulcate. GalUna , a hen.

A. V. GalUna laminosa. Covered with plaits.

B. V. GalUna stridtula. Marked with small streaks.

4. Venus Prideauxidna. — Shell cordato-trigonal, rather
compressed, concentrically lamellate. Named after Mr.
Prideaux.

5. Venus fascidta. — Shell roundish-trigonal, com¬
pressed, thick, with broad flattened, smooth, concentric
ridges, Fasciatus , banded.

6. Venus ovdta. — Shell ovato-triangular, rather thin,
divergently ribbed, and reticulated by numerous con¬
centric striae. Ovatus , egg-shaped.

7. Venus triangularis. — Shell subtrigonal, smooth,
with three teeth in one valve, and two in the other.
Triangularis , three-cornered.

Genus 6. Venerupis. — Shell ovate or elliptical, very
inequilateral, convex, concentrically striated ; umbones

MALAC0Z0A TROPIOPODA.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 213

small; three small, prominent divergent teeth in each
valve. Rapes, a rock, and Venus : Rock-Venus. La¬
marck.

1 . Venerupis virginea. — Shell ovato-oblong, consider¬
ably compressed, concentrically striate, yellowish-white,
with radiating bands of florid dots or spots. Named
from its beauty.

2. Venerupis pulldstra. — Shell ovato-oblong, mode¬
rately compressed, divergently and concentrically striate,
yellowish or whitish, plain, or patched with brown.
Pulldstra , a pullet.

A. V. Pulldstra arenicola. Living among sand.

B. V. Pulldstra per for ans. Boring.

Family YII. — Cardiina.

Animal roundish, ovate, or oblong, with the mantle
closed, but having an opening for the foot, and two ex¬
tensile tubes ; the foot large, compressed, tapering.
Shell equivalve, entirely closed, generally very convex ;
the hinge with central and lateral teeth. Named from
the genus Cardium.

Genus 1. Cardium. — Shell subcordiform, roundish,
ventricose, equivalve, inequilateral, with radiating ribs ;
umbones large ; hinge with two central teeth and two
deep pits in each valve. Kapdiov, the heart.

1 . Cardium echinatum. — Shell cordate, obliquely
roundish, tumid, with twenty convex, spiniferous ribs.
Echinatus , with prickles.

A. C. ecliinatum vulgare. Common.

B. C. echinatum aculeatum. Prickly.

2. Cardium edule. — Shell cordate, obliquely roundish,
or subtriangular, tumid, with twenty-eight flattened,
transversely lamellar ribs. Edulis, eatable.

3. Cardium fascidtum. — Shell subcordate, nearly or¬
bicular, convex, with twenty- six little elevated convex,
glossy ribs, marked toward the margins with transverse
lamellae, becoming elevated at either end, especially the
posterior. Fasciatus , banded.

4. Cardium exiguum . — Shell subcordate, suborbicular.

214 MALACOZOA.

TROPIOPODA. LAMELL1BRANCHIATA.

somewhat oblique, convex, with twenty-four little ele¬
vated, convex, smoothish ribs, marked toward the mar¬
gins with transverse lamellae, becoming elevated into
triangular spines at the posterior end, where the inter¬
stices are granulate. Exiguus , very diminutive.

5. Cardium Icevigatum. — Shell roundisli-oval, much
produced behind, moderately convex, with a yellowish
epidermis, and very numerous obsolete ribs. Lcevigdtus,
smoothed.

6. Cardium elongdtum. — Shell ovato-orbicular, some¬
what oblique, compressed, with the dorsal margin nearly
straight, and about twenty-six convex, echinate ribs.
Elongatus , lengthened.

Genus 2. Donax. — Shell subtriangular, compressed,
very inequilateral ; the posterior end shorter and angu-
late ; umbones small ; two small divergent central teeth
in both valves. Ddnax , a kind of shell. Linnaeus.

1. Ddnax trunculus. — Shell oblong, anteriorly pro¬
longed and rounded, posteriorly angulate, smooth, with
faint divergent striae. Trunculus , cut short.

2. Ddnax denticuldtus. — Shell crenato - triangular,
anteriorly prolonged and semioblong, posteriorly angu¬
late, glossy, with fine radiating striae, which are punc¬
tured or transversely grooved. Named from the denti¬
culated or crenated margin.

Family YIII. — Tellinina.

Animal orbicular, roundish, or oblong, compressed,
with the mantle open anteriorly for the foot, and bordered
with tentacular appendages, closed behind, but with an
aperture for the elongated and separated siphons ; foot
much compressed, sharp -edged ; shell orbicular, roundish,
or oblong, inequivalve, inequilateral, the posterior end
shorter, and flexuous ; hinge with one or two small
central teeth. Named from the genus Tellina.

Genus 1. Kellia. — Shell roundish or oval, equivalve,
convex, closed, concentrically striate ; umbones rather
large ; hinge with two central teeth in one valve, a tooth

MALACOZOA. TltOPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCIIIATA. 215

anrl a depression in the other. Named after Mr.
O’ Kelly, of Dublin. Turton.

1. Kellia suborbicvMris. — Shell roundish-elliptical,
isomeral, convex, very thin, fragile, semitransparent,
obsoletely concentrically striate. Suborbicularis , nearly
spherical.

2. Kellia rubra. — Shell ovato-rotundate, anisomeral,
convex, moderately thick, obsoletely concentrically stri-
ato-sulcate. Ruber, red.

Genus 2. Lepton. — Shell suborbicular, equivalve,
compressed, slightly open at the ends, concentrically
striate ; umbones small ; hinge with a small tooth and
two depressions in one valve, a medial depression and
two lamelliform lateral teeth in the other. Aenros, thin,
small. Turton.

1 . Lepton nitidum. — Shell ovato-orbicular, subtrigonal,
nearly equilateral, semitransparent, glossy, faintly striated
concentrically. Nitidus, shining.

Genus 3. Cryptodon. — Shell suborbicular, nearly equi¬
valve, inequilateral, concentrically striate ; umbones
small ; hinge with a small tooth in each valve, and
thickened margins ; two longitudinal plicae along the
posterior margin. Kpvnrbs, concealed ; obovs, tooth.
Turton.

1. Cryptodon Jlexudsus. — Shell suborbicular, very
convex, thin, brittle, transparent, with a deep sinus
bounded by two rounded plicae on the hind part of each
valve. Flexudsus , bent or winding.

Genus 4. Tellina. — Shell roundish, subtrigonal, or
oblong, inequivalve, inequilateral, concentrically striated,
much compressed, umbones small, hinge with two small
teeth in each valve, or two in one, and a single tooth in
the other ; ligament external and prominent. Name
obscure. Linnaeus.

1 . Tellina solidula. — Shell orbiculato-trigonal, convex,
obsoletely rugoso-striate, varying in colour from white to
pink. Solidulus , small and firm.

2. Tellina crlissa. — Shell ovato-orbicular, compressed,

216 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

ratlier tliick, with numerous close concentric small ridges,
whitish with pink rays. Crassus, thick.

3. Tellina tennis. — Shell ovate, compressed, very thin,
glossy, concentrically striate, white, yellow, or pink.
Tenuis , thin.

4. Tellina Fdbula. — Shell ovate, compressed, very
thin, glossy, white, with one valve concentrically, the
other obliquely striate. Fdbula , a small bean.

Family IX. — Solenina.

Animal much elongated, with the mantle closed, but
having an opening in front for the foot, and forming
behind a tube, internally double ; the foot conical.
Shell long, equivalve, extremely inequilateral, thin, gap¬
ing at both ends, and covered with epidermis ; the hinge
with not more than two small, prominent teeth in each
valve ; the ligament linear and dorsal. Named from the
genus Solen.

Genus 1 . Solen. — Shell extremely elongated, linear or
oblong, equivalve, extremely inequilateral ; umbones
very small, near one end ; cardinal teeth very small.
Solen , a razor-shell. Linnaeus.

1. S6len Siliqua. — Shell extremely elongated, slender,
straight, truncate at both ends. Siliqua , a pod.

2. Solen Ensis. — Shell extremely elongated, slender,
rearcuate, truncato-rotundate at both ends. Ensis , a
sword.

3. Solen pellucidus. — Shell much elongated, linear-
oblong, slightly recurved, rounded at both ends. Pel¬
lucidus , permeable to light.

Genus 2. Psammobia. — Shell oblong or elliptical, in¬
equilateral; umbones very small; cardinal teeth very
small, 'irdfi/jids, sand ; fiioco, to live. Lamarck.

1 . Psamm6bia Feroensis. — Shell oblong, much com¬
pressed, anteriorly rounded, posteriorly obliquely trun¬
cate, finely striated concentrically, with a prominent fine
from the umbo to the posterior angle. Named from its
occurring in Feroe.

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHTATA. 21 7

Genus 3. Saxicava. — Shell oblong, very inequilateral,
convex, covered with epidermis ; umbones prominent ;
hinge with small divergent teeth; ligament external.
Saxum, a stone ; cavus, hollow. Lamarck.

1. Saxicava ruyosa. — Shell oblong, elliptical, or ob-
ovate, regular or variously distorted, rather thick,
coarsely rugose ; the anterior end short and rounded,
the posterior prolonged, with a prominent line from the
umbo to the angle. Rugosus, wrinkled.

2. Saxicava drctica. — Shell oblong or linear-oblong,
regular or distorted, thin, coarsely wrinkled ; the an¬
terior end very short, angulate, the posterior abrupt or
rounded, with two prominent spiniferous ridges on each
side. Arcticus , northern.

Family X. — Mactrina.

Animal oval or elliptical, compressed, with the mantle
closed, but open in front for the foot, and forming behind
a tube internally double; the foot large, compressed,
bent ; shell roundish, oval, or subtrigonal, equivalve, in¬
equilateral, more or less gaping at both ends ; the hinge
with an oblique triangular depression for the internal
ligament ; a small external ligament also. Name from
the genus Mactra.

Genus 1. Mactra. — Shell oval or subtriangular, com¬
pressed, concentrically striated; open a little at both
ends ; umbones prominent ; hinge w ith a large triangular
fossa, and angularly bent thin tooth. Mactra , a knead¬
ing-trough. Linnaeus.

1. Mactra stult drum. — Shell ovato-trigonal, thin, sub-
diaphanous, radiated with pale red and w hite. Stultd-
rum , of fools.

2. Mactra solida. — Shell subtrigonal or subelliptical,
very thick, subantiquated, white. Solidus, solid or thick.

3. Mactra elliptica. — Shell subelliptical, very thin,
subpellucid, smoothish, with the epidermis greyish-yel¬
low. Ellipticus , oblong and equal at both ends.

4. Mactra subtruncdta. — Shell trigonal, with the

T

218 MALACOZOA- TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCIIIATA.

posterior end more produced and augulate, thin, striated,
with the epidermis greyish -yellow. Subtruncdtus, some¬
what cut short.

Genus 2. Goodallia. — Shell trigonal, moderately con¬
vex, closed at both ends ; umbones prominent ; hinge
with two teeth and an intervening triangular cavity in
one valve, a single tooth in the other. Named by Dr.
Turton, after Dr. Goodall, Provost of Eton.

1. Goodallia triangularis. — Shell trigonal, with the
margin internally denticulate. Triangularis, three-
cornered.

2. Goodallia minutissima. — Shell trigonal, with the
margin internally even. Named from its small size.

Genus 3. Lutraria. — Shell roundish or oval, inequi-
valve, much compressed, thin, concentrically striated,
open at both ends ; umbones small ; hinge with a large
triangular fossa, and small angularly bent tooth. Lutum,
mud. Lamarck.

1. Lutraria elliptica. — Shell elliptical, compressed,
thin, with a yellowish-grey or dusky epidermis. ElUpti-
cus, of the form of an ellipse.

2. Lutraria Listeri. — Shell roundish-triangular, much
compressed, thin, dull white. Named after Dr. Lister,
an English naturalist.

Genus 4. Amphidesma. — Shell oval or oblong, com¬
pressed, equivalve, inequilateral, very thin, glossy, with
a delicate epidermis ; umbones very small ; hinge with
an oblique concave prominence in each valve, for the
internal ligament, the external short. ’Agfa, about ;
deo-gct, a band. Lamarck.

1 . Amphidesma album. — Shell ovate, very inequilateral,
pellucid, white. Albus, white.

2. Amphidesma tenue. — Shell ovato-triangular, nearly
equilateral, pellucid, white. Tenuis, thin.

3. Amphidesma prismaticum. — Shell ovato-oblong,
very inequilateral, very delicate, transparent, hyaline-
white. Named from its iridescence, or reflection of
colours like those seen in a glass prism.

MALACOZOA. TttOPIOFODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 219

Genus 5. Anatina. — Shell oval, inequivalve, inequi¬
lateral, very tliin, brittle, gaping and more or less trun¬
cate behind ; umbones small ; hinge with an abrupt sinus
and a projecting spoon-shaped lamina. Anas , a duck ;
eaten by sea-ducks. Lamarck.

1 . Anatina prcetenuis. — Shell ovate, rather compressed,
the anterior end rounded, the posterior subtruncato-
rotundate and roughish with minute prominences.
PrceUnuis, very thin.

2. Anatina truncdta. — Shell subovate, rather com¬
pressed, the anterior end rounded, the posterior narrowed,
subtruncate, and roughish with minute prominences.
Truncdtus, cut short.

Genus 6. Thracia. — Shell ovato-oblong, inequivalve,
inequilateral, very thin, brittle, gaping and more or less
truncate behind ; umbones rather prominent ; hinge with
a horizontal, oblique, concave tooth. Desliayes.

1. Thracia declivis. — Shell oval, convex, very thin,
with the posterior end narrowed, compressed, roundly
truncate. Declivis, sloping.

2. Thracia pub escens. — Shell ovato-oblong, somewhat
compressed, very thin, with the posterior end truncate,
the surface very minutely punctulate, roughish behind.
Pubcscens, downy.

Family II. — Myina.

Animal elliptical, ovate or oblong, compressed, with
the mantle closed beneath, open in front for the foot,
and forming behind two long united or separated tubes ;
foot small, compressed, tapering; shell elliptical, oval,
or oblong, generally inequivalve, gaping at both ends ;
the hinge with a concave tooth in one valve, and a cor¬
responding depression in the other for the ligament.

Genus 1. Mya. — Shell ovate or oblong, inequivalve,
inequilateral, convex, gaping at both ends ; umbones
small ; hinge strong, with a horizontal spoon-shaped
process ; ligament internal. Mva£, a kind of shell-fish.
Linnaeus.

220 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA.

LAMKLLIBRANCHIATA.

1. Mya truncdta. — Shell ovate, abruptly truncate
behind. Truncatus , cut short at one end.

2. My a arenaria. — Shell ovate, rounded at both ends.
Arendrius, living among sand.

3. My a oval is. — Shell ovato-elliptical, rounded and
somewhat reflexed behind, the umbones nearly central.
Oval is, like an egg.

Genus 2. Lyoxsia. — Shell oblong, much compressed,
inequivalve, inequilateral, open behind ; umbones very
small ; hinge toothless, but with an intervening calca¬
reous body. Named after Mr. Lyons. Turton.

1 . Lydnsia Xorwegica. — Shell oblong, very thin,
pearly within, the anterior end shorter and rounded, the
posterior truncate. Named from its occurring in Norway.

Genus 3. Sfhexia. — Shell oblong, inequivalve, inequi¬
lateral, gaping behind ; umbones very small ; hinge of
the left valve with a thin dilated horizontal adnate tooth,
that of the right valve with a concave tooth and an an¬
terior minute prominence. a wedge. Turton.

1 . Sphenia Swainsdnii. — Shell oblong, rounded at both
ends, much compressed, deeply striated concentrically.
Named after Mr. Swainson.

2. Sphenia costuldta. — Shell ovato-elliptical, mode¬
rately convex, radiatingly costulate, concentrically striu-
late. Costuldtus , having small ribs.

Genus 4. Moxtacuta. — Shell ovate or oblong, rounded
at both ends, equivalve, inequilateral, slightly gaping
behind, very thin, fragile, glossy ; umbones small ;
hinge with a deep sinus and two prominent diverging
teeth, one of which is concave, for the ligament. Named
after Montagu, by Dr. Turton.

1 . Montacuta bidentdta. — Shell ovate, somewhat pel¬
lucid, very inequilateral, the posterior end much shorter
and narrower. Bidentdtus, having two teeth.

2. Montacuta obldnga. — Shell oblong, very thin,
compressed, transparent, inequilateral, rounded at both
ends. Obldngus, longer than broad.

3. Montacuta glabra . — Shell ovato-oblong, sub-

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 221

elliptical, convex, somewhat pellucid, very inequilateral,
nearly equally rounded at both ends. Gldber, smooth.

4. Montacuta substriata. — Shell ovate, semitrans¬
parent, faintly striated concentrically, and marked with
obsolete radiating striulae. Substriatus, somewhat striated.

Genus 5. Corbula. — Shell very inequivalve, inequi¬
lateral, little gaping ; right valve with the umbo promi¬
nent ; hinge with a curved pointed tooth and a cavity in
the right, and a spoon-shaped tooth in the left valve ;
ligament internal. Cdrbis , a twig basket. Bruguiere.

1. Corbula incequivdlvis. — Shell rotundato-trigonal,
very inequivalve, concentrically striato-sulcate, the
smaller valve with radiating lines. Incequivalvis , having
unequal valves.

Family XII. — Pholadina.

Animal having the mantle closed and more or less
tubular, with an anterior aperture for the foot, which is
small, and two elongated coherent tubes ; the branchiae
elongated, extending into the siphon. Shell generally
bare, white, brittle, open at both ends, with the hinge
toothless, the ligament external, often with a calcareous
plate. Name from the genus Pholas.

Genus 1. Pholas. — Shell oval or oblong, equivalve,
inequilateral, thin, white, open at both ends ; hinge
furnished with accessory plates ; a curved calcareous
process under the umbo. 3>a>Xar, dwelling in caverns.
Linnaeus.

1. Phdlas crispata. — Shell subovate, widely open at
both ends, convex, angulate before, with a ridge from
the umbo to the lower margin. Crispdtus , marked with
undulated laminae.

2. Phdlas Candida. — Shell ovato-oblong, less open at
the anterior end, convex, thin, with radiating elevated
lines decussated by concentric lines. Candidas , white.

T 2

222 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

ORDER I.— TROPIOPODA LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Respiratory apparatus of two unequal pairs of very
thin expanded branchiae, on the sides of the body, with¬
in the mantle.

SECTION I. — MO NO MY ARIA.

A single large adductor muscle, leaving a rounded impression
in each valve.

Family I. — Pectinina.

Animal orbicular or roundish, compressed ; with the
lobes of the mantle disunited beneath, or nearly in their
whole extent, their margin thickened, and fringed with
several rows of filaments ; the foot small or rudimentary,
somewhat dilated at the end; the adductor muscles ap¬
proximated or united; branchiae large, united in the
median fine, and decomposed into filaments ; mouth
rather large, with prominent lips and four pairs of tri¬
angular palpi.

Shell regular, inequivalve, auriculate, internally com¬
pact ; more or less radiatingly costate or striate, with
the hinge divergently plicate or toothless, and having
a central depression for the ligament, which is thus in¬
ternal ; the muscular impression very large, subcentral.

The Pectinina are all marine, free or affixed to other
bodies, and apparently zoophagous. Some of them
afford much esteemed articles of food. It is remarkable
that the common oyster, so abundant on many parts of
the British coasts, is nowhere met with on those of
Aberdeenshire.

Genus 1. Pecten. Scallop.

Animal roundish, compressed. The lobes of the
mantle very thin, disunited, thickened on the margins,
and furnished with several rows of fleshy filaments, be-

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 223

tween which are oculiform tubercles. The mouth rather
large, oval, with prominent, deeply cut bps, and on
each side a pair of truncated palpi. Branchiae large,
divided into filaments. Adductor muscle very large,
subcylindrical, subcentral.

Shell free, regular, inequivalve, roundish, compressed,
divergently costate ; umbones very small, pointed, di¬
rect, contiguous. Cardinal space narrow, elongated into
a straight margin, with a triangular pit, and divergent
lateral grooves and ridges, in each valve ; lateral teeth
remote, in one valve an elongated obtuse rib on each
side, in the other a notched prominence. Ligament in¬
ternal, trigonal, received by the cardinal pits. A single
very large muscular impression.

1. Pecten maximus. Great Scallop.

Shell nearly orbicular, inequivalve ; the lower valve con¬
vex, with sixteen convex ribs, which, with their nearly equal
convex interstices, are longitudinally striate ; upper valve flat,
toward the hinge concave, with sixteen convexo-depressed ribs,
which, with their wider concave intervals are finely lamelloso-
striate ; the auricles nearly equal, and divergingly costato-ru-
gose ; externally the lower valve yellowish- white, the upper
chiefly brownish-red; internal surface glossy, smooth, with a
large roundish, muscular impression, and toward the margin
marked with prominent flattened, marginate ribs, white, the
upper valve margined with red ; margins of convex valve ex¬
tending beyond those of the other. Greatest length of the
largest specimen obtained by me six inches, height five inches
and eight-twelfths. Its greatest diameter however is some¬
times nine inches.

In deep water, on hard ground, off the coast. Dead valves
very frequently brought up by the lines. In the Winter of
1841, I obtained a recent shell, three inches long; and in the
Summer of 1842, a valve of another found on the beach by
the preventive-service people, six inches in diameter. Miss
Macgillivray procured one measuring four inches and ten-
twelfths, by five inches and a quarter, at Gamrie, in Septem¬
ber.

Pecten maximus, circiter 14 striis. Lister. Anim. Angl. 184.
PI. 5. f. 29. — Ostrea maxima. Linn. Syst Nat. i. 1 144. — Pecten
maximus. Turt. Brit. Biv. 207. — Pecten maximus. Flem. Brit.

224 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBR ANCHIATA.

Anim. 383. — Pecten maximus. Lamk. Syst. vi. 163; Ed. 2. vii.
129. — Pecten maximus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 99. PI. 58. f. 6 1 ; Ed.
2. iv. p. 219. PI. 62. — Pecten maximus. Mont. Test. Brit. 143.

2. Pkcten opercularis. Common Scallop.

Shell nearly orbicular, inequivalve ; the lower valve more
convex, with twenty-two convex subcarinate ribs, which, with
their concave interstices, are longitudinally striate, and trans¬
versely lamelloso-striate ; upper valve convex, with twenty-four
convex ribs, more rounded than the lower, their intervals more
finely striate ; the auricles rather unequal, divergingly costato-
rugose, and concentrically lamelloso-striate ; one of those of
the upper valve with a deep notch between it and the margin
of the shell, and along the groove is a series of small teeth ;
internal surface glossy, with flattened ribs, more distinct to¬
ward the margin ; lower valve externally variegated with red,
brown, and white ; upper paler ; interior white. Diameter
three inches or more ; but the largest that I have seen from
our coasts measures only two inches and one-twelfth in length,
two and a fourth in breadth. Variations as to colour are end¬
less ; sometimes the inside also tinged. Young shells have
the ribs carinate, and smoothish on the ridge.

In deep water, on hard ground, off the coast at Aberdeen,
not uncommon ; dead shells abundant ; also at Cruden, Peter¬
head, Gamrie, Banff, and Macduff.

Pecten opercularis. Test. Brit. Biv. 209. — Ostrea opercularis.
Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1147. — Pecten opercularis. Mont. Test. Brit.
145. — Pecten opercularis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 383. — Pecten
lineatus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 99. PI. 59. f. 61. iv. 222 — Pecten
opercularis. Lamk. Syst. vi. 174; Ed. 2. vii. 142. — Pecten sub-
rufus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 102. PI. 61. f. 64. — Pecten tenuis sub-
rufus, maculosus, circiter 20 striis. Lister. Anim. Angl. 185. PI. 5.
f. 30.

3. Pecten varius. Variegated Scallop.

Shell roundish, somewhat ovate, nearly equivalve ; the
lower valve a little more convex ; both with about thirty-two
rounded, somewhat compressed ribs, which are irregularly
elevated into concave laminiform prickles, the grooves finely
reticulated ; the auricles very unequal, one of those of the less
convex valve separated by a deep incision ; the colour various.
Diameter about two inches.

Found by Mr. Alexander Murray, on the coast of Peter¬
head and St. Fergus, in September, 1842.

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBllAX C HIATA .

225

Ostrea varia. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1 146. — Ostrea varia. Penn. Brit.
Zool. iv. 101. PI. 61. f. 64. — Pecten varius. Mont. Test. Brit. 146.
— Pecten varius. Lamk. Syst. vi. 175; Ed. n. vii. 147. — Pecten
varius. Flem. Brit. Anim. 384. — Pecten varius. Turt. Brit. Biv,
146.

4. Picten Isabelles. Isabella's Scallop.

Shell ovato-rotundate nearly equivalve, little convex, with
twenty-four slender, compressed, rounded ribs, having very
numerous elevated thin-edged lamellae, rising toward the mar¬
gin into triangular, compressed, pointed spines ; the grooves
with transverse scalar lamellae, not extending over the ridges ;
the ears very unequal being in length as one to two, diver¬
gently sulcate, transversely lamellate, and echimate ; the mar¬
gins of the upper valve under the auricular sinus with four
free curved conical spinelets, of which a series is continued to
the smooth and glossy umbo ; the colour white, the lower
valve tinged with" pink. Length three-twelfths and a fourth,
breadth two-twelfths and three-fourths.

The animal yellowish- white, with the margins of the man¬
tle-lobes marked with carmine dots.

Found by me among ascidia? and corallines in a dead valve
cf Cyprina Islandica, brought from deep water off Aberdeen.

This most beautiful Pecten cannot be at all confounded with
Pecten varius, or Pecten niveus, to which it is allied in its mode
of echination. I have named it after my daughter Isabella,
wrho has greatly aided me in adding to the number of Mol-
lusca of which my catalogue consists.

5. Pecten sinuosus. Distorted Scallop.

Shell somewhat orbicular, with the upper valve less convex,
both irregularly undulated or distorted, and marked with
about forty crowded, unequal, variously distorted, more or less
scaly or spinous ribs ; the ears generally large, often very
unequal, sometimes nearly equal; the colours various, ge¬
nerally red and white. Diameter nearly two inches.

Found by Mr. Alexander Murray in the parishes of Peter¬
head and St. Fergus, and in Cruden Bay, in September, 1842 ;
by me on the beach, near Don-mouth, in October.

Pecten minimus augustior, inaequalis, &c. Lister. Anim. Angl.
186. PI. 5. f. 31. — Ostrea sinuosa. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. 3319. —
Ostrea Pusis. Penn. Brit Zool. iv. PI. 61. f. 65. — Pecten distortus.
Mont. Test. Brit. 148. — Pecten sinuosus. Turt. Brit. Biv. 210. —
Pecten sinuosus. Lamk. Syst. vi. 175; Ed. n. vii. 148. — recten
sinuosus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 384.

226 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA,

6. Pecten Pusio. Dwarf Scallop.

Shell ovate, or ovato-oblong, equivalve; both valves with
about forty alternately large and small, regular, compressed,
obtuse, somewhat undulated or nodose ribs, becoming more or
less scaly or spinous at the margin ; the ears very unequal,
one of them being almost obliterated ; the colours various,
generally red or purplish and white or yellow. The greatest
diameter about three-fourths of an inch.

This shell, which is very common in the outer Hebrides, and
on some of the western coasts of Scotland, appears to be of
rare occurrence in our district, where, on the coast of Buchan,
it was found in September, 1842, by Mr. Alexander Murray.
It seems to me perfectly distinct from either Pecten varius, or
Pecten distortus, but is much more nearly allied to the latter.

Ostrea Pusio. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1146. — Pecten Pusio. Turton,
Brit. Biv. 215. PI. 17. f. 2. — Pecten Pusio. Flem. Brit. Anim. 385.

7. Pecten Islandicus. Icelandic Scallop.

Shell suborbicular, subinequilateral, subequivalve, with
about forty crowded, narrow, convex, transversely lamelloso-
striate, subscabrous ribs, which subdivide as they proceed from
the umbones, so as to amount to a hundred and twenty or
more at the margins ; auricles unequal, similarly ribbed ;
lower valve externally yellowish- white ; upper variously tinged
with reddish-yellow, rose-colour, purple, or chestnut; inner
surface glossy, pearly, more or less ribbed, with very marked
impressions. Diameter four inches or more.

Dead valves very common in deep water, off the coast at
Aberdeen and Gamrie. No live individual hitherto found.

Pecten Islandicus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 385. — Pecten Islandicus.
Turt. Brit. Biv. 216. — Pecten Islandicus. Lamk. Syst. vi. 258 ;
Ed. 2. vii. 145.

8. Pecten obsoletus. Striulate Scallop.

Shell triangular-orbicular, thin, sub diaphanous, with the
valves little convex, one less so, with very obsolete longitudi ¬
nal ridges, and toward the margin numerous striae, and mi¬
nutely shagreened all over with longitudinal striulae, diverging
toward either side, and crossed by fainter striulae; the ears
very unequal, the larger with a few prominent straight, longi¬
tudinal, and numerous transverse, undulated striae ; the colour
various, whitish, pinkish, purple, brown, yellow, orange, trans¬
versely banded, or spotted, patched or clouded with red,

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBANCHIATA. 227

brown, or purple of various tints ; the inner surface also
coloured, conformably or uniformly. Length eleven-twelfths,
breadth an inch.

Not uncommon in deep water off Aberdeen. Dead valves
frequently brought up from deep water by the lines ; live in¬
dividuals now and then. In the Winter of 1841-42, Mr.
Leslie, Mr. Davidson, and others, obtained specimens ; in Sep¬
tember following Miss Macgillivray obtained a vast number
at Gamrie, which had been taken from the stomachs of
Flounders.

Pecten obsoletus. Penn. Erit. Zool. iv. 102. PI. 61. f. 66. Ed. 2.
iv. 222. PI. 64. f. 3. — Pecten obsoletus. Mont. Test. Brit. 149.
Suppl. 57. — Pecten obsoletus. Turt. Brit. Biv. 213. PI. 9. f. 6. —
Pe ten obsoletus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 385.

9. Pecten lavis. Smooth Scallop .

Shell orbicular, subtriangular, little convex, very thin, fra¬
gile, semitransparent, glossy ; the valves nearly equal, with
the two sides equally angulato-rotundate ; the auricles unequal,
the larger with its lateral outline vertical, the smaller deeply
striated ; the external surface smooth, but with obsolete con¬
centric rugae, the internal obsoletely undulated transversely,
with faint divergent striules ; the colour various, yellowish or
whitish, spotted with red or white. Diameter seven-twelfths
of an inch.

This species is perfectly distinct from any variety of Pecten
obsoletus, or of the following, which it closely resembles in
some respects.

Found by me at Aberdeen, in October, 1842.

Pecten laevis. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 223. — Pecten laevis. Mont.
Test. Brit. Suppl. 61. — Pecten laevis. Turt. Brit. Biv. 213. — Pec¬
ten laevis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 385.

10. Pecten similis . Laskey's Smooth Scallop.

Shell orbicular, flattish, very thin, fragile, semitransparent,
smooth, glossy ; the valves nearly equal, with one side more
produced; the umbones nearly central, pointed; hinge-line
straight; auricles nearly equal in length, smooth, the larger
with its lateral outline sloping ; colour various. One indivi¬
dual white, with transverse red bands ; another yellowish-
white, irregularly variegated with white and brownish-red ;
another greyish-white or hyaline, with a few very faint red
markings. Length three-twelfths, breadth three-twelfths and
a quarter.

228 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRAXCHIATA,

First found in the Winter of 1841, by Mr. Leslie, at Aber¬
deen and the Cove.

Pecten similis. Laskey, Wern. Mem. i. 387. PI. 8. f. 8, 8. —
Pecten similis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 385.

11. Pecten tumidus. Unequal-sided Scallop.

Shell suborbicular, flattish, thin, fragile, smooth, semitrans¬
parent toward the margins, opaque-white in the centre ; the
valves almost equal, with one side bulging ; umbones nearly
central, pointed, hinge-line straight ; auricles about equal in
length, smooth, being hut faintly marked with growth-lines ;
colour white. Diameter a quarter of an inch.

This species can hardly be confounded with either of the
two last, unless by persons who may suspect all little smooth
pectens to he the same. All the specimens seen by me have
an opaque white central portion, the margin transparent, the
small auricle of the upper valve rounded, the auricles not
striated longitudinally, and one of the sides very prominent.
Small specimens of the same size as Turton’s figure agree per¬
fectly with it, and, although the circumstance is not mentioned
in the description, it will he seen to be white in the centre.

First found by Mr. Alexander Davidson in the stomach of
a haddock, Aberdeen, in the Winter of 1841 ; by me, on the
beach there, in October, 1842.

Genus 2. Lima. Rasp-Scallop.

Shell free, regular, oval or oblong, equivalve, aniso-
meral, divergently costulate or striate; umbones very
small, pointed, direct, not contiguous. Cardinal space
elongated, with a straight margin, and hating externally
a somewhat triangular concave depression. Ligament
external, trigonal, received by the cardinal pits.

1. Lima Losco)nbi. Loscombe's Rasp-Scallop.

Shell obliquely oval-oblong, tumid, thin, brittle, pellucid ;
with the hinge auriculate ; the umbones small, projecting a
little beyond the margin ; the valves equal, with fine concen¬
tric striulae, and numerous slightly undulated, radiating cos-
tulae, with intervening striae, generally two or three between
each pair ; the colour hyaline-white ; the inside glossy, with
the radiating markings apparent. Length in the direction

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRAXCHIATA. 229

parallel to the hinge six-twelfths, height from the umbo to the
margin ten-twelfths.

A single broken valve found among shell sand, from the
Bay of Cruden, sent by Mr. Alexander Murray, in November,
1842.

Pecten fragilis. Mont. Test. Brit. SuppL 62. — Peeten bullatus,
Chemnitz, Conch, vii. 312. PL 68. f. 649, 3. — Lima I illata, I urt.
Brit. Biv. 217. PI. 17. f. 4, 5. — Lima fragilis. Flem. Brit Anim.
388.

Genus 3. Crenella.

Shell free, subelliptical, convex, equivalve, isomeral,
nacreous ; the hinge with a single abrupt fold or tooth
in each valve, and a sinus under the umbo ; the ligament
external, in a narrow groove parallel to the hinge-
margin ; the umbones prominent and contiguous ; the
valves radiatingly striate, and concentrically striulate.

1. Crenella decassata. Decussated Crenella.

Shell suborbicular, more extended in the direction from the
umbones, being somewhat elliptical, equivalve, isomeral ; the
valves convex, rather thin, pellucid, nacreous, radiatingly
striate, and marked with concentric striulse, as well as some¬
what regularly spaced growth-lines or ridges, producing a de¬
cussated appearance ; the umbones prominent, a little curved
to one side at the point, contiguous, and central ; the hinge
thin, with a sinus and a thick angular fold in each valve, under
the umbo, between which and the margin is a narrow groove
for the ligament ; the inner surface glossy and nacreous, hut
not presenting perceptible muscular impressions ; the margin
thinner and crenulate, especially toward the hinge.

Of this very beautiful shell two specimens, from which the
above description has been taken, were found among shell
sand, from the Bay of Cruden, sent by Mr. Alex. Murrav, in
November, 1842. One, entire, but only a third of a twelfth
of an inch in diameter, found by Miss Marion Macgillivrav,
is nearly quite orbicular ; the other, a single valve, found by
my son, Paul Howard, is a tenth of an inch in diameter,
and somewhat elongated, or subelliptical.

The species was discovered in sand near Dunbar, by Captain
Laskey. It was accurately described by Montagu, under the
name of Mytilus decussatus, from a single valve. Being obvi¬
ously not a Mytilus, Captain Brown named it Crenella elliptica,
U

230 MALACOZOA, TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

but his figure is very incorrect. It seems to be nearly allied
to Pecten and Lima, and to have a single muscle only, although
the impression is not defined.

Mytilus decussatus. Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 69. — Mytilus de-
cussatus. Laskey, Wern. Mem. i. 394. PI. 8. f. 17. — Crenella
elliptica. Brown, Illustr. PL 3J. f. 12, 13, 14. — Mytilus decussatus.
Flem. Brit. Anim. 411.

Genus 4. Anomia. Scale-Oyster.

Animal roundish, very much compressed. The lobes
of the mantle very thin, their margins furnished inter¬
nally with a row of tentacular filaments. Foot very
small. Mouth with prominent lips, aud on each side
two pairs of triangular palpi. Branchiae filamentous.
Adductor muscle divided into three portions, of which
the largest passes through an opening in the flat valve,
and attaches the animal to some solid body by means of
a hard lamina.

Shell roundish, irregular, inequivalve, delicate, fragile ;
the lower valve flat, or having the curves of the surface
to which it is applied, with a roundish aperture or notch
near the hinge for the attachment of the animal to some
hard substance.

The species live affixed to stones, crabs, shells, fuci,
and other substances.

1. Anomia EpMppium . Saddle Scale-Oyster.

Shell roundish, but variable, thin, somewhat translucent,
white ; the upper valve little convex, irregularly undulated,
squamoso-lamellate, with the beak small ; lower valve very
thin, uneven, concentrically striated, with the aperture oval;
opercular plate thickisli, concentrically striated.

It varies greatly in form, thickness, convexity, and mark¬
ings, as well as in colour, being frequently tinged with green
on its inner surface. “ Happening to be attached to Pectens,”
says M. Deshayes, “ the individuals of this species, as well as
of others of the same genus, are impressed upon the ribs, of
which their shell takes the form. This is so true, that it is not
rare to meet with individuals of which the ribs run transversely,
while in others they are oblique, and others have the ribs broad
toward their summit, narrow toward their margins, because

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELL1BRANCHIATA. 231

they have grown in the opposite direction to that of the Pecten
on which they have lived. This property which the Anomiae
have of assuming and retaining the impression of the foreign
bodies to which they adhere ought to render us very circum¬
spect in defining species.”

Common on stones, live and dead shells, crustacea, and
tangles.

Anoraia Ephippium. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1 150. — Anomia Ephip-
pium. Penn. Brit Zool. iv. 109. PL 62; Ed. 2. iv. 232. PL 65.—
Anomia Ephippium. Flem. Brit. Anim. 395. — Anomia Ephippium.
Turt. Brit. Biv. 227. Pl. 18. f. 1,2,3. — Anomia Ephippium. Lamk.
Syst.vi. 1, 226; Ed. 2. vii. 273. — Anomia patellaris. l amk. Syst. vi.
2, 227 ; Ed. 2. vii. 273. — Anomia Ephippium. Mont. Test Brit 155.

2. Anomia Squamula. Thin Scale-Oyster.

Shell roundish, very thin, semitransparent, white ; the upper
valve little convex, even, with the beak small, glossy, rather
pointed, and projecting beyond the margin ; lower valve ex¬
tremely thin, glossy, uneven, concentrically striated, with the
aperture circular; the opercular plate extremely thin. Dia¬
meter nearly an inch.

On live and dead shells, crabs, and stones, along the rocky
coasts, and -often in deep water.

Anomia Squamula. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1151. — Anomia Squa¬
mula. Turt. Brit Biv. 229. Pl. 18. f. 5, 6,7. — Anomia Squammula.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 109; Ed. 2. iv. 232. — Anomia Squamula.
Mont. Test. Brit. 156. — Anomia Squamula. Flem. Brit. Anim.
395. — Anomia Squamula. Lamk. Systvi. 1, 228; Ed. 2. vii. 275.

3. Anomia undulata. Undulated Scale-Oyster.

Shell roundish, moderately thin, white or reddish ; the upper
valve convex in various degrees, concentrically squamoso-ru-
gose, radiated with irregular undulated slender ribs, running
out a little on the margin, the umbo convex, not projecting,
the inside generally greenish, glossy, or somewhat iridescent,
with a subcentral opaque white patch ; the lower valve irre¬
gular, thin, with the aperture large, communicating with the
margin by a slit. Diameter about an inch and a-half.

Not uncommon on shells, crustacea, and stones, off Aber¬
deen. Found also by Mr. Alex. Murray, near Peterhead.

Anomia undulata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3346. — Anomia undulata.
Mont. Test. Brit. 157. Pl. 4. f. 6. — Ostrea striata. Mont. Test.
Brit. 153. — Anomia undulata. Turt. Brit. Biv. 230. Pl. 18. f. 8,9,
10. — Anomia undulata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 395.

232 MALACOZOA.

TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRAN'CHIATA.

4. Anomia aculedta. Prickly Scale-Oyster.

Shell roundish, thin, opaque, white ; the upper valve little
convex, with numerous radiating lamelloso-spinous ridges, the
umho glossy, and projecting beyond the margin ; the lower
valve fiat, or slightly convex, frequently costate and spinous
like the upper, the aperture roundish. Diameter about half
an inch.

Not uncommon on shells, crabs, stones, and fuci; often in
deep water; found by me at Aberdeen in September, 1841 ;
at Peterhead by Mr. Alex. Murray, in September, 1 842.

Anomia aculeata. Mont. Test. Brit. 157. PI. 4. f. 5. — Anomia
aculeata. Turt. Brit. Biv. 233. — Anomia aculeata. Flem. Brit.
Anim. 386.— Anomia aculeata. Penn. Brit. Zool. Ed. 2. iv. 233.

5. Anomia punctata. Pustulated Scale-Oyster.

Shell orbicular, thin, transparent, white or yellow ; the upper
valve little convex, undulatingly rugose, with irregularly dis¬
posed pustular prominences ; the umbo rather small, convex,
obtusely pointed, curved, not projecting beyond the margin.
Diameter about half an inch.

Found by me, in August, 1842, among shells on the beach,
near Don-mouth ; and subsequently in various places.

Anomia punctata. Gmel. Syst. i. 3346. — Anomia punctata
Turt. Brit. Biv. 232. PI. 18. f. 11.

