<    ,  :<-:  ;-   V 


CAUTION 

Do  not  write  in  this  book  or  mark  it  with 
pen  or  pencil.  Penalties  are  imposed  by  the 
Revised  Laws  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, Chapter  208,  Section  83. 

MAfi  9 


•  P.L.    FORM    NO.    609:    1.25.29:   3S0U. 


A  HISTORY 


OF 


THE     OYSTER 


AND 


THE    OYSTER    FISHERIES. 


^ 


BY 

T.  C:  EYTON,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S., 

ETC.  ETC. 


\:y::-\''- 


LONDON: 
JOHN  VAN  VOORST,  PATERNOSTER  ROW.  SO  3  / 

MDCCCLVIll. 


./) 


»v,-^'  r'W''    » 


w->       • 


/ 


PRINTED    BY   TAYLOR   AND    FRANCIS, 
RED  LION  COURT,  FLEET  STREET. 


PREFACE. 


In  presenting  the  following  remarks  to  the  pubhc,  I 
by  no  means  intend  to  affirm  that  more  information 
on  many  points  may  not  be  obtained  than  is  con- 
tained in  the  present  work :  as  far  as  these  go,  they 
are  generally  the  results  of  my  own  observations 
on  the  coasts  of  England,  Ireland,  Scotland,  Isle  of 
Man,  and  Wales  ;  I  wish  I  could  also  say,  that  I  had 
had  more  experience  on  the  Channel  beds.  I  have 
also  received  information  from  numerous  friends 
regarding  other  localities,  verifying,  or  otherwise,  my 
own  observations.     The  Chapter  on  Reproduction  is 

entirely  from   my  own  observations,   obtained  with 

a  2 


IV  PREFACE. 


much  trouble  and  some  cost.  The  last,  consisting  of 
suggestions,  may  be  regarded  as  a  sort  of  summary, 
or  an  attempt  to  adapt  what  I  have  learnt  of  the 
habits  and  natural  history  of  the  Oyster  to  the  British 
Fisheries,  thereby  showing  the  manner  in  which  their 
productiveness  may  be  increased. 

T.  C.  EYTON. 


Ejrton,  Wellington,  Shropshire, 
July  16,  1858. 


CONTENTS 

— ♦ — 

CHAPTEE  I. 
History  and  Antiquity  of  the  Oyster  as  an  article  of  food, .      1 

CHAPTER  II. 

Laws  relating  to  Oyster  Fisheries 7 

CHAPTEE  III. 

Natural  History  and  Anatomy  of  the  Oyster 12 

CHAPTEE  IV. 
Eeproduction  and  G-rowth 17 

CHAPTEE  V. 

Enemies  of  the  Oyster 28 

CHAPTEE  VI. 

List,  and  Account,  of  the  principal  Oyster-beds    30 

CHAPTER  VII. 

Suggestions  for  the  Formation  of  new  Oyster-beds  and  the 
Preservation  of  old  ones    33 

Appendix 37 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Plate  I.  Large  Oyster  from  Llanduduo,  opened  on  the  upper 
shell,  and  showing  the  mantle,  c,  the  adductor  muscle,  a, 
the  edges  of  the  brouchise,  d,  and  the  ovaries,  B  B. 

Plate  II.  Dissection  of  an  Oyster  :  a,  ovaries  ;  b,  the  situa- 
tion of  the  mouth  ;  c,  the  labial  palpi ;  D,  D,  d,  liver  ; 
E,  the  stomach  ;  f,  the  heart ;  g,  the  intestinal  canal ; 
H,  the  vent. 

Plate  III.  Fig.  1.  Dissection  of  an  Oyster,  showing  the  prin- 
cipal nerves — a,  that  communicating  with  the  adductor 
muscle  ;  B,  that  communicating  with  the  mouth. 

Fig.  2.  Outline  of  a  Cockle-shell,  showing  the  siphons, 
B,  and  the  foot,  a. 

Plate  IV.  Figs.  1  &  2.  Spawn  from  the  ovary. 

Fig.  3.  Spawn  from  between  the  folds  of  the  beard. 
Some  of  the  spawn  is  of  the  same  form  before  it  is  exuded. 

Fig.  4.  Spat  on  the  Oyster  after  it  has  been  detached 
from  the  parent  and  adhered  to  some  foreign  substance. 

Plate  V.  Fig.  1.  Oyster  opened  to  show  tlie  spawn,  b,  between 
the  folds  of  the  mantle. 

Fig.  2.  Tlie  hinge  and  ligament  in  a  large  Oyster. 

Plate  YI.  Oysters  from  one  year  old  to  five. 


HISTORY    OF    THE    OYSTER. 


CHAPTER  I. 


HISTOEY   AND   ANTIQUITY   OF  THE   OYSTER  AS 
AN  ARTICLE  OF  FOOD. 

That  the  Oyster  has  been  used  by  man,  not  only  as 
an  article  of  necessary  food,  but  as  one  of  luxury,  from 
great  antiquity,  appears  by  the  following  quotations. 
Pliny,  who  died  in  the  year  29,  says  of  oysters  : — 
"  Nee  potest  videri  satis  dictum  esse  de  his,  cum 
palmas  mensarum  divitum  attribuantur  illis." 

Juvenal  would  appear  to  have  had  a  delicate  palate, 
and  to  have  been  as  experienced  in  the  taste  of  oysters 
as  the  fishmongers  of  the  present  day  : — 

"  Circjeis  nata  forent,  an 


Lucrinuni  ad  saxum,  Rutupiuove  edita  fuudo 
Ostrea,  eallebat  primo  deprendere  morsu." 

The  above  quotation  shows  that  the  British  oyster, 
even  at  the  early  period  when  Juvenal  wrote,  about 

B 


2 


HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER. 


A.D.  GO,  was  in  high  repute  among  the  luxurious 
Romans. 

'^  Dr.  Baster,  as  quoted  by  Dr.  Johnston,  appears  to 
have  been  of  opinion  that  the  Roman  predilection  for 
oysters  was  a  sanitary  one.  ')  Living  oysters,"  he 
says,  "  are  endowed  with  the  proper  medicinal 
virtues ;  they  nourish  wonderfully,  and  solicit  rest ; 
for  he  who  sups  on  oysters  is  wont  on  that  night  to 
sleep  placidly ;  and  to  the  valetudinary  afflicted  with 
a  weak  stomach  oppressed  with  phlegm  or  bile,  eight, 
ten,  or  twelve  raw  oysters  in  a  morning,  or  one  hour 
before  dinner,  is  more  healing  than  any  drug  or  mix- 
ture that  the  apothecary  can  compound."  This  mode 
of  acquiring  an  appetite  for  dinner  appears  to  be  con- 
tinued to  the  present  time,  as  it  is  not  by  any  means 
uncommon,  in  a  hospitable  friend's  house,  to  be  asked 
to  take  a  few  oysters  before  dinner  to  give  you  an 
appetite. 

<  Sallust,  B.C.  50,  appears  to  have  had  a  very  low 
estimate  of  our  ancestors,  or  else  a  very  high  one  of 
the  oyster,  when  he  says,  "  The  poor  Britons — there  is 
some  good  in  them  after  all — they  produce  an  oyster." 
One  Sergius  Orata  is  the  first  person  of  whom  we 
have  an  authentic  account  as  a  cultivator  of  oysters ; 
for,  says  Pliny,  he  did  not  make  them  for  the  sake  of 
indulging  his  appetite,  but  through  avarice ;  and  made 
great  profits  of  them.  Orata  got  great  credit  for  his 
Lucrine  oysters,  for  the  British  were  not  then  known. 


HISTORY  OF  TIIK  OYSTER.  3 

"  The  ancients,"  mentions  Pennant,  quoting  Athenueus, 
"  eat  them  raw,  and  sometimes  roasted ;  they  had  also 
a  custom  of  stewing  them  with  mallows  and  docks, 
or  with  fish  (cod's-head  and  oyster-sauce), and  esteemed 
them  very  nourishing." 

Among  the  authors  who  have  written  upon  the 
natm-al  history  of  the  Oyster  since  printing  was  in- 
vented, I  believe  Gesner  is  the  first.  The  title-page 
of  his  work,  liber  iv.  '  Qui  est  de  Piscium  et  Aqua- 
tilium  Animantium  Natura,'  bears  the  following  letters 
as  a  date,  cio  lo  ciiii,  and  was  printed  at  Frankfort ; 
the  other  volume,  '  De  Avibus,'  is  dated  1535. 
Rondeletius  and  Belon,  both  of  whom  are  quoted, 
bear  dates,  the  former  1558,  and  the  latter  1555, 
supposing  my  copies  to  be  the  first  editions. 

Gesner,  in  his  History  of  the  Oyster,  '  De  (Ostreis, 
sive)  Bivalviis  testa  duriore  contectis,  Belonius,' 
gives  the  following  as  the  mode  in  which  oysters  were 
treated  by  the  Romans  : — "  Nam  quae  a  Brundusio  in 
Lucrinum  lacum  transferebantur  (quum  Romana  res 
magnitudinis  atque  luxuriae  fastigium  tencret)  ut  vehiti 
dulcium  aquarum  gaudentes  adventu  pinguescerent, 
integrse  cum  testis  divendebantur."  This  practice  of 
the  Romans  is  precisely  what  is  now  done  on  the 
best-managed  beds  at  the  present  day.  Gesner  also 
states,  quoting  from  Galen  us,  that  they  generate 
healthy  humours,  and  gives  an  account  of  those  which 
were  supposed  to  be  species  in  that  day. 

b2 


4  HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER. 

Aldrovand,  in  his  voluminous  work  published  in 
1606,  quotes  tlie  account  of  Sergius  Grata  from 
Pliny,  and  also  an  account  of  the  luxury  of  vEsop's 
son  in  eating  oysters.  This  author's  account  is  alto- 
gether indeed  very  amusing. 

Jonston,  in  his  '  Historia  Naturalis  de  Exsangui- 
bus  Aquaticis,'  published  in  1657,  gives  a  wonder- 
ful story  of  the  earth  having  subsided  in  the  time 
of  the  war  with  INIithridates,  when  lakes  and  rivers 
appeared,  some  fresh  and  others  salt,  stocked  with 
oysters  and  fish.  He  also  gives  an  account  of  the 
manner  in  which  the  crab  enters  the  shell  of  the 
oyster,  by  inserting  a  stone  between  the  valves  when 
open,  and  devouring  the  fish  at  leisure.  The  Ponti- 
fical suppers  in  ancient  Rome  appear  to  have  begun 
with  echini,  or  sea-eggs,  and  oysters. 

Dacosta's  work,  '  Historia  Naturalis  Testaceorum 
Britannise,'  appears  to  have  furnished  matter  for  most 
of  the  modern  works  on  the  Oyster.  He  mentions, 
quoting  from  Jacob's  '  History  of  Paversham,'  that  a 
company  of  free  dredgers  existed  there  in  the  time  of 
Henry  II.  (1154),  and  that  they  paid  for  their  right 
the  sum  of  twenty-three  shillings  and  fourpence 
annually  to  the  Crown  ; — that  two  annual  Admiralty 
or  Water  Courts  were  held  for  the  fisheries  and  of  the 
oyster-trade,  which,  he  says,  received  generally  about 
£3000  from  the  Dutch.  The  same  author  states, 
"  that  from  the  mouths  or  entrances  of  Sandwich  Bay 


HISTORY  01'  THE  0\STEK. 


and  the  adjoining  coast,  or  Richboroiigh  and  Re- 
culver,  oysters  are  got  in  great  plenty,  and  are  the 
most  delicious  that  can  be  taken ;  but  as  the  beds  do 
not  afford  native  oysters  sufficient  for  the  demand, 
large  quantities  of  small  ones,  called  'brood,'  arc 
annually  collected  from  different  parts  of  the  sur- 
rounding sea,  even  from  the  Land's  End  in  Cornwall, 
from  Scotland,  and  from  France,  in  order  to  increase, 
and  be  ameliorated  of  their  saltness  by  the  constant 
flow  of  fresh  water  from  two  great  rivers,  the  Thames 
and  the  Med  way.  It  must  therefore  be  admitted 
that,  although  oysters  are  found  round  all  the  coast, 
yet  those  of  the  bay  of  the  Roman  Rutupise,  or 
Richborough,  may  justly  claim  the  preference  of  all 
others." 

From  Bishop  Sprat's  account  of  oysters  given  in 
the  '  History  of  the  Royal  Society,'  republished  in 
Latin  by  Dr.  Lister  in  his  '  Hist.  An.  Angl.,'  copied 
from  Dale's  '  History  of  Harwich  '  by  Pennant  in  his 
*  British  Zoology,'  and  since  by  Prof.  Forbes,  I  shall 
only  quote,  to  show  that,  probably  from  the  beds 
having  been  over -fished  since  the  bishop's  time,  the 
oysters  now  spawn  much  later  than  they  did  formerly. 
This  subject  will  be  referred  to  again  in  the  course  of 
the  work  more  fully.  The  bishop  states,  "  that  in  the 
moimth  of  May  oysters  cast  their  spawn  (which  the 
dredgers  call  spat)  :  it  is  like  to  a  drop  of  a  candle, 
and  about  the  bigness  of  a  halfpenny.  .  .  .  'Tis  probably 


6  HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER. 

conjectured  that  the  spat  in  twenty-four  hours  begins 
to  have  a  shell.  In  the  mounth  of  May  the  dredgers 
(by  law  of  the  Admiralty  Court)  have  liberty  to  catch 
all  manner  of  oysters.  .  .  .  The  reason  of  the  scarcity 
of  oysters,  and  consequently  of  their  dearness,  is  that 
they  are  bought  up  by  the  Dutch." 

