UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
LIBRARY

SPtzC IAL
COLLECTIONS

SB

322

S5

1660

SKI

TREASURE ROOM

THE

HISTORY

OF THE

Propagation & Improvement

VEGETABLES

l>y the concurrence of

<iArt and future:

Shewing the fevcral ways for the Propaga-
tion of Plants ufually cultivated in England^ they
are incrcafed by Seed, Off fets, Suckers. Truncheons, Cur
tings, Slips, Laying, Circumpofirion, the feveral ways of
Graftings and Inoculation^as iikewife the methods for Im
provement and heft Culture of Field, Orchard, and Garden
Plants, the means ufed for remedy of Annoyances incident
to rhem *, with the tflfcCT of Nacure, and her manner of
working upon the feverai Endeavors and Operations of the
ARTIST.

Written according to Observations
made from Lxperience and Practice :

By Robert SharrocJ^y Fellow of New Colledge.

Oxford: Printed by A, Lichfield^ Printer to the
A. Univernty, for Tim Rohinfom 1660,

4>34

;h

TREASUBt ROOM

HONORABLE

ROBERT BOYLE Efc

The mofi worthy pattern of true Honor i

AND

Learned?romoterof true Science.

IT is a faying in the Civil Law, That a
\hingwhichis any Mans own^ cannot be
'made wore his by any new A3 or Deed:
Thcccnfequenceof which, is> that theDe*
dication of this Piece to you will be meer-
ly nugatory , fince by all right it is already
yours. For it is not long fince I imagirei
no more being either Aathor, or Compiler
of any matter on this fubjtcl, then of doing
any other thing which T have neither fancy
nor fitnefs to. , But you were pleafed to
judge me able, and (which obliged me to
this task) to propofe it unto me as your de-
* A 2 fixe

The Eptftle Dedicatory.
fire that I fhould make an eflliy of that abili*
tv,in writing fomewhat even on this fubjeft,
rhat might be of Philofophical and common
ufe. To havequeftioned your judgement
herein , might have ftained me with too
much arrogance, and to have been care"
lefle of your pleaitire, with unworthindfs
and want of good Manners! Remembring
therefore thofe refpefts I owe to Honor,
Learning, andfuch perfons as ftudy its ad-
vancement and promotion, I could not de-
ny this poor endeavor, the prod lift of which
arifing originally from yourown aft J thought
fit fhould be delivered over to your pleafure,
fince to you, as its primary cauife (which is its
prime commendation) it ought to belong.

And Sir, If it may not be troublefome
tintoyou to receive fome brief account of
this aftion, and the Fortunes which happen-
ed to me in purfuance of your fatisfaftion
Therein, you will give me leave to acquaint
you.that it having been your Honors exprefs
de(]re3 that this Piece might extend as far,
and be as comprehenfive and full, as my
prefent Experience, Knowledge., and Recol*
leftion of the matter of Vegetable Propaga-
tion fhould permit .' I gave my felf the trou-
ble to run over with my eye, all Books I
could prccure of thefe fubjeSs, not intend
ing to truft any,but thereby to b'e putin mind

£ » of

The Epittlc Dedicatory.

of the particulars, concerning which, I had
no reafon to have a Regifter ready in my
head. Here firft my fortune was to finde a
multitude of monftrous untruths, and pro-
digies of lies, in both Latine and Englifh old
and new Writers, worfein their kinde then
the ftories in Sir John Mandevels Travels,
or in the Hiftory of Fryer Bacon and his Man
Miles -j or elfe what may be moreridicu-
loufly removed not onely from truth, but
from any femblance thereof. And which
moved me moft at this very feafon, when
weefteemed the World to be now awaked,
I found in the Shops Authors newly fet forth
(I hope againft their own wills) who fe-
rioufly profeffed to have made a feleti
choice of Experiments of this nature, and
to report nothing-, but what from observation
and experience they have certainly found
trne^ yet deferving not to have the credit
of Wecker and Porta. Profeffions in fuch
Papers, which feem to me at no time pro*
per, but when the perfons credits, together
with their Books, are joyntly to be fet to
fale. You eafily believe that lam not free to
follow thefe Examples, for then , firft, I
muft abufe your Noble Name, by infcribing
it to a moft unworthy Difcourfe, and then
(which is too common a fault) traduce as
many Readers, as ignorance and fisnple-
A 3 nefs

The Epijfle Dedicatory.

nefs of nature hath made credulous^

But as to thofe Authors, in whofe relati-
ons I found any thing of truth, I have done
them this right, Th3t where ever I could re-
late an Operation or Experiment in their
wordsD with truth and fitnefs, I fpared to
coyn new ( defiring to fnpplant no Author in
his credit;, nor to purloyn his reputation)
though lhad Seamed the truth of the fame
thing from the teftimony of my eyes : Hi-
ving indeed fome quarrel at the fafhion of
ordinary Writers, who ftudy in nothing to
benefit Learning., but by giving new words
to old matter.

I have left out none of the Heads pro-
pofed in the Catalogue, which I prefented
you with, a year fince, except the laft,
which you defired might fhew the methods
and ways of keeping ufeful Vegetables
without putrefaftion , and the preparing
them with their feveral parts and produ&s
for humane life. This at prefent I thought
necedary to forbear, for I found the matter
too much for one Chapter, and my leifure
too little to make a Book thereon : nor durft
I efleem my Obfervations fuch, as might en-
able me to write an adequate Treatife on
thatfubje&j which reaches in compafs the
largeftj and as T firmly believe ("however the
Animal and Mineral Kingdom abound with

great

the fyiftle Dedicator).

great and patent Medicines) not the worft
part of the Thurmacopoea^ and many parti-
culars beyond 5 but rather think fit to em»
ploymyfelf fosne more years in the Expe-
rience and Practice of Preparations, and
take the pains of collecting and trying fuch
intelligible and probable proceffes as fhall
come to my hand, either reported hereto-
fore, or ufed now^ efpecially in ourNation,
for fitting matters to Alimental, Medical,
and Mechanical ufe3 before I fhall imagine
to have the lead hand in that Hiftory3 which
may as well be learn'd by fuch as are con-
cerned to kuovv it, from Modern Difpenfa-
toriesj and other novel Writers. But the
perfection of that Hiftory, with corre&ion
of proceffes capable of amendment, is, in
my eftimation, a defign and work worthy
of the Gare, Patronage, and Governance,
and fit to be carryed on by the intereiT5if too
tedious , for the Pen and Pains of your
Honor.

As to the form and compofure of matter
under thofe Heads, I muft make it a parti-
cular bufinefs to beg your pardon 3 for I
findeitevenin my own jndgement exceed-
ing rude, and it could be no otherwiie,
when the Revife of the Prefs, was, for a
great part, the firfr review made of my own
Writing 3 and indeed, the whole piece in

every

The Epijile Dedicatory. 1

every part feems deftitute of beauty, an J
without any thing of gieat worth, value,
ornoblenefs. For I finde, that the opera-
tions themfelves, and other matters that do
belong to the fubjeft in hand, and fo capa-
ble to come under this Hiftory, are for the
moil: part common, and devoid of curiofr
ty: Nor durft I embellifh their plainnefs
with Stories taken from our Learned and
Profound Writers of Natural Magick, be-
caufel intended;, as no very imperfe&, fo
likewife a true Inventary of what the pow-
er of man, at this prefent time, on rhisfub-
jeft, is, with the Go-operation of Nature,
able to produce: For thefe reafons, and
perchance becaufe of another piece then un-
der my hand, to which I had more propenfe
sffe&ions. I was exercifed in this writing,
not without fome reluftancy and untoward-
nefs of minde 5 and it furely had proved to
me a piece of meer drudgery, had not the
hope of giving you fatisfaftion, and making
this a teftimony of my obeyfance and hum-
ble fubmiffion to your Judgement and de-
fires infpirited me, and let a lightfomnefs
into my thoughts. What I have written, I
(hall not commend, by any Prefaces, to any
Reader, though I (hall give him here fome
things new, and of my proper Obfervstion :
I know that many, by their own Intereft

and

The Epiftle Dedicatory.

and ("that great power) Temporal Profit5
will be tempted to give it the reading. Nei-
ther fhall I, in imitation of fome Modem
Alchymiftsj for oftentation, bid them goe ;
and by the improvement f which I hope may
be fome to moft Readers) be charitable to
the poor : Hoping,that for Gods fake, they
will rather (as they are bound by Obligati-
ons infinitely more high) be thereto moved ;
nor need I excufe my felf to them for any
deficiency in this Writing, you having in-.
gaged your felf to be the Proprieter there-
of, and by your acceptance of this poor
Piece5 greatly obliging,

SIR,

Tonr Honors unfeignedly Devoted in all bum*
bk and affeSionate obfervancc.

K. Sharrock.

To the Author on his two late publifht

Pieces, 1 he tiypvthijit of the Law

of Nature, and, ihe Htftory

of Propagation.

S I R,

OF 1 are to th' privy Chambers of the minde
You led 's, to vvnich a glimmering ray had fhin'd
From God th'Abyis of light ; bur much adoe
There had been made to iiop that ray out too.
Here 'twas you drew a Curtain, and we faw
The facred Tables of our Natures Law :
The frame of which was made of poliflit glafs,
Where each Soul, fair and foul, might fee its face :
And there hung Juilice Scale, ready to weigh
All anions, good and bad, juft as they lay :
Ju .ice her felf we faw not, for 'twas fed, ,
1 hat long agoe her Ladyfhip was fled.
But Duties way-marks, up and down there flood,
And the forgotten bounds of 111 and Good,
Much Furniture befides ; all by th'abufe
Of new invented fafhions, out of ufe.

Now Sir, you'rwalkt abroad, you teach to Sow,
And Plant, and Graft, and fhew how all things grow
By th'beft improvements ; how to harnefs Art
W ith Nature, and to make her draw her part „•
How Nature varies all her Scenes, and makes
Things orderly and ufeful for our fakes.
You trace her fteps, and make us plainly fee'r,
To be great Providence that guides her feet :

Thus when at home, fpd when abroad, you caa
Contrive to honor God, and pleafure Man.
Will: Party, Scholl; of New Coll.

\A GrAtnlation unto the Author, upon his Hlfiory of
thePr&fagationof Vegetables.

t^Ee'l blame Antiquity no more, than flie

Has fwallowed Solomons Phytology ;
Thofe long-loft facred Relicts you revive,
Limning the nature of each Vegetive.
^Natures moft hidden ftore, you open fet,
As if y 'were keeper to her Cabinet.
Mid'tf Plants and Trees you mufe,thence we confefc
England again hath got her Dmides ;
Your Garden, a new Academy ; can
Be made Lye mm, -or turn'd Vatican.

So the fam'd Epicure, long fiace did try
To make his Garden teach Phyiofophy ;
Where he, by (hufl'wg Atomes, represents
All changes; a£Wof Elements
He then laid out, and (what was yet more high-,)
Eoldly discarded Heavens Deity.
You flight that ^/<y, and lliev there's no [equeacy
No fait of things, without a Providence.
Each Herb's engraven'd with a Heavenly Frame,
Like t\\ Hyacinth enftamp'd with *Ajax\ name :
As a mytlerious Rabbin's wont to fpell
The name of God, from a dark Syllable ;
So you read him in's fecrets works ; Each clod
Speaks th'God of Nature, makes not Nature God.

May thefe your Vegetives, thus ordered, prove
A Vocal Forrefi, or Vo dona's, Grove.
To fpeak your worth, that fo our non-plus'd cry
May be aflifted by Dendrology.

Edi$pe»ctr?elUo£ N.C.

!*■*

N

The CONTENTS.

CHAP. I.

Of Propagation by Seed-

Pag.

Um. I. Of propagation of Vegetables in general ,
with a Preface to the Difcourfe. l

Num. 2. A Catalogue of Plants that may beet.creafed
by Seeds : with a queftion touching Maiden-hair,
Harts-tongue, and Plants of like nature. 4

N. 3. The Seafons of f owing particular Plants, with pro-
per Azimadverfons to this head. IO

N. 4. Examples of Sowings with fome particular dire-
fiions for fome choice Vegetables ; with vencral Obfcr-
nations for the manner of J owing. * " .

Examp. 1. From Mr. Parkinfon, directing skilfully the
ordering of Tulips, in their propagation by Seed.

ibid.

Examp.2. Of Anemones. 18

Examp. 2. Of Clover- grafs. *9

General Obfervations for the manner of Sowing. 2,3

Num. 5. Of variety of kjndes, different in colour, taftc,

fmell, and other fenfible qualities, proceeding from

fome feeds, and what Plants they are that bring feeds

yielding fuch variety, whence the beauty of Flowers

, chiefly arifes. 1 5

Num.6. Some .other relations touching tranfmutation,

and the pojfib'ditj of a change of one Species into ano-

' ther^

CONTENTS,
ther, examined in particulars of the Vegetable, Ani-
mal and Mineral Kingdoms. 2 8
N. 7« Of pyefcrvationfor Seed, with advantagious dire-
El ions therein. 2 2

N. 8. The manner of growing by Seed, H:ftorically fet
down, with fome Philofophical conceits thereabouts. 3 5

Num. 9. Of the caufe of greennefs in the Leaves of Ve-
getables, aq

CHAP. II.
Of Propagation by Off-fets.

Nam. I. A Catalogue of Plants which may be yr op a ga-
ted by Off-fets and Suckers arifing with Roots from
the Stool and Root of the Mother Plant. 4$

N. 2. The way of ' making Off-fets by Art. 4 5

N. 3. Rules for direction in taking off Suckers, or Off-
fets. 46

N. 4. Examples of planting by Off-fets in Licorice,
Hops and Saffron. 47, 48

N. 5. Variety of colours, in what flowers, from what
Off-fets. 49

CHAP. III.

Of Propagation by Stems, Cuttings or Slips.

N.i. A Catalogue of Plants this way propagable. 5©
N. 2. Explication of the manner of propagation by ftems

cut off from the (.M other ->f I ant, orflift, by Examples

and Rules for particular dire&ion. 5 1

N. 3. Experiments made of the fuecefs of 'the cuttings off

divers Plants fet in Water. 5 3

N. 4. The manner of growing by cuttings. 5 5

N. 5. Of propagation by the J owing J mall and almoft in-

finflbleparts of Vegetable $% 56

CHAP.

CONTENTS,

CHAP. IV.

Of Propagation by laying.

Nuill- I. Wliat Plants are this way increafed. 57

N. 2. The example of this manner of propagation, ib,

N. 3. Requifites for the manner of laying, 58

N. 4. Of propagation by CirCHmpojition. 59

N. 5. Of the manner of growth by circumpofition, and

whether thence an argument may be made for the de-

fcenfion of Sap. 60

CHAP. V.

Of Infkions.

N. I- Of grafting in general, and particularly of ' {houl-
der-graftingy Whip- graftings Grafting in the clefty
and Ablactation ; fhewing the manner of doing thefe
fever al operations. 6 1

N. 2. What Plants take on different hindzs^with divers
Experiments and Stories on this fab] eft. . 66

N. 3. Rules for Grafting^^^£^riact^Moi^ 6S

N.4 Kirkers Experiments concerning Infitions examin-
ed y and oppofed by new Experiments. 7 5

N. 5. The manner of growing by Grafts , Hifioncally
Jet down, with addition of Jome Philofophioal confide-
rations. 74

CHAP. VI.
Of the ways for, and Seafons of fetting Plants.'

Num. I. Of cultivated Plants. 79

N. 2. Of the fetting of 'mods , Fruit-Trees, and Plants

uncultivated. 81

N. 3. whether any Vegetables may be fet fiat to grow i*

tht Air, " 84

CHAP.

CONTENTS.

CHAP. VII.

Of the mean? for the Improvement and beft
culture of Corn, Grafs, and other Vegeta-
bles belonging to Husbandry ;*and of
the ways for removing the feve-
ral annoyances that uiually
hinder fuch advantage.

Num. I. Of the annoyances to Land, and the Impedi-
ments that ufually d /ft em per It, to the dlf advantage
of ohe Husbandman. '8a

N. 2. Of the remedies proper to cure the exeejfive cold-
nefs and mm fare In Lands, and the ways of Improve-
ment thereby, in grounds fubje ft to tkefe dlftempers,
by dreinlng, Pigeons andPoultrey dung, Urine, Soot,
Afhes, Horfe and Sheep dung : O Ground cold and
dry, and how thefe Soy Is may be apply able thereto . 8 7

N. 3. The ways of Improvement of dry, light, fandy,
gravelly, 'flinty Land, by floating, Marl, Chalky
Lime* qz

Num. 4. Remedies for accidental annoyances and hin-
drances of Improvement, particularly the ways to
dcftmy Tern, Heath, Ant-hills^ Mofs, Rufr.es ,
Ice fl-harr-ow, Broom, or any fuch Weed or Shrub sy
that infeft the ground : Whether liming of Corn
■prevents blaftlng, the effects of that and Brine in
Improvement : Concerning Moles, and the ways to
deftroy them or drown them • a w/iy of Antipathy y
¥U to this ejfecl, in Animals and Vegetables to the
Bodies of their own kinde, when they are in the way
of corruption : of the change of Seed \ And Mr*
With'? way of prefervlng Corn fnm Crms, Rooky y
&c, 97

CHAP*

CONTENTS.

CHAP. VIII.

Of the Mans of Improvement and beft culture cf
of fuch Plants or Flowers as are ufually cultiva-
ted in Gardens or Orchards, and of the ways u-
fed for the removing fuch annoyances as are com*
monly incident to them.

Num. *» Of the annoyances In general incident to Gat*
den Plants. 103

Num. 2 . Of defences of choice Plants from cold, 1 04

N. 3. Of jhade requijite to fun dry Plants, efpeclally
when young, for their defence from the Sun and
V/inde y and of watering, necejfary to cultivated
Plants. 107, 108

N.4. 1 . Examples of the befl Culture of Hops, and ways
of ordering them after they are fir ft fety taken out
of Mr.BMth. 1 op

2. Mr. Parkinfons way of ordering the Seedlings of
Tulips grown. ill

£^, 5. Of annoyances by Plants growing too thick And
near together , and of the remedy thereof \ and lmm
provement by pruning Trees, and fitting them at
great di 'fiances ; plucking off the yomg Germens of
Cfarden-fiowers, to make the reft more fair ; of the
filing of Turneps, Carrots, Parfneps ; of rVeed~
irg. 11^

N. 6. Of Plfmlres, Earwigs, Canker and rottennefsm
choice plants, Cattery liars, U^fojfinefs, Barks
binding, Burfilngof Cjilly-fiowers. 122

Num. 7. Of Improvement and melioration &f divers
Sail ad Herbs, by blanching or whiting, from the
French Gardiner ? and (JHr. PV Qbfervati-

k Num.

C 0 NTENTS.

N. 7. Of Acceleration and Retardation of Plants^ in
refpeci to their Germination and maturity, 129

Num. 8. Of melioration by Rlehnefs, or other cenve-
nient Miner a in the Soyl, for the feeding and better
nourishment of fever al Plants : Of artificial Bogs,
and the change of Seed, as a means to bring fair
Flowers : Of Exojfation of Fruit, or making it
grow without Stones. 134

N. 9. The cohdnfon of the Treatife, with one or. two
choice obfervations of the wife and good Providence
of God, which may be feen in the admirable make
if Vegetables, andfitnefs to their ends, which are
not generally taken notice of, but are, with many
more, overfeen by men bufie in the affairs of the
world, 139

ERRATA.

P^ge 8. col. 2. 1. 17, r. Scorzoncra.p. io.l. 5. are
but young p. 1 1. 1. 1 5 .properatafatio, p. 27. 1. 6,8,9*
r. Serotine, p. 33,1. 21. r. foe that to bear Seed yearly,
is general to all, unlefs p. 61. 1. 3. and I am well con-
tented, p. 94.I. 22. as polfible p. 1 17. 1. 20. adapt-
ed p. 149. 1.18. Yeftmems«

THE

Jttit ~

HISTORY

O F

Jrtifieial propagation ofTlantsi

GAP. I.

Of Propagation by Seed.

Num. I- Of Propagation of Vegetables in general, with
a Preface to the Difconrfe.

He Illuftrious and Renowned Lord Bacon,
in his Difcourfe concerning the advance-
ment of Learning, reckons it among the
Deficients of Natural Hiftory, That the
Cooperation of Man , with N atari in parti-
Hilars, hath not been obferved ; and that in tjjoje Q>1-
Icttions which are made of Agriculture, and ether ma-
nual tArts, there is commonly * negleft and rejcElionof
Experiment s, familiar and vulgar, which jet to the in-
terpretation ofNatnrey and which I fhall adde,general
profit, do at much, if not more conduce, then Experiment*
if a higher quality The fame noble Pcsfon, in his

& pir-

partition of Philofophy, complains of the want of at} Xn-
ventary of what in any fub;e&s by Nature and Art is
certainly, and may be undoubtedly wrought. / be-
lieve his Lordfhip hath had many of his mindc in for-
mer, has now, and is likely to have in future ages ;
for amongft thofe few Writings extant on thefe Sub-
jects, fome prove altogether ufelefs, as being io full
of their natural Magick and Romantick Stories, that
we know no more what to credit in thofe Relations,
in the Natural, then what in civil Hiilory we may be-
lieve of King ^Arthur ; (jay of fVarmcl^ in ours ;
or of Hsctsr and Priam in the Trojan Story: O-
thers elevated in their Fancies, write in a Language
of their own, addreffing their Difcourfe to the Sons
ot Art, fpeaking rather to amufe, than inftftiS, and
prove like blazing Stars, that diftra& many, and di-
re3 few.

Many of thofe who would write for Univerfal Iri-
ftru&ion, either know the things that might make up
the rmtter of their Hiilory , but want the skill to
draw up fuch an Inventory, as his Lordfhip requires, as
common Tradefmen and Artifans ; or elfe indeed
are learned enough to draw up the writing, but ftand
aloof from the knowledge of moft of the particulars
therein to be ingroft ; which is the ordinary cafe of
us, fuch of us as have pretentions to Scholarlhip.

I being neceffitated by my obligations and refpeft
to a Perfon truly Noble, to give fome account of the.
particular' effects of Man, co-operating with nature,
in the matrer of our Englifh Vegetables, as they are
ixfcprove<j by Husbandmen and Gardiners, deiire to
unaert?keno mo"e, but rogive a fince re endeavour,
That the w ay of the Artuibefet down, and the ef-
fe&of Nature thereon ; huhefirft of which, I in-
tend

CO

tend ray dl regions fo plain, as if appointed for tnc
inli ruction of lome Av tills rude and untaught Ap-
prentice: and the fecond's,if not io homely, yet as ca-
lie ?nd evident, being a little diiguiled v\ich any
thing intended for the ufe of Philoib^hy, when o*
vergarmihed with Rhetorical 1 ropes , which like
Flo. vers thick in a Window for whatfoever intended
(either cheat or ornament) certainly create a dark-
iiefs in the place. Behmenical, Paracelfian, and fticft
Phrafe as many Ai'chimifts ufe, Imuftforthc fame
retifon avoid.

In the drawing up the Inventary, I will fludy that
it may be true in all parts, Jnd not to mingle, accord-
ing to the example of Pifafc Meeker, Porta, and ma-
ny more, both Latine and'i nglifn Writers, any falfe
relation, without its diilingui thing Character; and
if it be not perfecT, it fhall be for want of skill, ot
pre lent remembrance of particulars.

The end of the Artift is to Propagate and Improve t
To propagate, is to multiply the individuals of each
kinde : And to improve, is to bring them, bemg
popagated, to a more then ordinary excellency ana
loodnefs; The ways of increafng the particulars of
each kinde, are, i. ly Seed, 2. Fy bff-fetj takeii
from a Mother-Plant. 3. By laying the Branch of a
gloving Plant down into the Farth, 4. Iy bearing
up a Soil to it. 5. Ey J terns fet without roots* And
Jallly, Ey the various ways Of grafting and mlV
tions.

Concerning all thefe, as likewife the preferv:tioa
and melioration of things propagated, 1 ihall endea-
vor to enumerate what Plants may be increafed by
each of thefe ways, and to (hew how the operation
feeach may be perfarnied, and what the product is

3 % *t*§8

(4)

thae by nature thence ordinarily enfues : Definitions
are hopelef; in this matter, ufelefs too, and it might
be harmful : If I fhould define Sowing,io be the cas-
ing of Seed into the Tarth, in fuch maner, and at
fuch time, when in the furface of the bed the earth
Would lb ferment, as might be proper to the expli-
cation and further germination of the Seed and in-
cteafe of the Plant, there might a world of contro-
verts arife about, the particulars therein contained ;
and yet all that is there would be ufelefs, till the par-*
ticularPb.nts, and the maner of the operation, and
time required to the fowingof their Seeds be firlt de-
clared : I {hall therefore wave all fuch endeavors,
and haften to what may rather prove for ufe than
pomp.

N. 3. nA Catalogue of Flints that may be encreafed
by Seeds. %

rjicomie,

F* Adonis.

*/fl!ijfanders9

Alk^net.

Alaterzus.

AUlaria.

Almonds , the bitter from
our, Englifh Fruit, fer-
ving for his o wn kinde,
or to make (locks for
Aprecots and peaches.

rAmml.

Amarantkus*

Angelica.

Aprecots*

Aparine.

Apple-Trees of all forts,

Apples of Love.

Arfewart.

Armerias.

Archangels.

Ariftolochia,

Ajb.

Afp/tragus.

Ajphodels.

Avens of all forts*

Balm Apple.

Balfamina,

Bajtl,

Balm.

Barberies.

Bay-Trees^

Beech.

Beans.

Bears-cars^

Betony.

Bell-jir.vers,

Beets.

Biftort.

Bitter Almonds^

Bute.

Blew-bottle.

Bloodwort,

Bryonies. '

Bulbous Violets*,

Burrags.

Buglojje,

Burdock.

Burnet Saxafrage.

Burnet,-

Burrs.

Buckthorn,

Bullets oi all forts.

Cabbage ^Plants*

Campions,

Carnations,

Calami nt.

Camomile,

Caucalis.

Carrots wildc*

Carrots*

Caraway,

Qardnm BemdlBHt,

(5)

Cenlory

Celandine,

Chic'kweeds,

Chondrillas*

Chervil.

Cherries,

Chefmts.

The Cornelian Cherrj]

Cichory.

Citrulls,

Ciches,

Claries.

Q)le worts.

The Seed of Cltmnris, but

k comes not up till the

fecond year.
Colefwvaer.
Corn of nrl forts.
Q)romfus Ruelli'u
Comfrey.
Corianders,
Columbines.
Convolvulus major, minor +

and other Bind weeds.
Cornfallet.
Coy Or) of us.

Moft forts of Owfips*.
Crown Imperial,
Cranes-Bills,
Crowfoot of moft forts*
Cucumbers*
Cumin,
C)'damens,

jpres from our-hn-JLfo
B j feed*

(O

feeJ.

FritteUries.

l&.andelion*

Fre&h Mallows*

Thames Violet,

fmnitery.

So ne Daffies^

Garlic^

Qiers Weed,

Garden creffes*

jpittdxder.

Germanders.

Divels Ufm

Girm].

<T>ittJ.r,y.

G'dly-flovpers* ,

DHL

Gourd:.

PoClg.

Moft of our Engliih C?r*/}s

£>ogs-bane*

to this end, Husband-

earth-nut,,

men ufe Hay-dud (as

£grimonya

they call it, in which

}Jecamfxz£9

lie the Seeds of their

fcpafot.

grafs) to fow upon fitch

E^iricas.

Grounds as they mean

Eupatorium cannahimm,

to turn from Fa lio-v in-

Ever green PnW,

to Failure, o: where

Ewe.

they would have the

feverfew.

G.rafs g-rovy thicker.

'feme! flowers*

Grain of all forts.

'ienncl.

Grcmdfel.

Fe&tj&eeJL

^rmndfi'rie^

iJo-.yjrt,

Cromwell.

Fig-trees,

7Iaw!?wcedsa

Vibberds*

Hartwon.

The Firr£-Treem

Fiawthor;\

Some j£/*gy.

flafebms%

F lower s-de-Xjic-St,

Henbane.

FtoS A&DMS+

Hemp.

hPA

'Hellebores.

Flea&a?^ '

Hercules his all heal.

IfyaetKths.

fiorfe-r&d^h*

■ Homed

(

Horned-Poppy*

Hon y -wort.

Horehounds.

Hounds TonngtieS*

Holjoke.

Ha yfc.cij.es,

Folly or Holme.

Hypericum.

all Hyjfopes.

Indian Teppcr*

Jronworte,

Juniper.

Kidney-beans.

Ktvcprveed.

Knot-o~roffe.

Lady {mocks.

2, amlf -lettuce*

Larf^-fpurs.

Lav a, id er.

Largdebeefe.

Leeks.

Some Lillyes , though but

few.
Lichnis {alcedonlca,
Linum umbelUtum,
Lovage,
Lupines.

Mar wants of all kind?*
(JMandrakes.
Maftique.

Common Marjgolds*
Mallows.
French and African Marl-

gc4dst

7)

Marfhmallaivef,
Majterwort.
Maple.

^Malacotones.
Melons.

Melilot^zsA its kinds;
Medlars.
Mercuries.
Molyes.
Moth erwortt,
Mufiard. ■
Mufcipu/a.
Mtillethes.
Mulberries by feed fr@m

hotter climates than our

own ; for our hcac ripens

not the {Qcd.
Mir ties like wife.
Narclffes.
Ds ad- Nettles.
Stinging Nettles,
Noli -me-taxgert.
Night {hades,
N i (jella.
Qk*.
Onions.
Some of the Orchis o£

Hones.
Orach.
Orpines,
paronychia*
Fancies.
Peucedanum*
Parjlej%

fttrfmjA

(

8).

Pa/fnips.

ing not gathered jbut left

Panax Herculeiu*

to \QCd.

Pellitory.

Rocket.

Pennyworts.

Rttjhes of rmny forts.

Peonyes.

! Rue of all foresi

Peafe.

•

Some of the Saffrons , and

Peafe everlaftirg.

Mede Saffrons , whofe

Pears.

feed lyes under the

Peaches,

e.irch.

P erlclimenum.

Satyr i ens.

Pixk?'

Savory.

Pimpernel.

Sabina haccifera.

The Pitch-tree.

Scorpion graffes*

Plums,

Scurvey qraffe.

Plantains.

i Scorodonia. ,

Wild arid garden Poppyes.

' Scabioufe.

Pondrreed.

Scor&oneca, but it comes up

Pompons.

with fome difficulty.

Pnmrofes.

Sefeh dthiopicurn) or HayU

Sver green Privet*

wort.

Pat fati /Us,

i Sefamoides,

Purfiane,

Shepheards purfe*

■ Skirrets.

Princes,

i

JRadi'fr '

Sices.

Raoyorte.

Smalladge,

Rrmplons.

Radtx-caya,

\

Sneez,ewortm

Snapdragon.

Feeds.

Sovtth ifiUn

Bib wort.

Sorrels*

Rofemary by Out-

-bndifh

Spldenvort.

feed, fometmies

bv our

4

Spinach,

own.

Spurges of many kinds*

Roman Nettles.

Splgnel.

£caie iV^che Flo

vcr be- j

Stirtbmrt*

§f4&m

(9)

Atarreflowers,

St ccl^gi Hi flowers.

Sttrrewort.

Flower sof the Sun.

Swsrd-flags.

Swme-crcflfe.

Sw al low-wort.

Sycamores.

Tarragon.

Teafels.

Terr<s,-alandes.

7.' h or r.ey Affiles.

Thorough-wax.

Thyme, both the Winter

and Summer fort.
Thiflles.
Tabacco.
Thlafpies,
Toad-flaxes.
Tragopogon.
7refo;kj and its kinds.
Tulips.
Turnips y and all its vvilde

There is a great controverfe concerning Tf*rt$<
tongue , Maydenhair of divers forts , Scolependrlum ,
Femes, and other Plants, whofc property is to have
the back of the leaf lined with a brown dully fub-
fiance , whether this be a feed , or onely particular
mole, and character of Plants of that nature.

I dare not disbelieve this , when perfe£tly ripe, to,
be a true feed , becaufe divers , very experienced
perfons ( as Mr. Bob art particularly) affirm, that they.
lave feen the fmali Plants, or Seedlings at a diitance.

* all'

kinds.
Tutfan.

Venus LooJ^?7g'glaJfe9
Vervain.
Vetches.
Violets.
Vipers-grajfe.
Vir vine -bower.
Umbilicus -Veneris.
Vines from outlandiiV

feed.
Water-betony. ,
Water-lllly.
Walhmts.
Winter-creffe.
Wi titer- cherries*
Willow- weeds.
Woolfs-baxe.
Wormwood.
Woodroof.
\ Wood-florrel*
Woad.

