KAKI

STAIE ri^AiNT BOARD
E-468

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE
DIVISION OF INSECTICIDE INVESTIGATIONS

THE HISTORY OF THE USE OF DERRIS AS AN INSECTIDE.

PART II-THE PERIOD 1919-1928

By
R. C. ROARK

Washington, D. C.
February 1939

E_468 FetrcLarj- 1939

United States Departrent of A-^ri oul txiro
Bureau of En tome logy and Plant Quarantine

THE HISTOP^ OF THE USE OF IJEE2<IS

AS Ml IITSSGTICIIE. FAZT II— THE PERIOD 1919-1928

3y H, G, Eoark, Divijiion of Insecticide Investigations

Goatexits

Page

Introduction ------------------ 1

1919 2

1920 6

1921 8

1922 9

1923 12

1324 -• 14

1925 18

1926 20

1927 26

1923 29

Ta"ble 1, Classified list of insects agrainst

which derris hac been tested --------- 33

Table 2. Alphabetical list of insect species
menti'^ned in this paper, together with
their common names and classification - - - - 61

Table -l. Alphabetical list of the common names
of insects mentioned in this paper, together
with their corresponding scientific names - - 65

Literature cited ---------------- 67

Junior author index -------------- 78

Chronological index -------------- 79

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2013

http://archive.org/details/historyofuseofdeOOunit

-.1 -

Introctvction

In r. prrvious pr.pcr, The Sp.rly Histoi-y (1848-1918) of the Use
of Dcrris ac an Iiisccticido (3?)2/jtho writer reviewed the history of the
use of dcrris as ar insecticide from IB'l-B to 1913, inclusive, which is
the period from the time of the first acccant in Englis?^ of the insec-
ticidal use of derris to the time immedirtely preceding the puhlication
of the wori: of Mclndoo, Siovers, and Ahbctt, investigators of the
United States Dep:-'rtnent of Ajjricultujre. The 10-year period 1919-'58
witnessed gre-at activity in the ez'plcration of the insccticidcal uses of
derris, Bishopp rjid rssociates wcrlccd out the control of Ky-podorm.a larvae
in the Dr.cks of cattle "oy the apiolicf.tion of powders, v/ashes, or ointments
containing derris. Investigators in England cjid Canada published the
results of tests of derris against m£iny insects. Proprietary insecticides
of British manufacture that contained derris powder or derris extract
"became more widely known and received mention in entomological literatiiro.
However, in this literature no mention is found of rotenone or the other
active principles of derris. The derris used ty different investigators
varied v/idely in toxic content, and hence it is not surprising to find
contradictory statements regarding the value of dcrris for the control of
certain pests. Derris v.'as not a regular article of comr.ierce in the United
States. ITo method of chemically evaluating it was Imovm. In view of
these facts it is not surprising that dcrris did not really come into its
own until the results of the investigations of chemists on the active
principles of derris and their analytical determination were puDlished.
This was not until after 1928.

In the present paper the writer has endeavored to present an
account of all v;ork with dorris against s-occific insects that was puhlishcd
during the 10 years 1919 to 1928, inclusive. Aa nearly as possihlc the
work of the various investigators is given in chronological order. A
summary of the 10 years' research is given in tahlcs. Table 1 gives
information concerning the effectiveness of each dcrris preparation tested
against each insect, with a reference to the original article. The insects
in table 1 arc arranged according to family under the appropriate order.
In table 2 all insecte arc listed alphabet ically according to genus, and
information is given concerning the common name, the order, and the family
of each species. In table 3 Is given an alphabetical list of the common
names of the insects together with the corresponding scientific names.
It is believed that the reader may readily obtain the information he
seeks by reference to one or more of these tables.

Throughout this publication the term "gallon" is -understood to
mean the standard United States gallon of 231 cubic inches. The gallon
referred to in British publications is tthc imperial gallon of 277.27384
cubic inches.

An imperial gallon equals about 1.2 United States gallons, and
conversely a United States gallon equals about 0.83 imperial gallon.

1/ ~

Not available for distribution.

~ 2 -

1919.

llclridoo, Silvers, ard AlDltctt; (6?) In 1919 rsported an errtensive
study 01 derris as an insscticidc. The following is a list of the material
\ised and the sourcas frOifl which and through which it Wc?s secured: Powdered
roots of a species nf Derris, most lilcely Perris elliptica Benth. , from the
open market where it i^ sold as an insecticide; 'roots of D. elliptica,
called "tuta" or "toeba" in the I>utch East Indies, from the 's Lands
Plantentuin, Buitenzorg, Java; stemc of D. uliginosa Benth. , from C. H.
Knowle-, Suva, ?iji Islands; stems of D. koolgibherah Baill. and of D.
oligosperpa, from the director of the Botanical Gardens at Brisbane,
Queensland, Australia; roots of D. scandens Benth.; and stems and roots
of 1), roDusta Benth., from the director of the Botanical Survey of Siopur,
Calcutta, India.

The authors' conclu.sions are a,s follows: Derris powder dusted
upon insects does not pass into the tracheae, hut a lir^.ited amount of it
may lodge in the spiracles, though never sufficiently to interfere with
breathing. In order that the vapors and exhalation from a nicotine-
spray solution "be effective, it is necessary for the insects sprayed to
carry some of this solution on their "bodies; likewise it is necessary for
the insects dusted with derris powder to carry some of this powder on
their -Qodies in order that its exhalation m.ay pass into the spiracles in
as undiluted a condition as possible. After being dusted the insects
seem to swallow some of the pov/der, which later may act as a stomach
poison. Soap solutions containing derris extracts pass freely into the
spiracles and finally reach the various tissues, but probably the extracts
kill by first affecting the nerve tissue.

Derris acts both as a contact insecticide and as a stomach, poison, •
but is of no practical value as a f-umigant. Six species of derris y/ere
tested, but only two of them (elliptica and uliginosa) were found to be
satisfactory for insecticidal purposes.

The toxic principle in derris kills some insects easily and others
with difficulty, but it usvally acts slowly and seoms to kill by motor
paralysis.

Derris pov/der, used as a du3t under practical conditions, was found
to be efficient against dog fleas, chicken lice, house flies, three species
of sphids (Aphis rijmicis L. , A, pomi Dege^^r, and Myzus persicae Sulz.),
potato-beetle larvae, and small fall webworms, but of no practical value
against bedbugs, roaches, chicken mites, mealybugs, Orthezia insign.i Dougl. ,
red spiders, or "^he crawling young of the oyster-shell scale. Used as
powdtT in water v/ith or without soap under practical conditions, it proved
to be efficient against most of the aphids sprayed and also against cabbage
worms, Autographa brassicae Eiley, the larvae of apple da* anas, Pat ana
ministra Drury, oak worms, Anisota senatoria A. and S. , snail tent cater-
pillars, and potato-beetle larvae.

3 -

Fine derris powder v/as extracted successively with five solvents,
namely, petrole-om ether, ether, chlorofonn, alcohol, and water, in five
different sequences. Water used as the primary solvent extracted 10,80
percent of the material. The extracts and the marcs were added to honey
ar^d fed to honey "bees, At)i s inellifera L. The extracts wore dissolved in
alcohol (0,4 gram in 10 cc. of 95-perccnt alcohol), and 1/4 cc. of this
solution was mixed with 5 cc. of honey. The water extract had no effect on
the "bcGs tested and the powder exhausted with water killed 34 percent of
the "bees within 48 hours. All the other extracts, whether ohtained with the
use of heat or without it, were almost equally toxic to honey 1)003.

Similar results were ottaincd hy using the same extracts against
aphids, fall v/clDworms, Hyphantria cunca Drury , and tussock-moth cater-
pillars, Hcmcrocampa Icucor.tigma A. and S. The filtered water extract
from the powder of derris killed only a small percentage of the aphids
spra;cd, while the non-filtered sioray mixtures, consisting of powder and
soap solution, wore efficient againpt aphids. The powders exhausted with
ether, chloroform, and alcohol ho-d ver^- little effect on hecs (l/s gr::^jn
of pov/dcr mixed with 5 cc, of honey).

To determine whether any poisonous volatile substance can be
removed from derris "by steajn distillation, 50 grams of the powder were
so treated and the distillate collected. Later some of this distillate
and a portion of the distilled powder, after it had been dried, were
tested on silitworms. The distillate had no effect whatever, but the powder
was as poisonous as ever.

Various species of derris (roots and stems) were extracted vdth
hot denatured alcohol. The percentage of extract ranged from 8.5 to
22.5 percent,

Yellov/ish-white platelike crystals, m, p. 170 C. , [-probably im-
pure rotcnone] were obtained by extracting derris root with boilin.^ water
according to the procedure of Van Sillcvoldt.

A dilute alcoholic solution of these crystals, as well as the
alcoholic solution of the resin from which the crystals had been separated,
was fo'ond to be very toxic to fish, A subcutaneous injection of 0,66 mg,
of the cr^'stals was fatal to a mouse in 2 hours.

Resinous materials obtained by alcoholic extraction of the roots
were tested on chinook salmon and found to be exceedingly toxic. When
sprayed on foliage these resins killed from 54.4 to 92.3 percent of small
tent caterpillars.

The roots of tuba were ground as fine as their fibrous nature v/ould
permit, and 200 gm. of this powder were macerated for 2 days with a qu.an-
tity o£ cold water. After the mixture hcd been filtered, the water extract
measured 600 cc, , each cc, representing l/3 gm. of the roots. Half of this
cold-water extract v/as tested on small tent caterpillars; within 8 days
only 30,9 percent of thorn had died.

4 -

Test's with alcoholic 3xtrac':s and T)C".vclerp arc also recorded against

Macro siphui. lirio(3e..drl Mon., Maciosiph-Uiii (lllinoia) sp. , A-oliis he li ant hi

Men,, Bliop£:J osJ,pxi\im psevdohra-csirae Lavis, Aphi s goss^^pii Glover, and Aphis
spiraecola patch.

Derris was applied as a powder agairst variof-s insects with the
following resvJtc:

Iioz fleas: i^ight dogs badly infested with fleas, Ctenocephalides
cants Curt., were dusted tLorcagLly. The material was applied with a
shaker and well rubhed into the hair with the hards. At the end of 43
hourn nc living fleas 'verc observed. Several dead ones were .seen still
clin^.-inc to the hairs.

Chickon lice: Twelve hens, ba,dly infested with several species of
lice (I.lallophaga) were thorout^hly treated with the powder, which was vfcll
rubbed in thr^^ugh the feathers. When the hens were examined 2 or 3 da,ys
later 'chey wo-.-e fre' from lice.

Chicken raitos; Fhcn this powder \vas freely dusted over the chicken
mitos, Lc rman;^ s sus jj^allinac Dogcer, cox.fined in ^ars, all v/ore killed within
24 hours, but when ii.sed under practical corditiors in a Dadly infested
chicken ho\iso all the nitos "fcm n.-)t killed.

Bedbugs: Dorris was tested against bedbugs, Cimex loctularius L, ,
by placing 2Q bugs in a jar with a quantity of cxc.-lsior rnd then thor-
oughly dusting the contents of the jar. In nine tests unror tnose vcrj'-
severe conditions 24.4 percent of the br^gs were killed in 24 hours and 52,8
percent in 4 days. This material v/ould be of no practical value against
bedbugs,

Hoachjs: Six small cages wore thoroughly duster! and 20 roaches,
31a:.tclla gCx-'manica L. , wore placed in each cagu. At the end of one week
u-r averrge of 57,5 percent o'^ the roaches \"orc dead, which indicat'.-s ohat
this mo.terial v/ov.ld be of very litt].e val\ie Tmdor practical conditions.

House flies: In cage tests, v/hcre house flies, Musca domestic a
L. , v/ere dusted in ordinary?' flytraps about 10 inches high, all ver- d'.'ad
or Inactive -.dthin 24 hours. In' room tests, where the pov.-dei' was fre.ly
blown into the air 'nd all p:',rt3 of the room with a small hand dust gun,
all the flies wore dead at the ord of 16 hoa:^s. In one test several
hundred flies v/erc liberated in a room wnicn had b.en thoroughly dusted
7 days before. Twenty-four hcu"^s later very fov/ active flies v/cre to
be seen, and on the sorcn^'. d-^^.^' oiil;^ three or four were living.

Plar.t insects: Dorris applied as a dust was of no value against
the mealybug Psoudococcus citri Pisso, tne greenhouse orthesia, Orthczia
insignis Dougl . , rud spiders, Tctranychus bimaculatus Harv. , and the
crawling yourig of the oj/stershell scale, Lepidesaphes ulmi L. ; but it was
effective a.gainst nastr.rt:'um aphids, Aphi s rumicis L. , and the green apple
aphid, Aphi s pomi Degecr.

- 5 -

Dorris, even. at the rate of 1 pound to 200 gallons of water, was
very effective against the green apple aphid imder field conditions. On
apple foliage the addition of soap does not increase its effectiveness.
This Tjcv/der is also effective as a dust.

Under greenhouse conditions, in tests against the nasturtium aphid,
this material was foiond to be effective when used at the rate of 1 pound
of powder to 400 gallons of water, with soap at the rate of 1 pound to
100 gallons.

Oyster- shell scale: At the rate of 1 pound of powder to 20 gallons
of v/ater, either with or without soap in the proportion of 1 pound to 100
gallons, derris was ineffective against the crawling young of the oyster-
shell scale, Lepi do saphe s ulmi L.

The efficiency of derris as a stomach poison against various insects
was also tested.

Potato "beetle larvae: Derris powder as a stomach poison was tested
on a small scale against potato beetle larvae, Leptinotarsa docemlineata Say,
at several strengths, ravaging from 1 pound of powder to 15 gallons of water
up to 1 pound to 128 gallons and was found to be very effective. Practically
all the larvae were killed within 46 hours and the plants were little eaten.

Since these spray mixtures mi.^ht have acted as contact poisons,
because the larvae were already on the plants when the latter were spraj'"ed,
a second series of tests was arranged to eliminate this factor. The same
plants were used and from 20 to 40 larvae were placed on them 1 or 2 days
after they had been sprayed. The results obtained were practically the
same as in the first series of tests. Very few living larvae were found
three days later and the plants were little eaten. When applied as a
dust, derris was equally efficient against potato beetle larvae.

Tent caterpillars: Derris was tested against young tent cater-
pillars, I.ialacosoma. americana F. , in a series of strengths ranging from
1 pound of powder to 8 gallons of water to 1 pound to 200 gallons.
All the mixtures were found to be effective. Apple-tree branches were
thoroughly sprayed, and after the foliage had dried 20 to 40 newly
hatched larvae were placed on each branch. The caterpillars began to
show signs of discomfort within 48 hours and were practically all dead
in from 5 to 10 days. In no case v/?s any material amount to feeding
observed.

In a second series of tests the larvae were placed on the branches
and spreved after they had begun to form their tents. Under these con-
ditions sprays containing 1 poiind of powder to 50 gallons of water and
1 pounfi to 100 gallons killed ^11 the larvae within 24 hours. V.'hen 1
pound to 200 gallons and 1 pound to 400 gallons were used, all the larvne
were not killed within 11 davs, but the few which remrined alive v;ere
verv small r.nd inactive. Used ?s a dust, this material killed all the
treated larvf^e within 1 week.

6 ^

Fall webworms: These caterpillars, Hyphantria cunea Drury, alDout
one-third grown, were killed within a week "by a spray containing 1 pound
of powder to 5 gallons of water. Mixtures ranging from 1 pound to 50
gallons to 1 pound to 200 gallons were not satisfactorily effective, since
nearly all the sprayed foliage was eaten and not all the caterpillars were
killed.

Oak v7orms: Two small oak trees, on which about 300 caterpillars of
Anisota senatoria A. and S., were feeding, were spraved thoroughly with
derris at the rate of 1 pound of powder to 25 gallons of water; soap was
added at the rate of 1 pound to 50 gallons, and a knapsack sprayer was used.
Within 24 hours the larvae hecame inactive and ceased to feed, and at the
end of 6 days no living ones could "be found. As a check on this test,
powdered lead arsenate was applied at the rate of 1 pound to 50 gallons
of water, and almost identical results were obtained.

A second test was made in which a small tree was sprayed, and 24
hours later about 50 larvae were placed on it. The caterpillars ate very
little and gradually disaiopeared, evidently leaving the tree, since no
dead ones were observed; and at the end of 5 days they were nearly all
gone.

Datana larvae: Two apple trees, on which large colonies of nearly
full grorm apole datanas, Datana ministra Drury, were feeding, were sprayed
with derris at the rate of 1 pound of powder to 50 gallons of water.
Twenty-four hours later one living larva was found one one tree and two
on the other. The ground under the trees was thickly sprinkled with
dead larvae and many had lodged in the trees.

Cabbage worms: In two cage tests against cabbage loopers, Auto-
grapha brassicae Riley, derris, applied at the rate of 1 pound to 25 gallons
of water, killed all the larvae within 24 hours.

Howard (97), in his 1S19 annual report as Chief of the Bureau of
Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, stated that if derris can
be obtained in sufficient quantities, it will prove an important addition
to our list of substances that kill soft-bodied insects, such as plant lice.

Roark (81) in 1919 included Derris elliptica and D. uliginosa in a
list of insecticidal plants.

1920

Mathieu (62) in 1920 reported the control of Agromyza phaseoli Coq.
attacking young beans, with derris.

"A trial of tuba was made on a field of 8 beds, 66 feet long,
with 1,056 seeds of Lima Bean (Small Sieva) on the 28th of October,
1919. Ten ounces of tuba-root were well pounded in a wooden
mortar, the juice was thoroughly expressed, and the fiber exhausted
in 20 imperial gallons of water. Tuba-water was then applied to

- 7 _

each yo\ing plant at the mto of a cigarette tin full to 4 plants,
morning and evening. This was continued for 15 days, until the plants
v/erc sijiff iciently established to "be past all danger, v/hich is only
present during the first stage of their existence, when the stem
is quite tender. Only 16 seeds failed to germinate, and of the 1,040
plants that came up, ndt one has since died. And today the plot is
showing the most vigorous growth, a living testimony to the potency
of the tuba-root ad a plant -insect killer."

Lloyd (59) in 1920 reported tests of preparations of tuba root (derris)
against larvae of the glasshouse tomato moth, Polia oleracea L. , (l) as a
dry dust, alone and in dilution x^rith powdered earth; (2) v;ith saponin in water
suspensions, at various strengths from 0.25 percent to 10 percent by weight
of the powdered root, nixed and strained th-ro\igh muelin; (3) with saponin in
water suspensions of an alcoholic extract (six times the strength of the
powdered root), at various strengths from 0.08 percent to 2 percent by weight.
These derris preparations were made by Tattersf ield.

Tomato plants in pots were dusted or sprayed with these and infested
with larvae collected in nurseries. The dusting was unsatisfactory, as it
made the plants dirty and encouraged the growth of molds. The water
suspensions of the powdered root killed the larvae at a lO-pcrccnt strength,
but a 5-percent strength failed to do so within a reasonable time. These
strong mixtures also dirtied the foliage. Suspensions of the alcholic
extract proved very satisfactory sprays on an experimental scale. A
series of 18 experiments sho\ired that 1 part of this substance by weight
in 1,000 parts of water is a sufficiently potent spray. A plant sprayed
with this i-zas infested with 12 half-grovm larvae which were confined to one
leaf by means of a sleeve. Ty;o days later 7 of these were dead, and 8
days after they were put on they were all dead. Ten more half-grown larvae
were then placed on another leaf, ^nd 10 days later all these were dead.
The spray therefore remained potent for 20 days. The foliage of the
plant was not damaged, and the fruit set normally. This plant at the end
of the experiment was photographed with a control plant of the same age
which, v/ithout spraying, was infested v.'ith 10 half-grovm larvae at the
time the second lot was released on the sprayed plant. They completely
ate a leaf each day and had destroyed the plant by the time those on the
protected one were all dead. Similar experiments were carried out with
strengths of 5, 2-l/2, 1-2/3, l-l/4, and 5/8 po\md of the alcoholic
extract in 100 iutperial gallons of \-/atcr, respectively, and each plant
was infested with 22 larvae as described above. The results varied
little from those detailed, except that with the weakest strength the
death rate v/as somewhat slov/er. Hone of the plants were damaged, and the
substance appears to be safe to use, but no large-scale experiments were
carried out.

riippance (32) in 1920 suggested tuba-root (derris) povrder for
combating various small beetles attacking palms in the Straits Settlements,
also for use against the larvae of the large coconut butterfly, Amathusia
phidippua L. , and the larvae of Erionota thrax L.