"  The  reason  why  a  penalty  is  set  upon  any  that 
shall  destroy  the  cultch  is,  because  they  fear  that  if 
that  be  taken  away  the  ouse  will  increase,  and  then 
muscles  and  cockles  will  breed  there  and  destroy  the 
oysters,  they  not  having  whereon  to  stick  their  spat. 
....  The  male  oyster  is  black-sick,  and  the  female 
white -sick." 

Barbut,  in  his  '  Genera  Vermium,'  published  1788, 
states  that  the  oyster  is  a  reputed  hermaphrodite, 
and  that  the  spawn  which  they  cast  in  May  adheres 
to  rocks  and  other  matters  at  the  bottom. 

The  '  Systema  Naturae '  of  Linnaeus,  published 
1735,  and  going  through  many  editions,  being  merely 
an  arrangement  or  classification  of  the  Animal  King- 
dom, does  not  give  us  any  information. 


HISTORY  OF  THK  OYSTER. 


CHAPTER  IL 

LAWS  EELATING  TO  OTSTEE  EISHEEIES. 

The  earliest  Act  of  Parliament  relating  to  fisheries, 
that  I  am  aware  of,  was  passed  in  the  third  year  of 
the  reign  of  James  I.  chap.  12.  There  was  also  an 
Act  passed  in  the  13th  and  14th  years  of  the  reign 
of  Charles  II.  chap.  28.  After  this,  the  next  Act  re- 
lating to  fisheries  appears  to  be  the  1st  of  George  I. 
chap.  18  ;  but  none  of  these  Acts  relate,  except  in 
general  terms,  to  oysters. 

An  Act  of  Parliament  relating  to  oyster-fisheries 
appears  to  have  been  passed  in  the  31st  year  of  the 
reign  of  George  III.,  chap.  51,  which  has  been  re- 
pealed by  one  passed  in  the  28th  year  of  the  reign 
of  George  IV.,  chap.  29,  which  enacts,  "That  if  any 
person  shall  steal  any  oyster  or  oyster-brood  from 
any  oyster-bed,  laying,  or  fishery,  being  the  pro- 
perty of  any  other  person,  and  sufficiently  marked 
out  or  known  as  such,  every  such  offender  shall  be 
deemed  guilty  of  larceny,  and  being  convicted  thereof 
shall  be  punished  accordingly.  And  if  any  person 
shall  unlawfully  and  wilfidly  use  any  dredge,  or  any 


8  HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER. 

net,  instrument,  or  engine  whatsoever  within  the 
limits  of  any  such  oyster-fishery,  for  the  purpose  of 
taking  oysters  or  oyster-brood,  although  none  shall  be 
actually  taken,  or  shall,  with  any  net,  instrument,  or 
engine  whatsoever,  drag  upon  the  ground  or  soil  of 
any  such  fishery  ;  every  such  person  shall  be  deemed 
guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  being  found  guilty  shall 
be  punished  by  fine  or  imprisonment,  or  both,  as  the 
court  shall  award,  such  fine  not  exceeding  the  sum  of 
twenty  pounds,  and  such  imprisonment  not  to  exceed 
three  calendar  months." 

A  trial  took  place  at  the  Sussex  Lent  assizes,  1814, 
Bridger  v.  Richardson,  an  action  being  brought  to 
recover  the  penalty  of  £10  under  the  above  statute, 
for  wittingly,  with  a  certain  engine  called  a  dredge, 
taking,  in  Chichester  harbour,  three  gallons  of  oyster 
fry  and  spat,  the  same  being  sea-fish,  and  that  of  a 
size  unfit  for  use.  There  was  also  a  second  count  for 
a  similar  penalty,  for  wittingly,  with  a  certain  engine 
called  a  drag,  taking  100  bushels  of  the  brood  sea- 
fish,  to  wit  oysters,  the  same  being  sea-fish. 

On  the  trial  it  was  proved  that  the  defendant,  who 
was  a  Colchester  fisherman,  took  the  brood  in  question 
for  the  purpose  of  carrying  them  to  Colchester,  to  be 
laid  down  there  on  private  lands  for  further  growth 
and  maturity,  and  to  make  them  marketable. 

Defendant's  counsel  objected,  1st,  that  the  taking 
must  be  with  the  intent  to  destroy,  the  contrary  of 


HISTORY  or  THE  OYSTER.  9 

which  was  proved ;  2ndly,  that  the  Act  apphed  only 
to  floating  fish.  A  verdict  was,  however,  taken  for 
the  plahitift'  for  £10,  with  Hberty  to  defendant  to 
move  for  a  nonsuit.  Accordingly  a  rule  was  obtained 
in  the  Queen's  Bench  for  that  purpose,  and,  after 
long  arguments  on  both  sides,  the  court  held  the  case 
not  to  fall  within  the  meaning  of  the  statute,  for  that 
the  taking  could  not  be  penal,  when  the  object  of  such 
taking  was  not  to  destroy,  but  to  preserve. 

In  1833  a  select  committee  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, appointed  to  inquire  into  the  present  state  of 
the  British  Channel  fisheries  and  laws  affecting  the 
fishing-trade  of  England,  and  to  which  committee 
petitions  from  Emsworth,  Brixham,  Havant,  Lang- 
stone,  Bedhampton,Farlingdon,  Plymouth  and  Rosham, 
complaining  of  distress,  were  referred,  report,  in  refer- 
ence to  the  petitions  (see  Report,  p.  13),  that  not  only 
in  these  harbours,  but  in  others,  a  practice  generally 
prevails,  and  which  appears  to  be  of  recent  introduc- 
tion, of  persons  coming  in  fishing-smacks  to  dredge 
for,  and  carry  away,  the  young  brood  of  oysters  and 
other  shell-fish,  to  the  great  damage  and  destruction 
of  the  oyster-beds  and  the  brood  of  other  fish  there  ; 
and  it  appearing  to  youi  committee  that  such  a  prac- 
tice is  also  unjust,  inasmuch  as  the  oyster-beds  in 
those  situations  are  generally  known  to  have  been 
formed  by  the  labour  and  industry  of  the  fishermen 
and   inhabitants   of  the   neighbourhood,  or  their  an- 


10  HISTORY  or  THE  OYSTER. 

cestors,  thus  affording  to  them  a  beneficial  source  of 
employment,  upon  which  they  have  been  accustomed 
to  rely,  and  in  which  therefore  they  ought  to  be  pro- 
tected. 

The  committee  then  go  on  to  report,  that,  having 
examined  the  Acts  of  Parliament,  they  do  not  find 
any  sufficiently  stringent  to  prevent  the  grievance 
complained  of,  and  that  it  should  be  made  unlawful 
to  take  or  carry  away  any  oysters  from  such  beds  of 
a  less  size  than  are  fit  for  food,  that  is  to  say,  of  less 
size  than  2^  inches  in  width ;  or  to  fish  for  oysters 
at  any  time  between  the  first  day  of  May  and  the  last 
day  of  August  in  every  year,  or  such  other  time  as 
should  be  fixed  in  reference  to  any  particular  harbour, 
according  to  the  season  in  which  the  oysters  there 
become  fit  for  food ;  such  seasons,  and  all  necessary 
regulations  for  those  fisheries,  being  determined  or 
approved  by  the  magistrates  of  the  county  or  district 
in  which  they  are  situate,  and  enforced  by  conserva- 
tors and  officers  locally  appointed  for  that  purpose. 

No  Act  appears,  however,  to  have  been  passed, 
putting  these  recommendations  in  force. 

In  consequence  of  the  French  fishermen  exercising 
their  calling  on  the  English  shore,  a  convention  was 
entered  into  in  1839  between  Her  Majesty  and  the 
King  of  the  French,  fixing  certain  boundaries,  and  to 
which  a  chart  was  appended. 

The  27th  of  Victoria,  chap.  79,  entitled  "  An  Act  to 


HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER.  1  I 

carry  into  effect  a  Convention  between  Her  Majesty, 
and  the  King  of  the  French,  concerning  the  Fisheries 
in  the  Seas  between  the  British  Islands  and  France," 
which  also  applies  to  the  whole  coast,  enacts  : — 
Sect.  9   empowers    officers    of    the    Coast-guard   or 

Customs  to  seize  dredges. 
Sect.  45  provides  that  the  oyster-fisheries  shall  open 

on  the  1st  of  September,  and  shall  close  on   the 

30th  of  April. 
Sect.  46    prohibits   boats  from   having    dredges    or 

other  implements  for  catching  oysters  on  board. 
Sect.  47    prohibits    dredging    between    sunset    and 

sunrise. 
Sect.  48.  Oysters  less  than  2  J  inches  in  the  greatest 

diameter  of  the  shell  to  be  thrown  overboard. 
Sect.  49  prohibits  ballast  being  thrown  overboard  on 

oyster-beds. 

18  &  19  Vic.  chap.  101,  entitled  "An  Act  for  the 
effectual  execution  of  the  Convention,"  enacts  : — 
Sect.  1   authorizes    officers    of    the    Coast-guard     or 

Customs  to  seize  dredges  and  oysters    found  on 

board  fishing- vessels  between  the  1st  of  May  and 

the  31st  of  August. 
Sect.  2.  Oysters  landed  between  the  above  dates  may 

be  seized. 


12  HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER. 


CHAPTER  III. 

NATUEAL  HISTOEY  AND  ANATOIHY  OF 
THE  OYSTEE. 

The  Oyster  belongs  to  that  division  of  MoUusca  called 
Concliifera,  or  bivalve  shells,  having  .two  separate 
shells  joined  together  by  a  ligament,  and  forming  a 
hinge.  When  the  shells  are  shut,  they  enclose  the 
animal.  The  shells  are  made  to  shut  by  means  of  a 
very  strong  adductor  muscle  (PL  I.  a),  attached  to 
both  upper  and  lower  valve  by  the  elasticity  of  the 
hinge-ligament  (PI.  V.  fig.  2).  Thus,  if  the  adductor 
be  divided  by  a  thin  knife  introduced  between  the 
valves,  they  immediately  open.  Oysters  are  acepha- 
lous, or  without  any  distinct  head,  although  they 
have  a  mouth  (PI.  II.  b)  ;  but  are  completely  deprived 
of  eyes.  In  their  adult  state  they  are  devoid  of  all 
locomotion,  being  found,  wdien  undisturbed  from  their 
nativity,  always  attached  to  other  shells,  rocks,  or 
other  hard  substances.  It  is  not,  like  the  Cockle  and 
many  other  Conchifera,  furnished  w^ith  a  foot  (PI.  III. 
fig.  2,  a),  wdiich  enables  the  latter  to  travel  slowly 
on  a  soft  bottom  ;    neither   has  it  those   curious  ap- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER.  13 

pendages  called  siphons  (PI.  III.  fig.  2,  b),  with  which 
the  Cockle  is  also  provided. 

The  mantle  (PL  I.  c)  is  free,  and  encloses  the 
bronchiae  (PI.  I.  n),  or  breathing  apparatus.  The 
Cockle  progresses  by  means  of  extending  its  foot 
forward,  and  dragging  the  shell  edgeways  after  it. 
On  the  opposite  extremity  to  the  foot  project  two 
tubes,  scarcely  beyond  the  shell ;  one  of  these  is  the 
entrance  to  the  respiratory  organs,  the  other  the  vent. 
The  same  functions  that  are  carried  on  by  these 
tubes  in  the  Oyster  have  considerable  modifications. 
While  the  bronchiae  in  the  Cockle  are  internal,  those 
in  the  Oyster  are  external,  being  situated  between 
the  folds  of  the  mantle ;  and  freely  admit  the  access 
of  water  when  the  shell  is  open. 

The  mantle,  which  I  have  just  mentioned  (PI.  I.  c), 
is  an  organ  of  great  importance  to  the  animal,  as  it  is 
by  its  means  that  the  shell  is  enlarged :  it  lines  the 
edge  of  the  internal  surface  of  both  shells,  and  is  fur- 
nished with  glands,  which  deposit  carbonate  of  lime 
with  a  glutinous  secretion  when  the  shell  requires 
increasing  on  the  edge,  and  also  on  the  internal 
surface.  The  edges  of  these  repeated  deposits,  slightly 
projecting  one  over  the  other,  form  the  ridges  and 
carinations  observable  in  most  bivalve  shells. 

Having  now  explained,  I  hope  intelligibly,  the 
organs  of  the  Oyster  as  seen  externally,  I  shall  en- 
deavour to  point  out  the  internal  ones,  which  can  of 


14 


HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER. 


course  be  only  observed  by  dissection.  It  will  be 
necessary  to  understand,  however,  in  the  first  place, 
what  relations  two  of  the  organs  bear  to  one  another, 
namely  the  bronchise  and  mouth.  The  latter  is  fur- 
nished on  each  side  with  two  lobes,  called  the  labial 
palpi  (PI.  II.  c)  :  the  former,  in  the  process  of  respira- 
tion, collects  on  its  delicate  surface  numerous  animal- 
culse,  upon  which  the  animal  feeds :  these  are  col- 
lected by  the  palpi,  and  transferred  to  the  mouth. 
These  palpi  also  serve  another  purpose  at  the  time  of 
reproduction. 