6. Anomia cylindrica . Lamellate Oval Scale-Oyster.

Shell subovate, thin, subpellucid, white ; the upper valve
very convex, concentrically squamoso-rugose, the umbo convex,
glossy, narrowed to an obtuse decurved point, projecting far
bevond the lower valve ; which is flat, irregularly striate or
lamellate, with the aperture large, roundish. Length about a
fourth of an inch, breadth a third or a fourth less.

It varies considerably in form, being oblong, ovate, or
roundish.

First found by me on Sertulariae on the beach near Tar-
bathie ; afterwards on various corallines, and the roots of
fuci. Also at Cruden, Peterhead, and Banff.

Anomia cvlixidrica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3346. — Anomia cylindrica.
Penn. Brit.' Zool. iv. 233. — Anomia cymbiformis. Mont. Test.
Brit. Suppl. 64. — Anomia cylindrica. Turt. Brit. Biv. 232.— Anu-
mia cylindrica. Flem. Brit. Anim. 396.

HALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 233

7. Anomia striolata. Striolate Oval Scale-Oyster.

Shell subovate, thin, subpellucid, white; the upper valve
very convex, somewhat gibbous, concentrically squamoso-
rugose toward the crenulate margin, with radiating striae, the
ridges between which are scaly or somewhat spinous ; the
umbo convex, glossy, narrowed to an obtuse curved point pro¬
jecting a little beyond the lower valve; which is flat, irregu¬
larly lamellate, with the aperture small, roundish, and com¬
municating with the margin by a narrow slit. Length about
a fourth of an inch, breadth a third less.

It appears to me that this species is truly distinct from Ano¬
mia cylindrica, which it most resembles in form.

First fomid by me on Sertulariae, on the beach near Tarbathie.

Anomia striolata. Turt. Biv. 233. — Anomia striolata. Flem.
Brit. Anim. 386.

SECTION II.— DIM YARIA.

Two adductor muscles — leaving two impressions in each valve.

Family II. — Mytllina.

Animal obovate or oblong ; with the mantle adhering
toward the borders, open beneath, coherent behind, and
forming a single orifice for the anus ; a slender lingui-
form foot, furnished with a byssus at its base behind,
and two pairs of retractor muscles ; two adductor mus¬
cles, the anterior very small ; branchiae moderate, pec¬
tinate ; mouth moderate.

Shell regular, equi valve, very inequilateral, calcareous
and covered with an epidermis, or horny and bare ; with
the hinge toothless; the ligament linear and dorsal ; the
anterior muscular impression very small, the posterior
large and roundish.

Marine animals, fixed by means of a byssus or tuft of
silky or hair-like filaments to hard bodies. Some
of them afford esteemed articles of food, rather dan¬
gerous however, as it appears to be in some species
poisonous under particular, not yet understood, circum¬
stances.

U 2

234 MALACOZOA. TROFIOFODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Genus 1. Mytilus. Mussel.

Animal oblong. The lobes of the mantle adherent
and thickened at the margin, with an internal crenate or
fringed edge, united posteriorly only so as to form an
anal siphon. Foot slender, linguiform, with a median
groove beneath, a pair of cylindrical retractor muscles,
two anterior and four posterior muscles, and furnished
at its base behind with a silky byssus. On each side a
pair of very thin, nearly equal branchiae. Mouth rather
large, with two pairs of thin lanceolate palpi. Anterior
adductor muscle very small, posterior larger and cylin¬
drical.

Shell elongated oblong or obovate, equivaive, extremely
inequilateral, convex, concentrically striated, often longi¬
tudinally grooved. Umbones small, prominulous, some¬
what incurved. Hinge toothless, often with small
marginal lamellae. Ligament internal, dorsal, very long,
linear. Dorsal margin nearly straight, frontal obsolete,
the umbones being terminal, inferior margin much pro¬
longed and nearly straight, posterior rounded.

Attached to rocks or other bodies by the byssus.

1. Mytilus edulis. Eatable or Common Mussel.

Shell obovato-oblong, with the dorsal line forming a rather
prominent angle behind, the anterior side obsolete, the anterior
part of the ventral line nearly straight, the posterior ventral
extremity rounded; the epidermis dusky, glossy, generally
somewhat iridescent; the surface of the shell blue, or rayed
with blue and white, sometimes as well as the epidermis, reddish,
or yellowish, the inside bluish-white, with the margin dark
blue ; three or four small lamellae or crenatures on the anterior
margin close to the hinge. Length four inches, height two
inches and two-twelfths.

It varies greatly in form, some individuals being very long
and narrow, others broad ; some straight, others considerably
curved. Young shells often yellowish or reddish and pellucid.
In some localities several varieties are intermixed. On ex¬
posed parts of the coast they are often stunted, shortened, and
incurvate, with the epidermis abraded, and the surface rough.

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 235

A. Mytilus edulis vulgaris. Common Eatable Mussel.

Shell oval-oblong, rather thick ; the umbones curved, ap¬
proximated, the anterior dorsal slope slightly convex, forming
an obtuse angle with the posterior dorsal, which is nearly
parallel to the ventral, the latter slightly undulated; the hinge
margin with three teeth ; the epidermis dusky, the shell blue,
plain or radiated with white or yellowish-brown. Length
from three to four inches, breadth from an inch and a-half to
nearly two, or about half the length.

In the Estuaries of the Ythan and Dee.

Musculus ex caeruleo niger. Lister, Anim. Angl. 182. PI. 4. f.
1S2. — Mytilus edulis. Linn. Svst. Nat 1157. — Mytilus edulis.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 110. PI. 63“ f. 73; Ed. n. iv. 236. PI. 66. f.
2. — Mytilus edulis. Turt. Brit. Biv. 196. — Mytilus edulis. Flem.
Brit. Anim. 411. — Mytilus edulis. Mont. Test. Brit. 159.

B. Mytilus edulis pellucidus. Thin-shelled Eatable Mussel.

Shell subovate, thin ; the umbones curved, contiguous, the
anterior dorsal slope nearly straight, forming a distinct angle
with the posterior dorsal, which inclines considerably toward
the ventral, the latter slightly undulated ; the hinge-margin
with two teeth ; the epidermis olivaceous or yellowish-brown,
the shell whitish with blue rays. Length from two to three
inches, breadth more than half the length.

In the Estuaries of the Ythan and Dee.

Mytilus pellucidus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 112. PI. 63. f. 75; Ed.
n. iv. 237. PI. 66. f. 3. — Mytilus pellucidus. Mont. Test. Brit. 160.
— Mytilus pellucidus. Turt. Brit. Biv. 197. PI. 15. f. 1, 2. — My¬
tilus edulis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 411.

C. Mytilus edulis incurvatus. Incurved Eatable Mussel.

Shell subovate, thick, opaque ; the umbones curved, sepa¬
rated, the anterior dorsal slope somewhat convex, forming a
prominent rounded angle with the posterior dorsal, which is
much curved and inclined toward the ventral, the latter straight,
or sinuate ; the epidermis dusky, abraded, exposing a great
part of the shell, which is pale blue and corroded. From an
inch and a-half to two inches in length.

In clefts of rocks, on all the rocky coasts ; the largest indi •
viduals usually solitary in pools.

Mytilus incurvatus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 111. PL 64. f. 74; Ed.
n. iv. PL 67. f. 1. — Mytilus incurvatus. Mont. Test. Brit. 160. — .
Mytilus incurvatus. Turt. Brit. Biv. 197. — Mytilus incurvatus.
Lamk. Syst. vi. 127 ; Ed. n. vii. 48. — Mytilus edulis. Flem. Brit.
Anim. 411.

236 MALAC0Z0A. TROriOPODA. L AMELLIBRAN C HI ATA .

D. Mytilus edulis anguldtus. Angulate Eatable Mussel .

Shell ovato-trigonal, rather thick, opaque ; the umbones
small, rather pointed, somewhat curved, the anterior dorsal slope
straight, forming a prominent angle with the posterior dorsal,
which is much curved ; the ventral nearly straight ; the epi¬
dermis dusky, usually more or less abraded ; the shell dull
blue. From an inch to two inches or more in length.

This variety passes directly into the last. It is found in
pools left in rocky places by the tide, often under stones, but
also in crevices. Common on the Girdleness, at Aberdeen.

Mytilus angulatus. Alder. — Mytilus solitarius. Mark. — Mytilus
subsaxatilis. Williamson, Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 353. f. 48.

E. Mytilus edulis pusillus. Dwarf Eatable Mussel.

Shell oblong, thick or thin, opaque or pellucid, convex or
compressed, of various colours.

Crowded on rocks, stones, shells, piles, and other objects.

The species is abundant along our coasts : of small size and
densely crowded, on the rocky shores ; large on hardish-
ground at the mouths of rivers ; solitary, incurved individuals
in fissures of rocks ; small oblong, very convex individuals
compacted on rocks, stones, and wooden piles. The young
clustered on corallines, fuci, rocks, stones, piles, stake-nets,
ropes, and other immersed bodies.

The mussel affords a rather pleasant article of food ; but in
Summer or Autumn, when, from accidental circumstances, it
has become diseased, it is apt to cause derangement of the
digestive functions, sometimes followed by affection of the
nervous system, and even death. It affords good bait for had¬
docks and other fishes ; but is not obtained on the Aberdeen¬
shire coasts in sufficient quantity for that purpose. The Estu¬
ary of the Ythan supplies the Collieston fishers; but those of
Aberdeen, not finding a sufficient supply at the mouth of the
harbour, import mussels from various distant places, especially
Hull and Dundee. Small pearls, of very inferior colour and
lustre, are often found abundantly in this species.

Genus 2. Modiola. Modiole.

Animal obovate or elliptical, compressed behind,
otherwise as in Mytilus.

Shell elongated, equivalve, inequilateral, obovate, con-

MALACOZOA. tropiopoda. lamellibranchiata. 237

vex, compressed behind, concentrically striated, often
radiatingly grooved. Umbones small, prominulous,
somewhat incurved. Hinge toothless. Ligament elon¬
gated, linear, dorsal, internal. Dorsal margin straight,
or slightly convex, anterior extremely short and rounded,
anterior-inferior little convex.

Modiola differs from Mytilus in little else than the
slight projection of the anterior side, which in that genus
is wanting. The two genera pass into each other, by
insensible gradations, and were the species not very nu¬
merous, might with propriety be united.

1. Modiola b arl ata. Great Modiole. Horse Mussel.

Shell obovato-oblong, very convex ; with the dorsal line
straight and forming a prominent angle behind, the posterior
extremity rounded, the frontal side very small and rounded,
the anterior part of the ventral margin nearly straight or
sinuate ; the epidermis dusky, glossy ,• the surface of the shell
purplish, the inside white. Length about six inches, height
three.

It is very abundant on the rocky coasts, in crevices, where
it never attains a very large size, and is often distorted and
crusted.

Individuals often have the margin of the shell incurvate and
widely separated at the part where the byssus protrudes.
Young individuals are more compressed, thinner, white, with
a brownish or reddish-yellow epidermis, from which project
numerous shreds or filaments ; whence the specific name.

All the individuals obtained by me alive, from deep water,
off Aberdeen, agree in every respect with each other, and pre¬
sent characters which, I think, render it very doubtful that
Mytilus Modiolus and Mytilus barbatus of Linnaeus are one
and the same species. Up to the length of four inches, they
may be described thus :

Shell ovato-oblong, with the umbones incurved, a broad
tumid ridge running from them to the posterior ventral mar¬
gin, the dorsal line straight, ascending, forming a wide rounded
angle with the posterior dorsal ; the anterior end extremely short
and rounded ; the valves thin, with a glossy thin concentri¬
cally striolate epidermis; and divided into three areas; the
anterior chestnut-red, separated by an oblique shallow groove
from the oblique tumid umbonal band, which is reddish-white,

238 MALACOZQA. TROPIOPO0A. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

and covered with filaments projecting from the epidermis ; the
third area smooth and reddish-brown. The filaments have a
flat triangular base, not serrated.

The animal has the mantle-lobes very thin, whitish, thick¬
ened and reddish-orange at the margins ; the branchiae, which
are very large, also reddish-orange ; the foot very small, lingui-
form, grooved beneath, and of a brighter tint of the same; the
byssus attached to the base of the foot behind very large,
arising from a large, posteriorly grooved prominence, in the
form of a subulate cartilaginous shaft, from the anterior and
posterior sides of which arise very numerous horny filaments ;
the posterior adductor muscle extremely large and round, the
anterior very small and thin.

Not uncommon; seldom seen on the beach; young indivi¬
duals adhering to corallines, shells, and other matters, often
taken up by the lines from deep water, off Aberdeen.

Mytilus Modiolus. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1158? — Mytilus barbatus.
Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1156. — Modiola Modiolus. Turt. Brit. Biv. 199.
— Mytilus Modiolus. Mont. Test. Brit. 163. — Mytilus barbatus.
Mont. Test. Brit. 161. — Modiola vulgaris. Flem. Brit. Anim. 412.
— Modiola papuana. Lamk. Syst. vi. Ill ; Ed. 2. vii. 17. — Modiola
barbata. Lamk. Syst. vi. 114; Ed. 2. vii. 22. — Mytilus Modiolus.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 113. PI. 66. f. 77; Ed. 2. iv. 238. PI. 69.—
Mytilus umbilicatus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 112. PI. 65. f. 76; Ed.
2. iv. 238. PI. 68. — Mytilus barbatus. Penn. Brit. Zool.; Ed. 2.
iv. 238. PI. 67. f. 2.

2. Modiola discrepans. Compressed Ribbed Modiole.

Shell ovate, compressed, opaque, with a brown or blackish
epidermis ; umbones rather tumid ; posterior end much
broader and rounded ; about eight broad grooves from the umbo
to the margin, in the middle a smoothish space, and behind a
large area with about forty grooves ; the margin crenulate,
and the grooves apparent on the inner surface, which is bluish-
white and pearly. When young, the valves are thin, and semi¬
transparent, the epidermis yellowish-grey, or greyish-green, or
brown ; but ultimately they become thick and opaque, and the
epidermis black.

A young individual, from deep water, off Aberdeen, was
shewn to me, in March, 1842, by Mr. Alexander Martin, one
of my pupils ; a large valve found by Mr. Davidson, in De¬
cember, 1842.

On the 26th December, 1842, when on an excursion with
my class, I found a great number of individuals in tufts of
Corallina officinalis growing in pools, at tho Cove, four miles

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 239

south of Aberdeen. I have also minute specimens found in
shell sand from Cruden Bay, and Ugie-mouth.

Mytilus discrepans. Mont. Test. Brit. 169; Suppl. 65. PI. 26.
f. 4. — Modiola discrepans. Turt. Brit. Biv. 202. — Modiola discre¬
pans. Flem. Brit. Auim. 413.

3. Modiola discors. Tumid Ribbed Modiole .

Shell ovate, tumid, very thin, transparent ; with a yellowish-
grey epidermis, under which it is irregularly concentrically
banded with reddish ; umbones tumid, incurved ; anterior end
broader, the other obliquely angulate; about sixteen fine
grooves from the umbo to the anterior margin ; toward the
middle a smoothish space ; a larger posterior area with about
fifty grooves ; the margins crenulate, and the grooves apparent
on the inner surface. Length eight-twelfths of an inch, height
five-twelfths.

Common in the leathery envelope of Ascidise ; frequently
brought up by the lines.

Mytilus discors. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1159. — My tilns discors areis
tribus distinctis. Walker, Test. Brit. 167. — Modiola discors. Turt.
Brit. Biv. 201. — Modiola discors. Flem. Brit. Auim. 413. — Modiola
discrepans. Lamk. Syst. vi. 114; Ed, 2. vii. 23.

Genus 3. Pinna. Fan-Mussel.

Animal elongated, obovato-triangular. The lobes of
the mantle united on the dorsal margin, separated in
the rest of their extent, generally ciliated on the edges.
Mouth between two very elongated lips, terminated by
two pairs of short palpi. Foot slender, conical, vermi¬
form, furnished at the base behind with a very copious
silky byssus. Abdominal mass moderate. On each
side a pair of nearly equal, semilunar branchiae. An¬
terior adductor muscle small; posterior rather large,
subcylindrical, and nearly central.

Shell elongated, obovato-triangular equivalve, ine¬
quilateral, moderately convex, compressed behind, con¬
centrically striated, often longitudinally costate, and
muricate, thin, horny, semitransparent, fragile. Um¬
bones very small, terminal. Hinge toothless, with
transverse internal lamellse in the angle of the umbones.
Ligament very long, linear, in a very narrow, marginal
groove, subinternal, occupying more than half of the

240 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

dorsal margin of the shell, which is straight, the an¬
terior margin obsolete, anterior inferior much produced
and nearly straight, inferior rounded.

1. Pinna ingens. Great Fan-Mussel.

Shell obovato-triangular, moderately convex ; with the
dorsal line straight for more than half its length, then rounded ;
the anterior ventral line sinuate, the posterior rounded; the
valves thin, semitransparent, greenish-grey, or dusky, with
several longitudinal narrow obtuse ridges on the half next the
ligament, and transverse striae, which become more promi¬
nent, irregular and undulated, on curving along the inferior
side ; the ribs obsolete or terminating toward the broader
rounded extremity, where the transverse striae are laminar or
scaly ; inside shining, with a thin, pearly and iridescent layer.
Length about ten inches, breadth toward the end six.

In young individuals the shell is thin, semitransparent, and
yellowish-green. There is great difference in the form of in¬
dividuals, some being oblongo-triangular, others obovate.

In deep water, on a hard bottom, off Aberdeen ; not very
unfrequently brought up by the lines. In the Winter of
1841-42, half-a-dozen specimens were obtained by my pupils,
one of them with the animal alive. In October, 1842, Mr.
Murray obtained for me, at Fraserburgh, a specimen a foot
long, which had been taken up at the distance of forty miles
from land.

Pinna ingens. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 1 15 ? — Pinna fragilis. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 115? — Pinna ingens. Mont. Test. Brit. 180. — Pinna
ingens. Flora. Brit. Anim. 406. — Pinna ingens. Lamk. Syst. vi.
134; Ed. 2. vii. 66. — Pinna ingens. Turton, Brit. Biv. 221. PI.
20. f. 1. — Pinna fragilis. Turton, Brit. Biv. 222. PI. 20. f. 2.

Family III. — Unionina.

Animal oblong, ovate, elliptical, or roundish ; with
the mantle open beneath, coherent behind, and forming
two orifices, the upper small and simple, the lower large
and barbate on the margin ; a large compressed, taper¬
ing foot ; two adductor muscles, both large, widely se¬
parated.

Shell regular, equivalve, inequilateral, covered with a
hard laminated epidermis ; the hinge toothless, or with
irregular teeth ; the ligament linear, dorsal, external ;

MALACOZOA. tROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 241'

the anterior muscular impression large, and close to the
hinge anteriorly, the posterior larger. All the species
live in fresh water.

Genus 1. Anodon. Mud-Mussel.

Animal ovate or oblong, thick, with the mantle open
beneath and before, adherent, and having thickened,
often fringed, margins ; a posterior orifice for the anus,
and a short, incomplete, respiratory tube, of which the
mouth has two rows of tentacular papillse. Labial ap¬
pendages triangular. Branchiae rather long, unequal.
Foot very large, thick, compressed, of a quadrangular
form.

Shell ovate or oblong, generally thin, regular, equi-
valve, inequilateral, closed, umbones small convex and
with the dorsal slope more or less decorticated. Hinge
toothless, but presenting a lamina under the ligament,
which is external, and elongated. Muscular impres¬
sions widely separated, very distinct.

This genus differs little from Alasmodon, the animal
being nearly the same in both. The species reside in
lakes, pools, and rivers.

1. Anodon anatinus. Duck Mud-Mussel.

Shell ovate, inequilateral, moderately convex, with the an¬
terior end short and rounded, the posterior truncato-angulate,
the umbones very small, the dorsal line nearly straight as far
as the ligament extends, then declinate to the upper postei’ior
angle ; the valves thin, brittle, semitransparent, concentrically
rugoso-striate, with conspicuous growth-lines, the epidermis
glossy, dull green, more or less tinged with dusky, and slightly
radiated ; the space about the hinge generally decorticated ;
the inside bluish-white, pearly in young, yellowish-white in
old shells. Length about four inches, height a third less.

Found by Mr. Alexander Murray in the St. Fergus Canal,
and near Fraserburgh ; by Mr. Gray, near Peterhead.

“Crows,” says Pennant, “feed on these mussels, and also on
different shell-fish. It is diverting to observe, that when the
shell is too hard for their bills, they will fly with it to a great
X

242 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

height, drop the shell on a rock, and pick out the meat, when
the shell is fractured by the fall.”

Mytilus anatinus. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1158. — Mvtilus anatinus.
Penn. Zool. iv. 113. PI. 68; Ed. n. iv. 239. PI. 71. — Mytilus
anatinus. Mont. Test. Brit. 171. — Anodonta anatina. Lamk.
Anodon anatinus. Turt. Biv. 240. — Anodon anatinus. Flem. Brit.
Anim. 415.

Genus 2. Alasmodon. Pearl-Mussel.

Shell regular, equi valve, ovate or oblong, very ine¬
quilateral, compressed, concentrically rugose, with a
dense epidermis. Umbones small, incurved, carious.
Hinge with an irregular prominent crenate tooth in the
right valve, entering between two similar teeth in the
left. Ligament external, linear, elongated, strong. An¬
terior margin rounded ; posterior subangulate.

The species reside in mud or gravel, in rivers.

1. Alasmodon margaritiferus. Oblong Pearl-Mussel.

Shell transversely ovato-oblong, rather compressed, thick,
finely striate longitudinally, transversely rugose, with the pos¬
terior margin sloped ; the umbones carious ; the teeth strong,
conical, compressed, somewhat lobed ; the epidermis blackish-
brown ; the inside bluish-white, and pearly. Length six
inches, height three.

It varies much in size, form, and colour. Young indivi¬
duals are ovato-oblong, or ovate, with the epidermis olivaceous.
Middle-aged individuals are of nearly the same form, but
longer in proportion to their height, with the valves thick, the
umbones decorticated or corroded, the epidermis dark-brown.
In old individuals, some of which are from five to six inches
in length, the lower margin is widely sinuate, so as to give the
shell a curved appearance. The valves are very thick in old
shells, their interior pearly, bluish, or sometimes tinged with
red, the epidermis nearly black. Pearls of various sizes,
forms, and colours, are found in this species : spherical, he¬
mispherical, binate, roundish, oblong ; from a twelfth or less
to half an inch in diameter ; white, bluish, pink, or dusky.

Common in the Dee, the Don, the Ythan, the Ugie, and the
Doveran, in muddy and gravelly places.

Mya margaritifera. Muller, Yerm. Terrest. et Aquat. ii. 210. —
Mya margaritifera. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. — Mya margaritifera. Mont.

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 243

Test. Brit. 33. — Alasmodon margaritiferum. Flem. Brit. Anim.
417. — Alasmodon margaritiferus. Gray’s Turt. Man. 293. — Mya
margaritifera. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 80. PI. 43. f. 18. — Unio mar¬
garitiferus. Turt. Brit. Biv. 242. PI. 16. f. 1.

Family IY. — Arcina.

Animal oblong, or roundish ; with the mantle open
in its whole length, unless on the back, and destitute of
tubes ; a very short, thick, truncated foot ; two adduc¬
tor muscles, of which the posterior is larger.

Shell regular, equivalve, inequilateral, covered with
an epidermis ; the umbones generally widely separated ;
the hinge with numerous small interlocking teeth, dis¬
posed in an elongated straight or curved series ; the liga¬
ment partly external; the muscular impressions sub¬
marginal, the anterior smaller.

Genus 1. Nucula. Nucule.

Animal roundish, subtriangular, or oblong, com¬
pressed. The lobes of the mantle disunited. The
mouth with two pairs of very narrow and elongated
palpi. Foot compressed, slit at the end. Abdominal
mass rather thin, with the foot attached to it in its
whole length ; on each side a pair of elongated, very
narrow, filamentous branchiae. Anterior adductor
muscle small, posterior moderate.

Shell oval, ovato- trigonal, or oblong, equivalve,
inequilateral, concentrically striated. Umbones small,
contiguous, incurved. Hinge with a central oblique
cavity, and on each side a series of small, compressed,
projecting teeth. Ligament chiefly internal, in the
cavity of the hinge.

1. Nucula Nucleus. Common or Pearly Nucule.

Shell obliquely ovato-triangular, moderately convex, smooth-
ish, obsoletely striated transversely, with smaller and more
obscure longitudinal striae ; the surface whitish, with trans¬
verse irregular reddish markings, the epidermis olivaceous :
the umbones prominent, the anterior slope abruptly descend¬
ing, with an elongated impression, the dorsal slope descending

244 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

and convex ; the hinge with twenty, erect, compressed, obtuse
teeth on the dorsal margin, ten on the anterior ; the inner
surface pearly and shining ; the margin crenulate. Length
six-twelfths, height five-twelfths.

Young shells are more elongated, paler, almost white, with
the inner surface iridescent.

Common off Aberdeen, Peterhead, and Banff, and fre¬
quently brought up by the lines.

Area Nucleus. Linn. Syst. Nas. i. 1143. — Nucula Nucleus.
Turt. Brit. Biv. 176. PI. 13. f. 4. — Nucula Nuclea. Flem. Brit.
Anim. 401. — Area Nucleus. Mont. Test. Brit. 141. — Nucula mar-
garitacea. Lamk. Syst. vi. 59 ; Ed. 2. vi. 506.

2. Nucula tenuis. Thin Nucule.

Shell obliquely ovate, compressed, glossy, smoothish, obso-
letely striated transversely, with distinct growth-lines, and
extremely faint indications of minute longitudinal striae, the
epidermis yellowish-green ; the umbones rather prominent,
small ; the anterior slope abruptly descending, convex, with
a large ovato-oblong impression, the dorsal slope elongated,
convex, the posterior extremity somewhat angulate ; the hinge
with twelve erect, slightly recurved, compressed teeth on the
dorsal margin, five on the anterior ; the inner surface some¬
what pearly, highly iridescent, reflecting the most lively tints
of purple, green, and blue, in zones; the margins entire.
Length six-twelfths, height four and a-half.

Young shells are more elongated, paler, and semitrans¬
parent. More elongated, more compressed, and thinner than
Nucula Nucleus, and further distinguished by having the mar¬
gin not crenulate.

Not very uncommon off Aberdeen, and sometimes brought
up by the lines.

Area tenuis. Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 56. PI. 29. f. 1. — Nucula
tenuis. Turt. Brit. Biv. 177. — Nucula tenuis. Flem. Brit. Anim.
402.

3. Nucula rostrata. Beaked Nucule.

Shell elongated, oblongo-lanceolate, moderately convex,
thin, concentrically striated, with the posterior end rounded,
the anterior extended, narrowed, and truncate ; the surface of
the shell whitish, the epidermis yellowish-grey ; the umbones
very small, scarcely curved; the cardinal teeth compressed,
pointed, oblique, twenty on one side, eighteen on the other ;

MALACOZOA.

TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 245

inner surface glossy white ; margin plain. Length nine-
twelfths, height four-twelfths.

Not uncommon off Aberdeen, and frequently brought up by
the lines.

Area rostrata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3308.— Nucula rostrata. Turt.
Brit. Biv. 178. — Nucula rostrata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 402. — Nu¬
cula rostrata. Lamk. Syst. vi. 58; Ed. 2. vi. 504.

4. Nucula minuta. Minute Nucule.

Shell elongated, ovato-lanceolate, compressed, very thin,
minutely striulate and with several large concentric convex
ridges toward the margin ; the posterior end rounded, the an¬
terior extended, narrowed, and truncate ; the umbones very
small, somewhat curved ; two faint nodulose ridges from each
umbo to the angles of the truncation ; a distinct cavity under
each umbo, and on one side five compressed teeth, on the other
seven ; the margin plain ; the outside greyish-white, the an¬
terior glossy, hyaline. Length two-twelfths of an inch,
height a twelfth and a-quarter.

This species is very distinct from Nucula rostrata, to which
however it is nearly allied. Independently of other characters,
the cavity under each umbo is sufficient to distinguish it.

The specimen from which the above description has been
taken was found by Miss Anne Macgillivray, in shell sand
collected by Mr. Alexander Murray, in December, 1842, at
the mouth of the Ugie.

Arcaoblonga striata, antice angulata. Walker, Test. Min. Rar.
FI. 3. f. 81. — Area minuta. Mont. Test. Brit. 140.' — Nucula mi¬
nuta. Turt. Brit. Biv. 178. — Nucula minuta. Brown, Illustr. PI.
25. f. 18. — Nucula minuta. Flem. Brit. Anim. 402.

Family Y. — Cycladina.

Animal ovate or roundish, more or less compressed ;
with the mantle lobes free beneath, united behind, and
forming a single tube, which is internally double ; a
compressed elongated, very extensile foot ; two round¬
ish, widely separated adductor muscles

Shell subovate, or roundish, subcordate, very thin,
concentrically striate, covered with a thin, generally
olivaceous, epidermis ; the umbones prominent, obtuse ;
the hinge with two or three divergent laminar and thin
lateral teeth ; the ligament external, inconspicuous,
x 2

246 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

The Cycladina inhabit fresh water exclusively, resid¬
ing in the mud or among the roots of plants. They
are scarcely entitled to rank as a family distinct from the
Venerina ; but being all inhabitants of fresh water, and
having for the most part a peculiar aspect, they may
without much impropriety be kept apart.

Genus 1. Cyclas. Cycle.

Animal elliptical or subglobose ; with the mantle open
anteriorly and beneath, united behind into a tube, inter¬
nally double, the two siphons separated toward the end
and exsertile ; foot tongue-shaped, very extensile.

Shell elliptical and convex, or subglobose, equivalve,
very thin, concentrically striated, with a thin, persistent
epidermis. Umbones tumid, obtuse, approximated,
little curved, about the middle. Hinge with one tooth
in the right, and two in the left valve, besides two la¬
teral, elongated, lamelliform teeth.

The species occur in pools, lakes, and rivers, generally
inhabiting muddy places. They are viviparous.

1 . Cyclas jlavescens. Yellowish Cycle.

Shell rhomboido-elliptical, ventricose, somewhat inequila¬
teral ; the valves very thin, semitransparent ; glossy, finely
and regularly concentrically striate, with distant, stronger
growth-marks ; umbones very obtuse, bulging ; frontal slope
about a fifth shorter than dorsal, both convex ; anterior end
more rounded and somewhat narrower, posterior slightly an-
gulate, or truncato-rotundate ; colour pale greyish-yellow or
brown, inside in part white. Length five-twelfths of an inch,
height about four-twelfths, thickness three-tw'elfths.

The hinge is very thin ; in the right valve are two very
small, much compressed oblique teeth, of which the posterior
is bifid, and on each side are two elongated pliciform lateral
teeth, less elevated than the very thin margin ; in the left
valve is a single laminiform tooth, having two denticles, and
on each side an elongated lamina, having a deep groove be¬
tween it and the elevated very thin margin. The ligament
although elongated is very thin and inconspicuous.

Considerable variations in form are presented. Thus, when
very young, the shell is broadly elliptical, or ovato-elliptical,

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 247

compressed, the valves meeting at a very acute angle, extremely
thin, transparent, greyish-yellow. Gradually the valves be¬
come more convex, so as to be ventricose in the upper part,
and the angle of their meeting at the lower margin becomes
less. The umbones are always depressedly convex, and fre¬
quently capped, having, like many other species of Cyclas or
Pisidium, a strongly marked growth-margin separated by a
depression from the succeeding part. The colour is always
more yellow than grey, sometimes approaching to dull lemon-
yellow; the inner surface white. In old shells, exceeding
four-twelfths in length, the convexity is greater toward the
umbones, and sometimes considerable toward the inferior mar¬
gin ; which however never forms more than an angle of 45°,
the form is more rhomboidal, the posterior extremity being
more truncate, although never decidedly so ; the valves
are thicker, and often have an olivaceous tinge ; but still the
colour is properly yellowish-grey. Some individuals how¬
ever are brownish-yellow, some of that colour zoned with paler,
and some are of an olivaceous-brown.

The animal is yellowish-white, or of the same dull pale yel¬
low as the shell ; but no observations respecting its habits have
been made.

First found by two of my pupils, Mr. Nicol and Mr. Be¬
veridge, in June, 1842, in the Loch of Skene, ten miles to the
west of Aberdeen. Having gone there, on the 2d July, with
my class, I found it in the greatest profusion along the shores
and on the sandy bottom of the lake, which is about two miles
in length, and a mile in breadth, with very few plants grow¬
ing in it, Lobelia Dortmanna, which however is abundant,
being the most conspicuous. Intermixed with the Cyclades
were equally numerous shells of Physa fontinalis, and some
of a very sliort-spired variety of Linnaeus pereger. The only
other shell found was Planorbis contortus.

With reference to specimens transmitted by me, Mr. Jenyns
says, “ About No. 1. I will not speak positively : I can hardly
distinguish it from certain of the many varieties of Cyclas cor¬
nea , and some specimens approach very nearly to that which
I have called stagnicola ; but both that species and cornea call
for further examination, in reference to specimens from dif¬
ferent localities, it being questionable whether some of the sup¬
posed varieties of each be not true species. The animal and
its habits require to be attended to as well as the shell for the
purpose of investigating this matter.”

248 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBHANCHIATA.

Genus 2. Pisidium.

Animal subovate, with the mantle open anteriorly
and beneath, united behind into a tube, internally
double ; foot tongue-shaped at the end, very extensile.

Shell subovate, subtrigonal, equivalve, very thin, con¬
centrically striated, with a very thin persistent epider¬
mis. Umbones tumid, approximated, little curved,
nearer the anterior end. Hinge with one tooth in the
right, and two in the left valve, besides two lateral,
elongated, lamelliform teeth.

The species occur in lakes, pools, mill-ponds, brooks,
rivers, ditches, and marshes, generally inhabiting muddy
places, among the roots of plants. They are viviparous,
and the young, with the shell developed, attain an
enormous size, before they are expelled.

The distinctive characters of Pisidium and Cyclas are
by many, not without reason, deemed inadequate ; the
Pisidia merely having the posterior syphons longer and
not separated at the end, and the shell generally more
inequilateral. The form of the shell in the same species
varies with age, it being more orbicular and compressed
when young.

1. Pisidium Jodnnis. John's Pisidium.

Shell broadly ovate, well rounded at both ends, moderately
convex, thin, glossy, distinctly concentrically striate, the inter¬
vening ridges broader, smooth, and polished, with more marked
growth-lines ; the umbones tumid, obtuse, smooth at the apex,
placed somewhat nearer the anterior end ; the dorsal slope a
little convex ; the colour greyish-yellow. Length two-twelfths
and a-lialf, height two-twelfths.

The animal is of a greyish-wrhite colour ; with the foot com¬
pressed, but, when exserted, cylindrical or a little depressed,
obtuse, and capable of being extended to one and a-half times
the length of the shell ; the siphon very short, abrupt, and
plain on the margin.

The shell varies little in outline, but greatly in the degree of
convexity, young individuals being much compressed, others
moderately so, and few very convex. The colour scarcely
varies.

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 249

First found by me in September, 1842, in a ditch near the
Links of Old Aberdeen, where it is extremely abundant among
the roots of grasses and other plants. Individuals kept in
water for some days presented the same habits as those de¬
scribed in Pisidium Jenynsii, with the exception of not extend¬
ing the foot nearly so far.

With reference to specimens of this shell, Mr. Gray, to
whom I sent them, remarks : “The Pisidium is very like one
I have lately received from Yorkshire, without a name, and
appears distinct from any others I have.” Supposing it to be
new, I have named it after my son, a young naturalist of some
promise. But, although I am persuaded that it equally merits
specific distinction with Pisidia Jenynsii, and pusilla, I think
that they all differ as little from each other as the numerous
varieties of Linnsei pereger, palustris, and truncatulus, or of
Mytilus edulis, or Venus Gallina.

In still water, full of decayed vegetable matter, in a small
neglected pond, and especially in a ditch near it, in the garden
of the Professor of Medicine of King’s College, where it was
first observed by Mr. Leslie, in June, 1842, it presents a some¬
what different appearance, so that one might at first sight
consider it a distinct species. Although more or less crusted,
it is pale greyish-yellow when cleaned. Most of the old indi¬
viduals resemble those above described ; but are more convex,
and the largest, which attain a length of two-twelfths and a
quarter, are ventricose, with the nates considerably elevated,
often capped, and the inferior margin meeting at a much wider
angle. Many of the individuals have a slight tinge of grey,
and the animal is often greyish-white.

Respecting specimens from this locality, Mr. Jenyns has
favoured me with the following remarks : — “ This I believe to
be the P. pulchellum , var. a of my monograph, which I have
since considered distinct from the above (P. pulchellum, var.
/3), and which Gray (p. 285) proposes should be named P.
Jenynsii ; but they are much larger than any specimens in my
possession before, with the umbones more prominent, and the
valves less deeply striated ; but these differences may be owing
to water and locality. If it is not what I suppose it to be, it
is new.”

2. Pisidium Jenynsii. Jenyns' s Pisidium.

Shell obliquely ovate, rather tumid, very thin, glossy, finely
but distinctly and regularly concentrically striate, with a few
more marked growth-lines, and with very faint radiating

2j0 malacozoa. tropiopopa. lamellibranchiata.

striulse ; the umbones tumid, obtuse, considerably nearer the
anterior end ; frontal end forming about a third of the seg¬
ment of a circle, dorsal slope about a third longer than frontal,
and convex ; the colour yellowish-white. Length a twelfth
and three-fourths, height a twelfth and an eighth, breadth
three-fourths of a twelfth.

The animal is yellowish- white, or reddish- white, semitrans¬
parent.

It resides among the roots of aquatic plants, especially
Juncem, Cyperaceae, Gramineae, Spargania, Epilobia, Veronica
Beccabunga, Callitriche verna and Sphagna ; generally among
the fibres, clear of the mud, but sometimes immersed in the
latter. As it inhabits lakes, pools, and ditches, clear, running,
stagnant, or muddy water, marshy places, and peat bogs, it
varies in size, form, and colour. Some individuals are less in¬
equilateral than others ; some ventricose, others compressed.
Frequently the umbones are somewhat capped, or present a
distinct separation, as it were, from the rest of the shell, by a
sudden depression. Among specimens collected in a single
spot, a small pond, for example, many such varieties are to be
seen. They depend partly upon age, and partly upon local
circumstances.

In the clear running water of a ditch, filled with plants, and
especially Callitriche verna, near Old Aberdeen, for example,
it presents the characters given above ; the largest individuals
being obliquely ovate, with the posterior end twice the length
of the anterior, the concentric striae regular and delicate, the
umbones moderately prominent, but always very obtuse, the
shell rather compressed, although tumid at the umbones, and
the valves meeting below so as to form an acute angle, of about
forty degrees. Younger individuals are proportionally less
elongated, more compressed, with less tumid umbones ; very
young ones are ovato-orbicular, much compressed, and with
the umbones scarcely prominent. The shell is always yellow¬
ish-white, when cleaned, and when the animal is in it, it is
pale hyaline-yellow ; but it is often crusted with brown or red¬
dish matter. When dead it is whitish and opaque. The
greatest size in such places is two-twelfths in length, a twelfth
and a-half in height, and nearly a twelfth in breadth or thick¬
ness.

In clear, but stagnant water, in a ditch, in gravelly ground
with peaty soil, between Aberdeen and the Spital, along with
Planorbis Vortex, I found in July, 1842, a most beautiful
variety: oval, ventricose, with prominent obtuse nates, the

MALACOIOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 251

valves convex, and meeting at a more obtuse angle ; the sur¬
face shining, the striae faint ; the shell transparent, yellowish-
white, and allowing the reddish-white animal to be dimly seen
through it. All the individuals, even the young, are oval and
convex. The greatest length a twelfth and a-lialf, the height
almost a twelfth.

In the clear still water of lakes and pools where, among the
roots of Cyperaceas and other plants, there is little mud, and
where it also occurs among Sphagna, and in wet places in
moorish ground and on heaths it is equally beautiful, and nearly
of the same form, but less convex. There it does not attain a
greater length than a twelfth and a-lialf.

With reference to specimens of this kind, and especially from
the Bishop’s Loch, Mr. Jenyns says: “ These appear identical
with the Pisidium Jenynsii, and in every respect accord with
specimens from Battersea Fields and Cambridgeshire Fens.”

Such being the case, and the gradations being traced up to
the large individuals, there can be no doubt that all belong to
Pisidium Jenynsii; which however presents greater differences
among individuals of its owrn species, than those usually seen
in what might be considered characteristic individuals of P.
Jenynsii and P. pulchellum, both which, and all their varieties,
I am almost persuaded, are of one single species.

I have found the small and moderate, very clear, pinkish or
yellowish-white kind, very abundant, and most extensively
distributed in Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire. It is in
fact one of the most common of all our fresh-water mollusca.
Miss Macgiilivray has also brought it from Banffshire, and Mr.
Murray has found it in the district of Buchan.