$11 round the Mother-plant grow up as is ordinary
from ihed feed of other plants, and by Mifcrofcopesy
the iikeneffe of this du.it to other feeds is apparently
fccn,

N. 3 . TJoe Seafons of Sowiwr.

Firft , the moil natural! time of Sowing' is that
which Nature it felf followes {viz,. ) when the feeds
of their own accord fail into the ground.

At this feafbn may be fo.ven all ftbny feeds that
can endure the Winter, as Cherries, Plums, Peaches,
Apples, Peares , likewiie ail Nuts, Buckthornc,
Afh, Oke , and moil wild Engiifh PI ants , thouph
they may as well be fowed any time before tne
•Spring.

The feed of hot, and fweet hearbs, as Thyme , Sa-
vory, Marjerome of fome kinds, and other hot hearts.
If they get any reafonable (xrength and growth before
thefrofts, doe well enough ; alfo Angelica feed,Scur-
vey-graffe , and the feed of Dears-ears , Anifeed ,
Fritellary, Crocus ; and , for ought I know , all the
reft of Bulbous-rooted flowers : So Tulips and Ane-
mones thrive beft, and come fooncft, being fowed af-
ter the feeds are gathered, or in Autumn : For many
OBober does well, but care muft be had to keep ten-
der Plants from FroRs and the violence of V\ inter
leather, when they but young from the feedlings. If
you doubt the nature of any feed, divide your quan-
tity, and {on fome of it in the Spring , fomc before
«the Winter.

At this time alfo muft be fowed divers Plants, for
that by experience 'tis found , that being fowed in
she Spring they will not grow, at leatt not that year i

Of this kinde Myrrhis , or fweet Chervill, and all
llubarbs , which feafily grow then , but faile being
foven in the Spring.

The miftakc of the time has made fome admire ,
that when they with care had fowen Angelica feeds
ieverall times together , this never grew ; on the
contrary , the Seed being fhed would grow in any
place , never fo uncouth or ttony ; nav even carried
away by the water , would grov wherever it was
lodged iri the banks, and that well and luftily ; where-
as the reafon of the difference was in the feafon , for
the laborious Artift kept the feeds till Spring was his
hindrance, whereas better inllruSed Nature would
have committed them to the earth many months
fooner. ' J is a true Proverb, f repertta fa tw foletfdfe
decipere, fcra fentper.

Some feeds are fowen at the breaking of the Froft,
and the very firft beginning of Spring , and that up-
on a hot bed, for the greater fecurity and fp eed of the
Plant to be propagated : So the early Badifh , the
Senhtive Plant", Maracoc, Palm Apples, French
Marygolds , Muskmelons , all Cucumbers , African
Marygolds , the Marvail of the world , the Indian
Creile, or yellow Larkshcel, Lettices that they may
be had early.

The hot Ped is made with horfe-dung laid four ,"
five, or fix foot high , and of the fame breadth com-
monly, incteafmg or diminishing the quantity of the-
dung ( whiih ufes to be frefh, as it comes from the
(table , mingled with ftale Litter , Hay, &c. ) accor-
ding as you would have the heat greater or lcffe ,
upon which bed of dung you lay fine mould, five fin-
gers breadth in deepneffe or thereabouts, comparing
ic round with hay-bands which keep the dung toge-
ther „

thcr , and hinder the (learning out of the heat by
the (ides ; then ftaking it up with liakes, and putting
bended tucks in the manner of a very low roofe to.
hold up tilts that are put to fecuie the Plants , the
hot bed is perfectly finished; 1 hofe that ufe Cap-
glaffes, or Cafements made to lye upon a frame over
their beds , neverrhelefle mull life though not tilts,
yet covering with ftravv , litrer , or the like.

Aiparagu> andCheivii are bell fovn in Winter be-
fore. Chriltmaue, or fromy-after^id in the beginning
of Spring without any hoc bed. In February , or af-
ter a.rds, are fovyn Parfnips,Leeks, Onions, Anifeeds,
Garrets, Radifh, Spin^ge, Larks-fpurs, Marygolds y
Cxrefolium, Corn-failet , and with the firft of tbefe
the Rounfeval peafe.

Coiiiflovers and Cabbages in the middle of Fe-
bruary , Muskmelons fomewhat after , or then for a
venture, 'lis obferv'd by all I have enquired of>
that the leffe of the Winter the Cabbage or Colly-
flowers feels , the more fubjeft 'tis to C aterpi liars.
In March or *y4pril( or according to fome with us ,
from the beginning of February ; or, if the Frofts
breake, any time in January ) Carrot, Radifh, To-
bacco , Fennel , Crefles , Skirrets are ordinarily
Coven.

In April, Mar jerome, Bafil , Coleflowers ; for by
often tranfplanting and care you may have Coleflow-
ers from feed , fowen in the Spring , though it be
very far gone even to June or July the fame yearc,
Pincks , Armeriaes , Convolvulas , Kidney-beans,
Lupins, Hyffope, Lavander , Stock-gillyflowers »
Thyme, Hemp.

About the latter end of April, Purflane , Clove*
{illiflowers , Carnations, BaJik Rofemary.

About

05)

About Ml&fttntmr fow the early Peafe , to be ripe
fix weeks after M'chaelmujJ'c.

Noce chit our Gardiners , though there be fomc
peril!, chufe to fow early, becauie they have much
advantage by all forts or forward commodities ; fo
Turnips lowed early, many run to feed , yet one
good then 3 is worth three at another feafon. The
fame maybe faid of Peafe and Garrets, which by
cold are fpoyled many times ; yet it is obferved by
feme , that oftentimes , Whether by difference of
ground, or other accident, the Bean latter fowed
wil overtake the former , and fo in fome forts of
Peafe.

Many feeds are beft fowen about Juguft , fo Tur-
nips , and the black Radifh , for a peculiar reafon ;
which is,' being fowen fooner* they are apt to run up
to feed before Winter y and not to HI the root at all.
Onions for winter provifion, Lettice and Corn-fallec
fo: the fame occaiion ; Spiitage too , alvyaies upon
that account, though otherwife they maybe fowen
with the firft- Nay , our Gardiners here in Ox-
ford fow Turnips in April y and fo forward till the
Winter.

Cabbage plants are fowed commonly about Au~
guft ; and the firft Coleflowers, that they may before
Winter be fo grown , as to be tranfplanted at greater
diftance , fo to abide till the Spring. I have known
fome, when froft has fpoyl'd the winter Cabbage-
plants , to have furnifhed themfelves from plants, rai-
led in the Spring upon a hot bed.

Many feeds muft be gathered a little before they
are throughly ripe with the ftalkes on which they
grow ; for fhould it abide until the full maturitie in
che Garden , by wind and weather great part of the

feed

(*4)

Feed would be fhed , which will eafily perfect its
ripenelle as ir lyes cat upon its ftalk, being laid any
where wirhin doore upon a clbatb or mat where the
Sunne coir.es. Of this kind is Lettice , and moft of
thofe feeds that arife from the iiock with a wooli-
nefle.

There are many Plants that will grow in all times
of fo ving , and therefore are {owen many months ,
one after another ; fo Radi'ihes , and Spinach , and
Peafe , which are fowen with the fir(| in the Spring ;
and fo month after month till Autumn. Thofe Let-
tice which abide tl e winter are wont to be tranfulan-
ted to Cabbage in the Spring , even as Cabbages are
with admirable fuccels.

Cur Gardiners , that they may have Cucumbers'
to fel one under another, plant them in hot beds from
February even till May.

Peafe are fowen from the beginning of November
( or by fome a fortnight before , though with fome
danger of the biting froit ) and fo forward til after
Shrovetide,

Eounfevals/if fowed never fo early, will fcarce
come before the latter part of the Month of Jure,

Husbandmen generally ufe to fow Wheat under
furrow in the Autumne ; but I have feen it with good
fuccefs fowen in the Spring , and harrowed in after
the manner of fowing Barley ; the crop being as good
as any other times upon the fame ground , after the
ufual country procedure.

Some feeds inuft be fowea dry , not after raine ot
watering : Of this kind is Myrrhis feed, Bafil , Scor-
2onera , and all fuch as being wet run to a MufcL*
hge.

Many times they fowT divers feeds in a led toge-

ther , as "RadiuSes and Carrots , that by fuch time as
the Carrots come up , the Radiihc; may be gone..
Upon beds newly fet with Licorice they forv Onions
or Radifh , or Lcttice if their Licorice plants ot
ground be but weak 3 fo as not quickly to caufe a (ha-
dow with their leaves. Z/W^Gardineis fovT Radifh,
Lettice, Pnriley , Carrots, on the fame bed , gather-
ing each in their feafons , and leaving the Parfmps
till the Winter ; before which time they are note-
ileemed good, or wholtome.

Note , that where your grounds arc very warm by
reafon of hedges, ho:, beds, dunghils, &c, that may
abate the power of thefroft* feeds may be ventured
into the ground much fooner than otherwife in ordi-
nary places.

Cabbage feeds and Coleflowers are fovyed in An*
guft, or fo timely as to be exa&ly vVeli rooted plants
before winter; and this is the be- way: Or are
foWed 2izqt^ fo that they are tranfplanted in the time
of cold. This way is hazardous in the winter, by
reafon of the nipping Frofts , aiad chargeable, in that
they require much attendance , and covering , and
uncovering, which thofe plants that are confirmed
before winter doe nor. Secondly , they are more
fub;e& to Caterpillars in the Summer ; but the way
of raifing of them by hot beds in the Spring for Cab-
bages is the vVorft way of all , and moft fubjeit to the
peril of that vermine.

Thofe Plants of the Spring fowing , that you fo\v
later than ordinary, require to be the more watered
_and fhadowed from the heat*

Thofe in the Spring that are fowed earl'yer than
otdinary , require the more to be defended from the

T©

(iS)

Thofe in the Autumne, that you prematurely
fow , are to be watered and ihadowed the more.
Thofe which you low late are to be better defended
from the Winter till they have gotten ftrength.'

N. 4. ^ Examples of Sowing withfome particular
di retiions for fome choice Vegetables.

Bramp, 1 • Prow Mr. Parkinfon; directing skillfully the
ordering of Tulips in their propagation 'by feed.

The fifft example I Hull give you out of Mr.frzr^w-
fdm The time (fayes he)ahd manner of Sowing Tulip-
feed is thus, you may not fc.v them in the Spring of
the year , if you hope to have any good of them , but
in the Autumne, or prefently after they be through
ripe and dry; yet if you fo.v them not until! the end
oiQilob. they will come forward never the worfe,
but rather the better: for it is often feen, that over-
early fowing caufeth them to fpring out of the ground
over-early, fo that if a flurpibring chance to follow,
it may goe near to fpoile all, or moil of the feed: We
uiually fov the fame yean feed , yet if you chance to
keep of your own, or have of others,fuch feed as is two
years old, they will thrive and doe well enough ; F f-
peciallyif they were ripe and well gathered: you
mu.il not fow them too thick , for To doing hath 'loft
many a Feck of feed ; for if the feed lie one upon an-
other , that it hath not roome upon the fprouting to
enter or take root in the earth , it perifheth by and
by ; Some life to tread down the ground v\here they
mean to fow their feed , and having fo^en them
f hereon, doe cover them over the thicknefs of a mins
1 humb, with fine fifted earth , and they think they

doe

'(17)
doe well, and have good reafon for It i For confidef*
ing the nature of young Tulip roots is to runne, down
deeper into the ground , every year more then other*
they think to hinder their quick defcent by the fafll
nefs of the ground, that fo they may increafe the bet*
ter. This way may pleafe fome, but I doe not ufe it*
nor can find the reafon fufficient;fdrthey doe not:con^
fider that the (lifnefs of the earth doth caufe the roots
of the young Tulips to be long before they grow
great , in that the ftirte ground doth more hinder the.
well thriving of the RoOus then a loofe doth : and al-
though the roots doe runne down deeper in a loofe
earth > yet they may eafily by tranfplanting be holpen
and raifd up high enough. I have alfo feen fome
Tulips not once removed from* their fowing t;o their;
flowering; but if you v\ ill not loofe them you muft
take them up while their leaf or fblk be frefh and noc
withered: for if you doe not follow the fblk dowri
to the root , be it never fodeep you will leave thsrn
behind you.

The ground alfomuftbe fefpe^ed, for the fitter J
fofter and richer the mould is , wherein you fovv the
feed, the greater {hall be your increafe and variety-
Sjft it therefore from Rones and rubbifh, and let it bd
either fat naturall ground of it felf, or being muckt,
letit be throughly rotten.-fome I know to mend theii?
ground doe make fuch a mixture of grounds > that
they mar it in the making*

Perrarms bids that the feed be foweh mSepremhfa
foon as rain fhall mate the/ ground fit) half a fingers
breadth in good Garden mould, riot to be removed irl
two years after,at which time they are to be removed
and placed in feverall beds , according to their feve-
allbignefs, where in 4 or 5 years they v\ ill bear
%ir flowers* C Exmjh

(i8')

Example iy Of ' Anzmoxe's

* Within a moneth after the feed of A nemone's is
gather 'd a id prepared , (in Amu ft, fries Terrariw, ex
three daye; before the full Moon in Sepemb.) it rriufi
be fo^vn j for by that means you {hall gain a yea r in
the growing, ove; th.it you lhould doe if you foVveci in
the next fpring : If there remain any WooHnefs in
the feed , pull it afunder as well as you cab, and then
fow your feed reaforiably thinneupona pbin fmooth
bed of fine earth , or rather in pots or tubs , and af-
ter the fowing lift or gently itrew over them fome fine
good frefb mould , about one fingers thicknefs at the
moil for the firil time ;and about a month after their
fpringing up, fift , or fire v over them in like man-
ner (this is a neceffafy circumtknee ) another fingers
thicknefs of fine earth, and in the mean time if the
.weather prove dry , you lnuft water them gently and
often , and thus doing you {hall have them fpring up
before winter and grow pretty ftrong , able to abide
the (harp winter , in their Nonage, in ufing fome
little care to cover them looilywith Fearne, furze,
or Bean-itraw or any fuch things, which muft neither
Jy clofe to, nor too far re from them.

The next Spring after the fowing , or which is bet-
ter the next Auguft you may remove them , and fet
them in order by Row es "with fuffirient diftance one
from another , where they may abide , until you fee
what manner of flo ver they will bear.

Many of them being thus ordered , if your mould
be fine, loofe and frefh , not fiony , clayifh, or from,
a niiddin , will bear flowers the fecond year after the
fowing, and moftor all of them the third year^if youc

-ground

'OsO

ground be free from fmoiks and other annoyance?,
JSay Mr. AvfwoiWadham (oil. a skillfull flo nil, ?flii~
red me that he has had Anemones from the feed fow--
ed in fummer,that were in flower within ten moneths
of the time of their fo.ving.

Ni 3. Ciovergrajfe behg efteemed as great an improve* .
raent as any oar ground is capable of : I falladdefach
fpedall directions as are given for tie ordering there*
of: Sir %lt'hard Wefions observations and r piles are
as followth,

■■
ClovergraiTe-feed thrives heft when you fow it in the
-woril and barrenneit ground. Such as our worft heath
ground in Lngland. The ground is thus prepar'd for
feed.

Firfi pare of the heath ; then make the paring into

little hills: you may put to one hill as much paring as

comes off from a Rod or Pole of ground , which is

thefquareofiixteenfeetandahalf. The hill being

Efficiently made and prepared i ( as they doe in D&

vonfhiring as we tall it) are to be fired and burnt into*

allies, i net unto the allies of every hill you mull put

a peck of unflake Lime ; the Lime is to be covered

over with the allies • and fo to Hand til Rain comes

and 11 .'kes the lime. After that mingle your allies

and Lime together , and fc ipread it over y6itr land*

•.T his done ; either againit , or lliortly after rain",

.plough and fowe ; ploughing not above foure inches

deep and no: in furrowes 5 but as plain as you car\

.-and to make it yet plainer, harrow afterwards, and

that with buines under your Harrowes.

„ . The ground being thus prepared yon may fow your

feeds. An Acre of ground will take about ten pWtfcft

C % i£.

(»o)

of Glover-graffe-feed , which is in meafure fomwhat
more then half a Perk. The chief feafen for fowingit
is April or the latter end di March.

About the fift of Jane it will be ready to be cut. Ic
yeelds excellent hay. The time of cutting it will
be more tixa&ly knowne, by obferving when it begins
f o knocrfor that is the time.-And ere the year be done,
it will yeild you three of thofe crops , all of them
very good hay ; and after you have thus cut it the
third time , you may then feed the ground with Cat-
' tie ' all the winter, as you doe other ground.

But if you intend to preferve feed , then muft you
espeft but two crops that year, and you muft cut the
hrft according to the forefaid directions, but the fe-
cond growth mull be let Hand , till the feed of it be
come to a full and dead ripeneife, and then mult you
cut it , and th relit the tops, and fo preferve the feed,
you fhall have at leafl five buinells of feed from every
Acre.

This feed thus threfhed off, there will be left
long ilalks , thefe your Cattle will eat ; but when
they gro v old and hard, you are to boile thofe ftalks
and mike amaili of them , and it will be very nou-
riihing either for Hogs, or any thing that eat thereof.

After the fecond cutting for feed , you mull cut
that year no more;but as it fprings again, feed it with
Cattle. One Acre of it will feed you as many Cowes
as fix ordinary Acres , and you will find your milke
much richer ; which induces fome not to cut it ac
all, but onely to graze it for their Dayry.

Being once fo ved, it will laft five years, and then
being plowed , it will yeild three or four years toge-
ther rich crops of wheat , and after that a crop of
Oats.

C'21)

And as the Oats begin to come 'up , then fow it
with Clover-feed (vvbkh is in it felf excellent Ma-
nure ) for you need not beflov any nevv drcfling up-
on the ground , and by that time you have cut your
Gates , you will find a de licare graflc grown up un-
derneath , upon hich if you pieafe , you may graze
with Cattle or Horfe all than year after , and the next
year take your crop as before at pleafure*

To prevent milhke , I mutt give this advertife-
ment , that whereas Sir Richard mfl on commends
heathy ground , he is not to be underllood , of
fuch dry and barren ground without its belt Manure
by chalk , lime , and the like artifices of hulkindry.
For othenvife ic has failed in the growth & improve-
ment thereby expected. Mr. Blith commends ground
naturally good , betwixt ten and twenty flail lings an
Acre : giving this generall Rule, that no land can
be too good for Clover that, is not too good for Corn.

Hempe and Flax are vfed to have the fame culture,
and the belt hufbandry that I have obferved of them
has been in Staff or d^ire , where t bis procedure is
generally obferved. About the beginning or middle
of A 'prill the flax feed is fow en upon new broken
ground , immediately upon its being broken up.The
feed they eirher have from their own Crop, or buy it
from a warmer Country : Mr. Blith reports the true
Eafl-Country feed to be farre the beft , who for tryall
of both , fpwed on the fame land 3 the Ridge or Mid-
dle with our Country feed > and both the furrowes,
with Dutch or eaft-country feed , (fuch as is bought
in the feedfmens (hops at BlUirgfgate in Laxdvv) the
effefl was that our feed, though on the ridge it had the
advantage of the ground, was encompatfed with the
putchj as with a wall about it , fo much the Eafterne

feod

feei did out grow ic. Helikewife for warmer, parts*
as I: (Tex and Kent thinks mid- March a g^teniefcE
fe.tion tor loving it: If weeds grow therein they care-
fully weed their crop and pull it in dry v. either
when it lookes yello v , left growing oyer ripe ic
bla.ken and mildew, and tve it up in, h:mdfulls that;
u may perfectly dry .Then they ripple it, is, that they
get oat the feeds by drawing it through an. 1 ngine
hke an iron double tooth combe , ^hicrjthey call a
"Tipple: the boles or. feed pulled off, they lay on a
boirded o; phyilerd tlooretodry, it being dryed
rhey lay it up and threili it nor out of the boles tijl
Marsh j Alien they winno.v it cieun from the.huskes.
The .watering of it is thus : The Flax being well
dryed, the v bind up about 20 hancfulls in a bundle
an, 1 putting mmy of theft bundles together they {lake
them do.vn in the water, tin it they may not be carryed
awry by the Streame. The flax abides in water 4 or 5
dayes and nights, then they fu read it on the graile
rhat it may dry,turning it every 3 dayes, and when it
is full dryed they lay it up and houfe it.and when they
fee their occahon they life their Brake and Crack ,
inftrumencs deviled for the purpofe to bring the Tow
from the Flax! The whole Government and hus-
bandry of hemp from the feed ro the difiaffe is fo like
this of Flax trnt the fame example and rule may very
Well ferve for both.

Woad Recording to Uv,Biiths direct on s,ls beR fow-
ed where you fovy your Barly or Gates, upon that very
hufb-mdry or tilth, about the middle of March, and
may grow up among the Corn becaufe it groweth noE
tul'tnehrit "rummer, but after the Corn is cut ic
iimll bs prefcrvvd 3 ij requires a rich^nd warme foil*

This

(>3)
This plant is of great ufe to Dyars,and colourech the
bright yellow or lemon colour , It abates the Rrength
ana fuperrichnefleof land, and rmv prep ire for Corn
in land of its own Nature too rich ^ which is, as Mr,
JUhh obferves, fometimes a faulty though not fo fre-
quently as the contrary extreme.

terns require a low deep ground and Waterifh,not
dry , fandy o; gravelly foyie : his is true offeild
beanes, though I firit tooke notice of the great diffe-
rence in our London Gardens,wherc the labourers tor
their o mi eating would give one part in three more
for a meafure of beanes from the former than from,
the latter foyl,who afi'ured me that, from the fame feed
and care garden beans have much more meale, puipe v
or kernel! and thinner- skins in the moilt than in the
dryer and lefle waterifh ground,

N. q.Tfo Gencrail obfervatiens for the manr.er of fowing*

. Bendes the Examples aforefaid, I fhall adde fome
rules fuch as by Garciiners are ufually obferved*

This is generall that all feeds mull be covered
with the earth , which is done> either by fowing the
ground and turning the feed in under the furrow , da
by drawing trenches in the foyle , and then drawing
the earth over them with a hoe, or fowing the beds
'ready dreil , and hacking in the feed with the fame
•instrument, or by harrowing, raking with a rake of
drawing bufhes over the foved ground to cover the
feed, or to fet the fingle (ceds with a llick , oidaftif
to fow the ground and afterwards to fit or (trow fins
mould thereon*

the two lafte waves are for choice feeds v\ hen the
workemai^ dciires t p loofc noise fo£ want of burying

4&

(*4)

the fo VtBg under furrow is for fuch feeds as muft en-
dure the winter , the depth of ground being part of
their fecurity againft the winter colds': nor are all
feeds of ftrength to ihoot their germen through fo
much earth. The fo.ving intrenches is ufed forPeafe,
there being thereby (paces left between the rowes,
of half a yard more or leffe, to gather them as they
ripen ,and roome whence to draw mould to the roots,
which frequently doners very advantageous to them.
"It is likewife handfome for Spinach, Endive, Thyme,
Savory or other garden herbs to grow in rowes after
this manner of fowing.

Moiikire is abfolutely neceffary for the growth of
all plants , two or three dayes after a great rain is
accounted a good feafon ; in dry weather two dayes
after rain fay the London Gardiners, agreably to that
of F err arms , Nee tamen ftmtlac magms irnbribm ter-
ra yermadmt feres 3 fed ttytiffer expe£Ubis3dtim fluvi-*
us Ule mad?r mo&lce exficcetur3 ne wadenti limofo^ in
folo-'ftamu radices exftitrefcavt de Fl. cult. 1. 3. c. 1.
Seeds that are apt to run to aMufcilage are unfit to en-
dure moifture upon that account,as elf where I noted.
Iprefcribe nothing concerning the obfeivationof
the faces of the moone, becaufe J much doubt of any
effe& therefi'om.Neither doeGardiners that work,nor
Authors that write , prefcribe alike rules ; but.contra^
dia each other in their direction , for the particular
obfervation of this Planet , as to any intended pro-
duction. Nor is it agreeable to my reaion, that the
moones being in trie full at the firlt explication of the
t^odiiTimilar leaves, o" germination of the plant,
fhould caufe a double flower, this germination ac-
icording to this pre lent Hitiory , differing little from
pthe: augmentations cf the fame plant, in oppofite

qaurters

to?

quarters immediately enfuing : fo that if a full
moonebe proper, I fee no renfon why it may not be
effe&uall , by vertueof the famephafis the third,
as the firtt or the twelveth,as the fixt day of the feed-
lings augmentation.

The meliorating of ground belongs to the head of
Improvement; here I fhall only obferve that where
ground is very light , as in fome Londonand Kentifh
gardens,it is found profitable afcer fovingto tread in
die feed.

Some deep all garden feed before they fow them
to make the germination the more fpeedy, but feeing
there be no better waves of infuiion than in Larth and
Water,why the fame bofome of a well watered ground
fhould nor be raoft fit for this operation I fee not.

In feeds that are long in coming up, the feed bed
is nor to be digged up the firft winter : For I know
diverfe feeds that will for a great part of them ly un-
der gropnd rhe firft, year and come up the fecond; of
this Nature is the Afh-key fometunes , the Peach,
Malecorone and fome Plums.

N. ^ . Of variety of klndeS , differ eta in colour jajfe,
fmell^and othsr fenjible qualities proceeding from fome
feeds , and what flouts they are that bring feeds yeild-
fuch va rlety.

In Carnations you have feeds that give admirable
Variety from the Orange-tawny Carnation and all
his ftrip't kinds that are double and keepe their taw-
ny in them in any meafure. The white, Tawny and
Carnations darkly fported , Verrarlm commends for
producing variety of colours and (Iripes. Kernells of
divers 'Apples and Peares bring variety of kinds ,
different in tafte, fmell, colour, and hardneffe , and

are

'areas often promoted to better , as the degenerate
to worft,as I am very credibly informed , by perfons.
that proteffe themfelves to have feen the experience *
The kernells of the Burgundy Pear has brought a no-
ble alteration and produceth a pear farre beyond that
excellent kind:Peaches and Malecotones doe ordina-
rily the like , fo that by feed is thought to be their-
belt propagation.

Our Gardiners in choof.ng the feed of fioek-Gylln
flowers to mike them bring double (locks, take their
feed from fuch tops as bring fine leaves in their
flo.ve", cf ecially if it be one itrip't; but Mr. P. fayes
thofe mat bear double feeds , cannot be diltinguiilied
from the other , and I have reafon to beleive him,
for futh as chufe their feed this way, doe not find
chat it anfwers their expectation.

For Tulips trm are early , or Precoces , the pur-
ple fays Mr. Par^nfon^ I have found to be the beft r
next thereto is the purple with white edges 9 and fo
likewife the red, with yellow edges ;but each of them
will bring molt of their o-vn Colours. For the Me-
dia's , take thofe colours that are light , rather white
then yellow , and purple , then red , yea white , nor
yellow, purple, not red: but tbefe again to be fpotted
is the bed, and the more the better ; but withall or
aboveall, in thefe refpeel: the bottome of the flower
(which in the precox Tulipa you cannot, becaufe you
fhall find no other ground in them but yellow) for if
the flover be white or whitifh , fpotted , or edged
•and iiraked , and the bottome blew or purple (which
is found in the Holias, and in the Cloath of Silver,
this is beyond all other the molt excellent, and out of
<nieftion the choifeft of an hundred, to beget the
greateii and moft pleafant variety , and .ramie , and

e*7)

fo in degree* the meaner in beauty you fbw , the
letter fhall your plc.Uure in wv.ietiesbe: Befiovnot
your time in lowing red or yellow 1 ulip?-feed, o: the
diverfe mixtures of them , they will (as 1 have found
by experience) feldomc: be worth your paines. 1 he
Serolim being not beautifull , brings forth no fpeci-
all varietye : Terr arias lib. 3, chap. 7. commends
the Serolina for feed , (but I find he makes but two,
forts; Prxcoces and Serolin's) and among them
the white , with the black purple, or blew bottomes
or Scarlet with skycoloured bottome inclining topur-
ple;for both them vvill (tayes he) bring Tulips mark'c
with varietye and hatidfomheffe : But Tulips with-
out a blackifh bottome are noe good breeders of va-
rious coloured flowers.

The two leffer Spaniili baibrdDaffodills^the leaves
of Mitch are of a whitifh green colour, one alittle
broader then the other , and the- flowers pure white ,
bending down their their heads , that they almoft
;ouch the Stalk again, giye ^eed from which fp.rings
much varietye , fe.v or none keeping either colour oc
height with their mother plant.
. The feeds of divers So a breads , by name the Ror
jgoao Sot bred wich round leaves , thq. Autumnall I-
vy leaved Sowbread, fome fib: ers-de-lis, i and many
4brts of Bears-ear.es doe :he like in pro^uceing admi-
rable variety.

As for Anemones , iake't from Mr. <P. and our
common dayly experience that there is not fo great
variety of double flowers raifed from the feeds of
thinne leave* d £ nemones as, from the broad leaved
ones. Of the Latifolias,che doubleOrange-tawny feed
being fowen , yeildeth pretty ^varietyes, but the pur-
f les 3or reds 3or crimfqns „ yeild {mall varietyes, bujt

fuck

(l8)

fuch as draw neareft to their originall , although fome
be a little deeper or lighter then othersrBut the light
colours are they that are - chief for choice y as white,
afh-colour , blu/h or CarnatiorUight Orange^Simple,
or party-coloured,{ingle (or double if they beat feed)
which mutt be carefully gathered , and than not be*
fore it be fully ripe , which you iball know by the
head, for when the feed with the woollineffe begin-
neth a little to rife of it felf at the lower end , then
mutt it be quickly gathered , left the wind carry it all
a\vay,after it is thus carefully gather'd it mutt be layd
to dry for a week or more , which then being gently
nibbed with a little dry fand , or earth will caufe the
feed to be better feparated , although not throughly,
from the woolinefs or downe that compafleth it.

In the feed of the Mervayle-of-the-world , take
notice , that if you would have variable flowers , you
mutt, chufe out fuch flowers as be variable while they
blow , that you may have their feed 1 for in this plant
if the flower be of a Tingle colour,the feed will likely
bring the fame.

N. 6. Some other relations of trayfmuration , an A the
■poffibilky of & change ofL ones fpecies into another exa~
mined.

I have often heard perfons affirme, that they have
fo ved Barley3or fome other grain , and in the ground
the feed has been fo altered as to fend forth Oates in-
deed of corn, according to its own fpecies. I am
as yet far re from giving any aflent to this their Hi-
ftory. The Reafons why I difbeleive them are, firft,
becaufethe Relators a flfir me whole fields to be thus
varied, and that to one fpecies (viz) of Oates, which
Is different from Barley in the tow , eare and grain,

in

it felfe. Whereas in the variation of feed , in thofe
vegetables,in which the change is undoubted, the co*
lour only or fifcne other ealily alterable accidents,fuch
as the feniible qualities are generally found are trans-
muted , and this transmutation ends not at all in a-
nother divers kind ; »but in feverall fmall diverfities
of the fame kind ; The iioryes of Wheat turned to
Muihrd- feed were as likely to be true , and is a fk
paraliell to create a right bcleife of the true caufe o£
the mentioned effect. Secondly, I knew a Gentleman
who plowed a piece of land in the ipring , and then
foved it nor j but after it was harrowed and prepared
fo: feed left it to its own Genius and nature to pro-
duce what it was inclined to : The Ground was on its
own Nature apt to bring forth wild-Oatas amidft the
Corn , now in defeat of Corn there grew as many
wild-Oat es unmixt from any other weeds, as the land
could carry. This was tryed in a great peice of land,
and much proffit was made of the Oates, the Gentle-
man having cut them green for Fodder Anno 1657.

My judgment therefore is, That the fallacy which
befell my above named Relators was, that they mi-
Rook the caufe of the production of the Oates menti-
oned; for to me it is much moreeafie to conceive,
that by tome evill accident, as it often happens ( the
feed corn being corrupted and periih't in the ground)
the ground it's felf from its own Seminary , fent out;
the fuppolititious Crop of Oates or Muftard,than that
there fhould be a variety of fo ftrange a Nature, and
declenhon from its property ,in the iflue of any • fpe-
cies.

It is indeed grovven to be a great que(lion,whethec
the tranfmutationof a fpecies be polTible either in the
vegetable. Animal, or Mineral! kingdome. For the

poflibility

(3°)

fotfi'oihty of it in the vegetable t I have heard Mr;
Hoi? art and his Son often report it, and proffer to make
bath that theCrocus and Gladioluses likwife the Leu-
coium , and Hyacinths by a long (landing without re-
planting have in his garden chdftged from one kind to
the other : arid for lacisfa&itin about the curiofity in
the prefence of Mr.Bc^/f I tbolie up fome bulbs of the
verynumericall roots whereof the relation was made,
though the alteration was perfected before, where
we faw the dive-U'e bulbs growing as it were on the
fame f loo le, clofe together, but no bulb half of the
one kind , and the other half of the other: But the
change-time being part it was reafon we ftiould be-
leivethe report of good arciits in matters of their
own faculty.