We  will  suppose  the  Oyster  to  be  deprived  of  its 
lower  shell,  as  in  Plate  I.  :  we  observe  the  adductor 
muscle  (a)  severed,  the  ovaries  (b  b)  extending  over 
the  liver  and  stomach,  and  the  upper  lobe  of  the 
mantle  (c),  all  visible.  Upon  turning  back  the  edge 
of  the  mantle,  we  shall  discover  the  four  lobes  of  the 
bronchiae  (d),  and  below  them,  again,  the  lower  folds 
of  the  mantle  Hning  the  opposite  shell.  On  returning 
two  of  the  bronchial  lobes  back,  so  as  again  to  cover 
the  lower  fold  of  the  mantle,  we  shall  find,  situated  at 
the  end  towards  the  hinge,  between  the  four  lobes,  the 
mouth,  having  a  pair  of  somewhat  ovate  labial  palpi 
(PI.  II.  c),  situated  one  on  each  side,  and  extending 
downwards.  We  shall  also  observe,  unless  the  ani- 
mal is  very  full  of  spawn,  some  dark  olive  marks 
appearing  through  the  cuticle  of  the  ovaries :  these 
are  the  stomach  and  liver. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER.  15 

On  proceeding  further,  and  dissecting  away  the 
upper  lobe  of  the  mantle,  the  two  upper  bronchise, 
and  the  upper  portion  of  the  ovaries  carefully,  the 
liver  (PL  II.  d  d  d),  stomach  (PL  II.  e),  intestine 
(PL  II.  g),  and  heart  (PL  II.  f)  become  apparent. 
Some  difficulty  will  be  found  in  dissecting  away  the 
ovaries,  as  they  are  diffused  throughout  almost  every 
portion  of  the  interior  organs.  The  convolutions  that 
the  intestine  makes  are  apparent,  with  the  vent 
(PL  II.  h)  situated  near  the  right  side  of  the  adductor 
muscle,  the  liver  surrounding  the  whole  of  the  sto- 
mach and  the  principal  portion  of  the  central  convo- 
lution of  the  intestine.  Immediately  above  the  ad- 
ductor (PL  La),  the  heart  (PL  II.  f)  may  be  observed, 
by  means  of  which  the  blood  is  forced  into  the  fila- 
ments of  the  bronchiae,  to  be  impregnated  with 
oxygen. 

This  organ  has  a  very  different  mode  of  action 
from  our  own  :  it  consists  of  two  distinct  cavities, 
one  aiuricle  and  one  ventricle.  The  latter  expels  the 
blood  from  the  heart  through  the  body  and  the  gills 
or  bronchiae,  from  which  organs  it  is  received  into  the 
auricle  and  expelled  again  into  the  ventricle,  thus 
completing  the  circuit  of  the  arteries  and  veins. 

The  nervous  system  in  the  Oyster  is  of  course  low  : 
there  being  no  distinct  brain,  the  principal  nervous 
centre  or  ganglion  is  situated  on  the  inner  side  of 
the  adductor  muscle   (PL  III.  fig.  1,  a),  which    com- 


16  HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER. 

municates  with  it,  and  also  with  the  bronchiae,  mantle, 
and  sides  of  the  mouth  (PI.  III.  fig.  1,  b),  where  two 
small  ganglia  or  nervous  centres  are  situated.  The 
accompanying  drawing  (PI.  III.)  will  show  the  course 
of  the  principal  nerves. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTKR.  17 


CHAPTER  IV. 
REPRODUCTION  AND  GROWTH. 

The  opinions  of  authors  as  to  the  mode  of  reproduc- 
tion in  the  Oyster  may  be  divided  into  three  :  the  first 
and  oldest  is  that  of  Ulysses  Aldrovand,  who,  under 
the  head  Generation,  wrote  as  follows  : — "  Ostreorum 
ortus  causa  putredo  qusedam  esse  videtur."  With 
this  quotation  I  think  we  may  at  once  dismiss  the 
theory  of  putridity,  from  which  our  old  author  sup- 
poses the  oyster  to  be  born,  merely  mentioning  that 
several  others  of  the  old  writers  were  of  the  same 
opinion. 

That  mollusca  are  produced  from  ova  appears  to 
have  been  the  discovery  of  an  anonymous  writer  in 
the  Philosophical  Magazine,  1603,  who  states  that  he 
saw  the  young  snails  issue  from  their  eggs,  and  that 
he  was  afraid  to  give  publicity  to  his  discovery  with- 
out the  testimony  of  other  witnesses.  This  position, 
however,  namely  that  mollusca  are  produced  from 
eggs,  is  not  likely  to  be  disputed  in  the  present  day. 
The  formwhich  the  young  assume  before  quitting  the 
ovary  is  a  question  to  which  I  shall  have  to  refer 
again  ;  upon  this  state  depends  whether  the  animal  is 

c 


18 


HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER. 


vivipavous,  ovoviviparous,  or  oviparous.  The  first  of 
these  terms  refers  to  animals  which  bring  forth  their 
young  alive,  derived  from  two  Latin  words,  vivus, 
alive,  and  jJario,  to  bring  forth.  The  second  has  the 
addition  of  ovo  to  it,  from  ovum,  an  egg,  and  applies 
to  animals  in  which  the  young  are  hatched  from  eggs 
in  the  interior  of  the  parent,  without  having  any  con- 
nexion with  a  uterus  or  womb.  The  third,  oviparous, 
to  animals  which  bring  forth  eggs  which  are  after- 
wards hatched.  Of  the  first  mode  of  reproduction 
we  have  examples  in  man  and  other  mammalia ;  of 
the  second,  among  infusoria  and  some  other  ani- 
malcules, numbers  of  which  may  be  observed  in  any 
puddle  ;  and  of  the  third,  birds  form  a  good  example. 
All  animals  are  either  monoecious  or  dioecious  :  these 
terms  were  originally  applied  by  Linnseus  to  two 
orders  of  plants,  the  former  having  the  male  and 
female  organs  on  the  same  plant,  or  being  unisexual ; 
the  latter  having  the  sexual  organs  distinct  on  sepa- 
rate plants,  or  being  bisexual :  these  terms  are  now 
applied  also  to  animals.  The  first  point  to  be  con- 
sidered is,  to  which  of  the  first-named  divisions  the 
Oyster  belongs,  viz.  viviparous,  ovoviviparous,  or  ovi- 
parous. My  own  observations  tend  to  establish  the 
fact  that  they  are  ovoviviparous,  in  support  of  which 
view  I  shall  now  give  a  few  extracts  from  my  note- 
book, referring  to  numerous  examinations  of  the  ovaries 
previous  to  the  expulsion  of  the  young. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER.  19 

"  May  19. — Dissected  and  examined  a  large  number 
of  oysters  sent  here  (Eyton)  from  Burnham,  through 
the  kindness  of  Mr.  Sweeting,  of  Cheapside,  London. 
The  ovaries  of  all  were  slightly  distended,  and  full  of 
spawn  of  various  sizes,  as  represented  in  the  plate 
(PI.  IV.),  when  seen  in  the  microscope  under  a  :j-inch 
power.  In  the  smallest  I  could  not  perceive  any 
motion  ;  but  in  the  larger  could  distinctly  detect  the 
vibratile  ciUa  or  feelers,  as  they  would  probably  be 
termed  by  the  fishermen,  in  active  motion.  The  smaller 
ones  were  round,  with  a  dark  marginal  rim  (PI.  IV. 
fig.  1),  and  some  had  indistinct  lines  radiating  from 
the  centre  towards  the  margin  (PL  IV.  fig.  2)  :  the 
larger  ones  (PI.  IV.  fig.  3)  were  similar  in  shape  to 
those  obtained  from  Loch  Ryan  on  the  10th  of  July, 
1856,  and  exhibited  to  the  British  Association  at 
Cheltenham :  the  interstices  between  the  bronchiae 
and  mantle  were  closely  examined,  but  not  a  vestige 
of  an  ovum  was  to  be  seen*.  The  oysters  opened  were 
from  2^  to  3  inches  in  diameter,  and  had  the  smooth 
shell   of   '  natives ' ;    those    most   advanced    towards 

*  The  spermatozoa  with  cilia  are,  I  sliould  suppose,  un- 
doubtedly the  perfect  young ;  but  what  are  the  other  rounded 
bodies  ?  A  few  having  been  found  with  radiating  lines,  it 
appears  likely  that  a  subdivision  takes  place  in  an  early  stage, 
probably  after  fecundation.  I  did  not  see  any  spermatozoa 
that  I  could  construe  into  male  spermatozoa ;  but  I  think  it 
probable  that  they  might  be  visible  in  the  early  part  of  the 
year,  befdre  the  ovary  begins  to  swell  much. 

c  2 


20  HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER. 

spawning  had  the  margins  of  the  bronchise  and  mantle 
blackish,  the  others  were  of  the  usual  colour  of  oysters 
in  season.  I  placed  some  of  the  spawn  freshly  taken 
from  the  ovary  in  salt  water,  made  after  Gosse's  receipt, 
in  a  glass-tube ;  they  gradually  sank  to  the  bottom, 
but  at  first  appeared  lively. 

"  May  23. — Received  some  oysters  from  Llandudno 
in   Caernarvonshire ;    they  were  of   very  large    size, 
measuring  4^  inches  by  5  inches.     On  placing  some  of 
the  contents  of  the  ovary  on  a  piece  of  glass,  and  mixing 
a  little  sea-water  with  it,  a  most  extraordinary  scene 
presented  itself  under  a  ^-inch  power  magnifying  500 
times.    The  ova  were  not  nearly  so  large  as  those  from 
the  Burnham  oysters  mentioned  before ;  they  were  of 
two  distinct  sizes,  and  very  slightly  oval,  the  larger 
being  about  four  times  the  size  of  the  smaller ;  the 
smaller  were  moving  about  by  means  of  their  cilia 
very  actively,  while  the  larger  ones  were  stationary 
and  round,   with  a  slightly  darkened  margin,  as  in 
those  from   Burnham.     The  smaller  ones  came  into 
frequent   contact,  and  adhered   to   the  larger  ones, 
sometimes  singly,  and  at  other  times  in  groups ;  when 
such  was  the  case,  they  moved,  as  if  tugging  at  the 
larger,  and  in  the  apparent  effort  occasionally  let  go 
their  hold,  and,  as  it  were,  sprang  from  the  larger ; 
sometimes  a  small  one  would  come  in  contact  with 
a  large  one  without  attaching  itself.     After  observing 
them   for   about    ten    minutes,    the   whole    became 


HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER.  21 

quiescent.  I  placed  some  more  of  the  contents  of  tlie 
ovary  under  the  microscope ;  but  it  was  far  less  hvely 
than  the  first  portion  observed,  probably  in  conse- 
quence of  exposure  to  the  air.  I  have  only  observed 
oysters  precisely  in  this  state  five  or  six  times,  as  it  is 
scarcely  possible  out  of  a  large  number,  even  if  ob- 
tained from  the  same  locality,  to  find  two  in  similar 
stages.  T  did  not  either  observe  the  rounded  bodies 
with  radiating  fines  in  those  last  mentioned. 

"  July  7. — Examined  a  large  number  of  oysters  in 
a  fishmonger's  shop  in  London ;  they  were  said  to 
come  from  Jersey,  and  had  all  spawned,  the  ovaries 
being  flat  and  flabby.  Obtained  a  small  quantity  of 
whitish  liquid  from  the  ovary.  The  ova  were  very 
minute,  but  some  in  motion  •  probably  more  would 
have  been  so,  but  the  oysters  had  evidently  been  taken 
some  time,  and  were  exposed  in  a  basket  to  the  light 
in  a  shop  window.  These  oysters  had  all  the  appear- 
ance of  being  what  are  technically  termed  sea-oysters, 
or  such  as  had  not  been  moved,  the  shell  being  covered 
with  weed,  stones,  and  other  rubbish. 

"  July  9th. — Examined  a  large  number  of  oysters 
at  another  fishmonger's  shop,  from  Jersey,  some  of 
which  had  spawned ;  these  oysters  appeared  to  have 
been  moved,  as  they  were  much  cleaner  than  the  last : 
this  may  be  explained  by  the  Jerseymen  taking  oysters 
at  the  latter  end  of  the  season,  laying  them  down  in 
shore,  and  sending  them  to  the  London  market  during 


22  HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER. 

the  illegal  months,  which  I  am  informed  is  the  case. 
About  three  in  1000  had  the  spawn  (PI.  V.  b)  exuded 
between  the  bronchise  ;  some  of  this  spawn  was  placed 
in  a  tube  bottle  with  salt  water,  and  lived  forty-eight 
hours,  although  part  of  the  time  in  my  pocket. 

"  July  11. — Went  on  board  the  fishing-smack '  Iris,' 
the  property  of  Mr.  Laban  Sweeting,  who  accompanied 
me,  dredging  in  the  river  Crouch  with  the  light  dredges, 
for  the  purpose  of  collecting  oysters  to  lay  down  for 
the  London  market  in  September.  Examined  an 
immense  number  of  oysters  of  all  sizes,  but  found  no 
small  ones  in  spawn,  or  presenting  the  appearance  of 
having  spawned.  Mr.  Sweeting  is  of  opinion  that  they 
do  not  spawn  until  they  are  three  or  four  years  old  ; 
they  are  considered  fit  for  the  London  market  at  four, 
five,  and  six  years  old,  according  to  their  growth, 
which  depends  upon  the  feeding.  Very  few  (three) 
were  found  which  had  not  parted  with  their  spawn, 
out  of  many  basketfuls  looked  over :  there  was  no 
appearance  of  white  spawn,  as  it  is  called,  in  any. 
Among  the  shells  were  dredged  up  quantities  of  old 
shells,  stones,  and  other  substances,  completely 
sprinkled  over  with  spat  (PI.  IV.  fig.  4),  as  the  spawn 
is  called  by  the  fishermen  :  the  rubbish  called  '  cultch,' 
consisting  of  dead  shells,  unsizeable  oysters,  &c.,  was 
returned  to  the  river. 