On the 22d July, the following observations were made on
numerous individuals found in the ditch mentioned above,
between Aberdeen and the Spital : —

When advancing in the water, the animal opens its valves
a little, places itself erect by means of the foot, which it gra¬
dually protrudes, until it considerably exceeds the shell in
length. When thus extended it is of a linear-oblong form,
very little flattened, narrowed but rounded at the end. It
then contracts, and drags the shell quickly forward ; after
which it is again extended, and again contracts. It is not
always stretched out in a direct line, but is moved in an undu¬
lating manner, often from side to side, and appears to act as a
tentaculiun, as well as an organ of motion. The siphonal tube,
which is at the same time extended, and kept so, is short,
cylindrical, truncate, and undergoes little alteration. A current

252 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA*

is seen passing out of it, and minute dark particles frequently
escape. In this manner the animal advances with considerable
speed, by jerks. At other times it ascends to the surface,
where it proceeds in the same manner, with the shell reversed,
the umbones being beneath. The valves being partially opened,
the foot is gradually elongated, until it assumes a linear, sub-
cylindrical form ; it then suddenly contracts and the shell is
jerked forward. Usually the foot extends to a length and a-
half of the shell, but often to twice its length. The syphon
changes little, being generally cylindrical, sometimes however
nearly elliptical, but always abrupt. It never extends beyond
a sixth of the length of the shell. The animal can advance
equally with the shell inclined to either side. It can creep in
any direction, on a level or inclined surface, ascend or descend
a perpendicular plane. The colour of the protruded parts is
greyish-white. On opening an individual in which young ones
were seen, I found six lodged in the umbonal region. They
were very large, a third of a twelfth long, much compressed,
elliptical, with the umbones nearly central, and scarcely ele¬
vated above the general curve, the colour white, the surface
beautifully glossed, and almost perfectly smooth, the striae being
scarcely apparent. On being removed and placed in the water,
some of them soon began to move in the same manner as the
adults, but with the shell inclined on one side.

Individuals taken from the Canal near Aberdeen, of a more
ovato- triangular form, and less bulging, presented no differences
in the foot and siphon, or in the mode of progression.

Pisidium Jenynsii. Gray, Turt. Man. 2d Ed. 285. — Pisidium
pulchellum. Yar.Jenyns.

3. Pisidium pulchellum. Beautiful Pisidium.

Shell obliquely ovate, rather ventricose, very thin, glossy,
finely and deeply concentrically striate, with a few more marked
growth-lines, and with faint radiating striulae ; the umbones
tumid, obtuse, considerably nearer the anterior end ; frontal
end forming about the third of a circle ; dorsal slope descend¬
ing, little convex ; the colour pale yellowish-grey, or greyish-
white. Length a twelfth and three-fourths, height nearly a
twelfth and a-half, breadth a twelfth and a-fourth.

The animal reddish-white.

Adult individuals vary little, unless in colour, some being of
a darker or olivaceous tint, others tinged with grey, many
crusted with reddish, brownish, or blackish matter. Young

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 253

individuals are more elliptical, with the anterior end less
shortened.

Found in abundance in the mud and sand of a mill-pond
near the New Bridge of Don. First seen by Mr. John Mac-
gillivray there in the Autumn of 1841.

Pisidium pulchellum,Yar. /3. Jenyns, Monogr. 18. PI. 21. f. 1. —
Cyclas pusilla. Turt. Brit. Biv. 251. PI. 11. f. 16, 17. — Cyclas fon-
tinalis. Brown, Edinb. Journ. of Nat. and Geogr. Sc. I. 11. PI. 2.
f. 5, 7.

4. Pisidium, nitidum. Shining Pisidium.

Shell orbicular-ovate, compressed, thin, glossy, finely but
distinctly and regularly concentrically striate, with a few more
marked growth-lines ; the umbones obtuse, subcentral marked
with several stronger concentric grooves ; the frontal end semi¬
circular, the dorsal slope convex ; the colour greyish-white.
Length a twelfth of an inch ; height a fifth less.

The animal greyish-white.

First found by me in July, 1842, in a mill-pond, near the
New Bridge of Don, where it occurs rarely, along with Pisi¬
dium pusillum, and P. pulchellum.

The most obvious distinctive character consists of the strong
concentric ridges on the umbonal region.

Pisidium nitidum. Jenyns, Monogr. 16. PI. 20. f. 7, 8. — Pisidium'
nitidum. Gray’s Turton, 283. PI. 12. f. 150.

5 Pisidium pusillum. Dwarf Pisidium.

Shell orbicular-ovate, rather compressed, thin, glossy, finely
concentrically striated ; the umbones obtuse, rather prominent,
subcentral ; the frontal end forming the fourth of a circle, the
dorsal slope descending and convex ; the colour greyish-white.
Length a twelfth and a-fourth, height nearly a twelfth.

The animal greyish- white.

First found by me, in the Summer of 1 841 , in a mill-pond,
near the New Bridge of Don ; in April, 1842, gathered there
in abundance by Mr. Leslie and me.

This species differs from the last chiefly in being less com¬
pressed, and in wanting the prominent ridges on the umbonal
region.

Cyclas pusilla. Turt. Brit. Biv. 251. PI. 11. f. 16, 17. — Cyclas
fontinalis. Drap. Moll. 130. PI. 10. f. 8, 11. — Pisidium pusillum.
Jenyns, Monogr. 14. PI. 20. f. 4, 6. — Pisidium pusillum. Grav’s
Turton. 284. PI. 12. f. 151.

Y

254 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA .

Family VI. — Venerina.

Animal orbicular, roundish, ovate, or oblong, more or
less compressed ; "with the mantle-lobes free beneath,
united behind to form a tube containing two siphons ;
a compressed, extensile foot ; two roundish, widely se¬
parated adductor muscles.

Shell orbicular, roundish, ovate, or oblong, generally
convex, subcordate, thick, concentrically striate, seldom
with an epidermis ; the umbones prominent, approxi¬
mated ; the hinge with from two to four divergent strong
teeth, and elongated lateral teeth ; the hgament external,
prominent ; anterior slope with a cordate or ovate im¬
pression.

All the species marine.

Genus 1. Lucina.

Animal orbicular, compressed ; the margins of the
mantle fringed ; the foot elongated, cylindrical ; tubes
short, united in their whole length, and entering into a
replication of the mantle.

Shell suborbicular, subinequila.teral, concentrically
striated. Umbones small, oblique, rather pointed.
Hinge variable, generally the right valve with two diver¬
gent, moderately prominent teeth, leaving between them
a triangular depression ; toward the posterior border
under the ligament an elongated little-elevated lamina,
succeeded by a shallow groove, and along the anterior
margin a slight ridge ; the left valve with two divergent
teeth, and an intermediate depression, an elongated
ridge along the posterior margin, and a shallow groove
along the anterior. Muscular impressions widely sepa¬
rated, the anterior generally with a narrow prolongation.
Pallial impression entire. Ligament external and rather
elongated.

There seems no reason for separating Lucina and
Loripes. It will however be obvious to any one who
compares the shells of any true Lucina with that of
“Lucina undata/’ that this latter, having the pallial

MALACOZQA. TROPIOPODA.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 2 55

impression not “ entire,” but invaded by a deep sinus,
must be excluded frcm the genus, and either referred to
Cytherea or kept apart.

1 . Lucina Rddula . Wrinkled Lucina.

Shell orbicular, convex, with numerous concentric narrow
rugae, becoming lamelliform at the two extremities ; before the
umbones an ovato-lanceolate impression ; the ligament of mo¬
derate length and sunk; the internal surface subgranulate,
dull, white, toward the margin smooth and glossy, with faint
radiating striae ; the colour white.

On the Western coasts of Scotland it attains a diameter of
two inches ; but the specimens seen by me on the Aberdeen
coasts have been much smaller.

Not very common, in shallow and rather deep water, off
the coast. A specimen found by Miss Marion Macgillivray
has supplied the above description.

Venus spuria. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 32S4. — Tellina Radula. Penn.
Brit. Zool. ; Ed. 2. iv. 181.— Tellina Radula. Mont. Test. Brit. 68.
PI. 2. f. 1, 2. — Lucina Radula. Turt. Brit. Biv. 116. — Lucina Ra¬
dula. Flem. Brit. Anim. 441. — Lucina Radula. Lamb. Syst. v.
541; Ed. 2. vi. 225.

2. Lucina spinifera. Spinous Lucina.

Shell elliptico-orbicular, compressed, thin, with distinct con¬
centric narrow ridges, which at both ends become more pro¬
minent, compressed, and at the anterior especially project in
the form of short spines ; two little-elevated divergent teeth,
with elongated convex lateral laminae, in both valves ; inner
surface minutely and obscurely granulated, toward the margin
glossy and obscurely striated ; the colour white.

A specimen, four and a-fourth twelfths long, three and a-
lialf twelfths high, from deep water, obtained by me in the
Winter of 1841-2.

It seems to me almost certain that this is only the young of
Lucina Radula.

Venus spinifera. Mont. Test. Brit. PI. 17. f. 1. — Myrtea spini¬
fera. Turt. Biv. Brit. 133. — Myrtea spinifera. Flem. Brit. Anim.
443.

3. Lucina lactea. Milk-white Lucina.

Shell orbicular, equilatei’al, convex, with numerous concen¬
tric narrow, rather irregular striae ; the umbones medial, rather
pointed, a little incurved ; the dorsal slope nearly straight and

256

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. iAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

declinafe; the anterior a little concave near the umbones,
where there is a small oblong impression ; a faint sinus from
the umbo to the posterior margin ; in the right valve a single
entire tooth, with a depression on either side, in the left valve
two teeth ; the interior smooth ; the anterior muscular im¬
pression extremely narrow and elongated, the posterior oblong ;
the colour white or yellowish-white; frequently interrupted
crack-like radiating streaks, sometimes tinged red, as if in the
substance of the shell. Length eight-twelfths of an inch,
height seven-twelfths.

Single valves found by me on the Belhelvie Sands, in Sep¬
tember, 1842.

V ery nearly allied to Lucina Radula, from which it differs
in having the dorsal line more sloping, the frontal less rounded,
the striae more numerous, the anterior muscular impression
longer.

Tellina lactea. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1 119. — Tellina lactea. Mont.
Test. Brit. 70. PI. 2. f. 4. — Lucina lactea. Turt. Brit. Biv. 1 12. —
Lucina lactea. Lamk. Syst. v. 542; Ed. 2. vi. 228. — Lucina lactea.
Risso, Eur. Merid. iv. 343.

4. Lucina Leucoma . White Lucina.

Shell roundish, inequilateral, little convex, thin, with nu¬
merous concentric regular deeply impressed striae, and faint
and minute radiating striulae ; the umbones much curved ; the
dorsal slope very convex, the anterior deeply concave close to
the umbones, afterwards convex, the ventral outline semicir¬
cular, forming a rounded angle with the frontal ; anterior im¬
pression cordate, rather deep, striate ; in the right valve a
single entire tooth, with a depression before it, in the left, two
thick teeth, of which the anterior is cleft ; the interior roughish,
smooth and glossy at the margin, the pallial impression in¬
vaded by a very narrow, straight mark, a deep groove from
near the umbo ; the colour dull white. Length of an indivi¬
dual eight-twelfths, height seven and a-half twelfths.

The above description from an individual brought up by the
lines at Aberdeen, and found by Miss Marion Macgillivray,
in October, 1842.

Lucina Leucoma. Turt. Brit. Biv. 113. PI. 7. f. 8.

Genus 2. Cyprina.

Shell equivalve, anisomeral, obliquely cordiform,
ovato-orbicular, thick, concentrically costate or striate,
with a persistent lamellar epidermis. Umbones promi-

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIJ3 ANC HI AT A . 257

nent, approximated, curved forwards. Frontal slope con¬
cave, with a faint ovate or cordate depression. Hinge very-
strong ; the right valve with an anterior depression near
the margin, two diverging cardinal teeth, separated by a
deep depression, the posterior tooth thick and bifid, an
oblique groove, succeeded by a long submarginal ridge,
externally of which is an elongated groove extending far
along the posterior slope ; the left valve with an anterior
crenulate tooth, two thin diverging cardinal teeth, sepa¬
rated by a broad triangular depression, and succeeded
by an elongated groove and a long ridge. Ligament ex¬
ternal. Muscular impressions rather small, submarginal;
pallial impression entire.

1. Cyprina Islandica. Icelandic Cyprina.

Shell obliquely cordate, roundish-ovate, thick, rounded before
and behind, concentrically rugoso-striate, with a sublamellate
epidermis ; umbones prominent, obliquely incurved ; a broadly
ovate but undefined depression ; inner surface dull chalky, with
a broad glossy margin ; epidermis brownish-olive, abraded on
the umbones ; inner surface white. Length five inches and
three-fourths, height five inches.

Young individuals are longer in proportion to their height,
and have a pale yellowish-grey or brownish-red epidermis.

Not uncommon along the sandy coast, and frequently cast
on the beach.

Venus Islandica. Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. 1131. — Concha emaximis,
admodum crassa, &c. Lister, Anim. Angl. 173. PI. 4. f. 22. — Venus
mercenaria. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 94. PI. 53. f. 47. — Cyprina
Islandica. Flem. Brit. Anim. 443. — Cyprina Islandica. Turt. Brit.
Biv. 135. — Cyprina Islandica. Lamk. Syst. v. 557 ; Ed. 2. vi.
290. — Venus islandica. Mont. Test. Brit. 114.

Genus 3. Astarte. Sowerby.

Shell equivalve, anisomeral, moderately convex or
compressed, subtriangular, roundish or elliptical, con¬
centrically sulcate, with a dense olivaceous epidermis.
Umbones prominent, approximated, curved forwards.
Anterior dorsal slope concave, with a distinct cordato-
oblong depression, of which the sides slope inwards.

Y 2

258 MALACOZOA- TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Hinge very strong, the right valve with a thick promi¬
nent triangular tooth, and two triangular pits ; left valve
with two prominent diverging teeth, and an intervening
triangular pit ; lateral teeth merely forming a thickened
margin. Ligament external, short, and rather inconspi¬
cuous. Muscular impressions rather large, elliptical.
Pallial impression entire.

The species of this genus are readily known by their
transverse or concentric scaliform rugae, olivaceous epi¬
dermis, and thick shell. They live in mud, gravel, or
sand, in rather deep water. The genus was first named
Astarte by Sowerby, afterwards Crassina by Lamarck.

1 . Astarte Danmoniensis. Devonshire Astarte.

Shell rotundato-trigonal or suborbicular, moderately convex ;
with the anterior end shorter, the umbones pointed and ap¬
proximated; the dorsal slope very slightly convex, with a
narrow-lanceolate, obliquely striated impression, of which the
sides slope inwards ; the anterior slope somewhat concave,
with a lanceolate, obliquely striated impression having similarly
inclined sides ; the valves thick, with twenty or more con¬
centric, convex ridges, narrower than their interstices, which,
as well as they, are concentrically striated ; the epidermis
vellowish-brown ; two strong teeth in the left valve, a medial
stronger tooth, and two slight teeth in the right; inner surface
white ; margin crenate. Length an inch and a-quarter, height
an inch.

Young individuals more compressed, with pale brownish-
yellow epidermis.

Not uncommon in deep water, on hard ground, off the coast,
and now and then brought up by the lines.

Venus Danmonia. Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 46. PI. 29. f. 4. —
Crassina sulcata. Turt. Brit. Biv. 131. PI. 11. f. 1,2. — Astarte
Danmonia. Flem. Brit. Anim. 440. — Crassina Danmoniensis.
Lamk. Syst. v. 554; 2d Ed. vi. 257.

2. Astarte Scotica. Scottish Astarte.

Shell rotundato-trigonal or suborbicular, rather compressed ;
with the anterior end shorter, the umbones pointed and ap¬
proximated ; the dorsal slope very slightly convex, with a
narrow-lanceolate, obliquely striated impression, of which the
sides slope inwards ; the anterior slope somewhat concave,

MALACOZOA.

TRQPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 259

with a lanceolate, obliquely striated impression of which the
sides slope inwards ; the valves moderately thick, with twenty
or more concentric, convex ridges, narrower than their inter¬
stices, which, as well as they, are concentrically striated ; the
epidermis yellowish-brown ; two strong teeth in the left valve,
a medial stronger tooth, and two slight teeth in the right;
inner surface white; margin plain. Length an inch, height
ten-twelfths.

Almost precisely similar to Astarte Danmonia, in every re¬
spect, unless in having the valves thinner, and the margins
without crenatures.

Not uncommon off Aberdeen, and sometimes brought up by
the lines. Found also at Gamrie, Banffshire, by Miss Macgil-
livray.

Venus Scotica. Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 44. — Crassina Scotica.
Turt. Brit. Biv. 130. — Astarte Scotica. Flem. Brit. Anim. 440. —
Crassina Scotica. Brown, Illustr. PI. 18. f. 9? — Crassina com-
pressa. Brown, Illustr. PI. 18. f. 4, 5.

3. Astarte sulcata. Roundish Grooved Astarte.

Shell rotundato-trigonal subangulated posteriorly, convex ;
with the anterior end longer, the umbones pointed and con¬
tiguous ; the dorsal slope convex, with a lanceolate, obliquely
striated impression, of which the sides slope inwards ; the an¬
terior slope somewhat concave, with an ovato-lanceolate
obliquely striated impression with concave sloping sides ; the
valves very thick, with twenty-five or more concentric convex
ridges, of the same breadth as the interstices, which, as well as
they, are concentrically striated ; the epidermis olive-brown ;
two strong teeth in the left valve, a median stronger tooth and
two small teeth in the right ; inner surface white, dull, glossy
toward the margin, which is crenate. Length an inch, height
ten-twelfths.

Very similar to Astarte Danmoniensis, but with more nu¬
merous rugae, which are of about the same breadth as their
interstices, whereas in it they are considerably narrower.

Not uncommon in deep water, and on hard ground, off
Aberdeen.

Venus sulcata. Mont. Test. Brit. 131. — Crassina incrassata.
Desh. Lamk. Syst. ; Ed. n. vi. 257. — Venus sulcata. Lamk. Syst.
v. 592; Ed. n. Vi. 349.

4. Astarte elliptica. Elliptical Astarte.

Shell ovato-elliptical, compressed ; with the anterior end

260 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

much shorter ; the umbones pointed, contiguous, and curved
forwards ; the dorsal line nearly straight, elongated, with a
linear-lanceolate, obliquely striated impression, of which the
sides slope inwards, the anterior slope concave, with a narrow-
lanceolate obliquely striated impression with concave sloping
sides; the valves moderately thick, with about twenty-two
broad, little elevated ribs, which toward either end become
obsolete, and, as well as their interstices, which are about the
same breadth, are concentrically striated ; the epidermis light
yellowish-brown or umber-brown ; two divergent strong teeth
in one valve, a strong central tooth in the other ; inner surface
white or bluish-white, glossy toward the margin, which is not
crenate. Length an inch and four-twelfths, height an inch.

This species is easily distinguished by its being elliptical,
more compressed, especially toward the ventral margin, with
the teeth more divergent, and the concentric ridges evanescent
at both ends.

Crassina elliptica. Brown, Illustr. PI. 18. f. 3.- Crassina ovata.
Brown, Edinb. Joum. of Nat. and Geogr. Sc. I. 12. PI. f. 8. —
Crassina depressa. Brown, Illustr. PI. 18. f. 2.

5. Astdrte multicost ata. Many-ribbed Astarte.

Shell trigonal, moderately convex ; with the anterior end
slightly longer ; the umbones contiguous, rather pointed and
somewhat curved forwards ; the dorsal slope slightly convex,
with a narrow lanceolate, obliquely striated impression, of
which the sides slope inwards, the anterior slope somewhat
concave, with an oblongo-lanceolate, obliquely striated im¬
pression, with concave sloping sides ; the valves thick, with
about forty concentric convex ridges, which are rather broader
than the interstices, and, as well as they, faintly concentrically
striated ; the epidermis yellowish-brown, or olive-brown, and
glossy, usually patched with a black crust ; two strong teeth
in the left valve, a median stronger tooth and two small teeth
in the right ; inner surface white, dull, glossy toward the mar¬
gin, which is not crenate. Length half an inch, height nearly
the same.

Easily distinguished from Astarte sulcata by its much more
numerous rugae, more trigonal form, and smooth margins.
The young are much compressed, w’ith a very thin margin,
and browmish-yellow epidermis, and have some faint resem¬
blance to those of Cyprina Islandica.

Common in deep water, and on hard ground, off Aberdeen ;
frequently brought up by the lines.

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMBL1IBRANCMATA. 261

Crassina convexiuscula. Brown, Illustr. PI. 18. f. 7? — Cyprina
compressa. Turt. Brit. Biv. 136. PI. 1 1. f. 22,23? — Crassina multi-
costata. Smith, Wern. Mem. viii. 104. PI. 1. f. 20.

6. Astarte compressa. Compressed Astarte.

Shell ovato-trigonal, compressed; with the anterior end
shorter, the umbones pointed and approximated; the dorsal
slope straight for half its length, then convex, with a linear-
oblong, obliquely striated impression, of which the sides slope
inwards; the anterior slope nearly straight to the end of the
oblong impression ; the valves moderately thick, with irregular
flattened concentric ridges and shallow sulci, obliterated toward
the margins ; the muscular impressions very large, the anterior
obovato-lunate ; the margin plain, with a broad flat space be¬
tween it and the pallial impression ; the epidermis yellowish-
brown. Length an inch and a-half, height an inch and a-
quarter.

This species comes nearest in form to Astarte elliptica, but
has little affinity to Astarte multicostata, which has by several
authors been strangely confounded with it. No two species
could be more distinct than one which is ovato-trigonal, with
obsolete irregular ridges and sulci, and one rotundato-trigonal
with most regular, small, very numerous well-marked ridges
and sulci. Dr. Fleming’s Astarte compressa is the same as
this species, in so far as the “ dead valves from St. Andrew’s
Bay upwards of an inch and three-twelfths in length,” are
concerned, as I have compared them with an Aberdeen speci¬
men. The description and figure of Montagu agree with the
species here described. Brown’s Crassina sulcata, (PI. 18.
f. 10.) cannot be Montagu’s Venus sulcata, the margin in the
former being crenate, in the latter plain.

Venus compressa. Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 43. PI. 26. f. 1, l. —
Astarte compressa. Flem. Brit. Anim. 440.

Genus 4. Cytherea.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, moderately convex, sub-
orbicular, concentrically striated. Umbones small, ap¬
proximated, curved forwards. Frontal slope concave,
with a distinct cordate depression. Hinge strong ; the
right valve with three divergent teeth, and three depres¬
sions, and an anterior elongated obtuse ridge, succeeded
by a marginal groove; left valve with four divergent

262 MALACOZOA.

TROPIOFOUA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

teeth, four depressions, and an anterior obtuse ridge.
Ligament external, considerably sunk by an elevation of
the margins. Muscular impressions rather small, sub¬
marginal ; pallial impression invaded by a very long, ob¬
lique tapering sinus.

1 Cytherea exoleta. Worn Cytherea.

Shell orbicular, subequilateral, moderately convex, with
concentric regular striae, and stronger growth-lines, somewhat
obsolete along the middle of the valves ; the depression cor¬
date, sublamellate, abruptly defined; inner surface dull, but
with the muscular impressions, oblique mark, and margins
glossy ; the colour yellowish-white or reddish-white, with ra¬
diating purplish or reddish bands; inside white. Diameter
two inches and a-half.

The form varies little, but the colouring presents con¬
siderable difference, it being sometimes uniform, without
bands, sometimes blotched or spotted.

Very uncommon, occurring along the coast, in sand. I
have never met with it alive.

Venus exoleta. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1134. — Venus exoleta. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 94. PI. 54. f. 49. A; Ed. 2. iv. 209. PI. 57. f. 3.—
Venus exoleta. Mont. Test. Brit. 116. — Cytherea exoleta. Flein.
Brit. Anim. 445. — Cytherea exoleta. Turt. Brit. Biv. 162. PI. 8.
f. 7. — Cytherea exoleta. Lamk. Syst. vi. 572; Ed. 2. vi. 314.

2. Cytherea lincta . Glossed Cythercea.

Shell orbicular, inequilateral, moderately convex, with fine
concentric regular thin striae, more prominent at either end,
and a few stronger growth-lines ; the surface glossy ; the de¬
pression cordate, striato-lamellate, abruptly defined ; the colour
greyish - white, without markings ; the inside dull -white.
About an inch and a-half in diameter.

Closely allied to Cytheraea exoleta, but with the dorsal slope
longer, the surface glossy, the concentric lines finer, thin-
edged, and more elevated at either end.

Young shells are rather longer than high, but in older indi¬
viduals the height considerably exceeds the length.

On the sandy coasts, common. Sometimes brought up on
the fishing-lines.

Cytherea lincta. Flem. Brit. Anim. 445. — Cytherea lincta. Lamk.
Syst. v. 573; Ed. 2. vi. 315. — Venus exoleta. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv.
94. PI. 56. f. 49. — Cytherea sinuata. Turt. Brit. Biv. 163.

MALACOZOA. TEOPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 263

3. Cytherba undata. Waved Cytheraa.

Shell suborbicular, convex, thin, subdiaphanous, with nu¬
merous concentric striae, and larger rugae, which are more or
less sinuous, as is the very thin inferior margin of the valves ;
no distinct impression before the umbones ; two middle cardi¬
nal teeth of the last valve prominent and thin ; three teeth in
the right valve, the middle tooth larger and cleft ; the exter¬
nal surface glossy ; the internal smooth, with the submarginal
space glossy, and faintly marked with marginal striae ; the
muscular impressions oval, the pallial invaded by a deep ob¬
tuse sinus running upwards beyond the middle of the shell ;
the exterior white, or yellowish or reddish-white, sometimes
ferruginous toward the umbones, the anterior of a paler red¬
dish-white. Length an inch and a-half, height about the
same.

Not very uncommon in rather deep water off Aberdeen ;
sometimes brought up by the lines, and not unfrequently cast
on the beach. Found also at Gamrie, in Banffshire, by Miss
Macgillivray, and at Cruden by Mr. Murray.

Yenus undata. Penn. Brit. Zool. 95. PI. 55. f. 51. — Lucina un¬
data. Turt. Brit. Biv. 115. — Venus undata. Mont. Test. Brit. 117.
— Yenus undata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 448. — Lucina undata. Lamk.
Svst. v. 543 ; Ed. 2.vi. 229.

Genus 5. Yenus.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, moderately convex, sub-
orbicular, subtriangular, or cordato-ovate, concentrically
striate or laminate. Umbones prominent, approximated,
curved forwards. Frontal slope concave, with a dis¬
tinct cordate depression. Hinge strong ; the right valve
with three divergent teeth ; the two anterior smaller,
separated by a narrow depression, the posterior elon¬
gated separated by a wide triangular depression, and
succeeded by an elongated marginal groove ; the left
valve with three divergent teeth, of which the medial is
largest, three depressions, and submarginal grooves.
Ligament external, considerably sunk and inconspicu¬
ous. Muscular impressions moderate, roundish, sub¬
marginal ; pallial impression invaded by an oblong
sinus.

264 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA.

LAMSLLIBHANCH1ATA.

Iii sand, gravel, or clay, near tlie sliore, or in deep
water.

1. Venus Casina. Thick-ridged Venus.

Shell suborbicular, moderately convex, very thick, with con¬
centric, elevated thick rather thin-edged entire ridges ; the
frontal slope rather convex, the posterior longer, convex ; the
anterior impression cordate, lamelloso-striate, the posterior
linear-oblong ; the margin crenate ; the colour dull white.
Diameter an inch and eight- twelfths.

First found in September, 1842, by Miss Isabella Mac-
gillivray, in December by me, brought up from deep water otf
Aberdeen, but only decayed valves.

It is not uncommon on some of the Western coasts of Scot¬
land, where it attains a diameter of two inches. The ridges
vary greatly in number, regularity, and thickness.

Venus Casina. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1130. — Venus Ervcina, a worn
shell. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 94. PI. 54. f. 48. A. — Venus Cassina.
Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 47. — Venus. Casina. Turt. Brit. Biv. 141.
PI. 9. f. 1. — Venus Cassina. Flem. Brit. Anim. 446.

2. Venus reflexa. Thin-ridged Venus.

Shell suborbicular, compressed, rather thin, with distant
concentric elevated, reflexed, broad, but thin-edged entire
ridges ; the intervals finely striulate in a radiating manner ;
the frontal slope slightly concave, the posterior longer, little
convex ; the anterior impression cordate, obliquely lamellate,
the posterior linear-oblong ; the margin marked internally with
very small grooves and ridges ; the colour yellowish-white,
often faintly radiated with reddish. Diameter an inch and a-
haif.

This species is nearly allied to Venus Casina, from which it
differs in being more compressed, with the concentric ridges
thinner, more elevated, and reflexed, especially toward the an¬
terior end.

A small individual from off Aberdeen, found by me on the
4th of October, 1842; a larger single valve, by M.r. Alex.
Murray, at Gamrie ; and a large individual in January, 1843,
at the Cove, by Mr. Fergusson, one of my pupils.

Venus reflexa. Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 40,168. — Venus reflexa.
Laskey, Wern. Trans. 1, 384. PI. 8. f. 1. — Venus reflexa. Turt.
Brit. Biv. 142. PI. 10. f. 1, 2. — Venus reflexa. Flem. Brit. Anim.
446.

SIALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA.

LAMELLILRANCIIIATA. 265

3. Venus Gallina. Hen Venus.

Shell cordato-trigonal, moderately convex, concentrically
lamelloso-sulcate, with the ridges reflexed ; the frontal slope
short and concave, the posterior slightly convex ; the anterior
impression cordato-oblong, obliquely striate, the posterior
elongate-lanceolate ; the margins crenulate; the colour white,
or reddish, plain or radiated with red. Greatest length an
inch and a-half.

This species varies greatly in size, form, convexity, the
closeness of its lamellae, and its colour. It is on this account
one of the most instructive, its variations affording indications
of similar changes in other shells. Individuals occur with the
shell very thick, the ridges broad and approximated or
crowded, or even nearly obsolete, and the colour dull white ;
others are of moderate thickness, with the ridges more or less
separated, the colour reddish or whitish, with numerous red
markings, and generally three radiating bands of the same
colour ; others are thin, more elongated, with thin distant
ridges, pale with radiating interrupted bands. Authors, ever
anxiously on the search for new species, have thus found oc¬
casion to invent a few ; and, accordingly, the present species
figures at the present day, under the names of Gallina, La-
minosa, and rugosa, besides several more, not generally
adopted. On comparing a vast number of shells of these
alleged species, I find that they so run into each other
that, although as a whole the species can be easily dis¬
tinguished, it is often impossible to say to which of the alleged
species an individual belongs. Our two principal varieties
are the following.

A. Venus Gallina laminosu. Laminated Hen Venus.

Shell cordato-trigonal, very thick, convex, concentricallv
sulcate, with the ridges reflexed, thin-edged, generally crowded
and imbricated, more distinct toward the umbones, where
their intervals are more or less marked with radiating striae ;
the frontal slope short and concave, with a sunk cordate, sul¬
cate impression ; the posterior slope half as long again as the
anterior, somewhat convex, with the impression lanceolate,
smooth and glossy on the left valve, rugoso-striate and dull on
the other ; the muscular impressions deeply sunk, the margin
crenulate ; the colour dull-white, but the left side of the pos¬
terior or dorsal impression always more or less variegated with

Z

266 MALACOZOA.

THOPIOPODA. LAMELLIBKANCHIATA,

red. Length an inch and a-half, height an inch and a-fourth,
thickness ten-twelfths.

Venus rugosa. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 95. PI. 56. f. 50. — Venus
laminosa. Mont, Test. Brit. Suppl. 38. — Ortygia subcordata. Leach,
Brown, Illustr. PI. (19) 36. f. 14, 15. — Venus laminosa. Laskey,
Wem. Mem. 1. 384. PI. 8. f. 16, 16. — Venus cancellata. Donor.
Brit. Sb. PI. 4. f. 115. — Venus rugosa. Flem. Brit. Anim, 446.—
Venus Pennantii. Forbes, Malac. Mon. 52.

B. Venus GcilUna stridtula. Common Hen Venus.

Shell cordato-trigonal, thick, moderately convex, concen¬
trically sulcate, with the ridges reflexed, rather crowded and
imbricated, thick-edged or rounded, more distinct toward the
mnbones, where their intervals are concentrically, and more or
less radiatingly striate ; the frontal slope short and concave, with
a sunk cordato-oblong impression ; the posterior slope half as
long again as the anterior, somewhat convex, with the impres¬
sion lanceolate, flattened, glossy, and finely striulate on the
left valve, rugoso-striate and dullish on the other ; the mus¬
cular impressions moderately sunk ; the colour reddish-white,
with numerous interrupted red lines, giving the ridges a reti¬
culated appearance, and generally three darker radiating
bands ; the anterior slope variegated with red on both sides.
Length an inch and a-fourth, height an inch, thickness from
seven to eight-twelfths.

Venus Gallina. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1130. — Venus rugosa. Var.
Penn. iv. — Venus striatula. Donov. Brit. Sh. PI. 68. — Venus Gal¬
lina. Turt. Brit. Biv. 149. PI. 9. f. 2. — Ortygia Gallina. Leach,
Brown, Illustr. — Venus striatula. Mont. Test. Bi-it. 113. — Venus
Gallina. Lamk. Syst. v. 591 ; Ed. 2. vi. 348. — Venus Gallina.
Forbes, Malac. Mon. 52.

4. Venus Prideauxiana. Prideaux’s Venus.

Shell cordato-trigonal, subovate, rather thin, or thin, con¬
centrically sulcate, with the ridges thin, reflected, thin-edged,
distinct, being separated by intervals of about their own
breadth, which are more or less concentrically and radiatingly
striate ; the frontal slope short and very concave, with a sunk
cordato-oblong, sulcate impression ; the posterior slope straight,
more than half as long again, with the impression narrow-
oblong, smooth and glossy on the left valve, rugoso-striate on
the other; the muscular impressions faint; the colour ge¬
nerally white, with three dark purple radiating, usually inter-

WALACOZOA- TROPIOPODA.

LAMELL1BRANCHIATA. 2(57

rupted bands. Length an inch and two-twelfths, height nine
or ten-twelfths, thickness four or five-twelfths.

This species differs from Venus Gallina chiefly in having
die valves thinner, the anterior slope shorter, the posterior
longer, the form more ovate, and the laminae thinner and
widely separated. It is perhaps only a variety of that species.

The young are of a more roundish form, but otherwise simi¬
lar. They have been represented in Brown’s Illustrations, PI.
35. f. 13. by a characteristic figure, to which the name of
Ortygia costata is appended.

This species is not uncommon along the coast, often cast on
the beach, and frequently brought up by the lines from deep
water off Aberdeen ; also found at Cruden, Peterhead, Gamrie,
Banff^ and Portsoy.

Venus laminosa. Turt. Brit Biv. 148. PI. 10. f. 4. — “ Ortygia
Prideauxiana. Leach.” — Ortygia sulcata. Brown, Illustr. PL 34.

f. 12.

5. Venus fascidta. Banded Venus.

Shell roundish-trigonal, compressed, thick, with broad,
flattened, smooth, concentric ridges ; the frontal line rather
concave, with the impression narrow-oblong, the dorsal line
a little convex ; the teeth thin, the margin crenulate ; the
colour white or reddish, with reddish-brown, crimson or pink
radiating bands, and smaller markings. Length and height
about ten-twelfths of an inch.

V ery rare, and only single valves met with, from off Aber¬
deen. Found also at Fraserburgh, by Mr. Alexander Mur¬
ray. In January, 1843, a perfect specimen found at the Cove
by Mr. Fergusson.

Venus fasciata. Donov. Brit. Sh. v. PI. 170. — Pectunculus fas-
ciatus. Da Costa. 188. PI. 13. f. 3. — Venus fasciata. Flem. Brit
Anim. 447. — Venus fasciata. Turt. Brit. Biv. 146. PL 8. f. 9. —
Venus fasciata. Brown, Illustr. Pl. 35. f. 10. — Venus paphia.
Mont Test Brit 1 10.

6. Venus ovdta. Ribbed Venus .

Shell ovato-triangular, moderately convex, rather thin, di-
vergingly ribbed ; the ribs crenulated, being crossed by nu¬
merous concentric striae ; the ligament scarcely apparent
externally ; the dorsal slope much longer, slightly convex, the
anterior convex ; the depression oblong, not distinct ; the
margin finely crenulated ; the colour brownish-white, of the
inside white. Length nine-twelfths, height seven-twelfths.

2G8 MALACTOZOA. TROPIOPOUA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Frequently taken up by the lines at Aberdeen, and some¬
times cast on the beach ; found at Cruden by Mr. Alexander
Murray ; at Gamrie by Miss Macgillivray.

Venus ovata, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 97. PI. 56. f. 56. — Cardium
striatum radiatum. Walker, Test. Min. Rar. PI. iii. f. 82. —
Cytherea ovata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 445. — Venus pectinula. Lamk.
Syst. y. 592 ; Ed. 2. vi. 348.

7. Venus triangularis. Triangular Venus .

Shell subtrigonal, thick, opaque, smooth, with some faint
concentric striae, yellowish-white ; the umbones very promi¬
nent ; in one valve three central teeth, and a lateral tooth, in
the other two central teeth and a curved lateral tooth ; the
inner surface glossy, white or yellowish, with the muscular
impressions moderate. Length about five-twelfths, height
nearly the same.

Several valves found in shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden,
sent by Mr. Murray, in November, 1842.

Venus triangularis. Mont. Test. Brit. 577. PI. 17. f. 3. — Cyprina
triangularis. Turt. Brit. Biv. 136. PI. 11. f. 19, 20. — Cyprina tri¬
angularis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 444.

Genus 6. Venerupis. Rock-Venus.

Shell equivalve, very inequilateral, convex, ovate or
elliptical, concentrically striated. Umbones small, ap¬
proximated, curved forwards. Anterior slope nearly
straight, short, with a faint oblong impression. Hinge
moderately strong ; the right valve with three close
divergent teeth, of which twTo are bifid, an anterior
groove, and a posterior convex grooved ridge; left
valve with three close divergent teeth, of which the cen¬
tral is bifid, an anterior and a posterior ridge. Ligament
external long, Muscular impressions moderate, submar¬
ginal ; pallia! impression invaded by a large obtuse sinus
parallel to the margin.

This genus contains those elongated species of the
genus Venus of Lamarck which have three small ap¬
proximated teeth in each valve, and which Sowerby has
proposed to unite with the species of Lamarck’s genus
Venerupis. That name however, besides being awkwardly
constructed, is not applicable to the greater number of

1LSAA.C07.0A. TR0PI0P0DA.

LAMELLIBRANCH1ATA. 269

them, they not living in holes in rocks, but simply in
sand or mud. Others have proposed as the generic
name Pullastra, used to designate one of the species,
and still more objectionable.

1. Venerupis virginea. Virgin Rock- Venus.

Shell ovato-oblong, considerably compressed, rather thick,
concentrically regularly striate, with rather marked growth¬
lines; the anterior slope short, with an elongated depression,
the posterior margin obtusely subangulate ; cardinal teeth
erect, two in each valve bifid ; inside smooth and glossy ; pal-
lial sinus tapering ; colour of the exterior yellowish- white, with
radiating bands of florid dots or spots ; inner surface white,
tinged with red or yellow toward the hinge. Length two
inches, height an inch and a-quarter.

In sand along the coast, not common. Small live indivi¬
duals sometimes brought up on the fishing-lines. Found at
Banff by Mr, Clark, on the Buchan coast by Mr. Murray,
at Peterhead by Mr. Gray.

Venus virginea. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1 136. — Venus virginea.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 97. PI. 55. right hand figure. — Venus virginea.
Flem. Brit. Anirn. 452. — Venus virginea. Turt. Brit. Biv. 156. PI.
8. f. 8. — Venus virginea. Lamk. Syst. v. 600 ; Ed. 2. vi, 360. —
Venus virginea. Mont. Test. Brit. 128.

2. Venerupis Pullastra . Pullet Rock- Venus.

Shell ovato-oblong, moderately compressed, rather thick,
divergently and concentrically striate, the divergent striae ob¬
solete, the concentric striae sublamellar and somewhat waved
toward the anterior margin ; the frontal slope short, with an
oblong faint depression, the posterior margin subtruncate ; the
three cardinal teeth in each valve close, small, erect, and
pointed, one only cleft ; the inner surface glossy, the pallial
sinus large, and rounded; the exterior dull yellowish-white,
subferruginous, patched with brown in irregular radiating
bands ; interior white, sometimes with a purple spot or patch.
Length two inches, height an inch and a-half.

In sand along the coast from Aberdeen to Banff ; not
unfrequently cast ashore ; small individuals sometimes brought
up on the lines.

Testa quasi rhomboides, &c. Lister, Auim. Angl. 171. PI. 4. f.
20. — Venus pullastra. Mont. Test. Brit. 125. — Venus pullastra.
Turt. Brit. Biv. 159. — Venus pullastra. Maton andRackett. Trans.
Linn. Soc. viii. 88. PI. 2. f. 7. — Venus pullastra. Peun. Brit. Zool.;

z 2

270 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Ed. 2. iv. 210. — Venus Senegalensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 3282.—*
Venus pullastra. Lamk. Syst. v. 598; Ed. 2. vi. 357. — Venerupis
pullastra. Flem. Brit. Anim. 451.

Venus perforans of Montagu differs from Venus Pullastra
only in being abbreviated or distorted. Specimens presenting
this character are often brought up from deep water off Aber¬
deen, and have been found by Mr. Alexander Murray at Fra¬
serburgh, and intermediate gradations occur, there being in¬
dividuals which one could not with certainty refer to the one
or the other so-called species.

Venus perforans. Mont. Test. Brit. 127. — Venerupis perforans.
Turt. Brit. Biv. 29. PI. 2. f. 15, 16, 17, 18. — Venerupis perforans.
Flem. Brit. Anim. 451. — Venerupis perforans. Lamk. Syst. v. 506;
Ed. n. vi. 163.

Family VII. — Cardiina.

Animal roundish, ovate, or oblong ; with the mantle
closed, but having a considerable antero-inferior opening
for the foot, and presenting behind two extensile tubes,
the lower for respiration, the upper for the foeces ; the
foot large, compressed, tapering; two adductor muscles,
distant and nearly equal.

Shell regular, equivaive, entirely closed, often longitu¬
dinally ribbed, generally very convex ; the hinge with
central and lateral teeth ; the ligament rather short,
external, prominent ; the muscular impressions large,
roundish, submarginal.

Genus 1. Cardium. Cockle.