Tho Foderatod Malay,, States Department of Agriculture (28) in
1920 reported that in Perak, during Octooer and November, experiments
were conducted on the control of Bona Kura, Podops coarctata P., a
medium-sized brovm bug; stem borers, Schoenobius bipunctifcrus Wolk.
and other species; and the mole cricket, G-ryllotalpa sp. Spraying
with kerosene cmu.lsion and extract of tuba root (Der"ris sp.) were tried.
The results v/ere uncertain,

1921

Symcs (88) in 1921 reported that pure dcrris powder applied to a
bed of mushrooms infested v/ith the mushroom fly, Sciara praccox Meig. ,
cleared the bed of insects in 2 or 3 days, but had no effect upon
Hypomyccs fungi. It is concluded that nushrooms will not stand treatment
with powder insecticides (such as pyrothnxrc, derris, and 1-pcrcent
paradichlorobcnzene) . V/hcn not checked in their growth by these pov/ders,
the mushrooms are rendered abs-alutely unfit for market.

Parrott, Glasgow, and MacLeod (76) in 1921 reported tests v;ith a
number of materials against two species of plant bugs, namely, the
bright red bug, Lygidea mendax Reuter, and the dark red bug, Heterocordylus
malinus Reuter. A derris-soap compound was used, a commercial preparation
[Derrisol?] assiomed to contain approximately one-half pound of powdered
derris root and 6 pounds of soa.p per United States gallon. This derris-
soap mixture v/as used at the rate of 10 pounds to 100 gallons of water.
Applied at the rate of 13-l/3 gallons per tree, the derris-soap mixture
killed 99.2 percent of the insects. This same mixture, in three differ-
ent tests, injured 5, 6.5, and 14.1 percent of the apples, the average
being 13.2 percent.

Smith and t/adsworth (86) in 1921 tested insecticides upon carrot
and onion flies. Pour applications of a'powder composed of soot and
derris at the rate of 1 ounce derris plus 2 ounces soot per square yard
resulted in 95 percent clean carrots. The control plot yielded only
20 percent carrots free from infestation by the carrot fly, Psila rosae P.
This derris mixture gave the best control of any of the materials tried.
Used against the onion flies, Hylemya ant i qua Meig., in the same way,
six applications of derris-soot mixture (2 parts soot and 1 part derris)
at the rate of 1 ounce per square yard gave 60 percent clean onions,
v;hereas soot alone gave only 16 percerit clean onions.

Howard (98) in 1921 reported briefly that a study had been made
of the insecticidal constituents of plants, and 180 different prepara-
tions had been made from 46 different kinds of plants, excluding tobacco,
quassia, and derris, the properties of these being generally acknowledged.
Of the 180 preparations, only a fev; were worth further study.

Brittain ( ll) in 1921 described experiments in v;hich a 50-50
mixture of derris v;ith clay and derris solution at two strengths (1-1/2
and 3 pounds to 100 imperial gallons) v/ore applied to cabbage plants for
the control of the cabbage m.aggot , Chortophila brassicae Bouche. The
clay-derris mixture was applied at the rate of 960 pounds per acre.
The derris solutions were applied at the rate of 10 and 20 pounds of
derris with 650 imperial gallons of v/atcr per acre. All the derris

- 9 -

treatments protected the plants. Pure dcrris powder applied to caTD"bagc
plants destroyed 4 percent of tha plants in two tests. Dcrris (3 pounds to
100 Imperial gallons) poured abcrut plants previously infested v/ith 25
fully grovm cabbage maggots of the first brood prevented none of the larvae
from pupating. Onion maggot larvae, Hy 1 emya ant i qua Meig. , immersed for 5
seconds in derris solution (3 pounds derris to 100 imperial gallons) and
then allowed to remain unmolested 1 week upon the food plant were affected
as follows:

Age of larvae Percentage dead or Age of larvae Percentage dead

missing in 1 week or missing in 1 week

1 day 100 10 days 35

4 days 100 15 days 25

7 days lOO Full grown 0

1922

Treherne (95) in 1922 suggested the separation of the essential oils or
extracts of plants in order to prepare liquid sprays or medicated powders
which would act negatively chemotropically in insect pests, as has been done
with tobacco, pyrethrum, hellebore, derris, and certain other substances.

The Federated Malay States Department of Agriculture (29) in 1922 re-
ported that for dealing with the pest Nymphula depunctalis Guen. in the padi
nurseries spraying v;as being carried out with a decoction of tuba root.

Bishopp, LaaJke, and Wells (7) in 1922 stated that a single application
of derris in soapy water applied with a brush to the backs of infested animals
had been found to kill almost 100 percent of Kypodorma larvae.

Wells, Bishopp, and Lnakc (109) in 1922 reported the results of tests
of powdered derris root against certain external parasites of animals. When
chickens infested with 7 species of lice (Mallophaga) were rather thoroughly
dusted with derris the lice were very quickly destroyed, practically all of
them being dead the day following treatment. Subsequent examinations extend-
ing over a period of 6 weeks shovied no live lice present, thus indicating
that the eggs were killed or the yo-ung lice destroyed upon hatching. All lice
were killed 3 days after dipping fowls in a bath of l/4 ounce of powdeyed
derris in 1 gallon of v/ater.

Derris proved effective against the common biting louse of cattle,
Bovicola bovis L. Derris powder, 1 ounce per animal, applied with a dust gun
killed all lice and their eggs, A mixture of derris with an equal quantity of
flour applied at the rate of 1 ounce or 1.5 oxinces per animal also killed
all lice and their eggs. A mixture of equal parts of derris and sodium
fluoride dusted on calves at the rate of l-3/l5 ounces per animal killed all
lice. A mixture of equal parts of derris and tobacco dust, the latter con-
taining about 0.1 percent nicotine, killed all adult lice, but some of the
eggs escaped destruction. Mixtures of derris, 1 part, and tobacco dust,
10 parts; and of derris, 1 part, and flour, 3, 5, 10, or 20 parts, killed
most but not all of the lice.

- 10 -

Pure dermis powder and a 1 to 1 tnixture .of derris arid flour, applied
with a shaker, about 1 o\ince per animal, killed all sucking -lice, Linognathus
vituli L. , on calves. Mixtures of derris with flour, 1 to 5, 1 to 10, -and 1
to 20, killed all "but a few of the lice. A mixture of equal parts of derris
and.sodium fluoride killed all lice, L. vituli, and their eggs.

Calves infested with Solenoptes capillatus End. were dusted with mix-
tures of derris with flour, 1 to 1, 1 to 5, 1 to 10, and 1 to 20. The 1-to-l
mixture, 1-3/4 ounces per anim9,l, killed ''all lice, "but the weaker mixtures
were not 100 percent effective.

All sucking lice, Linognathus piliferus Burm., and their eggs on a
dog were killed "by 2 grams of a mixture of 1 part derris and 3 parts corn
starch; also with a 1-to-l mixture of derris and flour.

An ointment consisting of 1 part of derris to 2 parts of vaseline

applied to the holes of war"bles in the "backs of cattle proved as effective as

any other material used in this way. Five days after treatment all grubs
were found to have been killed and the condition of the cysts was very

satisfactory. A wash consisting of 1 pound of derris, 4 ounces of soap,

and 1 gallon of water applied once with a brush to the backs of infested
cattle killed practically all grubs.

A series of tests with several breeds of dogs indicated that the
'minimum dosage necessary to destroy all flease completely was 0.87 gram of
a mixture of equal parts derris and corn starch per animal. When the
quantity of derris was reduced to 0.2 gram 100 percent kill was not realized.
Following these preliminary experiments, a mixture of derris and corn
starch, in the proportion of 1 to 3, was applied to all the animals in the
hospital at the time — 48 dogs and 9 cats. The material was put on along
the bf'ck and neck of each animal with the thumb and finger. 'An average
of slightly less than 2 grams per animal was applied. These animals were
treated on December 4, and subsequent examinations up to December 10 showed
no living fleas. Both dog and cat fleas — Ctenocephalides canis and C^.
f elis — were present.

In one test puppies rather heavily infested with the sticktight
flea, Echidnophaga gallinacea, as well as the dog and cat fleas, were
each treated with one gram of undiluted derris. In a few hours dead dog
and cat fleas began dropping off the hosts and thefollowing day all
specimens were dead,, though many sticktights remained attached.

The authors concluded:

"Derris powder is satisfactory as a" destroyer of Mallophaga
on chickens and cattle, but apparently not quite as effective on
the latter as sodiiim fluoride.

"It is very effective against Anoplura on cattle and dogs,
one treatment accomplishing the destruction of all stages.

- 11 -

"The results rf its use against fleas on dogs and cats are
probably most striking, very small amounts being sufficient to
destroy all fleas present.

"It appears to be effective for lice and fl^^as when reduced
v/ith from one to ten' parts of a carrier to one part of derris."

Brittain (l2) in 1922 reported that when derris (3 pounds to 100
emperip.l gallons of water) was applied to cabbage plants (Copenhagen
Market variety), 3S percent of the plants were destroyed by maggots. In
another test 2 pounds of derris to 100 imperial gallons of water permitted
about 29 percent of the plants (Early Jersey Wakefield variety) to be
destroyed. Tests in which 3 pounds of derris to 100 imperial gallons were
used permitted from 45 to 80 percent of the plants (Early Jersey Wakefield
variety) to be destroyed by maggots. On radishes, derris (3 pounds to
100 imperial gallons) allowed 71 percent of the plants to be infested v;ith
cabbage maggots. Corrosive sublimate v/as the only treatment that gave
satisfactory control. Only one material, derris, proved very ineffective.
As it was from the same lot of material used the previous year with fair
results, Brittain assumed that it had deteriorated in storage. About two-
fifths pint of liquid and five-ninths ounce of dust was applied per plant.

De Bussy (14) in 1922 reported the results of tests of various
materials upon the larvae of Frodenia litura P. This lepidopterous insect
is of great importance in relation to tobacco culture in Deli. The finely
ground root of Derris elliptica (toeba) was used as a decoction in water
up to 10 grams per 100 cc. yet in no case killed more than 2 out of 5
half-grown caterpillars. ^

Gilmer (44) in the 1922 report of the Minnesota State Entomologist
reported tests made with derris powder furnished by the American Tobacco
By-Products and Chemical Corporation, of Louisville, Ky.; also with a
derris extract said to contain 16 percent of active derris and 84 percent
of inert substances, apparently pyridine. Both these products were manu-
factured by a British company. The tests included the following mixtures:
(l) derris powder 10 percent, tobacco dust 90 percent; (2) derris powder
'7-1/2 Toercent, tobacco dust 92-l/2 percent; (3) derris powder 100 percent,
tobacco dust 0 percent; (4) derris powder 20 percent, tobacco dust 80
percent; (5) derris powder 7-l/2 percent, tobacco dust 67-l/2 percent,
powdered sulphur 25 percent.

The experiments were of two general types, those performed with
the derris powder as furnished, and those with the liquid derris extract.
The tests were made on cats, dogs, white rats, and chickens; fleas, lice,
chicken lice, and cockroaches. The fleas included the rat flea, Cerato-
phyllus fasciatus Bos3., and the dog and cat fleas, Ctenocephalides canis
Curt, and C. felis Bouche'. The chicken lice included both the body louse,
Menopon biseriatum Piaget, and the head louse, Lipeurus heterographus
Nitzsch. The rat louse, Polyp lax spinulosus Burm., was the common louse
of these animals. The cockroaches included the American roach, Periplaneta
aiTiericana L., and the croton bug, Blatella germanica L.

- 12 -

From thp experiments it is concluded that derris furnishes a very
efficient insecticide, particularly when used as a powder, against
ectoparasites. It is effective, easily applied, not repugnant to the
animal or man, and retains its insecticidal properties unaltered in the
open air. It should "be used about the same as pyrethrum powder, and in
the 20 percent derris-80 percent tobacco dust mixture has a killing power
about as effective as that of commercial pyrethrum. Its stability in
insecticidal power makes it superior to pyrethrum even at a slightly higher
price. It seems, however, to lack the instantaneous effect of pyrethrum and is
not effective against flies when blown into the air. As a check against
roaches, ants, and insect ectoparasites, it is fully the equal of pyrethrum
as ordinarily purchased.

The 20 percent derris-80 percent tobacco dust mixture was effective
but slow in action against roaches. Roaches forced to run through the
powder and then confined in cages or small glass jars all died with 24
hours. These roaches were forced to run over a considerable depth of the
powder and were thoroughly coated with it. The powder was also mixed with
flour and a little sugar, and roaches were allowed to feed upon it. It
proved an effective stomach poison, killing all the roaches experimented
upon.

Howard (99) in 1922 called attention to the work of Bishopp and
associates, who found derris to be very effective for use in the dust
form against lice of cattle and other domestic animals as well as against
fleas*

Jack and Sands (53) in 1922 reported that spraying with tuba/ mix-
tures is one of the means recommended for controlling the cotton stainer.

1923

Lewin (57) in 1923 wrote that in Sumatra the diluted root sap of
PQ^^^s elliptica is used to kill caterpillars on young tobacco plants, but
too great a quantity kills the tobacco.

Hadwen (48) in 1923 referred to the method of killing Hypo derm a
larvae by the application to the warble holes of ointments containing
iodoform or derris.

Jack (52) in 1923 wrote that the juice extracted from Derris
elliptica is most effective in combating the stem-boring insects attack-
ing rice, Schoenobius bipunctif erus and Diatraea auricilia, but can be
used only where the padi is grown in water which is not mixed later
with the drinking supply.

According to Gimlette (45), writing in 1923, H. E. Durham in 1902
commenced a series of experiments with tuba as a larvicide in the Federated
Malay States. Dr. Durham found that the most sensitive animals are perhaps
the daphnid Crustacea. Tadpoles and water-snails are also easily killed.
Caterpillars are easily poisoned; specially sensitive is the gooseberry

- 13 -

saw-flj-, l-jFmatus (pteronidea) ri"bessi Scop. , but Durham found that it had
no effect as a contact poison on the black "bean aphid, A, nmici s L, , and
the v/oolly aphid of the apple, Sriosoma lanigenmi Hausm. Trial on frogs'
hearts showed that the vagus was paralysed, so that stimulation of the
nerve failed to cause the norraal vagus inhibition. In England Durham
fouiic that Culicid larvae, Theobaldia annuIiitbQ, were killed in a l-in'-40,000
suspension of the dried powdered crude root of D, elliptica, A solution
of 1 in 10,000 killed the larvae in 29 hou.rs and the pupae in from 24 hours
to 3 or 4 daj's. Another experiment with the larvae of Culex pipi3ns shov/ed
that they died in less than 16 hours (pupae in less than 24 hours) v.'ith
solutions of 1 in 1,000, 1 in 2,000 and i in 5,000 of the whole root; with
1 in 10,000 the larvae were killed in 20 hours ond thtt pupae in 24 hours,
A solution of 1 in 1,000 of the extract is enough to make the wato^r cloudy.

The California Agricultural Zxpcrimont S'iation (15) in 1923 roportcd
the results of spra;;'-ing and dusting tests with derris made by L, T, TThitc,
under tlio direction of E, R, dc Ohg. A dust made from ground dorris root
mixed with 60 percent of inert carrier v;as found to give perfect control
of the biting lice Monopon biseriatum Piagct and G-oniocotcs ^Igas Tr.schcn-
borg of the fowl; and of the cucking lice Gyropus oval is l!"it2sch and
Gliricolr. y.orcclli L. of the guinea pig,

Fryer, Stenton, Tattersfield, and Roach (33) in 1923 reported an
investigation in which extracts of Derris elliptica were phown to have a
high insecticidal value, partic-olarly for caterpillars. They were not
so toxic to aphids.

The dr^v- root itself may be used in a finely powdered condition
worked up with water together with soap or other emulsifying reagents*
As the pure poisons found in derris root are solids and only slightly
solujle in water, their toxicity aopears to depend upon the degree
of dirpcrsion,

A biological method of determining insecticidal propcrtios
quantit.-tivcly is described. It depends on dipping insects, for a con-
stant pjriod of time (10 seconds), in known strengths of hii;hly dispersed
suspensoids in dilute aqueous solutions of saponin. Results agreeing
with those given by the chemical method alrc&dy described were obtained.
It enabled the authors to compare extracts of dcrri?. with nicotine. To
ccrtc'.in caterpillars tubatoxin and dcrrid arc shovm to be of the same
order of toxicity as nicotine, ThcsQ' conclusions arc based on tests
with the follov/ing insects: Caterpillars of the cabbage white butterfly,
Pieris brasuicao L, , the lackey moth, f.Iala,co3ma neustria L. , the buff- tip,
Phalera buccphala L. the gooseberry sawfly, Ncmatus (Pteronidea) rjbesii Scc^ ,
and those of another sawfly, Phymatojccra aterrima Klug. Tests were also
made with larvae of the tomato moth. Poll a oloracoa L, , with silk-jorms,
Bonby:: i.io ri L. and with Aphis rur.icis L.

Howard (100) in 1923 reported the work of Bi shopp et al. against
Hypo dc ma larvae in the backs of cattle. Over 98 percent of the grubs can
bo killed vrith a general application to the backs of cattle of po\7dcrod
dorris root. Awash consisting of 1 povrnd of derric-, 4 ounces of soap,
and 1 gallon water has also given a percentage of kill above 95.

- 14 -

An ointraent co-usisting of 1 part derris and 5 parts vaseline has also given
iilnost 100 percent kill v/hen, the material v;as pressed into each hole.

Mollrun|.q; (50) in 1923 wrote that in Suciatra the follov;ing prepara-
tion had given good results a/^inst loaf lice on tohaccp: l-l/2 kg, fresh
t-aoa root is mr.shed in 20 liters of water, which is diluted v;ith an equal
volume of v/atcr for use.-

1924

The preparation of derris for use as an insecticide is doscrilDed
by an anonymous writer in the booklet "Plant Diseases and Pests" of the
British Empire Exhibition ( lO) , London, 1924.

"Eor small caterpillars and suckling insects, where a simple
v/ash is required, the derris spray can be made on the spot. Use
• tlie following proportions: - derris root 4-5 lbs., soap 2 lbs.,
water 50 (Imperial) gallons.

"Cut the derris root into smn,ll pieces and pound to a pulp
in a mortar with a little t/ater. Inclose the pulp in a cloth and
squeeze well in a larger quantity of water. To the extract obtained
by t]:is process add the soap, v/hich has been dissolved in a little
hot v/atcr. Then dilute to 50 gallons."

The sr.mo information was given by the Federated Malay States De-
partment of Agriculture (30) in 1924.

Symcs (39) in 1924 reported that two proprietary derris extracts gave
•highly satisfactory results r.gainst .the black citrus aphis in Rhodesia.

Brittain (13) in 1924 described inscctary feeding tests made in Eiske
trays v/ith potato beetle larvae. Arsenate of lead (paste) in the strength
of 2 pounds to 40 imperial gallons v/as compared \-jith various contact poisons,
namely, nicotine sulphate, fish-oil soap, and derris povrder, an attempt
being made to use the last both as a contact insecticide and as a stomach
poison. To tost the contact action of .derris (B) the insects v/crc placed
in a wire basket and dipped in the solution and then drained and fed on
unsprayed le.aves. To test the internal action of derris (A) the leaves
v;ere dipped in the solution and fed to the insects. The experiments lasted
for a v/eek, daily records being talcen. The most notable results of the
tests were those obtained in the case of derris, v/hich in all strengths,
ranging from 3 pounds to 100 imperial gallons to 1 ounce to 100 imperial
gallons, o,nd v;ith both m.othods, destroyed 100 percent of the insects, in-
cluding half-grov/n grubs, fully grown grubs, and adults. It seems certain
that this material did not act as a stomach poison, because the beetles
were foiuid dead in the A trays, v;ith no sign of any feeding.

The extreme toxicity of this material to potato' beetles is shown by
the fact that 1 v.-eek after this experiment was concluded a number of last-
instar grubs v;ero placed upon untreated leaves in a tray. The next morning
the insects vjcto found dead in the bottom of the tray v.'ithout ever, having

- l-fe -

fod upon the Icrvvcs. On investigation it was found that this tray had
□een used in the previous week' s test for one of the derris treatments
(1 ounce to 100 inperial gallons). Evidently sufficient solution had teen
taken up "by the cheesecloth "bottom of the tray to cause the death of the
insects. In comparing these results with field tests it would appear that
the material is mrach more effective under insectary conditions.

?ield tests to control aphids, Cavariella sp. , on parsnips v;ere made
with derris (2-l/2 pounds 6f derris and 4 pounds of soap powder per 100
imperial gallons) and a commercial preparation of derris, Polvo (2-l/2 pounds
per 100 imperial {gallons). Derris root (Polvo) reduced the infestation very
little even when soap was added. The same m»atcr:'als v;cre used under inPcct-
ary conditions v;ith similar relative results. Drrris vras of no value against
fall \/ebv;orm larvae, Y.in ihantric. cunea. Mature c:..bbagc maggot larvae immersed
for 5 secouds in a susponsion of derris root (3 po^ijinds to 100 imperial gal-
lons) and then plr.ced upon their food plant were unaffected, v;hcrcas a 1 -
to - 1,000 mercuric chloride solution killed 10 percent. A similar test was
made upon onion maggots, Hyleiii;.'a antiaaa. The results are as follov;s;

HgCl2, 1-1,000 Derris, 3 pounds
Age of maggot solution in 100 imperial

percent mortality gallons of water

percent niortalit

1 day 100 100

4 days 100 100

7 days 100 100

10 days 75 35

15 days 50 25

Ready to pupate 20 0

The following derris treatments gave perfect results in the control
of head lice, Lipev.rus heterographus IJitzsch, on young chicks: (a) Derris
1 part, plus 3 parts vaseline, 11 drrjns per 100 chicks; (b) derris powder

16 drams per 100 chicks; (c) derris 1 o-once, calcium caseinato 1 gram, and
water 8 imperial gallons; the birds were rapidly immersed in the fluid and
the feathers raffled.