"  The  spat  resembles  the  adult  oyster  in  shape,  but 
is  very  minute:  see  PI.  IV:  fig.  4,  magnified  500  times." 


HISTORY  01'  THE  OYSTER.  23 

The  above  extracts  will  be  all  that  is  necessary 
to  introduce  here,  the  remaining  notes  being  merely 
accounts  of  adventures,  and  repetitions  of  what  has 
been  stated  above.  From  them  I  think  that  it  is 
perfectly  evident  that  the  oyster  is  ovoviviparous  and 
monoecious.  I  am  aware  that  it  is  even  now  the 
opinion  of  some  fishermen,  as  well  as  of  Bishop  Sprat, 
that  they  are  dioecious  ;  but  although  I  have  examined 
hundreds  of  both  those  which  are,  as  it  is  termed,  black- 
sick  and  white-sick,  I  have  never  been  able  to  distin- 
guish any  difference  in  the  form  of  the  spawn, — the 
fact  being  that  the  spawn  is  always  white  until  it  quits 
the  ovary,  and  then  becomes  black.  The  cause  of  the 
exudation  of  the  white  is  easily  accounted  for  by  the 
ovary  being  heavily  loaded,  and  the  oyster,  when  dis- 
turbed, closing  its  shell.  I  have  seen  both  white  and 
black  spawn  escape  into  the  same  basket,  from  the 
same  causes.  The  Burnham  dredging  also  tends 
strongly  to  corroborate  this  opinion,  being  quite  the 
end  of  the  spawning  season,  and  there  being  no  white 
spawn  observed,  although  some  were  black-sick.  I 
have  endeavoured  to  compute  the  number  of  young 
oysters  between  the  bronchiae  of  a  single  old  one  in 
the  following  manner : — having  collected  them  all  with 
a  camel-hair  brush,  and  placed  them  in  strong  spirits 
for  twenty-four  hours,  I  dried  them  on  blotting-paper 
— the  spirits  having  removed  the  glutinous  matter, 
— then  weighed  a  tenth  part  of  a  grain,  and  counted 


24  HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER. 

the  number  of  young  in  it  (2500).  The  total  weight  of 
the  whole  was  72  gr.,  which,  multiplied  by  10,  and 
again  by  2500,  gives  1,800,000  as  the  total  number 
of  young  oysters  in  one  old  one.  I  do  not  mean  to 
say  that  this  calculation  is  precisely  correct,  there  pro- 
bably having  been  some  loss  ;  but,  at  all  events,  it  is 
a  pretty  near  approximation. 

The  growth  of  the  oyster  depends  very  much  upon 
the  locality,  and  some  grounds  feed  much  faster  than 
others,  particularly  where  there  is  an  admixture  of 
fresh  water.  As  the  animal  increases,  the  functions 
of  the  mantle  are  called  into  operation  for  the  purpose 
of  adding  a  fresh  layer  to  the  shell.  Some  have 
imagined  that  the  age  of  the  oyster  can  be  computed 
by  the  rings  of  growth  on  the  shell ;  but  that  such  is 
not  the  case,  a  very  short  examination  will  suffice  to 
show.  The  immense  oysters  that  are  dredged  at 
Llandudno  and  other  places  are  from  beds  that  have 
not  been  much  broken  up,  and  from  water  where 
there  is  often  a  strong  current :  no  doubt,  if  dredged, 
and  deposited  in  a  proper  situation,  the  spat,  with 
care,  would  produce  good  oysters. 

Plate  VI.  represents  the  oysters  from  one  year  old 
to  five,  fig.  1  having  been  deposited  as  spat  the  year 
before.  Oysters  are  found  in  almost  all  countries ; 
but  not  always  of  the  same  species  as  the  British  one, 
Ostrea  edulis. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER.  ZO 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  Oysters  belonging  to 
the  genus  Ostrea,  given  in  Hanley's  '  Illustrated  Cata- 
logue of  Recent  Bivalve  Shells  ' : — 

Ostrea  edulis.     British  Isles  ;  France. 

hippopus.     Boulogne. 

adriatiea.     Adi'iatic  ;  Black  Sea. 

cochlear.     Mediterranean. 

•  cristata.     Mediterranean. 

gallina.     Atlantic. 

lingua.     Timor. 

tulipa.     Hab.  unknown. 

scabra.     America. 

rostralis.     America. 

parasitica.     West  Indies. 

denticulata.     China. 

spathulata.     On  mangrove  trees. 

virginica.     Virginia  ;  Mexico. 

canadensis.     North  America. 

excavata.     New  Holland. 

mytiloides.     Zebu  ;  Philippines. 

sinuata.     Australia. 

trapezina.     New  Holland. 

rufa.     America. 

margaritacea.     Soutli  America. 

gibbosa.     Hab.  unknown. 

elliptica.     Hab.  imknowu. 

angulata.     Tagus.     (Gryphsea.) 

echinata.     Philippines  ;  Amboyna. 

stellata.     Guinea. 

prismatica.     Gruacomayo,  Central  America. 

lamellosa.     Mediterranean. 

uncinata.     Greece  ;  Smyrna. 

raricosta.     Hab.  unknown. 

sencgalensis.     Senegal. 


26  HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER. 

Ostrea  orieutalis.     East  Indies. 

rosacea.     China  ;  Senegal. 

Chemnitzii.     China. 

columbieusis.     "West  Columbia. 

lacerans.     Senegal. 

bicolor.     Senegal. 

miiltistriata.     On  ships'  bottoms,  from  Africa. 

callichroa.     China. 

glaucina.     Hab.  imkuown. 

sinensis.     China. 

turbinata.     Indian  Ocean. 

crista  galli.     Indian  Ocean, 

hyotis.     Indian  Seas. 

radiata.     Indian  Ocean. 

megadon.     Peru. 

pes  tigris.     Java. 

Lincolnii.     Australia. 

pyxidata.     Philippines. 

Mr.  Woodward,  in  his  '  Manual  of  MoUusca,'  gives 
the  number  of  recent  species  as  60,  and  of  fossil  as 
200,  and  mentions  the  following  subgenera :  Gry- 
ph(Ea,  Lamarck ;  Exogyra,  Sowerby.  Some  of  the 
species  are  said  to  be  poisonous.  The  Rock  Oyster, 
Anomia,  is  not  bad  eating.  I  was  particularly  struck 
with  the  size  of  those  I  found  in  GlengarifF  Bay,  on 
the  west  of  Ireland. 

I  believe  that  Delle  Chiaje  is  right,  when  he  says 
that  the  Mussel  and  Oyster  are  poisonous  in  summer ; 
and  probably  this  is  the  case  more  or  less  with  all 
shell-fish  that  have  spawned,  or  are  just  about  to 
spawn,  and  that  those  which,  when  out  of  season,  are 


HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER.  27 

sold  in  the  London  market,  are  not  fit  for  food.  I 
have  seen  the  effects  of  eating  out  of  season  mussels, 
which  cause  great  derangement  in  the  system ;  but  I 
have  not  seen  any  one  made  ill  by  oysters,  although 
the  same  effects  might  be  expected,  and  occurred  at 
Havre.  The  '  Green  Oyster,'  formerly  in  such  high 
repute,  is  now  gone  out  of  fashion,  and  those  with 
white  beards  are  esteemed  the  most.  The  green  colour 
at  Burnham,  Mr.  Sweeting  informs  me,  is  imparted  by 
a  species  of  weed,  growing  on  the  beds ;  this  is  pro- 
bably not  unwholesome  :  but  there  is  another  green 
oyster,  found  on  some  portions  of  the  Welsh  coast, 
which  I  should  most  decidedly  think  was ;  it  is  said 
to  be  coloured  with  copper  from  the  mines. 


28  HISTORY  or  THE  OYSTER. 


CHAPTER  V. 

ENEMIES  OF  THE  OTSTEE. 

Oysters  have  many  enemies  mider  water  as  well  as 
above.  The  Purpura  lapillus,  on  some  beds,  is  very 
destructive,  and  has  at  Burnham  the  local  name  of 
'  Whelk-tingle.'  By  means  of  an  apparatus  attached 
to  its  tongue,  and  armed  with  small  siliceous  spicula 
at  the  point,  it  gradually  bores  a  hole  through  the 
shell,  and  sucks  out  the  inhabitant.  This  animal 
exudes,  when  irritated,  a  purple  dye,  which  was  in 
such  great  repute  among  the  Romans,  that  none  but 
those  of  the  highest  rank  were  allowed  to  wear  it ; 
it  was  called  by  the  ancients  the  Tyrian  dye.  The 
star-fish  are  enemies  to  the  oyster,  and  are  generally 
destroyed  by  the  fishermen  when  taken  on  the  beds. 

A  boring  sponge  {Cliona)  completely  riddles  the 
shells  of  oysters,  particularly  the  large  and  deep-sea 
varieties.  Numbers  of  dead  shells  may  occasionally 
be  picked  up  on  the  beach,  bored  by  it.  A  species 
of  Annelid,  called  Ilermella,  which  forms  tubes  of 
sand  and  comminuted  shells,  completely  smothers  the 
oysters  in  some  localities,  agglutinating  them  into 
one  mass. 


HISTORY   0J<"  THE  OYSTER.  29 

The  common  Barnacle,  called  '  Nuns,'  is  also  much 
detested  by  the  fishermen,  as,  by  attaching  itself  to 
the  outside  of  the  shell,  it  destroys  its  smooth  appear- 
ance, so  much  prized  by  the  proprietors  of  native 
oysters  and  their  customers.  There  are  others,  and 
their  name  is  Legion,  that  feed  upon  the  young  fish. 
The  common  Mussel,  when  it  establishes  a  colony 
upon  an  oyster-bed,  does  much  harm  indirectly ;  not 
so  much  by  adhering  to  the  shells,  as  by  the  mud 
collecting  about  them  forming  an  uneven  bottom. 
The  Nullipore,  called  by  the  fishermen  *  Coral,'  is 
also  very  injurious  to  the  beds  off  some  parts  of  the 
Isle  of  Man. 


30  HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

LIST,  AND  ACCOUNT,  OF  THE  PEINCIPAL 
OYSTEE  BEDS. 

On  the  shores  of  England  the  principal  nurseries  of 
oysters,  not  only  for  the  English  markets,  but  also 
for  the  foreign,  are  those  on  the  coast  of  Essex  and 
the  estuaries  adjoining  :  those  taken  there  are  called 
'  Natives.'  Mr.  Sweeting  claims  the  name  as  pecu- 
liarly applicable  to  his  fishery,  as  within  his  memory 
no  strange  oysters  have  ever  been  introduced.  Good 
oysters  are  also  found  at  Whitstable,  Colchester, 
Rochester,  Milton,  Eaversham,  Queenborough,  Mai- 
den, Bricklesea,  Strood,  and  probably  some  other 
places.  Those  of  Whitstable  diff'er  from  those  of 
the  other  localities,  the  water  being  deeper  :  it  is 
stated  that  they  are  earlier  in  season.  The  western 
coast  of  England  is  not  remarkable  for  any  great 
oyster-fishery,  that  I  am  aware  of. 

The  Jersey  beds  also  supply  immense  numbers  of 
oysters  to  the  English  market,  and  also  those  of 
Guernsey  and  Sark.  The  beds,  as  known  at  the 
time,  are  marked  in  the  Government  chart  attached 
to  the  Convention  Avith  France ;  but  there  have  been 


HISTORY  or  THE  OYSTER.  31 

others  discovered  since.  If  a  fisherman  happen  to 
meet  with  a  bed  that  has  not  been  found  before,  he 
generally  keeps  it  a  secret  as  long  as  he  can ;  but, 
when  others  find  it  out,  the  bed  is  so  overworked, 
that  it  is  quite  or  nearly  ruined  for  many  years,  which 
probably  is  one  of  the  causes  of  the  decrease  in  the 
supply. 

Ireland  is  also  very  fruitful  in  oysters,  beds  being 
scattered  nearly  all  round  the  coast :  the  principal 
are.  Clew  Bay,  Mayo ;  Ballisodare,  Sligo ;  Westport, 
Mayo;  Mulroy,  Donegal;  Carlingford, Louth ;  Killery, 
Mayo ;  Ballyconeely,  Galway ;  Kenmare  River,  Kerry  ; 
Blackrod  Bay,  Mayo ;  Arklow,  Wicklow ;  Carrick- 
fergus  in  Belfast  Lough ;  Malahide  and  Poolbay, 
near  Dublin ;  Red-bank  beds  and  Lessadil,  Clare ; 
and  Ardbeur  Bay,  Galway.  The  public  banks,  how- 
ever, I  am  informed,  are  nearly  exhausted  from  over- 
dredging. 

Scotland-  also  possesses  many  beds,  as  Loch  Ryan, 
a  chartered  loch,  the  property  of  Colonel  Wallace, 
from  whom  Hugh  Kear  rents  the  Scar  bank.  There 
are  a  few  oysters  in  Loch  Eyne,  but  they  are  very 
scarce,  and  of  the  large  sort. 

The  Frith  of  Forth  beds  are  very  extensive,  and 
yield  large  numbers.  Natm'al  beds  also  occm-  in 
many  localities  among  the  adjacent  islands. 

Several  beds  of  small  extent  occur  round  the  Isle 
of  Man  ;  one  extends  from  near  Douglas  Lighthouse 


32  HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER. 

to  Laxey;  another  is  found  in  Ramsey  Bay,  also 
famous  for  scollops.  A  few  oysters  are  also  found  off 
Bal  laugh. 

Most  of  these  beds  have  nuUipore  on  them,  which 
is  very  injurious. 