Animal roundish. The lobes of the mantle bordered
with papillae, and forming behind two short siphons.
Foot very large, subcylindrical, w ith a subconical, com¬
pressed termination, bent above the middle, and directed
forwards. Branchiae short, unequal. Mouth trans¬
verse, funnel-shaped, with small triangular appendages.
Adductor muscles nearly equal.

Shell subcordiform, roundish, ventricose, equivaive,
inequilateral, with radiating costae. Um bones large,
prominent, curved inwrards and a little forwards, or
direct. Hinge strong, with two conical central teeth

MA1AC0Z0A. TROPIOPOBA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 2/1

and two deep pits in eacli valve, in the right two distant
elongated lateral teeth and two submarginal grooves,
two prominent lateral teeth in the left valve, with two
pits for the teeth of the other. Ligament short, exter¬
nal, prominent. Muscular impressions large.

They live in sand, gravel, or mud, in shallow or deep
water. By the action of the large foot, they can shift
their position, and even leap to a considerable distance,
but it does not appear that they habitually move thus
from place to place. Their position is with the broader
or anterior end downward.

1. Cardium echinatum. Prickly Cockle.

Shell cordate, obliquely roundish, sub equilateral, tumid ;
with the dorsal margin short, but forming an angle behind ;
the umbones very prominent, curved a little forwards ; each
valve with twenty rather thick, convex ribs, which have
a medial thin lamina, serrated for some way from the um¬
bones, but from about the middle of their length presenting
numerous spines, which, on the anterior side of the shell, are
curved backwards, somewhat spathulate, but acute, on the
other parts straight and acute ; the interstices between the
ribs transversely rugous ; the colour whitish, often blotched or
banded with reddish ; the inner surface white, with the ribs
apparent, and the margins serrato-plicate ; two approximated
tapering teeth in each valve ; the lateral teeth prominent.
Length two inches and a-half, breadth two inches and eight-
twelfths.

It varies considerably. Sometimes, the form being the
same, the valves are much thicker, with the same number of
ribs, which are much stronger, with a medial, little elevated
lamina, or even grooved, and only marked toward the margin
with opines or tubercles, which are induplicate, tubular, or
cochleariform, fewer than in the variety above described, and
not so prominent. This variety attains a diameter of four
inches, and is the Cardium aculeatum of authors.

Young shells are very thin, transparent, white, with the
medial laminae of the ribs forming compressed eminences.
They are the Cardium ciliare of some authors.

Not very uncommon off the sandy coast. The individuals
found in sand, and near the shore, are of the second variety ;
those from deep water always of the first.

272 MALACOZOA. TROPIOFODA. LAMELLIBBANCHIATA.

Pectunculus ecliinatus. Lister, Anim. Angl. 188. PL 5. f. 33. —
Cardium echinatum. Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. 1122. — Cardium echina-
tum. Mont. Test. Brit. 78. — Cardium ecliinatum. Penn. Brit.
Zool. iv. 90. — Cardium ecliinatum. Turt. Brit. Biv. 183. — Cardium
ecliinatum. Flem. Brit. Anim. 421. — Cardium ecliinatum. Lamk.
Syst. vi. 7 ; Ed. 2. vi. 396. — Cardium aculeatum. Linn. Syst. Nat.
ii. 1122. — Cardium aculeatum. Turt. Brit. Biv. 180. PI. 13. f. 6, 7.
* — Cardium aculeatum. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 90. PI. 50. f. 37. —
Cardium aculeatum. Flem. Brit. Anim. 420. — Cardium aculeatum.
Mont. Test. Brit. 77. — Cardium aculeatum. Lamk. Syst. vi. 7;
Ed. 2. 397. — Cardium ciliare. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1122. — Cardium
ciliare. Mont. Test. Brit. 79. — Cardium ciliare. Penn. Brit. Zool.
iv. 90. PI. 50. f. 39. — Cardium ciliare. Lamk. Syst. vi. 6: Ed. 2.
vi. 394.

2. Cardium bdule. Eatable Cockle.

Shell cordate, obliquely roundish, or subtriangular, tumid ;
with the dorsal margin short, and either forming a slight angle
behind, or sloping ; the umbones very prominent and directly
incurved ; each valve with twenty-eight flattened ribs, marked
with numerous little elevated, transverse lamellae ; the inter¬
stices between the ribs narrow ; the colour whitish, or tinged
with red or brown ; the inside white, but frequently with a
brown or blackish patch toward the posterior margin of each
valve ; the margins serrato-plicate. Length an inch and three-
fourths, height an inch and a-half.

It varies greatly : sometimes much elongated behind, some¬
times roundish ; white, brownish, or reddish- white. Young
individuals whiter and more rounded.

As an article of food this cockle is among the best of the
Malacozoa. It may be eaten raw, like the oyster, to which,
I think, it is much superior, when found in pme sand.

Occurs plentifully, and of large size, in the Estuary of the
Ythan.

Pectunculus rotundus, albidus, vulgaris. Lister, Anim. Angl. 189.
PI. 5. f. 34. — Cardium edule. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1124. — Cardium
edule. Mont. Test. Brit. 76. — Cardium edule. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv.
91. PI. 50. f. 41. — Cardium edule. Turt. Brit. Biv. 188. — Cardium
edule. Flem. Brit. Anim. 422. — Cardium edule. Lamk. Syst. vi.
12 ; Ed. 2. vi. 405. — Cardium rusticum. Lamk. Syst. vi. 12 ; Ed.
2. vi. 406. — Cardium crenulatum. Lamk. Syst. vi. 12; Ed. 2. vi.
407.

3. Cardium fascidtum. Banded Cockle.

Shell subcordate, nearly orbicular, convex ; with the dorsal
margin very short, and forming a slight angle ; the valves

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 273

thin with twenty-six little elevated, convex, glossy ribs, which
toward the margins are marked with transverse lamellae, be¬
coming elevated on the anterior end, and still more so on the
posterior, where they sometimes resemble flattened spines ;
the colour white, with irregular bands or spots of red, more es¬
pecially at the posterior end ; the inside white, the margins
plicato-crenate. Length four-twelfths and a-half, height four-
twelfths.

Not very uncommon off the sandy coast; sometimes brought
up by the lines : Aberdeen, Peterhead, and Gamrie.

Cardium fasciatum. Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 30. PI. 27. f. 6. —
Cardium fasciatum. Turt. Brit. Biv. 189. — Cardium fasciatum.
Flem. Brit. Anim. 422 — Cardium fasciatum. Penn. Brit- Zool. ;
Ed. 2. iv. 191.

4. Cardium exiguum. Diminutive Cockle.

Shell subcordate, suborbicular, somewhat oblique, convex ;
with the dorsal margin longer than the anterior, which is
rounded, the posterior end obliquely subtruncate ; the valves
thin, with twenty-four little elevated, convex, smoothish ribs,
which, toward the anterior end, are marked with transverse
lamellae, and at the posterior with prominent tubercles; the
grooves between the ribs very narrow, toward either end of the
shell, but especially at the anterior, transversely striate or
marked with minute compressed papillae ; the colour white,
sometimes with reddish markings ; the inside white, often red¬
dish or brownish near the posterior end ; the margins plicato-
crenate. Length about four-twelfths of an inch, height some¬
what less.

Not very uncommon off the sandy coast ; found at Aberdeen
first by Mr. Davidson, and afterwards by Miss Anne Macgil-
livray.

Cardium exiguum. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3255. — Cardium exiguum.
Mont. Test. Brit. 82. — Cardium exiguum. Turt. Brit. Biv. 187. —
Cardium exiguum. Flem. Brit. Anim. 422.

5. Cardium Icevigatum. Smooth Cockle.

Shell roundish-oval, much produced behind, moderately
convex, covered with a yellowish-brown or greenish-grey epi¬
dermis ; the valves rather thin, marked with very numerous
obsolete ribs, the interstices between which are faintly striated
longitudinally ; the colour beneath the epidermis reddish-
white ; the inside glossy white ; the margin crenato-sulcate.
Length two inches, height two inches and a-half.

274 MALACOZOA. TRGPIOPODA. LAMELLIBBANCHIATA.

Very young individuals are nearly orbicular, with the epi¬
dermis transparent, the colour of the shell white or reddish-
white, beautifully spotted or patched with red.

Apparently very rare. I have found only one very small,
finely variegated specimen, which was brought up by a fish¬
ing-line, from the Bay of Aberdeen.

Cardium lgevigatum. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1 123? — Cardium lae vi-
gatum. Turt. Brit. Biv. 190. — Cardium leevigatum. Flem. Brit.
Anim. 423. — Cardium leevigatum. Mont. Test. Brit. 80. — Car¬
dium serratum. Lamk. Syst. vi. 11; Ed. 2. vi. 401. — Cardium
leevigatum. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 91. PI. 51. f. 40.

6. Cardium elongatum. Oval Coc/cle.

Shell ovato-orbicular, somewhat oblique, compressed ; with
the dorsal margin nearly straight, and about twice as long as
the frontal ; the anterior end rounded, the posterior subtrun¬
cate ; the valves thin, with twenty-six close convex ribs, echi-
nate, especially toward the margins, with direct, thin, pointed
spines ; the colour yellowish- white, with some faint reddish
markings. Length a twelfth of an inch, height a sixth less.

This beautiful species differs from the young of Cardium fas-
ciatum, in having the dorsal margin much longer, the ribs
more numerous, the prominences upon them not in the form
of transverse lamellae, but of short, thin, pointed spines.

Found by me among shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden,
sent by Mr. Alexander Murray, in November, 1842. The
description is from a single individual of small size. Montagu
says it attains a quarter of an inch in diameter.

Cardium elongatum. Mont. Test. Brit. 82. — Cardium elonga
turn. Turt. Brit. Biv. 185. — Cardium elongatum. Flem. Brit.
Anim. 422.

Genus 2. Donax.

Animal oblong or subtrigonal, compressed. The lobes
of the mantle very thin, disunited in front and beneath,
with the margins fringed with tentacular appendages,
united behind, but forming an orifice for the tubes,
which are separate and elongated. Mouth small, with
large labial appendages. Branchiae very unequal. Foot
compressed, thin-edged, angulate. Adductor muscles
large.

Shell more or less triangular, compressed, regular.

MALACOZOA. TROriOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA . 2/5

equivalve, very inequilateral ; tlie posterior side shorter,
and angulate. Umbones small, rather pointed, curved
a little backwards. Hinge generally with two small
divergent teeth in both valves ; lateral teeth elongated
and inconspicuous. Ligament external, short, and
tumid. Muscular impressions oblong, distant.

1. Donax Trunculus. Oblong Donax.

Shell oblong, anteriorly prolonged and rounded, posteriorly
sloping rapidly and angulate, moderately convex, smooth, with
faint divergent striae ; yellowish-white, with radiating lines or
bands, and some concentric markings [of purple or brown ;
epidermis thin, pale brown or olivaceous ; inside purple,
reddish, or white ; margin striato-crenulate. Length an inch
and a-half, height eight-twelfths.

It varies little in form, but greatly in its colours.

Along the sandy shores, not uncommon.

Donax Trunculus. Linn. Syst. Nat. — Donax Trunculus. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 93. PI. 55. f. 45. — Donax Trunculus. Turt. Brit.
Biv. 123. — Donax Trunculus. Mont. Test. Brit. 103. — Tellina
intus ex viola purpurascens. Lister, Anim. Angl. 190. PI. 5. f. 35.
— Donax Trunculus. Flera. Brit. Anim. 433. — Donax auatinum.
Lamk. Syst. v. 551 ; Ed. 2. vi. 249.

2. Donax denticulata . Denticulated Donax.

Shell crenate, triangular, anteriorly prolonged and semi¬
oblong, posteriorly truncato-declinate and angulate, moderately
convex, thick, glossy, with fine radiating striae, which are
punctured or transversely grooved ; a narrow space along the
dorsal margin smooth ; two angular ridges from the umbo to
the posterior angle, the space between which is striated and
punctured, that between the posterior ridge and the margin
marked with oblique undulating striae ; the internal surface
highly glossed, smooth, the margin crenate ; the central teeth
strong, the lateral prominent; the colour white, with purple
or violet rays, the inside white. Length nine-twelfths of an
inch, height six-twelfths.

A specimen found in Cruden Bay, by Mr. Alex. Murray, in
September, 1842.

Donax denticulata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1127. — Donax denticulata.
Turton, Brit. Biv. 124. — Donax denticulata. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv.
93. — Mont. Test. Brit. 104. — Donax denticulata. Flem. Brit. Anim.
483. — Donax denticulata. Lamk. Syst. r. 550 ; Ed. n. vi. 246.

2/6 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Family VIII. — Tellinina.

Animal orbicular, roundish, or oblong, more or less
compressed; with the mantle open at its anterior and
inferior border, for the passage of the foot, and bordered
with tentacular appendages, united behind, but with an
aperture for the siphons, which are separated and much
elongated ; the foot very much compressed, sharp-edged,
and pointed ; two distant adductor muscles.

Shell orbicular, roundish, or oblong, more or less in-
equivalve, inequilateral, the posterior end shorter, flexu-
ous ; the hinge with one or two small teeth, and generally
obsolete lateral teeth ; the ligament dorsal, short, pro¬
minent ; the muscular impressions widely separated.

Genus 1. Kelli a.

Shell roundish or oval, convex, equivalve, closed ; the
valves thin, concentrically striate. Hinge of the right
valve with two approximated, small teeth, and a remote
thin anterior lateral tooth ; that of the left valve with a
concave tooth, and a remote lateral tooth ; ligament in¬
ternal ; umbones small, rather obtuse ; muscular im¬
pressions large, distant.

This genus, instituted by Turton, is nearly allied to
Amphidesma and Cryptodon.

1. Kellia sub orbicular is. Suborbicular Kellia.

Shell roundish-elliptical, nearly equilateral, convex; with
the valves very thin, fragile, semitransparent, obsoletely striate
concentrically ; the umbones small, rather pointed, incurved ;
the hinge with two small teeth and a lateral, in one valve, a
concave tooth and a remote lateral in the other ; the colour
white, hyaline-white, or yellowish-white, often opalescent.
Length about five-twelfths of an inch, height a fifth less.

According to Montagu, the animal, which is of a very pale
colour, has a long siphon with only one aperture, and about
the middle of the shell beneath a slender foot, half the length
of the siphon, and by means of which it can adhere to the
smoothest surface. “We first discovered it,” he says, “in hard
limestone at Plymouth, fragments of which were thrown upon

fclALACOZOA. tropiopoda. lamellibranchiata. 277

the beach, perforated in all directions. It is sometimes dredged
up in Salcomb Bay, detached from any other substance, so
that it does not seem to be a borer in all situations ; perhaps it
does not enter anything but limestone, which is not to be found
in this last place. A variety is highly glossed, with a resplen¬
dent pearly hue.” It is of this kind that all the specimens
which I have seen on the Aberdeenshire coast are.

Found by me, in August, 1842, among shells on the beach,
near Aberdeen. It is occasionally not uncommon there, and
is one of the most beautifully delicate of our bivalve shells, in
this respect resembling Cryptodon flexuosus, and in form not
unlike Cyclas cornea, as Montagu has remarked. Found also
in September, on the Buchan coast, near Peterhead, by Mr.
Alex. Murray.

Mya suborbicularis. Mont. Test. Brit. 39. 564. PI. 26. f. 6. Penn.
Brit. Zool. Ed. n. iv. 166. — Kellia suborbicularis. Turt. Brit. Biv.
57. PI. 11. f. 5, 6. — Kellia suborbicularis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 430.

2. Kellia rubra. Red Kellia.

Shell ovato-rotundate, inequilateral, equivalve, convex,
glossy; with the valves moderately thick, little transparent,
obsoletely striato-sulcate concentrically; the umbones small,
rather obtuse, a little curved ; the hinge with two small teeth
under the umbo in the right valve, a concave tooth and a re¬
mote lateral in the other ; the colour deep purplish-red toward
the umbones, fading toward the margins, or liyaline-grey
tinged with purple, or purplish-white ; the inside deep purple,
glossy. Length from a twelfth to a twelfth and a-half, height
a fourth less.

First observed by me, in January, 1843, among shell sand
from Ugie-moutli, and Cruden Bay, sent by Mr. Alexander
Murray.

Cardium rubrum. Mont. Test. Brit. 83. PI. 27. f. 4. — Kellia
rubra. Turt. Brit. Biv. 58. PI. 11. f. 7, 8. — Kellia rubra. Flem.
Brit. Anim. 430.

Genus 2. Lepton.

Shell suborbicular, compressed, equivalve, nearly equi¬
lateral, slightly open at the ends. Hinge of one valve
w ith a small medial prominent tooth, on each side of
which is a depression, succeeded by an elongated lamel-
liform lateral tooth, having a prominence at its umbonal
2 A

278 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

end ; in the other valve a medial impression, and two
lamelliform lateral teeth, with a parallel groove and pro¬
minent margin. Ligament internal. Muscular im¬
pressions moderate, remote.

1. Lfrpton nitidum. Shining Lepton.

Shell ovato-orbicular, subtrigonal, moderately compressed,
nearly equilateral, slightly broader at one end, more rounded
at the other ; the umbones very small, pointed ; the valves
thin, semitransparent, externally glossy, faintly concentrically
striate, internally shining. Length a twelfth and a-lialf, height
nearly a fourth less.

Found by me, in September, 1842, among shell sand, from
the beach between the mouths of the Dee and the Don.

Lepton nitidum. Turt. Brit. Biv. 63. — Lepton nitidum. Flem.
Brit. Anim. 429.

Genus 3. Cryptodon.

Shell suborbicular, nearly equivalve, inequilateral, very
thin, concentrically striated. Umbones small, oblique,
rather obtuse. Hinge extremely narrow, with a small
tooth in each valve, and thickened margins. Two lon¬
gitudinal plicae along the posterior margin. Muscular
impressions small and submarginal. Ligament external.

1. Cryptodon flexuosus. Flexuous Cryptodon.

Shell suborbicular, very convex, thin, brittle, transparent,
with rather distinct irregular concentric striae ; a deep sinus or
wide groove bounded by two rounded plicae from the umbo of
each valve along its posterior margin, which is obtusely ungu¬
late ; an ovate impression before the umbones ; a single incon¬
spicuous tooth in each valve, without lateral teeth, the margins
being merely thickened ; the muscular impressions distant ;
the inner surface glossy, faintly striate ; the outer less glossy ;
the colour white. Length four-twelfths, height four-twelfths
and a-fourth.

Brought up from deep water, off Aberdeen, frequently ad¬
hering to Ascidiae and especially Actiniae.

Cryptodon flexuosus. Turt. Brit. Bir. 121. PI. 7. f. 9, 10. —
Tellina flexuosa. Mont. Test. Brit. 72. — Lucina sinuata. Lamk.
Svst. t. 543; Ed. 2. vi. 230. — Amphidesma flexuosa. Lamk. Syst.
v.* 492 ; Ed. 2. vi. 128.

MALACOZOA. TEOPIOPODA. LAMELLIBBANCHIATA. 279
Genus 4. Tellina.

Animal roundish, subtrigonal, or oblong, generally
much compressed. The lobes of the mantle thin, free
before, and bordered with tentacular appendages, united
behind, but with an aperture for the very elongated
tubes. Mouth small. Branchiae unequal. Foot much
compressed, sharp-edged, pointed. Adductor muscles
large, and widely separated.

Shell suborbicular or elongated, more or less inequi-
valve, inequilateral, concentrically striated. Umbones
small, rather pointed. Hinge generally with two small
divergent teeth, leaving between them a triangular de¬
pression, in one valve, and a single small tooth, but
sometimes two teeth in the other ; the lateral teeth
obsolete, merely forming a thickened margin. Anterior
end larger and rounded, posterior short, angular, and
bent to the right. Muscular impressions widely sepa¬
rated. Ligament external and prominent.

The Telhnee reside in sand or mud, along the shores.

1. Tellina solidula. Little* Thick Tellina.

Shell orbiculato-trigonal, convex, thick, transversely obso-
letely rugoso-striate, pinkish, with redder concentric bands,
the inside carmine ; the umbones behind the middle, the frontal
slope convex, the dorsal slightly so, and forming an angle with
the lower outline ; the cardinal margin thick ; two very small
cardinal teeth in each valve. Length ten-twelfths, height nine-
twelfths.

The form varies, some individuals being longer and thinner,
others nearly orbicular, very thick and convex. The colour
also varies, individuals being white, yellowish-white, or dull
yellow, with deeper bands, the inside white, yellow, or red.

Common in sandy and gravelly places near low-water mark.
Frequent, of large size, very convex, but with the surface
dull and coarse, in the muddy Estuary of the Ythan ; also in
that of the Dee, where however it is confined to a few spots.
Very frequently cast on the beach.

Tellina carnaria. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 88. PI. 49. f. 32. — Tellina
solidula. Mont. Test. Brit. 63. — Psammobia solidula. Flem. Brit.
Anim. 438. — Tellina solidula. Lamk. Syst v. 533; Ed. 2. vi. 206.
— Psammobia solidula. Turt. Brit. Biv. 95. PI. 8. f. 2.

280 MALACOZOA. TROPIOrODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA,

2. Tellina crassa. Thick Tellina.

Shell ovato-orbicular, compressed, rather thick, strong,
semitransparent, with numerous close concentric, convex,
ridgelets, and very minute radiating striulae ; yellowish-white,
with longitudinal pink rays, or plain ; the inside glossy, faintly
streaked toward the margin; the siphonal impression very
large and oval ; one valve more convex than the other, each
with two teeth ; the umbones considerably behind the middle,
the frontal slope convex, the dorsal slightly convex, both ends
rounded. Length an inch and eight-twelfths, height an inch
and three-twelfths.

A single valve found by Mr. Alexander Murray, at Fraser¬
burgh, in October, 1842; an entire shell, by Mr. Fergusson,
at the Cove, in January 1843.

Tellina crassa. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 87. PI. 48. f. 58. — Tellina
fausta. Mont. Test. Brit. 64. — Tellina crassa. Mont. Test. Brit.
65. — Tellina crassa. Lamk. Syst. v. 529. — Tellina crassa. Turt.
Brit. Biv. 109. PI. 7. f. 2. — Tellina crassa. Flem. Brit. Anim. 436.

3. Tellina tenuis. Thin-shelled Tellina.

Shell ovate, compressed, very thin, white tinged with pink ;
both valves a little bent behind, glossy, with concentric striae,
the right a little more convex anteriorly ; the umbones behind
the middle, the frontal slope convex, the dorsal descending,
somewhat angular; two small cardinal teeth in each valve.
Length an inch and two-twelfths, height nine- twelfths.

The colour varies considerably, some being yellowish-white,
others tinged with pink, and having the interior yellow.

Common along the sandy shores ; often cast on the beach ;
frequently brought up by the fishing-lines.

Tellina planata. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 87. PI. 48. f. 29. — Tellina
tenuis. Mont. Test. Brit. 59. — Tellina tenuis. Turt. Brit. Biv. 107.
— Tellina tenuis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 436. — Tellina tenuis. Lamk.
Syst. v. 526; Ed. 2. vi. 197.

4. Tellina Fabula. Streaked-shelled Tellina.

Shell subovato-oblong, narrowed behind, compressed, very
thin, yellowish-white ; both valves a little bent behind toward
the right, the left being convex, the right concave at that part ;
the, right valve obliquely striate, and more convex anteriorly,
the left smooth and glossy ; a single cardinal tooth in one valve,
two in the other. Length eleven-twelfths of an inch, breadth
seven-twelfths.

MALAC0Z0A. TROPIOPODA.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 281

When very young, the valves are extremely delicate, trans¬
parent, milky white, or opaline, with splendent iridescent tints.

Not uncommon on the sandy coast, and often cast ashore ;
also brought up by the fishing-lines.

Tellina Fabula. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3239. — Tellina Fabula. Mont.
Test. Brit. 61. — Tellina Fabula. Turt. Brit. Biv. 101. — Tellina
Fabula. Flem. Brit. Anim. 435. — Tellina Fabula. Lamk. Syst.
v. 526 • Ed. 2. vi. 197.

Family IX. — Solenina.

Animal much elongated ; with the mantle adhering
toward the borders, closed, open in front for the passage
of the foot, and forming behind a single tube, internally
double, and having two simple orifices ; a stout conical
foot terminating the body anteriorly ; two adductor
muscles, the anterior longitudinally extended, the pos¬
terior roundish.

Shell long, equivalve, extremely inequilateral, thin,
gaping at both ends, and covered with epidermis ; the
hinge with not more than two small prominent teeth in
each valve ; the ligament linear and dorsal ; the anterior
muscular impression long, the posterior elliptical.

They live immersed in sand or mud, with the anterior
end lowest.

Genus 1. Solen.

Animal much elongated. The mantle adhering by its
borders, closed throughout its length, posteriorly forming
a single extensile tube, internally divided into two, of
which the orifices are simple, the anal smaller. Foot
stout, cylindrical, very extensile. Branchiae long, nar¬
row, pointed backwards, posteriorly united. Mouth
small, with two pairs of elongated triangular labial palpi.
Anterior adductor muscle longitudinally extended, pos¬
terior smaller.

Shell much elongated, linear or oblong, equivalve,
very inequilateral, concentrically striated, with a thin
persistent horny epidermis, and open at both ends.
Umbones with the cardinal teeth small, generally two in

O A o

<v A /v

282 MALACOZOA. TROPIQFQDA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

one valve, one in the other. Ligament external, elon¬
gated.

The Solens reside in sand or mud, in a perpendicular
position, with the posterior end uppermost. They are
among the most agreeable of all shell-fish as food. From
a fancied resemblance of the shell to the case of a razor,
they are commonly named Razor-shells.

1. Solen Siliqua. Razor-case Solen.

Shell extremely elongated, slender, straight, truncate at both
ends, with a thin olivaceous epidermis ; the \Talves convex,
anteriorly slightly rounded, posteriorly obliquely truncate, each
with an elongated triangular space extending from the hinge
to the posterior margin, and on which the epidermis is generally
abraded ; the surface of the shell white, more or less variegated
with reddish, and striated transversely to the general direction ;
the hinge close to the anterior extremity, with two incurved
teeth in the left valve, a small compressed tooth received be¬
tween them in the right, and a posterior elongated obsolete
tooth in each valve. Length about nine inches, breadth an
inch and a-quarter.

Common along the sandy coast, and frequently cast on the
beach.

Concha fusca longissima, angustissimaque. Lister, Anim. Angl.
192. PI. 5. f. 37. — Solen Siliqua. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 11 13. — Solen
Siliqua. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 83. PI. 45. f. 20. — Solen Siliqua.
Flern. Brit. Anim. 459. — Solen Siliqua. Turt. Brit. Biv. 80. PI. 6.
f. 5. — Solen Siliqua. Lamk. Syst. v. 451 ; Ed. 2. vi. 55. — Solen
Siliqua. Mont. Test. Brit. 46.

2. Solen Ensis. Sabre-case Solen.

Shell extremely elongated, slender, subrearcuate, truncato-
rotundate at both ends, with a thin olivaceous epidermis ; the
valves convex, anteriorly rounded, posteriorly subtruncate,
each with an elongated triangular space extending from the
hinge to the posterior margin, and on which the epidermis is
generally abraded, the surface of the shell white, more or less
variegated with reddish, and having the striae transverse to
the general direction ; the hinge close to the anterior extremity,
with two small, but thick, approximated, incurved teeth in the
left valve, a small compressed tooth received between them in
the other, and in each valve a posterior elongated tooth, that

MALAC0Z0A. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCUIATA. 283

in the left more prominent. Length four inches, breadth
about six-twelfths.

Not very uncommon on the sandy coast. I have not seen
specimens of larger dimensions than those given above, al¬
though in the Hebrides it nearly equals Solen Siliqua in size.

Solen Ensis. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1 114. — Solen Ensis. Turt. Brit.
Biv. 82. — Solen Ensis. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 84. PI. 45. f. 22. —
Solen Ensis. Mont. Test. Brit. 48. — Solen Ensis. Flem. Brit.
Anim. 459. — Solen Ensis. La,mk. Syst. v. 452; Ed. 2. vi. 55.

3. Solen pellucidus. Pellucid Solen.

Shell much elongated, linear-oblong, slightly recurved,
rounded at both ends, with a delicate olivaceous epidermis ;
valves thin, pellucid, each with an elongated subtriangular
space, not readily distinguishable unless on being compared
with the other species ; the surface glossy, white, faintly varie¬
gated with reddish ; the hinge close to the anterior extremity,
with two teeth in the left valve, one in the other, and in each
a posterior elongated marginal tooth. Length an inch and
three-fourths, breadth half an inch.

Sometimes cast on the sandy beaches, and single valves
found adhering to Actiniae from deep water.

Solen pellucidus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 84. PI. 46. f. 23; Ed. 2.
iv. 173. PI. 49. f. 2. — Solen pellucidus. Mont. Test. Brit. 49. —
Solen pellucidus. Flem. Brit. Auim. 459. — Solen pellucidus. Turt.
Brit. Biv. 83. — Solen pygmaeus. Lamk. Syst. v. 452; Ed. 2. vi. 56.

Genus 2. Psammobia.

Shell oblong or elliptical, equivalve, inequilateral,
concentrically striated, a little open at both ends. Um-
bones very small. Hinge with two small, erect, forked
teeth in the right valve, a single forked entering tooth in
the left, and frequently another smaller simple tooth
behind, the lateral teeth obsolete, merely forming a
thickened margin. Anterior end rather larger and
rounded, posterior longer, with a triangular space de¬
fined by a ridge from the umbo to the lower posterior
angle, and slightly bent to the right. Muscular impres¬
sions widely separated. Ligament external, and promi¬
nent.

Psammobia differs very little from Solen on the one
hand, and from Tellina on the other. From the latter

284 MALAC0Z0A. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

it differs more especially in having the posterior end
more elongated, and in being more open at both ends ;
and from the former in having the ends less open. La¬
marck’s observation that the Psammobise “ n’ont point
le pli irregulier du cote anterieur des Tellines,” is in¬
correct.

1. Psammobia Feroensis. Feroese Psammobia.

Shell oblong, much compressed, anteriorly rounded, pos¬
teriorly obliquely truncate and angular, finely striated concen¬
trically, with a prominent line from the umbo to the posterior
angle, and several less distinct lines between it and the dorsal
margin, the striae more elevated on these lines ; the colour
reddish-white with radiating pink bands ; the epidermis yel¬
lowish-brown ; the inside pinkish-white. Length an inch and
three-fourths, height ten-twelfths.

Young individuals lamelloso-spiniferous on two bands in
each valve, from the umbo to the angles of the posterior trun¬
cation.

Not very uncommon along the sandy shores, from Aber¬
deen to Collieston ; sometimes cast on the beach, and occa¬
sionally brought up by the fishing-lines : Gamrie, Banffshire,
Miss Macgillivray ; Cruden, Mr. Murray.

Tellina Feroensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3255. — Psammobia Fer-
roensis. Turt. Brit. Biv. 94. PI. 8. f. 1. — Tellina incamata. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. PI. 47. f. 31. — Tellina Feroensis. Mont. Test.
Brit. 55. — Psammobia Ferroensis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 438. —
Psammobia Feroensis. Lamk. Syst. v. 512 ; Ed. 2. vi. 172.

Genus 3. Saxicava.

Animal oblong, subcylindrical. The mantle closed,
prolonged behind into a tube, internally double. Foot
small, elongated, compressed, pointed. Branchiae very
unequal. Mouth moderate, with four small labial ap¬
pendages. Adductor muscles moderate, anterior smaller,
cylindrical.

Shell oblong, convex, very inequilateral, rather thick,
covered with an epidermis ; the umbones rather promi¬
nent, curved a little forwards ; the anterior end shorter
and rounded ; the posterior prolonged, and angulate
or rounded. Hinge with very small divergent teeth.

MALACOZOA. TROPIOFODA. LAMELI.IBRANCHIATA. 285

which are often obliterated in old individuals. Liga¬
ment external. Muscular impressions distant, round¬
ish, the anterior smaller.

Individuals of the same species vary exceedingly in
form.

The Saxicavse live immersed in sand, mud, clay, frag¬
mentary masses, and cavities in rocks.

1. Saxicava rugosa. Wrinkled Saxicava.

Shell oblong, elliptical, or obovate, regular or variously dis¬
torted, thick, coarsely and irregularly rugose, covered 'with a
greyish-brown or yellowish epidermis ; the umbones rather
prominent; a triangular space behind bounded by a promi¬
nent line from the umbo to the posterior angle ; the anterior
end short and rounded, the posterior prolonged, and angulate
or rounded ; ligament large and prominent.

Young individuals have the posterior end angulate, the ridge
from the umbo to the angle, and the dorsal margin lamelloso-
spinous. The older the shell, the more prolonged and
rounded the posterior end. Often also variously distorted.

From the variety of appearances which it thus assumes, it
has been described under various names. Its variableness, as
to form and thickness however, have, I think, caused it by
later authors to be confounded with a species which appears
to me to be perfectly distinct.

Mytilus rugosus. Linn. Svst. Nat. i. 1156. Penn. Brit. Zool.
iv. 110. PI. 63. f. 72. — Saxicava rugosa. Turt. Brit. Biv. 20.
PI. 2. f. 10. — Saxicava rugosa. Lamk. Syst. v. 501; Ed. 2.
vi. 152. — Saxicava gallicana. Lamk. Syst. v. 501 ; Ed. 2. vi.
152. — Saxicava pholadis. Lamk. Syst. v. 502; Ed. 2. vi. 152. —
Saxicava pholadis. Turt. Brit. Biv. 21. PI. 2. f. 11. — Hiatella
rugosa. Flem. Brit. Anim. 461.— Mytilus rugosus. Mont. Test.
Brit. 164.

2. Saxicava drclica. Arctic Saxicava.

Shell oblong, or linear-oblong, regular or distorted, thin,
coarsely and irregularly rugose, covered with a yellowish-grey
epidermis ; the umbones rather prominent ; the frontal end
very short, angulate ; the dorsal line elongated, straight, the
posterior end abrupt or rounded ; an elongated triangular
space behind and above, with two prominent spiniferous
ridges, from the umbo to the two angles ; ligament short and
little prominent.

Although individuals of this species may resemble those of

286 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELL1BRANCHIATA.

Saxicava rugosa in form, yet I cannot, but consider the two
species to be distinct. When much abbreviated, it is Mytilus
praecisus of Montagu.

Frequently brought up by the lines from deep water, and
often cast on the beach.

Solen minutus. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1 1 15. — Solen minutus. Mont.
Test. Brit. 53. PI. 1. f. 4. — Mytilus prsecisus. Mont. Test. Brit.
165. PI. 4. f. 2. — Hiatella minuta. Turt. Brit. Biv. 24. PI. 2. f.
12. — Solen minutus. Lamk. Syst. v. 453; Ed. 2. vi. 57. — Saxi-
cava rhomboides. Desh. Lamk. Syst. Ed. 2. vi. 153. — Hiatella
arctica. Lamk. Syst. v. 29 ; Ed. 2. v. 443. — Hiatella arctica. Flem.
Brit Anim. 461.

Family X. — Mactrina.

Animal oval or elliptical, compressed, with the mantle
adhering toward the borders, closed, open in front for
the passage of the foot, and forming behind a single
tube, internally double, or two distinct tubes ; a large,
bent, compressed, tapering foot; two distant, large,
rounded adductor muscles.

Shell roundish, oval, or elliptical, equivalve, inequila¬
teral, more or less gaping at both ends, generally covered
with an epidermis ; the hinge always with an oblique
triangular depression in each valve, for the internal liga¬
ment, and a plicate laminar tooth in the left valve ; the
external ligament small ; the muscular impressions dis¬
tant, the posterior roundish.

Genus 1. Mactra.

Animal oval, compressed. The mantle with the bor¬
ders thick and simple, posteriorly forming two united,
little elongated tubes. Foot oval, compressed, thin-
edged, very long. Branchiae small, nearly equal. Ad¬
ductor muscles distant, strong, roundish.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, oval or subtriangular,
compressed, concentrically striated ; open a little at
both ends, but especially the posterior. Umbones mo¬
derately prominent. Hinge strong ; the left valve with
an elevated, thin, angularly bent tooth under the umbo,
leaving a vacant triangular space, behind it a large ob-

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 287

lique triangular fossa, for the ligament; lateral teeth
elongated, thin, crested, with a groove between them
and the margin ; the right valve similar, but with the
plicate cardinal tooth nearer the umbo, and an additional
thin lamina in each of the lateral submarginal grooves.
Internal ligament trigonal, rather large ; external small,
close to the umbones. Muscular impressions rather
large, oval, submarginal ; pallial impression with a sinus
behind.

1. Mactra stultorum. Simpleton's Mactra.

Shell ovato-trigonal, thin, subdiaphanous, with delicate ob¬
solete concentric striae, more prominent on the posterior slope ;
the internal surface glossy ; umbones purplish-red, the general
colour light yellowish-red or carneous, radiated with lines and
bands of dull white ; the posterior slope paler, with a lanceolate
dull-red medial patch ; inner surface of a delicate bluish-pur¬
ple tint. Length two inches, height an inch and a-half ; the
largest I have met with two inches two-twelfths, an inch and
eight-twelfths.

It varies in its markings, and is sometimes of a nearly uni¬
form yellowish-grey. Old individuals frequently have the
epidermis rather thick toward the margin.

The animal elliptical, compressed ; with the mantle ex¬
tremely delicate, but thickened toward the margins, which are
simple, united anteriorly, and posteriorly, in the latter situa¬
tion forming a short, compressed siphon, of two tubes, the
lower larger for respiration. The branchiae large, nearly
equal, very thin, striolate. The mass of the body enclosed in
a muscular envelope, thin at the sides, thick anteriorly and
posteriorly, and continuous with the foot ; which is very large,
bent forward, much compressed, tapering, thin-edged. At
the anterior part of the body is the small, cylindrical mouth,
with four long, compressed, tapering tentacular appendages :
the oesophagus short, cylindrical ; the stomach moderate, with
a long tapering coecal appendage ; the intestine convoluted
round the liver, then ascending to near the hinge, passing
through the heart, and terminating in the upper siphonal aper¬
ture. The liver forms a very large mass of a brownish colour,
occupying half the body anteriorly. The heart oblong, si¬
tuated under the hinge. Over the mouth is a small ganglion,
and at the commencement of the rectum a large nervous mass.

288 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

The adductor muscles large, the anterior above and before the
mouth, the posterior below the rectum, both submarginal.

Common along the sandy coast, and frequently cast on
shore alive.

Mactra stultorum. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1126. — Tellina radiata.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 87. PI. 49. f. 80. — Mactra stultorum. Mont.
Test. Brit. 94. — Mactra cinerea. Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 35. —
Mactra stultorum. Penn. Brit. Zool. Ed. n. iv. 193. PI. 52. f. 1. — ■
Mactra cinerea. Penn. Brit. Zool. Ed. n. iv. 196. — Mactra stul-
torum. Turt.Brit. Biv. 72. — Mactra cinerea. Turt; Brit. Biv. 73. —
Mactra stultorum. Flem. Brit. Anim. 427. — Mactra stultorum.
Lamk. Syst. v. 474; Ed. n. vi. 99,

2. Mactra solida. ThicJc-Shelled Mactra.

Shell subtrigonal, ovato-trigonal, or subelliptical, very
thick, smoothish, the concentric striae being obsolete, but sub-
antiquated, with strongly marked growth-lines, white, more
or less tinged with grey or reddish, the umbones prominent,
recurved, nearer the anterior end ; the anterior slope more
abrupt ; the internal surface dull white, the margin and very
deep muscular impressions glossy greyish- white. Length two
inches and a-half, height two inches.

Individuals vary in form. Generally the young shells are
elliptical, but not so thin as to be partially diaphanous, like
those of Mactra elliptica. Very old shells are almost as high
as long, and extremely thick. Some are more triangular than
others; some have the umbones nearly central, others have
the anterior slope much shorter. When long exposed on the
beach, the shells become banded with bluish or reddish.

Common along the sandy coast, and frequently cast on
shore.

Mactra solida. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1126. — Mactra solida. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 92. PI. 51. f. 43. A. PI. 52. f. 43. — Mactra solida.
Mont. Test. Brit. 92. — Mactra solida. Turt. Brit. Biv. 67. — Mac¬
tra solida. Flem. Brit. Anim. 426. — Mactra solida. Lamk. Syst. v.
477 ; Ed. n. vi. 104.

3. Mactra elliptica. Elliptical Mactra.

Shell subelliptical, very tbin, subpellucid, smoothish, some¬
what glossed, with faint and very delicate concentric striae,
moderately conspicuous growth-lines, and slight indications of
radiating striulae ; umbones prominent, pointed, recurved,
nearly central ; the anterior slope convex, the posterior less
so, and forming an obtuse angle with the arched inferior mar-

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. iAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 289

gin ; the epidermis very delicate, greyish-yellow ; the shell
yellowish-white, internally glossy, with the muscular impres¬
sions faint. Length an inch, height seven-twelfths.

Much more delicate, more elongated, and of a more yellow,
or yellowish-grey tint, than young individuals of Mactra
solida.

Very abundant off Aberdeen, and frequently brought up by
the lines.

Mactra elliptica. Brown, Illustr. — Mactra elliptica. Forbes,
Malac. Mon. 48.

4. Mactra subtruncata. Small Triangular Mactra.

Shell trigonal, inequilateral, rather thin, yellowish-grey or
greyish-white, with pale olivaceous epidermis ; the valves con¬
vex, smootliish, with distant growth-lines ; the umbones pro¬
minent, pointed, not central, the dorsal margin being shorter ;
both slopes obliquely striated ; the anterior end rounded, the
posterior angulate ; the inner surface glossy. Length an inch,
height ten-twelfths.

Varies considerably in form and tint.

Not uncommon along the sandy coasts ; often cast on the
beach, and young individuals frequently brought up by the
lines.