Corbett and Yusope (19) in 1924 stated that a spray of tuba root has a
marked killing effect on Scotino-phara c pare tat a P. at various stages, but
since the quantity required wo\ild m?k:e the operation of spraying too costly,
unless derris plants v;ere gro'.^m by the cultivators, this method of combating
the insect is not recommended.

Davidson (20) in 1924 reported the results of tests with derris pov/der
and derris extract against the chicken mite. The composition of these mater-
ials v/as not known.

Four infested chicken houses inhabited by the comjnon red mite of the
chicken, Dermanyssus go.llinae Pegeer, x^eve dusted with the finely ground
powder of the roots of derris. Undiluted dust was efficient in one house and

- 1-6 -

temporarily so in another. In a third house a 75-porcGnt dust was only
moderately efficient; in a fourth test a 50-porccnt dust was inefficient.
Flour was used as a diluent.

Davidson concluded that dorris powder is a remedy of vclue, "but it
would appear that two or more applications are necessary and that it loses
its efficiency if diluted more than 25 percent. It acts on larvae and c.dult
m.itcs "by stupefying them, the insects dropping to the gro^ond and dying after
2 or 3 days. The matcria.l is rather unpleasant to apply.

A commercia,l extract of dorris, 16 percent, diluted to 1 to 1,000
and 1 to 500, with the addition of whalo-oil soap, 4 pounds per 100 United
States gallons, was inefficient.

De Ong and irhite (26) in 1924 reported the results of tests '^ H. E.
T'/oodworth with species of derris from the Philippines as follov;s;

Scientific nrme

Derris elliptica

Derris philippinensis

Derris sp.

Dilution

Parts used

of

solution

Hemarks

stem

20fo

negative

young shoot

20fo

negative

root

2<yfo

positive

leaves

2Cffo

negative

stem

1^

por^itive

stem ("boiled)

20fo

negative

roots

20^0

positive

lea.vcs

20fo

negative

stem

20fo

positive

flowers

lOfo

negative

leaves ("boiled)

20fo

negat ive

The insect used in those tests "by I'Joodwbrth is not given.

Dc Ong and VJliito reported the results of their own tests with derris
as follows:

The CO miner cia.l extract of 16 percent concent ra.t ion
diluted 1 to 500 gave a 13-pcrccnt control on Aphis nerii Pons.,
and a 50 percent control on the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae
Sulzer. Dilutions of 1 to 300 gave a maximum control of 68 per-
cent on the latter species of aphid and 25 percent on the red
spider, Tetranychus telarius L. Dilutions of the same con-
centrate at 1 to 500 added to mosquito-infested water killed
65 percent of the larvae "but hp.d no effect on the pupae.
The pov.'dered derris root (undiluted) sprinlcled on the surface
of the water killed 90 percent of the iarvae in 2 to 4 hours.
The same pov/der when dusted on aphids gave a 100 percent
efficiency in 8 hours and a 98 percent control of the larvae
of Euphyaryas chalccdona Ehldy. and Hew. when dusted on the
leaves upon vjhich they were feeding. From these experiments it
is Judged that dorris is "both a stomach and a "respiratory" or
tracheal poison. The reaction on the caterpillars must have
resulted from ingestion of the pov/dcr, since fiimigating tests with
the material gave negative results.

- 19 -

Po\7dersd derris root diluted to a 20-percent concentration with
calciiM carbonate, as well as the commercial derris dv.sts, gave
perfect control on the chicken lice I !e nop on "biseriat-um Piaget and
G-onio cotes gigas Tasch» and the Gyropid lice Gyro pus oval is ITitzsch
and Gliricola porcelli L, on the guinea pig.

Xopp (55) in 1924 reviewed the use of derris as an insecticide,
Derris pov/der has given excellent results against plant lice,, Pucerons
du Pommier (500 grams to 800 liters of water containing 1 kilogram of
soap); I.ialacosoma (500 grams to from 32 to 500 liters of water); larvae
of Kyphantria cunea; Anisota senatoria (500 grains to 100 liters con-
tainini;j 250 grans of soap); Datana ministra (500 grams to 200 liters);
Autographa "brassicae (500 grams to 100 liters containing 250 grams of
soap); Lygidea mendax; Heterocordylus malinus; Leptinotarsa docenlincat?.
(500 gratis to from G4 to 500 liters of water),

MacDougall (60 and 61) in 1924 reported tests with a proprietary-
preparation of derris. Any scab and matted hair obscuring the exit holc-
of the larva in the skin was cleared away before the dressing was applied.
One ounce of dorris to 1 imperial quart of water killed 66 percent, and
1 ounce to 1 pint killed 94 percent of the warbles. Ho injurious effects
attended any of the cattle dressed with derris for warble infestation
and there v/as no discomfort to the hands of the dresser.

Howard (51) in 1924 reported that the active principle of Chara
foetido. v;as toxic to mosquito larvae and had been shown by MacGregor in
2a^lr-tid to be similar in its action to that of derris.

In 1924 the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station (71)
announced that one of its projects in economic entom.ology 'vas the stud;^'' .
of derris for the control of external parasites of domesticated animals,
under the direction of Paul I.I. Gilmer and 0. C. Mc3ride, but no report
on this project appears to have been made.

Ilclndoo and Sievers (65) in 1924 published the results of tests
with 232 preparations from 54 sxjecies of plants against 28 species of
insects,

Following are the summarized results, obtained by using a cOiOnercial
powder, consisting of a mixture of Derris elliptica and D. uliginosa.
The pov/der, used as a dust, was efficient against three species of
aphids ( Aphi s sp, A and 3 and liacrosiphoinella sanborni) , and silkworms,
but killed only about half of the Macro si phum sp. A tested Tvithin 24
hours; used as a decoction (No, 110a, not filteredT and also as a hot-water
extract (ITo, 110b, filtered), it -.vas efficient against Aphi s sp. A and
3; and used as a fum.igant, it wa.s efficient against Hyzus persicae Sulz,,
Macro si phum sp. C, silb-vorms, and the lady-beetle tested, but inefficient
againct v/obworms and small tent caterpillars.

-;,.18 -

The alcoholic ard "benzene e:ctracts of derris, v/hen sufficiently-
strong and used '.vith soap or kerosene emulsion, were fcond efficient
against nany species of aphids. The alcoholic extract, used with soap,
was efficient against half-grown gav/flj- larvae, "but inefficient against
small v/e'D'.yorms (first instar) and the larvae and adults of potato "beetles,

At Tallulah, La., a commercial preparation of powdered derris v'as
used on three dogs which were infested with fleas, Ctenocephalides canis
Curt, It wa.s found efficient against the floas.

Fu.lnek (34) in 1924, in discussing insecticides for use against
tohacco pests in Sunatra, listed alcar tu'oa as a contact insecticide.
The addition of 0.3 to 0.5 pcrCGnt of soap to solutions of derris is
advised,

?ulinok (35) in 1924 recommended akar tu"bj, for loaf lice at the
rate of 1 kilogram in 100 liters of water to which 0,5 kilogr>am of sc/p
is added.

1925

Gator and Yusopo (40) in 1925 stated that the usual aqueous derris
extract as made in Britisli L'alciya would form an effective spray against
young caterpillars of Lae 1 i a suf f o sa V/lk. damaging padi,

G-ater (39) in 1925 reioorted dipping tests with mature larvae of
Parasa her"bifera V/alk. , larvae of Tirathalpa sp, , and nymphs of D^'sdercus
cingalatus F, The latter is particularly suscepti"ble to derris. Gater
concluded tha,t the insecticidal constituents of derris are almost if not
completely destroyed "by the digestive fluids of a "bostrichid,

Ualton (106) in 1925 reported -that preliminary trials of derris
ointr.iont prepared according to the formula of UTells, Bishopp, and
Laakc (109) had "been made for the control of war"ble flies in I^orth Ualos.
The results o"btained with 91 cattle were most promising,

Bourcart (9) in his "book Insecticides, Fungicides, and Weed
Killers, English translation of 1925, stated that a spray containing
1 pound of derris, 10 imperial gallons of water, and 5 ounces of soft
soap is effective against aphids infesting to"bacco in Sumatra, The
derris roots, which may "be dr^^^ or fresh, are cut into small pieces,
placed in a little water, and then pounded into a paste, which is
diluted v;ith a gallon of water and left standing overnight in a wooden
vat. An iron container must not "be used. The dregs are then pressed,
and all the fluid is straineql through a cotton cloth,. The resultant
concentrate is a milk-v/hito solution, which keeps for a few da.ys only.
It is diluted with 9 parts of water for spraying, A"bout 16 imperial
gallons of solution arc needed for 1,000 tobacco plants that have "been
25 to 30 days in the field. Twice this quantity is needed for full-grovm
plants. If derris roots arc to "be stored, they must be kept dry.

19 -

Fulrnek (35) in 1925 gave directions for spraying against leaf lice
with derris. The formula is 1 kilogram of akar tulDa (derris), 100 liters of
water, and 300 grams of soap«

Hartikawa (43) in 1925 reported tests made in Japan with " tuba- fluid" ,
a whitish solution made from derris roots supplied "by an insecticide dealer.
The method of preparation vyas unknown to the author. The author tested
this solution on various insects and foiond that it v/as particularly effective
against the larvae of the rush sawfly. The tu"ba fluid, diluted v/ith 1,000
times its volume of water, killed 100 percent of the larvae. Parallel
eicrperiments made with the tul^a fluid diluted with soap water showed that
there is practically no different in effectiveness "between the solution
diluted with water alone and that diluted with soap water.

The Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station (69) in 1925 reported
that derris sprays had given encouraging but not conclusive results against
the "black cherr;,- aphid and various apple aphids.

Otanes (7^) in 1925 wrote that in certain parts of the "Visayan
Islands, as in Ce'bu, it is said that farmers sometimes use the roots of
Derris (species uniaiovm) for combating the rice borer, by scattering
chips of the roots and stem. The Juice nixes in solution v/ith the
water, and v;hen the caterpillars come in contact v/ith the water, as
when the;- transfer from stalk to stalk or after hatching, they get
poisoned and soon die. Just how effective this remedy is "nas not been
scientifically determined. If this poison will really kill the rico
borer it v.'ould probably be equally effective against the rice case-worm,
Hyraphvil a doi3unc talis.

K, M, Smith (85) in 1925 reported on the control of certain
mag£;ots attacking the roots of vegetables. Tests wore made with
various insecticides for the control of the onion fly, Kylom.ya antiqua
Mcig. , the carrot fly, Psila rosac. , the cabbage root fly, Chortophila
brassicae Bouche, and the turnip gall weevil, Ceuthorrhynchus pleurostii;jna
Marsh, A mixture of 1 ounce of derris with 2 ounces of soot per square
yard did not give results promising enough to justify further trials
with it,

Howard (101) in 1925 reported that further investigations had been
made in the Bureau of Entomolo©^ of insecticides derived from derris.

l.IcBride (63) in 1925 v/as assigned one of the projects in entomoloa^
and economic zoology of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station
entitled "A stud;^-- of derris and related insecticides for the control
of external parasites of domesticated animals", but no report of v/ork
under this project was published.

UBRARY
OTATE PLANT BOARD

- ?A -

1926

An anonymous writer (l) in the Gardeners' Chronicle in 1925 stated
that insecticides derived from Derris elliptica may prove ultimately to
"be the means of freeing us from the tise of arsenical sprays. Preparations
of this kind are already on the market and appear to give excellent results.

Reutter (79) in 1926 stated that an extract of derris plus to"bacco
extract is used as a powerful insecticide,

Vogt and Appel (105) in 1926, in their took "Die Cheraischen
Pflanzenschutzmittel, " included Derris elliptica in a list of stomach
poisons.

Sishopp (5) in 1926 reported that fresh derris powder is exceed-
ingly effective in destroying fleas on animals. All fleas on a dog v.'ill
he destroyed hy one application of 1 gram or ahout three-fourths of a
level teaspoonful of the powder. It is suggested that the material he
mixed at the time it is used, \vith 2 parts of flour or cornstarch and
dusted into the hair of the animal, cspocially along the back and neck,
with a shaker. The skin of cats is much more easily injured with chemi-
cals than that of dogs; hcnco any preparation used should Ije weaker when
used on cats than on dogs.

An anonjT-raous writer (2) in Korto Berichtcn voor Landhouw Nijverhcid
en Handel in 1926 described the preparation of an insecticide spray; from
derris root, Onl-j fresh root is used. A "bundle weighing l-l/2 catty
(1 catty=l-l/3 pounds) is sufficient for a l/4-acre garden plot. It is
chopped up, extracted in 2 gallons of boiling water, and diluted 1 to 4,
It is preeminent among- chemical insecticides in that it does not harm
even the most tender foliage. When used on dogs, it kills the fleas
without irritating the skin, but should not be used in the presence of
scabies. An extract of it is also used against the caterpillar and other
harmful insects,

Bishopp, Laake, Brundrett,- and Wells (6) in 1926 reported the
results of tests of insecticides against cattle grubs or ox warbles.

A proprietary derris extract, 1 jpart, plus 10 parts of water
(containing 4 ounces of soap per gallon), killed 100 percent of cattle
grubs (larvae of Hypo derma lineat'om) when injected with an oil can
directly into the grub holes in the ba,cks of cattle. Derris powder,
8 ounces, plus soap, 4 ounces, per gallon of water, applied twice as
a wash on the back also killed 100 percent of the grubs. Tests with
dry derris pov/der, derris powder ■vvith paraffin oil, derris powder v/ith
petrolatum, derris powder with soap and water, and derris powder with
water only are recorded.

The percentage mortality of Hypo derma bo vis is not so high as that
of II, lincatum.

- 2a -

The authors concliided:

"Tests of the application of washes, powders, and ointments
to the iDaclcs of the cattle and also the injection of substances
into the cysts containing the larvae shov; that each of these
nethods of treatment is effective if certain materials are used.
Among the most effective should "be i.;entioned: Lerris used as a
wash, as an ointment, or as a powder; iodoform used as an oint:.ient;
p^'rethrjmi applied as an ointment; benzol and carbon tetrachloride
injected into tho grub cj-sts; fine tobacco aoplied in powder form
and nicotine dust applied dry."

Carlos (17) in 19/?6 reported that dcrris vs a contact or external
poison, vdth or without the use of soap as a spreading agent, had been-
found offcctivc against aphic's in as low a riilrtion as 1 poum^ of root
to 400 inpcrial gallons of water, which rcnrcscnts a proportion of 0.025
percent. As a stomach or internal poison, stronger solutions arc required,
the lov.'Ost being 1 pound to 12C: inporial gallons of v/atcr, or 0.08 percent,
Catcr;9ill..rs, aphids, psylla, and red spiders arc some of the chief insect
pests v/iiich can be easily exterminated by the application of insecticides
conto-inin;'-: dcrris or its products. One interesting property of dcrris as
a killing agent is that the effect lasts for a considerable time. Leo.vcs
when sprayed with a solution containing dorris preparations will remain
poisonous to insects for Taoxiy days.

Castillo (18) in 1926 reported the results of studies on the
insecticidal properties of three species of derris growing in the
Philippines, namely, D. polyantha Perk. . D. philippinensis Herr. , and D,
elliptica (Roxb. ) Benth. The roots -vere cut into thin transverse slices
and dried in an oven at 40° C. until the weight remained fairly constant.
The dried material was then comminuted in a mortar and the powdering
finally coEipleted in a meat grinder. The fine powder was separated from
the fibers hi'- sifting through fine-mo shed cloth.

In the comparative sti-'.dies of tho effect of various concentrations,
Derri z philippinrnsis ^"as used on account of its being relatively more
abundant, hence more easily procurable, than the others. Insects of tv/o
types of habitat wore used, najncly, an aquatic insect, the mosquito
larvae, and an aerial insect, Ai.')hi s medica-ginis Koch, Oi\ mosquito larvae
the r.-iost effective concentrations of D. phil^imincnsis in bringing about
the bijjhcst percentage of deaths in the quickest time was 3:1,000.
Solutions which v/ere either more dilute or more concentrated than 3:^)00
were found less effective. Concentrations of 1:1,000 killed 19 percent
of the larvae in 5 days; lower concentrations showed no effect at all.
A concentration of 3:1,000 or higher retained its toxicity against mosqiiito
larvae for 13 to 16 days. Concentrations higher than 3:1,000 presumably
becai.ie effective later, as a result of deterioration and consequent lowering
of the percentage of toxic principles present. The concentration of D,
philippinensis which brought about the largest number of deaths of aphids
was much higher than that required for mosquito larvae, nhiacly 4:1,000,
The lo'jost concentration of D, philippinensis used, 0.5:1,000, caused a
noticeable percentage of mortality among aphids, as compared with the
control.

. ^22 -

Against "both nosquito larvae and aphids, Dcrris polyantha was norc
effective than cither of the other two species. In "both cases, in
aqueous solutions, it showed its superiority (l) in Taringing ahout the
highest percentage of dca.ths , (2) in the short time it required to kill,
and (3) in the retention of its virulence. D. polyantha retained its
virulence in water and v/as toxic to mosquito larvae for a period ranging
from 13 to 16 days. JD. elliptica and D. philippinensis were toxic for only
1 to 3 days.

I>arham (27) in 1926 gave an interesting account of his early work
with derris, which he regarded as essentially a stomach poison.

"Starting in the Malay States in 1902, where some field
trials shoiired it a potent agent for the destruction of mosquito
larvae, v;ork I'vras continued on my return up to 1907; it was not
possihle to publish the large amount of ohscrvations in those
days, and naturally the loss of time made it difficult to use old
notes. A fairly large scale trial was made in the late Dr. IV. H.
Maskcll' s garden at Shclford on 13th June, 1904, where the
G-ooseherries were alive v/ith sav/-fly larvae; the larva.o were
promptly killed, and the cooked fruit gave rise to no unpleasant
symptoms in the consumers.

"In those now far off days a numher of larvae of the
Small Eggar of good size were put on a spray of leaves
v/hich had hecn dipped in a suspension of the derris root; they
were all dead next day, Xirhcn a further supply of larvae was put
on, the lco,vcs being now dry; the controls had had the leaves
v/Qtted v/ith v/ater in ca,se mere wetting might have an effect.
This renev;al of application of larvae continued till the leaves
became too withered in about ten days; none of the controls
died, and all of the derris-fed larvae were killed. Open air
trials showed tha.t the poison still remained active for at
least a fortnight. Here the effect is clearly a,s a stomach
poison.

"On the other hand, a very extensive series of trials
v/as made upon the black bean aphis and the woolly aphis; in the
latter case the trials were carried on throughout the summer,
both v/ith spraying a.nd v;ith careful use of a camel-hair brush
so as to get thorough v;etting of the patches, which had a millcy
appearance when treated. The \TOolly aphis is, of course, dif-
ficult to v/et , but in neither case v;as there anj;- appreciably
diminution. I cannot but thinlc tha.t the irregular results v;hich.
have been obta.incd v/ith contact trials ha,ve been due to the
insects sucking some droplets of the fluid v/hen dislodged ere
they plunged in their bealcs or in the case of the somewhat
crude method of ba.thing ca.tcrpillars some of the poison may
ha.ve been licked up. The slov/ death of mosquito pu.pae (perhaps
two or throe day's after the larvae) suggests that absorption
of the extremely insoluble agent talces place, mere contact not
sufficing. I'fliether or no in some ca.ses there may be a contact
effect, 'the main utility of the drug must be as a stomach poison.

- 23 -

"The most suscerjti'ble creature that I know is the
' v;ater flea' (Daphnia and Moina) , which dies rapidly in
the most amar.ing and incredihly high dilution of the poison;
tadpoles and mosquito larvafe were found to "be very good
experimental subjects for recognizing the potency of different
preparations. The first large-scale trial was made on a fruit
plantation of Mr. Clough, at Burley, Hants, on the 23d May,
1904. In all those trials the roots v/erc ground up with
successive lots of water and no other ingredient added. I
still have some of the original roots, nov; some tv;enty years
old, and though thoy have not been regularly tested for strength,
they still retain some active power, and a solution is ladled
on to small seedlings when 'cut worms' are about.

"A curious feature in derris is the localisation of the
poison to the roots; trials of stem extract showed very slight
activity and the leaves nil, indeed, it may be noted that they
are attacked by some caterpillar occasionally (sp. not loiown
to me.) "

Kelsall, Spittall, Gorham, and Vfelkcr (54) in 1926 published the
results of tests of derris against several insects.