The  chief  beds  of  North  Wales  are  those  of  Bardsey, 
Forth  Dyllaen,  Rhoscolyn,  the  Menai  Straits,  and 
Beaumaris ;  on  the  latter  of  which  great  numbers 
of  oysters,  brought  from  Ireland,  are  laid  down, 
to  be  ready  for  the  Liverpool  market.  Caernarvon 
Bay  contains  numerous  beds,  as  those  of  Llandwyn. 
There  are  also  beds  in  the  Tudwal  roads  off  Pwyl- 
helli :  many  of  them  owe  their  preservation  to  the 
nature  of  the  coast, — the  fishing  not  being  allowed  in 
the  summer,  and  in  winter  the  westerly  gales  pre- 
vailing, and  no  safe  harbour  to  run  to.  Except  in 
September,  there  is  not  much  fishing  going  on. 

In  South  Wales  there  are  many  beds.  Milford 
furnishes  a  good  supply. 

It  is  almost  impossible  to  arrive  at  an  exact  estimate 
of  the  annual  supply  of  oysters;  but  probably  the 
following  is  an  approximation  *,  as  far  as  it  goes  : — 

London    130,000  bushels.     Mr.  AVickenden. 

Channel  Islands  . .  8,000,000  tubs.  Dr.  Knap. 

Newhaven    1,013,760  oysters.     D.  Moffat. 

Preston  Pans 1,013,760  oysters.     D.  Moffat. 

Shannon  beds  yield  a  revenue  of  1400^.  per  annum. 

*  See  Professor  Forbes' s  work,  '  The  History  of  the  British 
MoUusca.' 


HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER.  33 


CHAPTER  VII. 

SUG-GESTIONS  FOR  THE  FORMATION  OF  NEW 
OYSTER-BEDS  AND  THE  PRESERVATION  OF 
OLD  ONES. 

The  conditions  which  appear  to  be  necessary  for  the 
estabhshment  of  new  oyster-beds,  or  of  feeding-beds, 
according  to  my  observations,  are  the  following  -.  — 

That  the  bottom  should  be  tolerably  level  and 
hard,  either  composed  of  fine  gravel  or  old  shells  on 
the  surface, — the  depth  not  more  than  1 5  fathoms  for 
first-class  oysters. 

That  no  dredging  should  be  allowed  dming  the 
spawning  season,  or  until  the  middle  of  August, 
and  then  only  to  remove  the  sizeable  oysters  to  feed- 
ing-beds, and  from  thence  to  market  about  the  1 5th 
of  September.  If  there  is  a  run  of  fresh  water  near 
the  bed,  or  over  it,  all  the  better.  In  making  a 
new  bed,  if  possible,  good  cultch  should  be  obtained 
from  a  bed  of  repute  in  the  first  instance,  to  stock  it : 
this  is  preferable  to  old  oysters,  as  they  do  not  spawn 
well  after  moving,  and  do  not  attach  themselves.  • 

To  renovate  the  old  beds  that  are  nearly  exhausted, 
rest  would  of  course  be  the  most  certain  method,  if 

D 


34  HISTOKY  OF  THE  OYSTER. 

only  for  one  year ;  or  if  there  are  many  of  the  large 
sort  of  oyster,  let  them  be  taken  up  in  October,  when 
all  spawning  is  over. 

That  fence  months,  from  the  middle  of  April  to 
the  middle  of  September,  be  strictly  enforced ;  any 
oysters  exposed  for  sale,  or  taken  during  those 
months,  should  be  confiscated,  and  a  fine  imposed 
upon  the  person  in  whose  custody  they  are  found, 
whether  the  sales  take  place  inland  or  on  the  coast ; 
and  that  no  difference  be  made  between  British 
oysters  and  those  coming  from  abroad. 

That  a  license  should  be  granted  for  the  removal  of 
cultcli  and  spat,  the  quantity  being  stated,  to  stock 
other  beds,  by  some  one  in  authority,  the  locality  to 
which  it  is  to  be  removed  being  also  registered  ;  that 
these  conditions  being  complied  with,  the  person 
establishing  such  new  beds  should  have  granted  to 
himself  and  his  successors  the  sole  right  of  fishing 
during  the  proper  times,  and  that  penalties  should 
be  fixed  for  transgressing  this  regulation. 

For  feeding-beds  the  same  conditions  would  apply 
as  to  permanent  beds,  except  that  the  water  may  be 
much  shallower,  just  deep  enough  to  prevent  frost 
killing  the  oysters  at  low  water.  Tanks  might  be 
established  similar  to  those  at  Burnham  and  else- 
where, which  would  fill  at  high  water,  and  having  a 
sluice  attached  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  them  full, 
or  letting  off  the  water :  the  oysters  in  these  should 


HISTORY  OF  THE  OYSTER.  35 

be  those  fit  to  send  to  market,  removed  into  the  in 
from  the  feeding-beds. 

My  reasons  for  lengthening  the  fence  time  are  that 
it  would  suit  all  fisheries  round  the  coast ;  prevent  the 
spat  being  injured  so  much  by  the  dredge,  as  the 
shell  would  have  become  harder  in  the  additional 
fortnight ;  and  the  fish,  just  filling  for  spawning  in 
April,  would  not  be  disturbed  and  expel  their  spawn 
before  it  is  ripe. 

I  am  aware  that  a  question  will  arise,  viz.  what 
are  the  fishermen  to  do  during  the  fence  months 
for  employment  ?  Some  are  necessary  as  watchers 
to  keep  off"  trespassers  ;  the  feeding-beds  would  have 
to  be  levelled  and  prepared  with  gravel  or  old  shells 
to  give  them  a  proper  surface ;  boats'  rigging  and 
fishing  tackle  to  be  made  new,  or  repaired.  In 
many  localities,  trawling,  line-fishing,  and  herring- 
fishing  might  be  carried  on,  and  in  others  salmon 
might  be  caught ;  some  might  be  also  employed 
in  conveying  the  fish  to  market,  in  cultivating  their 
gardens,  in  dredging  shell-sand  and  collecting  sea- 
weed for  agricultural  purposes ;  others  in  improving 
the  harbours,  for  which  Government  ought  to  find 
the  whole  of  the  necessary  funds,  or,  at  all  events, 
a  portion  ;  and  in  erecting  and  improving  convenient 
buildings  for  salting :  so  that  altogether  I  think  there 
need  be  no  lack  of  employment ;  and  I  am  quite  sure 

D  2 


36  HISTORY  or  THE  OYSTER. 

that  any  loss  at  first,  when  the  whole  system  had  got 
into  working,  would  be  amply  repaid. 

I.  was  for  some  time  of  opinion  that  oysters  differed 
in  their  times  of  spawning  in  deep  and  shallow  water, 
and  am  still  so ;  but  the  data  I  at  present  possess  are 
so  meagre,  that  I  cannot  confidently  assert  that  the 
difference  is  very  great.  Of  one  fact  I  am,  however, 
pretty  certain, — that  they  do  not  spawn  so  freely; 
and  in  water  over  20  fathoms,  I  believe,  not  at  all. 

There  is  one  point  which  ought  invariably  to  be 
imposed  on  beds  which  are  reduced  to  proper  work- 
ing order  : — a  chain- dredge  should  never  be  used 
where  it  can  possibly  be  avoided  until  after  Christmas 
in  each  year,  hides  and  nets  being  substituted.  There 
are,  however,  some  beds  on  which  the  chain-dredge  is 
indispensable,  where  the  stones  are  sharp  and  angular. 


APPENDIX. 


Since  the  whole  of  the  foregoing  portion  of  this  Httle  work 
was  written,  I  have  had  my  attention  called  to  the  Report  of 
Mons.  Coste  to  the  Emperor  of  the  French,  headed  "  L'Em- 
pereur  a  regu  de  M.  Coste,  Membre  de  FInstitut,  Professeur 
d^Embryogenie  comparee  au  College  de  France,  le  rapport 
suivant,^^  and  published  in  the  Moniteur  of  the  18th  of  June 
1858. 

Mons.  Coste  does  not  differ  materially,  in  the  mode  he 
recommends  for  the  renovation  of  the  old  beds  and  repro- 
duction of  new  ones,  from  my  short  suggestions  given  in  the 
last  chapter  of  this  work.  This  coincidence  shows  that  the 
same  remedies  to  preserve  the  old  beds  of  oysters,  and  pro- 
duce new  ones,  are  judged  applicable  to  both  sides  of  the 
Channel  and  to  the  neutral  ground,  and  that  by  an  amicable 
arrangement  a  much  larger  supply  might  be  furnished  to  the 
markets  of  both  England  and  France.  I  subjoin,  for  the 
information  of  those  who  may  not  have  seen  the  Report  of 
Mons.  Coste,  a  few  extracts  from  his  recommendations, 
merely  mentioning  that  Mons.  Coste  and  myself  were  both  in 
ignorance  of  what  the  other  intended  to  propose,  or  even  that 
either  intended  to  propose  anything,  until  within  the  last  four 
days  (July  21)  1  had  a  copy  of  the  Report  of  Mons.  Coste 
placed  in  my  hands.  Mons.  Coste,  after  enumerating  the 
bad  state  of  the  French  beds,  writes  : — "  To  this  deplorable 
state  of  matters  there  is  one  remedy,  of  easy  application,  of 


38  APPENDIX. 

certain  success,  and  which  will  give  an  incalculable  supply  to 
public  nourishment  :  this  remedy  consists  in  undertaking,  at 
the  expense  of  the  State,  under  the  care  of  the  Marine 
Administration,  and  by  means  of  its  vessels,  the  sowing 
(with  oysters)  of  the  shores  of  France,  so  as  to  restock  its 
ruined  beds,  to  revive  those  which  are  extinguished,  to 
extend  those  which  prosper,  to  create  new  ones  wherever  the 
nature  of  the  bottom  will  permit  their  establishment ;  and 
when,  through  this  generous  commencement,  the  product- 
ive beds  shall  have  sufficiently  developed  themselves  in  all 
places,  they  might  then  be  submitted  to  a  salutary  system  of 
regulated  gatherings,  allowing  some  to  remain  quiet  while 
others  are  worked, — an  arrangement  which  for  a  century  has 
preserved  the  beds  of  Cancale  and  Granville  from  destruc- 
tion." Mons.  Coste  then  proposes  that  oysters  should  be 
dredged  on  common  ground,  and  laid  down  in  the  bay  of 
St.  Brieux,  the  bottom  being  previously  cleared ;  and  goes  on 
to  say,  "  that  by  aid  of  these  very  simple  means,  from  the  bay 
of  St.  Brieux  alone,  at  an  insignificant  expense,  may  be  made 
a  considerable  revenue,  provided  all  the  necessary  means  are 
taken  for  the  success  of  the  enterprise." 

"  Among  the  precautions  I  place  in  the  first  rank  that  of 
not  allowing  the  productive  shell-fish  to  remain  out  of  the 
water  longer  than  the  time  necessary  for  their  transport 
from  the  place  of  their  fishing  to  that  of  their  destination, 
or  their  provisional  resting-place.  It  is  through  having 
neglected  to  conform  to  this  rule,  that  previous  attempts 
have  failed ;  but  every  time  it  has  been  observed,  the  experi- 
ment has  succeeded,  as  is  proved  by  the  trials  of  Mons. 
De  Bon  in  the  Ranee." 

Mons.  Coste  proposes  to  lay  down  hurdles  twisted  with 
branches  with  their  bark  on  for  the  spat  to  attach  itself 
to,  so  as  to  prevent  its  being  drifted  away  by  the  currents ; 


APPENDIX. 


39 


and  when  the  spat  is  sufficiently  large,  to  remove  thetn  for 
the  stocking  of  new  beds, — a  suggestion,  which  I  should 
think  would  certainly  answer,  if  too  much  weed  did  not  get 
entangled  in  them,  the  spat  attach  itself  to  the  half-decayed 
weeds  instead  of  to  the  wood,  and  they  did  not  smother  the 
old  oysters  which  happen  to  be  under  them.  This,  however, 
I  think,  like  other  points,  is  a  matter  for  experiment.  Hampers 
or  baskets  made  similarly  to  lobster-pots,  only  without  bot- 
toms, and  moored  in  a  similar  manner,  might  answer  bettei*, 
would  not  destroy  the  oysters  underneath,  and  could  be  more 
easily  moved.  I  believe  also  that  sheets  of  galvanized  iron, 
bent  into  the  form  of  a  low  arch,  merely  touching  at  the  two 
ends,  and  sunk  with  a  galvanized  wire  and  a  piece  of  wood 
attached  to  find  them  again,  would  answer  the  purpose. 
Copper-wire  must  not  be  used,  or  galvanic  action  will  take 
place.  On  beds,  however,  where  mud  and  sand  are  liable  to 
collect,  I  should  be  very  cautious  in  sinking  anything,  as  a 
mud-bank  is  soon  made,  and  not  so  easily  got  rid  of.  There  is 
no  doubt,  however,  that  any  mode  that  will  collect  the  spat, 
which  would  otherwise  be  destroyed  by  being  washed  away 
with  the  mud  and  silt,  or  deposited  on  unsuitable  ground, 
would  be  most  desirable,  and  a  great  saving  of  fish. 

Mons.  Coste's  plan  of  dividing  the  beds  into  zones,  and 
only  returning  to  them  every  two  or  three  years,  would  be  in 
many  places  absolute  ruin  to  the  beds,  unless  the  oysters 
were  cleaned  and  redepositcd  :  they  would,  in  fact,  very  soon 
take  the  form  of  natural  beds  which  had  not  been  worked ;  the 
oysters  would  become  coarse,  covered  with  barnacles  and 
other  parasites,  and  adhere  together ;  and  the  beds  would,  in 
fact,  have  to  be  rebroken  up. 