Mr. Wyench a skilful! , and indubious gardiner fof
fruit and kitching-plants told me that the hi\ year
there was a change betwixt the kinds of the Cole-
fio ver , and the cabbage. Others I know who as from
their experience molt confidently affirme that they
have prime-rofes of tbe milk white colour , the root
whereof before in another ground bare Oxelips : and
it is ufually beleived that divers (ingle flowers may
be changed into double by frequent tranfplantations^
made into better grounds.I knev thofe that have had
the wood Ariemonies , and Colchiums double, who
affirme that they took them into their garden wild ±
and Tingle , and that that change was made by the
foyle, and culture of the place.

For the animall Kingdome the inftances of trans-
mutation are in filkwormes , cadiz , and all caterpil-
lars, which after a long ileep from the reptile tunic
into the volatile kind.

The miner All Kingdom is fuppofedtobe famous

raid

ahd fruitfull in thefe changes , the hope of the Phi-
lofophers ftone,or peffe&ing medicine requiring this
bcleife : Yet I am perfwaded that in many of their
tfitng&s they rather feparate , arid bring to apparence
a latent miner all, than produce it by the tranfmutdtion
of another into that nature. Sennertm recants thofe
writtings of his,that affirmed iron to hive been turned
into copper by hatura]l,ahd aftificiaH waters of Vitri-
oll. Iheeftecloniyin his fe -©nd , and more ma-
ture judgment being the feparation of a copper be-
fore latent in the V irrioll , and the precipitation of
it by the parts of the iron : and I hive feen fome ex-
periments made by the honorable Perion,for whom 1
am now writing, that have added ftrength to my for-
mer perfivafion , particularly the fuppofed tranfmu-
tation of quickhlver into lead,publifbed as real by the
learned Vntz.erus and others , and to be made by difi
folving the quickiilver in acjua fortis, & precipitating
it by the tincture of Miriium,proved but fophiflicall,
the Lead, produced that way being indeed not made
of the Mercury, but only reduced out of the tincture
of Minium, wherein it lurck't, as that Gentleman
doth more circumfbntially fet down in his own pa-
pers, and others of the like nature., ; which it were
nor proper here further to infift oil.

Itisaqueltion , whether there be any reall trans-
mutation , from the vegetable to the minerall king-
dome, in petrifaction of any fort of wood: thofe petri-
factions , which I hnve feen in England , are made
thus, fome particles of (lone, that impregnate the bo-
dy of water , make a cruft about the flick that is to
be petrified , and enter into the pores thereof, as fait
as they are layed open by the water , wafhing through
the flick, wherein there mcerceeds , noe change o£
* the

the fame parts, but by addition of Tome , and fub—
itradlion of others , if I imagine aright , the new ef-
fect is wrought. The proof s hereof may be , that
the fibres of wood appear vihble and to the touch and
taiie amidft the body of the Hone,

In Ireland there is a Lake wherein (as that Noble
Per fon I but now mentioned , hath related to me)
there is foe great a petrifying faculty that the beft
vvhetibnes ufed in that nation , are made of wood ,
caft therein to be petrified . In which Hones though
all the lineaments of the woody fibres remain, yet
they are indued with thehardnefle, and other quali-
ties of an exacl itone. And Corall , the entire ftony-
nefle thereof noe man can doubt , may well be ima-
gined to be originally a vegetable bearing root , ftalkj
and leafe ; and that afterward it is turned into its
hardneffe by the peculiar property of the water: whe-
ther thefe operations of nature are likewife perfected
by addition and fubftraction of parts only,or whether it
be required that lbme parts for the production of this
effect be tranfmut-ed I fhall not clerermine.
And for the deciding the whole question ,if the form
be fpecificall,and fo made by the aggregation of a cer-
tain number of accidents,thofe accidents guhatnimv
ber muft be atfigned that are thought enough to com-
pleat a new form,before we may begin to judge in this
matter for that very many accidents maybe changed ir.
appears bythe above named inftances in vegetables 2c
in other bodyes many more : VinegerandVYine,are
the fame 'parts tranfpofed and yet there feemes to
be more difference between them than between Fn-
dive and Cichory ,Maidenhaire and Scolopendrium ,
Rubarb and Dockes , which are in Vegetables efteem-
ed for diverfe fpecies formally or fpecifically diftin-
..juifhed. Numb*.

'(33)

N. 7. OfProviJionforfeed* r

Many Rootes are ro be tranfplanted at the latter
end of the year , and will bring forth perfect feeds 2
as, Garrets , Parfneps , Turneps. Cabbages, are to be
layd in Cellars all winter 3 the roote and Cabbage be-
ing replanted in the fpring, or the feed may be got,
though not in fo plehtifull a mahner,from the ftalks of
Cabbages , whence in the feafon the Cabbage was ta-
ken either replanted, or ftatiding in their old places;
Coleflowers give their feed from the like care that is
beftowed on the Cabbage.

I have feen Gardirlers that provide Cabbage-feed
in great quantitie for the Aops in London upon their
courfe ground , to.fow Cabbage feed which without
cranfphntation toll bring forthColewortsforboyling
hearbs , and then a crop of feed: many plants thac
bear fruit bring their feed every year in their fruits*
fo Apples , Peares , Plumes , Peaches , Aprecots,
Wheat , Barley , Rye , Peafe , Beanos , and many
that beare no fruit doe the like , fo Lettute , Raclifh
all grafles , fo that unleffe fome peculiar plants which
require to be excepted: Yucca Indica > bears nei-
ther flower nor feed in leffe than four years time : 'tis
generall that each feed will ripen every year, and the
Deft generall token of maturity is its loofnefs from
the pedal I by which its joyned to the itock, fo as ker-
nel Is in ripe Apples grow loofe from the core;

Thofe perfens that makeYorjuce ftr Cider can beft
furniili him that intends a Nurfery, for notvvithftand-
•ing both the violence of Mill or Prefle , the kernells
efcape entire enough for Vegetaticn;but care muft be
Jvid thac they be immediately foweu after the prelims
D halt

(34)
left being i layd on a heap they heat, in the manner of
wee Hay, and bum the -germen of the feed, which
In the moifture of the bruited fruit by that heat v\ill
prematurely fprdut forth to its own perifhingi

In providing Lettuce feed , mark the plants that
you fee ftronge.. for feed , and after they have begun
to ihoox ftalks 3 ft rip away the loweft leaves , for two
o: three h.mds breadth above the ground, thai by
then :he ftalk be not rotted.

Let .Carnation and Gillyflower-Cods of feed ftand
upon the Rodte fo long as you may,for danger of froft,
then cur the ftems off with the Cods on them and dry
them fo,as nor ro loofe the feeds; '1 he drynefle of the
Cods and bl.icknefs of the feed is an Argument of
ripenefle : Ferrar in* Lib: 3. Cap. 15. Reports , that
the bortome of every Cod brings the beft feed : and
the larg eft flowers.

The feed of Crocus's are only3 or at leaft,beft taken
from the ordinary ftript vernal! Crocus, the great:
purple Crocus , the great blew Crocus of Naples,
the ftript purple , the leffe purple , flame coloured ,
the purple with fmall leaves , the yellow ftript , the
clo.ith of Gold.Clovergraue and feeds of that nature ,
are provided by letting the grafle run timely to feed,
particularly by moving it about May and thence
abftaining till thef eed is through ripe.

Such feeds as are weighty and Jinke in water are
beft; the contrary are ufually languid and unfit for
propagation.

Out-Landifh feeds are' ufed for fuch plants, vvhofe
feeds cannot be got here for want of Maturity, or any
other re if on.

The Spanifh-Muske- Melon-feed is accounted beft,
though we ufe our own with good fiiccejfe ; few Gar-
diners

'(h)

diners h-crc will life their own Onion-feed, for th3y
find it rur.nes to Scallions ■: Myrtle with us comes not
to feed , nor Mulhery. For the fenhtive plant , the,
Am.iracoc or Paltion flower &c. v^.e fend for feed to
the Barbado's*

What advantage our Nation might have by propa-
gation oi'exonque plants by feed brought new from
feverall Countryes beyond the Seas, us hard to gbeffe
that there would be advantage tis certain. I remem-
ber that Belloh'ms a man very diligent, and much em-
ployed about knowing the nature of plants , growing
in other Countrys than his own , which *\as France*
wrote a whole book to fhew the poiT.bility and advaii-?
tage of this improvement , to perlwade Merchants to
furniih gentlemen with feed , and them to ufe it. Tis
known that Fenches , Aprecots , Nedhrins were
lately, not only Grangers to England , but to France
likewife. Mulbery is likewife m Exptique plant,and
by King James his Command fent for over and pro-
pagated by feed,

i xodque Seeds are good not only to . propagate
plants yet not with us , but likewife to make a more
plentiful! production then can with eafe be madefrom
any other way. of propagation of fuch we -already
have. . , ,

Care nfliifl be had in fowing feed, or at leaf! in fet-
ting them, where you intend that they {hall thrive^
that the ground bear the beft proportion may be to
the places and the particular Mip.era of the place?,
where fuch plants in other parts. nfe to grow, not to
put mountainous plants in lov and moiitgroundso
Why theTaurickCedars,were they planted ijnvYalles^
fhould not grow I know no ieafon.

t> i i!

<35>

It were worth the while to conflder in all feeds*
whether there be noe diitinguifhable difference in
the feed , that may be of ufe, as to fooner, or great-
er growth. In the fame bed divers feeds being (ow-
ed of one kind,particularly Apples,Peares, Plummes,
Cherrys, or Peaches, fomeApple fecdlings will in the
fame mould, and diibnees , much outlhoot the red
of the fame kind^ and (o in the Pears, and other ker-
nels : it might here be enquired , whether the great
or leffe, fend bigger plants, and of fpeedier growth ?
as it is by fome obferved in buds , that the fairer the
bud is upon the fheild and ftronger,the better thrives
the inoculation, and not only growes more certainly
but moreluilily.

2. Whether theCanker in pippins, arife not from
an incongruous grafting , and it were not better to
bring them up from kernells , or graft them on a
more mild ftock than that of a Crab.

Whether there might not be gotten diverfe years
fooner trees of ftature from kernells of great bodyed
and quick growing Apple trees, and fuch whofc ker-
nells vary not much their kindes, than from Crabbs,
which is a wood of a flo.v growth and harfh Nature,

N. 8, Th manner of growing by feed.

The feed is confidered either as allready made ] or
as it is under the hands of Nature, imperfect , yet in
the way to be made.

In it made, there are confiderable, firft,the Coatefi
and cotton that cover it about , and preferve it from
injuries • fecondly, the etfentiall and proper parts of
the feed it felf.

Maiiyjfeeds have twoGoat^s abgve the Cotton ]

■an! one thinne one under , next invcfting the feed,
fuch are Sicamores.

All feeds that 1 know have within their Covers ac-
tually a Neb , whifb anfwers to a roote , which is
joyned tro 1 eaves more or Ieffe in number : betwixt
the ftalks o", or amidft thefe leaves there is a bud , eye
or Germen , juft oppofite to the Neb*, or initiall
Roote, but by reafon of ins fmallneffc it is fcarcedif-
cernable in many feeds till it begins to fpring.

i. Moft plants have only two leaues actually joyn-
ed to the Neb, which are commonly ve ry unlike the
proper leaves of the plant : of this fort are the flowers
of the Sonne, Editfarum Clypeatum, Cucumbers,
Melons, Amaranthus , Thirties ,Thlafpyes , Mallows
of divers kinds, Arch-angells Spurges, Nettles, Cla-
ry, Orach, Dill , Parfely hath two leaves diflimilar,
but not much foe , Melilot two diffimilar, and one, i£
J miftake not, (imilar.

i. Many plants have more leaves in the arising
from the Neb, as Creffes have fix.

3. Some plants have but one diflimilar leafe as A-
nemones,Tulips , Fritellaryes and all bulbous fpring
flowers that I have obferved. Wheat, Barley ,Rye,
all grain and graffes that I know have a germen wrap
pea up att one end of the grain in a hofe or fiieath
which germen confitfs of leaves wrapped about the
bud by a plica, or folding made the [long way of the
leafe,not overthwart as in Sicamores , Maples and o-
ther complicated leaves of feeds. Nor doth the
whole corn divide it felfe into leaves , and coates or
huske as in thofe examples , but the greater part
thereof containes a meale which by the heat an4
moifture of the fo.yl is turned into a pappy fubttance
fid unlike the Chyle found in the laftealsof animal

* J \ 31)

bqdyes,and may^e as I fuppofe, repofed nourifhment
for the yoting blade at fuch' time as the earth would
prove but a dry Nurfe, I have taken notice that Car-
mtiorjs come up fomedmes with three, fomqdmes
widvfour leaves,though the moft -have' but two : and
it is- Mr. Bcbarts obiervinon^thnt "fuch as come up
widr.nore leaves than two,prove double flowers, which
if it generall y holds true, it vs ere a compendious way
to weed out all the rdfi at the firfl coming up, to avoid,
fhe labour of culture of fuch plants as in the end will
not prove advantageous for profit orpleafure.

Eeanes, Peafe , Kidney-beanes", Lupine*, have
this peculiarity 7 that the grain being clelt, each half
is as one of theft diflimulat leaves , which is ufually
confined in every feed , and between thefe thick
lei.ves are contained other (imilar leaves , or fuch as
differ but in growth or bigneffe from the true leaves
ofthePtant/ "lis to be obleived in all thefe great
iQ^ds^ that though the puife,or thick part of the grain
periiiS , yec if the Neb and fmal leaves are entire ,
the feed may prcfper; as I have feen Feild-beanes that
have been eaten through with vvormes , prove good
thrivelng feed. But tis reported, that Pifmires have
learned the wit to fpoyl the feed from growing in
their ftcre-houfes , by biting off the very Neb before
£hey repofe the gtain.

The growth of the plant from the feed is thus : by
convenient moyiture and heat,tbe Neb ilricks through
the Covers, and goes direcliy down,if not impeded,in
earth or water , a convenient way, ordinaiily , two or
three inches , in which time the leaves either row-
led up, or otherwife inclofed , l^reak their bojids , and
Explicate rhemfelves , being lifted commofuy a lie-
te 'higher by the grqwch of the (talk, or lengthned
• ~ nebj

(53) .

Neb: and you may obferve , that the growth above
ground, at the firli motion upward , is nothing pro-
portionable to the motion downward. After the rcoc
h wclljxudeand farhied betwixt the leaves that were
actually contained j in the iced , there arifes into mora
plain, light and ap£ ear m,e,that litle Scrmen befpr^iia
many plants icarqe feendike to that bud, which is (eft
on plants in winter,". hich fprmging,brings forduhe
true leaves and Branche, of the plant lb wen.

If I am enquired of , w hether each feed has a com-
plex elfence and diiUnfl form of its own. Nay fur-
ther , whether it be a true and perfect plant ? I
muft fay that 1 have found it fo to be, even more than
nnegge, aiiveing thing,and immediately nourifhable
It his root to gro-v, body to bear the port of the
plant , Bark tp direct the Sap into all its parts , and
germenor bud to fecure the meanes of future growth,
and to boo.e leaves , which is all and fome^hrt more
than in the winter the fturdieft Ckec?n boaixof.

It has been accounted an Intereft in Philofohpy
hererofore,and that in our Schooles , that feed fhould
not be eReemed an aclual and form 1 " vl-.nt,becaufe of
divers abfurdities, that if feed were animili , would
happen in their Schoole doftrine ; as that there would
be pluralities of formes in the fame trees ; 1 he Soule
might be divifible into parts ; 1 he fame thing might
be agent and patient ; Niy fame Live (aid, that in
may be of dangerous confequenee in Divinity, if it
were granted , that feeds had the a£uall formes and
effence of that thing whofe Seeds they were.

I am glad tls noe Herefy now, ro appeal to fenfe
from a Doctors opinion , and that X may frecly in this
matter require to.be tryed by my garden , though i t
be again!* the fentence arid Judgment. of the Do&ors

(3?).

Conwbrd , Snare z, , Rhvio , Fererim , 'Bonamlcm \
Fonfeca ; and that we begin to lay afide the fear, that
from a certain truth , ill confequences may arife:Thac
Canon will certainly hold longelt which is bcft built
in the bottome.

It is conceived by foT.e that the immediate caufe
of the Growth of the feed , is the Spirit working up-
on the Salt and Sulphur , Earth and other conftituent
parts or Elements of the Seed : For the Spirit is fup-
fofed to bemadeVolatile by the heat of the earth and
water , which in Spring and Autumne , (the chcifc
times of germination) is of a proper temperature for
Fe mentation; and then thefpirit being fa Volatized,
and rifeing up and expanding it felf every way aug-
ments the whole plant , and diftends the fides of the
feed , whereby the growth of the feed plant is effeft-

Put hoyv it comes to pafle, that the conveyance of
thefe expanded particles is ordered to proceed,accord-
ing to the lineaments of eachVegctable,noe perfen to
my knowledge has yet made any conceit ; and it be-
ing beyond any ocular difcovery of the moft acute
Searchers, to finde out the Conduits or Trunckes
ferving to fo intricate a carriage , and how it comes
to pafie , that a feed firft , has its Neb thruft downe
without dilatation of the fides , and then , how the
upper part ©f the Neb or germen orderly frames the
Vegetable above ground info trim a body , rather
then a confufed rnafife, I take it not for any part of my
taske to enquire.

I fhall likewife leave it to the imaginations of Phi-
lofophers to determine, whether upon the diftention
made, it be by an elective faculty in the Seedling,
filled up with fimihr parts drawn from the Earthed

(4o)
!b by Nature originally lotted fpccifically for that
pant : or whether there being a continual motion of
particles from the earth , prefling upon the plant,
thofeonly get entrance wbafe iliapcs and figure? are
ftich , as correfpond to the pores in the young Ve-
getable ; which meeting in the body of the plant
with its conlUtuentpatrs in nature not unlike them-
lelves , they eafily are joyned thereto , and fo caufe
an augmentation in the whole : or whether diflimilar
parcsjcither to fill up theVacuummadeby di'lention,
or for other reafons, got up into the plant , doe ob-
tain there a change of nature , and from the form,
Soul, Archeus , or other principle, are altered from
their firil bein^ , into a likeneile of nature with the
Seedling , and become homogeneous to it; Thefc are
-Quettions , in the determination of which, till I am
better informed , I defire to take no fide.

N. p. Of the emfe of Greewefs in the leaver of Ve-
getables.

It has been made a queflior. by fome what it is that
caufes greenneiTe in all Herbes, efpecially fuch wbofe
feed , and the (talk, and Leafe , contained therein are
white , and whether the cold beating of aire and wa-
ter upon Vegetables may not have fome influence in
the production of this effect.

I truely have been tempted to think the affirmative,
which is that the coldneiTe and briskneffe of the free
aire, in plants that gro* in the land, and the like qua-
litie of the water , in water plants produces the ver-
dure or greenneffe , that is generally the beauteous
Vertment of ail Vegetables , or at the leaft has fome
considerable influence as to this produc>.ion:fo.r by ex-
perience

perience I have proved that plants being in a ctofe
roome, brought up from feeds in pot -, or ocherwife,
the leaves and ftalks prove to be white,o: pale, & not
green , which is according to the Lord bacons expe-
riment , who QnU%* £xj. 47. fetting a Standard
Damask- Role-Tree &c. in an earthen pan of water,
where bearing leaves in the winter , in a chamber
where no fire was , the leaves were found (as his
LordChip relates) more pale and light coloured:, then
leaves life to be.abro.id ; which palerietTe, I fuppofa
to be greater or ietfe,proportionabiy to the freftiaefie
and freeneffe of the aire that the plant en joyes,Gratfe
will likewise change its colour , it by any weighty bo-
dy,or other lying upon it in the field,it be kept from
the aire : The truth is* ail plants have peculiar de-
light in the aire , which I have proved by this Expe-
riment; I have taken young feed lings in a pot,and put
them in a window where there was a quarry out , the
feedling would immediately leave its upright growth,
and direct its body ftraight to the hole,and fo become
almoft flat and Ievell a,ith the earth in the pot : Then
turning the pot fo., that the inclination of the ftalk
might be from the hole , the plant has then crook' t it
felf in form of a horn, or the letter C. to the aire a-
pain. I pon the Second turn of the pot> the upper
horn being placed from the aire, the plant would,with
its upper part, return to the open place, and leave the
ftalk now in the form of an S» Nay,fometimes I have
bid perfons tell me, which way they would have fuch
a plant gro>v ; they have marked the place in the
brime of the Pot,that mark I have turned to the hole
in the window, by which means the plant without
any force , and that in not many houres fpace , hath
inclined its (ialkes to the rt\ark madefl

. Thac

That the aire has great irifi ue ncc in producing the
verdure of plants, may likewife not improbably be ar-
gued from the Lxpeumenrs of ^lanching,or whiting
the leaves of Ardchockes, Endive , Mirrhis,Cicho~
ry, Alexanders , and other plants ; which is done by
warm keeping of them, vvithout the approach or fen-
timenc of the Coole and frefh aire;whereby all plants
thatorhervvLie w'ouid bear a green colour , become
exactly white.

Hence it may likewife bee,th at the roots of moftVe-
getables that are under ground , and covered from the
aire, are white generally, whereas the item , and up-
per parts of them are ordinarily green , and many
rootes that are by nature of a peculiar colour, as Ra-
diihes, yet the point of the roote that is deepeftin
tlie ground , retaiiies a whiteneffe , as well as other
roots , being in chat part of the roote removed from
the airej the red part commonly (-landing above or juft
in the furface of the earth.

Hence alfo it may be, that thofe leaves of Cabbages
gclettuce that are expanded in the free aire are green,
thofe that being covered with their fel loves : and fe-
cluded from the blafts of wind and weather,and kept
in a warme Covert , become as white as any thing
that is artificially blanch't.

True it is that, there be plants that grow in the
bottome of waters , and fo cannot be fuppofed to have
this help from the aire , otberwifethan as the aire
chills the water , and the water having received this
qualitie from the aire , makes the like^ impreflion up-
on its domefti'que plants. ■

C H A P«

(43)

Ghap.2.'

Of Propagation by offset*.

It. i. -A Catalogue of Plants which may beprapa*
gated by offsets and fuckers arifing with
Roots from the (tool and Roots
of the Mother Plant.

'Aconite or Wolfe s-bane%

Anders-tongue,

Alexanders.

Anemones.

Angelica..

Arifiolochlas^

lArtichockes*

mAffhodels.

Afarttm.

lAfparagus^

Avens.

Barberies.

Barrenrvortlu

Bawme.

Bears-eares,

water and wood BetovyA

Blfiort.

Spanifh Broome.

Butchers Breomct

Brookjime.

Br tony.

Bfim, and fuch like Apples.

Bttrdocke.

Burnet,

Calamus aromatic us,

which requires moi*

tiure.
Camomill.

Cdltha or MarchMari-
gold.
Cberryes where the ftocS

is not grafted.
Chives.
Cinque foyle.
Clewnes all-htaU
■ Coftmary.
Cowfllfs.
Comfrey.

Qwjllps of Jerufaleini
Qltsfoote.
Columbines,
The Cromt imperial! J
Crowfoot*
Cuckoypflnts.
, Daws violet*

Dayfyes*.

Dens Leonls bulbofus^

Dittander*

Docl^tcotf).

Doclees.

DorUs his wound wort,

T>TAgOr.S.

Dulcamara^ woody

night-fliade.

Egrimony.

Etmes.

El'icampane.

EverlaiUng Vetch*

Ewe.

Femes,

Feverfew,

Figtreef.

F'i I beards.

Filipendula,

Fhwrs-di-Luee.

Fleuellen orSpeedwell*

Galhrall.

Garltquts

Qentianella*

Germander,

Goofberryes,

Golden-rod*

Ground Jvy,

Hafelnuts.

Harts tongue.

Herb a -parts,

Helleborine*

Hellebores.

Hyrtyfes all halt

(44)

Hyacwths,

Horfradijh. * *

Houfeleeke. Jt

Horfemints*

Hops.

Hoyfetalle,

Jafmine.

Jerufalem Artichoke*

Ktfitifh C°dlings,

Knapweed.

Lovage.

Lady's bed Jl raw.

Lilyes.

Li Hum c on v allium.

Lunar ia,

Lungwoort,

Mandrakes fa often therd

may be cake from them pat

tides of their roots, which

will grow well ^ though

the ufuall way of thcfc.

propagation is by feed.

Mamma Howes,

Mafterwort,

Madder,

iMints,

Moly.

Monkshood,

Mulberryes,

Mngworti

Nurfe-gdrdens.

All forts of Orchis y a$

Docks-flow*
Fetafnjsi

i p4riwmf^

ml

TtnmxcU,

Smaliagt.

Teo.y.

Sorrells.

Peafe.

Soltdago Saracenica,

*PJIewertl

Solomons Seal.

Poplars.

Some Spurges,

'Potatoes.

Sutchwort.

Prunella.

Strawberryes.

Prtwr fifes*

Sword flags.

pHlfatilUs.

Pajpes.

Tarragon.

Tan fey.

Radix ckvk*

fhffiles.

%eeds. 1 Ail fdrts o£ Tulips.

%ofes of moft kindes.

Valerian.*.

%h[chs or Butchers

So lie Vetches.

broome.

Verv-aine.

,%ubarbs.

Times.

Satyr ions.

Violets except the yellow.

Saponorid,

Water mints.

Sonic le .

Water Lillyes and moil of

Scabioils.

the other Water plants.

Sedum.

winter Cherry es, ,

Serpillmn.

Willow weeds.

Setfoyle.

Woolfes bane.

Skirrets though feeds will J

WoriHewoodl

produce better.

Yarrow.

N* 2. The nay of making Offsets by Art.

Nature ufu'ally provides this help of propagation,
without the wit or induftry of men , tailed to her
afliftance , but that not generally in ail plants , nor
alwayes in any one : and therefore I efteeme it well
deferving any mans learning who delight in Gardens,
So know any mearies to enlarge this vtfayqf propagation

beyond

beyond the bounds k is carryed to by natures courfe^
There is a pretty way (which in truth I firit learned
from Mr. hcbart our Phyf.cue Gardiner) for the ma-
kin&Offsets where nature never intended them;whioh
Is done by barcing the icot of plants of woody fub-
ftance , and then making a cut of the fame fafhicn
with that which is made in laying : Into this cleft a
Hone muft be put 3 or fomething that will make the
r'oo: gape , then cover the roote over three inches
with mould , and the lip that is lifted up will fprout
into branches, the roote of the old tree nourishing
it. When the branches are growen , cut off this plant
with its Roote to live of its felf.

If you can , leave an eye on the lip of your roote,
which you after theincition life up; for the branches
will then more fpeedily and certainly iffue out of the
root fo cut.

In Bulbous F.ootes, F err arms makes offsets thus:
K(fayes he) a Bulbous roor is barren ofOffsets: either
\\vl it in better earth, or cut it upon the bottom in the
jrrown of the roote whence the f'bres (pring, and thaq
but lightly with your naile,and fprinkle feme dryduft
as a medicine to the wound ; md the effect he affirms
rb be this, that fo many wounds as yoitftiall make.,
into fo many offsets {hall the genitall vertue difpofe
it felf.

N. 3» Rules for direction in takwgoff Suckers y
or Offsets %

Care muftbehad, that the Damme be not de~
ftrdyed in her delivery from her new brood , which*
may eafily be done,if too great a wound be made upon
the iloole , ot mother-plant , by tearing off the Sttc-
fccrs. Tis "Eerrarlm fys peculiar precept about .Ane-

monyes

(47)

moilye<;:Thatthey befureas totaJceoff fuch Offsets
that will fcarce hang on , fo noi ro teare off fuch as
hold faft no the mother-plant , for that would be to
the peril both of the offset and mothcrplant. Yet I
have fceu the very fubfhnce of So .\ breads to have
beetle divided with a knife through the heart, and yet
grow well on either p*rc , when they have riot after-
ward been over glutted rath wet.Flaggs.Beares eares,
Prinirofes and <2o.T{ltps, and generally all rootes,
that are nor Bulbous or tuberous muft have , and doe
require a violent feparation > but the leffe the wound
is , the better ihall your plant thrive , and be leffe
fubjeit. to corrupt by the rnoillure in the earth.

In the replantation there is required the general!
. care of yoiing fets , all plants of fibrous rootes are af-
fured in their grovth>by convenient watering,but foe
bulbous and tuberous the Gatdiners band is , and
ought to be more fparing , bee aufe that moifture is
a peculiar enemy to thefe plants, and often ro:s them,
if it get in&o any crany or their rootes.

NL 4. Examples of planting by Offsets*

Licorice requires the richeft & moft forced ground*
Very deeper hat there may be rooxie for the downright
roote, light, vyithout (tones or graveil , and dry from
irtoifture : The fets are made either from the runners
that creep along the upper part of the ground from
the roote , or ehe are taken from the Crown of the
mitter-robce , and are fet at a foot dilbnee or leffe in
February , or {Jit arch ^ according to cuftome/hougli
I fuppofe any time in the winter might as well ferve
the turn , the richer the ground is , the further they
nwy be fet apart*

"i Hoppe?

'US)

Hoppes require to be planted in a very rich wetf
foyled land j, and not moorilh, unlefle the bop, be firit
well drey ned , the fhonger the let ts are, the more
immediately will proftu arife from the Garden, it'
three or four inches about , they are fo much the
better, let the center of the hills be tela foot removed
each from other,that ib you may put the morepoleson
a hill ,and both the fun and pio>v may have free pafiage
between them i thofe tint have lefs ground make
leffe diliances, and toyle their garden with the fpade,
and put but three poles to a hill,whereas fuch as plane
9 o: 10 foote cittance,ufe four at the leaft , if not five*
In planting , winch is thought to be ben1 cone , when
the frolts are pah\(fome prefcribe^'pi/forthe feafori)
there is nothing required bur that they be fet about
the center of the place, intended for the Hill upon
tiie plain furface of the ground in good mould, about
three, four,or five in number according to the bignefs
of the Hill intended, and ordered with the ufuall
care of offsets : befides this particular that as the fets
grow the hill mult be raifed to their heids.

SarF on delights in a reafonable cood and dry li^hc
ground, nor extreimly foyled brtnbift, 'tis plant-
ed cheifly in fome parts 'of EiTex , h:rTolke, and be-
tween thit and Cambridge, at Saffron-Walden, They
are fet in the manner of bulbous roots, being taken
when the bulbeis at the fulled, commonly about
Midfummer , the bulbs are fet by a line ^ (that the
beds may be weeded with a hoe ) and that either with,
afetting flick or by trenches niadein the manner
of thofe wherein garden peafe are ufiully fowed. This
beires in the middle of the flower three chives,which
is the Saffron,to be gathered every mornins. early and
* dryed for life , every ierond or third year at the fur-
theft the beds muft be replanted, and the offsets
(drawn away, h .. TJas

(49)

The genenll way of this propagation is to take the
offsets that rile from the bulbous and tuberous rooted
plants , as Tulips, A nemone?,Nardffes, Crocus's, &c.
& the fuckers which fiomthe roots of poplars,£lmes,
Nuttrees , Peares , Burts , Nurfgardens , Kencilh
CoJlings, 6bofeberryes , l>ofes, Rufcus , Calamus
Aromaticus are very plentifully are drawn,ind more,
or lefs from all mentioned in theCatalogue.N.i.Chap.
2.Mnd to replant them in the feafons of letting, which
are related in the proper chapter for th\t operation,in-
to p oper beds, and in convenient ditiances for their
future education and growth.

N. 3 VarU:y of colours 3 in what f flowers y from what
offsets.

Our Gardiners refpeft moft the roots of widdoves,
for that they find by experience that they multiply
the variety of Tulips not only from feeds , but from
the offsets of thefe vviddows : I my felf have feen ad-
mirable decleniions of them from their naturall pur-
ple and white.

The royall Crocus ftriped gives now and then very
pretty variety from its offsets , as fometimes I have
fcen on the fame roote an ordinary ftripedCrocus and
another of a pc feci flame colour , though the vaiie-
ry here be not fo great as in Tulips.

Concerning the manner of growth by Offsets
there is little to be fpoken .particularly, their roots
bein^ actually made y\hilethey remaine upon the
mother phnt,and their growth being like that of o*
f her well rooted vegetables*

CHAP.

(jo)

CHAP. 3.

Of propagations by ftemms^ cuttings orjlippist

N. 1 . A Catalogue of planes this way propagate

yAbrotwum Vnguentdriuni* !
Balfamua.
Barberyes,
Bajil.
Bafdm'mf.
Bay,
Baurne.
Bcw

BrookVrme.

B#*&f.and generally all
fuch planes as break
but into protuberances
like warts upon the
bark.

Bugle.

'Crxtluto Cherry.

Many Cronfootes.

t)oms his woodwoit be-
ing cut off neer the

. roote.

Blfer.