They are disposed to rcgeird derris as a contact poison only.
Tests upon the Colorc^o potato beetle, Lcptinotarsa docenlincata- Sa.y,
v/ith derris in 4-4-40 bordeaux, derris and hydratcd lime, and derris
alone lead to the follov/ing conclusions: Derris is effective in both
spray and dust form; derris kills more rapidly than arscnicals; derris
is less effective mixed v/ith hydrated lime, and still less effective
mixed with bordeaux mixture. To get the same eventual kill, 1 pound of
derris is apparently about equivalent to from I-I/2 to 3 pounds of
calcium arsenate.

A 5 or 6 year old sample of derris v;as ineffective against the
forest tent caterpillar, Mai aco soma disstria Kb:i. , when dusted or sprayed
upon chokccherry foliage fed upon by the caterpillars.

Against the orchard tent caterpillar, lialacosoma a^.Tericanc^.Z It was shoim
that (1) the derris applied to the caterpillars along with the foliage
gave very much higher control than v/here applied to the foliage alone;
(2) 1 pound of derris per 100 gallons of water gave an equal eventual
control, though much more rapidly, than 2 pounds of lead arsenate; (3)
when applied direct to the foliage but not to the caterpillars derris was
not quite equal pound for pound to lead arsenate; (4) derris was very
much more effective than nicotine in practical strengths.

Derris at l/3 pound per 100 imperial gallons of water killed 100
percent of imported currant worms, ITematus (Ptcronidca) ribcsii Scop.
A dust of 98.75 parts hydrated lime and 1.25 parts derris gave 100 per-
cent control in a heavily infested currant plantation.

Derris at the rate of 5 pounds per 100 gallons was sprayed on
house flies. The spray was shot at them both while they were resting

- 24 -

and v/hile they v/ere on the v;ing. Such flies became restless almost
immediately and commenced cleaning themselves vigorously. Most flies
so treated were dee-d within 24 hours, and as far as could "be ascertained
all v/ero dead within 48 hours.

Derris was also dusted on house flies "but in this case the pction
v/as much slower and after one day none wore dead, and it v;as thought
the material was not effective. These flics were not kept under observa-
tion afterwards hut later v/orlc with derris led Zclsall and associates to
thiixlc that had they "been kept under observation longer, a subsequent
mortality might have been noted.

Derris spray was also observed to kill several other flies of
undetermined species, and was also observed to kill certo.in noctuid moths.

Against the carrot rust fly, Psila rosae F. derris, in either
dust or liquid form, gave a considerable measure of control, the material
being applied to the soil surface about the time egg laying was in progress,
the control being apparently also accompanied by a plant stimulation.

A trunk of woolen goods sv/arming with adult clothes moths ^^ras given
a libcro,l application of a 50-50 dcrris-hydratcd lime mixture. Tour
days later all moths were dead. The trunk was examined a month later and
no living larvae and no moths were found.

A number of bedbugs, Clmex lectularius L. , vjctq confined in a vial
with derris dust. They were active for 2 hours, but were all dead after
5 1/2 hours.

Derris spray, 2 pounds to 100 imperial go.llons of v;atcr, was in-
effective against budworms (mostly Spilonota ocellana D. and S.), The
fall v/ebv;orm, Hyphantria cunca Drury, is quite strongly resistant to
derris dust and derris spray (lO lbs. to 100 gals.). Against the green
apple aphid. Aphis pomi DeG. , derris, 5 pounds in 100 gallons without
soap, gave practically complete control, being a little superior to 1
pound of nicotine sulphate (40 percent). IJith the addition of a little
soap to the solution, derris as lov/ as 2-l/2 pounds to 100 gallons of
water gave 100 percent mortality, and is superior to 1 pound of nicotine
sulphate (4t> percent).

A dust conta.ining as high as 20 percent of derris plus 80 percent
of hydrated lime proved ineffective against the green apple aphid v/hen
applied to dry foliage. Derris dust requires moisture to malce its toxic
properties effective against this aphis.

In the inscctary, tests v/crc made against the potato aphid,
Macros iphum solanifolii Ashm. The presence of moisture had a marked effect
in increasing the toxicity of derris, for derris as lov/ as 2.5 percent in
dust gave complete control. Derris in spray form required 5 pounds per
100 gallons of water to produce 100 percent mortality, v;hilc nicotine sul-
phate (40 percent), 1/2 pint to 100 gallons, gave the same control. In all
cases it v;as found that derris v;as much slov/cr in action than the nicotine.

- 25 -

Aphi s njjnicis L. in an insectary experiment was killed completely
"but slo'/ly "by derris, 5 pounds to 100 gallons. Derris spray 2-112 pounds
to 100 gallons gave a mortality of over 90 percent of imported cablDage worms
Pieri.s rapae L. , on cablDage. Busts of hydrated lime and derris were not
so effective. The authors concluded that the moisture usually retained "oy
ca"b"bage foliage undouhtedly assisted in "bringing out the toxic properties
of derris.

Undiluted derris dust, applied with a hand duster, gave 100 percent
control of larch sawfly larvae. Derris dust had apparently no effect on
Chermos. The three-lined potato beetle was controlled "by a dust application
of 50-50 derris and hydrated lime, "but this mixture had apparently no ef-
fect on the squash bug. A red aphid on goldenrod and the currant a,phid
wore not controlled on being dusted by the same mixture, but reasoning
from other experiments it is possible that they might have been if in the
presence of moisture.

Derris, both dust and spray, gave a measure of control against the
larch case bearer.

Derris, both dust and spray, v;as ineffective against the chain-
dotted geometer, but arsenicals v/ere practically ineffective against them
also.

Derris, I-I/2 pounds per 100 gallons of water, v/ith the addition of
soap, was used against aphids on a cut-leaf birch. G-eometrid larvae, lady-
bird beetle larvae, and syrphid fly larvae v;ere killed and dropped in a
fev/ hours, but the aphids did not appear to be affected during the first
12 hours. Tv;o days later the tree v/as found to be completely free of
aphids.

Derris was not effective in a bait fed to cutworms, either in the
insectary or in the field.

It v/as noted in some cases that v;here dusts containing derris had
been supplied to plants, and later rains had washed the dust into the soil,
the earthworms came to the surfact of the soil and died.

Derris, applied at approximately the rate of 1 pound per 100 gal-
lons, added to a large tanlc of v/ater very heavily infested with mosquito
larvae, completely killed all the lai'vao in 3 or 4 days.

It was also noted that if slugs traveled over a surface on xAiich
derris had been lightly sprinkled, the slugs immediately became distressed
and died in a few hours.

Derris, used undiluted and also at the rate of 1 part of derris to
3 parts of dry cement pov;der, was found very effective against lice on
cattle and horses.

IlcBride (64) in 1926 reported tests with insecticides against a leaf-
hopper, Eupteryx flavoscxita var. nigra. Osb. , attacking the leather-leaf
fern, Polystichum capcnsc J. Sm. , in Florida.

- 26 -

Tests were in8.de v;ith nicotine-lime dust, nicotine s-ilj'hate, calcivun
cyanide, and derris, ?ive percent extract of derris, 1 to oCO and 1 to
600, plus soap, ? pcijjtids of £0 gallons, .^sjva satisfactory control, "but was
slov/ in its effective work. ' The fernery \^ras free fron leafhoppers for
13 days after the spraying with derris. The roinf ostation occurred from
eggs dopositod licforc the application of the spray, A second application
of ...icotinc sulphate ^^-avo 75 to 80 percent control, whereas 5 percent ox-
tract of derris gave 9R to 99 percent, A snail amount of injury v/as c"bscrvc(
on all the sprayed plots. It was thoug"ht to "be a mechanical injury cjid not
considered of any comrnorcial importance.

Miles (70) in 1925 reported £ood control of the pea inoth Laspoyrosia
nigricana Stoph. v;ith the use of a derris spray, 20 pou-nds of pov/dercd
derris to 100 imperial gallons of v.'ator. This spray produced the lov/cst
percentage of dar.age (15 percent) in the thrcsned peas. The percentages of
danaged peas harvested from plots tsprayed with derris or nicotine nhow little
difference from those observed when the green peas were cxariiined; it vrould
seen, therefore, V.vxt these sprays have a permanent effect.

ITozu and Son.:yn.r.a (72) in 1926 rccomnended sproying v;ith dorris
mixtures for the control of the chiysomelid Phaedon incort-gn Baly.

The Deli Froef station at Medon (22) in 1926 reported that alcar-toe'ba
extract gave excellent control of aphids. Some difficulty v;as experienced
in obtaining a uniform extract, so this was prepared with the machinery of
the Delische Kleiindustrie. Formalin was added, to a concentration of 2.5
percent, as a preservative.

Tattersf ield, ^-imingham, and Morris (92) in 1926 reported tests of
Derris elliptica and rotenone against Aphis nunicis L. Tuhatcxin (rotenone)
at a concentration of 2.5 to 0.075 grria per liter killed all aphids ♦ 0.01
gran per liter caused 20 percent to be moribund. Tubo.toxin proved to be
several times more toxic than nicotine.

1927

Quaintance (77), chairman of the comr;iittoe of the American Associa-
tion of Economic Entomologists to forLiulate plans for invest igr^t ions of the
codling moth from biologic and control standpoints, reported at the 1927
annual meeting of this association that, according to Van Lccu\;en, derris in
laboratory and field tests in 'Jq\j Jersey had shown piromisc for the control
of the codling i.ioth.

An anonymous v/riter iZ) in I'einbau and Eellorvjirtschr^ft in 1927 re-
ported the results of experiments witli Derris elliptica in ICoroa. A
thorough application of a coranerclal product [probsbly Heoton — H. C. H.]
"by rean.s of a sprayer gave good results in the control of the mites re-
sponsible for the curly-leaf disease. Hepetition was necessary because of
uneven budding of the vines. The rapidity of the action varies v;ith dif-
ferent insects. A swarm of almost growi Tinea moths on an oai: v;cre ]:illed
in 1/2 to 1 hour. Black lice on chestnut trees foil off in a fcv/ minutes.
Rosebush aphids v;erc also- quickly killed. Cabbage worms lived 1/4 to l/2
hour. Cabbage butterflies flow a\;ay. A largo hornet in flight vras stunned,

- 27 -

and Later died. Atjainrt- the above insectc the product was used at the
rate of 100 Gram:' ir 300 liters of water, Against caterpillars, 100
grains to 45 liters can be usod, if ^ pounds of any cheap soap is admi.red,
Sprayiiig ill sumner supijresses later generations of these irdtes, wnich are
then rather lar^e, as v/ell as the irksome vine cicada.

Mention is made of derils in the report of the Committee ou Policy''
of the jAnerican Association, of Economic Entomclogists e.t its 1927 raeeting,
Gibson (4.'2), chairman, stated tha,t various new spra,y mixtures containing
extracts of pyrethrum and derris have been tested as substitutes for
nicotine and the results have been favorable in mo^t oas'"s. Under
Toxicity Investigations, it is mentioned that derris is one of the contact
insecticides v/hich havo boen investigated.

Bani^c (4) in 192? reported the use of the decoction of the roots
of Derris clliptica against caterpillars of the diamond-back moth,
Plutella inaculipennis Ciirtis. Because it is not entirely effective,
load arsenate is naxed v/ith it.

31icck and Baudot (8) in 1927 roviev/ed the work of Bishopp ct al,
(6) on derris against ox warbles.

Caesar (15) in 1927 included derris with arscnicals and sodium
fluosilicatc ijindor the classification "Stonach Poisons. " It is described
as "a li^;ht, bro'm. jjowdGr made from the roots of certain shrubs g;rov.'n
in the Par East, osTjocially in the Mala^' peninsula. It is supposed to
be both a contact and. stomach poison and when used as a dust is usually
diluted v'ith air-r.lajced lime or Iiydrated lime or gypsum in the proportions
of about 1 part of bulk to 20 or even 40 parts of the diliient. As' a spray
it is quite harmless to foliage even with v/ater alone. It is a good
insecticide against a considerable number of insects but not against all,
UnfortUiiately it is even more difficult to secure than sodium fluosilica,te,
though it T/^11 likely be put on the market in the comparatively near
future , "

The Deli Proef station (23) in 1927 reported that derris extract
was satisfactorj- for the control of aphids on tobacco and caused no
burning of the leaves. These derris extracts (suspensions of the mill::y
sap in water) su^jplied "oy the Deli Proefstation to tobacco growers
retain their toricity for at least 1 year when kept in. v;ell-closod
barrels. Decomposition occurs in open vessels and in those not
hermetically closed. The suspension becomes gray or nearly black,
develops the odor of iij^drogcn snlnhide, and loses effectiveness.
Contact v;ith iron is stated to bo undcsiraole.

Donnir (24 and 25), in United States Patent 1,621,240, issued
March 15, IOC 7, and in Reissue 18,667, issued November 22, 1932, stated
that an alcoholic extract of cube js eight times as effective as
similar derris extract vhen sprryed on the cotton aphid,

Fulraek (2?) in 1927 reported the use of a 1-porcent water extract
of the roots of Dcrri s clliptica for the control of plant lice on tobacco.

- ?.<i -

GiuGon ('':!) iii 1327 Teported. that powdered derris root has lethal
pro;;/e:;ti!jc \ihen used against culicine mosquito larvae. When dusted on
the curface of v.'ater c on t.';.inint;, larvae of Aedes vexans Mgn. this material,
either alo.ie or in confoinaticn --.'.'ith an inert filler, ^vas found to destroj^
the larvr',e in a few hours even ■'•'hen used at tne rate of only 2 or 3 pounds
of derric to the acre.

Ho\/:ird (102) in 192? reported that tests v;i"th insecticides againct
cii-ttlo .ji-ubs nad.e at Burkes Garden in Virginia indicated that .powdered
derric root v/ill give a high percentage of kill if applied and brushed
in at intervals', of about 20 days,

Locn;irns (5b) in 1927 ror)ortcd that on the S^:ijaa.tra. East Coast
cabbage groi/ors are mixing lead arsenate ^vith th:; usual derris solution,

"TJo can report that a derric. finsnon si on in v/atcr against cabbage
caterpillar" .;;.avc 'anfavorablc re suit r;, Cn the other hand, we have ob-
tained c;ccollont r( s'O-ltG if fincl-- pulverised aorris was extracted v/ith
alcohol, T.xc practical concliinion is that addition of a water suspension
of dori'is or dorri;-. rooto to a colxition of lead arsenate is wholly useless
since the l/^ttcr, -fith tno addition of soao, io satisfactory."

Van dor ilcor llohr (67) in 1;.'27 reported that My sup persicae Sulz.
is Q. serious jje^t of tobacco in Deli, S":unatra, The seed beds are infested
fron the adjacent forest:;, anr' the young plants in the field are either
infested in the s-a^i^e v/a:' or by the introduction of infested seedlings
from the beds. If the beds are very badly infested, the seedlings sho\ild
be destroyed or dipped in derris solution, ex'oeriments having shovm that
this does not harai then. In the plantations a d.aily watch should be kept
for the first traces of infestation. Spraying v/ith a solution of derris
is advised. The applica,tion must be repeated after 4 to 5 da^rs.

Parman ct al. (74) in 1927 j-eiDortcd results of chcmotropic tests
with ':-]\c scrow-i7orm fly, A commercial derris powder repelled 95 percent
of the screw-worm flics visiting a bait of beef liver. This is about the
same f : gure as that obtained with pyre thrum powder.

Roar:: ct al. (8?) in 1927 reported that derris powder when undiluted
rcpcll.-d 95 percent of t}ic screw-worm flies visiting fresh beef liver,
and a'hcn dilv.t^-d v;itn 9 -larts of kaolin it repelled 38 percent.

Sonan (87) in 1927 re.-.ortcd tho.t spra: ing with derris and soap
proved veiy effective against the following pests infesting tea plants
in I'ovuov.a: Lymantrii dr. , Suproctit-. pr.eudoconspersa Strand, E. sericea
'.Tilonan, Per the sia tai^.a-n.a Shir,, P, scintillans ^i7alk. , P soudo dura
dasychiroi. des Str.and, Clone mendosa Hbn., ITotolo-ohus posticus Walk,,

Stilpnotia c^'gana. Hoore, and Ai-ctornis al b.a Eremer.

In bis annual re-port as entomologist of the Federated Malay States
Dep.;>.rtuent of Agriculture (31) for 1927, Corbctt mentioned investigation
on the insccticidal value of derris (in collaboration v/ith the agricultural
chemist) as one of the main researches of the division of entomology.

29

Tanaka (91) in 1927 reconmended a derris soap spray for the control
of the older larvae of the ITotodontid Lrymonia manleyi Leech,

T\7inn (96) in 1927 reported on mosquito control at Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada, The derris was dusted on the -/ater surface at the rate of approxi-
mately- 3 2"0^^ds per acre. The larvae died within periods ranging from
three-quarters of an hour to more th.an 7 hours. In all cases the larvae,
before de:.th, became verj* feeble, lying motionless and parallel v;ith the
surface of. the water, moving with difficulty when rudelj' disturbed. The
pupae died more slowly than the larvae, more than 24 hoxirs sometimes
elapsing before death occurred.

Tests T/ere also made upon a shallow pool about ^00 square feot,
with a grass-grown bottom. This pool contained largo numbers of lar\-ao
of Aedos voxans Meig. A mixture of derris and French ch£ilk in the pro-
portion of 1 part of the former to 4 of the latter was dusted just before
sundown on the surface of the water by moans of a small hand dust gtm, at
the rate of l-l/2 pounds of derris to the acre. The material settled
well, foming a very satisfactory film of dust over the entire surface.
When examined 16 hours later, a considerable proportion of the larvae
were dead end many of the living revealed the effect of the derris in
their sl^oggish movements. The pool was not examined again until 60 hours
after treatment. On this occasion all ihc larvae wore dead, many floating
on the surface of the water,

TJalton (107) in 1927 reported further notes on the control of
warble flies in North Wales, The killing properties of derris appear
to be excellent. The ointment (l part of derris powder plus 2 parts of
soft pa.raffin) is odorless, and the cost is low (about 2-1/2 pence per
ounce) in experimental amounts. On the other hand, the ointment was
found to be much more difficult to apply, and olive oil was utilized,
the ointment then consisting of 1 part of powdered derris, 1 part of
soft paraffin, and 1 part of olive oil. This improved the texture and
rendered application easier.

Watanabe (108) in 1927 recommended spraying the young growth of
cruciferous vegetables with derris to combat Hellula -undalis F. (Pyralididae)
in Japan,

Trappraan (94) in 1927 gave a short account of derris. A formula
for a derris spray is 1 kilogram of finely pov;dered derris powder, one~half
kilogr;ar.i of soap, and 100 liters of water, Derris powder may be added to
a load arsenate (1 percent) and soap (0.3 percent) spray for use on young
tobacco plants.

1928

Thompson (93) in 1928 tried derris in poison bait against leather
jackets in South Wales and foimd that, although it did not give as good
results as the paris green bait, it is obviously of definite insecticidal

30 -

value v;hen used in this v;ay* On the derris-treated plot nimerous earth--
v/oms vere found lying dead on the surface and also some slugs. Derris
powder clearly does not render the bait distasteful to the pests naned,
as appeared to "oe the case v/ith sodium fluo silicate. The derris bait v/as
composed of 10 pounds of bran and half a pound of derris powder distributed
over half an acre of oats, Thompson concluded that derris powder gives
moderately good results,

De Long (21) in 1928 reported that a commercial derris product
diluted 1 to 250 proved unsatisfactory against the potato leafhopper,
Empoasoa fabae Harris.

Gamian (38) in 1928 reported experiments made in Connecticut v-ith
insecticides offered as substitutes for nicotine sulphate. One of the
commercial preparations of derris was tried in -1927 against the mealy
plum aphid and showed good killing power, although it failed to accomplish
a thorough clcan-up on account of poor spread. It is quite evident that
soap or casein limo is needed in combination. The product investigated
does not nix well with winter-strength lime-sulphur solution.

Both derris and pyrcthinam have considerable value as aphicidcs,
but their success for orchard use will depend on their ability to
combine with other insecticides and fiingicidcs. The present cost docs
not seem to be any lower per 100 gallons of spray mixture than nicotine
sulphate, a.nd no reliable information is available regarding their
keeping qualities. The only advantage that can be seen from using the
above-mentioned aphicidcs in an orchard" will lie in increased safet;'"
of the operator.