The  police  regulations  proposed  by  Mons.  Coste  are  very 
good,  except  that  I  think  the  present  fence-month,  as  I  have 
proposed,  would  be  better  extended ;   and  I  do  not  consider 


40  APPENDIX. 

that  it  is  necessary  for  the  police  to  examine  the  beds  so 
minutely  as  is  recommended.  There  is  no  doubt,  that  if  the 
fisheries  were  altogether  shut,  as  recommended  by  Mons. 
Coste,  until  February,  the  quantity  of  spat  destroyed  would 
be  less ;  but  if  the  bottom  of  the  bed  be  composed  of  old 
shells  and  gravel,  the  number  of  spat  on  the  former  will  be 
found  many  times  to  outnumber  those  on  the  live  shells.  It 
would,  I  believe,  answer  to  collect  old  shells  from  the  fish- 
mongers, after  the  fish  had  been  extracted,  for  the  purpose  of 
returning  them  to  the  beds,  to  make  a  foundation  both  for 
old  and  young  oysters  to  rest  upon.  This  proposal  would  so 
much  reduce  the  time  for  oyster-fishing  beyond  that  which  is 
in  use  at  present,  that  there  would  be  only  three  months  left 
for  fishing,  so  that  it  would  scarcely  be  worth  while  for 
persons  to  follow  the  oyster-trade  at  all,  although  the  produce 
might  be  the  same,  or  even  greater,  which  it  probably  would 
be,  than  at  present.  This  proposal  of  Mons.  Coste  would 
also  have  a  very  great  efiect  upon  the  market,  by  forcing  into 
it  the  same  quantity  during  three  months  that  previously 
supplied  it  for  eight ; — thus  inevitably  lowering  the  price,  to 
the  loss  of  the  fishermen  and  proprietors.  Mons.  Coste 
indeed  states  that  the  oysters  for  market  ought  to  remain  on 
the  feeding-grounds  before  they  are  fit  for  market;  but  if 
they  are  dredged  previously  to  February,  to  supply  the 
feeding-grounds,  1  cannot  think  that  much  advantage  will 
accrue. 


FINIS. 


PRINTED     BY    TAYLOR    A.VD    FRANCIS, 
RED  LION  COURT,   FLEET  STREET. 


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Lmdow,  PiibUsJ-itd'  iyJohn/  Vcetv  Ffforst,  1838. 


London,  Decembeii  1858. 

CATALOGUE  OF  BOOKS 
PUBLISHED  BY  MR.  VAN  VOORST. 


ZOOLOGY. 

MAMMALIA. 

History  of  Britisli  Quadrupeds,  including  the  Cetacea. 
By  THOMAS  BELL,  F.E.S.,  P.L.S.,  Professor  of  Zoology  in 
King's  College,  Loudon.  Illustrated  by  nearly  200  Engi-avings, 
comprising  portraits  of  tlie  animals,  and  Tignette  tail-pieces. 
8to.     New  Edition  in  preparation. 

Natural  History  of  the  Sperm  Whale,  and  a  Sketch  of  a 
South  Sea  WhaUng  Voyage.  By  THOMAS  BEALE.  PostSvo, 
12s.  cloth. 

BIRDS. 

History  of  British  Birds.  By  WILLIAM  YAREELL,  V.P.L.S., 

F.Z.S.,  &c.  This  work  contains  a  history  and  a  picture  por- 
trait, engi-aved  expressly  for  the  work,  of  each  species  of  the  Birda 
foimd  in  Britain.  Tln-ee  Tolumes,  containing  550  Illustrations. 
Tliird  EcUtion,  demy  8vo,  M  14s.  6d. 

Coloured  Illustrations  of  the  Eggs  of  British  Birds,  with 
Descriptions  of  then-  Nests  and  NicUfication.  By  WILLIAM  C. 
HEWITSON.  Third  Edition,  2  vols.  8to,  £-1  Us.  Grf.  The 
figures  and  descriptions  of  the  Eggs  in  this  edition  are  from  dif- 
ferent specimens  to  those  figured  in  the  previous  editions. 

Systematic  Catalogue  of  the  Eggs  of  British    Birds, 

arranged  with  a  View  to  supersede  the  use  of  Labels  for  Eggs. 
By  the  Rev.  S.  C.  MALAN,  M.A.,  M.A.S.  On  wi-iting-paper. 
8vo,  8s.  6d. 

Ornithological  Rambles  in  Sussex.  By  A.  E.  lOSTOX,  M.A., 
F.L.S.  Thu-d  Edition.  Post  Syo,  with  Eour  Illustrations  by 
Wolf,  7s.  Od 

Falconry  in  the  VaUey  of  the  Indus.    By  R.  F.  BURTON, 

Author  of  '  Goa  and  the  Blue  Mountains,'  &c.  Post  8vo,  with 
Four  lUusti'ations,  Gs. 

Monograph  of  the  Birds  forming  the  Tanagrine  Genus 

CALLISTE ;  illustrated  by  Coloiu-cd  Plates  of  all  the  known 
species.  By  P.  L.  SCLATER,  M.A.,  Fellow  of  Corpus  Chi-isti 
College,  Oxford,  F.Z.S.,  &c.     8vo,  £2  2s. 


JOHN  YAJS  VOORST,  1  PATERNOSTER  ROW. 


2  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY  MR.  VA^  VOORST. 

Birds  of  Jamaica.  By  P.  H.  GOSSE,  E.R.S.,  Author  of  the 
'  Canadian  Naturalist,'  &c.    Post  8vo,  10s. 

The  Dodo  and  its  Kindred;  or  the  History,  Affinities  and 
Osteology  of  the  Dodo,  Solitau-e,  and  other  Extinct  Bii-ds  of  the 
Islands  Mauritius,  Rodriguez,  and  Boiu'bon.  By  H.  E.  STRICK- 
LAlSfD,  M.A.,  F.G.S,  F.R.G.S.,  and  R.  G.  MELVILLE,  M.D. 
Edin.,  M.R.C.S.  Royal  4to,  with  18  Plates  and  other  Illustra- 
tions, ^I  Is. 

Geographical  and  Comparative  List  of  the  Birds  of 

Eiu-ope  and  North  America.    By  CHARLES  LUCIEN  BONA- 
PARTE, Prmce  of  Musignano.    8vo,  5s. 

Ornithological  Synonjrms.  By  the  late  HUGH  EDWIN 
STRICKLAND,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  &c.  Edited  by  Mrs.  HUGH 
EDWIN  STRICKLAND  and  SIR  WILLIAM  JARDINE, 
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12s.  6d. 


REPTILES. 

History  of 'British  Reptiles.     By  THOMAS  BELL,  F.R.S., 

President  of  the  Linneau  Society,  V.P.Z.S.,  &e..  Professor  of  Zoo- 
logy in  King's  CoUege,  London.  Second  Edition,  with  50  Illus- 
trations, 12s. 

EISHES. 

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by  Ai'tifieial  Spawning,  Breeding,  and  Rearing.  By  GOTTLIEB 
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History  of  British  Fishes.  By  WILLIAM  YARRELL, 
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RICHARDSON,  M.D.  Two  vols,  demy  8vo,  illustrated  by  more 
than  500  Engravings.     Nearly  ready. 

Yarrell.— Growth  of  the  Salmon  in 'Fresh  Water.    With 

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M.D.,  LL.D.,  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Edin- 
burgh, author  of  '  A  History  of  the  British  Zoophytes.'  8to,  102 
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fessor ED.  FOEBES,  F.E.S.,  &c.  and  SYLVANUS  HANLEY, 
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By  W.  A.  LEACH,  M.D.,  F.E.S.,  &c.  &e.  Post  8vo,  with  13 
Plates,  14s. 

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species.    By  WILLIAM  CLAEK.     Svo,  15s. 

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History  of  British  Star-fishes,  and  other  Animals  of  the 

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The  Entomologist's  Annual  for  1855  to  1858.  Duodecimo, 
boards,  2s.  6d.  each. 

History  of  British.  Stalk-eyed  Cirustacea  (Lobsters,  Crabs, 
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Linnean  Society,  F.G-.S.,  F.Z.S.,  Professor  of  Zoology  in  Eing's 
College,  London.  The  volume  is  illustrated  by  174  Engravings 
of  Species  and  tail-pieces.     8vo,  £1  5s. ;  royal  8vo,  £2  10s. 

History  of  the  British  Zoophytes.  By  GEOEGE  JOHN- 
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Familiar  Introduction  to  the  History  of  Insects ;  being  a 
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The  World  of  Insects  j  a  Guide  to  its  Wonders.  By  J.  W. 
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DALLAS,  F.L.S.     8vo,  5s. 

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Hudiments  of  Botany.  A  Familiar  lutroduction  to  the  Study 
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dimeuts  of  Botany ;  for  Schools  and  Lectm-es.     15s. 

History  of  British  Forest-Trees.  By  PEIDEAUX  JOHN 
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Part  I.  Thalamifloras,  os.  Gd. 

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Sancti.  Two  Memoii's  on  the  Ferns,  Flowering  Plants,  and 
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The  Sea-Weed  Collector's  Guide ,'  containing  plain  Instruc- 
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Species  and  Localities  in  Great  Britain.  By  J.  COCKS,  M.D. 
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Weeds,  with  Plates  to  illustrate  all  the  Genera.  By  W.  H. 
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Nereis  Boreali- Americana ;  or,  Contributions  towards  a  History 
of  the  Marine  Algaj  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Coasts  of  North 
America.  By  W.  H.  HARVEY,  M.D.,  M.R.I.A.,  &c.  Royal 
4to,  with  50  Coloiu'ed  Plates,  £3  3s. 

Terra  Lindisfamensis.  The  Natural  History  of  the  Eastern 
Borders.  By  GEORGE  JOHNSTON,  M.D.,  &c.,  &c.  Tliis 
Yolimie  embraces  the  Topogi-aphy  and  Botany;  and  gives  the 
popular  Names  and  L^ses  of  the  Plants,  and  the  Customs  and 
Beliefs  which  have  been  associated  with  them.  The  chapter  on 
the  Fossil  Botany  of  the  district  is  contributed  by  George  Tate, 
F.G.S.  Illustrated  with  a  few  \A'oodcuts  and  15  Plates,  8vo, 
10s.  Gd. 


JOHN  VAN  VOOEST,  1  PATERNOSTER  EOW* 


BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY  MR.  VAN  VOORST.     7 

History  of  British  Ferns.  By  EDWARD  NEWMAN.  Com- 
prising luider  each  Species,  Figures,  cletailed  Descriptions,  an 
ample  List  of  Localities,  and  minute  Instructions  for  Cultivating. 
8vo,  IS.'. 

Walks  after  Wild  Flowers ;  or  the  Botany  of  the  Bohereens. 
By  RICHARD  DOWDEN.    Eoolscap  8vo,  4s.  Qcl 

Synopsis  of  the  British  Diatomaceae ;  with  Remarks  on  their 
Structm-o,  Functions,  and  Distribution  ;  and  Instructions  for 
Collecting  and  Preserving  Specimens.  By  the  Rev.  WILLIAM 
SMITH.  The  Plates  by  Tuffen  West.  In  2  vols,  royal  8vo ; 
Vol.  I.  21s. ;  Vol.  II.  30s. 


CHEMISTRY,  MINERALOGY,  GEOLOGY. 

A  Manual  of  Chemical  Analysis  (Qualitative).  By  A.  B. 
NORTHCOTE,  F.C.S.,  and  ARTHUR  H.  CHURCH,  F.C.S. 
Post  Svo,  10s.  6d. 

Handbook  of  Chemical  Manipulation.  By  C.  GREVILLE 
WILLIAMS,  Principal  Assistant  in  the  Laboratory  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinbiu'gh.  Post  Svo,  with  very  numerous  Woodcut 
Illustrations,  15s. 

Elementary  Covirse  of  Geology,  Mineralogy,  and  Physical 

Geogi-aphy.  By  DAVID  T.  ANSTED,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.G.S., 
&e.,  Considting  Mining  Engineer,  Honorary  Fellow  of  King's 
College,  London,  Lectm-er  on  Mineralogy  and  Geology  at  the 
H.E.I.C.  Mil.  Sem.  at  Adchscombe,  late  FeUow  of  Jesus  College, 
Cambridge.  A  Second  Edition,  post  Svo,  with  many  Illustra- 
tions, 12s. 

The  Ancient  World.  By  Professor  ANSTED.  Second  Edi- 
tion, post  Svo,  10s.  (jd.,  with  149  Illustrations. 

"  The  work  may  be  described  as  an  outline  of  the  history  of  vegetable  and 
animal  life  upon  the  glolie,  from  the  early  age  when  there  were  only 
sea-weeds  and  marine  invertebrates  as  yet  in  existence,  down  to  the  era 
when  the  mammals  received  among  them  the  king  of  species,  Blan.  By 
his  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  subject,  and  power  of  arrangement 
and  description,  Professor  Ansted  succeeds  in  producing  a  narration, 
which  tcUs  in  its  entire  range  like  a  romance." — Manchester  Exaviincr, 

Gold-Seeker's  Manual,  By  Professor  ANSTED.  Foolscap 
Svo,  3s.  (Jd. 

Geologist's  Text-Book.  Chiefly  intended  as  a  Book  of  Refer- 
ence for  the  Geological  Student;.  By  Professor  ANSTED. 
Foolscap  Svo,  3s.  6d. 