Evergreen-Trivet*

Germanders,

Cj "1 Hi 'flowers*

Hyffope.

Kentijh Codlings*
Knotgrajfe.
Lavander,
Lamell.
Marierome.

Marfk-mallowes. being ta-
ken up neer the roote0
CMafique.
Mulberyes.

Nurfgardens,

Penxiy-royalL

Pertwincle.

chicks.

iTolium monftdnuMi

Prunella 0: Selfe heaki

Qurs.ces.

Some Rofesy as the ever-
green Rofe.

Rofemary.

Rue.

Sage , both Fngiitii and
French.

Savory.

Savin, in moift ground,
and fhadowy

Scordirm%
2 % SoHthswrwod*

(50

Southernwood.

S pear mints.

Strawberies^ni gen e rally
all plants that hive
joyncs upon creeping
firings.

Tbime.

Tripol'inm.

Veronica, erekla*

Vims-.

Violets,

Wall flowers-.

WaterCreffe in YVatOfi

Withy.

Willow.

Woodbine h

N.1« Explication of the Marnier of propagation by
ften:m-"s cut off from the Mother -pi ant , or fiitft by
example and Bibles for particular direction.
For example , I iliali chufe to inftance in Gil-
lirlowers or Carnations , for which flowers obferve
this order , Seekeout from theftemmes fuch fhoots
onely as are reafomble iirong , bat yet young and not
c icher too fmall or flehder, or having any fecond
fhoots from the joyncs of them, or run up into x
fpindle, cut thefe Hips off from the flem or roorc
with a knife either clofe to the maine branch, if it be
iliort , or leaving a joynt or two behind, if it be
long enough , at which it may fhoore anew : when
you hxvQ cut off your Hips you may either fen them
oy and by , or elie (as the beft Gardiners ufe to doe)
call them into a tub of water for a day or tto o , then
in a bed of rich and fine mould, firlt cutting off your
flip clofe at the joynt, and having cut away the low-
eft leaves clofe to the (bike, and the uppermofl even
at rhe top, with a litle flick, make a little hole in the
earth , and put your flip therein fo deep that the up-
per leife may be wholly above the ground ( fome i\{q
r o cleave the lialk in the middle, and put a little
£vth or clay or chickweed.which v> e more ufe,within
the cleft, this is Mr. Hills way in Sir Hugh Vlat\

but

. (5»)

but many good and skilful Gardiners do? not ufc It;
then clofe the ground unto the flemme of the
plant.

As for the time , If you flip and fet them in Sep-
tember ^ as many ufetodoe, or yet in Augufl,\s
fome may think will doe well , yet (unlefle they be
the moil ordinary forts which are likely to grow at a-
ny time and in anyplace) the moft of them, if not all,
will either affuredly pcriHi or neve-r profper well: the
feafon indeed is from the beginning of May to the
middle of June at furthell.

Ferrarlus Lib. 2. c. 15. fayes,that from the moneth
of February to the middle of March (y\z)'m the time
of their gcrmination,is the beft time to flip this flow-
er. He neither will have them dipt , nor twitted in
the Roote, nor Early put under them to raife adulte-
rous fibres , but only advifes that they be cut off in a
joynt. The truth is , both the Spring and Auturrme
are good Seafons for makeing out Roots , the latter
requires that the flip be fo early fet as that they may-
have time enough to take Roote, before thecotdnefs
of winter : The former, that the plant fet in the
fpring, may have taken Roote before the Sun rifes
to emit violent and parching heats, which are gene-
rail Rules for Vernal! and Autumnall fettings.

Woody plants that bear leaves mud be taken off, &•
planted fome time between the foil of the leafe and
the fpring , fome preferre the planting them in the
beginning, fome at the going out of the w inter a-
bout the beginning of February ) Immediately
when the great fro;.is breake-, at the firft tewardneffa
to fpring is a good feafen according to generall be-*
kife.,

(53)

Experiments wade of tke fucccjfe of the cuttings off dt\
ve s plants fet in water.

Becaufe in fome difquihtions of naturail Phi'ofo-
phy, there may fome matter of argument arife from
experiments of the conversion of water into num-j
mentand fubftance of various and very different
plants ,whereof fome are hot, others cold , fomee-
fteerned of a frelTi , others of a fait nature , fome in
regard of mans boiy of healing , others of exroria-
ting and bliftring qualityes , fome fpecificues for the
head ,' and thedifeafes thereof, others for the heart,
and others for the wombe: I ihall let down the truth

of fome few trialls concerning the ^ro.vth or corrup-

• i • i •

tionoffuch cuttings , of divers Vegetables as with-
out roots I kept in my chamber , in Vialls of water.
Kot willing thence to make any motion towards the
redauration of the ancient doctrine concerning the
production of all things out of water ,or to rake up the
fcatter'd judgments of the once renowned Tbafes,
which he made from the observation of the generati-
on of fifties', and petrifa&ion by this element; as like-
wife from the influence (for he was aware thereof),
and caufalitie it has in the production and noriftimenr:
of vegetable , and (if not immediately) by'conie-
quence of- animall bodyes.Nor deiiring to* make from
chefe experiments (though I beleive the inibneemay
be as well proper as fpecious) any argument for the
more f afhion ^ble opinion of Epicurus ,by (hewirg the
various productions that may be made by the elvers
fhuflfiings and pohtions of that which has the repute
of the mod pure and defecated element , but clearly
in: ending to keep to my task, which is Hiilory , and
rather to ferve^han to be the Philofopher : I in fbort
' "" '" "v- *' "". ' "S* rather

(54)

give the Reader this account: That May 1658, in
Glaffes of water the plants following grew from cut- *
ings, and made themfelves roots in the water, by
namc,they were Balfamita minor,^Hnts,$edum mul-
tifucum,Penny-royall, Bugle, Prunella, water creffe,
Purplc-graffe, Peri - incle , Doriashis vound-wort,
Crow-foot, Brooklime, Marfh-mallews , Liwrell,
Scordium , Tripolium , f-Knor-graffe, ■■Nummularis,
minima , Bafil-Mint, Curl-mint, Horf-mint, Panax-
cqkmi, Feverfew , and fome others which 1 kept no
account of, I have had at other times.

Plants that upon triall made "by cuttings Maf
1658, did not grow being placed in Vialls of wate'r
were Mugwort, Rofemary, Stock-oil ly-flo''ver&, A-
laternus, Lavander-cotten, Sage, Armeria's, Camo-
mi 11 , Rofemary , Polium montanum.

Stock-gilly-rlowers , Bavne, Tanfy , Ground fel,
Lavander- cotton , Sage , Majorane , being like^ Ifc
fet in glaffes of water diffolved into a mufcilage, and
fo corrupted before they attained to any roots.

Plants that were corrupted by the water in fome
part of the ftems and fo dyed after leaves fens
forth and roots {hot, were > Bafil, Mint , Marfnmat-
lovs after it had grown a fpan , Panax-coloni ,Pal-
famita minor , after fix weeks growing , which made
me doubt whether there were not the fame reafon of
the dying of thefe plants that there is of grafts of
Pears upon Apples , or Apples upon thorns , which
grow for awhile, it may be forre years but furely
dye before they arrive to any Maturitye: and fecondly
whether this reafon was not the unlikcneffe and di-
verfiry of parts between the flock to be nourifbed,rnd
the nouri foment appofed thereunto j for though fome
' dyed after leafe and growth made^s purpiewort parti-

cybrly

(55)

ttcuhrty by running into a Mufcihge; yet generally.

there appeared noe fuch evident caufe of their fail-

i. ~ '

Plants that increafed in weight, being planted in the
water , were thefe , and the quantitie thus much.

Sedum mukiridum in a moneth increafed in Weight,
half a Scruple; Scordium as much m a fortnight. Do-
nas his woundwort, grew in 6 weekes , gr. 1 3. Buguia
in fome whit lelTe time gr. 1 5. WatercreiTe gr.2 5 in,
3. moneth. Ranunculus half a Scruple in 6 weekes,and
Periwinckle as, much. Prunella , Brooklime , Scorfi-
mn , and moil of the forts of mints got weight pro-
portionably.

N. 4, The ma.nr.eY. [of growl; g by cuttirgs,

» - '

Such who defireto obferve the working of Eees,'
get Clements to their Hives , that their eyes may
noj; fufter impediment from the darknefs of the place^
for prevention of the fame hinderance the ufe of beds
01a Diaphanous foyl, in as Diaphanous bounds , or
plainly of water in a glafle, I have found a proper re-
medy." and fmll therefore from my obfervation of the
gro vth or thefe particulars dehre the reader will ima-
gine the reft, or judge them alike, as truly fa: what I
remember I have always found them.

For the manner of plants growing by water> I ob-
served that thpfe plants that had many jaynts eafily
gre v and put fpfphi ropt,s only juft at the joynr.Knot-
grnffe , Crow- foot , Panax-Coloni y all forts of
Mints, Penny-royall , Scordium, Bugle, Irook-
Hme , Peri vincle , which I conceive to be the rea-
Jbrj wby in fetting them the practice is to cut of the.
pteup pinna joynt, for fo the roots immediately

fpring.

fpnng thence and no part of the ftem corrupts, w hich
k would, it it were cut of at greater diftance.

In thofe herbs where there were no exac.f joynts,the
roots; fprung forth under lbme buds, as in Tripolium,
Do;us his woundwort, Marfhmallows.

Every root that was made came forth firft very
white and hngle , but afterward in very handfome
order . and proportions, from thence arcfe other fibres
linking every way in the water , where the fide of the
Vialls made no impediment to. the growth of the
fpurfes iffueing from the fir ft and original I root.

N. Jr* Of propagation by the [owing [malt ana, almifh

\n[enfble pjMS of Vegetables.
Tisa generaljp'eceived truth from common experi-
ence, mar if thfe water wherein mufhrooms have been
fteeped or wafhed, be povyred forth upon an old hot
bed, o: the parts and offal Is- of Mufhroms broken to
peice; bee ft rawed thereon, that from thefe parts as
from a ic^^ there wilt fpeedily arife ftore of Mufh-
roomes,every Cmali parried of that imperfect plant
being rather beleived feminall in the fame manner as
the boughs of Quinces Scc.tban that as in Adianthum,
and diverfe femes, nature has difguifed any parti-
cular feed cbncularly to be the mean of Propagation
in it.

Kii&hey the Jefuit aflSrme^; that if you rake an herb
end Hired it finall, ar reduce it into Aflies , thefe
being fo'ed an herb will fpring thence of the fame
fpecies with the Allies or fhreds fowen : 1 thought
that neves upon my firft reading pras too epod to he-
rrue,and upon tryall made in very many forts , could
never make this way of propagation hold. ciTectaall:
to the producing of any plant , and if it we;-.

true

( J7)

true it were an ill Cuftome the tfardine'rs ufe to fo\v
their feeds with a great quantity of afhes which are
made from the wood or tfravv and leaves of Vege-
tables generally and a wonder that they never fhouid
come up amidft the feeds moii feafonably fowed.

Chap4*

Of Propagation by hying.

N« i. What plants are this way ewreafed.

The plants that are ufually propagated this way,
are Vines, Woodbines, Jafmmes, Mulberies ,
Savin .• Evergreen privet in Woods ajjlforts of Wii-
lo es and Sallowes to fill up bare placlf Carnations,
Gilliflowers , roles , Ho-f-chefnut and all thofe
plants thai will g -ow by Cuttings v\ill this way grow
with much more eafe , by care and good watering
gardiners doo. apply this way with profit to fuch
plants as cannot well by any other meanes be en creat-
ed for want of feeds and offsets , and by reafon of the
repugmncy of their nature to grow either by cuttings
or infition.

VLf The example of this manner of Propagation.

The moft ufuall flower to be laid inGardens,is the
GilliHower which every Gardiner here ufes , and
is thus performed ; Take thofe flips yon intend to
lay, and cut the fialk juft under that joynt of the flip,
which is next the roote or middle ftem, or under the
ad( joynt half way through the ftalk: then flit it up-
ward to the next joynt from that under which you
made your rirtf incihon , and put the top of a Carna-
tion-le,ife , or any other thing to hold open the flic ,

^ough.

(though that be not altogether fo needful! , for the
cut being made on the lower fide, and the Slip being
towards rhe root bent down gently , as the manner is
and the top of the flip raifed with mould,the (lip will
be open of its ovn accord and remain fo if you place
it well) at the firlt fame peg down rhe middle of the
flip with ttkks, that it may not rife from the pofiture
in which tis firtt lay'd , you mutt remember to put
good earth , enough to mould up your new Nurfery,
and to water it upon all occafions , and then in 7 or
8 weekes you may expe^ Rootes.

*y Reunifies for the manner of laying.

i» To Laying , tis profitable if not neceffary ,
that you (in the feafon of docing this operation ) cut
the thing you lay, much in the manner you cut Gil-
lyflowers, in laying them,unle{Te in fome plants that
take any way as Vines, and 'tis fo much the better
ifinRofesand other Layers of a woody fubftance,
with &n Awle you prick the ttock at the place laid, as
it is done in propagation by Circumpoiition.

2. Another Requifite is, that dureing the time
of drought they, be continually watered 5 and kept
moitt , other-wife they will make no exaft roots
perchance only a kind of knob or button full of frefh
fap upon the tongue of the cut in the branch layd.
down , yet I have found tbefe branches cut off with
watering in the fummer to grow well enough after
their tranfplantation.

3. The feafons moil fit for this operation , is, in
the beginning of the fpring or declenfion of the tor-
rid heat of fummer , that they may enjoy the moitt-
ueffe of fuch feafons mott proper for the eriticeing

forth

C 59)

forth of roots , andmofl fafefrom exceiTive heat oi
cold,

N. t^ Of propagation by CircumpoftiGn,

Circumpoiition is a kind of laying, the difference
is, that hi this, the mould is born up to the bough
Vvhich is to be taken off: in laying the bough is
to be depreffed into the mould. Wee ufe this mott in
Apples afre: this manner , firft break- the bough a lit-
tle above the place where tis feparated from the main
fio;k or arm ,fo that the hat or otherVeflell that holds
up the Mould to. the incifion or difbarked place may
red upon the ftock , then flit an hat, an old boot, or
take any (Irong peiceof old courfe cl oat buying or fow-
ing it fo ftrongly that it may be able to hold up the
mould to th,e inci (ion , fometime before you fill this
cap with, mould, remember with an awle or point of
3 penknife, to. bore two rovves of holes upontfieup-
iide of the cut about half an inch or more , one from
another , then fill it with good mould , or fuch as is
agreeable to the tree you work upon, and in the heat
of iumme: , water it now and then, The time of this
operation is not in the fummer , as Mr. P. fuppofcs
(which miihke was fufficient caufe why he fhould not
like the experiment) but in the fpring before the fap
rifes,parciculariy in Tcbr. or the beginning of March-
Such plants are-, prepayable this way that might take
by laying , but that the branches are roo farre rifen
from the ground to be laid along therein ; and there-
for it becomes neceffary, fince they cannot ftoope to
■the ea.rch, that the earth fhould be lifted up to them,

N. I

( So)

N". 5« Of the mamkr of growth by Circumpofiion , and
whether thence an argument may be made for the de-
fcentlon of S-ap.

Concerning the manner of growth by Circumpo-
mion 1 fhall only make this remark , whereas it is
f uppofed by ibme , that the roots are made above the
disbarked place , by the defcention of the Tap ,^ hicn
is fuppofed to be at the tall or the leaf , 1 have found
experience very confcradhftory to their fuppofalls; for
the leaves fall nor till after Michaelmaffe; and nature
proceeds to the germination, and encreafe of roots
Crpm the fpring all the iummer long, fo that nothing
can be argued rightly from this operation, or from the
effect and product of nature thereupon for that o-
pinion , which makes the fop to be every winter re-
poled in the roote , as in a large receptacle, and of its
defceritiori thither after every A utumne. If it were
there as in a repbiuory , it were a bonder that roots
fhould be drier in Decemb. then in May , or jfW ,and
fenhbly more devoid of juice. And it it did defcend
after Autumne , how could it afcend at the fame
time ? Thar it doth then afcend is plain fiom this
experiment ; Take up a tree , 6r other vegetable, in
the foil of the lenfe ; the leaves will wither , and the
bark begin in a little time to wrinklejtheii let it again
in a proper foile ,well waxered; the efTe^ will be that
the leaves will recover frefhneffe, and the bark a ax
plump and the body frime , and full as before , which
could not be but by a frefh f upply of afceftdfpg fop,
which might fill up the pores made by the whither ,
and exhalation of the funne.I am contented tobeleive
that the fop is in winter v> here I fee it to be, (v?r)dn
the body of trie tree coagulated,or crurted into a new
coate , encompafling the whole, which was not extant

the

the year before , and on the top fafhioned into new
limits which v^libiy appear the product of that matter
the place of which is alferted to be elfevvhere and not
X am as well contented not to fuppofe it abideing
where upon the molt fedulous inqueil it cannot be
found.

Chag- 5

Oflnfitionu

N. I . Of Grafting ingcnerall and particularly offhould-
er-graft'wg , f^bippe-Grafting y Grafting in the cleft
and zsfb lactation.

Grafting is an Art of fo placeidg 3 the Cyon upon
a flock that the fap may pafie from the (lock to the
Cyon without impediment. For the right operation
of which it is a cheif remarke, that the {pace which is
between the bark and the flock is the great Channel i
for cdnveiance and keeping of fap ,'fothat every orb
that grafts well fo orders the manner , that thefe
fpaces be fo laid that the paffage" may be eafy and di-
reel from the fpice under the bark of the ilockjto the
fpice under the bark of the Cyon

This may be done feverall ways; .
Firfl by (houlder grafting , the operation of which
Mr. Atiflin do's well defcribe thus : Cut off the top
of the flock in fome fmooth flreight place that may
dnfwerableto the (Ireightnefs of the graft when fet on;
then prepare the graft thus, obferve which lide &
ilraighteft at the bottome., or bigeft endjfo that it may
/ fie

fit the ftraight part of the graft when fet on , then
cut one iide only of the graft downe aflope about an
inch long or Htle more , and cut through the bark
ar the top of the cut place : and make it like a fliould
er , rim it may red jufl: upon the top of the itock,buc
cut not this fhoulder to deep ,(on!y through the bark
or litle more , and the lcfie the better ) but cut the
graft thinne at the lower endof the cut, fo that it
may decline in one continued direft fmoothneife,
wit/:out dints , ridges, fpaces or v\indings all along
the flope , from onfcde of the Cyon to the other ,o-
ther.\ife it cannot joyneinall places to the flock.
The graft being thus prepar'd , Lay the cut part of
the graft upon the flraight fide of the iiock and mea-
fure jutt the length of the cut part or flope of the
Graft.and with your knife takeoff fo much of thebark
of theitock,(but cut not away the wood of the flock)
then lay the cut fide of the graft upon the cutlide of
the ilxkk, and let the flioulder of the graft reft di-
rectly upon the tcp of the i^ock, fo that the cut parrs
may joyne even and frnooth all along the iniide of the
barke of the graft, being placed upon the infide of the
bark of the flock , and fo joyne them faft together
v\ith fome flrong Rufnes or flags >ahd clay them on e-
very fide that noe Rain get in.

If the flock be very little the way of Grafting is
the fame > only excepted , that in this cafe there mull
fomeofthe fubftance of the wood be taken a -ay,
that the graft in it's flope be not too big for the cut;
in the flo:k , in which Operatic fo much there mufi
be taken from the flock , trnt the infide of the barke
of the graft may aniwere the infante of the birk of the
flock , which being done , alJ things elfe are the for-
mer way performed. This is caii'ci whip-grafting,and

is

is appofed to the former , when no wood is cut frorri
i he ftock: for ihoulder-grafdng 'tis required, that the
iio:k exceed no: in bignefe;, for then the bark being
taken from it there will not be a right application
of the fip-channells of Cyon and [lock required in the
definition of grafting, the disbarked place in the Rock
necelfarily being much greater then that in the grbfa
Yet if the (lock be noc 3 inches circumference it will
do:j very well. The one of thefe wayes is called
fhoulder-grafting y becaufe the upper end of the
downright cut is intended and made fit to leane as
it were upon the fhoulder of the Hock : The other
Whip-g rafting , becaufe the operator only makes his
ftreight-do-vn right cue and tarryes not to indent it
at afl.

Some think this way fie only for great flocks : but
I have grafted feed lings this way, Co fmall that the
Cyon was put in like a Wedg , and was very even
to the Hock en each fide , neither ftosks nor Cyons
being neer an inch round : but if fmall plants are this
way grafted , they muft be tyed about after the for-
mer m. inner 11 fed in ilioulder-grafting ; the wound
made by clewing is verv quickly made up, and ce-
mented by the fip in grafting a young Hock , whereas
in old it is quite contrary,

The wiy of grafting in the cleft , has been oflong
nfe^nd is generally knovn to all gardiners , The
Jio:k mu(l be cleft in an even place, and the cleft fo
prepare! with your knife3in thevcleaving,tbat the (ides
be nor ragg'd , both fides of the gnftare robe cut
do vn (lope vife , au»i fihoulciers made or not made ac
pleafure 5 W.AufiinwcW advifes that the outfide of
the gnfebe bigger then the inlide, unlefie the tree be
big, but it k be fo great as to pinch the graft much ,

then

(*5).

then to make the inner fide thicker a very little, that
fo it may preferve the outfide from being fo pinch 't,
as to make the bark of the Cyon fit loofe, and not re-
ceive the fap from the Hock into the common chan-
nel,in fuch manner as is requifite for the begetting of
a continuation between them.

There are other ways of grafting very excellent? \
as in a great tree , to prepare your Cyon as for the
fhoulder-graft , and then to take off fo much of the
bark , the head being before cut off as that the flope
may juft fit the disbarked place, as in fosrc of the fi-
gures of Inoculation. Sometimes the Cyon being fo
prepar'd we raife up the bark,as in the other figures of
Inoculation; but to cut it off fit,I count the'beft way,
and have often practized with univeifall fucrefle.

Ablactation is the fame with grafting , faving th;t
in that way the Cyon remaines on its own ftock , and
©n the fto:k you grjt together. For the flock you
graftybeing planted by the tree from which you have
your Cyon , you disbarke and cut the Cyon, fo that
the inward part of its bark may anfvver the likedif-
barked place in the (lock, Co they being bound up to-
gether , and not feperated till you are fure they are
furely incorporated , at which time the Cyon is cut
from its own , and lives only by the other ttock.

It is an ordinary imagination that by this way of
Ablactation , Heterogeneous conjunctions may be
made to profper , but thofe that confider that the
caufe of the impoHibility of diffimilar plants thrive-
ing by any way of Infition , is not the difficulty of
their rirft uniting , but the ciifability of the root and
(lock to nouriih the head with convenient nouriih-
meat, will not eanly admit fuch a fancy ; Pears upon
^pples , and Services i Apples upon Thorns^ and the

I like,,

like plants will with eafe take, and continue in good
growth longer then fuch time as is required that the
Cyon fhould depend upon the mother plant in Ab-
lactation for the fattening of it till ^cementation be
made ; But after a perfect conjunction , and great
ilioots fpring out , they (almoli conflantly notwith-
flanding the greateft care) will dye , which is an e-
vident hgne that this way can adminifter no help , it
only providing that nourishment be not wanting to
the firft moneths,and not fecuring them from the dan-
ger of wanting for the future, fit and wholefome Nu-
triment for their maintenance and growth.

N. *8r What Plants take on different h^ds.

This is a generali rule for grafting , Inoculation,
Ablactation, and conjunction by penetration, or any
fuch way of propagation , that the Cyon or thing im-
planted be of like nature to the flock, to tell what
neerneffe in every kind is enough, is matter of great
Art; 'Tiskno.vn that Plums will not grow upon
Cherries, nor Pearesupon Apples for many years,
though for a while they may profper.

I find that divers plants will take by enarching or
Ablactation, that will not take by grafting; fo Grapes,
as the early red upon the great Fox-Grape ; Apricots
alfo and Peaches , which being fecured upon their
own flocks, will admit implantation unto another
alfo,and take unto it, which by grafting I could never
bring them to.

The ftrangeft conjunctions that we obferve to agree,
are the Whitethorn with the Pear , Quinces with the
Pear, the Pear with the Quinces, the Medlar w/th
the Whitethorn , the Apricots with Plums that are

of

r*7j

of full dp," and fometimes upon hard fcurvy Plumsi
mort ufe the White-Pear-Plums for that purpofel
I find not but fome other are as good ( viz) the Pri-
mordian,Mufcle, Violet. And it is true, that all rofes
cement and continue well upon bryers, as on the
fweet-bryer , dogrofe , I have Cherryes that grow
upon Plum-flocks which is Su Hugh Plates experi-
ment from Mr.H/7/. p.i 1 3. and Currans upon Goofe-
berries : what duration they may be of I expeil to
learn. I am not convinced by experience than
Pears upon White-thorn are vvorfe in their fruit
but if fo I (hall preferre Apple-kernel Is before Crabs
jforaNurfery.Ihave tatted very excellent Katherine
Pears without ftone or hardneffe , that came from a
Thonvftock:nor were they fmalleror harder (which
lAt.Tavemer afferts) then ordinary fruic upon the
proper (tock , however I advife that fuch as
{hall for want of Pear ,ufe Thorn-Rocks , that they
graft .very low, for otherwife the 1 horn not growing
proportionally to the graft , will caufe the graft to
decay, being never able to grow thereon, unto the
bignefs ufuall in Pear trees.

There are almoft infinite ftoryes of ftrange conjun-'
cYions which urge earneftly for credit , fome of incifi-
ons made upon animall bodyes : The Lord oiPierefch
had a prefent made him of a Plum-tree branch which
bore bloffomes and leaves, which fprang from a thorn
that grew in the breaft of a Shepheard,this Shepheard
having got this Thorn by falling upon a plumtree.
Raw filk has grown on the eye brow of a Lady, menti-
oned by ^orellm, obferv. 10 cent. 1. being drawn
through the flefh to ftitch up the lips of a wound
there, and the growth was fo coniiderable that it re-
£ \ quired

quired frequent cutting ;and there msaSpiniard late-
ly had a bramble that grew outoif his belly. The
improvement that from thefe and the like Uoryes,
the Author in the cited place propofes, is, That with
thebliftering plainer the bod yes of divers beafts be
excoriated and planted anew with Hike, woole, or the
like , where it may likely grow to the great advan-
tage of the owners. When this has well fu cceeded,
I \hx\\ propofe another raritie from rjae firft ttory(viz)
That fuch who live aboutGbflenbury plant upon them
(lives fome of that famed thorn that beares leaves on
Chrifknas day ; for if the button moulds, according to
the ftory, made from the wood, kept their time of
blowing upon the doublet , through the filke of the
button, doubtlefle the plant grafted upon the flefh
miy grow through the very doublet too. Or in the
mean time I (hall wage on the fuccefle of my improv-
ment,afmuch as the obfei vator ftull doe on his.

N. »j. Rules for Grafting.

The time of grafting, poltibly is any time of the
v. inter;I have feen Applet grafted in November^ at
Chrifima^ and yet thiive very well;but the belt time
isjthat which immediately precedes the fpringiif pofTi-
ble let the Cyons be gathered before the trees fliooc
their buds though fome will grow now and then , not-
withstanding they be. fprouted, ' I is no matter though
the (locks are budded; I have at Eafler grafted above
an hundred Apples and Pears ? ithout any fail.

T he bell way to keep grafts a long time, efpeciatfy

in pretty hot fpring leather , is to wrap them all m

wet inoiTe , or cover them with earth.

U\tt is made with ho.fe-dung & iliflr clay welt mix^d

to-ether ; Mr. Aufiln ,\d vifes , that in ik>ulder-gpfc-

(4?)

ing y the Cyon cnay be put upon, the Weft or South-
fide of the ftock, becaufe if fo, thofe wind? which Are
moft dangerous cannot fo foon break off the grafts as
on rhe otner fides.

If you would have a Spreading tree , put in a long
Cyon; if a ftraight tree,put on a (hort one, o; let but
one bud thrive.

Good bearing, trees are made from Cyonsof the
like fruitfullnefie. Unbind grafes when they have
ihot great fhoots , that the binding eat not into the
tree , ftrengthen thofe that are weak with a [tick tyed
above and below the grafted place, like Splinters to a
broken bone, till the cementation be made and con-
firmed.

If you would have ftore of any fruit quickly, cut off
the head of an old ftock, and graft thereon.

To Trees that bear great heads,and are of a Fail and
binding bark , fuch as Cherrie trees , fome hard A p-
ples, and other kinds of great fruit-bearing,and other
plants, it is efteemed neceffary by fo ne to put in
more grafts than one , leaft the fap rinding not way
enough,the tree receive a check and periihby the
difappointment of the fap. Hovever this reafon
may hold , certainly 'tis prudence to put in more Cy-
oris than one in fuch trees, leaft that one failing, the
flock likewife dye, being bark-bound and not ablet©
put out a germen.

Cyons are beft chofen from rhe faireft,ftrongeft,not
under-fhoots or fuckers , which will be long ere they
bear fruir,which is contrary to the intention of graft-
ing; the prime ufe of which I beleive rather to be the
expediting, than the .improvement of fruit.

N. 4* Of Inoculation
Inoculation is performed by cakeing off that eye or
little bud which containes the beginning of a bough
provided for growth in the next fpring/and planting
it fo upon another flock that the fap of the flock may
without impediment or interrupt courfepafle unto
the little eye (as I may call it) imperfect or inchoate
bough, and ferve it forNutriment: For which operati-
on the Bark muft be cut either downrtght,with a crofs
cut on the top ; the downright cut feeing about an
inch long,and the crofs cut onely big enough to ferve
for the ea lie lifting up the Bark: and then the fides
being lifted up with a Knife or Quill,the Shield is to
be put in, and the lips or fides of the Bark before
lifted up, are to be bound down upon the fhield : Or
the crofs cut may be in the middle, and then the
ihield is to be made picked at both ends (otherwife in
the forementioned way, the lower end onely is made
picked) and the four lips are to be lifted up for the
letting in the ihield. Others cut the Bark clean ouc
in an oblong fqutre, and cutting the fbield exactly
in the fame dimensions and figure, apply it to the dif-
barked place in the Stock. Others cut their (hield
in the mentioned Figure, but take not off all the
Bark anfwering the oblong fquare fhield, but leave
the lover part on the flock, under which they put
the lower end of the Shield , and binde it down
thereon. Other varieties there may be, and are ufed,
iome more of which are delineated in the annexed
Figures : To take off the Bud clean from the Cyon,
the beft way is, to draw the lines of your fbield
through the Bark with your Knife, and to take off the
refl of the Bark thereabouts, leaving onely the in-
tended Shield thereon.

Having

The Exemplification of the Operations by the
Figure.

g Denotes the ordinary cutting of rhc Bark for Inoculation.
b b The tide* of rhe Bark, lifted np for the putthg in of tHc

Sfreld.
t The Shield taken off with the Bud, which lies Under the

Sulk of the Loaf cutoff.
I n The Shield put into the Stock to be bound up.
& The Bark cutcutin anoblong tyuare, according to ano*

ther ufual way of Inoculation.
I The Shield cut out for the fitting thedif barked fquare.1
tfl The fame Shield put into the Stock-
f A variation pf rhe fore-mentioned way, by cutting off the
upper part of the oblique fquare, and binding the lower
part down upon the Shield.
• The Shield Co put in to be bound up,
9 Anorher variation by flitting the Bark, that the Bud and
Leaf may (land forth at r, and the Bark flit be bound dowa
upon the Shield,
jb A crofs cut for Inoculation. »

i The lame crofs cut lifted up in this Figure, fomewhattobig
k. The Shield cue off to be put therein.
p The Shield put in.

gorq The cut of the Cyon or Stock for whip-grafciog.
r 7 The cur of Cyon and Stock for Shoulder-grafting.
s The cat of the Cyons and flit of the Stock for Grafting In

the cfefc.
tt The Stock fer for AbUfrition or approach,
n The Cyon of rhe Branch for the fame operation,
i 2 The Branch rhit is to be taken off by Circumpofirlon 2
5 The Branch that bears up the mould to the dif-barked

place.
'4. The Branch of a Carnarion to be laid.
5. The joynt where the Hit begins,

4. The next joync where the ftit is propped opeijj with *
peicc of « Carnation Leaf put in.

Adde this at the^o^ Page,

Having To far prepared your Bud before you rake it
off, remember to open the Bark of the itock, for
otherwife the fhield will take hurt by the Air, which
mutt be placed upon the Stock with all fpeed, and
bound with fomething that may be of a yielding na-
ture. The beft way of taking off Buds, is with a
Quill which is cut like a fcoop, the one half, or two
thirds, taken away for abput an inch in length at the
end : In taking the Bud off, be fure not to leave the
Root behinde ; for bindings, ufe any forts of fofc
Ruflies that will hold tying, long flipes of Linnen
or Yarn.