Tests with derris and pyrethrum agr.inst the mealy plum aphid gave
the follov/ing results:

Percent
Substances (commercial preparations) Dilution of kill

A. Derris preparation 1 oz. to 6 gal 88,3

B. Derris preparation 2 oz, to 6 gal 97,6

C. ■ Pyrethrum soap 2 lb. to 3-3/4 gal 94.4

D. Hicotino sulphate 1 oz. to 6 gal. . .- 92,2

E. Chech, no treatment 0*

Gibson (43) in 1928 reported that under laboratory conditions
powdered derris root dusted on the surface of water in shallow trays at
the rate of 15 pounds to the acre of water surface destroyed .M^ofj-l ■.•_'vae
in^a pe:.-iot. ri-mginf^ from 3 to 22 hours, and pupae in from 2 to 5 days.
In an experiment conducted by lir, Twinn at Hawkesbury, Ontario, it was
noted that when the powdered derris root was dusted on the surface of
polluted pools of water heavily infested with Culex pipiens larvae, at
the rate of 30 pounds to the acre of water surface, 97 percent of the
larvae were destroyed in 48 hours and 100 percent in 72 hours.

- ?1 -

G-ins>)urs (46) in 1928 reported that a suspension of derris
(1-400) !:illed 100 percent of the honey "bees after 24 hours, and
suspension of cute root (1-200) killed 100 percent of the hees after
48 hours. These suspensions were mixed v;ith honey -anti fed to the bees.

G-orham (47) in 1928 report od .on the European rose sawfly in
New Brunswick, Canada. It v;as found that, like other sav;fly larvae,
these were very susceptible to the toxic action of derris dust and
that they dropped in a helpless condition within 2 hours after appli-
cation. No objectionable stains \\:crc left on the foliage or blooms.

Leynen (58) in 1928 reported that the "Commission Kollandaisc
du Varron" recommends derris powder for H;^Tpoderma larvae, as recommended
by Bishopp ct al. (6) in United States Department of Agriculture Bul-
letin 1369.

Parman et al. (75) in 1928 reported that derris pov/dcr, 0.5 gram,
plus kaolin, 4.5 grams, when spread upon 4-ouncc cubes of beef liver in
a mason Jar repelled 38 percent of the scrcv/-worm flics and 81 percent
of the Lucilia flies that approached the meat.

Q^aintance (78), at the 1028 annual meeting of the American
Association of Economic Entomologists, reported that derris had been
tested for the control of the codling moth in Arkansas, Colorado,
Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Ne^-' Jersey, and Washington. In Illinois good
results were obtained with commercial derris extract combined with v/hite
oil, 1-1/4 percent. An alcoholic extract of derris used against second-
brood worms appeared to be of little value.

Tc".manul:i (90) in 1928 recommended derris and soap spray for the
control of Galorucclla rubi Tamanulci o:i the young leaves of strav;bcrry
plants in r.outhcrn Saldinlin.

Sch-.;artz and Shook (84) in 192B recommended that, for combating
fleas on rabbits, the animals be dusted viVa pyrothrum pov;dcr, or povrdcred
naphthalene, or povrdercd derris root.

Ripley and Hepburn (80) in 1928 reported on top-dressing maize
against the stalk borer. Pov/dcrcd derris root v/hcn applied in water at
1 to 90 is much more effective than ''hen used as a pov/dcr at 1 to 12.
The killing power of a dry poiirdcr under the conditions of top-dressing
is far below that of the same powder diluted to the same extent but
applied as a. suspension in water. This is perhaps explained by the fact
that v/hcn suddenly wetted by a liquid the borers swallov: some of it
(as is easily shown by using a colored liquid and dissecting the digestive
system after dipping) , whereas thoy do not appear to swallov; a dry powder
very readily. Thus the liquid ca;i act o.s a stomach poison more effectively
thaia the pov;der.

"It '-^as hoped that by mixing tv/o insect iciden that v/ere
k]iown to act differently upon the borer, such as derris and a
flf-orino compound, or nicotine and an n.rr>enical, the result might
be a killini^- power greater than that of cither of the tv;o in-
gredients used separately, but at the same concentratio:. as the
mixture. Variotxs cx-oeriments on this point v/ere performed, but
no advantage of mixing was shov/n,,the killing power of the
mixture always proving to be intermediate botv/een those of the
tv/o ingredients."

- 32 - .

Van Lccuwcn (-104) , at tho 1928 codling moth conferonco of the Bureau
of Entomology, reported tccts of various insecticides for the control of
the codling moth in the Rivcrton, N. J., district.

"1/e found that throe early applications of lead arsenate against the
first brood followed by three applications of pyrethrum, nicotine, or
dcrris against the second brood gave good results. Chech trees showed 83
percent of all apples free from v/orms, whereas the lead-arscnate plat shov/ed
97 i^ercent, nicotine 95 percent, pyrethrum 93 percent, and derris 95 percent
free from v/orms." In laborator;/ tests v/ith ncv/ly hatched codling moth
larvae, derris, pyrethrum, and nicotine gave very cncourc^^ing results,
further laboratory tests v/ill be made.

The Bureau of Entomology (103), in its 1928 annual report, mentioned
that extracts of dcrris at 1 to BOO had been tested as contact sprays and as
ovicides against the codling moth.

Mctcalf and Flint (58) in 1928 summarized cv.rrent information on derris,
Derris is recommended for aphids, for lice and fleas on domestic animals, and
as a wash for killing ox vrarbles in the backs of cattle. Derris sprays are
effective in killing the yoiing nymphs of apple leafhoppers, and. against
greenhouse thrips. For checking sheep lice in v/inter when dipping cannot be
done safely, dusting pyrethrum or derris into the wool is recommended. Dry
powdered derris or pyrethrum sifted into the fur of pets controls fleas.

- 33 -

la': le 1. — Clas3ified list of insects against wh^ch derris has been tested

Reference

Insect and Stage
Crthoptera

Blattidae

Preparation

Effectiveness

Blattella germarica L. Powder + tobacco Effective
(G-erman cockroach) dust (1+4) as a

dust

Ditto

Ditto

Pov/der + tobacco Effective
dust (1+4) +
flour and sugar
as a bait

Powder as a dust 57.5% kill in

1 week

Periplaneta americana Powder + tobacco
L. (American cockroach) dust (1+4) as a

dust

Effective

tiilmer (44) in
1923

Ditto

LIcIndoo,
Si overs, and
Abbott (S6)
in 1919

Gilmer (44) in
1923

Ditto

Powder + tobacco
dust (1+4) +
flour + sugar as
a poison bait

Effective

Ditto

Gryllidae

Gryllotalpa sp.
(i.iole cricket)

Extract

Ditto

Ditto

Powdor in v/ater
(1:531)

Uncertain

Mallophaga
Mallophaga on chickers Powder as a dust Effecti'/e

Powder as a dust Effecti-e

Effecti-'re

Federated Malay
States Dept,
Agr. (28) in
1920

Mclndoo,

Si e vers, and

Abbott (36) in

1919

Wells, 3isjiopp,
and Laako (109)
in 1922

Ditto

- 34 -

Insect and Stage
Mallophaga (cont.)

Preparation

Eff ectivcness

Rof ercnce

Gyropidao
GliricoLa porcclli L.

Ditto

Powder + inert Effective
(1+4) as a dust

?ov;dor + CaC03
(1+4) as a dust

Effective

Calif. Agr.
Expt, Sta.
(16) in 1923

De Ong and
Vmite (ae)
in 1924

Gyropus ovalis Jlitzsch

Powder + inert
(1+4) as a dust

Effective

Calif. Agr.
Expt. Sta.
(16) in 192S

Ditto

Powder + CaCOg Effective

(1+4:) as a dust

D© OKig and
YJhitc (26)
in 1924

Menoponidae

Menopon biseriatum Piaget Powder + inert Effective

(1+4) as a dust

Calif. Agr.
Expt. (16)
in 1922,

Ditto

Powder + tobacco Effective

dust (1+4) as a

dust

Gilner (44)
in 19 as

Ditto

Powder + CaCOj Effective
(1+4) as a dust

Dg. Ong and
T/hite (26)
in 1924

Philoptoridae

Goniocotes. gigas Tasch.
(large chicken louse)

Powder + inert
(1+4) as a dust

Effective

Calif. Agr.
Expt. Sta. (16)
in 1923.

Ditto

Powder + CaCOg Effective
(1+4) as a dust

Do' ©ng and
Vmito (26)
in 1924

Lipeurus heteregraphuf
Nitzach (chicken head
louse)

PoY/der as a dust Effective

Brittain (13)
in 1924

Ditto

Powder + vase-
line (1+3)

Effective

Ditto

OD -

Insoct and Sta[.G-

Hallophaga (cont.)

Pliiloptoridao (cont.)

LigGurus heterographus
Ilitzsch (chicken head
louse)

Ditto

Proparation

Effectivonoss

Rcf eronco

Powdor in v/ator Effcotive
(1:1280)

Powdor and to- Effect ivo
bacco d\;.st (1+4)
as a dust

Frittain (13)
in 1924

Gilner (44)
in 1923

Trie hod ectidao
Bovicolu. bovis L.

pov;der as a

dust

Eff cctivo

¥g11s, Bishopp
and LaakG (109
in 1922

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto

Thysunoptora

Thripidae

Hcliothrips hacinor-
rhoidalis Bouchc
(groonhousG tiirips)

Homoptora

Aphiidao

Aphids

Aphids
Aphids
Aphids

Povrdor + flour Effoctivc

(1+1) as a dust

Powdor + ilaF Effoctivo

(1+1) as a dust

Powder + tobacco Effoctivc
(1+1) as a dust

Com'l oxtracts
(?)

RccoTii.icndod

Com'l extract Roccnmondcd

(?)

Powdor in water Effoctivc
(1:4000)

Krosh root sap Effective

PoY/der as a
dust

loojr; kill

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto

I.'otcalf and
Flint (58)
in 1928

Ditto

Carlos (i?)
in 1926

Doli Proofsta,,
(22) in 192S

Do Omt^ and
Vaiite (26)
in 1924

Insoct and Stago
^•omoptora (cont.)
Aphiiduo

Aphids, many spocios-

Aphids (black lico) on
chestnut trcos'

Aphids on a cut -leaf
birch

Aphids on rosebush

Aphids on tobacco

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto

Aphis gossypii Glovor
(cotton aphid) (molon
aphid)

Ditto

- 36 -

Preparation Eff octivonoss.

Extract

Effective

Com'l extract Effectivo
in water (1:3000)

Powder in water Effective in
(1:666) 48 hrs.

Com'l extract Effectivo
in water (1:3000)

Fresh or dried Effective
root decoction in
■wctcr (1:100) +
soap (1:32D)

Fresh root sap Effectivo

Fresh root in
vmtor (1:100) +
soap (1;200)

Fresh root in
v;ator (1:100) +
soap (1:333)

Re comm ended

Effective

Fresh root sap Effectivo

Fresh root in Effective
water (3 kg. in
80 liters) (1:27)

Alcoholic
extract

Extract in
wat or

l/s as effectivo
as similar cube
extract

Effective

Reference

Molndoo and
Siovers (65)
in 1924

Anon . ( 3 )
in 1927

Kelsall et al.
(54) in 1936

iijion. (3)
in 1927

Bourcart (9)
in 1925

Deli Proefsta,
(23) in 1927

Fulmck (35)
in 1924

Fulmck (36)
in 1925

Fulmek (37)
in 1927

Hollrung (50)
in 1923

DeiJiis (24, 25)
in 1927

Mc Indoo , S ic vers.,
and Abbott (66)
in 1919

Ditto
Ditto

Povj'dor in v/ator Effective
Powder as a dust Effective

Ditto
Ditto

37 -

Insect- and Stage
Homoptera (cont.)
Aphiidao (cont.)
Aphis helianthi Monoll

Preparation

Effect ivonoss

Extract in water Effective

Reference

Mclndoo, Sioverr
and Abbott (66)
in 1919

Ditto

Ditto

Aphis modicaginis Koch
(cowpea aphid)

Aphis norii Fonsc.

Pov.'dor in water Effective

Powder as a dust Effecti^'C

Powder in v;ater Effective
(1:250)

Com'l extract 13^^ control
(1:500)

Ditto

Ditto

Castillo (18)
in 1926

Do Oiig and
Vrnite (26)
in 1924

Aphis pomi Dogoer
(apple aphid)

Ditto

PoYfdcr in v/ater Effect ivo
(1:400)

Pov;dor + hydrated Ineffective

lime (1+4) as a

dust

Kclsall ot al.

(54) in 1926

Ditto

Ditto

Powder as a
dust

Effective

Mclndoo, S levers
and Abbott (66)
in 1919

Ditto

Aphis rumicis L.
(bean aphid)

Ditto

Ditto

Powder in water Effect iv©

(1:1660)

Powder in water Inoff active

Extract in v;ater Slow and uncertain
(equiv. to 0»5
to 4^ root)

Fresh root

Ineffective

Ditto

Durham (27)
in 1926

Fryer ct al.
(33) in 1923

Gimlotto (45)
in 1923

Ditto

Ditto

Pov/der in water 100^ kill,
(1:200) but slow

Powder as a dust Effective

Kelsall et al .
(54) in 1926

Mclndoo, Si overs
and Abbott (66)
in 1919

38 -

Insect and Stage

Homoptera (cont.)

Aphiidae (cont.)

Aphis- rumicis L.
(bean aphid)

Ditto

Pronai'ation

Effectiveness

P.efereixce

Powder in water Effective
(l:33aO)

Rotenone in water 100^ kill
(75 p. p.m. )

Mclndoo,
Si e vers ^and
Abbott (66)
in 1919

Tattersfield
et al. (9E:)
in 19a-6

Aphis sp, A.

Powder as a dust Effective

Mclndoo and
Sievers (65)
in 19Z4

Ditto
Aphis sp. B.

Ditto
Aphis spiraecola Patch

Ditto

Apple aphids, various
species;

Hot water extract Effective

Powder as a dust Effective

Hot water extract Effective

Extract in water Z0% kill (check
(Equiv. to 1 lb. 20^
powder to 100
gals, water)

Powder in water 50/^ kill
(1:830)

Com' 1 extract Encouraging
(?)

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto

Mclndoo,
Sievers;, and
Abbott (66)
in 1919

Ditto

Mich. Agr.
Expt, Sta, (69)
in 19a5

Capitophorus ribis L. Powder + hydrated Ineffective
(currant aphid) lime (1+1) as a

dust

Cavariella sp,

Powder in water Ineffective
(1:400)

Eriosoma lanigerum Hausm.Po'.vder in water Ineffective
(woolly applo aphid)

Ditto

Fresh root

Ineffective

Kelsall et al.
(54) in 192.6

Brittain (13)
in 1924

Durham (27)
in 1926

Gimlotte (45)
in 1923

Macrosiphoniella sanborni Powder as a dust Effective
Gillette (black chrysan-
themum aphid)

Mclndoo and
Sievers. (65)
in 1924

- 39 -

InsGct and Sta,'-::e

Preparation

Effectiveness

Reference

Homoptera (cent.)

Aphiidae (cent.)

Macrosiphum (lllinoia)
liriodendri Mcnell

Extract in water Effective

Mclndoo,
Sievers, and
Abbott (66)
in 1919

Ditto

Macrosiphum (lllinoia)
solanifolii Aslim.

Ditto

Macrosiphum (lllinoia)
sp.

Powder as a dust Effective

Powder + Hydrat- Effective
ed lime (2,5 +
97.5) as a dust

Powder in water Effective
(1:200)

Powder in water Efft;ctive

Macrosiphum sp. A. Powdor as a dust 50^ kill

Ditto

Kelsall ot al.
(54) in 1926

Ditto

Mclndoo,
Sievers, and
Abbott (66)
in 1919

Mclndoo and
Sievers (65)

in 1924

Macrosiphum sp . C.

Mealy plum aphid

Myzus cerasi F.
(black cherry aphid)

Powdor burned
as a fumigant

Cora:\'l extract
(1:384)

Effective

d7»6% kill

Dorris sprays Encouraging

Ditto

Garman (38)
in 1928

Mich. Agr,
Expt. Sta. (69)
in 1925

Myzus persicae Sulz.
(spinach aphid)

Powder burned Effective
as a fumigant

Mclndoo and
Sievers (65)
in 1924

Ditto

Powder as a dust Effective

Mclndoo,
Sievers, and
Abbott (66)
in 1919

Ditto
Ditto

Extract in water Effective
Fresh root sap Effective

Ditto

Van der Meor
Mohr (67)
in 1927

- 40 -

Insect and Stas^

Homoptera (cont.)

Aphiidae (cont.)

llyzus porsicae Sulz.
(spinach aphid)

Pror^aration

Sff octivcnoss

Com'l extract
(1:300)

68% control

RcfarcncG

, D© Out^ and
Y/hite (2S)
in 1924

Red aphids on
goldenrod

Po^vder + hydrat- Inoffoctivc
ed lime (1+1) as
a dust

Kelsall et al,
(54) in 1926

RhopalosiphiJin pseudo-
brassicao Davis
(turnip aphid)

Extract in
water

Effect Ivo

Mclndoo,
Si overs, and
Abbott (66)
in 1919

Ditto

Powder as a dust Effective

Effective

Toxoptera aurantiac Con'l extracts
Beyer (black citrus aphid)

Cicadellidae

Empoasca maligna Vfalsh Com'l extracts
(apple leafhopper), (?)
young nymphs

Empoasca fabae Karris
(potato leafhopper)

Com'l extract
(1:^50)

Euptoryx. flavoscuta var, Com'l extract
nigra Osb. (1:800) + ;-

soap (1:200)

Coccidae

RecomT^' 3nded

Ineffective

Effective but
slow

Ditto

Symos (89)
in 1924

Met calf and
Flint (S8)
in 192.8

Delone; (21)
in 192.8

McBrido (64)
in 1926

Lepidosaphos ulmi L.
(oystorshell scale),
crawling young

Powder as a
dust

Ineffective

Mclndoo,
Si overs, and
Abbott (66)
in 1919

Ditto

Powd or in
water (1 lb, to
20 gals.)

Ineffective

Ditto

Orthezia ins ignis Dougl, Powder as a
(greenhouse orthezia) dust

Pseudococcus citri
Risso (mea'lybug)

Powder as a
dust

Ineffective

Ineffective

Ditto

Ditto

- 41 -

Insoct and Sta.je

Homoptcra (cont.)

Psyllidae

Chermes (jumping
plant lice)

Psylla (jumping
plant louse)

Preparation

Efff^ctivonoss

Rcf or-.DncG

Powder as a
dust

Powder in
water

Inoffectivo

Effect ivo

Kelsall Gt al.
(54) in 1926

Carlos (17)
in 1926

Hemiptera

Gimicidao

Cimox loctularius L.
(bedbug)

Ditto

Powder as a
dust

Powder as a
dust

24.4^ kill in
24 hours.
52.8^ kill in
4 days

100% kill in
3-I/2 hours.

Mclndoo,
Sievers, and
Abbott (56)
in 1919

Kelsall et al
(54) in 1926

Coreidae

Anasa tristis Degeor
(squash bug)

Powder + hy-
drated lime
(1+1) as a dust

Ineffective

Ditto

Miridae

Heterocordylus malinus
Reuter (dark red bug)

Ditto

Lygidea mendax Reuter
(apple red bug)

Powder in
water

Com'l extract
(10 lb. to 100
gals.) (1:83)

Powder in
water

Effective

Effective

Effective

Kopp (55)
in 1924

Parrott, Glas-
gov/, and McLeod,
(76) in 1921

Kopp (55)
in 1924

Ditto

Com'l extract
(1:83)

Effective

Parrott, Glas-
gow, and McLeod,
(76) in 1921

Pentatomidae

Scotinophara. coarctata Extract
F.

Uncertain

Fed. Malay
States Dopt
Agr. (28)
in 1920

- 42

Insect and Stage
Hcniptera (cont.)
pGntatomidae (cont.)

Scotinophara coarctata
F.

Preparation

Effectiveness

Reference

Tuba root as
a spray

Pyrrhocoridao

Dysdercus ciiigulatus F. Fresh root sap

(nymphs ) " in water

Dysdercus suturellus Tuba mixtures

H. S. (cotton, stainor) as a spray

Coleoptcra

Small beetles on palms Powder

Chrysomelidae

Galorucolla rubi
Tamanuki

Leptinotarsa decem-
linoata Say (Colorado
potato beetle), adults

Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto

Ditto
Ditto

larvae)
adults)
adults)
larvae)
adults)

larvae)
larvae)

Com'l extract
+ soap

Pov;der in
water (1:1600)

Powd er in
water (1:1600)

Pov/der as a
dust

Powder in
water

Powd or in
water (1:1000)

Effective

Effective

Recomjn ended

Use suggested

Reccmm ended

100^0 kill

100?b kill

Effective

Effective

Effective

Extract + soap Inoffoctive

Extract + soap Ineffective

Extract in Effective
water

Corbett and
Yusope (19)
in 1924

Gator (39)
in 19S5

Jack and Sands
(53) in 1922;

Flippance (32:)
in 1920

Tamanuki (90)
in 1928

Brittain (IS)
in 1924

Ditto

Kelsall et al.
(54) in 1926

Ditto

Kopp (55)
in 1924

Mclndoo and
Sievers (65)
in 1924

Ditto

Mclndoo,
Si ever a, and
Abbott (66)
in 1919

Insect and Stage

Coleoptcra (cent.)

ChryscmGlidae (cent.)