The  Grotmd  beneath  us ;  its  Geological  Phases  and  Changes. 
Three  Lcctm'cs  on  the  Geology  of  Clapliam  and  tlie  neighbour- 
hood of  London  geueraUy.  By  JOSEPH  PRESTWICH,  F.R.S., 
F.G.S.  &c.    Svo,  3s,  Gd.  sewed. 


JOHN  VAN  VOORST,  1  PATERNOSTER  ROW. 


8  EOOES  PUBLISHED  BY  ME.  VAN  YOOEST. 

Manual  of  the  Mineralogy  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 
By  EOBEET  PHILIPS  GEEe,  E.G.S.,  and  WILLIAIM  G. 
LETTSOM.     8to,  with  numerous  Woodcuts,  15s. 

History  of  British  Fossil  Mammals  and  Birds.  By  Pro- 
fessor OWEN.  Tliis  Tolmne  is  designed  as  a  companion  to  that 
by  Professor  Bell  on  the  (Eecent  MammaUa)  '  British  Quadru- 
peds and  Cetacea.'  Sto,  with  237  Illustrations,  £1  lis.  6d.,  or 
large  paper  (royal  8vo),  £S  os. 

Description  of  the  Skeleton  of  an  Extinct  Gigantic  Sloth 

(Mylodon  robustus).  Witli  Observation-s  on  the  Osteology, 
Natm-al  AiJiuities,  and  probable  Habits  of  the  Megatherioid  Qua- 
drupeds in  general.  By  EICHAED  OWEN,  F.E.S.,  &c.  4to. 
£1  12s.  6d. 

Greological  Inquiry  respecting  the  Water-bearing  Strata 

of  the  Coiuatry  around  London,  with  reference  especially  to  the 
Water  Supply  of  the  Metropolis,  and  including  some  Eemarks 
on  Springs.  By  JOSEPH  PEESTWICH,  Jun.,  E.G.S.,  &c. 
Sto,  with  a  Map  and  Woodcuts,  6s.  dd. 

Memoirs  of  Hugh  E.  Strickland,  M.A.,  Deputy  Eeader  of 
Geology  in  the  University  of  Oxford.  By  SIE  WILLIAM 
JAEDINE,  Bart. ;  with  a  selection  from  his  Printed  and  other 
Scientific  Papers.  One  Vol.  Eoyal  8to,  36s.,  Illustrated  by  Maps, 
Geological  Sections,  Plates  and  Woodcuts. 

Omphalos.  An  Attempt  to  Untie  the  Geological  Knot.  By  P.  H. 
GOSSE,  E.E.S.  In  this  work  the  author  aims  to  overtlu-ow  the 
receircd  conclusions  of  geologists  as  to  the  remote  antiquity  of 
the  earth,  by  the  cniuiciation  and  illustration  of  a  grand  physical 
law,  hitherto  luirecognizcd,  the  law  of  Prochronism  in  organic 
creation.  Post  Sto,  pp.  376,  with  56  Illustrations  on  wood, 
10s.  Gd. 


WORKS  ON  GENERAL  NATURAL 
HISTORY,  &c. 

The  Aquarian  Naturalist :  a  Manual  for  the  Sea-side.  By  Pro- 
fessor T.  EYMEE  JONES,  E.E.S.  Post  Sto,  544  pp.,  with 
8  Coloured  Plates,  price  I8s. 

Humble  Creatures:  the  Earthworm  and  the  Common 

Housefly.  In  Eight  Letters.  By  JA]\IES  SAIMUELSON,  as- 
sisted by  J.  A.  HICKS,  M.D.  Lend.,  F.L.S.  With  Microscopic 
Illustrations  by  the  Authors.     Post  8to,  price  3s.  6d. 

JOHN  VAN  VOOEST,  1  PATERNOSTEE  EOW. 


BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY  MR.  VAN  VOOEST.     9 

The  Micrographic  Dictionary:  a  Guide  to  the  Examination 
and  Invest igal ion  of  the  Structure  and  Natim;  of  Microscopic 
Objects.  By  Dr.  GKIFFITH  and  Professor  HENFREY.  lUus- 
tratcd  by  41  Plates,  each  with  nmnorous  Figiu-es,  some  colom-ed, 
and  816  Woodcuts,  777  pages,  8vo,  J2  5s. 

Observations  in  Natural  History ;  with  a  Calendar  of  Periodic 
Phenomena.     By  the  Rev.  LEONARD  JENYNS,  M.A.,  F.L.S. 

Post  Svo,  lUs.  Gd. 

Observations  in  Meteorology;  relating  to  Temperature,  the 
Winds,  Atmospheric  Pressm-e,  the  Aqueous  Phenomena  of  the 
Atmosphere,  Weather  Changes,  &c. ;  being  chietly  the  results  of  a 
Meteorological  Journal  kept  for  19  years  at  Swaffham  Bidbeck, 
in  Cambridgeshire,  and  serving  as  a  guide  to  the  climate  of  that 
part  of  England.  By  the  Rev.  LEONARD  JENYNS,  M.A., 
F.L.S.,  &c.,  late  Vicar  of  Swaffham  Bulbeck,     Post  Svo,  10s.  6d. 

Practical  Meteorology.    By  JOHN  DREW,  Ph.D.,  F.R.A.S., 

Corresponding  Member  of  the  Philosophical  Institute  of  Bale. 
Foolscap  Svo,  with  10  Illustrative  Plates,  5s. 

Natural  History  of  Animals :  being  the  substance  of  Thi-ee 
Coiu-ses  of  Lectm-es  delivered  before  the  Royal  Institution  of 
Great  Britain.  By  T.  RYMER  JONES,  F.R.S.,  Professor  of 
Zoology  in  King's  College,  London.  Post  Svo.  Vol.  I.  with  105 
Illustrations;  Vol.  II.  with  104  Illustrations,  12s.  each. 

General  Outline  of  the  Organization  of  the  Animal  King- 
dom, and  Manual  of  Comparative  Anatomy.  By  T.  RYMER 
JONES,  F.R.S.,  Professor  of  Comparative  Anatomy  in  Eing's 
College,  London ;  late  Fidlerian  Professor  of  Physiology  to  the 
Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain,  &c.  &c.  Second  Edition,  Svo, 
884  pages,  400  Woodcuts,  £1  lis.  6d. 

First  Steps  to  Anatomy.    By  JAMES  L.  DRUMMOND,  M.D., 

Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  in  the  Belfast  Royal  Insti- 
tution.   With  12  Illustrative  Plates.     12mo,  5s. 

Great  Artists  and  Great  Anatomists :  a  Biogi-aphical  and 
Pliilosopliical  Study.  By  R.  ENOX,  M.D.,  F.R.S.E.  Post  Svo, 
(js.  Gd. 

Anatomical  Manipulation ;  or.  The  Methods  of  pm-suing  Prac- 
tical Investigations  in  Comparative  Anatomy  and  Physiology. 
Also  an  Introduction  to  tlie  Use  of  the  Microscope,  &c.  By 
ALFRED  TULK,  M.R.C.S.,  M.E.S. ;  and  ARTHUR  HEN- 
FREY, F.L.S.,  M.Micr.S.  With  Illustrative  Diagrams.  Foolscap 
Svo,  9s. 

Familiar  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Polarized  Light. 
By  CH.4RLES  WOODW.iRD,  F.R.S.  Svo,  Illustrated,  3s. 
Second  Edition. 


JOHN  VAN  VOORST,  1  PATERNOSTER  ROW. 


10    BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY  MR.  VAN  VOORST. 

Illustrations  of  Instinct,  deduced  from  the  Habits  of  British 
Animals.  By  JONATHAN  COUCH,  F.L.S.,  Member  of  the 
Koyal  Geological  Society,  and  of  the  Eoyal  lustitiitiou  of  Corn- 
wall, &c.    Post  8yo,  Ss.'Gf/. 

The  Powers  of  the  Creator  Displayed  in  the  Creation  j 

or,  Observations  on  Life  amidst  the  various  forms  of  the  Humbler 
Tribes  of  Animated  Natm'o  ;  with  Practical  Comments  and  Illus- 
trations. By  Sh-  JOHN  GRAHAM  DALYELL,  Knt.  and  Bart. 
In  3  vols.  4to,  containing  niuuerous  Plates  of  living  subjects, 
fmely  colom-ed,  JIO  10s. 

Rare  and  Remarkable  Animals  of  Scotland,  with  Prac- 
tical Observations  on  theh-  Nature.  By  Su-  JOHN  GRAHviM 
DALYELL,  Knt.  and  Bart.  In  2  vols.  4to,  containuig  110 
Colom-ed  Plates,  drawn  from  the  living  subjects,  £G  6s. 

On  the  Variation  of  Species,  vdih  especial  reference  to  the 
lusecta ;  followed  by  an  luquh-y  into  the  Natm-e  of  Genera.  By 
T.  VERNON  W0LLAST0N,'M.A.,  F.L.S.    Post  8vo,  5s. 

"  No  compound  of  this  earthly  ball 
Is  like  another,  all  in  all." — Tennysoti. 

Manual  of  Natural  History  for  the  Use  of  Travellers ; 

being  a  Description  of  the  Families  of  the  Animal  and  Vegetable 
EJingdoius,  with  Remarks  on  the  Practical  Study  of  Geology  and 
[Meteorology.  To  winch  are  ajipended  Directions  for  Collecting 
and  Preserving.  By  ARTHUR  ADAMS,  M.R.C.S. ;  W.  BAL- 
FOUR BAIKIE,  M.D. ;  and  CHARLES  BARRON,  Cm-ator 
of  the  Royal  Naval  Museum  at  Haslar.     Post  8vo,  12s. 

Letters  of  Rusticus  on  Natural  History.  Edited  by  ED- 
WARD NEWMAN,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.,  &c.    8vo,  8s.  Q,d. 

Descriptive  Ethnology.  By  ROBERT  GORDON  LATHAM, 
M.D.,  F.R.S.,  FeUow  of  King's  CoUege,  Cambridge ;  Vice-Pre- 
sident of  the  Ethnological  Society  of  London;  Corresponding 
Member  of  the  Ethnological  Society  of  New  York.     2  vols.  8vo. 


Other  Works  o)i  Ethnology,  by  Dr.  Latham. 

Natural  History  of  the  Varieties  of  Man.    8vo,  Illus- 
trated, <£!  Is. 

Ethnology  of  Europe.     Foolscap  8vo,  5s. 

Ethnology  of  the  British  Islands.    Foolscap  Svo,  5s. 

Ethnology  of  the  British  Colonies  and  Dependencies. 

Foolscap  Svo,  5s, 

Man  and  his  Migrations.    Foolscap  Svo,  5s. 

JOHN  VAN  VOORST,  1  PATERNOSTER  JIOW. 


BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY  ME.  VAN  VOORST.    11 

The  Sea-side  Book :  an  Introduction  to  the  Natui-al  History  of 
the  British  Coasts.  By  W.  H.  HARVEY,  M.D.,  M.R.I.A.,  &c. 
With  a  Chapter  on  Fish  and  Fish  Diet,  by  YARRELL. 
Foolscap  8vo,  with  83  Woodcut  lUustrations,  4th  Edition,  5s. 

Handbook  to  the  Marine  Aquarium:  containing  Practical 
Instructions  I'or  Constructing,  Stocking,  and  Maintaining  a  Tank, 
and  for  Collecting  Plants  and  Animals.  By  P.  H.  G0S8E, 
F.R.S.     Foolscap  8vo,  Second  Edition,  2s.  Gd. 

Mr.  Gosse's  Manual  of  Marine  Zoology  of  the  British 

Isles.     Parts  I.  and  II.,  price  7*'.  Gd.  each. 

A  Naturalist's  Rambles  on  the  Devonshire  Coast.  By 
P.  H.  GOSSE,  F.R.S.  With  28  Lithograpliic  Plates,  some 
colom-cd,  post  8vo,  One  Guinea. 

The  Aquarium ;  an  Unveiling  of  the  Wonders  of  the  Deep  Sea. 
By  P.  H.  GOSSE,  F.R.S.   PostSvo,  Illustrated,  Second  Ed.  17s. 

The  Canadian  Naturalist.  By  P.  H.  GOSSE,  F.R.S.  With 
44  Illustrations  of  the  most  remarkable  Animal  and  Vege- 
table productions.     Post  8vo,  12s. 

Tenby;  a  Seaside  Holiday.  By  P.  H.  GOSSE,  F.R.S. 
Post  8vo,  400  pages,  with  24  Colom-ed  Plates,  21s. 

The  Isle  of  Man ;  its  History,  Physical,  Ecclesiastical  and  Le- 
gendary. By  J.  G.  GUMMING,  M.A.,  F.G.S.  Post  8vo, 
12s.  Gd. 

Natural  History  of  the  County  of  Stafford ;  comprising  its 
Geology,  Zoology,  Botany,  and  Meteorology:  also  its  Antiqui- 
ties, Topography,  Manufactures,  &c.  By  ROBERT  GARNER, 
F.L.S.    8vo,  with  a  Geological  Map  and  other  Illustrations,  21s. 

The  Natural  History  of  Selbome.  By  the  late  Rev.  GIL- 
BERT WHITE,  M.A.  A  New  Edition,  with  Notes  by  the  Rev. 
LEONARD  JENYNS,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  &c. ;  with  26  Illustrations, 
foolscap  8vo,  7s.  6d. 

Travels  in  Lycia,  Milyas,  and  the  Cib37Tatis,  in  company 
witli  the  late  Rev.  E.  T.  Danicll.  By  Lieut.  SPRATT,  R.N.,  and 
Professor  EDWARD  FORBES.  Two  vols.  8vo,  with  numerous 
Illustrations,  including  Views  of  the  Scenery,  Plans  of  Ancient 
Cities  and  Buildings,  Plates  of  Coins  and  Inscriptions,  Cuts  of 
Rock  Tomlis,  Fossils,  and  Geological  Sections,  and  an  original 
Map  of  Lycia.     oOs. 