Mactra stultorum. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 92. PI. 52. f. 42. — Mac¬
tra subtruncata. Mont. Test. Brit. 93. — Mactra subtruncata. Penn.
Brit. Zool. Ed. n. iv. 194. PI. 55. f. 1. — Mactra subtruncata. Turt.
Brit. Biv. 70. — Mactra subtruncata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 427. —
Mactra deltoides. Lamk. Syst. v. 479 ; Ed. n. vi. 107.

Genus 2. Goodallia.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, trigonal, moderately con¬
vex, closed at both ends. Umbones prominent. Hinge
strong ; one valve with a single central tooth, the other
with two teeth and an intermediate depressed space, for
the ligament ; lateral teeth elongated, with correspond¬
ing grooves in the other valve. Muscular impressions
large, submarginal ; pallial impressions entire.

1. Goodallia triangularis. Denticulate Goodallia.

Shell trigonal, thick, opaque, smoothish, with some distant
growth-lines, dull white, with little gloss ; the umbones very
prominent, nearer the anterior end ; in one valve a prominent

2 B

290 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

bifid tooth, in the other two small teeth and a large triangu¬
lar depression ; the inner surface glossy, with the muscular
impression suboval, large, and .rather deep ; the ventral mar¬
gin with about thirty teeth. Length about two-twelfths,
height a little more.

Found by me among shell sand, gathered in the Bay of
Cruden, by Mr. Alex. Murray, in November, 1842.

Mactra triangularis. Mont. Test. Brit. 99. PI. 3. f. 5. — Goodallia
triangularis. Turt. Brit. Biv. 77. PI. 6. f. ]4. — Goodallia triangu¬
laris. Flem. Brit. Anim. 429.

2. Goodallia minutissima. Edentulate GoodaUia.

Shell trigonal, thick, opaque, smooth, with some faint con¬
centric striae, dull white, with little gloss ; the umbones very
prominent ; in one valve a single large bifid tooth, in the
other two small teeth and a triangular depression ; the lateral
teeth thin and simple ; the inner surface glossy, yellowish,
with the muscular impressions moderate, and the margin
destitute of teeth. Length about two-twelftlis, height rather
less.

Found among shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden, sent by
Mr. Alex. Murray, in November, 1842.

Mactra minutissima. Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 37. — Goodallia
minutissima. Turt. Brit. Biv. 77. — Goodallia minutissima, Flem.
Brit. Anim. 429.

Genus 3. Lutraria.

Animal oval or roundish, much compressed. The
mantle with the borders thick and simple, united below,
posteriorly forming two long, distinct or united tubes.
Foot small, compressed.

Shell oval or roundish, thin, equivalve, inequilateral,
concentrically striate, covered with a thin, dense epider¬
mis, and more or less open at both ends. Hinge strong,
the left valve with a small, angularly bent tooth under
the umbo, leaving a vacant triangular space, behind it a
large oblique triangular fossa for the ligament ; lateral
teeth elongated, little elevated, with a shallow groove
between them and the margins ; the right valve similar,
but with the plicate tooth obsolete, the lateral teeth
forming a thickened margin. Internal ligament trigonal,
large ; external small, close to the umbones. Muscular

MAJLACOZOA. TEOPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 291

impressions large, distant, the anterior elongated, the
posterior roundish.

The Lutrarise, so named on account of their living in
mud, lutum , differ little from the Mactrse.

1. Lutraria elliptica. Elliptical Lutraria.

Shell elliptical, compressed, thin, concentrically striated, with
a yellowish or dusky grey epidermis ; the surface of the valves
brownish-white ; both ends rounded and gaping, the anterior
much shorter ; the plicate tooth of the left valve prominent ;
the inside vrhite, smooth, with a very large sinus in the pallial
impression. Length five inches, height three.

Young shells are extremely delicate, hyaline-white, and
transparent.

Not very uncommon along the sandy shores; also in the
Estuary of the Ythan.

Mactra lutraria. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1126. — Concha longa lataque,
&c. Lister, Anim. Angl. 170. PI. 4. f. 19. — Mactra lutraria. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 92. PI. 52. f. 44. — Lutraria elliptica. Lamk. Syst. v.
468; Ed. n. vi. 90. — Lutraria elliptica. Turt. Brit. Biv. 65. — Mac¬
tra lutraria. Penn. Brit. Zool. Ed. n. iv. 195. PI. 55. f. 3. — Lutraria
vulgaris. Flem. Brit. Anim. 464. — Mactra lutraria. Mont. Test.
Brit. 100.

2. Lutraria Listen. Lister’s Lutraria.

Shell roundish-triangular, compressed, thin, smoothish, the
concentric striae being prominent only toward the posterior
margin, which is longer, but the lines of growth conspicuous,
and the surface farther marked with faint divergent striae ;
umbones small, rather pointed ; the colour dull white, tinged
with grey or reddish. Length two inches, height an inch and
three-fourths.

In the muddy Estuary of the Ythan, opposite and above
Newburgh, where it was gathered by Mr. Leslie and myself
in April, 1 842 ; and in the Estuary of the Dee, where it was
found by Miss Isabella Macgillivray, along with Tellina soli-
dula, and Ampliidesma album, in September.

According to Montagu, “ the animal has two slender tubes
of a yellowish colour, placed near together at the anterior end ;
one, about three inches long, is thrown about in search of food,
such as insects ; which may be seen passing up this transparent
syphon, with the current of water it is continually taking in,
and discharging at the shorter tube, placed nearer to the hinge,
retaining only the nutritious matter; but it occasionally ejects

292 MALACOZOA. TROPIOFODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

the superabundant water with considerable velocity from both
tubes, particularly the longest.

Mactra Listen, and Mactra piperata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3261. —
Venus borealis. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 96. — l istera compressa.
Turt. Brit. Biv. 51. PI. 5. f. 1, 2. — Mactra compressa. Mont. Test.
Brit. 96. — Lutraria compressa. Lamk. Syst. v. 469; Ed. n. vi. 91.
— Lutraria piperata. Lamk. Syst. v. 469; Ed. n. vi. 92. — Mactra
Listeri. Penn. Brit. Zool. Ed. n. 194. — Amphidesma compressum.
Flem. Brit. Anim. 432.

Genus 4. Amphidesma.

Animal oval or oblong, much compressed ; the lobes
of the mantle united behind for about a third of their
extent, and forming a short siphon-tube, from which
emerge the anal and respiratory siphons, the former
smaller and cyclindrical, the latter somewhat compressed ;
the branchial laminae unequal ; the foot very large, com¬
pressed, bent, obtuse.

Shell elongated, equivalve, inequilateral, very thin,
rounded anteriorly, shorter, narrowed, and more gaping
behind, glossy, with a delicate epidermis projecting
beyond the margins. Umbones very small, little pro¬
minent. Hinge with a dilated oblique, concave promi¬
nence in each valve, and in one the margins grooved to
receive the thickened edges of the other. Ligament
double ; the internal occupying the cardinal fossa, the
external small. Muscular impressions rather small,
distant.

1. Amphidesma album. White Amphidesma.

Shell ovate, compressed, pellucid, very inequilateral, its an¬
terior portion rounded, and half as long again as the posterior,
which is narrower and subangulate, somewhat gaping, and
slightly bent ; the umbones very small, obtuse ; the valves
very thin, delicately striated concentrically, with the surface
glossy, very minutely shagreened ; the inner surface also glossy,
very minutely punctulate, delicately radiatingly striulate, and
iridescent; the right valve with a thick concave, oblique,
adnate tooth, behind the shallow infraumbonal sinus, a minute
erect triangular thin toothlet immediately anterior to the umbo,
and on each side an elongated thin laminar plate rising in an

MALACOZOA.

TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 293

angulate form and bordering the elongated marginal groove ;
in the left valve a corresponding concave tooth, and a similar
nmbonal tootlilet, with an anterior sinus, the margins plain.
When free of epidermis, it is glossy white ; that membrane,
which is very delicate, being yellowish-grey, and when present
giving that tint to the shell.

The shell is not very unlike Tellina tenuis of the same size,
but much more convex, and with the external ligament not a
fourth of the size of the ligament of that species.

Found by my daughter, Anne, while with me, on the sands
at Don-mouth, cast ashore in considerable numbers, along
with Tellinae tenuis and Fabula, after a heavy ground-swell,
which destroyed the greater part of the stake-nets from the
Dee to the Ythan, in September, 1842. Two days after
gathered there by me, along with Dr. Fleming and Mr. Leslie.
Afterwards found alive by my daughters, Isabella, and Anne,
and my son, Paul Howard, in the mud of the estuary of the Dee.

The animal is of a yellowish-white colour, with the foot very
large, compressed, broad, bent, obtuse at the lower margin and
tip, minutely scrobiculate, and subcartilaginous, the siphon-
tube short, the upper siphon very small, cylindrical, and at
the end free from the lower, which is three times the size and
somewhat compressed ; the branchiae very unequal ; the mantle
open unless behind, with the margin crenato-denticulate.

Mactra Boysii. Mont. Test. Brit. 98. PL 3. f. 7. — Amphidesma
Boysii. Turt. Brit. Biv. 53. PI. 5. f. 4, 5. — Amphidesma album.
Flem. Brit. Anim. 433. — Mactra alba. Wood, Linn. Trans, vi. 174.
PI. 16. f. 9 12. — Amphidesma Boysii. Lamk. Syst. v. 491 ; Ed. n.
vi. 128.

2. Amphidesma t'enue . Triangular Amphidesma .

Shell ovato-triangular, nearly isomeral, obsoletely striated
concentrically ; the valves thin, semitransparent, hyaline-white ;
the umbones prominent, small, direct; in one valve, a cleft
toothlet, and two lateral laminar teeth, besides the oblique
concave space ; in the other valve a simple toothlet and two
marginal grooves ; the inner surface glossy, with faint radiat¬
ing striulae, and a deep sinus in the pallial impression. Length
half an inch, height four-twelfths and three-fourths.

Several single valves found in shell sand, from Cruden Bay,
sent by Mr. Murray, in November, 1842.

Mactra tenuis. Mont. Test. Brit. 572. PI. 17. f. 7. — Araphi-
desma tenue. Turt. Brit Biv. 53. — Amphidesma tenue. Flem.
Brit. Anim. 433.

2 b2

294 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

3. Amphidesma prismaticum. Iridescent Amphidesma.

Shell ovato-ohlong, much compressed, pellucid, very inequi¬
lateral, anteriorly prolonged and rounded, posteriorly narrowed,
angular, somewhat gaping, and laterally bent ; delicately stri¬
ated concentrically, with the surface very minutely shagreened
and faintly iridescent; the inner surface highly glossed and
iridescent, smooth toward the margin, elsewhere granulated ;
in the right valve a thick concave adherent tooth, behind the
narrow infraiunbonal sinus, and a small, generally bifid pro¬
minence before it, the anterior and posterior margins with a
deep groove ; in the left valve a corresponding concave tooth,
with a small anterior sinus, the margins plain. Length an
inch, height half an inch.

Common in deep water, off Aberdeen, and frequently brought
up by the lines, adhering to Actiniae. Plentiful also occasion¬
ally on the beach.

Ligula prismatica. Laskey, Wern. Mem. i. 377. — Ligula pris-
matica. Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 23. PI. 26. f. 3. — Amphidesma
prismatica. Lamk. Syst. v. 492; Ed. n. vi. 128. — Amphidesma
prismaticum. Turt. Brit. Biv. 52. PI. 5. f. 3. — Amphidesma pris¬
maticum. Flem. Blit. Anim. 432.

Genus 5. Anatina.

Shell oval, inequivalve, inequilateral, thin, brittle,
gaping, and more or less truncate at the posterior end.
Umbones small, directed a little backwards. Hinge with
an abrupt sinus and a concave spoon-shaped lamina pro¬
jecting vertically downwards, in each valve; internal
ligament received into the spoon-shaped cavities ; ex¬
ternal very small. Muscular impressions small, sub¬
marginal.

This genus is so very nearly allied to the last that
there is scarcely sufficient reason for separating them.

1 . Anatina prcetenuis. Delicate Anatina.

Shell ovate, rather compressed, very thin, brittle, pellucid,
with the anterior end larger and rounded, the posterior sub-
truncato-rotundate, the anterior dorsal outline convex, the
posterior concave ; concentrically faintly striate ; the surface
slightly glossy, very minutely punctulate, at the posterior end
roughish with minute prominences ; an obtuse ridge from the

MALAC0Z0A. TROPIOFODA.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 295

umbo to the posterior-inferior margin ; the cardinal laminae
elliptical, concave, very thin, projecting vertically, and strength¬
ened by an oblique fold and a narrow plait, running backwards
and downwards, with a glossy pearly space near the hinge ;
the colour white. The pearly space is more conspicuous in dead
shells, in which it retains its lustre, while the rest of the shell
has become dull. I have seen a pearl or pearly protuberance
formed in it. Length nearly an inch and a-lialf, height an inch.

Frequently brought up by the fishing-lines, from deep water,
off Aberdeen. Found by me in December, 1841, afterwards
by Mr. Leslie, and in October, 1842, by Miss Marion Mac-
gillivray.

Mya praetenuis. Penn. Brit. Zool. Ed. n. iv. 160. PI. 50. f. 1. —
Mya praetenuis. Mont. Test. Brit. 41. PI. 1. f. 2. — Anatina prae-
tenuis. Turt. Brit. Biv. 48. PI. 4. f. 4. — Amphidesma praetenue.
Flem. Brit. Anim. 432.

2. Anatina truncata. Truncated Anatina .

Shell subovate, rather compressed, very thin, brittle, pellucid,
with the anterior end much larger and rounded, the posterior
narrowed and subtruncate, the anterior dorsal outline little con¬
vex, the posterior nearly straight ; concentrically rugoso-
striate ; the surface slightly glossy, very minutely punctulate,
at the posterior end roughish with minute prominences ; an
obscure ridge from the umbo to the posterior-inferior margin ;
the cardinal laminae oval, concave, thick, projecting vertically,
and strengthened by an oblique fold (but no narrow plait)
running backwards near the margin, with a glossy pearly
space near the hinge ; the colour white. Length of an indi¬
vidual an inch and a-twelfth, greatest height seven and a-lialf
twelfths.

This species differs from Anatina praetenuis in being larger,
in having the anterior part higher, the posterior shorter, nar¬
rower, and more truncate, the cardinal lamina much thicker,
without a narrow plait supporting it.

First found by me in October, 1 842, among shells and coral¬
lines from deep water, off Aberdeen.

Mya declivis. Mont. Test. Brit. PI. 1. f. 2. — Anatina declivis.
Turton, Brit. Biv. 47. — Amphidesma declive. Flem. Brit. Anim.
432. — Anatina truncata. Linn. Syst. Ed. 2. vi. 77.

Genus 6. Thracia.

Shell ovato-oblong, inequivalve, inequilateral, very
thin, brittle, rounded anteriorly, more or less truncate

296 MALACOZOA. TROHOPODA. L AMELLIBSAN C HI ATA .

and more gaping behind. Umbones small, rather pro¬
minent. In each valve a horizontal, oblique, concave
tooth, receiving an internal ligament, of which the pos¬
terior side gives attachment to a semiannular calcareous
spiculum ; the ligament appearing externally. Muscular
impressions small, submarginal.

This genus is very nearly allied to Amphidesma, as
well as to Anatina.

1. Thrdcia declivis . Sloping Thracia.

Shell oval, convex, very thin, brittle, subdiaphanous, with
the anterior end larger and rounded, the posterior narrowed,
compressed, roundly truncate, somewhat gaping ; umbones
prominent, recurved, pointed, and meeting; frontal slope nearly
straight, dorsal much declinate, straightish ; an obtuse ridge
from the umbo to the lower angle of the truncation ; the sur¬
face concentrically rugoso-striate, with a very thin greyish-
yellow epidermis ; the cardinal lamina very narrow, adnate,
anteriorly rounded, a deep sinus under the umbo, and before
it a narrow, posteriorly rounded, concave, adnate lamina ; the
inner surface dull, white, with a narrow pearly space from the
umbo backwards. Length about two inches and a-half, height
an inch and a-half.

A fractured single valve found on the 27th of September,
1842, by Mr. Leslie at Footdee, brought from deep water, off
Aberdeen, by the lines.

Mya declivis. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 79. — Mya declivis. Donov.
Brit. Sh. iii. PI. 82. — Anatina convexa. Turt. Brit. Biv. 44. PI. 4.
f. 1,2. — Anatina myalis. Larnk. Syst. v. 464; Ed, 2. vi. 80. —
Amphidesma convexum. Flem. Brit. Anim.431.

This species has been singularly misunderstood by authors.
The above references however are all certain. Pennant’s short
description is perfectly correct: “Mya with a brittle, half¬
transparent shell, with a hinge slightly prominent ; less gaping
than the truncata ; near the open end sloping downwards/’
He adds, “Frequent about the Hebrides; the fish eaten by
the gentry ;” but these statements are incorrect.

2. Thrdcia pnbescens. Roughish Thracia.

Shell ovato-oblong, somewhat compressed, very thin, brittle,
pellucid, with the anterior end larger and rounded, the pos¬
terior truncate ; concentrically faintly striate ; the surface

HALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBANCHIATA. 297

slightly glossy, very minutely punctulate, at the posterior end
rougliish, especially in the triangular space formed by a ridge
from the umbo to the lower angle of the truncation ; the car¬
dinal lamina or tooth rather thick, running obliquely forward,
and rounded at the anterior end, beyond which is a deep sinus ;
the colour white, the inside glossy. Length about an inch and
a-half, height an inch.

A perfect individual found by me in the Spring of 1842 ad¬
hering to a fishing-line at Footdee.

Mya pubescens. Mont. Test. Brit. 40. — Tellina fragilis. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 86. PI. 47. f. 26. — Anatina pubescens. Turt. Brit.
Biv. 45. PI. 4. f. 3. — Amphidesma pubescens. Flem. Brit. Anim.
431. — Thracia pubescens. Lamk. Syst Ed. n. vi. 83.

Family XI. — Myina.

Animal oblong or elliptical, compressed ; with the
mantle closed beneath, open in front for the passage of
the foot, and forming behind two long tubes, united or
separated ; a small, compressed, tapering foot.

Shell oval, elhptical, or oblong, generally inequivalve,
inequilateral, gaping at both ends, frequently covered
with an epidermis ; the hinge with a concave projecting
process or tooth in one valve, and a corresponding de¬
pression in the other, for the internal ligament ; the
muscular impressions distant, large.

The Myinae have no external ligament, but yet differ
little essentially from the Mactrinae, the hinge being
formed on the same plan in both families.

Genus 1. Mya. Gaper.

Animal ovate or oblong, a little compressed. The
lobes of the mantle very delicate, but thick at the bor¬
ders, which cohere, and forming behind a broad com¬
pressed muscular double tube enveloped by a membran¬
ous layer, and having its orifices radiated. Foot very
small, much compressed, tapering, emerging by a small
slit in the mantle. Branchiae moderate, unequal, striate.
Mouth small, with two pairs of striated appendages.

Shell ovate or oblong, inequivalve, inequilateral, con¬
vex, gaping at both ends, concentrically striated, covered

298 MALACOZOA. TBOPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

with an epidermis, which is prolonged upon the mantle
and tubes. Umbones small. Hinge strong, with a
horizontal spoon-shaped process in the right valve, and
a corresponding fossa in the other. Ligament internal,
inserted between the fossa and spoon-shaped cavity.
Muscular impressions distant, large ; pallial impression
with a deep sinus behind.

The Myse live immersed in sand, gravel, or mud, with
the broader or anterior end downwards.

1. Mya truncata. Abrupt Gaper.

Shell ovate, abruptly truncate behind, moderately thick, ru¬
gose, covered with a strong yellowish-grey epidermis, which
extends over the mantle-tube to a great length ; the right
valve with a broad, thick, concave tooth projecting backwards ;
the left with a deep triangular depression ; the colour of the
shell dull white, or reddish, the inside white. Length three
inches and a-half, height two inches and a-half.

In the estuary of the Ythan, near its mouth ; at Aberdeen,
Peterhead, Fraserburgh; Gamrie in Banffshire. In some
parts of Scotland, where this species is abundant, it is occa¬
sionally used as food.

Mya truncata. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1 1 12. — Mva truncata. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 78. PL 41. f. 14; Eel. n. iv. 159. PI. 44.— Mya
truncata. Mont. Test. Brit. 32. — Mya truncata. Turt. Brit. Biv.
31. — Mya truncata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 462. — Mya truncata. Lamk.
Syst. v. 461 ; Ed. 2. vi. 73.

2. Mya arenaria. Sand Gaper.

Shell ovate, rounded at both ends, but elongated and nar¬
rowed behind, moderately thick, rugose, covered with a thin
yellowish-brown epidermis, which extends over the mantle-
tube to a great length ; the right valve with a broad, thick,
concave tooth, and a small tooth-like projection from the pos¬
terior side ; the left valve with a deep triangular depression ;
the colour of the surface white, reddish-white, or ferruginous.
Length about five niches, height three inches and a-half.

In some parts of Scotland, as in the outer Hebrides, where
this species is abundant, it is sometimes used as food. It is
however inferior in this respect to Mya truncata.

At Ythan-mouth, in the mud and gravel ; often very coarse,
distorted, with the epidermis abraded, the colour of an inky
black, which disappears on being exposed to the atmosphere.

MALAC0Z0A. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 299

It occurs also in the Harbour of Aberdeen. It forms a soft
bed, communicating with the surface by a narrow passage, by
which the tube is protruded, and sinks to the depth of from
nine to fifteen inches.

Mya arenaria. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 11 12. — Mya arenaria. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 79. PI. 42; Ed. n. iv. 161. PI. 45. — Mya arenaria.
Mont. Test. Brit. 30. — Mya arenaria. Turt. Brit. Biv. 32. — Mya
arenaria. Lamli. Syst. v. 461; Ed. n.vi. 74. — Mya arenaria. Flem.
Brit. Anim. 463.

3. Mya ovalis. Oval Gaper.

Shell ovato-elliptical, rounded and somewhat reflexed be¬
hind, convex, moderately thin, rugose, covered with a greyish-
yellow epidermis extending over the mantle-tube ; the right
valve with a broad, abruptly terminated, concave tooth ; the
left with a small depression, having anteriorly a rather thin
prominence, and posteriorly two oblique ridges ending in a
rather pointed prominence ; the umbones nearly central ; the
colour of the shell dull white, of the interior glossy white.
Length ten-twelfths of an inch, height six-twelfths.

Brought up by fishing-lines from the Bay of Aberdeen ;
also sometimes found on the beach.

As Turton observes, “ it has the convexity of Mya truncata,
with the rounded anterior end of the Mya arenaria, but not
so much produced.” He gives Clontarf in Dublin Bay, and
Torbay in Devonshire, as localities.

Although Dr. Fleming says, “it seems nothing more than
the young of Mya arenaria,” I think it much more resembles
the young of Mya truncata, which is not truncated like the
adult.

Mya ovalis. Turt. Brit. Biv. 33. PI. 3. f. 1, 2. — Mya arenaria.
Young. Flem. Brit. Anim. 463.

Genus 2. Lyonsia.

Shell oblong, much compressed, inequivalve, inequi¬
lateral, open at the posterior end, concentrically striated,
covered with an epidermis which is prolonged upon the
mantle and tubes. Umbones very small. Hinge tooth¬
less, but with an intervening calcareous body connected
with the ligament, which is internal, and in each valve
an oblique sinus under the umbo. Muscular impres¬
sions distant, large ; inner layer pearly.

300 MALACOZOA. TBOPIOPODA. 1AMELLIBKANCHIATA,

1. Lyonsia Norwegica, Pearly Lyonsia.

Shell oblong, much compressed, with the valves very thin
and brittle ; the umbones small ; the anterior end shorter and
rounded, the posterior truncate ; the dorsal line nearly straight,
the ventral margin arcuate ; the surface white, with concentric
obsolete striae, becoming distinct and irregular at the posterior
end, and numerous divergent striae, the slender ridges between
which are more prominent and nodulose in the space between
the dorsal line and an inconspicuous ridge or fold from the
umbo to the lower angle of the truncation ; the epidermis pale
greyish-yellow ; the inside pearly and iridescent. Length
about an inch and a-half, height about ten-twelfths of an inch.

A portion of a valve foimd by Mr. Davidson, brought from
deep water off Aberdeen, in the Spring of 1 842.

Dr. Fleming makes this shell a Mya ; but I think its characters
are quite prominent enough to render it generically distinct.

Mya Noi*wegica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3222. — Mya striata. Mont.
Linn. Trans, xi. 188. PI. 13. f. 1. A. — Mya pellucida. Brown,
Werrn. ii. 105. PI. 24. f. 1. — Lyonsia striata. Turt. Brit. Biv. 34.
PI. 3. f. 6, 7. — Mya Norwegica. Flem. Brit. Anim. 463.

Genus 3. Sphenia.

Shell oblong, inequivalve, anisomeral, gaping behind.
Hinge of the left valve with a thin dilated horizontal
plate-like tooth, anteriorly abrupt, sloping backwards
and adnate ; that of the left valve with a concave tooth,
and an anterior minute prominence ; ligament internal ;
umbones small, pointed, curved a little forwards, nearer
the anterior end ; muscular impressions moderate ; si-
phonal impression very deep, broad, and obtuse.

Animal oblong, compressed ; with the mantle closed,
leaving only a rather small opening for the foot, and
forming behind a compressed very extensile tube, con¬
taining two siphons, which are united to the end ; foot
very small, oblong, compressed, obtuse.

This genus, instituted by Turton, is closely allied to
Mya, from which it in fact does not differ very essen¬
tially. The species occur imbedded in rocks, and other
hard substances, among corallines and the roots of fuci,
as well as in mud and sand.

MALAC0Z0A. TROPIOPODA.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 301

1. Sphenia Swainsoni. Swainson's Sphenia.

Shell oblong, with the anterior end rounded and closed, the
posterior longer and gaping, the umbones rather prominent,
both valves considerably convex, thin, concentrically rugoso-
striate ; the laminiform tooth of the right valve oblongo-angu-
late, narrower behind ; the concave tooth of the left curved
downwards and outwards beneath the umbo ; the colour white,
the thin epidermis yellowish-grey; the inside bluish-white,
glossy behind, anteriorly dull. Length about half an inch,
height half the length.

It varies considerably in form, being oblong, oval, or sub-
cuneate.

Common off the coast of Aberdeen, among the roots of algae
and corallines. First observed by me, in August, 1842,
among shells cast on the sands near the mouth of the Dee,
and in September, at Don-mouth alive. Also among shells
sent by Mr. Alexander Murray from Cruden. After storms,
it is sometimes very abundant on the sands. Some suppose it
to be the young of Mya arenaria.

Sphenia Swainsoni. Turt. Brit. Biv. 37. PI. 19. f. 2. — Sphenia
Swainsonii. Flem. Brit. Anim. 466. — Mya Swainsoni. Forbes,
Malac. Mon. 54.

2. Sphenia costulata. Bibbed Sphenia.

Shell ovato-elliptical, both ends being equally rounded, the
anterior much shorter, the umbones small and slightly promi¬
nent ; the valves convex, very thin, semitransparent, glossy,
concentrically striulate, and with (about) fifteen radiating little
elevated ribs ; the tooth in the form of an elongated thin la¬
mella of small extent; the colour hyaline-white. Length a
twelfth and a-half, height one-twelfth.

This most delicate and beautiful shell is decidedly a Sphenia,
and obviously very different from any of the smaller species
of other genera with which it might, from its form, be con¬
founded. I have seen only a single valve, picked by Miss
Macgiliivray from among shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden,
sent by Mr. Murray, in November, 1812.

Genus 4. Montacuta.

Shell ovate or oblong, equivalve, inequilateral, closed,
or very slightly gaping, very thin, glossy, concentrically
striulate. Umbones very small, little prominent. Hinge
2 c

302 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

'U'ith a thin prominent oblique marginal tooth, a sinus
under the umbilicus, and an adnate concave tooth, in
each valve. Ligament internal occupying the cavities of
the concave teeth.

This genus differs from Amphidesma in having no ex¬
ternal ligament. The species are all very small, reside
in sand, or mud, or among corallines, and may frequently
be found on the sandy beaches.

1. Montacuta bidentata. Bidentate Montacuta.

Shell ovate, very thin, somewhat pellucid, very inequilateral,
rounded at both ends, the posterior end much shorter and
rather narrower ; the valves rather convex, glossy, delicately
marked with concentric lines, whitish or tinged with brown ;
inner surface highly glossed, obscurely scrobiculate ; in the
right valve an oblique adherent deflexed tooth behind, a wide
sinus, an anterior lamellar tooth, the margins channelled for
a short space ; in the left valve a wide sinus, the margins
thickened and divergent. Length fwo-twelfths, height a
twelfth and a-half.

Found by me, in July, 1842, among shell sand on the
beach near Aberdeen, and afterwards on dead shells and
corallines from deep water. Cruden Bay, Mr. Murray.

As Montagu observes, “ ff*e hinge of this species does not
strictly belong to any one of the present genera in con-
chology ; the teeth, though large, and standing very high in
proportion, have not the appearance of what are usually
termed ‘primary ; they are broad, flat, more than usually dis¬
tant for central teeth, and equally diverge ; the opposite valve
is destitute of either primary or lateral teeth, and has only a
slight cavity under the beak.” The hinge however is essen¬
tially similar to that of the three following species.

Mya bidentata. Mont. Test. Brit. 44. PI. 26. f. 5. — Montacuta
bidentata. Turt. Brit. Biv. 60. — Mya bidentata. Penn. Brit. Zool.;
Ed. n. iv. 166.

2. Montacuta oblonga. Oblong Montacuta.

Shell oblong, rounded at both ends, little convex, with the
umbones nearer the larger end, the dorsal line straight and
direct ; the valves very thin, transparent, glossy, very faintly
striated concentrically ; the teeth horizontally prominent ; the
colour hyaline-white, the interior highly glossy. Length two-
twelfths of an inch, height a twelfth.

MALAC0Z0A.

TROPIOPODA. L AMELLIBRANCHI ATA . 303

Found by Miss Anne Macgillivray, in September, 1842, in
shell sand, from near the mouth of the Dee.

Montacuta oblonga. Turt. Brit. Biv. 61. PI. 11. f. 11, 12.

3. Montacuta glabra. Smooth Montacuta.

Shell ovato-oblong, subelliptical, very thin, somewhat pel¬
lucid, very inequilateral, nearly equally rounded at both ends,
convex, delicately marked with concentric lines, and slight¬
ly punctulate toward the margins ; white or tinged with
brown ; the inner surface highly glossed, slightly granulated,
toward the margin smooth, and somewhat iridescent ; in the
right valve an oblique deflexed, adherent, concave tooth, and
a wide sinus, with a conical tooth, the margins channelled for
a short space ; in the left valve a sinus with a concave tooth,
the margins plain. Length five-twelfths of an inch, height
three-twelfths.

Not uncommon in deep water off Aberdeen ; often brought
up on the lines adhering to actiniae, ascidiae, and other ob¬
jects; frequently also cast on the beach.

In shell sand from Ugie-mouth, and Cruden Bay.

Tellimy a glabra. Brown, Illustr. PL 14. f. 19.

4. Montacuta substridta. Substriated Montacuta.

Shell ovate, rounded at both ends, rather convex, with the
umbones nearer the broader end ; the dorsal line sloping ; the
valves thin, semitransparent, faintly striated concentrically, and
marked with obsolete radiating striae ; the teeth obscure in the
right valve ; the colour pale yellowish-grey, internally white
and shining. Length a twelfth of an inch, height a fifth less.

Found by Miss Marion Macgillivray, in September, 1842,
in shell sand, from near the mouth of the Dee.

Montacuta substriata. Turt. Brit. Biv. 59. PI. 11. f. 9, 10.

Genus 5. Corbula.

Shell inequivalve, inequilateral, closed, or little gap¬
ing. Right valve much longer, convex, with the umbo
prominent ; left valve less convex. Hinge strong, with
a curved pointed tooth and a cavity in the right, a spoon¬
shaped tooth in the left valve. Internal ligament re¬
ceived into these cavities.

1. Corbula incequivdlvis. Common Corbula.

Shell rotundato-trigonal, very inequivalve ; the right valve

304 MALACOZOA. TROFIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

very convex, with the umbo prominent; both valves concen¬
trically striato-sulcate, the left, or smaller, with radiating
raised lines ; the epidermis yellow or brown ; the hinge nearly
central, both margins sloping; the anterior end rounded, the
posterior narrowed, and truncato-angular. Length five-
twelfths of an inch, height four-twelfths.

Not uncommon on hard ground in rather deep water ; fre¬
quently brought up by the lines.

Mya ineequivalvis. Mont. Test. Brit. 38. PI. 26. f. 7. — Mya
inasquivalvis. Penn. Brit. Zool. ; Ed. n. iv. ]66. — Corbula Nucleus.
Laihk. Syst. r. 496 ; Ed. n. vi. 1 39. — Corbula Nucleus. Turt. Brit.
Biv. 39. PI. 3. f. 8, 9, 10. — Corbula striata. Flem. Brit. Anim.
425. — Cardium striatum. Walker, Test. Min. 24. f. 85.

Family XII. — Pkoladina.

Animal spherical, oblong, or vermiform, having the
mantle closed and more or less tubular, with an an¬
terior aperture for the foot, which is small; two ge¬
nerally elongated tubes, coherent,* the upper for the
passage of the excrement, the lower for respiration ; the
labial appendages small; the branchiae elongated, ex¬
tending into the siphon.

Shell generally bare, white, more or less elongated,
sometimes nearly spherical, often truncated, equivalve,
inequilateral, open at both ends, more widely before ;
hinge toothless ; ligament seldom conspicuous, some¬
times replaced by appendages of the mantle ; muscular
impressions well marked, connected by a distinct pallial
impression, which is deeply excavated behind.

The species, which are marine, reside in rocks, stones,
wood, sand or mud, in cavities from which they are in¬
capable of emerging. They have frequently a calcareous
tube, which is prolonged backwards, or sometimes have
the shell furnished with accessory pieces for closing it
more completely.

Genus 1. Pholas. Borer, or Piddock.

Animal subovate or oblong, with the mantle reflected
above to connect the valves and accessory pieces, there
being no ligament ; its anterior aperture rather small ;

MALAC0Z0A. TROHOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 305

the foot short, oblong, flattened ; the tubes united, very-
extensile ; the mouth small, with very small labial ap¬
pendages ; the branchiae elongated, narrow, somewhat
unequal, united above nearly in their whole length, and
prolonged into the siphon.

Shell subovate or oblong, equivalve, inequilateral,
generally thin and white, open at both ends, more
widely at the anterior ; the umbones concealed by a cal¬
losity; the hinge toothless, and without ligament, but
usually furnished with several accessory calcareous
pieces ; a curved, flattened, calcareous process in each
valve, under the umbo ; muscular impressions distant,
submarginal, the posterior large and elongated ; pallial
impression distinct, with a deep sinus behind.

The species reside imbedded in rocks, wrood, clay, and
other more or less firm substances ; and the genus takes
its name, as Pennant remarks, from <l>coAeco, to sink in
cavities ; or from (pcokas , residing in caves.

It might be supposed that on a coast composed chiefly
of primary and igneous rocks, few or no boring Mol-
lusca could find a suitable place of abode ; but the follow¬
ing extract from the Statistical Report of the Parish of
Belhelvie will shew that such an opinion would not be
correct : — “ It is probable that this moss extends a con¬
siderable depth out to sea, and that there is a submarine
forest somewhere in this bay at no great distance ; for
on Christmas 1799, when there wras perhaps the most
dreadful tempest that any person remembered to have
seen on this part of the coast, several cubical blocks
of peat moss were cast by the sea upon the sandy beach,
some of them containing upwards of 1700 cubic feet.
Pieces of wood, like branches of oak trees, apparently
converted to a consistence like moss, passed through
these blocks in every direction. Both moss and wrood
wrere perforated by a number of Auger worms of a large
size, and most of them alive in tlieir holes.” I have
also been informed that, many years ago, after a great
easterly storm, the beach at Aberdeen was covered with
a vast quantity of shells, among which were numberless

306 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBKANCHIA'fA.

Pliolades, few or none of which have been seen there
since. Single valves of Pliolas crispata, however, I have
myself met with, on the sands between the Don and the
Ythan ; and Dr. Fleming informs me that he has seen
valves of Pholas Candida on the same beach.

1. Pholas crispata. Curled Piddoclc.

Shell subovate, widely open at both ends, very convex ; the
valves rather thick, rounded behind, angulate before, with a
ridge from the umbo to the lower margin, the portion anterior
to which is marked with strong muricate concentric ridges,
and obsolete radiating grooves, the posterior with plain and
less prominent striae ; the infra-umbonal process linear, flat¬
tened, curved ; the colour dull white. Length about three
inches, height a third less.

Single valves of this species occur not very unfrequently on
the sandy beach, from the mouth of the Dee to that of the
Ythan ; and are sometimes taken up from off* Aberdeen by the
fishing-lines. I have not however seen the animal entire ; but
there is reason to believe that it occurs off the coast.

Concha altera parte dimidiata, striis unvatun crispatis donata.
Lister, Anim. Angl. 192. PI. 5. f. 38. — Pholas crispata. Linn. Sysis.
Nat. 1 111. — Pholas crispatus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 77. PL 40. f.
12; Ed. n. iv. 157. PI. 43. f. 2.— Pholas crispata. Mont. Test. Brit.
23. — Pholas crispata. Turt. Brit. Biv. 6. — Pholas crispata. Lamk.
Syst. — Pholas crispata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 456.

2. Pholas Candida . White Piddock.

Shell ovato-oblong, open at both ends ; the valves very thin,
fragile, rounded before, and less open there than at the an¬
terior end, which is narrowly rounded ; the surface marked
with radiating elevated lines, decussated by concentric lines,
and papillate at the intersections ; the infra-umbonal process
linear, flattened, curved ; the accessory piece oblong ; the
colour white. Length about two inches, height nearly one.

Found by Mr. Alexander Murray near Peterhead and at
St. Fergus. Dr. Fleming informs me that he has seen it, as
well as Pholas crispata, in masses of peat cast on the beach
near Don-mouth.

Concha Candida. Lister, Anim. Angl. 193. PI. 5. f. 39. — Pholas
Candida. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1111. — Pholas candidus. Penn. Brit.
Zool. iv. 78. PI. 39. f. 1 1 . — Pholas Candida. Mont. Test. Brit. 24.
Pholas Candida. Turt. Brit. Biv. 10. — Pholas candidus. Flem. Brit.
Anim. 457.

307

CLASS Y. — BRACHIOPODA.

Body covered by a two-lobed, open mantle, and en¬
closed in a bivalve shell ; head not distinct ; mouth with
two fleshy, extensile arms or filaments ; no foot.

Brachiopoda , Cuvier. 'Qpax^v, an arm ; novs, a foot.

No species of this comparatively small class has
occurred to me, although it is probable that some exist
in the district.

CLASS VI.— APODA.

Body enclosed in a dense sac, having two small aper¬
tures ; head not distinct ; mouth and anus connected
with the external apertures ; branchiae diversiform, but
not divided into four laminae, and always contained in
the interior of the body.

Ascidia, Linnaeus. Acephala in-testdcea , Cuvier.
Heterobranchiata, Blainville. ’A, without ; noda, feet.

The sixth class of the Malacozoa is composed of ani¬
mals presenting considerable affinity to those of the class
of Tropiopoda, but differing so much from them as to
merit a separate section for themselves, and even in such
a degree as, in the estimation of many naturalists, to
render their position doubtful. They are destitute of a
head and special organs of sense, and are placed in an in¬
verted position, or with the mouth below, and the anal

308

MALACOZOA. APODA.

and respiratory apertures above. They are however
generally fixed by attachment to other bodies, and being
thus incapable of locomotion, are destitute of any organ
analagous to the muscular foot or arms of the other
Malacozoa; for which reason, and to preserve a uni¬
formity of nomenclature, I have named them Apoda or
Footless. Some of them, however, are free, and move
by the contractions of their body or its covering. They
may be defined as animals having two mantles or tunics,
of which the outer sometimes forms a tube open at both
ends, but is generally a closed sac, of a leathery or carti¬
laginous consistence. Within this external sac is a delicate,
soft internal tunic or mantle, enclosing the body, or the
various organs. This inner mass is not in contact with
the inner walls of the outer sac, there being between them
a space filled with water. In the upper part of the outer
sac are two apertures, leading by two canals into the
interior of the inner sac. Of these apertures, the
upper leads into a cavity, on the inner surface of which
the branchiae are expanded in the form of a net-work.
The water which enters carries with it the particles of
nutritious matter, which are received by the mouth,
placed at the lower part of the branchial cavity, and pre¬
senting a simple aperture, without any labial or lingual
appendages ; the stomach is generally large, the intes¬
tine wride and curved in the form of the letter s, and
terminates in the lowrer of the two external apertures.
There is a liver of large size, and the genital organs,
similar to those of the Malacozoa Lamellibranchiata,
terminate in the anal aperture. The branchiae vary in
form, but are always small, and not divided into laminae.
These animals are all marine, most of them living affixed

MALAC0Z0A. APODA. HETEROBRANCHIATA. 309

to stones, shells, algae, or other bodies, some however
being free.

SYNOPSIS OF THE ABERDEENSHIRE SPECIES.

ORDER, I.— APODA HETEROBRANCHIATA.

Branchiae adherent internally to the tube extending
from the upper part of the body to the mouth.

'e repos, different or diversiform ; B payxLa, gills. Blain-
ville.

Family I. — Ascidiina.

Body enveloped in a thick skin, fixed in a reversed
position, and terminated above by two orifices, placed
near each other. Name from the genus Ascidia.