Loptinotarsa decem-
lineata Say (Colorado
potato beetle), adults

Ditto (larvae)
Ditto (adults)
Ditto (larvae)

- 43 -

Preparation Effectiveness

Extract in
water

Powder in
water

Powder in
water

Powder as a
dust

25-29?^ kill

Effective

70?^ kill

Effective

Reference

Mclndoo,
Sievors, and
Abbott (66)
in 1919

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto

Phaedon inccrtum Baly

Dorris

mixtures-

Re commended

Nczu and
Sonoyama (72)
in 1926

Three-lined potato
beetle

Powder + hydrat- Effective
cd lime (1+1) as
a dust

Kolsall et al.
(54) in 1926

Coccinellidae
Lady-boetle

Powder burned
as a fumigant

Effective

Mclndoo and
Sievers^ (65)
in 1924

Ladybird beetle
larvae

Curculionidae

Ceutorhynchus pleuro-
stigma Marsh

Lepidoptera

Cabbage worms

Pcwdor in Effective

water (1:666) +

soap

Powder + soot Inoffeotivo
(1+2.) as a dust

Powder in
water

Ineffective

Kelsall et al.
(54) in 1926

K.M.Smith (85)
in 1925

Loefmans (56)
in 1927

Ditto
Ditto

Alcoholic extract Bffective

Effective

Com'l extract
(1:3000)

grAte

.^tfeoM®

Ditto

Anon . ( 3 )
in 1927

- 44 -

IiiGcct cciu Sta(3o

Lopidoptera (cont.)

iu:p.athusiidae

Amathusia phidippus L.
(largG coconut butter-
fly), larvae

Preparation

Pov;der

Effoctivonoss

Use suggested

Reference

I

Flippance (32)
in 1920

Arotiidae

Hyphantria cunoa Drury Powder in
(fall wcbworm), larvae vra.tor

Ineffective

Brittain (13)
in 1924

Ditto

Powder as- a
dust

Ineffective

Kolsall et al,
(54) in 1926

Ditto

Powder in
water (1:100)

Incff cctivQ

Ditto

Ditto

PoT/vdor in
water

Effective

Kopp (55)
in L9a4

Ditto

Powder burned
aa a fumigant

Ineffective

Mclndco and
Sievora (65)
in 1924

Ditto (1st instar
larvae)

Ditto (larvae)

Extract + soap Inoffeotivo

Ditto

Bombycidae

Bombyx mori L. (silk-
worm) , larvae

Powd er in
water (1:42)

Extract in
v/at or

Alooholic ex-
tract in v/ator
(equiv. to 0.25/0
root)

Effective

Effective

Effective

Ditto

MoIniIc6, : Siever^
02id Abbott (66)
in 1919
Ditto

Pryer et al .
(33) in 192^3

J

Ditto

Powder as a
dust

Bffoctivo

Mclndoo and
Sicvcrs (65)
in 19a4

Ditto

Powder buimod Effective
as a fumigant

Ditto

- 45 -

Insect and Stage
Lcpidoptara (cont.)

Preparation

Eff GctivancssF

RefcrencG

Ceratocainpidao

Anisota senatoria A. Pov;der in
and S. (orange-s^tripod water (1:200)
oak worn) , larvae

Effective

Kcpp (55)
in 1924

Ditto

Powder in
water (1:200)

Effective

Mclndoo,
Sievera, and
Abbott (66)
in 1919

Coleophoridae

Coloophora laricella
Kbn. (larch case
boaror)

Powder as a
dust

Partly effective

Kclsall et al
(54) in 1926

Ditto

Powder in
wat er

Parti v effective

Ditto

Geometridae

CingiLia catenaria
Drury (chain spotted
goometor)

Powder as a
dust

Ineffective

Ditto

Ditto

Pov/dcr in
water

Ineffective

Ditto

Geometrid larvae

Powder in
water (1:666)
+ soap

Effective

Ditto

Hesperiidae

Erionota thrax L.,
larvae

Powder

Use suggested

Flippaiice (32)
in 1920

Lasiocampidae

Malacos-vona americana F.
(eastern tent cat^r-
pillar), larvae

Ditto (young larvae)

Powdor in
water (1:1000)

Powder in
water (1:1660)

Effective

Effective

Kelsall et al,
(54) in 1926

Mclndoo,
Si ever a, and
Abbctt (66)
in 1919

- 46 -

Insect and Stage
Lepicloptera (cont.)
Lasiocampidae (cont.)

Preparation

Effectiveness

Reference

Malacosoma americana F. Powder as a
(eastern tent cater- dust
pillar)

Effective

Mclndoo,
Sievers, and
Abbott (66)
in 1919

Ditto

Powder burned
as a fumi,'"ant

Ineffective

Mclndoo and
Sievers (65)
.in 1924

Ditto (larvae)

Powder in
water (1:1000)

Effective

Kelsall et al,
(54) in 1926

Malacosoma dis stria Hbn,
(forest tent cater-
pillar)

Powder as a
dust

Ineffective

Ditto

Ditto

Powder in

water

Ineffective

Ditto

Malacosoma neustria L. ,
larvae

Malacosoma sp,, larvae

Small eggar, larvae

Powder in
water (1 to 50)

Powder in
water (1:1C00)

Powder in
water

100^ kill

Effective

^^ffective

Fryer et al .
(33) in 1923

Kopp (55)
in 1924

Durham (27)
in 1926

Limacodidae

Parasa herbif era Wlk. ,
mature larvae

Fresh root
sap in water

Effective

Gater (39)
in 1925

Lymantriidao
Arctornis alba Bremer

Com'l extract
(?) + soap

Effective

Sonan (87)
in 1927

Euproctis pseudocon-
spersa Strand

Com'l extract
(?) + soap

Effective

Ditto

Euproctis sericea
Wileman

Com'l extract
(?) + soap

Effective

Ditto

Hemerocampa leucostigma Extract in
A. <"- S. (viThito-marked water
tussock moth)

Effective

Mclndoo,
Sievers, and
Abbott (66)
in 1919

Insect and Stasro

Lepidoptora (cont.)
Lymantriidae

- 47 -

preparation Effectiveness.

Reference

Laelia suff osa Y«'lko ,
larvae

Fresh root sap
in water

Effective

Gater and
Yusope (40)
in 1925

Notolophus posticus

vrik.

Com'l extract
(?) + soap

Effective

Sonan (87)
in 1927

Olene mondosa Hbn.

Com'l extract
(?) + soap

Effective

Ditto

Porthosia taiv/ana Shir.

Com'l extract
(?) + soap

Effective

Ditto

Porthesia scintillans
Wlk.

Com'l extract
(?) + soap

Effective

Ditto

Pseudodura dasychir-
oides Strang

Com'l extract
(?) + soap

Effective

Ditto

Stilpnotia cygna Mcoro

Com'l extract
(?) + soap

Effective

Ditto

Noctuidae

Autographa brassicae
Riley (cabbage looper),
larvae

Powder in water
(1:2.00)

Effective

Kopp (55)
in 1924

Ditto (larvae)

Powdor in wuter
(1:208)

Effective

Mclndoo,
Sievors, and
Abbott (66)
in 1919

Cutworms

Powder in water Effective

Durham (27)
in 1926

Ditto

Powder in bait Ineffective

Kelsall et al
(54) in 1926

Pclia oleracea L.
(glasshouse tomato
noth)i larvae

Ditto (larvae)

Alcoholic extract Effective
in wator (equiv.
to 6% root)

Powder in water Effective
(1:10)

Ditto

Lloyd (59)
in 1920

- 48 -

InsGct and Stago

Lopidoptor*a (cont.)

Foctuidao (cont.)

Polia oleracoa L.
(glasshouse tomato
moth), larvae

Prodenia litura F.,
larvae

Preparation

Eff ectivonoss

Reference

Alcoholic extract Effective
in water (1:1000)

Decoction of
fresh root

Ineffective

Lloyd (59)
in 1920

De Bussy (14)
in 1922

Kotcdontidao

Datana ministra. Drury
(yellow-neckod cater-
pillar), larvae

Ditto

Powder in water
(1:400)

Powder in water
(1:415)

Drymonia raanleyi Leech, Extract + soap
older larvae

Effective

Effective

Recomraondod

Kopp (55)
in 1924

Mclndoo,
Sievora, and
Abbott (66)
in 1919

Tanaka (91)
in 1927

Phalora bucephala L., Powder in water

larvae (1:50)

Nymphalidao

Euphydryas chalcedona Powder as a

Dbldy. & Hew., larvae dust

100^ kill

9Q% kill

Fryer et al.
(33) in 1923

Do. Omg and
White (26)
in 1924

Yponomcutidao
Yponomeuta padella L.

Plutellidae

Plutcl]a maculipennis
Curt, (diamondback
moth), larvae

Olothroutidao

Powder in water
(1:50) .

Fresh root sap

lOO;^ kill

Not entirely
effootive

Fryer et al.
(33) in 1923

Bange (4)
in 1927

Carpocapsa pomonella
L. (codling moth)

Com'l extract Promising

Quaint anco
(77) in 1928

- 49 -

Insoct and Stage

Lopidcptcra (cont.)

Olethroutidae (cont.)

Carpocapsa poinonGlla L.
(codling moth)

Preparation

Com'l extract
+ v;hite oil
emulsion in
wr;tor

Effectiveness

Effective

Ref orenco

QuaintancG
(78) in 1929

Ditto

Alcoholic ex-
tract in water

Inoff octive

Ditto

Ditto

Laspcyresia ni^ricana
Stephens

Spilonota ocellana

D» and S. (oyo-spottcd

budmoth), larvc.o

Pieridae

Cabbage butterflies

Pieris brassicao L.,
larvae

Pieris rapae L. (im-
ported cabbage worm),
larvae

Com'l extract
(?) in ■■.vator

Pov.'dor in v/ater
(1:50)

Powder in water
(1:500)

Com'l extract
(1:3000)

Powder in v/ater
(1:100)

Pov^dcr in v/ator
(1:400)

Effective

Sff octivo

IncffoctivG

.i. repellent
100^.: kill
90'.: kill

Van Lecuwen
(104) in 1928

Miles (70)
in 1925

Kelsall ct al.
(54) in 1926

iaion. (3)
in 1927

Fryer et al .
(33) in 1923

Kelsall et al,
(54) in 1926

Ditto

Pov/dcr + Irj-
dratod lime as
a dust

Loss than spray

Ditto

P;>'-ralididae

Diatraoa auricilia
Dudg.

Hcllula undalis F.
(cabbage v/ebv/orm)

Nyraphula dcpunc talis
Guon.

Sap from
fresh root

Com'l extract
(?)

Decoction

Eff octive

Roct^mmonded

Effective

Jack (52)
in 1923

Watanabo (108)
in 1927

Federated
Malay States.
(29) in 1922

- 50 -

Insect and Stage

Lopidoptora (cont.)

Pyralididae (cent.)

Nymphula dopunc talis
Gruon.

Froparaticn

Frosii root .-^ap
in water

Eff octivoness.

Uso suggested

Rcf oroncc

Otancs (73)
in 1925

Schconcbius bipuncti-
forus Yi'lk.

Ditto

Tirathaba sp.,
larvae

Extract

Sap from
fresh root

Fresh root sap
in water

Unc ertain

Effective

Effective

Fodcrated
Llalay States
(28) in 1920

Jack (52)
in 1923

Gater (S9)
in 1925

Tineidao

Clothes moths, adi.ilts

Ditto (larvae)
Tinea sp. , adults

Koctuid moths (?)

Hymcnoptcra

Apidae

Apis mcllifera L.
(honey bee)

Ditto

Powder + hy-
dra ted limo
(1:1) as a dust

Ditto

Effective

Effective

Com'l extract 100^-' kill
in water (1:3000) in 1 hour

Powder in water Effective

Powder in honey
(1:400)

Extract in
hen ov

100^ kill
in 24 hours

Effective

Kelsall et al
(54) in 1926

Ditto

i jion . ( 3 )
in 1927

Kelsall ct al.
(51) in 1925

Ginsburg (46)
in 1928

Mclndoo,
Siovcrs, and
Abbott (66)
in 1919

Ditto

Powder in honey

94;. kill in
48 hours

Ditto

Pamohiliidae

Neurotoma fasciata
Norton, half -(^r own
larvae

Extract + soap Effective

Mclndoc and
Siovers (65)
in 1924

- 51

Insect and Stago

Hymcnoptcra (cent.)
Tcnthr cdini dac
European rose sawfly

Pristiphora orichsonii
Htg. (larch sav/fl;/),
larvao

Preparation

Ef f o c t i V on c s s

Rof oronco

Pov/dcr as a
dust

Pcwdcr as a
dust

Effective

100'.:: kill

Gcrham (47)
in 1923

Kolsall ot al,
(54) in 1926

Phymatoccra atcrrina :
Klug, larvao

Ncmatus (Ptcrcnidoa)
ribcsii Scopoli (im-
ported currant v/orm),
larvae

Alcohclio ex-
tract

Effective

Pov/dor in v;ator Effective

Fryer ot al ,
(33) in 1923

Durham (27)
in 1926

Ditto

Ditto

Ditt-:

F'jvfdor in ivator
(1:100)

Pov/dcr in wet or
(1:3330)

Pov/dor + hj-
dratcd lino
(1.25 + 98.75)
as a dust

100^ kill

100?^ kill

100^: kill

Fryor ct al.
(33) in 1923

Kclsall ct al
(54) in 1926

Ditto

Ditto

Rush sa-'.vfly larvae

Vospidao
Homot

Diptera

Flics, undetermined
species

Agromyzidao

iL^romyza. phasooli Coq.
(French bean fly)

Frosl: root

Com'l extract

(1:1000)

Com'l extract
(1:3000)

Effective

100> kill

Effective

Pc.vdor in v;ator Effective

Fresh rcot sap Effective

in v/ator (1:320)

Gimlotte (45)
in 1923

riarukawa (49)
in 1925

iuicn. (3) in
1927

Kolsall ot al
(54) in 192.6

Mathieu (62)
in 1920

_ 52 -

InsGct and Stage

Diptcra (conto)

iuithonyiidao

Hylemya ant i qua Moig.
(onion maggot), young
larva G

Ditto (full-gro"wn
larvae)

Ditto (young larvao)

Preparation Eff octivonoss

Ro for once

Pov;der in water 100^0 kill
(1:335)

Powdor in water I'o kill

Ditto

Effective

Brittain (11)
in 1921

Ditto

Brittain (13)
in 1924

Ditto (mature larvao)
Ditto (larvae)

Ditto

Ditto

Pov/der + sect
(1+2.) as a dust

Pcwdor + soot
(1+2) as a dust

Ineffective
Inoff cctivc

60>'j clean
onions

Ditto

K.M.Smith (85)
in 1925

Smith and
Wadswcrth (86)
in 1921

Hylemya brassicae
Eoucho (cabbage
maggot)

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto (larvae)

Ditto

Powdor + clay Effectiv'
(1+1) as a dust

Pov\rdGr in water
(1:333)

Pov/der in water
(1:333)

Powdor in water
(1:333)

Pov;dcr + soot
(1+2) us a dust

Effective

Ineffective

Ineffective

Ineffective

Brittain (11)
in 1921

Ditto

Brittain (12)
in 1922

Brittain (13)
in 1924

K.n. Smith (85)
in 1925

Culicidae

Aedes vexans Meig.,
larvae

Ditto (larvao)

Powdor Justed Effective
on water (2 to 3
lbs. per acre)

Powdor dusted Effective in
on v;ater (3 lbs. 7 hrs.
per acre)

Gibson (41)
in 1927

Twinn (96)
in 1927

_ 53 -

Insoct and Stage
Diptora (cont.)
Culicidao (cont.)

Aodos voxans Mcig,,
larvae

Ditto (pupae)

Aedes sp., larvae

Ditto (pupao)

Culcx pipions L.
(northom house
mosquito), larvao

Ditto (larvae)

Ditto (pupao)
Mosquito larvao

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto
Mosquito pupao

Ditto

Preparation

Eff octivonoss

Rof oroncc

Povidor + French Effoctivo
chalk (1+4)
dusted on water
(I-I/2 lbs. per acre)

Powder dusted on Effoctivo in
water (3 lbs, 24 hours
per aero)

Powder dusted on Effoctivo in
water (15 lbs. 22 hours
per acre)

Ditto

Effective in
2. to 5 days

Pcwclor dusted on lOOJlo kill in
v;ator (30 lbs 72 hours

per acre)

Powder in water Effective
(1:10,000)

Ditto

Effective

Pov/dor in v;ator Effective
(1:333)

Powder in v/ator Effective

Powder in v/ator
(1:1000)

Com'l extract
(1:500)

Powder

Powder in water

Com'l extract
(1:500)

100?^; kill in
3 to 4 days

65'/o kill

90$^ kill

Effective but
slow

Ineffective

Tv/inn (96)
in 1927

Ditto

Gibson (43)
in 1928

Ditto

Ditto

Gimlettc (45)
in 1923

Ditto

Castillo (18)
in 1926

Durham (27)
in 1926

Kclsall et al,
(54) in 1926

Do Ong and
TvTnito (26)
in 1924

Ditto

Durham (27)
in 1926

Do Ong and
Vmite (26)
in 1924

- 54 -

Insoct and Sta,^G

Diptora (cont » )

Culicidae (cont.)

Thoobaldia annulata
Schrank, larva o

Ditto (pupao)

Muscidao

Cochliomyia sp.
(scrow/ironns) , adults

Ditto

Ditto

Lucilia sp. (grocn
bottle fly), adults

Musca doraestica L.
(housefly)

Ditto

Ditto

Proparaticn

Effect ivoness

Refer once

Powder in v/atcr
(1:40,000)

Pcv/der in water
(1:10,000)

Pov/dor as a
dust

Powdor + kaolin
(1+9) on bait

Pov/dor as a
dust

Powder + kaolin
(1:9)

Pov;der as a
dust

Powder in v/ator
(1:200)

P evador as a
dust

Effective

Effective

A repellent
A repellent
A repellent
jii ropollcnt

Ineffective in
24 hours

100,^ kill in
48 hours

100;^ kill in
IS hours

Ginlette (45)
in 192S

Ditto

Parraan ot al.
(75) in 1928

Ditto

Roark et al .
(83) in 1927

Paraan et al
(75) in 1928

Kelsall ot al.
(54) in 1926

Ditto

Mclndoo,
Siox'ors, and
iibbott (66)
in 1919

Mycetophilidao

Sciara praecox Heig,
(mushroon fly)

Oostridao

Hypodema larvae

Ditto

PoT//dor as a
dust

Pov/dor

Effective

Po'./dc" in water Eff octivv.

Re coiin ended

Symos (88)

in 1921

Bishopp, Laake,
and Vii'ells
(7) in 1922

Leynen (58)
in 1928

Ditto

Dorris wash

Re ccrxi ended

Metcalf and
Flint (68)
in 1928

- 55 -

Insect and Starro

Dipt era (ccr.t . )
Ocstridao (cent.)

■^■^'pcdcrria larvae

-■>yj

Preparation Eff octivcnoss

Pov;dor in v/atcr 94^ kill
(1:20)

Rof orenco

MacDcugall
(59, 60)
in 1924

Ditte

Powder in v;ater
(1:8.3) + soap
(1:33.2)

Effective

U. S. Dopt.
Agr. (100)
in 1923

Ditto

Pcwder + vase-
line (1+5)

Effective

Ditto

Ditto

Powder as a
dust

Effect ivo

U. S. Dept.
Agr. (102.)
in 1927

Ditto

Ditto

Powder + vase- liTfoctivo
line (1+2)
applied to holes

PoY/dor + soft Effect ivo
paraffin (1+2)

Vfolton (106)
in 1925

Yfalton (107)
in 192L7

Ditto

Powder + soft Effective
paraffin + olive
oil (1+1+1)

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto

Hyped orma bovis
Degcer (northern
cattle grub)

Powder + vase- Effective,
lino (1+2)
applied to holes

Powder + soap Effective
in water (1:8.3)
+ soap (1:33.2)

Co;.i'l extract Effective
(1:10)

Vfolls, Bishepp,
and Laake (109)
in 1922

Ditto

Bishopp et al,
(6) in 1926

Ditto

Ditto

Powder in water-
(1:16.6) + soap
(1:33.2)

Povider as a
dust

Effective

Effective

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto

Powder +
petrolatum

Effective

Ditto

- 56 -

Insect and Sta^e

Diptora (cont.)

Oestriclao (cent.)