I prefer fuch binding as need not be taken off till I
cxpeil the fpringing of the Bud, for there is much
peril in premature looflng the bonds, yet 'tis necef-
fary to unbinde whenfoever the Stock fwells about the
place of Inoculation. The time of Inoculating is,
from the firtf time you can get lirong Buds that will
come off after the frofts are gone in the Spring, till
fuch time as that the Buds then implanted may be
faft cemented before Frofts return in the Winter.
You may Inoculate with the laft years Buds, which
are ftrong commonly, and fit to be put in at Ea-
iter.

Other Rules for Inoculation are, That the Cyon
from whence you take the Bud be not weak, for then
thefhield will be fo too, and likely bow or double
in the putting in3 which is a great reafon why the
double yellow Provence Rofe is fo hardly propagated
by this means ; other Rofes, as the Rofa Muudi,
Velvet, Marble, and Apples, Aprecotes , and the
like, very eafily, that the Bud be not fprung out
much before it be taken off.

If you carry Buds far, expofe them not to the
F 4 Sun,

■{■*»>

Sutt> but cut off the leaves,, or fome part of them,
and wrap them up in wet Mofs or freih leaves, to
keep them cool.

If the Bud take , in the March "after cut off all
thatgroweth above it, Gripping away all theEuds
that come forth elfevvherc, or at the leaft all favc one:
fome conceive one neceflary for the drawing up the
fap,

Choofe ftrong Buds for Inoculation,- and ftrong
Cyons for grafting, and put them always on a fmooth
place of the flock*

Any thing may be propagated by Inoculation, un-
lefs the flendernefs and weaknefs of the Shield hin-
der,that can be by grafting. Apples and Pears, though
feldom Inoculated, certainly take. I have fometimes
ufed to cut off the (hi eld with a {harp knife fiat, with
part of the Wood thereto adjoyning, and put it in*
ib; But this way, though many take, efpecially ia
Apples, yet the ordinary way feems better and more
certiin. Some take off Shields without a Quill,
flipping them off with their fingers ; but this is the
re;dy way to leave the root of the Bud behinde on
the Cyon, which being wanting* the other part of the
Shield is unprofitable.

A pair of Compares made flat at the ends, and
fturp with edges, is an apt Inftrument to cut away
Bark for Inoculation, both for a true breadth and di-
ftance all at once ; and fo likewife with the fame you
may take off the bud truly to fit the fame place again
i n the flock, Sir Ht P. p. 1 1 3 ,

N. 3.

N.^j^KirckerS Experiments concerning lnfithnt
examined.

Kitcktf) a Learned man, the Pliny of his time,
after he hud reproved the faltities in Wtd^r^ Alexius %
and Porta, who had afferted a change of colours and
rare variety of flowers,by fteepmg thofe roots in juices
whofe eoleu s were delired, feems to me as much to
be blamed, in that he writes fo confidently of things
which are as much like Paradoxes, and equally glin-
faid by experience.

He fays, that he doubts not, but has from experi-
ence thefe effects ; That a white Rofe, grafted upon a
red, will bring th.it Rofe we call Kofi Mundi, or a
flo ver both red and white. This I have often prov'd
falfe by mine own tryal : Thau a Gellimine grafted
on a Broom, will bring yellow flowers like thofe of
the Broom ; That I tryed, and could not make to
grow, fo far it was from bearing any Hdwers, v\ Kir-
cher: ars Magn. f. 13. C, 6. But that Jafmine upon
jafmine will grow and thrive, my own and others ex-
perience can atreft.

The fame Doftor, in another Fook of his, Be
■iJWagnete, where he has many good Iperiments a-
bout that Stone, yet as to his ^7^7/ wi!*-^, either
he is out, or there is greater difference be; w*xt the
C ountrey where he tryed his experiments, and Srg->
land, then lean imagine; I have tiycd Mulberies
on Eeech, Quinces, Apples, Pears, Elms, Pop-
lars, and by grafting they would not take, yet he af-
firms they takeeafily ; and more, that Mulberies are
by conjunction w'ith white Poplars, made to beota
white kinde, and bear white Mulberies ; That Fears

begin

( 74)

being grafted on a Mulbery, being a red colour d
Pear, fuch I fuppofe we call the Bloody P^ar, and
that a Peach being Inoculated on it, it fends forth a
bloody Peach, are his affertions, which conjunctions
I fee will not with us take, but if they would, 1 could
promife my felf no greater alteration of colour
thereby, then I finde in the Flowers of Rofes, which
I have tryed in very many different forts, and expe-
rienc'd to follow the Cyon without any participation
of colour from the ftock.

I having heard the fame relation made of chang-
ing the colours of Tulips, by Artificial grafting the
13ulbs of the white and red, and other colours, by
proportionable indentments in each Bulb, tryed it
this year in divers Roots, and made the Infitions, and
put together the parts as artificially as I could, ac-
cording to the rules here given; but the event is,thac
the Bulbs come not up at all, but die upon the opera-
tion. ~

Num. & The maner «f growing by Grafts,

'Tis prov'd by experience, that there is every year
a new coat of Wood made to every thriving Tree,
by apportion of fap hardned into a thin Eoard (as I
may call it) infomuch that I have known divers
Woodmen, that would boldly affert the determinate
number of years, that any Oke, or other Wood, has
thrived in, by the number of thofe feveral diftircl:
Rings of Wood that are to be counted from the mid-
dle or center of the Tree, to theoutfide of it, it
being credited, and that I think with rcafon, that e-
very one of thefe Rings arofe from the appofed and
hardned fap of every feveral year.

Now in grafting upon a fi^im flock, it comes to

P pafs

(75)
pafs, that the Cap of the ftockis appofed to the body
of the Cyon, and foinclofeth the Cyon with the hit
coat of the whole Tree, that there is, as it were,
one and the fame part of new Wood, that doth clofe-
ly encompafs the whole , both Stock and Cyon ,
which when harden'd, grows to be rtrong, and of the
fame ufe that fplinrers are to a broken Eone ; and
Gardners wifely provide for the rtrengthning of the
compagination of the Cyon and Stock, until this fap
be incrufted to a hardnefs ; when the firft year o£
their grafting, they do not onely binde up the Cyon
to the Stock, but ufe fplinters of old Wood, than
neither the winde, or other accidents, may diflocate
what with Art was joyned together. This firrt, fon
the maner of conjunction and fartning of the Woods:
Nor do I mate any difference between Grafting and
Inoculation, becaufe I amperfwaded, that as there
is in every Seed an actual Plant, fo there is in every
Bud an actual Bough, and that a Cyon and a Bud
differ but as a greater and leffer branch.

But how the fap of the Stock ; fuppofe White
Thorn can ferve to make the Wood, Bark, Leaves,
and Fruit of its Cyon , fuppofe a Pear, is a difficult
quertion : For grant there be an elective attraction of
fap from the earth ; yet how fhall a white Thorn
choofe that which is fit for a Pear ? My thoughts are,
that for thofe who maintain election of fimilar parts,
it were beft to fuppofe a great likenefs in all Grafts
and Stocks, as to their inward nature and parts,
though not outward figuration ; and there being this
likenefs in the fubftance, it will not be hard to con-
clude, that the Cyon, by altering the pofition of the
fame fubftantial parts, may make to the fight, fmell,
touchy taft$j a thing of another fafhion.

For

Tor thofe qualities that affe& the fenfes vary of-
ten in one and the ftme thing : The Apple in the be-
ginning that is without fmell, of fowr tafte, green
colour, hard to the touch, {hall in a little fpace be
fragrant to the Nofe, fvvcet to the Palat , of a gol-
den or ruddy colour^ and foft to the feeling : And in,
a thoufaniinftances 'tis found, that feveral pofitures
of the fame parts,, fhall produce feveral oppofite co^
lours, and orher fenfible appearances in the fame
thing : There is no inherent colour, either in the
infuiionof Galls or Vitriol (though limpid they are
not) fo dark or deep as to come near the blacknefs o£
Inck, which notAithftanding, being mixt, they pro-
duce it.Two other infufions of like colour,would not
upon mixture arifc to fuch an effe£l, becaufe not able
todifpofe each odiers particles into fuch pofitures.
Spirit of Vitriol, though vvithout colour, di-fpofes
the parts of this Inck foas to deftroy the blacknefs;
Oyl of Tartar reftores both pofition of parts and pri-
fline colour;and that it arifes from different pofitures^
may be argued, becaufe there is a vifible motion,ftri-
ving, and local mutation in them, before thefe laft
effecls are produced ; and 'tis plain, that when the
Jnck,by reafon of the fpirit of Vitriol,difappeared;,yet
all the parts were there, for elfe k will not be ima-
ginable ho v a limpid Liquor,as Oyl of Tartar, fhould
reduce the colours which it does not by it felf gene-
rate, as it is plain, becaufe reftoring Letters writ-
ten with Inck, and taken off with Spirit of Vitriol ,
it makes no blacknefs on the Paper, fave onely upon
the Lines of the Letters : Thefe two limpid Li-
quors likevife, being put together, turn into a good
coniiilence and milky colour.

Lui

(77)

But he that dcfires more inffances of this kinde and
muter, th At, according to this Doc/trine, may much
help the Theory of Colours, and particularly the
force both of Sulphurous and Volatile, as likewife of
Alk.ilizat and acid falts, and in what particulars Co-
lours likely depend not in their caufarion from any
fait at all, may beg his information from that Nob/c
perfon (in order to vvhofe command, for all his inti-
mations to me arc fuch I am now writing) who has
fome while fince honored me with the light of his
Papers concerning this fubje&> containing many ex-
cellent Experiments made by his Honor for the eluci-
dation of this Do&rine ; or otherwife, for the pre-
fent, may fee very good inftances hereof in Dr. Willis
his Treatife De Ferment , cap.i i. And truly, if Taftcs,
Colours, Smells, were not eafily alterable, it would
not be that we fhould from the feed of the ft me
Plant attain to fuch change and variety of Flowers
and Fruits as a:e mencioned above, nor of Flowers
from the fame off-fet.

But if there be fuppofed in the world, and all
feveral Bodies, but one Element or material princi-
ple, from which by Natures undeicryed Wifdom,
in appointing it into feveral motions and changes of
fcituation, and giving different Meafures and Pigtr-
ratioasto its fmal left Particles, there arifeall the
varieties in the world, then there will be no difficul-
ty how the fame fort of matter llovild give fublbnre
"both to the Stock and Graff, though Plants of diffe-
rent nature, and bearing different Eoughs, Reaves,
Fruits, Seeds, each from other ; for if from any
blatter, any thing may be made without difference,
then particularly the wildeft flock may afford Ele-
ments fit to nouiilh the Boughs of any Plant, of

how

how gentle and noble mture foever.

But laftly, If all thefe Confederations be too trou-
blefome, I can help a lazy Naturalitt to an admira-
ble expedient for the refolving this appearance; let
him be content to believe, that when the Sap, ga-
ther'd in the Root, comes to the place of conjuncture,
it is there fore'd to undergoe a.total corruption and
lapfe into the Bed of its firft matter, from whence,
by a new generation, there arifes a new fap, begot in
the Tree by a fpecifick faculty, which in a Pear
graff may be call'd aPear-fap-making-power, and fo
in all the reft : And for the commendation of this
laft way of Refolution, I mutt exprefs this its ex-
cellency, that it is equally applyable to all things in
the world, each thing being made (and the caufe as
eaiily believed) by fome fuch thing-making power.

Or in might not be amifs to entitle Diva Colcbodeay
the grand-general form-making-intelligence, to the
production of all thefe effects, and in Romantick
guife, to place her, as it were, in a non-erring chair,
fitting in the very place of conjuncture of Cyon and
Stock, and working by ways and arts belonging to her
own Trade ( and therefore, as her proper mytteries,
not to be revealed) to the forming in moft occult and
admirable maner of the appearing effeft.

chap;

0

(79)
CHAP. VI.

Of the ways for , and Seafons of
(ettingTlants.

A LI Trees and Shrubs of Woody fubftance, thac
have Bodies able to endure the cold, are beA
fet before the Winter, affoon as the Leaves begin to
fail: AQnickfetof thisfeafon, will far outgro-v the
like planned in the Spring. A rri chocks and Afpara-
gus Roots do exceeding well, being planted at this
Seafon, if fet in a rich warm mould, and well de-
fended in the enfuing Winter from the violence of
the frofts : Artichokes are with us fet above an Ell
diftance, and thereby in the Winter, a Trench being
made between the rows, the Mould is caft up on
ridges for the defence of the Roots ; and in the Sum-
mer,Cole-flovvers, or other Garden-fluff is fet in the
dittances* For herbs and choice Plants, efpecially
thofc that are fet without Roots, it is moft fit and u-
fual that they be fet in the Spring, as Hyfope, Time,
Savory, Marjerome, Wall- flowers, Pincks, Gilly-
flowers and Carnations, with this Caution ; That by
how much more tender each Plant is, in regard o£
cold, the later it requires to be fet, and in the warm-
er place.

For all bulbous and tuberous rooted Plants,, it is
accounted the beft way for their prefervation and im-
provement, that they be taken up every year out of
the ground, and kept fome time out of the ground,
Thfr Univejfal and Catholick order of all Bulbous

Plants,

(8o)

f'hntt, {xysLaurembergiHs, is, that about St. James
tyde they be taken out of the ground, and put in a
place cold and dry, of a free air, not in the Sun, not
covered with Sand or Earth, or acceilible to Mice ;
lee them abide fo a Moneth, or thereabouts, then fee
them again, when they are taken up, cutoff the Fi-
bres that grow from under the head : no: need any
thus take them up every year (unlefs it be for the
tranfplantation of the oft-fets) by which forbearance,
the iiock of Tulips is very much increafed. Terra-
rltis more particularly forbids the abiding of Ane-
mones in the Earth il the Summer, as being found
prejudicial to them by his experience. But Fritel-
laries, and Peonies,. in J the Crown Imperial, he will
not have removed from their t:eds, unlefs into a
Cellar, in a pot of Earth.

Nor are all taken at the fiftie time, as he fecms to
intirmte ; for Narciftes and Crocuites are common-
ly taken up firft, generally when the floveris gone,
the leaf withered, and the Bulb full, it is the beft
feafon to take them up ; fome keep them oux of the
ground longer, as till Chrism Us, at after ; as this
year, being in LorAm, my beft Tulips, Anemones
and Ranunculus's, were in the Houfe till the begin-
ning of February, and yet did well enough : But com-
monly we re-plant them about Niich.ielmafs,or there-
abouts: fome great "Flo ills keep them out of the
ground no longer than till they grow dry ; fome re-
plant them in Jnm, fome in July or Angttfi ; fome
take not up their Ranunculus Roo:s at all. Thofe
Gardiners, whofe Feds are apt to be over-flowed or
foaked with cold water in the Winter, the later they
fet, 1 believe their Bulbous and Tuberous Roots will
grove the better.

The

*(8i)

The ordinary time to plane Anemones, fays Mr.
TParklnfon, is moll commonly in Augnfi , nhich
will bear Flowers,fo.ne peradventure betore Winter,
but ufually in February, Marsh, and April , few
or none abiding until May: Kut if you vvill keep fomc
d^oots out of the ground un-planted till Febr. AJarch
& Aprll,md plane fome at one time,and fome at ano-
ther, you ihall have them bear Flowers according to
their planting ; thofc that are planted in Febr* ,\ili
$o ver about the middle or end of May, and fo the
reft accordingly, & thus you have theplealure of thefe
Plants out of their feafons, which is not permitted to
be enjoyed by any other that I know, Nature not be-
ing fo prone to be fur rhe red by Art in other things,
as in this, yet regard is to be hac3,that in keeping your
Anemones out of the ground for this purpofe, you
neither keep them too dry nor too moitf,for fprouting
or rotting, and in planting them, you fet them not
in too open a Sunny place, but where they may be
fomewhat fhadowed.

N. 2, Of de fettwg of Woods Frnit-Trets> ani
T fonts uncultivated.

Concerning Phnrs that are ordinarily fet abroad,
and are not cultivated in Gardens or Orchards, few
obfervations can be mace that a^e ro. very vulgar ;
'tis greatly his intereft that mindes the thriving of
his Trees, that they be fet that the Roots may run
ufl under the Turf, in the furface of the Earth, the
igher the better, if they are kept moilt at the root
with wet ilraw, or the like, and defended from in-
juries the firft year. I h ive feen loom plants fo bu-
ried in a depth of r.hickclay or gravel, that they
could nor fhoot for many years a fprig of a Span long,
'tvberea* ©she^s let orderly in the fame place did

G &hrir©

J

(**■)

•thrive abundantly : And thofe chat think te'aniend
the nutter by digging a hole a yard deep, or more,
-and purring in the Tree with a little 'good earth, do
but cheat themfeives } for the Tree would thrive as
well upon a Stone Wall, that is waited with rain
Water, as in that hole, \* hen once the Root is come
to the fides thereof : This I ipeak generally and not
•of fuch particular Trees as delighcin a lingular Mi-
weraof Earth.

And for Orchards, it is a ve*y neceffary requihte,
that the Roots of Fruit-trees AmA above the Gra-
vel, Clay, or Rock, if any fuch be, proviiion for
-which I have known made two ways, the uiual anil
<rnoM common is, to plant with fuch Standards which
have no down-right Roots, which may be gotten
in any well ordered Nurferies, for in fuch, the
.'Seedling Plants are taken up the fecond year, and
the down-right Roots being cut off ihort , they
are let in beds for- grafting, and by this means fhoot
their Root rather "in compafs, then directly down-
VvSrcte. The fecond way is a more unufuai expen-
ment (y!z*) To fet the Fruit-Tree on the topof the
ground, without anyholedig;'d,cC to lay a load of &ch
dirt as is found in ftreets to the root, upon the Turf ;
yet fo, that the rain may abide, and no: by reafon of
the banck,run from the root of the new fet fruit-tree.
n For Wall-Trees, it is convenient the Roots be fet
at fuch diitance from the foundation of the Walls,
that they may hav^room in the Earrh fo: their roots;
a foot is a convenient fpace generally, for then. the
heulswill without difficulty be drawn to the Wail,
S?d the ^oots not be prejudiced.
' "• hofe Wali-^ruits th.it are fee abroad, as Vines,
#X BS*t BSft ihort in their kra»ch$s, and not fuf-
* ' fered

CM.

Feted to climb, become good bearers, efpeciaHy
:if chey are Tec near the reflexion of GraVeU
~Waiks,or upon other Ground -kept bare from Weeds.
I c; the planting of Woods in general, for increafe
•of under Wood, Mr. wittFs way is generally 'appro-
ved, tocaif up double Ditches, and plant any forts
of Wood in the form of a Quick- fee : Some fow
feed on the Bancks in orderly rovs, ond fet litavife
on the top, as well as both tides of che Bank. The
time is, afloon as the Leif is fallen, in any Weather
.©rSeafon* 1 he Pl:.nts in a more found ground, are;
.Alh, Oakj Elm, Sycamore, Maples, Crabs, Thorns;
in a more moill Ground, as a drained Bog, Poplar,
Wilio.v, Sallow, ( .'■fier, which grori by Truncheon".
In whi< h watery foils, the way. of railing Ditches is
; moll neueflary i lor neither Willo v, Silfbm Ofier,
nor any orher Plant, will giow in a Bog, without
foundnefs of ground : What Plants grow by cut-
tings, what by laying for the more ready thickning of
• Woods, may be -feeri above in the proper Chapter.

There is a fto:y freely defended and frequently,
both in difecjurfes Printed and fpoken, that the chips
of Elm, being fo.ved, will grow • but that isfdme-
what like K'irchcrs experiments, before-mentioned
in the Chapter of cuttings,and not a whit more true $
otherwtfe, to fo.v thofe Chips would be a good pro*
fitable and frugal way for thickning Woods, Th3
cawfe of the Countrey mans mi ft ike (for I furpofd
-'hot that this error arofe from Philofophers) f jfffii
" gine to be this s r t the felling of great Elms many
chips muit needs be fcatte ed, md file round about
the Tree, and be covered in Grafs thereabouts jj hOvV
the next year,' after the fall, there arife generally
great numbers of Suckers from the roots of the old

O i Treej

(g4)
Tree, which roots, muft emit all the fap they ga-
ther up into thefe Suckers, the great Trunck being
removed. And thefe Suckers are eafily miftaken to a-
rife from the chips, becaufe they -always come upon
the felling of Elms where chips are found, and grow
as fuch diftance as chips are ordinarily fcattered.

-

N. 3. Whether any Vegetables may be fet fo an tagrm
in tioe Air*

There is a queftion now-adays frequently projofed,
Whether there be more Soils then the ordinary
Turf or furface of the Earth, tempered with fome
water, foyl being meant for the ground, in which
things may be fet to grow. I need not fpeak much
upon it, as to Water, which by Experiments related
in the Chapter concerning Propagation by cuttings,
appears to have a property to elicite Roots, and make
- them where they were nor, and nourifh the Plants
by them after they were made ; to which, I mult
adde this circumstance, not before mentioned, that
Periwinckle, and divers others, continued their
growth by this nourishment alone, from year to year,
not dying in the Winter.- How long they might have
. continued, I can't afiert, for being abfent this Win-
'tcr, and no fires being kept near, the water in the
. Glaffes, was fo raryfied by the Froft, that the fides
could nor contain it, but were forced afunder there-
by, and fo the Plants peri/Hed ; whereas others ife,
they being fet in a 1 00m over my Laboratory, I que-
ftion nor, had many of them continued till now.

Some put for.vard, that the Air might have the
faculty of nouri fning Vegetables 'afcribed to
it: And no wonder, when. Faracelfw makes it a

fufficiejjt

fumaent nourilhment for men, and brings infancy
for the proof of his aficrtion. But I fmde, That
Onions, Tulips, and all Bulbous Roots, though
they rtioot out a green leaf, yet do very much lcflcn
in their weight, and it appears, that this growth is
but the moaon of the (lime parts, or fome few o£
them, to fettle and gather in another place, and an-
other order or fcituation in relation to each other;
for the Onion particularly hath the thicker coverings
of the Eulb very much Wretched out, and each co-
vering, as it increafeth in length and breadth, by ri-
6ng into a leaf, fo the thicknefs confiderable while
it covered the Bulb onely, decreafeth proportionably
and is molden into a thinner, and more largely ex-
tended Veftment.

I have hun£ up divers Sedum?, Orpines, Tithy-
malls, and other fuch Plants, v\hich I imagined moft
likely to grow by the Air onely, and to encreafe and
be augmented thereby, and found, that by all. my
endeavors, though the Plant grew well, yet they al-
ways loft weight, and never got the fourth part of a

grain.

Aloes likevife, though being hang'd up in the
air with a cloith dipped in Sallat Oyl, it fends forth
for ma ly years new leaves, yet it always grows lefs
and lefs in weight, till at laft the oldeft leaves fal-
ling off , and new coming up t ic gws to no*
thing,

CHAP,

$*

^86)

CH A P. vir.

Of the means for the Improvement
and heft culture of Com, Cjrafs,
and other Vegetables belonging
to Husbandry- and of the ways
for removing the federal annoy*
ances that ufuall^ hinder fuch ad-
vantage.

I
Num. I. Of the Annoyances to Land^ and the Ipife-
dimertsthat ufuaVy d'ftem^erh^ to the difadvatr
tare of the Husbandman.

T

He . Impediments th.it with us hinder the
Husb.mdmen from making the greatefi ad-
vantage of their ground, are either the air
ftcfipefs of the ground it feif, or fome evil accidents
tfiflt optionally happen thereto, or to the vegeta-
bles growing thereon. The diftempers are general-
ly c.uifed, either by the abounding of water, above
all other principles, which caufes coldnefs, and a
Drop'icd pifpoiition in the Earth ; or by the abound-
>ta dry Earth or Mineral, and the want of rroi-
. and faknefs, and that Spirit which ihculd caufe

that

"(8?)

that morion in the infenfible particles of the Earth,
v hich is poper tor the exciting the Spech of all
things, and foi'tir ring the ground, that the feveral
particles m ay, be at liberty to enter the Bodies of
Vegetables fit for them ; the accidents come by
bhtting Winds, rapicious Fowls , Vermine, and
Weeds, Feam, Heath, Broom, and other impro-
vable Vegetables ; of thefe, nnd the ufual remedies
again:! them, fomewh.it, and the befx that at thepre-
fent occurs, I fliall fpeak in this Chapter.

N. 2. Ofths remedies proper to cure the excejfive cold?
fiefs and molflure in Lands , and the ways of Im-
provement thereby, In Grounds fob -eft to thefe di-
flempersy by draining , Pigeons and Poultry dun^
Urine, Soot, Afhes, Hoyfe and Sheep duw \ Of
Ground cold and dry , and how thefe Soy Is may be
apply able thereto,

Bogginefs and obftru&ion of Springs more or \e^y
is generally the caufe of the chill or coldnefs that
lies upon Lands, and breeds the Ruih and other in-
commodities, and therefore the foundation of the
cure, and improvement thereby, mutt be to remove
this internal caufe, by laying the ground dry, and
dreining the Eog : In the relation of <\ hich 'opera-
tion, and many more of this Chipter, I thnll cafe
my felf, by giving you Mr. Pittb's observations and
directions thereabouts , who was both a Practice?
himfelf, and queltionlefs a very faithful and true Re-
porter of his experience.

In cold,rufhy land, fays he,the moiiture,or cold hun-
gry water, is found between the firft & fecond fvvarth
Qi the Land ; and then oft-times you come immedi-

G 4 ately

atetyunto a little Gravel, or Stonynefs, in which
this water is, and fometimes below this, in an hun-
gry Gravel, and many times this Gravel or Stony-
nefs lieth lower : But in boggy LanditJufually lieth
deeper then in rufhy ; but to the bottom, where the-
fpewing Spring lyeth, you muftgoe, and one fpades
depth, or graft beneath, how deep foever it be, if
you will drain the Land to purpofe.

And for the matter or Bog-maker, that is moft
eaftly difcover'd, for fometimes it lieth within tv\o
foot of the top of the ground, and fometimes, and
very ufually within three or four foot, yet fome lie
far deeper, hx, eight, or nine foot, and all thefe are
feazable to be wrought, and the Bog to be difovered ;
but until thou come part the black Earth, or Turf,
which ufually is two or three foot thick, unto ano-
ther fort of earth, and fometimes unto old Wood,
and Trees,(I mean the proportion and form thereof,
but the nature is turned as foft and tender as the
Earth it felf) which have lain there no man knows
bov long ; and then to a white Earth many times,like
1 ■ime,which the Tanner & White-Tawer takes out of
their Lime-pits, and then to a Gravel, or Sand where
the water lieth, and then one Spades depth clearly
under this,whi<h is indeed nothing elfe but a Spring,
that would fun burft forth at fome certain place,
which if it did clearly break out, and ran quick and
lively, as other Springs doe, your Bog would die,.
but being held down by the power and weight of the
Earth, trnt oppofeth the Spring, which boils and
works up into the eirth, as it were, blows it up, and
filleth the earth with winde, as I may call it, and
makes it fvvell and rife like a Puff-Bail, as feldom or
never you Avail finde any Bog, but it lieth higher,
and riling from the adjacent Land to it, fo that I be-
lieve

lieve, could you poflibly light of the very place
where the Spring naturally lieth, you need but open
that very place to your Q^ick-Spring, and give it a
clear vent, and certainly your Bog would decay ; by
reafon whereof, it hath fo corrupted and fwoln the
earth,as a Dropfie doth Mans Boay;for if you obferve
the mould, it is very light and hollow, and three
foot fquare thereof, is not above the weight of one
follid foot of natural Earth, Clay, or Land, whereby
I conceive, that how much foever this mould is for-
ced from the natural weight or hardnefs of folid
Earth or Clay, fo much it is corrupted, fwoln, or in-
creafed and blown up, and fo much it mutt be taken
down,or let forth,before ever it be reduced ; I there-
fore preu:iibe this direction: Go to the bottom of the
Bog, and there make a Trench in the found ground,
or elfe in fome old Ditch, fo lo v as you verily con-
ceive your felf affuredly under the level of the
Spring or fpewing water, and then carry up your
Trench into your Bog ftraight through the middle
of it, one foot under that Spring or fpewing water,
upon your level, unlefs it rife higher ; as many times
the Water or Spring rifeth, as the Land rifeth, and
fomedmes lieth very level unto the head of the Bog,
unto whuh you muft carry your Drain, or within
two or three yards of the very head of it, and then
flrike another Trench overthvvart the very head both
ways, from that middle Trench, as far as your Bog
goeth, all along to the very end of it, flill continu-
ing one foot at leaft under the fame, and poflibly this
may work a ({range change in the ground of it felf,
without any more Trenching.
Or thus you may work it fomew hac a more certain
way, but more charggable, (wx,.) After you have

broughc

(90)

brought a Trench' to the bottom of the Beg, then '
cut a good fubihntial Trench about the Bog, I mean,
according to the form of your Bog, whether round,
{quire, or long, or three or four yards within your
Bcggy ground ; for fo far, I do verily believe, it
will drain that which you leave without your Trench,
at the depth aforefaid, that is underneath the Spring-
water round ; And when you have fo done,make one
wo~kor two juft overthwart it, upwards and down-
wards, all uader the matter of the Bog, as is afore-
faid, and in one years patience, through Gods blef-
fing, expeil your deiired IiTue : And if it be in fuch
aplace as will occafion great danger to your Cattle ;
then having wrought your works and drains as afore--
faid, all upon ftraight lines (by all means prevent
as nuny Angles, Crooks and Turnings, as is polTible>
for thofe will occahon but floppages of the Water,
and filling up of Trenches, and lofs of ground, and
much more trouble then orherwife.) Then you mult
Bake good green Faggots, Willov, .Alder, Elm, or
Thorn, and lay in the bottom of your Works,
then take your Turf you took up in the top of your
Trench, and plant them thereupon with the Soard
downward, and then fill up your works level again,
until you come to the bottom or neither end of your
work, where your Trench is fo {hallow, that it will
not endanger your Cattle ; or rather take great pib-
ble Stones., or Flint Stones, and fo fill up the bot-
tom of your Trench, about fifteen Inches high, and"
take your Turf and Plant it as aforefaid, being cue
very fit for your Trench, that it may ly clofe as it is
laid down ; and then having covered it all over with
Tarth, and made it even as the other ground, waitf
and expeel: a wonderful effeftj through the blefsmg

( 9i)

&f God ; but if you may, without eminent danger,
leave your wo :ks. open, that is moil certain of all: .

Of her and fecond remedies lor all cold Land, arc
ligeonsDung, Dung of Poultry, whkh abound in
heat and volatile falc ; thefe are onely (owed by the
band, for fear of burning the .Ca.n in the chitting of
the Grain: I rnve obierved, where thefe Dungs
have been over plentifully laid, that the place bare
no Corn at all, when as in other places., where it was*
moderately (trawed, the Crop wis exceeding great.
1 he fame effect there is in urine and Soot, from the
fame principles, (viz,.) muche.fger fpirit and vola-
tile fait, and therefore the fame caution is to be had
in their ufe .-I have feen half the Trees in a Codling-
hedge killed > by watering them over-much with
Chamber-lye. Horfe-dung , -if not rotten, lying
thick, will doe the fime, but rather by an :Stm\ heat
which it creates by its fermentation, than by the
pow7er of fingle principles, as in the former instan-
ces, but the excefs of it is, harmful, being laid in
fuch quantities as it may heat, and certainly burns
theroot of any ordinary Vegetables that grow near
it. Sheep-dung, t og-dung likewife, and all Soyl
and Litters of Cattle, by reafonof their Dung, U-
rine, and heat of their Bodies, lying thereon, have a
warmth in them, and are fit for cold Lands on that
account ; and by re;fon of their moiflure, for dry
Lmds alfo ; for it is to be obferved , that many
Grounds are dry and cold too, in all parts of the
North and North-weft, as Erglavd lies, and mEng-
iz;;d many of our Wood-lands efpecially ; and fo all
hot and moift foils are mpft proper for them : Burn-
ing and be-king is in mnny places, very fuccefsfully
wied to this efte&j The actual fire heating the

ground.

ground, and the aftes of Fern, £rake, Heath,' &c. o£
like nature, yielding a fait, very profitable tor, and
expedient to joyn with the other principles in the
ground , to caufe a fermentation and fruitful-
nefs.

'Tis a general rule, that there is nothing in ani-
mal Bodies , but will turn to excellent Manure :
Their Horns, Bsn-s, Hair, Heili, both of Beatfs,
Fiih, and Fowl, are very rich ; and thofe that know
the vertue of them, buy at Cities for the purpofe,
rags which are made of Wool, Sheep-trotters, ttinck-
ing Filh, or other Offal of Animals, which mud ei-
ther be mixed with other Dung, or not laid over
thick. »

But it is to be obforved, That where moifture is
rather required then heat, there floating by Land-
Hoods, the dirt and mud of Ponds and High-ways is
moft proper: where warmth and heat, is a greater
need ; there foyl that is made by a mixture of the
Offal of Animils, will be more to the purpofe and
advantage of the Husbandman.