Healthy  Respiration.  By  STEPHEN  H.  WARD,  M.D. 
Foolscap  8vo,  Is.  (jd. 


JOHN  VAN  VOORST.  1  PATERNOSTER  WW- 


12  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY  ME.  VAN  VOOEST. 

Tobacco  and  its  Adulterations.  By  HENEY  P.  PEESCOTT, 

of  the  Inland  Eevenue  Department.  With  upwards  of  250  Illus- 
trations di-awn  and  engi-aved  on  Forty  Steel  Plates.   8vo,  12s.  6d. 

A  Life  of  Linnaeus.  By  Miss  BEIGHTWELL  of  Norwich. 
Foolscap  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

Scenery,  Science,  and  Art;  being  Extracts  from  the  Note- 
book of  a  Geologist  and  Muiing  Engineer.  By  Professor  D.  T. 
AJSTSTED,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  &c.  8vo,  with  Woodcuts  and  Four 
Views  in  tinted  lithography,  10s.  Gd. 

Evening  Thoughts.  By  a  PHYSICIAN.  Post  Svo,  Second 
Edition,  4s.  6c?. 

"  We  cannot  help  expressing  a  wish  that  these  '  Evening  Thoughts '  may 
not  be  the  only  contributions  to  general  literature  that  we  may  have  from 
a  mind  so  povperful,  so  cultivated,  and  so  gentle  as  that  of  the  Physician 
whose  pages  we  now  close." — Guardian. 

Illustrations  of  Arts  and  Manufactures ;  being  a  Selection 
from  a  Series  of  Papers  read  before  the  Society  for  the  Encou- 
ragement of  Arts,  Manufactures,  and  Commerce.  By  AETHUE 
AIKIN,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,  &c.,  late  Secretary  to  that  Institution. 
Foolscap  Svo,  8s. 

The  Poor  Artist;  or.  Seven  Eye-Sights  and  One  Object.  "SCI- 
ENCE IN  FABLE."     Foolscap  Svo,  with  a  Frontispiece,  5s. 

Sunday  Book  for  the  Young ;  or,  Habits  of  Patriarchal  Times 
in  the  East.    With  Woodcuts,  2s.  Gd.    By  AJSTNE  BULLAE. 

Other  Books  for  Young  Persons,  hy  Anne  Bullar, 

Domestic  Scenes  in  Greenland  and   Iceland.    With 
Woodcuts,  2s.     Second  Edition. 

Every-Day  Wonders;  or,  Facts  in   Physiology  which  all 
should  kaow.    With  Woodcuts,  2s.  Gd. 

England  before  the  Norman  Conquest.    2s.  M. 

Elements  of  Practical  Knowledge ;  or.  The  Young  Inquirer 
Answered.  Explaining  in  Question  and  Answer,  and  in  familiar 
language,  what  most  things  daily  used,  seen,  or  talked  of,  are ; 
what  they  are  made  of,  where  found,  and  to  what  uses  applied. 
Including  articles  of  food  and  aliment ;  miscellanies  in  common 
use ;  metals,  gems,  jewellery ;  and  some  account  of  the  principal 
inventions  and  most  interesting  manufactures.  Second  Edition, 
18mo,  with  Illustrations,  3s.  cloth. 

Notes  on  the  Geology  and  Chemical  Composition  of  the 

various  Sti-ata  in  the  Isle  of  Wight.  By  CAPTAIN  L.  L. 
BOSCAWEN  IBBETSON.  With  a  Map  in  Belief,  coloured 
Geologically,  Svo,  7s.  Gd. 

JOHN  NA^  VOOEST,  1  PATEENOSTEE  EOW. 


BOOKS    PUBLISHEP  BY  MB.  YAN  VOORST,         13 


ARCHITECTURE  AND  THE  FINE  ARTS,  &c. 

Instrumenta  Ecclesiastica ;  a  Series  of  Working  Designs, 
engraved  on  72  Platt^s,  for  the  Fiu-nitiu'c,  Fittings,  and  Decora- 
tions of  Churches  and  thcii-  Precincts.  Edited  by  the  Ecclesio- 
logical,  late  Cambridge  Camden  Society.     4to,  ^1  lis.  6c?. 

The  Second  Series  contains  a  Cemetery  Cliapel,  with  Sick-houso  and 
Gateway  Tower — A  Wooden  Cluu-cli — A  Chapel  School — Schools 
and  School-houses — A  Village  Hospital — An  Iron  Church — And 
Designs  for  Fmieral  Fittings,  for  Timber  Belfi-ies,  and  for  a 
Variety  of  Works  iu  Metal,  Wood,  and  Stone.  Price  also 
.£1  lUM. 

Manual  of  Gothic  Architecture.    By  F.  A.  PALEY,  M.A. 

With  a  full  Accomit  of  Monumental  Brasses  and  Ecclesiastical 
Costmue.     Foolscap  8vo,  with  70  Illustrations,  6s.  Gd. 

"  To  the  student  of  the  architecture  of  old  English  churches  this  beautiful 
little  volume  will  prove  a  most  acceptable  manual.  The  two  chapters 
on  *  *  *  form  an  epitome  of  the  whole  subject,  so  lucid,  concise,  and 
complete,  that  it  may  be  regarded  as  a  model  of  succinct  and  clear  ex- 
position. Both  in  description  and  analysis,  Mr.  Paley  is  remarkable  for 
neatness  and  perspicuity  ;  his  style  is  terse  and  precise,  yet  withal  easy 
and  elegant.  The  examples,  engraved  by  Thurston  Thompson,  are  the 
perfection  of  wood  engraving,  as  applied  to  architecture  :  exact  in  de- 
tail, picturesque  in  effect,  and  cut  with  equal  firmness  and  delicacy." — 
Spectafur. 

Baptismal  Fonts,  A  Series  of  125  Engi*avings,  examples  of  the 
different  periods,  accompanied  with  Descriptions ;  and  with  an 
Introductory  Essay.  By  F.  A.  PALEY,  M.A.,  Honorary  Secre- 
tary of  the  Cambridge  Camden  Society.     8vo,  One  Guinea. 

Treatise  on  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  Decorated  Window 
Tracery  in  England.  By  EDMUND  SH^IEPE,  M.A.,  Arcliitect. 
8to,  Illustrated  with  97  Woodcuts  and  Six  Engi-avings  on  steel, 
10s.  Gd.    And  a 

Series  of  Illustrations  of  the  Window  Tracery  of  the 

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JOHN  VAN  VOOKST,  1  PATERNOSTER  ROW. 


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JOHN  VAN  VOOEST,  1  PATEENOSTEE  EOW. 


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JOHN  VAN  VOORST,  1  PATERNOSTER  ROW. 


INDEX. 


Page 

Adams  &  Baikie's  Manual  of  Nat.  Hist.  10 

Adams's  Genera  of  Mollusca 4 

Aikin's  Arts  and  Manufactures 12 

Anatomical  Manipulation    9 

Ansted's  Ancient  World 7 

Elementary  Course  of  Geology  ....  7 

Geologist' s  Text-  Book    7 

Gold-Seeker's  Manual    7 

Scenery,  Science,  and  Art 12 

Bablngton's  Manual  of  British  Bctany. .  5 

Baptismal  Fonts    13 

Beale  on  Sperm  Whale 1 

Bell's  British  Quadrupeds  1 

British  Rejitiles 2 

British  Stalk-eyed  Crustacea 4 

Bloomfield's  Farmer's  Boy 14 

Boccius  on  Production  of  Fish   2 

Bonaparte's  List  of  Birds    2 

Brightwell's  Life  of  LinnKus 12 

Burton's  Falconry  on  the  Indus    1 

Clark's  Testaceous  Mollusca 3 

Cocks's  Sea- Weed  Collector's  Guide. ...  6 

Couch's  Illustrations  of  Instinct    10 

Cumraing's  Isle  of  Man 1 1 

Currency 14 

Dallas's  Elements  of  Entomology 4 

Dalyell's  Powers  of  the  Creator 10 

Rare  Animals  of  Scotland 10 

Dawson's  Geodcphaga  Britannica 5 

Domestic  Scenes  in  Greenland  &  Iceland  12 

Douglas's  World  of  Insects    4 

Dovvden's  Walks  after  Wild  Flowers    . .  7 

Drew's  Practical  Meteorology    9 

Drumraond's  First  Steps  to  Anatomy  . .  7 

Economy  of  Human  Life 14 

Elements  of  Practical  Knowledge 12 

England  before  the  Norman  Conquest. .  12 

Entomologist's  Annual    4 

Companion 5 

Evening  Thoughts 12 

Every-day  Wonders 12 

Fly  Fishing  in  Salt  and  Fresh  Water    ..  3 

Forbes's  British  Star-fishes 3 

Malacologia  Monensis 3 

and  Hanley's  British  aioUusca 3 

and  Spratt's  Travels  in  Lycia   ....  1 1 

Garner's  Nat.  Hist,  of  Statfordshire. ...  U 

Gosse's  Aquarium H 

Birds  of  Jamaica 2 

Canadian  Naturalist 1 1 

Handbook  to  Marine  Aquarium    . .  1 1 

Manual  of  Marine  Zoology    11 

Naturalist's  Rambles  on  Dev.  Coast  U 

Omphalos  8 

Tenby H 

Gray's  Bard  and  Elegy 14 

Greg  and  Lettsom's  British  Mineralogy  8 

Griffith  &  Henfrey's  Micrographic  Diet.  9 

Harvey's  British  Marine  Aigce  .  , 6 

Nereis  Boreali- Americana 6 

Sea-side  Book   1 1 

Henfrey's  Botanical  Diagrams  6 

Elementary  Course  of  Botany  ....  5 

Rudiments  of  Botany 6 

■ Translation  of  Mohl 5 

Vegetation  of  Europe 5 

. &  Griffith's  Micrographic  Diet.     . .  9 

Hewitson's  Birds'  Eggs  1 

Exotic  Butterflies 5 

Ibbetson's  Geology  of  Isle  of  Wight. ...  12 


Page 

Instrumenta  Ecclesiastica  13 

Jenyns's  Observations  in  Meteorology. .  9 

Observations  in  Nat.  History 9 

Jesse's  Angler's  Rambles    3 

Johnston's  British  Zoophytes 4 

Introduction  to  Conchology 3 

Terra  Lindisfarnensis 6 

Jones's  Aquarian  Naturalist  8 

Animal  Kingdom 9 

Natural  History  of  Animals   9 

Knox's  (A.  E.)  Rambles  in  Sussex   ....  I 

Knox  (Dr.),  Great  Artists  &  Great  Anat.  9 

Latham's  Descriptive  Ethnology 10 

Ethnology  of  British  Colonies   10 

Ethnology  of  British  Islands 10 

Ethnology  of  Europe 10 

Man  and  his  IMigrations 10 

Varieties  of  Blan  10 

Leach's  Synopsis  of  British  Mollusca    ..  3 

Letters  of  Rusticus    10 

Lowe's  Faunte  et  Florae  Maderse 6 

Blanual  Flora  of  Sladeira   6 

Malan's  Catalogue  of  Eggs 1 

Martin's  Cat.  of  Privately  Printed  Books.  14 

Blemoirs  of  Hugh  E.  Strickland    8 

Micrographic  Dictionary g 

Mohl  on  the  Vegetable  CeU 5 

Moule's  Heraldry  of  Fish    2 

Newman's  British  Ferns ^ 

History  of  Insects 4 

Letters  of  Rusticus 10 

Northcote  &  Church's  Chem.  Analysis  .  7 

Owen's  British  Fossil  Mammals   8 

on  Skeleton  of  Extinct  Sloth 8 

Paley's  Gothic  Moldings 14 

• •  Manual  of  Gothic  Architecture  ....  13 

Poor  Artist 12 

Prescott  on  Tobacco 12 

Prestwich's  Geological  Inquiry 8 

Ground  beneath  us  7 

Samuelson's  Humble  Creatures     8 

Sclater's  Tanagers 1 

Selby's  British  Forest  Trees   6 

Shakspeare's  Seven  Ages  of  Man 13 

Sharpe's  Decorated  Windows 13 

Shield's  Hints  on  Rloths  and  Butterflies  4 

Siebold  on  True  Parthenogenesis 4 

Smith's  British  Diatomacese 7 

Sowerby's  Thesaurus  C'onchyliorum  ....  3 

Spratt's  (and  Forbes's)  Travels  in  Lycia  11 

Stainton's  Butterflies  and  Moths 5 

History  of  the  Tineina 5 

Strickland's  Ornithological  Synonyms. .  2 

and  Melville  on  the  Dodo  . . ." 2 

Sunday-Book  for  the  Young  12 

Tugwell's  Sea-Anemones    4 

Vicar  of  Wakefield,  lUustr.  by  Mulready  14 

Watts's  Songs,  Illustrated  by  Cope  ....  14 

Ward  (Dr.)  on  Healthv  Respiration  ....  11 

W.ard  (N.  B.)  on  the  Growth  of  Plants. .  6 

White's  Selborne 11 

Wilkinson's  Weeds  and  Wild  Flowers. .  5 

Williams's  Chemical  Manipulation  ....  7 

WoUaston's  Insccta  Maderensia    5 

on  Variation  of  Species 10 

Woodward  on  Polarized  Light 9 

Yarrell's  British  Birds 1 

British  Fishes    2 

on  the  Salmon 2 


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