Genus 1. Cynthia. — External sac sessile, fixed by a
broad base, coriaceous, with two quadriradiate apertures.
Cynthia, a name of Diana. Savigny.

1. Cynthia tuberdsa. — Subovate or hemispherical,
cartilaginous, with irregular, rough prominences, greyish-
white. Tuberdsus, with prominences.

Genus 2. Ascidia. — External sac oval, conical, or cy¬
lindrical, fixed by a broad base, with the upper aperture
octoradiate, the lower sex-radiate. ’A o-KibLov, “a small
leathern bottle.” Linnaeus.

1. Ascidia Prunum . — Subovate, compressed, or di¬
versiform, softish, rugose, transparent, hyaline tinged
with blue ; the apertures with reddish rays. Prunum ,
a prune or plum.

2. Ascidia opalina. — Subovate, or somewhat square,
compressed, very dense, cartilaginous, opalo-hyaline or
bluish- white ; the apertures not coloured. Opalinus,
like opal.

3. Ascidia intestinalis. — Subovate, when extended
subcylindrical, softish, smooth, transparent, hyaline*

310 MALACOZOA. APODA. HETEROBRANCHIATA.

greenish-grey, or bluish-green, the orifices with red spots.
Intestindlis , like a piece of gut.

ORDER I.— APODA HETEROBRANCHIATA.

Branchiae varying in form, but always contained in
the tube leading from the posterior or upper part of the
body to the mouth ; the body anomalous or irregular in
form, enveloped in a strong sac, perforated with two
apertures, and destitute of shell, external or internal;
the mouth situated in the interior, destitute of labial
appendages.

Family I. — Ascidiina.

Body diversiform, enveloped in a thick, more or less
rugous, contractile skin, adherent or fixed in a reversed
position, or with the mouth downwards, at the other or
upper extremity terminated by two tubes or orifices,
placed not far from each other ; the upper larger orifice
leading to the branchial cavity, at the lower part of
which internally is the mouth, the other aperture leading
to the tube continuous with the termination of the in¬
testinal canal and that of the genital organs ; the bran¬
chiae, which are equal and broad, expanded like a net¬
work on the inner surface of the two lateral valves of
the branchial cavity, its orifice furnished internally with
a denticulate membranous ring, or a circle of filaments.

Genus 1. Cynthia.

Body sessile, fixed by a broad basis in a reversed
position ; outer sac cartilaginous or coriaceous, with two
quadriradiate apertures ; inner sac coriaceous ; branchial
cavity longitudinally plicate, its reticulations without
papilla? ; abdomen lateral ; ovary multiple.

MALACOZOA. APODA. HETEROBRANCHIATA. 311

1 Cynthia tuberosa. Tuberous Cynthia.

External sac sessile, subovate, or hemispherical, very dense,
cartilaginous, covered with irregular prominences or tubercles
of various sizes, its colour greyish- white or grey. It is ter¬
minated above by a little-prominent aperture, surrounded by
irregular radiating hard corrugated obtuse ridges, and presents
on the side, about a third down, a prominent wart-like, quad-
risulcate, tubercular anal aperture. The substance of this
outer tunic is thick, and firm throughout, its inner surface of
an opaline white. The inner sac, closely applied to the outer,
is ovato-globose, thick, firm, externally smooth, yellowish,
toward the upper part carmine ; its branchial aperture rugose ;
the anal cylindrical, rather long. Internally, this sac presents,
on the branchial surface, eight longitudinal thick, semicylindri-
cal ribs, and numerous longitudinal elevated white lines de¬
cussated by smaller transverse lines, without papillae at the
intersections. This branchial membrane extends to the base,
and bears a great resemblance to that of the Actiniae. Its
colour is yellow or pinkish. In the abdominal space, the in¬
ternal surface of the sac is formed of irregular roundish soft
prominences of a red colour. The anal tube extremely firm,
at the end cartilaginous, with four rugous lobes, and four coni¬
cal papillae. Length about an inch.

First found by Miss Isabella Macgillivray in September,
1812, having been brought up by a fishing-line from deep
water off Aberdeen.

This, the most extraordinary-looking of our species, presents
the appearance of an aggregation of very hard Ascidiae, its
protuberances being so numerous and prominent, that there is
difficulty in finding among them the quadripartite apertures.
It is crusted, like the rest, but I have not found Modiolae im¬
bedded in it.

Gexus 2. Ascidia.

Body oval, conical or cylindrical, contained in an ex¬
ternal leathery, cartilaginous, or subgelatinous skin, fixed
by its enlarged base, and terminated by two tubes or
apertures, the upper with eight lobes or rays, the lower
with six ; inner sac smooth ; branchial cavity even, its
reticulations papillate ; abdomen lateral ; no liver ; ovary
single.

The Linnsean genus Ascidia has been variously divided

312

MALACOZOA. APODA. HETEROBEANCHIATA.

by authors. M. Savigny lias instituted several sub-
generic groups, founded on differences of organization ;
and gives to the present group the name of Phallusia,
derived from Phallus, in allusion to the form of some
of the species, but objectionable for several reasons. As
the Linnsean generic name ought to be given to some
group of the series, I think it may as well be applied to
this.

1. Ascidia Prunum. Plum-like Ascidia.

External sac subovate, compressed, or diversiform, extensile,
but not capable of being much elongated, softish, rugose,
transparent, hyaline, with a tinge of blue ; the upper or bran¬
chial aperture forming a hemispherical prominence, with eight
granulated papillae, separated by eight reddish rays ; the lower
aperture similar, with six rays ; the inner sac is oval, of a yel¬
lowish colour; the intestine very wide, curved, its contents
dusky ; the ovary large, placed on one side, and of a yellowish
colour ; the branchial cavity extending to the end of the body ;
the upper prominence of the body communicating with the
external branchial aperture of a bright orange-red, as are the
parts around it, that colour extending downwards in streaks,
but not on the anal prominence. Length about an inch,
breadth a fourth less.

Generally the external tunic is so transparent that the inter¬
nal parts can be seen through it. It varies in form, being
oval, and sessile by a broad base, or oblong and somewhat
pedunculate.

Common on dead shells, especially Cyprina islandica and
Cardium echinatum, from deep water off Aberdeen. Often
partially covered with Discorbis lobatulus.

Ascidia prunum. Lamk. Syst. ; Ed. 2. iii. 529. — Ascidia Pru¬
num. Muller, Zool. Dan. 1, 42. PI. 34. f. 1, 2, 3.— Pirena
Prunum. Flem. Brit. Anim. 468.

2. Ascidia opalina. Opaline Ascidia.

External sac suboval, or somewhat square, compressed, very
dense, cartilaginous, transparent, of an opaline-hyaline, or
bluish- white tint, its inner surface glossy and smooth. It is
terminated above by two, little-prominent, apertures, not far
distant from each other, the upper with eight radiating, irre¬
gular, tuberculate lobes, the lower with six similar lobes. The
inner sac ovato-oblong, very thin, its upper half bright scarlet,

MALACOZOA. apoda. heterobranchiata.

313

the ventral portion white, more or less dotted with yellow and
scarlet, or tinged with blue. The tubes short, the upper eight-
lobed, the lower six-lobed. The ridges do not run far down
the tubes, and the rest of the sac is plain. The branchial
cavity extends to the base of the sac, and is lined by a delicate
membrane, generally of a scarlet colour, beautifully reticulated
with whitish filaments crossing each other and having promi¬
nent papillae at the intersections. The oesophagus very short,
the stomach very large, ovato-globose, the intestine very wide,
sigmoid, of a brown colour when filled, otherwise whitish ; the
inner surface of the intestinal canal villoso-papillate.

This species, although the individuals vary in form, does
not in individuals present much variation, the external sac
being rigid and little capable of extension. It is easily dis¬
tinguishable by the hyaline appearance of the outer sac, through
which the bright red of the inner is apparent.

Abundant in deep water, off Aberdeen, adhering to dead
shells, stones, agglutinated sand, and the like. Corallines,
small shells, and other bodies, often adhere to it, and Modiola
discors is sometimes found imbedded in its outer coat.

3. Ascidia intestinalis. Intestinal Ascidia.

External sac subovate when contracted, and somewhat com¬
pressed, oblong or subcylindrical when extended, softish, rugose
or even, smooth, transparent, hyaline, greenish-grey, or bluish-
green, composed of a dense fibrous external layer, numerous
thinner cellular laminae, and an inner subgelatinous transparent
layer. It is terminated above by two short tubes, the upper
larger eight-1 obed, the lower six-1 obed. The free internal space,
filled with water, is very large, but the fluid also occupies the
gelatinous cellular tissue, which forms the inner membranes of
the outer sac. The latter is thin, so transparent that the organs
can be easily seen through it. In the ordinary state this sac
is ovate, narrowed above ; but when contracted, its upper part
is cylindrical, narrow, longitudinally furrowed, transversely
rugose, and terminates in two contractile tubes placed near
each other, the upper longer, with eight grooves, and having
at the aperture a bright yellow margin folded into eight lobes,
on the middle of each of which externally is a bright red spot,
sometimes prolonged into a ray ; the lower tube similar, with
six lobes and longitudinal grooves. Between the tubes is a
small hemispherical white glandular body. On being handled,
the animal contracts the external sac to less than half its
length, throwing it into transverse rugae. An individual lived
2 D

314

MALACOZOA. APODA. HETEROBRANCHIATA.

and moved for half an hour, after being deprived of its outer
sac, contracted the upper half of the inner sac into a longi¬
tudinally ribbed and transversely rugose firm cylinder, turned
it slowly in various directions, and moved the siphons sepa¬
rately. This inner sac has about twelve, longitudinal muscular
bands of a whitish colour, crossed by smaller muscular bands.
From the upper orifice, a tube passes into the branchial cavity,
which extends nearly to the bottom of the sac, and is lined by
a delicate longitudinally striate and transversely striulato-
granulated membrane, the respiratory organ ; the mouth is a
simple aperture about a fifth from the bottom of the sac ; the
oesophagus is short, narrower than the intestine ; the stomach
ovato-oblong, three-twelfths of an inch in width ; the sigmoi¬
dally curved intestine a twelfth and a- half in width, ascending,
and terminating in the lower, six-lobed orifice. The whole
length of the intestinal canal is four inches. Attached to the
stomach is a thin reddish soft glandular mass, apparently
analagous to the liver. Between the stomach and the first
curve of the intestine is an oblong white ovary, which sends
ott a slender tube of the same colour, running along the in¬
testine to the aperture. The length of the individual described
is, when extended, three inches, its breadth at the base one
and a-fourth ; length when contracted one and a-half.

Very abundant in deep water, ofF Aberdeen, adhering to
dead shells, stones, agglutinated sand, and other substances.
Corallines, small shells, and other bodies, often adhere to it ;
and Modiola discors is very frequently found imbedded in its
outer coat.

Ascidia intestinalis. Linn. Syst.Nat. 10S7. — Ascidiaintestinalis.
Lamk. Syst. iii. 126; Ed. 2. iii. 533. — Phallusia intestinalis.
Savigny, Mem. 107, 115, 169. PI. ll.f. 1. — Ciona intestinalis. Plena.
Brit. Anim. 468. — Phallusia intestinalis. Piss. Eur. Merid.iv. 275.

A few other species have been met with ; but the
difficulty of determining them induces me for the present
to leave them undescribed.

SUPPLEMENT.

ADDITIONAL SPECIES OF MALACOZOA.

A considerable number of species having occurred,
while the preceding pages were at press, a supplementary
account of them has been found necessary. The Fora-
miniferous Cephalopoda have unexpectedly increased, so
as to render it expedient to present the characters of their
principal families. The additions are owing partly to a
last strenuous effort on the part of the author, and
partly to the renewed exertions of his friends, espe¬
cially Mr. Murray and Mr. Gray.

CLASS I.— CEPHALOPODA. Page 20.

ORDER III.— CEPHALOPODA FORAMINIFERA. P. 23,33.

Family I. — Discorbina,

Shell many-celled, with the cells disposed in a single
series, curved in a spiral form. Name from the genus
Discorbis. Ilelicdsteya of D’Orbigny.

Genus 1. Polystomella. P. 23.

2. Polystomella Gulielmince. Williamina' $ Polystomella.

Shell orbicular-disciform, considerably compressed,
with the sides equally convex, bevelled to a thin sub-

316 BIALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. FORAMINIFERA.

carinate margin ; tlie cells of the last turn about fifteen,
elevated narrow, convex, and with the concave interstices
transversely sulcate ; the centres elevated ; the end
moderately raised, semilunar, convex, with its sides em¬
bracing the previous turn. Named after Miss Williamina
MacgiHivray.

Shell almost orbicular, the termination of the last turn rising
less than in the other species ; the sides equally convex, and
sloping from tlie centre to the margin, which is thin and sub-
carinate; the cellules in the form of rays, elevated, thin but
convex, glossy, smooth ; the interstices, in which are the dis¬
sepiments, concave, transversely sulcate ; the end of the last
cell broadly semilunar, with a thick margin, which embraces
the preceding turn, and extends to the centres ; the aperture
small, roundish; the colour greyish-white. Diameter about
the sixtieth of an inch.

Found by me, on the 7th January, 1843, on Pectinariee
and Terebellse, on the beach near Aberdeen.

3. Polystomella crenul&ta. Crenulated Polystomella.

Shell discoid, considerably compressed, with the sides
somewhat convex, the margin rounded ; the cells of the
last turn about twenty, prominent, curved, and regularly
transversely crenated, as are their concave interstices.
Crenuldtus, with small crimples.

Shell roundish, discoid, with the sides somewhat convex,
the margin rounded, the centres slightly depressed ; the rays
formed by the cells about twenty, curved, convex, and regu¬
larly crenato-sulcate, as are their interstices, being marked
with concentric grooves and ridges ; the end of the last cell
semilunar, narrow, convex ; the colour pale bluish-grey.
Diameter about the fiftieth of an inch.

This most beautiful species is much smaller than Polysto¬
mella crispa, from which it differs in having the whole surface,
ridges as well as grooves, crenated, and the margin not thin,
but convex. In this last character it also differs from Poly¬
stomella Gulielminae.

Found by me, in December, 1 842, in shell sand, from Cruden
Bay, sent by Mr. Alexander Murray; and in January, 1843,
adhering to Terebella conchilega, on the beach at Aberdeen.

MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. FORAMINIFERA. 317

4. Polystomella umbilicdtula. Umbilicated Polystomella.

Shell discoid, compressed, with the sides nearly flat,
the margin rounded; the cells of the last turn ten or
twelve, curved, broadly convex, smootliish, glossy, the
interstices depressed, granulato-sulcate ; the centres de¬
pressed, little concave, somewhat granulated ; the end
of the last cell large, cordate, somewhat convex. TJm-
bilicdtulus, small and with a conspicuous umbilicus.

Shell roundish, thin, with the margin rounded and lobulate ;
the centres slightly depressed, rather large, nearly flat, granu¬
lated ; the last turn with ten or twelve cells, which are a little
curved, convex, smooth, and glossy, sometimes minutely granu¬
lated, the interstices sunk, and granulated; the end of the
last turn large, cordate, embracing the previous turn, and
having a convex granulated cover, near the centre of which is
a minute pore ; the colour hyaline-white, with the dissepi¬
ments opaque-white, the centre opaque. Diameter about the
twenty- fifth of an inch.

Found by me in December, 1842, in shell sand from Cruden
Bay, sent by Mr. Alexander Murray ; and on the 7th January,
1843, common, on Terebellse, on the beach at Aberdeen.

Nautilus spiralis urubilicatus, geniculis sulcatis. Walker, Test.
Min. Rar. PI. 3. f. 69. — Nautilus umbilicatulus. Mont. Test. Brit.
191 ; Supplt. 78. PI. 18. f. 1. — Nautilus umbilicatulus. Flem. Brit.
Anim. 229.

5. Polystomella nautilina. Nautiline Polystomella.

Shell nautiliform, with the sides somewhat convex,
the margin rounded, the cells of the last turn about ten
or twelve, little convex, narrow, smooth, glossy, but
granulated toward the umbilicus, which is small, the
interstices depressed, curved, and somewhat striate; the
end of the last cell large, cordate, nearly flat, with two
series of pores. Nautilinus, like a Nautilus.

Shell somewhat of the form of Nautilus Pompilius, having
the last turn of about ten cells, which gradually enlarge, until
near the mouth, when they increase in size much more rapidly ;
the sides somewhat convex, the margin rounded ; the dissepi¬
ments a little sunk and curved ; the cells convex, and glossy,
unless toward the small, depressed, distinct umbilici, where
2 d 2

318 MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. FORAMINIFERA.

they are granulated ; the end of the last cell very large, cordate,
embracing the preceding turn, and having a nearly flat cover,
with two medial ridges, and two lateral series of pores ; the
colour greyish- white. Diameter about the fiftieth of an inch.

Found by me on the 9th January, 1843, not uncommon, on
Terebella conchilega, gathered on the beach near Aberdeen.

6. Polystomella depressula. Smooth Polystomella.

Shell nautiliform, with the sides flattened, the margins
rounded, the cells of the last turn about ten, slightly
convex, and with the interstices smooth, the centres
transparent. Depressulus, small and flattened.

Shell nearly of the form of Nautilus Pompilius, having the
last turn of about ten cells, which gradually enlarge ; the sides
little convex, nearly even, glossy, smooth, the dissepiments
being little sunk, and radiating from a central pellucid space,
which is somewhat depressed ; the end of the last turn lunate,
little convex ; the colour greyish-white. Diameter about the
fiftieth of an inch.

Nautilus spiralis subumbilicatus geniculis depressis plurimis.
Walker, Test. Min. Rar. 19. PI. 3. 1‘. 68. — Nautilus depressulus.
Mont. Test. Brit. 190; Supplt. 78. PI. 18. f. 9. — Nautilus depres¬
sulus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 228.

Genus 2. Nummulina. P. 24, 34.

Genus 3. Discorbis. P.24,34.

2. Discorbis pulchcllus. Delicate Discorbis.

Shell orbicular, depressed, convex above, with a cen¬
tral prominence rounded by a depression, rather convex,
smooth, and glossy beneath, the margin rather thin, but
rounded ; of two and a-half oblique lobate turns, the last
with about fifteen lobes, which are little convex, smooth,
and glossy. Pulchellus , small and beautiful.

Shell orbicular, depressed, spiral, of numerous rather small,
somewhat oblique, regular cells, in three and a-half turns ; the
lower surface rather convex, even, glossy ; the margin thin,
but rounded, and very slightly lobate ; the upper surface con¬
vex, but with a central depression, in the middle of which is
a roundish knob ; the turns distinctly visible on the lower disk,
although neither they nor the cells are separated by sulci ; on
the upper surface, which is occupied, excepting the central

MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. FORAMINIEERA.

319

part, by the last turn, the cells are a little convex, with slight
separating depressions ; the colour hyaline-white, the dissepi¬
ments opaque-white. Diameter nearly half a twelfth of an
inch.

This very beautiful species is so regular in its cells, and so
transparent, that for some time I thought it a Polystomella,
until the inequality of its sides or disks led me to examine it
more closely. Montagu’s Serpula concamerata seems to be
nearly allied to it, but that species has in its “ exterior whorl
about nine glossy and tumid cells, of unequal size, but usually
a larger and smaller alternate.”

Found by me on the 10th January, on Terebella conchilega,
gathered on the beach near Aberdeen.

Genus 4. Rotalia. P. 24, 35.

Genus 5. Spiroloculina. P. 24, 36.

Genus 6. Vermiculum. P. 24, 36.

4. Vermiculum disciforme. Disciform Vermiculum.

Shell disciform, very thin, carinate, of four turns,

with a large, linear, oblong aperture, and a very thin
medial dentiform simple lamina. Disciformis, round
and flat.

Shell orbicular, very thin, of four arcuate, flattened turns,
which are opaque, greyish or reddish-white, moderately glossy,
faintly rugoso-striate in the transverse direction, the outer
margined with a bluish white keel ; on one side all the four
turns apparent, on the other three ; the aperture large, direct,
oblong, or even linear, with the margins parallel, and having
a rather thick, generally reddish-brown rim, and a medial,
erect tooth, extending to more than half the height of the
mouth. Diameter a twelfth of an inch, thickness a fourth of
the breadth.

This species is nearly allied to Vermiculum intortum, from
which it differs in its orbicular outline, in not being half so
thick, in its thinner keel, and much narrower mouth.

Found by me, in December, 1842, among shell sand from
the Bay of Cruden, and from Ugie-mouth, sent by Mr. Alex.
Murray.

5. Vermiculum plandtum. Flattened Vermiculum.

Shell disciform, very thin, not carinate, of four turns,

with an ovato-oblong aperture, and a thick medial tooth,

320 MALAC0Z0A. CEPHALOPODA. FORAMINIFERA.

enlarged and emarginate at the end. Plandtus, flat¬
tened.

Shell roundish, very thin, of three arcuate, much compressed
turns, which are opaque, yellowish-white, moderately glossy,
faintly rugose in the transverse direction, the outer margins
thin, but not carinate; all the turns apparent on both sides,
the last very large ; the aperture large, obovato-oblong, with
a slightly thickened and somewhat spreading margin, and a
medial erect tooth, extending to two-thirds of its height, and
enlarged and emarginate at the end. Diameter nearly a
twelfth of an inch.

It differs from Yermiculum disciforme in not being carinate,
and in having the tooth of quite a different form. In this re¬
spect it approaches Yermiculum oblongum, which differs in
shape, is not flattened, and has the tooth, although divided at
the end, otherwise dissimilar.

Found by me, in January 1843, in shell sand from Ugie-
mouth, sent by Mr. Murray, in December, 1842.

Family II. — Textulariina.

Shell many-celled, with the cells disposed alternately
in two or three parallel series. Name from the genus
Textularia. Enallostega , D’Orbigny.

Genus 1. Polymorphina.

Shell oblong or oval, of several oblong cells, disposed
obliquely and alternately in two series, with the aperture
round, at the summit of the last cell. IloXus, many;
nop^r), form. D’Orbigny.

1 . Polymorphina lactea. Vermiculum lacteum. P. 25, 37.

Genus 2. Textularia. P. 25, 37.

2. Textularia obtusa . Blunted Textularia.

Shell oblong, rounded at the end, compressed, with
the margins thin, of two alternate vertical series of hori¬
zontal, rather convex, glistening, prominently granulated,
reddish-white cellules. Obtusus , blunt.

MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. FOBAMINIFERA.

321

Shell rather broadly oblong, subtruncate at the base,
rounded at the apex, much compressed, sloping to the mar¬
gins, which are thin and subcarinate ; of about sixteen alter¬
nating celhiles, disposed in two series, and horizontal, unless
at the commencement or apex, where they are vertical or ra¬
diating ; their surface convex, strongly granulate, and glisten¬
ing ; the colour reddish-white. Length nearly half a twelfth
of an inch, breadth rather more than half the length.

Found by me, in December, 1842, among shell sand from
Cruden Bay, sent by Mr. Alexander Murray.

Family III. — Vaginulina.

Shell m any-celled, witli the cells disposed in a single
series, so as to present an elongated form, with the axis
gently curved. Name from the genus Yaginula. Sti-
chdstega , D’Orbigny.

Genus 1. Dentalina. P. 26, 40.

2. Dentalina Davidsonii. Davidson’s Dentaline.

Shell subarcuate, considerably tapering, somewhat
compressed, marked in its whole length with longitudi¬
nal crenulated furrows, and convex frosted ridges, of
twelve somewhat oblique cells, the last much larger,
with a small circular aperture ; the colour hyaline.
Named after Mr. Alexander Davidson.

Shell elongated, very slightly bent, somewhat compressed,
tapering considerably toward the lower end, which is rounded,
and longitudinally grooved in its whole length ; the grooves
crenulated by transverse striulae, and the convex ridges frosted,
or very minutely granulated ; of twelve flattened, transparent,
slightly oblique cells ; the last or uppermost cell much larger,
ovate, oblique, with a small circular aperture, having a thick¬
ened margin, and directed somewhat toward the concave side
of the shell ; the colour hyaline-white. Length two-twelfths
of an inch, greatest diameter a fifth of the length.

In one specimen the dissepiments are brownish-red.

Very nearly allied to Dentalina linearis, from which it dif-
fers chiefly in having the grooves and ridges, which are not
oblique, crenulated, and extending over its whole length, ex¬
cepting the last cell, which also differs in form. Supposing it

322

MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. FORAMINIFERA.

to be distinct and undescribed, I have named it after Mr.
Alexander Davidson.

Found by me, in December, 1842, in shell sand, from Cru-
den Bay, sent by Mr. Alexander Murray.

3. Dentalina rectiuscula. Straightish Dentaline.

Shell subarcuate, slightly tapering, somewhat com¬
pressed, of twelve slightly convex, smooth, even, some¬
what oblique cells, the uppermost much larger, with a
small circular aperture. Rectiusculus, straightish.

Shell arcuate in various degrees, somewhat compressed,
tapering a little toward the lower end, which is rounded ; of
twelve slightly convex, smooth, transparent, somewhat oblique
cells ; the uppermost cell much larger, oblong, oblique, nar¬
rowed anteriorly, and having a small circular aperture directed
somewhat toward the concave side of the shell; the colour
hyaline-white. Length two-twelfths of an inch, breadth a
fifth of the length.

All the species of Dentalina are essentially more or less
curved, and the present, not being by any means straight,
cannot with propriety be named “recta.” A discoverer, it
seems to me, has no right to misname an object; and there¬
fore I have modified the specific name given by Montagu.

Found by me, in December, 1842, among shell sand from
Cruden Bay, sent by Mr. Alexander Murray.

Nautilus rectus. Mont. Test. Brit. 197. PI. 19. f. 4, 7. — Nodo-
saria Dentalina. Lamk. Syst. vii. 596. — Orthocera recta. Flem.
Brit. Anim. 236.

Genus 2. Vaginula. Vaginitle.

Shell linear, much compressed, somewhat tapering,
straight or slightly arcuate, composed of numerous ob¬
lique cells, disposed in a single series, the last cell a
little elevated ; aperture small, submarginal. Vaginula ,
a little sheath or scabbard. D’Orbigny.

This genus differs so little from Dentalina, that the
two might well be united.

1. Vaginula Legumen. Common Vaginule.

Shell subarcuate, considerably tapering, compressed,
of nine slightly convex, smooth, oblique cells ; the upper

MALACOZOA. gasteropoda, pulmobranchiata. 323

end marginate ; the uppermost cell little elevated, ob¬
lique, with a small circular aperture. Legumen , a pod.

Shell subarcuate, compressed, tapering considerably toward
the lower end, which is rounded ; of nine slightly convex,
more or less oblique, smooth, transparent cells; the upper¬
most end marginate, being surrounded by an oblique, opaque,
white rim, beyond which is a convex, oblique, little elevated
cell, having a small rounded aperture, directed toward the
concave side of the shell ; the colour hyaline-white. Length
a twelfth and a-lialf, or two-twelfths of an inch, greatest
breadth a fourth of the length.

Found by me, in December, 1842, among shell sand from
Cruden Bay, sent by Mr. Alexander Murray.

It varies as to its curvature and degree of compression.
One specimen, having only seven cells, is bent in two direc¬
tions.

Nautilus Legumen. Linn. Syst. Nat. 116. — Nautilus Legumen.
Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 82. Pi. 19. f. 6. — Nautilus rectus genicu-
lis depressis. Walker, Test. Min. Rar. PI. 3. f. 74. — Ortliocera Le¬
gumen. Flem. Brit. Anim. 237. — Vaginula Legumen. Risso, Eur.
Merid. iv. 16.

To these may be appended the genera Lagenula and Cceca-
liuni, already described.

CLASS III.— GASTEROPODA. Page 41.

ORDER I.

GASTEROPODA PULMOBRANCHIATA. P. 42, 72.

Family II. — Helicina. P. 43, 79.

Genus 2. Zonites. Zone-Snail. P. 45, 8‘/.

10. Zonites pygmceus. 'Pygmy Zone-Snail.

Shell depressed, considerably convex above, faintly
striate, semitransparent, rather glossy, umber-brown, of
four convex whorls, the suture deep, the umbilicus
large. Pygmceus, very diminutive.

324 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA,

Shell depressed, rather convex below, considerably convex
above, faintly striate, little glossed, obscurely semitransparent ;
the whorls four, rounded, and very distinctly separated by the
suture, the last turn not angulate, nor proportionally larger ;
aperture placed obliquely, semilunar, rather wider than long,
with the margin thin and direct; the colour umber-brown,
deeper beneath, paler toward the apex. Diameter about half
a twelfth of an inch, height a fourth less.

A single specimen found by me, in shell sand, from Ugie-
mouth, sent by Mr. Alexander Murray in December, 1842.
Being thus in the company of marine shells, one might readily
pass it over as a Skenea. Many land and fresh-water Gas¬
teropoda however occur in the same situation, as at the mouths
of our other rivers. The species is easily distinguishable from
the other Zonitse ; and specimens presented to me by Mr.
Thompson of Belfast and Dr. Fleming, render the identity of
my specimen certain. It is perfectly fresh.

Helix pygmaea. Drap. Moll. Ten. et Fluv. 114. PI. 8. f. 8,9, 10.
— Zonites pygmseus. Gray’s Turton, 167. PI. 5. f. 46. — Helix
pygmeea. Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 109.

ORDER II.

GASTEROPODA PECTINIBRANCHIATA. P. 50.
Family III. — Turbinina. P. 52, 130.

Genus 1. Trochus. P. 53, 131.

Trdchus umbilicatus. TJmbilicated Pyramid-Shell.

Shell umbilicate, depressedlv conical, of five sulcato-
striate little convex turns, of a reddish-white colour,
with radiating, undulated reddish-purple stripes ; the
umbilicus rather wide, the apex perforated. TJmbilicd-
tus , having an umbilicus.

Shell suborbicular, subdiscoid, or depressedly conical ; with
a rather wride umbilicus, pervious to the tip, in which is a
small aperture ; the turns five, nearly flat, or little convex,
striato-sulcate ; the suture distinct, but very narrow, margined
above by a slightly prominent rim ; the last turn angulate, but
rounded toward the mouth ; which is very oblique, roundish,
and pearly ; the lower surface flattened ; the colour reddish-
white, with radiating undulated purplisli-red stripes. Diame¬
ter nine-twelfths of an inch, height five-twelfths.

An extended examination and comparison has induced me

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 325

to alter my opinion as to tlie identity of Trochus cinerarius and
Trochus umbilicatus. The latter is always more depressed,
larger, with only half the number of grooves on its last turn,
and with the radiating undulated stripes or bands much more
widely set and broader.

Common about Slains, Peterhead, and Banff; rarer on the
Kincardineshire coast.

Trochus crebris striis fuscis. Lister, Anim. Angl. PI. 3. f. 15. —
Trochus umbilicatus. Mont. Test. Brit. 286. — Trochus umbilica--
tus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 322.

Genus 2. Monodonta. After Trochus. P. 53, 131.

Shell imperforate, conoid, or subovato-conical, with
the spire moderately elevated or low ; the last turn very
large, convex ; the aperture roundish, the peristome in¬
complete behind, the outer lip thin-edged, the columella
subtruncate, or ending in a dentiform prominence.
Mo i/o ?, one ; odovs, tooth. Lamarck.

As Lamarck observes, Monodonta is intermediate be¬
tween Trochus and Littorina or Turbo, the aperture dif¬
fering from that of Trochus in being more rounded, and
from that of Littorina in having the columella truncated.

1 . Monodonta crassa. Solid Monodonta .

Shell conical, with the spire shorter than the last turn,
which is very convex ; the colour whitish, densely un¬
dulated with dusky lines, the mouth and part of the
lower surface white. Crassus , thick.

Shell conical, thick; with the spire much shorter than the
last turn, convex in outline, and pointed ; the turns five, the
upper little convex, the last very large, convex, very faintly
angulate, all obliquely striate ; the suture small, but distinct ;
the base convex, the umbilicus covered; the aperture oblique,
roundish, with the outer lip thin, the inner incomplete behind,
reflexed on the umbilicus, with the columella straight, at the
end truncato-dentiform ; the apex decorticated ; the colour
greyish or reddish-white, closely undulato-reticulated with
very numerous slender acutely flexuous purplish-black lines ;

2 E

326 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

the mouth white, hut not pearly, and a white worn space ex¬
tending from it to the margin ; when decorticated however either
on the exterior or interior, the surface nacreous and shining.
Length nine-twelfths of an inch, diameter ten-twelfths.

The above description from two specimens, found near
Peterhead, in January, 1843, and sent by Roderick Gray, Esq.

Trochus crassus. Mont. Test. Brit. 281. — Trochus crassus.
Flem. Brit. Anim. 323.

Genus 4. Littorina. P. 54, 135.

Littorina jugosa. Ridged Periwinkle .

Shell subovato-conical, thick, with the spire a third
of the length of the last turn, which is tumid in the
middle, and marked with ten or twelve elevated, thin,
spiral ridges ; the aperture roundish, purplish-brown,
the outer lip thin. Jugdsus , ridged.

Shell somewhat ovato-fusiform, thick ; with the spire from
a fourth to a third of the whole length, and tapering to a
small point ; the whorls four, rather flat on the spire, with
the suture distinct ; the last turn very large, ventricose, with
ten or twelve prominent, sharpish, spiral ridges, and incon¬
spicuous transverse striae, the colour dusky, yellow, or whitish ;
the aperture roundish, with the outer lip bevelled, and marked
externally by the spiral grooves, the inner reflexed, the inte¬
rior purplish-brown. Length four twelfths of an inch, breadth
three and a-half twelfths.

It differs from Littorina littorea in its form, and especially
its strong grooves and ridges ; but it is more allied to that
species than to Littorina rudis, and differs, I think, from
both species, its characters being in fact more prominent than
those of most species of its genus.

On the rocky coasts, near low-water mark ; and in shell
sand on the beaches ; not uncommon.

Turbo jugosus. Mont. Test. Brit. 586. PI. 20. f. 2. Turbo
jugosus. Turt. Diet.

Genus 6. Turbonilla.

Shell turrite, with the spire very elongated, tapering
to a fine point ; the aperture subovate, entire, with the
peristome incomplete behind, the outer lip thin, the
inner nearly straight, reflexed, leaving a small umbilicus.
Turbonilla, diminutive of Turbo, Risso.

MA1AC0Z0A. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 327

1. Turbdnilla reticulata. Reticulated Turbonilla.

Shell turrite, acuminate, with about twelve convex
reticulated turns ; aperture suhovate, subangulate an¬
teriorly, inner lip straight, reflexed, outer lip crenulated
by the spiral grooves. Reiiculdtus, marked like net-work.

The only specimen obtained is scarcely half-grown, and has
but eight volutions, which are rounded, and marked with four
strong spiral ridges, crossed by transverse grooves ; the suture
distinct; the last turn proportionally large, without striae on
its anterior part, the spire tapering to a very fine point ; the
aperture subovate, with the inner lip nearly straight, a little
reflexed, and leaving exposed a small umbilicus, the outer lip
thin, somewhat crenated by the spiral grooves, and at its junc¬
tion with the inner forming a rounded angle, or slight canal ;
the colour reddish-brown, becoming paler toward the apex.
Length two-twelfths of an inch, breadth three-fourths of a
twelfth ; but it attains the length of half an inch or more.

Found by me among shell sand from Ugie-mouth, sent by
Mr. Alexander Murray, in December, 1842.

Murex reticulatus. Mont. Test. Brit. 272. — Cerithium reticula-
tum. Brown, Illustr. PI. 48. f. 63.

Genus 8. Rissoa. P. 56, 149.

14. Rissoa puncturdt a. Punctured Rissoa.

Shell ovato-conical, of five or six very convex, thin,
semitransparent, glossy turns, marked with transverse
and spiral ridges, leaving in their interstices spiral series
of depressed dots ; aperture ovate. Puncturdtus, marked
with small impressions.

Shell ovato-conical, of five or six well-rounded turns, which
are thin, semitransparent, glossy, finely reticulated with trans¬
verse and spiral striae, more conspicuous near the suture, and
forming at their intersection small impressions of a squarish
form ; the spire rather obtuse ; the aperture ovate, rather
rounded behind, with the outer lip somewhat thickened exter¬
nally, the inner scarcely reflexed, leaving a slight groove be¬
hind ; the colour hyaline, with three reddish bands toward the
outer lip ; or destitute of markings. Length a twelfth of an
inch, breadth half the length.

Found by Miss Anne Macgillivray, in sand, from Stone¬
haven, procured by Mr. Alexander Mitchell, in December,

328 MALACOZOA* GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

1842; and in January, 1843, by myself in sand from Cruden
Bay, sent by Mr. Alexander Murray.

Turbo punctura. Mont. Test. Brit. 320. PI. 12. f. 5.

15. Rissoa rubra. Red Rissoa.

Shell ovato-conical, rather thin, pellucid, with the
spire short, the turns five or six, smooth, little convex,
the suture distinct, the last turn well rounded. Ruber ,
red.

Shell ovate, with the spire shorter than the last turn, rather
thin, somewhat pellucid, of six little convex, smooth or faintly
transversely striate volutions, well separated by the narrow
but distinctly impressed suture, the last turn well rounded or
rather ventricose ; the aperture rather more than a third of
the whole length, ovate, acute behind, with the peristome com¬
plete, the outer lip thin, the inner slightly reflected on the
columella, and leaving a slight umbilical groove ; the colour
varying from reddish-brown to reddish-yellow, or white.
Length a twelfth and a-half, breadth half the length.

Found by me in shell sand, sent from the Buchan coast, by
Mr. Alexander Murray, in November, 1842.

This species is somewhat allied to Rissoae ulvae and muria-
tica, from which it is distinguished by being shorter, ovate,
with the last turn quite rounded.

Turbo ruber. Adams, Linn. Tr. iii. PI. 13. f. 21, 22. — Turbo
ruber. Mont. Test. Brit. 320. — Cingula rubra. Flern. Brit. Anim. 308.

16. Rissoa cingilldta. Banded Rissoa.

Shell ovato-conical, of five or six little-convex, thin,
semitransparent, glossy, faintly spirally striated, horn-
coloured turns, with two brown bands on the last ; the
aperture ovate. Cingilldtus , having bands or hoops.

Shell ovato-conical, of five or six turns, which are moderately
convex, very thin, semitransparent, glossy, with faint spiral
striae, and of a greyish or yellowish-grey colour, with two
rather faint brownish-red bands, sometimes partially inter¬
rupted, on the last turn, but disappearing on the upper ; the
apex rather pointed ; the suture distinct ; the aperture ovate,
angulate behind, with the outer lip very thin, and but little
rounded in outline, the inner also thin, and little reflexed ; no
umbilicus or groove. Length a twelfth and a-half, breadth
nearly half the length.

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 329

Two specimens found by Miss Anne Macgillivray, in Decem¬
ber, 1842, in sand from Stonehaven, procured by Mr. Alex.
Mitchell.

Turbo trifasciatus. Adams, Linn. Tr. ii. PI. 1. f. 12 — Turbo
cingillus. Mont. Test. Brit. 328. PI. 12. f. 7. — Turbo graphicus.
Brown, Wem. Mem. ii. 521. PI. 24. f. 6. — Cingula cingilla. Flem.
Brit. Anim. 309.

17. Rissoa vitrea. Glassy Rissoa.

Shell oval-oblong, sub cylindrical, of four rounded,
thin, smooth, glossy, white turns ; the suture distinct ;
the aperture oval, narrowed behind. Vitreus , glassy.

Shell oval-oblong, subcylindrical, of four thin, semitranspa¬
rent, smooth, glossy turns, faintly marked with growth-lines,
convex ; with the suture deep, the apex rather obtuse ; the
last turn very oblique ; the aperture large, oval, narrowed be¬
hind, with the outer lip rather thin, the inner reflexed, form¬
ing a small cavity behind ; the colour white. Length a twelfth
and a-half of an inch, breadth a third of the length.

Somewhat similar in form, as well as in the aperture, to Ris¬
soa striata ; but less elongated, and destitute of spiral striae.

Found by me among shell sand, from Ugie-mouth and
Cruden Bay, sent by Mr. Alexander Murray, in December,
1842.

Turbo vitreus. Mont. Test. Brit. 321. PI. 12. f. 3. — Cingula
vitrea. Flem. Brit. Anim. 309.

Family IY. — Tornatellina. P. 58.

Genus 2. Odostomia. P. 58, 153.

Odost6mia insciilpta. Engraved Odostomia.

Shell oblongo-turrite, with five moderately convex,
pellucid, spirally striated turns ; the apex obtuse ; the
aperture oval, with a small plait on the columella. In-
sculjptus , engraved.

Shell oblong, tapering to an obtuse apex, with five or six
moderately convex, thin, pellucid, spirally striated turns ; the
suture distinct; the aperture ovate, acute behind, nearly half
the entire length, the inner lip a little reflexed, and ending in
a small plait ; the colour white. Length nearly a twelfth of
an inch, breadth nearly half the length.

2e2

330 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

Found by me among shell sand, from Ugie-mouth, collected
by Mr. Alexander Murray, in December, 1842.

Turbo insculptus. Mont. Test. Brit. 324. PI. 12. f. 10. — Odos-
tomia insculpta. Flem. Brit. Anim. 310.

Family VII. — Fusina. P. 62, 16/.

Genus 5. Trichotropis.

Shell ovato -fusiform, with the spire pointed ; the
aperture ovate, with a short, oblique, narrow canal, the
outer lip thin, denticulate, the inner reflexed, but leaving
exposed a rather large umbilical groove. Intermediate
between Fusus and Rostellaria.

1 . Trichdtropis umbilicdta. TJmbilicated Trichotropis.

Shell ovato-turrite, of seven convex, spirally-ribbed
turns, the last very large, the spire abruptly tapering to
a small point, the aperture subovate, with the canal very
short, the inner lip reflexed, but leaving a distinct um¬
bilicus, the outer very convex and dentated by the spiral
ribs. TJmbilicdtus, perforated.