Laftly, 'Tis probable that any thing that has a£Uve
parts ia it, if it be not jut* of the nature of the
ground, will raife improvement » Heterogeneous
things, upon their meeting, ordinarily caufing thac
ftir, which is thought, by moft Naturalifts no\X/ to
have great influence upon Vegetation.

N. 3. The ways of Improvement of dry, light, fandyy
gravelly , flinty Lands , by floating) Mart, Cb <*/£,

Dryneffe is generally a great caufc of barrenneffe,
and is an ufuai annoyance is Sandy and gravelly

grounds,

(9J)

grounds, more efpecially, in regard that they reteln

not the rain-water To well as clay, or Land of a mixt
foil : The proper remedy for this defe£, is artificial
watering , which tempers the ground moll pro-
perly for the improvement of the growth of the mort
ufeful Planer, Grain and Grafs : For firft, Water in
its own nature and property is a foil, and has an ex-
ceeding agreeablencfs with the Bodies of moll Vege-
tables, as appears by the experiments of their growth
in water onel y. And fecondly, There is a very con-
flderable accrewment to dry, frndy, and gravelly
Earth, by the fatty foyl and wa{h that is carryed both
in Land-floods, and other Water, that having pafled
through Cities, Roads, or other places of like na-
ture, are drawn over the ground, for the fait, and
other the mixt earth, that was carryed in the Flood,
being apt to refide to the bottom, is left generally
behinde upon the Land ; and the fait diluted in the
Water, eahly enters the Turf, and carries with it
other Particles thither, v\ hereby the heat of the Sun,
(they being in conjunction with the Sand, Gravel, or
other Bodies Heterogeneous, and unlike to them-
felves) they caufe by their mutual fe^menra ion, as
is fuppofed, or fome other way , that temper of
ground which is molt fit for rhe growth of all Grain,
Grades, and other Vegetables of general ufe.

For drawing the water over Land, the ufe is, that
by the eye or level which iseafily made to help the
eye : Firft 7 Difcovery be made where the water
may be conveighed over the moll L^nd : Thqn Mr.
-SZ/V/jadvifes, to cut out the M after Trench or Wa-
ter-courfe, to fuch a bignefs, as may contain all the
Land-flood, or at lea!i, be able to bring ir within
the Land inccadefi for this improvement : When the

iVAMf

(94)

water is brought, thither, carry it along in a foot
broad Trench,"' orleiTer, al I along the level : If the
level be too dead, the leffer ftream will follow, io
that a convenient. defcent mull be minded, to give
the water a fair paffag'e. If there be difcovered in
this le(fer Trench, any miilake or failing, it may
vvirh eafe be amended, by going higher to , or low-
"erfrbm the level, and the tirtt Trench be ftopt up
again, for this Trench need be no deeper then the
thicknefs of the upper Turf .• This cione, the Wa-
ter-courfe muifhe cut out, which mult be large -e-
nough to contain the whole Water which is intended
for the enrichment of the Land, which largenefs
ought to conrltr in breadth, and nor in deepnefs, for
a fhallo v Trench, about a foot deep, is belt for this
work: When the Trench is;b;oug'ht near to the end of
the Land, it is to be drawn narrower and narrower.
• Further directions the Author gives the Improver,
in thefe words.

As foon, fays he, as thou haft brought the Water
upon the Land, and turned it ove:*, or upon it, be
fure thou take it off as' fpeedily as pofiibly, and lb
fail nor to cut thy work ; fo as unletle thy Land be
very found, and thy Land-flood very rich, thou mull
take it oft the fooner by a deep' draining Trench,
Therefore I prefcribe no certain breadth, betwixt;
flo.i.ting and draining Trenches ; but if the Land be
founder and dryer, or Herh more defending, thou
m-iit let it run the broader; and as the Land is moift,

• fad, rufhy, orTevel, let it run the leffer breadth or
compafs j and for the draining Trench, it mult be
made fo deep, that it ooe to the bottom of the

• cold, fpewing, moift Water? th it feeds the Flag and
Ruila ; for tbem&enefsof it, ufe tfeine ownihber-

C«>5>

tv, but be Cure eo make it lb wide, as thou maift goe
to the bottom of.it* which mutt be To low as any

:moUkire lteth, which moil, hires ufually lieth 'under
the upper and fecend i warth of the Earth, in Tome
• Caravel or Sand, or elfe, where fome greater Stones
are mixed with Clay, under which thou mutt goe
h lit one Spades' graft deep, at the leaih Yea, fop-
pole the corruption chat feeds and nouriibeth the
Ruth or Flag, ibould be a yard, or four foot deep,
to the bottom of it, thou rr.ua- goe, if ever thou
wile dram it topurpofe, or make the utmoit advan-
tage of either floating or draining, without which,
thy Water cannot have its kind el y operation : The
"•truth is, otherwife the benefit might happen to be
»no greater then the Patients, who incurr u a Droplie
in his cure from a Fever \ whereas by this means
: there is a double benefit, the fifft thereof comes
by the commodity of watering, thefecond, by the
-draining Trenches neceflarily annexed thereunto:
And whereas the aforefaid Author commends water-
ing or floating as an help to boggy ■> rufhy, quagmiry
•Land, I fuppofemo benefit, but hurt would arife
thereby to huh Lands, if thefe dreining Trenches
did not open the paffoges of the obftru&ed Springs
■original caufes o'l the i og or Ruibinefs, as well as
let out the Water "newly introduced by the float-
ing.

The time of the operation for this improvement-,'
muft be when the (aftfi is all on0 the ground, for
eife the foil . w ill ihm it thar comes along with the
Flood : Often watering is good, but to keep it loo£
in a place, breeds che Rufh. }}y this very Kusban-
dry, Mr. Blltb brings precedents of improvement
of Land, from Eighteen pence, to Thirty SMllmgs

aa

(96)
^an Acre ; and Mr. *P/^, from One (hilling to Five
pounds.

Another remedy for dry and light ground, fuch
as abound in Sand and Gravel, is Marl, an Earth
molt commonly flippery, or greaiie to the touch,
fometimes blew, fometimes grey, othervvhiles yel-
low, now and then red, always fry able, fo that it
will (lack afcer a fhower, and not grov afterwards
hard or crufty, as Clay doth, but eafily refolves to
a duft or powder : It faddens Land naturally, ?nd fo
will turn Rye Land as to make it he for Wheat, Bar-
ly and Peafe, and therefore mutt nor, be ufed twice or
thrice together, without fome other more rarifying
compott to intervene, fuch as ordinary Dung is ; if
you lay it down from Tillage, 'tis requiike that all
Marled Land be firrt well dunged.

Chalk alio 1 have feen ufed with very good fuccefs
in Hampfk-ire, upon the Downs there, which are of
fo dry a nature, that it is grown Proverbial there,
that their Ground requires a fhower every day in the
Week, and on the Sunday two ; and Mr. Blith af-
firms, that in Henfordjhire^ by Chalk, the Improve-
ment is made on Barren, Gravelly, and Flinty
Lands.

Mr. Blith reports thus of Lime,that it is a fuitabler
Soyl for light fandy I arth, then for a warm Gravel ;
Vis improper for a wet and cold Gravel, but for a
cold hungry Clay worrt of all; for, fays he, Lime
being once (lacked ana melted, is of a cold nature,
and will fadden exceedingly, contrary to its nature,
in the Stone, for it turns light Land into fuch a ca-
pacity, that it will bear exceeding good Lammas
When, or mixed Corn : About twelve or fourteen
Quarter of Lime ferves an Acre, it may as well be

over,

{97)
over, as under-limed ; afcer Liming, till no: long,
but return to Failure.

NuflJ* 4. Re me dies for accidental annoyances and kin*
■ df^mces of Improvement , particularly the ways to
deftroy Fern, Heath, Ant-hills, Mofs^ Rufhesy
Re ft -harrow, By 00m y or any fuch Weed or Shrnbs
that infcB the ground : Whether liming of Corn
-prevents blading, the effetls of that and Brim In
Improvement : Concerning Moles, and the ways to
deftroy them or drown them ; A way of Antipathy y
*i to this ejfeciy in Animals and Vegetables to the
Bodies of their own kind.e, when they are in the way
of corruption* Mr. BlithV way of frefervinw
Corn from Crows y Rookj, &c.

When any Land runs to Fearn, Heath, or Ant-
hills, Mollmefs, Rufhes, coidnefs , or any other
Weeds or Shrubs, as Gofs, Broom, Furz> &c. The
moft proper and improving remedy, is, to plow ie
three or four ye^r, and then lay it do-vn in good
heart. In which operation, care muftbe had to plo*
up the Weeds clean, and burn*the Roots of them in
heaps, which warms rhe ground, and to give it con-
venient dunging every year, for fo the greater fhalt
the improvement be. This Land muft be caft into
Furlongs^ that the Furrows may convey the Water
one to another into a general Trench, that it lie not
upon the Land.

If the Land be cold and moift, lay it the higher
on ridges ; if hot and dry, fandy, or the like, lec
it lie f&t3 that it may better retain the Rain Wa-
lt*!

Fe fare you Plow up the Rifhes, Brake?, or other
annoying Weeds, arid for fail let fome body, with
a Spade, follow the Plough, to root up fuch as are
left after the Culter and Plow-fhare.

Harrow this new broken ground with weighty,
iTiarp, and long tined HarrbYs, fuch as tis a*Teems
work to draw, th.it uneven places may be torn 'upland
good tfore of mould railed. Cover your Seed with
two or three forts of Harrows, each Harrow having
lines thicker then the other : fome put weights upon
tfte Harrows in the firft, and a Thorn under them in
the laft operation.

After four years Tilth, lay do vn your Land, and
than upon a Crop of \\ heat or Rye, not on a Sum-
mer Co. n, for fo the Soard will come thefooner, e-
fpecially if the Crop be fowed thin> and as early as
may be : If you will double or treble the Improve-
ment, the Husbandry of fowing Clover-grafs, f^oken
of in the fird Chapter, will here come in molt pro-
perly. This I'll Plowing, regard that the Ground
oe laid down fmooth, yet on ndges if the Land be
cold, and unlefs the Lmd be of exceeding llrength3
fail not to manure it, by dung, or otherwife, this
laft feafon of plowing.

WiuBlhh reports,"and Mr. Hart lip likewife, That
the natural helps to preferve Co: n f;om blafiing, is
the fteeping of it in thick fat water, or Lime water,
Urine or Brine, or the mixing of Lime or Afhes,
with Corn well v\et and moift, that fo it may cloath
it felf with the finch1 of the Lime or Afhes, &c. fo
as it may 6)11 clothed all over to the Earth, and lo
b: covered therewith : Bur I believe he was ir.iftaken
in the applying of the Medicine to the prevention of
the ri^ht and projer difeafe : I have heard fuch v\ ho

practiced

t (99)

pra&tced ehefe Medicine?, affirm, chic they have gC*
tterally, and with reaibmblegooj fuccefs, ufed thofe
remedies to prevent fmootinefs ; but the very lift
ye.ir it wasobierved, that where thofe means were
bfcdy the bbtf did as much harm, as on the adjoyn-
ing Lands, where there Were no fuch Applications
m.ide to rhe Seed. And blading being the peri fil-
ing of the tender Kernel ,by reafon of a Wind (which
from the effeS is fometimes called a red Wind) thai
too fharply, and it may be with Tome Venomc
breathes on it at its firfi beginning ; I fee no reafon
chit fuch Lnfufions or applications fhould be any de-
fence, fc£it comes from an outward violence, and
thefeforfiit is moft ufually feen, th.it not half a Tree
onely, ba|t halt a bough fiiallbe blalled, while the
other hap of the fame, that grows by one and the
fame nourishment, remains free, found, and well
coloured.

There is a procedure mentioned among Mr. Speeds
notes, for Liming Com that carries a good probabi-
lity of advantage with it* Firft, The Grain Was
fteeped in firong Brine of Salt, th.it would bear an
Egge twenty four hours, and then being laid S.S*S.
with Lime that is there, was laid a layer of Corn
firfi, and then a layer of Lime, and then again a
layer of Com, &c the Lime cleaved to the Wheat,
and Was fowed on Ground not worth Two (hillings
an Acre ; the erfeSt was, That it bare as good a crop
of Wheat as ever was feen in ErrgJarJ^ and after-
ward three Crops a year of Clover, exceeding good,
one whereof was equal in value to a Crop of Wheat:
1 his being matter of Fa£t, 1 believe it, as to im-
provement by fertility, becaufe the Brine works ve-
ly confiderably in fmall proportion, and Lime in this

H z con-?

•juncture may do well, both to f-rtifltv, and defence
of the Grain again!* Grubs, and Infers, and Worms,
that abide in the Earth ; but fureiy .as to bulling, and
CroA'sand Birds that fpoil the Corn in the Ear, it
has no-influence.

Moles by watering are drowned, or driven up' to
fo narrow a compafs, that they may be eahly taken ;
I have known them to have been forc'd to le.we their
holes to run upon the Turf, to fave their lives from
the Water-flood. Mr. Blltb relates,That one Spring,
about March) one Mole-catcher and his Boy, in a-
bout ten days time, in a ground of ninety Acres, be-
ing juft laid down from Tillage, ,took about three
Bufhels, old and yong ; they were not to be num-
bred, moil of them being yong and naked, and this
he onely did, by cafting up their Nerts, which are
always built in a great heap, of double bignefs to the
teft, moft eafily difcerned, and then the old ones
would come to look their yong, which he would fnap
upprefently alfo: At another Seafon then^^£>
which is their time of breeding, fuch fuccefs is not
to be expected. In other times thebefl way is, if
therebe any Hedges near, to fet the Gins or Traps
there, for their ordinary roads are in furh Hedges,
find other places they cau up,arebut of uncertain ufe;
as when they intend forage for one time, though it
may be that they minde the ufe of that paflagc no
more at all. Btllomm advifes to bury Moles in thofe
places, whence you would drive. the reft of that
Vermine ; and there may be fomewhat in that re-
medy '* For many living Bodies have a great diflike
to,and antipathy againft the putrified Bodies of their
ownkinde: Thus Worms, putrified at the Belly of
a Childc outwardly, and the powder given inwardly,

axe

(ici)

arc efteemed as Medicines deih'iuftive to the Worrifl
in the Mly, though the Litter way is by fame
thought to breed more then it kills. Nay, in Ve-
get allies 'tis agreed, That a yong Orchard will not
thrive among the Roots of an old rotten Orchard,
the re. ifon whereof, fome fuppofe to be the antipa-
thy of. the yong, againtl the old putrifying Roots •
b;itor this effect, other reafons may be as proba-
ble. •

There be fome other remedies for the fame annoy-
ances as, particularly, for the definition of Fearn,
the Author named gives this • prescription : In the
Spring, when the Fearh begins to grow a little above
the Grafs, while it is yong and tender, take a crook-
ed Pole, or piece of Wood about fix foot long coming
in at one end like a Bow, or made like a blunt Sithe ;
with this flrike off all the heads of the Fearn, as kw#
as you can, even to the ground, if poiTible; dothifr
the fecond or third time, and it proves generally"*
certain remedy. The senfon, as I fuppofe, is the
putrefaction of the Fearn, it being a very moid: Muf-
cilaginous Plant, by its o vn juice, and the moifture*
pf the -Earth, by which the very Roots themfelves
come to be corrupted, or eife the deprivation of all
the Buds than germinate from the- Root, by cut ting
erf the Sprouts fo unfeafonably.

For Ant-hills, to deftroy the Tnfeih, and take die
hillsdown, this maimer is prefcribed ; Divide the
upper Turf into five or fix parts, then take it down
with a turfing Spade to the bottom of theBanck^ the
Turf being cut as thin as can be under the roots q£
the grafs ; then take out the Core of the Bank, thafi
when the Turf is returned to its place, it may lie
there lower. forne^'hat than the furface of the Earth,

that

(l0i)

that the moifture, which will be a- certain deftrufti-
onof the Ants, may a little refide there : This muft
be done in November, December, or January, that
the Roots of the Grafs may the better take to the
ground, before hot weather comes in the Spring.

Among Mr. S feeds notes, there are thefe Redpts,
take red Herrings, and cutting them in pieces, burn
the pieces on the Mole-hills ; or you may put Gar-
lick or Leeks in the Mouthes of their Hills, and the
Moles will leave the ground, 1 have not tryed thefe
ways, and therefore refer the Reader to his own
try a', belief, or doubt.

I had almoft forgot to mention the change of Seed
from grounds of a contrary nature, which by the ex-
perience of Husbandmen is found very advantageous,
and is thought to prevent imootinefs. Tis the cu-
flomin Bt'ckirghamfbire, for thofe of the Vale to
buy their Seed from the Chiltern, on this acconnt ;
and this experiment is found profitable in Wheat,
Barley, Peafe, and all Field Grains ; and not fo one-
ly, but alfo in Garden Plants.

For the preferving early or late feved Corner the
fame when it begins to orn in the Ear, from Crows,
Rooks,or ]ack-Daws,Mr.i?//V6 has invented thisScare-
Crow: You murt, fays he, kill a Crow or two, and
take them into the Field where they haunt, and in
the moll obvious, plain, perfpicuous places, make a
gre-at hole of t vo foot over, and about twenty Inches
deep, on the higheft ground in the Field, which hole
muft be (luck round about the edges with the longeft
Feathers ; the bottom mult be covered with the
fhortefl, and Come part of the Carkafs ; and that
Turf or Eaith that is digged out of the hole, being
Jad found upon a heap3 you may iUck round with

Feathers

F&thQrsalfo, One Ctovs Feathers will drefs twe
or three holes and about fix or eight holes will ferve
for a Field of ten o: twelve Acres. The Feathers
will renain frefh a'Moneth,' unlef: (tore of Rain or
Weuber beat tffeg muclvj and then (if needful )tkey
muftjae rene.vcd.

GHAP. VIII.

0/ the tfrfeans of Improvement
and beft culture of fucb Tlants
or blowers as are ufually culti-
vated in (jar dent or Orchards,
and of the ways ufed for the re*
moving offuch annoyances as are
commonly incident to them.

Num. I. Of the annoyances in general he'. dent tz
Garden Plants,

THe Politician fpeaks it robe a part of as greu
skill and prowefs to defend a place already.
gotten, and to improve ic to the benefit of the
Prince ana Inhabitants, as it was at the nrll to arrive
at the Conqueft ; this is alike true in the Gardiner
Province : Ic is no eafie thing with him to ralfc a

H 4 ftoik

•Rock of choice Plants, by thc.feveral ways of propa-
gation above mentioned, and as hard to preferve them,
-being propagated, from deftruction by foreign and
intcftine violence. For either the iharpnefle of cold,
the torridnefs of the San, Vermine, qr other accident
from without ,o-r want' of Convenient iad nourifhabic
foyl of earth and water, and orher Elements proporti-
onable to the plant, will befuch intern:.! deficiencies,
is 'to caufe utter deduction : or the fraftinefs and
premature, or on the contrary, the tardy and How ger-
mination thereof will hinder, its excellency ; or
wecds,or other vegetables, may grow up to its hinde-
rance : and many other impediments there are* which
with their fever al remedies, as" they mall fugged
themfelves to my thoughts,! ilia I propofe in the pre-
fent Chapter, the lait of this difcourfe.

Ej

• N. 2. Of defences for choice plants from cold.
i

One great annoyance to all choice flowers and ten-
der plants, arifes from the violence of the* Winter
cold, the defence againft which you {hall have as far
ts I am able to give you, and can think of in the fol-
lowing directions.

Let thofe Bulbous Roots that are tender , fuch as
the great double white Datfodill of O'^ft^^of^ ^
•nd other fine Daffodil Is that come from hot Coun-
tries , the Ormthagolum Arabic #?#, purple Montain,
Moly, &c. be planted in a large Tub or pot of earth
and houfed all the Winter , that fo they may be de-
fended from the frofts , or clfe, ( which is the eafi-
erway) keep the Roots out of the ground every
year from September after the leaves and (hikes are
f aft untill Fchrntrji in forac dry but not hot or windy

place*

place; and then, plant them in the ground under *
South-wall, which are Mr. "Tari^fons directions.

Alfoe the lace Pine-aple Moly, the Civet Moly of
Mompclier, the li tie hollo. v white Affbodill, which
though its roots are not glandulous as tojje capable of
the hit way, yet they are welf prefer ved many yeares
it" bywhoaiing they ihall be defended from the winter
wett and cold.

Rofe-b.iy Mirtles, the Indian Gelfiminesy Jacc'a In-
dlca , Orange trees , muft be houfed in the Winter,
fo likewife, the Cypreffe, Bay, Piracantha , Mir-
tle , Pine-tree, Role-bay wi&h Spanifh feed-, or at
the lead muft be cover'd with ftraw , or Feme y or
bean-rnme,orfuch like thing iayd upon croffe-fticks
to bear it up from the plants till they are two orthr-ee
yeares growth and fit to be removed to their places y
Arbutus , or the Strawberry tree , Sea-Ragwort *
the Pomegranate , and the Indian Figge require the
fame care.

Ferrarlus commends a Garden houfe with Walls or
thick moffe as good, and fo without queftion it is, -a-
gainft the Winrer cold and Summer heat.

Some defend their Mirtles", Pomegranates, and
fuch orhcr tender plants , either by houfes made of
ftraw like Bee-hives , or of boards ( with inlets for
the Sun by cafements , or without, them ) Litter o£
Horfe-ftabies being layd in very cold weather abouE
the houfes of defence.

It was a cuftome in Italy, to make fuch fences for
Myrtles (efpecially when young) as appeaies b£
frtr gills Verle.
r Ttum teneras defendo afrlgore Myrtosl

The Roots of the Marvaile of the World, Mri-
5P#^ has prefcrved by art a Wuiter3 two or three %

{ fo

(ioO

( for theyM perifh being let out in a garden, unlefle |l£
itheimdera houfefideor iuch dry place) becaufe '
many times the year nor falling our kindely , the
plants give no ripe feed 3 and fo Gardiners would be
to leek for Cted to fovv , and F oots tafet , if this or
the like arc to keep them were no: ufed : lis thus,
Within a while ffihi the Froits have taken the plants
that the leaves wither and fall, dig up the ftoots
whole,- and lay them in a dry place for three or foure
dayes , that the fuperfiuous moyfuire on the outiidc
may be withered and dryed ;" which done, wrap
them up fevcraliy in two or three browne papers,
and lay them by in a box, cheft, or tub, in fomc
convenient place of the houfeallthe winter time 3
where no wind or moil* air may come unto them, and
thus (hall you h.ive thefe Roots to fpring afrelh the
nextyeare, if you plant them in the beginning of
iMarchyZs Mr. P. has by his o.vn relation fuftiaent-
ly tryed , but fome have tryed to put %hcm up in a
barrell or firkin of find and aihes, 'which alfois good
if the fand and aihes be throughly drye > but if it be
any thing moift, or if they give again in the Winter,
as it is uiuall , they have found the moifture of the
Boots , or of the fand , or both , to putrifie the
Roots.

The fame Author takes notice that tis one great
hurt to Gilly-fiowers in the Winter, and to all other,
herbs, tofbffef the Snov to lye upon them anv time
after it is fallen ; forirdorh fo chill them, that the-
Sun doth (though in Winter) fcorch them up,
(hake therefore off your fnow gently , nor fuffering
it to lye on a day if you can; There is the like in-
convenience from Fro'fts which corrupts the Roots,
and caufe them to rot and breaks, for prevention ,

take

(io7)

takeftraw, or Litter ofanhorfe ftable , and lay fome
thereof about every Root of your Gilly-flo»vers, efpe-
cially the belt forts , clofe unto them npon the
ground, being carefu 11 that none lye upon the green
lewes, or as little as may be : Let it lie till OPUrch
( with its winds ) is paft. The generall Remedy
for thefe and all flowers, is to be covered with mats ,
which,are remove1. blear pleasure. The cboiceft of all
are put in pots and houfed.

Num. 3. Of jh*des requtfite ta fmdry TUnts, effect-
ally when yonr.gy for their defence frsm the Snn
and Winde.

All forts of Carnations, Gilly-flowers, and Plants
that are tender and vong, efpecially your April and
May Seedlings, are to be preferved and defended
from the violent heat of the Sun , and blading
Winds: I have feen whole Beds of divers forts
of young Seedlings, utterly burnt up at their
firft appearing, by the violence of two or three
hot days. Nor do Seedlings onely require this, but
all Plants that are not altogether >\ild, of how woody
fublhnce foever, that are newly growing, from cut-
tings, or parts without actual Roots.

Shades are commodious, if not abfolutely necef-
fary to many Plants, even when they are well rooted,
as Bays, Lawrel, Savin, and mot! Wood-plants, a
mixture of Shade and Sun to Straw-berries ; fo that
the Lord Bacon wittily advifes, to fprinkle a little
Forrage-feed on the Strawberry-bed , for that the
Straw-berries, under thofe Leaves, grow far more
large then their fellows.

The beft fihades are made by thin well pruned

Hedges,

Hedges drawji through the Garden or Ntufery, or by
Macs laid over them, and undcrpropc by a frame or
light- Poles :■ But all Seedlings., Flowers, pr other
Plants tint are kept in Pols, ate readily removed in-
fo convenient ftiaue arpleafwre.

Of. watering.

Watering with water that has P.oocj .two or three
days in the Sun, is abfolutely neceflary for all
Mr ipgy Boots that I know, at their firit removals "v
and at any time, ^ ben any Trees or, Plants are weak,,
by reafonof Drought : All manner of Layers muft
be fpeciaily regarded for matter of watering ; and
thofe Plants which' arc to be propagated by the . cir-
cumpoiitiori of a Basket of Mould, (to make Dwv-f
Plants, as they call them) are fpeciaily to be watered.
In dry-times: All mane r of Gourds, Melons, Cu-
cumbers, even in ordinary weather, require this
help, although already firmly rooted.

But these is this difference in Plants, Thofe that
require an hungry ground, {hall well be -content with
chin water Sun'd : But Kitchin ground is beft im-
proved by fat water, wherein Ordure has been
wafhed.
• And forfle caution is to be had, that by too much
water you do not chill or over-glat the ground, often-
and little is the belt ufe, and in the Spring -and Ail-
tumn when Frofts are feared* 'tis better watering in
the Morning then at Night ; in Summer, the Night
I cfteem the better Seafon.

There is a pretty way of watering, choice Plants,
by wetting a ftreiner, and fo letting one end of it
hang over a Veffel of water, which will draw up the

moifture

■(■iop) .

moUlure from the Rafon, and let it gently fall dows
the ^reiner to the Root of the Plant.

N. 4. Ex<<w?!es of the heft Culture of Hofs^ avdwap
of orderly^ them after they are -fir ft fer, taken ottt
of M:Kiiih.

When, fays he, your Hops are grown two foot
high, binde up with a Ruih or Grafs, your fprings to
the Poles, as doth not of it felf, winding them as oft
about the Poles as you can, and winds them accord-*
ingto the courfeof the Sun, but not when the dew
is upon them- your Rufhes lying in the San 'will
toughen, fays he, but furely better in the fhade. '

And now you mull begin to make your Hills, asad
for that purpofc get a ftrong Hoe, of a ^ood broad
bit, and cut or hoe up all the Grafs in the Wders be-
tween your Hills, and therewith make your Hills,
with a little of your Mould with them, but not with
ftrong Weeds \ and the more your Hills are raifed3
the better, the larger, and ftronger grows your Foot^
and bigger will be your fruit ; and from this time you
muft be painful in your Gardcn,and be ever and anon,
till the time of gathering, in raifing your Hills, and
clearing your Ground from Weeds.

In the firft year fupprefs not one Cyon, but fuffer
them all to climb up the Poles, for fbould you bury
the Springs of any of your Roots, it would die, io
that the more Poles are required to nourifti the
Spring. But after the firft year, you muft not fuifer
aoove two or three ftalks to grow up co one Pole, but
pull down and bury all the reft. Yet you may lee
them grow four or five foot long, and then choofe out
<hc belt for ufcr As foon as youj Pok \% fct, you may

make

(no)

make a circle how broad your Hill flanll be, and then
hollow it, that it may receive the rr.oiiiure, and not
long after, proceed 10 the building of your Hills.

/.nd where you began, or w.iere your Hops are
highefr, there begin again, and pare again, and lay
them to yourHops,but lay the out circle highell to re-
ceive moillure;be al way paring upland laying it to the
heap,and that with fome Mould, -until the heap comes
to be near a yard high, but the firft year make it not
too high ; and as you pafs through your Garden, rnve
a forked Wand in your hand to help the Hops that
hang not right.

Now thefe Hills muft the next year be pulled dovn,
and dreiTed again every year. Some, when their
Hop binde is eleven or. twelve foot high,b^e.ik off the
tpps, which is better then they that have their Poles
fo long as the Hop runs : But if that your Hop, by
the midtt of Jaty attain not to the top of your Pole,
then break oft the top of the fame Hop, for the reit
of the time will nourifh the branches, which other-
wife will loofe all, it being no advantage in running
up, to the go k or increafe of the Hop.

In Ap'il^ help every Hill with a handful or two of
good Earth, when the Hop is wound about the Pole ;
but in Cklarch you will rinde, unlefs it hath been til-
led, all Weeds; but if you have pul I'd cfown your
Hills, and laid your ground, as it were, level, it will
ferve to maintain )0ur Hills for ever ; but if you. have
not pulled down your Hills, you i"hould, with your
Hoe,as it were, undermine them round, till you come
near the Principal Root, and take the upper or yong-
er Roots in your h;md, and difcerning where the new
Roots gro-v out of the old fets, of which be care-
ful, but fpare not the other $ but in the firft year,

uncover no more but the tops of the old fets, bite
cut no Roots before the end of March, or beginning
cf zAfrif. Tbe rirlt year of dreifmg, you muftcut
off all fuch as grew the year before, within one
inch of the fame: and every ye .ir after, cut them as
clofe to the old Roots ; thofe that grow downward,
are not to be cut, they be thofe that grow outward,
which will incrmbcr yo«r Garden, the difference be-
tween old andne v eaiily appears ; you will finde your
old fets not increafed in length, but a little in big-
nefs, and in few years, all your fets will be grown-
into one ; and by the colour alfo, the main Root be-
ing red, the other white ; but if this be not early
done, then they will not be perceived : And if you-n
fets be f.nall, and placed in good ground, the Hill
well maintained;, the new Roots will be greiter then
the old ; if they grow to wilde Hops, the iblks will
wax red, pluck them up and plant new in their
places.

N.4. Mr.Par&nfons way of ordering the feedings of
Tulips grown.

After the Tulip feed is fowne , the firft yeares
fpringingbiingeth (eaves little bigger then the ordi-
nary grafle leaves ; The fecond yeare bigger, and fo
:>y degree^, every year bigger then other. 1 he leaves
)f the praxoces, while they be young, may be ciifcer-
aed from the Media's, by this note which I have ob-
served, The leaves of them do ftand above ground ,
hewing the fmall foo: -(hikes whereby every Icafe
iothitond ; but the leaves of the Media's or Sero-
ines do" never ,\ho!y appear out of the ground , bue

the

the lower part which is broad abideth under the up-
per face of the Earth.

Thofe Tulips now growing to be three yeares old
( yet fome at the fecoiid ycare,if the ground and aire
be correfpondent ) are to be taken up out of the
ground ( wherein you fliall find they have run deep)
and be new planted after they have been a little dry'd
and cleanfed either in the fame or another ground,
again placing them reafonable neere one to another,
according to their greatneffe , which being planted
and covered over with earth again, of about an inch
or tvvo thickneffe, may be left untaken up again two
yeares longer, if you will , or elfe removed every
yeare after,as you pleafe, and thus by tranfplanting
them in their due feafon ( which is ilill at the end
ofja/jsorat the beginning of ^Augnji^ or there-
abouts ) you fhall according to the feed and foyle ,
have fome come to bearing in the firft year after
their flowering, fome have had them in the fourth:
(but that hath been but few and none of the beft , or
in. a rich ground ) fome in the fixth and feventh, and
fome peradventure not untill the eighth or tenth
yeare. But remember that-as-rhe roots grow greater
that in the planting you give them the more roomc
to be diftant one from another, or elfe the one will
hinder ( if not rot ) the other. P

The feed of the Precoces do not thrive and come
forward fo faft as the Media's or Serotines , nor do
give any off-fets in their running down,as the-Media's
do , which ufually leave a fmall Root at the head of
the other that is run down every yearc ; and bcfides
are more tender and require more care and attea-
dance then Media's, and therefore they arc the more

mm* *

("3)

This is a generall Rule in all Tulips , that all the
while they beare bud or leafe , they will not beate
{lower, whether they be feedlings, or the ofr-fets of
elder Roots, or the Roots themfelves,that have here-
tofore borne flowers ; but when they beare a fecond
leafe breaking out of thefirft, it is a certain figne
rh it it will then bear a flower, unlefle Come cafualty
tinder it ; as Froft or Raine , to fpoile or nip the
bud , o: other untimely accident befall it.