Hypoclerma bovis
Dogoor (northern
cattle grub)

Hypcdorraa lincatun
DcVill. (coDiacn
cattle grub)

Ditto

Ditto

Preparation

Effectiveness

Reference

Powder +
paraffin oil

CoLi'l extract
(1:10)

Powder in water
(1:1S.S) + soap
(1:33.2)

Powder as a
dust

Effective

Effective

Effective

Effective

Bishopp et al,
(6) in 1926

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto

Powder +
petrolatum

Powder +
paraffin oil

Effective

Effective

Ditto

Ditto

Psilidae

PsiLa rosao F»
(carrot rust fly)

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto

Syrphidae

Syrphid fly larvae

Tipulidao
Leathcrjackots

Powder as. a
dust

Powder in water

Powder + soot
(1+2l) as a dust

Ditto

Powder in water
(1:666) + soap

Powder + bran
(1 lb. + 20 lbs,
per acre) as a
poison bait

Considerable
control

Ditto

95^ clean
carrots

Ineffective

Effective

1,'odoratoly
effective

Kelsall ct al .
(54) in 1926

Ditto

Sraith and
ViTadsworth
(86) in 1921

K.M. Smith
(85) in 1925

Kelsall et al.
(54) in 1926

Thompson (93)
in 1928

- 57 -

Insect and Sta2;e

Proparaticn

Effect ivenoss

Rof eronce

Unclassified Insects

Maize stalk borer

Powder in v/atcr Effective
(1:90)

Ripley and
Hepburn (80)
in 1928

Ditto

Mites causing
curly-loaf

Powder as a
dust (1:12)

Less effective
than above

Com'l extract Effective

in water (1:3000)

Ditto

Anon. (3)
in 1927

Rice borer, larvae

Fresh root sap Effective,

in water

Otanes (73)
in 1925

i^carma

Goi-nasidao

Domanyssus g^Hi^^Q
Dogccr (chicken nite)

Powder as a
dust

Effective

Davidson (20)
in 1924

Ditto

Powder + flour Ineffective
(1+1) ..s a dust

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto (in jars)

Ccr.i'l extract Ineffective
in v/f.ter (1:500)

Pow ''.or as a.
dust

100?^ kill
in 24 hours

Ditto

Mclndoo,
Sievors, and
Abbott (66)
in 1919

Ditto (in
chicken house)

Powder as a
dust

KilL inconplote

Ditto

Tetranychidao

Tetranychus tclarius L.
(red spiders )

Powder in water Effective

CarloSD (17)
in 1926

Ditto

Cciii»l extract
(1:300)

25% control

De Ong and
VJhite (26)
in 1924

Ditto

Powder as a,
dust

Ineffective

Mclndoo,
Siovers, and
Abbott (66)
in 1919

- 58

Insect and Stage

Unclassif iod InsGcts"
(cont . )

Siphonr.ptora ^ ;

Fleas on aninals

Preparation

Eff octivcness.

Con'l extract
(?)

Re coinn ended

Reference

Metcalf and
Flint (68)
in 1928

Ditto .

Fleas on rabbit

Powder as a dust Recomxnendod
Powder as a dust Roc oircn ended

Ditto

Schwartz and
Shook (84)
in 1928

Dolichcpsyllidae

Nosopsyllus fasciatus
Bosc. (rat flea)

Powder + tobacco Effective

dust (1+4) as a

dust

Gilner (44)
in 19^3

pulicidae

Ctenocephalidos canis
Curt, (dog flea)

Ditto

Fresh root sap Effective
in water

Pov/dcr + tobacco .Effective

dust (1+4) as a,

dust

u^iiion, (2)
in 1926

Gilner (44)
in 1923

Ditto

Powder as a
dust

Effective

Mclndoo and
Sievers (65)
in 192^

Ditto

Pov;der as a
dsut

Effective

Mclndoo,
Sievers, and
..bbott (66)
in 1919

Ditto

Ditto

Powder + corn-
starch (1+3) as
a dust

Povider + flour
or cornstarch
(1+2) as a dust

Effective

Effective

Yfells, Bishopp,
and Laake (109)
in 1922

Bishopp (5)
in 1926

- 59 -

Insect and Staf^o

Siphcnaptorc, (cent.)
Pulicidac

Ctcnoccphalidos folis
Eouche (cat floa)

Proparation

Eff Gctivonoss

Pcv;der + tcbaccc Effect ivo

dust (1+4) as a

dust

Ref crencG

Gilncr (44)
in 1925

Ditto Powder + corn- Effoctivo

starch (l+o) as
a dust

Ditto Pcv/dor + flour Effective

or cornstarch
(1+2) as a dust

Sarccps^.-llidao

Echidnophaga gallinacea Powder as a Effective
Westv/. (sticktight flea) dust

¥ells, Bishopp,
and Laako (109)
in 1922

Eishcpp (5)
in 1926

Yfells, Bishopp,
and Laakc (109)
in 1922

iVnoplura

Lice on aninals

LicG on cattle and
horses

Com'l extract
(?)

Pcwder + dry
cement pov/dcr
as a dust

Rccor.iTicnded

Effective

Motcalf and
Flint (68)
in 1928

Kclsall ot al,
(54) in 19E6

Lice or. sheep

Haomatcpinidae

Lincgnathus piliforus
Eum.

Ditto

Linognathus vituli L.
Ditto

Pov/der as a
dust

Reccmmondod

Pov/der + corn- Effective
starch (1+3)
as a dust

Povrder + flcur Effective
(1+1) as a dust

Powder as a dust Effective

Povrdor + flrur Effective
(l+l) as a dust

Motcalf and
Flint (68)
ii- 1328

".Tolls, Eishopp,
ar^d Laal:G(109)
in ir22

Ditto

Ditto
Ditto

60 -

Insect and Stage
Ancplura (cent.)
Hacmatcpiniclao (cont.)
Linomathus vituli L.

Preparation

Effectiveness

Powder + NaF Effect ivo
(1+1) as a dust

Reference

ITells, Bishopp,
and Laake (109)
in 1922

Polyplax- spinulcsus
Burm. (rat louse)

Pov:dor + tobacco Effective

dust (1+4) as a

dust

Gilner (44)
in 1923

Ditto

Solencpotos capiliatus
End.

Powder + tobacco Effective
dust + sulphur
(7.5+ 67.5 + 25)
as a dust

Powder + flour Effective
(1+1) as a dust

Ditto

IVells, Bishopp,
and LacJce (109)
in 1922

- 61 -

Tattle 2, — Alpha"betical list of insect species mentioned in
this paper, together with their common names
and classification

Insect

Aedes vexans Ilei^-,
Aedes sp.

Agromyza phasepli Coq.
Amathusia phidippus L.

Anasa tristis DeGeer
Anisota si-natoria A^ & S.

Aphis gos5;;-'pii Glover

Aphis hclianthi Llonell

Aphis mcdicaj;ini s Koch

Aphis norii Jonsc,

Aphi s pomi DcGeer

Aphi s rin:iici s L,

Aphi s sp. A,

Aphis sp, B

Aphi s spiro.ccola Patch

Apis mcllifcra L.

Arctorni s alba Bremer

Autographa br:.ssico.e Riley

Blattclla {^crmanica L,

3om"byx mori L,

Bo vi cola "oovi s L,

Capito'o horns ri "bi s L,

Carpocapsa po: .one 11a L.

Cavariclla sp,

Ccutorh;^aichus pi euro stigma

Harsh.

Chcrmos

Cimcx Icctvlarius L.

Cingilia catcnaria Druiy

. Cochliom.yia sp .
Colcopaor'. l:'-ri cello. Ebn.
C t eno c ephal i de s canis Curt
C tenoce-i.hali de s felis Bouche
Cule:: jjipiens L.

Datana miai stra Drury

Dt'^rTnanyr.suG gallinao DeGeer
Diatraea d-uricilij-. Dudg.
Sryrionia :r.anloyi Leech
1);/ sdercus 'juburcllus H.S.
I);/sdercus ciagulatus ?,

Common Ivame

French bean fly
large coconut butte;

fly

squash bug
orange- striped oak
worm

cotton aphid,
melon aphid

cowpea aphid

apple aphid
bean achid

honey boc

cabbage loopcr
German cockroach
silkworm

currant aphid
codling moth

jumping plant lice
bedbug

chain spotted gconct-
cr

Scrc\7Trorms
l:.rch c \so bearer
dog flea
cat flea

northern house mos-
quito

yellow-necked cater-
pillar
chicken mite

cotton stainer

Order

Diptera
Diptera
Diptera
Lepidoptera

Hemiptera
Lepidoptera

Homoptera

Horn opt era

Homoptera

Homoptera

Homoptera

Homoptera

Homoptera

Honojptcra

Homoptera

Hymcnoptcra •

Lepidoptera

Lepidoptera

Ortnoptcra

Lepidoptera

Mallophaga

Homoptera

Lepidoptera

Homoptera

Colcoptcra

Homoptero,
Hcmi-Dtera
Lepidoptera

Diptera

Lepidoptera

Siphona]-)tera

Siphonaptera

Diotera

Family

Culicidae
Culicidae
Agrornyzidae
Amathusiidae

Coreidae

C e rat 0 cai.roi dae

Aphi i dae

Aphi i dae
Aphi i dae
Aphi i dae
Aphi i dae
Aphi i dae
Aphi i dae
Aphi i dae
Aphi i dae
Apidac

Lyman trii dae
Ho etui dae
Blattidae
Bombycidac
Trichodectidac
Aphi i dae
Olcthrcutidao
Aphi i dae
Curculionidac

Psylladac

Cimicidac
Goomctridao

Muse i dae
Colcophoridao
Pul i c i dae
Pul i c i dae
Culicidae

Le-oidoptera Notodontidae

Acarina
Lepidoptera

Lepidoptera

Hemiptera

Hemiptera

Gamasidae

Pj^ralididae

ITotodontidae

Pyrrhocoridae

Pyrrhocoridae

- 62 -

Insect

Echidjnopha.'^a Lj^Hinacej

Comirion I^Tar.ie

stickuight flea

apple leaf hopper
potato leaf hopper

Order

Family

Siphonaptera Sarcoiisyllidae

Westvv.

ii^mpoasca uali^^^na TJalsh

Empoasca fa"'o.:..e Harri s

Srionota thrar L.

3riosoma Iranj/^enim Haur,m, woolly apple aphid

Euph^'dr^as clic-lcGdona

Dbldy, & Hev;,

Euproctis p s oud.o con sp er sa

Strand

Suprocti s soricoa '•Tilenan

EvLptcry:: f lave scuta var,

nigra ObId.

Gal 0 rue oil a rulai Tarnanuki

Gcomctrid larvae

Gliricola porcclli L,

Goniocotcs :':i."as Tasch.

Gryllotalr):. sp.

Gyropus oval is ITitzsch

Heliothrips hae-norrhoidalis

Bouche'

Hellula undalis F,

Hemerocam'pa Icucos-

tigma A. CO S.

Heterocorc\ylus malinus
Eeuter

Hylomya roiitiqua I'loig.
Hylemya "brassicao Boucho'
Hyphantria cui'ioa Drury
Hypodcnna larvae
K;;-podcr}na lincr.tuvi Devi 11,
Hypo dc ma jo vis DcSeer
Laclia suf f o sa T/alk,
Laspcyrosi.: nigricann.
Stephens

Lopidosaphes ulmi L,
Loptinotarsa do con-
lino ata Say
LinognathuG pilipcrus
Burm.

Linognathus vituli L,
Lipeurus hctorographus
ITitzsch
Lucilia sp,
Lygidea ncadax Router
Mac ro siphoni clla
sanbomi Gillette

large chicken louse
mole cricket

Greenhouse thrips

Cabbage webworm

white-marked
tussock moth
dark rod bug

onion maggot
cabbage maggot
fall v/ebwonn

com:.:on cattle grub
northern cattle grub

oystcrshcll scale
Colorado potato
beetle

chicken head louse

Green bottle fly
apple red bug
chrysanthenun a-ohid

Homoptera

Homoptera

Lepidontera

Homoptera

Lepidoptera

Cicadellidae
Cicadellidae
Hesperiidae
Aphi i dae
ITj^mphalidae

Lepidoptera Lymantriidae

Lcpido-ntera
Homo"Dtcra

Coleoptcra

Lepidoptera

Mcillophaga

Mallophaga

Orthoptera

liallophaga

Thysanoptera

Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera

Hcmpitera

Diptera .

Dipt era

Lepidoptera

Diptera

Dl-otora

Dintera

Lepidoptera

Lcjildoptera

Homoptera
Colooptc^ra

Anoplura

Anoplura
I.lallophaga

Diptera

Hei^.iptcra

Honoptcra

Lym?Jitriico,e
Cicadellidae

Chry some li dae

Geomctrid.ao

Gyropidae

Philoptcridae

Gryllidae

Gyropidae

Thripidae

Pyralididae
Lyman t r i i dae

Miridac

An thorny iido.e

Anthonyiidae

Arctiidao

Oestridae

Oestridae

Oestridae

Lynantriidac

Olethreutidae

Cocci dae
Chrj'somelidac

Hacmatopini dae

Hacmatopini dae
Philopterido.c

i.iuscidae
Mi ri dae
Aphi i dao

- 63 -
Insect ' Common ITcxme

Macro siphun (Illinoia)

liriodendri i.Ion,

Macro si phvuv. (Illinoia) sp.

Macro siphun (Illinoia) solanifolii Ashm.

M^crosioh^Jiii sp. A,

Order

Fajiiily

Macro si ph-uig sp. C
Malacosona aiaericana F,

eastern tent cater-
pillar
forest tent caterpillar

Malacosoma disstria HlDn,
Malacosohia neustria L,
Mai aco soma sp,
Mallophaga on chickens
Menopon "biseriatiim Piaget
Musca domestica L,
My zus cerasi F.
Myzus persicae Sulz.
Nematus (pteronidea)
ribessii Scopoli
Heurotoma fasciata Norton
Noctuid moths

Hosopsyllus farciatus Bosc,
Notolophus posticus Wlk,
Nymphula dep-gnccr.lis Guen,
Olene mendouaH'bn .
Orthczia insifflis Dougl.
Parasa hcrhifora, Wlk.
Periplancta aocricana L.
Phacdon inccrtum Baly
Phalera bucc-phala L.
Phymatocora atorrima Klug
Pieris "brassicae L.
Pieris rapac L,
Plutolla inaculiponnis Curt, diamondback moth
Polia oleracea L, glasshouse tomato moth

Polyp lax spinulosus Burm. rat louse

Porthesia taiwana Shir.
Porthesia scintillans Wlk,'
Pristiphora erichsonii Htg, larch sawfly
-Prodenia litura P,
Pseudococcus citri Risso
Pseudodura dasychiroides

Strand
Psila rosae P,

housefly

black cherry aphid
spinach aphid
imported currant worm

rat flea

greenhouse orthczia
American cockroach

imported cabbage worm

citrus mealybug

Psylla

Bhopj,lo5iph\3jiii pseudobras-

sicae Davi s

Schoenobius bipunctiferus

Wlk.

Sciara praecox I.ieig,

Scotinophara coarctata F.

Solenopotos capillatus

End.

carrot rust fly
jumping plant louse

turnip aphid

mushroom fly

Homop t e ra Aphi i dae

Homoptera Aphi i dae

Homoptera

Homoptera

Homoptera

Lepidoptera

Lepidoptera

Lepidopitera

Lepidoptera

Mallophaga

Mallophaga

Dipt era

Homoptera

Homoptera

Hymenoptera

HjTnenoptera

Lepidoptera

Siphonaptera

Lepido2)tera

Lepidoptera

Lepidoptera

Homoptera

Lcpidoj)tera

Orthoptcra

Colooptcra

Lepidoptera

Hjoncnoptera

Lepidoptera

Lcpido^jtcra

Lepidoptera

Lepidoptera

Anoplura

Lepidoptera

Lepidoptera

Hymenoptera

Lepidoptera

Homoptera

Lepidoptera

Diptera
Homoptera

Aphi i dae
Aphi i dae
Aphi i dae
Lasiocampidae

Lasiocampidae
La s i 0 c amp i dae
Lasiocampidae

Henoponidae
Muscidae
Aphi i dae
Aphi i dae
Tenthredinidae

Pamphiliidae

Dolichopsyllidae

LjTflantriidae

Pyralididac

Lymantriidae

Cocci dao

Limacodidae

Blattidac

Chrysomclidac

Hotodontidao

Tcntrodinidac

Fieri dae

Fieri dae

Plutcllidac

IToctuidae

Haeraatopinidae

Lymantriidae

Lymantriidae

Tenthredinidae

IJo etui dae

Coccidae

Lymantriidae

Psilidae
Psyllidae

Homoptera Aphi i dae
Lepidoptera Pyralididae

Diptera

Hemiptera
Anoplura

Mycetophilidae

Pentatomidae

Haematopinidae

- 64

Insect

Comnon ITame

Order

Family

Spilonota oce liana D. and S, eye-spotted "budmoth

Stilpnotia. ci^Qna. lloore

Tetran-'clras telai-jus L, common red sjiider

Theo'Daldia aimulata Schrank

Tinea, sp,

Tiratha"ba sp,

Toxoptera aurantiae Boyer

Yponomeuta page 11a L.

black citrus aphid

Lepidoptera Oletlirei^tidae

Leipi doptera Lymantri:. dae
Acarina • Tetranr/c.iidae

Liptera Culicidae

Lepidoptera Tineidae

Le oi dop t e ra Py ral i di ao.e

Hoinoptera Aphiidae

Le-Q i dop t e ra Iv o c tiii dac

- 65 -

TalDle 3. — Alphabetical list of the comnon naiaep of insects
nentioned in this paper, together v/ith their cor-
responding scientific names

Conraon Eame

Scientific Fame

American cockroach

Apple aphid

Apple leaf hopper

Apple red bug

Bean aphid

Bedb-ug

Black che TTir aphid

Black chr-'santhomvun aphid

Black citrus aphid
Cabbage looper
Cabbage maggot
Cabbage wcbwonn
Carrot fly
Carrot rust fly
Cat flea

Chain spotted geometer
Chicken head louse

Chicken mite
Chrr'santhemuin aphid

Citrus mealybug

Codling moth

Colorado potato beetle

Coinrnon cattle grub
Comnon red spider
Cotton aphid
Cotton stainer
Cc.vpca aphid
Currant aphid
Dark red bug

Diamondback moth

Dog flea

Eastern tent caterpillar

E;_c- spot ted budmoth

Fall wobworm

Forest tent caterpillar

Go man cockroach

G-lo^sshousc tomato moth

Periplaneta anericana L,
Aphi 5 pomi DeQeer
Smpoasca maligna ^alsn
Lygidea mendax Reuter
Aphis rujni c i s L,

kyzus cc ra?i r.
Macrosiphoniella sar.borni

Gillette
Toxoptera aurantiao Bo^-er
Au tog rap ha brassicao Hi ley
Eylcmya brassicae Bouclie'
Rellula undalis F.
Psila ro sac F.
Psila ro sac F.
Ctenocepk-ilides felis

Bouche
Cingilia catenaria I)tv.t/
Lipeurus he te rographus

Hit" sen
Demanyssus gallinao DeGeer
I lac ro s i phoni e 1 la g an bo mi
"Ginette '
Pseudococcus citri Ri s so
Carpocapsa pomonella L,
Lcptinotarsa decemllneata

Say
Hy;oo derma lineat-'.:jn DeVill,
Tctranychus telarius L,
Aphi p gossypii Glover
E!}'sdorcus suturollus H, S,
Aphi s mcdicaginis Xoch
Capitophorus ribis L,
Heterocordylus malinus

Reuter
Plutella maculiioonnis Curt.
Ctenocephalidos coxii p Curt.
Hal aco soma americana F.
S-:nlonota ocellana D. and S,
H^rphantria cunea Drur^,^
Malacosoma disstria rlbn,
Blattclla gernanica L.
Polia olcracea L.

- 65 -

Common llcmo

Gooseberry sawfl,y

Green bottle fly
Greenhouse orthezia
Greenhouse thrips

Honey bee

Housefly

Imported cabbage worm

Imported currant ^7onn

Jumping plant lice
Jumping plant louse
Large chicken louse
Large coconut butterfly
Larch case bearer
Larch sawfly
Lie Ion aphid
Hole cricket
l.Iushro-om fly
northern cattle grub
northern house mosquito
Onion maggot
Orange-striped oak worm
Oystershell scale
Potato leaf hopper
Eat flea
Rat louse
ScrevAvorms
Silkworm
Spinach aphid
Squash bug
Sticktight flea
Turnip aphid

TThite-marked tussock moth
Coolly apple aphid
Yellow-necked caterpillar

Scientific Name

ncmatus (Ptoronidoa) ribcsii

Scopoli
Lucili c:. sp .

Orthezia insignis Dougl.
Heliothrips haemorrhoidali s

Bouchc'
Apjg mellifera L.
Musca domestica L.
Fieri s rapae L.
tiematus (Pteronidea) ribesii

Scopoli
Chermes
Psylla"

Goniocotes gigas Tasch.
Amathusia phidippus L.
Coleophora laricella Hbn,
Pristiphora erichsonii Htg,
Aphi s gossypii Glover
Gryllotalpa sp .
Sciara praecox I'leig,
Hypodei-ma bovi s De&eer,
Culey. pi pi ens L.
H^-lemya antiqua Heig.
Anisota senatoria A. & S.
Lepidosaphes ulmi L.
Empoasca fabae Harris
Kosopsyllus fasciatus Bosc,
Polyp lax spimrlosus Burm,
Cochliomyia sp.
Bombyx mori L,
Myzus -persicae Sulz.
Anasa tristis DeGeer
Echidnophaga gallinacea TJestv;,
PIio pal 0 s i phurn pseudobrassicae

Davis
Hemerocampa leuco stigma A. c; S,
Sriosona lanigerum Hausm.