Shell ovato-turrite, of seven convex turns, which are ob¬
liquely flattened above, spirally ribbed, and transversely marked
with fine but deeply impressed striae ; the last turn very large,
ventricose, with six or seven strong, compressed, rounded
spiral ribs, of which only two appear on the upper turns ;
between each pair of these ribs a smaller, and in the flat¬
tened sloping space between the uppermost rib and the
suture three small ribs ; the whole surface beautifully and
regularly marked with fine deeply impressed oblique striae ;
the suture deep ; the spire slender, and tapering to a small
point ; the aperture ovate, broader behind, the outer lip cre-
nated by the ribs, the canal very small and oblique, the inner
lip reflexed, but not concealing the umbilicus, from which a
groove extends nearly to the canal ; the colour white, or red¬
dish-white. Length seven-twelfths of an inch, breadth four-
twelfths.

This species, of which I have before me four specimens, the
most perfect found by myself in January, 1843 ; the rest by
Mr. Alex. Davidson, in February and December of the pre¬
vious year, is undoubtedly the same as that described at pp.

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. SCUTIBRANCHIATA. 331

63 and 170 as Fusus Laskeyi. It varies considerably in the
form of the outer lip, which however is always very convex,
and in the number of its spiral ribs, as well as their breadth.
In one specimen the large ribs are all duplicate, or broad, with
a groove along the middle. The shell seems remarkably liable
to fracture of the outer lip, as that part is perfect in only one
of my specimens, and in all shews previous injuries, in one
very rudely repaired. It has been found on the West coast of
Scotland, at Rothesay, and Oban, as well as in Shetland, and
at Dunbar, and appears to be not very uncommon on the
Aberdeenshire coast.

Fusus umbilicatus. Brown, Smith, Wern. Mem. viii. 98. PI. 1.
f. 2. — Trichotropis acuminatus. Jeffreys, Malac. and Conch. Mag.
N. ii. 36j Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. viii. 166.

ORDER IV.— GASTEROPODA SCUTIBRANCHIATA. P. 6.

Family I. — Fissurellina. P. 64, 1/6.

Genus 1. Emarginula. P. 65, 177.

2. Emarginula curvirdstris. Curved-tipped Slit-Limpet.

Shell conical, oval, with the summit revolute and in¬
clined to one side, a vertical slit extending from the
anterior margin half-way up. Named from its form.
Rdstrum, a beak ; curvus , bent.

Shell conical, with the aperture ovato-elliptical ; a vertical
median slit extending externally from its anterior part to two-
thirds of its height, but internally only to about half its
height, and there bordered at its termination with a promi¬
nent margin of considerable transverse extent, the anterior
median outline convex, the posterior concave ; the apex re¬
curved so as to make a complete volution, at first inclined to
the left, then to the right ; the surface with twenty-four pro¬
minent nodnlose ribs, and concentric striae ; the margin ex¬
ternally crenated by the ribs, not extending behind much
beyond the apex. Length a tenth of an inch, height a fourth
less.

The above description from a single decayed specimen
found by me adhering to an Actinia at Aberdeen. It differs
from Emarginula Fissura in having the apex contorted and
turned aside. It appears that in full-grown shells the ribs

332 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. SCUTTBRANCHIATA.

ultimately bifurcate. It is said to occur in the Mediterra¬
nean.

Emarginula curvirostris. Deshayes, Lamk. Syst. vii. 586. —
Emargiuula conica. Blaiuv. Malac. PI. 48. f. 4.

Family II. — Calyptr-eina.

Animal conical, not spiral, or only in a slight degree;
head broad, depressed; tentacula large, pointed; eyes
on small prominences at their outer base ; foot thin,
nearly circular ; branchial cavity very large, opening
\ridely before, and containing filamentary branchiae.
Shell subconical, not symmetrical, sometimes •with the
apex spiral. Name from the genus Calyptraea.

Genus 1. Capulus.

Animal conical, slightly spiral at the summit ; with
the head distinct, the mouth proboscidiform ; the tenta¬
cula thu,A, subcylindrical; the eyes on small prominences
at their base externally ; the foot large and thin ; the
branchial cavity open anteriorly, and furnished with
numerous narrow and longitudinal laminae, adhering by
a single transverse line to its floor.

Shell irregular, conical, with the apex more or less
inclined or spiral, and placed behind; the aperture
roundish, with the margin simple, and continuous ; the
cavity deep, with a muscular impression in the form of
a horse-shoe.

Name from the cap-like form of the shell. Montfort.

1 . Capulus Hungdricus. FooPs-cap Capulus.

Shell conoidal, rather thin, longitudinally sulcato-
striate, concentrically rugose, and covered with a pilose
epidermis ; the apex recurved, involute, much nearer the
posterior end ; the aperture roundish-oval, tliin-edged,
sinuous. Named from its resemblance to a Hungarian
cap.

A small individual, five-twelfths of an inch in diameter, was
found in January, 1843, by one of my pupils, Mr. William
Robertson. It is slightly decayed, with the epidermis abraded,
the colour dull white externally, yellowish- white within. When

MALAC0Z0A. GASTEROPODA.

scutibranchiata. 333

perfect, the shell is covered with a pilose yellowish or brownish
epidermis, and presents the form of a cone, tapering to a line
point, which is curved back so as to form two volutions, some¬
times inclining to one side. It is rather thin, divergently
striato-sulcate, with some concentric rugae ; the exterior red¬
dish-white or pink ; the inside highly glossed, and reddish, or
yellowish, or white. Diameter about an inch, height three-
fourths. Another individual, found at Aberdeen, in February,
1842, by Mr. Alex. Beaton.

Patella Ungarica. Linn. Syst Nat. i. 1259. — Patella Hungarica.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 143. PI. 90. f. 147. — Patella Ungarica. Mont.
Test. Brit. 486. — Capulus Hungaricus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 363. —
Capulus Hungaricus. Lamk. Syst.

2. Capulus militaris. Military-Bonnet Capulus.

Shell conoidal, rather thick, decussated with longi¬
tudinal and concentric striae, and covered with a thin
epidermis ; the apex elongated, very slender, recurved,
involute, inclined to the right, and extending beyond the
margin ; the aperture roundish, thin- edged, even.
Named from its resemblance to a pointed cap.

A small individual, only a twelfth of an inch in diameter,
found by me among shell sand, from Ugie-mouth, sent by Mr.
Alexander Murray, in December, 1842. It is of a conoidal
form, suddenly tapering to a long slender point, which is in¬
volute and turned considerably to the right ; the surface reticu¬
lated, white, glossy on the apex ; the inside also white.

Patella militaris. Linn. Maut. 553. — Patella militai’is. Pult.
Dorset. 51. — Patella militaris. Mont. Test. Brit. 488. PI. 13. f. 11.
— Capulus militaris. Flem. Brit. Anim. 364.

3. Capulus antiqudtus. Antiquated Capulus.

Shell conical, rather thick, with strong annular im¬
bricated rugae; the apex blunt, somewhat compressed,
rather nearer the posterior end ; the aperture nearly
circular, thin-edged, somewhat irregular. Antiqudtus ,
old-looking.

A small individual, two-twelfths of an inch in height, and
nearly the same in the diameter of the aperture, was found by
ine in a cavity among Serpula?, on a dead shell of Fusus aliti-
quus, sent from Banff, by Mr. John Clark, in the end of De¬
cember, 1842. It was of a greyish-white colour, and contained
the animal. From its singular appearance, I had at first eus-

334 MALACOZOA

GASTEROPODA . TECTIBRANCHIATA ,

pected it mig t prove something else, as 1 had formerly mis¬
taken the half of a vertebra of a cartilaginous fish for a new
Fissm-ella. There is nothing else, however, I believe, that
closely resembles it, excepting the basal cup of “ Balanus
spongiosus,” from which the presence of the animal, although
shrivelled, distinguishes it. The species grows to a much
larger size, and varies in the form of the apex.

Patella antiquata. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1259. — Patella antiquata.
Mont. Test. Brit. 435. — Capulus antiquatus. Flem. Brit. Anim.
364.

ORDER VII.

GASTEROPODA TECTIBRANCHIATA. P. 67.

Family I. — Bull;eina. P. 67.

Genus 2. Bulla. P. 68, 188.

3. Bulla minuta. Minute Bulla.

Shell ovato-cylinclrical, truncato-mammillate, very
thin, transparent, glossy, with the aperture oblong, mo¬
derately narrowed behind, the outer lip forming a
rounded projection there. Minutus, very small.

Shell ovato-cylindrical, of two very thin, transparent, hya¬
line-white, glossy turns, very faintly marked with growth¬
lines ; the upper extremity broadly truncate, with a wide su¬
ture-groove, and a central rounded mammilliform prominence,
which protrudes a little ; the aperture oblong, anteriorly wide
and rounded, moderately narrowud behind, extending the
whole length of the shell; the outer lip projecting considerably
behind in the form of a small lobe ; the inner with a thin
lamina folded back so as sometimes to form a false umbilicus ;
the colour hyaline-white. The animal can withdraw itself
entirely within the shell. Length one-twelfth of an inch,
breadth a third less.

Found by me alive, on Corallina officinalis, at the Cove,
four miles South of Aberdeen, on the 26tli December, 1842 ;
also among shell sand from Ugie-mouth, and Cruden Bay,
collected by Mr. Alexander Murray.

Diaphana minuta. Brown, Illustr. PI. 38. f. 7, 8.

Genus 4. Bullina. P. 69, 190.

4. Bullina pellucida. Pellucid Bullina.

Shell subcylin<jh'ical, thin, transparent, glossy, faintly

MALAUOZOA. GASTEROPODA. NUDIBRAN CHI ATA . 335

striulate in its 'whole length, and having the posterior
extremity truncate, with a wide and shallow umbilicus.
Pellucidus, pervious to light.

Shell very similar in form to Bullina truncata, but differing
in being destitute of sulci in its upper half, it being glossy and
very faintly striulate in its whole lengtli. It is subcylindrical,
a little wider anteriorly, where it is rounded ; at the upper end
truncate, with the spire sunk, forming a wide and shallow um¬
bilicus ; the aperture very narrow, but becoming oblong
anteriorly, and at its hind part projecting a little in the form
of a sinus beyond the extremity of the shell ; the colour
hyaline-white. Length two-twelfths, breadth half the length.

Not very unfrequent adhering to Actinias from the Bay of
Aberdeen. I have also found it on Terebella conchilega
there.

Yolvaria pellucida. Brown, Illustr. PI. 38. f. 45, 46.

5. Bullina product a. Produced Bullina.

Shell oblongo-cylindrical, thin, transparent, glossy,
with faint growth-lines, the apex slightly umbilicate, the
aperture extremely narrow, the outer lip forming a
narrow sinus projecting considerably beyond the apex.

Shell more elongated than Bullina pellucida, and having
the apex narrowed and rounded, but slightly umbilicate ; the
aperture very narrow, the outer lip projecting in the form of
a narrow sinus considerably beyond the apex, the anterior
end narrower and rounded ; the colour hyaline- white. Length
nearly three-twelfths of an inch, breadth nearly half the
length.

Found by me in January, 1843, adhering to Actiniae, from
the Bay of Aberdeen.

Bulla producta. Brown, Illustr. PI. 38. f. 15, 16.

ORDER VIII.

GASTEROPODA NUDIBRANCHIATA. P. 69.

Family II. — Triton iina. P. 70, 195.

Genus 2. Spii^rostoma.

Body oblong, much compressed, flat beneath, convex
above in both directions, terminating obtusely behind.

336 MALACOZOA. TROPIOFODA. NUDIBRANCHIATA*

anteriorly with a thick, narrow, crenulated margin,
nearly encircling the mouth. Two obtuse tentacula,
retractile into tubular sheaths. The mouth in the form
of a very large subglobose, somewhat compressed mass,
of greater diameter than the body, with a thick margin,
forming a vertical slit, and furnished with two very large,
convex, thin teeth, with semicircular margins ; its floor
divergently striato-suleate, with a medial groove. Bran¬
chial prominences gelatinous, caducous, ramose, distant,
arranged along the sides in a single series, in sinuses
formed by the dorsal margins ; orifices of the intestine
and genital organs separated.

The genus differs from Tritonia in the form of the
mouth, the separation of the lateral orifices, and the
compression of the body. It differs equally from Meli-
boea, and all the other genera, of which I have seen
descriptions. 2cficupa, a globe ; aropa, mouth.

1. Sphcerostoma Jamesonii. Jameson's Sphcerostoma.

Body oblong, much compressed, tapering behind to a
rounded point. The foot linear-oblong, extending along the
entire length of the body, anteriorly abrupt, narrowed and
rounded behind, with the surface rugose, and the margins un¬
dulated. The sides erect, flat, smooth, at the middle higher
than the breadth of the foot. The upper part or back arched
in both directions, little broader than the foot, covered with
soft, unequal, granulated, convex prominences ; the margin
slightly projecting beyond the sides; the anterior margin thick,
narrow, rugoso-granulate, extending over two-thirds of the
kind of neck that supports the mouth. Immediately behind it
are two short tubes or sheaths, having a rather firm circular
margin, and in each is a conico-convex gelatinous darkish-grey
tentaculum. Terminating the body anteriorly is a large, sub-
globose mass, of cartilaginous consistence, and yellowish-white
colour. It is attached by a very short neck, and has the sur¬
face longitudinally and transversely striato-rugulose. An¬
teriorly it presents an oblong vertical slit, or mouth, having
the margin thick and rounded ; within which are seen two
large horny, brownish-yellow teeth, one on each side, exter¬
nally convex, with a thin semicircular margin. These teeth
meet above and beneath. The floor of the mouth is formed of
a soft, white, convex mass, having a medial groove, and

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 337

marked with fine parallel, oblique grooves, and crenulated
ridges. The genital aperture is on the right side, at about
a-fourth of the length of the body ; and that of the alimentary
canal about the middle. The foot and sides are hyaline-white,
and semitransparent, the sides minutely dotted with opaque
white ; the upper surface pale greyish-brown, with a broad
umber-brown band on each side, the whole dotted with white,
most of the tubercles being tipped with a flocculent substance
of that colour. Along each side, in sinuses formed by the
margin, are six pale-grey, very soft, ramose branchiee, most
easily separable, being merely of the consistence of mucus.
The whole body was enveloped in a tenacious greyish-white
mucus. Length two inches and four-twelfths ; length of the
foot an inch and eight-twelfths ; its breadth five-twelfths ;
height of the body anteriorly four and a-half twelfths, at the
middle eight-twelfths; length of the head six-twelfths, its
height nine-twelfths, its breadth seven and a-half twelfths.

The above description is taken from an individual, in per¬
fect condition, obtained on the 30th December, 1842. It had
been brought up by a fishing-line from the Bay of Aberdeen.

I have great pleasure in dedicating this remarkable animal
to my esteemed friend and master in science, Professor
Jameson.

CLASS IV.— TROPIOPODA.

ORDER I.— TROPIOPODA LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Family IV. — Arcina. P.207, 243.

Genus 1. Pectunculus. Pectuncle.

Shell suborbicular, equivalve, somewhat anisomeral ;
the valves convex, thick, concentrically striate, often di¬
vergently striulate and obscurely costate, with a pilose
or velvety epidermis ; the umbones pointed, incurved,
contiguous, but ultimately separated ; the hinge margin
thick, broad, with an external flattened, striate space for
the ligament, and a curved series of alternate teeth and
depressions ; muscular impressions oval, distant. Pec -
ttincirfus , diminutive of Pecten.

^ F

338 MALACOZOA. TR0PI0P0DA.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA .

1 . Pectunculus Glycimeris. Ribbed Peduncle.

Shell suborbicular, oblique, anisomeral, slightly an-
gulate at the longer end, obscurely ribbed, with minute
divergent strise decussated by concentric striae ; the ex¬
terior whitish with diversiform subundulated red mark¬
ings, the interior white, the margin crenato-dentate.

Shell subovato-orbicular, somewhat oblique ; with the um-
bones incurved and pointed, the valves moderately convex,
the anterior end subangulate ; the surface covered, especially
toward the margin with short dense silky dark-brown hairs,
under which it is marked with faint divergent ribs, with inter¬
vening sulci so narrow as to resemble chinks or cracks in the
shell, and very numerous minute, undulated striidae, decus¬
sated by concentric striae ; the colour whitish, variegated with
angular and undulated light-red markings ; the hinge margin
broad, with about twenty-two oblique teeth and corresponding
depressions ; the margin dentato-crenate, the teeth and inter¬
spaces corresponding to the costae. Length two inches and
a twelfth and a-half, height an inch and eleven-twelfths.

A single valve, from the Bay of Peterhead, sent in January,
1843, by Roderick Gray, Esq. This appears to be the true
Glycimeris of Linnaeus, not Pectunculus pilosus, which is
much more convex, and differently marked.

Area Glycimeris. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1143. — Area Glycimeris.
Penn. Biit. Zool. iv. PI. 58. f. 58. — Pectunculus Glycimeris. Turt.
Brit. Biv. 171. PI. 12. f. 1.

Family Y. — Cycladina. P. 208, 245.

Genus 2. Pisidium. P. 209, 248.

Pisidium amnicum. River Pisidium .

Shell obliquely ovate, ventricose, thin, glossy, deeply
concentrically striate, with more marked growth-lines ;
the umbones tumid, obtuse, striated at the apex, much
nearer the anterior end; the dorsal slope declinate, a
little convex ; both ends rounded, the anterior much
narrower ; the colour olivaceous. Amnicus , living in
rivers.

Shell ovate, somewhat oblique, broadly rounded anteriorly,
narrowly rounded behind ; very convex, with the umbones
large, convex, striated, and placed much nearer the anterior

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLI BRAN CHI ATA. 339

end ; the valves very thin, brittle, distinctly or deeply striated
concentrically, with stronger growth-lines ; the hinge with two
central and two lateral teeth in one valve, two central and on
each side a groove with two parallel laminae, in the other ;
the exterior olivaceous brown, or inclining to green, or yellow,
in bands, the interior bluish. Length two-twelfths and a-half,
height two-twelfths.

Found by me in the Summer of 1841, in the Inverury
Canal.

Tellina amnica. Muller, Verm. Terr, et Fluv. ii. 205. — Cardium
amnicum. Mont. Test. Brit 14. — C’yclas amnica. Turt Brit.
Biv. 250. PI. 11. f. 15. — Cyclas palustris. Drap. Moll. Terr, et
Fluv. 131. PI. 10. f. 17, 18. — Cyclas amnicus. Flem. Brit. Anim.
453. — Pisidium amnicum. Gray’s Turton, 286, 285. PI. 1. f. 5.

Family VI. — Venerina. P. 210, 254.

Genus 6. Venerupis. P. 212, 268.

V enerupis decussdta. Decussated Venerupis.

Shell ovato-oblong, subrhomboidal, moderately com¬
pressed, reticulated with divergent and concentric striae,
papillate behind, yellowish or reddish, with numerous
small, generally angular brown markings. Deeussdtust
cut crosswise.

Shell ovato-oblong, subrhomboidal, narrower or rounded
anteriorly, sub truncate behind, considerably compressed, rather
thick, reticulated with deep but narrow divergent and concen¬
tric striae, leaving by their intersection small tubercular pro¬
minences especially at the posterior end ; the frontal slope
short, with an oblong faint, obliquely striate depression ; the
three cardinal teeth in each valve close, small, divergent, erect,
the middle tooth cleft, the posterior slightly so ; the umbones
small, a little curved ; the inner surface glossy; the siphonal
sinus oblong, large, extending obliquely to the middle of the
shell ; the exterior reddish-white, with numerous small irre¬
gular brownish-red markings, darker and more numerous
toward the dorsal margin ; the interior yellow, toward the
margin white. Length an inch and seven-twelfths, height an
inch and a-twelftli.

The above description is that of an individual found alive,
in February, 1843, by Mr. Alexander Beaton, it having been
brought up by a fishing-line, from off Aberdeen. It is the
only individual that has occurred to me.

340 MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

This species attains a much larger size, being sometimes
from two to three inches in length. It is very nearly allied to
Venerupis Pullastra, but easily distinguishable, its divergent
stria) being much more deeply impressed, the transverse striae
also more distinct, and its siphonal sinus, not parallel to the
pallial margin, but passing obliquely to the middle of the
valves. It varies in colour from white to reddish-brown, and
has the interior yellow or reddish, sometimes with purple
markings toward the dorsal margin or posterior extremity.

Venus decussata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1135. — Venus litterata.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 96. PI. 57. f. 53. — Venus decussata. Mont.
Test. Brit. 124. — Venus decussata. Turt. Brit. Biv. 158. PI. 8.
f. 10. — Venerupis decussata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 451. — Venus de-
cu&sata. Lamk. Syst. v. 597 ; Ed. 2. vi. 356.

Family YIII. — Tellinina. P. 214, 2 76.

Genus 4. Tellina. P. 215, 279.

4. Tellina jprdxima. Brown Tellina.

Shell subovate, compressed, with the umbones very
small and nearer the posterior end ; the frontal slope
little convex, the anterior end rounded ; the dorsal slope,
rapidly decimate, nearly straight, the posterior end sub-
angulate ; the surface with irregular concentric striae.
Prdximus, very near (to Tellina tenuis).

Shell subovate, compressed the umbones very small,
pointed, and slightly turned backwards ; the anterior end
much longer and rounded, the posterior subangulate ; the
dorsal slope rapidly decimate, convex toward the end, the
frontal slope little convex ; the valves thin, with irregular
concentric striae ; the hinge margin rather thick ; the right
valve with a triangular cardinal depression, and two small
teeth ; the muscular impressions oblong ; the colour of the ex¬
terior dull brown. Length an inch, height nine-twelfths.

Only a single decayed valve, brought up by the lines, off
Aberdeen, in the Spring of 1842, found by Mr. Alexander
Davidson. It is said by M. Deshayes to occur alive in the
North Sea. It is also found in the fossil state in Sweden, and
at Helensburgh, on the Clyde.

Tellina proxima. Smith, Wem. Mem. viii. 105. PI. 1. f. 21.

MALACOZOA. TROPIOPODA.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 34 l

Family X. — Mactrina. P. 217, 286.

Genus 7. Ervilia.

Shell suboval, equivalve, anisomeral, closed ; hinge
with two divaricate teeth and an intervening sinus in
one valve, a single erect tooth in the other ; ligament
internal. Name from Ervum, a tare. Turton.

1. Ervilia pellucida. Pellucid Ervilia.

Shell ovato-elliptical, compressed, very inequilateral,
with both ends rounded, the umbones prominent, the
dorsal line concave, the hinge with two narrow divari¬
cate teeth, the valves transparent, concentrically sulcato-
striate. Pellucidus , permeable to light.

Shell ovato-elliptical, with the umbones very prominent,
and placed near one end ; the dorsal outline concave, double
the length of the ventral ; both ends rounded ; the hinge with
two divaricate slender teeth, separated by a triangular space ;
the valves thin, semitransparent, little convex, concentrically
sulcate, glossy, hyaline-white ; the inner surface highly glossed.
Length three-fourths of a twelfth, height a third less.

Very similar in form to Montacuta substriata, but less con¬
vex, and without diverging striae. Captain Brown refers it to
the genus Tellina; but its generic characters seem to me
to be rather those of Ervilia.

First found by me, on an Actinia, from the Bay of Aber¬
deen, in January, 1843.

Tellina pellucida. Brown, Illustr. PI. 16. f. 22.

Genus Rissoa. P. 56, 146.

18. Rissoa Bryerea. Bryer s Rissoa.

Shell oblongo-turrite, obtuse, thick, subpellucid, of
six little-convex turns, with numerous transverse costae,
scarcely interrupted by the suture ; the last turn with
about twenty costae ; the aperture less than a-third of
the whole length, ovate, acute behind, with the outer
lip thickened. Named by Montagu after Mr. Bryer.

2 f 2

342

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA «

This very beautiful, and easily distinguishable shell, is
similar in form to Rissoae truncata and striata, being oblong,
obtuse, of six turns, which are flattened, thick, semitrans¬
parent, glossy, pure white, without striae, and traversed by
strong, closely-set, obtuse ribs, of which there are about twenty
on the last turn ; the ribs almost continuous, being but slightly
separated by the very small suture ; the aperture rather more
than a fourth of the whole length, ovate, narrowed behind,
patulous, with the outer lip thick and having an external
smooth rim, the inner lip thick, reflexed, leaving a slight
curved groove. Length rather more than two-twelfths of an
inch, breadth nearly a third of the length.

The above description from two fine specimens, found by
Mr. Alexander Beaton on Actiniae from the Bay of Aber¬
deen, in February, 1843.

Turbo Bryereus. Mont. Test. Brit. 313. PI. 15. f. 8. — Cingula
Bryerea. Flern. Brit. Anim. 307.

19. Rissoa subimbilicata. Subumbilicated Rissoa.

Shell ovato-turrite, thick, opaque, the turns six, in¬
distinctly separated, slightly convex, faintly striate trans¬
versely, glossy, the last well rounded, the aperture
roundish-oval, the inner lip reflexed, leaving an umbilical
groove. Subumbilicdtus, somewhat umbilicated.

Shell ovato-oblong, subturrite, of six thick, opaque, glossy,
faintly striated, little-convex turns, indistinctly separated by
the suture ; the spire tapering, rather obtuse, shorter than the
last turn when viewed on the side of the aperture, which how¬
ever is little more than a third of the whole length, roundish-
oval, not acute behind, with the peristome rather thick, re¬
flexed on the columella, and leaving a distinct umbilical groove ;
the colour greyish-white. Length two-twelfths of an inch,
breadth nearly half the length.

This species differs from Rissoa ulvae in not having the
aperture acute behind, nor the last turn angulate ; from Rissoa
muriatica in being thicker, and from both it and Rissoa ventri-
cosa, in having the aperture rounded behind.

Found by me among shell sand, near Don-mouth, in August,
1842.

Turbo subumbilicatus. Mont. Test. Brit. 316. — Cingula subum-
bilicata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 308.

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA.

343

Genus Stylina. After Lacuna. P. 56.

Shell subglobose, spiral, thin, with tlie spire short,
convex, but with a prominent apex ; the aperture large,
roundish, with the outer bp thin, the inner incomplete.
Named from the styliform apex. Fleming.

1 . Stylina stylifera. Acuminate Stylina.

Shell nearly globose, very thin, transparent, glossy, yellow¬
ish-brown, of four convex turns, the last ventricose ; the spire
very short, convex, but with a conspicuous styliform apex ;
the suture distinct; the aperture very large, roundish, the
peristome incomplete ; the columellar lip thin, reflexed, the
outer lip semicircular, very thin ; no umbillicus. Length two-
twelfths of an inch, breadth nearly as much.

This remarkable shell has an extremely delicate texture, of
a horny appearance, with apparently very little lime in its
substance, and presenting numerous regular cracks. In this
respect it resembles Helix fusca, and Coriocella flexilis. Were
it not marine, it might be considered as belonging to the genus
Helix, which it further resembles in being, as is stated, des¬
titute of operculum. Otherwise it appears to be allied to
Phasianella. The species was discovered by Dr. Turton, who
found it at Torbay, attached to Echinus esculentus.

The specimen described above was found by Mr. Alexander
Beaton, at Aberdeen, adhering to an Actinia, brought up by
the lines, in February, 1843.

Phasianella stylifera. Turt. Zool. Journ. i. 367. PI. 13. f. 1 1. —
Velutina stylifera. Flem. Brit. Anim. 326:

Genus Eulima. P. 55, 141.

Eulima decussdta. Decussated Eulima.

Shell oblongo-turrite, tapering to a rather blunt point,
of about eight slightly convex, subpellucid turns, which
are transversely plicato-striate, and marked with fine,
distinct, spiral strioe. Decussdtus, with intersecting
grooves or ridges.

Shell turrite, oblong, uniformly tapering to a rather obtuse
point, of eight little-convex, glossy, subpellucid, white turns,
which arc distinctly separated by a not-deeply impressed
suture, and decussated by transverse rather faint ridges or

344

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA.

plicae, and delicate, rather distant, punctulate spiral striae, of
which there are about fifteen on the last turn ; the aperture
nearly a third of the whole length, oval, with the outer lip
convex, slightly thickened externally, the inner reflexed, leav¬
ing a small umbilical groove. Length three-twelfths and a-
fourth, breadth one-twelfth.

An individual, considerably worn, found in February, 1843,
adhering to an Actinia, from off Aberdeen, by Mr. Alexander
Beaton.

Helix decussata. Mont. Test. Brit. 399. PL 15. f. 7. — Phasianella
decussata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 302.

Genus Buccinum.

Buccinum minimum. Little Brown Buccine.

Shell oblongo-conical, rather thin, with six mode¬
rately convex, transversely-ribbed, and longitudinally
sulcato-striate turns, the notch of moderate width, and
somewhat oblique. Minimus, very small.

Shell oblong, with six turns, of which the upper two are
smooth and glossy, the rest transversely ribbed, and longitu¬
dinally sulcato-striate ; the ribs nearly straight, fifteen on the
last turn, on the anterior part of which they are nearly obso¬
lete ; the apex obtuse ; the suture distinct; the aperture much
less than half the whole length, narrow-oval, the pillar twisted,
the outer lip thin and plain, the notch little oblique, and of
moderate width; the colour uniform dull olive, that of the
aperture greyish- white. Length two-twelfths and a-third,
breadth nearly one-twelfth.

A single specimen found by me in February, 1843, at
Aberdeen.

Buccinum minimum. Mont. Test. Brit. 247. PI. 8. f. 2. —
Buccinum brunneum. Donov. Brit. Sh. v. PI. 179. f. 2. — Fusus
minimus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 350.

Family Fissurellina. P. 176.

Genus 4. Fissurella.

Animal oblong or oval, covered by a univalve shell ;
head distinct, with two short, conical tentacula, bear¬
ing the eyes on prominent tubercles at their base exter¬
nally ; mouth proboscidiform, foot very large, oval or
oblong, margined externally with tubercular or teritacu-

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA.

345

liform appendages ; mantle very large, widely open in
front, and also communicating by a fissure witli a cor¬
responding aperture in the apex of the shell ; two large
equal, pectinated branchiae ; intestinal aperture at the
extremity of a small tube opening into the respiratory
cavity.

Shell oblong, conical, destitute of spire, having the
base oblong, with the margin continuous, the summit
truncate and perforated by an oblong aperture.

1 . Fissurella Nubecula. Red-rayed Fissurella.

Shell oblong, conical, little elevated, with about fif¬
teen broad ribs, alternating with smaller, and somewhat
reticulated with inconspicuous concentric fines ; the
colour brownish-red rayed with reddish- white.

Shell ovato-oblong, somewhat translucent ; with the sides
of the aperture or base nearly straight, its margin plain, the
posterior extremity narrower ; conical, little elevated, with
the apex a little behind the centre, obliquely truncate, with
an elliptical aperture, having the margin smooth ; the exte¬
rior rayed with alternate dark brownish-red and white bands,
and raised into fifteen thick ribs, with smaller intervening
ridges, and concentric elevated lines, decussating the rays, but
not very conspicuous ; the interior smooth, purplish- white,
and with a ring of pale-reddish purple around the thick
whitish marginal rim. Length three-twelfths and a-half,
breadth a little less than two-twelfths, height a twelfth and
a-fourth.

The above description from an individual found by Mr.
Alex. Beaton, in February, 1843, adhering to an Actinia
from off Aberdeen.

“Patella Nubecula. Lister. Conch. PI. 59.” — Patella Nube¬
cula. Turt. Conch. Diet. 142. — Fissurella Nubecula. Risso. Eur.
Merid. iv. 257.

Natica monilifera. P. 51, 125.

A great number of fine specimens of this animal
having been cast alive on the beach near Aberdeen, in

346

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA.

the end of February, 1843, I have been enabled to
give the following particulars : —

Operculum very thin, horny, transparent, yellowish-brown,
semicircular, externally concave, broader and more rounded
anteriorly, rugoso-striate, with a small spiral turn at the ante¬
rior end. Foot very large, roundish-elliptical, thick, with
very thin margins, rugose, with very large oblique undulated
rugae in its anterior half, its colour dull yellow. Head indis¬
tinct, broad ; over the mouth a thin-edged rugose flap, having
three rounded crenatures, and continuous with the tentacula ;
which are rather small, rugose, much depressed or flattened,
and taper to a fine point ; externally of the tentacula, on
each side, a thin rounded lobe, on which are placed in other
species the eyes, of which, however, I cannot perceive any
traces. Between the mouth and the foot, and parallel to the
6upraoral flap, is a larger, thin, smooth, somewhat undulated
flap, extending on each side nearly to the middle of the foot,
in a semicircular manner. The mouth small, proboscidiform,
with a large roundish, bright red lingual or pharyngeal mass.
The mantle very thin, opening very widely in front, where it
forms a thin, dense, yellowish flap, covering the branchial
cavity, of which the surface is smooth ; the brancliia large.
The intestine convoluted, terminating on the right side of the
respiratory cavity, the liver dull olive, forming the last,
very slender turns of the spire ; the ovary pale yellow.

Among the numberless Mollusca cast on the beach at
the period mentioned above, I found a specimen of a
very remarkable species, which, I think, must be re¬
ferred to the Genus Tritonia, although the respiratory
organs had been almost entirely destroyed.

Tritdnia atrofusca. Brownish-black Tritonia.

Body oblong, convex above, rugose, the veil repand,
plain, the branchise in six tufts on each side ; the co¬
lour above brownish-black, beneath dull white, on the
sides livid purple. Atro-fuscus , black tinged with
brown.

Body oblong, somewhat prismatic, tapering behind to a
blunt point. The foot oblong, extending the whole length of

MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA.

347

the body, anteriorly abrupt, rather narrowed behind, with the
surface smooth, and the margins indistinct, unless before and
behind. The sides erect, flat, smoothish, being but faintly
rugoso-reticulate, and at the middle nearly as high as the
breadth of the foot. The upper part arched in both direc¬
tions, little broader than the foot, rugoso-reticulate, the mar¬
gin slightly projecting. The anterior margin or veil some¬
what semicircular in its direction, widely repand in the
middle, thin, and rather narrow. Behind it are two obtuse
tentacula, in two short sheaths. The mouth presents the ap¬
pearance of a vertical, thick-lipped slit, and is furnished inter¬
nally with two horny dull-yellow plates of great size. Six
ramose branchiae on each side, of which only some portions
remain. The genital and anal apertures on the right side,
separated to a considerable distance, the anterior in the form
of an oblique slit, the other circular, and with a smaller cir¬
cular aperture above it. The colour of the upper part black,
paler and tinged with brown in the middle, of the sides livid
purple, of the foot purplish-white. Length an inch and three-
fourths, breadth seven-twelfths, height eight-twelfths.

It is probable that were I to continue my efforts, ob¬
jects would daily or weekly occur for months to come ;
but the time which I can with propriety devote to the
Mollusca of Aberdeenshire is now ended, and other
subjects of investigation present themselves. The beach
is thickly covered with the sweepings of the ocean,
amid which are thousands of Crustacea, annulata, acti-
nozoa, and zoophyta — all of which present objects of
interest to the zoologist. The fishermen and their chil¬
dren are engaged in collecting the Lugworms that have
been cast ashore ; and as there are at least two hundred
baskets, and in each probably about five hundred worms,
besides Mollusca, one may calculate what a destruction
of animal life has resulted from the late easterly gale.
Of our more common bivalve Mollusca one might ga¬
ther as many specimens as would supply all the cabi¬
nets of Europe, and of the rarer and more delicate,
some are here and there to be seen among the sea¬
weed. No doubt, in this mass are many not hitherto

343

MALACOZOA. TROPIorODA.

known to science ; but I must content myself with
picking up a few, and hasten to complete my labours .
Not a single naturalist is to be seen around ; my pupils
are engaged at this moment in electing a Rector, and
the few idlers who are strolling on the sands, know as
little about Mollusca, as the sheep on the links know
about the comparative merits of the systems of Linnaeus
and Jussieu.

On this very beach, and on such an occasion as the
present, commenced my endeavours to cultivate an ac¬
quaintance with the Mollusca; and among the more
remarkable objects which it then presented, was this
Mactra stultorum, so abundant now. Little did I then
imagine that, after twenty-five years of toil and trouble,
I should return, to find more beautiful specimens of a
shell, no doubt often gathered by the sort of persons
whose name it bears, but also, I trust, by some who
may, through courtesy at least, obtain a more creditable
designation.

As I was pondering on these things, and, like a gull
among sand-eels, picking up what caught my eye, I was
most agreeably surprised by the well-known accents of
a most zealous and very celebrated naturalist, who, at¬
tracted from afar by the unusual bustle, had come to
gratify his curiosity. In his most pleasant company
was conducted the last scramble for the Mollusca, which
I now resign to those possessed of more time and ta¬
lents.

349

EMENDATIONS.

ETYMOLOGIES OMITTED OR INCORRECT.

Anomia. A, not; vopos , rule: irregular in form. P. 205.
Antiquus, old. P. 63.

Buccinum. A kind of shell, resembling a trumpet.

P. 61.

Buchanensis. Occurring in the District of Buchan.
Coriocella. From Corium, skin, or membrane. P. 61 .
Imbricatus. As if covered with tiles. P. 50.
Interstinctus. Divided or separated. P. 59.
Modiola. Modiolus, a water-bucket. P. 207.
Pleurotoma. H\evpov, the side ; rep va, to cut.
Tornatilis. Fashioned in a turner’s wheel. P. 60.
Zizyphinus. Incorrectly Sisyphinus. Zizyphum,
jujube, a kind of fruit. P. 53.

For “ 1822,” read “1842.” P. 92.

Trochus Martini. P. 53, 132.

Mr. Thompson of Belfast informs me that this, so named
by Mr. Smith, as indicated, is Trochus millegranus of Phi-
iippi.

Several very beautiful live specimens, brought up by the
fishing-lines, from the Bay of Aberdeen, in February, 1843,
were found by Mr. Beaton, Mr. Fergusson, and others of my
pupils. They are pure white, slightly transparent, but other¬
wise as described; the largest seven-twelfths of an inch in
diameter, and about the same height. It is remarkable that
they were accompanied by several specimens of the beautiful
white variety of Trochus zizyphinus, which they closely re¬
semble in form. Two specimens found by Mr. Alexander
Mitchell, about the same time, are more strongly granulated,
and prettily marked with red dots along the spiral striae. The
apex in all the specimens is somewhat tinged with blue.

Delete “ Turbo jugosus. Mont Test. Brit. 586.” P. 138.

For “ Lacuna variabilis,” pp. 144, 145, read Lacuna cincta.
2 G

350

EMENDATIONS.

Rissoa reticulata, p. 50. For “shell ovato-turrite,” read
“broadly ovato-conical.”

Rissoa tristridta. P. 58. 151.

I am aware that this species is considered by Dr. Johnston
and Mr. Thompson as identical with Rissoa semistriata, but
the numerous specimens of the latter in my possession agree
in the characters assigned, and differ from those which seem
to me to represent the other species, in being much more
broadly ovate, as well as in their colour-markings and striae.
They may however be all of one species.

Odostomia interstincta. P. 155.

By some accident, this species has been inaccurately de¬
scribed. The following are its true characters : —

Shell oblongo-turrite, of five rather thick, transparent,
glossy, flattened, finely plicato-striate turns, the aper¬
ture roundish-oval, nearly a third of the whole length,
with a very small plait.

Shell oblongo-turrite, obtuse, rather thick, of five glossy
turns, which are distinctly separated, rather flat, finely plicato-
striate ; the aperture ovato-rotundate, nearly a third of the
whole length, with the incomplete peristome rather thick, the
pillar-lip not reflexed, but ending in a very small tooth-like
plait, and leaving exposed a narrow umbilical groove ; the
colour white. Length a twelfth of an inch, breadth a third
of the length.

Found by me, in August, 1 842, in shell sand, between the
mouths of the Dee and the Don ; also in sand from Cruden
Bay, sent by Mr. Murray.

Turb.o interstinctus. Mont. — Odostomia interstincta. Flem.

For internally , read externally ; fourth line of generic cha¬
racter of Emarginula. P. 177.

For Cythercea, read CytherSa. Pp. 211, 212, 262.

For denticulatus , read denticulata. P. 214.

For Rimula Flemingii, read Rimula Noachina. Pp. 65, 178.
So named, in allusion to the Deluge. Add Fisurella Noachina.
Lyell, Lamk. Syst. vii. 604. — “Patella Noachina. Linn. Mant.
551.”

MALENTOZOA. CIREIPEDIA.

Soft, symmetrical, articulated animals, enveloped
in a mantle and shell ; with the body reversed, at¬
tenuated at the upper or posterior end, and termi¬
nated by a somewhat articulated tail, furnished on
either side with long, horny, jointed, and ciliated
cirri ; and having a complete double circulation,
with white blood ; branchial respiration ; an intes¬
tinal canal with two apertures ; and a nervous system
composed of a double series of ganglia. The shell,
in some, formed of five distinct, contiguous or im¬
bricated pieces, constituting a conical coronary
body, closed below by a membrane or calcareous
plate, open above, with four opercular pieces in the
aperture ; in others, of several pieces disposed in
two lateral plates, with a medial narrow piece, and
a basal fleshy peduncle.

Genus Lejpas, Linnaeus. Part of Malentozoa, Blain-
ville. CirrMpoda, Lamarck, Cuvier. Malaicos soft ;
E vto^ios, divided or jointed ; Z5>ov , animal.

352

MALENTOZOA. CIRRIPEDIA.