To fet or plant the belt and bearing Tulips fome
what deeper then other Roots, I hold it thebeft way.
For if the ground be either cold or lye too openly in
the cold Northern aire, they will be the better de-
fended therein , and not fufrer the froft or cold to
peirce them fo Coon , for the deep frofts and fnowes
do pinch thePrecoces cheifly, if they be too neer the
iippe.moft cruft of the earth, and therefore many with
gcod fucceffe cover over their ground before winter
with either frefh or old rotten dung, and that will
marvelloufly prefer ve them. The like courfe you
may hold with feedlings* to caufe them to come on
the forwarder, fo that it be after the firft yeares (ow-
ing and not till then.

To remove Tulips after they have (hot forth their
Fibres or finall fprings which grow under the greater
roufld Roots ( .that is from September until! they be
in flower) is very dangerous, for by removing
them when they have taken fafl hold in the ground ,
you do hinder them in the bearing out their flower ,
and befides put them in hazard to perifn , at leaft to
be put back from bearing a while after, as often I
have proved by experience , but when they are now
rifen to flower , and fo for any time after , you may
fafely take them up if you will , and remove them

I without

("4)

without danger, if you have any good regard to them
unlefie it be a young bearing Root, which you (hall
in fo doing much hinder , becaufe ic is yet tender by
reafon it beareth now the firfl flower, but all Tulip
•Roots when their [bike and leaves are dry^ may moil
fafely then be taken out of the ground, ml be fo
kept ( fo that they lye in a drye, air] not in a inorft
place ) for fix monerhs wi thout any great harme, yea
I have kno.vn them that have had them nine monechs
out of the ground , and have done reafonable well,
but this you mult underfbnd wichall , that thev have
not beene young but elder Roots , and have beene
orderly taken up and preserved- ; the dryer you keep
a Tulip Root the better, fo as you let it not lye in
the Sun or the Wind, which will pierce and fpoiie
it.

Num.5. Of annoyance by Plants growing too thicl^and
neer together , arid of the remedy thereof , and. im-
provement by pruning Trees, and fitting' them at

s. great ciiftances ; "pinching off th* yong Germens of
Cjar den-flower s> to make the reft more fair ; of the
fidng of Turnep, (farrots^ Parfneps ; of Weed-
ing.

There is no greater hindrance to the growth and
thriving of all Vegetables, than to be fo crowded to-
gether, that their Roots, Branches and Leaves, in-
terfere one with another;and therefore in all Orchard
and Garden-plants, whofe Fruit and Flowers you re-
quire fair, and whofe growth you would have con-
siderable, provide that they keep their diftances •*
Apple-Trees, Pear-Trees, Plum-Trees, Cherries,
and other Plants* are of diverfe ftatures , both in re-
gard

vIJ5 ;

gird of one another, and of their own kinde : Sotttt
Apple-Trees grow to much greater growth than
fome other. Pears to a greater growth then Apple.?,
fo that it is hard to appoint a certain diftance for
Trees in an Orchard , twenty Foot is fpace little e-
noughfor Standards of common Apples or Pears;
bur a certain rule is, to provide that one Tree (hade
nor another, and therefore let the lowed Trees, if
you intend to make the moll of your ground, be fen
South, and the higheft Pear-trees ftand to the North ;
for ftiould the higher Trees ftand South, they would
calt their fhade over the reft of the Orchard.

This Do&rine of fetting Trees at fuch diftances,
the Husbandman hates, fo: two reafons ; one is, Be-
caufe it takes too much of his pafture from his Cattle;
and the other is, That by this means he can have but
little Fruit in his Orchard for many years : There-
fore to gratifie his covetoufnefs, I {hall propofe him
this practicable way of following and profecuting my
intention to the utrnoft profit, without putting him
to the mentioned grievances. For firft, I fhall or-
der that he plant his Orchard full of Trees, within
three yards diftance one of another, or fbmewhat
nearer, if he pieafe ; thefe {"hall bear him after a year
or trYo, as many apples as a well-grown Orchard ufu-
ally carries:then let him fet this ground to a gardinef,
that it may be digged and dunged feafonably,to bring
Kitchin Plants, for from this Culture the Trees will
receive great advantage. When the Trees are big
enough, with the defence of a ftrong ftake, and fome
Bufhes, to be fecured from Cattle, let him tranfplant
them into Paftures of the beft Soyl, where they may
ftand at great diftancestobe flaelter to Cattle, and
no prejudice to the Grafs : One Tree at fuch diftance,

I z fhall

*nall bear tf much as ten in fome Orchards, and thus
continue removing, as your Trees grow big enough.
1 count five or fix tnches about to be a good Size, the
bigger they are, the more care muft be taken in their
removal, that the Root be tranfplanted entire as may
be., without much dif-branching it, or cutting away
the fpurs. And it is convenient, that in the heat
of the firft Summer, wen Straw be laid upon the
ground about the Root.

If you have no pafture to tranfplant into, fell your
Trees to thofe that have, or fet your Standards of
ftrong Trees at twenty foot diftance, and fill up the
reft of the ground with Kenrifh Codlings ; Nurfe
Gardens, Burts, which are cheap Plants, being pro-
pagated by Suckers, or with dwarf Trees, made by
Circumpofition, which may be cut down when the
other Orchard thickens too much, and in the mean
time are very plentiful bearers.

'Pruning Trees is ufed likewife chiefly to
this intent , that the Rays of the-Sun may have
paffage to all parts of the Tree, fo that 'tis a good
way for the Primer to look upward from the North
fide of the Tree, upon the South and Eaft, and to
cut off, or rather make thin, fuch boughs which he
findes fo thick as to obftruil: the Sun : All Boughs
likewife that gall others, and that are actually dead ;
providing always, that the Boughs taken off be as
little as may be, though the more in number, that
fo the fap may make up the Bark, and the Tree be
not decayed by lopping of the greater ftems : Which
is very perverfly done by moft Gardiners, who think
that to Prune a Tree, is to cut off the lower Boughs
bigger or lefs, becaufe they fee fmall watery Fruit
gro.vonthem; vvhejeasif the Sun was let in upon

them*

("7)

them, their Fiuit would be rather more, thanleffe
forward, than that winch gro vs in the middle of the
Tree > I count it general, that the undcr-Boughs
ought never to be cutorY, but when you have refpeil
tografs Roots, or other Garden-fluff, which grows
under the Trees,or for the fecurity of the Trees from
the browfingof Cattle, fo that to bare the Trunck ot
the Tree, for four, five, or fix yards, as fome doe,
and nourifh it to no profit, but to bear and carry up
the head to another Region, that Rooks may the bet-
ter build therein, is a common folly, and ridiculous,
if well confidered.

And for lopping off great Boughs, T may here adde
an obfervation touching E 1ms, which is, That if the
top of an Elm of any bignefs be cut off, the rot
will immediately begin there, and by wet, and other
accidenrs, run downward, and caufe that hallownefs
which is ordinarily feen in Trees of this kinde.

Another Rule of pruning, is, That the Gardiner
never cut off thofe Boughs which are fet and adopted
for bearing, which is eahly known for Rofes particu-
larly : Fafps and Vines always bear upon a frefh
fprout, {hot forth the fame Spring, fo that the more
you prune a Rofe, Pvafp, or Vine, the more frefli
fprouts of that Springs growth are emitted, and the
more fuch fprouts, the greater number of Rofes,
Rafps and Grapes fucceed, unlefs fome particular:
accident deftroys them. Many Fruits bear from the
ilioots of the antecedent Spring, as the generality ot
Apples, Pears, Peaches, Ne&arins, Aprecots : Many
feem to grow from Wood of longer growth, but m
that a man may be ea(ily miftaken, becaufe a very lit-
tle, and a Spring of fcarce difcernsble growth, may
be enough to ferve as a foundation to the pedal of the

I 3 Ekfe

(n8) ._

ElolTomor Fruit* which ftanding on the old Wood,
it may be thought that the pedal or ttalk of the Fruit,
ftands immediately on the Wood, and th.it there was
no, Spring interceding. Sometimes the Bloffoms of
the fameTree, ftand both on the Wood of the pre-
fent and antecedent Spring, as it is frequently feen
in KentiiTi Codlings, Nurfe Gardens, great bearing
Cherries. Eut where ever the Bloffoms are, and
there are many Buds fitted and prepared for bearing,
they are difcerned by the skilful Gardiner, and may
be feen by any perfon, for thofe are more full in their
{hutting -up than other Buds are, arid Ibndnot fo
clofe made to the ftem of the Branch whereon they
grow, and contain more finall leaves in their Body
then other Buds, being, as I apprehend, the actual
rudiment of the enfuing BloiTom : Such Boughs there-
fore, whereon plenty of thefe full made Buds, or in-
choate BloiToms arc feen, the Gardiner fpares, if he
is wife, for the prefent year, and (where he may)
prunes off fuch whereon he fees no fuch propenfion
to fruitfulnefs.

The fairnefs and largenefs of Flowers and Fruits
are very much augmented, by preventing the running
up a multitude of Stalks from the fame Root: The
Gardiner obferves thisprecifely in his Carnations and
Gilly-flowers, not fufrering above one, two, or three
Spindles upon fuch Roots or Stools where he intends
a greater fulnefs and largenefs in the Flowers ; and in
Anemones the obfervation is, That if any of the La-
tifolu's bring a (ingle Flower, on the fame Root with
the double, then the caufe ufually is, the landing of
too many Eyes or Germens,and their depending from
the fame Root ; and the remedy in like manner, no-
thing dfebut theiaktogoff thofc Qir^ts or Suckers,

and parting them from the principal Root, which o-
therwi Lb is robbed of th.it matter which might raiie
in each Flo<ver, both fairnefs and multiplicity of
leaver

Shrubs likewife that bear either Fruits or Flowers,
are to be governed in like manner ; Goof-berries and
Currans degenerate to fmalnefs, or bear not at all,
without this care and provifion, that the Suckers be
taken away : This obfervance is likewife abfolutely
neceflary to Damask Rofes, for when they grow up to
thick Bufhes they fcarce bear, whereas being kept to
grow in one hngle great Hem, being orderly cue, and
not growing in- the {hade, they bear exceeding-

For Vines, it is a Proverb, make your Vine poor,
and it will make you rich : The fewer principal
Stems are left, the more it bears, and the reafon is,,
becaufe the Grapes are borne upon (hoots of the fame
Spring ; and thofe {hoots then molt plentifully arife,
when the head of the Vine, in proportion to the
Roots, is leaft, as 'tis feen in all Trees, which fhooc
out more immediately after their heads are lopt, than
any other year. Pompions follow the nature of Vines,
and as two or three ftems is enough for the Vine, fo
two or three runners, and no more, ought to be per-
mitted by him that intends the greateft fairnefs of
this fruit.

It may be proper enough here to fpeak of Weeding
and Siiing : The latter operation is, the plucking up
Roots or Plants that are of rife in themfelves, but of~
fenfive to others in the fame Beds', by reafon of theij;
uearnefs : Thus Turneps are howed up when they
itend within a foot dirtance each of other ; for it is
belt, wheji at their, fill growth their leaves touch not

OUQ

(Ho)

one another ' Carrots are plucked up, when they are
an inch Diameter at rhe head, for then they are of
ufe, or (boner, if rhe thicknefs of their (landing re-
quire it ; and this is general for all Roots, Parfneps,
Radifh, Skirrets, that grow by Seed: Some fow (as
I mentioned above) Parfneps, Carrots, Radiili, and
Sail ad Herbs in the fame Ecdj firft Sifing out the Sal-
lad Herbs and Radiih, then the Carrots as they grow,
leaving the Parfneps till Winter, by which means
their ground is always full, yet by reafon of the Si-
iing in due times, never over-burthened.

The culture of Straw-berries requires fomewhat like
ftzing, (viz,.) The cutting off immediately after
bearing the fpires and firings, which would multiply
unto too many Roots and Branches, to have plenty of
fair Straw-berries : Nor is this once onely to be
done;, but as often as they fpring anew, fo' often are
they to be taken off., until the time of the Bloffoms
draws on ; I have feen fome that were not over curi-
ous to tear off the firings by harrowing up and down
their Beds of Straw-berries with an Iron Rake.

Some make a que/Hon, Whether Plants of the
fame kinde3 by reafon of a fuppofal that they require
the fame parts for nouriftvment ; or Weeds and
Graffes, by their too great vicinity, may create more
annoyance to their Neighbors, I decide not theque-
ftion, nor can reconcile the Gardiner to Weeds,
while!* he findes his llrongeft Plants destroyed by
them : I have feen many Trees in a well grown Nur-
fary, fpoiled by the Grafs that grew amidil them; and
as 1 remember, the very Bark of the Trees them-
felves was rotted, by a dew caft upon them from the
Grafs r I have likewife obferved, a flrongly grown
Quickfet of WThite Thotth to have been del* royed by

Alexander?, which it is at che Readers choice to ac-
count as a Weed or cultivated Plant.

The time of pruning generally is the dead of Win-
ter, for fuch Plants as confiti of a Woody fubftance :
Pompions are deprived of their fuperfluous creepers,
and other Gourds likewife, at their firft time of
fp ringing and divarication of their Branches. The
feafon of pruning for acceleration of ripenefs, is
when the fruit is made, and begins to grow to -fome
bignefs, as generally they are, about Mid-Sum-
mer : Some have a third time of pruning Wall-
Fruit, viz,, at the time when the Fruit is taken off,
as they doRofes likewife, when the Flowers arc
newly gone.

To cut the Branches or Sprigs of a Flower or Tree
quite off, cannot properly be called pruning, yec
fome times it proves an uieful operation for fuch Plants
as areftunted, as they call it, in their growth ; Trees
that are crooked, or have been bitten with Cattle, ot
are grown old :. Thus Wood-men count it beft to cut
jhole Stools of under- Wood down to the Root, that
it may begin to fhoot afrefri, that have been much
brow fed by Cattle ; and cut down their hedges to the
Roots when they grow old and Moflfy-

Gardiners likewife, if by reafen of a (harp Win-
ter their Anemone's are pinched with cold, and ftar-
ved, let them not immediately run to flower, but cut
off the firft Springs to the ground, that in a better
Seafon they may lay a ftronger Foundation for the
bearing of fuller and fairer Flowers,

Num<

N. 6. Of Pifmlres^ Earwigs, C Anker add \fotffn*eft
in choice TlantSy CatterfiUars, Mofs'u;efs^ Barks
birdirg, Burfiirg of Gtily -flowers.

The"e are many other snnoyaflces to Vegetable?,
and generally fooner reckoned than remedyed, a word
or two I (kail fpeak of as many of them as come into
my mince : Pifmires, especially thofe of the black
kinde, are exceeding troubiefome in fome Gardens,
for they climb the higher* Tree-;, and fpoil the Fruit,
are commonly ePceemed remedilefs. Bellonms3 who
took exceeding pains for improvement by Vegetables,
commends the deco&ion of Broath made of any fore
of Spurge, as very efficacious for this purpofe : Some
draw them to one place, by burying Carryon where
they moil refort, and then fcalld them with feething
liquor.

To divers choice Flowers , but Carnations and
Gilly-flowers efoecially, Ear-wigs are a great an-
noyance : Mr. P's way of fetting Beafts Hoofs among
the Flowers, upon flicks, to take thern, is ufed of
every Body here, and generally lik'd: Some that
fet their Flowers- in Foes, fet the Pons in Earthen
Plates, with double Verges, containing water, or
water mingled with foot in the outward verge, to
drown the V ermine that fhali attempt thepors, and
rain water in the fecond, which may pafs through the
lioles of the pots to water the earth therein contained.

The rotiennefs and hollownefs, that through age
& too much moiftiire bulbous and tuberous roots, and
the belt Anemones especially, are fubjeft too, is thus
provided for • the difeafe muftbe laid open, and the
roctennefs cut out ib,thac in the root there be no capa-
city

ty left to hold water, which I have often mentioned
to be a great Enemy both to them and Tulips. Fer-
ranHSy and fome others, prefcribe Plaifters of RoGn,
Turpentine, and Wax, to apply to the Cicatrices of
the wounded Root, which notwithstanding, 1 have
no great regard for. The fame Author fays, that in
rr.oili Winters Anemones do belt in pots, in dry, bet-
ter in beds : With us they are feldom potted, but the
borders for thefe Plants are ufually laid on pretty
high ridges, as Husbandmen lay their. Corn Land in
deep and moift ground, to prevent the mifchiefs that
ufually happens by too much wet.

Mr. Parkjxfonhys, That if you perceive that your
Gilly-fiower leaves change any of their Natural frelh
colour, and turn yellowifh, or begin to wither in any
part, it is a fure fign that the Root is infected with
fome canker or rottennefs, which will Coon fhew it felt"
in all the reft of its branches, and therefore betime,
(elfe 'tis in vain) advifes that you cover all, or
moft of the Branches, with frelh Earth, or elfe take
the fai reft flips from it, or according to Art lay it:
This way of Mr. P. may be applyed unto other Vege-
tables.

I know no better way to deftroy Catterpi liars, Pal-
mer worms, and other Ver mine of that kinde, then
by crushing their Eggs ; as foon as they are laid up-
on the leaf by the Fly, fome brufh them off with wcc
cloathes : 'Tis obferved, that the little Fly chat ufu-
ally blows upon the Cabbage, choofes fuch Plants as
are yongeft, and efpeciaiiy thofe that were raifed in
hot beds, or endured leaft of cold in the Winter pre-
ceding.

Moffinefs of Trees, comes generally either from
the IhhcwkiS or coldness o£ the ground, and there-
" " "' - cf

(4*4)

fore I count it vain to attempt the removal of it,
without taking away the caufe, and making the ground
better ; which being done, it will be proper enough
to rub down the Trees in a wet day with an hair
cloath.

Trees likewife are fornetimes Bark-bound, efpecial-
ly fuch, the grain of whole Bark runs round the body
of the Tree, as in Cherry-trees, and not tfraight up-
ward, according to the grain of the Tree, as in Ap-
ples, Pears, &c.

For the Bark is not generally, as I fuppofe, nourish-
ed by apportion of a new rinde to it, as the fubftance
of the Tree is, but by interpolation of -particles, a-
midft the particles of the rinde already made, which
if it be fo hard as not to admit other Particles for its
enlargement, there can be no new addition of a new
coat of wood, which ought to accrue every year to
the Tree, for there will be no fpace wherein the fap
may afcend, which is to be hardned into fuch new
wood, unlefs by renting the whole coat of Bark,which
fornetimes happens.

The remedy for this difeafe, both in Cherry-trees,
and other Trees, thofe chiefly whofe Barks are hard-
ned and gro vn crufty by long (landing in fhadowy pla-
ces os barren ground, is, chat the year after their re-
moval, or upon addition of better foil in ftreighc
grained Barks ; and without either removal or addi-
tion of foil in Cherry-trees, and other crofs grained
Barks, or in any Trees whofe Barks rend of their own
accord, the Barks be flit from the top of the Tree to
the bottom of the flock, and that according to the
bignefs of the Tree, in one, two, or three places :
This is a Chyrurgicai remedy that never fails, and is
eafily performed*

Carna-

(**5)

Carnations and Gilly-flowers, happen to be often
deformed, efpecially thofe which are of the largeft
forts, byburfting the Calyx, Cellar, or Cafe wherein
they are fet, and the ufual remedy is, to inlarge the
five incifions proportionably, by cutting them deeper
with a Knife ; or to fteep ordinary Beans in Water,
end then flipping' off the outward coat of the Bean, to
-put it (the end being taken off) upon the head of the
Carnation, which will keep the five lips together,and
preferve the Flowers from breaking ; nor will thefe
Hoops, made of the coats of Beans, ihrink with the
heat of the Sun, as thofe made of the rind of Wil-
low, flipped off for the fame purpofe, ufuallydoe:
One Bean is long enough to make two hoops, for they
need not be above a quarter of an inch in breadth.

Num. 7. Of improvement and melioration of divers
Sallad Herbs, by blanching or whiting, from the
French Gardiner , and LMr* Vs Obfervati-
ons»

The Lettuce-Royal, being, upon removal, fet at
a foot or more diftance, when you perceive that the
Plants have covered all the ground, then in fome fair
day, and when the morning due is vanifht, you fhall
tie them in two or three feveral places one above an-
other, which you may do with any long flraw, or raw
hemp, and this at feveral times, (viz,.) Not promif-
cuoully, as they (land, but choofing the fatrelt Plants
firft, to give room and air to the more feeble, and by
this means they will laft you the longer •* The firft
being blanched, and ready before the other are fit to
binde,

If

If you would blanch them with more expedition^
you may cover every Plant with a fmall earthen pot,
faiTuWd like a Goldfmiths Crucible, and then lay
Come hot foyi upon them, and they will quickly be-
come white.

Concerning Succories^ Thus,

There are feveral kindes of Garden Succories, dif-
ferent in leaf and bignefs, but refembling in talk,
and which are to be ordered alike.

Sow it in the Spring upon the Borders, and when k
has fix leaves, replant it in rich ground, about eigh-
teen inches diftance, paring them at the tops : when
they are grown fo large, as to cover the ground, tye
them up, as I inftrufted you before, where I treated
of the Roman Lettuce; not to binde rhem up by hand-
fuls, as they grow promifcuoufly, but the ftrongeft
and forwarder firft, letting the other fortifie.
. . There is yet another faihion of blanching it : In
the great heats, when inftead of heading, you per-
ceive it would run to Seed, hollow the Earth at the
one end of the Plane, and couch it down without vio-
lating any of the leaves, and fo cover it, leaving out
onely the tops and extremity of the leaves, and thus
it will become white in a little time, and be hindred
from running to Seed.

Thofe who are very curious, binde the leaves gent-
ly,before they interre them,to keep out the Grit from
entring between them, which is very troublefome to
wafh out, when you would drefs it.

Remember to couch them all at one fide, one upon
another j, as they grew being planted, beginning with
that which is neareft the end of the Bed, and conti-
nuing to lay them, the fecond upon the firft, and the

third

0*7)
third upon the fecond, till you have finiilicd all the
Ranges.

1 finde likewiie two other manners of blanching
them for the Winter ; the firlt is, at the firil Froll^
that you tie them after the ordinary way, and then ac
the end of eight or ten days, plucking them up,couch
them in the Bed where you raif'd them from Seeds,
making a i'mall Trench croi's the Bed the height of
your Plant, which will be about eight Inches, begin-
ning at one end. In this you feltt range your Plants
fide by fide, fo as they may gently touch, and a lit-
tle Shelving ; this done, cover them with fmall rot-
ten dung of the lame bed : Then make another fur-
row for a fecond range, in which order, lay your
plants as before, continuing this order till you have
finiih'd: And lad of all, cover the whole Jed four
Fingers thick, with hot foyl frefh drawn out of the
Stable, and in a ihort time they will be blanched. If
you will afterwards cover the bed with fo'me Mats
placed adant, like the ridge of a Houfe, to preferve
them from the Rain, they will lal* a very long time
without rotting : When you would have any o£
them for ufe, begin at the lalt which you buried, and
taking them 04 they come, draw 'them out of the
range, and break off what you fhall finde rotten up-
on the place, or that which has contracted any black-
nefs from the dung, before you put it into your Baf-
ket for the Kitchen.

A fecond manner of preferving it, is, to interre it,
as before, in furrows of Sand in the Cellar, placing
the Root upmoft, leaft the Sand run in between the
leaves, and you finde it in the difh when they fervc
it. You need not here beftow any dung upon them,
it is fuflkient that the Sand cover the Plant four fin-
gers

gershigh; and when you take it out for ufe, before
youdrefsit, fhakeitwel'l, the Root upmoft, that all
the Sand may fall out from the Lewes. Take them
likewife as they happen to lie in the Ranges.

His di re£ti ons for blanching Endive, are, that you
cover it onely with reafcnable warm dung, and draw*
ingitoutat the firft appearance of Froft, that you
keep it under Sand in your Cellar, as you do other
Roots, but firft it muft be almoft white of it felf.

The whiting of Endive, Mr. Farkinfon corhmends,
when done in another manner: After, fays he, that
they are grown to fome reafonable greatnefs, but in
any cafe before they (hoot out a ftalk in the mid ft for
Seed, take them up, and the Roots being cut away,
lay them to wither for three or four hours, and then
bury them in the Sand, fo as none of them may lie
one upon another, or if you can, touch one another,
which by this means will change whitiih, and thereby
become very tender, and is aSallotfor Autumn and
Winter. Fennel is whited by fome in the fame man-
ner, for the fame ufe.

To procure the Chard of the Artichocks (which is
that which groweth from the Roots of old Plants)
you Avail make ufe of the old Stems which you do not
account of. For it will be fit to reaew your whole
Plantation of the Artichocks every five years, becaufe
the Plant impoverishes the Earth, and produces but
fmall fruit.

The firft Fruits gathered, you ftiall pare the Plant
within half a foot of the ground, and cut off the
Item as low as you can poflible; and thus you will have
lufty (lips, which grown about a yard high, you i'hali
bindeup with a wreath of long Straw, but 'not too

clofe,

clofe, and then environ them with dung to blanch
them.

1 hus you may leave them till the great Frofts, be-
fore you gather them, and then refer ve them for your
ufe in ibme Cellar, or other place lefs cold.

K. Cf Acceleration and Retardation of Plants ^ in r#«?
jterd to their Germination and maturity.

Acceleration of Plants in their Germination arid
Maturity, is ranked, by the Lord Ventlam, among the
Magntlia Nature and is an operation that all Ar-
trfts can do fomething in: though I know not any
thru arrive to the performance of thofe grand propo-
fals of fovne Writers, as that of railing Sallads within
an hour or two, whiles a Joync of Mutton is rolting:
The late King of Trance, has been reported to have
known a fecret proc efs that would produce this effect,
and to have eiteemed it at a high rate : Cichory WdS
the Seed, as I was informed by Monfieur Giffonwy
which he was wont to raife fo toon into his moft fam'd
Saliad.

I have tryed divers of the Experiments propofed
for procuring thofe wonderful fpeedy Germinations,
and that by long infuflons in Milk, ftrong Muck-wa-
ter, and fometimes have added unquenched lime un-
to the infufions, according to the Experiments fee
down by a late Writer, who afferts, that by thefe ufu-
ages, fceans, Peafe and Parfly Seed v* ould grow up in
few hours, and can onely give the "Reader this fruit
of my pains, that without any further tryal, he may
from my experience be afcertained, that the advantage
in acceleration is exceeding inconsiderable by any of
thefe means. It was, by my tryal, found much lefs

& than

than I imagined could have been by any infufion, fot
none of the Seeds (of which I tryed many forts,)
came up rhe firi* three or four days ; and except Ra-
difh, none came up in a fortnights time, though they
' were fo vn in Augaft^ and watered.

I have tikewife tryed the Experiment of Afhes o£
Mofs : Eirft, burning a great quantity of Mofs to
afriss, and then taking fome of the richeft Garden
mould I could procure from a rotten hot Bed, and
mixing it with the afhes, I moiftned it with exceeding
good Muck-water feverai times, and let it as often
dry in the Sun; this I did in glazed pans, that the
Salt might not be wafhed from the Earth ; then I low-
ed Seeds, fome uniteeped, fome fxceped, and in the
beginning of September fet the Pans upon the Leads
of an Houfe : But in effect, the Sailad fprang not up
that day, nor many days after.

The next day 1 id into fome of the fame kinde of
Soyl, made up of Mofs-afhes and dung, watered as
above, divers Seeds fteeped in Spirit of Urine alone,
Spirit of Urine with water mixed, Spirit of Urine
mixt with phlegm of Elder-berries, all withont fuc-
■cefs, though 1 fee them in a Pan of Earth over a gen-
tle fire, to fpeed the Germination : Formerly I have
fcen Spirit of Nicre tryed, but to no purcofe ; fome
tpeak of working thefe fuddain Germinations by fame-
what made of Salt, Spirit,and Oyl, chymically united
into one Body, which when they (hail dif cover unto
us, o: o':herwife make us poffeflbrs of, we ihall have
a better opinion of the rehired experiment.

?. s to ordinary Acceleration* hot Beds are the mod
general and catholuk help, and certainly forward
Germination much: For Cabbige-feed fo,vn in the
Spring on a hot Bed, I have feen, to bring Plants that

have

have in their growth and bignefs overtaken fuch thac
. were re-planted before the antecedent Winter, and
To were in the ground, at the lead, half a year before
them; and that in the fame fort of Soyl. It is certain-
ly true,thar. the Germination will be the more quicks
the hotter the weather is ; and the larger the bed of
Dung is made, and the more it is helped by the re-
flexion of Brick Walls, or other like advantages : The
manner to make thefe hot Beds, is mentioned in tie
iirft Chapter, and their ufe there defcribed.

Mr. Speedy Cap> *4» Of Musk^ntelons, Gives us
from the telumony of two Noble Men, this adver-
tifement .-The way, fays he, to have as good Musk-
meions as any are in Italy, without the unwholefom
ufe of the Muck-Beds here in London* is confirmed
by the Earl ol'Dorfct. Plant them under a Wall,
Pale, or Hedge, on the Sunny fide, with very good
Mould purpofely prepared5and underneath the mould
lay a quantity of frefla Barly-ftraw, and by thiseafie
means, ufing the feafonable covertures and neceifary
furtherance, you may attain to your uttermoft deiire,
without any further trouble. But if you do difrern
the Straw to make the Earth too hor, thruft in a Stake P
through the mould to the ftraw, that the vapor an4
heat may evaporate and pafs forth.

For Acceleration of maturity in all WaU-fruksV
the pra&ice of Midfummer pruning is every where al-
moftobferved, which is, the cutting off all parts o£
the fboots that are grown out far beyond the Fruit,
and do otherwife take away both, the fap that might
advantage the Fruit, and the benefit of the Sun like-
wife : This operation in Vines is called gelding, and
is ufually transferred to Pompions, Mu§k-meJons,and
I * Cuxum-

Cucumber?, and like Fruits, to accelerate their ripe-
nefs: 1 he joy w beyond the lafl Clufter 01 Gourd, #
is the ghee where the Creepers or Shoots are to be
nipt on in Vines or Gourds: In other Wall-Fruit
the Gardiner clips them at a convenient diihnce from
the Wall, to as not to take away all the llirde from the
Fruit, which in fome proportion isnecefiary that the
Fruit be not dryed up, end burnt upon the Tree by
the Torrid heat of the Mid-iummerSun, in fuch pla-
ces where his rays are reflected from a WTall or Floor^
or both.

'Tis alfoobierved that in Wall-Fruit, or any other
that requires a reflected hear, in order to the ripen-
ing of the Fruit ; the lower the Boughs are fpread,the
fooner the Fruit ripens on a Wall : And in Standards,
the lower and nearer the Earth any Plant is kept, the
better iliall it ripen, by re.ifon of the reflecTion made
from the furface of the Earch ;which if be tare from
Weeds, is equal to the reflexion from fome Walls.
In Fraxfdy Vines have no other reflection but this, be-
ing tyed to flakes, and not fi-ffc red to grow above a
yard high ; and in many places of Er.gUrd this onely
advantage, without Walls, brings Grapes to that ma-
turity which is ordinary in our lfland.

The twilling of the flalks, whereby the Bunches
of CJnpcs are joyned to the body of the Vine, done
-at fuch time when the Grape is come to its full Big-
.nefs, is practiced by fome for the accelerating matu-
rity ; and it may be> that by this twilling , the
Channels, that might other.\ife carry more crude
Sap into the Grape, being broken, the heat of the
Sun may more fpeedily reduce that which is already
poiTefledbf the Gripe into fweetnefs, then if fovvre
and undi gelled Juice were fail fupplyed from the
Vine. Re-

(133)

Retardation, or hindring Plants from running to
feed, is likewife of ufe for the prefervation of the
Root and Leaf; for there are many Plants, whofe
laft endeavor being to bear Seed, prefently die in ail
parts of them affoon as the Seed is perfected.

Of this kinde are your beft Carnations and Gilly-
flowers, the hope of whofe continuation is onely by
thofe Slips that are not like .to bring Seed the preienc
year ; to this kinde alfo belong divers Herbs, fuch as
are Parfely, Scurvy-grafs, &c. The Spindles there-
fore of all fuch are timely to be cut off, the younger
the better, in choice Plants, for fear of killing the
Root 5 and hereby plenty of Branches and Off-fets,
or fide-Plants, will arife from the old Stem, Stool or
Root. Nay, 'tis obferved by our Gardeners, as like
wife by Ferrari™, in his Chapter of the culture of
Tulips, That if thofe Flowers are fuffercd to grow to
Seed, the Bulb thereby is certainly much emaciated,
and fometimes utterly perifheth ; and therefore, on
all hands it is counted good to gather Tulips as foon as
may be.