Datana ministra Drury

- 67 -

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- 68 -

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Ann. Rcpt. 1922-23: 132,

17. CARLOS, A. S.

1926. Lorris and its uses as an insecticide. Fertilizer,
Feeding-Stuffs and Earm Supplies Jour. 11: 161.

18. CASTILLO, IT.

1926. Preliminary studies on the insecticidal properties of
throe ^x^ecies of derris in the Philippines.
Philippine Agr. 15: 257-275.

19. CORBETT, G. H. , and YUSOPE, M.

1924. Scotinophara coarctata, P. (the "black bug of Padi) .
Malayan Agr. Jour. 12: 91-106, illus.

20. DAVIDSON, \J. M.

1924. Results of experiments with miscellaneous substances
against the chicken mite. U. S. Dept. Agr. Dept.
Bull. 1228, 10 pp.

- 69 -

21. De LONG, D. M.

1928. Some observations upon the oiology and control of the

potato leaf-hopper (Ernpoasca fabae Harris). Jour, Econ.
ilnt. 21: 185-188.

22. DELI PHOEESTATION

1926. Bereiding van akar-toeba extract. Meded. Deli Proefsta.
Iledan.,. ser. 2, ITo. 42: 25-26.

23.

1927. Report of the Deli Experiment Station for January 1, 1926,
to December 31, 1926. Meded. Deli Proefsta. Mcdan,
Siimatra, ser. 2, no. 45, 36 pp.

24. DEimiS, W. J,

1927. Vermifuge and insecticide. U. S. Patent 1,621,240, issued
Mar. 15, 1927; applied for Apr. 16, 1923.

25.

1932. Vermifuge and insecticide. U. S. Patent Heissue 18,667,
issued jov. 22, 1932; applied for Pebruary 25, 1929.

26. De Oin, E. H., and VWITE, L. T. W.

1924. Purther studies of derris as an insecticide. Jour.

Econ. Ent. 17: 499-501.

27. DUKIAM, H. E.

1925. ITon-arsenical preparations for garden use. Gard, Chron. ,

3rd series, 79 (2047): 213-214.

28. PEDEEATED MALAY STATES DSPA3TM2IIT OP AGRICULTURE

1920. Short report on the work of the inspection staff, second
half year — 1920, Pod. Malay States Dcpt. Agr. Bull.
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29.

1922. [Tuba root.] Report on the v;ork of the inspection staff,
J\ily to September, 1922. Malayan Agr. Jour, 10: 266.

30.

1924. Plant diseases and posts. Brit. Empire Exhibition, London,
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- 70 -

31,

1928. Dlvisior. of cntoiriology — Annual report for 1927. I'r.layan
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32. ?LIPP/aTCE, ?.

1920. A guide to the palm colloction in the iDotanic gardens.
II. Gard. Siill. Straits Settlements 2: 246-258.

35. PRIEE, J. C. F., STEITTOIT, R. , TATTERSnSLD, F. , and ROACH, \1. A.

1923. A quantitative study of the insect icidal properties of

Dcrris clliptica (tulDa root). Ann. Appl. Eiol.
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34. FJLI'.IEIC, L.

1924. lots over do toopassing van iDOstri jdingsmiddelen l)ij

dclitabak. Vlugschr. Deli Proof sta. Medan 29: 1-4.

35.

1924. Bostrijding van iDladluizen. Ylugschr. Deli Proefsta.
Hodan 30: 1-4.

36.

1925. T'ec^rniek der ola.dluizen'bestrijding met alcar toeba.
Vlugschr. Deli Proefsta. Medan 33: 1-4, illus.

37.

1927. tjoor die Situation der Sch'Adlingsbck'Anpfung in den

Taljaklailturen auf Sumatra,. Vcrhandlungen der Deutschen
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38. GARI-LTilT, P.

1928. [Tests v.dth insecticides designed to do the work of

nicotine sulphate. Conn, Agr. Exi^t. Sta. Bull.
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39. GATER, B. A. R.

1925. Investigations on "tu-oa". Malayan Agr. Jour. 13: 312-329.

40. and YUSOPE, M.

1925. A note on Laelia suffusa, ITlk. (Lymantriidae) damaging
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- 71 -

41. GIBSOr, A.

1927. Mosqijito investigations in Canada in 19?^6. '.'. J.

Mosquito Sxterniin. Assoc. Proc. Ann. I.'eetinj;- l-<:: 110-115.

42.

1923. HeiDort of the corxiittee on loolic;'. Jour. Hcon, iHInl:
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43.

1923. ilosqiiito s\.ippression in Canada in 1927. ITev Jorse;'"
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1-4. C-ILI'.iSR, P. 11,

1923. Derris as a parasiticide, ilinn. State Unt. Rcpt.
19 (1922): 41-49.

45. CtIIILIJCTE, J. D.

1923. Ilala^ poisons and cham cures. Ed. 2, 260 pp., illus.
London.

46. C-IlTSBima, J. M.

1928. Insecticide Investigations. 21. J, Ar;r. Z:rpt, Sta. Ann,
Rept. 49, 336 pp., illus.

47. G-02HAII, R. P.

1928. The European rose savrfly in IT ov; Brunswick. Ent . Soc.
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48, E.U)VraiT, S.

1923. Insects affecting live stoc^'. Canada Dopt. Agr, Bull. 29,
32 pp., illus. Ottawa.

49. El'^SUKAI-IA, C,

1925. Studies on the rush s.avjfl", Tonostcthus Juiacivorus Rohv/er.
Bor. Ohara Inst. Lrjidw. Porsch. 2: 521-544.

50. HOLIRul'G, M.

1923, Die Mittel zur Be^r'Anpfung der Pfianzcnlrranicheiten.
406 V)'Q. Berlin,

- 72 -

51. HOl-'MD, L. 0.

1924. Some, recent devclopraoiats in inosquito vrork. IT. J. 'ilosqu.ito

Eztcrinin. Assoc. Proc. Ann. ilocting 11: 3-19.

52. JACK, H. \1.

1925. Rico in ilr.lajra. IX. Posts r.nd Diseases. Ilalayr-n

Agr. Jour. 11: 157-151.

53. ,--d SAl^IDS, ". ':!.

1932. Cotton eiqporimcnts in Malava. ilalayr^i Ar^J^« Jour.
10: [2-x8]-253. .

54. ICSLSALL, A., SPITTALL, J. P., G0HHAI4, H. P. o^id IJALIIER, &. P.

1925. Derris as an insecticide. Snt. Soc. of Ontario,
Ann. Ropt, 55: 24—10. Toronto.

55. KOPP, A.

1924. Los derris insecticides. Rev. 3ot. A-ppl. et A^r. Colon.
3vll, 4 (34): 4-00-402.

56 . LSIj!Fi-Iii.iTk5 , S .

1927. De koolcultuur of de karo-hoogvlarte. Land":-ou\.' 2:
627-54^c.

57. L3:-:ilT, L. ■

1923, Derris elliptica Bentli. (Pongania r.'iont.ana 3i.) Dis
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53 . LI^Tli:

1928. Traitenent de 1' h-noodermose du ooeuf. Ann. Med. Yet.
75 (5): 202-204.^

59. LLOYD, L.

1920. The hacits of the t^lasshouse tomato moth, Hadena (Polia)
oleracea, and its control. Ann. Appl. Biol. 7: 65-102

50. MacDOUC-ALL , H. S.

1924. Insects and other pests of 1923. Plifchland and Afcr. Soc.
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- 73 -

61.

1924. Ox v;arblo flies. Scot. Jour. Agr. 7: 61-72.

62. R\THIEU, E.

1920. Tubc^root (Dorris elliptica) as an insecticide, Gard.
Bull. Straits Settlcnents 2 (6): 192-197,

63; McBRIDE, 0. C.

1925. A study of derris and related insocticidos for the

control of external parasites of donesticatcd animals,
iiinn. Agr. Sxpt . Sta. Ann. Rapt .' 33': 37.

64.

1925. A Icafhopper (Euptery:: flavoscuta, var. nigra Osb.)

attacking the leather-leaf fern (Polystichun capense
J. Sm.). Fla. State Hort. Soc. Proc. 39: 224-227.

65. McIi^^DOO, 11. E., and SISVEHS, A. F. '

1924. Plants tested for or reported to possess insecticidal

■properties. U. S. Dept. Agr. Sull. 1201, 61 pp.

66. SIEVERS, A. ?. , and A330TT, W. S.

1919. Derris as an insecticide. Jour. Agr. Research 17: 177-200.

67. MEER MOHR, J. C. van der

1927. Eenigen vrenlcen voor de bcstrijding van de bladluizenplaag

(Myzus persicae) in do dcli-tabalc. [Some hints on work
against M. porsicao on tobacco in Deli.] Deli Proof sta.
I'Icdan Vlugschr. 42, 7 pp., illus, [Abstract in Rev. Appl.
Ent. (A) 16: 165. 1928.].

68. METCALP, C. L. , and PLIITT , W. P.

1928. Destructive and useful insects* their habits and control.

Ed. 1, 918 pp. New York.

69. MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL EXPERIIffilTT STATION

1925. [Derris.] Mich. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rcpt. 1925: 222.

70. MILES, E, \I.

1925. Life history and control of the pea moth, Laspcyrcsia
nigricana Stcph. Bull. Chamber Hort, 3 (pt. l) : 6-9.
[Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 14: 217-218, 1926.].

~ 74 -

71. :'IiriZ]SOTA AGPJCULTURAL SXP^PJi.ISlTT STATION

1924. L'inn. A.^::, Ixpt. Sta. •^nn. Re-gt. 32: 25.

72. ITOZU, Tl. , and SOHOYAiiA, I.

192G, Results of s'aidies on Fhaedon incertijun 3aly (Chr:/soy:elidae) .
Shiinfiiie Prefecture Agr. Zxpt. Sta., Ilarch, 1926,
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73. OTAliES, P. q.

1925, Insects: their relation to man and tlieir control.

Philippine Agr. Rev. 13 (4): 373-^10.

74. PAPJIiiiT, D. C, SISHOPP, ?. C. , LAAKS, E. i7. , COOi;, F. C. , and ROi.i::, R. C.

1927. Chemotropic tests v^ith the screvz-v/orra fly. U, S. Dept.

At^r. Bull. 1472, 52 pp.

75. LAK:E, Z. !T., BISHOPP, p. C, and ROAPJ:, P. c.

1928. Tests of olo-'-.'fl-- 'baiti: and repellents ca-ring 1925.

U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 80, 15 pp.

76. PiiPJ'LOTT, P. J., GLASG0T7, H. , and '-icLSOD, G. F.

1921, Control of apple red bugs by dusting, il. T. Asr. Expt.
Sta. Bull. 490, 50 -g-o. , illus.

77. QUAIilT.iirCE , A. L. ' ' • - .

1928. Report of coniinittee to formjlate plcins ior iDvestigations

of the codling noth fron 'biologic and control stand'ocints.
Jour, Scon. ^nt. 21; 31-58,

78. . ■

1929, Report of cor-imittec to formulate plans for investigations
of codling noth from "biolo..:;io and control standpoints.
Jour. Scon. ^nt. 22: 24-29,

79. REUTTER, L.

1926. De la Derri tt elliptica.
64 (J5T: 168'-16"'9.

Schweiz. Av^oth, Zt>:

- ^o -

80. IlIFEY, L. 5., ana "ixiPBUEN, &. A.

19138. Tor— dresfin:.; nr^.ize a,;;air.&t stalk-oorer. Farming
in Sou'Ai Africa 3: 933-954. 94J.

81. HOAZ::, ?.. C. _

1919, FlejatP dpel as in'-e^ctic'de^,, At^er. Jour. Pharm.
91: 2o-o7, 9^-10?.

8<o ,

D liG

1938. T'lie '3a'rly hjhtn^y (1840-191?:.) of the use of derri

an : nsecticic'e. Pest" ■: (1-): o-lG,

83. , PAHL^-, D. :., 3ISH0P?, ?. C, .j>.d I^-^3, I. T.

19.v7, pA^pelleitr for tloufliSK, Innus. i;^;-,in, CLen. 19:9-1-2.

84. -SCl^L^IZ, 3., end SHOO.;, -.7. 3.

192C. Pa.'bbit oc-.rasite?. and diseases, U. S. Dr.ot. Af;r.
ramer^s' Bull. ICSB, 3C ;o;p.

85. >i--i-'i.., -t, 'ii,

1920. Jurtner exoeriiuents ii' the control of certain na{, ots
at tacit ill,;;'' the roots of vef etp,l)les. Ar.n, Ar-^^l, Biol,
12: 77-92.

85. . ,-id '7ABS"79P

— , <- . i

1921, The carrot und onion fli^T, Sone orclininrry atter.rits at
tneir control. I:-m.'z C--ov.'3r 51: 575-578, 6IS-CI3I

87. SCl^:, J.

1927. Studies on tiie Insect oests of tLc tea plant. Part II.
Tom-'osa Dept. /i^r. Pnsc'.rcn Inst. P rot. 29, 132 pp.
[In Japaneso, ATd:; tract in I-lc,-. A-.-rol, I^nt. (A) 16:
482-4C3, 1928. J

88. 'Tri.ISS, C. 3,

1921. insect pcs-'-s of '-•us' rooHS. Part I. The nushroon flj
( Sciara -..racco:. I ig. ) . r:.u.it G-x-o^'cr ll: 142-149,
188-120, 29-i-9o6.

- 76 -

39.

19^ '"■■:. i:otes-on the "black citrus a-phis. Jriiodesia A^r, Jotir,
rjl: 61^-6 J6; 21: 725-7.?7."

90. TJUJJ^ulLl, X.

19.vP, Studios on i^^al e i^gc e 1 1 a rub i , Tarr.cui-cici, sp n. Tept. Afr,
and Foi-, , (>ovt. Sakhalin, Ee search Bull. 1: 1-19,
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604-605. 19^e.]

91. T^^^AILA, r.

191^7. On Dr:^ in oni a ma:. il evj , Leech. Insect Torlc. :'.l: 213-2,35.

Lin Ja;:)anese, Ahstract in Hcv, Aty-)!, ^nt. (A) 15: 4';.j.
1927. ]■■

92. TATZ]?S?IZLD, J., OriUGYJi.-, C. T. , andkOiaHS, H. II,

192G, StVi-dies on contact insecticides. Part IV. A quantita,tive
examinatior of the toxicit; of certain -olants .md ol:^-nt
•prodr'.cts to A-,his ri-jnici s, L, (the "bean aphis). Ann,
A^pl. 3iol. KTr'^^OAliAcT"

93. txOl^SOi^, H. W.

1928, Rirther tests of ooison 'oaits in South ""Vales. 'Telsn Joim-,
Agr. 4: 342-347.

94. TkuApPkkk, T7.

1927, Scha-dlin;-;s'bek?l;.rof-an.;'r. 4.4J3 pp. , illus. Leipzig,

95. IPLiEPJC , H. C.

1922. Bio-chemical aspects of insect control. Sci. A<';-r,
3: 109-113.

96. Iklkll, C. H.

1927. liosquito control at Ottawa, Ontario, Ontario Ent. Soc. ilnn,
Reot. 57: 15-16.

9 7. "JlTITklD SPATES DEPAPIkEkT OJ *iGIJCULTUIS

1919, [Derris.] P.c-oort of the en.toriolo,: ist, U. S. Dept, Aj;jr, ,
Bur. Ent. -^nn. Ileoi. 1319: 6.

98.

1921, LDerris.] Peport of the entomologist. U, S. Dept. -V.""«»
Bur. Ent. Ann. He^t, 1921: 9.

- 77 -

99,

1922. Insecticide studies. Report of the entomologist. U. S.
Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Ann. Sept. 1922: 22-25.

100.

1923. [Derris.] Report of the entomologist. U. S, Dept. Agr.,
Bur. Ent. Ann.. Rept. 1923: 29.

101.

10^

1925. [Derris. J Report of the entomologist. U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Bur, Ent. Ann. Rept. 1925: 5.

1927. [Derris.] Report of the entomologist. U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Bur. Snt. Ann. Rept. 1927: 23.

103.

1928. Report of the entomologist. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent.
Ann. Rept. 1928, 34 pp.

104. VAN LEHn'rElI, Z. R.

1928. Statement. Minutes of Informal Conference on the Codling
Moth held in Washington, D. C, Jan. 4, 1928. U. S.
Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. (Mimeographed), 34 pp.

105. VOGT, S., and APPEL, 0.

1925. Die chemischen Pflanzenschutzmittel. 134 pp., illus,
Berlin and Lei-ozig.

106, V/ALTOU, C. L.

1925. Hotes on warhle flics in "Jorth V/ales, Welsh Jo\\r. Agr.
1: 195-199.

107,

1927. ■F\irthcr notes on v.-arlilo flics in l^orth Wales. Welsh
Jour. Agr. 3: 164-169.

108. l.'ATANABE, T.

1927. A control method for Kcllula tuidal i s Eab. (Pyralidac) , a
pest of vcgctaTDlcs. Agr. and Hort. 2: 987-992. [in
Japanese. AlDstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 15: 641. 1927.]

109. WELLS, R. W. , 3ISH0PP, F. C, and LAi\ZE, E. W.

1922. Derris as a promising insecticide. Jour. Econ. Ent.
15: 90-95."

- 78 -

J\mior Author Index

Ao'cott, T7, S. , se? Mclndoo, K. E. . 56
Appel, 0., fee Vo^t, E. , 105
Baudet, E. A. ?., P., see Blieck, L. de , 8
Bishopp, F. C. , see Parman, D. C. , 74, ?5
Bishopp, F. C, see Roark, E. C. , S."^
Bishopp, I. C. , see Wells, E, VJ. , 109
Bi-ivadrett, E. I*;., see Bishopp, E. C, S
Cook, E. C. , see Pari.ia.n, E. C. , 7^-
Elixit, '7. ?., see Ivletcalf, C. L. , 68
Giain^'ham, C. T. , see Tattersfield, F. , 9<d
Glascjov/, H, , see Parrott, P. J., 75
Goi-han, R. p., see Xelsall, A., 54
Ilepourn, G. A., see Pdpley, L, B, , SO
Laake, S. U. , see Bishopp, F. C, 5, 7
Laalce, E. F. , see Parman, D. C. , 74,- 75
Laal:e, E. '"^. , see Eoark, R. C. , 8c
Laake, E. '.7., see Wells, R. '7., 109
IIcLeoc', G. F, , sec Parrott, P. J., 76
Ilorris, H. il. , see Tattersfield, F. , 92
Paruan, D, C, see Roark, R. C. , 83

sec Fryer, J. C. F. , 3"
sec Parman, E. C. , 74, 75
pee Jack, H. U, , 53
Shook, '7. 3,, SCO Schwartz, B. , 34
Sievcrs, A. F. , see llclndoo, E. E. , 65, 56
Sono'-'aiiia, I,, see iTozu, R. , 72
Spit':a.ll, J. ?. , SCO Kolsall, A., 54
Stcnton, E. , soe Fryer, J. C. F. , o'^-
Tattersfield, F. , sec Fryer, J. G. F. , 33
TJadsv/orth, J. T. , sec SnitL, E, II. , 8"
'.Talker, G. p., sec Kclsall, A., 54
rfclls, R, W. , sec Bishopp, F. C. , 3, 7
Thitc, L. T. '•::., sec Dc Onf, E. R. , 25
Yv^opc, Li., sec Corbctt, G. H. , 19
Tusopc, i.I. , sec Gatcr, B. A. E. , 40

Roach,

•7

A
- • J

Roark,

Sands,

*• •

-- n

- 79 -

Chronolo^'ical Ind.jx

1919 b6, 81, 97

1920 28, 32, 59, 62

1931 11, 76, 8G, SB, 98

1922, V, 12, 14, 29, 5Z , CS, 99, 109

1923 16, 33, 4^-, 45, 48. 50, 52, 57, 100

1924 10, 19, 20, 30, 34, 35, 51, 55, 60, 31, ^^.5, 71, 39

1925 9, 13, 25, 36, 39, 40, 49, 63, G9. 70, 73, 85, 101, 106

1926 1, 2, 5, 6, 17, 18. 22. 27, 54, 61, 72, 79, 92, 105

1927 5, 4, b, 15, 23, 24, 37. ^1 , .56. 67, 74, 83, 87,

91, 94, 96, 1C2, 107, 108

1928 21 , 31 , 3C , 42 , 43 , 4" . 47 , 58 , 6.3 , 75 , 77 , £0 ,

84, 90, 93, 103, 104

1929 78

1932 25

1938 82