The Malentozoa, commonly known by the name of
Barnacles, are marine animals, which, until of late years,
were usually considered as Mollusca, but which a minute
examination of their structure shews to differ essentially
from that great series, and to approach more nearly to
the Entomozoa, or Articulata. They are, in fact, inter¬
mediate between the two series, and may be placed with
either, or considered as a distinct group. They vary in
form, some being much compressed, others conical, con¬
vex, or cylindrical. The body, which is soft, but more
or less articulated, curved, and placed with the back
beneath, and the hind part above, is enclosed in a thin
mantle, which is open only behind, and protected by a
kind of shell, composed of several pieces. The mouth,
situated at the lower end of the body, is furnished with
mandibles and maxillae, resembling those of certain Crus¬
tacea. The head is not distinct, and there are no eyes
or tentacula. The abdominal face of the body is occu¬
pied by two series of fleshy lobes, each bearing two long
curved horny appendages, formed of numerous joints,
and furnished with cilise or bristles. These organs, by
some named cirri, by others arms, or tentacula, appear
to be rudimentary limbs, and are constantly in motion,
now protruded from the sheath, then withdrawn, it being
apparently by means of them that the food is seized.
At the end of this series of organs is an elongated ovarian
tube, at the base of which is the intestinal aperture.
The heart is lodged in the dorsal part of the body, and
respiration is performed by branchiae placed at the base
of the lower cirri. The nervous system is a double series
of ganglia, as in the Crustacea, which they further re¬
semble in their articulated limbs, and in other circum-

MALENTOZOA. PEDUNCULATA.

353

stances, while their being enveloped in a soft mantle,
and covered with a shell, resembling those of several
Mollusca, place them in connection with these animals.
It is alleged that in their earliest stages they are free,
and bear a great resemblance to certain Crustacea of the
lowest orders, but soon affix themselves to bodies, to
which they ever after adhere, and undergo a complete
change of form.

They are naturally arranged under two orders : the
Pedunculata, and the Sessilia ; those of the former
section having a soft cylindrical stalk, continuous with
the mantle, the others being attached to objects through
the medium of a thin membrane or a plate of calcareous
matter.

SYNOPSIS OF THE ABERDEENSHIRE SPECIES.

ORDER I.— MALENTOZOA PEDUNCULATA.

The mantle prolonged beneath, and forming a fleshy
contractile peduncle.

Cirripedes pedoncutts, Lamarck ; Anati/es, Ferussac.
Pedunculus , a stalk.

Family I. — Lepadina.

Animal much compressed, oval or oblong, with the
hind part uppermost ; the branchiae numerous, pyra¬
midal, at the base of the lower cirri ; the mantle
generally covered with testaceous plates of a triangular
form. Name from the genus Lepas.

Genus 1. Lepas. — Animal compressed, with twelve
pairs of cirri ; shell subtriangular, of four lateral pieces,
and an elongated dorsal piece ; with a cylindrical fleshy
peduncle. Aeir as-, a limpet, or barnacle-sliell. Linnaeus.
2 g 2

354

MALENTOZOA. SESSILIA.

1. Ltpas anatifera. — Shell ovato-triangular, obtuse,
much compressed ; the lateral valves faintly striate, the
dorsal linear, arcuate, smooth or denticulate along the
middle, sulcate on the sides. Anas , a duck ; fero , to
bear or produce.

2. Lepas striata. — Shell ovato-triangular, obtuse, or
biangulate at the tip, much compressed ; the lateral
valves distinctly striate, and decussate, the dorsal linear,
arcuate, convex, subcarinate, deeply sulcate on the sides.
Striatus, streaked.

3. Lepas sulcata. — Shell ovato-triangular, acute, com¬
pressed; the lateral valves deeply sulcato-striate, the
inferior with a distinct l*ib toward the margin, the dor¬
sal linear-lanceolate, arcuate, convex, carinate, sulcate
on the sides. Sulcatus, furrowed.

Genus 2. Scalpellum. — Animal much compressed, with
twelve pairs of much curved cirri ; shell oblong, acumi¬
nate, gibbous on the dor-al margin, of thirteen pieces.
Scalpellum, a small knife. Leach.

1. Scalpellum vulgdre. — Shell oblongo -acuminate.
Vulgaris , common.

ORDER II.— MALENTOZOA SESSILIA.

Shell conical or cylindrical, directly affixed. Sessilis,
sitting, or not supported by a stalk.

Family I. — Balanina.

Animal sub cylindrical, convex, or depressed, suspended
in a testaceous covering ; the branchiae two, laminar,
attached to the inner surface of the mantle ; the shell of
one or several pieces, united by their sides, open above,
but having there a pyramidal operculum of two or four
valves. Name from the genus Balanus.

Genus 1 . Balanus. — Shell conical or cylindrical, of six
pieces ; operculum of four triangular valves. B aXavos,
an acorn.

1. Balanus balanoides. — Shell conical, truncate, with
the valves smooth, or faintly striate, the opercular valves

MALENTOZOA. PEDUNCULATA.

355

acute, transversely rugoso-striate ; the base a thin calca¬
reous, divergingly striate plate. Balanoides, resembling
an acorn.

2. Balanus pusillus. — Shell conical, truncate, with
the valves separated by narrow grooves, and longitudinally
rugose, with the surface roughish or punctured; the
opercular valves striate, the dorsal with their tips incur-
vate and rather obtuse. Pusillus , diminutive.

3. Balanus communis. — Shell conical, truncate, with
the valves often indistinct, longitudinally sulcate, with
prominent, compressed, obtuse, rugose ridges. Com¬
munis, common.

4. Balanus costdtus. — Shell conical, truncate, with
the aperture small, the valves indistinct, with prominent,
compressed, strong, ribs. Costdtus, ribbed.

5. Balanus elongdtus. — Shell conical, cylindrical,
clavate, or diversiform, with the base membranous, the
pieces close or united, transversely rugose at the base
and summit, longitudinally striate or costate. Elongdtus,
lengthened.

A. B. elongdtus rugosus. Wrinkled.

B. B. elongdtus angulosus. Angulated.

C. B. elongdtus Jistulosus. Pipe-like.

D. B. elongdtus clavatus. Club-shaped.

6. Balanus cdndidus. — Shell conico-cylindrical, with
the valves distinct, separated by wide depressed, longi¬
tudinally striated areas. Cdndidus, white.

Genus 2. Clitia. — Shell orbicular, depressed, convex,
of four radiatingly ridged, interlocking valves. KXi o-ia,
a tent, or cottage ? Leach.

1. Clitia Verruca. — Shell of two very large and two
very small valves, all with large radiating, transversely
striated ridges. Verruca, a wart.

Genus 3. Cetopirus. — Shell hemispherical, of six
pieces, with six elevated, longitudinally sulcate areas, and
six depressed minutely striated spaces ; operculum of
four inarticulated valves. Kr/ros, a whale ; 7m pa>, to pierce.

1 . Cetopirus balcendris. — Shell subhemispherical, with
the elevated areas deeply sulcate, and having from three

356

MALENTOZOA. PEDUNCULATA.

to six transversely striated ribs, the depressed areas tri¬
angular, finely striated transversely. Balcenaris , at¬
tached to whales.

ORDER I.— MALENTOZOA PEDUNCULATA.

The mantle prolonged beneath, so as to form a fleshy
contractile peduncle.

The species adhere to timber, ships, and other objects,
floating on the sea, or to fixed submersed substances, as
coraHines or shells; but are very uncommon on our
coasts, although plentiful on the west side of Scotland.

Family I. — Lepadina.

Animal oval or oblong, much compressed, suspended
in its testaceous envelope, to which it adheres by a
transverse muscle situated near the aperture ; mantle
open behind only, and at the other end prolonged to
form a fleshy contractile stalk, which adheres to sub¬
marine bodies ; branchiae numerous, pyramidal, at the
base of the lower cirri.

Sometimes the mantle almost or entirely cartilaginous,
but generally covered with five testaceous plates of a
triangular form ; two large superior lateral, receiving the
transverse muscle, two smaller lateral, and a narrow
medial piece connecting the rest ; but often a greater or
less number of accessory pieces at the base.

These animals, essentially carnivorous, seize their prey
by means of the articulated appendages with which the
hind part of the body is furnished.

Genus 1. Lepas. Barnacle.

Animal ovate or subtriangular, compressed, enveloped
in a very thin mantle ; cirri curved at the end, in twelve
pairs ; peduncle fleshy.

SheU subtriangular, formed of four lateral pieces, and
an elongated dorsal piece, completely covering the mantle ;
operculum quadrivalve.

MALENTOZOA. PEDUNCULATA.

357

These animals are found adhering in great numbers
to floating timber, the bottoms of ships, and other
objects. They are abundant in warm latitudes, and
frequently occur on drift wood on the western coasts of
Britain, but are very seldom seen in our district.

As the Linnaean generic name ought to be retained,
especially if the family is to be named Lepadina, “ Lepa-
didae,” or “ Lepades,” it ought to be given to the present
group, which has been called Pentalasmis by Dr. Leach.

I. Lepas anatifera. Common Barnacle.

Shell ovato-triangular, obtuse, much compressed, of five blu¬
ish-white pieces ; the inferior-lateral very large, subtriangular,
convex anteriorly, sloping and flattened behind, longitudinally
rugose, and marked with faint striae radiating from the lower
anterior angle ; the upper valve oblong, tapering downwards,
similarly marked; the dorsal valve linear, arcuate, convex,
smooth or denticulate along the middle, sulcate on the sides ;
the peduncle usually very long, soft, rugose, brownish-grey
or dusky, generally red at the base of the shell. Length
of the shell about an inch and a-half, breadth an inch ;
the peduncle from four to ten or twelve inches.

The specific name, anatifera, or duck-bearing, was given in
allusion to the long-popular belief that the Lepades produce
ducks and geese, the cirri having been taken for feathers.

A single specimen found by Mr. Alexander Murray, on
the Cruden coast, in September, 1842. Others have been
found at various times.

Lepas anatifera. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1 109. — Lepas anatifera. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 74. PI. 38. f. 9. — Lepas anatifera. Mont. Test. Brit.
15. — Anatifa lsevis. Lamk. Syst. v. 405. ; Ed. 2. v. 675. — Penta¬
lasmis anatifera. Leach. Encycl. Brit. Suppl. iii. 170. — Pentalepas
lsevis. Blainv. Malacol. PI. 84. f. 3.

2. Lepas striata. Striated Barnacle.

Shell ovato-triangular, compressed, with the apex truncato-
angulate, of five bluish-white pieces ; the inferior-lateral very
large, subtriangular, convex anteriorly, sloping and flattened
behind, marked with distinct striae radiating from the lower
anterior angle, decussated by fainter striae, and having an ob¬
solete ridge from the anterior-inferior to the anterior-superior
angle ; the upper valve oblong-triangular, tapering downward
to a slender point, and similarly marked; the dorsal valve

358

MALENTOZOA. PEDUNCULATA.

linear, arcuate, carinate, plain or denticulate, with the sides
flattened and sulcate, the base enlarged, incurvate, and emar-
ginate ; the peduncle short, soft, rugose, grey, brown, or red,
the connecting membranes of the valves yellowish-red. Length
of the shell in the largest specimen nine-twelfths, breadth
six-twelfths and a-half ; but it attains a larger size.

The above description from numerous recent specimens found
by myself adhering to a piece of cork on the sands near Aber¬
deen, on the 3d March, 1843 ; two days before which, several
small specimens adhering to a cork net-float, found in the
same place, were presented to me by Mr. Alexander Beaton,
who is therefore the discoverer.

There seems no very decided reason for supposing this to
be Lepas anserifera of Linnaeus, which he represents as “ se-
mine Lini minor I prefeiv Lamarck’s name.

Lepas anserifera. Mont. Test. Brit. 16. — Anatifa striata. Lamk.
Syst. Ed. 2. v.676.

3. Lepas sulcata. Grooved Barnacle.

Shell ovato-triangular, acute, compressed, but at the base
rather bulging, of five yellowish- white pieces ; the inferior-
lateral very large, subquadrangular, convex inferiorly, sloping
and flattened above, with numerous deeply impressed narrow
sulci, radiating from the lower anterior angle, and toward the
anterior margin a slender convex prominent rib ; the upper
valve triangular, elongated, tapering below to a very acute
point, and sulcato-striate ; the dorsal valve linear-lanceolate,
arcuate, carinate, with the sides convex and sulcate, the base
incurvate, expanded, semilunar; the peduncle very short, dusky.
Length six-twelfths, breadth four-twelfths and a-fourth.

The above description from specimens presented to me by
Mr. William Robertson, who found them on a piece of cork
on the beach near Aberdeen, on the 1st of March, 1843, and
from specimens subsequently found by myself, in the same
place, intermixed with the preceding species. They vary
considerably in form, and while some of the smaller agree
with Montagu’s description, in having few sulci, others have
double the number.

Lepas sulcata. Mont. Test. Brit. 17. PI. 1. f. 6.

Genus 2. Scalpellum. Lancet-Barnacle.

Animal oblong, much compressed, enveloped in a deli¬
cate mantle, open before and above ; cirri much curved.

MALENTOZOA. SESSILIA.

359

in twelve pairs ; peduncle short, roundish, rugoso-an-
nulate.

Shell oblong, acuminate, much compressed, with the
dorsal outline gibbous, subangulate, formed of thirteen
pieces, there being an elongated dorsal, and on each side
three small basal, a large ventral, a smaller medial, and
an elongated pointed terminal.

1. Scalpellum vulgar e. Common Lancet-Barnacle.

Shell oblongo-acuminate, with the ventral outline nearly
straight, the dorsal gibboso-angulate ; the anterior basal piece
very small, transversely oblong, the middle basal roundish,
the posterior basal oblong, longitudinal, recurved, forming a
protuberance behind ; the ventral piece subrhomboidal, forming
an acute angle above, the medial roundish-oblong, the terminal
trigonal, elongated into an acute tip, the dorsal oblong, com¬
pressed, incurved, with an obtuse keel forming an angular pro¬
minence beyond its middle. Peduncle short, rugoso-annulate.
The whole surface sparsely covered with minute short filaments.
Cirri much curved, compressed, horny, transparent, with
slender straight filaments.

A single specimen found by me, in the Winter of 1841,
attached to a Tubularia, from deep water, off Aberdeen ;
another in Spring, 1842, by Mr. John Macgillivray ; a third,
in October, by Mr. Leslie.

Lepas Scalpellum. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1109. — Lepas Scalpellum.
Mont. Test. Brit. 18. PL 1. f. 3. — Pollicipes Scalpellum. Lamk.
Syst. y. 407.; Ed. 2. v. 679. — Scalpellum vulgare. Leach. Encycl.
Brit. Suppl. iii. 170.

ORDER II.— MALENTOZOA. SESSILIA.

SheU conical or cylindrical, affixed without the inter¬
vention of a fleshy peduncle.

Family I. — Balanina.

Animal cylindrical conical, convex, or depressed, sus¬
pended in a testaceous envelope with the hind part up¬
permost, and in other respects constructed as in the
Lepadina ; but having the branchiae in the form of two
fringed laminae attached to the inner surface of the
mantle, which is not prolonged to form a peduncle.

360

MALENTOZOA. SESSILIA.

Shell more or less cylindrical, or conical, solid, inter¬
nally porous, adhering by its base, and composed of one
or of several pieces, united by their sides, and either
open at the base, or closed by a membranous or cal¬
careous piece, by which it adheres ; always open at the
summit, but there having a pyramidal operculum of two
or four valves, analogous to the shell of the Lepadina,
and opening so as to allow the cirri to protrude.

These animals are always affixed to rocks, stones,
shells, Crustacea, wood, or other objects, and often so
crowded as to alter the normal forms of each other, so
that a species may present itself under very different
aspects, a circumstance which has given rise to an un¬
due multiplication of species by authors. The genera
are founded upon the peculiar Ties of the operculum, the
coronary part or calcareous tube, and the nature of the
support.

Genus 1. Balanus. Acorn-Shell.

Animal subconical or cylindrical ; with the mantle
open above and before only ; the branchiae in the form
of two fringed laminae attached to the inner surface of
the mantle.

Shell conical, formed of six pieces, a ventral, a dorsal,
and two pairs of lateral ; operculum in the form of a
somewhat oblique pyramid, of four triangular pieces,
two smaller than the rest.

The species adhere to rocks, stones, wood, shells, and
other bodies crowded together.

1. Balanus balanoides. Smooth Acorn-Shell.

Shell conical, truncate, with the six valves distinctly sepa¬
rated by narrow grooves, which are wider at the upper part;
the ventral valve generally largest, the ventro-lateral nearly
equal, the dorso-lateral very small, the dorsal about half the
size of the ventral ; all nearly smooth, being but faintly striu-
late .longitudinally and transversely, but often rugose or cre-
nato-sulcate at the base ; ventral opercular valves triangular,
acute, transversely striato- rugose, with a groove and project¬
ing thin lamina on their articular margin ; dorsal valves tri-

MALENTOZOA. SESSILIA.

361

angular, striate, rather acute, induplicate at the end, and with
a deep groove on their articular margin ; the colour white,
sometimes tinged with yellow or pink ; the base a thin cal¬
careous plate, divergingly striate, and with some faint con¬
centric lines.

It varies considerably in form, being variously distorted by
being crowded, sometimes elongated and claviform, often irre¬
gularly rugose, but not ridged. It adheres very firmly, so as
to be with some difficulty detached, and is strong, so as not to
be capable of being crushed by the fingers. The elongated
forms may be distinguished from those of Balanus elongatus
by the smoothness of the valves, and the different form of the
operculum, as well as by the calcareous bases.

It adheres to mussels, limpets, crabs, and shells of various
other animals, as well as rocks, and piles ; and is very com¬
mon on many parts of our coasts, as well as in deep water.

As Balanus balanoides is tautological, Lamarck’s name
seems preferable.

Lepas balanoides. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1108. — Lepas balanoides.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 72. PI. 37. f. 5. — Lepas cornubiensis. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 73. PI. 37. f. 6 — Balanus balanoides. Mont. Test.
Brit. 7. — Balanus ovularis. Lamk. Syst. v. 392; Ed. 2. v. 660. —
Balanus ovularis. Brown, Illustr. PI. 6. f. 4. PI. 7. f. 17.

2. Balanus Cornubiensis. Dwarf Acorn-Shell.

Shell conical, truncate, with the six valves distinctly sepa¬
rated by a narrow groove, which is not wider at the upper
part ; the \ entral valve largest, the ventro-lateral nearly equal,
the dorso-lateral small, the dorsal rather large ; all more or
less longitudinally rugose, often transversely wrinkled, the
rugae rib-like at the base, and the surface roughish or punc¬
tured ; ventral opercular valves triangular, transversely ru¬
gose, rather acute, with their marginal outline somewhat con¬
vex ; dorsal opercular valves triangularly striate, with their
marginal outline convex, tlie tips incurved and rather obtuse,
and a sinus on the articular margin, receiving a convex pro¬
cess of the other valves ; the colour white, greyish, or brown¬
ish, the base membranous.

Easily distinguishable from Balanus balanoides by its rugo¬
sity, diminutive size, the convexity of the operculum, and its
mode of articulation, yet nearly allied to it, this species varies
considerably in form, being sometimes nearly cylindrical, but
never shooting up to any great height. Its base being mem¬
branous, it is easily detached, although the shell is rather
2 H

362

MALENTOZOA. SESSILIA.

strong. When on shells, it corrodes a cavity into their
substance.

Abundant on rocks, and frequently on limpets and mussels.

Although named punctatus by Montagu, the puncturation of
the coronary tube and operculum is not essential to it ; and
an Indian species being so named by Chemnitz, we must take
Pennant’s name.

Balanus punctatus. Mont. Test. Brit. 8. PI. 1. f. 5. — Balanus
punctatus. Brown, Illustr. PI. vii. f. 13. — Lepas Comubiensis,
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. PI. 40. f. 3.

3. Balanus communis. Common Acorn-Shell.

Shell conical, truncate, with the six valves often indistinct,
longitudinally sulcate, with prominent, compressed, obtuse,
rugose ridges, rendering the base very angular ; the interstices
transversely striate ; the aperture ovate, subpentagonal, mo¬
derate ; the ventral opercular valves triangular, acute, with
strong transverse rugae ; the dorsal narrow, triangular, acumi¬
nate, considerably curved, much longer than the others, simi¬
larly striato-rugose, with finer striae toward the end, a wide
longitudinal groove on each side, and a dorsal keel ; the base
calcareous ; the colour white, tinged with yellow or grey.

It occurs on rocks, shells, Crustacea, algae, and other ob¬
jects, often on Fusus antiquus, Buccinum un datum, and other
shells, from deep water, but also along the shores. When
crowded, it is often considerably modified, but is always easily
distinguishable. It is very strong, and adheres more firmly
than any other species.

Lepas Balanus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1107. — Balanus communis.
Mont. Test. Brit. 6. — Lepas Balanus. Nat. and Rach. Linn. Tr.
viii. 23. — Balanus sulcatus. Lamk. Syst. v. 390; Ed. 2. v. 657. —
Balanus communis. Brown, Illustr. PI. 6. f. 1, 13.

4. Balanus costatus. Ribbed Acorn-Shell.

Shell conical, truncate, with the six valves united, longitu¬
dinally marked with straight, prominent, compressed, convex,
strong ribs, running out upon the base, and rendering it an¬
gular ; the surface also concentrically striulate ; the aperture
small, ovato-pentagonal ; the ventral opercular valves trian¬
gular, acute, with transverse rugae ; the dorsal narrow, trian¬
gular, striated ; the base calcareous ; the colour white.
Diameter from half an inch to an inch.

On shells from off Aberdeen ; not common.

MALENTOZOA. SESSILIA.

363

Lepas costatus. Donov. Brit. Sh. i. PI. 30. f. 2. — Lepas costata.
Turt. Diet. 78. — Balanus angulosus. Lamli. Syst. v. 390 ; Ed. 2.
v. 637.

5. Balanus elongatus. Elongated Acorn-Shell.

Shell conico-truncate, cylindrical, clavate, or diversiform,
with the base membranous, the pieces close or united, trans¬
versely rugose at the base and summit, longitudinally striate
or costate ; the aperture large, subrhomboidal ; the interior
transversely striate ; the posterior opercular valves triangular,
oblique, transversely striato-rugose, acute or obtuse ; the dorsal
erect, triangular-oblong, obtuse, also transversely striate, articu¬
lated with the others by a groove, and having near the end a
sinus and a protuberance locking into corresponding parts of
the others.

This species, which adheres to rocks, stones, wood, shells,
and Crustacea, exhibits great diversity of form. In its early
stage, it is elliptical, membranaceous, continuous, of a brownish
colour, with an elliptical convex longitudinally slit operculum,
and presents the form of an oval dish with its cover. Presently,
by the deposition of calcareous matter within the membranes,
the valves of the coronary body and operculum become dis¬
tinguishable. As it enlarges, the shell spreads at the base,
and assumes a conical form, with the six pieces more or less
distinct. When the individuals are crowded, they elongate in
various degrees, and young individuals adhering to the upper
parts, clusters are formed having a proliferous appearance.
Sometimes they are simply conical, or cylindrical, or they en¬
large from the base upwards, or are clavate, or cylindrical
below and ovate or campanulate above. The shell is some¬
times thick, frequently very thin and fragile ; the colour grey¬
ish-white, yellowish- white, or pure white. Generally the
pieces are united, so as to be indistinguishable, unless at the
top, where they run out in a pointed form, but are soon
abraded. The opercular pieces ultimately become smooth, or
present few striae. The walls being thin at the base, and the
attachment membranous, this species is easily detached, and
even readily crushed by the fingers.

The following are the principal varieties of form : —

A. Balanus elongdtus rugosus.

Shell conieo-cylindrical, thin ; the valves united at the
lower part, without any indication of separation ; the opercular
valves striated, rather acute.

364

MALENTOZOA. SESSILIA.

B. B alanus elongdtus angulSsus.

Shell cylindrical, subangular ; the valves united, separating
at the top, and running out into thin, more or less acute points ;
the opercular valves striated, rather obtuse, with the sinuosities
of their junction apparent.

C. Balanus elongdtus fistulosus.

Shell cylindrical, subangular, the valves united, separated
toward the end, which is much wider than the base ; the oper¬
cular valves rather obtuse, thick, with the striae obsolete.

D. Balanus elongdtus clavatus.

Shell very elongated, narrow at the base, cylindrical or en¬
larging upwards, at the end much expanded, or cup-shaped,
or clavate, with the valves separated, thin-edged, rounded or
acute ; opercular valves thin, distinctly striated, elongated,
divaricate, and more or less pointed at the end.

It occurs profusely on piles and stakes, as well as on rocks,
stones and shells. It is the most common species on the stakes
of the salmon nets from Aberdeen to Newburgh; on the stones
at Don-mouth, and the Black Dog stone.

Lepas elongata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3213. — Lepas balanoides, var.
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 72. PI. 37. f. 5. — Balanus clavatus. Mont.
Test. Brit. 10. — Balanus rugosus. Mont. Test. Brit. 8. — Lepas
elongata. Chemn. Conch, viii. PI. 98. f. 838. — Balanus fistulosus.
Lamk. Syst. v. 396; Ed. 2. vi. 665. — Balanus rugosus. Brown,
Illustr. PI. 6. f. 6. PI. 7. f. 1, 2, 3, 4, 20. — Balanus fistulosus.
Brown, Illustr. PI. 7. f. 21.

6. Balanus cdndidus. White Acorn-Shell.

Shell conico-cylindrical, with the six thin valves distinct,
separated by wide depressed areas, which are longitudinally
striated ; the elevated areas transversely rugose or striate, and
longitudinally striulate ; the aperture very large; the ventral
opercular valves transversely sulcate and longitudinally striu¬
late, acute ; the dorsal transversely striate, and longitudinally
sulcate toward the suture-margin, in which is a groove, to re¬
ceive the ventral valves ; a space bounded by two sulci running
out at the base into a prominence ; the hind part of the base
sloping rapidly upwards ; the tip acute. Internally, the shell
is continuous, and longitudinally striated. The individual
described is white, with a delicate greyish-yellow epidermis ;
its diameter at the base an inch and four-twelfths, its height
ten-twelfths.

MALENTOZOA. SESSILIA.

365

This species is easily distinguishable by the longitudinal
striae on its depressed areas.

The above description is that of an individual presented to
me by one of my pupils, Mr. Alexander Mitchell, who found
it, in January, 1843, adhering to a shell, brought from deep
water.

Balanus candidus. Brown, Illustr. PL 6. f. 9, 10.

Genus 2. Clitia. Wart-Shell.

Shell orbicular, convex or subconical, depressed, ad¬
hering by its base, and composed of four pieces, of which
two are very large, the operculum of two unequal valves,
and two small fixed valves.

1. Clitia Verruca. Common Wart-Shell.

Shell orbicular, depressed, convex, of two very large and
two small and little elevated valves ; all with large radiating
obtuse, transversely striated ridges, which are interlocked at
the margins and generally run out at the base, rendering it
angular ; the aperture large ; the operculum of two unequal
horizontal valves, striated in the same manner, and two smaller
fixed valves. Diameter two-twelfths of an inch.

The form varies exceedingly, one or other valve being often
much enlarged, or sometimes almost suppressed, this arising
from the irregularities of the surface to which they are attached.
The base is membranous, and generally sunk considerably into
the substance of the calcareous body to which it adheres.

Very common on Pectens, Buccina, Fusi, and other shells,
as well as Crustacea, on all parts of the coast ; abundant in
deep water, off Aberdeen, Peterhead, Banff, and Portsoy.

Lepas Verruca; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3212. — Lepas striata. Penn.
Brit Zool. iv. 73. PL 38. f. 7. — Lepas intertexta. Donov. Brit.
Sh. I. Pl. 36. f 1. — Balanus striatus. Mont. Test. Brit. 12. —
Lepas striatus apertura obliqua. Walker, Test. Min. Rar. f. 87. —
Creusia Verruca. Lamk. Syst. v. 400; Ed. 2. v. 671. — Creusia
Verruca. Brown, Illustr. PL 7. f. 30. — Clitia striata. Leach, En-
cycl. Brit. Suppl. iii. 171.

Genus 3. Cetofirus. Whale-Barnacle.

Shell hemispherical, formed of six pieces, and pre¬
senting six elevated, longitudinally sulcate areas, and an
equal number of intervening depressed minutely striated
2h2

366

MALENTOZOA SE8SIUA.

spaces ; the walls extremely thick, with very large inter¬
nal radiating cells, divided by strong partitions ; oper¬
culum quadri valve.

The species adhere to cetaceous animals.

1. Cetopirus balcenaris. Common Whale-Barnacle.

Shell orbicular in its basal outline, subhemispherical, of six
united valves, of which the elevated areas are larger, triangu¬
lar, deeply sulcate, with from three to six obtuse, transversely
striated ribs ; the depressed intervals triangular, finely striated
transversely ; the internal lamina smooth, extending nearly to
the base, and forming a cup-shaped cavity with a circular
aperture below, and a wider aperture above, in which are four
thin, inarticulated valves connected by a membrane ; the pa-
rietes of the shell exceedingly thick, with very large cells
formed by strong radiating partitions ; the colour yellowish-
white. Diameter of an individual an inch and a-lialf, height
eight-twelfths ; but it attains a much larger size.

Specimens seen with Mr. Arbuthnot, in Peterhead, in
August, 1 842 ; the above description from one in the collec¬
tion of Andrew Murray, Esq., Advocate, Aberdeen.

From the skin of a cetaceous animal killed at Peterhead.

Lepas balaenaris. Gmel. Syst. Nat. — Cetopirus balaenaris.
Ranzaire, Mem. di Stor. Nat. 52. — Coronula balaenaris. Lamk.
Syst. v. 387 ; Ed. 2. v. 653. — Coronule rayonnee. Blainv. Malac.
PI. 86. f. 3? — Coronula balaenaris. Penny Cyclopaedia. Cirripoda.

Very large valves of a species of Balanus, agreeing with
that named candidus, in having the intervening spaces trans¬
versely striated, but differing in many respects, are frequently
brought up by the lines from off Aberdeen and Peterhead. I
had referred them to Balanus Scoticus; but not having the
means of clearing up my doubts respecting them, I must be
content with merely indicating their existence. They are re¬
markably thick, internally cellulo-fistular, externally rugose,
generally of a dusky or brown colour.

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

In the present state of our knowledge of the distribution
of the Mollusca in Scotland, it would answer no reason¬
able purpose to institute a comparison between those of
our and of other districts. The Friths of Forth and
Clyde, with the adjacent land, the neighbourhood of
Berwick-on-Tweed, and the Outer Hebrides, are, in so
far as I know, the only parts of the country that have
been subjected to a diligent search. The Aberdeenshire
district, forming a very natural zoological region, has
now, for the first time, been examined with reference to
its Mollusca ; but although it has been found to be more
productive than its north-eastern situation, granitic nature,
and exposed coast, could have led us to expect, a search
continued by an individual, aided by his friends, for only
twenty-two months, cannot be supposed to exhaust so
wide a field. Very many species, no doubt, remain to
reward the zeal of future observers.

Premature generalizations, and comparative lists drawn
up from imperfect researches, scarcely forward science,
but give rise to erroneous ideas ; as is well exemplified
by that portion of Mr. Forbes’s Report on the Distribution
of the British Pulmoniferous Mollusca, which refers to
our district, and which, however correct, according to
his knowledge, is inaccurate in fact. The species said
by him to occur in the ninth district of Britain, which

CONCLUDING REMARKS,

368

extends from the edge of the Grampians northward, do
not exceed thirty ; and yet those which I have found in
our Aberdeenshire portion of it alone, amount to forty-
two, or a fourth more. According to him also, no
species of Planorbis or of Physa, occur in the North of
Scotland; yet five species (taking Spirorbis as one) of
the former, and one of the two British species of the
latter, are found abundantly in Aberdeenshire, within a
circle of two miles diameter. But, although there is
some inaccuracy in the statements relative to Scotland,
the essay alluded to is remarkably interesting, and indi¬
cates an extensive knowledge of the subject.

The Terrestrial Moilusca of our district increase in
the number of species, and in that of individuals, from
the mountainous parts of the interior, toward the lower
tracts bordering on the sea, and are especially abundant
by the larger rivers, and on the grassy slopes of the coast.
Helix aspersa nowhere occurs far inland, and Helix
arbustorum and hortensis have not been found by me
extending beyond thirty miles from the sea-coast.
Although the nature of the rock may influence the num¬
ber of individuals, it does not, with us, affect the number
of species. It is remarkable that our sandy links or
downs are entirely destitute of Helix ericetorum and
Bulimus acutus, which in similar tracts, are abundant
on some of the western coasts of Scotland.

The Fresh-water Moilusca also increase in frequency
from the interior toward the coast ; but in low tracts,
they are as abundant far inland as near the sea, which
thus appears to have no influence upon them. Limnese,
Planorbes, Ancylus fluviatilis, and several species of
Pisidium, are very abundant in the lower tracts, and some
of the latter genus are plentiful among the sphagna and
other plants of wet moors. The nature of the subja¬
cent rock appears not to have any direct influence upon
them.

Our estuaries are less productive than might be ex¬
pected. Those of the Dee and Don are remarkably
steril; but that of the Ythan, which is large r} and more

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

309

favourably situated, affords a considerable number of
species, among the most remarkable of which are Lit-
torina tenebrosa and Rissoa ulvse.

Of the Cuttle-fish tribe only five species have as yet
occurred; but the Foraminifera have presented them¬
selves in considerable number, our list being more ex¬
tended than that of any other district in Scotland, although
species, no doubt, remain to be added, and other districts
are probably at least as prolific. The marine Gaster¬
opoda are comparatively numerous ; and among them
have occurred several species supposed to be new. Of
the Nudibranchiate series, of which only twelve have
occurred, there must be at least three times as many in
our seas. Nothing general, I think, can be said respect¬
ing the Tropiopoda, of which more than a hundred
species have been met with, besides the few which are
fluviatile. Several unexpected species have occurred,
and at least one that might have been looked for, the
Common Oyster, does not appear to exist anywhere
along our coasts, although shells of it are found on the
beaches near Peterhead, where, as Mr. Gray informs me,
it was introduced some years ago, but where no live in¬
dividual has been met with of late. The Ascidise I have
not sufficiently searched for. They do not seem to be
very numerous about Aberdeen at least.

It may be useful to say a few words to collectors of
Mollusca. As to shells, the best specimens are to be
selected, including all the varieties. The animal is to be
killed with hot water, and carefully removed. But fre¬
quently univalve shells crack under this treatment ; and
therefore ti e heat should be gradually applied to them.
Substances adhering to shells should be removed with a
penknife, but so as not to injure the surface, or with a
hard brush and water. The valves of the Tropiopoda
are to be kept closed by a thread wound round them
until dry. Most shells are improved in their appearance,
and their epidermis is preserved, by the application of a
very little oil to them either with a bit of soft leather or
a brush.

3/0

CONCLUDING REMARKS,

Shells may be kept in various ways. Most collectors
place them in small open cases made of common white
card. But a better method, I think, is to affix them to
pieces of thick pasteboard, covered with paper of some
light tint, and cut uniformly of the breadth of three
inches, the length varying from a quarter of an inch to
several inches. They are fastened with a little thick
paste, made of gum, brown sugar, water, and flour.
Very minute or very delicate shells may be kept in small
glass-tubes. This latter method I cannot recommend
too strongly, it being greatly preferable to any other that
I have seen used.

The animals can be properly preserved only in spirits.
Although seldom seen in collections, they are much more
interesting to the zoologist than shells.

I need scarcely say that my collection, including the
specimens described in this work, will always be acces¬
sible to any individual who is desirous of inspecting it.
Nor need I refrain from intimating that specimens of
any species not hitherto found by me, would prove very
acceptable ; and that it will afford me pleasure to be
permitted to assist beginners by naming the objects which
they may find, or by supplying them with duplicates.

Finally, if I have omitted the name of any individual
from whom I have received assistance, it has been done
unwittingly. My best thanks are due to Mr. Shier, who
has recently allowed me to inspect a small collection of
shells made by two of his pupils, in which, however, I
have found nothing new to me. Nor ought I to forget
the Footdee fishermen, whom I have always found most
obliging. It is pleasant to meet anywhere with unpur¬
chased civility, and to know that there are men whose
benevolence prompts them to lend their aid to the prying
naturalist.

1>. CHALMERS AND CO. PRINTERS, ABERDEEN.

INDEX.

GENERA OF MOLLUSCA.

JEolis, 69, 192.
Alasmodon, 207, 242.
Amber- Snail, 46, 95.
Amphidesma, 2 1 8, 292.
Anatina, 219, 294.
Ancylus, 50, 120.
Anodon, 207, 241.
Anomia, 205, 230.
Arion, 43, 73.
Arion-Slug, 43, 73.
Ascidia, 309, 311.
Astarte, 211, 258.

Balea, 48, 104.

Borer, 221, 304.

Bubble- Shell, 49, 111.
Buccine, 61,1 62.
Buccinum, 61, 161.
Bulimus, 47, 97.

Bulla, 68, 188, 334.
Bullsea, 68, 186.
Bullina, 69, 190, 334.
Bythinia, 51, 123.
Calmary, 22, 29.

Canoe- Shell, 66, 183.
Cap ulus, 332.

Cardium, 213, 270.
Chink Limpet, 65, 178.
Chiton, 66, 183.
Chrysalis- Snail, 47, 99.
Clausilia, 48, 101.
Cockle, 213, 270.
Coecalium, 25, 39.
Coil-Shell, 49, 113.
Corbula, 221 , 303.
CorioceUa, 61, 161.
Cowrie, 64, 175.
Crenella, 205, 229.
Cryptodon, 215, 278.
Cuttle, 22, 28.

Cyclas, 208, 246.

Cycle, 208, 246.
Cynthia, 309, 310.

Cypraea, 309, 310.
Cvprina, 210, 256.
Cytherea, 211, 258.
Dentalina, 26, 40,321.
Dentaline, 26, 40.
Dentalium, 72, 199.
Discorbis, 24, 34, 318.
Donax, 214, 274.

Doris, 71, 197.

Eledone, 23, 31.
Emarginula, 65, 177, 331.
Ervilia, 341.

Eulima, 55, 141, 343.
Fusus, 62, 168.
Fan-Mussel, 206, 239.
Gaper, 219, 297.

Glassy- Snail, 46, 94.
Goodallia, 218, 289.
Halia, 68, 169.

Helix, 44, 79.

Kellia, 214, 274.

Lacuna, 56, 143.
Lagenula, 25, 38.
Lepton, 215, 277.
Limax, 43, 74.

Lima, 204, 228.
Limnaeus, 48, 105.
Limpet, 66, 179.
Littorina, 54, 135, 326.
Loligo, 22, 29.

Lottia,65, 176.

Lucina, 210, 254.
Lutraria, 218, 290.
Lyonsia, 220, 299.
Mactra, 217, 287.
Marsh-Shell, 51, 122.
Modiola, 206, 236.
Modiole, 206, 236.
Monodouta, 325.
Montacuta, 220, 301.
Mud-Mussel, 207, 241.
Mud- Shell, 48, 105.

372

INDEX TO THE GENERA

. Murex, 62, 167.

Mussel, 206, 234.

Mya, 219, 297.

Mytilus, 206, 234.

Nassa, 61, 164.

Natica, 51, 124.

Neritina, 52, 129.

Neritine, 52, 129.

Nucula, 207, 243.

Nucule, 207, 243.
Nummulina, 24, 34, 318.
Nummuline, 24, 34, 318.
Odostomia, 58, 123, 329, 345.
Paludina, 51, 122.

Patella, 66, 179.

Pearl-Mussel, 207, 241.
Pecten, 203, 222.

Pectuncle, 337.

Pectunculus, 337.

Periwinkle, 54, 135.

Pholas, 221, 304.

Phorcus, 53, 134.

Phvsa, 49, 111.

Piddock, 221, 304.

Pinna, 206, 239.

Pisidium, 209, 248, 338.
Planorbis, 49, 113.
Pleurotoma, 63, 171.
Polymorphina, 320.
Polymorphine, 320.
Polystomella, 23, 33, 315.
Psammobia, 216, 283.

Pupa, 47, 99.

Purpura, 62, J66.
Pyramid-Shell, 52, 131.

Rasp- Scallop, 204, 228.
Rimula, 65, 178.

Rissoa, 56, 146, 327, 341.
Rock-Shell, 62, 167.
Rock-Yenus, 212, 268.
Rostellaria, 64, 173.

GENERA OF
Acorn Shell, 354, 360.
Balanus, 354, 360.

P>arnacle, 353, 356.

Cetopirus, 356, 365.

Clitia, 355, 365.

Rotalia, 24, 35.

Saxicava, 217, 284.

Scale- Oyster, 205, 230,
Scallop, 203, 222.

Sepia, 22, 28.

Sepiola, 22, 26.

Sepiole, 22, 26.

Skenea, 53, 134.
Slit-Limpet, 65, 177.

Slug, 43, 74.

Snail, 44, 79.

Solen, 216, 281.

Sphenia, 220, 300.
Sphserostoma, 335.
Spindle- Shell, 62, 168.
Spiroloculina, 24, 36.
Spiroloculine, 24, 36.
Stylina, 343.

Succinea, 46, 95.

Tellina, 215, 279, 340.
Textularia, 25, 37.
Thracia, 219, 295.
Tooth-Shell, 72, 196.
Tornatella, 60, 158.
Trichotropis, 63, 170, 330.
Tritonia, 70, 195.

Trochus, 52, 131, 324.
Turbonilla, 326.

Turritella, 55, 140.
Yaginula, 322.

Yaginule, 322.

Yelutina, 60, 160.
Vermiculum, 24, 36, 319.
Yertigo, 47, 100.

Yenerupis, 212, 268, 339.
Yenus, 212, 263.

Yitrina, 46, 94.

Whorl Snail, 47, 100.

Zone- Snail, 45, 87, 323.
Zonites, 45, 87, 323.

Lancet- Barnacle, 354, 360.
Lepas, 353, 356.
Scalpellum, 354, 365.
Wart- Shell, 355, 365.
Whale- Barnacle, 356, 365.