Some of the ways of Retardation are generally
known, as particularly the experiment of plucking off
Rofe Buds as often as they fpring, until the time you
intend they ftiall proceed to flower ; or the making
the Branches of the Rofe Tree bare of Shoots once or
twice in the Spring, for this purpofe, are not unfre-
quently prailiced. And I have been informed by a
Perfon of Credit, that at Brlfiol he faw Rafpes fold
for four pence the quart ac Michaelmas, which were
thus retarded, by fetting the Plants late in moift
ground the fame year : All which ways, I fuppofe,
may well be transferred to other Plants of like nature,
snd this laft way is not fo common. I have before

K I men:

(134)

mentioned its ufe for the retardation of the Flowers
of Anemonies.

There is fome ufe of retardation to all fuch Plants
which fo prematurely bloffom, that they be fubject to.
blading by Spring-Fro'ts • 1 know nothing ufed to
prevent this annoyance, but the opening of the Root,"
and fufermg the Snow, and Snov-waEer, to lie there-
on and chil the ground ; but of the benefit or danger
of this remedy, I have no experience.

Num. 8. Of melioration by %Jtfwefs, or other c$nve-
nlent Miner a in the Soy I, for the feeding and better
nourishment of fever al Plants : Of artificial Begsy
and the change of Seedy as a means to bring fair
T lowers : Of Exoffation of Fruity $r making it
grow without Stones*

The Lord Vemlam reckons up the making of rich
comports for the £ a rth, among the tj^t agnail a Na-
fw\e,*and moft advantagious projects for the ufe of
•Man ; which rkhnefs, if the modern Hypothefis of
Chymifts be right, coniifts in good proportions of felt
Spirit, and Oyl ; which are principles generally de-
ficient in barren places ; Dry Earth, and cold crude
water, or thefe two mixt together, every where a-
bounding ; I fay, good proportions, becaufe it is moft
certain, that no Vegetable will grow in too great a-
bundance of Salt or Spirit, or other violently hot and
corrofive matter: Sut and Pidgeons-dung abound
much with volatile Salt ; and 1 have this year, upon
a cold moift Clay, feen excellent advantage to the
Grafs thereby, it being onely rtrewed thin on the
Grafs before the Spring, but of the two, the Sut was
beft : upon a dry Sand I fhould not have expected the

like

like improvement hy it5? mixture, and in thefe com-
ports themfdves by reafon of abundance of fair, with-
out <iue proportions of other principles mixt, nothing
will grow, for there is no fermentarion without mix-
ture of contrary parts or Elements ; and all dunging
is in order to fermentation : Hence Columella com-
mends Pidgeon-dung, becaufe, fays he, Pra ceteris
terramfacit fermentare, the earth generally abounding
in its ovyn nature Tvith coldnefs & moi'lure,fo that the
richnefs in Salt or Spirit, temper* a Soyl well* which
is deficient in thefe principles, for tbofe Vegetables
that require in the ground fo fp rightful a Fermentati-
on. For divers (rates of ground, and various Fermen-
tations are required to different Plants, nor can any
one Soyl indifferently and equally agree with them all
according to that of Virgil.

Nee vero xerr&ferre omnes omnia pffunt,
Flumlmbus fa! Ices , crajfiffepaludlbm alni
Nafcuntur ; fieri les fax oft s montlbus ' orhly
JLittora mjrtetis Utljftma: -dent que apertos
Bacchus amat colles^Aqnilonem & f rigor a taxi.
\Ajflce & extremis damnum, cultorlbus or hem
Eoaffo domos Arabum, plcioffa Gelonos
£>ivlf<£ arbor lb us patrU : fola India nigrum
Ten ebenum, foils eft thurea vlrgafab&is^ &c.

All Grounds can't all things bear : The Alder Tree
Grows in thick Fens ; with Sallows Brooks agree.
Afh cnggy Mountains : Shores fweet Myrtle fills,
And laftly, Bacchus loves the Sunny Hills ;
The Yew beft profpers in the North, and cold,
The conquered Worlds rerr.oteft Swains behold :
Seethe Eaftern Arabs , the Gelomy thefe

Countries are all diftinguiiht by their Trees ;

The

T he blackcft Ebony from India comes,
And from Sabaa Aromatick Gums, &c.

Saffron, Tulips, Anemones, and many other Plants
which be propagated by bulbous or tuberous off-fees,
require for their melioration, to be planted in alight
Soyl,that receives feme mixture of fatty earth with it:
fome commend Cow-dung rotted, above all other foil,
to be mixt with o:her fandy earth for the'e Planes.

Boggy Plants require, even when they be -planted
into Gardens, either a natural or artificial Bog, or to
be placed near fome water, by which ther-e is -great
improvement to all forts of Flags, and particularly*
as 1 have obferv'd to Ca^rnns t/€romatlcHs,

The artificial Bog is made by digging a hole in
any ftiffe Clay,and filling it with Earth taken from a
Bog ; or in wane of fuch day ground, there may be
ftifte Clay like\vife brought in, and laid to line the
hole or pit in the bortom or floor, and the fides like-
wife, fo thick, that the moifture may not. be able to
get through : Of this fore, in our Phylick Garden
here in Oxford^ we hwe one artificially made by
Mr. Bokart3 for the prefer nation of Boggy Plants,
where being fometimes watered, they thrive as well
as in their natural places.

However 'tis true, that there is variety of ufuage
for Plants of different nature, yet for the generality
of Plants, they are heft improved by a fat, rich, deep,
moift, and feeding Soil ; and it is highly bis intereft
that intends a flourifhing Orchard,o:Kitchin-garden,
to improve his ground to the height ; divers Flowers
reap benefit by the fame advantage; as particularly,
Carnations and Auricula's ; though for thefe, and
fome other Plants, the rotten Earth that is ufually
SQund in the Bodies of hollow Willow-Trees, is

thought

(137).

thought to be a foyt more fpecifically proper,efpeci al-
ly when mixc with other rich Soyl throughly rotten.
That wilde Plants may be meliorated by tranfplan-
tation into better Soyl, and by being fet at greater di-
ftances, i s no mo re t hen v\ hat was before noted, and
agrees with that of Vhrgil^ Georg, 2.

Spontefua cju£fe tolltittt in him'ims aura*
J nfacttnda quldem^ fed hta & fortia ftirgunt
Omffe folo Matu-ra jitbeft ; tamen b*c quofyfi quit
lrjerat, aut fcrobibtu mandet rftxtata [Mbatlis
Exuertnt, Syheftrem ammpim, cultucjue frequently
h; qftafcMfa veces srtes3haud tarda feqtientnr.
JNtc mn & fterilx qutftirpibus exit ah mis
. . Jicc faaet vacuosfifit d'gefta per agros.
Nir.c altafrondes & Kami Matris opacant :
Qefcer.t'iq) adlrumt foetus ^ urum que fer entente

Plants that advance themfelves t'etherial Air
Unfruitful be, but ftrong they prove, and fair ;
Becaufe they draw their nature from the Soyl :
Eut thefe^if any, graft ; or fhall with toil
Tranfplant, and then in cultur'd Furrows fet
Their wilder difpofition they forget :
Ey frequent culture, they not {lowly will
Anfwer thy labour, and obey thy skill.
So they that fpring horn Roots, like profit yeild,
If you tranfplant them to the open Field, (flnade^
Which now the Boughs of th'Mother-plant do
And th'Cff-fets ftop her growth, and make her fade.

The Seed of wilde Cicbory that grows every where
in the Fields, being fow'd in rich Garden-foyl, is fo
improved ? that we eileem it ordinarily another Plant,

and

(138)

and give it the name of Garden-Cichory, though in-
deed they are the feme. But befides the goodnefc of
the ground, and greatnefs of the diftances, there
may be fome advantage to Field-Plants by changing
the Seed, by which action the fermentation is fuppo-
fed to be augmented in the Ground : Now thefe '
changes are either from one kinde to another, as from
Wheat and Early, to Beans and Peafe, which is the
ufual Husbandry of common fields, or in the fame
Seed: Of the former way, Virgil gives chit Precept,

— — lb\ flava feres mutato Jidere farray
%)};de yxlus I &tum ft liquet quaff ante legume rty
mAM tenuesf&Ms Vicidi, trifiifque Luplm
Sujlalerufragiles c alamos ^fylvamque fonantem*
Georg. i. By Mr. Ogilby thus rendred.
--— There changing Seafons thou (halt Barly fovv
Where pleafant Pulfe with dangling Cods did grow,
Where brittle ftalks of bitter Lupines Mood,
Or {lender Vetches in a murmuring Wood.

Of changing the Seed of the fame kinde, befides
Field Corn, which is generally changed every third
5eafon at the fartheft, examples may be had in Carna- ■
tions and Gilly-flo vers, inVSeed of which, being
taken from the heft Flowers, are much meliorated by
alternation and change of Ground ; and it is like this
Experiment may hold in the feeds of other Flowers.

Another Experiment, is the exoffation of Fruit, or
caufmgit to grew without (tones or core, for which
effeft, the grafting of the upper end of the Cyon
downwards, hach been afferted to be a certain way :
That the Cyon fo grafted will grow, I have experi-
ence; but whether' in time they will produce the

fore-

(»J9)

forementloned effect, I greatly doubt: And if they
{hould, I much miftruft their expectations would not
be anfweredj that intended melioration thereby : Foe
the Fruit, certainly by the lofs of the natural Seed,
would be very much itfpirked, and loofe the gene-
rality and noblenefs of its nature, as Animals do, and
as Vegetables fometimes ; as particularly I have ob-
ferved in Barberries, for I have feen a Tree that bare
every year on moil Bunches two forts of Barberries,
the one full, and of a deep red ; the other of a pale co-
lour, and thin fubftance, and inquiring into the caufe,
I found the former to have Stones in them, and the
latter delutute, which were, as I fuppofed, thereby
emaiculated.

N. o. The €-oiicii4jlon of the Treatlfe, with one or two
choice observations of the wife and good Providence
cf God, which may be feen in the admirable make
of Vegetables, andfitnefs to their ends, which are
wot generally tah^n notice of, but are, with many
more, over fen by men bujle in the affairs of the
world.

It was the fin of the Heathen that they did not rife
In their mindes from the contemplation of the beauty
of the creatures , to confider how fuch lineaments
could be made, and to glorifie thereby the wifdome
of the Maker. The particulars are infinite, that
ordinarily to a man exercifed in things and thoughts,
fuggetf themfelves to avouch Providence, and con-
fute the vanity of the old Fpicureans in the fimpieft
of their Tenets concerning the framing of this world,
of things by a cafuall concurrence of fmali motes in-

tricated

fa

(14°)

tricated in their motion, by meer chance into fuch
beautifull bodies.

It is no unufuall Theme to treat of the admirable
handfomenefle and beauty in the compolure of divers
Vegetables, and to ihe-v how Nature doth ycutjarsu v
in them , and characterize out fuch variety of ele-
gant figures, that every plant fhall feem to have
more of Mathematical! art^than theKnot wherein it is
fet: And tis generally noted, that Gods Providence is
exceeding good in appointing Nature , and making ic
her end to continue fome individual^ of everySpecies
for the prefervation of the kinde.That likewife the
fame Providence has approved to its felfe a moft ex-
cellent wifdom in the choife of molt certain meanes,
for the attainment of this end,it has been mine , and
may be an ealie confideration to any other.

For what other end , thought I , are there fo
many coates , and fuch cotton veitmer.c to feeds,
but to defend their tenderneffe ? Why fuch hard
{tones to other , but to hinder their premature
fpringing , whereby the coldnefle of Whiter
would kill ( as in Aprecots , Peaches , Nec-larihes,
&e.) their tender feedlings ? Why is the ground
in Woods covered with Molfe , but that Nature in-
tended it as a prefervation to feeds fallen upon the
Turfe in the violence of Winter Frofts ? Why has
Nature befet fhrubs with prickles , but to defend
the tender buds in which the hope of future growth
is repofed from the browfing of cartel 1 in the Winter?
and that this was the end of Providence in it may be
conjectured fromhence,becaufethofe fhrubs which are
not all over thorny, have a guard of Thornes directly
upon the bud & not elfe where, as if (ingularly inters
dedforits fecurrty. Sous fcenin the Goofeberry,

$3W«

(MO

Hawthorne, Barbery, Locuft, all Rofes wild and cul-
tivated that are not all over thorny, fo that the thorns
are not ufeleffe cxcrefcencies as tome have fuppofe<d ,
but as profitable as boughs or leaves.

Why have thofe plants that bear no feed with us,
as Poplar and Willow , in every bough of any big-
ueftV, a propenfity of fending forth Roots, by the
occafion of which, each branch is made an entire tree
or plant > or if that faculty be wanting, why then is
there fo great difpofition and forwardnefle to propa-
gate themfelves by off-fets,as in tbeElm/'oplars &c,
And where there can be no off-fets , as in Muih-
roomes, wherefore el fe has Nature made the plants
propagable by the fmalleft of their fhreds and inconfr-
derable parts?Why elfe is the Indian Fig,that hath no
ftulk, propagable by its leaf alone ?

Why have plants fuch an eagerneffc to flower and
feed, and fuch an impatience of being difapointed ?
if you pull off the bud of the Rofe it will fpringa-
gaine, and not only the Rofe , but moft other fruits
and flo.vcrs have the fame defire to produce their
feeds , and have given occafion to Artifts to make
hence Rules of Retardation.

Why do the Seeds flick clofe to the Pedall by
which they are joyned to the flock untill they are ma-
ture and fit for propagation, and then fall off in the
mod ^\t feafon for due preparation to future growth >

Why do thofe plants that ufually die every yeare ,
yet if they are difappointed of running to feed , con-
tinue to furvive many years, even fo long till they
are permitted to run up to leave feed behind them *
Eut that they are appointed by theuniverfall Law of
N ature , not to defert their order,ttll they have pro-.
Juced others after their owi kind.

Laflly,

Laftly, Why are many Seeds at their firft ripening
fo exaclly fledged with wings, but that by the wind >
they miy be carried to fuch places as maybe fit wombs
to receive and feed them , untill they attaine from
the being of feeds the meafure and ftature of perfect
plants.

Another Specimen of the Wifdom of the God of
Nature ,may be feen in the regular iituation of Branch-
es, and the orderly eruption of Buds, upon every
Vegetable ; for, notwit attending the report of my
loid Bacon, N*i.*&ifi. Cent. 6. Obftrv. 588. That
Trees and Herbs in the ar owing forth of their Boughs
and Branches, are not figured, and kjsef no order, but
that when they make an eruption, they breaks forth ca-
fually , where they finde beft way in their Bark^ and
Rinde : 1 finde my felf necessitated to refer that to
an exceeding Wifdom, which his. Lord faip refers to
chance and cafuaky : For if I obferve aright both Buds
and Leaves, and all eruptions, (tend fo on every Ve-
getable, as to ferve moft fitly, for moft neceffary
ends.

As to Leaves,the Learned DoStar Brown hath made
the Quincunx famous, which may with as great aptnefs
be appiyed, and, I think, more univerfaily to the Ca-
rnation of Buds, or Germeas.

This Figure had its name from the numeral Letter
V. becaufe the points therein, are the fame with the
points or Angles in the faid Letter, and becaufe than
as the Letter is capable of infinite multiplications, fo
is the Figure, and both in not unlike faibions : Th«

ȴ thus> ^XXXXXX.*8 W$

thus, v* • •

O ft • » 9 ■ '

or

043)

Of this Quincunx I (ball propofe three forts. i.The
thicker, as in the Figure a. The thinner and lefs full
of points, arc either obliquely fet, as in the Figure b9
or morefoait, as in the Figure c.

• • • ■

• »

v • • • •

• 9

The moft thick foftof Quincunx hath Irs examples
rather in Leaves then £uds,for after this manner ft.ind
the Leaves upon moft Martagons and Lilies* divers
Spurges, and Sedums,on\vhich it is moft viiible,when
the Plants run up to Seed. Trickmadam, Spurge-
Laurel, Marfli-mallovvs, when the ftock is exceeding
ranck and big, for otherwife it is fufficed with the re-
gulation of' the third Figure: 1 he leaves of Firre-
tree, Pine-nee, &c.

Theiecond, or oblique and (ingle Quincunx, may
for the moft part be obferved, both in the Euds and
leaves that arife from Trees, ancl fuch other Plants
whofe Stalks are round; as in the Oak, ..Elm, Hafel,
Apples, Plums, Cherries, Fears, Willo.vs3 Sallows,
Ol.ers, Black-thorn, White-thorn, C oof -berries ,
•Currants, Roles, Fenel, Cichory, ,1 hiftles of rrjoft
fore?, Docks, Bur- docks, Sothern-wood, Pvue, Se-

' felt

(M4)

feli- /Ethiopi cum > Sweet-maudlin, Common-mercu-
ry, Dulcamara.

The third direct and oblong Quincunx is mofl ob-
served in Plants of a fquare ihlk, as Water-Eetony,
!Fig-wort, Lavander, Mints St. Johns-Were, Clo.vns-
AU-heal , Rhus-Myrtifolium , Mother-wort , Nep,
Colu^-Jovis-

Yet tis not unfrequently feen on other Stalks alfo,
as the Sycamore, Elder, Maple jDog-tree,A{b,Hyfope,
Nettles, Hemp, \V illo* -weeds , Tree- Spttrge^rench-
Mercury, Scamrr.ony of Monrpclier.

And it is to be obferved, that m divers of thofe
Plants whofe Stalks are fee with joyncs, and thofe
Joynrswitha beautiful Circle of Leaves, proper to
each Plant, contrary to the Qui nam rial fcituation,
the Germens notwithftanding,are found to follow the
order of this iaft mentioned Quincunx", as may be
feen in Madder, Goqf-grafs, Lidies-Bed-ftraw.

Or if that order be left, yet it is not left to the
difadvantage of the Plant, but generally it hath in
exchange fame other handlofne and proper method of
Leaves and Buds. Thus Lltiaria-Quadrifolia , hath
on each joynt three,four,five or fix oppohte Leaves, &:
under each Leaf a Germen, which arife to Branches,
uniformly fet upon the fame round Stalk.

And as to the particular make and frame of thofe
Plants, which in the {landing of their Leaves cannot
be faid to follow the order of any Quincunx, yet they,
inftead of thofe elegant Teffellations, are beautified
otherwife in their fite with as great curiofuy. I can-
not think of a Plant, according to the ordinary ellima-
tion of men, that is more contemptible then that
which grows ordinarily in Bogs, or miry Ditches, and
is called Great- Horfe-t ail ; yet if tfhy man pleafe to

/' , dif*

/ . \

diurtiute the whole, .and rake particular view both of
the parrs and conjuncture, they will finde the frame
exquihte enough to deferve a better efleem ; for both
Stalks and Leaves are made up of divers pieces, fra-
i-mej, as it were, in joynt work ; all which pieces bean
exact proportion each to other ; and each receives o^
' v indented terminations, which form very beau-
tiful Coronets on the pieces fo received ; then at a
convenient diihnce, above each of thefe Coronets,
there arifeth a very beautiful Circle of Leaves, and
thefe very Leaves are made up of hollow pieces arti-
culately, and proportioiubly jointed, in imitation of
the elegancy of the joynts ot the Stalk it felf.

And generally the Leaves that ftand not according
to the Quincunx, either ftand in joynts, in the fafhion
of die Burgonion Crofs,as on Crofs-wort ; or in a Ciiv
cle,asonmoli forts of Madder,Ladys-bedftraws,Wood-
roots;or in fome other profitable,fit and beautiful poli-
ture : And chough in thefe creeping and entangled
Plants, irregularities are not unfrequently feen, yet
even in thefe irregularities themfelvesj there often
feems to be a greater curioufnefs and molt proper or-
der ; as particularly, Madder is generally tetragonal,
and notwithstanding its circular border of Leaves, ufu-
ally fends forth Buds, according to the manner of
Mints, and other Plants of a four-fquare Stalk : This
I hive fometimes feen in many of its Branches to va-
ry and turn hexagonal, or to have a ftalk with fix ribs,
upon which dccleniion the order of the Germens was
thus moft fitly altered ; upon each rib or angle there
was always one leaf, and upon every other rib, a ger-
men under the leaf ; which I found fo placed, that no
one rib did bear the Bud in the two fucceeding joynts;
fo that if in the firft joy no the three Buds flood on the

L / firtt,

(H6)

firft, the third, and the hfth nb$, then in the fecond
joynt, the Buds flood on the fecond, the fourth, and
the hxth, and fo interchangabfy to the very top.

Now by thefe fcituations of the Buds, according
to thefe Obfervations, it always is fo found neeeflarfa
ly to be, that it two Buds Rand on the feme joynt, as
in the third Quincunx ; thofe that ftand on the feme
heighth, keep, always the contrary fides ; and further,
if the two lower mofl ftand North and South, the two
next immediately above them ftand Eaft and Weft.
And in the fccond, or oblique and ilngle Quincunx,
when the Buds ftand not two at the fame heighth, the
fecond ftands on theoppotite fide to the firft, and the
fourth to the third ; and then likewife, if the firft
-and fecond ftand Eaft anj Weft, the two nexe above
them ftand North and South. N.

I may give notice that to finde thefe methods, and
to expofe them to the eye, a profitable way may be
to clip off the ftalks of the leaves near -the Branch,
especially in the tirft and mofl thick- fort of' Quin-
cunx ; in the fecond more fingle Quincunx, it may
not be amils to flit the Bark and take it off, for it be-
ing laid plain and flat, the Quincuncial ordewill the
better appear ; the third fort is vihble to the eye, as
the Plant grows.

Care alio mull be had, that observation be made on

fuch Plants whofe ftalks are not twifted, for the twift-

ing of it brings the Leaves and Germens out of order :

There may befides thefe, fome other methods appear

not here mentioned, but even in them, he that plea-

fes to confider them, I doubt not, will finde conftan-

cy for rhe moft part to their rule ; or if they have no

rule, there may likewife a reafon be found why it was

good thev fhould be without,

* * But

(*47)

But k is moft certain, that thefe are the genera!
methods,' and thefe contrivances of the eruption of
Buds, ferve for divers excellent ends exceeding fitly,
and fo are arguments, ("how poor and inconhderable
foever thefe. ObfervaiioiK may feem) that they came
not out thus fry the lucky julUings and Humbling of
blinde chance,, but by the Prm^A&nce of a mod Pow-
erful, Skilful, and Wife Mart and Author. 'For
they ferve firft to procure a fit and proportionable
fhade for the . Stalk* and Fruit j neither of which in
their tendernefs,can endure the fcorching Sun-beams,
for by keeping this method and order, they commu-
nicate their fhade to all parts of the Tree or Plant 5
whereas, fhould they break out in a difodfcriy failiion,
fome parts of the Plant, ancKome Fruit would be ex-
pofed to all weather, where no Buds or Leaves coma
forth ; other parts would be too much ftiadowed by
the two thick eruption of Buds. This order likewife
fets out the Boughs and Branches of each Tree into
fucb portions, that one may not eafily fret upon an-
other , or gall its neighbor, but grow in a diftin6t
room, every Branch having his proportionable allow-
ance in* that circumference which the whole Tree
takes up, whereby it may, without any impediment
to others, grow to a convenient bignefs ; otherwife
came many Buds out together without methods they
could never arrive at any bignefs in their future
growth, nor attain to good Fruit, or pleafant Leaves
and Fiowers,but would run out into fuch thick Crows-
Nefts, as I have obferved fometimes to happen in
Plum-Trees by an error or mif chance of nature^ in
the parturition or bringing forth of the Germensv
The obfervation likewife of thefe methods muff needs
bg of ufe to the Equilibration and uprightnefs of

L 2 Trees,

(i48)

Trees,for fhould all the Boughs break out m one place,
or on one fide, the heavinefs of' that fide or part,
would bend down the body into a crooked nefs,and de-
prive it of that uprightnefs and (traitnefs, which is the-
moil: ufeful (ite of moft Plants ; and' thole that are
without thefe regulations, are generally fuch as are
made to grow upon and tWift about other things, and'
not to bear up themfelves, as Bind-weeds, and the
like.

. • And now I am come thus far, there comes into my
minde that excellent Animadverhon which the molt
wife King made, when he had coniidered the feveral
Furpofes, Travels, Bufineffes, Changes 2nd .Over-
tures, which happen to us poor men while we are un-
der Heaven, in their feveral Seafons ; as particularly,,
in the days of our Birth, and the days of our Death,in
the days of our Planting or being Planted, and thofe
of our Plucking, £>: being Plucked up : When Men
get and Increafe their Hlbtes, and when theyLoofe,
grow Bankrupt and are undone ; in the days of their
jollities, Dancings, Lovings,' V'ooings and Embra-
cings ; as likewife in thofe cloudy and dull Seafons,
when fatiety of Enjoyment, indifpotition of Body, or
other unhappy accidents, has begot Peivifhnefs and
Loathing ; and when Tears and Mourning contrittate
all their glory and beauty : Concerning the feafon-
ablenefr and fitnefs of all the Hhtes of men; their
conditions, accidents and difafters in their feveral
times, this is his obfervation, Eccl. 3. That he had
Jeen the travel which God had given the Sons of men to
be cxer n 'fed .therewith , and found, that God by his
providence had made every one'of the things made,
beautiful in its time : More 'over , that he had Jet the age
in the middle of them > yet lb, that no man of them

can

(H9)

can finde art the worh^ that Cod ma\eth from the begin-
ning to the end.

1 ili ill not Apologize for tranflating C37^M tne age
or V^12 in the middle of them, becaufe 1 know the
words, and methinks the fenfe and context bear it
bert, but (hall beg leave by a parallelifm to apply it to
the prefent matter ; the placing, not the timing of
things, and to exprefs my thoughts thus : That God
has made every thing beautiful in its place, order and
fcituation, and particularly every part of every Vege-
table, and has alio fet the world fo curioufly wrought
andmodeU'd, in the middle of us, yet fo, that by
reiion of our various affairs and hufinefles, and other
fancies , no man can finde out the work that God
hath made from the beginning to the end.

Laftly, I muft beg leave to make the fame conclu-
fion and Appendix to the Obfervation, that the King
has there appof'd to his, (vU.) That the true and
onely ufe that can be made of thofe elegancies and
beauties which in every afpect fuggeft themfeives un-
to us, is no other, but that we Re Joyce In them and in
their Maker, and do good in this life. I mean, that
we puzzle not our felves over-much, nor difcruciate
our Spirits to refolve what are the caufes, and what
the manner of caufation of the apparent effeils of
Gods great power , any further then as our labour
may ferve for thofe excellent and firmly together in-
terwoven ends of rejoycing and doing good, and the
rather j becaufe of the experiment which this moft
wife Prince* who was helpt by the great riches of his
then puiffant Kingdome , ( and fo not impeded by
thofe wants that ufually difcomfit private perfons in
fuch enquiries ) made himfelf and publifhed concer-
ning his own fearch , JEccL i , That be gave his heart to

fcek$

(150)
feek^dnd fearch out by Wlf dome concerning all things that
are done under Heaven, and found this to [be a fore tra-
felly that Cjod had given the Sons of men to be cxerci-
fed therewith y And further, That with much wifdom
there is much vexation^ and he that incrcafeth knowledge ^
increafethforrow.

FINIS.

■

;
bJ brrr

...... -

A Catalogue of fome Books Printed for, and
fold by Tho: Kobixfon.

ATrcatife of Fruit Trees \
(hewing the manner of
Grafting,fettmg,pruning,and
ordering them in all refpe&s,
by/?*: Au$in, in 40

Thefpintutlufeof an Or*
chard or Garden of Fruit trees,
fer forth in divers Similitudes,
according to Scripture and
experience, by R* Auffin 4C

Obfervations on fome part
of Sir Yrancis Bacons Natural
Hiliory, as it concerns Fruit-
trees, bruits and Flowers, by
Ra. AuUin. in 40

An Anfwerto Mr, boards
Book, entitulcd, Gods love to
mnkjnde, by IV. Twi[s D. D.
jn Folio.

Eocks written by Dr. Owen.

'THe Doctrine of the Saints
* Per fcretance. examined
and confirmed, in Folio.

Socinianifm examined, in
ihe confutation of Biddys,
and the RatovianCatecb. in 4*

A Peviewof the Annotati-
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to the Do&rine of tbe Deity,
and fatisfa&ion of Chrift, in
Anfwer to D. Hammond, in 40

Of the mortification of fin
in Believers, in 8°

Of Temptation, in 8*

Of the Divine original Au-
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and power of the Scripr.in 8»
Of Schifm, in reference to
the prefent differences in Re-
ligion, in 8°

A Review of the true nature
of Schifm, in Anfwer to Mr.
Cawdrey, in 8°

A Defence of Mr. Jo: Cot'
ton, and a Reply to Mr. Cars-
drey about the nature of
Schifm. in 8°

Diatriba de Jufiitia divina.
in 8°

Books written by Dr. WtUU;

XAAtheds Vnfaerfalis t five
Arirbmeticum c[ns vitc*
grunt. ;«4°

Adverfus Me'tbom'uy de prom
portionibus% 4*

De Angulo Contafius &femin
cit Cuius. 40

De SeZHonibxs Conkis Tta*
flatus. 40

Arjthmetica Infin'mrum. 40
Eclipfeos Solaris obfervatio. 4*

Ccmmercium Epiftoticum de
quefiionibus quibufdam Malbe*
maticis nuper habiium. 40

Mensfobria ferio commendata,
Conchlat : fo Expojitio Epifiom
Um ad Tit*. 8°
Grammatiea Lingut Anglica*
n*. 80

Due Correction for M.Hobbs*
8°
ftobbum Punctj ditynnctio, 8 °
Books

A Catalogue of Eooks.

Bcfoks written by Dr. Zouch.

/*^Afes and queftions refol-
5f ved in the.Ci vil Law. 8 °
Juris & Judicii Fecialis, fi-
ve Juris inter Gentes. 4°

Specimen Queftionum Juris Ci-
vitis cum dehgnatione Authsrum
* qui bits in uh am que partem dif~
<cuntur. 40

De Legati delinquents Jt^di-
c* competente dijferfatio. 1 29

Eruditionis Ingenust fftecimi-
wd, fcil. Arthm Logic*, Dia-
led: Rhetor: fy Moralis Fh'Uo-
foph: 12° ;

Queftionum Juris Ctvilis Cen-
tuna. Non minus ad LegumGe
tieralium Cegnitionem, quam ad
jfudiofum Exercitationem , ac-
commoda, in \2° newly pub-
liflit.

XJYpotbefis de Officii s fecundum
*^ human* rations diclata feu
N*iur* Jus, unde Cafus vmnes
Conjcienii* qnatenus notiones A
^atur* fuppetunt dijudicari pof~
fint. Eth n kerum fimul fy Jure -.
pejiterum confenfus ejftnd'itur,
Principiafy Rztiones Hobbefii
Malmef: ad Ethicam 6* Volui*
cam fptftantes, in examen vent-
hRt. ,Aut. R%Shurock, *

COnciones Ofh ad Acade-
micosOxon: Latine habit**
EpiffoUrum tieias , Author e
Hen: Wilkinfon. S.Th.D 8°
Rob: Baronii, ?hihf'Theo!o-
g)dt kncillans, I20
Rob: Baronii , Mettphyftca

FINIS.

Generalis fy fecial: omnia ad^
ufum Theobgi* accomodata i2«
Latium & Lycium* Gr&ca cum
latinisjjve Gram: Artisin utra-
que lingua lucidiQima. Auf- Ro;
Wickeas. 8°'

Manuduttio ad theol: Polemic
cam. Aut: Jo: Prideaux, S,
Th. D. So

Exercitatio Theobg. de Inffpi-
entia ratianis fouman*? Gra-iu.
Chrifti de[ii;ut£> in rebu4 fidei*
Aut. RXrcffe, Col- Line. 4©
Fur pro Tribunali, Examen D/\
alog: cui infeibitur ¥ur Vrtds*
ftinatus. Autk: Geo: Kendal,
S.Th. D* 80

Mtfcellania, (ive Meditaf. & #•
rations. &(. Autb- Ed: Ellis,

1 2°

ffomerKs'zzvAi'ZQWfive
Compara'ioHomm cum Sciipto •
ribus Sacres quoad nor mam /o-
quendu Aulh: Zach: Bogan.
8°

Exercitat'wnes a'iqust Mett%
phyfic*. per Tho: Barlow 40

A compleat Concordance
of rhe Engl ifh Bible, by Wob'
Mckens. 8°

Immortality of humane
Souls aflerted, in anfwer to a
Traft,entituled, Mans wort**
lity. 40

The want of Church €0-
vernmenr, no warrant for a
total omiificn of the Lords
Supper, by Hen'- Jeans. 8°

A Mixture of SchoIaftlcal
and Practical Divinity, by
Hen: Jeancs, ^9

UMASS/AMHERST

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